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FLORA SCOTICA;

OR,

A DESCRIPTION

OF

SCOTTISH PLANTS.

/

Property fif tf?3 Di

309 Hiigaril M

FLORA SCQTIGA;

OR

A DESCRIPTION

OF

SCOTTISH PLANTS,

ARRANGED

BOTH ACCORDING TO THE ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL
METHODS.

IN TWO PARTS,

WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, LL.D.

\>

f.R. A. AKO i:..S., MEMBER OF THE WERN. SOC. OF EPIKB., OF THE IMF. ACAI^
NAIURJE CUaiOSORUM, OF THE ROYAI, BOT. SOC. OF RATISBON, OF

THE HELVETIC SOC. OF NAT. HIST., ETC. I

h-VJi REGIUS PROFESSOR OP BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITy OP GIASGOW.

Hontion:

PRINTED BY aiCHARD AND ARTHUR TAYLOR, SHOE-IAITB,

FOR ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND CO., EDINBURGH 5 ANp

HURST, ROBINSON, AND CO., CHEAPSIDE, LONDON.

J821,

UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA

LIBRARY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
DAVIS

^\Ji^;;';0'-n..iA^.i^

Univ. of California

MAIN libka;;;.'-. - - c Lrur?e DEPT*

hdrawn

N

TO THE MOST NOBLE
JAMES DUKE OF MONTROSE,

CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW,

5fc. 5fc, 8iC.

J HE worky which I take the liberty of iTiscrib'ing
to Your Grace, contains a description of the plants of
Scotland, a very large proportion of which are indige-
nous to the domains belonging to the Chief of the family
of Graham, The materials methodized by me in this
volume were, many of them, collected at a period when
I could not anticipate that I should ever be called to
discharge those duties of public instruction which have

^ -5S3871

vl DEDICATION,

devolved upon me in consequence of Ifour Grace's kind"
ness and protection ; but a full reward will he given to
the labours of my earlier years, if they now contribute
to assist the pursuits of the students confided to my
care.

By striving, as far as my humble efforts will ex-
tend, to promote the prosperity of the University of
Glasgow^ I can alone testify the gratitude which I ow§
to its' Chancellor,

J have the honour to subscribe myself
My Lord,
Your Graces very obedient
and very obliged

humble Servant^

W, ./. HOOKER.

Glasgow, April 10, 1821.

PREFACE.

The general division of Scotland into Highlands and Lowlands
is in itself sufficiently indicative of the nature of the country, and
of its aptness to the purposes of Natural History. The Lowlands,
adjoining the English frontier, present an extensive and level range
of the tnost fertile corn-fields, interspersed with moist woods,
and occasional tracts of barren heath. In a surface thus diversi-
fied, and also containing a correspondent variety of soil, the bo-
tanist will meet with the greater number of the plants peculiar to
the southern districts of Great Britain ; while the mountains and
rocks of the Highlands furnish a considerable number of others,
for which search has in vain been made in any other part of the
United Kingdom*

Such a country, though happily How forming an Utidivided
portion of the empire, is of itself so naturally separate, and was
so long regarded politically so, that there can scarcely be raised
a question as to how far it deserves the distinction of having a
volume dedicated expressly to the elucidation of its vegetable
productions. In England, as well as upon the continent, the ad-
Vantage of partial Floras has been generally recognised t they sup-
ply the natives of peculiar districts with the means of examining
and ascertaining the plants of their vicinity at a comparatively
small expense 5 they furnish an important contribution to vege-
table geography ; and they record a multitude of facts which
Would otherwise escape observation ; as well as contain in many
instances more laboured and more minute descriptions than can
be admitted into works of more extensive range*

Sibbald, as early as the year 1684, published his Scotia tlluS'o
trata, sive Prodromus Historice Naturalis ScoHcb^ in two small
folio volumes, the second of which was devoted exclusively to
plants. This wofk was shortly afterwards attacked with severe
invectives, which he met with a Findicice contra Prodromomas-

Vlii PREFACE.

iiges. Whether it was owing to the rebuff which poor Sibbald
experienced ; or to the unsettled state of the country, little quali-
fied to encourage scientific pursuits; or to any other cause; no
further attempt appears to have been made to illustrate the ve-
getables of Scotland, till the appearance of the Flora Scotica of
Lightfoot, in the latter half of the last century; a publication soon
followed by Two lists of plants lately discovered in Scotland hy
Mr, Dickson; the one communicated to the Linnean Society, the
other printed in his own 2d fasciculus of Cryptogamous Vegetables.
At a subsequent period, the late indefatigable George Don made
many, and in certain instances very unexpected, additions to the
Scotch Flora, the greater part of which he published through the
medium of Smith's Flora Britannica, orSowerby's English Bo-
tany; but some of them are to be found in his own fasciculi of
Dried Plants. In times more immediately our own, Mr. Hop-
kirk of Glasgow, the founder of our Botanic Garden, has made a
more important contribution to the Natural History of Scotland,
by the publication of his Flora Glottiana; but still, with the
exception of Lightfoot's work, none has yet appeared professing
to be a complete Flora of the country north of the Tweed. It
will be observed that, in making this remark, I speak only of a
Flora exclusively devoted to Scotland; it would be an invidious,
and it would also be a needless, task, to provoke a discussion of
the merits or demerits of those among my cotemporaries whose
publications embrace the plants contained in the whole extent of
the British Isles. With these I enter into no competition; nor
have I a single observation to offer that may deteriorate from
the merits of Lightfoot. His work contains a great mass of
curious and valuable matter, selected with judgement when it is
a compilation, and admirable where it is original. But it has long
been out of print; and it maybe added, without any diminution
of his fame, that during the last fifty years Botanical science has
made such advances that a new and a different work is now re-
quired. To supply, therefore, this desideratum is the object of
the present publication. The want of a similar work was felt by

PREFACE. IX

myself severely during the last course of my Lectures, and I have
reason to believe that it has been equally complained of in the
other Universities of Scotland. Of my own qualifications for
the task it would by no means become me to speak : I, most
assuredly, cannot lay claim to the advantages arising from a
long residence in the country; but, on the other hand, 1 am not
altogether a stranger to it. Two successive tours, undertaken
for the purpose of the cultivation of this branch of Natural
History, the one in company with Mr. Borrer, the other with
Mr. Turner, and both of them extending over by far the greatest
part of the country, have rendered me, in some measure, ac-
quainted with its vegetable productions. For a much more exten-
sive and intimate acquaintance with them, I am proud to acknow-
ledge myself indebted to the communications of my friends, who
are residents in various parts of the kingdom : the information
they have supplied me with is invariably accompanied with their
names; but in a peculiar manner I feel myself bound to acknow-
ledge the exertions made by my friend R. H. Greville, Esq. who
devoted a very large portion of his time to the study of the mi-
nuter Fungi, with a success to which that portion of the work
will bear ample testimony. Still much remains to be done in that
extensive tribe, as well as among the Confervae, nor could the
Botanists of Scotland render a more acceptable service to their
Flora than by searching for new individuals of these families ; and
I can assure them that their labours will be rewarded by numerous
interesting discoveries.

The work is divided into Two Parts : the First comprising all
the plants of Scotland, arranged according to the Linnean system,
with the exception of the last class Cryptogamia. It contains
generic and specific characters, with further descriptions and
observations, where considered necessary, and occasional remarks
on the uses of the plants. The synonyms are curtailed as much
as possible, a single reference being considered sufficient where
such can be made to a good figure, or to some work which shall
have described the plant as a native of Scotland. The Second

b

X PREFACE.

Part is devoted to the Natural Arrangement ^ : and here I may
claim the merit of being the first who has made such an attempt
with the indigenous plants. This section begins with the Crypto-
gamia, which in the Linnean system immediately follows the 23d
class, or the last included in the first part of the work, and which
may thus be said to occupy its right place, whichever method
may be followed by the student. In the Cryptogamous or
Acotyledonous plants, observations are frequently added to the
synonyms and habitats ; but in the other two classes which cor-
respond with the 23 Linnean classes, treated of in the foregoing
part of the Flora, it has been desirable to exclude all remarks
and particular stations, and refer for these to the First Part. In
all this, my aim has uniformly been to avoid the inconvenience
and the expense of a large book. Could the whole have been
comprised in a still smaller compass, it would have been my wish
that it should have been so ; but to have acquired brevity at the
expense of clearness would have been no benefit to those who may
use this work, and would have been an obvious failure in my own
object.

Glasgow, lOth April, 1821.

» In collecting the characters given of a large proportion of the natural
orders ; indeed, of all, with the exception of the Acotylcdones, it is with much
pleasure that I acknowledge the able and willing assistance that has been
rendered me by my friend J. Lindley, Esq. That part must be considered
as a joint production, and we alike claim the merit, or are responsible for the
defects, which it may be found to contEun. Of any thing original, however,
as to matter, little can be attributed to ourselves ; the difficulty has been to
select with care from materials which lie scattered in the various productions
and memoirs of Linnaeus, Jussieu, Decandolle, Mirbel, Richard, and lastly,
though among the very first in point of value, those of our learned country-
man, Mr. Brown. But it must be observed, that although the name of some
author is in most instances added to the characters of the orders, we never-
theless have used our discretion in altering those characters so as to make
them suit our purpose. For by generally omitting such distinctions as only
apply to extra European genera, we flatter ourselves that the subject
has become considerably simplified, without any disadvantage to the stu-
dent. In those cases where no name is cited we must be considered as
wholly responsible.

FLORA SCOTICA.

PART I.

CONTAINING

GENERIC AND SPECIFIC CHARACTERS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS
AND REMARKS OF THE 23 FIRST CLASSES OF THE

LINN^AN SYSTEM.

b2

) — :jj}..,<j^uuj~i

Flora Scotica.

I. MONANDRIA

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. Saltcornia. Penaw//i single, turbinate, fleshy^ entire. Stam,
1 or 2. Fruit {Utricle) included in the enlarged perianth.

2. HippuRis. Ca/.* superior, forming a slightly elevated mar-
gin to the Germen. Cor. 0. Fruit a 1 -seeded Nut.

(Chara, Crypt. Zosiera, Moncec. Valeriana rubra, Triandr.
Alchemilla arv,, Tetr.)

2. DIGYNIA.
(Callitricfie, Moncec.)

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. SALICORNIA.

1. S. herlacea {joints Glasswort), stem herbaceous ^rect, arti-
culations compressed and somewhat thickened upwards notch-
ed, spikes cylindrical slightly tapering at the extremity. Lighff,
p, 69. E, J5. /. 415 {S. annua), et t, 2475 (S.procumlens),

Hab. Salt marshes near the coasts plentiful. Fl. Sept, ©.

Plant leafless, much branched and jointed j articulations cylindrical or
only a little thickened upwards. Spikes of fructification lateral ar.d
terminal, their articulations scarcely longer than broad. At the base
of each articulation, on two opposite sides, is a cluster of three^oxyery,
each flower composed of a single turbinate, fleshy perianth, appa-
rently quite closed at the top, and pierced, as it were, by the small
bi- or trifid stigma and the single or two stamens ^ when two, each
appears in succession.

2 . S. radicans (creeping-rooted Glasswort), stem woody procum-
bent and rooting, articulations cylindrical spreading and notch-

* I here tise the term ** Calyx^^ though there is but one covering to the
flower, rather than *' single Perianth" in opposition to my general rule, be-
cause this genus belongs to a natural family whose flowers are furnished
both with calyx and corolla ; so that the absence of the latter, in this in-
stance, seems to be th» effect of abortion.

2 /^"^.^ .V' 1 ;*? bjANDRIA.

eifrtlhp tbjx^'s^Sfes o&l9Mg olituse. E. B. /. 1691 . and t, 2467.

[S.ffuiicoSd.)" ' ' • • * • •*

Sea-coast near Montrose. D. Don. Fl. Aug. Sept. 11 .

Differs from the foregoing in being perennial, in its long, straggling
branches and short spikes. Stam. mostly two. The various species
of Salkornia are used in the south of Europe and northern coasts of
Africa in the manufacture of alkali, whence their English name.

2. HIPPURIS.

1. H. vulgaris {Mare's- tail), leaves whorled linear. Lightf,
p. 70. E, B, L 763.

Hab. Ditches and stagnant waters. Near Edinb., and in Hay, by the
sides of lochs, Lightf. West end of Duddingston Loch, Edinb.,
Maugh. Castle-Semple Loch near Glasgow, Hopk. About Forfar,
G. Don. Loch of Clunie, and marsh of Bonachally, Mr. Arnott,
Fl. June. H.

Stem erect, simple, jointed. Whorls of about eight leaves. Flowers
at the base of each of the superior leaves, of the most simple struc-
ture. Germen ovate, inferior, the calyx forming a slightly elevated
rim on the top. From the inside'of this calyx arises a single stamen,
at first shorter than the filiform style, but soon equalling it in length.
Anther very large, of two rounded lobes, in an early stage having the
style between the lobes. Seed fixed to the top of the cell of the peri-
carp, and thus inverted.

II, DIANDRIA.

1. MONOGYNIA.

* Perianth double {having Cal. and Cor.), inferior, monopetalous,

regular.

1. LiGUSTRUM. Cor, 4-cleft. Berry 2-celled, with the cells
2-seeded.

** Perianth double, inferior, monopetalous, irregular. Seeds inclosed
in a distinct pericarp {Angiospermous) .

4. Veronfca. Cor, 4-cleft, rotate, lower segment narrower.
Caps. 2-celled.

5. PiNGUicuLA. Cal. 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. ringent, spurred. Caps^
1 -celled.

6. LItricularta. CaZ.2-leaved, equal. Cor. personate, spurred.
Caps. 1 -celled, opening with a circular fissure.

***Perianth double, inferior, monopetalous, irregular. Seeds naked
{incorporated with the pericarp, Gymnospermous) .

7. Lycopus. Cal. tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. tubular, limb nearly
equal, 4 -cleft, upper segment broader, and notched. Stam, di-
stant, simple.

DIAND. MONOG. 3

^. Salvia. Cal. 2-lipped. Car. ringent. Filaments attached
laterally to a footstalk*.

1^'^** Perianth double i superior.
3. CiRCiEA. Clo/. 2-leaved. Cor. of 2 petals. Cap5. 2- celled.
Cells with 1 seed.

^y-'^'^* Perianth single or none.
2. Fraxinus. Cal. 0, or 4-cleft. Cor. 0, or of 4 petals. Caps,
2-celIed, 2-seeded, compressed, and foliaceoiis at the extre-
mity, ^e^^i solitary, pendulous. {Flowers polygamous.)

9. Lemna. Periajiths'mgle, monophyllousj membranaceous, iir-
ceolate. Fr7iit a Utricle.

10. Cladium. Cal. G/z^7we5 of 1 valve, 1 -flowered, imbricated,
outer glumes sterile. Cor. 0. Fniit a Nut, with a loose ex*
ternal coat {Epicarp), destitute of bristles at its base.

{Salicornia, Monandr. Schcenus albus and Erioph. alp., TrI"
andr. Monog.)

2. DIGYNIA.

11. Anthoxanthum. Cal. Glume of 2 valves, 1 -flowered.
Cor. Glume double, each of 2 valves: ext. awned; 2/2/4 small>
awnless.

L MONOGYNIA.

1. LIGUSTRUM.

1 . h.vulgare ( Privet), leaves elliptico-lanceolate somewhata cute^

panicle compact. Light/, p. 72. E. B, t. 764.
Hab. Hedges, not common : about Hamilton^ Lightf. About Alva^

between Kinross and Stirling, Mr. Arnott. Fl. July. P^ .
Leaves opposite, sessile, entire, more or less obtuse, remaining through

the winter if the weather be mild. Flowers small, white. Berries

black, globose.

2. FRAXINUS.

1. F, excelsior {common Ash), leaflets lanceolate acuminate ser-
rate, flowers destitute of perianth. Lishtf. p.Gi\, E, B,
t. 1692. * •^ '^

Hab, Woods and hedges. Fl. May. Tj .

One of the noblest of our trees, remarkable foi* the curving upward of
the extremities of the lower pendent branches in old plants. Leaves
pinnated with an odd one. Leaflets 13 — 15. A variety (?) is found,
rarely in England, with many entire leaves, the F. heterophylla of
authors. In F. excels, flowers polygamous, clustered, appearing be-

* The structure of the stamens in this genus is very curious, but is not
here correctly described. Brown considers them as having a branching fila-
ment, one division ascending and bearing one cell of an anth«r, the other
abortive, often inderd bearing the rudiment of another cell.

b2

4 DIAND. MONOG.

fore the leaves. Stainejis and pistils springing from the naked extre-
mity of the peduncles. Capsules large, fiat. {Samara Gaert.)

3. CIRC^A.

1. C. Lutctiana {common Enchanter* s Nightshade), stem erect
pubescent, leaves ovato-cordate denticulate. Lightf, p. 80,
E. B. /. 1056.

Hab. Woods and coppices. JF7. June, July. 1/.

Leaves delicate, on long footstalks, acute, scarcely cordate at the base ;
upper ones nearly ovate. Racemes (as well as the stems) more or less
branched, pubescent. Hott'ers white or rose-coloured. Caly cine leaf ^
lets reflexed. Petals obversely heart-shaped, patent. Germen hispid.

2. C. alpina {alpine Enchanter s Nightshade), stem ascending
glabrous, leaves cordate toothed shining. Lightf, p, 80.
E, B, t. 1057.

Hab. Alpine woods and coppices, and by the side of the Highland
lochs frequent. Fl. June, July. 1/ .

Stems glabrous or nearly so, though they are represented, as well as
the leaves, as very pubescent in E. B. Leaves broadly cordate, gla-
brous, notched at, the base, even in the upper ones, more decidedly
toothed and more shining than ivi C. Lutet. : whole plant smaller.
Such are the principal marks I can discover that will serve for distin-
guishing the two species. These differences however are retained in
cultivation, at least in transplanted roots. Of the C. alpina I have
never seen perfect seeds.

4. VERONICA.
* Spikes or Racemes terminal {plants perennial) .

1. V . serpyllifoUa {thyme-leaved Speedwell), racemes spiked
many- flowered, leaves ovate slightly crenate, capsule broadlv
obcordate as long as the style. Light/, p. 73. E. B. t, 1075'.
/3. alpina, stems prostrate, racemes shorter. F. humifiisa.
Dicks, in lAnn. Trans, v. ii. p. 288.

Hab. Pastures and road-sides, abundant. — /3. Highland mountains.
Fl. June, July. 11 .

Stems procumbent, five or six inches long. Leaves opposite, as in al-
most all the genus, nearly sessile, more or less pubescent and cre-
nate. Spikes or racemes lax, very long in a, bracteated. Cor. pale
blue, with deeper lines.

2. V. alpina {alpine Speedwell), raceme corymbose, leaves el-
liptico-ovate subserrate, capsule ovato-cordate longer than the
style. Lightf. p. 12. E. B. t. 484.

Hab. Near the summits of many of the Highland mountains j — of Ba-
denoch, Mr.J.Mackay. Garway Moor and Ben Nevis, Dicks. —
Sparingly on Ben Nevis, Mr. Murray. Ben Lawers, Ben Lomond, &c.
Mountains in Perthshire, Angus-shire, and Aberdeenshire, G. Don.
Fl. June, July. 11 .

About four inches in height j turning black when dry. Leaves glabrous,
nearly sessile. Bracteas and calycine segments sometimes ciliated.
Racemes short, forming a Corymhus, by which, as well as by its much

niAND. MONOG. O

longer leaves, brighter blue flowers, and shorter style, it Is known
from all the varieties of F. serpijll.

S, V.saxatilis {blue Rock Speedwell), raceme lax few- flowered
corymbose, upper leavCvS oblongo-obovate subserrate, stems
spreading, capsule ovate longer tlian the <:alyx. E, B, t, 1027.

Hab. Rocks on mountains, very rare. Ben Lawers, G. Do7i and Mr.
J.Mackay. Mael Greadha, Breadalbane, i^r.Borrer. F/.July. % .

Stems woody, very stragglings Jiowering branches long, ascending;
lower leaves shorter than the upper ones, very obtusely serratj&d be-
low the point : — in these respects the figure in JB. B. does not ac-
cord with my specimens. Corymb (rather than raceme) with from
3 to 7 flowers, in fruit lengtliening into a short raceme. Pedicels
much longer than the floral leaves. Corolla deep and brilliant blue,
by far the most beautiful of the genus, Cal. in four deep, oblongo-
obovate segments, more or less downy. Capsule very large and
ovate, the two valves frequently parting some way down from the
apex, so as to appear 4-valved.

4, V. fruticulosa {flesh-coloured procumbent Speedwell), ra-
ceme many-flowered subspicate, upper leaves oblong serrate,
stems procumbent, capsule ovate scarcely longer than the ca-
lyx. £. B. t, 1028. Don's Fasc. 202.

Hab. Scotland, the Rev. Dr. Walker. Has been found on Ben Lawers,
Sm. in E. B. Mr. Don supposes Dr. Walker gathered it on Ben
Cruachan, and that the V. saxatilis was mistaken for it on Ben Law-
ers ; so that the identity of this plant as a native requires to be eon-
firmed*. F/. July, August. 11.

Stems less straggling at the base than the last ; Jiowering branches
longer j but never so large on the native rocks in Switzerland as the
figure in E. B., nor so hairy. Indeed it approaches very near to
V. saxat., especially the few-flowered varieties j so much so, that,
except what is given in the above specific character, I can point out
no further marks of distinction than the flesh-coloured blossoms.
Linmeus and Haller supposed them to be varieties of each other ;
De Candolle questions if they are permanently, distinct ; but Schra-
der, Wahlenberg, and Smith, high authorities, wonder that there
ever should have been a doubt of their right to rank as species.
** Spikes or Racemes axillary {plants perennial).

5. V . scuiellata {Marsh Speedivell), racemes alternate, pedicels
divaricated, leaves linear somewhat toothed, stem nearly erect.
Lightf. p. 74. E. B, t. 782.

Hab. Bogs and sides of ditches ; not unfrequent : as in Kenmuir and
. Possil bogs, and about Frankfield and Huggenfield Lochs, near
Glasgow, Hopk., who has also found a hairy variety at Possil.
South side of Duddingston Loch, Maugh. Marshes about Edin-
burgh, Perthshire, Kinross-shire and Angus-shire, Mr.Arnott. Fl.
July. %.
Racemes very rarely opposite. Pedicels or partial footstalks remark-

* It has been planted by Dr. Walker on a garden wall at Collington,
Edinburgh.

15 DIAND. MONOG.

ably divaricating ; when bearing fruit quite reflexed. Capsule large^
didymous, oi two flattened suborbicular lobes. Plant eight to ten
inches high. Flowers flesh-coloured, with darker blueish veins.

6. V. Anagallis {IVater Speedwell), racenries opposite, leaver
lanceolate serrate, stem erect. Light/, p. 73. E. B. I. 781.

Hab. Ditches and watery places*. King's Park, Edinb.j and in
ditches at Mutton-hole, Maugh. Burntisland and Forfar, Mr. Arnott.
Ft. during summer. H. .

Intermediate as it were between V.scutell. and Beccab., yet abun-
dantly distinct from both. Stems succulent, a foot or more in height.
Leaves varying somewhat in width. Racemes long, many-flowered,
Pedicels short, never reflexed. Flowers blueish or purplish.

7. V. Beccabuvga [Brooklime), racemes opposite, leaves ellipti-
cal obtuse subserrate glabrous, stem procumbent throwing out
roots at the base. Lighlf. p. 72. E. B. t. 655.

Hab. Ditches and water-courses. F/. Summer months. %.

Whole plant glabrous and succulent. Racemes of many bright blue
flowers.

S. V. officinalis {common Speedwell), flowers spiked, leaves
brpadly ovate serrate rough with short thick pubescence, stem
procumbent very pubescent, capsule obcordate deeply notched.
Lighlf, p. 12, E.B.trm.

Hab, Woods and pastures, common, i^?. .July. %.

Steni half a foot to a foot long, naked and rooting below.

9. V. hirsi(.ta {small hairy Speedwell), flowers spiked, leaves
ovato -lanceolate acute slightly serrated with a few scattered
hairs, stent] procumbent glabrous below, capsule obcordate en-
tire. Hopk. FL Glott, p. 9. F, se tiger a, D, Don, Descr, of
rare Plants of Scotl. p, 4,

Hab. District cf Carrick, Ayrshire, in dry heathy places, Mr. James
Smith. FL Jvme. 1/ .

It is not without considerable hesitation that I have published this as(
really distinct from V. officinalis. The following characters however
appear to be permanent, even in cultivation. Its whole length does
not exceed two or three inches. Stems glabrous below. Leaves ovato-
lanceolate, often quite lanceolate, entire, or slightly serrated, with
only a few scattered hairs. Racemes long, many-flowered. Calyces,
pedicels and bracteas \onger than in V.offic, much less hairy. Seg-
ments of the Cor. bluer and narrower. Capsule almost glabrous, not
notched at the extremity. The permanent style, upon which stress is
laid by Mr. D. Don, is the sanie in F. offic. The discovery of this
curious little plant is due to Mr. James Smith, a very able and intel-
ligent botanist, of the Nursery-gTound, Monkswood-Grove, Ayr.

}0. W.montana {Mountain Speedivell), racemes few- flowered,
leaves cordato- ovate petiolate serrate, stem hairy on all sides.
Light/, p. 74. E,B.t.7Q6.

^ Not included \n the Fl. Glott;, and probably rare in Scotland, thou^U
common in England. |t is not found in Lapland.

DIAND. MONOG. /

Hab. Moist woods, not very common. DungUiss, near the river.
Light/. Langside wood, Glasgow, Dr. Brown. Woods, Cartlan
crags, Glasgow, Hopk. Arniston and Lugton woods about Rosslyn,
Maugh. Campsie and Cathkin, Mr. Murray. Cliesh, Kinross-shire,
Mr.Arnott. F/.June. %.

Stem a foot or more in length, weak, trailing. Leaves large, slightly-
hairy. Flowers few, pale blue, veined, in loose racemes 5 pedicels
long, Caps, large, twice the size of the calyx, of two orbicular lobes,
flat, crenate at the margin and ciliated.

il. V. Chamcedrys {Germander Speedwell), flowers racemed,
leaves ovate obtuse sessile inciso-serrate, stem bifariously hir-
sute. Lightf. p. 74. E. B. i. 623.

Hab. Woods and pastures, common. Fl. May, June. "2/ .

Stem procumbent, a foot long, with a hairy line running down on each
side, and these lines taking different sides between each pair of leaves,
or decussate. Leaves wrinkled and hairy j upper ones cordato-ovate.
Racemes long, of many large pale, but bright blue or purplish flowers,
sometimes white. Caps, shorter than the calyx, obcordate. — In habit
resembling the preceding, but very distinct in essential characters.

12. V.Allionii {smootli-leaved S'peedvuell), flowers densely spik-
ed, leaves ovate subserrated rigid and as well as the procum-
bent stem perfectly glabrous. VilL Delph, p. 8. D, Don,
MSS, inedit,

Hab. Mountains in Anguss-shire, <?. Don. Fl. June, July, ll .

A valuable addition to our British Veronicas, nearly allied to V.ojtjcina-
lis, but differing in the total absence of every kind of pubescence or
roughness on the stems and leaves, and in the very dense spike of
brilliant blue flowers.

*** Flowers axillary, solitary {plants annual).

13. V. agrestis {procumbent Speedivell), leaves (all) petiolate
cordato-ovate inciso-serrate shorter than the flower-stalks,
stem procumbent. Light/, p. 75. .E. B. I, 783.

Hab. Fields and waste places. FZ. April to July. 0.

Plant 3 to 4 inches in length, slightly hairy. Flowerstalkslonger than

the leaves, recurved when bearing fruit. Cor. small, bright blue.

Caps, of two turgid lobes, pubescent. Seeds large, few.

14. V. arvejisis {small Speedwell), leaves cordato-ovate serrate
the lower ones petiolate, floral leaves sessile lanceolate longer
than the flowerstalk, stem nearly erect. Lightf, p. 75. E, B,
t. 734.

Hab. Fields and walls. Fl. April to Jidy. Q.

Habit and size of the preceding, or rather smaller, and often mistaken
for it, though more from the similarity of the names, as Curtis well
observes, than from any absence of characters. Flowers sessile or
nearly so. Caps, obcordate, much compressed, ciliated.

15. V. hederifolia {Ivy-leaved Speedwell), leaves cordato-ovate
mostly 5-lobed, caiycine segments cordate ciliated, steqi pro*
cumbent. Light/, p, 76. E. B, t. 784.

B DIAND. MONOG.

Had. Fields and hedge-banks, common. F/. April to July. O.

Stems weak, procumbent. Leaves rather fleshy, slightly hairy 3 ter-
minal lobe the largest : upper leaves sessile. Peduncles longer than
the leaves, recurved when bearing fruit. Cor. pale blue with darker
veins. Caps, of two turgid glabrous lobes. Seeds large, two in each
cell.

5. PINGUICULA.

1. V. vulgaris {common Bnlterwort)^ spur cylindrical acute as
long as the veinless petal, upper lip 2-lol)ed, lower one in
three unequal obtuse segments. Lig/iif. p. 76. E. B. t. 70.

Hab. Marshy places and wet sides of mountains, common. Fl. June.ll .

Whole plant covered with minute crystalline raised points. Leaves
radical, ovate, fleshy, the margins singularly involute. Scapes single-
flowered. Kozfjers drooping, purple, paZa^e hairy. <S^ffw. two, short,
white, thick, curved ; one on each side the rounded germen. An-
thers one-celled, vertical. Style short. Stigma very curious, large,
expanded, fixed at the margin and spurred behind, covering the an-
thers with its broad disk, and bent down over them. Caps, ovate,
one-celled, bursting half-way into two short valves. Seeds nume-
rous, small, fixed to a central column or receptacle. — Near P.gran-
diflora of E. B., but that is twice as large, especially in the flower,
which is beautifully veined. In the form of the corolla there unfor-
tunately appears to be little or no dift'erence.

2. P. Lusitanica (pale Bufterwrn-t)^ spur obtuse curved shorter
than the corolla, divisions of the petal nearly equal, leaves and
scape hairy. Light/, p.77 (P villosa). ^ E. B f. U5

H.^.B. Marshes and wet moors towards the north-west coast of Scot-
land and the Isles, not uncommon. Isle of Skie. Liglnf. Bute and
Arran, Mr. Murray. Isle of Mull and west coast of Ross-shire : —
but no where have I seen it so plentiful as in Sutherland, upon the
wet moors adjoining Cape Wrath, growin with Arbutus alpina and
Jungermannia cochleariformis . Fl July, August. 11 .

Much smaller than, and altogether very different from, the preceding.
Leaves far less succulent, marked with purplish reticulated veins.
Cor. with a faint purple tinge ; throat yellow. Found only in Por-
tugal, Scotland, Ireland, and very rarely in England. In our island,
confined wholly to the western side.

6. UTRICULARIA*.
1. U. vulgaris (greater hooded Milfo'U), spur conical, upper

lip as long as the projecting palate, leaves pinnato-multifid,

Lightf. p. 77. E. B. t. 253.
Hab. Ditches and deep pools. Fl. June, July. % .

* The British species of this highly curious and beautiful genus are all
aquatics : their roots, stems, and even leaves being furnished vvith numerous
membranaceous, reticulated vesicles, which, according to Heyne, are filled
with water till it is necessary the plant should rise to the surface and expand
its blossoms above the fluid. The vesicles are then found to contain only air,
which again gives place tp water when the plant descends to ripen it§ seeds
^t the bottom.

DTAND. — MONOG. \)

Koois much branclied. Stems prostrate in tlie water. Leaves capillary,
multifid with minute bristles at the margin, mixed with the vesicles.
Scape erect, 4 — 6 inches high, 6 — 8-flowered. Flowers in a raceme,
large, bright yellow. Lower lip convex, much larger and broader
than the upper one, and having a very projecting palate closing the
mouth. Spur bent down, short. Anthers curved, thick, resembling
those oiPlnguicula. StigmaXditge, plain, roundish. Caps, globose.

2. 11. intermedia (^intermediate hooded Milfoil), spur conical,
upper lip twice as long as the palate, leaves tripartite their
segments linear dichotomous. E. B. t. 2489.

Hab. Ditches and deep pools. In a ditch by the side of Rescalin Lake,
four miles east of Forfar, D. Don. Probably in a marsh at Possil
and Robroyston, Glasgow, Hopk., since that gentleman found upon
the plants there little green balls or bulbs, the germs of future in-
dividuals, a mode of propagation considered peculiar to this species.
H.June, July. }/ .

It is smaller than U. vulgaris, the powers are of a paler colour, and
have a longer upper lip. The stems are more leafy, and the vesicles
grow distinct from the leaves. The latter are broader, linear, tri-
partite, with the segments again di- trichotomous, the margins
bristly.

3. U. minor (lesser hooded Milfoil), spur extremely short ob-
tuse keeled upper lip as long as the palate, leaves subtri-
partite the segments linear dichotomous. Light/ . p. 78,
E, B, t, 254.

Hab. Ditches and pools, rare. Coryattachan in Skie, Light/. Turf-
pits, east side of Black Loch, Kirkmichael, Dumfries-shire, Dr. Bur-
gess. Loch near Kilpatrick, Hopk. Peat-pits, Ravelrig-toll, Edinb.,
Mavgh. Fl. June, July. 1/ .

Still smaller than the last. Vesicles mixed with the leaves. Leaves
glabroi's at the margin. Flowers 5 — 6, very pale yellow. Spur
scarcely any. Lower lip almost plane, palate rather smaller, not
closing the mouth, equal in length to the upper lip.

7. LYCOPUS.

1. h,e2irop€P?/s {JVater Horehound), leaves deeply sinuate- ser-
rate. Light/ p. 79. E. B. t. 1105.

Hab. Ditches and river-banks (not in Fl. Glott) . Margins of Loch
of Lindore, Fifeshire, D.Don. In Arran^ Delvine, Perthshire,
Mr. Murray, f/. June, July. 7/.

Stems two feet, erect, four-sided, as in all the Class Didijnamia and
Ord. Gymnosp. {Labiatce Jxxss.), to which very natural family this and
the following genus belong, though placed here in consequence of
their having but two stamens. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile,
large, ovato-lanceolate, rugose, very deeply sinuato-serrate, almost
pinnatifid, especially the lower ones. Floioers sessile, in dense
whorls at the base of the superior leaves, whitish with purple dots,
hairy within.

lO DIAND. — MONOG.

8. SALVIA.

1. S. verlenaca {wild English, Clary), leaves serrate sinuate, co-
rolla narrower than the calyx. Liglitf. p. 79. E. B. t. 154.

IIab. Pastures and banks, rare. Salisbury crags, and bank entering
Kirkcaldy from Dysart, Lightf. Burntisland and near Pettycur,
Edinb., Maugh. Fl. June. If..

One or two feet high. Lower leaves petiolate, ovate, lobed or sinu-
ated and crenate rather than serrate ; upper ones sessile, more
acute, less lobed, but deeply serrated -, all rugose, veined. Brae-
teas two under each whorl, cordate, acute, entire, ciliated. Cal.
hairy, segments mucronate. Cor. small, purple, ringent. Upper lip
concave, compressed. Lower lip three-lobed, middle lobe large.

9. LEMNA*.

1. L.trisiilca {luij-haved Duckweed), fronds thin elliptico-lan-
ceolate caudate at one extremitv at the other serrate^ roots
solitary. Lightf. p. 537. E. B. t. 926.

Hab. Clear stagnant waters, as in Duddingston Loch, Dr. Parsons
in Lightf. Fl. June, July. ©.

The most delicate of the genus. Fronds one-half to three-fourths of
an inch in length, pellucid at the margins, reticulated, llie young
fronds, which are continually produced from the lateral clefts in this,
as in all the following species, are of exactly the same shape as the
parent plant, and are again proliferous before they are detached.
A frond may thus be seen to be triply pinnate with its offspring.

• A most singular genus, whose characters have not been at all accu-
rately defined by any author. I have been fortunate in meeting with two
species, L. trisulca and minor, in all stages of fructitication, a more complete
analysis of which than has yet been given I hope to publish soon in the FU
Land. — All the species are aquatics, floating on the surface or sinking only
when the seed is ripe, and the plant dying away. Fronds (for I cannot con-
sider the whole plant, horn which spring the flowers, as a leaf) minute, ovate
or orbicular, compressed, foliaccous or thick and succulent ; from the centre
beneath throwing out one or more long slender roots, which are terminated
by a sheath-like appendage, resembling the calyptra of a moss. The mar--
gins of the fronds at one extremity, on each side, have a cleft in which some-
times are produced one or more flattened, orbicular Gemmce (and this is their
common mode of increase), which there grow into perfect fronds, and then fall
away, or a single ^oirer consisting of an urceolate, membranaceous, mono-
phyllous perianth, from a small opening in the top of which the stigma is
protruded, and which bursts irregularly as the stamens become developed.
These are two in number {rarely wanting). Anthers of two rounded lobes,
opening nearly vertically each into two valves, Germen roundish, com-
pressed, carinated on one side, tapering into a style about its own length,
and terminated by a flattish rather expanded stigma. Fruit a Utricle, trans-
versely oblong, compressed, emarginate at the top, on which is the short
persistent style. Seed one, very hard, oval, lying horizontally in the Utricle,
and fixed by its lower side. Embryo oblong, monocotyledonous, horizontal,
central, surrounded by a whilish, fleshy albumen.

DIAND. MONOG. DIGYN. 11

2. L, minor {lesser Duckweed), fronds nearly ovate compressed,
roots solitary. Light/, p. 537 . E. B. t. W95.

Hab. Stagnant waters, common. F/. July. 0.

About a line or a line and a half long ; of a rather thiclc, succulent
and firm texture, slightly convex beneath. The most abundant of
all, increasing prodigiously by Gemmce; rare in fr. The young
fronds constitute the L.arhlza of French authors.

3. L.poli/rhiza [grealer Duckweed), fronds obovato-rotundate
compressed, roots numerousc lustered. Liglilf, p. 538. E. B.
t. 2458.

Hab. Stagnant waters. F/o?fers unknown in Britain. 0.

The largest species of all, half an inch in length and nearly as broad,
succulent, firm and faintly striated ; a little convex beneath, where
it is especially of a purple colour. Roots numerous from one point.

4. h, gihba {gibbous Duckweed), fronds obovate nearly plane
above hemisphaerical beneath, roots solitary. E. B. t. 1233.

Hab. Stagnant waters, rare. Lochend at Duddingston Loch, Edinb.,
Maugh. F/. June. 0.

Size of L. minor, but readily distinguished by the gibbous or even he-
mlsphserical underside, which is pellucid, beautifully cellular and
appearing reticulated ; upper surface plane, green, compact,

10. CLADIUM.

1, C. Mariscus {prickly Bog-7iish), panicle much divided leafv,
spikelets capitato-glomerate, culm rounded leafy, margins of
the leaves and keels rough. Br. Prodr. p. 236, E, B. t. 950
[Schcenus Mariscus),

Hab. Bog of Restenat, near Forfar, G. Don., but now destroyed as
well as Erioph. alp. by the draining of the moss, D. Don. Fl. July,
August. 7/ .

Habit very different from Schcenus, as is the fruit, being a nut with a
remarkably thick shell, whose brown and glossy epicarp or external
skin separates readily from the osseous part. Plant 3 — 5 feet high,
leafy 3 leaves remarkably rough, almost prickly at the edge and
keel. Glumes ovate, brown, G — 7 in an ovate spikelet ; inner ones
longest, two innermost bearing flowers. Stam. two. Stigmas
three. One flower becomes perfect and produces a fruit almost as
large as the spikelet,

2. DIGYNIA.

1 1 . ANTHOXANTHUM *.

1. A. odoratum {sweet-scented vernal Grass), panicle spiked ob-
long, flowers upon short footstalks and longer than the awn.
Light/, p. 81. E.B. t.647.

Hab. Meadows and pastures. Fl. May, June. 2/ .

* A Grass, removed from its affinities in conseciuencc of the number of
the stamens.

12 TRIANDRIA.

A foot high ; smell (when in the act of drying) like PVoodruff {Aspe-
rula odorata), and giving the well-known scent to new-made hay.
Leaves short. Panicle compact, spiked, yellow in age. Flowers
lanceolate, valves of the cal. unequal, very sharp-pointed, slightly
pubescent ; valves of the ext. cor. as long as the smaller valve of the
cal., very obtuse, hairy, brown ; one with a straight awn from the
back, the other with a twisted awn from near the base} int. cor. very
small 'j valves membranaceous, obtuse, equal.

Ill, TRIANDRIA.

1. MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers superior.

1. Valeriana. CaL involute, at length unfolding into a fea-
thery pappus. Cor. monopetalous, 5 -cleft, gibbous, or spur-
red on one side at the base. Fruii crowned with the feathery
pappus. Seed 1.

2. Fedia. Cal. toothed. Cor. mdnopetalous, 5-cleft, gibbous
on one side at the base. Fruit 3-celled, 2 generally abortive.

3. Iris. Perianth single {Cor. of Aulh ), 6-cleft, petalous, each
alternate segment reflexed. Stigma pelaliforui.

* * Flowers inferior, glumaceous.

4. ScHCENiTS. Cal. Glumes of 1 valve, imbricated on all sides,
the exterior ones smaller, sterile. Cor. 0. Fruit naked, or
with bristles at its base.

5. SciRPUS. CaL Glumes oi 1 valve, 1 -flowered, imbricated
on all sides, 1 or 2 of the outer ones sometimes sterile. Cor, 0.
Fruit naked or with bristles at the base.

6. Eriophorum. Cal, Glumes of 1 valve, 1 -flowered, imbri-
cated on all sides. Cor. 0. Fruit with very long silky hairs
springing from the base.

7. Nardus. Cal. 0. Cot, of 2 valves,

2. DIGYNIA.

* Calyces I -flowered (except Arundo Phragniites) .

i Flowers perfect (each having Anthers and Pistils) .

4- Cor. of 1 valve.

9. Alopecurus. CaL 2-valved, valves nearly equal, acute,

united at the base. Falue of the Cor. awned at the base.

4- -H Cor. of 2 valves.-

8. Panicum. Cal. of 3 valves, single flowered, the third valve
very small. Seed invested with the permanent hardened co-
rolla.

TRIANDRIA. 1 .'

10. PiiAi.ARis. Ca/.oftwo rather unequal valves containing a dou-
ble corolla. Seed* invested with the inner hardened corolla.

1 1. Phleum. CaL of 2 valves, valves nearly equal, acuminate
dr mucronato-aristate, including a single awnless corolla.
Seed free.

12. Milium. Ca/. of 2 valves, valves ventricose. Seed invested
with the permanent hardened corolla.

13. Agrostis. CaL of 2 valves, valves acute, compressed, awn-
less. Cor. shorter than the calyx, slightly hairy at the base.
Seed free.

14. Arundo. Cal. of 2 valves (in y^. Phragmiies many-fl.).
Cor. surrounded with long hairs. Seed free covered vvitli the
corolla.

31. RoTTBOLLiA. CflZ. of 2 valvcs, valvcs lateral, Floivers alter-
nate, ranged upon a jointed rachis,

ft Flowers polygamous.
30. HoRDEUM. Cal. in threes, 2-valved, valves lateral, inter-
mediate ones perfect ; lateral ones with Anthers or Pistil. Cor.
2«valved, avvned.

*■* Calyces 2- or rarely 3 -flowered,
t Flowers perfect.

17. AiRA. Cal. of 2 valves, unequal. Cor. 2-valved, the out^r
one awned above the base (rarely awnless). Florals without

• anv imperfect ones between them. Seed free, but covered with
the Cor,

18. Meltca. Cal. of 2 valves, about 2 flowered, with the ru-
diment of a third floret. Cor. 2-valved, awnless. Seed free,
covered by the cartilaginous Cor,

ft Flowers polygamous.

15. HoLCUS. Cal. of 2 valves, 2-flowered. Cor. 2-valved.
Ant her 'bearing floret awned. Seed free, or enveloped in the
membranaceous Cor.

16. HiEROCHLOEf. Cal. of 2 valves, 3-flowered. Cor. of 2
valves : the lateral [florets triandrous ; pistil 0; terminal (or
central) one perfect, diandrous. Br. in Prodr. FL Nov, Holl.

*** Calyces many -flowered.

(Flowers all perfect , or upper florets only sometimes imperfect J

t Calyx of 1 valve.

28. LoLiUM. Cal. lateral, fixed. Cor. 2-valved, firmly en-

* In all the Grass tribe I vise the almost universally adopted term of Seed
for Fruit. This fruit is of that kind called a Caryopsis, which is when the
seed is intimately united with the pericarp so as to form apparently but one
piece with it.

t " Genus diatinctissimum, plures species complectena, in frigldis hc-
misphaerici utrinque provenientes." Br. I.e.

14 TRIAND. MONOG.

veloping the seed, valves lanceolate, ext. with or without an
awn, inserted below the extremity.

ft CaJijx of 2 valves.

19. Sesleria. Cal. 2 — 8-flovvered, compressed, acute, some-
what awned. Cor. variously toothed or awned. Seed free,
covered with the Cor.

20. PoA. Cor. 2-valved, valves sub-ovate somewhat acute, awn^
less. Seed free, covered with the Cor.

21. Briza. Cor. 2- valved, ventricoscj the valves cordate, ob-
tuse, awnless. Seed adnate with the Cor.

22. Dactylis. C«/. valves unequal, the larger 1 -keeled. Cur.
2-valved, valves lanceolate, awnless. Seed invested with the
permanent hardened Cor.

29. Elymus. Cal. lateral, in pairs or ternate, the valves nearly
equal. Cor. firmly enveloping the seed, valves lanceolate,
ext. acuminate or lengthened into an awn. (F/. spiked.)

24. Festuca. Co/, valves opposite, unequal. Cor. of 2 valves^
lanceolate, ext. one acuminate, or awned at the extremity.

27. Triticum. Cal. valves opposite, solitary, nearly equal.
Cor. 2-valved, valves lanceolate; ext. one acuminate or length-
ened into an awn. Seed adnate with the Cor, Rachis zigzag,
toothed. (F/. spiked.)

25. Bromus. Cor. bivalved, valves lanceolate : ex^. one awned
below the extremity. Seed adnate with the Cor» (Inner valve
fringed. Sm.)

26. A VENA. Cor. blvalved, valves lanceolate, firmly inclosing
the seed : ext. one bearing a twisted awn on its back.

23. Cynosurus. Cal. 2 — 5-flowered, having a pectinated in*
volucrum. Cor. valves linear lanceolate : ext. awnless or
awned below the extremity. Seed incorporated with the Cor,

3. TRIGYNIA.

32, MoNTiA. Ca/. of 2 leaves. Cor, of 1 petal. Caps, S-vahed,
3 -seeded.

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. VALERIANA.

* Corolla spurred. Stam. \. (Centranthus, D. C.)

1 . V. rubra (red Valerian), leaves ovato-lanceolate.E. J5. ^. 153 1 ♦
Hab, Old walls at Inverleith, Mr. E.S.Maughan. (I fear escaped from
a garden, as in England. Its native country is the South of Eu^
rope.) FZ. July. "U.
One foot or more in height, glabrous, sometimes glaucous. Leaves,
as in all this and the following genus, opposite^ and Jlowers corym-
bose. Here the Jlowers are rose-coloured.

I

TRIAND. MONOG. 15

** Corolla gibbous at the base. Stam. 3. {Valeriana, D. C.)

2. V. officinalis {great wild Valerian), leaves all pinnated, leaf*
lets lanceolate nearly uniform serrated. LighlJ. p» 85. E, B.
t, 698.

Hab. Ditches and marshy places, and in mountainous pastures, fre-
quent. Fl. July. 1/ .

Stems 3 — 4 feet high, striated. Lower leaves very long, with many
leaflets. Flowers pale flesh-colour, llie root is warm and aroma-
tic and much used in medicine.

3. V. pyrenaica {heart-leaved Valerian), leaves dentato-serrate
heart-shaped petiolate, upper ones with one or two pair oi
small lanceolate leaflets. E,B, ^ 1591. Do?i's Herb. Brit,
fasc. //. 77.

Hab. Collington woods, Edinb., G. Don. Woods, Daldowie, Glasg.,
Dr. Brown. Abercorn woods, Edinb., Maugh. Ditches in the
west of Kinross-shire, as at Blair Adimi, Cliesh, and nearDupplin,
Mr.Arnott. Fl. July. X.

Three or four feet high ; habit of V. officinalis, but very diff'erent in
its leaves. Flowers pale rose-coloured. I can hardly satisfy myself
that this species, any more than V. rubra, is really indigenous
to Scotland. No Flora of the continent, except that of the Py-
renees, can boast of it, but it has been long cultivated in gardens
throughout Britain.

4. V.dioica (small marsh Valerian), flowers dioecious, radical-
leaves spathulato-ovate undivided, stem-leaves pinnatifid.
Light/, p. 85. E.B. /. 628.

Hab. Marshy meadows, frequent, Lighff. Bogs to the westward of
Borthwick, Mr. Neill and Maughan. Pentland Hills, Mr. Arnott.
Linlithgow, Miss Baird. Fl. June. "2/ .

Stejn erect, from 6 to 8 inches high. Leaves more or less serrated,,
upper lobe large. Flowers very pale rose-coloured.

2. FEDIA.

1, F. olitoria {Corn- salad or Lamb's Lettuce), fruit tridentate
ovato-rotundate inflated glabrous, flowers capitate. Light/',
p. 85, and E, B. t.SW {Valeriana Locusta),

Hab. Corn-fields and banks. H. May, June. 0.

Stem sometimes a foot high, dichotomous, and, as well as the leaves,

. more or less scabrous. Radical leaves spathulate, cauline ones ob-

longo-obovate, rarely vdth the upper ones a little toothed. Flowers

pale blue, in terminal heads, at the base of which are oblong bracteas

forming a kind of involucrum.

2. F. dentala {narrow-/ruited Corn-salad), fruit sub-tridentate
obpyriform glabrous, flowers corymbose with a single flower
between the upper divisions of the stems. E. B. t. 1370
{Val. dental a).

Hab. Hedge-banks and fields. Near Crossgate-toll, 3 m. S. of Mus-
selburgh, Maugh. Fields about Edinb., Mr. Greville. Water of
Leith, and field near Kirkcaldy, Mr. S. Stewart. Fl. June, July. ©,

16 TRIAND. iMONOG.

'fliirs has often been confounded with the preceding species^ but atten-
tion to the above characters will remove every difficulty. This is the
larger plant of the two ; the cauline leaves are more linear, the
upper ones more frequently toothed or even pectinated. Flowers
flesh-coloured, not in heads but in loose corymbs, v/ith fewer and
narrower bracteas. In the axil of the upper forks of the stem is
ahvays a solitary flower. The fruit is widely different in shape,
marked with five elevated ribs, and crowned with three unequal, al-
most foliaceous teeth.

3. IRIS.

1. I. Pseudacorzis (yellow Water- Iris), leaves ensifornij each
alternate segment of the beardless perianth smaller than the
stigma. Lighif. p. 86. E, B. t. 578.

Hab. Ditches and marshy places, common. Fl. July. "}/ .

Flowers large, yellow. Roots large, horizontal, fleshy, very acrid. A
piece held between the teeth is said to cure the tooth-ache. In Ar-
ran they are used to dye black, and in Jura mixed with copperas,
to make ink. Light/.

4. SCHCENUS.

* Culms leafy.

1. Sch. albus (white- headed Bog-ritsk), culm triangular^ leaves
lineari-setaceous, flowers terminal sub-corymbose as long as
the involucrum. Light/, p. SJ. E.B.t.'985.

Hab. Moors and bogg}' places, common. FZ. July, Aug. 7/.

Culm 6 — 8 inches high, leafy, leaves sheathing at the base. Each
head consists of three or four clusters of almost white flowers col-
lected into a sort of corymbus as long or longer than the involu-
crum, by which it is at once distinguished. Bristles eight or ten at
the base of the fruit. Starn. two or three.

** Culms naked.

2. Sch. nigricans (black Bog-rush), culm rounded, spikelets of
flowers collected into an ovate cluster, involucrum of two
leaves, the exterior one longer than the flovvers. Lightf. p. 86.
E.B. t. 1121.

Hab. Moors and boggy places, common. Fl. June, July. %.

Culms about a foot in height, the base sheathed with the black rem-
nants of the former year's leaves. Leaves setaceous, rigid, gene-
rally shorter than the culms, Spikelets several, dark, shining, pur-
plish-brown, almost black at the base of the glumes. Leaflets of
the involucrum subulate, dilated at the base and dark -brown, the
upper part greenish, one much shorter, the other generally much
longer than the flower.

3. Sch. compressus (compressed Bog-rush), culm roundish, spike
distichous shorter than the single involucrum, spikelets many-
flowered, leaves plane. Lightf, p. ST, E.B. ^791. (Scirpus
Caricis, IVilld. et Host, Carex uliginosa, L.

Hab. Bogs, rare. By the side of lochs in Ilay^ Light/. Dumbarton

TRIAND. MONQG. .17

Castle, by the river's side, Mr. Yahleii. Neighbourhood of Borth-
wick Castle, Maugh. Ft. June, July. 7/ .

Root creeping. Culm 6 or 8 inches high, covered for almost half it*
length with the very long sheathing bases of the leaves. Leavet
about as long as the culms, linear, acuminate. Spike oblong, with
as olitary involucre at its base, which is longer than the spike. Spike
lets placed in two ranks, oblongo-ovate, shining, ferruginous, 5 — 6-
flowered ; glumes all but the lower one fertile, so that this is perhaps
as well as the following species, rather a Schpus than aSchoenus.

4. Sch. iiifiis {brown Bog-rush), culm rounded spike distichou*
longer than the involucrum, spikelets few flowered, leaves se-
taceous channellfcd. E. B. t, 1010. Liglitf. p, 86 (S.fer-
rugineus), and t, 24 (as S, compressus, var.),

Hab. Moorish places, rare. Isle of Mull, jLig/^^. Dunbar, Arran,
Skye^Mr. Mackay. Fife and Angus-shire, G.Don. NearCreigan-
ferry. On the coast, 2 m. east of S.Queensferry, Maugh. GuiU
Ion Loch, Edinb., Mr. Grevilk. Bressay, Shetland, Rev. Mr.
Fleming. Fl. July. 2/ .

Allied to the last, especially in the distichous spikes j but much slen-
derer. Leaves much shorter and setaceous, never plane. Spikes
ovate, dark brown, of 5 — 6 spikelets, each of 3 — 4 flowers. Glumfi
more obtuse.

5. SCIRPUS.

* Spike solitary .
t Culms simple.

1. Sc. ccespitosus {scaly -stalked Club-rush), culm rounded
sheathing terminating in the rudiments of leaves, two outer
glumes as long as the spike involucrate, stigmas 3. Light/,
p. 87. E.B.t. 1029.

Hab. Moors every where, j^iost abundant. Fl. July. 11 .

Culms ceespitose, 2 — 6 inches high, clothed at the base with the old
sheathing scales, upper sheaths ending in a short imperfect subu-
late leaf. ^/)i/fesmall,,palebrov/n,orfeiTLig:r.oiis.j the two large outer
glumes cuspidate, green at the keel -, t/re I'fcst rather acute. Fruit
surrounded by six bristks, tipped with th,e seal?/ incrassated base of
the styles. Princip . 1 f ! ■.:f the sheep 'jtjEi t^e Highland mountains
in the spring. Lighf.

2. Sc. paucijiorus {cnocolate-headed Clul'-rvsh), culm rounded,
sheaths leafless, spike ovate naked, glumes obtuse nearly equal,
two outer ones thelirgest but shorter than the spike, stigmas 3.
Light/, p. 1078. E.B. t.\\22. {S.Bwothri/oji, Willd.).

Hab. Highland mountains, as upon Malghyrdy in Breadalbane, Dr.
Stuart. Leith Links, Mr. J. T. Mackay. Near Mugdoch Castle,
N. of Glasgow: and on the Ochill Hills plentiful, D. Don. Loch-
leven and Cliesh hills and sides of mountains in Breadalbane frCf
quent, Mr. Arnott. Fl. Aug. "}/ .

In general appearance very near .S', palustr., but much smaller and
slenderer. Spike of fewer flowers, 3 — 6. Glumes more obtuse.

c

18 TRIAND. MONOG.

StigiHiHi 3. Sli/le swelling at the base. Fruit with .') — tj hristfes
at the base. . ' -

3. Sc. palustris {Marsh Club-rush), culm rounded, slieaths at
tlie ba.se leafless, spike oblon^o*ovate naked, glumes nearly
equal in size, stigmas 2. Liiiht.f. p. 87- E. B, t, Vd\.

/3, minor, smaller, spikes fewer-flowered, glumes deeper brown.
S. multicaulisy E. B. t. \\S7.

Had. Ditches and marshy places, frequent. /3. Isle of Skye, Mr.
Mackay. Various parts of Scotland, G. Do;/. Fl. July. 1/.

Culms many from the same root, 6 — 12 inches high. No leaves at all.
iS/)iA:e many-flowered, brownish, margin scariose, 2 outer ones ste-
rile, obtuse, inner ones more acute. Fruit crowned with the swell-
ing base of the stigma, which constitutes, in conjunction with the
almost constant presence of its bristles at its base, the genus Elco-
charts o( Mr. Brown. Bristles 4 — 5 around the fruit.

4. Sc. acicularis [least Club-rush), culm compressed grooved,
sheaths leafless, spike ovate acute naked (no involucrum),
glumes acuminate, stigmas 3, fruit without bristles. Light/.
p.SS. E.B.i.749,

Hab. Sides of lochs, even under water, and marshy places 3 about a
mile N; W.from Laswade, Dr. Parsojis in Light/. Lochleven, and
Loch W. of Dunning, Mr. Arnott. Loch of Clunie and Stormont
Loch, Rev. Mr. M' Richie. Fl. July, Aug. 7/ .

The most slender and delicate of all the club-rushes. Culms 3 — 4
inches high, setaceous or capillary, tufted, often without flowers.
Spikes small, pale brown, with a broad green nerve. Fruit oblong,
beautifully impressed with points in lines, tipped with the sphierical
base of the style.

,tt Culms branched.

5. Sc.fluitans (floating Club-rush), culm rounded leafy flaccid,
spikes ovate naked (no involucrum), glumes rather obtuse,
stigmas 2, fruit destitute of bristles. Light/, p. 88. E, B,
t, 216. Isolepisfluitans, Br. Pr. FL Nov. Holl.

Hab. Pools and ditches ; Loch, Isle of Rum, Light/. Braid Hill
marshes and Revelrig Toll Moss, Mr. Arnott. Fl. July. 1/ .

Stems 6 — 10 inches in height, much branched, slender, jointed. Leaves
linear, short, floating, sheathing, and thus concealing the w^hole
stem. Peduncles, or rather the fertile branches of the culm, ter-
minal and lateral. Spike small, few, 3 — 4 flowers. Glumes green-
ish, with a scariose whitish margin. Fruit without bristles, and
no incrassated base to the style, articulated as it were on the
germen : hence the Isolepis of Brown.

** Sp'ikelets many.
t Culms rounded.

6. Sc. lacustris (Bull-rush), upper sheaths leafy, cyme termi-
nal twice compound, involucrum 2-leaved. Light/, p, 88.
E.B.t.e66.

^. glauctis, smaller and glaucous. S. glaucus,E. B. t. 2321.

TRIAND. — MONOG. iQ"

H..B. Maigliis of lakes and ponds. — ^. Coast of Angun, G. Don.
Banks of the Tay below Newburgh, and other parts of Fifeshire,
D. Don. FL July. %.

Root creeping. Culms 3 — 8 feet high, rounded all the way up, slightly
tapering ; outer or lower sheaths brown, leafless, upper ones end-
ing in a linear subulate channelled leal' 3 — ^4 inches long. The
Involucres of 2 leaflets, varying much in length 3 in general one is
nearly as long as the cyme, and ends in a green rigid point, the
other much shorter and more membranous, brown. There are be-
sides what may be called par^iaZ involucres to the clusters of spikelets,
larger ihan the glumes and often with a rigid point. Glumes
brown, fringed, ^ often emarginate, the nerve running up betv/een
the notch into a macro. Stigmas 2 — 3. JPna^ obovato-triquetrous,
surrounded by G bristles. The culms are much used for mats,
chair-bottoms, &c., and form an article of trade.

7. Sc. setaceJis {^setaceous Club-rush), culms setaceous rounded
or very slightly compressed, sheaths leafy, spikelets terminal
germinate, involucrum I leaved. Light/', p. 88. E, B. /.1693.

Hab. Moist gravelly places, common. JZ. July, Aug. 0.

Culms tufted, 2 — 5 inches high, slender. Leaves 1 or 2 with sheathing
bases. Involucre of 1 subulate Ijeaflet, green, dilated at the base,
erect and so appearing a continuation of the culm, having lateral
fructification. Spikelets I — 2. Glumes broadly ovate, acute,
smooth, brown, with green margins and nerve. Stam. 2. Stig -
7nas 3. Fruit broadly obovate, beautifully longitudinally striated.

tt Culms triangular.

8. Sc. maritimus, {Sail-marsh Club-rush), culm leafy, spike-
lets terminal clustered pedunculate and sessile, involucre of
many foliaceous leaflets, glumes with a mucro between the
acute segments of a notch. Light/, p. 89. is. B. t, 542.

Hab. Salt marshes near the coast, not uncommon. FL July. % .
Root creeping, often swelling into knots or tubers. Culm 2 — 3 feet

high, leafy. Leaves linear flat acuminate, often exceeding the culms.

Leaflets of involucrum variable in number and size, mostly much

larger than the cluster of spikelets. Spikelets large, ovate, brown.

Stigmas 3. Bristles 3 — 4 at the base of the smooth obovato-trian-

gular seed.

9. Sc. sylvaticus {IVood Cluh-rush), culm leafy, cyme terminal
many times compounded, involucrum of many foliaceous leaf-
lets, glume entire acute. Light/, p. 89. £. B, t. 919.

Hab. Edge of Cum Burn, opposite Lochrighead, in the parish of
Kirkmichael, Dumfries-shire, and Killin, Breadalbane, Light/. Moist
woods near Rosslyn Castle, Dr. Parsons in Light/ Damp wood*
frequent, as in woods Bothwell, Hamilton and Lanark, Kelvinbank
and Woodhall ; in which latter place is found a var. with striped
variegated leaves, Hopk. Wet woods between Laswade and ^^^
lyn, by the river, Messrs. -Arnott and Greville. fl- July. "2/ •

Culm 2-— 3 feet high, very leafy. Leaves broadly linear,* acuminate,
reaching beyond the ailrn. Leaflets of the invoUiere, 3 — 4, one

W TRIAND. MONOG.

g-enerally longer than the cyme. Spikelets very small, numerous,
greenish. Stigmas 3. Fruit with about 6 bristles.
6. ERIOPHORUM.
* Spike solitary.
t Culm naked.

1. E. alpinmn {alpine Cotton-grass)^ culm triangular, leaves
much shorter than the sheatlus, spike oblongo-ovate, E. B,
t,3\\.

Hab. Mountain bogs, rare. First discovered in a bog 3 m. E. of
Forfar, but which is since drained, by Mr. Brown and G. Don.
Mountains in Breadalbane, Mr. Somerville. Fl. June. 7/ .

Root creeping, throwing up many upright culms, 6 — 8 inches high,
slender, with short subulate leaves from the long inner sheaths.
Spike very small, few-flowered. Glumes ovale ferruginous obtuse,
nerve green, in the 1 — 2 outer and sterile ones extended into a
mucro. Stam. mostly 2, sometimes wanting. Fruit surrounded
by erect silken hairs more than twice as long as the spike.
ti" Culm leaf -bearing.

2. E. vaginalum {Hare'S'tail Cotton-grass), culm above trian-
gular, spike ovate. Light/, p. 90.^ E. B. I. 873. {E, cces-
pitosum., Host et Schrad.)

Hab. Turf-bogs, not uncommon. — Pentland-hills, and Dalmahoy -hill,
Edinh., Maugh. Appin,Argyleshire, Capt. Carmichael. Fl. May. If..

Culms, when in flower, shorter than the leaves, when bearing seed
much elongated, 1 — 1 ^ foot high. Leaves almost subulato-seta-
oeous, compressed, channelled, sheathing ; upper sheaths with gra-
dually shorter leaves, the uppermost leafless and inflated obtuse.
Spike large, ovate, acuminate, remarkably thin, membranaceous,
pellucid, blackish. Silky hairs of the seed twice as long as the spike.

3. E.capitattim {roimd- headed Cotton-grass)., culm rounded to
the top, spike almost sphaerical. jE. B, t. 2387.

Hab. Ben Lawers, by the side of a rivulet near the limits of perpetual
snow, G. Don. Fl. Jul. Aug. 1/ .

Smaller than the last, 8 — 10 inches high, but stouter, with fewer leaves
on the stem. Besides the dift'erent shape of the spike, the glumes
are brovni, more opaque, with the outer ones frequently much the
largest, so as to resemble an involucrum. In other respects they
are ^ike. It is, in all covmtries, a very alpine plant.
* * Spikes many, pedunculated.

4. E. gracile {slander Mountain Cotton-grass), culms trigonous
channelled, spikes longer than the involucre. jB. B. t. 2402.

. fE. triqurfrurn, Host et Schrad.J
Hab. Boggy places in the micaceous soil of Ben Lawers and on Clova,

G Don. ' FL July. 7/ .
Much the slendereet of this division. Leaves hw, narrow, much keeled
. at the back, grooved or channelled on the upper side. Spikes 2 — 3,

oblong, at first sies§ile, then pedunculated, longer than the involucre.
^Glumes oblorigo-ovate, greenish-brown, obtuse, membranaceous

and ribbed.

TRIAND. DIGYN. 2l

5. E. angustifolium {common Cotton-grass), culms su})trigo-
nous, leaves linear grooved, involucre longer than the flower-
ing spikes. Light/, p. 89 (E. pohjstachion). E. B, t. 564.

Hab. Moors and peat-bogs, veiy frequent. Fl. May. 1/ .

This, as Dr. Schrader justly observes, is intermediate between the fore-
going and following species, differing principally from the latter in
the culms rounded at the base, in the narrower and channelled
leaves, and simple pedicels, and from the former in its larger size,
longer involucrum, and more acute glumes.

6. E. poLystackion [broad-leaved Cot ton- grass) ^cuXxns trigonous,
leaves broadly linear plane, involucrum longer than the flower-
ing spikes. E, B, t. 56'3.

Hab. Pentland Hills, G. Do7i. Common in Scotland, Dicks. Fl.
May, June. 7/ .

Distinguished by the breadth of the leaves and their plane surface.
The spikes, when in seed, are on very long drooping footstalks,
and then often ramified. Silky hairs shorter than in E. angusfif.

7. NARDUS.

1. l>l.stricta (Mat-grass), spike erect slender, the florets all
pointing one way. Light/, p. 90. E. B. t. 290.

Hab. Moors and heaths, most abundant. Fl. June. If. .

A grass of a very simple structure, growing in tufts, surrounded at
the base with the remains of former years' leaves. Culms, as well
as the divaricating leaves, setaceous, rigid, 4 — C inches high. Spike
terminal, erect, grooved, and toothed at short distances for tlie in-
sertion of the florets, which are all distichous and pointing upwards.
Cal. 0. Cor. of 2 valves, lanceolate, outer one coriaceous, purplish
green, tapering gradually into an awn 5 inner one smaller, awn-
less, mfcmbranous. Stajn.3. Style a,nd Stigma \.

2. DIGYNIA.

8. PANICUM.

1. P. sanguinale {Cock's-/oot Panic-grass), spike digitate, florets
in pairs secund pubescent at the margins, leaves and sheaths
slightly hairy. E. B. t. 849.

Hab. a single plant found at Dalbeth, Hopk. A doubtful native even
in England. Fl. July, Aug, O.

About a foot high, bent and jointed at the base. Leaves broad, and
as well as the sheaths more or less hairy ; hairs springing from mi-
nute, elevated, points. Calyx of 3 very unequal valves, the outer-
most an extremely minute scale, the one opposite to it twice its
size and pubescent at the margin, innermost one thrice the size of
the second, rigid, ribbed, and pubescent at the margins. Valves of
Cor. nearly equal in length, whitish, membranaceous.

9. ALOPECURUS.
1. A, pratensis {Meadow Foxtail-grass), culm erect smooth,

21 , TRIAND>— DIGYN.

panicle spiked cylindrical obtuse, calycine glumes lanceolate
acute hairy connate at the base, awn twice the length of the
cbrolle. Ugktf. p. 9. E. B. t. 759.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, common. Fl. May, June. % • .

Culms 1| to 2i feet high. Spike with silvery hairs, yellow-green co-
lour. Glumes of Cal. and Cor. in this and all the species remark-
ably compressed, and both are much ciliated.

2. A. alpinus {alpine Foxtail- grass), culm erect smooth, pa-
nicle in an ovate spike, calycine glumes ovate abruptly acute
hairy united at the base, awn scarcely longer than the cor
rolla. E. B.t. 1126.

Hab. Mountiiins about Loch na Gore in Aberdeenshire, and of Clova,
Angus-shife, G. Don. Ben Lawers, R. Brown, Esq. R. July. % .

I scarcely know which of the abovementioned Botanists has the ho-
nour of the discovery of this rare plant, of which no other station is
at present known in the world. Mr. Brown gave me a ^specimen
gathered veiy many years ago at Ben Lawers. Distinguished at
first sight by its short ovate or rather oblongo-ovate spike. The
calycine glumes come suddenly to a jjoint, neither gradually taper-
ing as m A. pratensis, nor obtuse and truncated as in A. genicu-
latus. Glumes of the Cor. at least twice ^s broad as in the former
species ; its awris scarcely reaching beyond the glumes.

3. A. agrestis {slender Fox tail- grass), culm erect scabrous
above, panicle spiked cylindrical acuminate, calycine glumes
acute almost glabrous united as far as the middle. Light/',
p. 91. E. B. t, 843.

Hab. Fields and byway sides. June, July. 0.

Well distinguished by its attenuated spikes frequently of a purplish
brown tinge. Cal. glumes lanceolate, acute, glabrous, or a little
rough on the keel and nerves. Cor. quite smooth, witii the awn
3 or 4 times its length.

4. k. genicidatus {jioatingFoxtail- grass), culm ascending bent
at the joints, panicle spiked cylindrical obtuse, calycine glumes
united at the base truncated slightly hairy, awn twice as long
as the Corolla. LighlJ\ p. 92. £. B, t. 1250, and L 1467
( A. fulvus) .

Hab. Wet meadows and marshy places. Fl. July, Aug. IJ. .

Florets smaller than in any other species. Glumes of the cal. very
obtuse, truncate, membranaceous at the margin, ciliated at the
back, scarcely hairy elsewhere. Glumes of the cor. equally obtuse,
membranaceous, glabrous, varying in the length of the awn. In
dry places the plant is smaller and has a bulbous root, Hopk. The
Messrs. Don have found the A. fulvus of E. Bot. in Angus-shire
and Fifeshire: but I cannot find a single character to distingoiish
this as a species, nor even. as a var. In a recent examination of
original specimens from the habitat given in E. Bot., I observe
the unprotruded anthers, exactly as they are in A. geniculatus ;
when they are exserted and have discharged their pollen they con-
tract in length and become of a deeper colour, which is also the

TRIAND.^— nir.YN.

23

case with A. genie: and authors {Host and Gaudin) figure and de-
scribe the anthers of our species as both yellov). and fulvous.

10. PHALARIS.

1. Vh. canariensis {manured Canary-grass), panicle spiked
ovate, calycine glumes boat-shaped entire at the point, exi.
cor. of 2 valves. E,B,t.\Z\i),

Hab. Naturalized as in England, by fields andiroadTsides -occasion-
ally. About the sand-hills Toll-cross, Glasg. Hopk. Sometimes
seen about Edinb., Mr. Greville. f'^. July. 0.

One to two feet high, glaucous.. Leaves broad. Spike largCj .hand
some. Glumes of the cor. greenish, with deeper Hnejs, obsoletely
pubescent, deeply and sharply keeled at the back. Ext. co?-,;pf 2
small valves ; inner double the size and closely investing the seed
when ripe, as we see it in the yellow seeds which are the food of
Canary birds {Fringilla canaria) . •- •,

2. Ph. arundinacea {Reed Canary -grass), panicle erect, branches
patent, florets clustered secund, ext. cor, of 2 very minute
hairy valves. L'fghfJ. p. SO. E. B. t. 402, andV. 2I6O.7: %
{Arundo colorata, Sm, Fl. Brit. p. 147.)

Hab. Sides of lakes and rivers, frequent. . Fl. July, Aug. 1/ . I

Frequent in gardens, with variegated leaves. Very difterent in habit
from the last, but the same in essential gen. char. Panicle large,
rather lax, 6 — 8 inches long, often brownish or purplish greeo.
Cal. glumes lanceolate, valves acute remarkably compressed, nerv-
ed, rough at the keel. Ext. cor. of 2 extremely minute, oblong
scales, with a tuft or pencil of hairs at the end. Int. glumes almost
as long as the cal. lanceolate, valves unequal, much compressed,
the larger one embracing the other,, especially when they envelop
the ripened seed.

11. PHLEUM. ' .

1. Phi. pratense {common Cat'S'tail-grass), spike cylindrical,
cal. glumes truncate mucronato-aristate ciliated at the back
longer than the awn. Light/, p. 91 E. B. t. 1076.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, very common, Hopk. Fl. June,
July. %.

Root sometimes bulbous {Phi. nodosum Willd,). Culms I — 2 feet
high. Spike from 2 — 5 inches long, pale green, very compact, ob-

• tuse. Cal. glumes, as in all the species, extremely compressed,
almost glabrous, ovate, truncate, each valve ciliated at the back,
and having the dorsal, green nerve, running out into a slightly
spreading awn, scarcely half so long as the valve. Glumes of the
cor. small, membranous, obtuse, unequal, the larger one crenulated.

2. Phi. alpinum {alpine Cat's -tail- grass), spike ovato- oblong,'
cal, glumes truncated mucronato-aristate ciliated at the back
equal in length to the awn. E.B.t.^iXd, ' '

Hab. Highland mountains. Craigneulict, a hill a|)ove Killin, Light/.
Garway Moor, Dicks. Ben Lawers, R. J^rown, Estf, Fl. July. 11 ,
Spike short, purple^brown. " , • .

^ TRIAND. DIGYN.

3. Phi. Michelii {Michelian Cat's- tail-grass), panicle spiked
cylindrical, caL glumes lanceolate acuminate strongly ciliated
at the back. E. B. t. 2265 {Phalaris alp. Host).

Hab. Rocky parts of the high mountains of Clova, Angus-shire, G. Don,
Fl. July, Aug. %.

Distinguished at once from the two former species, by the gradually
tapering glumes. It wants the double cor. and hence Host and
Willdenow have fallen into an error in making it a Phalaris.

4. Phi. arenarium {Sea-side Cat's-tail-^rass), panicle spiked
oblongo-obovate, cal. glumes lanceolate acute ciliated at the
back. Light/, p. 1080. E. B. t. 222 (Phalaris aren,).

Hab. Loose blowing sand, near the sea shore. Light/. Sands of
Barrie, G. Don. Near Burntisland, Mr. Arnott. Fifeshire coasts
not uncommon, 3fr, Greville. Fl. July. 1/ .

Culms 5 — 6 inches high, many from the same root, ascending. Cor.
twice as short as the cal.y membranous, truncated.

12. MILIUM.

I. M. effusum (spreading Millet-grass), flowers loosely papi^
cled awnless. Light/, p. 92. .£. B. t. 1006.

Hab. Moist shady woods. By the Aqueduct Bridge, Kelvin. Ha-
milton and Lanark, Hopk. Rosslyn woods, Mr. Arnott and Mr.
Greville. Fl. June. If. . (O Sm.)

Culms 3 — 4 feet high, slender. Panicle diffuse, lax, delicate. Cal.
glumes equal, ovate, concave, glabrous, or slightly scabrous, green.
Those of the cor. cartilaginous, very concave, at length closely in-
vesting the seed, which is the principal character that distinguishes
this grass from Agrostis.

13. AGROSTIS.

* Outer valve of the Cor. awned.

1. A, canina {hrowii Bent-grass), branches of the panicle long
elender erecto- patent, cal. valves imequal lanceolate rough at
the back, cor. of I valve with a dorsal awn from below the mid^
die, leaves linear. Light/, p. 93. £. B. t, 1856 (Tricho.
dium cans., Schrad.) .

«. flowers purple,

p. flowers straw-coloured, somewhat larger.

y. panicle longer, slenderer, pale green. A. gracilis^ D. Don,
MSS. inedit.

Hab. a. Moist heaths and moory places, plentiful. |S. sent me by
Mr. Winch as gathered by G. Don, in Scotland, y. meadows
about Gark, Perthshire, D. Don. Fl. June, July. 1/ .

panicle lax, slender. Flowers small. Cal. valves rather acuminate,
glabrous, rough on the back. Valve of the for. single ! (hence the
genus Trichodium of Michaux), shorter than the cal., ovate, trun-
cate and concave, white, thin, membranous, dotted with rough
points, having 4 longitudinal nerves, 2 of which (the lateral ones)
©ften project into very short awns ; between these, on the back, from

-•^-

1

TRIAND.— DIGYN. "li}

below the middle, arises an awn about twice the length of the valve.
Instead of the second val ;^ of the cor,, is an extremely minute tuft
of hairs. Var. /3. has the panicle smaller, and the flowers, in pro-
portion, rather larger, yellow, but not so large as in the Agr. Jia-
vescens of Host, nor are the glumes so much acuminated, Var.
y. I cannot distinguish specifically from A. can'ma. — Sometimes the
awn does not reach to the top of the glumes, and then it is by some
called awnless.

2. A. setacea (bristle-leaved Bent-grass)^ branches of the pani-
cle short erect, valves of the cal. unequal lanceolate rough at
the bax^k, outer valve of the cor. with a longish awn from the
bavse, inner one ovate very minute, leaves setaceous. E. B,
t. 1188.

Hab. I have this mentioned in a list of Scotish plants, furnished by
Mr. D. Don, but without any particular station being given. Fl.

This grass has a peculiarly stiff and rigid habit. Leaves numerous,
bristle-shaped, glaucous. Panicle very compact, greenish brown.
Outer valve of cor. membranous, with 4 nerves, the 2 lateral ones
terminating in short teeth ; awn arising from the base and exceed-
ing in length the larger acuminated calycine valve. This plant
was made known to the botanical world by Mr. Curtis, and appears
to be peculiar to Britain. In the structure of the flowers and leaves
there is the closest affinity with Agr. rupestris of the continental
Botanists; but that plant is much smaller, less rigid, and the pani-
cle is spreading when in flower and of a fine purple. May they be
varieties arising from situation ?

*"* Corolla awnless (or mostly so).

3. A. vulgaris {fine Bent- grass) ^ branches of the panicle smooth-
ish, branchlets diverging, outer valve of the cor. 3-nerved, li-
gule extremely short and truncate. Lightf. p. 93 (A. ca-
pillaris). E.B.t. 1671.

/S. Outer valve of the cor. awned,

y. scarcely 3 inches high. A, pumila, Light/, p. 1081, fig. in
frontispiece.

Hab. Meadows, pastures and banks, common, Hopk. /S. Pentland
hills, Maugh. y. Pentland hills, Lighff. FL June, July. 7/ .

Root creeping, throwing out many, mostly ascending, culms, 1 or 1
and a half foot high. Panicle purplish, rachis smooth and the branch-
lets nearly so. Cal. glumes lanceolate, smooth, shining, rough on
the back. Cor. glume of 2 thin, delicate, membranous, unequal
valves. Outer one a little shorter than the cal., 3-nerved, triden-
tate, awnless in a, bearing an awn of uncertain length, but mostly
short in fi, arising from the central nerve, a little below the mid-
dle of the back ; inner valve half as small, two-nerved, bifid. I
possess specimens of this species bearing the rudiment of a second
flower upon a rather long footstalk in the same calyx.

4. A. alba (Marsh Bent-grass)^ branches of the panicle hispid,
branchlets patent, outer valye of the cor, S -nerved, ligulc ob-

26 TRIAND. DIGTN.

long. Liglilf. p. 93 {A. alia, et stolonifera r>) ; E. B. M 189
{/J. alia) ; and /. 1532 {A. stolomf.), Schrad.^ Germ. p. 209.

^. Leaves glaucous, panicle more compact, cal. glumes more
rough on the back. Agr. glaucesce?is, D. Don. MSS.inedit,

Had. Hills and road-sides, common. B. Isle of May, D. Don. Fl.
July. H.

Plant stouter than ths Uist and generally larger. C«/w6' ascending,
o'ten rooting at the base, and throwing out runners. Panicle rather
contracted, pale green or purplish, branchlets patent. Cal. glumes
as in A. vulgaris, as are those of the cor. but the oufer valves have
5 nerves and as many teeth, and the inner one is only fiiintly 2- or
3-nerved at the base, nearly entire and obtuse at the extremity.
In some individuals, but 1 know not if they are found in Scotland,
there is a short awn at the base of the outer valve of the cor.' ,- this
is the Jgr. compressa W'illd. : and sometimes the flowers are vivi-
parous, which is the A. sylvatica Linn. It is even difficult to distin-
guish this plant from the last ; and I have never seen any British
awnless Agrostiiks that may not be reduced to one or other of these
two. 1 feel strongly persuaded that the Agr. stolonifera and alha
of E. B. are one and the same species, the former best agreeing
with what I call alha, in the oblong ligule, but not according in
the extremely dense erect flowers j whilst, on the other hand, the
flowers of the latter plant of Smith are too few and lax, and the
ligule is short and truncate like those of A. vulgaris. What may be
the Linnaean A. stolonifera can only be determined by a reference
to the Linn. Herb. The accurate Schrader, I know not upon what
authority, says that that is the Agr. verticilla.ta of Villars and Willd.,
remarkable for its hispid calyx and panicles. The famous Fiorin
grass of Dr. j^ichardson and the Irish agriculturists, is what I here
call alba, as I have determined by the aid of specimens gathered
in company with the late Dr. Richardson himself. Schrader has,
I think with great propriety, reduced the aiv7iless Agrostides to the
two here adopted ; Gaudin makes 5 of them in his Agrost. Helvet. ;
yet says of them '^ adeo variabiles sunt, ut, me quidem judice, na-
tura inter eas vix certos constanterque limites statuerint ; " and
Host, I lament to say, has, besides A. vulgaris, 5 species of this
family, which appear to me to offer no decided mark of distinction •*.

4

* lincludethis synonym of a foreign author because the description there
referred to is the only satisfactory one I am acquainted with of what / intend
by A. alba.

^ Since the ahove was written, and when on the point of going to the
press, I have received a letter from my friend, J. K. Bicheno, Esq. of New-
bury, Berks, on the subject of these two Agrostides; and as his opinion, the
result of actual observation, tallies so well with my own, it would be doing
him an injustice were I not here to insert it. " 1 tind the greatest puzzle,"
he says, " in the variations of Agrostis vulgarif; and alba. The extremes of
each I know well by the divergent, smooth branches in the panicle of the
former, and the altogether less nerved and smooth flower. The panicle
branches of A. alba and the calyx are hispid, and the nerves of the outer
valves of each marked distinctly. This also throws out great numbers of

I

TRIAND. DIGVN. 27

14. ARUNDO.

* Calyces \ -flowered {Calamagrostis of authorfi) .

t Corolla aivned.

1. A. Calamagrosiis (small Reed), panicle erect diffuse, caL
valves acuminate, cor, shorter tljan the caL and the tuft of
huirs with a small terminal awn. Light/ . p. 1 0(i. E. B. t. 2159.

Hab. Shady moist places, but not common, Lightf. Fl. July. 1/ .

Two or three feet or more high. Leaves linear, acuminate. Cal. gla-
brous shining, purple brown. Cor. very thin and membranous.
Tuft of hairs silky, very apparent from their length, and giving the
panicle, when in full blossom, a beautiful silky appearance.

2. A. stricla [smallest close Reed), panicle erect close, valves
of the cal, acute, cor, about as long as the cal. longer than the
tuft of hairs, with a dorsal awn equal to it in length. E. B,
t, 2160.

Hab. White Mire Marsh, 1 mile from Forfar, G. Don. Fl. June. 7/.

One to two feet high. Leaves narrow, linear, when dry involute. Pani-
cle I — 4 inches long. G//. brown, glabrous. Cor. brownish, truncate.
Hairs few, short, visible on dissection.

ft Corolla awnless.

3. A. areiiaria (Sea-side Reed), panicle spiked, valves of thecal.
acute, cor. as long as the cal. thrice as long as the tuft of hairs,
leaves involute pinigent. TJghtf. p. 107. iS. B. t. 520.

Hab. Sandy places on the sea-shore. Cantyre, between Mackreanish
Bay and Barr, and near Aberbrothick in Angus, Lightf. Common
in Orkney, Mr. Neill. U •

Two or three feet high, glaucous. Root much creeping. Leave^ very
long and acuminate. Panicle in a very compact spike, attenuated
at each extremity. Cal. rough at the keel, submembranous. Cor. far
more rigid, awnless, nerved. Anthers large, ])urple. Called Muran
in Gaelic (Lightf), in Norfolk Marram. Very serviceable in bind-
ing the loose sands by the sea-shore.

** Cahjces mamj-flowered (Arundo of authors). ■

4. A. Pkragmites (commo?i Reed), cal. about 5 -flowered, florets
longer than the cal. Lightf. p. 106. E. B, i. 401.

Hab. Abundant in ditches, margins of lakes, rivers, &c. Fl. July. }/ .

Six feet or more high. Leaves broad, lanceolate, much attenuated.
Panicle lai'ge, purple-brown, at length drooping, veiy handsome.
Valves of the cal. very unequal; ext. ovato -lanceolate 3 int. twice
its length, thin, membranous. At the base of each floret is a very

creeping stolons. ^^ro5^/* s^o/ow/em cf most English authors, I have no
doubt, is only a var. (if as much) of A. alba. Dr. Richardson's famous Fiorin
is certainly so; but whether such a plant exists in England as A. stolonif.
Linn., with the cal. and panicle still more hispid than alba, I cannot deter-
mine. I am inclined to think, that our A. stolonif. is only the extreme of
alba in harshness, and consequently hispidness, arising from the richness of
the soil."

^§ TRIAND. DIGYN.

large tuft of white silky hairs. Plant much used for thatching, for
fences and various economical purposes.
15. HOLCUS.

1. H. avenaceus (Oat-like Soft-grass), perfect floret superi
scarcely awned, imperfect one antheriferous with a very long
jointed awn, root knotted. Light/, p. 105 [Avena elatior
E.B.t. 1813.

Hab. Hedges and pastures, frequent. Fl. July. 11 .

Two to three feet high. Leaves linear-acuminate. Panicle long,
loose. Spikelets greenish brown. Cat. glumes unequal, shorter
than the florets, lanceolate, keel pubescent j valves oHhe cor.bifidat
the extremity, outer ones hairy, much nerved. Habit of an Avena,
but flowers polygamous. Arrhenatherinn Beauvois. The Holcus
hulbosus of Schrader seems to be scarcely dift'erent from it.

2. H. mollis {creeping Soft-grass), perfect floret inferior and
awnless, imperfect one antheriferous with a bent awn reaching
beyond the cal., root creeping. Light/, p. 63 1 . E. B. t, 1 170.

Hab. Among corn, but not frequent, Light/. Hedges and shady
places, occasionally about Glasgow, Hopk. Fl. July. 1/ .

Two feet high, hairy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute. Spikelets ovate,
with a protruded awn. Cal. glumes equal in length, ovato-lanceo-
late, much compressed, larger than the florets, having short hairs.
Valves of the cor. ovate, nearly equal. Both florets often destitute
of pistil.

3. H. lanatus {Meadow So/t-grass), perfect floret inferior and
awnless, imperfect one antheriferous with a curved awn in-
cluded in the ca/., root fibrous. Light/p.QSX. E,B,i,\\69,

Hab. Meadows, pastures, and woods, common. Fl. June, July. "}/.

Much resembling the last, but in every part covered with a large and
softer pubescence. Panicle generally larger j spikelets rather
smaller ; but the great dift'erence between the two is in the pro-
truded or included awn.

16. HIEROCHLOE.

1, H. lorealis (wor/Aerw /^ferocA/oc), panicle subsecund^ pedun^
cles glabrous, florets awnless, outer valves of the cor, ciliated
at the margin. Roem, et Schultz Syst, Veg, v,2, p. 513.
Holcus odoratus, Linn, Suec. n, 918. G. Don, MSS, ined,

Hab. In a narrow mountain valley called Kella^ AnguSj G. Don.
Fl. July. 1/ .

A valuable discovery of the late acute Mr. G. Don 5 — called Hiero-
chloe'' by Gmelin, because in some parts of the Prussian domi-
nions it is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and strewed before the
doors of the churches on festival days. It has, like others of thegcr
nus, an agreeable iicent,Yesem\AmgihaX oi Anthoxanthumodoratuni.
Linnaeus tells us it is a soporific, and sold in the towns in Sweden
^0 be suspended over the beds, and induce sleep. About one foot highj,

» P'rom h^es, sacred, and x^on or x^"^) a Grass.

'I

TRIAND. DIGYN. 29

glabrous. Leaves linear-acuminate. Panicle brownish, shining.
Spikelets broadly ovate. Cal. valves ovate, acute, rather unequal,
sometimes a little serrated at the point. Florets rather longer than
the cat. and the outer valves of a firmer texture, scabrous when
highly magn., distinctly fringed at the margin, the point sharp but
not awned. Central floret the smallest,

17. AIRA.

* Corolla awnless.

1. A. crislata {crested Hair -gr ass), psnucle spiked, florets longer
than the cal., glumes acuminate, leaves hairv. Light/, p. 98
{Poa cristata). E. B. t. 648 {Koeleria Per's.).

Hab. Dry and mountainous pastures, frequent. Light/. About Port
Patrick, abundant. Fl. June, July. "2/ .

Six to eight inches high. Leaves linear, short, glaucous. ^SpiA-e shi-
ning, ovato-lanceolate. Spikelets ovato-lanceolate. Glumes all
acute or slightly acuminate, lanceolate, compressed, glabrous, or
a little rough at the keel, inner valves of the cor. white, mem-
branous.

2. A. aquatka {Water Hair-grass), panicle spreading, glumes
obtuse, florets longer than the caL Lightf, p. 94. E, B,
t, 1557.

Hab. Banks of rivulets and ponds, but not common. Light/. Near
Dumbarton, Dr. Brown. Wet fields a little to the E. of Gilbert-
field Castle, abundantly, Hopk. Fl. June, 1/ .

Culms one or one foot and a half long, ascending. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, obtuse. Panicle erect, branches spreading. Spikelets
oblong. Cal. valves ver^ small, unequal, plane, purplish, obtuse,
and bluntly toothed at the extremity. Florets thrice the length of
the cal. upper ones pedunculated, their valves concave, brown, with
green ribs, diaphanous at the point.

** Corolla awned.

3. A. ccespitosa {turfy Hair-grass), panicle diffuse, branches
scabrous, florets villous at the base rather longer than the caL,
awn strait inserted near the base of and not exceeding the cor.,
leaves plane. Light/, p. 94. jE. B. t. 1453.

Hab. Moist and rather shady places, abundant, Fl. July, Aug. "}/ .

Much tufted in its growth. Culms 2 — 4 feet high. Leaves linear,
acuminate, rigid, rough at the margin. Panicle large, silvery gray
or greenish, much branched. Spikelets acute. Cal. valves un-
equal, lanceolate, subglabrous, rather acute, erose. Florets with a
few longish hairs at the base, upper ones pedunculated, their valves
ovate, obtuse, erose. Mr. D, Don in his unpublished MSS. enu-
merates the following varieties of this common grass as natives of
Scotland. /3. vivipara, on the sea-shore, y. glomerata, branchlets
clustered j on the Clova mountains, G. Don. $. gracilis, slenderer,
leaves shorter; meadows in Angus-shire, G. Don.

4. A. alpina {smooth Hair- grass), panicle subcoarctate,
branches and pedicels perfectly smooth, florets villous at the

30 TRIAND.— rDIGYN.

base as long as the cat., awn insertf^ci above Lbe middle of and
scarcely exceeding the cor., leaves linear. A. alp. Lmn. fide
Watil. Lapp. p.M, A. laevigata, E. B. t. 2102. £). bon.
MSS. inedit.

Hab. Moist rocks in the mountains of Angus-shire, G. Don. Bei
Lomond, D. Don. Ben Arthur and Highland mountains, proba-'
bly not uncommon. F/. July. If.

About 1 foot high, very smooth. Leaves only scabrous to the touch
on the upper side, short. Panicle rather small, branches erect, on
the lower ones, Avhen viviparous (which they mostly are) patent
and even drooping. Spikeleis purple brown, not numerous, larger
than in A. ccEspitosa and more resembling, as does the whole plant,
A.Jlexuosa. Cal. valves equal, quite smooth. Florets with a short
tuft of hairs at the base ; upper one not pedunculated. J'alves of
the cor. lanceolate, acute, entire, not compressed. Wahlenburg
considers this to be the true Linnsean A. alpina, of which no speci-
men however exists in the Linn. Herb, at Norwich. Very nearly
allied to it is the A. atropurpurea of Wakl. Fl. Lapp. {A. alpina
Fl. Dan.), but it difters in the still fewer-flowered panicle and in
the florets being considerably shorter than the cal.

5. A. flexiiosa {uuaved Hair-grass), panicle (when flowering)
diffuse, florets villous at the base as long as the cal., awn joint-
ed inserted near the base much longer than the cor.^ leaves
setaceous. Lighlf. p. 95. E. B. t. 1519.

Hab. Heaths and hilly places abundant. Fl. July. 1/ .

Habit of the last, but taller. Florets larger and awn protruded con-
siderably beyond the cal. Valves of the cor. as in the two last
species.

6. A. caryophyllea (Silver Hair-grass), panicle divaricate, flo-
rets scarcely villous at the base shorter than the cal., awn in-
serted below the middle jointed longer than the cal., leaves
setaceous. Light/, p. 9'^. E.B.i.S\2.

Hab. Gravelly hills and pastures, frequent. Fl. June, July. 11 .

From 2 to 6 — 8 inches. Leaves short, few. Panicle trichotomous.
Florets silvery grey. Cal. valves nearly equal, lanceolate, the up-
per part pellucid and white. Valves of the cor. scabrous at the back,
unequal, apex bifid.

7. A. prcecox {early Hair-grass), panicle somewhat spiked, flo*
rets scarcely villous at the base about as long as the cal., awn
twisted inserted below the middle longer than the caL, leaves
setaceous. Light/, p. 95. E. B. t. 1296.

Hab. Sandy hills and pastures. Fl. May, June. ©.

One to three inches high. Panicle or spike few-flowered, pale sil-
very green. Valves of the cal. lanceolate, scabrous when much
maga., those of the cor. narrow, acuminate, scabrous ; the point
bifid.

18. MELICA.

1. Mi nutans {Mountain Melic-grass), panicle nearly simple

TRIAND. — -DICVN. 31

racemed secund,spikeiets droopingovate two- flowered. Light/,
p. 96 {M.mitnntisvar.). £. i?. ^1059.

Hab. Lord Breadalbane's M'oods, Armaddy, in Nether-Lorn, Lightf.
On banks in Angus-shire, t). Don. Rosslyn woods, plentiful,
Mr. Jrnott and Mr. Grevillc. Fl. May, June. 1/ .

One foot or more high, leafy. Lmy^'6- linear-lanceolate. Gal. glumes
ovate, convex, nerved, deep purple brown, margin pale. Valines
of the cor. cartilaginous, unequal, nerved, outer one large. Be-
tween the two perfect flowers the rudiments of a third, peduncu-
lated, consisting of a 2-valved hardened cor. without either pistil or
stamen.

2. M. iiniflora [IVbod Melic-grass)^ panicle branched slightly
drooping, spikelets erect ovate with only one perfect floret.
Lighlf. p. 96 (M. vulans). E. B. t. 1058.

Hab. Shady wood, not uncommon, Lighlf. Hamilton, Blan tyre and

Bothwell woods, Glasgow, Hopk. Rosslyn woods, plentiful, Mr.

Greville. Ardvorlich and Castle Campbell, Mr. Arnott. Fl. June,

July. 11.
Imperfect flower upon rather a long footstalk. Leaves broader than

the last, and whole plant rather larger.

3. M. ccendea {purple Metic-grass)^ panicle erect subcoarctate,
spikelets erect oblongo-cyiindrical. Lightf. p. 96. E. B,
t. 750.

Hab. Wet heathy places and moors, abundant. Fl. Aug. % .

Habit very difterent from the last, and has hence been made a genus,
Enodiuni of Gaud., and Mo7iiUa of the Baron de Beauvois. Culms
1 — 2 feet, or more, high. All the leaves, which are long and li-
near, acuminated, springing from the base, or from the sm^-Ze joint
immediately above it. Panicle from 2 — 8 inches in length, purple,
rarely, and probably only when gTowing in much sheltered situa-
tions, green. Cat. valves lanceolate, nearly equal. Florets gene-
rally 1 — 2 perfect and I sterile, much exceeding the cal. Anthers
large, purple. When there is but I flower in a cal., this is longer
than when there are two. Specimens in this state, v/ith the whole
panicle pale gi-een, slenderer, and the leaves somewhat exceeding
the panicle in. height, yet diflering in noo the rrespect, are the M.al-
pina of D. Don's MSS. inecUt. — Brooms are made of their culms
in some parts of England. {With.) In Skye the fishermen make
excellent ropes for their nets of this grass. Lightf. This circum-
stance in quoted by Withering as of the M. nutans.

19. SESLERIA.

1. S. ccerulea (blue Moor-grass)^ panicle spiked ovate bracteated,
spikelets 2 — 3-flowered, ext. valve of the Cor. atistate and
toothed. Lightf. p. 100 {Cynosurus ccer.). E. B. t. 1GI3.

Hab. Highland mountains, common. Plentiful on Ben Lomond. Fl.
April — June. %.

Probably the very earliest flowering of the mountain grasses and an
exceedingly beautiful one. Much tufted j C — 1 2 inches high. Leaves,

S2 TRIAND. ^DIGYN.

linear, obtuse* Spike of a shininn^ blueish gray with lafge yellow
anthers tipped with purple, Spikelcts generally in pairs, oblongo-
ovate, the lower ones with an ovate ciliated and toothed bractea at the
base. Cal.valves ovato-lanccolate, toothed, middle tooth lengthened
into an awn, pubescent at the keel and margin. i^ore^« longer than
the cal. Valves of the cor. oblongo-ovate, ext. ribbed, pubescent and
ciliated with 3 or 5 teeth, the middle tooth lengthened into a short
awn : int. bifid.

20. POA».

1. ?.aquntica {Ueed Meadow-grass)^ panicle erect very much
branched, spikelets linear of abont 6 obtuse florets which have
7 ribs^ Lightf. p. 1083. E. B. /. 1315.

Hab. Sides of rivers, ponds and ditches, but not comnion. Light/.
Banks of Leith river, at Bonnington bridge, Mattgh. About Perth
and Forfar, G. Don. Kilmenney, Fifeshire, Mr. Arnott. Fl. July,
August. "U .

Four to six feet high, erect. Leaves linear, lanceolate, rough. Ligule
short, obtuse. CaZ. valves small, ovate, obtuse, membranous, smooth-
ish. Ext. valve of cor. twice as large as the calyx, int. one narrower,
and bifid at the point.

2. P. fiuiiaiis { floating Meadoiv- grass), panicle nearly erect
slightly branched, spikelets linear appressed of from 7 — H
obtuse florets which have 7 ribs with short intermediate ones at
the base, root creeping. Lightf. p. 103 {Festucaflniians),
E.B.I. 1520.

Hab. Plentiful in ditches and stagnant waters. Fl. July, August. 1/ .

Culms horn 1 — 3 feet high, thick and succulent. ZeatTA' linear-lanceo-
late, acute, Ligule oblong, pointed. Panicle subsecund, very long,
slender. Cal. valves unequal, small, ovate, membranous, obtuse. Cor.
valves ovato-oblong, thrice as long as the cal.-, outer ones scabrous.
The little scale (Nectary L.), at the base of the germen is of 1 fleshy
piece, and the stigmas are much divided, on which account Mr.
Brown makes of it a new Genus Glyceria. It is found in New Hol-
land. ITie seeds, under the name oi Manna seeds, are sold in Hol-

* The different species of Pea border so closely the one upon the other
that it is hardly possible to subdivide the Genus by means of well delined
characters. The following may serve to aid the student in his investigation.

* Cal. as long as tlie florets, ext. valve of the cor. tridentate, {Triodia Br.)
P. decumbens, 15.

** Cal. shorter than the florets, ext. valve entire.

f Spikelets more or less linear.

P. aquatica, I. fluitans, 2. maiitima, 3. distans,4. procumbens, 5. rigida, 6.

ti' Spikelets more or less ovate.
p. compressa, 7. alpina, 8. laxa, 9. caesia, 10. trivialis, II. pratensis, 12.
annua, 13. nemoralis, 14.

•' When the bluntness or acuteness, and the ribs or nerves of the flower*
are spoken of, the outer valve of tl^e ror. alone is alluded to.

TRIANP^'— DIGYN. |h|

laud as food^^ and ^^cording to Lightfoot in Poland and Germany.
Sold also in our shops and employed occasionally as a nourishing and
mild diet.

3. P. maritima {creeping Sea Meadow-grass), panicle erect sub-
coarctate (rigid), spikelets linear of about 5 obtuse flowers
which are obsoletely 5- nerved, leaves convolute, root creeping.
Light/, p.9S, E.B,tA\iO.

Hab. Sea-coast in many places. Isles of Oransa and Skye and at Locfe
Broom, Ross-shire, Light/. Fl. July. 11 .

Eight to twelve inches high, rigid, glaucous. Leaves involute, some-
what pungent. Ligule ovate, bluntish. Glumes all firm, cartilagi-
nous. Cal. valves nearly as large as the cor., with mostly 3 ribs.
Florets hairy at the base, sometimes purplish. — Lightfoot was quite
mistaken in supposing it might be a var. of P.Jluitans,

4. P. distans {rejiexed Meadow-grass), panicle divaricate,
branches at length deflexed, spikelets linear of about 5 obtuse
flowers which are obsoletely 5 -nerved, leaves plane, root
fibrous. £. B./.986.

Hab. Coast of Angus-sliire and other parts of Scotland, G. Bon.

F/. July, Aug. %.
One foot high. Leaves linear, plane, not pungent. Ligide short, obtuse.

Branches of the panicle singularly deflexed, slender. Spikelets much

smaller than in the last species. Glumes membranous, softer. Cat.

valves much smaller than the cor., unequal j larger one obscurely 3-

nerved. — Allied to the last, but very distinct.

5. P. procumhens {procumbent Sea Meadow-grass), panicle
compact ovato-lanceolate disticho-secund (rigid), spikelets li-
near-lanceolate of about 4 flowers which are 5 -ribbed. E. B,
t. 532.

Hab. Salt marshes, not uncommon, D, Don. Z-?. June, July. 0.

iJulms procumbent, 6 — 8 inches long, glaucous. Leaves linear. Li^
gide short, very blunt. Panicle about 2 inches long, branches
patent distichous, their spikelets secund. Cal. valves smaller than
the floret, obtuse, strongly ribbed. Florets oblong, distant upon
the racl|is. In?ier cor. valve membranous, bifid at the point.

6. P. rigida {hard Meadow- grass), panicle lanceolate disticho-
secund (rigid), spikelets linear acute of about 7 flowers which
are almost ribless, root fibrous. Light/, p, 1084. E. B,
t. 1371.

Hab. On walls, rocks, and dry barren soils. On Salisbury Craigs
and all the rocks in the King's Park, Edinb., Light/. Ro^d-side
from Edinb. to Haddington, near Drummore, and on walls Burnt-
island, plentiful, Maugh. About Edinb. and coast of Fife, com-
mon, Mr. y^rwoW. i^. June. 0.

Whole plant very rigid and wiry, 3 — 5 inches long, ascendent or
erect. Leaves rigid, linear, setaceous. Ligule oblong, jagged.
Hachis angled, sometimes at once bearing the spikelets (when it
looks very like Triticum loliaceum), but more usually throwing out
branclie&. Cal. valves nearly as lo^g as the cor., ribbed. Fl9r§t$

p

34 TRIAND.— DIGYN.

almost entirely ribless, linear-oblong, rather distant, smooth,
bluntish.

7. P. compressa {creeping Meadow-grass), panicle subsecund
spreading (afterwards subcoarctate), spikelets oblongo-ovate
of from 5 — 7 obtuse flowers connected by a web, culm com-
pressed, root creeping.

Hab. Walls, Melrose Abbey, Light/. Walls about the King's Park,
Edinb., Maugh. Walls and in dry pastures about Glasg., very rare,
Hopk. Common about Edinb., Mr. Arnott. Fl. July, Aug. 1/ .

One foot or more high, subglaucous. Culms compressed, at the base
procumbent. Leaves short, linear, acute. Ligule very short, blunt.
Panicle not much branched. Cal. valves ribbed, acute. Valves of
cor. obtuse, outer one very obsoletely ribbed j the lower florets
webbed at the base.

8. P. alpina {alpine Meadow -grass), panicle diffuse, spikelets
ovate of 4 — 5 acute flowers hairy below (but not webbed),
leaves broadly linear obtuse, ligule of the upper leaves oblong
acute of the lower ones short obtuse. Lighif, p. 96. E. B,
1. 1003.

/3. glomerata, spikelets crowded. jD. Don's MSS. ined.

Hab. Common upon elevated mountains in the Highlands. /3. Banks
of the Esk, G. Don. Fl. July, Aug. If. .

Six to twelve inches high, nearly erect. Leaves short, linear, obtuse
with a very small mucro. Spikelets rather large, close. Cal. valves
ovato-lanceolate, much compressed ; dorsal rib scabrous, termi-
nating in a very sharp point or short awn, with a short lateral rib
or nerve at the base. Ext. valve of cor. ovato-lanceolate, acute ;
dorsal rib scabrous, no lateral ones -, lower part villous ; upper part
glabrous, purple j margin diaphanous : int. valve notched or bifid
at the extremity. — This grass is very frequently viviparous.

9. P. laxa {slender Meadow-grass), panicle contracted lax
slightly drooping, spikelets ovate of about 3 flowers which are
acute connected by a web, leaves narrow linear-acute, ligules
all lanceolate. IVilld, Sp. PI. p. 386. E. B. t. 1 123 {P.Jiex-
uosa),

Hab. Ben Nevis, Mr. J. T. Mackay. Fl. July. 1/ .

A very slender subglaucous grass, scarcely able to support the weight
of its panicle, which consequently droops slightly. Leaves more
numerous than in A. alpina, and much narrower. Florets very ob-
scurely ribbed, all very acute, green and purple, with diaphanous
margins. Cal. valves nearly equal, pubescent on the keel, as is the
cor. which is also webbed.

10. P. C(ssia {sea-green Meadow-grass), ^^ panicle spreading,
spikelets ovate 5-flowered, glumes lanceolate silky-edged un-_

' connected by any web, stipule {lioride) very short'and blunt."
Sm.inE.B. M719.

Hab. Scotland, Mr. Fairhurn. Ben Lawers and other Highland
ri^puntains, Mr. J. T. Mackay. Rocks of Ben Lawers and Clova 3
•mountains of Aberdeenshire, not rare, G. Don. Fl. June, July. Ij. .

TRIAND. DIGYN. 35

I know this plant only from the figure (taken from a cultivated speci-
men) and description in E. Bot. To judge from them, I must con-
fess, it seems to have few characters to recommend it as a species,
though I am not prepared to say to what individual it may belong 5
probably to P.glauca of the same work, of which Wahlenberg makes
it the var. jS. latifoUa, panicula magis diffusa: but those very cha-
racters may be the effect of cultivation. — See F. nemoralis, var.
glauca, of this work.

1 1. P. trivialis {roughish Meadow-grass), panicle diffuse, spike-
lets oblongo-ovate of about 3 flowers which are acute 5 nerved
connected with a web, culm and sheaths roughish, ligule ob-
long, root fibrous. Light/, p. 97 (P. trivialis and P. an-
gustifolia P) . E. B. 1. 1072.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, common. Fl. June, July. % .

One foot to 2 feet high. Leaves linear, acute. Fanicle much branched.

12. P. pratensis [smooth-stalked Meadow-grass), panicle dif-
fuse, spikelets oblongo-ovate of about 4 flowers which are acute
5-nerved webbed, culm and sheath smooth, ligule short, root
creeping. Lighlf, p. 97. E. B. t. 1073.

^, minor, much smaller, subglaucous, panicle fewer- flowered.
P.humilis, Ehrh, Gram. p. U5 (fide Sm,). E.B.tAOOi
(P. suhccerulea) ,
Hab. Meadows and pastures, common. — /3. Wall-tops and dry sandy
places, not uncommon, Mr. Arnott. Upland pastures, common,
G. Don. Sandy banks Edinb., and sea-shore Kirkcaldy, Mr. Gre-
v'llle. Duncansby-head, Caithness. Fl. June, July. 1/ .
Much as this species is allied to the last, the differences in the above
characters prove the two to be abundantly distinct. Var. (3. seems
but a starved state of it.

3. P. annua [annual Meadow-grass), panicle subsecund diva-
ricated, spikelets oblongo-ovate of about 5 flowers which are a
little remote 5 -ribbed destitute of web, culm ascending com-
pressed, root fibrous. Light/, p. 97.
Hab. Meadows and pastures and by road-sides, every where. Fl.

spring and summer. 0.
Culms 6 — -10 inches long, below prostrate and throwing out roots.
Leaves distichous, linear, rather blunt, flaccid, often waved, bright
green. Ligule oblong, acute. Panicle pale green, its branches at
length much divaricated. Ca/. valves very unequal, ovato -lanceolate,
rough at the back, nerved. Ext. valve of cor. ovato-lanceolate,
acute, white and diaphanous at the margin, keel and base hairy.
14. P. 7iemoralis [wood Meadow-grass), panicle slender slightly
leaning one way lax attenuate, spikelets lanceolate of about 3
rather distant slightly-webbed flowers, ligule short truncate,
culms subcompressed and sheaths^ glabrous, root subrepent.
Light/ p. 9S. E.B. /. 1265. .
/3. glauca, slenderer glaucous, panicle more contracted. P.glauca,
E. B. /. 1720; and P, ccesia P E, B. 1. 1719. P. pulchella,
G. Don, MSS, ined.

d2

36 TRTANI>. DIGYK.

Hab. Common in woods and thickets. — /3. Scotch Alps, plentiful.
Fl. June, July. 1/ .

One to three feet high, slender and delicate in all its parts. Leaves
narrow, linear, acute. Panicle with the branches at most erecto-
patent, Spikelets not crowded. Cal. valves unequal, ovato-lanceo-
late, acute, rather obscurely ribbed. Ext. valve of cor. lanceolate,
very obscurely ribbed, pubescent on the keel and hairy at the base,
but very slightly webbed. Inner valves, as, I believe, in all tlie ge-
nus, bifid at the point. — There can, I think, be little doubt of the
P. glauca being merely an alpine var. of this 5 — glaucous, smaller,
with the spikelets rather larger in proportion. Such seems to be
the opinion of Schrader ; and Wahlenberg and Gaudin have united
the P. ccesia of E.B. with the P. glauca; the latter considering both
as varieties of P. nemoralis. Wahlenberg, indeed, though he makes
a species of P. glauca, says that it is as it were intermediate be-
tween P. trivialis and nemoralis; '' sed colore glauco eximio ab
utraque differt." The P. pulchella of D. Don's MSS. I am sorry I
cannot distinguish from the glaucous var. here noticed ; except that
it is somewhat less glaucous, or, as Mr. Don expresses it, *^' glauco-
virescensy--An all I find at the base of the florets a more or less
apparent filamentous, webbed substance,

15. P. decumbens {decumbent Meadow-grass), panicle nearly
simple contracted few-flowered, calyx as long as the 4-flovvered
spikelet^ ligule a tuft of hairs. Light/, p, 102 (Festuca dec).
E.B. 1.792,

Hab, Dry mountain pastures. Abundant in the Isle of Canay, Light/.
Marsh beyond Possil, Glasg., Hopk. Ochil hills ; Newburgh and
Cathkin hills, Glasg., D. Don. Arthurs Seat 5 coast of Fife ; in
Forfar- and Kinross -shires ; Breadalbane, Mr. Arnott. Pentland
hills, Mr. Greville. Fl. July. 7/ .

One foot long, procumbent, flowering culm only erect. Leaves linear,
rigid, acuminate, hairy as well as the sheaths. Cal. valves nearly
equal, lanceolate, acute, nerved, with broad thin margins, scabrous
on the keel. Ext. valve of the cor. ovate, nerved or ribbed, having
a small tuft of hairs on each side the base ; apex with three teeth :
int. valve obtuse, entire at the point, ciliated at the angles of the
fold. — Habit very different from Pea ; and Mr, Brown suggests that
it may belong to his genus Triodia. It is Danthonia of Decandolle '.

* Besides the foregoing species of Pea, the two following are to be added
ks natives of Scotland: but as I have never seen specimens, so as to be able
to verify them, or to put them in their proper place in the genus, I think k
better to give them in a note.

1. P. striata, panicle branched, spikelets of 3 flowers ovate, eal. glumes
lanceolate 3-nerved nearly equal mucronated keeled, florets 5-nerved
truncated at the apex villous at the base. D. Don, Descr. of New or Bare
Plants ofScotl. p. 4.

Hab. Pastures in Angus-shire, G. Don. — Said to be very near P. pro-
tensis.

2. P. leptostachya, panicle contracted somewhat racemed, pedicels very short
glabrous, spikelets 2-flowered, cal. glumes lanceolate mucronate equal

TRIAND. DIGYN. 37

21. BRIZA.

1. Br. media {common Quaking-grass), spikelets broadly ovate
of about 7 flowers, caL sliorter than the florets. Lightf, p. 99.
£. B. t. 340.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, but rare in the Highlands, Lightf.
About the ponds at Dongalston. At the entrance to the falls of the
Clyde, and about Airdrie, Hopk. Fl. June. "}/ .

Whole plant very elegant. Culms slender, 1 foot or more in length.
Leaves short, linear, acuminate. Panicle a good deal branched,
branches thread-shaped, divaricating, purple. Spikelets tremulous
with every breeze, very smooth, shining, purple, more or less
green or greenish white at the edges. CaL valves very concave,
subcompressed. Ext. valve of cor. much like the cal. but rather
smaller 3 int. one minute, resembling a flat scale^ within the larger
one.

22. DACTYLIS\

1. D. gtoynerata {rough Cock* s-foot -grass), panicle crowded
secund, leaves plane. Light/, p, 99. E. B. /.335.

Hab. Way-sides, meadows and woods, abundant. Fl. July. 1/ .

One to two feet high. Leaves rather broadly linear, acuminate, sca»
brous. PanicZe secund. Spikelets of 3 — 4 flowers, thickly cluster-
ed on the branches, clusters ovate. Valve of the cal. membranous,
smaller than the cor., lanceolate, acuminate, unequal, glabrous, sca-
brous at the back of the valves, which are more or less obliquely
keeled. Ext. valve of cor. subcartilaginous, lanceolate, much com-
pressed, scabrous, ribbed, ciliated at the keel, with a short awn at
the point ; int. bifid at the extremity.

23. CYNOSURUS.

1. C. cristatiLS {crested Dog's-tail- grass), raceme spiked linear,
florets with a very short awn. Lightf. p. 100. E, B. /. 316.

Hab. Dry pastures, frequent. Fl. July. % .

One to one and a half foot high, slender. Leaves narrow, linear, acu-
minate. Raceme secund. Involucre beautifully pectinated, one
at the base of each spikelet, their divisions linear, acute, greenish,
subglumaceous, a little curved, rough. Spikelets 3 — 5-flowered.
C(//. valves lanceolate, nearly equal, membranous, rough at the keel,
as long as the floret. Ext. valve of cor. lanceolate, obscurely nerv-
ed, green, scabrous, especially at the keel, terminating in a short
rough awn 3 int. white, bifid, pubescent at the angles of the fold.

3-nerved incurved at the extremity, florets lanceolate rather acute at the

point. D. Don, Descr. of New or Hare Plants of Scotl. p. 6.
Hab. Banks of the Tay, west of Dundee, G.Don.— Said to be totally distinct

from any British Pea.

^ This agrees very imperfectly with the character givpn of Dactylh, espe-
cially in what concerns the cal. In reality it accords with Festuca, but the
cUistered secund panicle iodiGates a-diftepfnt genus.

38 TRIAND. DIGYN.

24. FESTUCA.
1. F. ovina {Sheep's Fescue-grass), panicle subsecimd subcoarc-
tate, spikelets oblong of about 4 — 5 flowers with short avvns^
culms square (upward), leaves setaceous. Light/, p. 101, E.
B. t.585, and t. 1917 {F. ccesia).

/3. vivipara, plant taller, leaves capillary. F, ovina /3., Lighif,
F. vivipara, E. B. t, 1355.

Hab. Abundant in diy elevated pastures. (3. Mountains common,
especially the lofty ones ; rare in the plains. Wall, Helensburgh,
Hopk. Fl. June, July. 1/ .
Leaves short, often curved, smooth or slightly scabrous, much tufted
and affording excellent feed for sheep. Ligule very short, projecting
on each side. Culms 4 to 8 inches high, in the upper part more or
less square. Cal. valves much shorter than the cor., acute, subgla-
brous. Cor.: outer valve more or less glabrous, sometimes pubes-
cent upward, or even hairy *, teraiinated by an awn, which, though
varying in size, at the utmost does not exceed half the length of
the valve. Whole plant more or less glaucous, with a purple tint
in the spikelets. In the F. vivipara of authors, which I cannot other-
wise consider than as a var. of ovi7ia, the Jlorets are not more com-
pressed than in a. ; the cal. varies in its pubescence, or is sometimes
glabrous j nor are the leaves more smooth than in some specimens
of a. In my authentic specimens of F. ccesia I find no character
by which it may be distinguished from the true ovma j the marks
given by its author in E. B. and Camp. Fl. Brit, being equally
found in ovina. Mr. D. Don, in his MSS. now before me, consi-
ders the F. ccesia of Sm. to be the same as F. Halleri of Vill. and
Gaud. J but my foreign specimens of that plant from Prof. Hoppe
have a very different panicle, and awns as long as the florets. Very
near F. ovina, and by many considered a var., is the F. tenuifoUa
of Sibth. and Schrad. -, far more slender in every part, the leaves
much longer. Spikelets smaller, green, glabrous, acute, not awned.

2. F. duriusada {hard Fescue- grahs), panicle subsecund sub^
coarctate, spikelets oblong of about 6 flowers vvith short awns,
stem leaves nearly plane, radical ones suhsetaceous. Lightf,
p. 101. E. B. t, 470. F. glauca, G. Don MSS, inedil.

/3. root creeping. Light/, p. 102, and p. 1085 {F, glabra).
E,B,t.205Q,

Hab. Pastures and waste grounds. /3. Rocks in Ailsa, abundant.
Arbigland in Galway, Light/. Shores and islands of the Forth,
plentiful, D. Don. Fl. June, July. 7/ .

Sir James Smith justly observes, it is hard to say what is a species in
this genus j and to me it appears that authors have raised very
slight varieties of F. ovina and duriuscula into that rank. Even
these two species themselves it is difficult to distinguish in words,
so closely do their more important characters agree. F. duriuscula
is generally, hovt^ever, twice or thrice the size of the former 5 the

a When hairy, it is the F. hirsuta Host. Cram. Austr.

TRIAND. DIGYN.

39

spikthts large, but varying as well as the pedicels in roughness and
pubescence, often smooth. The lower leaves are complicate, the
upper ones more or less plane. Tlie colour of the plant is gene-
rally glaucous green, the spikelets more or less tinged with red.
The F. glaiica of Mr. D. Don's unpublished MSS., which he considers
to be that of Lamarck and Decandolle, has no character which is
not included in my F. duriuscula, nor any mark that appears to me
to require particular notice. Host and Schrader and Gaudin have
added greatly to the species (if sueh they can be jcalled) of this tribe
of Festuccv.

3. F. liornoides {barren Fescue-grass), panicle secund racemose,
flowers sliorter thaii the awn monandrous, culm above leaf-
less. Lighff. p. 102. E. B,tA4l\.

Hab. Dry pastures^ but not common^ Lighff. Fr-equent on walls
about Edinb., Dr. Yule. Walls and dry sandy places about Glasg.,
but rare, Flopk. Fl. June. 0 . {S , Schracl.) ;

Six to eight inches high. Leases linear, setaceous, complicate. Cat.
valv-es unequal, lanceolato-acuminate, nerved, rough at the keel.
Florets about six in each spikelet. Ext. valve of cor. linear-lanceo-
late, scabrous, tapering into a straight awn, twice the length of the
valve.

4. F. JSJyurus {IVall Fescue- grass), panicle secund elongate
contracted, fiowers shorter than the awn monandrous, culm
leafy in its upper part. E. B. t. 14\2.

Hab. Walls and barren places, but not common, Hopk. N. of For-
far, Mr. Arnott. Fl. June. 0 .

Much resembling the last, but taller. One foot high. Leaves shorter,
their sheaths longer and springing even from the upper part of the
culm. Panicle often 4 — 5 inches long. Cal. valves andjfloreis nar-
rower, rather more scabrous, awns longer.

5. F. gigantea (tall Fescue-grass), panicle branched drooping
towards one side, spikelets lanceolate compressed^ flowers
shorter than theawn, leaves linear-lanceolate, ribbed. LiglUf,
p. 104 {Bromus gig.), E. B. tAS20.

/3. iriflora, panicle more erect, slenderer, with three flowers, leaves
narrower, F. triflora, E.B. ^.1918.

Hab. Shady woods, as Armaddy in Nether Lorn, Lighff. .Moist woods
and hedges, frequent about Glasg., Hopk. /3. On the banks of the
Esk, near Forfar. Fl. July, Aug. 11 .

A tall grass, 3 — 4 feet high, with broad leaves, having the habit of
Bromus, but placed by Smith among the Festuccc on account of the
absence of the fringe to the inner valve of the cor. Panicle large.
Spikelets from 3 — 6 florets. Cal. val 'es very unequal, larger one
with three ribs. Oaler valve of cor. lanceolate, obscurely ribbed,
nearly glabrous, membranous at the c(\p;e upward. Awn very long,
inserted a little below the bifid point. — I fear the F. triflora is only
a starved var. of this plant ; since I can find no difterence but what
I have indicated above.

6. r , calamarid' (IVbod I^es cue -grass), panicle subsecund much

branched ipreading nearly erect, spikelets oblong ftwnles8
3 — ^5-flowered^ leaves linear-lanceolate. E, B. t. 1005.
/B. min(yr. F. decidua, E. B. /. 2266.

Had. Woody valley at the foot of B. Lawers, 1793, Mr. J. T. 'Mac-
hcnj. Kenmuir bank, Glasg., Dr. Brown. Dumbartonshire j Bread-
albane, and near Fort Augustus, G. Don. I suspect not uncom-
mon in moist alpine woods and on banks. j3. Perthshire, G. Don.
F/.July. 1/.
Two to three feet high, with large and broad leaves. Cal. valves nar-
row, linear-lanceolate, very unequal, small one single-nenTd, larger
one with three nerves. Florets rather distant upon the rachis. Ext,
talve of cor. scabrous, lanceolato-acuminate.
7. F. lotiacea (spiked Fescue- grass), raceme spiked distichous
elongate, spikelets distant linear many-flowered, florets cy-
lindrical awnless. jE. B. t, 1821.
Hab. Moist meadows and pastures occasionally about Glasg., Hopk.
Angus-shire, rare, G. Don. Marsh at the foot of Salisbury Craigs,
Dr. Yule. N.bankof LochLevenJ Mr.Arnott. J7. June, July. 7/ .
Two feet high. Leaves few, short, linear, acute. Racemes 2 — 5 inches
long. Rachis flexuose. Spikelets nearly sessile, 5 — 6 -flowered.
Cal. valves unequal, lanceolate, acute. Outer valve of cor. ovate,
lanceolate, nerved, diaphanous at the apei, and obtuse (hence
hardly agreeing with the Gen. char.), scarcely scabrous, or only on
the nerves. Something the habit of Poajiuitans , but more so
that of Lolium perenne or Rye-grass. Gaudin suggests that it may
be a var. of the following.

8. F. pratensis {Meadow Fescue- grass), panicle patent branch-
ed, spikelets linear many-flowered, florets cylindrical awnless,
leaves linear, root fibrous. E. B. t, 1592.

Hab. Moist meadows and pastures, common, Hopk. Fl.. June, July. 11 .

One to two feet high. Distinguished at first sight from the last by
its panicle (not spiked raceme) , also by the Jlorets, which, though
much resembling the last, have their outer valve more acute.

9. F. elatior {tall Fes cue -grass), panicle patent very much
branched, €pikelet8 ovato-lanceolate many-flowered, florets
cylindrical subaristate, leaves linear-lanceolate, root creeping.
Light/, p. 102. E. B, 1. 1593.

Had. Moist meadows and banks of rivers, but not common. Dr. Par-
sons. Caroline Park, &c., Edinb,, Mr. Arnott. Fl. June, July. 11 ,

Habit much like the last, but twice or thrice the size in every part.
Outer valve of the cor. always very acute or even acuminate, awn-
*less, or with a short awn inserted just below the point.

25. BROMUS.
* Awn terminal. Raceme spiked.
1. Br. sylvaticus {slender Wood Brome-grass), raceme spiked
slightly drooping, spikelets distichous linear erect remote,
awns straight longer than the florets. Linhtf.p.Wd {Festuca
9i/h.). E,B.t.7W.

TRtAND. DIGYN. 41

Hab. Woods and hedges, not uncommon, iiir?t/f. F/. July, %.
Two feet high. Leaves broadly linear-lanceolate, very hairy. Spike

long, Cal, valves unequal, lanceolato-acuminate, much nerved.

Ext. valve of cor. linear-lanceolate, much nerved, scabrous, rarely

hahy ; inner one truncate, margins ciliated.

** Awn from below the point of the Cor. Panicle hmnched.

2. Br. secalimis {smooth Rye Brome- grass), panicle spreading,
peduncles but little branched, spikelets obiongo-ovate {ovate,
Sm.) compressed of about ten subcyliiidrical glabrous rather
remote flowers, longer than the awn. E, S. ^. 1171. (Not
Lighlf.)

Hab, Coast of Angus- and Fifeshire, G. Don. Cliesh, Mr. Amott. FL
July, Aug. G .

Two to three feet high. Leaves somewhat hair)^ Cat. and ext. valv«
of cor. broadly ovate j int. cor. valve bifid at the point, the mar-
;gins strongly ciliated. When the seeds ripen, the upper spikelets
are pendulous, and the florets exhibit more distinctly the distant
mode of insertion.

3. Br. veiuliim^ {downy Rye Br ome- grass), panicle spreading,
peduncles but little branched, spikelets oblongo-lancedlate
compressed of about 12 cylindrical pubescent subimbricated
florets, awns longer than the glume (at length patent, Sc^ro</.).
Sclirad. FL Germ. p. 349. Lig/iff. p, 1086 {Br.secalinus,<fide
Sm.), E. B. t. 1884 {Br . multtfiorus) .

Hab. Corn-fields, but not common. Fields behind the Bot. garden,
Edinb., Mr. Yalden in Lightf. Between Edinb. and Newhaven,
Smith in E. B. FL June, July. O .

Of this species I confess myself to know little. It is nearly allied to
Br. secal. ; but the awn is longer (at length patent, Schrad.), and
the glumes are pubescent, circumstances undoubtedly likely to vary.
The Br. multiflorus of Wiegel, which Sir James Smith supposes to
be this, Schrader, upon the authority of Wiegel's own specimen,
pronounces to be Br. arvemis. So difficult is it to be certain of
mere descriptions of Grasses.

4. Br. mollis {soft Brome-grass), panicle erect close compound,
spikelets ovate subeompressed, florets imbricated depressed
pubescent, awn straight about as long as the glume, leaves verv
soft pubescent. Lightf. p. 103. E. B. 1. 1078.

Hab. Meadows, pastures, banks, corn-fields, &c. Ft. June. ^ .

One to two feet high. Panicle 2 — 3 inches long. Spikelets standing
nearly erect. Florets 5 — 10. Elxt. valve of eor. convex, by no
means forming such cylindrical florets as in the two last species.

5. Br. racemosus {smooth Brome-grass), panicle erect, pedun-
cles simple, spikelets ovate subeompressed glabrous, florets
imbricated depressed, awn straight about as long as the glume,
leaves slightly hairy. E. B. t. 1079, and t.mQ^Br.fra-
tensis) .

Hab. Corner of a gyass-field by -tht^ottd fMiar Rklrie, CJte>"g., mther

42 TRIAND. DIGYN.

rare, Hopk. Fields Angus-shire, G. Don. Between Glasg. and
Frankfield Loch, D. Don., and Hopk. MSS. under the name of
Br. pratensis. Caroline Park, Edinb., Mr. Arnott and Mr. Greville.
F/. June, July. 0. (^ , Schrad.)
Scarcely difierent from the preceding but in the glabrous spikelets,
and less pubescent leaves. The excellent Schrader quotes as a syn-
onym to this the Br. pratensis of Ehrh, ; andT can see no difference
in the Br. pratensis of Sm. (£. B. t. 920), except that the plant is
more pubescent, and the spikelets somewhat narrower.

6. Br. squarrosus {Corn Br ome- grass), panicle drooping, pe-
duncles simple, spikelets ovato-lanceolate subcompressed, flo-
rets nearly glabrous imbricated depressed, awn divaricating,
leaves pubescent. E, B. t. 1885.

Hab. Various parts of Scotland, G. Don. Fl. June, July. 0 .

A very distinct species, remarkable for its divaricating awn, and very
small inner valves of the cor. I think the late Mr. G. Don was too
accurate a botanist to confovmd this with any other Bromus : but
I must observe that upon the continent it is confined to the more
southern parts 3 and Smith doubts if it be a native of England at all.

7. Br. arvensis {tapering Field Btome-grass), panicle spreading
{at length drooping), peduncles branched, spikelets lanceolate
compressed, florets imbricated depressed glabrous about as
long as the straight awn, leaves hairy. Light/, p. 104. JS. B,
/. 1984.

Hab. Grass- and corn-fields, not uncommon. Between Dalbeth and
Clyde Ironworks, and about Cathcart, with Br. mollis, Hopk. MSS.
Fl. June, July. 0 .

Two to three feet high. Distinguished by its rather large, but slen-
der, at length drooping panicle, and spikelets which have mostly
a pui-plish tinge. Lightfoot speaks of a starved var. growing upon
tlie sea-shore at Oronsay, with convolute leaves and awnless flow-
ers, such as is figured in Fl. Dan. t. 293.

8. Br. erectus (upright Brome- grass), panicle erect, spikelets
linear-lanceolate compressed, florets subcylindrical remote
glabrous longer than the straight awn, radical leaves very nar-
row ciliated. E.B.t.AlX,

Hab. King's Park, Edinb., Mr. G. Anderson. Fl. July. % .

Two to three feet high. This, as well as Br. sijlvaticus, (both of which

have the habit of Festucce,) is truly perennial. The radical leaves

are narrow ; the spikelets erect.

9. Br. asper (hairy Wood Brome- grass), panicle branched droop-
ing, spikelets linear-lanceolate compressed, florets remote sub-
cylindrical hairy longer than the straight awn, leaves uniform
the lower ones hairy. Lightf, p. 1087 (Br. racemosus),
E.B.t.im.

Hab. Auchenbraith Linn., N. side of the water of Ea,near the church
of Kirkmichael, Dr. Burgess. Moist woods, common^ Hopk. Fl.
June, July. 0 or ^ (Sm.). (1/, Schrad.)

Four to six feet high. Leaves broad.

TRIAND. DIGYN. 43

10. Br. sterills (barren Brome-grass), panicle drooping slightly
branched, spikelets linear-lanceolate^ florets remote, subcylin-
drical scabrous shorter than the straight awn^ leaves pubescent.
Light/, p. 104. E.B.t. 1030.

Hab. Waste ground, hedges and fields, common. Fl. June, July. © .
Two feet high. Remarkable for its long, narrow, much awned, and
drooping spikelets.

11. Br. diandrus {upright anmml Brome-grass), panicle erect
slightly branched, spikelets linear-lanceolate, florets remote
subcylindrical subscabrous about as long as the straight awn,
stamens 2 (sometimes 8, Schrad.), leaves subglabrous. E, B,
t. 1006.

Hab. About Edinb., but not common, Mr. Arnott. Fl. June, .July. 0 .
One foot high. Allied to B. sterills ; but panicle smaller, erect or erecto-
patent, often purplish.

26. AVENA.

1. A. Jatua (wild Oat), panicle erect, spikelets drooping of
about 3 flowers, florets smaller than the cal. hairy below, root
fibrous (annual). Light/, p. 105. E. B. t. 2221.

Hab. Corn-fields, Sihhald. Fl. July, Aug. © .

Two to three feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Cal. valves large,
membranous, ovato-lanceolate, keeled, acuminate, ribbed. Cor.ext.
valve with long fulvous hairs, bifid at the point. Awn long, twist-
ed.— An excellent hygrometer.

2. A. puhescens [downy Oat-grass), panicle erect nearly simple,
spikelets of about 3 flowers which are longer than the cal,
their pedicels villous, leaves plane down v, edges smooth. Lightf,
p, 105. E. B. t, 1640.

Hab. Dry mountain pastures, Lightf. Pastures about Glasg., but
rare j banks of the Cart opposite the Mill, Hopk. Arthur's seat,
Salisbury Craigs and shores of the Firth, Mr. Arnott. Fl. June,
July. H .

Spikelets half the size of the former, nearly erect. Upper part of the
glumes very white, silvery. Cal. valves lanceolate, acute. Ext. valve
of the cor. oblong, jagged at the extremity -, int. very membranous,
point bifid. Pedicel or receptacle of the floret with a tuft of long
white hairs.

3. A. planicidmis {fiat-strawed Oat-grass), panicle erect
slightly branched (subspicate), spikelets of about 5 flowers
which are much longer than the cal., margins of the leaves
and sheaths scabrous, culms and sheaths compressed. E, B,
t,2U\,

Hab. Rocks on the summits of the highest mountains in Clova, An-
gus-shire, G. Don. Fl. July. "2/ .

Two feet high. Leaves all very broad without pubescence. Receptacle
of the florets less haiiy than in A. puhescens, with which the general
appearance of the plant agrees.

4. A. pratensis {narrow- leaved Oat-grass), raceme erect simple^

44 TRIAN©. DIGYN.

spik^lets of about 5 flowers which are longer than the cal.,
leaves glabrous finely serrrated, lower ones involute. LightJ,
pAOh. E.B. /.i204.

Hab. Dry mountain pastures about Blair, Dr. Parsons. Fl. July. 11 .

Remarkable for its short leaves, finely serrated at the margin, the
lower ones being complicate and involute -, and for the racemed spike-
lets. Receptacle of the flowers very slightly hairy.

5. A»Jlavescens (yellow Oat-grass) , panicle much branched lax,
spikelets of about 3 flowers which are longer than the very
unequal valves of the cal., root creeping. Lightf. p. 106.
E. B, t, 952.

Hab. Dry meadows and pastures. Dr. Parsons. Common about
Edinb., Mr. Arnott. Fl. July. % .

The smallest of our AvencB, about 1 foot high. Spikelets numerous,
small, pale yellow green. Valves of the cal. unequal, ribbed ; one
almost subulate. Receptacle of the florets hairy. Outer valve of cor.
faintly 5 -nerved, with five very short, acuminated points, and an
awn about twice its length : hence the genus Trisetum of Pers.
27. TRITICUM.
* Spike distichous.

1, Tr,junce7im {Sea rushy Wheat- grass), valves of the cal.
obtuse much ribbed with 4 — 5 awnless flowers, leaves invo-
lute pungent, root creeping. Lightf. p. 109. E. B. t. 814.

Hab. Sea-coast in sandy places, frequent. Bute ; west coast of Can-
tire 3 Oransay and Icolmkill, Lightf. Fl. July. If. .

Whole plant glaucous, rigid, 1 foot and a half to 3 feet high. Spike
long. Spikelets oblong, much compressed^ distant, sessile. Cal.
valves oblongo-lanceolate, often tridentate. Ext. cor. valves similar,
with 5 nerves.

8. Tr. repens {creeping Wheat-grass, Couch-grass), valves of
the caL much nerved with from 4 — 8 awned (rarely awnless)
flowers, leaves plane, root creeping. Lightf, p. 109. .E. B.
t. 909.

Hab. Fields and waste places every where. JF7. throughout the sum-
mer. 11 .

Height and general aspect of Tr.junceum, but rather more slender, of
a glaucous colour only when growing near the sea. Leaves plane,
or nearly so. Spikelets smaller, less compressed than in Tr.junc.
Cal. and ext. cor. valves 5 -nerved, acute or terminated by an
awn of greater or less length. Nerves in the cal. both of this and
the former species vary from 5 to 9 . — Pest of the corn-field, and dif-
ficult of extii*pation from its long creeping roots.

3. Tr. caninum {bearded Wheat-grass), valves awned (mostly
3-) nerved with about 5-avvned flowers, leaves plane, root fi-
brous. LightJ. p. 108 {Elymus can.). E. B. t. 1327.

'Hab. Woods and hedges occasionally about Glasgow, Hopk. Coast,
not rare; between Caroline Park and Crammonrl, Edinb,, Mr.Gre-
mUe. JZ.July. }/.

TRIAND. DIGYN. 45

Except the fibrous Footff and long awns, it is difficult to point out a
mark to distinguish this from the foregoing species. In its fructifi-
cation, and that of Tr, caninum and Tr.junceum, the varieties are
so numerous that it is scarcely possible to draw the line of discri-
mination.

4. Tr. cristatum {crested Wheat-grass), valves of the cal, sub-
ulate keeled aristate scarcely nerved of about 4 awned flowers,
spikelets much crowded. E.B. t. 2267.

Hab. Sea-side between Arbroath and Montrose, G. Don. Fl. July. % .

Culm 1 foot or more high, pubescent upward. Leaves linear, acu-
minated, hairy on the upper surface. Spike dense, oblong, al-
most 4-sided. Spikelets very regularly distichous, standing out
nearly horizontally, lanceolate. Ca/. valves small, subulate, awned.
Outer valve of the cor. lanceolate, longer than its awn. — A rare
Grass, very little known even on the continent.

** Spike secund.

5. Tr. loliaceiim (spiked Sea Wheat- grass), valves of the cal.
indistinctly 3 -nerved obtuse of many awnless flowers, root
fibrous annual. E. B. ^ 221.

Hab. Sea-coast, Angus-shire, G. Don. Shore of the Isle of May and
Firth of Forth, plentiful, D. Don. Walls, Caroline Park ; and
rocks east of Granton, and west pier of Burntisland, Edinb., Mr.
Arnott. Pettycur, Fifeshire, abundant, Mr. Greville. Fl. June,
July. O.

Singularly stiff and wiry, equally so with Poa rigida. 3 — 4 inches high.
Leaves linear, rigid, plane. Spikelets more or less distant, secund,
on very short footstalks j lower ones sometimes 2 — 3 together.
Ext. valve of the cor. broadly ovate, concave.

28. LOLIUM.

1. L. perenne {perennial Darnel or Bye-grass), s^WieXeis much
longer than the cal., florets awnless linear-oblong compressed,
root perennial. Lightf.p.lOJ. E.B.t. 315.

Hab. Way-sides, pastures and waste places, abundant. Fl. June^

July. 11 .
One to one foot and a half high. Spike with the habit of Triticum

rep., sometimes from luxuriance compound. Florets linear-oblong,

nerved.

2. L. arvense {annual Darnel), spikelets about as long as the
calyx, florets elliptical with very short soft awns, root amiuaU
E.B.t. 1125.

Hab. Forfar, and fields Angus-shire, G.Don. Fl. July. ©.
Very nearly allied to the following species.

3. L. temulentum {bearded Darnel), spikelets shorter than
the cal., florets elliptical about as long as the rigid awn, root
annual. Lightf. p. 107. E. B. t. 1124.

Hab. Corn-fields, but not common. Dr. Parsons. Corn-fields occa-*
sionally about Glasg., Hopk. Fl. Aug. O.

46 TRIAND. DTG¥N.

Culms 2 feet high, often rough above. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
acuminate. Spike long. Cat., as in the last species, verj' large.
Spikelefs distant. Florets about 6, elliptical, rather obscurely rib-
bed.— Said to have the power of intoxicating, if the seeck are
eaten^ and even of occasioning death.

29. ELYMUS.

1. E. arenarius {upright Sea Lyme-grass), spike upright
dense, spikelets pubescent, flowers awnless as long as the calyx,
leaves involute rigid. E. B. 1. 1672.

Hab. Common on the east and north coast of Sutherland, and shores
of Caithness, Borrer and Hooker. Heughs of St. Cyrus near Mon-
trose, and sea-coast near Ayre, Maiigh. Fl. (rarely) July. 1/ .

Root much creeping, and hence, as the Arunda arenaria, of great value
in binding loose blowing sands. Culms 3 — 4 feet .high, glabrous.
Leaves glaucous, pungent. Ligule short. Spike 4 — 6 inches long.
Spikelets geminate, of about 3 flowers, distant on the rachis.
Cal. valves 2, lanceolate, acuminate. Valves of cor. resembling
them, but ext. one broader j int. bifid at the point, angles of the

, folds ciliated. Seeds made into bread in Iceland.

30. HORDEUM.

1. H. murinum {Wall Barley), caZ. valves of the intermediate
floret linear-lanceolate ciliated, those of the lateral florets
setaceous scabrous. Light/, p. 108. E, B, t. 1971.

Hab. Walls and by way-sides, Lightf. Mr. Arnott thinks it is not

found to the north of the Firth of Forth. Fl. June, July. 0 .
One foot high.

2. H. pratense {Meadow Barley), caL valves all setaceous sca-
brous. E. B. t, 409.

Hab. East point of Salisbury Craig, Mr. J. Neill. Fl. summer

months. 1/ .
One foot and a half to two feet high, nearly erect.

3. H. maritimum {Sea-side Barley), cal. valves smoothish, the
int. one of the lateral florets semi-lanceolate, the rest setace-
ous. £. B. /.1205.

Hab. Sea-coast, Angus-shire, G. Don. Fl. July. O •
Similar as these 3 species of Hordeum may appear to a casual obser-
ver, they are truly distinct, and admirably characterized by the
form, &c. of the cal. valves. — This is the smallest species, seldom
exceeding 8 or 10 inches^ glaucous and procumbent at the base.

31. ROTBOLLIA.

i. R. incurvaia {Sea Hard-grass), spike filiform or awl-shaped,

ca/. 2-valved.
a. spike subulate, curved. JEgilops incurvata, Lightf, p, 632.

Rothollia incurv,, E, B, i» 760.

TETRANDRIA. 47

/3. slenderer, spike filiform, nearly erect. R, Jiliformis, Roth.
— G. Do??, Herb. Brit, n. 178. D. Do??, M'^S. i??ed,

Hab. Sea-shores, but not common. Arbigland in Galloway, Lightf.
Various parts of the Scottish coast, G. Don. — jS. Salt marshes,
near Aberlady, G. Don. ^ FL July, Aug. O •

Plant from 2 to 6 or 8 inches long, in a. more or less curved
(including the spike) and stout. In p. nearly upright, longer and
more slender. Leaves linear-acuminate. Spike long. Florets
distant, solitary, alternate, imbedded in a hollow of the rachis,
Cal. valves 2, ensiform, acute, or slightly acuminate. Cor. of 2
lanceolate, rather unequal, white, membranous valves. — After a
most careful examination of Mr. Don's specimens of R. Jiliforrttis,
1 can find no difference but what I have above noted. Smith
takes up the species in Rees's Ctjelopedia, but v^'ithout indicating
that it is of British origin. Host's R. pannonica seems to be not
different from this var. /3. in any thing but in its having two-Jlowered
calyces.

3. TRIGYNIA.

32. MONTIA.

1. M. fonta??a. Lightf. p. 1 10. E, B, t. 1206.

Hab. In rills, s])ringy and wet places, frequent. FL June, July. O.

WTiole plant succulent. Stem prostrate and rooting, 2 — 4 inches long.
Leaves small, opposite, spathulate. Peduncles nearly terminal,
often forked. Flowers white, at first drooping. Stam. inserted on
the cor., short. Germen and caps, roundish. Seeds 3, subreniform,
dotted.

IV. TETRANDIIIA

1. MONOGYNIA.

* Perianth double {Cal. and Cor.).
. t Flowers of I petal, 1 -seeded, superior.

1. DirsACUs. I??vohicre mauy-leeived, Ca/. double, ea/, very
minute ; int, cup-shaped, entire. Receptacle chaffy, spinous,
F7?iit angular, crowned with the double caL (Flowers capi-
tate.)

2. ScABROSA. Involucre many- leaved. Cal. double, variously
cut. Receptacle chaffy or naked. Fruit crowned with the
enlarged double cal. of which the ext. is mostly membrana-
ceous 3 int. feathery or bristly. (Flowers capitate.)

ft Flowers of 1 petal, 2-seeded, superior.
5. Galium. Cor. rotate, 4- cleft. Fr2at a dry mit, crowned
with the cal. ' . I

48 TETRANDRIA.

4. AsPERULA. Cor. funnel-shaped. FtuH not crowned with

the cal.
3. Sherardia. Cor. funnel-shaped. Fruit crowned with the cal.
ttt Flowers of 1 petal, 2- or mamj -seeded, inferior.

6. Plantago. Cor. 4-cleft5 the segments reflexed. Stnm. very
long. Caps, of 2 cells, 2- or many-seeded^ bursting all round
transversely.

7. Centuncui.us. Cor. tubular, 4-cleft. Stam. short. Caps,
of I cell, many-seeded, bursting all round transversely.

tttt Flowers of 4 petals.

9. Epimedium. Cal. of 4 leaves, caducous. Pet. inferior, with
an inflated nectary on the upper side. Pod of I cell^ 2 valves,
many seeds.

10. CoRNUs. CaZ. of 4 teeth. Pe/aZ5 without a nectary, su-
perior. Nzit of the drupe with 2 cells and 2 seeds.

-H-* Perianth single.

11. Parietaria. Pma/i/A 4 -fid., inferior. Filamevts at first
incurved, then expanding with an elastic force. Frjiii 1 -seed-
ed, inclosed in the enlarged perianth. (One or more of the
central florets destitute of stamens.)

12. Alchemilla. Perianth inferior, 8-cleft, 4 alternate and
outer segments the smallest. Fruit 1 -seeded, surrounded by
the perianth.

8. Sanguisorba. Perianth 4-lobed, superior, coloured, at the
base having 4 scales or bracteas. Fruit 1 — 2-seeded;, sur-
rounded by the persistent base only of the perianth.

2. DIGYNIA.
(Cuscuta, Pent. Dig.)
3. TETRAGYNIA.

13. Ilex. Co Z. 4 — 5-toothed. Co?*, rotate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stig7nas
4, sessile. Berry spherical. Nuts 4, 1 -seeded. (ISome
flowers destitute of pistil.)

16. Sagina. CaZ. of 4 leaves. Pe/c/^ 4 (shorter than the co/.).
Caps, of 1 cell, 4 valves,

17. McENCHiA. Cal. of 4 leaves. Petals 4 (as long as the
cal.). Caps, of 1 cell, opening with several teeth at the ex-
tremity.

18. Radiola. Cal, many-deft. Petals 4. Caps, superior,
8-valved, 8-celled. .See^ solitary {Sm.).

14. PoTAMOGETON. Perianth single, of 4 leaves. .Anthers
sessile, alternating with the dvisions of the perianth. Nuts 4,
1 -seeded, sessile. [Flowers numerous, on a spadix, and spa-
thaceous.)

15. RuppiA, Perianth 0. Drupes 4, pedicellate, th«ir nuU 1-

TETilAND. MONOG. 49

seeded. {Flowers 2, on a spadix arising from the sheathing
bases of the leaves, which pcrfornj the office of a spalha,)
(Cerastium tetrandriim, Decandr. Pentag.)

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. DIPSACUS.

1. D. Fullonum {Fuller's Teasel)^ leaves subconnate, scales
of the receptacle hooked at the extremity, involucres 8j)reading
(reflexed, Sm.). Light/, p. 1 VS. E'B. t. 2080.

Hab. Rude uncultivated places, as at Lord Elgin's lime-works, near
Dunfermling, &c.. Light/. P^ields near Cathcart and Langside,
Glasgow, Hopk. Ft. July, Aug, j .

Stem 4 — 5 feet high, very angular, and prickly. Leaves large, oblong
or oblongo-lanceolate, obtusely and irregularly serrated, sometimes,
especially the upper ones, connate. Involucre spreading, about
as long as the head of flowers. Flowers in oval heads, pale purple
or whitish. — Used in dressing cloth, for which purpose the hooked
scales of the receptacle are admirably calculated.

2. D. sylvestris {wild Teasel), leaves opposite rarely connate,
scales of the receptacle straight, involucres curved upward.
E.B, t, 1032.

Hab. Inch Colm, near Edinb., Maugh. Fl. July. ^ .

The more slender habit, the leaves not or scarcely ever connate, in-
volucre not spreading, and the scales of the receptacle being straight,
are the principal marks which serve to distinguish this from the pre-
ceding.

3. D. pilnsiis {small Teasel), leaves petiolate with a small leaflet
at the base on each side, involucres short deflexed. Lightf,
p. 113. E. B. /. 877.

Hab, Moist hedges, but not common, Lightf. Fl. Aug. Sept. ^ .

Stem slender, 2 — 4 feet higli, ang-ular, rough with short inflexed
prickles, longer, and resembling bristles, on the peduncles. Leaves
ovato-acuminate, serrated, eared at the base. Heads ofjiowers
smallish, round, hairy. Scales straight, blossoms white. Anthers
white, much protruded.

2. SCABIOSA.

1. S. succisa {DeviVs-lit Scabious), corollas 4-cleft their seg-
ments equal, cauline leaves subdentate, heads of flowers nearly
globose. Lightf. p. 1 14. .E. B. t. 878.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, common. Fl. July, Aug. 1/ .

Root as it were cut off abruptly, or bitten {radix prcemorsa). Stems
nearly simple. Leaves hairy, rather stiff j radical ones ovate, mostly
petiolate j those of the stem oblong. Flowers purplish blue.

2. S. arve?isis {Field Scabious), covoWrs 4-cleft radiating, stem
hispid branched, stem-leaves pinnatifid (often) cut. Lightf,
p. Ill, E.B.i,6o9.

E.

50 TETRAND. MOKDGv

Hab. Corn-fields, frequent. Light/. Rare in meadows and pastures
about Glasgow. Corn-fields near Tollcross, Hoph. FL July. Ill .

Stems 2—^ feet high. Radical leaves lanceolate, slightly serrate,
hairjr-. Heads ofjiowers convex, purplish j outer florets large, with
their segments unequal, the lower one very large, and forming a
sort of ring j inner Jiorets with equal segments. — A white-flowered
var. is mentioned by M. Neill as not uncommon in Orkney.

3. S. columbaria {small Scabious), corollas 5-cleft radiating,
stem hairy, radical leaves oblongo-ovate and crenate or lyrate
those of the stem pinnatifid with linear segments. Liglitf.
p. IH. £. B. /. 1311.

Hab. Dry mountain pastures, but rare, Sibbald. Near Arbroath,
Angus-shire, and with white fl., G.Don. Plentiful near Montrose,
and at Blackford, Mr. Murray. Fl. July, Aug. 7/ .

Rarely a foot high, hairy. Lower leaves on rather long footstalks j
cauline ones cut into narrow, linear or setaceous pinnae. Flowers
purplish blue. Involucre of narrow leaves, longer than the flowers.
Inner cat. with 5 bristles.

3. SHERARDIA.

I. S. arvensis [blue Sherardia), leaves about 6 in a whorl, flowers
terminal sessile umbellate. Light/, p, 114. E.B. t. 891.

Hab. Dry corn-fields, not unfrequent. Near Cambuslang, plentifully j
on the bank at the foot of Cathcart Castle, and about Balvie, Glas-
gow, Hopk. i^/. Summer months. 0.

A small, slender, branched and spreading plant. Leaves obovato-
lanceolate, acute, edges rough, upper ones 7 — 8, forming an in-
volucre to the small umbel of pale blue flowers. Fruit 2-lobed,
2 -seeded, each lobe crowned vAth a trifid portion of the cal.

4." ASPERULA.

I. A. odorata {sweet IFoodriiff-), leaves about 8 in a whorl lan-
ceolate, flowers paniculate on longish stalks. Lightf.p. 115,
E, B. t. 755.

Hab. Woods and shady places, plentiful. -F7. May, June. 7/ .

About 6 inches high, erect. Flowers white. Whole plant very sweet-
scented, like Anthoxanthunif especially when in the act of drying.

5. GALIUM.

* Fruit glabrous, flowers yellow.

1. G. verum {yelloiv Bed-straw), leaves about 8 in a whorl linear
grooved, flowers in dense panicles. LAglitf, p. 116, E, B,
t. 660.

Hab. Drv banks and sandy sea-shores, common. Light/. Fl. July,
Aug. 71.

Readily distinguishable by its yellowftowers and linear deflexed leaves.
Gerard says that the milk of the best Cheshire cheeses was coagu-
lated with this plant =>.

Lightfoot tells us that the Highlanders use the roots of this plant, priu-

TETRANI). MONOG. 51

2. G. cruciatum (Crosswort)^ leaves 4 in a whoii ovate hairy, flow-
ers polygamous clustered lateral, peduncles 2-leaved. Light/,
p. 633 (Fa tantia cruciata), E. B. t. 143.

Hab. King's Park, Edinburgh, Dr. Parsons. Hedges and bushy
places, very common, Hopk. Ft. May, June. % .
** Fruit glabrous, jlowers white.

3. G. palustre {white Water Eed-siraiv)j leaves 4 — 6 in a whorl
oblongo-Ianceolate obtuse unequal in size, stem lax spreading
branched, branches patent. Light/, p. 115, E, B, t. 1857.

Hab. Sides of lakes and rivulets. F/. July. %.

Keel and edges of the leaves a little rough. Fruit smooth.

4. G. fVitheringii {rough Heath Bed-straiu), ** leaves about i>
in a whorl reflexed (horizontal in fig. in E. B.) lanceolate aris-
tate ciliated, stem nearly erect simple scabrous*' {Sm, Co mp.)
E. B. t. 2206.

Hab. Moist woods near Forfar, G. Don. Ochill hills, above Du-
ning, Perthshire, D. Don. East end of the lake at Forfar, Maugh.
Ft. July. U .

A very doubtful species, of which I have seen no specimen. Number
of leaves as in G. uliginosumy but the prickles on the leaves, ac-
cording to the description in E. B., directed upwards like those
of G. erectum. Prickles of the stem pointing downwards accord-
ing to E. B., upwards according to Withering.

5. G. uliginosurn {rough Marsh Bed-straw), leaves six in a
whorl lanceolate mucronate^ the margins rough with reflexed
prickles. Light/, p. 115. E.B.i. 1972.

Hab. Meadows and sides of rivers and ditches, common. Possil
Marsh, N. side ofthe canal, and marsh W. end of HugginfieldLoch
and Frankfield Loch, Glasg., Hopk. Ft. Aug. % .

Stems\^\, .slender, branched, angular, rough with small prickles, which,
as in the leaves, point downwards. Fruit smooth.

6. G. saxatile {smooth Heath Bed'Siraw),{) in a whorl obovate
mucronate, stem very much branched procumbent glabrous.
E. B, t. 815. (G. montanum, Huds. and Light/., the latter
confounding it with G. uliginosurn.)

Hab, Hilly and heathy places, most abundant. The ground in the
Fir Park near the High Church, Glasg., is almost white with it
during summer. 11 .

Plant small, very glabrous. Leaves of a thickish and rather soft tex-
ture. Frwii granulated {Sm.). Not so in my specimens, but be-
come shrivelled in drying.

7. G. erectum {upright Bed-straw), leaves about 8 in a whorl
lanceolate mucronate their margins rough with prickles poiut-

cipally the bark, to dye a red colour ; boiling them with the yarn and adding
alum to fix the colour. They also employ it as a rennet to curdle milk,
adding the leaves of the stinginej Nettle {Urtica dioica) and a little salt.

E 2

52 TETRAND. MONOG.

iiig forwards, panicle inucli branched trichotomous, stem gla-
brous flaccid. E. B. t. 1972.

Hab, Fish-wives Causev/ay, near Portobello, Maugh. Fl. July. "2/ .

Larger than G. uUginosum, with which it agrees in habit and shape
of the leaves. Fruit smooth.

8. G.diffusum {spreading smooi/i-stalked Bed-straw) ,'' leaves
about 8 in a whorl linear aristate glabrous their margins ob-
soletely serrated" (rough with prickles pointing forwards),
'« panicle corymbose, stems diffuse very much branched."
D. Don. MSS. med,

Hab. Near Kinnaird, Angus-shire, G. Don. Fl. — . % .'
Stems many, diffuse, very much branched, from a span to a foot
high, angular, glabrous, shining, swelling at the joints. Leaves
8 in a whorl, linear, plane, glabrous, aristate at the point, with the
margin obsoletely serrulate. Branches and hranchlets opposite,
subdecussate, striated. Flowers corymbose, white. Fruit glabrous.
— ^^^ery like G. austriacum of Jacq,, but differing in the above cha-
racter." Don's MSS.

9. G. verntcosuyn {warty -fnii led Bed-straw)^ leaves 6 in a
whorl lanceolate their margins rough with prickles pointing
forwards, peduncles axillary 3-flowered, fruit vvarted droop-
ing. G. Don's Fuse. 5, 103 (G. Tricorne). E. B. t. 2173.

Hab. Corn-fields Carse of Gowrie, and near Forfar^ G. Don. Fl.
July, O.

Prickles of the stem deflexed. The two lateral Jlowers on each pe-
duncle sterile, falling away and leaving their pedicels, one on eacli
side the large warted fruit, which together with the marginal
prickles of the leaves pointing forwards essentially distinguish this
from the English tricorne.

10. G. spurium {smooth-fruited Corn Bed-straw), leaves 6 — 8
in a whorl their margins as well as the stem rough with reflex-
ed prickles, peduncles axillary many-flowered, fruit smooth
spreading. E.B.t.lSJl.

Hab. Corn-fields neSir Forfar, rare, G. Don. Fl. July, Q .

Habit of the preceding. Leaves hispid on the upper surface. Pe-
duncles much longer than the leaves, bearing several flowers.
Partial Jlower-stalks not bent back with the fruit, which is smooth,

11. G. ptisillum {least Bed-straw)., " leaves about 8 in a whorl
linear-lanceolate, mucronate entire subpubescent, peduncles
dichotomous, fruit very smooth'* {Sm.). E. B. t, 74.

Hab. Habbies How, in the Pentland hills, and lower rocks of Clova,
. Angus-shire, G, Don. Strathblane hills N, of Glasgow, D. Don.

Fl. July, Aug, %.
I confess myself to be but imperfectly acquainted with this species,

and have seen no Scotch specimens. Mine under this name, from.

Ireland, are totally free from pubescence, and have the leaves very
' closely imbricated all the way up, in which particular it does not

TETRAND. MONOG. 53

accord with the E. B. figure. It seems to be the G. Iccvc of Dc-
candolle, who says it is a most variable species.

12. G. Mollugo {great Hedge Bed-straw) ^\e^\Qs ohout 8 in a
whorl elliptical miicronate rough at the margin, flowers pani-r.
cled spreading. Lightf. p. 116. E. B. t, 1643.

Hab. Hedges and shady rocks by the sides of rivers, but not common.
Cartland rocks, near Lanark, Lightf. Near Dreghorn ; road-side,
at 4-mile hill, between Corstorphinc and Kirkliston, Maugh. Banks
of the Clyde at Carmyle, Ilopk. Fl. July, Aug.")/ .

Stems very long, straggling. Prickles of the margin of the leaves-
pointing forwards, Segments of the Cor. mucronate.

*** Fruit hispid.

13. G. loreale {cross-leaved Bed-siraiv), leaves 4 in a whorl
lanceolate 3-nerved glabrous, stems erect, fruit muricated.
Light/, p. 116. E. B.t, 105.

Hab. Rocks by the sides of riwrs afid lakes, not unfrequent, Lightf.
Bowling bay, Dalbeth, Carmyle, &c., Glasg., Hopk. Br^adalbane
woods, Mr. Arnott. Banks of the Clyde and in Arran, M7\ Murray.
Fl. July. U.

Flowers numerous, crowded, white. Bristles of the fruit hooked.

14. G.Aparine {Goose-grass or Cleavers), leaves 6 — 8 in a whorl
linear-lanceolate hispid their margins keel and the stem rough
with reflexed prickles, stem weak, fruit hispid. LightJ\
p. 117. -E. jB. ^816.

Hab. Hedges, very common. F/. June, July. Q.
Habit of G. verrucosum and spnrium, and, like them, annual. Pl^ut
straggling. Flowers few, on two or three short simple footstalks,
arising from the axils of the leaves. Bristles of the fruits hooked,
which by this means catch hold of the coats of animals, and are
widely dispersed.

6. PLANTAGO.
* Dissepiment of the Capsule plane^ each cell many-seeded.

1. PI. major {greater Plantain), leaves broadly ovate mostly on
longish footstalks, scape rounded, spikes long cylindrical.
Lightf. p. \\7. E.B.t. 1558.

Hab. Pastures and road-sides. F/. June, July. 11.

Leaves all radical, large, more or less spreading, with 7 nerves, entire
or toothed, smooth or pubescent Petioles varying in length, some-
times as long as the leaf, ribbed, »Spi/ce dense. At the base of
each flower a concave bractea. Cal. of 4 minute leaflets. Caps.
ovate, 6 or 8 seeds in each cell. — This plant varies with the spike
leafy, leaves disposed in a rose-like or pyramidal form. Hopk.

** Dissepiment of the Capsule plane, each cell I -seeded.

2. PI. media {hoary Plantain), leaves ovate mostly with very
short footstalks, scape rounded, spike cylindrical. Lightf,
p. 118. E,B /. 1559. ^ -^

54 TETRAND. MONOG.

Hab. Pastures in a gravelly soil, but not frequent, Lightf. Roman
camp above New^battle, plentiful j road-side between Inveresk and
Path-head, 9 m. S.E. from Edinb., Maugh. About Glasg., but not
common, Hopk. Fl. June, July. If. .

Boot large, woody, injurious to Grass-lands. Resembling the last
species. Leaves variable in the length of the footstalks, but gene-
rally almost sessile, spreading on the ground, with from 7 — 9
nerves, pubescent or glabrous, the margins mostly entire. Spike
shorter than in PL major -, but the most important character is that
there is only 1 seed in each cell.

3. PL lanceolata [Ribwort Plantain), leaves lanceolate, scape
angular, spike ovate. Lightf, p. 118. E. B. t. 175.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, plentiful. K.June, July. "U .
Spike having the bracteas sometimes, by luxuriance, converted into
leaves. Lightfoot mentions a var. with globular heads.

4. V\.maritima [Seaside Plaintain),\e?L\es linear grooved fleshy
woolly at the base, scape rounded, spike cylindrical. Lightf.
p, 118. E, B, /. 175.

Hab. Sea-coast, as at Helensburgh, Hopk. Road-side near the
avenue to White Moss, Glasg., Ure. Summits of the Highland
mountains.

*** Dissepiment with 4 angles [thus forming 4 cells), 1 seed in each

cell.

5. PI. Coronopus [Buck's-hor7iPlantain),]e&ves linear pinnatifid,
scape rounded. Lightf. p. 718. E. B. t. 892.

Hab. Gravelly sterile soils, inland and upon the coast. Fl. June,
July. O [Sm.). % [Hopk.).

Leaves mostly spreading, very variable in size and pubescence, pin-
natifid ; segments often toothed or again divided. Scape hairy.
Spike mostly cylindrical. In small plants gi-owing at Staffa I have
seen the spike ovate, and composed of not more than 7 or 8
flowers 5 whilst the leaves and scapes were quite hispid.

7. CENTUNCULUS.

\, C minimus (Bastard Pimpernel), Lightf, p, \]9, E, B.
t.5S\,

Hab. Gravelly places that are a little moist, but not common. Dr.
Parsons. Marsh near Langside, Dr. Brown : and Kenmuir bog,
Glasg., Hopk. Fl. June, July. O .

Plant 1 — 2 inches high, more or less branched. Leaves alternate,
ovate, glabrous. Mowers extremely minute, sessile, axillary, soli-
tary. Cor. pale rose colour, remaining upon the ripe caps. — Al-
lied to Lysimachia.

8. SANGUISORBA.

1. S. officinalis [great Burnet), glabrous, spikes ovate, stamens
about as long as the perianth, Lightf, p, 119. E, B. /.

Hab. Low moist meadows near Dumfries and elsewhere^ but not

TETRAMD. MONOG.

5*5

common. Light/. Banks of the Nith at Kirkconnell, Stewartry of
Kirkcudbright, Maugh. Fl. June, July, % . . ■■ -^

One foot to two feet high, branching upward. Leaves pinnate with a
terminal leaflet 3 the rest of the leaflets opposite, ail ovate, some-
times cordate at the base, glabrous, strongly serrated, petiolated ; at
the base of each pair of petioles are two small toothed appendages in
the larger leaves : these are wanting in some specimens. Heads of
Jlowers much crowded, dark purple. Limh of the perianth in 4
ovate segments, its tube enveloping the germen and having at
its base 4 ciliated scales or bracteas {cal. of authors). Seed \,
rarely 2. — Allied to the plants in the natural class Icosandria.
9. EPIMEDIUM.

1. E. alpinum (barren PVort), E. B. t. 438.

Hab. About the ruins of Mugdoch castle, near Glasg., abundantly,
Hopk. Hunter's Tryste, near Edinb., Dr. Hastings. — A naturalised
plant in all probability. Fi. May, June. l}. .

Stems several from the same root, erect, simple, bearing a compound,
triternate leaf ; base of the petioles swollen 5 leajiels heart-shaped,
extremely delicate, ciliated at the margin, haiiy beneath, cordate,
serrated, lateral ones inequilateral. Panicle shorter than the leaf,
springing from the swollen base of its petiole. Flowers reddish,
nectary white, like an inflated membrane. Anthers very curious, of
2 cells, opening by 2 valves, which spring back upwards, and suffer
the pollen to escape.

10. CORNUS.

1. C. sanguinea {wild Cornel-tree ov Dog-ivood), arborescent,
branches straight, leaves opposite ovate green on both sides,
cymes destitute of involucre. E. B. t. 249.

Hab. Quoted doubtfully by Mr. Lightfoot as growing by the sides of
mountains in Scotland. Strathearn, Mr. Arnott. Woods near
RevelrigtoU, Maugh. Fl. June, July. T^ .

Five to six feet high. Bark in the older branches dark red, as are the
leaves before they fall ; these are strongly nerved, entire, slightly
hairy beneath. Cymes of numerous white flowers at the ends of the
branches.

2. C. suecica {dwarf Cornel), herbaceous, leaves all opposite
ovate glabrous, flowers h\w umbellate surrounded by a 4-
leaved involucre and springing from the axil of the forked
extremity of the stem. Light/, p. 1 19. E, B. t, 310.

Hab. Moist places in the Highland mountains, not unfrequent. In
Athol, about Loch Rannoch, on Ben More and Chealleach in
Breadalbane; about Loch Broom, Ross-shire, Lightf. Pentland
hills. Dr. Hope. Plentiful on the foot of the precipice on the N.
side of Ben Nevis, Mr. Murray. About Inverness, Mr. G. Ander-
son. FL July, Aug. y..

Root creeping. Siemahout 6 inches high. f/mZ^eZ terminal from the
axil of two young branches, which do not exceed the general flower-
stalk in height till the fruit is ripe. Drupes red, said by the High-
landers to create appetite, and hence called, Lus-a-chraoiSj Plant
of gluttony. {Light/.)

56 T£TRAND. MONOG.

11. PARIETARIA.

1. P. officinalis {PelUtory of the Wall), leaves ovato-lanceo-
late, involucre of many ovate leaflets. Light/, p. 634. E. B.
t, 879.

Hab. Waste places and upon walls, as at Burntisland, near Edinb.,
Light/. Old walls on the road-side between Rutherglen and Farme,
Ure. On Bothivell castle, abundantly, Hopk. Walls at Cannon
Mills, Edint)., Mr. GrevUle. Fl. summer months. 1/. .

Stems often procumbent upon the wall, reddish, pubescent. Leaves
alternate. Flowers small, hairy, purplish, collected by threes in
clusters in the axils of the leaves, and within a small many-leaved
involucre. Central of the 3 flowers female. Filaments jointed,
in which peculiarity exists the elastic property for the purpose of
discharging the pollen, which is very observable in a hot summer's
day. Fruit ovate, black, shining. Pericarp closely investing the
seed, and concealed by the persistent perianth.

12. ALCHEMILLA.

1. A. vulgaris {coinmon Lady's'' Mantle) ^ leaves uniform
jjlaited many-lobed serrated.

a. major, leaves almost smooth. A. vulg., Light/, p. 120,
E. B. L 597.

/3. minor, much smaller, leaves very pubescent. A. hylrida. Vers. ^

Had. Dry pastures and sides of mountains, abundantly. — ^. Hills, as
at Cathkin, near Glasg., Hopk. Fl. June, July. 1/ .

One foot high, or more. Radical leaves large, on long footstalks,
those of the stem with connate toothed stipules, upper ones ses-
sile and very small, lobes 6 — 9. Flowers in many rather lax,
corymbose, terminal clusters, yellowish green. Germens I — 2,
and seeds 1 — 2 : s^///e lateral. Var. /3.is much smaller, very pubes-
cent, and has the clusters of flowers more compact. Foreign
authors make this a species, and transplanted roots preserve their
character.

2. A. alpina {alpine Lady*s Mantle), leaves digitate serrated
at the extremity white and satinv beneath. Light/, p. 120.
E. B. t. 244.

Hab. Highland mountains, most abundant. Fl. July, Aug. % .

One of the most elegant of our native vegetables. In/orescence much
as in our A. vulgaris ^ but leaves very difterent^ and under-side beau-
tifully satiny.

3. A. arvensis {Field Lady's Mantle ox Parsley Piert) ,\e?ivesirU
fid pubescent, lobes deepiv cut, flowers sessile axillary. Light/
p. 121 {Aphanis arv.). ' E. B. t. 1011.

Hab. Fields and gravelly soils, common. Light/. FZ. May, June. O.
Stems branched, leafy, 4 — 5 inches high. Leaves alternate, with
large stipules. -S'tow. varying in number.' Germens \ — 2.

* Mantle of our Lady (the Virgin Mary), therefore not Ladies Mantle,
as written ])y most authors, \

TETRAND. TETRAG. 57

2. TETIIAGYNIA.

13. ILEX.

1. I. aqinfolia {common Holly), leaves ovate acute spinous.
Lightf.p. 121. E. B,i,Am.

Hab. Woods and hedges. Abundant in woods about Lanark, HopJc.
Fl. May, June. \i .

A small evergreen tree with smooth grayish hark. Leaves alternate,
deep shining green, very rigid, the lower ones remarkably spinous
at the margin, upper ones entire -^ Flowers in the axils of the
leaves, clustered. Cal. slightly hairy, small. Cor. white. Berries
bright scarlet. Excellent for fences, as it bears clipping well. Of
the mucilaginous bark bird-lime is made. With the leaves and
berries the houses and churches are adorned at Christmas, a relic
probably of Druidism, during the prevalence of which, according to
Dr. Chandler, '' houses were decked with them, that the sylvan
spirits might repair to them and remain unniped by frost and cold
winds, until a milder season had renewed the foliage of their darling
abodes."

14. POTAMOGETON.
* Upper leaves Jioating.

1. P. nutans {hroad-leaved Pond-iveed), upper leaves floating
coriaceous oblongo -ovate petiolate, lower ones membranous
lanceolate gradually tapering into a footstalk. Light/', p. 121.
E.B,t, \S22.

Hab. Lakes and still waters. Fl. July. 1/.

Varying much in length, often many feet. Upper leaves green, acute,
sometimes heart-shaped at the base where the petiole is inserted.

2. P. heterophyllum {various-leaved Pond-weed), upper leaves
coriaceous elliptical petiolate, lower ones membranous linear-
lanceolate sessile (peduncle clavate, Sm.). E, B. t. 12S5,

Hab. In Bardowie Loch, E. side, plentiful, Hopk. Lakes of Rescalin

and Balgowie, Augus-shire, G. Don.
Smaller than the last, upper leaves olivaceous.

3. V.Jluitans {long-leaved jioating Fond-weed), upper leaves

a This has not escaped the notice of our poet Southey.

** O reader! hast thou ever stood to see
The holly tree?

The eye that contemplates it well perceives
Its glossy leaves ;

Ordered by an intelligence so wise.
As might confound the atheist's sophistries.

Below, a circUng fence, its leaves are seen

Wrinkled and keen ;

No grazing cattle through their prickly round

Can reach to wound;

But, as they grow where nothing is to fear,

Smooth and unarmed the pointless Icaveji appear," ivc.

58 TETRAND. TETRAG.

floating subcoriaceous ovato-lanceolate tapering into a rather
short footstalk, lower ones long lanceolate sessile. £. B. t,
1286.

Hab. In the Clyde at Dalbeth, Hopk. Ditches and lakes near For-
far, G.Don. FL Aug. Sept. U-

Two feet or more long. Upper leaves far less coriaceous and more
obtuse than in the two former species. Whole plant olivaceous or
even reddish^ beautifully veined.

** Leaves all submersed.

4. P. perfoliatum {perfoliate Pond-weed), leaves cordate embra-
cing the stem. LightJ. p. 121. £. B. t. 168.

Hab. Rivers and lakes, very common. Fl. July. % .
Very distinct in the shape and insertion of the leaves. Spike on a
rather short peduncle, oblongo-ovate.

5. P. densum {close-leaued Pond-iveed), leaves (all) opposite
crowded ovato-acuminate sessile, stem forked, spike of about
4 flowers. Ughtf. p. 122. E. B. t, 39/.

Hab. Ditches on the right hand of the walk going down the meadows,
near Edinb., and Corstorphine hills. Dr. Parsons. About Glasg.,
but not common J in Bardowie Loch, Hopk. Fl. June, July. 71.

Plant rather small. Leaves much crowded upward. Spike of fructi-
fication very small. Peduncle very short.

6. P. lucens {shining Pond-weed), leaves ovato-lanceolate
petiolate. Light/ . p. 122. E. B, t. 376.

Hab. Rivers and lakes, frequent. Fl. July. 1/ .

Stems long. Leaves large, very pellucid and beautifully veined.

S'pike or spadix the longest and most crowded with flowers of any

in the genus.

7. P. crispum {curled Pond-weed), leaves lanceolate tapering
sessile remarkably waved serrate. Lightf. p. 122. E. B,
t, 1012.

Hab, Ditches and ponds, frequent. Fl. June, July. 7/ .
Stems long. Flowers rather distant on the spike.

8. P. lanceolalum {lanceolate Pond weed), leaves linear-lan-
ceolate tapering at the base sessile. E. B. t. 1985.

Hab. Loch of Linthothen, Augus-shire, G. Don. In a mill-head
close by the bridge at Bervie, Kincardineshire, Maugh.

9. P. compressum { flat-stalked Po7id-weed), leaves Vmear very
obtuse sessile, stem compressed, spikes about 4- flowered.
Light/, p. 123. E. B. t. 418.

Hab. Ditches and stagnant waters, but not common, Li^-^^f. Frank-
field Loch, and loch near New Kilpatrick, plentifully, Hopk. Fl.
July. %.

Plant small. Leaves the same width throughout. Stipules large, very
conspicuous, whitish.

10. P. gramineurn {grassy Pond-weed), " leaves linear-lanceo-
late alternate sessile broader than the stipules, stem rounded,
subdichotomous" (Stm.). Lightf, p, 12S. E. J3. /. 2253.

TETRAND. TETRAG. 59

Hab. Ditches and ponds, not very common. Light/, In the Clyde,

Ure. FL Aug. 1/ .
Not being acquainted with this, as really distinct from the preceding,

I quote Smith's description. 1 should doubt its being a good

species.

11. P. pusillum {small Pond-weed), " leaves linear opposite and
alternate distinct spreading from the base, -stem cylindrical"
{Sm.). Lightf. p, 124. £. B. t. 215.

Hab. Ditches and stagnant waters, Lightf. Common, Hopk. Ft.
July. 2/.

Having no authentic specimens of this species in my poss«?ssion,
I can add nothing from my own observation to the above charac-
ter from Smith.

12. P. pectinatum {fennel- leaved Pond-weed),\e?i\es distichous
setaceous alternate sheathing, stipules scarcely any, spike of
flowers interrupted. Lightf. p. 123 3 and p. \24{P.marifium),
E. B. t. 323.

Hab. Rivers, lakes and salt-water ditches. Lake of Rescalin, near
Forfar, D. Don. River Tweed, near Kelso, Maugh.

This species, from the leaves being rather closely set and regidarly
distichous, has, when growing, a remarkably pectinated appear-
ance. Sheaths of the leaves long. The spike is interrupted, and
aa well as the general habit not unlike Ruppia maritima.

15. RUPPIA.

1. R. maritima {Sea Ruppia), Lightf p. 124. E. B. t. 136.

Hab. Stagnant waters by the sea-side, not uncommon, as at Glen-
Elg, Inverness-shire, Lightf. Salt-water pools at Guillon Links,
YA^mb., Maugh. Aberlady Bay, Mr. ^rwo^^. F/. July, Aug. %.

Stems slender, filiform, flexuose, branched, leafy. Leaves linear-
setaceous, sheaths an inch long, membranaceous, inflated. Spadix
at first veiy short, included in the sheaths, with 2 naked green flow-
ers one above the other, on opposite sides. Anthers large, sessile,
subquadrate, bursting horizontally. Germens resembling 4 minute
tubercles in the centre between the anthers. After flowering, the
spadix lengthens remarkably, five or six inches or more, and be-
comes spirally twisted, so that it may extend or contract itself with
the rising or falling of the waters 5 at the same time the germens
swell, and rise upon footstalks (as the fruit ripens) of an inch in
length. Drupes 4, ovate, acuminate. — For a more full account than
I am able to insert here of this highly curious plant, and a full ana-
lysis of the parts of fructification^ I must refer to the New Series
of the Flora Londinensis.

16. SAGINA.

1. S. procumlens {procumhent Pearl-wort), perennial glabrous,
stems procumbent, leaves shortly mucronate, petals much
shorter than the cal., caps, longer than the cal. Lightf p,
125. JS. B. i. 880.

Hab. Sandy and gravelly soils, frequent. FL June, July. 11.

60 TETRAND. TBTRAG.

Two to four inches long. Leaves linear, subulate, connate, membranous
at the base, convex beneath, plane above, tipped with a short
point. Peduncles solitary, from the axils of the leaves and longer
than they. Flotvers at first drooping.

2. S. apetala {annual small Jiowered Pearl-wort), annual sub-
pubescent, stems erect, or procumbent only at the base,
leaves aristate, petals much smaller than thecal., caps, longer
than the cal. E, B. t. 881. Don's Fasc, 7. No. 156.

Hab. Dry gravelly places, not unfrequent, G. Don. Ft. May, June.

0.
More slender and of a paler green than the last. Stems and leaves

more or less pubescent, with short spreading hairs, point much

longer. The leaves are also more narrow.

3. S. maritima {annual Sea-side Pearl-wort), annual glabrous,
stems erect, or procumbent only at the base, leaves fleshy ob-
tuse, petals none, cal. rather longer than the caps. Don's

Fasc. 7. No. 155. E. B. t. 2195.

Hab. Sea-coast, not unfrequent, as in Angus-shire, Isleof Skye, Alser-
deen, Queensferry and Edinb., G. Don. On Ben Nevis ! Id. Isle
of May, abundant, D. Don.

This very distinct species of Sagina, first discovered in Scotland by
the acute Mr. G. Don, has been for many years known as a native
of the coast of Ireland, where it was detected by my learned
friend R. Brown, Esq. In England, too, it is not unfrequent. It is
of a reddish brown colour, perfectly glabrous and essentially distin-
guished from the two former species by the obtuse leaves, apetalous
Jlowers, and lengthened capsule.

17. MCENCHIA.

1. M. glauca {glaucous Moenchia). Vers. Hook, in Curt. Fl.

■ Lond. ed. 2. Sagina erecta, Light/, p. 125. E. B. t. 609.

Hab, Pastures of a gravelly soil. Dr. Parsons. Fl. May. 0.

Stem about 2 — 4 inches high, erect, or at the base a littlte reclinino-,
smooth, as well as the leaves, •w\\iq\\ are opposite, linear-lanceolate,
acute, rigid, glaucous. Cal. leaves large, acuminate, white and
membranous at the margin. Pet. lanceolate, entire, as long as
the cal. Caps, as in Cerastium.

18. RADIOLA.

1. ^.millegrana {All-seed). Lighlf. p. \7 4 {Linum Radiola) ,
E. B. t. 893.

Hab. Moist gravelly soils, and whefe water has stood in the winter.
Icolmkill, Sir Joseph Banks. Langside, Dr. Brown. Road-side
between Dumbarton and Helensburgh, plentiful, Hopk. Banks
of the Spey, between Fochabers and Orton, Mangh. Kinross -shire,
and Angus-shire, Mr. Arnott. Cluny, Rev. Mr. M' Ritchie. About
Loch Ransa in Arran, and common in the N. counties, Perth, Inver-
ness, &c., Mr. Murray. Fl. July, Aug. 0 .

Very minute pZawi, 1 — 2 inches high, repeatedly dichotomous, bushy.
Leaves distant, opposite, ovate, entire, smooth. Flowers axillary.

PENTANDRIA. 61

solitary, stalked. Cai. segments 3-fid. Petals white, ol)long, dif-
fering'much in hiibit from Linum, where Decandolle still places it.

V. PENTANDRIA.

1. MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers monopetalouSj inferior^ with 4 (apparently) naked seeds.

ASPERIF0LIX^

10. EcHiUM. Cor. irregular, its orifice open and naked. Stig-
ma bipartite.

5. PuLMoNARiA. Cal. prismatic, 5.cleft. Cor. infundibuli-
form, its orifice naked.

2. LiTHospERMUM. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. infundibuliform, its
orifice naked.

6. Symphytum. Cal. 5 -cleft. Cor. ventricose, its orifice
closed with connivent subulate scales.

7. BoRAGo. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, having at its orifice
5 obtuse emarginate teeth.

9. Lycopsis. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. infundibuliform, with an in-
curved tube, its orifice closed with convex connivent scales.

S. AsPERUGo. Cal. 5-cleft, unequal, with alternate smaller
teeth. Cor. (short) infundibuliform, its orifice closed with
convex connivent scales. Seeds (or Nuts) covered with the
conduplicate and compressed cal.

4. Cykoglossum. Cg/. 5-cleft. Cor. (short) infundibuliform,
its orifice closed with convex connivent scales. Seeds (or
Nuts) depressed, fixed to the style by their inner margin.

3. Anchusa. Cal. 5-cleft, or 5-partite. Cor, infundibuli-
form, its orifice closed with convex connivent scales. Seeds
(or Nuts) hollowed out at the base.

1. Myosotis. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. hypocrateriform, the seg-
ments very obtuse, its orifice closed with short connivent
scales.

* The following arrangement of the Genera of the Scotch Asperifolice is
after one by Lehmann in his Plant. Fam. Asperif. — They have all
Four distinct \-celled Nuts.
A. Nats fixed to the bottom of the Cal.
* Nuts imperforate at the base,
f Orifice of the Cor. naked.
Pulmonaria, 5. Lithospermum, 2. Echium, 10.
-f-f Orifice of the Cor. closed loith scales.
Myosotis, I. Borago, 7-
** Nuts perforated at the base (orifice of the Cor. closed with scales).
Anchusa, 3. Lycopsis, 9. Symphytum, 6.
B. Nuts fifXed to a central column {imperforate at the base, orifice of the Cor.
closed with scales).
As[erugo, 8. Cynoglossum, 4.

62 PENTANDRIA.

** Flowers monopetalous, inferior. Seeds covered with a distinct

capsule. '
14. Akagallis. Cal. 5-partite. Co?\ rotate. Siam, hairy.

Caps, bursting all round transversely.
13. Lysimachia. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate. Caps, of 1 cell,

lO-valved.

11. Primula. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. hypocrateriform, tube
cylindrical, its orifice naked. Stigma globose. Caps, l-celled,
opening with 10 teeth.

12. Mknyanthes. CflZ. 5-cleft. Cor. hairy. S/i^ma sulcate.
Caps, 1 -celled, 2-valved.

24. Hyoscyamus. Cal. tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. infundibuli-
form, irregular, its lobes obtuse. Caps. 2-celled, operculate.

23. Veiibascum. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate, irregular. Slam,
declined, often hairy. Caps. 1-ceIled, 2-valved.

27. EriYTHRiEA^ {Ckironia, Sm.). Cal, 5-fid. Cor. infundi-
buliform, its limb short, rnarcescent. Anthers, after flow^-
ing, spirally twisted. Style erect. Stigmas 2. Caps, linear,
2-celled. Br.

16. Convolvulus. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate, plicate.
Stigmas 2. Caps, 2 — 3 -celled, with as many valves 5 cells
1 — 2-seeded.

17. PoLEMONiUM. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft. Stam, inserted upon
the 5 teeth or valves which close the orifice of the Cor. Caps,
3-celled, 3-valved.

15. Azalea. Cor. campanulate. Stam. inserted upon the

receptacle. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved.
35. ViNCA. Cor. hypocrateriform, twisted. Follicles 2, erect.

Seeds naked (destitute of seed-down).
26. Solan UM. Cor. rotate. Anthers opening with two pores

at the extremity. Berry 2-celled.
25.ATROPA. Cor. campanulate. Stam, distant. Berry 2-celled.
**-x- Flowers monopetalous, superior.

28. Samolus. Cor. hypocrateriform, having small scales alter-
nating with its 5 lobes. Caps, half inferior, 1 -celled, with
5 short valves.

19. Jasione. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft. ^^w/^er5 united at their base.
Stigma clavate. Caps. 2-celled, opening at the top. {Flow-
ers aggregate on a common naked receptacle.)

20. Lobelia. Cor, irregular, cleft longitudinally on the upper
side. Anthers united into a tube. Caps. 2 — 3-celled.

18. Campanula. Cor. campanulate. Stam, with filaments

* Chironia diversa est, calycis figura, corollas limbo tMbum superante,
stylo decliiiato, pericarpii placentia coUo coarctato. Br. in Prodr, Fl- Nov.
IIoll.

PENTANDRIA. G3

broader at the base. Stigma trifid. Caps. 3 — 5-celledj open-
ing with lateral pores.

29. LoNiCERA. Cor. irregular. Berry \ — 3 -celled ; ce//5 many-
seeded.

*^«-** jpiowers of 5 (in Euonymus and Rhamnus often of 4) petals,

inferior.

30. Rhamnus. CaZ. urceolate, 4 — 5-cleft. Berry 2 — 4-celled,
2 — -4 -seeded.

31. Euonymus. CaL plane, 4 — 5-cleft. Caps, with 5 angles,
5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds covered by a coloured arillus.

21. Impatiens. Cal. of 2 leaves. Cor. irregular, lower petal
or nectary cucullate. Anthers connate. Caps, of 5 elastic
valves.

22. Viola. Cal. 5-cleft, the segments produced at the base.
Cor, irregular; upper petal spurred at the base. Anth, con-
nate. Caps, 1 -celled, 3-valved.

'^**** Flowers of 5 petals, superior.

32. RiBEs. Cal. 5-cleft, bearing the Petals and Stam, Style
bifid. Berry 1 -celled, many-seeded.

33. Hedera. Cal. 5-toothed. Petals broadest at the base.
Style simple. Berry 5 -seeded, crowned by the CaL

***^** Flowers incomplete.

34. Glaux. Perianth single, inferior, campanulate, coloured,
5-lobed. Caps, globose, I -celled, 5-valved, 5-seeded.

2. DIGYNIA.

* Flowers monopetalous, inferior.
41. Gentiana. Cor. tubular at the base, campanulate or infun-

dibuliform, destitute of nectariferous pores. Caps, of 1 cell,

2-valved, with the seeds fixed to the inner margin of the

valves.
40. CuscuTA. CaL 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate, 4 — 5-lobed.

Caps, bursting all round transversely at the base, 2-celled, with

the cells 2- seeded.

** Flowers incomplete.
38. Salsola. Perianth single, inferior, 5-cleft, persistent, enve-
loping the fruit with its base, and crowning it with its broad
scariose limb. Seed single, its cotyledon spiral.

36. Chenopodium. Permw/A single, inferior, 5-cleft, persistent,
closing upon, but not wholly enveloping, the fruit. Seed single,
orbicular.

37. Beta. Perianth single, semi-inferior, 5-cleft, persistent.
Seed single, reniform, imbedded in the fleshy base of the
Cal.

CA PENTANDRIA.

39. Ulmus. Perianth single, inferior, persistent, 4 — 5-cleft.
Caps, membranous, compressed, 1 -seeded.
{Scleranthus, Decandr.)

*** Flowers of 5 petals, superior, 2-secdcd. Umbellate.
A. Umbels with a partial and universal involucre.

42. Eryngium. Flowers sessile, capitate. Receptacle conical,
chaffy. Fruit bristly.

43. Hydrocotyle. Flowers in a simple umbel or capitate.
Cal. 0. Petals ovate, acute, equal. Fruit without teeth (or
calycine segments) , suborbicular, laterally compressed, striated.

44. Sanicula. Umbeliules clustered, subcapitate, central ^o^6'-
ers abortive. Petals obcordate. Fruit clothed with hooked
bristles.

52. Hhracleum. Involucres deciduous. Flowers radiant. Pe-
tals bifid. Fruit elliptical, dorsally compressed, striated.

57. Q^NANTHE. Flowers radiant, those of the disk sessile and
abortive. Fruit crowned with the Cal. and Styles, corky.

45. Caucalis. Involucres undivided. Flowers radiant, those
of the disk al)ortive. Fruii subovate, striated, rough with rigid
bristles.

46. Daucus. Involucres \i\\\\v<\\\hd, F/oz^'er5 somewhat radiant,
those of the disk abortive. Fruit muricated.

50. Peucedanum. Gen. involucre vQvy ^\\oxi. Flowers \\Q^x\y
uniform, those of the disk abortive. Fruit ovate, compressed,
striated, bordered.

48. CoNiUM. Partial invoh.icres of 3 leaves, all on one side.
Petals nearly uniform. Fruit ovate, tumid, with 5 undulated
ribs on each side.

47. BuNHTM. Par/m/myoZwcre^ setaceous (often wanting). Pe-
tals uniform. Fruit oblong, striated, with the interstices tu-
berculated.

55. SiUM. Involucres of many leaves. Petals heart-shaped,
nearly uniform. Fruit nearly oval, laterally compressed and
striated.

49. Selinum. Involucres, general and partial, reflexed. Petals
heart-siiaped nearly uniform. Fruit compressed, striated down
the middle.

5 I . Crithmum. Cal. entire. Petals uniform, entire, broadest at
the base, their extremities curved inwards. Fruit oval, striated.

53. LiGusTicuM, Gew. 27Zi;o/z^cre membranaceous. Pera/^ uni-
form, incurved at the extremity, entire. Cal. of 5 teeth. Fruit
oblong, furrowed.

54. Angelica. Gen. involucre often wanting. Petals uniform,
incurved, entire. Fruit roundish with three wings on each
side.

^6. SisoN. Gen. and part, involucre of about 4 leaves (the

PENTANDRIA. ' 65

former wanting in S. miivdatum) . Petals nearly uniform,
inflexed. Fntit ovate, striated.

B. Umbels with partial involucres, ifniversal none.

60. /Ethusa. Partial involucre of o leaves, all on one side,
pendulous.

63. CHiEROPHYLLUM. Partial luvohicre of about 5,reflexed, con-
cave leaves. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, smooth, or striated.

61. ScANDix. Frwi/ terminated with a very long rough beak.
Partial involucre cut or pinnated.

62. Anthriscus (Pers.), Fn/zV ovate, hispid, with a short gla-
brous beak.

58. Pheelandrium. F/o?/;e7-5 of the disk smallest. FrUit ovtiXe,
smooth, crowned with the cal. and styles,

64. Imperatoria. Fruit nearly ellij)tical, compressed, border-
ed, swelling in the middle witli 3 ribs on each side.

59. CicuTA. Fruit subovate, furrowed.

(Caucalis inf., Sison immd., GF,nanllwfist., Div. A.)
C. Universal involucre rarely any, partial none.

68. Apium. Petals uniform. Fruit roundish, ribbed.

67. PiMPiNELLA. Petals inflexed. Stigmas subglobose. Fruit
ovato-oblong, striated.

69. iEaopoDiUM. Petals unequal. Stigmas simple. Fruit
ovato-oblong, ribbed.

65. Smyris'ium. Petals acute, keeled, incurved. Fruit ovato-
globose, gibbous. Seeds {Jkonia) reniform, angular.

66. Carum. Gen. involucre of 1 or very few leaves. Petals in-
flexo-emarginate. Fruit ovato-oblong, striated.

3. TRIGYNIA.

70. Viburnum. Cal. very minute, 5 -cleft. Cor. of 1 petal,
5-lobed. Berry inferior, 1 -seeded.

71. Sambucus. Cal. small, r)-cleft. Cor, of I petal, 5-lobed.
Berry inferior, of 1 cell, 3-seeded.

(Stellaria media, Decandr.)

4. TETRAGYNIA.

72. Parnassia. Cal. 5-cleft. Petals 5. Nectaries 5, heart-
shaped, fringed with globular-headed filaments. Caps. 3 -valved.

5. PENTAGYNIA.

74. LiNUM. Cal. persistent. Petals 5. Cffpi. globose, mu-
cronate, with 10 valves and 10 cells. Seeds ovate, compressed.

75. Sibbaldia. Cal. in 10 alternating large and small segments.
Petals 5, inserted on the cal. Seeds (capsules) 5, clustered-^
in the bottom of the cal. (Allied to Jlchemilla and Agrimo-^\
nia, and of the Nat. Ord. Rosacea^.)

i

PENTAND. MONOG.

73. Statice. CaL of 1 piece, infundibuliform, plaited, scariose.

Petals 5. Fruit invested with the cal. Seed I.
{Cerastiumsemidec, Spergula arv., subuL, pentandra ; De-

CANDR.)

6. HEXAGYNIA.

76. Drosera. Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Caps, l-celled,3— 5-valved,
many- seeded.

7. POLYGYNIA.

77. Myosurus. CaL of 5 leaves prolonged at the base. Pe-
tals 5, their claws tabular (nectariferous). Capsules {seeds of
most authors) collected upon a very long receptacle. (Allied
to Ranunculus.)

{Ranunculus hederaceus, Polyandr.)

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. MYOSOTIS.

{Seeds naked.)

1. M. sylvatka {Wood Scorpion-grass)^ leaves oblongo-lanceo-
late with soft hairs, racemes very long lax, pedicels (in fruit)
divergenti-patent longer than the 5-fid connivent cal., limb of
the cor. expanded longer than the tube. Lehm. Asperif. p. 85.
M. scorpioides y. Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 212 *.

Hab. Woods, common. Fl. summer. % .

Stems 1 foot high, with soft, spreading hairs. Radical leaves, as in all
the species, spathulate. Pedicels short in flower, then elongated
and patent, at length erecto-patent, twice as long as the cal. Lower
hairs upon the cal. rigid, patent, hooked ; upper ones longer, erect.
Flowers large, bright pale blue, next in size to those of palustris
and alpestris.

2. M. alpestris {Rock Scorpion- grass), leaves oblongo-lanceo-
late hairy, racemes short, pedicels (in fruit) patent rather
longer than the connivent 5-fid cal., limb of the cor. expand-
ed longer than the tube. Schult, Fl. Aust, n. 788. Lehm.
Asp. p. 86. M. rupicola, E. B. t. 2559.

Hab. Highland mountains, not uncommon, especially on the more
elevated ones, G. Don and Mr. J. T. Mackay. Ben Lawers, Maugh.
near the summit in great perfection and abundance. Schechallion,
Mealgreadha and others of the Breadalbane range, Borrer and
Hook. H.July, Aug. If..

Four to six inches high, with patent hairs. Lower leaves on very long

a Lightfoot's M. scorpioides cannot be quoted under any of the individual
species here enumerated, because it was intended to include nearly all of
them. That specific name should, perhaps, as Wahlenberg has done, have
been reserved to the M. palustris.

I

PENTAND. MO NOG. 6/

footstalks. Flowers so compact as to be almost capitate, then
lengthened into racemes. Pedicels after flowering erect, in fruit
patent, a little longer than the cat. Hairs of the cal. more or less
hooked at their extremity. Flowers large, very bright blue.
3. M. palustris (Marsh Scorpiourgrass, Forget me not), leaves
oblongo-ianceolate rough with short mastly appressed hairs,
racemes rather short, peduncles (in fruit) divergent twice as
long as the 5 -toothed patent cal., limb of the cor. expanded
longer than the tube. £. B, t. 1973.
jS. Racemes below leafy. M, repens, G. Don, MSS. ined.
Hab. Ditches and sides of rivers, most abundant. /3. Moist hills about
Glasg. D. Don j and Ochil hills^ G. and D. Don. Ft. summer
months. If. .
A very beautiful though common plant, and considered to be the em-
blem of friendship in almost every countiy in civilized Europe.
About 1 foot high. Root creeping in the mud and often throwing
up runners, as in the M. repens of D. Don, which has moreover
bracteas on the racemes, or rather small leaves between the lower
pedicels (not inserted at their very base), and sometimes white or
yellow flowers. Hairs of the cal. erect, straight ; those of the leaves
as well as the stem (though on this latter they are mostly appressed)
vary in length and direction, especially in cultivation, as is ob-
served by Mr. Hopkirk. Flowers very large, pale blue. — The cal.,
with its short but expanded teeth when in fruit, and its generally
few but erect and appressed hairs, distinguishes this species.

4. M. arvensis {Field Scorpion-grass), leaves oblongo-ianceo-
late hairy, racemes very long, pedicels (in fruit) patent twice
the length of the 5 -cleft and closed cal., limb of the cor,
erecto-patent about as long as the tube. E. B, t, 2558,

Hab. Fields and waste places. FZ. June, July. ©.

Six to eight inches high, hairy with patent rather rigid hairs. Pedicels
twice as long as the fruit-bearing cal. Lower hairs of the c«Z. patent,
hooked. — The annual root and small flowers with long pedicels,
when in fruit, are the characteristics of this species.

5. M. versicolor {yellow and Hue Scorpion- grass), leaves ob-
longo-ianceolate hairy, racemes very long, pedicels (in fruit)
erecto-patent shorter than the 5 -cleft acute closed cal., limb
of the cor. patent shorter than the tube. E, B, i, 480.

Hab. Dry sterile waste places. FZ. June, July. O.

From 2 to 8 inches high. Hairs, long, divergent. Lower hairs of the
cal. hooked and patent. — Well marked by the annual root, small
yellow and blue flowers (which, according to Lehman, always re-
tain their respective colours, and do not change from yellow to
blue), and above all by the short pedicels and long cal.

Scarcely any two authors are agreed with regard to the species of
Myosoiis. I have followed Lehman, who has so admirably illus-
trated the difficult family of Asperifolia in a work lately published
in Germany.

f2

L

68 PENTAND. MONOG.

2. LITHOSPERMUM.

1. L. ojfivinalc {common Gromwell), stem erect very much
branched, leaves broadly lanceolate acute nerved rough above
hairv ben«ath, tube of the cor. as long as the cal., nuts smooth.

. Lightf.p. 132. E,B, t. 134.
Hab. Waste uncultivated places,, as near the Monastery of Beaulieu

at Inverness, and under the west side of Salisbury Craigs, and at

Roslin, Dr. Parso7is. Old walls of Mugdoch Castle, Glasgow, Hopk.

Arniston woods, and woods at Culross, Edinb., Maush. Fl. June.

^.
One to one foot and a half high. Fl. pale yellow. Nuts whitish brown,

highly polished, seldom more than 2 or 3 ripening in each cal.

2. L. arvense {Corn Gromweli), stem erect branched, leaves
lanceolate acute hairy, cal. a little shorter than the cor., its
segments patent when containing the ripe rugose nuts.
Light/: p. 133. E.B. t.\23.

Hab. Corn-fields, not uncommon. Dr. Parsons. Occasionally about
GlaSg. Fields about Bogles hole, frequent, Hopk. Fl. May, June.

0.

Corolla white. Cal. segments thrice as long as the fruit.

3. L. maritimum {Seaside Gromweli), glabrous, stem procum-
bent branched, leaves ovate obtuse fleshy glaucous. Lehm.
AsperiJ\ p. 291. Pulmonaria marit.. Light/, p. 134. t. 7.
E, B. t. 368.

Hab. On the sea-coast, not uncommon among loose stones. Coast
of Fife, near St. Andrews, Isle of Bute, Arran, &c., Lighff. Most
abundant on the shores of Sutherland, Caithness and Orkney. Fl.
July, Aug. 71.

In habit this plant is sui generis ; but in character it accords certainly
, better with Lithospermum than with Pulmonaria, where it hus
hitherto been placed. Lower leaves on footstalks and acute ; upper
ones sessile: all very minutely tubercled, though appearing smooth.
Flowers somewhat racemed, beautiful purplish blue : tube short.
- Ceil, not prismatic. Nuts smooth. Whole plant glaucous, turning
almost black in drying.

3. ANCHUSA.

1. A. sempervirens {evergreen Alkanet)^ leaves ovate nearly en-
tire lower ones upon long footstalks, peduncles axillary, flowers
subcapitate accompanied bv two leaves. Lishtf. p. 133.

Hab. Glen of Dunglass, Dr. Parsons. Deanbank, near the village
of the water of Leith j Road-sides between Crossgates and Keltic,
Kinross-shire, Maugh. Banks of the Clyde above Hamilton ; near
Chatelherault and Castlemilk, Glasg. Hopk. Craig-Millar Castle,
Mr.Arnott. FZ. May, June. 1^.

The flowers are of a beautiful blue, and the shape of the corolla is, as
Sir James Smith observes, rather salver-shaped than infundibuli-
form, and thus with difficulty distinguished from Myosoiis. Daily

PENTAND. MONOG. 69

experience teaches us that the more natural the families, the greater
is the difficulty of distinguishing the genera.

4. CYNOGLOSSUM.

1. C. officinale {common Hound* s-tongue), stem leaves lanceo-
late attenuate at the base sessile downv, stamen shorter than
the cor. Light/, p. 133. E, B, t. 921.

Hah. Waste places, about towns and villages, as Burntisland and
Kinghorn, Edinb. and foot of the hill of Kinnoul, Perthshire, &c..
Light/. Fl. June, July. S •

Whole plant soft to the touch, dull green, of a fetid smell. Often 2
feet high. Lower leaves on long footstalks. Flowers purplish red.
FruU rough.

2, C. sylvaticum {green-leaved Hound^s -tongue), stem leaves
lanceolate broad at the base shining sessile slightly hairy and
scabrous especially beneath^ stamens shorter than the cor, E,B,
t.\642,

Hab. Carse of Gowrie, G. Don. Fl. June, July. ^ .

Distinguished readily by the more or less shining and brighter co-
loured leaves, free from pubescence, and their different figure.
Radical leaves ovato-lanceolate, on very long footstalks.

5. PULMONARIA.

1, P. officinalis {common Lungwort), leaves scabrous, radical
ones ovato-cordate petiolate, superior ones of the stem sessile
ovate. E. B. t. 118.

Hab. Arniston woods, abundant; Banks of N. Esk, near Kevockmill,
sparingly, Maugh. Banks of Clyde, about Dalbeth and Eastahill,
probably an outcast of the garden, Hoplc. Ft. May. % .

About 1 foot high. Caidine leaves all more or less ovate, lower ones
petlolate, upper ones sessile ; all with short hairs, frequently spotted.
Flowers purple.

6. SYMPHYTUM.

1. S. officinale {common Gom/rey), stem winged above, leaves
ovato-lanceolate attenuate at the base and very decurrent.
Light/, p. 134. E. B. t. 817.

Hab. Banks of rivers ; water of Leith, opposite St. Bernard's well,
and Coryton woods, Edinb., Dr. Parsons. Banks of Clyde, but
not common, Hopk. Cliesh, Mr. Arnott. Fl. May, June. 1/ .

Two to three feet high, branched above. Radical leaves ovate petio-
lated. Racemes in pairs, secund, drooping. Corollas large, yel-
lowish white, often purple.

2. S. tuberosum {ttiherous-rooted Gom/rey), vStem simple, leaves
ovato-oblong attenuate at the base, upper ones only very
slightly decurrent. Light/, p. 1091. E. B. t. 1502.

Hab. First discovered, in Britain, by Mr. Yalden, opposite the new
well at the water of Leith, and plentifully in Dr. Robertson's walks
at North Marchiston. — CoUington woods, Woodhall, «&:c. Edinb,,
and on the banks of the North and South Esk, Maugh. Common in

70 PENTAND. MOKOG.

rivers and groves about Glasg. as banks of the Clyde at Clyde
works, Daldowie, Bothwell and Hamilton. Banks of the Calder
abundantly, Hopk., who says that this species and the purple
flowered var. of S. offic. are by far the most frequent in the environs
of Glasg. Cliesh, Mr. Arnott. Shady woods and river banks, fre-
quent, D. Don. Fl. July. 7/ .
Much like the last, but simple, or only very .slightly branched above.
Upper leaves, from which the peduncles spring, generally in pairs,
large, ovato-lanceolate, a little decurrent 3 whereas those of S. offic.
are very narrow and running down into winged appendages to the
stem.

7. BORAGO.

1 . B. officinalis {common Borage) , lower leaves obovate atte-
nuate at the base, segments of the cor. ovate acute spreading.
£.5./. 36.

Hab. Scarcely an aboriginal native of Britain. Road-sides and among
rubbish, as at Burntisland, Maugh. About Glasg., but generally
near gardens, Hopk. FL June, July. (J .

Whole plant very hispid. Radical leaves ovate or obovate, petiolate.
Stem leaves petiolate and eared at the base, superior ones sessile.
Cor. large, brilliant blue.

8. ASPERUGO.

1. A. procumhens {German Madwort). Light f, p, 135. E. B.
^661.

Hab. Waste places, but not common. By the church at Dunbar,
Lighff. (I found it in 1808 plentifully among the ruins of the
castle at Dunbar.) Guillon Links, Mr. Arnott and Mr. Stewart.
Fl. June, July. O .

Stems procumbent, angular, rough with short hooked prickles. Leaves
oblongo-lanceolate, solitary, or opposite, or 3 or 4 nearly from the
same point of the stem, lower ones petiolate, all rough and slightly
hispid. Flowers blue, axillary, solitary. Peduncles short, at first
erect, then curved downward. Cal. small, much enlarged in fruit.

9. LYCOPSIS.

1. \j. arvensis {small Bug loss), leaves lanceolate repando-den-
ticulate verv hispid, cal. erect while in flower. Light/, p. 135.
E. B. t. 938.

Hab. Com-fields and hedge -banks, common. JFZ. June, July. 0.

Whole plant very hispid, hairs or bristles seated on a white callous
bulb. Lower leaves lengthened into a petiole ; upper ones sessile
semiamplexicaul. Racemes leafy. Flowers bright blue. — Differing
from Anchusa only in the curvature of its tube.

10. ECHIUM.
1. E. vulgare {common Fiper^s Bug loss) yStem herbaceous simple
hispid with tubercles, leaves linear-lanceolate hispid, flowers in
lateral spikes, stamens longer than the cor. Light/', p. 136.
KB.t.\8\.

PENTAND. MONOG. 71

Hab. Corn-fields and way-sides, not unfrequent, as about Kirkcaldy
and Kinghorn, and at Charlestown, Lord Elgin's lime-worlcs and
under Arthur's Seat, Light/. About Glasg. occasionally, among
rubbish, but generally near houses and gardens, Hopk. Dum-
blane woods, and Peterhead, frequent 3 Arran sparingly, Mr. Mur-
ray. Fl. June, July. ^ .

Two to three feet high. Radical leaves spreading petiolate. Spikes
of flowers lateral, secund, recurved, forming, in fact, upon the stalk
one long common spike, or raceme. Cor. most beautiful, at first
reddish purple, then brilliant blue. At Duncansby , Caithness, very
dwarfish and with white flowers.

11. PRIMULA.

1. Pr. vulgaris (common Primrose), leaves dentate rugose, scape
one-flowered, limb of the cor. plane. Light/, p. 136 (/^r.
Verisy.). E. B.t.4.

Hab. Woods, hedge -banks and pastures, abundant. Fl. Apr. May. 1/ .

2. Pr. elatior {Oxlip), leaves dentate rugose contracted below
the middle, scape umbellate, limb of the cor. plane. Lightf,
p. 136 (P. Feris jS.). E. B. t. 513.

Hab. CoUington woods j sea-coast between N. Queensferry and In-
verkeithing, Maugh. Fl. Apr, May, 1/ .

3. Pr. Veris {common Cowslip ov Paigle), leaves dentate rugose
contracted below the middle, scape umbellate, flowers droop-
ing, limb of the cor. concave. Light/, p. 136 {Pr, Feris «.).
£. B, t. 5.

Hab. Pastures and woods. Bothwell and Woodhall 3 but introduced
and not indigenous about Glasg., Hopk. Fl. May. % .

Mr. Hopkirk, as well as other Botanists, maintains the opinion tliat
the P. elatior is a hybrid produced by the other two.

4. Pr. /arinosa {Bird's-eye Primrose), leaves crenate smooth
mealy beneath, scape umbellate, flowers erect, limb of the
cor. plane. Light/, p. 137. E. B. t. 6.

Hab. Wet mountain pastures, but not very common. Light/.
Pastures by Bighouse and Armidale, Sutherland j east coast of
Caithness 5 and in Orkney, but very dwarfish, Borr. and Hook.
Fl. June, July. U .

One of the most elegant of all plants. The powdery substance on the
leaves and scape has a musky smell. Flowers purple with a yellow
eye.

12. MENYANTHES.

1. M. tri/oliata {common Buckbean), leaves ternate. Light/,
p. 137. E. B. t. 495.

Hab. Marshy places, in pools of water, abundant. Fl. June, July. If. .

Stem spreading. Leaves on long footstalks, ternate ; leaflets obovate,
obscurely toothed; the base of the leaves is sheathing, from
whence springs the flowerstalk supporting a raceme or thyrsus of
several flowers. iWice?5 short, bracteated. Cor. infundibuliform.

71 PENTAND. MONOG.

5-cleftj pale reddish, its upper side clothed with long, white, fila-
?iientous appendages. — Leaves, used as Tea, considered by the
Highlanders to strengthen weak stomachs, Br. Stuart.

13. LYSIMACHIA.

* Peduncles ina'ny-Jlowered.

1. L. vulgaris {yellow Loosestrife), leaves ovato-lanceolate opr
posite ter- or quaternate, panicle ternninal. Liglitf. p, 138.
E. B, t. 761.

Hab. Wet shady places, and the sides of rivers. Isle of Mull, Lightf.
Banks of Clyde at Bowling bay ; Kenmuir banks, Glasg., Hop/c.
Castle Loch, at Lochmaben, Durafries-shirej in a field by the road-
side opposite the hill of Dumbuck, Dumbartonshire, Maugh. Isle
in the Loch of Montcith, Rev. Dr. Graham. Daldowie, Dr. Brown.
Fl. July. 1/ .

Erect, two to three feet high. Leaves nearly sessile, glabrous or
downy beneath. Panicle large, leafy, much branched. Corollas
large.

2. L. thynijlora {tufted Loosestrife) , leaves opposite lanceolate,
racemes pedunculated lateral. E. B. t. 176.

Hab. Watery places, rare. Margin of a drain in a marsh beyond Possil,
south side of the canal, near the west end, Hopk. Edge of a
lake to the N. of Glasgow, Fl. Brit. -, where Mr. Hopkirk has
sought for it in vain. Margins of Rescabie and Balgawen Lakes,
Angus-shire, frequent ; and Duddingston Loch, Edinb., D. Don.
Fl. July. H .

Stems one to two feet high. Flowers numerous, small, crowded in
axillaiy, pedunculated racemes. Cor. deeply cleft into very nar-
row segments, yellow, and as well as the cal. spotted with orange.

^ ** Peduncles I -flowered.

3. L. Nemorum {yellow Pimpernel, or Wood- Loosestrife) , leaves
ovate acutCj stem creeping, peduncles solitary, calycine seg-
ments linear-subulate, stamens smooth. Lightf p. 138,
E. B. t. 527.

Hab. Woods and shady places, frequent. Fl. summer months. 7/ .

4. L. Nummularin {Moneywort), leaves subcordate obtuse, stem
procumbent, peduncles solitary, calycine segments ovate acute,
stamens glandular. Lightf. p. 138. E. B. t. 528.

Hab. Shady places and pastures. Banks of the Clyde at Kenmuir
and Bothwell, Hopk. Shady banks of the Esk, Angus -shire,
abundant, D.Don. Daldowie, Dr. Brown.

14. ANAGALLIS.

1. A. arvensis {scarlet Pimpernel), leaves ovate sessile dotted
beneath, margin of the cor. broadly and very obtusely crenate
piloso-glandulose. Lightf. p. 139. E. B'.t. 529.

Hab. Corn-fields, abundant. f7. June, July. O .
Flowers scarlet.

2. A. ccBrulea {Hue Pimpernel), leaves ovate sessile dotted be-

PENTAND. — -MONOG. 73

neath, margin of the cor. dentate scarcely at all glandulose.
£.^.^.1823.

Hab. Corn-fields, rare. About Glasgow with the former ; said to
grow about Lanark, Ilopk. Dunglass, on the Clyde, Mr. Stewart.
Fields on the banks of the Tay, near Delvine, Mr. Murray. Fl. ,
July. 0.

Flowers bright blue.

I have frequently compared, in England, wild specimens of these two
species, and Scotch cultivated ones in the garden of my excellent
friend P. Neill, Esq. at Canon Mills, Edinb., and find no difl^rence
but in the colour and margin of the corolla. Those marks, however,
seem constant. Both are more or less procumbent and the leaves
are alike in both.

3. A, tejiella {Bog Pimpernel), stem creeping filiform, leaves
ovate or roundish petiolate. Lighlf. p. 139. E* B. t. 530.

Hab. Bogs, not uncommon, Lio/z/f. Rare about Glasg, j banks of the
Clyde at Ardoch cottage, Hopk. Marshy ground on the banks of the
Esk, near Inveresk -, Guillon Links ; Isle of Bute, near Rothsay,
Maiigh. Pitkeathly wells, Mr. Arnott. Queensferry, Mr. Stewart.
Port Glasgow, Mr. Stark. Stafta^ Bute, Arran and Greenock^ Mr.
Murraij. Fl. July, Aug. 1/ .

A beautiful little plant, two to four inches long. Leaves small. Flow-
ers large in proportion, on rather long footstalks. Cor. subcampa-
nulate, pink or rose colour.

15. AZALEA.

1. A. procumlens {trailing Azalea) ^ stems spreading procumbent,
leaves opposite elliptical glabrous their margins revolute.
Light/, p. 139.

Hab. Dry heathy ground, near the summits of many of the Highland
mountains, as on Ben More in Breadalbane, Ben Cruachan in
Argyleshire, Ben-na-Scree, &c. ; about Loch Urn in Inverness-
shire, and sparingly upon Ben Lomond (where it is annually be-
coming more rare, Mr. Murray), Lighff. S.E. Shoulder of Ben
Voirlich and on Ben Glow, &c., Mr. Arnott. Benvochart, near In-
verness, Mr. Anderson. Ben Ferrag, by Loch Ericht, Mr. Borrer.
Ben Wyvis, Mr. IVynch. Fl. July. 11 .

Plant growing in tufts of various sizes. Stems very woody, leafless
below. Leaves small, almost like those of Thyme, very smooth and
glossy, rigid, channelled down the middle. Flowers subcorymbose,
terminal, rose-coloured. Allied to Erica and still more to Men-
ziesia

16. CONVOLVULUS.
1. C. arvensis {small Bind'Weed), stem climbing, leaves sagit-
tate their lobes acute, peduncles mostly 1 -flowered, bracteas
minute remote from the flower. IJghtf, p. 140. E. B. /. 312.

Hab. Corn-fields, frequent. Light/. Not common about Glasg.,
Ilopk. Near Cathcart, Dr. Brown. Fl. June, July. If. .

Flowers x^Xh^v small, rose-coloured. A*ooi running very deep in the
ground and difficult of extirpation.

1

74 PENTAND. MONOG.

2. C. Septum{great Bivd-weed) , stem climbing,leaves sagittate,
the lobes truncate, peduncles 4-sided single-flowered, bracteas
large heartshaped close to the flower. Light/, p, 140. E. B.

trsvs.

Hab. Moist hedges, but not common. Near Dumbarton, Dr. Par-
sons. Hedge by the road-side leading from Abbey-hill to Leith,
Dr. Yule. Frequent about Glasgow; fields at Hamilton Farm
and Bogleshole, Hopk. N. Banks of the Clyde, 4 m. below Glasg.,
Maugh. Fl. July, Aug. 1/ .

Much larger than the last in every part. Flowers very large, showy,
pure white.

3. C. Soldanella (Sea Bhid-weed), stem prostrate, leaves reni-
form fleshy, peduncles I -flowered 4-sided, their angles wing-
ed. Lightf. p. 140. E. B. t. 314.

Hab. Sea-shores in sandy places, frequent, as on the western coast
of Cantire between Machrianish and Bar, and Isle of Oransa plen-
tifully, Light/. Near the Elg, Sibbald. Sandy fields between
Troone and Irvine, Mr. M'Nab. Near Ayr, Mr. Murray. FL
July, Aug, 1/ .

Four to eight inches long. Flowers few, large, rose coloured. Brac-
teas large, ovate, close to the calyx.

17. POLEMONIUM.

1. P. cceruleum (Jacobus Ladder), leaves pinnate, flowers erect,
cal. longer than the tube of the cor. E. B. t. 14.

Hab. Coast 2 m, E, of S, Queensferry, growing with Arundo arenaria,
Maugh. Arnistone woods, Mr. Arnott. Delvine woods, Mr. Mur-
ray. Fl. July. % .

One to two feet high. Stem angular. Flowers large, blue, some-
times white.

18. CAMPANULA.

1. C. rotundifolin {round-leaved Bell-flower), glabrous, radical
leaves subrotundo-cordate crenate, cauline ones linear entire.
Lightf. p, 141. £. 5./. 866.

Hab. Dry and hilly pastures, frequent. Flowers white, Bute and at
Auchterarder and Montrose, Mr. Murray. Fl. Aug. Sept. % .

The radical leaves soon wither, and thus this part of the specific cha-
racter is often wanting. Whole plant slender, graceful. Panicle
lax. Flowers drooping.

2. C persicifolia {Peach-leaved Bell-flower), glabrous, radical
. leaves obovate lengthened into a petiole, those of the stem li-
near-lanceolate subserrate sessile remote. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 232.
Don, Fasc. n.lSO.

Hab. Woods near CuUen, apparently indigenous, G. Don.

Segments of the cal. lanceolate, acuminate. Cor. very large, spread-
ing.— Perhaps the outcast of a garden : but as an inhabitant of the
northern parts of France, of Germany, Denmark and even Swe-
den^ it is by no means unlikely to be a native of Britain also.

PENTAND. MONOG. 75

3. C. lati folia (spreading Bell-flower), leaves ovato-lanceolate
scabrous toothed, stem quite simple rounded, flowers solitary
peduncled erect, calyx glabrous, fruit drooping. Liglitf. p. l4 1 .
E, B, t. 302.

Hab. Sides of rivulets at the foot of mountains in shady places, not
unfrequent j as at Cartland rocks, near Lanark, at Taymouth her-
mitage, and by the falls of Moness, near Taymouth, Lightf. Col-
lington and Rosslyn woods, Maiigh. Not unfrequent near Edinb.
and in Kinross-shire, in woods, Mr. Arnott. Banks of the Clyde
at Daldowie and Kenmuir (with white fl., Mr. Murray) 3 and
woods at Crossbasket and Cambuslang, Hopk.

Two to three feet high. Cal. serrated. Cor. very large.

4. C. rapunculoides {creeping Bell flower), leaves cordato- lan-
ceolate scabrous crenate, stem branched, flowers solitary se-
cund drooping axillary forming a spike, segments of the cal.
patent. E. B, t, 1369.

Hab. Woods rare, Blair, Dr. Skrimshire in E. Bot. Corn-fields 2
m. N. W. from Kirkcaldy, Mr. Chalmers : considered there a trouble-
some weed by the farmer on whose land it grows. Fl. July, Aug.

^.

Two feet high. Leaves narrower upwards. Flowers large. Cal. en-
tire, rough.

5. C. Trachelium {Nettle-leaved Bell-flotver) , stem angular,
leaves petiolate cordato-lanceolatc acutely serrated hispid as
well as the cal., peduncles few-flowered axillary. Lightf.
p. 142. E.5.M2.

Hab. Shady places, but not common, Lightf. On the old walls of

Mugdoch Castle, Hopk. Fl. July, Aug. % .
Leaves much like those of the Nettle, whence its English name.

6. C. glomerata {clustered Bell-flower), stem angular simple
nearly smooth, leaves scabrous crenate oblongo-lanceolate,
radical leaves petiolate, cauline ones semiamplexicaul, flowers
sessile mostly in a terminal cluster. Lightf. p. 142. E. B,
^90.

Hab. Dry mountainous pastures, but not very common, Lightf.
Hills behind Petticur, Fifeshire, Mr. P. Neill. Links near Gos-
ford, Maugh. Firth of Forth and along the coast^ Mr. Arnott.
Montrose and Arbroath, Mr. Stewart.

From 3 or 4 inches to a foot high. Flowers rather large, upright.

7. C. hederacea {Ivy-leaved Bell flower), stem lax filiform,
leaves all cordate angulato- dentate glabrous. E. B. t, 73.

Hab. Moist shady places. First discovered by Dr. Brown near the
shores of the Clyde 2 or 300 yards to the westward of Clougli
lighthouse, Renfrewshire. Ardgowan, the seat of Sir Michael
Shaw Stewart, on the lawns, Mr. A. Edgar, and Mr. Murray.
Abundant in the immediate neighbourhood of Greenock, Mr. W,
M'Dermaid. Fl. July, Aug. 1/.

A very slender and elegant plant, growing in lax tufts. Peduncles
long, mostly terminal. Flowers half an inch long, at first drooping,
pale purplish blue.

1

78 PENTAND. MONOG.

19. JASIONE.

1. J. montaiia (Sheep's Bit or Sheep's Scabious). Lightf, p. 504.
E B. t, 882.

Hab. Dry hilly pastures, as at Chatelherault, by Hamilton ; at Bro-
dic Castle, in the Isle of Arran, &c., Lightf. Dry sandy places
about Glasg., frequent, Hopk. Fl. June, July. ©.

Stem 6 — ^^10 inches high, branched upward. Leaves rough, oblongo-
lanceolate. Flowers bright blue, in terminal dense hemispherical
heads, with a many- leaved involucre. Cal. small, superior, 5-
toothed. Cor. cut into 5 deep segments. Anthers united at the
base : and thus W£is placed in the class Syngenesia by the older
writers.

20. LOBELIA.

1. L. Dortmanna (IVater Lobelia) ^ leaves linear 2-celIed entire,
scape nearly naked, flowers racemed. Light/', p. 505. t, 2i.
E. B. t. 140.

Hab. Frequent in almost every freshwater lake in Scotland, and par-
ticularly in tlie Highlands and western isles, growing near the
edges of the water, Lightf. In Bardowie and Mugdoch lakes, near
Glasg., plentifully, Hopk. Fl. August. "2/.

Leaves about 2 inches long, immersed in the water, erecto-patent, a
little curved backward, with two tubes or cells ! Scape flowering
above water, with 1 or 2 scales near the base, rounded, 1 foot high.
Flowers distant on the raceme. Peduncles short, with a small brac-
tea at their base, single-fiowered. Flowers pale blue, a little
drooping. Cal. tubular. Cor. subinfundibuliform, slit down on the
upper side, limb of 5 irregular spreading segments, a little bearded
at the base. Fruit erect.

21. IMPATIENS.
1. I. Noli' we-t 071 gere [yellow Balsam), joints of the stem

swelling, leaves ovate serrated petiolate, peduncles solitary

many-flowered. E. B. t. 937.
Hab, Moist groves. Abundant in a wet glen at Castlemilk, perhaps

escaped from a garden, Hopk. Fl. July, Aug. 0 .
Stem 1 foot high, rounded, succulent, fragile. Flowers \wcge, yellow,

spotted with orange. Cal. of 2 yellow green leaves. Cajos. bursting

elastically and scattering its seeds with considerable force.

22. VIOLA.

* Stigma acute, recurved (stipules undivided).

1. V. hirta (hairy Violet), stemless, leaves cordate rough, as

well as the petioles and capsules, with hairs, cal. obtuse.

E. B. t. 894.
Hab. Woods and pastures. Blackford hills, and links between Cock^

en^ie and Gosford, Maugh. Guillon links, E. Lothian, Mr. Ar-

nott. Fl. May. 7/.
Flower-stalks taller than the leaves, and bearing below the middle two

small bracteas.

PE^JTAND.— MONOG. 77

2. V. odorata {sweet VioUl), stemless, throwing out runners,
leaves heart-shaped ghibrous, as well as the petioles, cal.
obtuse. Light/, p. 507. E. B. ^.619.

Hab. Hedges and banks, common. Fl. March, April. % .

Leaves broader than the last, glabrous or nearly so. Flotvers larger,
deeper purple, often white. Pair of bracteas above the middle of
the peduncle. — The Sorbet of the Turks, according to Hasselquist,is
made of these flowers and sugar. Used as a cosmetic by the High-
land ladies of former times, as a))pears by the following lines trans-
lated from the Gaelic, and given in Light/, *' Anoint thy face with
goat's milk in which violets have been infused, and there is not a
young prince upon earth who will not he charmed with thy beauty."

3. V. palusiris {Marsh Violet), stemless, leaves reniform quite
smooth veiny beneath, cal. obtuse, spur very short. Light/,
p. 506. E. B, t. 444.

Hab. Bogs and marsliy grounds, not unfrequient. Fl. May^ June. 1/ .
Flowers very pale,

4. V. canina {Dog's Violet), stem at length ascending channel-
led, leaves cordate acute, stipules long dentato-ciliate, cal.
acute. Light/, p. 508. E. B. t. (520.

Hab. Woods, banks and pastures, frequent. Fl. April, May. 21,

5. V. lactea {cream-coloured Violet), stem ascending, leaves
ovato-lanceolate smooth, stipules dentate, cal. acute. E. B.
t, 445.

Hab. Hilly pastures, near Peebles, Maugh. Fl.Jime. %.

Flowers cream-coloured. M'hole plant much smaller than the last j
but, notwithstanding the different form of the leaves. Smith, in a
subsequent number of the E. Bof., is disposed to consider it only
a variety of canina, probably arirsing from poorness of soil. It is
common on the sandy dunes oi Holland and France, and is the V.lan-
ci/olia of Decandolle.

** Stigma erect, large and per/orated {stipules deeply divided.) .
6. V. tricolor {Pansy Violet, or Heart* s-Ease), stem angled

branched spreading, leaves oblong deeply crenate, stipules

lyrate pinnatifid.
Hab. Corn-fields, frequent. Fl. summer months. ©.
Plant varying much, especially in the size and colour of the flowers.
7. V. liitea {yellow Moiintain Violet), stem simple erect, leaves

ovato-oblong crenate, stipules deeply lobed palmate. Liohtf.

p. 508 {Vgrandiflora), E. B. ^ 721.
Hab. Hilly pastures and mountains, common. Cathkin hills, near

Glasg., plentiful, Hopk. Arthur's Seat, Mr. Neill. Corstorphine

and Pentland hills, Maugh. Fl. June — Sept. 1/ .
Flowers very large, showy, often yellow. When purple, the V.

amana of authors, I have a singular var. brought by Mr. Murray

from Arran, with much broader leaves, deeper gi-een and bright

yellow flowers.

78 PENTAND. — MONOG.

23. VERBASCUM.

1. K Thapsus {great Mullein), leaves decurrent woolly on both
sides, stem simple, 2 stam. longer, glabrous. Lighif. p, 143.
E, B, t. 549.

Hab. Dry sandy places, between N. and S. Weems, on the coast of
Fife, Light/. Waste ground occasionally about Glasg. Calder-
wood, Ure. Banks of the Clyde below Renfrew and Woodhall,
Hopk. Highlands, not uncommon, Mr. Arnott. Blackford -hill,
Edinb., Maugh. Fl. July. ^ .

Stem 4 — 5 feet high, angular, winged. Leaves thick, excessively woolly,
ovate or oblong. Spike long, cylindrical, dense. Flowers hand-
some golden yellow, when dried in the sun giving out a fat matter
used in Alsace as a cataplasm in hiemorrhoidal complaints. 3 Stam.
hairy, 2 long glabrous ; therefore incorrectly figured in E. Bot.

2. V. Lychnitis (white Mullein), leaves oblong-wedge-shaped
nearly glabrous on the upper side, stem angled paniculate.
Uglitf. p. 143. E. B. t. 58.

Hab, Road -sides. Back-walk at Stirling, called Edmonston's walk.
Light/. Lane leading from the glass-works to the Clyde, Dumbar-
ton, Hopk. Kenmore, Breadalbane, Maugh. Fl. July. (J .

Flowers numerous, rather small, cream-coloured. Leaves below very
woolly. Stam. hairy.

3. y . pulverulentum {yellow hairy Mullein) , leaves ovato-oblong
subserrate pulverulento-tomentose on both sides, stem round-
ed panicled. E. B, t. 487.

Hab. In a den near C'ullen, Maugh. Fl. July. ^ .
Remarkable for the mealy down on the leaves, which is easily sepa-
rated from the substance of the leaf. Floivers large, handsome,

4. V. nigrum {dark Mullein), leaves oblongo-cordate petiolate
crenate subpubescent. E. B, t. 59.

Hab. Links between Seton and Gosford, Dr. Yule. Banks of the
river Esk opposite Coalpits, and at Borthwick Castle, Maugh. Fl.
July, Aug. "U .

Leaves nearly glabrous, dark green. Flowers in clusters, on the al-
most simple long spike. Cor. rather large, yellow. Stam. with
bright purple hairs. ^

24. HYOSCYAMUS.

1. H. niger {common Henbane), leaves amplexicaul sinuated,
flowers nearly sessile. Lighif. p. 144. E. B. ^.591.

Hab. "Waste places near towns and villages. Firth of Forth, Mr. Ar-
nott. Cathcart, Dr. Brown. Rocks, Dumbarton castle, Hopk.
Fl. June. O or (? .

Stem much branched, rounded. Whole plant covered with unctuous,
fetid hairs. Leaves subovate, Cal. veined, as is the large dingy
yellow cor., with brownish lines. — Highly narcotic,

25. ATROPA,
1 . A. Belladonna {deadly Nightshade), stem herbaceous, leaves
ovate undivided. Light/, p. 144. E. B. /. 592.

PENTAND. MONOG. 79

Hab. Hedges and waste places. King's park at Stirling and at I-colm-
kill, Lightf. Banks of the Cart, near Cathcart Mill, Dr. Brown.
Ruins of Borthwick-castle, Mr. P. Neill and Maiigh. Den of Bon-
nington near Montrose, Prof. Beattie. FL June, 7/ .

Stems 'A feet or more high, rounded. Leaves entire, in pairs of un-
equal sizes. Flowers axillary, on solitary peduncles, drooping,
lurid purple. Berries shining black, injurious when taken inter-
nally J their effects best counteracted by drinking plentifully of
vinegar.

26. SOLANUM.

1. S. Dulcamara [tvoody Nightshade^ or Bitter-sweet), stem
without thorns shrubby climbing, leaves cordate glabrous, su-
perior ones hastate, corymbs opposite the leaves drooping.
Lightf. p. 145. E. B. ^ 565.

Hab. Moist hedges, but not common. At the end of Dalkeith nearest
to Edinburgh, Dr. Parsons. Frequent about Glasg., and with white
flowers, Hopk. About Edinb. and Balquidder, Mr. Arnott. Gart-
more. Dr. Grahame. Banks of the Esk, above Musselburgh j and
by the water of Leith, near Gorgie, Maitgh. Fl. June, July. Ij .

Flowers purple, with 2 green tubercles at the base of each segment.
Anthers large, yellow, united into a pyramidal or cone-shaped figure.
Berries red, oval.

2. S. nigrum (common or Garden Nightshade), stem without
thorns herbaceous, leaves ovate bluntly toothed and waved,
umbels lateral drooping. Lightf. p. 145. E. B. t. 566.

Hab, Waste places, near towns and villages, frequent. Fl. July, Sept.

Flowers white. Berries spherical, black.

27. ERYTHR.^A.

1. E. Centaurium {common ErythrceaoY Centaury), stem nearly
simple, leaves ovato-oblong, flowers sessile (or nearly so) fas-
ciculato-paniculate, cal. half as long as the tube of the cor.
Pers. Syn. PL v.\. p. 283. Lightf. p. 152 {Gentiana Cent.)
E.B. t. 4\7 {Chironia Cent.).

Hab, Dry pastures, not unfrequent, Lightf. Fl. July, Aug. ©.

Stem 8 inches to a foot high. Radical leaves spreading, broader than
the cauline ones, three-nerved. Panicles of flowers fascicled near
the top of the stem, and forming a sort of corj-mbus. Flower
large, rose coloured.

2. E. pulchella {dwarf -Iranched Erythrcea), stem very much
branched, leaves ovato-oblong, flowers pedicel eate in lax pa-
nicles, c'al. as long as the tube of the cor. E. B. i, 458 [Chi-
ronia pulch.) .

Hab. Sandy places, especially near the sea. Near Guillon Links,
D. Don^. Fl. Aug., Sept. ©.

* May not Mr. D. Don, as his father had done, have mistaken the E. lit'
toralis for this ? especially since Guillon Links are given as the station iov
the latter by Mr. Maughan.

m

PENTAND. MONOG.

Stem 2 — 4 or 6 inches high^ very slender, and much branched from
near the base, Z-*«wicZe5 spreading;, dichotomous with a single flower-
stalk between the brar.ches.

S. E.littoralis {dwarf Sea-side Erythrcea), stem simple or much
branched, leaves ovato- oblong, flowers sessile eapitato-pani-
culate, cal. as long as the tube, deeply cleft. Don, Fasc.
{C.pidchella). E. B. /. 2305 {Ckiroiiia lilt.).

Hab. Fi-uit discovered, I believe, by G.Don. Sea-coast of Elgin, near
Brodie House, James Brodie, Esq. of Brodie. Guillon Links, Maugh.
Shores of the Moray Firth, D. Don. Fl. June. © .

Rarely exceeding 2- — 3 inches high, stout in proportion to its height,
very leafy j radical leaves small, lower cauline leaves almost linear
obtuse. Cal. segments very long, in my specimens scarcely united
by a membrane as in the two other species, and as long as the
tube : but most of the characters here laid down are said by Mr.
Turner to vary in specimens he has seen, and I doubt if the plant
be really distinct from the E. Centaur'mm.

28. SAMOLUS.

1. S. Valerandi {Brook- weed ov IVater Pimpernel), leaves ob-
tuse, racemes many -flowered, pedicels with a small bractea.
Light/, p, 142. EiB.t. 703.

Hab. Mai shy places, but not very frequent. Isle of Gigha, Light/.
Banks of the Clyde avid Bowling-bay, plentiful, Hopk. Largs,
Bute, and Arran, Mr. Murray. Lime-kilns, Fifeshire, and Guillon
Links, near Edinb., Maugh. Fl. July. 11 .

Stem 8 — 10 inches high, rounded, glabrous, as well as the ovate sub-
petiolate and entire fleshy leaves, i^/ozters small, white. Ca/. small,
5 -toothed.

29. LONICERA.

1. L. Caprijolium {pale perfoliate Honeysuckle), flower si'mgeut
whorled terminal sessile, upper leaves connato-perfoliate.
E. B. t. 799.

Hab. Collington woods, Maugh. and Mr. Weatherhead. Corstor-
phine-hill, and hedges near Dalmeny, Linlithgowshire, Maugh. Fl.
June. Tj .

Berries smooth, orange-coloured.

2. L. Fericlymenum {common Honeysuckle or Woodbine), flow-
ers ringent capitate tecminal, leaves all distinct. Lightf. p. 1 43,
£. B. t. 800.

Hab. Woods and hedges, frequent. A var. with deeply notched
leaves is found in a small wood at Calderbridge, Hopk. Fl. July. Tj ,

Berries red. The stems of both species invariably twine in the same
direction.

30. RHAMNUS.

1. Rh. catharticus {Buckthorn), spines terminal, flowers 4-cleft
dioecious, leaves ovate sharply serrated. Lightf. p. 1092.
E. B. t. 1629.

Hab. About Dumfries, Mr. Yalden. Fl. Mav. I7 .

PENTAN D . MONO€. 81 ^

Spreading shrub. Pe/a/* very small. Stigmas 4Aohed. Flowers much
clustered on short footstalks, yellow green. Berries black, nauseous,
strongly cathartic ; they afford a yellow dye in an unripe state, as
does the bark a green dye, when mature.

2. Rh. Fra?igula {Berry -heating v^^/^er), unarmed, flowers per-
fect, leaves obovate smooth entire. K. B. t, *250.

Hab. Cullum-wood, near Auchincruive, Ayrshire, Mr. Smith. FL
May. ^ .

Small shrub. Flowers small, few, two or three together, axillary, on
longish footstalks, whitish green. Petals very minute, as well as
the stam. Berries dark purple with two seeds, purgative.

31. EUONYMUS.

1. E. enropcpus {Spindle Tree), flowers mostly tetrandrous^ pe-
duncles compressed many-flowered, leaves ovato-lanccolate on
short footstalks, branches smooth. Liglitf.pAA^. E.B.t.*S62.

U\T\. Woods and hedges in many places, according to Sibbald ', but
I found it not myself, Light/. King's Park, Edinb. and near Craig-
millar Castle, Maugh. Ft. May. V; .

Shrub 3 — 5 feet high : bark green, smooth. Leaves opposite, gla-
brous, serrated. Panicles forked. Flowers small, white. Cal. seg-
ments and petals 4 or 5. Stam. upon glands in the disk of the
cal. Fruit f) -angled, but much less acutely so than in E. latifoiius.
— Berries and even leaves said to be dangerous. Of the tough wood
skewers are made, and Linnaeus says it forms the best charcoal for
drawing.

32. RIBES.

* Without thorns,

1. R. riibrum {common Currant), without thorns erect, racemes
glabrous pendulous, flowers nearly plane, petals obtuse.

Hab. Isle of Isla among brushwood, on the banks of the Sound, Light/.

Culross woods, Maugh. FL May. Tp .
Leaves 5-lobed, doubly serrated, on longish footstalks j a small scale

or bractea at the base of each pedicel. Flowers greenish. Fruit

red, crowned with the withered cal.

2. R. petrceum {Rock Currant), without thorns erect, racemes
when in flower erect in fruit pendulous slightly downy, flowers
nearly plane, petals bluntish, bracteas shorter than the pe-
dicel.' E. B. i. 705.

Hab. Woods near Airly-castle, by the river-side, G.Don. FL May. I7 .

Leaves as in the last species, but a little downy beneath. Differs from
R. .spicafum in having the fruit pendulous 3 but Smith doubts hint-
self if that character is permanent. Berries red.

3. R. aljiinum {tasteless Monniain Currant), without thorns
erect, racemes erect both in flower and fruit, flowers j)Iane
shorter than the bracteas, leaves shining beneath. /*?£'/«//'./>. 146.
E.B.t.704.

Hab. \Voods and fissures of rocks. Dr. Parsons. FL May. T^ .

G

8i PENTAND.— MONOG.

Leaves small, frequently 3 -lobedj lobes acute, deeply serrated. Racemes
few-flowered ; flowers small. Berries red.

4. R. nigrum {black Currant), without thorns erect, racemes
lax pubescent pendulous with a simple flower-stalk at their
base, flowers campanulate, bracteas shorter than the pedicels,
leaves punctato-glandulose beneath. Lig/itf. p. 146. E, B.
M291.

Hab, Woods. Wood on the bank of the Sound of Isla, with Jl. ru-
brum, Lighff. Auchindenny woods, Mr. E. Shuter and Maugh.
FLMay. Tj .

Leaves large, 5-lobed, serrate. Pedlceh long. Berries large, black.

** Thorny.

5. R. Grossularia {rough Gooseberry), branches prickly, leaves
rounded and lobed, peduncles hairy, pedicels single-flowered
with a pair of minute bracteas, fruit hairy. E. B, t, 1292.

Hab. Hedges and woods. Hamilton woods, apparently indigenous,

Hopk. Fl. Apr. May. Pi .
The thorns are by some considered indurated stipules, since they spring

from the point of insertion of the leaves. The R. Uva crispa is but

a var. of this, with the bracteas united for the greater part of tlieir

length, and the fruit smooth.

33. HEDERA.

6. H. Helix (common Ivy), leaves 5-lobed the lobes angular,
floral leaves ovate, umbel erect. Lightf.p, 146. JS. B. t, 1267.

Hab. Rocks and trunks of trees. Fl. Oct. Nov. T^ •
Sterna long, creeping, throwing out numerous radicles with which they
adhere to hard substances. Leaves very shining, dark green, often
veined with whitish lines. Flowers small, pale green. Cal. teeth
very minute. Petals reflexed. — Ointment made of the leaves much
valued by the Highlanders as a cure for burns. Dr. Stuart.

34. GLAUX.

I. Gl. maritima {black Salt-iuort). Light/, p. 147. -E. B, t. 13.

Hab. Sea-shore in muddy places, abundant. Fl. July. 7/ .

Steioi 2 — 4 or 5 inches high, stout, branched, often procumbent, red-
dish. Leaves ovate, smooth, fleshy, entire, sessile, small. Flowers
sessile, solitary, axillary, rose coloured, with 5 obtuse spreading
lobes.

35. VINCA.

1. V. minor {lesser Periwinkle), stems procumbent, leaves ob-
longo-lanceolate their margins as well as the small lanceolate
teeth of the cal. glabrous, LightJ. p. 147. E. i?. ^ 917.

Hab. Coryton woods. Dr. Parsons. Kelburn and Skilmerlie woods,
Mr. Murray. Woods, Bothwell, but introduced, Hopk. Fl. May,
June. If. .

2. V, major {greater Periwinkle), stem suberect, leaves ovato-

PENTAND.— DIGYN* 83

subcordate, their margins as well as those of the elongated su-
bulate segments of the cal. ciliated. E. B- /. 514.
. Hab. Woods. Duiidas hill, Mr. P. Neill. CoUington woods, Maugh,
With the former in Kelburn and Skilmerlie woods, Mr. Murray.
^ Fl. May. H .

Twice the size of the former in all its parts. Cor. in both mostly pur-
ple, but varyine; in intensity. '^Tlie Anthers, Stigma, and Fruit (a
follkh) are highly curious in this genus.

2. DIGYNIA.

36. CHENOPODIUM.

* Leaves semicylindrical, fleshy.

1. Ch. marttimum {Sea-side Goo5(?/boi), leaves glabrous subulate
semicylindrical fleshv, flowers clustered axillary sessile. LightJ»
p. 150. E.B.i.QSS.

IIar, Sea-coast in many places. Near M'KenUon's castle, Skye j at
Glen-beg, and Loch Broom, Light/ . Banks of the Clyde at He-
lensburgh and Ardencaple, plentiful, Hop A:. Aberlady Bay, Mr.Ar^
nott. Fl. Aug. Sept. 0.

Surely the SaJsoht fruticosa of E. Bot. should be^ as is done by Brown
and DecandoUe, removed to this genus.

** Leaves plane, undivided, and entire.

2. Ch. olidum [stinking Goosefoot), leaves ovato-rbomboid
entire, flowers in dense clustered spikes, stem diffuse. LigktJ,
p. 149 {Ch. Fidvaria). E. B. t. 1034.

Hab. W^aste places and under walls, especially near the sea. Fisher^

row Links, Edinb., Maugh. Fl. Aug. 0.
Leaves greasy to tlie touch, and covered with a pulverulent subs^anqS,

wliich gives out a most detestable odour, compared to putrid salt

fish. Leaves ^etioldte, small.

3. Cii. polyspermum {round -leaved Goosefoot), leaves ova'e en-
tire, racemes snbcymose divaricate leafless, stem decumbent
or erect. Light/, p. 150. E. B, t. 1430 and t. 14SI {Cli. am-
ti/'olium) .

Hab. Waste places and on rubbish, frequent. Fl. Aug. Sept. ©.
Leaves petiolate, more or less acute, branches long. Stalks squ^re^

often reddish. Seeds (or rather seed-vessels) brown, shining, very

apparent, and very numerous.

*•** Leaves plane, toothed, or lobed.

4. Ch. Bonus Henricjis {perennial Goosefoot, or good King
Henry), leaves triangular arrow shaped entire, spikes com-
pound terminal and axillary erect leafless. Light/, p. 147*
E. B.t A03S.

Hab. Waste places vand way-sides, frequent. Fl. Aug. 1/ .
Leaves large, dark green. ' Stem 1 foot high, striated. — Used whep
boiled instead of spinach.

5. Ch. urhicum {upright Goosefoot), leaves triangujar tootjhed,

G 2

w^84 fENTAND. DIGYN.

racemes long erect approaclnng the stem subsimple nearly
leafless. Lightf. p. 148. E.B. t.TM,
Hab. Waste phices and under walls in towns and villages. Fl. Aug, 0 ,
Stems erect, angular. Leaves large, truncate at their base, light or sub-
glaucous green , their margins deeply and irregularly toothed. Floin-
ers on the racemes in rather small but distant clusters, very long
and erect. Seeds large, " as big as rape seed " (Sm.).

6. Ch. riibrum [red GooseJ'oot) , leaves rhomboido-triangular
deeply toothed and sinuated, racemes erect compound leafy.
Light/, p. 148, E.B, t.\72\.

Hab. Dunghills and under walls. Fl. Aug. Sept. G.
Darker green than the last. Stems reddish. Leaves lengthened out
< at the base, by no means truncate. Racemes very compound.
Seeds small.

7. Ch. murale {Net tie- leaved Goosefooi), leaves ovateapproacli-
ing to rhomboid acute toothed shining, racemes much branch-
ed subcymose leafless. Lightf. p. 148. E, B. t, 1722.

Hab. Under walls and in waste places about towns and villages.
F/. Aug. O.

Branches of the raceme spreading. Flowers rather distant. Smell un-
pleasant.

8. Ch. hybridum (Maple-leaved Goosefoot), leaves cordate an-
gulato-dentate acuminate, clusters very much branched sub-
cymose divaricated leafless. Lightf. p. 149. E. B. t. 1919.

Hab. Waste places and in cultivated fields- but not common, Lightf.

About Edinburgh, G. Don. Fl. Aug. 0 .
^^ems slender, leaves large with very prominent teeth or angles. Ra-
cemes much like the last, but branches more distant and spreading.

9. Ch. album {ivhite Goosefoot)^ leaves ovate inclining to rhom-
boid erose entire at the base upper ones oblong perfectlv entire,
racemes branched somewhat leafy, seeds smooth. Lightf.
p. 148. E.B.t.\72S.

/3. Leaves greener more entire, racemes elongate more branched.

Hab. Waste places, dunghills, ifec. common. FL July, Aug. 0.

Leaves covered with a mealy substance, varying in width and in the
erosion or blunt toothing of the upper half of the margins of the
leaves. When nearly entire, it is the Ch. viride of Linn.

37. BETA.
J. B. mariiima (Sea -side Beet), stems procumbent at the base,
flowers solitary or in pairs, calycine segments entire. Lightf.

p.150. E.kl.2d. ' ^ ^ " -^

Hab. Sea-shore, in muddy places. Bass Island, Dr. Parsons. Op-
posite Gosfordgate, Mr. P. Neill. Sea-shore, near Kirkcaldy,
Maugh., and Mr. Somerville. Near Crammond, Dr. Willis. 11.
August. 1/ .

Root large, thick, fleshy. Stem tall, branched, angular. Radical
leaves subovate, succulent, entire, waved. Spikes of flowers nu-
merous, leafy j leaves small at the base of each flower or pair of

PENTAND. DIGYN. 8o

flowers, greenish. — Decandolle suys this is biennial, and distinguishes
it Irom the common Beet, B. vulgaris, in having- one or two instead
of three or four flowers in the axil of the upper leaves. This is
esteemed a wholesome food when boiled.

38. SALSOLA.
1. S. Kali {prickly Saltwort), stem herbaceous prostrate, leaves

subulate spinous scabrous, segments of the perianth margined

scariose. Lightf. p. 151. E. B. t. 634.
Hab. Sandy sea-shores, frequent. Fl. July. O . ,
Stem angled, very much branched. Flowers solitary, pale reddish,

sessile, with three leaf-like bracteas at the base of each. — Much

used in some countries in the manufacture of alkali.

39. ULMUS.

1. U. campestris ^ {common Elm), leaves doubly serrated sca-
brous unequal at the base, flowers nearly sessile 4-cleft with
4 stam., fruit oblong naked (Sm.). Light f. p\ 151. E. B,
t. 1886.

Hab. Woods and hedges, common. FL April. ^ .
A large tree with rugged bark. Flowers in dense heads^ each sub-
tended by a small scale or bractea,

2. v. glabra {smooth" leaved or IVychElm), leaves doubly ser-
rated smooth unequal at the base, flowers nearly sessile 5-
cleft, fruit obovate naked cloven {Sm.), Lightf. p. 152
(mentioned as a var. of U. cavipestris). E. B. t. 2248.

Hab. Common in Scotland, in woods and hedges as far north a^
Ross-shire, Sutherland, Lightf. Ft. March, April. ^ • ' ••

Leaves narrower and smooth, except on the under side^ where they are
a little rough. Bark, too, smooth. ^ .

3. U. montana {broad -leaved Elm), leaves doubly serrated
pointed rough unequal at the base, flowers on short stalks
effuse 5 — 6-cleft witii 5 — 6 stam., fruit roundish naked.
E.B.t.lSSJ.

Hab, Common in Scotland, and certainly a native, Lightf. FiJ. April.

A very handsome tree, with spreading branches and large leaves y and
very distinct on the first aspect from the other kinds. The difltrent
species of Elm have, however, not been so satlstactorily defined as
could be wished. They flower early, and, as is the case with trees
in general in our climate, before the appearance of the leaves : and

"^ I have had no means of ascertaining whether this, or, as I rather sus-
pect, the (J. snbcrosa oi E. B. be the common Ehn of Scotland ; and Light-
fool's description does not at all help nie. The characters of U. snberosa are,
" Leaves doubly and sharply seriated, pointed, rough, unctjual at the base.
Flowers on short stalks, 4 — 5-cleft, with 4 — 5 stam. Fruit roundibh, cloven;
branches spreading, their bark corky." Sm. in E.B. t.'Zi^i- Probably
both species will prove to be aalives of Scotland.

86 PENTAND. DIGYN.

the different fetates of the plant, the flowers, leaves and fruit, should
be carefully examined from the same individual tree. — U. montcoui
produces good timber. The inner bark is esteemed anti>icorbutic,
and the Highlanders also make ropes of it. Light/, p. 1094.

40. CUSCUTA.

1. C. eiiropcea (greater Dodder), flowers sessile, cor. 4— 5-clcfk
without any scale at the base of the stam., stigmas simple.
£. J5. /.378.

Had. Parasitic on nettles, flax, &c., rare. On lint, in a field near
Musselburgh, Mr. P. Neill. Fl. Aug. Sept. O.

Stems filiform, long, red, climbing, with small tubercles for roots, per-
fectly leafless. Flowers clustered, pale yellownsh rose colour.

2. C. Epilhymitm {lesser Dodder), flowers sessile, cor. mostly 4-
cleft with a small fringed scale at the base of each stam., stig*
mas simple. Lifrhif. p, 1090 (C. etiropcea), E. B, t. 55 5
and descr. p. 378.

Hab. On furze, heath, thyme and other plants in exposed hilly si-
tuations. On furze bushes near Mollance in Galloway, Dr. Bur-
gess, Rare about Glasgow. On flax at Hamilton and Woodhall,
Hopk. — May not this be the C. europ.? FL July. Aug. 0.(1/?
Sm.)

Smaller than the last, but well distinguished by the scales on the cor,

41. GENTIANA.

* Month of the Cor. naked, not ciliated,

1. G, nivalis {small alpine Gentian), cor. 5-cleft infundibuli-
form, branches alternate 1 -flowered, cauline leaves lanceolate*
E. B. t. 896.

Hab. Ben Lawers, Dickson. Fl. Aug. © .

Ohe inch to four inches high, rarely simple. Leaves elliptical, upper
ones narrower. Flowers brilliant blue. Cor. with small segments
between the larger ones. Cal. with 5 teeth and as many angles,
which are tinged with reddish brown.

** Mouth of the Cor. ciliated,

2. G. amarella {autumnal Gentian), cor. 5-cleft hypocrateri-
form bearded in the orifice, cal. 5-cleft^ segments equal.
Light/, p, 152. E.B. /. 236.

Hab. Dry mountainous pastures, but not common, Lightf. Links to
the eastward of Cockenzie, Maugh. Guillon Links, Mr. Aniott,
Links of St. Fergus, Mr. Murray. Fl. Aug. ©.

Sixto eight or ten inches high. »S<ew square. jLewre* ovato-lanceolate^,
nerved . Flowers large , purplish .

3. G. campestris {Field Gentian), cor. 4-cleft hypocraterifornj
bearded in the orifice, cal. of 4 leaflets two outer ones very
large. Light/, p, 152. E. B, t. 237.

Hab. Upland pastures, especially in the Highlands, frequent, Lightf,
About Kenmuir and Airdrie^, Hopk. Hills between Pcttycur and

PENTAND. PIGYN. 87

Burntisland ; and King's Park, Edinb., Maugh. Pentland hills j
Breadalbane and Balquidder, Kinross-shire, Mr. Arnott. Old Kil-
patrick hills, Bute and Arran, and about Glasg., Mr. Murray.
Except in the above characters, much resembling the last. All the
Gentians contain the bitter principle abundantly. This is said by
Linn, to be used by the poor in Sweden instead of hops.

Flowers of 5 petals, superior , 2-seedcd. Umbellatjg.
A. Umbels with a partial and universal involucre.

42. ERYNGIUM.

1. E. 7naritimum (Seaside Eryngo), radical leaves rounded
plaited spinous, scales of the receptacle three-cleft. Light/.
p. 153. E,B.t. 7 IS,

Hab. Sea-coast in sandy places, frequent j as at Musselburgh, Dun-
bar, Largo in Fife, Mackrianish Bay in Cantire, Jona, &c., Lighff.
St. Andrews, &c., Mr. Arnott. Coast of Ayr, Mr. Murray. Bute,
near Mount Stewart, Maugh. ^ Ft. July, Aug. y. .

Whole plant very stiff and rigid, glaucous. Lectye^ veined. Flowers
blue. — The roots are good, candied, and Linnaeus recommends the
shoots, when blanched, to be eaten like asparagus.

43. HYDROCOTYLE.

1. H. vulgaris [Marsh Penny-wort), leaves peltate orbicular

crenate, umbels of 5 — 8 flowers. Light/, p, 154. E, B.

^.751.
Hab. Bogs and banks of lakes, frequent. Fl. June. X .
Stems creeping, from their joints producing clusters of petiolatecJ

leaves, and simple flower-stalks, which are much shorter than the

petioles. Flowers reddish.

44. SANICULA.

1. S. europcea (Wood Sanicle), radical leaves simple, flowers

all sessile. Light/, p. 154. E, B. /. 98.
Woods, very abundant. Fl. May, June. % .
Leaves mostly radical, subpalmate, lobed and finely serrated^ almost

filiated. UmheU oi /lowers roundish, whitish.

45. CAUCALIS.

1. C. anthriscus (upright Hedge-Parsley), leaves bipinnate,
leaflets ovato-lanceolate, umbels of many close rays, general
involucre of many leaves, branches nearly upriffht. Liehlf.
p. 155. E,B.i,m, ^ ^ ^ -^

Hab. Hedges and waste places. Fl. Aug. 0.

Stem 2—3 feet high. Fruit covered with incurved bristles.

2. C. in/esta {spreading Hedge- Parsley), leaves pinnate, leaf-
lets lanceolate almost pinnatifid, umbels of many close rays,
involucre often wanting, branches spreading. Light/, p, Li5
(C. arvensis). E, B, t, 1314.

Hab. Corn-fields, Isle of Lismore, near Upper-Lorn, &c.,I,?^/?.(/'. Road-
sides about Edinb., common, Mr. Greville. Fl. June, July. 0 .

88

PENTaND. DIGYN.

3. C. nodosa {knotted Caucalis, or Hedge- Parsley)^ umbels

lateral simple subsessile, stem prostrate. E. B. t. 199.
Hab. Waste places by road-sides, &c. Bank below Salisbury Craig,

towards Duddingston Loch, and by the road-side leading from

Drummore to Preston, Mauf^h. Fl. June. 0.
Leaves bipinnate, leaflets shortly cut. Umheh capitate, opposite the

base of a leaf. Flowers reddish. Fetals very small. External
fruits of the umbels most bristly, striated, subcylindrical.

4C. DAUCUS.

I. D. Cnruta {wild Carrot), stem hispid, leaves 2 — 3 pinnate,
leaflets cut linear-lanceolate acute, fruit- bearing umbel con-
cave, fruit bristly. Liglitf\ p. 156. E. B. t. 1174.

Hab, Pastures and borders of fields, common. Fl. July. ^.

The origin of the cultivated carrot. — In the English !>. maritimus, the
leaflets are much broader, and the fruit-bearing umbel convex. Is
it really a distinct species ?

47. BUNIUM.

1. B. Bulhocastamim {common Earth-nut), general involucre
of scarcely 3 leaves, leaves tripinnate linear glabrous, fruit
ovate. Lightf. p. 156. ^. B. t. 98S {B, Jiexuosum),

Hab. Woods and pastures, frequent.

Itoot a large, ovate, single, esculent tuber, from which spring the stem,
about 1 foot high, and a few radical leaves. Whole plant slender.

48. CONIUM.

1. C. maculatum {common Hemlock), seeds without prickles,
stem much branched polished and spotted. Lightf, p. 157.
E. B. i, 1191.

Hab. Wiiste places, banks, &c., frequent. Field near the Bridewell,
. Glasg,, abundant, Hopk. Fl. June, July. ^ .

Slem 2 — 4 feet high. Leaves much divided in a pinnated manner.
Leaflets ovato-lanceolate, shining, serrated : when bruised, fetid.
General involucre of several short, ovato-lanceolate leaves; partial
ones subsetaceous, all on one side. Fruit ovate, smooth, furrowed.
Highly narcotic and dangerous in large quantities : has been much
used medicinally in ulcerous and cancerous disorders.

49. SELINUM.

1. S. palustre {Marsh Milk- Parsley), lactescent, leaflets pin-
iiatifid, segments linear-lanceolate, stem solitary striated, rays
of the umbels pubescent, styles after flowering divaricating,
£. B, t. 229.

Hab. Marshes, rare. Ditch at Ardencaple wood^ Hopk. FL July. "U .

Three to live feet high, much branched above. Umbels large. Invo-
lucres of many, lanceolate, submembranaceous leaves. Root said to
be used by the Russians instead of ginger. Sm.

50. PEUCEDANUM.

I, p. Silaus [Meadow Sulphur-wort) y leaves tripiuuate, leaflet?

PEMTAND. DIGYN. 89

linear-lanceolate opposite, general involucre of 1 — 2 leaves,

E, B. t, 2142.
Hab. Borders of corn-fields, near Oxenford castle; and roml-sides,

near Kelso, Maugh. FL July. 1/ .
One foot to two feet high Umhellules small, distant. Flowers pale

yellow. Fruit ovate, furrowed, scarcely bordered.

51. CRITHMUM.

1. Cr. mariiimun (Sarnphire), leaflets lanceolate fleshy. LighlJ,
p. 158. E.B.t,8\9.

Hab. Rocks by the sea-side. In Galloway, Sihhald. Below Kirk-
cudbright, Kirkmaiden, between Mull and Kirkpatrick, Ligliff.
FL Aug. 11.

Whole plant very succulent, pale green. Leaves bi- triternate. Um-
bels crowded. Petals small, greenish white, ovate, incurved. Invo-
lucres all small, ovato-lanceolate. — Makes a warm aromatic pickle.

52. HERACLEUM.

1. H. sphondylium {common Cow-Parsnip), leaves pinnated,
leaflets pinnatifld incised serrated. LightJ', p. 158. E. B,
t, 939.

Hab. Meadows and borders of fields,, common. FL July. (^. (11,
Decand.)

Coarse rank weed, 4 — 5 feet high. Leaves large, serrated, sheath
inflated. A narrow-leaved var. is common, the II. angustifoliuni
of some authors. — Hogs are very fond of this plant, and hence in
Norfolk and Suffolk the name of Hog-weed,

53. LIGUSTICUM.

1. L. scoticum {Scottish Lovage), leaves biternate. LightJ'.
p. 159. jG. B. i, 1207.

Hab. Very frequent on the rocky coasts of Scotland. FL July. "}/ .

Root fusiform, reckoned a good carminative 3 leajiets large, broadly
ovate, deeply serrated, rather fleshy. Umbels large. Eaten raw
in Skye, and called Shunis. — The English Ligusticum Cornubiense
is by no means of this genus ; and, though supposed to be peculiar
to Cornwall"', has been long known as a native of Piedmont, and
figured in AUioni. It is the Danaa aquileg'ifolia of Decand. FL Gall.

2. L. Meum {common Spignel, Meu, or Bald-money), all the
leaflets setaceo-multipartite. Sm, Comp, p. 4Q, Ligktf^
p. 157 {Athamanta Meum). E. B. t.2249 {Meum atha-
manticum),

Hab. Mountainous pastures, not uncommon, In Lanarkshire;
about Dunkeld, Perthshire, and W. Uothian, Lightf. Kittochside
and Cross hill, in Kilbride, Ure. On Cathkin hills, and about
Balvie, Glasg., Hopk. Loch Lomond, and N. side of Loch Ness,
Mr, Murray. Highlands, more abundant. FL June. 11 ,

See B. B. p. 683.

00 PfiNTAND. ^DIGYN.

Root fusiform, euten by the Highlanders as an aromatic and carmina-
tive :— at its summits are the fibrous remains of former years' leaves.
Leaves long, dark green, above doubly pinnate. Flowers yellowish j
Fruit oblong, furrowed. — Remarkable'for its setaceous multifid leaf-
lets.

54. ANGELICA.

I. A. sylvestris {wild Avgelicoi)^ leaflets equal ovate serrated.
Lighif. p. \60. E,B.t,\\2S,

Hab. Moist woods and marshy places, frequent. Fl. July. 1/ .

P/(/wi very tall^ stout. »S^e»t purplish. JLmre.sbipinnate. Leciflets large,
ovate, acuminate, serrated, sometimes lobed at the base. Stalks
of the Umbels pubescent. A. archangeUca, which, being an inhabi-
tant of Sweden, Norway and Lapland, is very likely to be found also
in Scotland, differs principally in the terminal leaflet being lobed.
See E.B.t. 2561.

55. SIUM.

1. S. laiifoliiim {broad- leaved Waler-Parsiiip) , stem erect, leaves
pinnated, leaflets oblongo-lanceolate equally serrated, umbels
terminal. Light/, p. 1095. E. B. t.204,

Hab. Sides of lakes, ponds and rivulets, but rare. Loch at the corner
of the King's Park, Edinb., Mr. Yalden. Forth of Clyde Canal 3 m.
from Falkirk, towards Glasgow, Maugh. FL Aug. 11 .

Stem 3 — 4 f. high, fuiTowed. Fruit small. Leciflets distant^ 5 to 9 on
a leaf.

2. ^, an gusti folium {narrow-leaved Water-Parsnip) ,^\.em erect,
leaflets unequally lobed and serrated^ umbels pedunculate op-
posite the leaves. Lighlf, /;. 160. E.B,i. 139.

Hab. Ditches and rivulets, but not common. Dr. Parsons. Fl. July,

Aug. 1/ .
Much smaller than the last. Stem striated. Upper leaflets most unequal

and laciniate ; radical ones ovate, their lowermost leaflets distant.

3. S. nodiflorum {procumbent Wattr-Pursnip),%ie\n procumbent,
leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate sub-equally serrated, umbels ses-
sile opposite to the leaves. Lighlf. p, 161, E. B, /,639.

Hab. Sides of rivulets, Lightf. Fl. July. 1/ .

One and a half to two f. high. Lecrflets of the radical leaves sometimes

with a lobe at the biise on the upper margin. Petals but slightly

incurved.

4. S. repens {creeping Water- Parsnip), stem creeping, leaflets
broadly ovate inciso-dentate, umbels pedunculate opposite the
leaves. E.B. t. 1431.

Hab. Sides of rivers and boggy places, rare. Side of the river Fergus,
a little above the bridge of Ennis, Mr. J. T. Mackay. Guillon Loch,
Maugh. Fl. July, Aug. 1/ .

Stems 6 — 10 inches long. Lea/lets 5 — 9.

56. SISON.
1, S. verticillalum {whorled Honewort), leaflets all capillary in
whorled segments. Lighlf, p. 1096. E» B, 1, 395,

PENTAND. DIGYN. 91

Hab. Moist pastures. About GreeDOck, Mr. Hoitstoun. Nithsdale and
Galloway and in Annandale, particularly between the farm-hoiwe
of Stark in Ruthwell and the bathing place on the shore. Dr. Bur-
gess. Salt marshes not uncommon, about Glasgow. Banks of the
Clyde from Bowling-bay to Helensburgh, plentiful -, and at Luss,
Hopk. Isle of Bute, common, Maugh. FL July, Aug. IJ. .

Leaves mostly radical. A long main common petiole supports a num-
ber of opposite, capillary, multifid leaflets, whose spreading makes
them appear whorled. Stem a foot high, slender. Umbels few,
terminal. Involucres very small.

2. S. imindatum {Water Honewori), stem creeping, inferior
leaves capillaceo-inultipartite superior pinnatifid, umbels gene-
rally of two ravs. Lig/itf,p,\6\, E,B,i.227 {Hydroco-
iijle, Sm,FL Brit.).

Hab. Lakes and ponds that are dried up in the summer. Ft. June,
July. ^? O?

Stems 4 — 6 inches long. Most of them capillaceo-multifid ; a few up-
per ones pinnatifid, with the segments small, lanceolate. Umbel-
lules minute, scarcely longer than the partial involucres. Gen. invo^
lucre wanting. Fruit large, ovate, striated.

3. S, Segetum {Corn Honewort), stem erect, leaves pinnate,
leaflets broadly ovate serrated radical ones lobed, umbels at
first drooping their rays unequal. E. B. t. 228.

Hab. Grass-field in the Isle of Tirey, Dr. Walker. Fl. July, Aug. O.
One to a foot and a half high, spreading, branched. Leaves few,

mostly radical. Gen. involucre of 2 linear leaves. Rays various

in height. Fruit erect, ovate, striated.

57. CENANTHE.

1. CE. fistidosa (common Water 'Dropwort), root creeping sto-
loniferous, stem-leaves pinnated their main petiole as well as
the stem cvlindrical tubular, umbels of very few rays. Lightf,
p. 161. ii.jB./f. 363.

Hab. Ditches and rivulets : as between Inverkeithing and North
Queen 's-feriy, Lightf. Banks of Clyde at Bowling-bay, Hopk,
Common along the coast below Greenock, Mr. Murray. Ft. July,
Aug. H.

Plant 2 — 3 f. high, remarkably tubular and fistulous j stem leaves
and leajlets, which are few and small, confined to the upper ex-
tremity of the leaves. Umbels small. Gen. involucre often wanting.

CE. 2.pimpinelloides {Parsley Water" Di'opwort), leaflets of the
radical leaves wedge-shaped cloven, those of the stem linear
entire very long, gen. involucre of several linear leaves. E. B,
t. 347.

Hab. Salt marshes, rare. Banks of the Clyde at Bowling-bay, with
tlieCE./s^. 5 and below Dumbarton, Hopk. Isle of Tirey, Dr,
Walker. Near Greenock, Mr. Stark. Fl. July. 11 .

Two f. or more high. Umhellulcs thickly crowded, forming almost
spherical heads when in fruit.

92 PENTAND. DIGYN.

3. GE. crocata {Hemlock JVaier-Dropwort), all the leaflets
wedge-shaped cut nearly equal, involucre of many leaves.
IJglilf. p. 162. E. B. t, 2313.

Hab, Banks of ditches, rivers and lakes, frequent. Fl. July. % .

Three to five f. high. Distinguished by the broad leaflets even in the
very uppermost leaves. Umbel rather large.

B. Umbels with a partial involucre; universal none,
b^. PHELLANDRIUM.

I. Ph. aquaticum {JVater Hemlock), segments of the leaves di-
varicated. Ligktf. p. lf)3. E, B. t, 6S4.

Hab. Ditches and ponds, but not common. Fl. July. %.

Stem 2 — 3 f. high, very thick below, much branched^ branches spread-
ing. Leaves thrice pinnate or rather pinnatitid ; segments small,
lanceolate, spreading, dark green. Umbels opposite to the leaves,
rather small. — The genus scarcely dift'ers from (Enanthe but in the
want of a general involucre : a very unnatural character ; and
this isj consequently, the (Enanthe Phellandrium of Decandolle.

59. CICUTA.

1. C. virosa {lovg^leaved JVater Hemlock, or Cow-lane), umbels
opposite to the leaves, sheaths of the leaves obtuse. Ligktf. p,
164. E. B.t,479.

Hab. Sides of lakes, but rare. Side of Loch-end, Dr. Parsons. Pow
Mill, Kinross-shire, and Marshes near Forfar Loch, Mr. Aryiott.
Otterton Loch, Fifeshire, Maiigh. Very abundant about Glasg. j
about Mugdoch, Bardowie and Dongalston Lochs -, and loch near
New Kilpatrick, Hopk. Fl. July, Aug. l/ .

Three to four f. high, branched. Root and lower part of the stem,

which is very large, hollow and divided by transverse partitions into

numerous cells. Leafe^- biternate j the radicals ones pinnated. Lcaf-

/e^6- lanceolate, serrated. Umbels on footstalks. A deadly jjoison.

CO. CETHUSA.

1. (E. Cynapium [Fool's Parsley), Light/, p. \65. E, B,
t. 1192.

Hab. Fields and gardens, common. F/. July, Aug. 0.

One f. high. Stem striated, branched, very led'y. Leaves glabrous,
doubly or the lower ones trebly pinnate ; segments ovato-lanceo-
late, variously cut. Umbels terminal, on long stalks. Umbellules
small, distant. Par tin I involucres of 3 pendent leaves all on one side ;
general none, by which it is readily known from every other um-
belliferous plant. — The smell is nauseous and it is esteemed very
unwholesome.

(Jl. SCANDIX.

1. S. Pecten Veneris {Needle Chervil), leaflets cut into many
linear segments, fruit and beak roughish. Lighlf. p. 166.
E, B. /. 1397.

Hab. Corn-fields, common. FZ. June, July. ©.

Stem nearly a foot high. Leaves triply i)innute. ParLial involucres

PE>sTAND. DIGYN. 9^3

pinnate, their segments cut. Umbellules very small, as are the flow-
ers. Fruit singularly large, oblong, striated, rough, terminated by
a beak of 2 inches in length, scabrous at the edges. — In this genus
it has been usual to place the S. Anthriscus, odorata and Cerefo-
Vium : the former I agree with Persoon in thinking should constitute
a new genus, the two latter in uniting with the Chcerophylla.

62. ANTHRISCUS.

1 , A. vulgaris {common J^ntlirisciis), bristles of the fruit hooked,
stem smooth, umbels mostly lateral. Pers. Syn. PL v. \.p, 820,
Ligklf. p. 166, and E. B. t. 818 {Scandix yhitfi.).

Has. Waste places and dry banks, near towns and villages, common,
Fl. June. O.

Two f. or more high, swelling under each joint. Leaves tripinnate,
slightly hairy, segments lanceolate, cut, or deeply serrated. Um-
bellules small, with small involucres. Fruit rather large, ovate ;
beak smooth, about half its length, with aline down the middle.

63. CHiEROPHYLLUM.

* Fruit smooth {not striated) .

1. Ch. syJvestre {smooth Coiv- Pars ley), stem a little swelling be-
low each joint glabrous, umbels on long stalks. Lightf, p. 167.
E. B, t. 752.

Hab. Under hedges and the borders of fields, abundant. Fl. May,
June. 1/ .

Three f. or more high, branched. Leaves triply pinnate j leaflets ova-
to-lanceolate, deeply cut. Umbels at first a little drooping. Par-
tial involucres of several ovato-lanceolate leaves. Fruit linear, ob-
long, smooth and glabrous. '

2. Ch. sativum {Garden Cow-Parsley or Chervil),umheh lateral
sessile, fruit a little swelling below. Pers. Syn. PL v, 1.
p. 320. E. B. t, 1262 {Scandix Cerefolium).

Hab. Hedges and about gardens, frequent near Glasg., Hopk. Fl.

July. 0.
AStem slender, 1 § or 2 f. high. Leaves pale yellow green, delicate, bi-

pinnate ; leaflets ovate, cut. Umbels sessile, lateral, of few rays,

pubescent. Partial involucres few, on one side, Umbellules small.

Fruit large, smooth, tapering upwards.

** Fruit striated.

3. Ch. temulentum {rough Cow-Parsley), stem rough (spotted)
swelling below each joint. Lightf. p, 167. -E. B. t. 1571.

Hab. Hedges, common, Fl. June, July. Ij. .

Three f. or more high, rough with hairs. Leaves doubly pinnate, leaf-
lets pinnatifid or inciso-lobate. Fruit linear-oblong, striated. Um-
bels at first drooping.

4. Ch. odorainm {sweet Cicely), seeds deeply sulcate (very
large). Light/, p. 166, and E. B. t. 697 {Scandix odor.).'

Hab, Frc(|uent in the Lowlands, in orchards and waste places, but

^ PENTAND. DIGYN.

always near houses, so that it is probably not indigenous, Lighif.
Arniston woods ; Cliesh and Arlary, Mr. Arnott. Caroline Park^
Edinb., Mr. Greville. Fl. May. 1/ .
Whole plant highly aromatic, 2 f. and more high, stout. Leaves large,
triply pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, ovato-lanceolate, inciso-serrate.
Umbels terminal, large. Frwi^ very large, linear-oblong, with deep
lines ; ribs somewha" winged.

5. Ch. aureum {taamv -seeded Cow-Parsley) , pubescent, stems
slightly swelling below the joints, leaflets very acuminate in-
ciso-pinnatifid, seeds coloured furrowed. £, B. t, 210.3.

Hab. Fields between Arbroath and Montrose ; also near Corstor-

phine, Edinb., G. Don. Fl. June. 11 .
Three feet or more high, branched, aromatic. Leaves tripinnate ; the

leaflets peculiarly attenuated, at least in the upper leaves (for the

radical ones are more obtuse), which distinguishes this from every

other British species.

6. Ch. aromnticum {aromatic Cow-Parsley), leaflets ovato-ob-
long sub-acuminate serrate undivided. Jucq. Austr.t, 150.
£). Don's Descr, of rare Scot. Plants, p. 7.

Hab Near Guthrie, by the road-side leading from Forfar to Arbroath,
G. Don. FL June. IJ. .

Two to three feet high, slightly pubescent below, glabrous above.
Leaves biternate ; leciflets large, undivided, or rarely with a small
lobe near the base, pubescent beneath. — In this, as well as in ('/i.
aureum, there is sometimes a small general involucre.— Leare*, as
Persoon observes, resembling those of ^gopod. Podagraria. Has a
heavy aromatic smell. D. Don.

64. IMPERATORIA.

1. I. Ostrutliiuvi (Masterwort). Uglitf.p. 168. E.B. t. 1380.

Hab. Banks of the Clyde in several places, as Ardencajde, and in the
Isle of Bute, near Mounts tewart; but whether indigenous or not
is uncertain, Lighff. Near Borthwick castle, Maugh., and Mr.
Skater. Old wall at Langland house and waste ground near Jack-
ton, Glasg., Ure. Edge of woods on the side of Gair Loch, sparing-
ly, Mr. Murray. Plantation opposite the house of Black hall. West
Lothian j and at Milnathort, 2 m. N. from Kinross : '' a naturalized
plant," Mai(gh. Beechwood, opposite Aikenhead, Glasg._, Hopk.
Fl. June. 7/ .

Stem 1 or 1| f. high. Leases biternate ; leaflets large, ovato-lanceolate,
sometimes lobed, unequally serrated. Umbel large, dense, white.

C. Umbels without involucres, rarely general, never partial ones.

65. SMYRNIUM.

1. S. Olusatrum (Alexanders), cauline leaves ternate petiolate
serrate. Light/, p. 168. JS, B. t. 230.

Hab. Upon the sea-coast at Dun glass, on the edge of Berwickshire,
Lightf. Sea-shore below the old Castle of Ravensheugh, between
Dysart and Kirkcaldy, Dr. Walker. By the side of a rivulet at
Kinghornj and Dirleton castle, E.Lothian, Maugh. Near Colzeen
castle, Ayrshire, Mr. Murray. Fl. May, June, j .

PENTAND. DTGYN. 95

Stems S — 4 f. high, very stout, furrowed. Leaves bright yellow green,
twice or (the lower ones) thrice ternate, with a very broad mem-
branous base; leaflets very large, broadly ovate, lobed and serrated.
Flowers yellow green, in very dense numerous rounded umbels.
Fruit almost black when ripe.

66. CARUM.

1. C. Carui (common Caraivay), Lig/Uf, p. 169. E.B.t. 1503.
Hab. Rocks of Edinb. castle towards the west. Dr. Parsons. Isle of

Oransa, Light/. Meadows and pastures, occasionally about Glasg,

In the haugh of Dalbeth, Hopk. Fl. June. ^ . — Naturalized in

Britain. Ft. June. ^ .
Stem 1 — 2 f. high. Leaves doubly pinnate, cut into linear segments,

of which the lowermost are decussate. Umbels dense. Seeds a well

known officinal aromatic.

67. PIMPINELLA.
1. P. Saxifraga {common Burnet Saxifrage), radical leaves jjin-

nate, leaflets roundish sharply serrate, those of the stem bipin-

nate linear. Light/, p, 1(39. E. B. t. 407.
Hab. Dry pastures, very common. Fl. July, Aug. 11.
Stems 10 inches to a foot high. Umbels at first drooping.

68. APIUM.

1. A, graveolens (Smallage or wild Celery), stem leaves with
their leaflets wedge-shaped, stem furrowed, umbels frequently
sessile. Light/, p. 169. E. B, t. 1210.

Hab. Marshy places by the sea-side. Ditches behind Musselburgh,

Dr. Parsons. Fl. Aug. ^ .
Two feet high. Leaves ternate ; leaflets large, wedge-shaped, lobed,

and cut at the extremity 5 the lower ones are upon long stalks, and

have the leaflets rounder and truncate at bottom. Umbellules very

small. — The origin of the garden Celerij.

2. A. Petroselinum {common Parsley), leaves of the stem with
their leaflets linear, umbels all pedunculate. Hull, Br, F/.p.309.

Hab. Rocks by the sea-side at Dunvegan in Skye, but near M'Leod's
castle, Dr Walker. Old walls near Inverleith ; on an old wall at
Coltbridge, and by the road-side between Collington and Dreg-
horn, Maugh. — This is introduced into Hull's Brit. Flora as a native
of England ; and it has an equal riglit to be considered a native
of Scotland, being naturalized, though originally an inhabitant of
Sardinia.

Radical leaflets broad and lobed. This has a monophyllous general
involucre and minute partial ones, and Hoffman has mad^e of it the
genus Petroselinum.

69. iEGOPODIUM.

1. iE. Podagraria (Gout-weed), Light/, p. 170. E.B,i,940.

Hab. Gardens and waste places. Fl. June. 1/ .

One or one foot and a half high. Radical leaves twice ternate, supe-
rior ones ternate j leaflets ovate, subacuminate, unequally serrated.

06 PENTAND. TRIGYN. TETRAGYK*

3. TRIGYNIA.

70. VIBURNUM.

1. V. Lantana {mealy Guelder-rose^ or way-faring Tree), leaves
elliptico-cordate serrate veined downy beneath. Lighlf. p. 170.
E.5.^. 331.

Hab. Woods and hedges. At Sir John Hall's, in Dunglass glen.

Fl. June. P? . .

A large shrub much branched, young shoots very downy.
Flowers in large dense cymes, white. Cal. teeth very minute. Berry

purplish black.

2. V. Opuliis {common Guelder-rose, or Water -Elder), leaves
glabrous three-lobed acuminate and serrate, petioles with
glands. Light/, p. 170. E. B. t, 332.

Hab. Moist woods and hedges, not uncommon. Auchindenny woods,
&c., Mangh. Woods between Hamilton and Lanark, &c. Banks
of the Ness and other streams near Inverness, Mr. G. Anderson,
Hopk. FL June, fj .

Small tree, very glabrous. Leaves large, subcordate, broad. Cymes
large, with white flowers ; the perfect ones small, resembling the
last •■, abortive ones in the circumference, consisting of a very large,
plane, 5-lobed petal without, eitlier stam. or jnstil. Flowers erect.
Berries reddish purple, drooping.

71. SAMBUCUS.

1. S. Ebtilus {Dwa?-/ Elder), cymes with 3 principal branches,
leaflets lanceolate, vStipules foliaceous, stem herbaceous.
Light/, p. 171. E.B,t, 475.

Hab. Way-sides, but not common. Near Dumfries on the road to-
wards Caerlavrock castle. At Dupplin near Perth, Light/. Road-
side between Kittochside and Carmunnock, Ure. Clyde iron-
works, &c., Hopk. Hedges at Cask, Perthshire, and near Culloden,
Mr. Murray. Near Inverkeithing, Mr. Stewart. Field by the road
from Edinb. to Dalkeith, Mr. J. T. Mackaj/. S. bank of the water
of Leith, Sec, Maugh. Fl. July. % .

Stem two to three feet liigh, angular and furrowed. Leaves pinnate j
leaflets serrated. Cyme large, terminal, purplish. Anthers large,
purple. Berries spherical, black.

2. S. nigra {common Elder), cymes with 5 principal branches,
leaflets ovate, stem a tree. Liglil/p.\l\. E.B.t.47Q*

Hab. Woods and hedges, frequent. Ft. June, V^ .

A small tree, stems and branches full of light pith. Leaves pinnated •
leaflets serrate. Cymes terminal, large, cream coloured, smelling un-
pleasantly. Jntli. small, yellow. Berries purple black. — The bark
is used by country practitioners medicinally, and the fruit is employed
for wines and preserves. A variety is found with laciniated leaves.

4. TETRAGYNIA.

72. PARNASSIA.
\.V.palustrh {Grass o/ Parnassus). Lighlf. p. 172. E.B. /.82.

PENTAND. PENTAG. 9/

^AB. Bogs and wet pastures, frequent. Fl. Aug. 1/ .

Leaves mo.^tly radical, on long- footstalks, cordate, entire, nerved, one
on the stem belov/^.he middle, scysile. Stem angular, from 1 inch
(as I have seen it in N.llonaldsha,and Orkney, with perfect flowers)
to 8 or 10 inches high, angular. Flower solitary, terminal, large, very
handsome, yellowish white. Petals broadly obovate. NectarleSy
each an obcordate scale, with white hairs along the margin, which
are terminated by a yellow, pellucid, globular gland.

5. PENTAGYNIA.

7':^. STATICE.

i. S. Armer'ia {Thrift), leaves linear, scape simple bearing a
round head of flowers. Light/, p. 17^. £» B, t. 226.

Hab. Common on the muddy shores of the sea, in salt marshes, and
upon the tops of the highest mountains. Fl. July, Aug. % .

Heads of /towers rose coloured, intermixed with scales, and having
besides a brown membranous three-leaved general involucrum, ter-
minating belovv in a sheathing jagged covering to the upper part of
the scape.

2. S. Limonium {Sea-lavender), scape panicled rounded branch-
ed, leaves glabrous ovato-lanceolate undulate obtuse nerveless
tipped with a small point. E. B. L 102.

Hab. Coast of Galloway, near Kirkcudbright, common, Maugh.
Leaves large, radical, thick, subcoriaceous. Flowers crowded, secund,
accompanied with membranaceous scales, bright blue.

3. ^.reticnlata {matted Sea- Lavender) ^ scape repeatedly diclio-
toinous zigzag, the lower branches sterile^ leaves spathulate
acute glabrous. E. B. t. 328.

Hab. Mull of Galloway, 3/;-. GoWie. FZ. Aug. 1/.

Leaves small, spreading. Flowers somewhat spiked on the terminal

branches of the scape, purplish. Whole plant not more than from

4 to G inches high.

74. LINUM.

1, L. usilatissimum (common Flax), leaves lanceolate alternate,
cal. leaves acute 3-nerved, petals crenate, stem subsolitarv.
Lighlf.p.M'^^.

Hab. Corn-fields. Fl. July. O-

One or one foot and a half high, slender, branched abovcf. Leaves di-
stant. Flowers large, purplish blue. From the ^tem/ax is made,
and from the seed a valuable oil is extracted.

2. L. catharticum {purging Flax), leaves oppositJj oblong, stem
dichotomous above, petals acute. Lighlf\p.\l'\. E, B.t. 3S2.

Hab. Common in dry pastures. F/. June, July. 0.
Stem slender, upright, 2 — (') inches high. Flowers gracefully drooping
before expansion., white, small.

75. SIBBALDIA.

1. S. procumhens {procujnhent Sibbaldia), leaves ternate, leaflets

wedge-shaped tridendate. Light/, p, 175. E. B. t.S97»

%

98 PENTANI>. HEXAG. HEXANDRIA.

Hab. Summits of the Highland mountains, common, Fl. July. 1/ .
A small, i(luucous, slightly hairy plant. Floiver minnte, yellow, some-
times ^nthout petals. Sfam. o — 7. Pistils 5 — 8.

f). HEXAGYNIA.

76. DROSERA.

1. Dr. rotnndifolia {roimd' leaved Sun-dew), leaves radical orbi-
cular spreadiiii; upon rather a sliort footstalk, scape with a
simple raceme. Lighlf. p. 175. E. B. t. 8G7.

Hab. Bogs and moist heathy ground, frequent. Fl. July. 1/ ,
Leaves, as in the other species, covered with pedunculated viscid

glands, which retain insects. Petioles, too, in this species, hairy.

Scape 2 — f) inches high, glabrous. Flowers subsecund, small.

2. Dr. longifolia (long- leaved Sun-dew), leaves radical obovate
tapering below into a long footstalk erect, scape with a simple
raceme. IJght/.p. 1/5. E. B, t. 868.

Hab. Bogs and wet heaths. Marsh between Glasg. and Paisley, llopk.

J7. July.
Scape like the last. Number of parts of the flower from 5 — 6.

3. Dr. anglica {greater Sun- dew), leaves radical oblongo-spathu-
late tapering down into a long footstalk erect, scape with a
simple raceme. E, B. t, 869.

Hab. Arran, very abundant, Mr. Murray. Kirkconnell moss, 6 m,
from Dumfries, Maiigh. Fl. July, 1/ .

Number of parts of the flower varying from 5 or 6, as is most usual,
to 8. Larger than the last, and always retaining the characters above
given in the leaves. It is much more deserving the name of longi-
folia than the last.

77. MYOSURUS.

1 . M. minimus {Mouse-tail) . Liglitf. p, 1 76. E. B. t. 435.

Hab. Corn-fields of a gravelly soil. F/. May. ©.

Small plant, 2 — 4 inches high. Leaves; radical, erect, linear-spathu-
late, fleshy. Scapes slender, bearing a single flower, small, greenrsh.
Receptacle of the numerous germens at length becoming an inch
and half or two inches long, and resembling a mouse's tail.

VI. HEXANDRIA.

1. MONOGYNIA.

* Flowerg complete, having a Cal. and Cor.

13. Berberis. C^Z. of 6 leaves, inferior. Cor. of 6 petals., i^tr-
ry 2 -seeded.

14. Peplis. Cal, 12-cIeft, campanulate; segments alternately
smaller. Pet. 6 (often wanting). Cap? superior, of 2 cells.

HEXANDRIA. 99

** Flowers spathacecus.

1. Gaj.anthus. Perianth su))erior, of (J leaves, the three inte-
rior ones shorter, emarginate.

2. Narcissus. Peria?it/i super'wr, of 6 leaves. Nectary vam-
panulate, petaiiform, including the stnm.

3. Allium. Perianth inferior, of 6 petals; petals ovate, sessile
(flowers umbellate).

*-x-

•* Flowers naked {Perianth single, petaloid, without a spatha).

10. CoNVALLARiA. Perianth inferior, 6-cleft. Berry 3-celled«
Stigma 3-gonous.

6. Hyacinthus. Perianth inferior, tubular, 6-cleft, or 6-par-
tite, the extremities spreading. <S/aw. filiform. C^p5. obtusely
triangular.

9. Asparagus. Perianth inferior, 6-partite. Berry 3-celled.
Stigmas 3.

8. Narthecium. Pma7i/A inferior, of 6 patent leaves. Seeds
appendiculale at each extremity. Stam, hairy.

5. Ormthogalum. Perianth inferior, of 6 leaves. Stam^ di-
lated at the base.

7. Scilla. Perianth inferior, of 6 leaves, spreading, decidu-
ous. Stam. filiform, glabrous. Seeds spherical.

4. Tulipa. Peri«w^Ainferior, campanulate, of6 leaves. Style 0,
Seeds plane.

***■* Flowers incomplete (Perianth single, more resembling a Calyx^),

11. JuNcus. Perfaw/A of 6 leaves, glumaceous. Cop^. supe-
rior, 3-celIed, o-valved; valves hearing the partitions down

t their middle, to which the numerous se^ds are fixed, (Leaves
rounded, rarely plane, glabrous.)
12. LuzuLA. Peria/zZ/i of 6 leaves, glumaceous. Cap^. supe-
rior, 3-celled, 3-valved; valves without partitions, 1 seed in
each cell, fixed to the bottom. (Leaves plane, generally pilose.)
(Peplis Portula, Div. *. Some Polygona, Oct. Trig.)

2. DIGYNIA.

15. OxYRiA. Perianth single, of 4 leaves, two inner ones lar-
ger. Nut triquetrous, with a broad winged membranous mar-
gin. Embryo erect, inverted. Hilly Syst. Feget, 10. p. 24.
Decand. Syn, FL Gall, p. 194 (subgenus). Broiun in App.
to Ross's Voyage, ed. 2. v. 2. p. 192. Donia, Br, in Ross*s
Voyage, ed, 1. Rheum, FVahl, Lapp,

' According to the generally received idea of Cat. and Cor. (when the
covering is single), it will be hard to say whether that of the Jiinci should be
one or the otlier.

100 II EX AND. MONOG.

3.' TRIGYNIA.

19. CoLCHicuM. Penantli single, tubular, very long, rising
ivom a srpatha ; /^tw^ campanulate, G-partite, petaloid. Caps.
3-ceIled ; cells united at the base.

18. Triglochin. Periantk single, of 6 concave, deciduous
leaves, the three inner ones inserted higher up. Anthers ses-
sile, posterior. CopS7iles 3 — (>, united by a longitudinal re-
ceptacle.

16. RuMEX, Feriantli single, of G leaves, Niit triquetrous,
covered by the three interior valviform leases of the Peiianili.

17. ToFiEi.DiA. Periantk single, 6*partite, petaloid, with a
small tripartite invohicre. Caps, 3 — 6-celled, cells united at
the base, many- seeded.

4. POLYGYNIA.

20. AiJSMA. Cfl/. of 3 leaves. Petals^, Cr/psr/Zes many cluster-
ed, but distinct, not opening, 1 -seeded. E?7z//n/o much curved.

L MONOGYNIA.

1. GALANTHUS.

\. G. nivalis (Snowdrop), E,B.t, 19,

Hab. Banks about Castlemilk, Glasg., abundant, Hopk. Arniston
woods, Edinb. in the greatest abundance, covering whole acres of
ground, Maugh. and Mr. Shuter. Naturalized as in England. Fl.
Feb. 11/ . ,

One of the earliest heralds of spring, and, as such, independently of
its graceful form, a general favourite. Bulb ovate. Leaves 2, broadly
linear, glaucous green. Flower drooping, large, solitaiy, white 3 in-
ner segments of the perianth with green lines.

2. NARCISSUS.

1. N. pseudo-Narcissus {common Daffodil), spatha 1-flowered,
nectary campanulate erect curled at the margin obsoletely
6-cleft as long as the ovate segnients of the perianth. E. B.

t,\i:

Hab. Meadows in the neighbourhood of Culross, Maugh. Wood at
Dunoon, scarcely indigenous, Mr. Murray. Ft. Apr. Ij. .

3. ALLIUM. ,
*■ Cauline leaves piane. Stam. alternately tricuspidate.
1. A. nreyiarium {Sand Garlick), umbels bearing bulbs compact
spherical, leaves linear with cylindrical sheaths, spatha short
obtuse, petals roughish on the keel. Light/, p, 179. E, B»
t. 1358.
Hap,. Foot of mountains in sandy soils, but not common, Lighff.
Dupplin^ Perthshire^, Mr. Winch. Fl. July. 11.

lIEXAND.-^MO^aG. ^ ; , , ; i 0 i

Stem 2 — 3 f. high, leafy below, rounded, smooth. Head of purple
ftoivers dense, smiill. Spatim of, generally, 3 very short, ovate, ob-
tuse segments. Each alternate filament three-pointed, the middle
point bearing the Anther.

** Caidlne Leaves plane. Stain, all simple.

2. A. carinatum {Mountain Garlick), umbels bearing bulbs lax,
leaves linear keeled, spatha very long unequal. E. B, /.1 658.

Hab. Mountainous situations. East of Arbroath and banks of the Isla,
below Airly castle, G.Don. FZ. July. 1/. ,

Three feet high, rounded, smooth, leafy below. Flowers upon long
flexuose stalks, pale brownish white.
*)tx- CaiiUne Leaves rou?ided. St am. alternately tricuspidatc.i ^

3. A. v'meale {Croiv Garlick), umbel bearing bulbs^ leaves fistu-
lose. Lightf. p, 179. £. B, 1. 1974.

Hab. Dry pastures, but not veiy common. Under Salisbury craigs,
Lightf. Daldowie woods, Glasg., Dr. Brown. Not uncommon
about Edinb., Mr. ^r,70<'^. jp/. June. %.

Stem 1^ to 2 f. high. Bulbs numerous. Spatha of 2 rather small de-
ciduous leaves. Flowers on longish footstalks, which are incras-
sated upward, few, erect. Petals reddish green at the, keel, shqrtcr
than the stam., whose filaments, as well as anthers, are considerably
protruded.

*-x-x--x- Cauline Leaves rounded. Stam. all simple.

4. A. olcraceiun {streaked Field Garlick), umbel bearing bulbs
lax, leaves grooved above, spatha with 2 very long points,
E. B, t. 488.

Hab. Near St; David's, Mr. Stewart. Fl. July. % .
One foot and a half high. Bulbs numerous. Flowers reddish, with a
gi'een line, upon long M^aved footstalks.

***** Leaves all radical.

5. A. ursinum {hroad-leaved Garlick or Ram sons), \xm\)^\\\^div\y
plane, leaves ovato-lanceolate on footstalks_, scape triangular.
Lightf. p. M^. E. B.t.V22, . ,

Hab. Moist woods by the sides of rivulets, not unfrequent. Fl. June.

%■ . ,

Flowers white. Umbels without bulbs. Spatha of 2 ovato-lanceolate
leaves. ^ .. ,.

6. A. Sc/iocfioprasum {Chive Garlick), leaves roupded subulato-\
filiform, scape rounded as long as the leaves. Lightf. p, 180.
E.B./. 2441. , ,.

Har. Fast castle on the borders of Berwickshire, and in Nether-lorn,
Argyleshire, Lig/i(/'. H.July. 11 . , * '.

One f. high. Heads of Jlowers compact, purplish. Starif,. simple. Spa-
tha of two short ovate leaves. Umbel without bulbs.

4. TULIPA.
1. T. sylvestris {wild Tulip), stem 1 -flowered somewhat droop-

iQ% ' ^ /" ' HEXAN^p. JVIONOG.

ilTg, kgiv^s pf" tltt- pierxanth ovato-acuminate bearded at the ex-
tremity, stam. hairy at the base, stigma obtuse. E. B. t. 63.
Hab. Field near Hamilton, Mr. Murray. Near Brechin, G. Don. FL

Apr. 11 .
Flowers yellow, fragrant. Anthers and pollen yellow. Leaves linear-
lanceolate.

5. ORNITHOGALUM.
* Flowers yellow.

1. O. luteum {yellow Star of Bethlehem), ^iGva angular bearing
two leaves (immediately below the umbel), flower-stalks form-
ing an umbel undivided glabrous, leaves of the perianth lan-
ceolate. Lightf. p. 1 SO. £. 5. /. 2 1 .

Hab. Woods, Sibbald. Side of a rivulet near Auchtertool, and in the
Den of Forret, 4 m. from Cupar, Fifeshire, Maugh. Near Dupp-
lin, Mr. ShUUnglaw. Woods at Cortachy castle, N. of Forfar, in
abundance, and truly wild, D. Don. Fl. March, Apr. 1/ .

Plant scarcely exceeding 6 inches in height, with one long, radical,
broadly linear, acuminate leaf, and two unequal but much smaller
ones from the top of the stalk.

*■* Flowers white or greenish.

2. O. umhellatum (common Star of Bethlehem), flowers in a
corymbus, peduncles longer than the bracteas, filaments su-
bulate. E, B. t, 730.

Hab. Near Glasgow, Mr. Stark. — Introduced into Britain. FZ. Apr.
May. %,

Eight to ten inches high. Leares linear, acuminate, grooved. Flowers
large, few, 6 — 9, lower stalks very long, so that their flowers are
of the same height as the upper ones, thus forming a corymbus,
each having at the base a membranous lanceolate bractea. Seg-
ments of the perianth green, with a white margin, and white within,

6. HYACINTHUS.

1. H. non scriptus {wild Hyacinth or Hare-hell), raceme cer-
nuous, perianth sex-partite the extremities revolute. Lightf.
p. 1 82. E.B.t.S77 {Scilla vutans) .

Hab. Woods not unfrequent, as in Coryton woods, and on the S. side
of the river opposite Logton wood, by Dalkeith, Lightf. Common
about Glasg., Hopk. white ft. Banks of the Clyde opposite Dal'
dowie, Hopk. Fl. May. 1/ .

Leaves long, linear, channelled, acuminate. Scape 1 f. high. Flower
large, purple, with two bracteas at the base of each short pedicel.
Mr. Hopkirk mentions a var. with many long green bracteas to each
flower, found in Bothwell woods. — The habit is very much that of
the true Hyacmthus orientalis, &c. ; but the perianth is much more
deeply divided.

7. SCILLA.
♦

1. S. verna {vernal Squill), root solid, corymb hemispherical

HEXAND. MONOG. • 103

few-flowevcd, bractras lanceolate ol)tuse, leaves linear chan-
nelled. Liglitf. p. 181 {S. bifolia). E. B. t, 23.

Hab. Rocks covered with a shallow soil, near the sea- in lona and
Staft'a abundantly ; Duncansby head, Caithness 3 Braes of Armi-
dale and Durness Coast, Sutherland, Mr. i^orrer and Hook. Ork-
ney isles, abundantly ; and Shetland, Mr. Neill. Fl. May. % •

Plant 4 — 5 inches high. Leaves few, nearly as long as the scape.
Flowers deep blue, bracteas membranaceous. — This seems to be
little known on the continent. Smith considers it to be the S. bifolia
of FLDan.; and it is probably confined to the more northern parts of
Europe.

8. NARTHECIUM.

1. N. ossifragum {Lancashire Asphodel). Light/, p. 181 {Aii'
iliericinn ossif.). E. B. t, 5t35.

Hab. Common throughout Scotland, in moorish ground. FL July,
Aug. 1/.

Six to eight inches high, decumbent at the base. Root creeping.
Leaves all radical, ensiform, equitant, striated, about half as long as
the scape. Scape with several lanceolate scales, rather than leaves,
running into bracteas as they approach the flowers. Spike terminal
solitaiy. Flower yellow 3 perianth persistent, shorter than the brown
prismatic capsule.

9. ASPARAGUS.

1 . A. officinalis {common Aspnragus)^ unarmed, stem herbaceous
erect rounded very much branched, leaves setaceous fascicu-
late flexible, peduncles jointed in the middle. E. B. t. 339.

Hab. Sandy places by the sea-side, rare. Links near Gosford, Maugh.
and Mr. E. J. Maughan. Fl. Aug. 7/.

Hoot creeping, throwing up numerous scaly erect stems, which, when
cultivated in their early state, form the Asparagus of our tables 3
rarely in a wild state exceeding a foot in height. Flowers drooping,
greenish white. Berries bright scarlet.

10. CONVALLARIA.
* Flowers, campanulate.

1. Q. majalis {Lily of the /^//ey), scape semicylindrical, leaves
ovato-lanceolate binous, flowers racemoso-spicate campanu-
late drooping on short footstalks. Light/', p. 182. E. B,
t. 1035.

Hab. Woods and coppices. Scotland-Wald and Methven wood, Perth-
shire, Sibbald. Arniston and Collington woods, Edinb., Maugh,
Near the Falls of the Clyde, plentifully, Hopk. Den of Rechip,
Rev. Mr. M' Ritchie. Cliesh, Mr. Arnott. In a small glen called
the Clough, N. of Gask, Perthshire, D. Don. Fl. May. 7/ .

Flowers very pure white and fragrant, segments curved back. Berries
red, spherical.

** Flowers cylindrical.

2. C. verticillata {narrow- leaved Solomofi's Seal), leaves lan-
ceolate whorled. i:. ^. /. 128.

104 HEXAND. — MONOO.

Hab. Woods, very rare. The only station in Britain is Den of Re-
chip, 4 m. N.iE. of Dimkeld, where it is said, in E. Bot., to have
been discovered by Arthur Bruce, Esq. in 1792. Fl. June. IJ. .

Two feet high. Leaves numerous, bright green, 3 — 4 in a whorl.
Flowers solitary, or with branched footstalks, droo})ing. — In Lap-
land, Wahlenberg tells us, this plant inhabits spots so wild that
they are scarcely to be approached by any creatures but the bears.

3. C. wultiJiorQ {common Solomon's Set//), leaves ovato-eliipti-
cal alternate half embracing the rounded stem, peduncles axil-
lary 1 - or many-flowered^ filaments liairv, style fllexuose. Lightf,
p. 1S2. E.B.t. 279.

Hab, Woods, but not common. About Jibber castle, near Drumlan-
rig, in Nithsdale, Ljghff. Ruins of Mugdoch castle, Glasg., Hopk.
Woods at Both well, Maugh. Fl. May, June. % .

Two feet high, naked below. Leaves large, marked with longitudinal
nerves, secund ; and /loiters drooping in the opposite direction,
white, greenish at the tips.

11. JUNCUS«.
* Leaves none {/lowers all lateral).
1.. J. arcticus {norlhern hard Rush), scapes smooth (soft), heads
of flowers compact nearly sessile, leaves of the perianth ovato-.
lanceolate acute rigid rather shorter tlian the broadly obovate
capsule. Wahl. Lapp, p, 79. F/. Da?/. /. 1035.
Hab. Sands of Barry, near Dundee, Mr. Drujnmojid. Fl. July^

^"§^.- ^: . ..

This highly interesting addition to our northern Flora was discovered

in the greatest abundance, and communicated to my excellent
friend Chas. Lyell, Esq. of Kinnordy, by Mr. Dnimmond, a most
active and intelligent botanist, and zealous naturalist ; and who is
about to carry on the botanical establishment, sliould he meet with
sufficient encouragement, of the late Mr. G. Don at Forfar. — The
root is strong, creeping far in the mud, and throwing up scapes of
from 8 inches to about 1 foot in height, which altogether want the
striae on the scapes of J. glaueus, and are less rigid. The great
distinction, however, is in the inflorescence, lliere is one bractea
about half an inch long, lanceolate, submembranous. Heads rather
thim panicle ofjlowers, few, sometimes quite sessile, but one or two
not unfrequently on peduncles about half an inch long. Partial
or Jl oral bracteas very membranous, broad, large, acute, covering
wholly the very short pedicels and nearly the flower. Perianth of
6 ovato-lanceolate leaflets, acute, thick, rigid, very dark shining
brown, almost black, with a paler line down the middle. The co-
lour indeed and compactness of the flowers at once distinguish
this species. Fruit obovate with a mucro, dark brown, a little
longer than the perianth.

a For a most vakiable history of the Briti:*h species of .Tuncifs I must refer
to the paper of J. E. Bicheno, Esq., inserted in the 12th vol. of the Trans-
actions of tbe Litniaran Societv-

HEXAND. MONOG. \f)%

2. 3. glcnicif.s [common hard Rush), scape dccj^ly striated (rigid) ^^
panicle verv much branched erect, leaves of the j)eriaiith hin^
ccolate subulate niembranous lonj^er than the ellijjtical capsule.
Lig/ilf* p. 1S3 (J. uifiexus). E. B^i, 665. Bkli. in. Linn,
Trans, v. 12. p. 300.

Hab. Wet pastures and road-sides, Qccasionally, Hopk. I^ot uncom-,
men about Edinb,, Mr. Arnoit. Shores on the coast of Fife (?),
Light/. FL July, If. .

Hoot creeping. Scapes 1 foot to 2 feet high, glaucous, rigid, at the base
covered with deep purple brown membranaceous shining sheaths.
Panicle lax, erect. Flower slender, pale brown, with a broad green
line dovv'n the middle of each leaflet of the perianth. Brae teas also,
small and acuminate. Slam. 6 in my specimens.

3. J. effusns {soft Rush), scapes very faintly striated (soft), pa-,
nicle loose very much branched spreading, leaflets of the pe-
rianth lanceolate acuminate, rather Ipnger than the obovato
obtuse capsule. Lighff. p. 183. E. B, L 836. Blc/i. in
Linn. Trans, v. 12.);. 303.

Hab. Wet and marshy grounds, common. Fl. .July. % .

Distinguished from the last by its soft, pliable, almost smooth, green
scapes, and spreading denser and shorter panicles, in which last jiar-
ticular it seems intermediate between that and the following. — Ex-
cellent for plaiting into mats, chair-bottoms, &c., and wicks of can-
dles are made of the pith.

4. J. conglomeratus {round-headed Rush), scapes very faintly
striated (soft), panicle much branched very dense globular,
leaflets of the perianth lanceolate acute about as long as the
broadly ovate very obtuse capsule, stam. 3. Light/', p. 183.
E. B.'t. 1835. 'Bich. in Linn, Trans, v. 12. p.^302.

Hab. Wet and marshy ground, frequent. Fl. July. % . .
Panicle very dense. Scapes much like the last., and employed for the
same purposes.

5. hjllifu?'mis {slender Rush), scapes filiform, panicle of very few
flowers (from nearly the middle of the culm), capsules rotun-
dato-ovate shorter than the perianth. E, B. t, 1 175. Bich.
in Linn. Trans, v. 12. p. 3()4.

Hab. Several parts of Scotland, G. Don. Its natural situation is the
stony margins of lakes. FL July, Aug. 2L .

Root creeping, throwing up many slender culms, 6 — 10 inches high.
Panicle of few flowers, pale green. Leaflets of the perianth lanceo-
late, subacuminate. Tliere is a small lanceolate bractca tapering to.
a long and sharp point. The floral bracteas are few and small, ob-
tuse, pale gi-een as is the whole flower.

** Leaves all radical {Jlowers terminal).

6. J. sqvarrosus {Heath Rush), leaves setaceous (rigid) grooved,
panicle terminal elongate com])ound, capsules elliptical ovate.
Light/, p. 184. E. B. /. 933.

Hab. Moorish heathy ground^, common. Fl. July. 1/..

106 HEXAND. MONOG.

Whole plant very rigid, G inches to afoot high. Leaves auh-vccwn'^d,
about lialf as long as the scape. Bractras lanceolate, membrana-
ceous. Leaflets of the perianth ovato-lanceolate, shining brown,
M'ith a pale Hne down the middle, and scarlose at the edges. Cap-
sule, as in almost all the genus, tipped with a short mucro, the re-
mains of the style ; palish brown.

7. J. capitalus (capitate Rush), leaves filiform (soft) plane or
grooved above, heads of flowers sessile terminal shorter than the
bractea, leaflets of the perianth acuminato-aristate. IVilld,
Sp, PL 209. J. supimis, G. Do7i*s Fasc. No. 85. and D.
Don's MSS. ined.; Bicfi. in Linn. Trans, v. 12. p. 317. J*
Ericetouim, Decand. FL GolL

Hab, The highest parts of Ben Lawers, G. Don. It does not appear,
however, on the continent, to be at all an alpine species.

Whole plant only from 2 — 4 inches high, flaccid. Leaves entirely ra-
dical, about half its length, erect. Heads rather large, of from 'S — 6
flowers, sessile, occasionally proliferous, admirably distinguished by
the setaceous inclined bractea, with its sheathing membranaceous
base (which is larger than the heads of flowers), and by the acu-
minato-aristate perianth. It is a very distinct species, and well
figured in Sturm's excellent little Flora of Germany.

8. J. triglumis {three -JLowered Rush), leaves linear-subulate
compressed^ heads terminal erect of about 3 flowers sessile
longer than the membranaceous involucre, leaflets of the pe-
rianth obtuse longer than the elliptical capsule. LAghtf. p. 1 86.
/. 9. E. B. t, 899. Bich. in LJnn. Trans, v. \2. p. 319.

Hab. Highland movmtains, very common, especially the more elcr-
vated, in boggy places. F/, July, Aug. 1/.

Fwu'tosix inches high. Leaves short, with sheathing bases around the
stem, but .truly radical. Involucres two, broadly ovate, patent, deep
brown, as- well as the leaflets of the })erianth, with paler edges.

9. J. highimis {tiuo-fioiuered Rush), leaves linear-subulate com-
pressed, heads terminal a little leaning of 2 flowers one of them
pedicellate shorter than the foliaceous involucre, leaves of the
perianth obtuse longer than the turbinate emarginate capsule.
Lighif. p. 1 100. E. B, t. 898. Bich. in Linn. Trans, v. 12.
p. 319.

Hab. Tops of the Highland mountains, rather rare. Mal-ghyrdy and
Ben Teskerney, in Breadalbane, Dr. Stuart. Mountains of Bread-
albane, Cairn-gorum, Clova, &c., G. and D. Don. Goat-hill in
Arran, Ben Lomond, Ben Nevis, and on the Links of St. Fergus,
Mr. Murray. FL Aug. 1/ .

Generally smaller than the last ; most distinct in the bracteas and
capsules.

*** Culms leaf I/.

t I^eaves nearly plane, hut grooved above.

10. J. caslaneus {clustered alpine Rush), leaves subulate grooved
and laterally compressed, heads generally single scbbile or pe^

HEXAND. MONOG. 107

duiicnlate shorter than the bractea, capsules ovate, cuhn uui-
foliate. E. B, t, 900. Bkh, in Linn. Trnns. v. 12. p. 321.

Hab. Ben Challum, Dr. Stuart {in Bich.) . Near the summit of Ben
Lawers, Mr. Dickson and Mr. J. Mackay. Fion Glen, behind Craig
Calliaeh, Breadalbune, Mr. Borrer. — Always groM ing in micaceous
soil JF/. July. 1/.

This interesting plant is, I believe, peculiar to Scotland, and, as far
as I know, to the places above mentioned. It is quite unlike any
other. Root throwing out runners. Culm 8 — 10 inches high, erect.
Leaves all butone radical, with sheathing membranous bases ; that
one is sometimes, but by no means generally, near the summit.
Heads of from 3 — 5 acute flowers, of a dark brown colour. Cap-
sules almost black. Mr. Bicheno describes the leaves as jointed at
the top ; my specimens do not appear so. Juncus Jacquini, with
which this has been confounded by some, is totally different, being
more allied to J. trijidus, quite destitute of leaves below, with never
more than one head, of remarkably acuminated flowers. The figure
in E. Bot., which my friend Mr. Bicheno finds fault with, admirably
accords with my specimens of castaneus, and cannot be assimilated
with J. Jacquini.

11. J. trifidus {tkree- leaved Rush), sheaths fringed those at the
base of the culm leafless, bracteas foliaceous very long grooved,
heads of about 3 flowers terminal, culm unifoliate. Lighlf,
p. 183. t, 9. E. B. /. 1482. Bicli, in Linn, Trans, v. 12.
p.314.

Hab. Highland mountains, abundant. Ft. July, Aug. 7/ .

\'ery unlike any other British Juncus. Roots creeping. Lower sheaths
with, at most, a short awn, scarcely to be termed a leaf, and that only
in the superior of the radical sheaths. A solitary leaf on the stem
generally near the summit, 2 or 3 inches long, linear-setaceous.
Bracteas 2 under each head of 1 or 3 flowers precisely similar to
the leaf just described.

12. J. hulbosus {round-fruiled Rush), culm simple leafy com-
pressed, leaves linear-setaceous grooved, panicle terminal com-
pound subcymose generally shorter than the bractea, capsules
rotundato-ovate longer than the obtuse incurved leaflets of the
perianth. Light/', p. 184. E. B. t. 934. Bich. in Linn. Trans.
V. 12. p. 307 {J.conipressus).

/3. coenosus, panicle nearly simple few-flowered, longer than the
bractea. J. coenosus., Bich. in Linn. Trans, v. 12. p. 309.

Had. Wet marshy pastures, common. /3. Salt marshes, common,
D. Don. Ft. Aug. 1/ .

Eight inches to a foot high. Z/mrej? mostly radical, rather long. I have
the J. ca^nosus^ from Mr. Bicheno himself, but I cannot find it to
dift'er at all in the capsule from J. bulbosus. Both are perhaps a
little narrower at the base than at the summit.

* At first T took this plant for the J. bothnicits, and I am now by no means
sure that the LapUmi piauL is really distinct, though it has narrower capsules.

108 HEXAND. MONOG.

13. J. hufonhis {Toad Rush), culm dichotomous above paiiicled,
leaves filiform setaceous grooved, flowers solitary unilateral
mostly sessile, capsules ellipticol-ovate much shorter than the
very acuminated leaflets of the perianth. Light/, p, 185.
E.'B, t, 802. Bich. in Linn, Trans, v, 12. p, 311.
Hab. Moist and watery places, especially such as have been over-
flowed in the winter. FL Aug. O .
From 4' — 6 inches high. Leaves few, slender, only one on the stem,
generally near the middle. The divisions of the culm, as they are
called, more properly, I think, belong to the panicle, at the base of
which are foliaceous hracteas. Very pale. Flower green, with mem-
branous white margins to the leaflets of the perianth. May not the
var. jS. of Smith, the Juncus No. 13 Dill, in Ray Sijn.he the J. Ta-
nagejaP I strongly suspect it. If so, the capsules should be as long-
as the perianth, besides the other characters mentioned by Dill.

14. J. tenuis [slender s pre adijig Rnsh), culm above shortly dicho-
tomous panicled, leaves linear-setaceous grooved, flovvers soli-
tary but approximate mostly sessile, capsules nearly sphe-
rical shorter than the very acuminated leaflets of the perianth.
Pursh FL Am. v. \.p. 228. J. gracilis, E, B. t, 2174. Bich.
in Linn. Trans, v. 12. p. 313. D. Don, MSS. ined,

Hab. Moist mountains of Clova, D. Don. Ft, Aug. % ?

A foot or more high, approaching in many respects, as Smith observes,
to J. bufonius, yet really distinct. Radical leaves several. Calm
naked to the division near the top, where is one leaf immediately
beneath the foliaceous hracteas. In the axils of the forks are 2 or
3 large nearly sessile flowers, and two or three unilateral ones on
the branches. The capsule is certainly very different from that of
J. bufonius, and Smith does not appear to have seen it in a perfect
state. This plant precisely accords with specimens I have received
from America, through my friend F. Boott, Esq., of the J. tenuis of
Pursh.

15. J. uliginosus {little hiilhous Rush), ^f leaves setaceous grooved,
flowers three together sessile, capsule obtuse longer than the
perianth, culm bulbous rooting," Bich, E, B, t, 801. Bich.
in Linn. Trans, w. 12. p. 315.

Hab. Extremely common, Mr. Arnott. Fl. Aug. 1/ .

f* This plant has till lately been in a very unsettled state. It is not
vcadily distinguishable in some states from other species ; but its
blunt capsule will enable the botanist to separate it from ,) . lampo-
carpus and acutiflorus, and, besides the diagnostic marks mentioned
under J. supiniis (J. capitatus of this work) and J. suhverticillatusy
the opaque chocolate-coloured cal. are very constant characters."
— I give the character and some remarks from Mr. Bicheno's paper
of this species, established by Sibthorpe, and said to be so common
in Great Britain j but of which foreign botanists seem to be silent,
and with which I confess myself to be very imperfectly acquainted.

tt heaves rounded or subcompressed {divided internally by transverse

ilEXAND. MONOG. 109

partitions, which often, in a dnj atate, give a jointed appearance to
the leaves) .

16. L subverticHlatus {whor led Rusk), " cauline leaves subu-
late nodoso- articulate, panicle corymbose, heads of about 5
flowers fasciculato-verticillate, capsule obtuse as long as the
striated perianth.'* Bich. in Linn, Trans, v, 12. p. 322.

Hab. Marshes N. of Glasg., G. Don. Fl. Aug. % .

Of this, likewise, I know but little, having no authentic specimen.
There is a figure of the J. suhverticillatus oi Willd. in Host's splen-
did Gram. Austr., but neither do Host or Willdenow speak of the
jointed leaves ; and the former considers it to be the J. uUgin. of Sm.

17. J. acittifloriis {sharp -flowered Rnsh), leaves nodoso-artieu-
late subcompressed, panicle terminal very compound, leaves
of the perianth lanceolate nearly as long as the narrow ovate
subacuminate capsule. Lightf, p. 184? and E. B, t,23S
{J,articulatus), Bich, in Linn. Trans, v. 12, p. 323.

Hab. Bogs, very common, G. Don. Fl. July, Aug. 1/. .

One foot to two feet high, erect. Leaves 3 — 4 on a stem, very distinctly

nodoso-articulate, when dry. Panicle diffuse, in fr. spreading.

Flowers two or three together, greenish brown. General bract eas

short, membranaceous, scarcely leafy.

18. J . lampocarpus {shining -fruited Rush), "leaves compressed,
panicle terminal compound erect, 3 interior leaves of the pe-
rianth rather obtuse, capsule acute triquetrous shining," Bich,
E, B. t, 2143. Bich, in Linn, Trans, v. 12. p. 325.

Hab. Bogs very common, G. Don. Fl. July, Aug. If. .

'' This plant in an advanced state is easily known from J. acutiflorus
and obtusjjiorus by its large shining dark capsules". WTiile early in
flower, the best marks are the more simple panicle and somewhat
obtuse cal," In my specimens from Mr. Bicheno, I find no differ-
ence between the perianth of this and the J. acut'iji., and the shape
of the capsule is ovate ?ind subacuminate.

19. J. ohlusiflorus {blunt -flowered Rush)^ leaves rounded no-
doso-articulate, panicle very much compounded spreading,
leaflets of the perianth very obtuse as long as the capsule.
E. B. t. 2144. Bich. in Linn. Trans, v. 12. p. 327.

Hab. Marshes near Forfar, rare, D. Don. Fl. Aug, 11 .

Whatever doubt may be entertained as to J. lampoc. being distinct
from J. acuti/l., there can be none about this. Its panicles are re-
markably compound and branched, and the leaflets of the perianth
are singularly obtuse and convex. My specimens do not possess
ripe capsules. Bicheno describes them as oval and mucronale.
Smith figures them as broadly obovate. All in this division have
3 longitudinal angles.

20. Lpolycephalus {mam/ -headed Rush), leaves subulate round-
ed articulate, panicle terminal erect di-trichotomous, branches
nearly simple, heads of many flowers lateral and terminal
nearly sessile, leaflets of the perianth lanceolate acute rather

1 1 0 HEXAND. MONOG.

shorter than the elliptical-ovate somewhat ohtuse capsule,

D. Don, MSS. ined.

Hab. Scotch Alps, a. Don. Fl. . 1/ .

This has a very peculiar habit, and cUfFers from all the other species of

this division by the very simple ramifications of the panicle and the

few but large heads containing from o to 8 spreading flowers, each

upon a short pedicel.

12. LUZLILA.

1. h. maxima [great hainj IVood-rush), leaves hairy, panicle
subcymose doubly compound, peduncles elongate of about 3
flowers, leaflets of the perianth aristate as long as the capsule.
Lighlf. p. 1S6, and E. B. i. 737 {Jmicus sylvaticus). Bicft.
in Linn. Trans, v. 12. p. 331 (L. sylvatita).

Hab. Woods and shady places. Banks of the river at Rosslyn, Dr. Par-
sons. FL May. 11 .

One to one foot and a half high. Leaves broad, shining, striated. Flo-
ral bracteas ciliated. Caps, with a very sharp point, deep brown.
Seeds elliptical -ovate, with scarcely any crested appendage on the
top.

2. L, pilosa [small hairy JVnod'tush),\e?i\Qs hairy, })anicle sub-
cymose, peduncles 1 -flowered bent back, leaflets of the peri-
anth acuminate rather shorter than the obtuse capsule. Light f.
p. 186, and E. B. t. 736 [Jimcus pil.) . Bich, in Linn, Trans,
2;. 12. /).329.

Hab. In woods, frequent. Fl. Apr. May. % .

Much smaller than the last. Flower dark brown, single. Peduncles
reflexed. Seeds with a curved appendage at the top.

3. L. Forsteri [narrow-leaved hairy fVood-rush), leaves hairv,
panicle subcymose but little branched, peduncles I -flowered
erect, leaflets of the perianth narrow acuminate a little longer
than the acute capsule. E. B, t. 1293 {Juncus Forst.). Bich,
in Linn. Trans, v. 12. p. 330.

Hab. Fir-woods E. of Forfar, G. Don. Fl. Apr. May. 1/ .

Much slenderer than the last in every part. Peduncles erect. Caps.

acute, mucronated. Seed with a large oblong crested appendage

on the top.

4. L. campestris [small hairy PVood-rush), leaves hairy, spikes
sessile and pedunculated, leaflets of the perianth acuminate
longer than obtuse capsule. Lightf.p, 186, and E. B. t, 672
[Jiuicus camp.). Bich, in Linn. Trans, v. 12. p. 334.

/3. taller, with the spikes of flowers collected into one almost or-
bicular head. J. erectus^ Pers. Syn.Jid. Bich. J. sndeticus,
Willd, P

Hab. Frequent in dry pastures. /3. Not uncommon in moist moorish
ground. Fl. Apr. 1/ ,

From 4 to 6 or 8 inches, or in /3. a foot, high. Flowers collected into
short ovate spikes, one of which is generally sessile, the rest pe-
dunculate.

HEXAND. — DtGYS". 1 1 1

5. L. sf.icata {spiked IVood-nish), spike drooping compotind,
spikelets shorter than their subdiaplianous mucronated brac-
tea?<, leaflets of the perianth acuminato-aristate about as lonj^
as the rotundate capsule. Lightf. p 187, and E, B. t, 1176
{Juucus spic). Bic/i. in Linn. Trans, v. 12. p. 337.

Hab. Highland mountains, common. jF/. July, i/ .

Six to eight inches high, slender. Leaves small, narrow, somewhat
grooved, hairy only at the margins of the sheaths. Spike dark co-
loured, interrupted near the base. Capn. very dark shining brown,
acute. Well distinguished by its drooping compound spike.

13. BERBEHiS.

1. B. vulgaris (common Berberry), racemes pendulous, spines

three-forked, leaves obovate ciliato-serrate. Ligfitf, p, 178.

E. B. t. 49.
Hab, Hedges and bushy places. About Hamilton, Dr. Parsons.

About Lanark, plentiful, tlopk. Glen Lyon ; and Edenshead, near

Auchtermuchty, Mr. Arnott. Fl. May, June, fj ,
Shrub with upright, twiggy stems. Flowers yellow. Stamens highly

ciu;iousin their formation, and in their ela!?tic property when touched.

Berries oblong, a little curved, red, tipped with the black stigma :

a pleasant acid, much used for preserves,

14. PEPLIS.

1. P. Portnla {IVater Purslane), flowers axillary solitary, leaves

obovate. Liglilf. p.XSJ. E.B. t.\2\].
Hab. Places that have been overflowed in the winter, not uncommon,

Lightf. Banks of Huggen field and Frankfield Lochs, Glasg., Hopk.

Braid hill marshes, Edinb., G. Don. Fl. July, Aug. ©.
Plant 5 — 6 iuches long, creeping, little branched. Leaves opposite,

glabrous, tapering at the base. Flowers small, greenish red. Petals

very minute, inserted on the cal., often wanting.

2. DIGYNIA.

15. OXYRIA.

]♦ O. reniformis {Kidney-shaped-leaved Oxyria). Lightf,
p. 190, and E. J5. /.910. Rtimex digynus,

Hab. Alpine parts of Scotland, on moist rocks, abundant. Fl. July,
Aug. 1/ .

Stem 8 — 10 inches high, with rarely more than 1 leaf, often naked.
Radical leaves numerous, allreniform, with an obtuse sinus on the
top, on long footstalks, with membranaceous stipules at their base.
Racemes and pedw/ic^es branched, with minute, ovate, membranous,
bracteae at the base of each ramification. Pedicels incrassated up-
wards. Flowers erect, small, Stam. 6, shorter than the divisions
of the concave perianth. Pistil nearly orbicular, compressed, notched,
with 2 spreading feathery styles. Fruit a nut, inclosed in an utricle,
with a remarkably broad-winged border, tipped with the styles in a

1 \2 HEXAND. TRIGYN.

rather deep notch, and having at the base the pointed perianth not
at all elilarged.
This is reinarkably different in leaves from Riimex. It is the Doiila
sapida of Brown, in the first ed. of Ross's Voyage to the Arctic Re-
gions, but was previously named Oxijrla by Decand. Wahlenberg
considers it a R'heum (or Rluibarb) with one third of the i)arts of
fructification removed.

3. TRIGYNIA.

iG. RUMEX.

* Flowers all perfect. Inner and enlarged valves of the Perianth u-iiJt a
tubercle (graniferoiis). {Lapalha or Docks}'

t t (lives entire.

1. R. aq7iai}c2n {great IFciler-dock), valves ovate entire bear-
ing small grains, leaves lanceolate acute, the lower ones cor-
date at the base. LigfUf. p. 190. ^. B. ^ 2104.

Hab. Ditches and by river-sides. Banks of the Clyde at old Kil-
patrick, Hoph. Side of the Tay, near Perth, Mr. Brodie. Djtches
near Meikleour, Perthshire, Mr. Murray. Ft. July, Aug. %.

The largest of our Docks, 3 — o feet high. Some leaves a foot and a
half long. Root large, very astringent,

2. R. crispits {curled Dock), valves very large cordate entire
reticidated bearing grains, leaves lanceolate waved acute*
Lighlf. p. ISS. E. B. t. 1998.

Hab. Way-sides and near houses, iVequent. Fl. June, July. % .

IVo or three feet high. Lower leaves broader j all crisped at the
margin. Whorls oi Jloivers very numerous and crowded. Distin-
guished readily by the Lirge, broadly cordate, retic;dated, green,
i>iembranous valves, some ofv/hich (not all, in my specimens) bear
an ovate orange-coloured grain, or tubercle.

3. R. sanginne.iis {bloody -ue'ined Dock), valves oblong (small)
entire, one, at least, bearing a grain, leaves lanceolate some-
what lieait-shaped. E. B. t. lo;i3.

Hab. AVoods and waste places. King's park, Edinb., Mr. P. Neill.

Abercorn woods, Edinb., Maugh. Bothwell vvoofls, sparingly, Hopk.

Dupplin, Mr. Arnoit m\A Mr. Greville. i^/. July. 1/.
Two or three feet high, much branched. I.eaves generally with red

veins, sometimes green {Sm.). Flowers in small distant whorls,

l^ate of leaves, except the lovyer ones.

f f Valves toothed.

4. R. ocitfus {sharp Dock), valves oblong somewhat toothed
all bearing grains, leaves cordato-oblong acuminate, whorls
leafy. Lighlf, p. 188. E. B. t. 724.

Hab. Moist deep soils, under hedges and in pi^stures, frequent, Lighlf

Fl. July. 1/,.
Whorls small^ distant, each subtended by a spiallleaf; valves subcjen-

HEXAND. — TRIGYK. 113

tate, and each graniferous. Are these sufficient marks to distinguish
it from R. sanguineus?

5. R. pulcher {Fiddle Dock), valves oblong toothed one of
them principally bearing a grain, radical leaves panduriform,
stem smooth diffuse. I^ightf, p. 189. E, B. t. 1570.

Har. Way-sides in dry phices, Sihb(dd. Fl. July. % .

Stems very straggling. Mlwrls small, distant, leafy.

(j. 11. obttLsiJolius {broad leaved Dock), valves ovate toothed
one principally bearing a grain, radical leaves ovato-cordate
obtuse, stem roughish. Ligfitf. p. 189. E. B. t. 1999.

Hak. \\'ay-sides and waste places, frequent. Fl. July. % .

Two to three feet high. Whorls rather close, somewhat leafy. Di-
stinguished by its broad and large radical leaves, which are generally
crisped at the margin. Stem scabrous between the elevated lines
which form the striae.

7. R. maritimus {gold&n Dock), valves deltoid fringed with se-
taceous teeth-bearing grains, leaves linear-lanceolate, whorls
much crowded. E. B. t. 725.

Hab. Marshes principally near the sea. Fl. July, Aug. 7/ .

Well distinguished from every preceding species by its narrow leaves,
and singularly setaceo-spinous, excessively crowded, and bright
coloured valves. Lightfoot's R. maritimus seems rather to belong
to the next species.

8. R. palustris [yellow Marsh Dock), valves lanceolate with
short setaceous teeth near the base bearing grains, leaves linear-
lanceolate, whorls distant. Light/', p. 188 (/?. maritimus),
E.B. M932.

Hab. Marshes. Angus-shire, G.Don. Fl. July. 11 .

I fear that future observations will prove this to be but a var. of

R. maritimus, with more distant whorls of fewer floweiiSjless bright

coloured valves, with shorter setaceous teeth.

** Flowers diacious, inner enlarged valves of the perianth without
any tubercle or grain. {Acetosce or Soirels.)

9. R. Acetosa {common Sorrel), leaves oblongo-sagittate their
segments bent towards the petiole. LightJ. p. 191. E. B.
/. 127.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, common. Fl. June. %.
One foot to two feet high. Valves large, pui-plish, cordate, obtuse, mem-
branous^ reticuUiterl with veins j without grains in my specimens.

10. R. acetosella {Sheep's Sorrel), leaves lanceolato-hastate
their acute lobes spreading or even recurved. Lighlf. p. 191.
E. J5.^. 1G74.

Hab. Dry pastures, frequent. Fl. May — July. 11 .

Variable in size, which is from 2 — 10 inches, and in the leaves; for
sometimes only the radical ones are of the shape above described,
at other times many of the cauline ones are so too ; the rest are

I

114' HfeXAND. TRIGYK.

lanceolate, more or less petiolate, entire. Every part much smaller
than in the last species.

17. TOFIELDIA.

1. T. paluslris {Scottish Asphodel), spike ovate, stem glabrous
filiform leafless, petals obovate obtuse, germen oblong 3-lobed,
involucre at the base of the pedicel. Lighff, p. 181 {Ant he-
ricjim calyculatum), E, B, t, 536.

Hab. Highland moimtains, in rather elevated situations, not uncom-
mon. Fl. July, Aug. ■}/ .

Scarcely a span high. Leaves all radical, 2 inches long, linear, cnsi-
form, equitant. Flowers small, white.

18. TRIGLOCHIN.

1. Tr. palustre {Marsh Arroiu- grass), fruit three-celled nearly
linear. Light/, p. 192. E, B. t, 366.

Hab. Wet meadows and by the sides of ditches in marshy situations,
plentiful. FL Aug. IJ..

Leaves all radical, linear, fleshy, slightly grooved on the upper side,
sheathing, membranous at the base. Scape 8 — 10 inches high, ter-
minating in a lax simple spike or raceme. Flowers small, greenish.
Anthers sessile, within each concave division of the perianth. Cap-
sules 3, linear, united by a common receptacle so as to form one
3-celled fruit, each separating by the base, and suspended by the
extremity, never opening.

2. Tr. maritimum {Sea-side Arrow-grass), fruit 6-celled ovate.
Light/, p. \92. E.B.t.255.

Hab. Salt marshes, frequent. Banks of the Clyde, at Kilpatrick and
Bowling Bay, Hopk. Fl. May — Aug. "U .

Larger than the last and stouter, difl^"ering essentially in the fruit, which
is formed of 6 distinct capsules, forming a broadly ovate fruit, and
not separating from the base and suspended by the point as in the
T. palustre. Even in flower the same distinction is observable in the
germens as in the fruit.

19. COLCHICUM.

1. C. autumnale {Meadow Saffron), leaves plane broadly lan-
ceolate erect. Light/, p. 1 92. E. B. t. 133.

Hab. Low meadows, but not common. Alloa, the seat of Mr. Er-
^Vme^, Lightf. F/. Sept., Oct. if:.

Bulb solid. , Flowers appear in autumn, 2 — 3 in succession, springing
from the bulb, with a very long narrow tube, surrounded at the base
with a membranous sheath. Stam. inserted on the divisions of the
pale purple perianth. Germen at the base of the bulb, its long styles
running up the whole length of the tube. The leaves appear the
following spring, and wither in the summer.

. 20. ALISMA.

1. A. Plantago {great Water Plantain), leaves ovate acute, fruit
depressed, capsules obtusely trigonal. Light/ p, 193. E, B,
/.837.

«EPTAND. MONOG. 115

Hab. Banks of lakes and rivers, frequent. Fl. July. ")/ .
Two to three feet high. Leaves all radical, on long footstalks. Scape
branched upward, branches whorled, bracteated, compound.
Flowers pale rose colour. Embryo singularly curved, like a horse-
shoe, as in the whole genus. — A var. is mentioned by Mr. Hopkirk
with lanceolate leaves.
2. A. ranunculoides (Jesse?- Water Plantain), leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, fruit globose squarrose, capsules acute. Light f.p, 193.
E.B.t,326.
Hab. Ditches and bogs, but not common. Sides of lochs in Isla,
Lightf. Marsh beyond Possil, Glasg., Hopk. N. side of Loch Le-
ven and loch W. of Dunning, Mr. Arnott. Duddingston Loch, and
Castle Loch, at Lochmabin, Maugh. In the Hunting Bog, near
Edinb., Mr. P. Neill. Burntisland, G. Don. Fl. Aug. %.
Much smaller than the last, with flowers larger, paler coloured, in um-
bels, which are sometimes proliferous. But the most essential dif-
ference is to be found in the germens or fruits.

VII. HEPTANDRIA

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. Trientalis. CaL of 7 leaves. Cor, in 7 segments, regular
and flat. Berry dry, of 1 cell, many seeds.

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. TRIENTALIS.

L T.miropcBa {Chick-weed Winter-green), Lightf, p, 196.
E.B.t.\5,

Hab. Sides of mountains and in woods, especially in the Highlands.
On Ben Lomond, about 1 mile of the way up ; and Duke of Athol's
woods at Blair, abundantly, Lightf. Cliesh, Mr. Arnott. Black-
house heights, Selkirkshire, Mr. Stewart. Aberfoyle, Rev. Dr. Gra-
hame. Cluny, Rev. Mr. M' Ritchie. Woods, Dunkeld, especially
Dungarthill • near Stanly, and field of Culloden ; Loch Ransa, Ar-
ran 3 and woods, Dumblane, Mr. Murray. Strathbran^ Perthshire,
Dr. Walker. Fl. June. 14. .

Root creeping. Stems simple, 4 — 6 inches high, with 2 or 3 small di-
stant leaves, and 4 — 7 terminal, whorled, large, obovato-lanceolate
ones, from the centre of which arise 3 — 4 slender flowerstalks, about
1 inch long, each terminated by a rather large, white, at first droop-
ing flower. Leaflets of cal. very narrow, almost subulate : the seg-
ments of cor. lanceolate. Germ, superior, roundish. Capsule white.
Pericarp filmy. Seeds few, on a spongy central receptacle.

I 2

1 16

VIII. OCTANDRIA.

1. MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers complete (cal. and cor.) .
6. Acer. CoZ. 5-cleft, inferior. Pet, 5, Germen 2-\ohed. Cap-
sules (Samarce) 2, united at the base, each with a long winged
rnembrane, 1-celled, 1 — 2-seeded.

1. Epilobium. CaL 4-partite, superior, deciduous. Pet. 4.
Caps, elongated, obtusely 4-sided5 4-celled, 4-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds com ate,

2. Vaccinium. CaL 4-dentate, superior. Cor. of 1 petal, cam-
panulate, 4-fid. Anthers with two pores. Berry globose, 4-
celled, many-seeded.

3. Erica. Cal. of 4 leaves. Cor. of 1 petal, limb 4-fid. An-
thers before flowering connected by two lateral pores. Caps.
4-celled, 4-valved, dissepiments from the middle of the valves.

4. Calluna. Cq/. double, 4-leaved, inner one coloured. Caps.
with the dissepiments opposite the margins of the valves, and
separating from them. — The rest as in Erica»

{Monotropa, Dec. Mon.)
** Flowers incomplete.

5. Daphne. Perianth single, resembling a corolla, inferior, 4-
fid. Berry 1 -seeded.

(DiGYNIA.)

{Polygonaj Ord. Dig. Chrysospleinum and Scleranlhus, Dec.

Dig.)

2. TRIGYNIA.

7. Polygonum. I^erianih single, 5-partite, resembling a co-
rolja, inferior. Fruit a 1 -seeded nut,

3. TETRAGYNIA.
9. Adoxa. CaL half inferior, 3-cleft. Cor. superior, 4 — 5-cleft.
Anth. terminal, 1 -celled- Berry 4 — 5 -celled.

8. Paris. CaL of 4 leaves. Pet. 4. Cells of the Anth. fixed,
one on each side the middle of a subulate Jilament, Berry
4-celled, 4-seeded.

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. EPILOBIUM.

* Flowers irregular. Stam. heitt down.
1. E. angustifoliiim {Rose-bay Willow -herb), leaves scattered
linear-lanceolate veined glabrous, flowers irregular subspicate,
stum, declined. Lightf, p, 197. E, B. t. 19^7.

OCTAND. MONOG. 117

Hab. Among rocks in woody places, not uncommon, especially in the
Coryton woods and rocks to the E. of the Kirk of Shots, near Ha-
milton, Dr. Parsons. Near Loch Lutnaig, 20 m. W. of Sterling,
by the road from Tyndrum, Dr. Stuart. Habbie's How, Pentland
hills. In Collington and Abercorn woods, Maugh. Banks of the
Clyde at Barncluith, Hop/c. Fall of Fyers and woods byLochness,
Mr. Murray, &c. Fl. July. 7/ .

Stems 4 — 5 feet high. Very handsome. Pollen blue.

** Flowers regular. Stam. erect. Petals deeply notched.

2. E. hirsutum {great hairy ?F^?7/ozi;-/ierZ'), leaves semiamplexi-
caul ovato-lanceolate dentate-serrate bairy, stem very much
branched hairy, root creeping, stigma 4 -cleft. Lightf.p. 197.
E. B. t. 838. '

Hab. Sides of ditches, rivers, and lakes. Near Daldowie^ Glasg., Dr.

Brown. About Edinb., Kinross-shire, and Perthshire, Mr. Arnott.

Fl. July. 1/ .
Almost equal in size to the last. Root perennial, creeping. Floweis

corymbose, large.

3. E. parvijiorum {small-flowered hoary Willow -fieri), leaves
sessile lanceolate slightly toothed downy on both sides, stem
nearly simple very downy, root fibrous, stigma 4 -cleft. .£. B»
t.795,

Hab. Marshes and banks of lochs and rivers, frequent, Hopk. Fl.
July. 1/.

The much smaller size of this, in all its parts, scarcely more than 1
or 1 ^ foot in height, besides the above characters, serves to distin-
guish it from the preceding, with v/hich it has been confounded.

4. E. paluslre {narroiv-leaued Marsh Willow-herb), leaves nar-
row lanceolate sessile nearly entire and as well as the rounded
erect stem subglabrous, stigma undivided. LightJ\p, 199.
E. B, t. 346.

Hab. Bogs and the sides of lakes. Fl. July. % .
Stem about a foot high. Flowers small.

5. E. tetragonum {square-stalked JV i How -herb), \eiives\Rnceo -
late sessile glabrous denticulate, stem with 4 angles nearly gla-
brous, stigma undivided. Lightf. p. 198. E, B. t. 1948.

Hab. Sides of ditches and watery places, common, Fl. July. 1/.

6. E. montnnum {broad smooth-leaved Willow-herb), leaves
ovate-acute shortly petiolate glabrous all toothed, stem round
pubescent as well as the fruit, stigma 4-cleft. Lightf.p, 198.
E,B.tA\n.

Hab. Stony places under hedges, &c. Fl. July. % .
Six inches to a foot high. Much like this is the E.roseum, which has
not yet been detected in Scotland ; but that has an entire stigma.

7. E. alsinifolium {Chickweed-leaved Willow-herb), leaves
ovato- acuminate rather obtuse sessile glabrous lowermost ones
entire the rest very slightly toothed, stem round glabrous as
well as the fruit, stiguia entire. E, B, t. 2000.

118 OCTAND. MONOG.

Hab. On many, probably most of the Highland mountains, G. andD,
Don and Mr. J, T. Mackay. Ben Nevis, Mr. Murray. Side of a
rivulet on Hart-fell, Mr. Arnott. Fl. July. 'U- •

.The above are the marks 1 find in my numerous specimens from the
English and Scotch mountains, Switzerland, Savoy, and Iceland j
and they appear to be permanent. Smith says, however, that the
germen is downy. A very slight appearance, indeed, of pubescence
is visible with a glass, which entirely disappears in the fruit. Root
much creeping. The habit is altogether different from E. monfa-
numy to which it approaches in character, wanting its rigidity and
being much smaller, seldom more than 6 — 8 inches high. Wahlen-
berg considers it a var. of the following, to which I can by no means
assent.

8. E. alpinum {alpine Willow -her h), leaves elliptical glabrous on
short footstalks nearly entire, stem nearly glabrous, and fruit
entirelv so, stigma undivided. Light/, p, 199. /. 10. E, B,
/.2001.

Hab. Wet places on all the Highland mountains. Fl. July. }/ .

Three to five inches high. Root creeping. Stem angular, with two
lines of very obscure pubescence, procumbent at the base. Flowers
seldom more than one or two from the summit of the stalk.

2. VACCINIUM.

* Leaves deciduous.

1 .V. My rtillus {Bilberry or fVhortle-lerry), peduncles 1 -flowered,
leaves serrate ovate deciduous, stem angular. Lishtf. p. 200.
£. i?./.456.

Hab. Woods and heathy places, frequent. Fl. May. T^ .

Small shruh about 1 foot high. Flowers drooping, urceolate, very ele-
gant, greenish, with a red tinge. Stam. 8 or 10. Anthers tubu-
lar, with a pore on the top and a horn behind. Berries black, glau-
cous, very agreeable to the taste.

2. V. uliginosum {great Bilberry), peduncles Uflowered, leaves
obovate entire veined deciduous, stems rounded. Lightf,
p. 201. £.5./. 581.

Hab. Highlands, not rare : in low moist grounds, as well as at the
summits of the mountains. Fl. May. Ij .

Leaves glaucous, especially beneath. Cor. ovate, flesh-coloured, smaller
than the last. Anthers the same. Stam. 8 or 10. Berries very in-
ferior to the last in flavour.

■^* Leaves persistent y evergreen.

3. V. Vitis Idcea {red IVhortle-lerry), racemes terminal droop-
ing, leaves evergreen obovate dotted beneath, their margins re-
volute nearly entire. Lightf. p. 202. E, B, t. 598.

Hab. Dry places on heaths, mountains, and in woods. Fl. May. Tj •

A low, somewhat straggling shruh, with leaves shaped like those of the

box. Flowers pale flesh-coloured, campanulate. Berries red, acid,

but not pleasant. — A dwarf variety, very bushy, with leaves much

crowded, and only half the size of the common plant, but having

OCTAND. MONOG. 119

flowers full as large, is found by Mr. Murray on the Campsie hills,
near Glasg., and on hills in Arran. This retains its characters in
the gardens, where in England it has been long known under the
name of V. buxifolium.
4. V. Oxycoccos {Cranherry),^o\VQV'&td\]is terminal single-flower-
ed^ leaves ovate evergreen glaucous beneath their margins re-
volute and entire, cor. 4-partite revolute, stem filiform.
Light/, p. 202. E.B.t.Sl9.
Hab. Peat-bogs in the Lowlands, frequent, but not so common in the

Highlands, Lightf. Fl. June. P^ •
Very straggling, wiry, 8 or 10 inches long. Leaves small. Flowers
bright rose colour. Cor. deeply divided j segments singularly re-
volute, on which account, as well as the hornless anthers, this is by
many made a genus, Oxycoccos. Fruit very pleasant, making the
best of tarts, far superior to the foreign V. macrocarpum, which is
so largely imported to this country. At Longtown on the borders
of Cumberland the fruit of the V. Oxyc. forms no inconsiderable ar-
ticle of trade.

3. ERICA.

1. E. cinerea {fine-leaved Heath), anthers with two serrated ap-
pendages at the base, style a little exserted, stigma capitate,
leaves ternate. Lightf. 'p. 204. £. B. t. 1015.

Hab. Heaths, abundant. Fi. July, Aug. Tj •

Flowers, in rather long whorled racemes, drooping, reddish purple.
Leaves nearly linear, glabrous. Varies with white flowers. Used
for various oeconomical purposes. See Lightf. p. 204.

2. E. Tetralix {cross-leaved Healh), anthers with two awns at
the base, style as long as the ovate cor., leaves in fours ci-
liated, flowers capitate. Lightf, p. 205. jE. J5. M014.

Hab. Moorish grounds, very frequent, sometimes with white flowers,

Hopk. Fl. July, Aug. Pj •
This is the most beautiful of our two Heaths. Flowers large, delicate,

rose colour, drooping.

4. CALLUNA.

1. C. vulgaris {commoji lAng), Hull, Brit. FL ed. 2, p, 114,
Lightf. p. 203 and E. B. t. 1013 {Erica vulg.).

Hab. Heaths and moors, common, sometimes v^^ith white flowers.
Fl. June — Aug. Tj .

A small, much branching, tufted shruh. Leaves small, opposite, pu-
bescent, linear, closely imbricated in 4 rows, sometimes very hoary.
Flowers small, reddish, drooping, nearly sessile, ovate. Difl^ers in
the flowers and in the capsule (see gen. char.) from Erica. Used
much for brooms as well as for fuel 3 and makes an excellent edging
to garden -borders instead of box.

5. DAPHNE.

1. D. iMureoIa {Spurge Laurel), racemes axillary of about
5 flowers, leaves lanceolate glabrous evergreen. Lightf. p. 205.
E.B.t.Wd.

120

OCTAND. TRIGYN.

Hab. Moist woods and hedges, rare. Banks of the river at Rosslyn^
Dr. Parsons. W^oods, Bothwell, Hopk. Fl. March, h .

Stem rather stout, 1 — 3 feet high, but little branched, naked below,
leafy above, and hence bearing some resemblance to a Palm. Flow-
ers yellowish green, each accompanied by an ovate concave bractea,
drooping. Perianth infundibuliform, limb 4-cleft. <S<am. included
in 2 tows of 4 t^ch, filaments \&ry short. Berry ovate, blueish black.

C^. ACER.

1. A. psetido' Plat anus (Sycamore), leaves 5-lobed unequally
serrated, racemes pendulous subtomentose. Lig/itJ". p. 639.
E. B, t. 303.

Hab. Near houses and in gentlemen's plantations frequent, but scarcely
indigenous, Lightf. Fl. May, June. Jj ,

A large tree with spreading branches. Flowers greenish. Germen pu-
bescent. Fruit with 2 long, membranaceous wings, which greatly
aid its dispersion. The wood is used for bowls and trenchers,
and other turnery-work 3 and the Highlanders are said to make a
wine of the sap.

2. A. campesire (common Maple), lobes of the leaves mostly
5 inciso-crenate, racemes upright subtomentose. LighlJ'. p. {)40,
E. B.t, S04.

Hab. Woods, but not very common. Fl. May, June, Tj .
A small tree with rough bark full of deep fissures. Leaves small. A\''ood
often beautifully veined, and then much valued.

2. TRIGYNIA.

7. POLYGONUM.

* Leaves ovate or lanceolate.
t Spikes of ^/lowers terminal, solitary. Nut triquetrous (Bistorta).

1. P. Bistorta (Bistort or Snakeweed), stem simple hearing one
spike, leaves ovate waved the radical ones running down into
a footstalk. Lightf, p. 206. E. B. /.509.

Hab. Moist meadows, but not common. About Inverary, Lightf.
Marshy ground at Roseburn near Coltbridge, and banks of the North
Esk, below Hevock mill, Maugh. Waste ground, Kilbride, Ure.
Glen near Castlemilk ; and banks of the Kelvin at Gairbraid, Hopk.
Below Greenock, Bute and Arran, plentiful, Mr. Murray. Fl.
June. 1/ .

One or one foot and a half high. Up|:er leaves with long sheaths.
Spike cyMndricaX, dense. Flowers flesh-coloured, on short foot-
stalks, with small bracteas at the base. Stam. 8. Styles 3. Root
large, tortuose, very astringent.

2. P. viinpartim (viviparous alpine Bistort), stem simple bear-
ing one spike, leaves linear-lanceolate the lower ones ellip-
tical petiolate their margins revolute, Lightf. p, 206. E, B,

^^e9,

Hab. Highland mountains, frequent in dry situations. Fl. hmQ. %

OCTAND. TRIGYN. 121

From 4 to 8 inches high, slender. Spike linear ; lower part of it
generiilly with little viviparous bulbs of a fine red colour. Stam. 8.
Styles 3 . Perianth pale flesh-coloured, almost white. — 'J'his species
increases much by the bulbs, and little if at all by seed, the trique-
trous germen proving abortive.

ft Flowers spiked, terminal or arillarij. Nuts ovate. (Persicaria.)

3. P. amphibhim {amphibious Persicaria), flowers peiitandrous,
styles forked, spike oblongo- ovate, leaves petioiate cordate-
lanceolate rough at the margins. IJgh/f. p. 207. E. B. t. 436.

a. aquaticum, leaves floating broadly lanceolate glabrous, spikes

oblong.
|3. terrestre, nearly erect, leaves narrow lanceolate rough vvitli

short rigid appressed hairs on both sides, spikes ovate.
Hab. Ponds, lakes, and ditches, or their margins, frequent. Fl. July,

Aug. 11 .
Stem 2 — ^3 feet long, scarcely branched when growing in the water.

Leaves arising from long tubular sheaths or stipules, glabrous in p.,

but hispid in a. Spikes mostly solitary, terminal, bright rose colour.

The only perennial species of the Persicaria family.

4. P. Persicaria (spotted Persicaria), flowers hexandrous, styles
forked, leaves lanceolate (often spotted), spikes oblon^^ erect
their peduncle smooth, stipules fringed. Lighif, p. 207. E. B.
^756.

Hab. Moist ground and waste places, frequent, Fl. Aug. 0 .

Stem erect, branched, 1 foot to 2 feet high. Spikes terminal and la-
teral, dense, greenish, the tips of the flowers rose-coloured. Leaves
nearly sessile, glabrous -, but there are said to be vars. with hoary
leaves.

5. P. lapathifolium {pale -flowered Persicaria), flowers hexan-
drous with 2 distinct styles, leaves ovato-lanceolate shortly pe-
tioiate, spikes oblong erect their peduncle rough, stipules not
fringed. E. B. L 1382.

Hab. Fields and dunghills, frequent. K.Aug. ©.

One foot or 1 foot and a half high. A very variable species ; but the
above characters, so ably pointed out by Mr. Curtis, are very con-
stant. Sometimes the stem is spotted, and sometimes the under-
side of the leaf is hoary. The flowers are either a pale green, almost
white, or of a reddish tint. Spikes dense, terminal and lateral.

6. P. Hydropiper {biting Per5/'c«/'ia), flowers hexandrous, styles
forked, leaves lanceolate waved and spotless, spikes lax filiform
drooping, stem erect. Light/', p. 207. E. B. i, 989.

Hab. By the sides of ditches and lakes. Fl. Aug. Sept. 0.

One foot to 3 feet high, erect. Remarkable for its slender, long, more

or less drooping spikes of distant reddish flowers j they are lateral

and terminal.

7. P. minus {small creeping Persicaria), flowers hexandrous,
style undivided, leaves linear- lanceolate plane very shortly pe-

122 OCTAND. TETRAGYN.

tiolate, spikes slender erect, stem rooting at the base. E. B.

i. 1043.
Hab. Moist fields near Forfar, G. Don.
Very near P.Hydroplper, but much smaller, procumbent below 3 spikes

uprightj narrower leaves, and undivided stigma.

ttt Flowers axillary. (Polygonum.)
S. P, aviculare {Knot -grass), flowers axillary, leaves elliptico-
lanceolate rough at the margin, nerves of the stipules distant,
stem procumbent herbaceous. Light/, p. 20S, E. B, i, 1252,
Hab. Way-sides, common. K.May — Sept. G-
Varying much in size j and by the sea-side, as Lightfoot observes, is a
large var. with fleshy leaves that comes near the P. viarithnum, but
is not perennial. The Jlowers are few, 2 — 4 or 5 from each axil on
a short raceme, green with a reddish tinge. Stam. 8. Stigmas 3.

'^* Leaves cordate. (Fagopyrum.)

9. P. Fagopyrum (Buck-wheat), leaves cordato-sagittate, stem
nearly upright without prickles, angles of the seeds even.
E, B. t. 1044.

Hab. Dunghills and about cultivated land ; but introduced by culti-
vation, as in England^ it being excellent food for poultry. Ft. July,
Aug. O.

Stem nearly erect, waved, 1 foot high, branched. Flowers in spreading
panicles terminal and lateral, pale reddish.

10. P. Convolvulus (climbing Buck-wheat), leaves cordato-sa-
gittate, stem twining angular, segments of the perianth bluntly
keeled. Light/, p. 208, E,B,t, 941,

Hab. Corn-fields, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 0 .
Very long, climbing. Spikes of few whorled greenish flowers^ lateral
and leafy.

3. TETRAGYNIA.

8. PARIS.

1. P. quadrifoUa (Herb Paris), Light/, p, 209. E, B. t. 7,
Hab. Wet woods. Wood about a mile S, of Newbattle, near Dal-
keith, Dr. Parsons. Den of Bethaick, 4 miles from Perth, Light/.
Banks a little above Calderwood, Ure. Banks of the Cart opposite
the mill. Dr. Brown : and banks of the Kelvin opposite the second
mill, Glasg., Hopk. W^oods, Aberdeen, Mr. Craigie. Glen of
Lenny N. of Loch Menteith, Rev. Dr. Graliame. Fifeshire, Sihhald.
Banks of the Isla, near Airly Castle, D. Don. Woods of Lyndoch j
banks of the Dee 3 sides of Loch Ness, and woods of Dumblane^
Mr. Murray. Fl. May, June. )/ .
Root creeping. Stem 1 foot high, with 4 (rarely 5) whorled, large,
ovate, acute leaves at the summit, the rest naked. Flower single,
terminal, on a footstalk about 2 inches long. Cal. of 4 linear-lan-
ceolate^ green leaflets. Petals the same^ but narrower and more

ENNEAND. HEXAG, 123

yellow. Roots purgative. Berry esteemed poisonous^ but has
been used for inflammations in the eyes.

9. ADOXA.
I. A. moschatellina {tulerous Moschatell), Lighlf. p. 209.
E,B.t.Ab3.

Hab. Woods and shady places in a light soil, but not common. In
the hermitage. Dr. Parsons. Near the top of Craig-chailliach, Bread-
albane. Dr. Stuart. Frequent about Glasg. in woods and about
the roots of hedges, Hopk. Banks of the Kelvin^ Glasg,, Mr. Mur-
ray. Fl. Apr. May. 11 .

i?ooi creeping, with tooth-like scales. Stem about a span high.
Leaves 2 or 3, radical, on very long footstalks, triternate, lobed and
cut, 2 cauline ones small and simply ternate. Peduncle single, ter-
minal, with a head of 4 verticillate green flowers, and a fifth ter-
minal one. Stam. united in pairs, or they may be considered as
4- or 5 -forked stam., each ramification terminated by a single cell
of an anther, and all springing from a fleshy ring that surrounds
the germen. The Jlowers have an evident musky smell in the even-
ing or early in the morning, while the dew is on them : the lateral
flowers have mostly their parts of fructification in fours^ the termi-
nal one in fives.

IX. ENNEANDRIA.

1. HEXAGYNIA.

1. BuTOMUs. Perianth single^ corolloid, 6-partite. Caps. 6,
many-seeded.

1. HEXAGYNIA.

1. BUTOMUS.

1 . B. umlellatus {flowering Rtish) . Light/, p. 2 1 1 . E. B. t.65\.

Hab. Ditches and ponds, but not common, Lightf. Duddingston
Loch, Mr. J. Mackay. Loch of Clunie, Rev. Mr. M' Ritchie. Fl.
July. % .

Root white, tuberous. Leaves all radical, 2 — ^3 feet long, linear, acu-
minate, acutely triquetrous, more or less spirally twisted at the ex-
tremity. Scape longer than the leaves, rounded. Umbel of many
rose-coloured flowers on footstalks about 4 inches long, with scariose
sheathing bracteas at their base ; and these having a triphyllous
membranous involucre beneath them. Germens ovate, compi'essed.
Style about as long, with a cleft and recurved stigma. Seeds pa-
rietal or fixed to the inner surface of the pericarp, extremely small.
— A highly ornamental plant.

124

X. DECANDRIA.

1. MONOGYNIxV.

* Flowers poly petdlous.

1. MoNOTROPA. Verianlh single, of 4 — 5 leaves, cuculhite at the
base, uhitli. 1-celled, bilabiate. Cfl/?5. superior, 4 — 5-cclled,
4 — 5-valved. Seeds numerous, invested with a long arilltts.

5. Pyrola. CaZ. 5 -cleft. Petals 5, j4?ii hers opening with two
pores. Caps, superior, 5-celled. Seeds numerous, invested
with a long aritlus,

** Flowers monopetalous.

3. Menziesia. Cat. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. ovate. Anlfi. awn-
less. Caps, superior, 4 — 5-celled, the partitions formed by the
inflexed margins of the valves (as in Rkododendron) .

2. Andromeda. Cr/Z. deeply ."5 -cleft. Cor. ovate. Anth,-w\\\\
2 awns. Caps, superior, 4 — 5-celled, the partitions from the
middle of the valves.

4. Arbutus. C«/. 5-cleft. Cor. ovate, its base pellucid. Berry
superior, 5-celled.

[Vaccinium Myrt, and tdig., Oct.)

2. DIGYNIA.

8. Scleranthus. CaL monophyllous, 5-cleft. Cor. 0. Stam.
inserted upon the coZ., 5 frecjuently abortive or wanting. Caps.
1 -seeded, covered by the cal.

6. Chrysosplenium. Cal. 4 — 5-cleft, somewhat coloured,
superior. Cor. 0. Caps, with two beaks, many-seeded.

7. Saxifraga. C6'Z. superior, or inferior,or half inferior, 5-par-
tite. Cor. of 5 petals. Caps, with 2 beaks, 2-celled, many-
seeded, opening between the beaks.

9. Saponaria. Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed, desti-
tute of scales at the base. Pet. 5-clawed. Caps, oblong, 1-
celled.

10. DiANTHUS, Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed, with
about 4 imbricated opposite scales at its base. Pet. 5-
clavved. Caps, cylindrical, 1-celled,

3. TRIGYNIA.

13. Arenaria. Cal. 5-leaved. Petals 5, undivided. Caps.

1-celled, many-seeded.
12. Strllaria. CqZ. 5 -leaved. Pe/rtZ5 5, deeply cloven. Caps.

I -celled, opening with 6 teeth, many-seeded.

DECAND. MONOG. 125

14. Cherleria. Ca/. of 5 leaves. Pe/. 5, extremely minute,
notched. Caps. 1 -celled, opening with 3 valves, many-seed-
ed, S7n. (3-celled, cells 2-seeded, Decand.),

11. SiLENE. CaL monophyilous, tubular, often ventrlcose, 5-
toothed. Pet, 5 -clawed, mostly crowned at the mouth, and
the limb generally notched or bifid. Caps. 3 -celled, 6-toothed,
many-seeded.

4. PENTAGYNIA.

15. Cotyledon. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor, monopetalous, tubular,
5-fid. Caps. 5, with a nectariferous scale at their base.

16. Sedum. CaL 4 — 7-cleft. Pet, 5. Caps. 5, with a necta-
riferous scale at their base.

17. OxALis. Cal. 5 -partite. Pet. 5. Caps, angular, 5-celled,
cells 2- or many-seeded. Seeds with an elastic arrllus,

19. Lychnis. Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5 -toothed. Pet, 5,
clawed, crowned at the mouth, their limb divided. Caps.
opening with 5 or more teeth, 1- or 5-celled.

18. Agrostemma. Co/, monophyllous, tubular, coriaceous, 5-
cleft. Pet. 5 (clawed), their limb undivided. Caps, opening
with 5 teeth, 1 -celled.

20. Cerastium. Co/. 5 -leaved. Pe^. 5, cloven. Crzps. burst-
ing at the top with 10 teeth (5 in Cer. aquat.),

21. Spergula. Cal. 5-Ieaved. Pet. 5, undivided. Caps,
ovate, 5-celled, 5-valved.

{Silene inflata, Ord. Trig.)

1. MONOGYNIA.

i. MONOTROPA.

1. M. Hypopilys [yellow Bird's Nest), lateral flowers with eight,
terminal one with 10 stamens. Lightf. p. 214. E. B. ^.69.

Hab. Beech- and fir-woods, where the ground is dry, but not common,
Lightf. Fl. July. 11 .

Root fibroiw, parasitic ? Stem stout, erect, 6 — 9 inches high, sim-
ple or slightly branched ; instead of leaves having numerous ovate
scattered scales of the same dingy yellow colour as the stem.
Racemes terminal, a continuation of the stem, at first drooping, then
erect. Flowers on short scaly or bracteated peduncles, large, of the
same colour as the rest of the plant. Stam. alternately smaller.
Germ. 4 — 5-lobed, ovate. Stigma large, peltate. Seeds very mi-
nute^ rarely perfected, enveloped in a reticulated arillus.

2. ANDROMEDA.

1. A. polifolia {Marsh Andromeda), leaves alternate lanceolate
their margins revolute glaucous beneath, flowers on short ra-
cemes terminal. Light/', p. 214. E. B. t. 713.

Hab. Peat Bogs in the Lowlands, not unfrequent j abundant on the
Solway Mo5S, Lightf. Kirkconnel Moss, Mr. Ariwtt. Monteith

126 DECAND. MaNOG.

Mosses, Rev. Dr. Grahame. Paisley Moss, sparingly ; and Blair
Drummond Moss, plentifully, Mr. Murrmj. Fl. May and Sept.
(Light/.). Tj. '

A small ever-gi-een shrub, with beautiful urceolate rose-coloured
drooping^oM;er5 a good deal concealed among the terminal leavesa.

3. MENZIESIA.

1. M. ccerulea [Scottish Menz'iesia)^ leaves scattered numerous
linear toothed, flower- stalks terminal aggregate simple, flowers
5 -cleft decandrous. E. B, t. 2469.

Hab. For this rare and charming plant Smith gives " Aviemore in
Strathspey, and in the western isles of Shiant ■/' but no authority is
given. My friend Mr. Maughan attributes its discovery to Messrs.
Brown, late nurserymen of Perth ; but he adds that he is not able
to obtain its precise habitat. Fl. June, July. P; .

A small shrub. Stems branched, woody and naked below. Peduncles
2 inches long, glandular, reddish. Flowers large, beautiful, purplish
blue. Cor. urceolate. The Irish M. Dabeoci belongs to this genus,
and has but 8 stam.j but our Scotch plant having 10 stam., its
close affinity with Andromeda induces me to place the genus here.

4. ARBUTUS.

1. A. alpina [hlack-lerried alpine Arluius), stem procumbent,
leaves rugose serrated. Light/, p. 215. if. 11 . E, B. t. 2030.

Hab. On many of the dry barren Highland mountains, especially to
the S. of Little Loch Broom in Ross-shire, and between Loch Broom
and Loch Marij upon Ben-na-grion, in Skye, Light/. On Ben-
naish and hills in Coygach, Ross-shire, Dr. Walker. Hill of Hoy,
Orkney, and most abundant on the moors about Cape Wrath in
Sutherland, Borrer and Hook. Fl. May. Fj .

A trailing s/irw6, with obovate marcescent leaves which taper down into
a short footstalk, and become in autumn of a fine red colour. There
are a few hairs on the petioles and ciliated bracteas at the base of
the flower-stalks. Flowers urceolate, very pale rose colour, almost
white. Berry black.

2. A. Uva Ursi {Bear-lerries), stems procumbent, leaves entire
(evergreen). Light/ p. 216. E. B. t.lU,

* Those who have not the Flora Lapponicaoilj\m\2e.Vi^ to refer to will with
pleasure see the following extract, describing the author's reasons for call-
ing this \A?ii\t Andromeda. Comparing her with the plant in question, he
says, " Virgo haec lectissima pulcherrimaque collo superbit alto et vividissi-
mo (peduneidus), cujus facies roseis labellis (corolla) vel optimum veneris
fucum longe superat ; junceahaec in genera projecta pedibus alligata (cauUs
in/erior incumhens), aqua (vernali) cincta, rupi (monticulo) adfixa, horridis
Draconibus {amphibiis) exposita, terram versus inclinat moestam faciem
(Jlorem), innocentissimaque brachia (ramos) coelum versus erigit, meliori
sede fatoque dignissima, donee gratissimus Perseus (aestas) monstris devec-
tia, earn ex aqua eduxit e virgine factam foecundam matrem, quae turn fa-
ciem (fitictum) erectam extollit. Si Ovidio fabulam de Andromeda conscri-
benti hasc ante oculos posita fuisset planta, vix melius quadrarent atti'ibuta,
qui more poetico ex humili turaulo produxissetOlympum."

DECAND. MONOG. 127

Hab, Abundant on diy, heathy, rocky places in the Highlands, and
Western isles. R. May. ^ .

Stems very long and trailing j leaves obovate, stiff, rigid, smooth, their
margins revolute. Flowers in a small clustered raceme, terminal,
beautiful rose colour. Bernj small, red, austere, mealy, but afford-
ing an excellent food for the moor game.

5. PYROLA.

* Stalk with a single Jlower.

1. P. nniflora {single -Jlower ed IVinter- green), stalk bearing a
solitary flower, leaves suborbicular. R. B. t, 146.

Hab. Fir- wood, near Brodie House, by Forres, Mr. Brodie and Mr.
Hoy. P7. July. 11.

I had once the pleasure of gathering this truly rare plant in company
with its discoverer the Laird of Brodie. In Switzerland it is so
abundant as to perfume the woods with its delightful smell. The
stem is scarcely an inch high, with a few rather small and obscurely
serrated petiolated leaves. Peduncle 2 inches long, with 1 bractea.
Flower large, nearly white. Style short, straight. Stigma large,
rayed.

** Flowers racemed, secund.

2. P. sectmda {servated lVi7iter- green), flowers all leaning one
way, leaves ovate serrated. Lightf, p. 219. E, B. t. 517.

Hab. Shady birch-woods among moss about Little Loch Broom and
Loch Mari, Ross-shire, and in the birch-woods of Trosscraig j
Craig-loisgt and Coille-mhor j about Loch Rannoch, Perthshire,
Light/. Gordon Castle woods, Mr. Drown. Culloden woods, near
Inverness, Mr. Murray. Between Ballacheulish and Appin House
in Upper Lorn, Dr. Walker. Fl. July. If. .

Stems rather straggling, branched. Flowerstalks 4 — 5 inches high,
with several oval scales or bracteas. Flowers white. Style long,
straight. Stigma large.

*** Flowers racemed, pointing in various directions.

3. V.rotundifolia {round-leaved IV in ter-green) , leaves obovato-
rotundate slightly crenate, stvle bent down much longer than
the ascending stam. Light/, p. 218. E. B. t, 213.

Hab. Dry woods and sometimes upon heaths, not unfrequent. Woods
at Auchindenny and on the banks of the Clyde about the Falls j
woods at Blair Athol, and heaths about Dunkeld, Lightf. Peebles-
shire, Mr. Stewart. Callender, Mr. Arnott. Culloden woods near
Inverness, Mr. Murray. Rare in the Lowlands, D. Don. K.July,
Sept. 1/.

The largest of the species, with white spreading flowers, well distin-
guished by the direction and relative length of the stam. and style.
The latter is more than twice as long as the fully formed caps, and
singularly curved downward at the base, upwards again towards the
extremity. Stigma with 5 erect points.
' 4. P. media (intermediate JV inter -green), leaves ovato-rotund

128

DECAND. DICYN,

crcniite, stain, croct m\ioh shorter than the straight or slightly
{Iccurveci style, stio-mawith 5 erect points. E. B.t. 1915.

Had. Woods near Forres^ belonging to the Earl of Morav. Fl. July,
Aug. 11 .

Style protruded beyond the flower.

5. P. minor {lesser lVi?ifer-graen), hsives ovuto-rotunddte ere-
nate, stani. erect as long as the very short straight stvle, stig-
ma large with 5 divergent rays. LiglilJ. p. 21!) ? E. B. t. 158
{bad)^ and 2543 (P. ro^co).

Hab. Woods at the Falls of Clyde, and woors at Brodie-house, by
Forres, Hook. Fl. July. U '.

It is not that I think this and the last species of Pyrola at all confined
to the stations given, that I confine myself to them ; but because
the two species have been so generally misunderstood and con-
founded, in consequence of imperfect descriptions and figures, that
I fear we cannot put the strictest reliance on the stations that have
been given. This is the smaller of the two, and essentially distin-
guished by the shortness of the style, and its large radiated stigma,
quite included within the concave corolla. l>ie plant under the
name of P. mbior in E. B., is a very bad figure, with spreading
flowers and acute petals. That of P. rosea is a good figure of the
true minor. Flowers in both a pale rose-colour.

2. DIGYNIA..

6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM.

1. C. aUernjfolrum [altenmle'leaved golden Saxifrage), leaves
alternate, lower ones siibrcniform upon very long footstalks.
Light/, p, 219. E. B.t. 54.

Hab. Boggy places among rocks and springs, not uncommon; — as
Rosslyn woods, and by the side of Bilston Burn, Edinb., Mangh.
St. Bernard's well, Edinb., Mr. Stewart. Glen Castlemilk and liee-
tle's Burn, near the Clyde iron-works, Glasg., IIoplc. Fl. March,
April. %.

Four to five inches high, branched near the summit. Leaves petio-
late, crenate. Flowers in small umbels, deep yellow, mostly with
8 stam.

2. C. opposHifoUiim {common golden Saxifrage), leaves oppo-
site cordato-rotundate. Li gilt f. p. 220. E. B. t. 490.

Hab. Side s of rivulets in shady places, common. Fl. May. 1/ .
Generally more branched at the base than the last, paler colour in all
its parts. Stam. usually 8.

7. SAXIFRAGA.
* Leaves all radical, undivided.
1. S. stellaris {starry Saxifrage), leaves oblongo- cuneiform
angulato- serrate, scape branched, petals oblong acute, cap-
sule superior. Ligluf p. 220. E. B. t. 16?/
Hab. Sides of rivulets, and wet rocks in alpine and subalpine situa-

DECAND. DTGYN. 12!)

tions, common. Campsie hills and Dumbarton moors^ H(ypk.
Goat-fell in Arran, Mr. Murray. Fl. June, July. % •

Slightly hairy. Scapes 2 — 5 inches high, with a minute bractea at each
ramification of the small panicle. Fl. white, 2 yellow spots at the
base of each petal. Cal. reflexed.

2. S. nivalis {clustered alpi?ie Saxifrage), leaves obovate .sub -
pctiolate acutely crenate, scape (rarely branched) terminated
by a dense cluster of flowers, capsule half inferior. lAglitf.
Scot. p. 221. t. 12. E. B. t. 440.

Hab. Summits of the Highland mountains, but not common. E.side
of Craigalleach in Breadalbane, Dr. Stuart. Ben Lomond, Smith,
Mr. Murray. Ben Lawers, Maugh., Hook. Fl. Aug. 1/ .

A stouter plant than the last, but about the same height. Leaves sub-
coriaceous, glabrous above. Scape glanduloso-pubescent, some-
times a little branched. F/ozi'ers clustered. C«/. teeth always erect.
Petals externally reddish.

S. S. iimbrosa [London Pride), leaves obovate petiolate subre-
tuse with cartilaginous acutely crenate margins, scape panicled,
capsule superior. E. B. /. 663.

Hab. Woods Bothwell, and on the banks of the Cart, at Cartside,
Glasgov', Hopk. Corstorphine hill, Edinb., Maugh. Auchindenny
woods, Mr. So7nnierviUe and Mr. Kennedy. Fl. June, July. 1/.

Leaves large, glabrous. Scape 6 — 10 inches high, slender, a good
deal branched, pubescent upwards. Flowers small, pale rose colour,
with purple spots. Cal. reflexed.

** Stem leafy. Leaves undivided.

4. S. oppositifolia {purple Mountain Saxifrage), leaves ovate
opposite imbricated ciliated, flowers solitary terminal. Lightf,
p. 222. E. B. I. 9.

Hab. Frequent on rocky places in the Highland mountains. Ben

Lawers, Ben Lomond, &c. Fl. May. % .
Plant in small dense tufts. Flowers large, beautiful purplish red.

Capside half inferior.

5. S. aizoides {yellow Mountain Saxifrage), lower leaves nu-
merous crowded, the rest scattered linear-lanceolate subciliate,
stern ascending. Lightf. p. 222 {S. autunmalis) . E. B. t. 39.

Hab. Abundant in alpine rills and springy places. Ft. July, Sept. 1/ .
Five to seven inches high, branching below. F/ower.s panicled, subco-

rymbose, bright yellow ; each j)ctcil beautifully spotted with orange.

Caps, half inferior,

*** Stem leafy. Leaves variously divided ((specially the radical ones).

6. S. graniilata {luhite Saxifrage), radical leaves reniform on
long footstalks obtusely lobed those of the upper part of the
stem nearlv sessile acutely lobed, stem panicled, root granu-
lated. Lfgfitf. p. 224. E. B. t. 500.

Hab. Dr)^ banks. Salisbury Craigs and King's Park, Edinb. Banks
of the Clyde, near Lanark, Lightf. Frequent near Glasg., espe-
cially by the Clyde, towards Bothwell, Hopk. Fl. June. If. .

K

130 DECAND. DIGYN.

Root consisting of numerous, small, clustered tubers. Stem 8 — 12
inches high, glanduioso-pilose. Leaves mostly radical, glabrous ;
petioles glandular. Flowers large, white. Germen and caps, half
inferior.

7. S. cernua {drooping bulbous Saxifrage)-^ radical leaves reni-
form on long footstalks palmato-lobate superior ones nearly
sessile subtrihd, stem simple bulbiferous with one terminal
flower. E.B. ^664.

Hab. Discovered by Mr. Townson on rocks on the summit of Ben
Lawers, 1790. I am not aware that it has been delected any where
else, but upon Craigalleach by Mr. Borrer and Hook. Ft. July, Aug. 1/ .

From 3 — -4 or 5 inches, slender. Leaves glabrous, and the stem, which
droops at the extremity, nearly so. In the axils of the small upper
leaves, instead of flowers are clusters of minute reddish bulbs. Flow-
er white, rather large. Petals retuse. In the EngHsli Bot. figure
the radical leaves are much less deeply lobed than in my specimens.

8. S. riuularis (alphie Brook Saxifrage), leaves upon very long
footstalks palmate floral one obovate, stem weak of about
two flowers. E. B. t. 2275.

Hab. Discovered in 1790 by Mr. Townson near the summit of Ben
Nevis, on the E. side of the mountain. It grows near the lake,
on the ascent to B. Nevis,- and on Ben Lawers, Mr. Turner and
Hook. Loch Rannoch, Mr. Sommerville. Fl. Aug. Sept. 7/ .

9. S. tridaclylitns {Rue-leaved Saxifrage), radical leaves spa-
thulate entire and cuneiform trifid ujjper cauline ones undi-
vided, stem panicled, petals entire a little longer than the

. cal. Lighlf, p. 224. E. B. t. 501.

Hab. Rocks and walls, but rare, Sibbald. Top of a wall near Craig-

Lockhart, G. Don. Links a little to the E. of Cockenziej walls

near Kirkcaldy, and links opposite Cromarty, Maugh. Fl. May,

June. 0.
Two to four inches high. Whole plant covered with viscid hairs. Caps.

almost entirely inferior.

10. S. jnuscoides {Moss-like Saxifrage), radical leaves aggre-
gate linear obtuse entire and trifid, stem nearly naked few-
flowered, petals oblong obtuse (buff coloured) a little longer
than the cal. Sternb. Sax. t. 11./. 2. and tA\.b. f\,
E. Bot. /f. 2314 (S. moscliaia).

Hab. " Cultivated in the Bot. Garden, Cambridge, from roots received
from the Highlands of Scotland." Sni. in E. B. FL June, July. 1/ .

Leaves densely tufted about the roots. Stems 2 — 3 inches high, with
2 or 3 small, simple or trifid leaves upon it, glabrous below, viscid
with glandular hairs above, and on the Cal. Caps, inferior. I
lament that I am not able to ofi^r more sufficient authority for intro-
ducing this into a Scottish Flora. It seems to be rather a plant of
the south of Europe. It is not a Linnsean species, nor is the S.
moschata, for which I think Smith has mistaken this. Murray and
Wulfen, who are the original authorities for the moschata, describe
it as having the 'f leaves and whole stem hairy and viscid :" it k

DECAND. DIQYN. 131

twice the size of S. muscoides, but in other respects the two very
similar. The E. B. figure represents that state of this variable
plant vv^hich has all the leaves undivided.

11. S. hypnoides {hypnoid Saxifrage) ^ radical leaves 3 — 5-
cleft those of the long sterile shoots (mostly) linear-lanceo*
late acute all nearly glabrous, flowering stem panicled. Lightf.
p. 224. E. 5. /.'454.

/3. petals larger with the superior leaves (only) on the procum-
bent shoots undivided. S» platypetala, E. B, t. 2276 (and

D. Don, MSS. ined. P — This has all the leaves of the shoots
trifid, and I do not see how it differs from some vars. of
»S. hirta.)

Hab. Highland mountains, very common, Li^/i(/*., JD. Do«. j3. Clova
mountains, G. Don. Ft. May, June. % .

Plants growing in crowded tufts, and throwivig out long slender
shoots, which have distant and mostly entire leaves, with clusters
or buds of young leaves at the extremities, and frequently in the
axils of the leaves themselves. The leaves nearest the root are
3- or 5 -fid, varying much in size and breadth, glabrous or pilose
about their bases. All the points are acute, in the upper ones fre-
quently terminated by a short bristle. Flowering stem 3 — 6 inches
long, branched and panicled, glabrous, a little viscid above : its
leaves few, trifid below, the rest undivided. Flowers 6 — 10, ra-
ther large, especially in /3. Petals obovate, 3 or 4 times as long
as the cal., cream coloured. Cal. with acute segments, slightly
viscid, Germen almost wholly inferior. — An extremely variable
plant, and many of the varieties I possess border to closely ujwn
the following species, that I cannot help expressing it as my opi-
nion, that future observations upon individuals in their native soil,
aided by others in a state of cultivation, will prove them to be one
and the same species.

12. S. ccespilosa [iitfled Saxifrage), radical leaves 3- or mostly
5-cleft those of the sterile shoots mostly 3-, rarely and only
below, 5-cleft all more or less hairy, flowering stem subpu-
bescent panicled. Linn, Sp, PL p. 578. Gnn?i. Noi'v. t. 7.

/. 3, 4. S. hirta, E. B, t. 2291. D, Don, MSS, ined.

S, Sternhergil, Siernh, Sax. p. 5G. /. 24 (cult, plant). S pal-

mata, Sturm, Deuisch, Fl. no. 27.
^. shoots long, leaves dark green ciliated only at the base. S,

Icete-virens, D, Don, MSS. ined,
y. shoots rather short, leaves ciliated only, especially near the

base, 1 — 3 flowers upou the stem. S. elongella, E, B.

t, 2277. D. Don, MSS. ined.
8. shoots very short, leaves dense ciliated only at the base, flow^

ering stem short 1 — 2-flowered. S. deniidata, D. Don,

MSS, ined. and S, condensataP ejusd. (according to his descr.)*

The same as this var., only more hairy, is the S. ccespitosa,

E. B. t. 794, and the S. groenlandica Linn, and Gunn, Norv,
t.l.f.X.

k2

132

DECAND. — DIGYN.

Hab. Roiks in the western Highhlrids, G. Don. 3. Scotch Alps,
G. and D. Don. y. Banks of a rivulet not far from Airly Castle,
Angus-shire, G. Don. 6\ Highest mountains of Angus-shire, G.
Don. FL. June, July. 11 .

Varieties without end might be produced of this plant, which, as 1
have already intimated, I can lind to difl'cr in no essential point from
the last species, if it be not in the always 3- or 5 -fid leaves, and
perhaps tlie somewhat greater length of their segments. Nothing
is more variable than the pubescence on the stems and leaves, and
the extent of the sterile shoots. The Jlowersi too, upon each stem
vary in number, and the petals somewhat in shape. The leaves
are, in all, more or less acute in the lower ones, and generally tipped
with a short bristle in the upper ones, iis in S. hjpnoides. In none
of these marks, therefore, can I see any thing to found specific cha-
racters upon, as Smith and Don have done. I am not even satis-
fied that the S. palmata of E. B. is distinct. It is certainly the de-
Cipiens of Ehrhr. and Sternberg 3 and an impartial examination of
the beautiful figure by the last mentioned author {Sax. t. 23.)^
ivith the equally good one of his *S. Sternbergii (our hirta), t. 24,
will, I think, satisfy any one that they also are but slight varieties of
the same plant. Tlie former is the more hairy of the two^.

13. S. pedatifida {pedatifid Saxifrage), lower leaves and those
of the rather short sterile shoots upon very long foot-stalks^
divided into 3 deep linear lanceolate acute spreading segments,
the lateral ones bifid, the superior leaves of the much branched
flowering stem linear undivided. E. B. t. 2278. D. Don^
MSS. ined. S. quinquefida, Haw, in Misc. Nat. and Don?i
Hort. Cant.

Hab. Rocks near the head of Clova, G. Don. It is stated also to be
found in the Highlands by Mr. J. Machty, but without any parti--
cular station being given in E. B. FL May, June. % .

A very distinct species from any British one, nor does it appear to be
noticed in Sternberg's fine work, though coming near to his S. la-

" Since the above remarks were written upon this most intricate fa*
mily of the Saxifrages, it was with mucli satisfaction that I saw, in the ar-
ticle Saxifraga in Rees's Cydopced'ia, that Sir James Smith has, with that
degree of candour which so often accompanies his writings, acknowledged
that he considers S. hirta to be only a var. of the Linnaean Ccespitosa. A
comparison with Linnwus's description, and especially with the admirable
description and figures of Gunner in his Fl. Norvegica, will, I think, make
it clearly appear that they are the very same. The figure of -S. ccesp. inE.B. is
however a dwarf and densely leaved var. the same as D. Don's condemata,
only more pubescent, and precisely the S. grccnlandica of Linn, and Gunn.
Norv. t. 7'f- I. : under wliich variety y as Smith has himself considered the
groenlandica in the Cyclop, to be, he should have quoted the E. B. caspitosa.

I must do Sir James Smith the further justice to state, that in the same
work, he doubts if his palmata {E. B. t. 455.), the decipiens of Ehrhr., be
truly distinct from ccBspitosa. His S. platypetala he says is distinct from its
allies, unless it be a variety of hyjmoides. Of S. elongellahe tells us that the
greatest peculiarity is in its solitary 1-flowercd peduncle. But some of my
specimens from the discovc^pr himselt^ Mr. Don, have 2 and even 3 flowers
upon the same stalk.

PECAND.— DIGYN. 133

damferci and S. jpcntadactyHs. M^hole plant rigid. Stems reddish,
, glabrous. Leaves slightly pubescent and viscid. Panicle much
branched, subfastlgiate. Floiuers rather small. Petals linear obovate,
thrice as long as the cal. teeth. Germen inferior, oblongo.-ovate 3 and
the teeth of the calyx, are longer than in any of this division. In
E. Boi. Sir James Smith gives Ehrhart the merit of distinguishing
this species from the S. geranoides of Linn, j but afterwards, in Rees's
Cyclopcedia, he inclines to think it a var. of that plant with more di-
\ ided leaves. This may be the case ; but without seeing intermediate
states it would hardly be suspected : for each division of the leaves
of the geran. is broadly wedge-shaped, and of a much thinner tex-
ture. The panicle, however, the flowers, calyx, and germen, are
precisely of the same structure. I should have thought it the same
with the S. ladanifera of La Peyrouse, but that that is described as
being covered with little points from which an odoriferous gum
exudes. <^. pentadactylis has the segments of the leaves extremely
narrow indeed and obtuse. Another species very closely allied
to our plant is the S. ceratophylla of Hort. Kew. and Bot. Mag,
i. 1 65 1 , of which I possess specimens through the liberality of Mr.
Aiton himself. It is distinguished by a still more rigid habit, by the
divisions of the lobes being bent back like a sickle, and by the calyx
being covered with a resinous but not clammy varnish,- and is a
native of Spain, as geraiicides, ladanifera, and pentadactylis are of the
Pyrenees. May they not all be vars. of geranoides ?

8. SCLERANTHUS.

1. S. QTimms {anviial Knaiuel), ^^ cal. of the fruit spreading
acute, stems patent" {Sm.), Liglitf. p. 225. E, B. t. 351.

Hab. Corn-fields, frequent. K.July. ©.

Stems many, much branched in a dichotomous manner, slender, sub-
]3ubescent, straggling. Leaves linear subulate, keeled, membranous
at the base. Flowers green, inconspicuous, in axillary leafy clusters.
Ca/. urceolate, ribbed, with 5 ovato-lanceolate teeth, white and memr
branaceous at the edge, spreading when in flower, and erect wher^
in fruit It will be thus seen that the above specific char., taken from
Smith, does not accord with my specimens, the fructified cat. of
which is exactly as i*epresented in E. B. #.351, left hand fig.

2. S. perennis (perennial Knaujel)^ " cal. of the fruit closed ob-
tuse, stems procumbent'' {Sm,), Light/, p, 1134 ? {S, poly-
carpo^), E.B.t.S52,

Hab. Sandy and gravelly places. Broomholm, near Langholm, in Esk-
dale ? Light/. Gravelly banks near Forfar, rare, D. Don. Fl. Oct.,
Nov. 1/. (Sm.)

In my specimens of this plant the root is stouter than the last, and
may be perennial ; the steins are shorter, more procumbent, the
leaves closer 3 the Jiowers denser. But there is no diff'erence in the
cal. or fruit, or in any other part of the plant. Surely they cannot
be distinct. I should say that 8'. perennis owed all its characters
to flowering late in the season, or having, under favourable circum-
stances, survived a winter.

134 DECAND. ^TRIGYN.

9. SAPONARIA.

1. S. officinalis (Soapwori), leaves ovato-lanccolatc, calyces
cylindrical glabrous. E, B. t. 1060,

Hab. Road-sides. Between Dean and Ravelston j near Rosslyn cha-
pel ) banks of the Esk, above Coalpits j and side of the Mill-Lead,
opposite the old bridge at Musselburgh, Maugh. Cliesh woods,
Kinross-shire, Mr. Arnott. Fl. July, Aug, 11 .

One to one foot and a half high, with rather a stout cylindrical stem,
Leaves ribbed, opposite and connate. Panicle of numerous large
rose-coloured flowers. Limb of the cor. obcordate. — Makes a lather
with water, whence the name of Soapwort,

10. DIANTHUS».
* Flov:ers clustered.

i . D. Armeria [Deptford Pink), flowers clustered fascicled, caly-
cine scales lanceolate downy as long as the tube. E. B. t.3\7 ,

Hab. In fields near the seat of Charles Gray, Esq. of Carse, Angus-
shire, but sparingly, G.Don. F/. July, Aug. O,

One or one foot and a half high, branched upwards. Leaves linear,
opposite and connate, slightly pubescent, upper ones acute. Limb
of the petals rose colour, with v;hite (not red as mentioned in E. B.)
dots J crenate at the margin.

** Flowers solitary, many on the same stem.

2, D. deltoides {Maiden Pink), flowers solitary, calycine scales
mostly 2 lanceolate acute, petals notched. Ltghtf, p. 22.1,
E.jB. /.61.

/3. cal. scales 4, flowers white. D, glaucus, Light/, p. 225,
Hab. King's Park, Edinb., Lighff. both a. and /3. Blackford and
Pentland hills, Maugh. N. bank of the loch of Forfar, and other
spots in Angus- shire, G. Don. Rocks near Newburgh, Fifeshire,
jD. Don. Sandy-know Craigs, Mr. Borrer. Fl. July. 7/ .
A small plant from 6 — 9 inches high, glaucous. Leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, slightly hairy. Flowers in a. rose colour, with a deeper
circle in the middle.

3. TRIGYNIA,

11. SILENE,

* Calyx glabrous.

\, S. inflala [Bladder Campion), flowers panicled, cal. inflated

glabrous reticulated with veins, leaves ovate.
«. larger, stems erect many-flowered, petals scarcely crowned,
S, injl., Sm, Comp, Cucubalus Behen, Lightf, p, 226,
£. B. /. 164.

" I fear the D, harhatus, of which 3 stations are given in the vicinity of Edin-
burgh by my friend Mr. Maughan in the JVernerian Trans., can only be con-
sidered the outcast of gardens, and not of sufficiently general occurrence to
be introduced into a Scottish Flora. The D. arenariiis of Lightfoot, p. 22().
that author suspects is only the D. deltoides.

DECAND. TRIGYN. 135

/3. smaller, stems procumbent few-flowered, petals crowned.
Silene amoena. Light/, p. 227. ^S. maritima, E. B. t. 957.

Hab. Pastures and road-sides, common. /3. Common on the coast
among small loose stones. ¥i. June— Aug. 1/ .

Whole plant glaucous, varying much from situation. Mr. Hopkirk
mentions a var. with narrower leaves, and every where thickly co-
vered with glandular hairs, as found on the banks of the Clyde at
Old Kilpatrick, and at the ferry, Clyde Iron-works. I most will-
ingly join with Wahlenberg in uniting the 8. maritima with the in-
Jlata. The /3. is occasionally found at a great elevation on the moun-
tains ; and then is the S. uniflora of Decand. In both, the flowers
are large and white, more or less bifid in each petal. The styles
are very variable in number.

2. S. acaidis {Moss Campion), caespitose, leaves linear ciliated
at the base^ peduncle.^ solitary single-flowered, petals slightly
notched crowned. Lightf. p. 227. t. 12. E. B. t. lOSI.

Hab. Abundant upon all the elevated mountains. Fl. June, July. 7/ .

Stems short, 2 or 3 inches high, much branched and tufted. Leaves par
tent. Flowersh^nwiiivX purple. — One of the greatest ornaments of
the Alps. Mr. Murray finds it with a white flower on Ben Lomond.
* ''^' Calyx pubescent.

3. S. nutans {Nottingham Catch-fly), flowers panicled secimd
cernuous, petals deeply bifid their segments linear, leaves (of
the stem) lanceolate pubescent. E. B. t. 465.

Hab. Hills at N. Queen's-ferry, Mr. Brown. Rocks between Mon-
trose and Arbroath, G. Don. Fl. July. 7/ .

Stems 1 or 1^ f. high. Radical leaves obovate, acute, tapering into a
long stalk. Flowers white, rather large, crowned.

S. noctiflora (Night flowering Catchfly), cal. with 10 angles
veined, teeth nearly as long as the tube, stem dichotomous,
petals bifid. E.B.t.2^\.

Hab. Corn-fields, on the coast of Angus-shire, G.Don. F/. July. O.

One foot or more high. Leaves much like the last, pubescent. Upper
part of the stem frequently dichotomous, each branchlet terminated
with a single flower, and a solitary flower in the axil of the fork.
Flowers rather large, sweet-scented, pale reddish, almost white.
Peduncles viscid.

12. STELLARIA.

1. S. Nemorum {Wood Stilchivort), leaves petiolate cordate
upper ones ovate sessile, panicle dichotomous. Light/, p. 228 »
E. B. t. 92.

Hab. Woods and shady places j frequent in the Lowlands, Lightf.: as
banks of the N. and S. Esk, Ma.ugh. Woods at Castlemilk, Wood-
hall, and Hamilton, Hopk. Fl. May, June. 7/ .

One or one foot and a half tall. Stems weak, pubescent above. Leaves
very large, glabrous but rough with extremely minute elevated dots,
sometimes ciliated at the margin. Cal. leaves erect, white at the

margni. Petals narrow, deeply bifid, pure white.
2. S. media {common Chickweed), leaves ovate,

stems procimi-

136 DEC AND. TRIGYN.

l)cnt with an alternate line of hairs on one side^ petals bipar-
tite, stam. 5—10. LightJ\p. 172 {Aisine media). E, B.t. 537.

Hab. Road-sides and waste places^, abundant. Fl. almost the whole
year. 0 .

Stems weak, with alternate lines of hairs between each pair of
leaves, which so admirably distinguish the species. Leaves on foot-
stalks, except the uppermost, smooth. Flowers small, white, on so-
litary, axillary and terminal stalks. — It is a good pot-herb, and
small birds are very fond of the seed.

S. S. holostea {greater Stiichwort), stem nearly erect, leaves
lanceolate much acuminated finely serrulate, petals inversely
heart-shaped bifid twice as long as the nerveless cal. Light/'*
p. 229. £. i^. ^.511.

Hab. Woods and hedges, common. Fl. May. "U •

Plant 1 or 1| foot high, rather rigid and brittle, somewhat glaucous.
tFlowers large, and with much broader petals than the two following,
pure white. Panicle of few flowers, leafy.

4. S. graminea {lesser Stitcluuort), stem nearly erect, leaves
lanceolate acute entire, panicle much branched, petals very
deeply cleft, segments linear scarcely longer than the three-
nerved leaves of the cal. Light/, p. 229. E, B, t. 803.

Hab. Dry pastures, fields and heaths, common, Fl. May. % .

One foot high, more slender than the last, and readily distinguishable
by its much smaller flowers, large and branching panicle, three-
nerved cal.y and entire leaves, which arc moreover by no means so
much acuminated.

5. S. glauca {glaucous Marsh Stiichwort)., stems nearly erect,
leaves linear .lanceolate entire glaucous, flowers upon long so-
litary axillary footstalks, petals very deeply cleft their segments
linear much longer than the3-nerved cal. E. B. t. 825.

Hab. Wet marshy places. Lochend and Duddingston Loch, Edinb.,
Maugh. Ditch between Dalbeth and Tollcross ; and bog beyond
Possil, Glasg., Hopk. Fl. June, July. 11 .

Equally slender with the last, 1 foot high. Flowers next in size to
S. holostea. Readily known from that and glauca. by its narrov^^er
glaucous leaves, solitary axillary flowers, and the narrower cal.
leaves, which, like the last, are 3 -nerved.

6. S. uliginosa {Bog Stitchwort), stem decumbent ovato-lan-
ceolate entire with a callous tip, flowers in dichotomous pa-
nicles, petals bipartite shorter than the cal. Lightf, p. 229
(5. graminea /3.). E. B. t. 10/4.

Hab. In ditches and rivulets, frequent. Fl. June. G .

It is strange that this should have been confounded with S. graminea.
Its much smaller size and minute petals, besides the shape of the
leaves, will at all times serve to distinguish this common species.

7. S. cerastoides {alpine Stiichwort), stems decumbent with an
alternate hairy line, leaves oblongo-spathulatc, peduncles 2 or
3 mostly terminal as well as the cal., which is twice as long as
the bifid cor. glanduloso-pilose.

DECAND. TRTGYN. 137'

«. leaves hairy. S, cerasioides IJnn, and Gu?in, FL Norv.

Cerastium nivale, G. Do??,^ MSS.
j3. leaves glabrous. S. cerasioides, .E. B.t,9\\, IVahl, Lapp.

pA2Q,
Hab. Ben Nevis, Mr. Dickson. Mountains N. of Invercauld, Mr.

J. Mackay. Ben-a-bcard and other mountains of Aberdeenshire,

D, Don. Mountains above Killin, Mr. Borrer. Both vars. are
found together. FL July, Aug. % .

Four to six inches long. Lower part of the stem naked and much
branched. Leaves subsecund and subfalcate, as observed by M^ah-
lenberg, their points callous. Flowers large, pure white. Smith
says the styles are sometimes 4 and 5, and my capsules have de-
cidedly 1 0 teeth, so that I have no doubt but future observations upon
fresh specimens will induce us to remove it to the genus Cerastiuniy
and the MS. name of Mr. G. Don may very well be retained to it.
It is common in Iceland, Lapland, and Norway.

8. S, scapigera {jnany -stalked Stitchwort), stem shorter than
the flowerstalks, leaves linear-lanceolate crowded pubescenti-
scabrous at the margin, cal. 3-nerved as long as the petals.

E. B. t, 1269 (leaves much too broad).

Hab. Hills to the North of Dunkekl, and about Loch Nevis, G. Don.
Fl. June. H .

I passess only cultivated specimens of this remarkable plant, which
v/as first described by Willdenow. He attributes to it single-flower-
ed pef/z/7«cZe5, but in my plants these peduncles, of which many arise
from the extremity of the very short stems, are mostly branched
in the middle, whef e they have 2 sipall ovate acute membranaceous
hracteas*

13. ARENARIA.
* Exspipidate. Leaves ovate.

1. A. peploides [Sea-side Sandwort) , leaves ovate acute fleshy.
Light/. p. 23\, E.B.L\S9.

Hab. Sea-coast, in loose sandy soils, frequept, as on the shores bv
Leith, &c., Lightf. Fl. July. IJ. .

Root long and creeping, slender. Stems decumbent at the bjase,
branches erect. Leaves large, decussate, connate, fleshy, shining,
a Httle recurved. Flowers solitary, or 2 — 3 together, in the axils
of the upper leaves, nearly sessile. Cal. smooth. Petals white,
small, scarcely longer than the cal., distant, broadly ovate, shortly
clawed. Caps, large, roundish, with many black seeds. — A species
with a very different habit from any other Arenaria.

2. A. trinervis {three-nerved Sandwort), leaves ovate acute
petiolateS- (rarely 5-) nerved ciliated, flowers solitary, calyces
rough on the keel with 3 obscure ribs. Lightf, p, 230. JS. B.
t, 1483.

Hab. Shady woods, &c., as Mearis bank and Dunglass Den, Dr. Par-
sons. CoUington and Rosslyn woods and hedges near Redliall,
Edinb., Maugh. Moist woods and borders of fields about Glasgow,
but not common, Hopk. Fl. May. 0.

138 DEC AND. TRIGYN.

•Stems 1 f. high, slender, much branched, pubescent. Upper leaves
sessile. Flowerstalks one inch or more long, from the forking of
the extremhies of the stem 3 in fruit spreading, the upper part de-
flexed. Petals oblongo-obovate, white, scarcely longer than the
acute segments of the cal.

3. A. serpylllfotia {Thyme-leaved Sandwort), leaves ovate acute
subscabious sessile, calvx hairy its outer leaves 5 -ribbed.
Llgliif. p. 230. E. B. }. 923.

Hab. Walls and dry waste })laccs, frequent. Fl. June. O .

Two to six inches high, erect or procumbent, much branched, pubes-
cent. Leaves small, rather rigid. Flowers white, on short stalks
from forkings of the upper part of the stem or the axils of the
leaves. Petals as long as the cal.

** Exstlpulate. Leaves subulate.

4. A. venia {vernal Saridivor I), stems (numerous) panicled above,
leaves su'oulate rather obtuse striated, jjetals obovate longer
than the 3-nerved cal. Lighlf, p. 23 1 (and p. 232 A, laridjh-
lia.), E.B.t.5\2.

Hab. Mountainous pastures, as Arthur's Seat, &c.. Light/. King's Park
. and Blackford hill, Edinb., plentiful, i¥a«^/i. /V, May, June. "2/.
Stems 3 — 4 inches high, slightly hairy, as well as the ovato-accimii-
nate cal. and peduncles.

5. A. temufolia {fine-leaved Sandwort), stem more or less
branched, branches panicled at their extremities, leaves subu-
late acute, petals lanceolate much shorter than the lanceolate
very acuminated 3-nerved cal. Light/, p. \ 102. E. B.t, 219.

Hab. Walls, rocks and stony barren soils, but rare j Cramond island
in the Forth, Mr. Yalden. Near Pettycur harbour, G. Don. Fl.
June, July. O ,

Stems 4 — 6 inches high, throughout remarkably slender^ especially tlie
peduncles 3 glabrous.

6. A./'asligiata {level-topped Sandwort), stem erect straight,
leaves fascicled subulato-setaceous erect, flowers fascicled, cal.
much acuminated (white) with 2 central (green) nerves twice
as long as the ovate petals. E. B. I. ]744, A.fasckidala
Jacq. a?id Decand. ; not Lin7i. according to Sm.

Hab. Fifcshive ; and rocks on the Angus-shire mountains, G. Don.

. Fl. June. Q). {S LJecand.)

Four to six iriches high, more or less branched. Very peculiar in its

habit and characters, and unlike any other British species. " Seeds

beautifully toothed, on long stalks." Sm.

■*""* Stipules at the base 0/ each pair 0/ leaves.

7. A. rubra {purple Sandwort), stems prostrate, leaves narrow
linear acute plane somewhat fleshy tipped with a very minute
bristle, stipules ovate cloven, capsule as long as the cal., seeds
compressed angular rougbish. IJghtf. p. 230. E. B. t. 8^2.

Hab. Gravelly or sandy soils, frequent. Fl. June. 0.

Very much branched and spreading. Stijjules a pair of ovate, acute.

DECAND. PENTAGYN. 139

cloven, white, membranous scales united at their base. Flowers
numerous, in the axils of the upper leaves, solitary. Cal. nerve-
less, and, as weW as the rather short peduncles, glandulose and
viscid. Petals ovate, red, about as long as the cal. Pednncles after
flowering slightly bent back. The seeds constitute the essential
character by which this species is distinguished from the following.

8. A. marina ( Sea-side purple Sandwort), steins prostrate, leaves
semicylindrical fleshy awnless, stipules ovate cloven, capsule
longer than the cal., seed compressed smooth with a broad
rnembranous pellucid border. Lig/Uf. {/I. rubra p.), E.B.
t. 958.

Hab. Common on the sea-coast. Banks of the Clyde at Helens-
burgh. F/. June, July. Q (Sm.) S' (Hopk.).

Much larger and stouter in all its parts than the last, besides the re-
markable dift'erence in the seeds. It is also less branched and the
flowers are fewer. Do not these differences depend upon situation ?
14. CHERLERIA.

I. Ch, sedoides {dwarf Cherleria). Ligh(f.p,232. E,B.lA2l2.

Hab. Near the summits of the Highland mountains, not unfrequent.
Ben Teskerney and Ben Challum in Breadalbane 3 on Baikeval in
Rum, Light/. On Mal-grea and Mal-nantarmonach, between
Breadalbane and Glen Lyon ; and on Ben Achalader in the Braes
of Glenurchy, Dr. Stuart. Ben Lawers, Maugh. Fl. July, Aug. "2^ ,

Stems 2 or 3 inches high, excessively tufted as in Silene acaulls, or
even more dense. Leaves crowded, linear-subulate, channelled
above, slightly ciliated and glandular at the edge. Flowers solitary,
terminal, on short footstalks. Cal. yellow green, membranous at
the edge.

4. PENTAGYNIA,

15. COTYLEDON.

1. C. Umlilicus {Wall Pennywort), leaves peltate crenate de-
pressed in the centre, stem spiked with the numerous racemes
of pendulous flowers, upper bracteas minute entire. LightJ\
p. 234. E,B. t.32o.

Had. Rocks and old buildings, but very local. Drummadoon, W. side
of the Isle of Arran, Craig of Ailsa and ruins of I-colm-kill, Lightf.
Near Campbell-town, Mr. Arnott. By the light-house of the little
Cumbraes on the Clyde, Dr. Brown. Common on rocks and old
walls along the coast from Kelly to Largs ; Arran, &c., Mr, Mur-
ray. Fl. June, July. 1/ .

Stem from 6 inches to a foot high, rounded. Whole plant succulent.
Leaves mostly radical. Flowers cylindrical, yellowish green.

16. SEDUM.

* Leaves plane.

1. S. Telephium {Orpine'^, \e?ives flattish serrated, corymbs leafv,

stem erect. Light/, p. 234. E. B. i. 1319.
Hab. Borders of fields, hedges and waste places. Upon a rock on the
right-hand side of the road going from Dumbarton to Glasgwv^

140 DECAND. PENTAGYN.

Xjightf. Two m. E. of Dumbarton, under hedges, Dr. Parsons.
Hedge-banks near Rosslyn, Maugh. Field between Whitevale and
Camlachie, plentiful, Hopk. Near Leslie ; Inverkeithing, Mr. Ar-
nott. Traprair Law, Mr. Walker. Fields on Clyde side, a mile
below the Bot. Garden, Glasg., Mr. Murray. Fl. July^. 11 .
One to two feet high. Stem spotted. Leaves large. Flowers purple.
— ^\'ery unlike any other British species.

** Leaves rounded, Jixed by their base.

2. S. dasyphyllum {thick -haved Stone-crop), leaves opposite
(alternate on the flowering stems) cordato-ovate obtuse lieshy,
stem weak, panicle glutinous. E. B. t. 657.

Hab. Rocks and walls, rare. Coliington woods, Mr.Artiott. FZ. June. "U .

Stems slender, creeping at the base, sub viscid ; those producing flov\ -
ers erect, 2 — 3 inches high. Leaves singularly thick and fleshy,
glaucous, with a red tinge and dotted. Flowers white, tinged with
rose colour. Petals often 6, and stam. 12.

3. S. album [ivhite Stone-crop), leaves scattered oblong cylin-
drical obtuse spreading, cyme much branched. E.B.t. 157S.

Hab. ^Valls and rocks, rare. House-tops at Forfar, Glamis, &c.^ Mr.
Arnott. FZ. July. %.

Stems creeping below : flowering ones erect, 3 — 4 inches high, red-
dish. Leaves pale glaucous green, tinged frequently with red. Cyme
crowded. Flowers white or only tinged with rose colour.

4. S. villosum {hairy Stone- crop), leaves scattered oblong plane
above and as well as the peduncles and stems hairy and viscid.
7JghlJ.p.237, E,B.t.3M,

Hab. Bogs and moist rocks by the sides of mountains, abundant.
Pentland-hills, I)r. Parsons. Hills above Custlemilk and Cathkin,
Sec, Hopk. Fl. June, July. "V- {Sm.).

Stem erect, 3 — 5 inches high, reddish, as are the leaves, or pui-plish
red. A few stolons sometimes are thrown out from the base, on
which the leaves are cylindrical. Flowers few, alternate, on two
or three terminal leafy branches^ forming a lax corymb. Cor. whitish

. rose colour.

■x-Xr-x- J^eaves rounded, produced below the point of insertion into a kind
of spur, which is pressed to the stem.

5. S. anglicum {English Stone-crop), leaves ovate gibbous fleshy
produced at the base alternate, cyme bifid. Light/, p, 235 {S.
ruhens). E.B.t. 171.

Hab. Walls and rocks, frequent ; especially in dry exposed situations,
as rock of Dumbarton CcLstle. Ft. June, July. 0.

Two to three inches high, much branched, procumbent below. Leaves
glaucous green, often with a reddish tinge. Flowers few, but very
conspicuous from their white starlike appearance, and their purple
anthers. Petals externally tinged with rose colour.

6. 8. acre {biting Stone-crop), leaves ovate gibbous fleshy pro-
duced at the base alternate, cyme trifid leafy. LighiJ. p, 235,
E. B.t. S'69.

Hab. Rocks, walls and stony places, not uncommon. Fl. June, if .

DECAND. PENTAGYN. 141

Hard as it may be to define, in the specific character, the marks that
shall distinguish this from the last, no difficulty will arise when its
larger size (3 — 4 inches in height) audits bright yellow flowers are
taken into consideration. Very biting when chewed, and hence
called Wall-pepper.

7. S. rejiexnm (yptloiv Stone-crop)^ leaves scattered subulate
fleshy prodiiced at the base, flowers subcvmose. IJgktf.p. 23-1.

On walls, roofs of houses and thatched buildings, but rare. In a vil-
lage going from Edinb. to Lord March's, Dr. Parsons. Walls
about Craigcrook, Edinb., Maugh. Ruins of Craignethan castle,
Glasg., Hopk. Wall at Corstorphine hill, Edinb., Mr. Grecille.
Fl. July. 11 .

Sterile branches with thickly placed leaves, often reflexed. Flowering
stem 6 — 8 inches high. Cyme large, yellow. Flowers numerous,
often of 6pe/a/sand 12 si am. — Very similar to this plant are the
three species of Smith, S. glaucum, rupestre and Fors'erianum.

17. OXALIS.

\.X),Acetoscna{lVood-sorrel), leaves all radical ternate inversely
heart-shaped hairv, scape single-flowered^ root squamose.
Lighff. p. 237. E. B. t. 762.

Hab. Woods and hedge -banks, frequent. Fl. May. If .

Leaf-stalks long and slender, reddish. Leates drooping at night.
Scapfi v.'ith 2 scaly bracteas. Flower handsome, drooping, white,
with purplish veins. The leaves have a very agreeable acid flavour.

2. O. cormadala [yellow procumbent IVood- sorrel), stem
branched spreading, flowers single or subumbellate shorter than
the petioles, leaves ternate obcordate pubescent. E.BJ. 1 726.

Hab. Near Stirling, Dr. Buchanan, in E. B. Old wall between the
Avon and Barncluith, Hopk. FZ. the summer through. O.

Six to eight inches tall. Flowers small, yellow, single or two together
upon pedicels, with two minute bracteas at their base. Caps, large,
oblong. Seeds with a very elastic arillus. — This is a perfect weed
in many gardens in Devonshire.

18. AGROSTEMMA.

1. A, Githago {Corn Cockle) hairy, cal, much longer than the
cor., petals entire destitute of a crown. Light/, p, 238. E, B,
^741.

Hab. Corn-fields, too frequent. F/. June, July. Q.

Two feet high, branched, erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Cal. rib-
bed, its segments very long. Flower large, purple.

19. LYCHNIS.

1. L. Flos Cuciili {Meadow Lychnis or ragged Uolin), flowers
loosely panicled, petals 4-cleft, capsule roundish 1 -celled.
LiglitJ\ p. 139. E. B. t. 573.

Hab. Moist meadows and pastures, frequent. Fl. June. "2/ .

One to two feet high, reddish green, clammy above. Leaves lanceo-
late. Ca?. and/ou'eryfc/?fe reddish purple. Petals rose coloured.

142

DECAND. PENTAGVN

2. L. Viscnria {red German Catchfly), petals slightly natchcd
at the extremity, capsule 5-celled, stem clammy at the joints.
Light/, p. 240.' E, B. t. 788.

Hab. Rocks in Edinburgh Park, Dr. Parsons. Blackford hill near
Edinb., Maugh. Dundas hill, near Kirkliston, Mr. P. Neill. Rocks
facino^ the West a little to the E. of Newburgh, Fifeshire, D. Don. j
and with a white flower on dry banks near Airly Castle, G. Don.
Glen between Kinross and the bridge of Earn ; and den of Bal-
thayock, Perthshire. Maugh. Fl. June, ll .

One foot high, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers in
a dense panicle, large, rose coloured.

3. L. alpina {red alpine Campioji), glabrous, petals bifid, flowers
corymboso-capitatej capsule i-celled. E, B, t. 2254. D. Don,
Descr. of rare Plants of Scot I. p. 9.)

Hab. Rocks near the summit of the Clova mountains, G. Don in E.
Bot. Fl. June, July. 11 .

Five to six inches high, by no means viscid. Zeares lanceolate. Flow-
ers rather small, rose coloured.

4. L. dioka {red Campion), flowers dioecious, capsule 1 -celled.
Ligklf p. 240.

a, flowers red. E, B.t, 1579. L. diurna, Sihth. Ox.

(5. flowers white. JK. B, t, 1580. L. vesper tina, Sibili, Ox.

Hab. Under hedges and in grass-fields, common. Fl. tl.ro.igh the
summer. "2/ .

One to two feet high, panicled above. Pubescent, viscid in a slight
degree about the joints of the stem. Leaves ovate, or ovato-lanceo-
late. Cal. in the anther-bearing flowers subcj^lindrical, in the fruit-
bearing ones ovate. In a. the petals are rose coloured and are de-
stitute of smell J in /3. they are pure white, and towards evening
afford an agreeable scent. The different appearances in tliese two
vars. independently of colour, described by autliors, are found not
to be constant, and Smith does not agree with the continental bo-
tanists, who consider them distinct species. Indeed in England
I have observed an intermediate state of a very pale rose colour.

20. CERASTIUM.
* Petals not exceeding the calyx in length.

1. C. vnlgatum {broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed), hairy
viscid suberect, leaves ovate, flowers subeapitate longer than
their pedicels. Lightf p. 240. E. B. t. 789.

Hab. Fields, pastures and road-sides, common. Fl. Apr. — June. 0.
Six to ten inches high, branched below, dichotomous above. Petals

narrow, bifid at the extremity. Caps, cylindrical, as long again as

the cal.

2. C. viscosum {narrow -leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed), hairy
viscid spreading, leaves oblongo-lanccolate, flowers somewhat
panicled shorter than their pedicels. Lightf. p. 240. E. B,
t. 790.

Hab. Pastures and waste places, on walls, <^c, Fl. the whole sum-
mer. "2/ .

DEC AND. PENTAGYN. 143

Much resemblin^^ the last, but a larger, coarser and spreading plant,
with longer and narrower leaves and flowers, shorter than their
footstalks in general, and especially in fruit. Petals bifid at the ex-
tremity.

3. C. semkiecandrvm {small Mouse-ear Chickweed), hairy vis-
cid suberect, leaves oblongo-ovate, flowers somewhat panicled
shorter than their pedicels, stam. 5, petals but slightly notched.
Light/, p. 241. E. B. t. 1630. C. pumilum. Curt. Lond.
ed. 1.

Hab. Hills about Arthur's Seat, Dr. Parsons. W^alls about the King's
Park, Edinb., M(/;/,j^//. F/. May. 0.

No author seems to doubt this being a good species, yet I know not
what character of importance can be found. All agree that the number
of fi stam, is not constant : and then, except in the less deeply notch-
ed and perhaps rather shorter petals, and its annual root, 1 do not
see how it is to be distinguished from C.viscosum.

4. C ietrandriim [letrandrous C/iichweed), "hairy snbviscid,
flowers quadrifid tetrandrous, petals bifid shorter than the cal.'*
(Sm.) E. B. t. 16() {Sagina cerastoides),

Hab. Sandy shores and rocks about the Firth of Forth, Dickson. WalJ
tops, near Edinb., Mr. Arnott. Angus-shire coast, G. Don. Isle of
May, abundant, i). jDo«. F/. May, June. O.

" Stems prostrate, dichotomous, hairy in the upper part. Leaves spa-
thulate or obovate, recurved. Flowers solitary, on longish footstalks
from each division of the stem, which footstalks as the fruit ripens
become reflexed. Peifa/^ cloven, white. Ca/;5:. with 8 teeth." Sm.
in E. Bot. " Caps, scarcely longer than the ca/." Curtis'^.

* ^ Petals longer than the calyx.

5. C. arveiise [Field Chickweed), leaves linear-lanceolate more
or less pubescent esj)eciallv at the base, petals twice as long as
the cal. Light/, p. 24 1. E. B. t. 93.

Hab. Dry gravelly pastures, but not common. Foot of walls near

a The three individuals, C. semidecandrum, C. pumUnm of Dicks, and Curt,
and C. tetrandrum, arc all met with in the vicinity of Yarmouth ; and I find
the following observations M'hich were made some years ago by Mr. Turner
and myself upon recent specimens. C. semidecandrum differs from C. punii-
tu7n almost solely in the larger size of the petals of the latter, in proportion
to its calyx. In the seed-vessel and seeds there is no distinction. C. tetran-
drum varies with 5 stam. and as many calycine leaves ; and when this is the
case, there is no means of distinguishing it from C. semidec, but by its
smaller size, more upright mode of growth and yellower colour; circum-
stances undoubtedly not much to be depended on. Sir James Smith's figure
in E. B. agrees neither with our specimens, nor with Curtis's representation,
nor with his own specimens preserved in Mr. Turner's Herbarium. The size
of the petals in our plants is intermediate between C sem'dscandrum and
pumilum, and when it has 5 stam. and petals, it seems formed to unite the
three individuals under consideration.

144 DEC AND. PEI^TAGYN.

Wark, by Kelso, abundant. Light/. Guillon Links, Mr. Arnott.
Near Forfar, D. Don. Fl. June. % .

Stems branched and decumbent at the base, only a span high, slender.
Flowers large, pure white, 2 or 3, on terminal stalks. Caps, scarcely
Icfnger than the cal.

(j. C. alDinum {hairy alpine Chickweed), subglabious or clothed
fv'ith long white soft silky hairs, leaves elliptical ovate, flowers
1- — 3, capsule oblong curved. Light f\ p. 242. /. 9 (C. laiijh-
Hum), a good fig. E. B. t, 472.

Hab. Highland mountains, not rare, Ben Lomond, Ben Lawers,
Ben Nevis, &c. Fl. July. 1/ .

Much branched below and creeping, then erect, 3 — 5 inches high.
Flowers large, handsome, white. Petah bifid at the point.

7. C. latifolium (pubescent alpliie Chickweed)., clothed with
short rigid yellowish pubescence^ leaves elliptical ovate, flowers
1—2, "capsule ovate" {Sm,). E. B. /.473.

Hab. Highland mountains, I suspect, rare. I have gathered it on Ben
Nevis. Ben Lawers, Maugh. Ben Lomond, Mr. Murray. E. side
of Ben Voirlich, Mr. Arnott. Fl. July. 11 .

Generally smaller than the last, and probably often confounded with
it. The chief distinction is in the caps. There is also, as Sir James
Smith observes, a considerable difference in the clothing of the stem
and leaves, which in my specimens of latlf. I find to be always yel-
lowish. Lowermost leaves frequently glabrous. Flowers large, as
in the last.

8i C. aquaticum [IVater Chickweed), upper leaves cordato-
ovate sessile, flowers solitary, fruit pendulous. Liqhtf. p. 242,
E. J5./.538.

Hab. Sides of rivers and ditches, occasionally. Fl. July. }/ .

Stem 1 — 2 feet long, branched and straggling. Leaves large, lower
ones on footstalks, w4th short scattered hairs on the edges and mar-
gins, whilst those of Stelloria Nemorum (to which this is so closely
allied), besides having 5 styles, is only ciliated on the mai'gin^ and
appears on the surface, when seen under the microscope, very mi-
nutely dotted witli raised points. Stems viscid upwards. The caps.
opens' with 5 teeth or valves. In this respect, too, agTeeing best with
Stellaria, where, indeed, Persoon has placed it.

21. SPERGULA.

1. S. arvensis {Corn Spurrey), leaves wiiorled with minute mem-
branaceous stipules at the base, stalk of the fruit reflexed,
seeds more or less margined. Lightf. p. 243. E. B. t^ 1335,
and t. 1536 {S. peniandra).

Hab. Corn-fields, frequent. Fl. Aug. O .

Stems 6 — 12 inches high, swelling at the join tc. Leaves narrow, li-
near, rounded, glabrous or a little pubei^cent, of 2 bundles frojpi each
joint, spreading in a whorled manner. Panicle of many ffowcrs.
Pet. ovate, white, rather longer than the ml. Stam. often 5. Seeds

DECANI).— PENTAGYN. 145

roundish, depressed, globose, dotted with raised ■j)oints ; varying
extremely in the breadth of the margin. Such as is figured in the
S. pentandra of Sm. is very common. I should even doubt if the
foreign pentandra be distinct from tliis ; though its margin is, as
Wahlenbergsays, " broad, membranaceous, pellucid, and striated in
a radiated manner ; " and differing from S. arve?isis,as Smith justly
observes, as Arenaria marina does from A. rubra. In the present
case, however, intermediate states are common.

2. S. nodosa {knotted Spurred/), leaves subulate opposite glabrous
connate the lower ones sheathing upper ones bearing clusters
of voune; leaves, petals much longer than the caL Lightf,
p, 244. ^E. B. t. iVM.

Hab. Wet sandy places, by the sides of lakes and marshes. Bog be-
yond Fossil, plentiful, and banks of the Clyde at Bowling bay, Hopk.
Ft. July, Aug. H .

Three to four inches high, branched and decumbent at the base, where
the leaves are three quarters of an inch long, but gradually becom-
ing smaller upwards. Flotvers large, white, two or three on the
terminal branches, peduncled. Whole plant glabrous. Cal. nerve-
less.

3. S. sululata {aiul-sliaped Spurrey), leaves subulate subeiliated
tipped with a bristly point, peduncles solitary very long, pe-
tals and capsule as long as the calvx. Lightf. p. 2-14 (S. ia-
riciva). EIB.I. 1082.

Hab. Dry pastures, gravelly and stony places. Pastures W. of Mug-
doch castle, Hopk. Hills S.of Newburgh, Fifeshire^ Craig Rossie,
one of the Ochil hills, plentiful, D. Don. Near Forfar, G. Don^
Fl. June, July. "2/ .

Small plant, scarcely two inches high, branched and decumbent at the
base ; each branch terminating in a flowerstalk 1 inch long, with
a small flower, which is erect when expanded, but generally droop-
ing before and after. I fear the glandular hairs figured by Curtis,
and upon which so much reliance is placed by Smith, will afford no
character, as I have specimens (cultivated ones it is true) perfectly
glabrous in every part. It approaches very near the following spe-
cies ; but is smaller, paler green, has a decided bristly point, and the
caps, is mucli shorter.

4. S. sa^inoides {Pearl-wort Spurrey), glabrous, leaves subulate
acute awnless, peduncles solitary very long, flowers drooping,
petals as long as the cal., caps, twice as long. E.B. t. 2105.

Hab. Mountains. Upon Mael-ghyrdy, where I believe it was first
discovered in Britain by G. Don. Clova and other Highland moun-
tains, D. Don. Fl. June. 7/ .

This, a^ well as the last, has much resemblance to Sagina procumbens.
Wahlenberg says it is readily distinguished from S. svbulata by its
drooping flowers. But according to the E. Bat. figure this cha-
racter does not seem to be constant.

146

XI. DODECANDRIA.

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. AsARijM. P<??7*rt7?/A single, 3-fid, superior. Cops.6-ce]]e(\,

2. Lythrum. Cal, inferior, with 12 teeth. Petals 6, inserted
upon the caU Caps, ohlong, 2-celled.

2. DIGYNIA.

3. Agrimonia. Cal. 5-cleft, with a lobed appendage (hractea)
at its base. Petals 5, inserted upon the caL Pericarps 2 in
the bottom of the cal.

3. TRIGYNIA.

4. Reseda. Cr/Z. of 1 leaf, divided. P^/aZs laciniated. Caps.
of 1 cell, opening at the top.

5. Euphorbia. Perfa/z/Zz single, monophyllous, inferior. Nec-
taries {petals Linn.) 4 — 5 inserted upon the perianth. Slam,
jointed. Caps, pedicellate, 3-lobed^

(TETRAGYNIA.)
{Tormentilla officinalis, Icos. Polyg.)

4. DODECAGYNIA.

6. SemperVIVUm. CaL 12-cleft. Petals 12. Caps, 12.

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. ASARUM.
1. A. europcBum {Asarabacca), leaves binate reniform obtuse.

E. B, t, 1083.
Hab. West Binny, near Linlithgow, Miss Liston. (Probably not

really a native either of Scotland or of England.) Fl. May. % .
S<e7» scarcely any, two opposite petiolated leaves springing almost

* This gives, it must he confessed, a very erroneous notion of the struc-
ture of the flowers in Euphorbia. Jussieu first, I helieve, suggested the
idea of what had heen hitherto considered a single flower, being an involu-
crnm, including 1 central pistilliferous flower without anthers, and several
anther-bearing monandrous ones. Brown has proved this most satisfactorily ;
and further, that the support of the pistil has, at its summit, in some in-
stances, a 3-lobed cal.-, and that the joint in the supposed filaments^ is in
reality the termination ofthe flowerstalk, on which the stamen is seated,
without a trace of a perianth. See Mr. Brown's learned Dissertation on the
Botany of N. Holland, appended to Flinders' Foyage, and Linn. Trans.
V. 12. p. 99.

DODECAND. DIGYN. TRIGYN. 14/

Immediately from the top of the root, shining. From the axils
of these leaves springs a solitary, rather large, drooping ^ower,
upon a short footstalk, of a greenish brown colour, and coria-
ceous substance i its segments incurved. FiZamew^s produced beyond
the anthers.

2. LYTHRUM.

1. L. Salicaria {purple- spiked Loosestrife), leaves opposite
cordato- lanceolate, flowers spiked with 12 stam. LightJ\
p. 247. E. B. M061.

Hab. Banks of ditches and rivers in marshy places^ frequent. Fl.
July. % .

Two to three feet high, erect. Stem 4-sided. Spikes very long, of
beautiful purple flowers, placed in whorls. Cal. tubular, striated,
wath alternate large and small teeth : between the larger ones in
the inner margin, are inserted the oblongo-cuneiform petals. Stam.
within the tube of the Cal., 6 short and 6 long ones.

2. DIGYNIA.

3. AGRIMONIA.

1. A. Eupatoria (^gri?wow?/)j cauline leaves interruptedly pin-
nate, terminal leaflet on a footstalk, fruit hispid. Light/,
p,247. E. 5./. 1335.

Hab, Borders of fields, and waste places by road-sides. Fl. July. 71 .

Two feet high. Leaflets deeply serrated, intermediate smaller ones
from 3 — 5 -cleft. Flowers yellow, on a long branched spike. — Belongs
naturally to the Order Rosacece (Icosandria) .

3. TRIGYNIA.

4. RESEDA.

1. R. Luteola {Dyer's Weed), leaves lanceolate entire plane,
cal. 4-cleft. Light/, p. 248. E. B. t. 320.

Hab. Waste places near villages, as about Dysart, Burntisland and
Laswade, Light/. Frequent about Glasgow, Hopk. Inverness,
Mr. G. Anderson. Fl. July. ©.

Two to three feet high, branched. Spikes long, of numerous yellow-
ish flowers. Stam. numerous, hanging down. Nectary large,
green, crenate on the upper side of the flower. Divisions of the
petals linear. Caps, open at the top, even before it is ripe. — Used
in dyeing woollen stuffs of a yellow colour.

2. R. littea {wild Mignonette) y leaves pinnated upper ones
with three segments, cal. 6-cleft. E. B. /.321.

Hab. Hills between Pettycur and Burntisland, Mr. P. Neill. Near
Kirkcaldy, Mr. Chalmers. Between Arbroath and Montrose, G.
Don. Near Raith, in the Carse of Gowrie, and to the S. W. of
Newburgh, Fifeshire, D. Don. Road-side between Linlithgow and
Falkirk, Maugh. Fl. July, Aug. O ? Sm.

l2

148 DODECAND. TRICYN.

Deeper yellow than the last. Two of the petals with broad lobes.

5. EUPHORBIA a.

1. E. Peplus {petty Spurge), umbel of 3 -forked rays, partial
involucres ovate and, as well as the obovate shortly petiolated
leaves, entire, nectaries crescent-shaped horned. Lighif.
p. 249. E, B. t. 959.

Hab. Waste places, corn-fields, and gardens. R. Aug. 0,
Eight to ten inches high, branched. Milky juice very acrid j used to
destroy warts.

2. E. exigua {dwarf Spurge), umbel of 3 forked rays, partial
involucres lanceolate and, as well as the linear-lanceolate
leaves, entire. Liglitf. p. 250. E. B. t. 1336.

Hab. Corn-fields, in light soils and gravelly places. Burntisland,
Light/. Field at the marle-pit, near Muttonhole ; near Crospgate-
toll, and field near Musselburgh, Maugh. Fl, July — Sept. ©.

Stem erect, nearly simple, 4 — 6 inches high. Leaves erect. Necta-
ries 4, roundish, with two horns.

3. E. helioscopia {Sun Spurge), umbel of 5 forked rays, par-
tial involucres obovate and, as well as the wedge-shaped
leaves, serrated. Lighif. p. 250. E. B. t. 883.

Hab. Corn-fields and gardens, frequent. JF7. Aug. Q .
Stem slightly pubescent, 1 foot or more high, often branched at the
base. Nectaries 4, roundish, entire.

4. E. Esula {leafy -branched Spurge), umbel of many forked
rays, partial involucres somewhat heart-shaped and, as well
as the linear- obovate leaves, entire. E. B. t. 1399.

Hab. Said to have been found on a bank by Lord Abercorn's house,
Lighif. Wood near a rivulet at Abercorn, 13 m. from Edinb.,
Mf. J. Mackay. Near Gladsmuir Kirk, in a lane leading from the
Haddington road to Elvington; and field near West Pilton, 7 m,
N. W. of Edinb., Maugh. Fl. July. 1/ .

One to two feet high,wdth small branches. Nectaries large, cordate,
brown, with two horns.

5. E. Cyparissias {Cypress Spurge), umbel of many forked
rays, partial involucres broadly heart-shaped and, as well as
the linear mucronated leaves, entire. E. B. t, 840.

Hab. CoUington w^oods, near Edinb., Mr. Arnott.

Stem 1 foot high, clothed with numerous narrow leaves, which are.

* This genu*, of which so few species are inhabitants of northern lati-
tudes, is attended, with many difficulties to the student. The number of
Stamens is by no means constant; nor do they all appear at once; a circum-
stance to be accounted for, now that we know that each stamen is in itself
a distinct flower. The rays of the umbel too are variable, starved speci-
mens having fewer than are attributed to them in the specific character.
The shape of the nectaries, leaves, and involucres, is more to be depended
upon.

ICOSANDRIA. j49

however, broader than those of the small branches. Nectaries cres-
cent-shaped, yellow*.

4, DODECAGYNIA.

6. SEMPERVIVUM.

1. S. Tedorum (Houseleek), leaves ciliated, offsets spreading.
Lighif. p. 25 1 . E. B. l. 1320.

Hab. On house-tops and walls. Fl. July. 7/ .

T\\eJlowers of this well known plant are no less beautiful than they
are curious in their structure. The number of stam. is in reality
24, of which 12, inserted 1 at the base of each petal, are perfect, the
rest alternating with the petals, small and abortive ; some bearing
anthers, open longitudinally and laterally, producing, instead of pol-
len, abortive ovules : others resembling a cuneiform poin ted scale,
in the inside of which, upon a longitudinal receptacle, are likewise
ranged abortive ovules as in the real germen ; — thus exhibiting the
most complete transition from stamens to germens in the same in-
dividual flower.

XII. ICOSANDRIA.

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. PRUNUS. CaL inferior, 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Nut of the Drvpe
with slightly prominent seams.

{Cratcegus Oxyacantha, Ord. Pentag.)

(DiGYNiA, Tkigynia, Tetragynia.)

{Cratcegus Oxyacantha, Pyriis Aucuparia and Aria,

Ord. Pentag.)

2. PENTAGYNlAb.

2. Crataegus. Cal, superior, 5 -cleft. Pet. 5. Fruit pulpy,
closed*', with from 2 — 5 2-seeded Nuts,

3. Pyrus. Cfl/. superior, 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Apple with from
2 — 5 cells ; cells generally 2 seeded.

4. Spir^a. Co/, inferior, 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Pericarps 3 — 12, 1-
celled, 2-valved. Seeds 1 — 3 in each cell.

3. POLYGYNIA.

5. Rosa. Cal. (5-cleft), the tube urceolate, fleshy, including
msiny hairy pericarps (Jchenia). Receptacle \\\\ous. LindL

* I dare not introduce the E. Lathyrls into the Scottish Flora, since the
only station given by Mr. Hopkirk,in his Fl. Glott./is a garden at Barncluith.

''The styles being very variable in this class, the Order Pentagynia is
intended to include those genera which have from 2 — 5 Styles, as well as
Spircea, in which genus some species have many styles.

•^ In opposition to the open fruit of the true Mmpilu*, or Medlar.

150 ICOSAND. MONOG.

6. RuBUS. Cal, 5 -cleft. Fruit superior, composed of many
single-seeded, juicy drupes.

9. ToRMENTiLLA^ Cq/. 8-clefl ; segments alternately smaller.,
Pet, 4. Pericarps roundish, fixed to a small dry receptacle,

11. Dryas. Cal.S — lO-cleft; segments equal. Pet,^ — 8.
Pericarps with long feathery aions,

7. Fragarfa. Cal. 10-cleft; segments alternately smaller.
Pet. 5. Pericarps inserted upon a large pulpy deciduous re-
ceptacle.

8. PoTENTiLLA. CoL lO-clcft ; segments alternately smaller.
Pet. 5. Pericarps roundish, fixed to a small dry receptacle.

10. Geum. Cal. 10-cleft, alternate; segments minute. Pet. 5.
Pericarps with a long geniculated awn. Receptacle oblong.

12. CoMARUM. Cal, 10-cleft; segments alternately smaller.
Pet. 5, less than the cal. Pericarps inserted upon a large
spongy villous permanent receptacle,

{Spircea Filipendula^ and Ulmaria. Ord. Pentag.)

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. PRUNUS.

1. Pr. Padus {Bird Cherry), flowers in pendulous racemes, leaves
obovate deciduous glabrous with two glands at the summit of
the footstalk. Light/, p. 253. E,B.t.\383.

Hab. Woods, not unfrequent. Collington woods, &c. near Edinb.,
Maugh. Banks of the Clyde, Kelvin and Cart, Glasg., Hopk. About
Inverness, Mr. G. Anderson. Fl. May. T7 .

Small tree. Leaves acute, doubly serrated. Flowers white. Drupes
small, black. Nut rugose.

2. Pr. Cerasus (wild Cherry), flowers in nearly sessile umbels,
leaves ovato-lanceolate subpubescent beneath. LightJ'.p.25i
(Pr, Avium). E.B.f.706.

Hab. Woods and hedges, not unfrequent about Glasg., Hopk. Woods
opposite Melville castle. Light/. Perhaps not indigenous. Fl,
May. fj .

Rather a large tree, with very smooth bark and straight branches.
Fruit red or black. — ^The origin of the garden Cherry.

3. Pr. domestica {wild Plum-tree), peduncles solitary or two to-
gether, leaves ovato-lanceolate subpubescent beneath, branches
without spines. E. B. t. 1783.

Hab. Woods and hedges about Glasg., Hopk. — Seeds perhaps carried
by birds. Fl. Apr. \) .

Fruit rather large, round, approaching to ovate, black, with a fine
bloom. Smith in E. B. seems to consider this a var. of the following.

4'; Vx.insiliiia {wild Bullace-tree) ^\ie^\xnQ\Q^m pairs, leaves ova-
to-lanceolate pubescent beneath, branches ending in a spine.
Light/, p. 2b4. JG. JS.^84l.

ICOSAND. PENTAG. 151

Hab. Hedges about the Abbey of Melrose, Light/, Pentland Hills^
Mr. G. Don. Fl. May. Fj .

Small tree, having black globular /rwi^ with a blue bloom.

5. Pr. spinosa {Black-thorn or Sloe- tree), peduncles (mostly)
solitary, leaves elliptico-laiiceolate subpubescent beneath,
branches very spinose, Lighif'.p. 254.' E. B. t, 842.

Hab. Hedges, frequent. Fl. Apr. May. \i .

It is difficult, in a few^ words, to distinguish this well-known shrub
from the last. It is much smaller in all its parts, and the branches
are more crooked and spinose. In the former, the leaves are rather
considerably advanced at the time of the blossoms appearing : in
this the flowers are generally past before the leaves appear. Fruit
small, very austere. Used to adulterate Port wine, as the leaves
are to mi?c with tea.

2. PENTAGYNIA.

2. CRATAEGUS.

1. C. Oxyacantha {Hawthorn or Whitethorn), spiny, leaves
glabrous cleft into three or five deep serrated segments the
lower ones spreading, flowers corymbose^ styles 1 — 2. Lightf,
p. 255. E.J3.t.2504.

Hab. Woods and hedges, almost every where. Fl. June. Tj .

Variable in the form of the leaves and size and colour of the petals,
which are often tinged with rose colour. The cal. too is more or
less downy and acute. Few of our native plants can present a
more beautiful sight than a well-grown bush of Hawthorn, with its
dense masses of white flowers backed by the shining dark green
leaves. Nor is it less desirable on account of its scent ; though
there are many individual plants perfectly destitute of it. It isex-
. cellent for fences, and bears clipping admirably. The fruit (or
haws) aftbrds a supply of food to innumerable birds in a season
when scarcely any thing else is to be obtained. — ^The C. monogyna
of Jacquin is but a var. of this.

3. PYRUS.

1. P. Mains {Crab-Jpple), leaves ovate acute serrated^ flowers
in a sessile umbel. Ligh'f. 258. E. B, t, 179.

Hab. Woods and hedges. Frequent about Glasg., Hop/c. K.May, fj .
A good sized tree, the origin of our numerous varieties of garden

Apple. Flowers large, tinged with rose colour on the outside.

Fruit austere, of which Verjuice is made.

2. P. aucuparia [Mountain Ashox Roan-ireL), leaves pinnated
glabrous on both sides, flowers corymbose. Lighlf, p. 256
{Sorhiis aucuparia), E. B. t. 337.

Hab. Woods ; abmidant both in the Highlands and Lowlands. Fl,
May, June. T^ •

A small handsome tree. Leaflets elliptico-lanceolate,. serrated, entire
at the base. Flowers small but numerous. Fruit red. The wood
is much used and valued for its compactness, and the tree itself is
possessed of many virtues, according to the superstitious notions
of the Highlanders^

loM ICOSAKD. POLYGYN.

3. P. u4na {white Beam-tree), leaves ovate cut and serrated

white and downy beneath, flowers corymbose. LightJ, p. 25 5

{CralcBgm Jria), E,£.t.lS5S.
Hab. Woods, but not common, Sibbald. Sea-rocks near Lismore, in

the Isle of Bernera, Dr. Walker. Rocks in the Kmg's Park,Edinb.,

Maugh. Ft. June. \i .
Small tree, remarkable for the white mealiness or close down on the

under-side of the leaves, flowerstalks and cal. A'eins of the leaves

very prominent beneath. Fruit scarlet.

4. SPIRiEA.

* Shrubby.

1. S. salicifolia [willow -leaved Spirepa), le.ives ovato- lanceolate
serrated glabrous, racemes terminal compound. E. B, t. 1468.

Hab. Woods. Wild in Scotland, G.Don, in E. B. Abundant in MOods
at Arniston, Craigie hall and Cramond Bridge, Maugh. Cliesh
woods, Mr. Arnott. Banks of Cartlane Crags, Glasg., Hopk. Fl.
July. \i .

Small branching shrub. Flowers in crowded racemes, forming a
dense sort of spike of a rose colour.

** Herbaceous.

2. S. Ftlipendula (common Dropzi/or^), leaves interruptedly pin-
nate, all the leaflets uniform deeply cut or serrated panicula-
to-cymose. Light/, p. 259. E. B. t. 284.

Hab. Mountain pastures. Hills to the S.W. of Arthur's Seat, Light/.
J=7. July. 11 .

Root with rather long tubers. Stem a foot high, panicled above, Leaf-
lets small, lanceolate, intermediate ones not half their size. Stipules
united, serrated. Flowers yellowish white, tipped with rose colour.

3. S. Ulmaria (Meadow-sweet), leaxes interruptedly pinnate ser-
rated downy beneath, terminal leaflet largest and lobed, flow-
ers in compound (and as it were proliferous) cymes. Light/',
p. 259. E. B. t. 960.

Hab. Meadows and banks of ditches. Fl. July. U .

Stem 3 — 4 feet high, branched upward. Leaflets ovate, acuminate,
very large, especially the terminal ^generally) 3 -lobed onej in^
termediate ones minute. Flowers ytWdyfVsh white, numerous, sweet-
scented.

3. POLYGYNIA.

5. ROSA^

* PiMPiNELLiFOLiit.. Setig€rous,with arms crowded, nearly uniform,
or unarmed i mostly without bracteas. Leaflets ovate or oblong.
Segments of the Cal. connivent, persistent. Disk scarcely any.

1. R. rubella {red-fruited dwarf Rose), arms crowded equal,
fruit elongate pendulous. lAndl. p, 40. E, B. t, 2521.

=^Tht Scottish Roses, imperfectly as they are now understood, would
have been much iiioje so were it not for the accurate investigation the

ICOSAND. POLYGYN. 153

Hab. Bunks of the Dee about Abergaldy, Mr. Anderson, in Linn.
Trans, vol. xi. p. 2 14. FL July. Tj .

" Branches erect, reddish, 3 — 4 f. high, covered all over, as far as their
extremities, v^ith nearly equal w^eak bristles and prickles. Stipules
dilated towards their extremities, eroded at the edge, fringed with
glands, naked ; petioles sparingly glandular, without hairs as are
the lenjefs, whick are 7 — 11, almost flat, oval, pointed, simply
serrated or nearly so, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers
solitary without bracte8e,'pale or deep red; peduncles hispid; tube
of the calyx less so ; segments of the calyx erect, entire, rough, shorter
than the petals, which are concave and emarginate ; disk not thick-
ened. Fruit pendulous, long, ovate, scarlet, crowned by the con-
verging, shorter segments of the calyx." L. — The stems and branches
covered with bristles and a few prickles, together with the red pen-
dulous fruit, distinguish this species from R. spinosiss. At the same
time I must remark that Mr, Lindley's " var. p.melanocarpa fructu
nigro fusco breviore" is, as he himself says, just intermediate be-
tween R. rubella and spinosiss.

Avhole genus has been subjected to by my friends, Mr. Jos. Woods and Mr.
Lindley, whose two valuable Monographs, the former of the British species
in the l'2th vol. of the Linn. Trans., the latter in a most excellent work en-
titled Rosarum Monoffraphia, have set in a comparatively clear light what
was before a mass of confusion. Doubts will still remain as to what are-
species and what are not. I must confess that I give the preference to the
characters and arrangement of Mr. Lindley ; and, conscious that I could ofter
no original remarks or descriptions of equal importance to his, I conceive
that I am doing an acceptable service to the student of the Scottish Roses in
giving all that relates to the genus in Mr. Lindley's own words.

It will be necessary to say a few words on the terms employed by Mr.
Lindley, and the degree of importance he attaches to the dift'erent parts.
'* Arms is a term used to express the presence of bristles a.x\d prickles indis-
criminately.
Bristles (sctce) are little straight prickles, tipped with a gland, and known
from real glands by their rigidity, greater length, and tendency to pass
into prickles. They exist pi'obably on all species upon the rootshoots, but
are quickly changed into prickles by losing their gland. On their pre-
sence depend some of the most natural divisions. On the fruit and pe-
duncles, however, they are found to be of little value ; for in R. rnbiginosa
and tomentosa setigerous and naked fruit is borne even on the same bush.
They vary too on the fruit and peduncles of R. canina and spinosiss., but
appear constant on R. involuta, Sabini, and villosa.
The form oi the prickles {aculei) distinguishes the Div. CanincB from Tlllosce ;
and their inequality separates the Rubiginosce from the former. They are
variable and not to be depended upon on the petioles.
Glands are distinguishable by their scent, and are mostly attached to the

underside of the leaf as in the Div. Rubiginosas.
Pubescence on the branches, peduncles or tube of the cal. is considered by
Mr. L. an invariable character ; but it is of Httle or no consequence on the
leaves.
The tube of the calyx and the fruit can in few instances be employed in
forming distinguishing marks. All varieties of form may be found in
R. canina and tomentosa.

All the Roses yet known are fouiid between the 19th and 70tli degrees of
N. latitude." L.

154 ICOSAND. POLYGYN.

2. R. sphiostssima {Burnet Rose), arms unequal, leaflets plane
without pubescence sinipiv serrated. IJndL p. 50. Lightf,
p. 2m. E.B.t.lSJ,

Haj3. Dry mountain pastures, as sides of hills by Duddingston Loch,
&:c. L'lghlf. Links near Cockenzie, with petals red at the base %
Mr. Weatherhead and Maugh. Back of 13alnarty hill, Fifeshire,
and elsewhere. Highlands, Mr. Arnott. FL June. Ij •

♦* A dwarf, compact, dark, (sometimes reddish,) green bush, with
creeping roots. Branches short, stiff, much divided, beset by very
dense, unequal pric/t/e^ and se^fp; some of the former being usually
lalcate. Leaves close together, quite free from pubescence ; sti-
pules either narrow or dilated, of nearly equal breadth} petioles
setigerous and ])rickly ; leajlets about 7, bright green, flat, simply
serrated, orbicular or nearly so. F/oM.'e7S solitary, without bracteas,
cyathiform, blush coloured} peduncles naked, or rough with
glands and seta?, as are the calycinc segments, which are short and
entire } tube ovate or nearly round, naked ; petals emarginate, con-
cave} d«/t not thickened} s/y/ei' villous, distinct. Fruit ovate or
nearly round, black or dark purple, crowned by the connivent or
somewhat spreading segments of the calyx.'" L.

Mr. Lindley further observes, that this species varies wonderfully with
regard to size, the form of the fruit, and the surface of the pedun-
cles. The branches are sometimes unarmed, tortuose or straight,
sometimes slender, and very prickly } the younger they are the
more they are arm.ed.

o. R. invohita {prick!?/ un expanded Rose), arms very unequal
and crowded, leaflets doublv serrated, petals convolute, fruit
Uristly. Lindl. p. 56. E.'B. t, 2068.

Hab. Scotch moantains. Dr. Walker. Glen Lyon, Dr. Stuart. He-
brides, Mr. J. M'Kay. Isle of Arran, G. Don. Fl. June, fj •

Two or three feet high, compEict, reddish grey. Branches not much
divided, erect, with very strong, dense, unequal, straight prickles
and setce, and a cracked bark. Leaves close together, with a slight
turpentine smell when bruised } stipules narrow, somewhat concave,
acyte, naked, but toothletted and fringed with glands } petioles
liiiiry, glandular and setigerous, a few straight, longer prickles
being interspersed } leaflets 5 — 7, concave, ovate, acute or obtuse,
doubly serrated, naked above, or nearly so, and opaque, villous
beneath with a few pale glands, scarcely distinguishable from the
surface. Flowers solitary, without bracteas, red and white j pedun-
cle, sphaerical tube of the calyx, and simple calycine segments
bristly all over with pungent setiE, and clammy glands } petals ob-
cordate, involute } rfi^A' a very little elevated} unripe fruit crowned
by the converging segments of the calyx.

**" This comes nearest U. Sabini, which is however a tall plant, 5 — 10
feet high. When its prickles are mixed with bristles, the largest of
the former are falcate } when there are no bristles they are straight,,

* R. ciphiana, Sibbald.

ICOSAND. POLYGYN. 155

and the leaves are hairy on both sides, sometimes hoary. Peculiar
to Scotland." L.

4. R. Sabini {Sabine's Rose), bristles few and prickles unequal
distant, leaflets doubly serrated tomentose, segments of the
calyx compound. Lindl. p. 59. Woods in Linn, Trafis^ v, 12.
p. 188.

/3. Doniana, bristles scarcely any, prickles nearly straight.

Hab. Found in Scotland by Mr. G. Jackson. Dun'keld, Mr. Borr.
and Hook. (3. Mountains of Clova, G. Don ; and water of Leith,
near Collington, Mr. Borr. Abundant in Orkney, Dr. Gillies,
Fl. June. T2 .

'' Shruh 8 — 10 feet high. Branches erect, stout, dark brown, armed
with distant, falcate prickles and a few setce. Leaves grey, distant;
stipules narrow, fringed with glands ; petioles downy, glandular,
armed with little prickles ; leaflets 5 — 7, oval, doubly serrate, flat,
hairy on both sides, a little glandular beneath. Flowers usually
solitary, sometimes in great bunches ; peduncles and ca/yx very his-
pid J the tube round ; calycine segments compound. Fruit round,
scarlet, hispid with setee." L.

Mr. Lindley doubts whether this may not be, after all, a production
of R. tomentosa, var. mollis.

** ViLi.os^E. Root-shoots straight, prickles nearly so. Leaflets ovate or
oblong, with their serratures spreading. Leaflets of the calyx conni-
vent, persistent; disk of the calyx thickened, closing over the mouth,

5. R. villosa {Jpple Rose), leaflets elliptical obtuse, fruit very
large with numerous rigid crowded bristles, segments of the
calyx viscid hispid. Lindl. p. 74. E, B. t, 583. R, gracilis,

Woods,

Hab. Killin, Breadalbane, and coast of Fife a, Lightf. Woods at
Crossbasket, near Glasg., scarcely wild, Hook. Common in some
])arts of Scotland, Sm. in E. B. Fl. June. Fj .

*' The largest of the genus, sometimes forming a small tree, with a
trunk as thick as a man's arm. Branches ^\i\\, very glaucous, fre-
quently without any tinge of red, armed with strong, straight, or
somewhat falcate, equal prickles, either scattered or under the sti-
pides; branchlets with a few setae or none. Leaves usually very large
and gray, densely downy every where ; stipules spreading, acute,
finely sen-ated and fringed with glands ; petiole glandular, with
pale, falcate, unequal prickles 5 leaflets about 5, very unequal,
elliptical, flat, rugose, with a turpentine smell when bruised, very
coarsely and doubly serrated, the serratures diverging. Flowers in
pairs, either blush coloured, or deep red, of a middling size 3 brac^
tece large, ovate, concave, rugose, hoary, nearly smooth .above ;
peduncles very short, they and the calyx protected by rigid unequal
setae, and clammy with glands 5 tube ovate, glaucous j calycine
segments narrow, compound, spreading j petals obcordate, a little
crenate at the edge ; disk elevated, not very thick 3 styles hairy, di-

* These stations may belong to the following species, R. tomentosa, which
lias been often taken for the present one.

156 IC05AND. POLYGYN.

Btinct, usually much shorter than the ripe fruit. Fruit either purple
or deep red, round, with a thickened short peduncle, covered with
stiil' setae, and crowned by the connivent, pale brown, clammy
segments of the calyx.
*' This Rose most nearly approaches R. tomentosa, but the fruit of the
latter is never more than hispid, whilst that of the former has a con-
siderable number of rigid bristles^ and even prickles, scattered over
its surface." L.
6. R. tomentosa (dowmj'lcaved Dog Rose), leaflets ovate ra-
ther acute, fruit hispid or naked. Lindl.p.ll.
a, vera, shoots bent, segments of the calyx compound. R. to-

7nentosa, E. B. t. 990, et t. 1(S96 (R. scahriuscuia).
j8. mollis, shoots straight, segments of the calyx subsimple.
R. mollis, E. B. t. 2459. R, villosa, R, heterophylla, and
R. piilchella, PVbods.
Hab. a. Sea-side bet-ween Caroline Park and Crammond^ Mr. Gre-
v'de. /3. Banks of the Dee, Strathaven, BamfFshire, and near
Durness, Sutherland, Mr. Anderson. Scotland, Mr. G. Jackson.
Between Ravelston wood and Edinb., Mr. Borr. and Hook. Ft.
June. Tj .
** Seven or eight feet high, spreading, very gray. BrawcAeA somewhat
glaucous, armed with straight (rarely falcate), equal, scattered
prickles and without set*. Leaves hoary with down 3 stipules con-
cave, dilated, toothletted and fringed with glands ; petioles slightly
prickly and glandular ; leaflets about 5, oblong or ovate, obtuse,
doubly serrated 5 serratures diverging, rarely converging 5 soft and
rugose, paler beneath, and sometimes slightly glandular ; when
bruised having a turpentine smell. Flowers one or more, reddish,
cup-shaped, with short stalks ; hracteas ovate or oblong, downy,
longer or shorter than the peduncles, which are hispid with unequaj
setae and glands j tube of the calyx ovate, oblong or round, usually
hispid, sometimes nearly smooth j segments of the calyx compound,
spreading, always hispid at the back 5 petals entire, obcordate, con-
cave 5 disk thickened, flat 5 styles very hairy, distinct. Fruit some-
what purple, round or obovate, or depressed, usually hispid,
crowned by the converging calycine segments, which sometimes
however fall ofi' immediately after the fruit is ripe.
*' An extremely variable species, and closely allied to R. canina. Tlie
marks of difference are the straight prickles, diverging serratures,
hispid fruit, calycine segments and peduncles, and soft leaves of the
former, as contrasted with the hooked prickles, converging serra-
tures, smooth calyx and its deciduous segments^ and naked or
harslily pubescent leaves of the latter." L.

**^ RuBiGiNOS^. Prickles unequal, sometimes setiform, rarely (if
ever) none. Leaflets ovate or oblong, glandular, with the serratures
divergent. Segments of the calyx persistent. Disk iyicrassated.
Shoots bent. (This division is remarkable for the numerous glands
on the lower surface of the leaves. R. tomentosa has sometimes
glandular leaves, and in such case the inequality of the prickles of
the Rubiginosfp, and their red fruit, can alone distinguish them.)

ICOSAN'D. POLYGYN. lo/

7. R. nibig'mosa (Sweet-briar), prickles hooked, leaflets rugose
opaque, calyces and peduncles hispid. Lindl. p. 86.

u. vulgaris, prickles strong very unequal, styles hairy, fruit ovate
or oblong. Light/, p. 2G2 [R. suavifolia). R, rubigiTiosOy
E. B, ^ 991, R. eglanteria, Woods.

^. inodora, prickles very much hooked nearly equal, leaflets less
glandular, segments of the calyx deciduous before maturity.
R. dumetorum, E.B. t. 2579 : et R. Borreri, Woods.

Hab, a. Hedges about Red Hall, Dr. Parsons. Sea-side between
Caroline Park and Crammond, Mr. Greville. .&. Near Edinb., Mr.
Borrer. Fl. June. Pj .

Much branched, 3 or 4 feet high, with a more compact habit than
R. can'md. Branches bright green, flexuose, armed with numerous,
hooked, unequal, scattered, strong prickles ,• on the rootshoots some-
times very small, and tipped with a gland. Leaves dull, mgose,
green, very sweetscented, covered beneath with numerous brown
glands ; stipules dilated, toothletted, hairy beneath ; petioles with
a few strong, unequal prickles ; lea/lets 5 — 7, roundish or ovate,
pointed, doubly serrated, somewhat spoonshaped, usually naked
above, covered with hairs, and very pale and rugose beneath. Flow-
ers 1 — 3 together, concave, pale blush coloured ; bractea pale, lan-
ceolate, acute, concave, slightly hairy and glandular j peduncles and
calyx hispid, with weak setae ; tube ovate ; calycine segments reflex-
ed, pinnate ; petals obcordate ; disk much thickened ; germens 30 —
40 ; styles hoary, distinct. Fruit orange-red, roundish, oblong or
obovate, hispid or smooth ; crowned by the ascending segments of
the calyx.

Of the 8 European vars. of this species mentioned by Mr. Lindley, be-
sides the two abovem entioned, two others are given as natives of
Britain (jR. micrantha of Woods, and umbellata of Leers), to which
a third (R. sepium of Thuill) has")since been added by the Rev. Mr.
Bree ; but I am not aware that they have been found in Scotland.

'' The more common appearance of this plant is a compact, much branch-
ed bush, with pale red flowers in threes, bristly scarlet fruit, and
bright green but nol shining leaves, which are powerfully and grate-
fully fragrant. All these characters are, however, liable to consi-
derable variation, and have been the foundation of a multitude of
supposed species. ^. is a very remarkable plant, and seems al-
most to unite R. rubig. with R. can." L.

**** Canine. Prickles equal, hooked. Leaflets ovate, without glands;
serratures connivent. Segments of the calyx deciduous. Disk incras-
sated, closing over the mouth of the tube. The larger shoots bent.

S. R. canina {Dog Rose), leaflets rigid ovate, germens 20 — 30.
LindL p. 98. Ligfitf. p. 262. E. B. I. 992. R. surciilosa,
sarmentacea, et nuda, Woods.

e. dumetorum, leaves hairy on both sides, segments of the cal.
and peduncles smooth. R. dumetorum. Woods.

^. ccesia, leaflets caesious hairy on both sides, tube of the calyx
elliptical. R. coesia, E. B.t,2[\(M . JVoods,

15S ICOSAND. POI^YGYN.

Hab. Hedges, &c., common. 2^. Tay nuilt in Mid Lorn, Argyleshire,
and in Strath Tay, between Dunkeld and Aberfeldie, Mr. Borrer.
Side Locli Tay, Mr. Anderson. Banks of Clyde, above Clyde iron
works, Hopk. — e. Invercarrity, C. Lyell, Esq. Fl. June. Fj .
"A straggling briar, 6 — 7 feet high. The branches bright green, red-
dish brown on the sunny side ; armed with strong, scattered, hook-
ed, nearly equal prickles (rarely straight and then much closer
together) and no setae. Leaves distant, pale or dark green, fre-
quently tinged with red in exposed situations, usually much blister-
ed by the sun, quite free from pubescence ; stipules rather dilated,
a little reflexed, acute-pointed ; petiole armed with a few, little, hook-
ed prickles ; leajiets 3 — 7, ovate or oblong, acute or rounded, sessile
or subsessile, flat or concave, even or rugose, coarsely or finely,
simply Or doubly serrated, the serratures always acute, without
glands, and converging. Cymes 1 - or many-flowered ; hractecc ovato-
lanceolate, appressed, acute, concave or fiattish, finely toothed and
glandular at the edge ; peduncles and calyx smooth j tube ovate j
segments of the calyx spreading, sharp-pointed, somewhat divided j
petals obcordate, concave -, disk very thick, elevated j styles nearly
smooth, distinct, included or a little exserted. Fruit ovate or ob-
long, scarlet, shining without any bloom j per Icarps large uneven.
" Surely it is not surprising that the most common species of the ge-
nus, whose fruit is scarcely ripe before it is devoured by small birds,
and deposited by them in every variety of soil and situation, should
frequently assume features considerably dissimilar to its original ap-
pearance ;. and yet, upon such differences, which in less variable genera
would hardly have been trusted, have writers upon Roses attempted to
establish their species. Much stress has been laid on the circum-
stance of pubescence ; on its absence, presence and quantity R. col-
Una, dumetorum and canina of authors, and hractescens of Woods,
are divided from each other : yet a careful observer may trace
them running into each other. The var. ccesia is a curious plant,
first taken up in E. B. It is scarcely found out of the Highlands
of Scotland, and even there very sparingly. Its very glaucous hue
distinguishes it. There is a remarkable peculiarity in R. can., that the
further to the North any var. of it is found, the more villous are the
styles ) and the less so as it proceeds southwards ; these organs being
quite destitute of hair in Madeira. — In Tartary, Russia and Siberia,
an esteemed drink is made from the twigs andleaves j and the flowers
yield a spirit, and are preserved with honey and sugar by the inhabi-
tants of the Volga and Ukraine." L.
***** Systyl^. Styles cohering in a lengthened column. Stipules

adnate. Habit much like that of the last division.
9. R. arvensis {while Field Rose), shoots flagelliform, prickles
unequal falcate, leaflets glaucous beneath. Lhidl, p. \ 12,
Lightf.p.2(}\. E.B.t. 188.
Hab. Hedges and borders of fields, occasionally. Frequent in the
lowlands, Dr. 5Mr^es5. Bogle's hole,Glasg.,Hop/f. FZ. June, July. I2 •
Branches flagelliform, procumbent, slender, dull glaucous purple, arm-
ed with scattered, falcate, or straightish equal prickles, those of the

ICOSAND. POLYGYN. 159

old shoots almost white, of the young ones smaller and red, some-
times none (in weak specimens). Leaves distant, dark green, or
on a chalky soil yellowish ; stipules narrow, flat, naked, fringed
with gland's, red in the middle ; petioles pubescent, with scattered
glands and little falcate dorsal prickles -, leaflets 5 — 7, flat,, ovate,
somewhat waved, simply serrated, very glaucous beneath ; the rib
somewhat hairy. Flowers solitary on the branchlets, numerous on the
rootshoots, vvhite, with a yellow base, and a slight scent, at first cy-
athiform, afterwards more open 5 peduncles rough with glands and
a very few setag 3 tube of the calyx ovate, naked ; calycine segments
short, ovate, concave, a little divided, those which are so, rough
with glands 5 petals obovate, emarginate j .s-fawen* persistent j disk
elevated, fleshy 3 germens 15 — 25 ; styles united into a long smooth
column. FruH scarlet, round or oblonq;.

This is readily distinguished by the long smooth column of the styles
from all the British species, except the R. systyla, which is known
by its assurgent, not trailing shoots, which are of a bright green
colour. R. arvensis is the Ayrshire Rose of the gardens, figured in
Bot. Mag. : another, however, goes by that name, the R. capreolata
oi Mr. Neill, in the Ed'm. Phil.Journ., which is R, sempervirens.

10. R. systyla {long'Styled Rose), shoots assurgent, prickles
very stout hooked. Lindl. p,\\\, JVoods in Linn, Trans, v. 12.
p, 230. E.B, /. 1895 (/?. colUnd).

Hab. Hills, Ridrie, and hills to the N. of Milngaire, Hopk. Fl. June.

^- . .

A shrub with the habit, and for the most part with the characters of

R.can.y but difl'ering chiefly in having its styles united into a long

smooth column, and more flowers in a cluster.

6. RUBUS.

1. R. idcBUS (Rasp-lerry), leaves pinnate with 5 or 3 leaflets
white and very downy beneath, footstalks channelled, stem
nearly erect prickly. Lightf, p. 263. E. B, t. 2443.

Hab. Woods frequent, even in the Highlands. Fl. June. Tj .

Sterns woody and prickly. Leajtets subovate, somewhat cut and ser-
rated. Flowers pendulous. Petals small. Fruit scarlet in a wild
state.

2. R. suherectus {red-fruited Bramlle), leaves pinnate with five
or seven ovate leaflets hairy beneath upper ones ternate, stems
nearly erect, ])rickles minute nearly straight, ylnderson in Linn,
Trans 7;. 1 1. p 218. M 6. E. B. L 2572. D. Don, MSS. ined.

Hab. Near Loch Ness and the Highlands of Aberdeen and Perth-
shire, Anderson. Woods at Inverary ; banks of Loch Duble, two
miles from Inverary, road-side between Govan and Renfrew, Maugh.
Hills of Angus-shire, G. Don. Banks of the burn that runs from
MugdochLoch above the waterfall, and in the wood south of Mug-
doch Castle, Hopk. Near Loch Lomond, abundant, D. Don. Fl.
June. Tj .

Growing tolerably upright^ without support. Prickles scattered. Leaf-

160 ICOSANl>. I'OLYGYN.

lets roundisli, ovate, sliarply serrated, smooth and even above. Pa-
nicle rather lax, racemose. Petals rather large, white, obovate. CaJ.
at length reflexed. Fruit of few perfect grains, deep red, agreeable
in flavour, and somewhat resembHng that of R. idceus. In habit re-
sembling R. conjUfolius, but more upright ; leaves having often
7 leaflets (never the case with the other two) which are generally
more acuminated and smoother on the upper surface, the under-
most and upper pair sessile ; the prickles more rare and shorter,
the fruit dark red, not purple. And.

3. R. cceshis [Dew -berry), leaves ternate very pubescent or hairy
beneath the lateral ones much lobed externally, stem prickly
rounded prostrate glaucous, cal. embracing the fruit. Light/',
p. 264. E. B. /.S26.

Hab. Under hedges and waste places in the Lowlands, but not very
common. Light/. Between Dalkeith and Perth-head, 9 m. from
Edinb., rare, Maugh. Fl. July. I? .

Stems weak, glaucous -green, subherbaceous. Leaflets rotundato-
ovate, cut, slightly lobed at the margin and serrated, the lateral
ones with large lobes on the outside. Pet. white or reddish. Fruit
rather large, of a few black beiries, covered with a blue bloom, of an
agreeable subacid flavour.

4. R. corT/lifolius {hazel-leaved Bramble)^ ^Heaves of about
5 ovate leaflets hairy beneuth, stems rounded diffuse, with scat-
tered nearly straight prickles." And. in IJnn. Trans, f. 1 1,
p. 2U). E.B.t,S27,

Hab. Hedges and borders of fields, occasionally ; banks of tlie Clyde
about Carmyle, Hopk. Hedges and moors, common, D. Don.
Rosslyn woods, &:c., Mr. Greville. Ft. July. Ij •

Stems very long, trailing (13 — 20 feet. And.) fragile and spong)-,
reddish, rarely angled, every where having slender straightish
prickles. Leaflets hairy, soft beneath. Fruit atroviolaceous, hemi-
sphserical, of an agreeable acid ; berries few, rather large, rounded.
Cal. of the fruit reflexed. The only steady mark of distinction be-
tween the present plant and R.fruticosus, notwithstanding that their
general appearance is so dissimilar, is that in R.fruticosus tlie
prickles are constantly placed on the ridge of the angle or furrow
of the stem, whereas those of R. corylifolius, besides being more
slender, more numerous and of irregular size, are indiscriminately
scattered all over the shoot, which is generally round, rarely angled
and more spongy and brittle than i2./n/Yic. And.

5. 'R.fruticosus {common Bramble), *^ leaves of about 5 petiolated
leaflets hoary with pubescence beneath, prickly upon the an-
gles of the stem, prickles hooked." And. IJnn, Trans. v,\\.
p.. 221. Lightf\p.264. E.B.t.lXo.

Hab. Woods and hedges. Frequent about Glasg., Hopk. Mr. Ander-
son observes that it is seen in the N. of Britain, and that he never
saw it in Aberdeenshire or Perthshire, where it gives place to R. sub-
erectus. Fl. July. Fj •

Stems long and very stout^ with large and muostly hooked prickle€.

I

^ IC'OSAND. POLYGYN. 101

Leaflets narrower arfd more attenuated at the base than the last •
generally hoary beneath ; often with scattered hairs on both sides,
when it becomes the R. villosus of D. Don's MSS. ined. Mr. An-
derson again remarks, under this species, that the only constant
mark of distinction between this and the R. corylif. is to be found
in the situation of the prickles.

6. R. saxalilis {Stove Bramlde), leaflets 3 slightly downy, run-
ners creeping herbaceous, panicle of few flowers. Lirrlitf,
p. 265. E. lit, 2233.

Hab. Stony mountainous places, especially in the Highlands. Rosslyn
woods, Maugh. Pentland hills, near Collington, Mr. Arnott. Cleg-
horn wood ; Boniton, near Lanark j among hazel bushes a little
above Calderwood, and at Gourock plentifully, Glasg., Hojjk. Fl.
June. 1/ .

This and the two following species are, happily, as easy to be distin-
guished as the four preceding ones are difficult. The present is erect,
slender, 8 — 10 inches high, with a few weak, straight prickles.
Leaves 2 — 3, leaflets ovate. Petals minute, narrow, greenish yel-
low. Fruit of a very few, red, large, clustered drupes.

7. R. atctkus {arctic Bramble), leaflets 3 ghbrous obtusely
serrated, stem without prickles bearing (mostly) 1 flower, pe-
tals roundish notched. E. B. t. 1585.

Hab. Rocky mountainous parts in the Isle of Mull, Dr. Walker.

High regions of Ben-y-glo, Blair in Scotland, Richard Cotton, Esq. />-'/>

i wish some botanist would confirm the stations above given in E. Bot: *^ *^ * ^
for this beautiful plant, whose fruit is so highly prized by Swedish epi- g^A^'nr^^^ *^*^
cures. It is impossible for any one in the least versed in plants tjiS^i^^^^
to confound it with any thing else. Stems 4 — C inches high, slen- . /

der, having 3 or 5 leaves. Flower deep rose colour, large, single. 4 c^^ ^ '"
Fr/^i/ purplish red. f. .'.^ u- j-^ . -,.,%.->"'. *^ ■'.■/£ t" ^^

8. R. Chamcemorus {Cloud- berry), dioecious, leaves simple Z'^*'*^
lobed, stem without prickles and having a single flower. ^ c /t^*^
Lightf.p.2m.t.\3.E.B.t.l\6.

Hab. Abundant upon many of the mountains, especially in the High-
lands, as Ben Lomond, X-c. Top of the Eastern Cairn hill, one of
the Pentlands, Mr. Sommerville and E. J. Maughan. Cleghorn and
Boniton woods with the R. saxatilis, and on the Campsie hills, Hopk.
Fl. July. 11 .

Root creeping and throwing up 2 — 3 slender, simple stems, about 8
or 10 inches high, with 2 or 3 leaves, which are plicate, lobed, and
serrated. Flower solitary, large, white. Cal. of large ovate seg-
ments. Petals large, rotundato-ovate, white. Around the germens
is a fleshy ring with short processes tipped with a gland (abortive
stam. ?). Fruit of several, large, dull orange-coloured, aggregated
drupes, of an agreable flavour ; much used by the people of Nor-
way and Lapland as food ; and, being buried in the snow, they keep
well through the winter.

M

162 ICOSAND.- — POLYGYN.

7. FRAGARIA. *

1. F, vesca {IVoocl StraLvberry):, root with creeping scyons, hairs
of the pedicels appressed sericeous. Light/, p. 267, E. B.
t. 152L

Ha3. Woods, frequent. Fl. May — ^July, 2/ .
Leaves teruate, silky beneath.

2. F. elalior {Hautboy Strawbernj), " cal. of the fruit reflexed,
hairs of the petioles and peduncles all very patent and subde-
flexed/' E. B. ^2197.

Hab. Road-sides and borders of fields near houses, not indigenous,
Hopk. Old walls at Branksome. Fl. June — Sept. % .

This is much larger than the last, and said by Smith to be essentially
distinguished from it, by the hairs on the peduncles being very pa-
tent and even deflexed. My specimens, however, from Branksome^
and those gathered by Mr. Borrer in Sussex (as mentioned in E. B.)
have the hairs on the peduncles quite erect and appressed. The
flowers are said to be dioecious. This is not always the case ; my
specimens having some perfect stamens and producing fruit plenti-
fully. The fruit is deeper red, and has a peculiarly fine flavour;
May not this be a var. of the last arising from cultivation, and tlie
plants suppoied indigenous be in eveiy instance the outcast of gar-
dens * ?

8. POTENTILLA.

* Leaves pinnate.

1. P. anser'ma {Silver-meed), leaves interruptedly pinnate deeply
serrated silky beneath, stem creej)ing, peduncles axillary sin-
gle-flowered.' Light f. p. 26S. E. B.t.mX.

Hab. Moist meadows aiid road-sides, abundant. Fl. June, July. % •
Plant varying much in the degree of silkiness ; sometimes silky and
white on both sides. Flowers large, yellow. Leajlets lanceolate.

** Leaves digitate.

2. P. argentea {hoary Cinque-foil), leaves quinate, leaflets cu-
neiform cut white and downy beneath their margins revolute,
stem decumbent. Light/, p. 2/0. E. B.t. 89.

Hab. Barren stony soils in pastures and road-sides, but not common.
Den of Bethaick, near Perth, &c.. Light/. Blackford hill and Binny-
craig, near Edinb., Maugh. Craig-end between Perth and bridge
of Em, Mr. Murroj/. Rocks, Seedlay hills, Angus-shire, common,
G.Don. Near Newburgh, D. Don! FL June. }/ .

Stems 1 foot long. Leaflets varying in width and degree of incision.
^lowers terminal, small, yellow, subcorymbose ; calyx white, hoary.

3. P. verha [Spring Cinque-j'oil), radical leaves quinate, leaflets
obovate green on both sides sharply serrated hairy beneath
and at the edges, petals obcordate longer than the cal., stem
decumbent. Lightf. p. 270. E. B. t,S7,

* F. sterilis of most authors is here removed to PotentiUa.

ICOSAND. — 'POLYGYN. 1G3

Hab. Rocky hilly past\ires, and mountains. S, W. side of Arthur's
seat, and near the top of Craig-calleach in Breadalbane, Light/.
King's Park; Edinb., and hills about N. Queensferry, common,
Maugh. Ft. May, June. % .

This varies much in the alpine parts of the continent ; but with us is
a small woody recumbent plant of 4 — 5 inches in length, more or
less hairy. Leaflets obtuse. Flowers at the end of weak leafy
branches, 2 or 3 together on long footstalks, yellow.

4. P. opaca {Saw -leaved hairy Cinque -foil), radical leaves of
7- or 5 oblougo-cuneiform deeply serrated hairy leaflets, petals
obcordate a little longer than the cal., stem filiform decum-
bent. E. B. t. 2449.

Hab. Received by the late Mr. Donn, of Cambridge, from Scotland.
Hills of Clova, rare. Braes of Balquidder, Perthshire, G.Don. Fl.

. June. 11 .

Larger in all its parts than P. verna, and, as Mr. Nestler Observes, in
his excellent Monograph of the genus, very nearly indeed allied to
it. It differs, he says, in the stem and petioles being of a reddish
colour, and the whole plant of a more slender habit j the radical
leaves are upon very long footstalks, and the flowers, when past
perfection, become drooping, having petals of a gOldeh yellow with
a fulvous spot at their base.

5. P. aurea {golden Cinque-foil), radical leaves quinate those
of the stein ternate^ leaflets wedge-shaped their margins with
silky hairs deeply serrated at the extremity, petals obcordate
larger than the cal., stem decumbent. E.*B, /. 561.

Hab. Ben Lawers and other mountains in Breadalbane, Mr. J.
Mackay in E. B. Near the summit of Ben-y-cailleach in Bread-
albane, Dr. Walker. Hills of Clova and Braes of Balquidder, G.
Don. F/. June, July. 2/.

*' Very different from P. verna, not only in the silky fringe, but alsd
in the form of the leaflets, which resemble those of Alchemilla al-
phia." Nestl. — For my own part I wish more decided marks could
be found for distinguishing the 3 last species.

6. P. reptans {common creeping Cinqite-fotl), leaves quinate,
leaflets obovato-cuneiform serrated, peduncles axillary single-
flowered longer than the leaf, stem filiform creeping. Lightf,
p,27\. E. B.i. 8t)2,

Hab. Meadows and pasture's, and byway-sides. Banks of the Clyde,

near Dalbeth, Hopk. Fl. June— Aug. If. .
Stems taking root at the joints, and throwing up at each joint a pair

of leaves, which are a little hairy at the edges and nierves beneath,

on long petioles. Smaller or exterior segments of the cal. as long

as the rest, though narrower.

*** Leaves ternate.

7. P. tridentata {trifid-leaved Cinfjue-foil), leaves ternate, leaf^
lets oblongo- cuneiform three-toothed at the extremity gla-

M 2

164 ICOSAND. POLYGYN.

brous above hairy beneath, petals ovate longer than the cal.^
stem ascending. E, B. t. 2389.

Hab. Werron hill and the East rocks of Clova, G. Don. Ft. May,
June. U'

This is the second » instance I have to record of a plant which" had
heretofore been considered a native of N. America only, having
been found upon the eastern side of Scotland by the late Mr. G.
Don. It is totally unlike any other British species -, does not ex-
ceed 4 — 5 inches in height, and is terminated by 3 or 4 rather
large white flowers.

8, P. Fragaria {barren Strawherry), leaves ternate, leaflets obo-
vate deeply serrated silky on both sides (especially beneath),
petals obcordate as long as the cal., stems procumbent. Poi-
ret, Encycl. Light/, p. 268, and E.B, t. 1785 {Fragaria
sterilis).

Hab. VA'oods, banks, and diy pastures. Fl. March, April. 7/ .

Peduncles terminal, single or two together. Flowers white. Tliis
wants the essential character of Fragaria, and is rightly placed by
the continental authors in the present genus. Seeds, or rather
seed-vessels, rugose, not smooth as in Fragaria, according to
Smith's definition of that genus.

9. TORMENTILLA.

1. T. officinalis {common Tormentil), leaves ternate all sessile,
leaflets lanceolate inciso-serrate, stem nearlv erect dichoto-
mous. Lightf. p. 272 {T. erecta), E. B. L 868.

Hab. Barren and hedthy places, common. Fl. June, July. "2/ .
Root large and woody, used medicinally, and by the Laplanders for

staining leather of a red colour. Stem weak, 6 — 8 inches long.

Peduncles axillary and terminal. Flowers rather small, yellow,

drooping before expansion.

2. T. reptans {trailing Tormentil), leaves ternate on footstalks,
leaflets obovato-cuneiform inciso-dentate, stem prostrate.
Lightf. p. 273. E. B. t. 864.

Hab. "Borders of fields and waste places, but not common, Sibbald.
N. side of the canal, Fossil riiarsh, below the bridge, Hopk. Road-
side between Hamilton and Cambuslang, Mr. Murray. Near Kirk-
caldy, Mr. Stewart. Near Ardvorhch, Mr. Arnott. Road- side be-
tween Glasgow and the village of Bowling j and near Moulinarn,
Perthshire, Maiigh. Fl. June, July. 11 .

Stems prostrate, but not rooting, varying much in length. Flouiers
twice the size of the last. This, as well as the last species, has some-
times 5 petals and 1 0 calycine segments j and then the plant be-
comes a perfect Potentilla,W\i\\ which it accords entirely in habit.
Many of the continental botanists, on these accounts, abolish the
genus Tormentilla : and Scopoli has done so with the remark " Mo-
noculum hominem ab humano genere quis separabit?"

' The fii-st was Juncus tenuis.

ICOgAND. POLTGYN. 165

10. GEUM.
1. G. urhanum {common Ave'ns)^ flowers erect, awns naked, cau-
line leaves ternate, radical ones lyrato-pinnate. LighlJ', p, 273.
E. B. t. 1400.

Hab. Woods and hedges, frequent. Fl. June. J/ .

Root with a sweet smell that has been compared to cloves. Stems
erect, 1 — 2 feet high. Leaves very variable. Radical ones on long-
footstalks, with 2 or 4 small lateral pinnae and a great terminal 3-
lobed leaflet. Stem leaves sessile, ter- or quinate : the lower leaflets,
as Sir James Smith observes, however, may rather be considered
large stipules, ovate, the rest lanceolate ; all of them inciso-serrate.
Flowers small, yellow. Petals roundish, entire, patent, as well as
the cal.

2. G, rivale {IVhter Avens), flowers drooping, awns feathery,
cauline leaves ternate, radical ones interruptedly pinnato-ly-
rate. LightJ. p. 274. E,B.t.U)6.

Hab. Marshes and wet moory grounds, frequent. Fl. June, July. 1/ .

Shorter but stouter than the last, and less branched. Flowers much
larger, with erect purplish calyces and erect dull orange-coloured
petals, which are clawed and broadly obcordate. Head of fruit pe-
dicellate, ^wns hooked in both species. — There is a var. found in
Collington woods by Mr. Maughan, which seems precisely inter-
mediate between this and G. urhanum, and which Smith suggests
may be a hybrid.

11. DRYAS.

1. Dr. octopetala [Mountain Avens), petals 8, leaves simple ser-
rated. Lightf. p. 21 L E, B. ^ 45 1.

Hab. Highland mountains, in many places. Upon the micnceous
mountains in Breadalbane ; and on the limestone rocks in Skye ;
on a vast limestone tract called Creg-achnocaen, on the confines
of Ross-shire and Sutherland, Lightf. Upon Carn-dearg, in Glen
Creran, and near the top of Malmore, in Glenco, Argyleshire, Dr.
Stuart. Braes of Inver Naver, and common along the coast of Su-
therland, Mr. Borrer and Hook. Fl. June. 11 .

Stem, short, procumbent, scaly from the withered bases of old leaves.
Leaves ovato-elliptical, evergreen, glabrous and wrinkled above,
white and downy beneath, margins revolute. Petioles longer than
the leaves. Peduncles downy, the down mixed as on the underside
of the leaves with purple glands or bristles, solitary. Flowers large,
white.

12. COMARUM.

I.e. palustre {Marsh Cinque-foil), Light f. p. 21 Q. E.B.I. 112.

Hab. Peat-bogs and marshes, frequent. Fl. July. 1/ .

Stems 6 — 8 inches long, ascendent. Leaves petiolate, with 7 lanceo-
late deeply serrated leaflets ; upper ones quinate or ternate, ses-
sile 3 with a pair of ovate entire or cut stipules. Flower-stalk
branched. Flowers dingy purple, with a large, coloured, spreading
cal. and very minute petals. Scarely different in genus from Poten-
tilla, where, indeed, Nestler places it.

U6
XIII. POLYANDRIA.

1. MONOGYNIA.

* Petals 4.

4. Papaver. Cal. 2-leaved, caducous. Pet. 4. Stigma ra-
diated. Caps, superior, discharging its seeds by pores under
the permanent stigma.

2. Chelidonium. Ca/. of 2 leaves, caducous. Pet. 4. Stigma
2-lobed. PW superior, linear, 1-celled, of 2 valves. Seeds
numerous, crested, free.

3. Glaucium. Cal. of 2 leaves, caducous. Pet. 4. Stigma
2-lobed. Poc? superior, linear, 1-celled, of 2 valves. Seeds
numerous, dotted, imbedded in a spongy substance, which fills
the pod.

1. AcTiEA. Ca/. of 4 leaves, caducous. Pet. 4. Berry \'V.e\hd.
Seeds numerous, plane.

** Petals D.

8. CisTiTs. Cal. of 5 leaves, 2 smaller than the rest. Pet. 5.
Caps, superior, with 3 valves and many seeds.

7. TiLiA. Cal. 5-partite, deciduous. Pet, 5. Pericarp coria-
ceous {Nut, Decand.), 5-celled, without valves; cells 2-seed(ul
(sometimes only 1 cell and 1 seed) .

** Petals numerous.

5. Nymph^ea. Cal. of 4 — 5 leaves. Pet. numerous, inserted
upon the germen beneath the stamens. Berry many-celled,
many-seeded. Hort. Kew. ed, 2.

6. NuPHAR (Sm.). Cal, b — Cleaves. Pe^ numerous, inserted
as well as the stam, upon the receptacle. Berry superior,
many-celled, many-seeded. Hort. Kew. ed. 2.

2. PENTAGYNIA. {Styles 2— 6.)

9. Aquilegia. Cal, {Cor., Sm.) of 5 leaves, deciduous, coloured.
Pet. {Nectaries, Sm,) 5, terminating below in a horn-shaped
spur or nectary.

10. Sthatiotes, SpaMa of 2 leaves. Ca/. 3 -cleft. Cor. of 3
petals. Berry inferior, angular, with 6 cells, many-seeded.

{Reseda Luteola, Dodec. Trig. Helleborus, Ord. Polyg.)

3. POLYGYNIA.

* Pericarps indehiscenty 1 -seeded.
13. Thalictrum. Cal, {Pet., Sm.)of 4 — 5 leaves. Pet. none.
Pencarp5 Without awns (ecaudate).

POLYAND. MONOG. [6/

12. Clematis. CaL {Pet., Sm.) of 4 — 6 leaves. Pet, none.

Pericarps terminated by a long, mostly feathery awn (caudate) .
1 1 . Anemone. Invohicre of 3 divided leaves, distant from the

flower. Cal. {Cor.y Sm,) petaloid, of 5 — 9 leaves. Pet. none.

Pericarps with or vvithont awns.

14. Adonis. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5 — 10, without any necta-
ry. Pericarps without awns.

15. Ranunculus. Ctf/. of 5 leaves. Pe/. 5, with a nectariferous
pore* at the base. Pericarps without awns. (In R, Ficaria
there are 3 cal. leaves and many petals^)

** Pericarps dehiscent, I -celled, many-seeded.

15. Caltha. Cal. (Cor., Sm.) of 5 leaves, petaloid. Pe/. none.
Pericarps several, compressed, spreading, with many seeds, r

16. Trollius. Cal. {Cor., Sm.) of 5 or many leaves. Pet.
[Nect., Sm.) 5 or. many, minute, tubular at the base. Pericarps
cylindrical, many-seeded.

17. Helleborus. CaL {Cor., Sm.) of 5 petals, subcoriaceous,
persistent. Pet. {Nect., Sm.) S — 10, very small, tubular,
somewhat two-lipped, nectariferous. Pericarps compressed,
nearly erect, many- seeded.

1. MONOGYNIA.

1. ACTiEA.

1. A. spicata {Herb Christopher), racemes ovate. E. B. t. 918.

Had. Cliesh woods, Mr. Arnott. Ft. May. 11 .

One foot to two feet high, slightly branched, leafy. Leaves petiolate,
thrice ternate ; leajiets ovate, deeply serrated, the upper ones fre-
quently lobed. Raceme on a long stalk, terminal. Petals snialler
than the cal., white.

2. CHELIDONIUM.

1. Ch. majus {Celadine). Light/', p. 278. E. B. t. 1581.

Hab. Waste places, about towns and villages, but not common.
Fl. May, June. % .

Stem about two feet high, rounded, slightly hairy, brittle, full of a
fetid yellow juice. Leaves pinnated, with generally 5 leaflets, which
ape decurrent, broadly ovate, lobed, with the lobes again crenato-
lobate. Flowers on long stalked umbels, yellow, rather small. Pod
long, somewhat turgid.

3. GLAUCIUM.
1. Gl. luteum (yellow -horned Poppy), peduncles 1 -flowered,
leaves (of the stem) amplexicaul sinuate, stem glabrous.
Light/, p. 279 (Chelidonium glauciam), E. B, t. 8.

" This nectariferous pore is analogous to the tubular petals (nectaries of
Sm.) in Trollhis and Helleborus, only in these last the broad expansion is
wanting which forms the principal part of the petal in Ranuncuhis.

POLYAND. MONOG.

Hab. ovia-coasts. Near Queensferry and at Charlestown, Light/.
Sandy shores near Goslbrd and N. Queensferry, Maugh. Shores
at Helensburgh, plentiful, Ilopk. Arran, abundant, Mr. Murray. FL
July, Aug. 0.

One foot to two feet high, every where glaucous. Leaves scabrous,
especially on the upper side, lower ones pinnatifid, upper ones va-
riously lobed. Flowers very large, beautiful, bright yellow, suc-
ceeded by pods of from 6 — 10 inches in length.

4. PAPAVER.

* Capsules hispid.

1. P. Argemone [long-prickly -headed Poppy), capsule clavate
hispid, stem leafy many- flowered. IJghtf. p. 279. E. jB. /.64«3,

Hab. Corn-fields, but not common, Dr. Parsons. Fl. June. ©.

Wliole plant hairy, 1 foot or more high, mostly a good deal branched
upwiircis. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate and cut, the segments nar-
row ; lower leaves on long footstalks. Flowers small. Petals nar-
row, scarlet.

** Capsules glabrous.

2. P. duhium {long-smooth-headed Poppy), capsules glabrous
oblong, stem many-flowered hairy, bristles of the flower-stalks
appressed, leaves pinnatifid. LightJ\ p. 280. E. B. t. 644.

Hab. Corn-fields, &c.j the most common kind in N. Britain, Light/.

Fl. July. O.
Stems 1 foot to 2 feet high, hispid with spreading hairs. Flowers large.

Petals broad, palish scarlet.

3. P. Rhoeas {common red Popp?/), capsules glabrous nearly glo-
bose, stem many-flowered bristly, bristles of the flowerstalks
(as well as of the stem) spreading, leaves pinnatifid. Light/',
p. 279. E.B.t.64o,

Hab. Abundant amongst corn. JP/, June, July. ©.
Admirably distinguished from the last by its short capsule, and spreads
ing hairs on the footstalks of the flowers. Pet. broad, deep scarlet.

4. V . somniferum {white Poppy) , capsule globose glabrous, stem
many-flowered and, as well as the glaucous amuiexicaul leaves,
glabrous. £;. B. /.2145.

Hab. Published as British in E. B. on the authority of specimens sent,
by Miss Watson, from the neighbourhood of Delvine House, Angus-
shire, growing in newly-trenched ground, by road-sides, &c. Fl,
July. O .

Two to four feet high. Leaves subovate, erect and lobed. Flowers very
large, generally white, with a purple eye j but varying extremely in
colour. Caps, large, globose, with a spreading lobed stigma. From
the unripe capsules opium is extracted : and on this account plants
have been cultivated, the seeds of which have escaped into adjoin-
ing fields. Native of the S. of Europe.

5. P. cambriciim {yellow Poppy), capsules glabrous oblong, stem
many- flowered nearly glabrous, leaves pinnated, leaflets petio*
late ovato-lanccolate cut. E, B. t, Q^,

POLYAND. MONOG. 169

Hab. Banks of the water of Leith, iiear Woodhall, Mr. Sommerville
and Maugh. Braid woods and Cliesh woods, Mr. Arnott. VI. June
—Aug. 11.

Flowers yellow. Stigma small, upon rather a long style.

5. NYMPH^A.

1. N. alha (white Water Lily), " leaves cordate, stigma of 16
ascending rays/' Hort. Ktw, ed, 2. Light/, p, 283. E. B,
t, 160.

Hab. Lakes and ditches, very frequent. Lochend, Edinb., Maugh.
Near Glasg., not unfrequent, Hopk. and Mr. Murray. Fl. July, i/ .

This magnificent aquatic, although long retained in the same genus
with the following, has many points of dift'erence. Here the white
petals, as large externally as the great calycijie segments, inter-
nally diminish gradually into stamens. Salisbury calls the central
globose point of the stigma a nectary. The fruit (or berry, a.s it
is called) is soft and fleshy, scan-ed with the points of insertion of
the stam. and petals, and decays without opening. Seeds small,
extremely numerous.

6. NUPHAR.

1. N. lutea (yellow Water-Lily or Niiphar), leaves cordate their
lobes approximate, cal. of 5 leaves, stigma expanded (entire)
with from 14 — 20 rays. Hort, Kew, ed. 2. Light/, p. 482
and E .B.t. 159 (Nymphcea hit.).

Hab. Lakes and ditches, but not very common, Sibbald and Dr.
Parsons. Lochend, Maugh. Lakes, frequent, about Glasg., Hopk.
In the Clyde 1 m. below the Bot. Garden, Glasg., Mr. Murray.
F/. July.

Flowers large, yellow, 2 inches in diameter. Cal. leaves large. Fet.
numerous, very obtuse, thick and fleshy, deep orange, one row
placed just below the stamens. Outer stamens the broadest and
something resembling the petals. Fruit (berry) very large, flagon-
shaped (whence, I apprehend, in conjunction with the smell, the
application of the term Brandy -bottle), glabrous, fleshy. Seeds many,
large.

2. N. Kalmiana (least yellow Water-Lily or Nuphar), leaves
cordate their lobes subapproximate, stigma cut (toothed, Sm.)
with from 8 — 12 rays. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. p. 294. Curt. Bot.
Mag. t.\24S. E. B. t. 2292 (Nuphar minima).

Hab. Discovered in 1809, by Mr. Borrer, in a pool near the farm of
Corrie-Chastel, at the foot (not upon the summit) of Ben Crua-
chan ; also in Loch Baladren. Loch of Monteith, Stirlingshire,
between the islands and shore, Mr. Arnott. Loch Duble near In-
verary, Maugh. H.July.

This plant agrees in every particular with the specimens of N. Kal^
miana I have from N. America, and equally with the specific cha-
racter given of that species in the 2d ed. of Hort. Kew. I cannot,
therefore, hesitate about restoring the older name to it. The essen^
tial difterenccs are noted in the specific character, to which I may

170 rOLYAXD. PENTAG.

add that the plant is smaller ia all its parts than the preceding, the
fiower not measuring an inch across when fully expanded. The
petioles are two-edged in both species, and I fear but little reliance
can be placed on the approximation of the lobes of the leaves. The
flower represented in Bot. Mag. is smaller than in my American
and my Scotch specimens, and the leaves rounder.

7. TILIA.

1. T. europcea (Lime or Ltndeji-tree) y^owQis destitute of t>ec-
tary, leaves cordate acuminate serrated, pericarp ribbed woody.
Lighff, p. 2S0. E.B.t.GlO,

Hab. In walks and avenues, as at Inverary, &c. ) but probably not
indigenous. Light/. Fl. July. Pj .

A large and handsome tree. Flowers small, greenish, fragrant, on
a stalked cyme, springing from the centre of a large, lanceolate,
foliaceous hractea, which falls off with the fructified cymes. Cal.
leaves and petals ovato-lanceolate. Fruit generally 1 -celled and
1 -seeded. Pericarp very thick, woody, in which respect it differs
principally from the parvifolia of Ehrh. and Sm., the mierophylla
of Vent, and Decand.

8. CISTUS.

1. C. Helianthemum {common Dwarf Cistus), somewhat
shrubby prQcuii)bent, leaves elliptical oblong somewhat hairy
mostly white and pubescent beneath the margin slightly revo-
Inte, "^stipules lanceolate. Lig/iff. p. 2S0. E. B. t. 1321,
and t, 2208 (C tomentosus).

. Hab. Dry pastures, but not very common ; King's park, Edinb'., and
Island of Lismore, Light/. Banks of the Mouse, at Cartlane
crags ; and pastures about Airdrie, Hopk. Frequent on Campsie
and Cathkin hills; also on the banks of the Allan, near the bridge,
and Moncrieff hill, Mr. Murray. Gravelly hills, Angus-shire,
G. Don (under the name of C. tomentosus.) FL July, Aug. Fp .

Floivers yellow, show}' , in loose terminal racemes. Pubescence branch-
ed or starry. Very variable in hairiness, and in the width and re-
volution of the margin of the leaves. I can find no character to
distinguish the C. tomentosus of £. B. either as a species or well
marked variety.

2. PENTAGYNIA,

9. AQUILEGIA.

I. A. vulgaris {commQn Columbi?ie), spur of the petals incurved,
capsules hairy, stem leafy many-flowered, leaves nearly ^\fi-
brous, styles as long as thestam. Light/. /. 284. E. B,t. 297.

Hab. Woods, not unfrequent, as in Collington woods, near Edinb.,
Dr. Parsons. Banks of the Clyde at Blantyre Priory, and at the
falls 3 bottom of Cartlane crags and wood above Castlemilk, Glasg.,
Hopk. Daldowie, near Glasg., Dr. Brown. Bank below Stirling
Castle, Maugh. Fl. June. If, .

POLYAND. POLYGYN. 171

Two to three feet high. Leaves biternate ; leaflets 3 — 5 lobed, radi-
cal ones on long footstalks, caiiline ones sessile. Flowers large,
drooping, mostly purple. Exterior stam. imperfect j but not form-
ing a plaited lacerated membrane, as described and figured in E. J5.,
at least not in any specimens that I have examined,

10. STRATIOTES.

I. S. aloides [Water -soldier) leaves ensiform triangular aculeato-
serrate. E.B,t,379.

Hab. Ditches and lakes. Duddingston Loch, Maugh. Loch of Clunie,
Rev. Mr. M' Ritchie. Foriar Loch, Mr. Arnott. Fl. July. 11.

A most remarkable plant, vi^ith numerous radical leaues like those of
an Aloe, 6 — ^8 inches long ; throvi^n up from creeping stolons, which
run deep into the mud. Scape 4 — 6 inches lon^, compressed, two-
edged. From the centre of a two-leaved compressed spatha arises
one white flower. Pet. large, handsome. Sometimes the flowers
are dioecious, and sometimes the stam. are on the same flower with
the 5- or 6-cleft styles.

3. POLYGYNIA.

11. ANEMONE.

\. A nemorosa (Wood Anemone), leayes ternate lobed and cu^,
involucre the sanie petiolate, stem single- flowfered, capsules
without awns. Lig/Uf. p. 284. E. B. t. 355.

Hab. Moist woods and pastures, and upon the high mountains. Fre-
quent on Ben Lomond. Fl. Apr. — June. % .

Stem 4 — 8 inches high, simple. Flowers large, white, tinged with
purple on the outside. — ^This is the only one of this beautiful genus
of which Scotland can boast , and two out of the four attributed to
England {A. apennina and ranunculoides) are but the outcasts of
gardens.

12. CLEMATIS.

I. CI. Vitalha {Traveller's Joy), stem sarmentose, leaves pin-
nate, leaflets cordato-ovate inciso-lob£^te, petioles scandentj
peduncles rather shorter than the leaves. E. B. /. 612.

Hab. CoUington woods, Maugh. Near Callander, Mr. Arnott. FL
May, June. Ij .

Stem many feet long, climbing. Petioles acting as tendrils. Flowers
greenish white, panicled. Capsules with long feathery tails, which
have a beautiful appearance in the winter. — This plant is common
in the S. of Britain, especially in chalky soils : in the N. gradually
becoming scarcer. Are the plants truly wild in the places above-
mentioned ?

13. THALICTRUM.

1. Th. alpinum {alpine Meadow-Rue), stem simple nearly
leafless, raceme simple terminal, flowers drooping, segments
of the leaves glabrous. Ligktf. p. 286. E. B. L 262.

Hab. Pastures in the Highland mountains, plentiful. K.July. }/.

172 POLYAND. POLYGYN.

Radical leaves upon long footstalks, biternate, leaflets roundish, cre-
nate or lobed, dark green. Stam. 10 — 12. Germen 2 — 4. Flowers
few.

2. Th. mimis (lesser Meadoiv- Rue), leaves tripinnate, leaflets
trifid glaucousj flowers panicled drooping. Liir/Uj\ p. 285.

Hab. Hilly pastures, especially in stony ground. Kil-chomin, in
Ila, and at Icolmkill, Lightf. Pastures about Loch Rannoch, in
Perthshire, and many other places. Dr. Stuart. Links of Rattrey,
Aberdeenshire, plentiful, Mr. Murray. N. coast of Sutherland
and Sandside, Caithness, Mr. Borrer and Hook.

Stem about 1 foot high. Leaves small, glaucous, glabrous. Panicle
much branched.

3. Th. majus {greater Meadoiv-Riie), *' leaves tripinnate, leaf-
lets lobed" (mostly trifid), " branches of the panicle subum-
bellate, flowers drooping,'" Sm. E. B. t. 611.

Hab. Hills about N. Queensferry, Maugh. Fl. July. 2/ .

Twice or thrice the size of the former in all its parts. Leaves often
with 5 unequal lobes. I gathered this plant at Queensferry some
years ago, in company with my friend Mr. Maughan, and saw
many specimens which appeared to me to be intermediate between
it and Th. minus. It certainly affords no good specific character.

4. Th. Jlavum (common Meadow- Rue), stem erect branched
furrowed,, leaves bipinnate, leaflets wedge-shaped trifid, pani-
cle much branched subcorymbose, flowers erect. Lig/tiJ',
p. 284. E.B.t.367,

Hab. Banks of rivers, but rare. At N. Queensferry, Dr. Parsons;
but Mr. Arnott suspects the Th. majus has been mistaken for it.
Banks of the Clyde, at Dalbeth and Bowling Bay^ Hopk. Dal-
dowie, and at Rutherglen bridge, Glasg., Dr. Brown. Carmyle
woods, on the banks of the Clyde, Mr. Murray.

Two to three feet high. Flowers very yellow, from the numerous

upright stam. It varies in the breadth of the lobes of the leaves.

14. ADONIS.

1. A. aiitumnalis (Corn Adonis, or Pheasant'' s- eye), petals
concavo-connivent scarcely longer than the glabrous cal., peri-
carps reticulate collected into an ovate head, stem branched.

E.B.trdm.

Hab, Amongst corn, occasionally about Glasgow, Hopk. Fl. Sept.
Oct. O.

Jiight to twelve inches high. Leaves thrice compound j the segments
linear. Cor. of about 8, remarkably concave, bright scarlet petals,
which from their colour and globose form have given rise to the
French name *' goutte de sang," and indeed to its classical generic
one, the ancients having supposed it to have sprung from the blood
of Adonis.

15. RANUNCULUS.

* Pericarps transversely wrinkled. Petals white ; claw yellow, vnth a
necturiferous pore. (Decand.)

POf.YAND. POLYGYN. 1/3

1. R. aquatilis {IFater Crowfoot), stem floating submersed,
leaves capillaceo-multifid, floating ones tripartite their lobes cut,
petals obovale larger than the cal., pericarps glabrous or hispid.
Lig/Uf. p. 29'). E.B.t.Wl.

/3. all the leaves capillaceo-multifid. R. pantoihrix, Decand.
Syst. Feg. v. \. p. 235.

Hab. Lakes, ditches, andrivers^ abundant. FZ. May. 1/.

This varies in the size and shape of the lobes of the upper leaves,
which are generally cuneate, and more or less deeply and obtusely
cut and notched, sometimes peltate. The pericarps vary in hispi-
dity. I have seen specimens which before the fruit was ripe had very
apparent bristles, but were afterwards glabrous. Tliese slight
variations taken into consideration, together with a small difference
in the size and shape of the petals, seem to have given rise to the
R. tripartitus of Decand. and the R. ohtus'iflorus of D. Don's
MSS. incd. ; for I can find no other marks whatever. — In jS. all the
leaves are repeatedly divided in a di-trichotomous manner, yet
gradations of specimens may be found where the one kind runs
completely into the other. Sometimes the segments of the dicho-
tomies are short and spreading, so as to form a nearly orbicular
outline ; at other times they are long and parallel to one another.
Decandolle describes the fruit as glabrous, but Mr. G. Don finds
the pericarps setoso-pilose, and hence he separates that appearance
from R.pantothrix under the name of R. circinnatus, MSS. ined.-—
Species might thus be multiplied without end.

2. R. hederaceus {Ivy -leaved Crowfoot), stem creeping, leaves
roundish kidney-shaped with 3 — 5 rounded entire lobes, pe-
tals small scarcelv longer than the cal., stam. 5 — 10, pericarps
glabrous. Lightf. p. 294. E. B. /. 2003.

Hab. Ditches and wet places, but not very common. Moist beds of
the Clyde and the Kelvine, which are nearly dry in the summer, Mr.
Murray. Ft. summer. 1/ .

** Pericarps smooth or echinated {not transversely wrinkled). Petals,
with a small scale at the base. {Decand.)

t Flowers white.

3. R. alpestris {alpine white Crowfoot), leaves glabrous orbi-
cular deeply 3-lobed, lobes at the extremity lobulato-crenate,
stem mostly 1 -flowered, petals obcordate. E. 5./. 2390.

Hab. Sides of rills on the Clova mountains, G. Don. Fl. May. "V .
Four to five inches high. Leaves almost entirely radical, on rather

short footstalks ; one generally undivided lanceolate leaf upon the

stem. Flower entirely white, large.

ft Flowers yellow. Leaves undivided.

4. R. Lingua {great Spear-wort), leaves lanceolate subserrated
sessile semiamplexicaul, stem erect glabrous. Ughtf. p. 286.
E.B.t.lOi).

Hab. Sides of lakes and deep muddy ditches, but not common. Dud-

17^ rOLYAND. POLYGYN.

dingston Loch, Edinb., Br. Parsons. Pow Mill, Kinross-shire>
Mr.Arnott. Marshes in Arran and near Glasg.^ Mr. Murray. Fl.
July. 1/ .
Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers large.

5. R. Flammula {lesser Spear -wort), leaves linear-lanceolate
nearly entire petiolate the lower ones ovato-lanceolate^, stent
declined rooting at the base. Lightf. p. 288. E. B. 1.387.

/3. much smaller, stem creeping fihform. R. repfa?is, Lightf,
p, 289. Jig.fr out isp. v. I. Decand. Syst. Veg. v. \.p, 248.

Hab. Sides of lakes and ditches, abundant. ^. Margins of lakes, espe-
cially in the Highlands, common. Fl. July, Aug, X .

The decumbent or creeping stem, the narrower petiolated stem leaves
and broader radical ones, together with the smaller size, are the
marks by which this is best known from the preceding.

6. R. Ficaria (PzVe-z^or/), leaves heart-shaped petiolate angulai*
or crenate, caLof 3 leaves, petals 9. Lightf. p. 289. E. B.
/. 584. Ficaria ranunculoides, Decand.

Hab. Woods, meadows, and hedge banks, abundant, FL Apr. May. 11 .

Root of many long fasciculated tubers. Leare«]>etiolate, two or three

on the 1 -flowered stem. F/oit'er*- shining, yellow, very handsome.

ttt Flowers i/ellow. Leaves variously divided.

4- Root perennial. Pericarps smooth.

7. R. nuricomuS {IVood Crowfoot), leaves glabrous radical onies
renifonn 3-partite and cut, stem-leaves divided to the base
into linear subdentate segments, cal. pubescent shorter than the
petals. Ligliif. p. 290. E. B. t. 624.

Hab. \V'oods and hedge-bsinks. Banks of the river opposite Logton
wood, near Dalkeith, Dr. Parsons. Kenmuir banks, Glasg., Hopk.
RoRslyn woods ; Habbies How and other places near E^dinb. 5 also
Caldron Linn and Castle Campbell, near Glasg., Mr.Arnott. Banks
«f the Kelvine, Mr. Murray. Fl. Apr. May. 1/ .

One foot high, slender. Flowers large. Not acrid as most of the other
Crowfoots.

S. R. sitleralns {Celery -leaved Crowfoot), leaves glabrous ra-
dical ones petiolate tripartite, lobes cut very obtuse upper ones
in .'5 linear incised segments, calyx glabrous, pericarps collected
into an obloiig spike. Lightf. p. 201. E. B. t. 681.

Hab. Sides of ditches and pools. Fl. June. U .

»S7em stout, succulent, 1 — 2 feet high. Lower leaves very bi*oad and
glossy. Flowers extremely small, pale yellow. Heads of pericarp^
oblong.

9. R. acris {upright Meadotv Crowfoot), cal. spreading, pe-
duncles rounded (not furrowed), leaves tripartite their seg-
ments acute 3-fid and cut upper ones linear. Lightf p. 293.
E. B. t. 652.

^. minor; steni 1 — 2- flowered. R.montanm, D.Don, MSS.
ined.

POLY AND. POLYGYN. 175

IIab, Meadows and pastures, very common. /3. On the Highland moun-
Uiins, frequent. F/. June, July. 7/.

This varies extremely in size and pubescence. Stem erect. There is
an alpine variety which I have met vAth abundantly on the High-
land mountains, V/hich I cannot distinguish otherwise from this, than
by its smaller size and 1 -flowered stem. Mr. D. Don finds, 1 think,
the same thing, but there are sometimes two and even three flowers
upon the stem, and the cal. is densely villous, which prevents it from
being the R.monfanus V»'illd.,by which name he calls it in his MSS.
His plant, however, is glabrous, and mine is very hairy. In this parti-
cular the R. montanus (as well as the acris) varies extremely, and
appears to me a very doubtful species,

10. R. repens {creeping Crowfoot), calyx spreadinjc;, flowerstalks
furrowed, scyons cree})ing, leaves cut into 3 petiolated leafletis
which are 3-lobed or 3-partite and cut. IJghtf. p. 29'ii
E.B.l.^Ui.

Hab. Pasture lands, too common. Fl. June — Aug. % .
Best distinguished by its creeping scyons.

11. R. hdbosus {iulbous Crowfoot)^ calyx reflexed, peduncles
furrowed, stem upright many-flowered, leaves cut into 3 pe-
tiolated leaflets, which are 3-lobed or 3-partite and cut, root
bulbous. Lightf. p. 292. E.B.i.5[^,

Hab. Meadows and pastures, frequent. FL May. V- •
One foot high, hairy. Lobes of the lower leaves subovate 5 upper
leaves cut into linear segments.

4- 4- Roots annual. Pericarps tuherculate or murlcated.

12. R. hiisiitus {pale hairy Cro?rfoot), c!\]. reflexed, stem. erect
many-flowered hairy, leaves 3-lohed or 3-partite, lobes obtuse
cut, root fibrous, pericarps margined and tuberculated. E. B.
i. 1504.

Hab. Road-sides and waste places. Side of a burn between Dalbeth
and ToUcross, Glasg., //opA-. Pentland hills, Mr.Arnott. Appin,
Capt. Carnilchael. Road-side between Linlithgow and Falivirk,
Maugh. Ditch -bank N. of Glasg., and corn-fields W. of Perth,
Mr.J.Mackay. F/. June— Oct. ©.

Varying extremely insize ; from 3 inches (when it is the R.parvulus
of Sm. FL Brit.) to 10 or 12 inches. Generally very hairy.

13. R. aruends {Corn Crowfoot), cal. spreading, stem erect
many-flowered, leaves three-cleft their seguients generally
again 3-cleft into linear entire or bi-tridentate segments, peri-
carps muricated. Light/, p. 294. E. B. t. 135.

Hab. Corn-fields, but not common. Bogle's hole, Glasg., Hopk.

Corn-field near Stockbridge, Edinb., Maugh. FL June. 0.
Pericarps very prickly and large. Flowers small, pale yellow. — Plant

said to be extremely jioisonous and injurious to cattle in some

countries.

15. TROLLIUS.
1. Tr. europmus {<ilole-flower), leaves of the cal. {cor., Sm.)

176 POLY AND. POLYGYN.

15 concavo-connivcnt, petals (nect, Sm.) as long as the stam.

Light/: p. 295. E.B.t. 28.
Hab. Moist meadows and mountains, common. Banks of the Water

of Leith, &c., Edinb., Maugh. Banks of the Clyde at Kenmuir, Dal-

dowie, Bothwell and the falls, &c., Hopk. Fl. June, July. 1/ .
Leaves cut into 5 deep segments, which are again cut and serrated.

Flowers large, handsome, deep yellow. Petals almost filiform. —

This is, according toLightf., theLucken-Gowan {CabbageDaisy) of

the Scotch*.

17. HELLEBORUS.

1. H. vir'idis {green Hellebore), stem few-flowered leafy, leaves
digitate, cal. spreading. Lightf, p. 297. E. B, t. 200.

Hab. Pastures and woods. Dunglass glen. Dr. Parsons. WixW top
near Laswade j scarcely indigenous, Mr. Arnott. FL April. 7/ .

Stem 1 foot high. Leaves large, digitate, upon a broad leafy petiole,
upper ones sessile ; segments linear lanceolate, serrated at the ex-
tremity. Cal. of 5 large, greenish yellow leaves. Cor. of many
minute tubular petals. Styles 3 — 4.

2. H. fcetidus {stinking Hellebore), stem many-flowered leafy,
leaves pedate, cal. concavo-connivent. E. B. t. 613.

Hab. Pastures and thickets. Banks of the Clyde at Blantyre Prioiy,
abundantly. Old walls, Barncluish, Glasg., Hopk. Between Ani-
struther and Kepply, Mr. Chalmers. Fl. April. "}/ .

Two feet or more high, bushy, fetid. Leaves evergreen, pedate, or
digitate, with the lateral segments again divided, upon long, slen-
der footstalks ; upper ones or bracteas with a broad sub-membru-
noas base j uppermost truly ovato-acuminate bracteas. Flowers
globose 3 calyces tipped with a purple tinge. Styles and caps. 3 — 4.

18. CALTHA.
1. C. pahistris {Marsh Marigold), leaves cordate crenate.

Light/, p. 298. E. B. t. 606.
^. stem creeping, leaves cordato-triangular. C. radicans, E. B,

t. 2175.
y. leaves cordate nearly entire. C montana, D, Don, MSS.

ined.
Hab. Marshy places, very common. /3. Burn below the farm-house

called the Haltown, near Forfar, G. Don. Pentland hills and Ross-

lyn woods, Mr. Greville. More common in some spots near Edinb.

than a., Mr. Arnott. Marshes near CoUace, Perthshire, Maugh.

Soon as the clear goodman of day
Bends his morning draught of dew.
We '11 gae to some burn-side to play
And gather flowers to busk ye'r brow.
We '11 pou the daisies on the green.
The Lncken-Gowans frae the bog.
Between hands now and then we '11 lean.
And sport upon the velvet fog."

Allan Ramsay's Young Laird and EdhiHirgh Katy in Light/.

DIDYNAMIA. \^^

y. springy places in the Grampian mountains, G. Don. Fl. May,
June, il .
Plant varying extremely in size and direction. Sometimes 1 — li
foot liigli, and quite erect. Lower leaves on long footstalks, ex-
tremely variable in their shape and in the depth and distinctness of
the crenatures, I apprehend the vars. /S.-and y. may chiefly be at-
tributed to a colder climate or poorer soil. The fiowers are large,
several from a stalk in a., almost solitary in the p. and y.

XIV. DIDYNAMIA,

1. GYMNOSPERMIA\ {Lahiatce, Juss.)

* Calyx 5- or \Q-cleft, subregular.
13. Leonorus. Ca/. with 5 angles. Upper //p very hairy above,
entire ; lower one reflexed, 3- partite. Anthers sprinkled with
shining dots.

5. Glechoma. Upper lip of the Cor. bifid; lower one trifid,
with the intermediate lobe emarginate. Anthers approaching
each other in pairs and forming a cross.

4. Mentha. Cor. nearly regular, 4-lobed3 its broadest lobe
notched. Stam. erect, distant.

2. Teucrium. Upper lip of the Cor. abbreviated, bipartite ;
lower one 3-lobed, its middle lobe the largest. Stam, pro-
jecting through the cleft in the upper lip.

1. Ajuga. Upper lip of the Cor, very minute, notched ; lower
one 3-lobed, middle lobe the largest, obcordate. Stam. ex-
serted. Anthers reniform, 1 -celled.

9. Betonica. Cal. teeth acuminate. Upper lip of the Cor,
ascending; lower 3-cleft, its tube cylindrical.

6. Lamium. Cal. teeth acuminate, spreading. Upper lip of
the Cor. vaulted, entire ; lower 2-lobed, toothed on each side
at the base, {Anthers hairy.)

7. Galeopsis. Cal. teeth acuminate. Upper lip of the Cor.
vaulted, notched ; lower lip with 3 unequal lobes, having 2
teeth on its upper side.

8. Galeobdolon. Cal. teeth unequal, acuminate. Upper lip
of the Cor. vaulted, entire ; lower one in 3 acute segments.

10. Stachys. Ca/. acuminate. Upper Zzp of the Cor. vaulted ;
lower one 3-lobed, with the 2 lateral lobes reflexed. Stain.,
when old, bent downwards.

3. Nepeta. Upper lip of the Cor. notched ; the lower one 3-

* With 4 pericarps, or apparently naked seeds, at the bottom of the cal.
Verbena^ placed in this order by Smith, I have removed to the following,
because it has a distinct pericarp inclosing the 4 seeds.

N

178 DIDYNAMIA.

lobed, its middle lobe the largest, crenate ; lateral ones very
short, reflexed.

11. Ballota. Cal, with 10 ribs and 5 teeth. Upper Up of the
Cor. concave, notched^ lower one trifid; middle lobe the largest,
emarginate.

12. Marrubium. Cal. with 10 ribs and 5 or 10 spreading
teeth. Upper Zip of the Cor. cloven, linear, straight; lower
one trifid ', middle segment the largest, emarginate.

** Calyx two -lipped.

17. Scutellaria. Lips of the CaL closing over the fruit; up-
per lip with a vaulted process.

16. Thymus. Cal. closed with hairs at the mouth. Cor. ^shortly
2-lipped ; upper one notched ) the lower one the largest, sub-
emarginate.

18. Prunella. Upper lip of -the Cal. with 3 very short teeth.
Filaments forked at the extremity, one point bearing the An-
ther. Stigma bifid.

15. Origanum. Calyces collected, by imbricated bracleas, into
a spicate, quadrangular cone. Upper lip of the Cor, straight,
notched 5 the lower one in 3 nearly equal lobes,

14. Clinopodium. Involucre (bracteas) of many linear-acumi-
nated leaflets placed under the cal. Upper lip of the Cor. erect,
emarginate; lower one the largest, emarginate.

2. ANGIOSPERMIA.

* Calyx A-Jid.
23. LATHRiEA. Cor, tubular, 2-lipped. A depressed gland at
the base of the suture of the germen. Caps, 1 -celled.

19. Bartsia. CaZ. mostly coloured. Cor. ringent, with a con-
tracted orifice ; upper lip concave, longer, entire ; lower one
in 3 equal reflexed lobes. Caps, ovate, compressed, with 2
cells and many angular seeds.

21. Rhinanthus. Cal. inflated, 4-toothed. Upper lip of the
Cor. compressed ; lower one plane, 3-lobed. Caps, of 2 cells,
obtuse, compressed, and with many imbricated plane seeds.

22. Melampyrum. Upper lip of the Cor. compressed, turned
back at the margin ; lower lip trifid. Caps, oblong, 2-celled,
oblique, opening on one side. Cells 1 -seeded. Seeds gibbous
at the base.

20. Euphrasia. Cal. tubular, 4-toothed. Upper lip of the
Cor, divided ; lower one of 3 notched lobes. Anthers with
thin lobes mucronated at the base. Caps, ovato-oblong, 2-

- celled. Seeds striated.

** Calyx 5 'Cleft.
30. Limosella. Cor, shortly campanulate, 5-cleft, equal.
Caps, semibilocular, 2-valved.

DIDVN. GYMNOSP. l/^

20. ScROPHULARiA. Or. subglobose ; /iw^ contracted, shortly
2-Iipped, upper lip 2-lobed (with a scale or abortive stam.
frequently within), lower 3-lobed. Caps, 2-celled.

27. Digitalis. Ca/. 5 -partite. Cor. campanulate, inflated be-
neath ; /rmZ' obliquely 5 -lobed, unequal. Capi, ovate, of 2
cells and many seeds.

25. Antirrhinum. CaL 5-partite. Cor, personate, with a de-
flexed prominence or spur at the base. Caps, 2-celled, open-
ing at the extremity with minute valves.

24. Pedicularis, CaL inflated, (mostly) 5-cleft. Upper lip
of the Cor. compressed, arched ; lower one plane, 3-lobed.
Caps, oblique, compressed, 2-celled. Seeds angular.

29. LiNN^A. CaL 5-partite, superior. Cor, campanulate, 5-
fid, equal. Berry dry, 3-celled, only one bearing a single per-
fect seed. Involucre of 2 leaves just below the germen.

28. Verbena. Cor, infundibuliform, its limb 5-cleft, unequal.
Stam, 2 — 4. Seeds 2 — 4, inclosed in a thin, evanescent pe-
ricarp.

*** Cal. of 2 leaves.
31. Orobanche. Cal, of 2 (generally) lobed, lateral segments.
Cor, ringent. Caps, 1 -celled, 2-valved, with many seeds, A
gland at the base of the germen beneath.

1. GYMNOSPERMIA.

1. AJUGA.

* With creeping sajons.

1. A. reptans {common Bugle), glabrous, stem solitary throwing
out creeping scyons. Light/', p, 302. E. B, /.489.

Hab. Moist pastures and woods, abundant. Fl. May, June. % .

Leaves broadly ovate, more or less crenate, lower ones and those on
the runners tapering into a footstalk. Flowering stems erect, with
sessile leaves. Flowers blue, in whorls in the axils of the upper
leaves or bracteas, which are often purplish.

**■ Without creeping scyons.

2. A. pyramidalis {pyramidal Bugle), hairy, whorls crowded
into a pyramidal and tetragonal form, radical leaves very large
obovate more or less crenate. Light/, p. 302. E, B, t, 1270.

Hab. Mountain pastures. On Ben Nevis in Lochaber, and plenti-
fully in the Burn of Killigower and on the Ord of Caithness, Dr.
Hope. Upon Tor Aichaltie, a hill near Brahan Castle, Ross-shire,
Mr.Gibh. Appin, Cap t.'Carmichael. Fl. June. %.

Four to six inches high. Leaves tapering gradually from the base up-
ward.

3. A. alpina {alpine Bugle), leaves nearly glabrous unequally

N 2

180 DIDYN.- — GYMNOSP.

toothed all nearly of a size^ whorls of- flowers rather distant^

E.B.t.477.
Hab. Mountains of Aberdeenshh-e, not uncommon, DDo/z. F/.JuIy.

Of this I have never seen British specimens.
2. TEUCRIUM.

1. T. Scorodonia {Wood-sage), leaves cordate petiolate pubes-
cent crenate, flowers in lateral and terminal racemes secund,
stem erect. Light/, p. 303. E. B. /. 1543.

Hab. Woods and dry stony places, frequent, Fl. July, Aug. 7/ .

Stems 1 — 2 f. high. Leaves singularly rugose. Flowers yellowish
white. Stam. much protruded, purplish red. — This plant is ex-
tremely bitter, and has, in some countries, been substituted for
hops.

2. T. CfmmcBdrys {Wall- germander)^ leaves ovate tapering into
a footstalk inciso-serrate, flowers axillary in threes, stem sub-
procumbent rounded hairy. E. B. t. 680.

Hab. Old walls at Balgavis, 5 m. E. of Forfar, and at Kelly, 3 m. E.

of Arbroath, in Angus-shire ; but near houses (the same situations

as in England), G. Don. Fl. July, Aug. % .
Flowers reddish purple. Stems 6 — 8 inches high.

3. NEPETA.

I, N. cataria {Cat-mint), flowers in spiked subpedunculated
whorls, leaves petiolate cordate dentato-serrate, LightJ'.
p. 304. E,B.t.\37.

Hab. Hedgesand waste places, rare. Hedges near Cragnethan Cas-
tle, Glasg., Hopk. Road-side between Culross and Kincardine,
Maugh. FL July, Aug. 1/ .

Stems 2 — ^3 f. high, downy, as well as the leaves, and whitish. Flowers
white, with a rose coloured tinge. Anthers reddish.

4. MENTHA.

1. M. hirsuta {hairy Water-mint), flowers capitate or whorled,
leaves petiolate ovate serrated pubescent, cal. hairy, pedicels
with reflexed hairs. Lishtf. p. 1 104, and p. 305 (M. aqua-
tica). E. B. t. 447, and t, 448 (M. sativa),

Hab. Banks of rivers and marshes, frequent. F/. Aug., Sept. 11.

Very variable. Sometimes the flowers are capitate, sometimes whorl-
ed, and sometimes the whorls are placed so close on the extremity
of the branches as to form a spike. Their colour is purplish. An-
thers varying in length.

2. M. rubra {tall red Mint), flowers whorled, leaves petiolate
ovate serrated subglabrous, '^^ stem upright zigzag" {Sm.),
pedicels and lower part of the cal. quite glabrous teeth hairy.
E,B,t. 1413.

Hab. Ditches and on the banks of rivers, but rare. Banks of the
Clyde at Hamilton, Hopk., and ditto near Glasg., D. Don. Mus-
selburgh, Mr. Borrer. Fl. Sept. "3/ .

DIDYN. GYMNOSP. 181

Four to five feet high. Flowers purplish red, with a linear subhispid
bractea at the base.

3. M. gentilis {Jmshy red Mint), flowers whorled, leaves petio-
late ovate serrated subglabrous, " stem much branched spread-
ing" (Sm.), pedicels and lower part of the cal. glabrous teeth
hairy. Light/, p. 305. E. B. t. 2118.

Hab. Sides of rivers and waste places, but rare. Dr. Parsons. Bank
of a rivulet running into Loch Ransa, in Arran, Mr. Murray.
Banks of Moffat water, below Carrifrew, Dr. Walker. Ft. Sept. "}/ .

" Stem 12 — 18 inches high, very bushy in consequence of the nume-
rous, opposite, spreading branches :" — and this is all the character
that has been discovered to distinguish it from M. rubra. Surely
it is no permanent one ? I would not willingly decide till I see
plants in a growing state : but in my plants in the herbarium there
is not a shadow of a difference.

4. M. arvensis {Corn-mint), flowers whorled^ leaves ovate hairy
serrated, calyx campanulate and clothed with spreading hairs.
Liglnf, p. 306. E. J5./. 2119.

Hab. Corn-ftelds, not uncommon. Fl. Aug., Sept.

The Cal. short and campanulate with spreading hairs distinguishes
this species. The smell of the plant has been compared to that of
the blue part of decayed cheese. Flowers reddish purple. — I think
the M. agrestis of E. B. is not distinct from this.

5. M. Pulegium (Penny-royal), flowers whorled, leaves downy
ovate obtuse subcrenate, stem prostrate, flowerstalks slightly,
and calyx very, pubescent, teeth of the latter fringed. LightJ,
p. 307. E.'B.t. 1026.

Hab. Among rubbish thrown out of gardens, and scarcely indigenous ;
side of springs on the Pentland hills ? Light/. Fl. Aug., Sept. 1/ .

The smallest of t^je genus, readily known by its prostrate stems and
small frequently recurved leaves, which are both thickly covered
with short hairs. Flower pale purplish. — Much employed in medi-
cine, and has a powerful smell,

5. GLECHOMA.
1. G.liederacea {Ground-ivy), leaves reniform crenate. Lighlf,

p. 307. E.B.i,S53.
Hab. Under hedges and in waste places, frequent. Fl. Apr. May. if .
plant much creeping. Leaves petiolate, pubescent. Flomers large,
blue, in threes, axillary.

6. LAMIUM.

1. L. album {white Dead-Nettie), leaves cordato-aciiminate
deeply serrated petiolate, whorls of about 20 flowers. Lighlf.
p. 308. E.B.t. 7(58,

Hab. Borders of fields and waste places, abundant. Fl. June, July. IJ. .
Flowers large, white, with a honied fluid at the base of the tube.

2. L. maadatum {spotted Dead-Nettie), leaves cordato-acumi-
nate inciso-ser rate petiolate, whorls of about 10 flowers. E.B,
t, 2550.

182 DIDYN. GYMInOSP.

Wab. Woods in Scotland, but rare, G. Don. Fl. May.

Flowers large, purple, JO in a whorl: — in other respects very like the

preceding ; from which however Sir Jas. Smith says it is unques-^

tionably distinct.

3, L. purpureum (red Dead-Nettle), leaves cordate obtuse cre-
nato-serrate petiolate the uppermost crowded together, " cor.
with the tube bearded within" (Sm.). Light/, p. 309. E,B,
i. 1933.

Hab. Borders of fields and in hedges, plentiful. Fl. May — Sept. 0 .
Leaves, especially the upper ones, with a silky hairiness, and with a
purplish tinge on the floral ones. Flowers purple.

4, L. incisum (cut-leaved Dead-Nettle), leaves broadly cordate
obtuse inciso-crenate petiolate the uppermost crowded, '^ cor.
with the tube glabrous within" (,Sm.). E. B. t. 1953.

Hab. Occasionally with the preceding about Glasg., Hopk. Fields
about Edinburgh, towards Newhaven,,Mr. Greville. Fl. May. ©.

I should scarcely think this specifically difterent from the last, were it
not that Smith attributes to the one (L.piirp.) a cor. bearded with-
in, and to the other (L. incis.) a perfectly glabrous one ; characters
which I have not myself had the opportunity of verifying.

5, L. amplexicaule (Henlit Dead-Neltle), leaves broadly cor-
date very obtuse deeply inciso-crenate petiolate the floral ones
sessile embracing the stem. Light/, p, 309. E. B, t. 770,

Hab. Dry and sandy fields and gardens, frequent. Fl. March — June.

0.
Flowers with very slender tubes, fine deep rose colour.

7. GALEOPSIS.

1. G. Ladanum (red Hemp-Nettle), stem not swollen below the
joints, leaves lanceolate subserrate hairy, upper lip of the cor,
slightly crenate. E.B.t, 884.

Hab. Dry limestone rubbish in Scotland, A. Bruce, Esq. in E. B.
Road-side, near Oxenford Castle, and at Cross-gate toll, Maugh. Fl.

Sept., Oct. O .
Stem 10 — 12 inches high, with opposite branches. Leaves rather

small, petiolate, hairy. Flowers purplish rose colour.

2. G. Tetrahit [common Hemp- Net tie), stem hispid incrassated
below the joints, leaves ovate hispid serrated, cor. twice as
long as the cal., upper lip nearly straight. Light/ p. 310.
E. B. t. 207.

Hab. Cowi-fields and hedges, frequent. Fl. Aug. ©.
One foot to two feet high. Flowers white and purplish.

3. G. versicolor (large-floivered Hemp -Net tie), stem hispid in-
crassated below the joints, leaves ovate hispid serrated, cor.
thrice as long as the cal., upper* lip inflated. Light/ p. 310
(G. Tetrahit^.), E.B.t.^l,

Hab. Corn-fields about Edinb. and Glasg., very common, il/«Mg/i. and
Hopk. ; as well as in other parts of Scotland. Fl. Aug.^ Sept. 0.

../"

DIDYN. GYMNOSP. 183

Much larger than the last in all its parts. Cor. yellow, with purple on
the lower lip : very beautiful.

8. GALEOBDOLON.
1. G. luteum {yellow Archangel) » Light/, p. 310 {Galeopsis

Galeohdoloii). E,B.t,7S7.
Hab. Woods and shady places in the Lowlands, but not common j by

Haddington, near a gr.rden wall. Dr. Parsons. Fl. May, June, "U.
One foot or more high. Leaves ovato-acuminate, petiolate, deeply

serrated. Flowers whorled, yellow j lower lip orange and spotted.

9. BETONICA.

1. B. officinalis {Wood Beiony), spike interrupted, nniddle seg-
ment of the lower lip notched. Light/. p,3U, E.B.t, \\42.

Hab. Woods and dry banks, but not common. Bank near Echlin
above Queensferry in W. Lothian, &c., Sibbald. CoUington and
Auchindenny woods 3 road-side between Castle Douglas and Kirk-
cudbright, Maugh. Woods, not unfrequent about Glasg., Hopk.
Near Dupplin, Mr. Shillinglaw. Fl. July, Aug. 7/ .

Stem 1 — 2 feet high, hairy, with few leaves. Lowermost ones ovato-
elliptical, on long footstalks j upper one oblong, sessile 5 all cre-
nato-serrate. Spikes of purple flowers, oblongo- ovate.

10. STACHYS.

1. S. sylvatica {Hedge Woundwort), whorls of 6-flovvers, leaves
cordato-ovate acute petiolate, "stem solid'* {Sm.), Light/,
p.S\2. E.B.t.4\6.

Hab. Woods and shady places. Fl. July, Aug. IJ. .

Two to three feet high, hairy. Leaves truly cordate and tapering from
below the middle to a point, in which respect it differs, I think,
essentially from the following. Flowers purple -, lower lip spotted.

2. S. ambigua {ambiguous Woundwort), whorls of 6 flowers,
leaves oblongo-cordate acute petiolate, "stem hollow" {Sm,),
E.B. t.20S9,

Hab. Fields and waste places. Hoy, Stronsa and other Orkney
Islands j near Jane Town, Loch Carron, Ross-shire, Mr. Borrer and
Hook. Near Habbie's How, Pentland Hills, Mr. Weatherhead.
Banks of Loch Duble, wear Inverary j and woods at Inverary, Maugh.
Fl. Sept. % .

Hairy, with soft silky hairs, especially about the stem. Appears inter-
mediate between the preceding and the following, but more ap-
proaching the latter. Flowers purple.

3. S. palustris {Marsh Woundwort), whorls of 6-flowers, leaves
linear-lanceolate semiamplexicaul. Light/, p, 313. E, B,
t, 1075.

Hab. Rivers, banks and watery places. Fl. Aug. 1/ .

4. S. arvensis {Corn Woundwort),\vhovh of G-flowers, stem weak,
leaves heart-shaped obtuse crenate slightly hairy, cor. scarce-
ly longer than the cal. Light/ p. 313, E. B. t, 1 154,

184

DIDYN. GYMNOSP-

Hab. Corn-fields, frequent. Light/. FL Aug. © ,
Distinguished by the small size, weak stems, small and obtuse^ mostly
petiolated, leaves, and the pale purplish^o«;ers which scarcely ex-
ceed the cal. in length.

11. BALLOTA.

1. B. nigra {black Horchound), leaves ovate undivided serrated,

calyces dilated upwards subtrimcated, the teeth patent. (Sm.)

Lightf. p. 3\4, E.B,t.4Ci.
Hab. Waste places near towns and villages, but not common. Dr.

Parsons and Sibbald. About Cathcart Castle, Glasg., i^opA:. About

Edinb.j and elsewhere^, not uncommon, Mr, Arnott. Fl. July, Aug.

Two to three feet high. Flowers in whorls, purple. Wliole herb fetid.

12. MARRUBIUM.

1, M. vulgare (white Horehound), stem erect, leaves roundish
ovate toothed wrinkled, cal. with 10 setaceous hooked teeth.
Lighlf.p,3\5, E.B.t. 410,

Hab. Waste places and way-sides, near towns and villages, but not
common, as about Burntisland, &c.. Light/. Fisherrow and Guillon
Links, and at Long Niddry, Edinb., Maugh. Fl. Aug. "2/ .

One to one foot and a half high, bushy : every where hoaiy with a
white thick pubescence or woolliness. Flowers small, almost white,
in crowded whorls. Smell aromatic j flavour bitter. — ITie plant
has been much employed in medicines for the asthma.

13. LEONURUS.

1. L. Cardiaca (Motherwort) ^ leaves petiolate the lower ones

crenato-lanceolate 3-lobed upper ones entire. Light/'. p. 2 16.

E,B,t.2S6.
Hab. Among rubbish and waste places. In a shady walk behind

Fisherrow, and in CoUington woods, Edinb., Maugh. About Crag-

nethan castle, Glasg., Hopk. FL Aug. 1/ .
Stem three feet high, branched. Flowers in crowded whorls, white

with a reddish tinge ; upper lip of Cor. shaggy. Cal. with pungent

spreading teeth.

14. CLINOPODIUM.
1, CI. vulgare (wild Basil), leaves ovate obscurely serrated,

whorls hairy, bracteas setaceous, pedicels branched. Lightf,

p. 316. E,B,t, 1401.
Hab. Hills and bushy places, not uncommon. Salisbury Craigs, &c.,

Mr. Arnott. Sandy banks by the Clyde j woods, Hamilton and

Kenmuir banks, &c., Hopk. and Mr. Murray. Fl. Aug. % .
One to one foot and a half high, with soft hairs. Flowers in crowded

whorls, large, purple. Smell aromatic.

15. ORIGANUM.
I, O, vulgare (pAld Basil), spikes roundish panicled conglome*

/

DIDYN. GYMNOSP. 185

rate glabrous, bracteas ovate longer than the cal., leaves ovate

entire. Light/, p. S\7. E.B.tAUS,
Hab. Dry hilly and bushy places, not unfrequent. FL Aug. 1/ .
Stems 1 foot high. Flowers purple, and the bracteas tinged v^^ith that

colour. Fragrant and aromatic.

IG. THYMUS.

1. Th. Serpyllum {wild Thyme), flowers capitate, stems branch-
ed decumbent, leaves plane ovate obtuse entire petiolate more
or less ciliated at the base. Lightf. p. 318. E. B. t. 1514.

Hab. Hills and dry pastures, abundant. FL July, Aug. "ll .

Variable in the hairiness of the leaves, — v^^hich are sometimes all over
hoary, — in the size of the plant, and in the scent of the foliage, which
sometimes approaches to that of lemon. Flowers purple, lower lip
with the middle lobe entire.

2. Th. Acinos (Basil Thyme), flowers on simple stalks about 6
in a whorl, stem ascending branched, leaves oblong shortly
petiolate acute serrated, cal. gibbous at the base. Lightf,
p. 319. £.5./. 411.

Hab. Dry mountainous places and gravelly soils, but not common,

Lightf. Ft. Aug. O .
Stein 6 — 8 inches long. Leaves sometimes almost entire. Flowers

blueish purple. Lower lip of the cor. with the middle segments emar-

ginate. Smell fragrant, aromatic.

17. SCUTELLARIA.

1. S. galericulata {common Skull-cap), leaves cordato-lanceo-
late crenate, flowers axillary in pairs. IJghif. p, 320. E. B,
t.523.

Hab. Banks of rivers and wet marshy places, frequent. Fl July, Aug.

Ten inches to 1 foot high. Flowers rather large, blue, pubescent.

2. S. minor {lesser Skull-cap), leaves cordato-ovate entire, flow-
ers axillary in pairs. Light/, p. 320. E. B. t. 524.

Hab. Sides of lakes and in boggy places, not unfrequent, Lightf.

Banks of the Clyde at Rosebank, Ure. Beith, Ayrshire, Miss Baird.

FL Aug. 1/ .
Four to six inches high. Lower leaves with one or two teeth at the base,

and subhastate j upper ones much narrower, entire. Flowers very

pale, reddish, almost white j lower lip spotted.

18. PRUNELLA.

1. Pr. vulgaris {Self'-heal), leaves petiolate oblongo-ovate some-
what toothed at the base. Light/ p. 321. E. B. ^ 961.

Hab. Moist and barren pastures, frequent. FL Aug. 11 .

Flowers very densely whorled, so as to form 1 imbricated oblong spike,
with a pair of leaves at its base, and a pair of broad obcordate brac-
teas beneath each whorl. Upper lip of the cal. truncate, lower
2-toothed. Cor, violet blue, lower lip finely toothed.

186 DIDYN. ANGIOSP.

2. ANGIOSPERMIA.

19. BARTSIA.

1. B. alpina {simple alpine Bartsia), leaves opposite cordato-
ovate obtusely serrated, flowers subspicate, anthers hairy.
5.5. /. 361/

Had. Rocks to the East of Malghyrdy, Mr. Dickson •and Mr. Borrer.
Ben Lawers, G. Don. Fl. June, July. If. .

Six inches high, simple. Upper leaves, or bracteas, fine purple. Flow-
ers large, deep purplish blue, pubescent^ forming a rather short and
loose leafy spike.

2. B. viscosa (yellow viscid Bartsia), leaves lanceolate serrated
the upper ones alternate, flowers lateral and distant, anthers
hairy. Lightf. p. 321. E.B.tA045.

Hab. Bogs and marshes, but rare, as about Loch Goyl, near Loch Long,
Lightf. Banks of the Clyde at Ardoch Cottage : abundantly be-
hind the inn at Ardencaple, Hopk. Gairloch, below Helensburgh,
Dr. Brown. Greenock battery, Mr. M. Stark. In a field opposite
the hill of Dumbuck, near Dumbarton, Maugh. Fl. Aug. O.

Ste^n erect, simple, 8 — 10 inches high. Whole plant pubescent and
somewhat viscid, drying black. FZoz^er^ single, yellow, which Mr. Hop-
kirk remarks have an agreeable, faint, musky smell.

3. B. Odontites (red Bnrtsia), leaves lanceolate upper ones alter-
nate, flowersracemed secund, anthers subglabrous, stem branch-
ed. Lightf. p. 324 (Euphrasia Odont.). E.B. t. 1415.

Hab. Corn-fields and waste places, by road-sides. JP/. Aug. Sept. ©.
Six to ten or twelve inches high, hairy. Racemes many, long, erect.

Flowers reddish purple, with protruded anthers j having at their base

narrow bracteas much smaller than the leaves.

20. EUPHRASIA.

1. E. officinalis [Eye-hight), leaves ovate deeply toothed, veins
furrowed. Lightf. p. :<23. E.jB. ^. 1416.

Hab. Pastures, abundant. jFZ. July. 0.

Varying in size from 1 inch, in the Alps, to 6 inches, more or less
branched. Flowers axillary, but crowded into a head, white or pur-
plish, and marked with deeper lines.

21. RHINANTHUS.

1. Rh. Crista- Gain (yellow Rattle), upper lip of the cor. arched,
calvx glabrous, leaves lanceolate serrated, Lightf. p. 322.
E.'B.t.657.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, abundant. jPZ. June. 0.

One foot high, glabrous. Stem often spotted with purple. Leaves
veined. Rowers axillary, bvit somewhat crowded and spiked, yellow.
Cat. becoming veiy large after flowering. When the fruit is ripe
the seeds rattle in the husky capsule, and indicate to the Swedish
peasantry the season for gathering in their hay. In England, as

DIDYN. ANGIOSP. 187

Mr. Curtis observes, generally speaking, the hay-making begins
when this plant is in full flower.

22. MELAMPYRUM.

1. M. pratense {common yellow Cow-wheat), flowers axillary
secund, leaves in distant pairs, corolla 4 times as long as the
cal. closed, the lower lip protruded, upper bracteas pinnate
dentate. Ligtitf. p. 324. E. B, /. 113.

Hab. Groves and thickets, abundant. Ft. July. ©.
One or 1 foot and a half high, slender, branched. Leaves lanceolate,
acuminated, entire. Flowers rather large, axillary, pale yellow.

2. M. syluaticum {small -Jlotvered Cow-tuheal), flowers axillary
secimd, leaves in distant pairs, corolla half as long again as
the cal. open, the lower lip equal in length to the upper one,
braeteas entire. Light f. p, 325. E, B, t. 801.

Hab. Highland woods, not uncommon. Near Taymouth, ilfr. Fa Zc?e».
Finlarig, by Loch Tay, Dr. Stuart. Falls of Acharn and Moncss,
Perthshire j woods of Black-hall, Kincardineshire, Maugh. » Den
of Rechip, Mr. Borrer and Hook. S. side of Loch Earn, Mr. Ar-
nott. Woods E. of Dunkeld, Mr. Murray. Fl. July. 0.

One foot high. Distinguished by the entire bracteas and much smaller
and deep yellow Corollas, whose lower lip, divided into 3 nearly
equal segments, is almost closely applied to the upper lip or palate
and not protruded beyond it.

23. LATHRiEA.

\. L. Squamaria {greater Tootluvort), stem simple, flowers pen-
dulous their lower lip 3-cleft. Light/, p. 326. E. B, t. 50.

Hab. Woods and shady places,- parasitic on the roots of other plants ?
Mevis bank, near Laswade, Dr. Parsons. Morv^ern in the Sound
of Mull, Dr. Stuart. Arniston woods, abundantly, Mr. G. Don,
Woods between Auchindenny and Rosslyn, Mr. E. J. Maughan.
Banks of the Esk at Kevock Mill, about 6 miles from Edinb., Maugh.
Cart-side, near Glasg.,, Mr. Campbell -, and above Cathcart castle,
Mr. Russell. Fl. Apr., May. 7/ .

Hoot (or rather perhaps lower part of the stem) with short branches
and covered with imbricated fleshy scales. Stem succulent, rounded,
6 — 8 inches high, with a few broadly ovate scales, the uppermost of
which may be considered bracteas, for from their axils spring the
pedunculated secund flowers, forming altogether a rather long ra-
ceme. Cal. large, ventricose, succulent, 4 -cleft. Cor. twice the length
of the cal., purplish, tubular, two-lipped. Whole plant dingy white
or pale brown, except the flowers, which have a purplish tinge. — Al-
lied to Orobanche.

24. PEDICULARIS.

\, P. palustris {Marsh Lousewori), stem solitary branched, cal.

^ The stations given of this plant in the 1st vol. of the Wernerlan Trans-
actions, at Auchindenny and Rosslyn woods, belong to the M. pratense,
Mr, Maughan.

188 DIDYN. ANGI06P.

ovate hairy ribbed two-lobed and crenate. Lightf. p,S26.
E. B. t. 399.

Hab. Wet and marshes pastures^ abundant, f /. July. ©? {11, Sm.)

Stem 1 foot high, with many small lateral branches. Leaves pinnate j
pinnae ovate, almost pinnatifid. Flowers solitary, axillary, rose co-
loured. Cal. broadly ovate.

2. P. sylvatica {common dwarf Louseiuori), stems many from
the same root spreading, cal. oblong angular glabrous in 5 un-
etjually notched segments. Lightf. p. 326. JE. B. /, 399.

Hab. Moist pastures and heaths, common. FL July. 1/. .

Stems 3 — 5 inches high. Lower leaves pinnatifid, the rest pinnate
with deeply serrated pinnae. Flowers large, handsome, rose co-
loured,

25. ANTIRRHINUM,
* Cor. spurred. Leaves broad. Stems lax.

1. A. Cymbalaria [Iry-leaved Toadflax), leaves cordate five-
lobed alternate glabrous, stems procumbent, E. B. t, 502.

Hab. Old walls and rocks, but not indigenous. Bothwell castle, Hopk.
Bank under Salisbury Craigs, Mr. Greville. Wall tops and barren
places near Edinb., Mr. ^rwo^^. FZ. summer and autumn. 7/.

Stems very long, filiform, trailing. Leaves often purple beneath, pe-
tiolate. Flowers small, pale blue or purplish. Whole plant gla-
brous.

** Cor. spurred. Leaves narrow. Stems erect:

2. A. repens {creep! ng-rooled Toad-flax), leaves linear whorled
or scattered, stem panicled, cal. glabrous the length of the
spur, cor. striated. E. B. ^.1253.

Hab. Rocks facing the sea near Culzean, in the parish of Kirkoswald,
Ayrshire, and also about 4 miles from that place, Mr. Shankley.
Banks of the Esk above Musselburgh, Miss Kerr. F/. July — Sept. 7/ .

Stems 1 — 1^ foot high, slender, branched. Leaves somewhat whorled
below, but there soon dying away. Flowers in panicled racemes,
blueish^ palate yellow. Mr. Hopkirk has observed the flowers of
this species to assume the Peloria appearance.

3. A. Lit? aria {yellow To«c?-7?fla:), leaves linear-lanceolate scat-
tered crowded, spikes terminal, flowers imbricated^ cal, gla-
brous shorter than the spur. Lightf. p. 328. E. B, t. 65S.

Hab. Borders of corn-fields, abundant. Var. Peloria; ruins of Mel-
rose, Mr. Arnott. Fl. Aug. % .

One to two feet high, glaucous. Flowers large, yellow. A remark-
able monstrosity of this is called Peloria^ with 5 spurs, and 5,
usually, imperfect stamens.

4. A. mums {least Toad-flax), leaves linear-lanceolate obtuse
mostly alternate pubescent, stem much branched spreading,
cal. longer than the spur. E. B. t. 2014,

Hab. Sandy fields, rare. In the Barony glebe. Dr. Brown. About
Dalbeth and old walls 5 Barncluith, near Hamilton, Hopk. Fl,
June— Aug. O.

DIDYN. ANGIOSP. 189

Stems 4 — 6 inches high. Flowers solitary, axiUary, upon rather long
peduncle, small, purplish, with the lower lip yellow.

*** Corolla merely gibbous at tlie base.
5. A. majus (great Snapdragon), leaves lanceolate alternate

those of the branches opposite, flowers spiked, segments of

the cal. ovate obtuse. E. B. t, 129.
Hab. On old walls, as Mugdoch castle, Hopk. — Introduced. Ft.

July, Aug. 1/.
One to two feet high. Flowers very large, mostly purplish red, but

often varying to white.

26. SCROPHULARIA.

1. S. nodosa {knotty -rooted Fi^ywort), leaves cordate acute ser-
rated glabrous, stem with 4 rather obtuse angles. Lightf.
p. 329. E. B.t. 1544.

Had. Woods and moist ground, not uncommon. F/. July. 1/.
Root large, thick and knotty. Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers in dicho-

tomous axillary and terminal panicles, bracteated. Cor. greenish

purple, with a scale in the upper lip.

2. S. aquatica {Water Figivort), leaves elliptical cordate at the
base obtuse serrated glabrous decurrent, stem winged at the
angles. Light/, p, 329. E. B. t. 854.

Hab. Sides of rivulets and other wet places. Dr. Parsons and Sibbald.
Rare about Glasg. ; ditch in Carmyle wood, Hopk. Fl. July. 1/ .

Three to four feet high. Flowers terminal, in dichotomous bracteated
panicles, without leaves, greenish purple, with a scale in the up-
per lip.

3. S. vernalis {yellow Figwori), leaves broadly cordate doubly
serrated pubescent acute, peduncles axillary solitarv dichoto-
mous leafy. Light/, p. 330. E. B t. 56?'.

Hab. Road-sides and waste places. Hoddam castle, Annandale,
Light/. Walls of Bothwell castle. Dr. Walker. Road-side near
the hill of Moncrieff, in the greatest abundance; and old walls,
near Hatton, Edinb., Maugh. Perthshire, occasionally ; old wall
near Balmano castle , also in the village of Meithlie, Aberdeen-
shire, Mr. Murray. Road-side by the inn at Clunie, Mr. Borrer
and Hook. Fl. May. ^ •

Stem 4, angular, sharp-edged. Flowers yellow, orifice very small,
almost equally 5 -cleft. No scale within the cor.

27. DIGITALIS.

1. D. purpurea {pzirple Fox-glove), segments of the cal. ovate

acute, cor. obtuse its upper lip undivided, leaves ovate crenate

downy. Light/ p. 331. E. B. t. 1297.
Hab. Dry hilly places, abundant. Fl. July. $ .
Three to four feet high. Leaves large, veined. Spike very showy, of

large drooping purple (sometimes white) flowers, spotted within.

— Afl'ords a medicine of great value.

190 DIDYN. AliGIOSP.

28. VERBENA.

1. V. officinalis {common Vervain)^ tetrandrous, spikes slender
panicled, leaves much cut, stem erect solitary. Light/. p. 78.
E. B. t. 7Q7.

Hab. Without the gates of Inverkeithing, Dr. Parsons. Fl. Aug. If. .

Stem 1 foot or more higli, slender, panicled above. Leaves deeply-
cut, ovate or lanceolate 3 the lower ones subpetiolate. Flowers
small, tubular, ;> -cleft j lobes spreading, somewhat equal, purplish,
each with a small bractea at its base. Pericarp soon disappearing,
leaving the 4 really naked seeds at the bottom of the cal.

29. LINNiEA.

1. L. lorealis {two-JIoivered Linncea). E. B, I. 1297.

Hab. Fir woods in very shady places. Fir wood at Mearns near Aber-
deen, Prof. James Beattie. Hill of Kinnoul, near Perth, Messrs.
Brown. Crebston, 5 miles from Aberdeen j and at Kemnay, i(>
miles N. W. from Aberdeen, Maugh. Several woods in Aberdeen-
shire, Mr. Craigie. Lately discovered in a fir wood, called Drum-
mond, 1 mile to the S.W. of Inverness, by Mr. Urquhart, and
Mr. G. Anderson of that town. Only one large patch was found,
and that producing no flowers. FZ. May, June. l^.

Stems trailing, filiform, woody, with distant, ovato-rotundate, oppo-
site, shortly petiolate, crenate, scarcely hair\' leaves. Peduncles
erect, 2 — 4 inches long, with two drooping pedicellate ^oirers, brac-
teated at the forking of the pedicels, and with 2 pair of distant,
small bracteas upon the pedicels, uppermost pair or involucre glan-
dular, placed just beneath the inferior germen. Cal. small. Cor.
campanulate, white, with arose coloured extremity, 5 -cleft. Fruit
enveloped by the glandular involucre, a dry berry, never ripening
more than I seed, according to Wahl.; for I have never seen the
fruit myself.

30. LIMOSELLA.

1. L. aquaiica (Mudwori). Light/, p. S3\. E.B.t. 357.
Hab. Muddy places where water has stood, but not common. Fl.

July, Aug. p.
A minute creeping plant, throwing up clusters of narrow, spathulate,

glabrous leaves, 1 or 2 inches long. Flowers very small, axillary,

peduncled, pale rose colour. Stam. almost equal, as well as the

segments of the cor.

31. OROBANCHE.

I. O. major (greater Broom- Rape), stem simple, cor. tubular
its upper lip undivided lower one in three nearly equal seg-
ments their lateral ones acute the terminal one largest obtuse,
stam. glabrous, style downy. Light/, p. 332.

Hab. Dry pastures, but rare ; upon the Buck of Burntisland, Sibbald.
Roots of trees. Logic Almond, Perthshire, Mr. Murray. Isle of
Skye, Dr. Walker. Parasitic on the roots of plants, especially the
diadelphous ones. Fl. June. July. If )

TETRADYNAMIA. 191

Orre to one foot and a half high^ leafless. Whole plant dingy purplish
brown, pubescent. Stem swelling at the base, and veiy scaly j
scales more distant upwards j these become bracteas among the
flowers, 1 at the base of each. Flowers in a long spike. C'al. of
two, lateral, lanceolate leaves. Cor. large.

2. O. rubra (red Broom-Rape), sjtem simple, cor. tubular its
upper lip 2-lobed lower one in 3 equal obtuse lobes, stam.
partially glanduloso-pilose, style glabrous. E. B. t. 1786
{bad Jig,). Hook, in FL Lond, New Series, t, 105.

Hab. Basaltic rocks, Staffa, Messrs. Turner, Borrer and Hook.
Near Kirkcaldy (E. side of the hollow, near Seafieldtown, where
it was long mistaken for the 0. major, Mr.Arnott^), Mi . Somerville
and Mr. E. I. Maughan. FL July. If. ?

Eight to ten inches high. Whole plant a fine purplish red, piloso-
glandulose. Cat. of 2, entire, lanceolate leaves. — I know not the
nature of the subsoil at Kirkcaldy, but every other station at present
known for this plant, in Ireland as well as Scotland, is basaltic.

XV. TETRADYNAMIA,

1. SILICULOSA\

1. Cakile. Po7^c^ of 2 single-seeded articulations 3 upper arti-
culation with an erect sessile seed ; the lower one with a pen-
dulous seed (sometimes abortive). Br.

2. Crambe. Pouch with the upper articulation subglobose ; its
seed inverted, fixed to the base of the cell by its (long, curved)
seedstalk ; the lower articulation abortive, resembling a pe-
dicel. Br.

3. CoRONopus. Pouch 2-lobed, without valves, wingless ; cells
1 -seeded. Cotyledons incumbent, linear. Br.

" This gentleman informs me that I am mistaken in having given, in FL
Lond.y Salisbtiry craigs as a station for this plant.

•» No one who has at all studied the genera of plants needs be told
how difficult it was, nay, I may say impossible, to distinguish those of this
very natural family by the characters that had been given of them prior to
the publication of the 4th vol. of Hortiis Keivensis -, where Mr. Brown has
given an entirely new arrangement of the family. His genera and charac-
ters I have adopted : but I still fear, from the minute part of the fructifica-
tion {the embryo), which is here, with great propriety, brought forward, as
affording important distinguishing marks, that the student may shrink from
the task of investigation. The difficulty, however, is more in appearance
than in reality. The embryo being sun-ounded by no albumen, offers itself
to examination immediately upon breaking the external coat of the seed,
and the distinction between accumbent and hiciimbent cotyledons will be
apparent. In ihe former case the back of one of the cotyledons is applied to
the curved radicle ; in the latter the edges or margins of the cotyledons are
applied to it.

192 TETRADYNAMIA.

4. Thlaspi. Pouch compressed, emarginate ; the valves kc^el-
shaped (often winged), many-seeded. Fila7nentsvf\t\\o\xX. teeth
distinct. Cat. unequal in its insertion, patent. Br.

5. Teesdalia. Pouch emarginate, the valves keel-shaped ; cells
2-seeded. Filaments with a little scale on their inside.

6. Lepidil'm. Pouch with- 1 -seeded cells, their valves keel-
shaped. Petals equal. Br.

7. CocHLEARiA. Pouch subovatc, many- seeded, their valves
turgid. Seeds not margined, their cotyledons accumbent. The
shoiterjilaments without teeth. Cat. patent. Br.

8. SuiiULARiA. Po2^cA oval, pointless (Silic. mutica, Br.), many-
seeded ; valves turgid. Cotyledons incumbent, linear, bipar-
tite^ {hicrures), Br,

9. Draua. Pouch entire, oval ; valves plane, or a little convex;
cells many-seeded. Seeds not margined; cotyledons accum-
bent. Filaments without teeth. Br.

10. Camelina. Pouch subovate, many-seeded ; their valves tur-
gid. Cotyledons incumbent. Filaments without teeth. Br.

2. SILIQUOSA.

11. Cardamine. Poc? linear, with the margins truncated ; valves
plane, nerveless (often bursting elastically), narrower than the
dissepiment. Br.

12. Arabis. Po^ linear, crowned with the nearly sessile stigma ;
valves veined or nerved. Seeds in one row. Cotyledons ac-
cumbent. Cat. erect. Br.

13. TuRRiTis. Pod elongated, 2-edged ; valves nerved and
keeled. Seeds m two rows. Cotyledons accumbent. Br.

14. Barbarea. Pod 4-edged. Cotyledons accumbent. Seeds
in one row. Cal. erect. Small glands placed between the
shorter filaments. Br,

15. Nasturtium. Poc? rounded (sometimes short) ; valves con-
cave, nerveless, not carinated. Cotyledons dLdowmh^nX., Cal,
patent. Br,

16. Sisymbrium. Pod rounded or angular. Cotyledons incum-
bent (sometimes obliquely), plane. Cal. patent (sometimes
nearly erect). Br.

17. Erysimum. Po^ 4-sided. Seet/s not margined. Cotyledons
incumbent. Stigma capitate, sometimes notched, with the
lobes patent. Cal. closed. Br.

18. Cheiranthus. Po J compressed or two-edged. -Co/^/^g^ows
accumbent. Cal. closed ; opposite leaflets saccate at the base.
Stigma placed upon a style, two-lobed, with the lobes patent
or capitate. Br.

■ Some cotyledons in this class are tripartite, as in Lepidhim sativum, and
the genus Heliophila, according to Brown.

TETRADYN. SILICUL. 193

19. Hksperis. Pod 4'Sided or two-edged. Stigma nearly ses-
sile, with the lobes connivent. Cotyledons incumbent, plane.
Cal. closed. Br,

20. Brassica. Pod 2-valved (with an abortive or 1 -seeded
beak). Cotyledons conduplicate. Cat. closed. Br,

21. SiNAPis. Pod 2-valved (sometimes of 2 articulations, of
which the upper one is valveless). Cotyledons conduplicate.
Cal, patent. Br,

22. Raphanus. Pofi? valveless (torulose, 5m.). Cb/yWo725 ecu-
duplicate. Cal, closed. Br,

1. SILICULOSA.

1. CAKILE.

I. C. mariiima {Sea Rocket), articulations of the pouch two-
edged the upper one sagittate, leaves pinnatifid subd ntate
fleshy. Br. Light/, p, 363, and E. B. t, 231 {Bimias Cakile).

Hab. Sea-shores in sandy places; not uncommon. Leith sands, &c..
Light/. E. coast from Aberdeen to Fraserburgh, Mr. Murray. Ft.
June, July. 0.

Plant bushy ; branches very crooked, succulent. Flowers, as in all
of this class, corymbose ; the corymbs in fruit lengthening into ra-
cemes, purplish. Pouch thick, fleshy, at length somewhat woody.

2. CKAMBE.

1. Cr. maritima {Sea Kale), the four longer filaments forked,
pouch pointless, leaves roundish sinuated waved toothed glau-
cous and as well as the stem glabrous. Br, Light/, p, 364.
E, B. t, 924.

Hab. Sea-coast in sandy or stony soils, but not common. Near
Fast-castle, Berwickshire^ Light/. Isle of Isla, Dr. Walker. Ft.
June. "U .

Root thick, fleshy. Leaves large. Flowers white. Well known in a
cultivated state ; but rare, in Scotland, wild.

3. CORONOPUS.

1. C. Ruellii {Swine's Cress), pouch undivided crested with lit-
tle sharp points. Br, Light/, p. 345 {Cochlearia Coronopus) ,
£.JB./. 1660.

Hab. Moist, clayey, exposed situations by road-sides, but not com-
mon, Sihhald. Road-side W. of Tobago-street, Edinb. j at Burnt-
Island, and at Seton Harbour, Maugh. Musselburgh, Mr. Amott.
FL Aug. G.

A niuch.branched, spreading weed. Leaves bipinnate, the segments
linear. Flowers very small, white, in lateral axillary corym65. Pouch
large in proportion to the flower, curiously crested.

4. THLA8PI.
1. Th. arvense {smooth Mithridate Mustard, or Penny- Cress),

o

194 TETRADYN. SILICUL.

pouch orbicular, its wings dilated longitudinal, seeds concers-

tricallv striated, leaves oblong sagittate toothed glabrous. Br.

Light/. /;. 340. E. B. t. 1650.
Hab. P^ields and road-sides, but not common. Near Linton, in

Twccd-dalc, Rev. Dr. Burgess of Kirkmichael. Corn-fields .abont

Edinb., Maugh. Figgot-whins and Burntisland, near Edinb., Mr.

Arnott. Queen's-ferry, Mr. 1). Stewart. FI. June, July. O-
One foot high, branched above. Flowers extremely sm'all^ white.

Vouches very hirge, with broad wings.
2. Th. Bursa- P a') I or is {common SliepIienVs Purse), pouch ob-

cordate without wings, radical leaves pinnatihd. ir. Light J'.

p. 3 12. E.B.t.US~o.
Hab. Corn-fields and Avaste places, every where, most abundant.

Fl. the whole summer. © .
\'cry variable in size and in the form cf the leaves ; lower ones m.ore

o!r \m% pinnatiiid ; upper ones lanceolato-sagittate ; all generally

toothed, ami rough ^vifli hairs. Floicers small. Well distinguished

b}' the obcortlate whigless j>ouch.

5. TEESDALIA.

1. T. mtdicaulis {naked- stalked Teesdalia), Br, Light/, p. 31G,
and E. B. t. 327 {Iberis nudicauUs).

Hab. Sandy and gravelly banks, but rare, Sib.bald. ^Vh•n near
New-Posso in a field belonging to Lord Advocate Montgomery,
Dr. Hope. Sandy fields near Tollcross, Glasg,, abundantly, Hopk.
Links near Ayr, Mavgh. Sandy hills at Peterhead, and Auchterar-
der, Perthshire, Mr. Murray. Fl. May, June. 0.

Leaves almost eniirely radical, lyrato-pmnatilid. Stems 2 — 4 inches
high, with sometimes I—72 small, entire, or cut leaves. Flowers
white, two of the petals longer than the other two ^.

6. LEPIDIUM.
1. L. latifolium (broad- leaved Pepperivort), leaves lanceolate

undivided serrated or entire, pouch oval entire. Br. Light/,

/).S38. JS.i5. M82.
Ha3. Near the sea-coast. By the castle of Wcems, in Fifeshire,

&c.. Light/. Upon the rock on which BothwcU-castle is built. Dr.

Walker. H. July. 1/ . ■ •

.Two to three feet high, branched, erect. Flowers numerous^ small,

in many terminal clusters.
.2. L. Tudcrale (narrow- leaved Pepperivort) y flowers diandrom

apetalous, radical leaves pinnatifid those of the branches fi-

near entire, pouch eniarginate patent. Bf, Lightf, p. 340.

E. B. t. 1595.

* I fear there is some mistake in the information obtained by Lightfoot,
that the Iberh amara grew in fields between Hamilton and Glasgow. Mr.
Hopkirk observes that it is not to be found there j and in England it is con-
fined to tbe southern parts.

TETRADYN.-— SIWCUL. 195

Ha.b. Waste places near the sea, and among rubbish. Ft. June. Q.
Stem sometimes a foot high, much branched. Seed-vessels numerous.

3. L. campestre {lioary Field Pepperworl), pouch ovate emar-
ginate winged rough with minute scales, style scarcely longer
than the notch, cauline leaves sagittate toothed. LightJ\
p, 341, and E. B. t. 1803 {Thlaspi camp.).

Haq. Corn-fields and dry gravelly soils, but not common. Dr. Par^
sons. Langside, Glasg., Dr. Brown. Abundantly on the road near
Drumpellier, Glasg., ilopk. Common about Dumfries, Mr. Arnott.
Ft. July. 0.

Ten to twelve inches high. Stems solitary, branched above. Lower
leaves almost spathulate, all slightly pubescent, as well as the ra-
cemes and pedicels.

4. L. hiriuin (liairy Field Pepper ivor I), pouch ovate emargi-
iiate winged glabrous, style nearly half as long as the pouch,
cauline leaves sagittate toothed, E, B, t, 1803 (Thlaspi
liirhtm).

H.\B. Margins of fields and hedges. Near Blantyre Priorv, Dr. Brown.
Fl.June. 11. (<^, Hopk.)

Six to eight inches high. Stems many from one root. Much resem-
bling the last, but whiter with the more abundant pubescence.
Stem and racemes hairy. Pod with, coijstanthj, a much longer style,

• and in all my specimens not only free from scales, but from hairi-
ness too.

7. COCHLEARIA.

I.e. officivalis {common SciLrvy-grass)^ pouch globose, radi-
cal leaves petiolate cordato-reniform entire or sinuated, cau-
line ones sessile oblong sinuated. Light/, p. 342, and p. 344
(C. grcenlandica). E. i?.. /. 351, and t. 2403 (C. grocji'
Icmdica).

Hab. Rocks and muddy places by the sea-coast, as well as upon the
elevated mountains. Fl. May. © .

Varying in height from six inches to a foot or more, much branched,
especially the base. Leaves succulent, more or less entire, those
of the stem semiamplexicaul with their generally toothed base.
Flowers white. — I can see no difference whatever in the C. grcenlan-
dica ; for the sinuated and toothed or entire leaves are extremely

<■ variable marks, and such as no reliance can be placed upon.

2. C. anglica {English Scurvy -grass), pouch elliptical, radical
leaves petiolate cordate entire, cauline ones mostly sessile ob-
long more or less toothed near the base. Lightf, p, 344. E.

. B.t.5o2.

Hab. Rocks of Inch Columb (Icolmkill), Slbbald. Fl. May. 0.^

Smaller than the last and larger than the following, to v>'hich I think
it approaches too near. In some of the lower cauline leaves the two
teeth near the base form a complete delta ; and the pouch is very

. similar.

o 2

196

TETRADYN. SILICUL.

3. C. danka {Danish Scurvy -grass), pouch ovato- elliptical,
leaves all petiolate deltoid. Lightf. p. 343. E. B. i. 697.

Hab. Rocks and sandy or stony places on the sea-coast. Burntisland

and Cramond island on the Firth of Forth, Maugh. Both on the E.

and W. coast; sands at Peterhead j m Arran, &c,, Mr. Murray.

Fl. May. ©.
Stems 4 — (i inches long, branched. LcY/res sometimes lobed and sinuated,

sometimes nearly entire. Pouches reticulated, at least in a dry state.

4. C. Armoracia (Horse-radish), pouch oblong, stigma dilated
nearly sessile, radical leaves oblong (on long footstalks) crenate,
cauline ones elongato lanceolate serrate or entire. Light/',
p. 1136. E.B, /f. 2323.

Hab. Mentioned as a native by Sibbald. Field near Craigcrook,
Maugh. Waste ground about Glasg., occasionally, Ilopk. Dud-
dingston Loch, Mr. Arnott. Fl. May. 7/ .

Itoots long and running deep into the ground, well known at our ta-
bles, and admired for its pungent flavour. Stems 1 1 foot to 2 feet
high, branched, striated. Leaves much veined. Flowers white.
Fruit seldom perfected, compressed.

8. SUBULARIA.

1. S. aquatica (Jwl-ivort), Lightf, p. 3:]7. E. B. t. 732.

Hab. Margins of the Highland lakes, under the water, in a gravelly
or sandy bottom, as in Loch Tay, &c.. Dr. Stuart. Loch of Clunie,
Rev. Mr. M' Ritchie. Loch Lomond, by Inch Tavannoch, Mr. Borrer
and Hook. Fl. July, l/t .

Leaves few, radical, awl-shaped, an inch or more long, recurved at the
extremity. Scape 2 — 3 inches high. Flower small, white, said to pro-
duce and to perfect the fruit entirely under water.

9. DRABA.

1. Dr,ver72a [common Whitlow -gr as s) , scapes naked, petals bi-
partite, leaves lanceolate somewhat cut hairy. Br, Lightf,
p. 337. E. B. t,5S6.

Hab. Walls, rocks, and dry hills. Fl. March — May. 0.

Two to 4 inches high. Pouches ovate. Flowers white. Hairs of the

leaves more or less forked, or stellated, as they are on all the British

species of Draha.

2. Dr. rtipestris {Rock Wliillotv-grass), scapes naked or with one
leaf, petals undivided, pouch lanceolate pubescent, leaves
plane lanceolate hairy. Br. E, B. t.\33S {D. hirta, but not
of IJnn, or Fl. Dan. according to Brown).

Hab. Nat. of Scotland, Brown in Hort. Kew. Ben Lavvers, Mr. Dick-
son. H. July. %.

I am not acquainted with this species. Smith says that it is from one
inch to three inches high, round, more or less hairy, naked, or with
an occasional leaf at the bottom ; that all the hairs are quite simple,
in which particular it differs from Dr. stellata of Jacq. ; afid that the

TETRADYN. SILICUL. H)7*

pouch is clothed with minute, forked, divaricated white hairs. It can-
not therefore be the same as the following*.

3. Dr. hirta {liainj alp'nw ^^/i?7/ofx/-^r 055), scape generally with
one or two ovate dentate or entire leaves, petals undivided,
pouch oblong and as well as the pedicels glabrous, leaves lan-
ceolate plane hairy and stellato pubescent.

/3. alpicoluy scape straight, pedicels shorter, leaves with stellated
hairs, IValil. Lapp. p. 175. t. W.J. I. Dr. slellata, Jacq,
Austr. /. 432.
Hab. /S. Rocks at the summit of Cairn-gorum, Hook. Fl. July. 11,
I have specimens from \^^ahlenberg himself of this species which per-
fectly accord with my plants gathered on Cairn-gorum ; and the
figure and description leave me no reason to doubt that the Draba
stellata in Fl. Austr. is also the same as mine. The a.., Wahlenberg
tells us, is the true hirta of Linn., and has very few stellated hairs
on the leaves. (3., besides being of a more rigid habit and more hum-
ble growth (from 2 — 4 inches high), has the foliage rather thickly
covered with starry pubescence, besides having simple hairs, espe-
cially at the margin. The scape is stellato-pubescent too ; but the
pedicels as well as the pouches are gla'brous j in which particular,
as well as in the less downy leaves and the constant presence on
them of simple hairs, it differs principally from the Draba muricella
of Wahlenberg, the D. hirta of Fl. Dan. May not these and even
the D. rupestris above described, be mere varieties of one species ?

4. Dr. incaiia [twisted podded Whit low -grass), cauline leaves
numerous lanceolate dentate hoary with starry pubescence,
pouch oblong somewhat twisted. LightJ'.p. 338. E. B. /.388
(bad fig. from a cultivated specimen).

Hab. Near the rocky summits of the Highland mountains, not unfre-
quent. In Isla, Skye, Assynt, &c.. Light/. Ben Lawers, Maugh.
Craig-na-cailleach, Dr. M'alker. Heaths on the E. coast of Suther-
land, near Wilk-house Inn, Mr. Borrer and Hook. Fl. June,, July.

^- . . . .

Four to six or eight inches high, sometimes throwing out lateral

branches, stout, very leafy. Lower leaves mostly entire 3 upper ones

deeply toothed, almost cut, acute. Pouches erect, glabrous in my

Scotch and Iceland specimens, pubescent in some from Switzerland,

as they are also described to be constantly in Lapland. Small starved

vars. of this plant come very near the D. hirta.

5. Dr. muralis {Speedwell- leaved fV hit low- grass), stem branch-
ed, leaves ovate obtuse amplexicaul dentate, pouch patent
glabrous, Br. B.B.t.9\2.

* I have, since the above description was written, seen Mr. Don's speci-
mens of the Ben Lawers plant. It has stellated hairs mixed with the simple,
and the pouches are in sonic instances scarcely perceptibly pubescent ; so
that I liave, more than ever, reason to believe the D. rupestris of Br. is but
a slight var, of the D. fiirta.

198 TETRADYN. SILItl.

IIab. Reported to be found in Scotland, Lighif. About Forfar, D. Don.
Field behind the Bot. Garden at Edinb. and Bellevue near the same
city, G.Dow, Scarcely indigenous. FL May. 0,

Six inches to 1 foot high. Leaves scabrcjus. Pouch elliptical.

ID. CAMELINA.
1. C. saliva {cultivated Ca?nelina, or Gold of Pleasure), pouch

obovate marginaled, stigma simple, leaves lanceolate sagittate.

Br, Light/. p,33{) {Mijagrm/i sat.), E,B.t.l25-t {Alys-

sum sat.).
Hab. Fields. Among Flax, but probably imported. Light/. Near In-

verkeithing, Mr. J. Stewart. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Field of

flax, S. side of Frankfield Loch, Glasg., Hopk. FL June, July. O.
Two to three feet high, panicled above. Flowers small, yellow. Pouches

very large, on long footstalks.

2. SILIQUOSA.

11. CARDAMINE. {Denfarla and Carclamine, Sm.)
* Leaves pinnated.

1. C. hutbijera {hulbiferous Toothwort)) stem quite simple, in-
ferior ones pinnated, superior ones undivided. Br, E. B.
^.309 (Dentaria bulbifera).

IIab. Near Dupplin, Mr. ShilUnglaw. FL Apr. May. % .

Root creeping, with thick fleshy scales or tooth -like processes. Stcra
1 — 1} foot high. Leaflets lanceolate, as are the upper leaves them-
selves, serrated, somewhat fleshy, often bearing a small bulb in their
axils. Flowers rather large, purple.

2. C. amara {bitter Lady's Smock), leaves pinnated, radical
leaflets roundish, cauline ones dentato-ano;ulate, style oblique,
stigma acute, stem rooting at the base. LiglitJ. p. 350. E, B,

. i. lOCO.

IIab. \\'et meadows, near rivulets. By the new well on the water of
Leith, &:c., Liglitf. Near Bell's mills and Kevock Mill, Edinb. ^
Maugh. Banks of rivers, frequent about Glasg., Hopk., Dr. Browu,
Mr. Murraij, &c. Ft. A\m\ — June. 7/ .

One foot high. Well distinguished from the following by the broad
angulato-dcntate leaflets, in the upper leaves, and the wlui^ flowers
which are larger and have purple anthers. The leaflets of the radi-
cal leaves are rounded and entire.

3. C. pralensis {co7?imo?i Meadow Lady's Smock), leaves pinnate,
radical leaflets roundish dentate, cauline ones lanceolate nearly
entire, style straight, stigma capitate. Liglitf. p. 349. JG. B.
t.llQ.

Hab. Moist meadows, abundant. Ft. May. % .
One foot to two feet high. Flowers large, blush-coloured ; sometitnc^
found double. This var. is known to propagate itself by the leaf-
lets. •
.4. C. impaliens (^narrow -leaved Lady's Smock), leaves pinnate,

TETRADYN. SILia. 199

■ leaflets lanceolate somewhat cut or entire, stipules ciliatecl,
petals linear or none. Br, JAglitf. p. 349. E. B. t. 80.

Har. Foot of mountains and in shady places, but rare, Lighff. Rocks
on the banks of the river above the falls of the Clyde, IIop/c. Fl. May,
June. O.

One or one foot and a half high ; well distinguished by the stipules at
the base of each leaf. Flowers minute, white. It owes its specifie
name to the elastic force of the valves of the numerous pods ; which
thus burst and discharge the seeds.

p. C. hirsuta {hairi/ Lady's Smock), leaves all pinnated and with-
out stipules, leaflets petiolate radical ones roundish, stam.
(4 — 6) equal in length to the petals, stigma nearly sessile. Br»
Light/, p. 34S, ami p. 1104 {C, parvi/iora). E, B. /.492.

Hab. Moist shady places, and among rocks and by the sides of rivu'
lets, plenti'ul. ' Fl. May, June. © •

\'afying much in luxuriance according to soil and situation. From 4
inches to 1 foot or more high, more or less branched and straight j
sometimes zigzag (the C.flexuosaof With. and Hopl;.). Leajiets more
or less angled or toothed, upper ones ovate : varying al^o extremely
in the degree of hairiness, sometimes being quite smooth. Flowers

. small, white.

*'^ Leaves undivided.

6. C. lelUdlfolia [Daisy-leaved Lady's Smock), leaves simple
ovate entire upon rather long footstalks. E, B. L 2355.

Hab. Gathered in Scotland by Mr. Milne, formerly curator of the Ox-
ford Bot. Garden, E. Bot. FL Aug. 7/ .

One inch to 3 inches high. Leaves, even the cauline oneB, on ratBer
long footstalks. Flowers few, small, white. Very near C. alpiiui.

12. ARABIS.

1, A. hispida (shorf-podded Rock- Cress), radicdi leaves sinuato--'
lyrate lengthened below into footstalks, cauline ones mostly
undivided glabroiis, fruit-bearing peduncles spreading half as
long as the pods. Br, LightJ. p. 'dil . t. 15 {Cardainme
peircea). E. B. t, 409 {Cardamine fiastulata),

IIa3. Moist rocks by the sides of rivulets, near the summits of the
Highland mountains, as on Craig-Chailleach, in Breadalbane,
Bdike-val, in the Isle of Rum, abundantly, and Ben-na-Cailleach,
i:i Strath in the Isle of Skye. Banks of the Dee, Aberdeenshire,
Anderson and Lightf. Ben More, in Mull, Maiigh. Fl. July. 1/ .

Three to six inches high, slender, glabrous. Radical leaves numerous :
cauline ones few, toothed or entire. Flowers small, whitish, or with
a purplish tinge.

2. A. thaliana {cominon Wall-Cress), leaves subdentate pilose,
radical ones subpetiolate oblong, stam. as long as the petals,
stem branched, podb ascending. Ligktf, p. 358. E, B.
t. 901.

Hab. Walls, dry banks, and gravelly soils, common. F/. Apr. May. O.

200 TETRADYN. SILlGt.

Six to ten inches long, slender, with few leaves, and those mostly
radical.

3. A. ciliata (alpine Tower-Mustard) leaves subdentate oval
glabrous ciliated, radical ones nearly sessile obtuse, cauline
ones semiamplexicaul^ stem simple. Br. E, B. t. 1746
( Turr it is a Ip in a) .

Hab. Rocks near Loch Lea, in Glen Esk, G. Don. Fl. July. ^ .
Four to six inches high. Radical leaves several, oval or obovato-
oblong, obtuse. Cauline ones small. Pods nearly erect.

4. A. hirsuta {hairy Tower - Mt/stard) , leaves all hispid dentate,
cauline ones semiamplexicaul, pods straight. Br, LightJ'.
p, 358, and E. B. t. 587 {Turritis hirsuta).

Hab. Dry rocks, frequent; as upon the rocks in the King's park,
Edinb., Lightf. Habbies How and Pentland hills, Maugh. Bot-
tom of Cartlane Crags, Glasg., plentiful, Hopk. Fl. June. ^.
CU, Sm.)

One foot or more high, very straight, stiff. Stem rough with spread-
ing hairs, with many leaves. Flowers small, white. Pods nearly
erect.

5. A. Turriia {Tower Wall-Cress), leaves amplexicaul, pods
recurved flat and linear with the margins incrassated, brac-
teas foliaceous. E. B. t. 178.

Hab. Old walls, very rare. Castle of Cliesh, Mr. Arnott. Fl. May. S .

One foot or more high. Leaves many upon the stem, oblong, toothed,
a little rough, with short pubescence, especially the lowermost, spa-
thulate ones large, but gradually smaller upwards, and the upper-
most ones become bracteas, each bearing in its axil a single Jloiver-
stalk. Flowers small, yellowish white. Pods very long, bent
backward when ripe.

13. TURRITIS.

1. T. glabra {long-podded Tower- Mustard) radical leaves
dentate hairy, cauline ones amplexicaul entire glabrous. JE. B,

Lin,

Hab. Dry pastures, rare. In the wood opposite the inn at Bowling
Bay, sparingly, Hopk. Fl. May, June. O.

One to two feet high. Leaves oblongo-lanceolate, glaucous j radical
ones toothed or sinuated at the base ; cauline ones sagittate. Flow-
ers yellowish white. Pods long, erect. Whole plant very erect,
and traight.

14. BARB AREA.

I. B. vulgaris {hitter Winter. Cress), lower leaves lyrate the
terminal lobe rounded the superior ones obovate toothed.
Light/, p, 355, and E. B. /. 443 {Erysimum Barharea)^

Hab. Banlcs of ditches and rivers, but not very common. By the side
of the water of Leith, Dr. Parsons. Very frequent in hedges and
waste ground, and banks of rivers, about Clasg., Hopk. II. Mav,
Aug. U.

TETRAD YN — SILIQ,. 201

One to one foot and a half high. Stout, furrowed, and branched,

glabrous. Flowers yellow.
2. B. prcecox (early Winter- Cress), lower leaves lyrate upper

ones pinnatifid their segments linear oblong and entire. E. B.

^.1129 {Erysimum prcecox).
Hab. St. Bernard's well, Edinb., Mr. Arnott. Fl. summer months. S .
One to two feet high ; slenderer than the last in eveiy part. Flowers

veiy small, yellow. Pods longer. •

15. NASTURTIUM.

1 . N. officinale {JVater- Cress), leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate sub-
cordate sinuato-dentate. Liglitf, p, 350. E. B. t, 855 (Si-
symhrium Nastnrtiitm),

Hab. Brooks and rivulets, frequent. Fl. July. 11 .

A well known aquatic, and an excellent sallad. Lower leaves large,

of 5 — 7 distant leaflets, the terminal one the largest and roundest;

cauline leaflets subovate, all rather succulent, glabrous, more or

less waved or toothed. Flowers white. Pods about 1 inch long,

patent.

2. N. sylvestre {creeping Nasturtium), leaves pinnate, leaflets
lanceolate incised those on the uppermost leaves nearly entire.
Light/, p. 351, and E. B. t, 2324 {Sisymbrium sylv.),

Hab. Water-sides and waste places, but not common, Dr. Parsons
and Sibbald. In several wet places on the side of the water of Ea,
below Kirkmichael house, Lightf. Fl. July, Aug. % .

Roots much creeping. Stem 1 foot high, angular, branched. Flowers
yellow. Pet. much longer than the cal. Pods short, patent or
curved a little upwards,

3. N. ierrestre {Marsh Nasturtium), leaves lyrato-pinnatifid
unequally toothed glabrous, root simply fibrous, petals not lon-
ger than the cal. Lightf. p. 352 {Sisymbrium amphibium a.).
£. B. t. 1747 {Sisymbrium terrestre).

Hab. Watery places. Figget Whins, Edinb., G. Don. Edge of
Kinghorn Loch, Mr. P. Neill. Banks of Frankfield Loch, Glasg.,
Hopk. N. bank of Loch Leven, Mr. Arnott. Appin, Capt. Car-
michael. F/, June, Sept, O,

One foot high, branched. Distinguished readily from the last by its
pinnatifid, not pinnated, leaves, the minute (yellow) petals and
the more turgid pods.

4. N. amphibium {amphibious Nasturtium), leaves oblong pin-
natifid or serrated, root simply fibrous, petals longer than the
cal. Lightf . p. 3^2 {Sisymbrium amphibium (S), E. B,
t. 1840 {Sisymbrium amphibijnn).

Hab. Watery places, occasionally. Duddingston Loch, Mr. Yalden.

Banks of the Clyde, frequent; in the marsh beyond Possil j and

Bardowie Loch, near the house, Glasg., Hopk.
Two to three feet high, branched. If any leaves grow under water,

they are deeply pinnatifid j deeply serrated otherwise. Flowers

yellow. Pods short, small, but turgid, crccto-putent.

202 TETRADYN. SILia.

l^. SISYMBRIUM.

1. S. offlclmdc {common Hedge-Mustard) y pods subuhitc pu-
bescent close pressed to the main stalk, leaves runcinate hairy,
stem hispRl. Lighif. p. 354, and E. B, t. 735 {Erysimum off,),

Hak, Waste places and byway-sides, plentiful. H. June, July. Q.

One to two feet high, branched. The deep and cut or serrated lobes
are not always sufficiently decurved to be called runcinatedj termi-
nal lobe very large, rounded in the lower leaves, oblong in the upper
ones. jp/oM)e7s very small, pale yellow.

2. S. Sophia {Flix-iveed), leaves doubly pinnate a little haiiy,
pinnules linear terminal one the longest, petals shorter than

* thecal. Light/, p. 354, E. B. /. 963.
Hap.. \\'aste places, among rubbish, common. F/, Aug. 0.
Two feet high, branched. Pods linear, slender, erect, but not ap-
pressed, the footstalk being a little patent.

17. ERYSIMUM.

I. E. chelranllioides {Treacle Hedge-Mustard) , leaves lanceo-
late entire or slightly toothed with stellato-tripartite hairs,
pods nearly erect their peduncles spreading, stigma undivided
nearly sessile. Br, Light/, p, 356, E,B.t.942,

Hab. Corn-fie;ds, but not common, Sibbald. At the head of Loch
na Gaul, in Mull, 7>r. Walker. Fl. July, Aug. 0 .

One foot to two feet high, branched. Mowers small, yellow.

%, E. Mliaria {Gar Lick- Hedge- Mustard), leaves'heart-shaped
petiolate dentato-crenate. Lightf. p,356. E. B. t, 796.

Hah. Hedge -banks and waste places. Fl. May, June. ^ .

Two to three feet high, branched. Leaves large, veined, well known
for their garlick-like smell. Flowers white. Fads erectc-patcnt.

18. CHEIRANTHUS.

1. Ch, frulictilosus {wild IVall-Jiower), leaves lanceolate acute
hoary beneath, pubescence all simple and close- pressed, stem
somewhat shrubby, branches angular. Sm, Lightf, p. 357
{Ch. Cheiri). E, B. t, 1934.

Hah. Old walls and castles, frequent. Fl. May. % .

One foot high, bushy. Leaves yellow, somewhat rigid, in which par-
ticulars the princijjal distinction rests between it and Ch. Cheiri, Are
they truly distinct ?

19. HESPERIS.

1. II. matronalis {Dome's Violet), stem erect, leaves ovato-lan-
ceolate toothed, limb of the petals obovate, pods erect toru-
lose their margins simple (not incrassated). E. B. /. 731
{H. inodoro).

IIab. Banks and bushy pkices. Side of a rivulet near Glen Corse,
Lightf. Fields near Hohtown, by Glasg., seemingly indigenous,
Ilopk. CoUington and Auchindcnny woods, Ma-ugh. Bank helo^v

TETRADYN. SlUgi. 203

Arthur's Seat, Mr. Arnott. Water of Leith, Mr. D. Stuart. Fl
May, June. J' , or 1/ .
One foot to two feet high, simple or a little branched, pubescent.
Flowers ver}- pale purplish, sweet-scented, especially tov»^ards even-
ing. Cat. leaves cohering by their upper part. (Sm.)

20. BRASSICA.

1. Br. Napus {wild Navew or Cole-seed), root caulescent fusi-
form, leaves smooth, upper ones cordato-lanceolate amplex-
icaul, low^r ones lyrate toothed, Lighlf. p. 359. E, B.
/. 2146.

H.\B. Corn-fields, frequent, and on banks. Rocks behind Edinb.
castle, Fl. June. ^ .

One foot to two feet high. Lobes of the lower leaves crenate ; upper
ones entire, siibglaucous. Petals yellow, rather small. Pods torulose.
: — Cultivated for the oil produced by the seeds ; and the seeds, by
pressure, are formed into cakes, which, after the extraction of the
oil, are useful for manure as well as for fattening cattle.

2. Br. Rapa {Turnep), root caulescent orbicular depressed
fleshv, radical leaves lyrate scabrous those of the stem nearly
entire smooth. E, B. t. 2176.

H.vn. Borders of fields. Fl. Apr., May. ^ .

\'arying exceedingly in height, according to the soil. Upper leaves
aniplexicaul, ovato-acuminate, subglaucous 3 all wnore or less tooth-
ed. Flowers yellow, rather large.

3. Br. oleracea (Sea Cabbage), root caulescent rounded fleshy,
all the leaves glabrous glaucous waved and lobed. E. 5./. 637.

11 AB. Rocks by the sea- side, Inchkeith, G. Don. Inch QoXm^Maugh.
FL May, June. ^ .

^'arious in height, 1 foot to 2 feet. Leaves thick, subcarnose,'the upper-
most undivided but toothed. Flowers large, yellow. — ^The origin of
all our garden Cabbages.

4. Br. Monensis {hie of Man Cabbage), leaves pinnatifid, stem
nearly leafless glabrous, pods smooth, beak monospermous.
Br. Liglitf. p. 353. t. 15, and E, B. t. 962 {Sisymbrium
Mo?}.).

Hab. Sea-shores in many places. Bute, S.of Mountstewart j on the
W. side of Arran, and' at Lamlash Bay j in Cantire op the western
side. Light/. Shores of the Sohvay Firth, abundant, Maugh.
INIouth of the Clyde, about Largs, and on the coast thence to Ayr ;
also apposite the shores of Bute and Arran, frequent, Mr. Murray.
—Confined, I believe, to the western shores. Fl. June, July. % •

Eight to ten inches high, slightly hispid. Segments of the leaves
linear, more or legs toothed. Flowers rather large, yellow.

5. Br. campesir is {Field Cabbage), root and stem slender, leaves
cordate acuminate amplexicaul lower ones Ivrate dentate sub-
hispid. E. B. t. 2234.

Hab. Corn-fields in Bute and Arran, Light/. By the side of the

204

TETRADYN. SI LI ft.

road lejiding from Leith to Queensferry, near Bangholm ; ajid fields

Dear Forfar, G. Don. Appin, Captain Carmichael. Fl. Aug, 0,

Root fusiform, but slender. Stem hispid, below. Flowers yellow. " Pod
upright, cylindrical, or obscurely 4-angular, veiny, the seeds form-
ing slight prominences ; the beak awl-shaped, striated, square at
its base." Sni.

21. SINAPIS.

1. S. arvensis {wild Mustard or Charlock), pods with many
angles turgid and knotty longer than the two-edged beak,
leaves ovate sublyrate. Light/, p. 360. E, B, i 1748.

Hab. Corn-fields, too frequent. Fl. May, June. 0 ,
One to two feet high, rough. Flowers rather large, yellow.

2. S. alba {white Mustard) ^ pods hispid turgid shorter than the
ensiform beak, leaves pinuatifid. JJghtf, p. ,361. E. B,
t. 1677.

Hab. Waste places, frequent. Corn-fields about Edinb,, Maugh.
FL July. O .

Stem 1 — Ji foot high, hairy. Lobes of the leaves variously cut and
toothed or erose. Flowers large, yellow. Well distinguished by
it&longJ^eak. — This plant it is, which, in a young state, is eaten
under the name of Mustard, with Cresses {Lepidium sativuin).

3. S. nigra {common Mustard), pods appressed glabrous tetra-
gonous, style short subulate, upper leaves linear-lanceolate
entire glabrous* Lightf, p. 362. E. B. t. 969.

Hab. Under hedges and waste places. FZ. June. ©.

Three to four feet high. Lower leaves large, lyrate, rough. Floicers

yellow. Pod with a very short beak, or rather only the persistent
. style and stigma at its summit, quadrangular, its surface scarcely

rugged.

4. S. tenuifolia {Jine-leaved Mustard), pods linear glabrous
shortly beaked erect, peduncles spreading, leaves lanceolate very
acute pinuatifid or bipinnatifid, stem glabrous. E. B. I. 525
( Sisymbrium tenuif. ) .

Hab. Coast of Fife at St. David's, Mr. P. Neill. Coast of Fife, be-
tween Burntisland and Queensferry, Mr. Greville. Fl. July^ Aug.

Root thick, woody. Stein one or one foot and a half 1-igh. Leaver
with a very disagreeable smell. Flowers large, pale yellow.

22. RAPHANUS.

1. R. Raphanistrum {wild Radish ox jointed Charlock), leaves
simply lyrate, pods of one cell jointed striated. Br, IJghff.

^ ^ p. 62. *.E. B. t. 856.

Hab. Corn-fields, frequent, i^^. June, July, 0.
One to one foot and a half high. Leaves petiolate, rough. Flowers
yellow, veined.

2. R. mariliitius (Sea Radish), leaves interruptedly lyiutc^ pods
of one cell jointed striated. E. B. t. li^iiS,

/^

MONADEIiPH.— ^ENTAND. 2iM?

Hab. On the beach in the I»le of Bute, found in 1753 by Dr. Walker.
Beach, 3 m. from the Mull of Galloway, Mr. J. Mackay, . Sea-
beach near Mountstewart in the Isle of Bute, Maugh. Various parts
of the coast of Ayrshire, Galloway, &c., G. Bon. i^L June. ^ .

Three to four feet high. All the leaves rough and the lobes toothed.
Flowers rather large, yellow. — Smith says it was long cultivated by
Dr. Walker, who considered its root excellent, preferable to horse-
radish, and who found cattle to be extremely fond of it.

XVI. MONADELPHIA.

1. PENTANDRIA.

1. Erodium. Monogynous. Cal. of 5 leaves. Cor. of 5 petak.
Nectariferous ^/awflfs 5. Imperfect j^/«7wewA$ 5, alternating
with the 5 perfect stams. Fruit beaked, separating into 5
1 -seeded capsules, each with a long, spiral awn, bearded on
the inside.

(Limim, Pent. Pentag. Geraii'uun pusillum, Ord. Decand.)
2. DECANDRIA.

2. Geranium. Monogynous. CaL of 5 leaves. Cor, of 5 regu-
lar petals. Nectariferous ^te^i 5. Fruit beaked, separating
into 5 nionospermous capsules, each tipped with a long, na-
ked, sinnple awn (neither spiral nor bearded).

{Oxalis, Decand. Pentag.)

3. POLYANDRIA.

5. Lavatera. Polygynous. Cal. double ; ext. 3-cleft. Capsules

numerous, circularly arranged, I -seeded.
4. Malva. Polygynous. Ca/. double; ea/. of 3 leaves. Cap-

sides numerous, circularly arranged, 1 -seeded.

3. Althaea. Polygynous. Ca/. double; ea;/. of 9 leaves. Cap-
sules numerous, circularly arranged, 1 -seeded.

1. PENTANDRIA.

1. ERODIUM.

1. E. cicutarium {Hemlock-leaved Stork' s^bill), peduncles ma-
ny-flowered, leaves pinnate, leaflets sessile pinnatifid and cut,
petals longer than the cal., stem prostrate hairy. Light/,
p. 366 {Geraniiim cicut.). E, B, t, 1768.

Hab. Dry sandy pastures and waste grounds. i*7. summer months. O.

Whole plant hairy. Flowers in small umbels, purplish, or sometimes
white.

N

206 MONADELPH. PENTAND.

2. GERANIUM.

* Peduncles \-Jlowe.red.

1. G. saiiguineum {Hoody Cr ant ■i- bill), peduncles 1 -flowered,
leaves nearly orbicular in 5 — 7 deep lobes cucli of vvhi^h is
trifid. Light/, p. 372, E.B. 1.272.

IIab. Rocks and sandy grounds. Arthur's Seat, near Edinb. 3 and in
the Island of lono, Lighlf. Sea-shore at Gosford Gate, near Aber-
lady, plentiful, Maugh. Common on both sides of the Firth of
Forth, Mr. Arnott. About Inverness, Mr. G. Anderson. Banks of
Loch Rannoch, Anderson. FL July. 71 .

One to one foot and a half high, swelling at the joints. Flowerstalks
axillaiy, long. Flowers large, handsome, purple.

** Peduncles 2-Jlowered. Roots perennial.

2. G. phcBum (duskij Crane's-bill), peduncles 2 -flowered oppo-
site the leaves, cal. slightly avvned, petals waved, capsules
keeled hairy below wrinkled above, stem erect. E. B. t. ;522.

Hab. Collington woods, but rare, Maugh. Banks of the Clyde at
Blantyre Priory, and banks of the Cart, above the mill near Glasg.,
rare, Hopk. Near Linlithgow, Miss Liston. Kankeelour, Fife-
shire, Mr. J. Young, Woods in Scotland, frequent, D. Don.
Fl. May, June. % .

Stem two feet or more high, dichotom.ously branched. Leaves 3 — 7-
lobed J lobes acute, cut, and serrated. Flowers very dingy, pui^plish
black.

3. G. sylvaticii,m (IVood Crane's- hill) ^ peduncles 2- flowered,
leaves subpeltate with 5 or 7 deep and acute lobes which are
cut and serrated, stem erect corymbose, petals slightly notch-
ed, capsules keeled hairy (not wrinkled). Lig/itJ'.p. 367*
E.B.t.]2\.

Hab. Woods, thickets, sides of rivers, &c., common. Fl. June, Jul v.

^.
One foot to three feet high. Flowers purple, larger than those of
G. phcEum, but much smaller than in the following species.

4. G. pratense {Crowfoot- leaved Crane's-bill), peduncles two-
flowered, leaves .5-partite, lobes multipartite all the segments
acute, capsules hairy smooth (not wrinkled). Liglitf. p. S6S.
E.B. /.404.

Hab. Pastures and thickets, not uncommon, especially such as arc

moist J near cascades. FL July. Ij. .
One foot to two feet high. Distinguished by its large purple j^-cu'er^

and multipartite leaves. " •

5. G. pyrenaicum {Mountain Crane's-bill), peduncles 2-flower-
ed, leaves reniform o — 7-lobed, lobes oblong obtuse trifid and
toothed at the extremit}', stem erect brancbed^ petals deeply
notched twice as long as thecal. LighfJ, p. 367- E.B.
t. 405.

Hab. Mountainous pastures and waste places, but not common.

MONADELPH. — PENTAND. 207

Near Edinburgh, Dr. Parsons. Near Bell's Mills and in the King's
Park, Edinbui^,h, Mcmgh. Near llothsay. Isle of Bute, Mr, Mur-
ray. KiW oi Ki\mo\i\, Mr. Winch. K. July. 24.
Two to three feet high, much branched. Weil distinguished by the
very obtuse segments of the lower leaves (for the upper ones are
acute and less divided), Jind the rather small, numerous^ purple
Ji-owers, whose petals are cleft.

**•*' Peduncles 2-Jlowered. Root anmud.

6. G. Incidum {sh'ming Crane's-bill), peduncles two-flowered,
leaves roundish 5-lobed, lobes trifid and notched obtuse, ca-
lyces pyramidal anc;iilar dentato-tuberculate^ capsules wrinkled.
Liglitf. p. 370. A'. B. t. 75.

Har. "Rocks and walls. Under Arthur's Seat, Edinb., Lightf. Walls,
Blantyre Priory, and by the road-side near Bowling Bay ; rocks,
Cartlane Crags, Glasg , Ilopk. Very plentiful about Dunkeld, Mr.
Murray. Near Inverness, Mr. G. Anderson. F/. Jmie. July. 0»

Stems spreading, shining (as are the leaves) , brittle, swelling at the
joints. Leaves small, lower ones often fine red. Flowers small,
rose coloured.

7. G. rohertianum {sti?iking Crane* s- hill., or Herh Robert), pe-
duncles 2-flowered, leaves ternate or quinate, leaflets pinnati-
fid, segments mucronate, cal. angular hairy, capsules wrinkled.
Lightf. p. 369. E. B. t. 14S5.

Hab. Woods, thickets, and stony places. F/. summer months. O.
Stem spreading, red, brittle. Flowers purple, sometimes white.

8. G. molle {Dove's-Joot Crane's-bill) ^ peduncles 2-flowered,
leaves rounded or reniform lobed and cut downy, petals notched
scarcely longer than the cal., capsules transversely wrinkled,
'' seeds smooth" {Sm.) Light/, p. 3/0. E. B. t. 778.

Had. Dry pastures and waste places, common. K. Julv. O.

Stems spreading, procumbent, witli long hairs. Leaves lobed ; lobe*
broad, cut. F/on'ers small, purple, notched. Seeds v,m.GO*h.

0. G,rotnndiJolium {^round^ leaved Crane's-bill), peduncles 2-
flowered, leaves rounded or reniform lobed and cut downy,
petals entire the length of the cal., capsules smooth (not
wrinkled) hairy, seeds pmictate. IJghtf. p. 1 106.

Hab. Waste places, rare ? East side of Mason's garden, near North
Marchiston, Dr. //op<?. F/. July. 0.

Distinguished from the former by the entire petals 3 and^ according to
Smith, the smooth capsules and punctated seeds. In my spe-
cimens, however, of this plant, the capsules are slightly rugose,
and in those of (t. molle the seeds are minutely dotted.

10. Q.pusillam (small-JlowQ-ed Crane* s- bill), peduncles two-
flowered, flowers pcntandrous, petals notched, leaves rounded
or reniform in 5 — 7 deep lobes, lobes trifid, capsules smooth
carinated downy with erect apprcssed hairs, seeds smooth.
E.B,t.d8o, '
Hab. Waste ground, and in gravelly fields occa.sionally 5 frequent

20tS MONADELPH. POLY AND.

about Carrtbuslang, Glasg., Hopk. Fisherrow Links and Arthur's
Seat, Edinb., Maugh. FL June — Sept. O .
Stem weak, prostrate. Leaves deeply lobed. Flowers very small,
blueish purple.

11. G. dtssectum {jagged-leaved Crane' s-hill), peduncles two-
flowered, petals notched rather shorter than the much awned
cal., leaves 5-partite, lobes trifid or laciniated linear, capsules
smooth hairy, seeds punctate. Lighlf\ p. 371. E. B, t. 753.

Hab. Hedges and pastures. By the bridge in the meadows at Edinb.,
Dr. Parsons. Occasionally about Glasg. in waste ground and dry
pastures. FLM-ay — July. 0.

Stems spreading. Distinguished by the much divided leaves, and the
short footstalks of the blossoms, which, as Curtis observes, thus ap-
pear sitting among the leaves.

12. G. columbinum {long- stalked Crane's hill), peduncles two-
flowered shorter than the leaves which are 5-partite, the lobes
divided into many acute segments, petals entire as long as the
much awned cal., capsules smooth glabrous, seeds punctate.
LiglitJ. p. 372. E. B. t. 259.

Hab. Dry pastures. Rocky place by the road-side going from Glasg.
to Dumbarton, Lightf. Road-side near N. Queensferry, rare,
Maugh. Near Glasgow, Mr. M. Stark. Fl. June, July. O .

Stem very slender, procumbent j hairs upon the stem, as in G.dissec-
tiwij reflexed. Capsules quite glabrous.

3. POLYANDRIA.

3. ALTH.^A.

1. A. officmalis {Marsh- Ma How), leaves oblongo ovate slightly
3_5. lobed serrated. Lightf. p. 373. E. B. /. 147.

Hab. Marshes, rare. Near Ardbiglandon the Solway Firth, Dr. Bur-
gess. Marshy places on the Campsie hills, near Glasg., Hopk.
Fl. Aug. H .

Two to three feet high, remarkable for the white, soft, starry pubes-
cence on the whole plant. Flowers 3 — 4 together, axillary, on
short footstalks, pale rose colour, large, — Affords a very mucilagi-
nous juice.

4. MALVA.

1. M. sylvestris [common Mallow), stem erect herbaceous,
leaves with 7 rather acute lobes, peduncles and petioles hairy.
Lightf, p. 37 5, E.B.i,Q7\>

Hab. Waste places and by way-sides, common. Fl. June — Aug. 1/ .
Stem 2 — 3 feet or more high, branched. Flowers large, purplish

rose colour, with deeper veins, Ji — 4 together, axillary. Petals

large, obcordate.

2. M. rotundifolia {dwarf Mallow), stem prostrate, leaves round-
ish cordate 5-lobed, fruitstalks bent down. Lightf. p, 37 4,
E, B, t. 1092, and /. 241 {M. pusilla).

Hab. Waste places and by way-sides. Fl. June — Aug. 0.

DIADELPHIA. 209

Siems from 1 0 inches to 1 foot in lengthy branching only from the

root. Flowers small, roundish.
3. M. moscliala {Musk Mallow), stem erect, radical leaves reni-

fonn iji 5 or 7 broad incised lobes, cauline ones 5-partite pin-

nalo-multifid, segments linear, cal. hairy, leaflets of the ext.

cal. linear. Liglitf. p. 3/6. E, B, t. 734.
Hab. Meadows and pastures^ not uncommon. Dumbarton castle,

&c., Hopk. Fl. Aug. H .
Two to three feet high. Flowers large, beautiful, rose colour, 1 — 2

together from the axils of the terminal leaves. The leaves yield a

faint musky smell if drawn through the hand.

5. LAVATERA.

1. L. arhorea {Sea-side Tree Mallow), stem arborescent, leaves
with about 7 angles downy plaited, peduncles axillary clus-
tered single-flowered. Light/, p. 374. E, 5. /. 1841.

Hab. Rocks upon the sea-coast, as Inch-Garvey and Mykric-Inch,
in the Firth of Forth, and in Basse island, Sibbald. Fl. July, Aug. ^ .

Three to five feet high. Flowers large, purple rose colour, shining,
darker at the base of the petals.

XVIL DIADELPHIA,

1. HEXANDRIA.

1, FuMARiA. Cal, small, of 2 leaves. Pet, 4, irregular, one
of them gibbous at the base. Filaments 2, membranaceous,
each bearing 3 anthei's.

2. OCTANDRIA.

2. P&LYGALA. CaL of 5 leaves, 2 of them wing-shaped and
coloured. Caps, compressed, obcordate.

3. DECANDRIA.

* ^tam. all connected or monadelphous, the tube often cleft above.

8, Genista. Cal. 2-lipped, upper one with 2, lower one with

3, teeth. Standard bent backwards from the rest of the

flower. {Genista a.nd Spartium^, Sm.)
4. Ulex. Cal. of 2 leaves, with a small scale at the base on

each side. Legume turgid, scarcely longer than the cal.
6. Anthyllis. Cal. inflated, 5 -toothed 5 inclosing the small,

roundish, 1 — 3 -seeded legume.

* I cannot see a single character attributed to Spartium (in S. scopariuni)
which is not equally found in Genista. I therefore follow Jussieu and De-
candoUe, in uniting our only British species with Genista.

P

210 DIADLLPH. ^Hfi-XAMD.

5. Ononis. C«/. 5 -cleft, its divisions linear. St andanl sttia-
ted. Legume turgid, sessile. Filaments in one undivided set.
** Stam. diadelphous, 9 united and 1 free.
f Style more or less pubescent beneath the stigma.

7. Orobus. Style VinesLY, cylindrical, downy above. Ca/. ob-
tuse at the base, its upper segments deeper and shorter.

8. Lathyrus. Style plane, downy above, broader upwards.
Cal. with its two upper segments shortest.

9. ViciA. Style bearded beneath the stigma,

10. Ervum. Stigma capitate, hairy all over on the outside. <

ft Style glabrous.
4- Legume of 2 longitudinal cells, more or less complete.
13. Astragalus. Legume 2-celled, more or less gibbous.

4--{- Legume more or less jointed.

11. ORNiTfioPtJs. Legume jointed, curved, cylindrical.

12. HiPPocREPis. Legiime compressed siibmembranaceous,
with many deep notches in one of its edges.

-(--f--f- Legume of one cell, one- or mamj-seeded {not jointed^.

16. Medicago. Le^zzwfc' falcate or spirally twisted, compress-
ed, membranaceous ^.

14 Trifolium. Legume (in general) shorter than the cal., 1- or
many-seeded, indehiscent, deciduous. Flotvers more or less
capitate (in Tr. offic. racemose).

15. Lotus. L^^?/wze cylindrical, straight. Wings o[ i\\Q cor ,
cohering by their upper edge. Filaments dilated upwards.

1. HEXANDRIA.

I. FUMARIA.

* Caps, sphcerical, \ -seeded (Fumaria).

1. F. officinalis {common Fumitory), spike lax, stem branched
spreading, leaves bipinnate leaflets almost linear. Light/,
p. 379. .E.B,t,5S9.

Hab. Corn-fields and gardens, frequent. Fl. May— Aug. 0 .
One foot high, rather glaucous. Spikes of flowers rose coloured,
deeper at the extremity of the cor., inserted opposite the leaves.

2. F. capreolata {ramping Fumitory), spike lax, stem climbing
by means of the tendril-like petioles, leaves triternate leaflets
obovato-cuneiform cut and lobed. Light/, p, 380. E. B,
t. 943.

• Sir James Smith places this in the previous division, " Legumen sub-
articidatumf but I think it comes better in this.

DIADELPH. OCTAND. DECAND. 211

Hab. Fields and hedges, generally among bushes. About Redhall,
4 miles from Edinb., and amongst rocks' by the sea going from Cor-
He to Brodic, in the I^Jle of Arran, Light f. Hedges about Hamil-
ton, and in a field at the back of Kenmuir wood^ Glasg., Kopk.
Fl. summer mofiths. O.

Two to three feet long, more glaucous than the last ; leaflets much
broader, more regularly in threes, their petioles acting as tendrils;
Jlou-ers paler coloured and larger. — The extremes of this and the
last species appear different enough 5 but Mr. Murray and myself
examined a Fumaria, which is a common weed in the Glasgow Bot.
garden, which is so intermediate between the two, that it was dif-
ficult to say to which it should belong.

** Caps, linear, 2- or more-seeded {Corydalis, Decand).

3. F. claviculata (climbing Fumitory), spikes lax, stem climb-
ing pinnate, leaflets 3 — 5-partite, lobes ovate acute, petioles
ending in tendrils. Light/, p. 380. E. B, t, 103.

Hab. Rocks, stony places, and roofs of houses, most abundant, espe-
cially in the Highlands. Inverness, Mr. G. Anderson. Fl. July,
Aug'. O.

Stem long, very slender, and whole plant extremely delicate. Flowers
pale yellow, small.

2. OCTANDRIA.

2. POLYGALA.

} , P. vulgaris {Milkivort), flowers in a terminal raceme crested,
wings of the cal. nerved obtuse longer than the cor., stem her-
baceous procumbent, leaves linear-lanceolate. Liglitf. p. 38 1 ,
E.B.i.76.

Hab, Dry hilly pastures, abundant. F/. June, July. 11.

Stem 4 — 8 inches long, branched at the base. Flowers blue, purple,
or white. Cor. beautifully crested at the extremity. Cal. leaves
pei-sistent, inclosing the fruit.

3. DECANDRIA.

3. GENISTA.
* Brandies unarmed.

1 . G. scoparia {common Broom), leaves ternate and solitary ob-
long, flowers axillary shortly pedicellate, legumes hairy at the
margin, branches angular. Lightf. p. 382, and E, B, t, 1339
{Spar tilt ni scop.).

Hab. Dry hills and bushy places, plentiful. Fl. June. ^ .

Three to six feet or more high. Branches long, straight, green.
Flowers large, bright yellow ; keel broad ; stam. and long twisted
style much exposed by the spreading of the petals. Legume large,
compressed, dark brown,

2. G. tinctoria {Dyer's Gre^wzt'^ei), leaves lanceolate glabrous,.

p2

212 DIADELPH. OECAND.

branches rounded striated crept, flowers racemose^ legumes
glabrous. Lightf,p.SH4. E,B,t.44,

Hab. Gravelly hills and sides of rivers in the Lovtlands^ frequent^

. Lightf. F/. July. Tj.

One foot to two feet high. Leaves rather distant, small, edges some-
times a little downy. Flowers rather small, pale yellow, almost ses-
sile, a small floral leaf or bractea at its base. — Dyes yarn of a yel-
low colour.

** Branches spinose.

S. G. anglica (Needle Furze), leaves ovato-lanceolate glabrous,
spines simple none on the flowering branches, flowers axil-
lary subracemose, legumes glabrous. Light/, p, 384. JS. B.
t, 132.

Hab. Heathy and moorish grounds, not unfrequent ; as 1 mile above
Dunkeld, Lightf. Pentland hills and hills near Kelso ; common in
Ross-shire, Maugh. Rare about Glasg.j moors on the Cathkin
hills, Hopk. Campsie hills 3 and moors, Perthshire, Mr. Murray,
Cullodenj near Alary, Kinross -shire 3 Ochil hills, and N. of For-
far, Mr. Arnott. Fl. June. Tj •

Stems reclined, very thorny. Leaves very small. Flowers yellow.

4. ULEX.

1, U. enropceus [common Furze, Whins ox Gorse), cal. teeth
obsolete connivent, bracteas ovate lax, branchlets erect,
Lightf. p. 385. £. B. t. 1A2,

Hab. Heathy places in the Lowlands j rare in the Highlands. Fl.

throughout the summer, but most abundantly in May. \i .
Shrub oi 3 — 4 feet in height, with innumerable green striated branches,

clothed with acute branching spines, with a few leaves at their base

of a lanceolate form and a little hairy, very minute. Cal. pubescent.

Cor. bright yellow.

2. v. nanus {Dwarf Furze), ^' teeth of the cal. lanceolate spread-
ing, bracteas minute close-pressed, branches reclining," Sm,
Lightf p. 385 {U. eitrop. ^.). E. jB. t. 743.

Hab. Dalguise, Mr. D. Stewart. Pentland Hills, G. Don. Fl. mostly
in autumn. T^ .

Smaller than the last in all its parts. ^' The Jlowers afford certain
specific characters : — the bracteas are veiy minute, brown, close-
pressed to the cal, often hardly visible. The cal. is more silky
and yellow ; its teeth deeply cut, spreading, and veiy evident : a cir-
cumstance which will always prevent its being confounded with the
other species." Sm. Are these marks constant ? A very acute bo-
tanical friend has suggested to me that probably all the marks in
Ulex nanus are "caused by U. europcsus having been repeatedly cut
down for fuel : the shoots are then more prostrate for a time and
smaller.

5. ONONIS.

1. O. arvensis (Rest-harrow), stem hairy, branches at length

r

DIADELPir.r — DECAND. 2 1 3

spinous, flowers mostly solitary, leaves ternate below, the rest

simple serrated entire at their base. Lightf, p. 386, andp.387

{O.repens). E.B.t. 682.
Hab. Barren pastures and the borders of fields. Fl. June — Aug. 1/ .
A very variable plants erect or procumbent, more or less spiny ; leaves

ovate or wedge-shaped ; Jlowers rather large, rose coloured.

6. ANTHYLLIS.

1. A. vulneraria {Kidney Vetch, or Lady*s Finger), leaves

pinnated unequal, heads of flowers in pairs. Light/', p. 387.

E. B. t. 104.
Hab. Dry pastures, not uncommon j King's Park, Edinb., Light/ .
Stems ascending. Leaflets 5 — 9, lanceolate, entire, hairy ; terminal

one the largest. Flowers in crowded heads, long, yellow, with hairy

calyces, and digitate large bracteas.

7. OROBUS.

1. O. iuherosus {tulerous Orobui), leaves pinnated with 3 or 4
pairs of lanceolate leaflets glaucous beneath, stipules semisa-
gittate, toothed at the base, stem simple erect. Light/', p. 388.
jE. ^. /. 1153.

/3. leaflets linear. 0. temdfolius, Roth, and G, Don, Descr. of

rare Scottish Plants, p." 8.
Hab. Woods and hilly pastures, frequent, especially in the Highlands.

(3. Near Kinnaird, G. Don. Fl. June. 11 ,
Roots tuberous, eaten by the Highlanders under the name of Cor-

meille, and said to repel hunger. Stem erect, 1 foot high, winged.

Flowers in long stalked axillary clusters, purple, veined. Legume

long, pendulous, cylindrical, black.

2. O. sylvaticus {tVood Orobus or hitter Vetch), leaves pinnate
hairy with 7 — 10 pairs of ovato-oblong acute leaflets, stipules
semisHgittate,stem branched decumbent hairy. Light/, p. 390,
t, 16 (much too hairy). E. B. /. 518.

Hab. Rocky places and banks of rivers, but not common j falls of the
Clyde near Lanark j Baikevall in the Isle of Rum, Light/ Cartlane
crags, near Glasg., N. side of the river, Hopk. Sanquhar, Mr. Winch.
Bank to the S. W. of Newburgh, Fifeshire, D. Don. Bank near
W. Linton, Peebles -shire, Maugh., &c. Fl. July, l/ .

Flowers in secund racemes, purplish white.

8. LATHYRUS.

1. L, pratensis {Meadow Fetchling), peduncles 2— 8-flowered,
tendrils with two lanceolate 3-nerved leaflets, stipules sagittate
as large as the leaves. Lighlf, p. 391, E. B, t, 670.

Hab. Moist meadows and pastures. Fl. July, Aug. 1/ .
Stems 2 — 3 feet long, climbing. Flowers yellow. Cattle are said to
be very fond of this common plant.

2. L. sytvestris {narrow -leaved Everlasting Pea), peduncle

214

DIADELPH. DECA^D.

4 — 5 -flowered, tendrils with two ensiform leaflets, stem winged.
Light/: p. 392. E. B. t. 805.

Hab. Dry rough .shrubby places and wood-sides, but rare, Sibbald.
Rocks near the Red Head promontory, on the E. coast of Angus -
shire, G. Don. Fl. July, Aug. 11 .

Stems 5 — 6 feet long, climbing, broadly winged. Flowers large, green-
ish, with purple veins.

3. L. latijolius {broad-leaved Everlasting Pea), peduncles many-
flowered, tendrils with two ovato-elliptical mucronated leaflets,
stem winged. E. B. /. 1108.

Hab. Among the debris of Salisbury craigs, Miss Doswell. Woods
near Kirkcudbright, Maiigh. In neither stations I fear is it really
wild. H.July, Aug. 1/.

A well known climber and a great ornament of cottage gardens. Some-
what resembling the last, but leaves vastly broader 5 Jlowers larger
and more purple.

4. h. palustris {Marsh Everlasting P6^<7), peduncles from 3 — 6-
flowered, tendrils with 2 — 4 pairs of linear-lanceolate acute
leaflets, stipules semisagittate lanceolate, stem winged. Light f\
p.:i92, E.B. t, 16JX

Hab. Sides of lakes and in marshy boggy ground, but rare. Light/.
Fl. July, Aug. H .

Mr. Lightfoot, who gives the above station for this plant under its de-
scription, afterwards says he suspects a yar. of Orobtis tuberosus was
taken for it; so that it is a doubtful native. Its insertion here, how-
ever, may lead to its actual discovery ; for it is by no means of rare
occurrence, in England, in such situations as Lightfoot describes.

Stem 2 — 3 feet high, climbing. Leojiets about 2 inches long. Flou:ers
blueish purple.

9. VICIA.

* Peduncles lengthened, many -/lowered.

1. V. sylvatica {PVood- Fetch), peduncles many-flowered longer
than the leaves, leaflets elliptico-oblong mucronate, stipules
lunate deeply toothed at their base. Light/', p. 393. E. B,
t, 79.

Hab. Bushy mountainous places among rocks. Foot of Salisbury
craigs ; Cartland rocks near Lanark, &c.. Light/. Collington woods,
Maugh. Near Inverness at the foot of Beinvochart, Mr. G. Ander-
son. Caldron Linn and other parts of the Devan, Mr. Arnott.
Woods of Kippin Ross, near Dumblane, Mr. J. Young. Between
Dunkeld and Blair Athol, Mr. Murray. Falls of Moness, Mr. Bor-
rer and Hook. Kenmuir wood, by the side of the footpath, Uopk.
Fl. July, Aug. % .

Stems 3 — 6 feet high, climbing with their branching tendrils. Lea/-
lets 6 — 8 or 10 pairs. Flowers numerous, white, streaked with
blueish veins.

2. V. Cracca [tufted Fetch), peduncles many-flowered longer

DIADELPH. DECAND. 215

than the leaves, flowers imbricated, leaflets lanceolate slightly

hairy, stipules semisagittate nearly entire. Light/, p. 394.

E.B. MIfjS.
Hab. Bushy places, frecjuent. Fl. July, Aug. 7/ .
Two to three feet or more high, climbing. Flowers numerous^ crowded,

drooping and imbricated, fine blueish purple.

•x-x- Flowers axillary, nearly sessile.

3. V. saliva {common Vetch), flowers sessile subbinate, legumes
nearly erect, lower leaves retuse stipules toothed impressed
with a dark spot, seeds smooth. Light f, p.S95. E, B. ^.334.

Hab. Corn-fields, frequent. F/. June. ©.

One foot high or more. Leajlets very variable in width and obtuse-
ness, often truncate and mucronate, and in number also, from 2 to
6 pairs or more on a petiole. Flowers large, purple and blue, or red.
Legumes more or less pubescent. The small vars. are often con-
founded with the following species.

4. V. lathyroides {Spring Vetch), flowers sessile solitary, legumes
glabrous, leaves generally in 3 pairs lower ones retuse, stipules
entire, seeds tuberculated. Light/, p. 396. E. B. t. 30.

Hab. Dry pastures, especially of a gravelly soil. King's Park, Edinb.,
and Leith gravel-})it. Dr. Parsons. Blackford hill, Maugh. Dal-
mahoy hill, near Edinb., and hill of Kinnoul by Perth, Mr. Borrer and
Hook. Burntisland, Mr. y^n? of ^. Along the coast about Largs, &c.
and Dumbarton-castle, Mr. Mwrn/?/. i^. May, June. G.

Three to five inches high, branched. Stipules without the dark impressed
spots of the last species^ and may be known from the small specimens
of that, if in blossom, by the small, more purple, /ower, scarcely
so large as the leaflets, and with a less reflexed keel ; if in fruit,
by the rough or dotted seeds, as Sir James Smith has well observed.
The foliage is very variable in both, but here there are fewer leaf-
lets on a petiole and the tendril is small and simple.

5. V. lutea {rough-podded yellow i^/c/i) , flowers sessile solitary,
legumes reflexed hairy, stem diffuse, stipules coloured, standard
glabrous. E.5. ^.481.

Hab. Hills at N. Queensferry* 3 and between Montrose and Ar-
broath, G. Don, Fl. June, July. 1/ .

Stems 6 — 12 inches high, weak. Leaflets elliptical, lanceolate, hairy
beneath, and at the edges, 6 to 9 pairs on a petiole. Flowers large,
yellow. Legumes compressed. Distinguished from the V. hyhrida
by its glabrous, not pubescent, standard of the ^ojyer.

6. V, sepium {Bush Vetch), flowers mostly in fours subpetiolate,
legumes upright glabrous, leaflets ovate obtuse gradually smaller
upwards upon the petiole. Light/, p. 397. E. B. t. 79,

Hab. Woods and shady places, frequent. Fl. June, July. 1^ .
One foot to two feet high. Lca/ets large. One or two of the iourji&w*.

Mr. Arnott has sctuched for it in vain in this situation.

216 DIADELPH. DECAND.

ers which grow together, often imperfect j hence the character of
" Legumes tpiaternate " tends to mislead. Blossoms puq)lish blue.

10. ERVUM.

1. E. hirsutuni {hairy Tare), peduncles in any- flowered, le-
gumes hairy two- seeded, leaflets linear oblong truncate. Lightf,
p, 398.

Hab. Corn-fields and pastures. Fl. June. Q.
Stems 2 — 3 feet long, weak, straggling, and climbing. Leaflets nume-
rous. Flowers very insignificant, pale purplish blue.

2. E. tetraspermum {smooth Tare), peduncles 2-flowered, le-
gumes glabrous 4-seeded, leaflets linear-oblong obtuse. Lightf,
p. 397, E.B. M223.

Hab. Corn-fields and bushy places. Fl. June. 0 .
Smaller and slenderer than the last. Lea/lets fewer.

11. ORNITHOPUS.

1. O. perpusillus {common Bird*s-fooi), leaves pinnated with
6 — 9 pairs of leaflets and a terminal one, flowers capitate brac-
teated, legumes curved upwards. Lightf, p. 399. E. B. t, 369.

Hab. Dry gravelly soils and sandy pastures. F/. June. O.

titems from 2 to 6 inches high, much branched at the base and spread-
ing. Leaflets oval. Flowers white, with red lines. The 4 or 5 long
curved jointed legumes, resembling a bird's foot, have a remarkable
appearance.

12. HIPPOCREPIS.

1. H. comosa {lifted Horse-shoe Vetch), legumes 5 — S clustered
pedunculated curved scabrous sinuated at each margin. R. B,
f.31.

Hab. Chalky pastures, rare. Dundonald castle near Ayr, upon ground
of a chalky nature, Mr. Reld. Fl. July. 1/ ,

Stems 4 — 6 inches high, much branched and woody at the base. Leaf-
lets 4 — 6 pairs with an odd one, obovato-elliptical. Peduncles long.
Flowers yellow, p^e, much resembling those of Lotus corniculatus ;
but the legume very different and very remarkable.

13. ASTRAGALUS.

* Keel of the cor. terminating in a straight point, upper suture of the
legume with its margins intrq/lexed. {Oxytropis, Decand.)

1. A. uralensis {hairy Mountain Milk Vetch), silky, stem
none, scape longer than the leaves, legumes erect ovato-cylin-
draceous inflated pubescent 2-celled, style persistent. Lightf.
p. 401./. 17. E.B.t,466,

Hab. Dry mountains, rare. Upon Carn-dearg, one of the lower
heads of Ben Sguilert, a high mountain of Glen Creran, in Upper
Lorn, Dr. Stuart. Bay of Farr, on the eastern coast, and on a
rocky soil at Cromarty, Mr. Robertson, Hills about N. Queens-
ferry, and with white fl., Maugh. Armidale and Inver Naver, in
Sutherland, Mr, Borrer and Hook. Fl. July, ]/ .

DIADEJLPH. DECAND. 21/

Tliis is a very charming plants clothed with a beautiful silky pubes-
cence, especially on the young leaves. Leaflets 8 — 12 pairs, with
an odd one, narrow, ovate, acute. Scapt 4 to G inches high when
in fruit. Flowers capitate, large, bright purple.

2. A. campeslris {yellowish Mountain Milk Vetch), somewhat
silky stemless, scape about the same length as the leaves, le-
gumes erect ovate inflated pubescent semibilocular. £. B,
^2522.

Hab. On a rock on one of the mountains at the head of Clova, near

the White Water, G. Don, FL July. 7/ .
Leajlets elliptical-lanceolate. Flowers capitate^ yellowish^ tinged with

purple.

** Keel of the Cor. obtuse. Legume with tfie lower suture having its
margins intrqflexed {Astragalus, Decand.) .

3. A. hypoglotiis {purple Mountain Milk-Vetch), stem pro-
strate, leaflets slightly emarginate^ legumes erect capitate hairy
their cells 1 -seeded. Lightf, p. 400 {A, arenarius). E» B,
t,274.

Hab. Hilly pastures. King's Park, Edinb. ; Sands, Musselburgh j
Hill of Moncrief, near Perth ; and in dry ground near York Cas-
cade, at the Duke of Athol's, Blair^ Lightf. Coast near Granton,
Edinb., plentifully, Maugh. Banks of the Tay, nearDelvine, Perth-
shire J and Links of St. Fergus, Mr. Murray. Hill of Kinnoul^by
Perth, Mr. Borrer an() Hook. Fl. July. Ij. .
Stem weak, a few inches in length. Leaflets elliptico-ovate^ retuse,
hairy. Peduncles longer than the leaves, curved upwards. Heads
oi jiowers large, blueish purple. Legumes ovate, acuminate, hairy.
4. A. glycyphyllos {sweet Milk-Vetch), stem prostrate, legumes
somewhat triangular curved sessile glabrous, leaves longer
than the peduncles, leaflets oval. Lightf, p. 399, E, B,
i. 203.
Hab. Woods, but not common. Coryton woods, near Edinb., Dr.
Parsons. Banks of the Water of Leith, between Coltbridge and
Saughtonhall ; many places on the coast between Nether Cramond
and Queensfeny, Maugh. Fl. July. 1/ .
Readily distinguished by its great size. Stem prostrate, 2 — 3 feet
long. Leaves with large, ovate, acute stipules. Flowers dingy yel-
low. Legumes an inch or more long, curved.

14. TRIFOLIUM.

* Flowers racemose {Melilotus, Decand.).
1 . Tr. officinale {comrnon Melilot), legumes racemed naked 2-

seeded rugged, stipules lanceolato-subulate undivided, leaflets

obovato-oblong toothed, stem erect. Lightf, p. 402. E. B,

t, 1340.
Hab. Bushy places and by way-sides. F/. July. O.
Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers in pedunculated, axillary racemes, se-

cund, yellow.

218

DIADELPH. DECAND.

** Flowers more or less capitate.
t Legumes naked, many -seeded.

2. Tr. ornitlinpndioides (Bird's- foot Trefoil), legumes naked
subternate with about 8 seeds twice as long as the cal.^ leaf-
lets obcordate toothed at the extremity, stems decumbent.
Lig/itf. p. 403. E.B. L 1047.

Hab. Dry sandy pastures, but rare. At Maitland Bridge, between
Edinb. and Musselburgh, Light/. Fisherrow and Alusselburgh
Links, Maugh. F/.June. Q.

Stems spreading, 3 — 5 inches in length. Flowers sra^XX, rose coloured.
Legumes long, and not according with the genus 3 hence it has been
placed by DecandoUe in the Fl. Gall., and by my myself in the
Ft. Lond., with the Trigonell^ ; but the cor. does not correspond
with that genus.

ft Legumes covered by the Cat., many-seeded.

3. Tr. reptiis {-white Trefoil, or DutchClover), heads umbellate,
legumes with four seeds, cal. teeth unequal, leaflets obcordate
serrulate, stem creeping. Light/, p. 404, E, B. t. 176.9.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, common. Fl. summer months. 11 .

Heads o{ Jlowers white ; each flower on a footstalk, which becomes re-
curved after flowering, and then all the legumes are drooping and
covered with the withered, brown cor. This is the Dutch clover of
the agriculturists, and in great repute for pastures. The leaflets
have a dark spot at the base, and a white line bordering it near the
middle,

ttt Legumes covered by the Cal., \ -seeded.

^ Cal. (hairy), riot injiated after flowering. Standard of the Cor,

deciduous.

4. Tr. pratense (common purple Clover), '' heads dense ovate,
lower tooth of the cal. shorter than the tube of the monope-
talous unequal cor., leaflets oval nearly entire, stem ascend-
ing," IVilld. Light/, p. 405. E. B. t, 1770.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, frequent. Fl. summer months. J/ .
Flowers reddish purple. This is the common clover, so much culti-
vated for hay. ITie leaflets have often a white lunulate spot.

5. Tr. medium (Zigzag Trefoil), *' heads lax somewhat globose
solitary, lower tooth of the cor. as long as the tube of the mo-
nopetalous nearly equal cor., leaflets elliptical minutely serrated
and striated with veins, stems branched zigzag," IVilld,
Light/, p. 406 (Tr, alpeslre), E. B. i. 190.

Hab. Moist and shady places at the foot of the Highland mountains,
not unfrequent, Lightf. Sides of Glenhill Burn^ near the church
of Kirkmichael, Dr. Burgess.

Stem remarkably zigzag. Heads of flowers purple, larger than last,
and more lax. Leaflets spotless.

6. Tr. arvense (Hare's-Joot 7V£/oi/), heads very hairy subcylin-

DIADELPH. DECAND. 219

drical, cal. teeth setaceous longer than the cor., leaflets nar-
row-obovate. Light/, p. 406. E. B. /. 944.

Hab. Covn-fields and dry pastures, not unfrequent. Fl. July, Aug. 0 .

Stems 6 — 12 inches high, erect, branched. Flowers very minute. Re-
markable for the many subcylindrical soft hairy heads or spikes,

7- Tr. scabrum {rough Trefoil), heads terminal and axillary ses-
sile ovate, eal. teeth unequal narrow- lanceolate rigid at length
recurved, leaflets obcordate serrulate. Light/ . p. 407. E, B.
t, 903.

Hab, Dry soils by the sea-shore, near Edinb., Dr. Parsons. Dry pas-
tures at Dunbar, by the sea, Mr. Borrer and Hook. Fl. June. O .

Veiy similar to TV. glomeratum, which, like this, is a small, procum-
bent, spreading plant, of 3 — 8 inches in length, and has also the
cal. segments recurved. Here, however, the platit is hairy, the
heads are ovate, the Jlowers are white, the leaves are faintly tooth-
ed, and the cal. segments are narrow : in Tr. glomeratum the plant
is glabrous, the heads are round, the /lowers reddish, the leaves
strongly toothed, the cal. segments broad. The flowers in both are
very small : and they both, in England, grow in the same situation.

8. Tr. striat2im {soft knotted Trt/oil), heads terminal and ax-
illary ovate subsolitary subsessile, cal. striated hairy with un-
equal straight teeth, leaflets obcordate nearly entire pubescent.
Light/ p. 408. E. B. t. 1843.

Hab. Diy pastures, as in Edinb. Park, abundantly. Light/. Fl. June.

O.
From 4 — 8 or 10 inches long, more or less procumbent or reclined,
pubescent. Flowers small, purplish red, Cal. deeply furrowed,
swelling with 5 almost setaceous, straight, not recurved teeth.

-{- -<- Cal. remarkably hiflated after Jlowering. Standard of the Cor.

deciduous.

9. T\\/ragi/erum {Strawlerry -headed Trefoil), heads upon long
stalks roundish, cal. after flowering inflated membranaceous
pubescent two of the teeth setaceous reflexed, stems creeping,
leaflets obcordate serrated. E. B.t 1050.

Hab, Moist pastures. Links near Cockenzie, Mr. C. Stewart. Leith
Links, Mr. J. T. Mackay. Links near Aberlady, and Links near
St. Andrews, Maugh. Fl. July, Aug. "2/ ,

Flowers very small, purplish red. Cal. remarkably large after flower-
ing, inflated, veined, and clustered, and often coloured, so as not
inaptly to represent the fruit from which it derives its specific name.
Mouth of the Cal. at this time singularly contracted.

•^-4--f- Siandard of the Cor. persistent, scariose, enveloping the fruit.
{Flowers yellow.)

10. Tr. proctimbens {Hop Trefoil), *•' spikes oval imbricated,
standard deflexed persistent sulcated, stems procumbent, leaf-
lets obovate," Sm. Light/ p. 409 {Tr. agra/ium). E, B.
t, 945.

220 DIADELPH. DECAND.

Hab. Dry pastures and corn-fields, frequent. H.June, July. 0.
Stems spreading widely, ** rendered conspicuous in their more advanced
state by their permanent hop-like heads," Sm.

1 1 . Tr. minus {lesser yellow Trefoil) ^ '^ spikes capitate hemi-
sphaerical^ peduncles straight, standards smoothish, stems pro-
cumbent, petiole lengthened upwards,'' Sm, Light/, p, 409
(T. procumhens). E, B. t, 1256.

Hab. Pastures, frequent. F/. June, July. 0.

Stems much spreading. Leaves obovate, emarginate, toothed, " on a
very short general footstalk ; the central leaflet elevated on a much
more considerable partial stalk than in Tr.procumbens, or in Tr.Jili-
forme, which circumstance well characterises the species. Flowers
very small, from 10 — 15 on a head." Sm.

12. 'Yv, filiforme {slender yelloiu Trejoil), " heads lax of few
flowers, peduncles capillary flexuose, standards smooth, stems
procumbent, leaflets subsessile," Sm, Light f, p. 4 10. E, B,
M257.

Hab. Dry sandy soils, but not very frequent. Light/. Sandy banks
common about Glasg., Hopk. Not uncommon in the neighbour-
hood of Edinb. and Forfar, Maugh. Ft. June. 0.

" Flowers from 3 — 8 in a head. Cal. teeth less remarkably dispropor-
tioned than in T. minus." Sm.

15. LOTUS.

1. L. corniculatus (common Bird's-foot Trefoil), heads de-
pressed, stems decumbent, legumes cylindrical patent. Lishtf,
p. 411. E,B.t, 2090,

/S. major, larger stems nearly erect. L, major, E, B, t, 2091.

Hab. Pastures every where, abundant. j3. Banks of the Clyde above
Daldowie. Road-side to Bardowie Loch, plentiful, Hopk. Sides
of Loch Lomond, along with and as common as a., Mr, Murray
and Hook. Ft. summer months. % .

Varying much in size and direction of the stems. Leaflets obovate,
entire, more or less hairy, with a pair of large ovate stipules at the
base of the petiole. Flowers yellow. Legumes long, spreading
out horizontally.

16. MEDICAGO.

1. M. saliva {purple Medick, or Lucerne), peduncles racemed,
legumes smooth spirally twisted, stipules entire, leaflets long
toothed, mild. E.B,t. 1749,

Hab. Meadows and pastures, occasionally, about Glasg., Hopk., but
not indigenous. Fl. June, July. "U .

iS/ew 1—2 feet high. Lea/lets enthehelow. Flowers purple. Smith
doubts if this be not a var. of M. falcata.

2» M. lupulina {black Medick, or Nonsuch), spikes oval, le-
gumes reniform 1 -seeded, stipules entire, leaflets obovate.
Light f, p. 412. E,B. 1,971.

A valuable plant in agriculture. Stems spreading. Flowers crowded;,
small^ yellow. legumes rugged^ almost black.

221

XVIII. POLYADELPHIA.

1, POLYANDRIA.

1. Hypericum. Cal. 5-partite. Pet, 5. Filaments many,
united at the base, in 3 — 5 bundles. Caps;, many-seeded,
su|>enor.

1. POLYANDRIA.

1. HYPERICUM.

*■ Styles 5.

1. H. calycinum {large-flowered St, John's-wort), styles 5,
flowers solitary^ segments of the cal. unequal obovate obtuse,
leaves oblong, stem shrubby branched square. JS. i?. /. 2017.

Hab. Woods above Largs, perfectly indigenous, Hopk. This is a
native of Greece, not at all of the intermediate country, France j and
I fear not really wild in any part of Britain. Fl. July — Sept. % .
Floioers very large, yellow. Bundles of stam. 5. — A common orna-
ment in shrubberies.

* Styles 2.
f Cal. segments entire at the margins.

2. H. Androscermim (Tutsan), styles 3, capsule pulpy, stem
shrubby compressed, cal. leaflets unequal, leaves ovate sessile.
Light/, p. 415. E. jB. /. 1225.

Hab. Woods, lAit not very common. At Inverary, and at Loch
Ransa in the Isle of Arran, Light/. It appears to be not uncommon
on the western side of Scotland, though I have no stations indicated
in the eastern parts. Fl. July. 1/ ,

Two feet high. Leaves large. Cymes of rather large, yellow ^ot/jer^,
terminal. Berry black.

3. H. q^iadraiigulum {square St. John's-wort), styles 3, stem
herbaceous 4-angular somewhat branched, leaves ovate with
pellucid dots, cal. leaves lanceolate. Lightf. p. 416. E. B.
t.S70.

Hab. Moist pastures, sides of ditches and rivulets. Fl. July. 1^.
One foot high. Panicles terminal.

4. H, perforatum {perforated St, John's-wort), styles 3, stem
compressed, leaves elliptico-oblong obtuse with pellucid dots,
cal. leaves lanceolate. Lightf. p. 416. E. B. t. 295.

Hab, Woods, thickets and hedges, F/. July, If..
One foot to tv»^o feet or more high, branched. There are minute
black glands on the tips of the calyx, corolla, and often in the leaves.

5. H. duhium {imperforate St. Mm's-wort), stem obsoletely
quadrangular, leaves elliptical-ovate obtuse destitute of pellu-
cid dots, cal. leaves elliptical. E. B. t. 296.

222 POLYADELPH. POT.YASD.

Hab. Rather mountainous woods, rare. In a wood two miles from
Lanark, on the Hamilton road, Hopk. Woods of Kippen Ross,
near Dumblane, Mr. Murray. Woods, not rare, D. Don. Fl.
July. %.

Leaves more ovate than the last, and the cal. leaves especially. Cor.
frequently with small black glands.

6. H. humifusum {trailing St. John's -wort), styles 3, flowers
terminal subcvmose, stems compressed prostrate, leaves ob-
long obtuse glabrous. Lightf, p. 4 18. E. B. t. 1226.

Hab. Gravelly pastures, but not common. Dr. Parsons and Sibbald.

Banks of the Esk, at New-hall, and on the Pentland hills, Maugh.

Common about Glasg., &c. Mr. Murray.
Stems slender, prostrate, about a span long. 0)r. with black glands

as well as the cal., on which they are frequently near the edge ; but

not so directly upon the margin as to form glandular serratures, in

my specimens,
ft Margins of the segments of the cal. fringed with glandular serratures.

7. H. montamim {Mountain St, John's-ivort), styles 3, flowers
panicnlato-corymbose, cal. with glandular serratures, stem
erect rounded smooth, leaves ovate glabrous. Lightf. p. 418.
E.B.t.31\.

Hab. Mountainous woods, but not common, Sibbald. Fl. July. 1/ .

One foot and a half to two feet high. Leaves rather large, more or less
perforated, distant, especially above j their margins with black glan-
dular dots : those of the cal. and bracteas distinctly serrated with
them. Floivers rather compact.

8. H. harhatum {bearded St. John*s-wort), styles 3, corymbs
terminal, cal. fringed with long pedunculated glands, stem
erect rounded, leaves ovate with (black) scattered dots be-
neath. E.B.tA986.

Hab. Woods near Aberdalgy in Strath-Earn, Perthshire, G. Don.

Fl. Sept., Oct. 11.
One foot or more high. Yery distinct in the long glandular hairs of

the margin of the cal. Tlie petals too are often toothed at tlie

extremity.

9. H. hirsntum {hairy St, John* s-iuort) , styles 3, cal. with
(black) glandular serratures, stem erect rounded pubescent,
leaves ovate slightly downy beneath. Lightf. p. 4 1 9. £. B,
^.116.

Hab. Woods and thickets, not very common. jPZ. July. 1/.
Two feet high. Leaves rather large, more or less pubescent, especi-
ally beneath.

10. H. piilchrum. {small upright St. John's-tvort), styles 3,
cal. with (black) glandular serratures, stem erect, leaves cor-
date glabrous amplexicaul. Lightf. p. 420. E, B. t. 1227.

Hab. Dry woods and heaths, but not very frequent. Isle of Lamlash,
to the S. of Arran, Lightf. Pentland hills, Rosslyn woods, &c.,,
Maugh. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Frequent in clayey pastures.
&c., about Glasg., Hopk. Mr. Murray. Fl. July. % .

SYNGENESIA. 223

One foot to two feet high, slender, erect, rigid, branched. F owers in
loose panicles, beautiful, yellow, tipped, before expansion, with
red. Anthers red.

11. H. elodes {Marsh St. Johns-wort), styles 3, cal. with
(reddish) glandular serratiues glabrous, leaves roundish pube-
scent, stem rounded creeping. Light/, p. 419. E. B. t. 109.

Hab. Bogs, but not common. Islay, Sir Joseph Banks. Ditch by
the road-side between Newton-Stewart and Glenluce, in Wigton-
shire, about G miles from Glenluce, Maugh. At Loch Ransay,
and along the valley to Brodic in Arran, Mr. Murray, Fl. July
Aug. 1/.

A span long. Flowers few, panicled, terminal, pale yellow.

XIX. SYNGENESIA.

1. POLYGAMIA iEQUALIS.

*^ Semifi.osculosi. Corollas all ligulate. (Cichoracece, Juss.)

10. HypocH/Eris. Involucre oblong, imbricated. Receptacle

chaffy. Pappus feathery, stipitate, or sessile.
12. CiCHOKiUM. Involucre surrounded with scales or smaller

leaflets. Receptacle naked or slightly hairy. Pappus sessile,

scaly, shorter than the pericarp.
9. Crepis. fyvolucre surrounded with deciduous scales and at

length swelling into protuberances. Receptacle roughish.

Pappus sessile.

5. HiERACiUM. Involucre owaXe,\mhv\c?i.iQ^. Receptacle nesLTly
naked, dotted. Pappus simple, sessile.

7. Apargia. Involucre imbricated, with scales at the base.
Receptacle naked, dotted. Pappus feaihery, sessile, unequal.

2. PiCRis. Cal. double, the inner equal, the outer lax. Re-
ceptacle naked. Pappus feathery. Pericarps transversely
striated. {Picris and Helminthia, Decand.)

1. Tragopogon, Involucre s\m^\ey of many leaves. Recep-
tacle naked. Pappus feathery, stipitate. Pericarps longitudi-
nally striated.

6. Leontodon. Involucre imbricated with scales that are fre-
quently lax and flaxid. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple,
stipitate.

4. Lactuca. J/zvoZzicre imbricated, cylindrical ; its scales with
a membranous margin. Receptacle naked. Poppz^s simple,
stipitate.

5. Prenanthes. iwi;o/z^crg with scales at the base. Recepta-
cle naked. Pappus simple, sessile. Florets few.

3, iSoNCHUs. Involucre imbricated, swelling at the base, /?e-
ceptacle naked. Pappus simple, sessile.

224 SYNGENESIA.

11. Lapsana. . Involucre with scales at the base. Receptacle
naked (its inner leaves equal, channelled, Sm,), Pericarps de-
stitute of pappus (deciduous.)

** Capitati. Corollas all tubular and generally spreading so as to
form an hemisplicErical head. {Cynarocephalce , Juss.)

18. Carlina. Involucre swelling, the exL scales with nume-
rous spines; the in?ier ones coloured, scariose. Receptacle
chaffy. Pappus feathery.

13. Arctium. Involucre globose, each of its scales with an
incurved hook at the extremity. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus
simple.

15. Carduus. Involucre swelling, imbricated with spinous
scales. Receptacle hairy. Pappus deciduous, roughish.

16. Cnicus. /wz;o/wcr^ swelling, imbricated with spinous scales.
Receptacle hairy. Pappus deciduous, feathery.

17. Onopordum. iwfo/wcre swelling; its scales spreading and
sjiinous. Receptacle cellular. Pappus deciduous, rough.

14. Serratula. Involucre cylindrical, imbricated with scales
that are not spinous. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus roughish or
feathery, rigid, persistent.

(Centaur ea Jacea, Polyg. Frustr.)

*** DiscoiDEi. Corollas all tubular, erect, crowded, forming a nearly
level top. {CorymbifercB, Juss.)

20i Eupatorium. Involucre imbricated, oblong. Florets few.
Receptacle naked. Pappus rough.

19. BiDENs. Involucre of many leaves, with many foliaceous
bracteas at the base. Receptacle plane, chaffy. Cor, sometim'es
radiant. Pericarps crowned with from 2 — 5 persistent awns,
which are rough with minute deflexed bristles.

2. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.

{Corymhiferce, Juss.)
* DiscoiDEi. The rays of the Corollas obsolete.

21. Tanacetum. //zi'oZz/c?*^ hemisphaerical, imbricated. Recep-
tacle naked. Florets of the ray trifid, obsolete, sometimes
wanting. Pericarps crowned with a membranous margin or
Pappus.

24. CoNYZA. Involucre roundish, imbricated. Receptacle na-
ked. Florets of the ray 3-cleft. Pappus rough.

23. Gnafhalium. Involucre imbricated, with (often) coloured
membranous scales. Receptacle naked. Florets of the ray
subulate ; some of the disk occasionally abortive. Pappus
rough.

22, Artemisia, Involucre ovate or rounded, imbricated. Re^

SYNGENESIA. 225

ceptacle naked (or downy, Sm.). Florets of the ray subulate.
Pericarps crowned with a membranaceous pappus,

{Tussilago Farfara and liyhrida. Sect.**.)

*•* Radiati. Corollas of the raij ligulate.

32. Bellis. /wyo^ttC7'e hemisphaerical, its scales equal. Recep-
tacle naked, conical. Pappus none.

35. Matricaria. Involucre heniisphoerical or almost jDlane,
imbricated with scales whose borders are membranous. Re-
ceptacle naked, almost cylindrical. Pappy s none.

33. Chrysanthemum. Involucre hemisphaerical, imbricated with
scales whose borders are membranous. Receptacle naked.
Pappus none.

34. Pyrethrum. Receptacle hemisphserical, imbricated with
scales whose borders are membranous. Receptacle naked.
Pericarps crowned with a membranous margin.

31. DoRONicuM. Scales of the involucre in two equal rows,
longer than the disk. Receptacle naked. Pericarps of the
disk crowned with a simple pappus, those of the ray without a
pappus,

30. Inula. J/z7;o/wcr^ imbricated. Receptacle URked. Florets
of the ray very numerous, linear. Antheis with 2 bristles at
the base. Pappus sometimes simply composed of hairs^ some-
times double; the exi. membranous.

25. EniGERON. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked, Flo-
rets of the ray numerous, very narrow (mostly of a different
colour from the disk). Pappus simple.

29. SoiJDAGO. Involucre imbricated, its scales connivent.
Receptacle naked. Florets of the ray (of the sarne colour
as the disk) about 5. Pappus rough.

28. Aster. Involucre imbricated, its lowermost scales spread-
ing (except in A. tripolium). Receptacle naked. Florets of
the ray more than 10. Pappus simple.

27. Senecio. Involucre subcylindrical, equal, scaly below; the
scales withered at the tip. Receptacle naked. Poppz^i simple.

.26. Tussilago. Involucre simple, equal, submembranaceous,
swelling;. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple.

36. Anthemis. Involucre hemisphserical ; its scales nearly
equal, their margins scariose. Receptacle convex, chaffy.
Pericarps crowned with a membranous border or pappus.

37. AcHiLLZEA. Involucre ovate, imbricated, unequal. Re-
ceptacle plane, chaffy. Florets af the ray 5 — 10, roundijjh^
obqcrdate. Pericarps naked.

{Bidens cernua, Ord. I. Sect. ***.)

Q

226 SYNGEN. POt.YGAM. .EaUAL.

3. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA.

{Cynarocephalce, Juss.)

38. Centaurea. I?ivolucrefiCii\y, Receptacle hrhily. Corollas
of the ray infurulibuliform, irregular, longer than those of the
disk. Pappus simple.

1. POLYGAMIA ^QUALIS.

'* Semi/losculosi.
1 . TRAGOPOGON.

1. Tr. pratensis {yelloiv Goat* s- beard), involucre about as long
as the cor., leaves undivided glabrous acuminated channelled,
peduncles cylindrical. LighfJ. p. 420, E. B. t, 434.

Had. Meadovs^s and pastures. Dr. Pa7'sons. Banks of the Clyde, at
Clyde iron-works, Hopk. Daldov/ie, Glasg., Dr. Brown. Fl.
June, c?.

One foot to two feet high. Flowers yellow, showy ; head of seed ves-
sels very large. Pappus very feathery, elevated on long stalks.

2. Tr. porrifolius {purple Goat's-beard), involucre much longer
than the cor., leaves undivided straight, peduncle thickened
upwards* E. B. t. 638.

Hab. Moist meadows about Glasg., very rare, Hopk. Fl. May,
June. }/.

Three to four feet high. Flowers purple. The root was formerly cul-
tivated for culinary purposes.

2. PICRIS.
1, P. hieracioides {Haivkweed Ox-tongue), exterior scales of the

involucre short lax, leaves very rough lanceolate toothed^ stem

scabrous, pappus sessile. E. B.t. 196.
Hab. Road-sides and borders of fields, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. ^ .
Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers yellow, corymbose j peduncles with

foliaceous scales. The English P. echioides has very large outer

scales or leaflets to the involucre.

3. SONCHUS.

1. S. cceruleus {Hue Sow-thistle), "peduncles and involucre his-
pid racemose, leaves sublyrate, terminal lobe deltoid very large,"
Sm. E, B.t. 2425,

Hab. Paps of Loch-na-gore, Aberdeenshire, and on the Clova moun-
tains, rare, G. Don. Fl. July, Aug. 11 .

Stem three feet high. Racemes long, of numerous blueish flowers.
Peduncles, involucre and hracteas covered with reddish viscid bristles.

2. S. arvensis {Corn Sow-thistle), peduncles and involucre his-
pid subumbellate, leaves runcinate dentato-ciliate cordate at
the base. Lightf.p. 427. E. B.t. 674.

Hab. Corn-fields, frequent. H.July. 1/.
Stems 3—4 feet high, i^owerslarge^ yellow.

SYNGEN. POLYGAM. JEQ^UAh. 23/

3. S. olera€eus {commoji Sow-thistle), peduncles subtomentose
umbellate, involucre glabrous, leaves runcinate dentato-ciliate
amplexicaul at the base. Lightf,p A2S, E, B, t, 843.

Hab. Waste places and cultivated ground, common. Fl. June, Aug.

O.
Two to three feet high. Flowers rather small, yellow, occasionally
white, according to Mr. Hopkirk.

4. LACTUCA.

1, L. virosa {sirong-sce?ited Lettuce), leaves oblong toothed ho-
rizontal their keel prickly their apex obtuse. Lightf.p. 429.
E,B.t. 1957.

Hab. Banks and way-sides, but rare. Foot of Arthur's Seat, Edinb,,
Light/. Dunkeld, Mr. Murray. Fl. Aug. ^ .

Stem 3 — 4 feet high, erect, prickly, with distant leaves, panicled at
the summit. Leaves finely toothed, embracing the stem ; radical
ones numerous, obovate. — Abounding with a milky and narcotic
juice, which has been considered by some as a gentle and safe opiate.
Flowers small, yellow.

5. PRENANTHES.

1. Pr. muralis {Ivy-leaved Lettuce), florets 5, leaves lyrato-pin-

natifid and toothed, the terminal lobe with about 5 angles.

Lightf.p. 431. E.B.t. 457.
Hab. On shady rocks and walls of old castles in the Lowlands, Light/.

Fl. July. 11 .
Stem two feet high, panicled at the top, with the branches spreading.

Flowers small, yellow.

6. LEONTODON.

1. L. Taraxacum (Dandelion) , outer scales of the involucre re-
flexed, leaves runcinate glabrous toothed. Light/, p. 432.
E.B.t.bM).

Hab. Meadows and pastures, abundant. Fl. in the summer. "2/ .
Leaves all radical, their segments more or less deep. Scape with a
large single flower.

2. L. palustre {Marsh Dandelion), outer scales of the involucre
erect appressed, leaves sinuate-dentate nearly glabrous. JB. B»
i.553.

Hab. Pentland hills, Mr. Maughan. Rosslyn woods, also bogs near
Edinb,, Mr. Greville. Marshes, Angus-shire, Mr. G. Don. Wet
moors about Glasg., not uncommon, Hopkirk. Fl. June, July. "2/ ^

Very nearly allied to the preceding, and was for a long time, perhaps
justly, considered as merely a var. of it.

7. APARGIA.
I. A. hispida {rough Apargia), scape single-flowered, leaves den-
tate scabrous, "florets hairy at their orifice glandular at th«

228 SYNGEN. POLYGAM. .i:aUAL,

tip," 5m. Li a hff. p. 433- {Leoniodon hispidum). E.5./.554
( Hedypnoh kispida) .

Had. Meadows and pastures, frev-juent, Lightf. J7. June. 11.

Leaves radical, oblong, lanceolate, more or less deeply toothed, some-
times almost pinnatifid, clothed with forked hairs. Flowers solitary,
upon a hairy scape, large, yellow, drooping before expansion. In-
volucre hairy. — Sir J. E. Smith says that the hairs at the orifice of
each floret distinguish this plant from ^. hlrta, as well as from every
other specie.^ of the genus.

2. A. hirln {defideiit ylpargia), scape single-flowered, leaves den-
tate scabrous, involucre nearly glabrous^ outer pericarps with
a scaly pappus. E. B. t. 555.

Hab. Gravelly pastures and moors about Glasg., occasionally > moors
about Airdrie, Hopkirk. North Queensferry, Maughan. Ft. July,
Aiig. 11 .

This species was by Lightf. and many of th« older botanists confound-
ed with the last, but is in reality very distinct from it : — the flow-
ers are much smaller, reddish beneath, and there is a great peculi-
arity in the outer seedvessels, they not having a pappus composed
of hair-like processes, but of small membranous scales.

3. A. Taraxaci {alpine ^pargia), scape single-flowered thick-
ened upwards, leaves glabrous runcinato-dentate, involucre
very hairy. Light/', p. 435 (Hieracium Taraxaci). E. B,
t. 1109 {HedypnoisTarax.).

Hab/ Wet ground on the sides of the Highland mountains ; as on,
Ben-na-Caillich in Strath- Swardle. Fl. .July, Aug. % .

Remarkable for its scape, w-hich is thickened upwards, and having there,
like the involucre, blackish hairs. Flowers rather large, yellow.

4. A. auiiimnalis {alumiial Jpargia), scape branched scaly up-
wards, leaves lanceolate toothed or pinnatifid subglabrous, pe-
duncles swelling beneath the involucre. Lightf, p. 433 {Leon-
todon aulumnale), E. B, t. S30 {Hedypnois autumn.),

Hab. Meadows and pastures, frequent. Fl. Aug, 1/ ,
Involucre cylindrical, and tapering down gradually into the scape..
Flowers rather large, yellow.

8. hip:racium.

* Scape naked (or rarely with one leaf), single-Jlowered.
1. M. alpimim {alpine Haivkweed), scape 1 -flowered leaflets
hairy, as well as the oblongo-lanceolate entire leaves, involucre
thickly clothed all over with long silky hairs. Lightf. p. 434.

t. 18. E.B.t.xno.

Hab. Dry soil near the summits of the Highland mountains, as in
Breadalbane and Glenco, Dr. Stuart. In Ross-shire and in Skye,
Lightf. On Ben Arthur, opposite Arroquhar, Mr. Borrer and
Hook. Fl. July, Aug, 1/ .

Four to six inches high. Leaves with numerous whitish hairs, especi-
ally at the base, which is lengthened into a petiole. Hairs on
lUie upper part of the stem black at the base, and often mixed

SYNGEN. POLYGAM. .i:q.UAL. 229^

with minute black glandular hairs. Involucre thickly clothed all
over with ding-y coloured or fulvous long silky hairs, which admira-
bly distinguishes this species. Floivers always solitary, large, deep
yellow.

2^ H. Halleri {Hallerian Hawk weed) ^ scape 1- flowered with
one or rarely two leaves hairy, as well as the spathiilato-lan-
ceolate toothed leaves, involucre with rather long silky hairs
principally near the margins of the scales. Decaiid, Fl.
Gait, p. 258. H. pumilum, JVilld. {according to Seringe),
H. villosum, E, B. t. 2379 (garden specimen), but surely not
of Linn.

Hab. Clova Mountains and Ben Lawers, G. Don. Ben-y-More near
Killin, Mr. Turner and Hook. FL Aug. 7/ .

Much like the last, for which I mistook it myself when I gathered it on
Ben-y-More ; but on comparing numerous specimens of the two I
am disposed to keep them distinct, 'flie present is rather the tall-
er of the two, and stouter ; there is always one leaf at least upon
the scape ; the leaves are toothed, and the involucre has the back of
the scales almost entirely destitute of those long, beautiful, silky hairs
which are so characteristic of H, alp. — I have never seen either of
these two species with more than one flower. Both are abundant
m Switzerland, and retain the characters above giv^en to them,

3. H. Pilosella {Mouse-ear Huivkiveed), scape one-flowered
naked, leaves entire elliptico-lanceolate hairy downy beneath,
scions creeping. Lighif.p. 436, E. B, t,\093,

Hab. Banks and dry pastures, common. FZ. June. 1/,

Distinguished at all times by the creeping scions 3 the leaves, which are

downy beneath, and scattered all over, especially at the margin,

with long rather rigid hairs ; and the pale yellow colour of the Jlow^

ers. Scape more or less downy, and with glandular scattered hairs,

** Scape naked {or rarely vnth a single leaf), mamj-Jlowered.

4. H. duFmm {branching Mouse-ear Flawkweed)^ scape many-
flowered naked (or with one small leaf), leaves entire elliptico-
lanceolate with only a few scattered hairs^ scions creeping.
E. B. I. 2332.

Hab. Scotland, Mr. G. Don, and received from that country at the
Cambridge Bot. Garden. Sm. in E.B. Fl. July, Aug, 7/.

Taller and slenderer than the last, with smaller flowers, from 3 — 5, at
the extremity of the scape, on longish footstalks, which as well as
the upper part of the scape are pubescent and subglandular. Leaves
sometimes almost glabrous, often hairy, especially towards the base
and on the edges. Can the //. Auricula of Smith be a var. of this }

5. H. aurantiacnm {orange- coloured Hawkiveed), scape nearly
naked simple hairy bearing a corymb of many flowers, leaves
obovato-lanceolate entire rough with longish hairs, JE. B,

t.\m. ^

Hab. Several woods in Bamfi'shire ; and at Craigston in the neighs
bourhood of Turref, G. Don in E. B. Coalston woods^ E.Lothian,

230 SYNGEN. POLYGAM. zEGlUAL.

Mr. Walker. Woods to the eastward of Kenmore, Maug/i. FL
July. 7/ .
One foot high, throwing out creeping scions from the root. Leaves
more or less hairy, with usually fulvous hairs. Scape very hairy j
hairsT, in the upper part, black at the base, as they are upon the in-
volucre , sometimes all black. Flowers very deep orange colour, in
a more or less crowded corymb.

*** Stem with few (1 — 2) leaves, many-Jlowered.

6. H. Lawsoni {glaucous hairy Hawkweed)^ stem more or less
branched upwards where it is the most hairy and the hairs
mixed with black glands having 1 — 2 sessile leaves, radical
leaves ovato-lanceolate petiolate entire or toothed towards the
base hairy especially on the petioles, involucres with hairs
which are black at the base mixed with black pedunculated
glands.
«, leaves lanceolate shortly petiolate nearly entire with 3 — 5 flow-
ers. H. Lawsoni, E, B. t. 2083.
/3. leaves broadly ovato-lanceolate nearly entire upon long peti-
oles, 2 — 4 flowers. H.saxatile, Decand. FL Gall. p. 259.
y. leaves broadly ovato-lanceolate deeply toothed towards the base,

flower solitary.
Hab. a. Foot of Ben Cruachan, Mr. Borrer and Hook. Rock in Cor-
rie Cruachan, Mr. Borrer. — /3. Dry rocks on the ascent to Ben Lo-
mond from Tarbet, about half way up. Hook. — y. Rocks on Ben
Lawers and the Clova mountains, G. Don. FL Aug. 1/ .
My specimens, gathered at Ben Cruachan, precisely accord with the
figure in E. Bot., allowing for that being taken from a cultivated
specimen. Leaves sometimes spotted with purple, very villous with
long white hairs on the petioles. Stem rarely bearing one flower
(and then coming very near H. Halleri) , mostly divided above the
middle into 3 — 4 branches, 6 — 10 inches high, very haiiy, the
upper part with rigid whitish hairs black at the base and mixed with
black glandular bristles. Involucre hairy in the same way. Flower
rather large, yellow.
7. H. murorum {Wall Hawhveed), stem branched upwards sub-
corymbose downy especially beneath the involucre where are a
few black glands having 1 petiolated leaf, radical leaves ovate or
lanceolate entire or dentate at the base hairy, as well as the
longish petioles, involucre downy.
a, leaves broadly ovate toothed at the base. H,murorum, Lightf,

p. 437. E.'B. t.20S2.
§>, lieaves lanceolate more or less toothed often spotted or clouded

with purple. H. pulmonarium, E. B.t. 2307 ?
Hab. a. In woods, on walls, and on rocks, common. — (3. Rocks in the
Highlands ; half way up Ben Lomond from Tarbet, along with H.
Lawsoni /S,, Hook. Glen Nevis, near the bridge ? Mr. Borrer. High-
laud mountains, not uncommon^ D. Don. Ft. Aug. % .

SYNGEN. POLYGAM. iliO-UAL. 231

It is very difficult to draw the line between this species amd the neigh-
bouring one {H. mm or.); which may indeed be said of almost
every individual in the genus. The present is from 4 or G inches,
in poor soils, to 2 feet in height. The stem wants the long
whitish hairs of the last species and is only closely pubescent
at the extremity, where there are sometimes a few black glandular
bristles. The involucre has that same short pubescence. The
Leaves vary wonderfully in breadth and in denticulation as well as
in hairiness, though they are always less hairy tli^n those of
H. Lawsoni, especially about the petioles. There is one rather
large and more or less petiolated leaf on the stalk, rarely one or
two small ones above.

**** Stem with many leaves, many-lowered.

8. H. sylvaticum{lVood Hawkweed),fitem many leaved branched
upwards and subcorymbose slightly hairy and more or less
downy beneath the involucre, leaves ovato-lanceolate or laiiceo-
late toothed with the sharp teeth pointing upward somewhat
hairy, involucre with very short pubescence.

a. leaves ovato-lanceolate green with small teeth. H. sylvati-
cum, E. B. t. 2031.

j8. leaves ovato-lanceolate green deeply toothed at the base.
H, ramosum, Waldst. and Kit. FL Hung, D, Don, MSS,
ined.

y. leaves ovato lanceolate spotted with dark purple with large
teeth. H. maculatum, E.B. ^ 2121.

8. leaves lanceolate spotted and clouded with purple. H. pic-
turn, Schleicher.

Hab. a. Mountainous woods, frequent ; about Lanark, Hopk. Walls,
rocks, and dry woods, not rare, D. Don. Woods near Lismahago
and Strathaven, Mr. Murray. (S. Brought many years ago from
Scotland by Mr. Dickson, and cultivated by Mr. E. Forster. Bu^hy
places in Scotland, D. and G. Don. y. Fir wood E. of Forfar,
G. Don. $. Woods near Forfar, G. Don. Luss River, Dickson.
Fall of the Aray 2 m. above Inver Aray, and at Inver Moriston, Mr.
Borrer. FL Aug. 1/ .

One foot to two feet high, scarcely hairy on the stem, though in the
var. /3. found by Mr. Dickson the lower parts of the stem and of
the petioles of the leaves have long hairs, whilst that var. ((3.) found
by Mr. Don is very nearly glabrous. The leaves are usually nu-
merous ; yet I have seen some starved vars. which had so few that
it was difficult to recognise them as distinct from H. murorum.

9. W. denticulatum [small- toothed Hawkweed), *^ stem erect
many-flowered solid, leaves sessile elliptic-lanceolate finely
toothed smoothish glaucous beneath, flovverstalks glandular
and cottony," Sm. E. B. ^ 2122.

Hab. Loch Rannoch, Perthshire, and among bushes on the banks of
the Earn, G. Don. Banks of the Clyde at Daldowie with H. sa-
haudum, Hopk. Fl. Aug. 1| .

2S*2 SYSTGEN. POLYGAM. .^aiJAt.

*' Stem 3 feet high, erect, round, striated, roughish, spongy, and solid,
scarcely tistiilose within" (Sm.). I have never seen a specimen of
this, and therefore quote Smith's characters. It is the H. preBmin-
thoides of Fl. Brit. ; not of Compendium, ed.3. p. 119,

10. H. molle (soft-leaved Hawkweed), stem panicled fistulose,
leaves lanceolate obsoieteiy toothed semiamplexicaul, lower
ones petiolate very obtuse. JS. B. t. 2210. H, succiscBfolium^
Decatid. and Seringa,

Hab. Woods in the south of Scotland, Dickson. Among bushes in
meadows N. of Forfar, G. Don. Lower fall of the Tummel, Glen
Luss, Mr. Borrer. Fl. July, Aug. "2/ .

I have never seen British specirnens of this ; but my Swiss ones pre-
cisely accord with the figure in E. B. The plant is about one foot
high, remarkable for the obtuse radical leavei, which taper gra-
dually into a long footstalk. Scales of the involucre with a few black
glandular hairs.

11. H. paludosHJn {Succory -leaved Hawkwecd), glabrous, stem
panicled fistulose, leaves ovato-oblmig acute toothed embracing
the stem with their heart-shaped base, scales of the involucre
with black hairs or bristles. Ligktf. p. 538. E. B. t. 1094.

Hab. Sides of rivers and in wet and rocky places, abundant. R. Aug.

One foot to two feet high. Readily known by the absence of all pu-
bescence, the very amplexicaul leaves, and their spreading or de-
flexed teeth, together with the caL, Avhich has longish, quite black
hairs.

12. H. cerint hordes {Honey -iuort-leaued hlaivkweed), stem co-
rymbose hairy above, leaves hairy very slightly toothed radical
ones oblongo-obovate petiolate cauline ones oblong semiam-
plexicaul, involucre hairy. E. B. t. 237 S.

Hab. Rocks near the head of Clova, O. Don.
One to one foot and a half high, rather stout.

13. H. an\plex\caule {amplexicaul Haivkweed), glanduloso-
pilose, stem ^corymbose, leaves toothed, radical ones oblongo-
ovate petiolate, cauline ones cordate at the base amplexicaul.
Willd, Sp. PL p. 1582. Ml, Fed,

Hab. Walls of the castle of Cleish, Kinross-shire, Mr. Arnott. Mr.
Borrer possesses specimens from G. Don, gathered on the Clova
mountains. Fl. Aug. 11 .

This interesting addition to the British Flora has many points in com-
mon with ihe last species, but is every where covered w ith brown-
ish glandular hairs, most thickly on the peduncles and involucre.
T^e lower cauline leaves are more or less oblong, the upper ones
Iruly cordate.

14. H. preen ant hoides {rough-bordered Hawkweed), " stem
erect many-flowered, leaves amplexicaul somewhat toothed
rough at the margin lower ones oblang, peduncles dovvnv,'*
Sm, E, B. I. 2235.

SYNGEN. — POl^YGAM. .^EttUAL. 233

Hab. Brought from Scotland by Mr. Dickson. Banks of the Esk,
near the farm called the Cairn^ near Forfar, G. Don. Near Pit-
main, Mr. M'iTa?/. FZ. Aug. IJ..

" Differs from H. denticulatum, with which it was confounded in
FL Brit., in having the leaves embrace the stem by their rounded
dilated base, and in their roughness near the edge, which therfe
forms a bristly border. These marks are enough to distinguish
them." Sm. in E. B.

15. H. sahaudum (shruhly Hawkweed), ** stem erect many-
flowered, leaves ovato-lanceolate deutato -serrate half em-
bracing the stem hairy beneath, tlie lower ones elliptico-lan-
ceolate,'' Sm. Light/', p. 439. E.B.t.S49.

Hab. Woods and rough stony places, Lightf. Sides of rivers, fre-
quent, about Glasg., Hopk. Ft. Aug., Sept. 11 .
** Two to three feet high, somewhat shrubby, rough, rigid." Sm.

16. H. umhellatum (narrow- lea oed Hawkweed), stem er€ct
simple very leafy, leaves linear lanceolate subglabrous slightly
t<30thed, flowers subumbellate, peduncles downv, involucres
glabrous. Lightf. p. 439. E. B.l.Mll.

Hab. Rough stony places, but not very common. King's Seat at
Dunkeld, Lightf. Fl. Aug., Sept. % .

The most decidedly marked perhaps of any individual in this most
difficult genus. — -Scotland produces every British species, except
the doubtful H. auricula: it is then to the botanists of this cour.try,
who live, as it were among them, that a more satisfactory history
of these plants should be looked for.

9. CREPIS.

1. C pulchra {small-Jlowered Hawk's- beard), ^' leaves pubes-
cent toothed those on the stem subsagittate, stem panicled
corymbose, involucre pyramidal glabrous," Sin, E.B.t. 2325.
Prenanthes pulch., Decand.

Hab. Cnimbling rocks on the hill of Turin, near Forfar, Mr. G. Don.
Fl. June, Sept. O .

Hadical leaves obovate, toothed, tapering downward ; cauline ones
very few, small, clasping the stem with their toothed bases. — Sir
J. E. Smith observes that the scales of the involucre are not deci-
duous, nor does the involucre itself satisfactorily accord with the
genus. Hence Decandolle has placed it in that of Prenanthes.

2. C. tectoriim {smooth Hawk's- beard), leaves glabrous runci-
nate, the upper ones linear-sagittate amplexicaul, stem gla-
brous, panicle subcorymbose, involucre pubescent. Lightf.
p. 440. E.B. t. lU'l.

Hab. Meadows, pastures, and upon turfed and thatched cottages.

Ft. July, Aug. O .
Sterns 1 — 3 feet high. Radical leaves more or less pinnatifid or run-

cinate ; their teeth or segments often horizontal, sometimes currrd

upward-s. Flowers small, yellow.

234 SYNGEN. POLYGAM. iEGlUAL.

10. HYPOCH.ERIS.

1. H, maculata {spotted Cai's^ear), stem almost leafless solita-
ry, leaves ovato-oblong undivided toothed (spotted above).
E.B.t. 225.

Hab. Dry woods E. of Forfar, G. Don. Fl. July. If..

Leaves almost all radical, scabrous. Stem or scape with 2 — 3 lan-
ceolate scales or bracteas, and, as well as the involucre, slightly
hispid. Flowers solitary, large, deep yellow.

2. H. glabra {smooth Cat's-ear), nearly glabrous, involucre
oblong imbricated, stem branched somewhat leafy, radical
leaves dentato-sinuate. Lightf. p. 442. E. B. t. 575.

Hab. Mountainous pastures and gravelly soils, but not common,

Lightf. F/. July, Aug. 0.
A foot or more in height. Leaves oblong, slightly hairy. Flowers

small, yellow. Pappus of the central florets stipitate, that of the

circumference sessile.

3. H. radicata {lovg-rooted Cat's-ear), stem branched leafless
glabrous, peduncles with small scales, leaves runcinate obtuse
scabrous. Lightf, p. 443. E. B. /. 831.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, common. FZ. July. 1/.

Leaves all radical, spreading. Stem a foot or more high. Peduncles

a little thickened upwards. F/oii;e7S rather large, yellow. Pappus

stipitate.

11. LAPSANA.

1. L. communis {Nipple-wort), involucre of the fruit angular,
stem panicled, peduncles slender, leaves ovate petiolate angu-
lato-dentate. Lightf . p, AAA, E.B.t.QAA.

Hab. Waste and cultivated ground, common. F/. July, Aug, ©.
Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Leaves soft and thin, slightly hairy, the radi-
cal ones more or less lyrate. Flowers small, yellow.

2. L. minima {least Nipple-wort), scape branched very thick
and fistulose upwards, leaves obovato-oblong toothed. De-
cand. Fl. Gall. p. 256. Lightf. p. 442, and E. B. t. 95
{Hyoseris minima). Lapsana pusilla, IVilld., and Sm. Com-
pend. Fl. Brit. ed. 3. p. 119.

Hab. Corn-fields in a gravelly or sandy soil, but rare, Sihhald. Fl.

June, July. O .
Scapes 6 — 8 inches high, more or less branched, remarkable for their

clavate and fistulose extremities. Flowers small, yellow.
12. CICHORIUM.
1. C. Lntylus {wild Succory), flowers sessile axillary in pairs,

leaves runcinate. E. B. t. 539.
Hab. Borders of fields and waste places, but rare. In a field near

Foxhall, Edinb., Maugh. Borders of corn-fields in several parts

of the Mearns, Prof. Beattie. Field near Belvidere and one near

Toll-cross-iGlasg., Hopk. Fields in Kinross-shire, Mr. Greville.

Scattered about the country, Mr. Arnott. Fl. July, Aug. 7/ .

SYNGEN. POLYGAM. iEftUAL. 235

Stem 1 foot to 3 feet high, erect, branched. Flowers numerous, large,
bright, but, pale blue. Not the Endive or Succory of the gardens,
which is Cich. Endivia, supposed to be a native of India.

** Capitati.

13. ARCTIUM.

1. A. Lappa {common Burdock), leaves cordate petiolate.
Liohlf.p.AA^.

a. cal. glabrous. 7^. jB. /. 1228 {Arctium Lappa),

/3. cal. with a cobweb-like down. E, B, t. 21/8 {Arctium
Bardana).

Hab. Waste places and way-sides, frequent. Z^. July, Aug. ^.

Two to three feet or more high. Radical leaves very large, often
slightly toothed. Cal. globose, Avith spinous, hooked scales, which
stick most pertinaciously to clothes and the coats of animals. These
.scales are sometimes glabrous, and sometimes have a more or less
abundant cottony substance interwoven with them ; whence two
species have been established by some authors. Floicers purple.

14. SERRATULA.

1. S. tinctoria {common Saw-wort), leaves sharply serrated gla-
brous piniiatifid the terminal lobe the largest, flowers in a
small clustered umbel. Light/, p. 447. E. B. t. 38.

Hab. Woods and wet pastures, but not common. Light/. Banks of
the Clyde between Daldowie and Bothwell, Hopfc. Sea-shore, near
the mouth of the Dee, Galloway, and between the Nunneiy and
Senwick, in the parish of Borgue, Dr. Walker. Fl. Aug. % .

Two to three feet high, branched, stitf. Flowers purple. Dyes cloth
of a yellow colour.

2. S. alpina {alpine Saw-wort), leaves ovato- lanceolate atte-
nuated at the base undivided toothed cottony beneath, invo-
lucre hairv, flowers in a clustered umbel. Ligktf. p. 448. t, 19.

E. B. t. 599.

Hab. Sides of the Highland mountains, among rocks ; in Breadal-
bane. Glen Lyon, Glenorchy, and in Skye ; also near Motl'at, in
Annandale, Lightf. Ben Arthur, by Arroquhar, Mr. Borrer and
Hook. Mountains in the Isle of Rum j and in a deep gulley at the
foot of White Coom Edge, Annandale, Dr. Walker. FL Aug. % .

Stem 8 — 1 2 inches high, erect, simple, woolly. Leaves few upon the
stem. jF?0M;er5 larger than in the last-mentioned species, purple.

1.5. CARDUUS.

* Leaves decurrent.

I. C. nutans {Musk-thistle), leaves decurrent spinous, flowers

drooping, scales of the involucre lanceolate cottony, outer

ones spreading. Light/, p. 450. E. B. t.l\l2.

Hab. Waste places near towns, and in diy pastures and rough stony

soils. FZ. July, Aug. <J. (O, 6'm.)
Two to three feet high, not much branched, cottony, interruptedly

236 SYKGEN. POLYGAM. .liGlUAL.

winged. Leaves oblong, deeply sinuated. Flowers solitaiy, largf ,
handsome, purple ; said to smell powerfully of musk in warm wea-
ther : most so in the evening according to Lightf.

2. C. Qcanlfwides {welted Thistle)^ leaves decurrent sinuated
spinous, involucre globose nearly sessile its scales linear slightly
recurved. Lightf. p. 452 (C. crhpus). E. B. t. 973.

Hab. Way-sides and waste places j varying with white flowers. Fl.

June, July. 0.
Three to four feet high, uninterruptedly winged, branched. Flowers

clustered at the ends of the branches, deep purple.

3. C. temiiflorus {dender-flowei ed Thistle), leaves decurrent si-
nuated spinous somewhat cottony beneath, involucres nearly
cylindrical clustered sessile their scales lanceolate erect.
Lightf. p, 452 {C. temiiflorus). E. B. ^ 4 12.

Hab. Waste places near towns, especially by the sea-coast. Abun-
dant about Edinb,, Maugh. About Balvie, near Glasg., Hopk.
Fl. June, July. O .

Two to four feet high, winged the whole way up the stem with the de-
current bases of the leaves. Flowers small, pale purple.

** Leaves sessile.

4. C. mnriamis {Milk- thistle), leaves amplexicaul waved spi-
nous, the radical ones pinnatifid, scales of the involucre sub-
foliaceous recurved spinous at the margin. Lightf, p. 454.
E. B. t. 976.

Hab. Banks and waste places about towns and villages. Castle rock
at Edinb., Dr. Parsons. King's Park, Ediiib., Maugh. Rock of
Dumbarton castle, HopAr., &c. F/. July. 0.

Three to five feet high. Distinguishable at once by the milky veins
on the leaves and the great recurved scales of the involucre.

16. CNICUS.

'* Leaves decurrent.

i. Cn. lanceolatus [Spear-thistle) , leaves decurrent hispid
pinnatifid their segments generally two-lobed spreading spi-
nous, involucres ovate tomentose their scales lanceolate
spreading. Lightf p. 450, and £. B. t, 107 {Carduus lane),

Hab. Way-sides, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. ^ ,

Three to four feet high. Leaves downy beneath ; point long, very
sharp. Flowers standing singly, large.

2. Cn. palustris {Marsh-thistle), leaves decurrent scabrous pin-
natifid spinous, involucres ovate clustered their scales ovato-
lanceolate mucronate appressed. Lightf, p. 452, and E. B,
t, 974 {Carduus pal.).

Hab. Moist meadows and shady places, frequent. Fl. July. (^ .

Four to six feet high, veiy full of rather short spines, very erect. Re-
markable for its clustered heads oi flowers, whose involucres have
the scales broad, appressed, keeled, and mucronated.

SYNGEN. POLYGAM. i^GlUAL. 237

** Leaves sessile.

3. Cn. arvensis {creeping Thistle)^ leaves sessile pinnatifid spi-
nous, stem panicled, involucre ovate, scales appressed mucro-
nated. Light/, p. 449 {Serratula arv.). E. B. t, 1)75 {Car-
dims arv.).

Hab. Fields and by way-sides, too abundant. Fl. July. % ,
One foot to three feet high. Stems angular, but not winged.

4. Cn. eriopliorus (^woolly -headed Thistle), leaves sessile pinna-
tifid every other segment pointing upwards spinous scabrous,
involucres sphaerical woolly. Light/, p. 454, and E. B. ^.386
( Carduus erioph.) .

Hab. Road-sides, <Src., but rare. Sea-side between Blackness and
the Queensferry ? Sibbald. Road-side near Oxenford Castle and
Chesteriiall, 9 m. from Edinb., Maugh. Dumbarton Castle ? Mr.
Murray. Ap^piu, Capt. Carmichaet. Fl. July. c?.

Stems much branched, 3 feet high, the stoutest of the genus furrowed.
Leaves acuminated, white, and downy beneath ; the lobes alternately
pointing upwards and downwards, and terminated with sharp spines.
Involucre very large ; its scales linear, mucronate, very much in-
terwoven with a woolly substance.

5. Cn. heterophil llus {melancholy Thistle), leaves amplexicaul
lanceolate ciliato-deutate undivided or laciniated white and
downy beneath, flowers mostly solitary. Light/, p. 456 {Car^
duns heterophyllus), and p. 467 {Carduus helenioides). E. B.
t. 675 {Carduus heteroph.).

Hab. Marshy places and on wet hills, especially in the Highlands.

Rosslvn and Auchindenny woods, Maugh. Daldowie, neai- Glasg.,

Dr. Brown. Fl. July. 11 .
Two to three feet high. Stems striated, and, as well as the underside

of the leaves, covered with a white, cottony dowm. Leaves mostly

radical, and these petiolated. Involucre oblong, dark green ; its

scales lanceolate, acuminate, but not spiny.

6. Cn. pratensis {Meadow Thistle), leaves sessile lanceolate
waved at the edge and unequally spinous pubescent cottony
beneath, flowers mostly solitary. E. B. t. 177.

Hab. Moist pastures in Loch-na-daal, Isla, Dr. Walker. I think Mr,
Murray brought an indift'erent specimen of it from A^ran. Fl. July.

About 1 f. high. Leaves waved, toothed and spiny. Flower soUtaiy *
scales of the involucre with short spines, lanceolate, closely imbri-
cated.

7. Cn. acaulis {dwar/ Thistle)., stemless, involucre glabrous.
Light/, p. 458, and E. B. t. 161 {Carduus acaulis).

Hab. Dry pastures, but not common. Fl. July. 1/ .

Leaves spreading, close to the ground, oblong, pinnatifid; the segments
lobed and spinous, glabrous. From the centre of these leaves
arises 1 sessile, deep purple flower. Involucre obovato-cylindrical^
imbricated with closely placed, appressed, lapceolate, acute, green-
ish scales, not spinous.

238 SYNGEN. POLYGAM. iEaUAL.

17. ONOPORDUM.

1 . O. Acanlhium {Cotton Thistle), scales of the involucre spread-
ing subulate, leaves ovato-oblong sinuated and spinous decur-
rent woolly on both sides. Li^hlf. p. 458. E. B. t. 977.

Hab. Waste places near towns and villages, as at Weems on the coast
of Fife and half a mile beyond Preston Pans, &c. Light/. Field close
by the village of Cockenzie ; near Melrose ; and Links at Port
Seton, Maitgh. Near Musselburgh, Mr. Arnott. Fl. Aug. ^ .

Four to six feet high, branched and winged to the summit. Wings
veiy spinous. Involucre globose. Flowers purple.

18. CARLINA.

1. C. vulgaris (common Carline), stem many-flowered corymbose
pubescent, leaves lanceolate unequally spinous and sinuated
downy beneath. Light/', p. 460. E. B. t. \\44.

Hab. Dry hilly pastures, but not very common, Lighff. Near Ar-
broath, Mr. D. Stewart. Coast of Angus-shire, Mr. D. Don.
Coast of Galloway, near Glenluce ; and heughs of St. Cyrus, near
Montrose, Maugh. f/. June. ^.

One foot high. Very spinous, but the spines generally short. Exte-
rior scales or leaflets of the involucre much resembling the leaves,
but smaller j inner ones linear membranous, yellow, entire, forming
a horizontal ray round the florets. Flowers purplish. Anthers with
2 bristles at the base.

*** Discoidei.

19. BIDENS.

1. B. cermia {nodding Bur -Marigold), flowers drooping, brac-
teas lanceolate entire (longer than the involucre), leaves lan-
ceolate serrated undivided, bristles of the pericarp about 4
erect. Light/ . p. 461 . E. B.tA\ 14.

Hab. Sides of rivulets, ditches, and lakes, frequent. Fl. June — ^Aug.

One to two feet and more high, branched, slightly hispid. Leaves gla-
brous, deeply serrated. Flowers large, greenish yellow.

2. B. tripartita {trifid Bur- Marigold), leaves tripartite, leaflets
lanceolate deeply serrated, bristles of the pericarp 2 — 3.
Light/, p. 462. E.B.t.inS.

Hab Marshy places and sides of lakes, Dr. Parsons. Kinross-shire,

Mr. Arnott. Rare about Glasg. ; edge of a loch near New Kil-

patrick, N. side, Hopk. Fl.. July. Q.
Readily distinguished by its tri- and sometimes quinque-partite leaves.

The Jiowers, which are slightly drooping, are also smaller than those

of B. cernua.

20. EUPATORIUM.
1. E. can?iabinum (Hemp- Agrimony), leaves opposite sub-pe-

tiolate tri-quinque- partite their segments lanceolate deeply

serrated. Light/, p. 464. E. B. t. 428.

SYNGEN. — ^POLYGAM. iEGtUAt. 239

Hab, Banks of rivers and lakes, not unfrequent. In Clifton-ings
and among rocks below Kinghorne, Dr. Parsons. Laswade, Mr.
D. Stewart. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Rare about Glasg. j marshy-
place in Carmyle wood, abundant, Hopk. Fl. Aug. © .

Stems 3 — 4 feet high, branched. Leaves pubescent, their middle lobe
the longest. Flowers very numerous, thickly crowded in terminal
corymbs of a pale reddish purple. -S/y/e longer than the cor., deeply
cleft. Plant slightly aromatic.

2. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.

21. TANACETUM.
* DiscoiDEi. Corollas of the ray obsolete.
1. T, vulir are {common Tail sy), leaves bipinnatifid inciso-ser-

rate. Xightf.p. 465. E. B. t. 1229.
Hab. Borders of fields and road-sides, not uncommon, especially about

Glasg. Fl. Aug. 1/ .
Stems 1 — 3 feet high, erect, slightly branched. Flowers yellow, in a

terminal corymb. Florets of the ray very few, ligulate, tridentate.

Whole plant very bitter iind aromatic. It has been much used for

medicine, and also in domestic economy as an ingredient of puddings.

22. ARTEMISIA.

1. A. maritima {diooping-flowered Sea Wbrmioood), "leaves
downy pinnated the uppermost undivided, racemes drooping,
receptacle naked, flowers oblong sessile," Sm, Light/, p. iCtti.
E.B.t.\706.

Hab. Sea-shore, but not very common : as upon the coast by Guillon
Loch, Dr. Parsons. Banks of the Peffer burn, near Aberlady, and
on the coast of Galloway at St. Mary's isle, Maugh. Fl. Sept. 7/ .

One foot high, clothed with soft, white, cottony down. Leafl,ets 3-cleft,
their segments linear. Flowers small ; involucre woolly. Flowers
of the ray very few, sometimes 0.

2. A. gallica {upright -Jioivered Sea Wormwood), " leaves downy
pinnated radical ones capillary upper ones undivided, racemes
erect, receptacle naked^ flowers oblong," Sm. E. B, t, 1001
{A, maritima).

Hab. At Peff'er burn and at St. Maiy's isle, with the preceding, Maugh.

Rocks on the coast near Arbroath, Mr. D. Don. Fl. Sept. 11 .
" Distinguished by having its flowers drooping, which character seems

constant ; and accompanied by difterences in the general habit of

the plant." Sm.

3. A. Absinthium {common IVormivood)., leaves bi-tripinnatifid
clothed with short silky down, segments lanceolate, flowers
hemisphaerical drooping receptacle hairv. Light/ . p. 467.
£.5. /.1 230.

Hab. Waste places and way-sides, as about Aberlady and Queens-

^^rry, &c.. Dr. Parsons. Fl.Aug. "U .
One to one foot and a half, or more^ in height, striated, branched.

240 SYNGEN. POLYGAM. /EftUAI..

Panicles oi flowers erect, leafy. Floral leaves undivided. Florets
dingy yellow, those of the ray very short. Very aromatic and bit-
ter ; it has been much employed in medicine, but should be used
with caution.

4, A. vulgaris (Mugwort), leaves pinnatifid their segments cut
downy beneath, flowers somewhat racemed ovate, receptacle
naked. Lighif. p. 468. E. B. t. 978.

Hab. Under hedges and in waste places, common. Fl. Aug. 11 .

Stem 3 — 4 feet liigh, furrowed. Segments of the leaves acute, and
sharply cut. Involucres downy. Florets few, purplish. It seems
to possess, though in a slight degree, the properties of the last
species. ,

23. GNAPHALIUM.

* Flowers dioecious.

1. Gn. dioicum (Mountain Cz/c/fi^eec?), shoots procumbent, stems
simple, corymbs crowded, radical leaves spathulate, flowers
dioecious, inner scales of the involucre elongated obtuse co-
loured. Uglilf. p. 470. /. 20. E. B. i. 267.

Hab. Mountainous and alpine heathy ground, abundant. Hills about
Arthur's Seat, Lightf. Cathkin and Balvie, Glasg., Hopk. Fl.
June, July. "2/ .

Stems 3 — 4 inches high. Leaves greenish above, white and hoary be-
neath. Inner scales of the involucre often rose coloured, especially
in the fertile flowers.

** Flowers perfect.

2. Gn. sylv ail cum [Highland Cudweed) ^stem simple nearlyerect
downv, flowers axillary forming a distant leafy spike, leaves
linear lanceolate downy.

u. leaves woollv on both sides. G. sylv., Lighif. p. 47 1 . E. B,
/. 913.

j3. leaves nearly glabrous above, spike longer more interrupted.
G. rectum, E.B.t. 124.

Hab. Dry pastures in the Highlands, frequent ; as also in woods and
thickets, Lightf. (3. Possil marsh, Glasg., in dry spots, Hopk. and
D.Don. Augus-shire, not rare, G.Dow. F/. Aug. %.

1 can perceive no specific difterence between the 2 vars. here mention-
ed. They are both nearly erect, a span or more high, leafy. In the
axils of the long upper leaves are placed 2 — 3 ovate sessile ^ojrers,,
forming together a more or less interrupted spike. Scales of the
involucre oblong, shining with a broad, brown border.

2. Gx\. supinum {dwarf Cudweed), stem decumbent branching
only from the base, flowering stems erect, flowers solitary or
racemed, leaves linear downy on both sides. Light/, p. 470
(G.alpinum). E.B.i.\\93.

Hab. Near the summits of the Highland mountains, plentiful ; as
upon the top of Ben Lomond. Fl. July, Aug. 1/ .

Whole plant rarely exceeding 2 — 3 inches in height, clotUed ail over

SYNGEN. POLYGAM. SUPERF. 24 1

the stems and leaves with a white cottony pubescence. Flowers
large in proportion to the size of the plant, solitary, or 2 — 3 in a
leaVy raceme. Scales of the involucre oblong with a brown shining
mcmbranous edge. — May it not be an alpine var. of the last ?

0. G. uliginosu?n {Marsh Cudweed)^ stem very much branched
diffuse woolly? leaves linear lanceolate downy, flowers in termi-
nal crowded clusters which are shorter than the leaves. Lighlf,
p. 473. E. C. /. 1194.

H.\D. Sandy and wet places, especially where inundated in winter,
frequent. F/. Aug. Sept. 0.

Stem a span high, very much branched. Flowers 2 — 3 together in
the closely placed upper leaves, small, sessile, forming oblong clus-
ters at the extremity of the branches. Scales of tlie involucre yel-
lowish brown, sliining, glabrous.

4. G. gallicum [narrow -leaved Cudweed), stem erect dichoto-
mous, leaves linear acuminate downy, flowers crowded axil*
lary and terminal, clusters much shorter than the leaves. E.B,
i, 2369.

Hab. Dry banks near Forfar j also near Newburgh, Fifeshire, D.Don.

Fl. July, Aug. 0 .
Stems about a span high, slender, leafy. Floivers small, oblong, in

rather distant leafy clusters.

5. G. minimum [least Cudweed), stem erect branched, branches
spreading, leaves lanceolate acute cottony, flowers conical
clustered lateral and terminal, clusters longer than the leaves.
Lightf. p. 502 [Filago montana). E. B. t. 1 157.

Hab. iDr)- and gravelly places, common. Sandy hills, Tollcross, Glasg.,
plentiful, Ilopk. King's Park, Edinb., and race-ground, Mussel-
burgh, Mr. Greville. Fl. July, Aug. O .

Stems 4 — 6 inches high, slender, branched above in a dichotomoiis
manner. Involucres downy, broad at the base. Florets yellowish.

6. G. germanicum [common Cudweed), stem erect proliferous at
the summit, leaves lanceolate downy acute, flowers capitate in
the axils of the branches and terminal. Ligfitf, p. 501 {Fi-
lago germ.). E. B. t. 1946.

Hab. Sandy places and dry pastures, common, D. Don. King's Park,
Edinb., Mr. Greville. Occasionally about Glasg.3 as gravel pits at
Bothwell, Hopk. FL June, July. 0 .

Stem 6 — 8 inches high, erect, with numerous leaves, terminated by a
globular head of small ovate flowers, from beneath which spring
2 — 3 or more horizontal branches, in a proliferous manner, each
terminated by a similar head of flowers. This curious mode of ra-
mification occasioned the term of Herba impia to be applied by the
old botanists to this plant, as if the offspring were undutifuUy ex-
alting itself above the parent. Scales of the involucre yellowish,
shining, very acute, submucronate.

24. CONYZA.

1. C. squarrosa [Plowma7i's Spikenard), leaves pubescent ova-

R

i42 SYS'GEN. POLYGAM. SUPERF.

to-lanceolate serrated the upper ones entire, stem herbaceoiw
corymbose, scales of the involucre recurved leafy. Liglitf,
p. 473. E.'B.t. 1195.

Ha3. Dry gravelly soils, but rare. Near Blair^ in Athol? Dr. Par-
sons V. Lightf. Fl. Sept. Oct. <^ ,

Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Panicle leafy, with the leaves entire. Lower
leaves petiolate. Flowers yellow. Florets of the ray very small,
ligulate.

** Radiati.
25. ERIGERON.

1. E. acre {blue Flea-bane), peduncles alternate (scarcely race-
mose) single flowered, pappus as long as the florets of the ray,
leaves lanceolate obtuse. Lightf. p. 474. E. JB. /. 1 158.

Hab. Dry mountainous pastures, frequent. JF?. Aug. 11.

One foot to two feet high 3 whole plant scabrous, hispid, erect, pani-
cled above, and leafy ; Jlowers pedunculate from the axils of their
leaves, and terminal. Leaves below tapering into a footstalk. Scales
of the involucre linear-lanceolate, hispid. Florets of the disk yel-
low : of the ray ligulate, purplish. Pappus very long and awny.

2. E. alpinum {alpine Flea-bane), stems with usually only one
flower, pappus much shorter than the florets of the ray, leaves
lanceolate. E. B. t. 464, and /. 2416 {E. uniflorum).

Hab. Rocks on Ben Lawers, Mr. Dickson. Banks of the Almond,
above the bridge, G. Don. Fl. July. 11 .

Hairy or hispid like the last j but with much longer leaves in propor-
tion J 3 — 5 inches high, simple, with rarely more than one Jlower
at the summit, which is yellow in the centre usually, and purple in
the ray. Smith gives to the E. uniflorum the character of " florets
of the ray erect ;" so they are frequently in E. alpinum; and as I
can see no other mark either in Smith's figure or in the specimens
that I have received from the dicoverer Mr. G. Don^ I feel little he-
sitation in uniting the two.

26. TUSSILAGO.

* Flowers rayed. Scape single-flowered.

1. T. Farfara {Colt' s-foot) , scape single-flowered imbricated
with scales, leaves cordate angular toothed downy beneath.
Lightf. p. Alb. E. B. t. 429.

Hab. Moist and clayey soils, frequent, and very injurious to ploughed
lands. Fl. March, April. 1/ .

Poot thick, excessively creeping. Leaves radical, appearing after the
bright yellow flowers, white and downy beneath. Scapes very
downy. This down of the stems and leaves makes good tinder.
The leaves themselves have been used medicinally as an infusion,
or smoked like tobacco to relieve pulmonary disorders.
** Flowers all tubular. Scapes manyfowered.

2. T. Petasites {commo?i Butter-lmr) , thyrsus ovato-oblong,
leaves cordate unequally toothed with the lobes approximate

SYNGEN.— POLYGAM. SUPERF. 243

downy beneath. Lighlf, p. 477, and 476 (T. hylrida).
E. B. t. 431, and 430 (T. hjhrida),

Hab. River-sides, common. R. April, May. 7/ .

Root much creeping. Leaves, which come after the flowers, exces-
sively large, all radical on long footstalks. Scape a span high, thick
and scaly, with lanceolate spreading bracteas. tlowers purplish.
Some plants have all tho: florets with perfect ger?»e?j5, in which case
the stigma is deeply cleft and linear, and the anthers are imperfect
and not united ; others have imperfect germens, when the stigma is
■very much incrassated and ovate, tuberculated, and very slightly
notched, whilst at the same time the anthers are perfect, united or
syngenesious, purple, with white pollen. The former, with the per-
fect germens, producing no seed, have almost universally gone by
the name of T. hyhrida ; and to the latter the name of T. Petasites
has usually been confined. As these plants frequently grow sepa-
rate, the fruit is rare ; but nature has made ample amends, and by
the long creeping roots this species is multiplied, and proves very
destructive to pasture lands. — ^I'he early flowering of this plant in-
duces the Swedish farmers to plant it near the bee-hives. Thus
we see in our gardens the bees collected on its affinities, Tuss. alba
and fi'agrans, at a season when scarcely any other flowers are ex-
panded.

27. SENECIO.
* Florets all tubular.

1. S. vulgaris {common Groundsel), leaves semiamplexicaul
pinnatifid toothed, flowers in clustered corymbs destitute of a
ray. Light/, p. 47S, E.B.tJAl.

Hab. Waste grounds, fields, and hedges, abundant. Fl. the summer

through. O.
A span to a foot high. Flowers small, yellow. Used as cataplasms

by the Highlanders, Light/. Birds are very fond of the buds and

young leaves.

** Floivers rayed, with the ray rolled back.

2. S. viscosus {stinking Groundsel), ray revolute, leaves pinna-
tifid and viscid, scales of the involucre lax hairy. Light/
p.47S. E.B.t. 32.

Hab. Waste places, hedge banks, &c. Af Leven, on the coast of
Fife, near the salt works ; at Dysart, by the Pier, and at Charles-

• town. Lord Elgin's Lime-works, Lightf. King's Park and Figget
Whins, Maugh. Rawhead, by Glasg., Ure. Fl. July, Aug. 0.

■Sem 1 — 2 feet high, much branched and diffuse, remarkable for its
viscid hairs and fetid smell.

3. S. lividus {green-scaled Groundsel), '' ray revolute, leaves
amplexicaul lanceolate pinnatifid and toothed, ovate scales of
the involucre very short acute not discoloured," Sm, E. B.
/.2515.

Hab. Hill of Teu-haven, Angus-shire, abundant, G. Don. FL Sept;,
O.

R 2

244 SYNGEN. FOLYGAM. SL'PEFa'.

Leaves embracing the stem with their brcad-earcd base. " liubit ot

the following. Floivers deep yellow, small," Sm.
A. S. sylvat'icits (Mountain Groundsel), ray revolute, Icavesj

sessile pinnatifid lobed and toothed, scales of the involucre

very short glabrous, stem erect straight corymbose, L'tglUf,

p. 480. kB,t.74S,
Hab. Dry upland soils, banks and mounds of earth. Sec, L\ghtf.

About Tollcross, Glasg., fiopflC. F/. July. 0.
One foot high. Leaves finely divided. Plant with a disagreeable

smell, but not so powerful as in S. viscosus.

-x-x-x- .piotcers rayed, iv'Uh the ray patent. Leaves pviiiat'ifid.

5. S. Jacohcea {common Ragwort), ray spreading, leaves lyrate
bipinnatilid divaricated toothed glabrous, stem erect, pericarps
hairy. Ligfitf, p. 480. E. B, t. 1 130.

Hab. Way-sides and neglected upland pastures, too abundant. Fl.
July, Aug. 1/ .

Stem 2 — 3 feet high, striated, branched. Flowers large, golden yel-
low, in corymbs. Pericarps of the cl-ciunferenea hairy, those of
tlie disk glabrous.

6. S. aqiialicus {Marsh Ragivorl), ray spreading, lea\'es lyrate
serrated glabrous, the lowermost obovate and undivided, invo-
lucre hemisphaerical, pericarps glabrous. LightJ', p. 485 {S.
Jacobo'ay.), E, B. /. 1131.

Hab. Wet places, and by the sides of lakes. FL July, Aug. 7/ .
Flowers larger than the last.

**** Flowers rayed. Leaves undivided.

7. S. saracenicus {h road-leaved Groundsel), ray spreading,
leaves lanceolate sharply serrated nearly glabrous, corymbs of
rather few flowers. EIB. /. 221 1.

Hab. Moist meadows and pastvires, rare. In a small island on the
Clyde a little below Bothwell-bridge, Dr. Brown. Border of a field
near Mugdoch Castle, Glasg., Hopk. Bank of Eningtur, a stream
flowing into the Don, Anderson. Between Castle Douglas and near
New Galloway, Maugh. Fl. July, Aug. 1/ .

Three to five feet high. Ray of the Jower with very broad ligulate
florets.

28. ASTER.

1. A, Tripolmm {Sea Siar-wort), stem glabrous corymbose,
leaves linear-lanceolate fleshy obscurely 3-nerved, scales of the
involucre lanceolate membranous obtuse imbricated. Light f-.
p. 482. E. B. t. 87.

Hab. Salt marshes on the sea-coasts, plentiful. Fl. Aug., Sept. 11 ,■

One foot to two feet high. Flowers with the disk yellow ; the ray
blueish purple, but this latter is often wanting.

29. SOLIDAGO.

1. S. Virgazirea {common Golden-rod), caidine leaves lanceo-

SYXGENi— rOLYGAM. SUPERF. 245

late the lower ones elliptical, racemes panicled erect crowded.
Lighff. p. 4S2. E.B.trSOl,

H A B. "Mountainous pastures an J woods, plentiful.

Six inches to 2 — 3 feet high. Lower leaves petiolate, broad ; upper
ones sessile, recurved, all move or less downy. A var. is found in
elevated situations with broader radical leaves and fewer flowers
upon a very short stem. This has been made a species by some
rttithors. Has been used as a vulnerary and diuretic,
30. INULA. '

1. L Helcnmm {Elecampane), leaves amplexicaul somewhat
toothed ovate rugged downy beneath, scales of the involucre
downy. Light/, p. 484. E. B. t, 1546.

11 AB. Lowlands, near houses and gardens. Dr. Parsons; who did not
believe it to be really a native. Ruins of Mugdoch Castle, Hopk.
Castle of Inverugie ; also at St. Fergus, Aberdeenshire, Mr. Miir-
raij. Near Aros, in Mull, Mr. r?(r72er and i;/oo/c. FZ. July, Aug. 11.

Three to five feet high, branching upwards. Roicers large, terminal,
solitary, deep yellow. Scales of the involucre broad and leafy,
spreading.

2. L dysenlerica (conimoii Flea-hane), leaves oblongo-cordate
amplexicaul rugged downy, stem woolly panicled, scales of the
involucre setaceous. JS. ^. ^. 1 1 15.

Hab. Moist and watery places, rare. Near the Mull-head of Gal-
loway, Mnv.gh. Fl. Aug. % .
One foot high. Flowers rather large, yellow, with longish rays.

3. I. crithmoides {Samphire-leaved Flea- bane), leaves linear
fleshy generally 3- pointed. Ughlf] p. 1 107. E. B. i. 6S.

Hab. Sea-shore, rare. Ardbigiand, in the county of Galloway, Dr.

Burgess. Near the Mull-head of Galloway, with /. chjsenterica,

Maugh. Fl. Aug. If. .
0!ie foot high, a little branched at tlie summit, each branch bearing

a solitary yeWowJlower.

31. DORONICUM.

1. D. Vardallanches {great Leopard' s-h an e), leaves cordate
repando-dentate radical ones petiolate cauline ones amplex-
icaul. Lightf. p. 4S5. E. B. t, 630.

Hab. Several places in the Lowlands, as about Hoddam Castle, in
Annandale, &c., but always near houses, Lightf. Fields and hedges
about Hamilton, Hopk. Woods near Culross, Den of Dupplin
and Rosslyn, Maugh. Collington^ G. Don. — Scarcely indigenous.
Fl. June, July, ij. .

Two to three feet high, every where pubescent. Radical leaves very
large, in simple long petioles, more or less decidedly cordate j
lower cauline ones with the petiole winged and eared at the base ;
upper ones cordate or oblong. M'hen oblong it seems to be the
D. scorpiodes of Decand. and Willd. ; nor do I see from the de-
scription how D. plaritagineum diflers specifically. Flo{v^rs large,
bright yellow.

246 SYNGEN. POLY GAM. SUPERF.

32. BELLIS.
I. B. percmi'is {common Daisy), scape naked single-flowered,

leaves obovate crenate. Lightf, p. 487. E. B. t. 424.
Has. Pastures, frequent. Fl. from the early spring till the end of
autumn, ll .

33. CHRYSANTHEMUM.

1. Ch. Leucantliemu7n {great white Oa:-e?/e) , leaves amplexicaul
oblong obtuse cut pinnatifid at the base radical ones obovate
petiolate, stem erect branched. Lightf. p. 488. jG. B, t, 601.

Hab. Dry pastures, abundant. ¥1. June, July; if .
(SYem 1 — :2 f. high, furrowed. Flowers large ; their disk yellow 3 the
ray white.

2. Ch. segeium {Corn Marigold) , leaves amplexicaul glaucous
inciso-serrate above toothed at the base. Lightf, p. 489. jE. J5,
/.540.

Hab. Corn-fields, frequent. Very rare about Edinb., much too com-
mon elsewhere, Mr. Arnott. Fl. Aug. 0.
One foot or more high. Flowers large, deep yellow.

34. PYRETHRUM.

1. V.Parthenium {common F(?t'er/^?it'), leaves petiolate flat bipin-
nate the segments ovate cut, peduncles branched corymbose,
stem erect, involucre hemispheerical pubescent. Lightf. p. 490
{Matricaria Parth.). E, B. t. 1231.

Hab. Waste places near houses, and on rocks. Fl. July. 1/ .
One foot to two feet high, branched. Disk of the fowers yellow, the
ray very short, white.

2. P. inodoriim {scentless Fevetfew), leaves sessile bipinnatifid
with the segments capillary, stem branched spreading, pappus
entire. Lightf p. 488 {Chrysanth. inod.). E, B, t. 676.

Hab. Fields and way-sides, common. f7. Aug., Oct. ©.
Stem about one foot high. Flowers large, upon long naked peduncles ;
disk very convex, yellow 3 ray large, pure white.

3. P. maritimiim {Seaside Feverfew), leaves bipinnatifid the seg-
ments linear fleshy awnless, stem diffuse branched, pappus
lobed. Lightf. p,49\ {Matricaria marit.). E. ^./.97l.

Hab. Sea-coast in sandy soil. Isle of Bute and W. side of Can tyre,
between Machrianish and Barr, Light/. Sea-shore about Aber-
deen, Anderson. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Side of West Tarbet
Loch, and near Ballachoolish, Mr. Murray. Near M'Dufl^, Bamff-
shire, Mr. Gibb. Brig-ilousebay, Galloway, Dr. Walker. Fl.
July. 11.

From a span to a foot high, spreading, thickly clothed with fleshy
shining leaves. Flowers much smaller than those of P. inod.j and
the ray shorter in proportion.

35. MATRICARIA.

1 , M. Chamomilla {wild Chamomile), leaves glabrous bipinna-

I

SYNGEN. POLYGAM. SUPERF. 247

tifid the segments capillary, involucre nearly plane its scales
obtuse. Ughtf, p. 491. E, B. t. 1232.

Hab. Corn-fields and waste ground. Fl. Aug. Q.

Stem about a foot high, erect and branched. Flowers with a very co-
nical disk, yellow; the rays white, very obtuse, truncate, and
toothed. This has a bitter taste, a faint but weak smell, not un -
like that of the common Chamomile {Anthemis nobilis).

36. ANTHEMIS.

1. A,nohilis {common Chamomile), leaves bipinnate the seg-
ments linear subulate a little downy, scales of the receptacle
membranous scarcely longer than the disk. Light/, p. 493.
E.^./.980.

Hab. Amongst rubbish near gardens^ scarcely indig.^ Dr. Burgess.
FL Aug. 11 .

Sterns about a foot long, procumbent, and much branched, each branch
terminated by a single ^OM;er, whose disk is yellow, at length
conical, and ray white. The whole plant intensely bitter, highly
aromatic, and much used medicinally. Its principal virtues are
supposed to exist in the involucre, which contains an essential
oil.

2. A. arvensis {Corn Chamomile), leaves bipinnatifid their seg-
ments linear lanceolate pubescent, receptacle conical its scales
lanceolate, pericarps crowned with an entire pappus. Lightf.
p. 494, E.B.t. 602.

Hab. Corn-fields and way-sides in gravelly soils. Lanes about Lass-
wade, and on the N. side of Linlithgow, Dr. Parsons. Rosslyn
woods, Mr. Stewart. Fl. July. cJ •

Stem upright, much branched, and, as well as the leaves, hoary with
pubescence, each branch terminated with a laige/owerj whose disk
is yellow, the ray broad and white.

3. A. Cotula {stinking C//a?72om27e), leaves bipinnatifid glabrous
their segments subulate, receptacle conical its scales setaceous,
pappus 0. Lightf. p. 495. E. B. t. 1772.

Hab. Waste places, corn-fields, and byroad-sides. Fl. July, Aug. 0.

Stem a foot or more high, glabrous. Flowers solitary, terminal, their
disk convex, pale yellow 3 ray rather large, white, Tlie whole plant
has a fetid smell, and is said to blister the hands of those who ga-
ther it. If it be examined with a microscope it will be found to be
sprinkled all over with little glands, in which the acrid matter is
probably lodged.

4. A. tinctoria {Ox-eye Chamomile), leaves bipinnatifid ser-
rated downy beneath, stem erect branched subcorymbose.
E.B. t. 1472.

Hab. Road-side N. of Forfar, G. and D. Don. FL July, Aug. 2/ .
Stem a foot or more in height, cottony, as are the scales of the i/iro-
lucrc. Flowers solitary, large, entirely yellow.

248 SYNGEN. POLYGAM. FRUSTRAN.

37. ACHILLEA.

* Flowers white, or rarely reddish.

1. A. Plarmica (Sneeze -wort), leaves linear lanceolate acununate
sharply serrated. Lightf.p. 495. E, B. /. 757.

Hab. Moist meadows and pastures, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 1/. ,
Stem 1 — 3 feet high, erect, terminating in a rather large corTjmh,

%^hor,e disk, as well as ray,- is white. When dried and pulverized

has been used to excite sneezing.

2. Millet otium {commofi Yarrow), leaves bipinnate slightly hairy
their segments linear toothed acute, stems furrowed. Lig/itJ',
p. 496. E. 5. /.75S.

Hab. Pastures and way-sides, frequent. FL the summer through. 7/ .

SlcDi erect, about a foot high, terminating in a conjm h of ; owei s
which are smaller than those of the last species, w'hite, or sometimes
tinged with rose colour. The quality of the plant is highly astrin-
gent, and the Highlanders are said to make an ointment of it which
dries and heals up wounds.

** Flowers yellow.

0. A. tomcntosa {woolly Yarrow), leaves hipinnatiful woolly the
i>egments crowded linear acute^ corymbs rcpeatedlv compound.
E:B.i.2532.

Hab, Dry hilly pastures exposed to the sun, rare. On Spittle Hill,
to the N. W. of Balvie, Dumbartonshire, and on the hills near
Faivsley : discovered by 7)/r. Hugh Ross. Fl. Aug. "2/ .

A span or rather more in height. Readily recognised by its downy
leaves, and much branched corymbs of yellow flov.^ers.

3. POLYGAMIA 1 RUSTRANEA.

( Cynnrocephalce, Juss.)
38. CENTAUREA.

1. C. Jacea {Irown Knapweed), scales of the involucre scari-
ose torn the lower ones pinnatifid, leaves linear lanceolate
the lower ones broader and toothed. E. B. t. 167''>.

Hab. Discovered in a young plantation in Newbigging Muir, near
Belmont castle, 1811, by Mr. Young. Seen near Newtyle, An-
gus-shire, by D. Don: but I doubt whether it may not be the same
station as the first. Invercarrity by Kinnordy, Kerriemuir, C. Ly-
ell, Esq. Fl. Aug., Sept. 1/ .

Lower leaves obo vato -lanceolate, petiolate, toothed -, upper ones entire,
sessile. Scales of the involucre pale brown, shining j the outer
ones deeply pinnatifid ; the inner or uppermost ones torn, in which
respect it differs greatly from C. nigra. Florets not very numerous^
spreading, purple.

2. C. 7iigra {Llack Knapweed), scales of the involucre ovate
ciliated with capillary teeth, lower leaves angulato-lyrate, up-
per on^s ovate. Ligkif. p, 498. E. B, t. 278,

GYNANDRIA. 249

Hab. Meadows and pastures, frequent, sometimes found with white

flowers. Fl. July, Aug. 1/ .
Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves scabrous. Scales of the involucre

almost black, the teeth brown. Florets purple, numerous.

3. C. Cyaniis {Corn Blue-bottle), scales of the involucre ser-
rated, leaves linear entire the lowermost toothed. Lightf,
p.49S, E, B. /.277.

IIab. Corn-fields, frequent. Fl. July. Q.

Two to three feet high, covered with a loose cottony down, espe-
cially on the stems, and on the undersides of the leaves. Florets
of the disk small, purple 5 those of the ray few, large, bright blue,
spreading. Scales of the involucre greenish, the margin brown.

4. C. Scahiosa {greater Knapiveed), scales of the involucre
ciliated ovate pubescent, leaves pinnatifid roughish the seg-
ments lanceolate acute. Light/, p. 500. E. B. t. 56.

I Iab. Barren pastures and corn-fields, but not very common . Amongst
corn in the Carse of Gowrie, Lightf. Foot of a wall near the
quarry by Port Dundas, Dr. Brown. Banks of the Calder, near
the bridge, Hopk. Near Aberlady, Mr. Arnott. With white flow-
ers ; near Dundee, D. Don. Road-side between Guillon and
Dirleton, E. Lothian, and corn-fields to the W. of Largo, Fifeshvre,
Maugh. Fl. July, Aug. U .

Three feet high, erect, much branched. Inoolucres globose, very
large, their scales cottony, almost black, thecilise whitish. — ^A var.
of this is found by Mr. D. Don in Scotland, with the leaves less
deeply divided, and the radical ones very large, which he considers
to be, and probably with justice, the C. corlacea of Willd.

XX. GYNANDRIA\

1. MONANDRIA.

* Anther adnate, neatly terminal , persistent. Pollen mass, composed
of angular granules elastically cohering, fixed hy its base. Br.

1. Orchis. Cor. ringent. L/p spurred on the under side at
the base. Glands of the stalks of the pollen mass (I — 2)
contained in one common little pouch. Br,

2. Gymnadenia. Cor. ringent. Lip spurred at the base be-
neath. Glands oi the stalks of the pollen mass naked, ap-
proximate. Br.

3. Habenaria. Cor. ringent. Lip spurred on the under side
at the base beneath. Glands of the stalks of the pollen
mass naked, distinct, with the cells of the footstalks adnate or
separated. Br, (This character seems too near that of the
last genus.)

' I follow, in this class, entirely the new arrangements of Orchideous
plants, published by Mr. Brown in the second ed. of Hortus Kowensis.

2^0 GYNAND. MONAND.

** ylnl her parallel icith the stigma. Pollen mass farinaceous, or com-
posed of angular granules , fixed to the stigma btj its extremity. Br.

4. GooDYERA. Cor, lingent, with the 2 exterior or hi teral seg-
ments of the perianth placed beneath the lip, which is gibbous
at the base, and undivided at the extremity. Coliunn free.
Pollen angular. Br,

5. LisTERA. Cor. irregular. Lip 2-lobed. Column wingless.
Anther fixed by its base. Pollen farinaceous. Br.

*** Anther terminal, inserted, persistent. Mass of pollen, either pul-
verulent or composed of angular granules^, fixed by its base or below
the extremity. Br.

6. Epipactis.' L?*P ventricose below ; the extremity either un-
divided or 3-lobed, the middle lobe the largest, connected^
as it were, by a joint. Pollen farinaceous, Br.

**** Anther terminal, moveable, deciduous. Mass of pollen at length
becoming waxy. Br.

7. Malaxis. Lip plane, undivided, sessile, (often exterior,)
5 segments of the perianth narrower, spreading or deflexed.
Masses of pollen 4, parallel with each other, fixed to the
stigma by their extremities. Br.

8. CoRALLORRHiZA. Lip produccd behind, adnate with the
spur or free. Column free. Masses of pollen 4, oblique

>t parallel). Br.

1. MONANDRIA.

1. ORCHIS.

* Tubers two, laidivided.

\, O. Morio (Meadow Orchis), lip 3-lobed, the lobes crenate
obtuse middle one emarginate, segments of the perianth as-
cending obtuse, spur conical ascending shorter than the ger-
men. Lightf. p. 514. E. B. t, 2059. Hook, in Curt. Fl,
Lond, ed. 2, with a fig.

ILvB. Pastures and moist woodS;, frequent *. Fl. June. 1/ .

Stem from a span to 1 foot high. Flowers few, in an ovate, lax spike.
Bractca about as long as the germen. The 5 segments oi the peri-
anth close together and form the helmet, purplish green, iippur-
})le, whitish in the middle, with purple spots.

2. O. mascula {early spotted Orchis), lip 3-lobed crenulate
obtuse, the middle lobe cleft, segments of the perianth cleft
the exterior one reflexed, spur linear ascending compressed at
the extremity rather longer than the germen. Lightf. p, ,515.
E. B. /. 631. Hook, in Curt. Fl. Lond, ed, 2, with a Jig*

° Not ill Fhra Glottiana.

GYNANJD. MONANP. 251

Hab. Woods and pastures, frequent ; varying sometimes with white

flowers. Fl. June. % .
Stem 1 foot high. Leaves generally marked with dark purple spots.

Flowers disposed in a lax oblong spike, purple, the centre of the

lip whitish at the base and spotted.

3. O. pyramidalis {pyramidal Orchis), lip 3- cleft the lobes
equal entire with 2 longitudinal appendages on the upper side
near the base, segments of the ])erianth lanceolate the 2 outer
ones spreading, spur hliforni longer than the germen. Lightf,
p. 514. E, B. t. 1 10. Hook, in Curt. FL Lond. ed. 2, luitk

Hab. Dry pastures, rare,, as near Thiloran, in the isle of Colonsay,
Lightf. F/.July. 11.

Stem one foot high, slender. Flowers of a vivid purplish rose colour,
spirally arranged in a dense pyramidal spike, remarkable for the two
processes at the base of the lip, and the great length of the spur.

■"■* Tubers 2, palmate.

4. O. lalifolia {Marsh Orchis), lip slightly 3-lobed the sides
reflexed, 3 inner segments of the perianth connivent, the spur
cylindrical shorter than the germen, bracteas longer than the
flowers. Lightf. p. 5 16. E. B. t. 2308. Hook, in Curt. FL
Lond. ed. 2, with a fig.

Hab. Marshes and moist meadows, common. Fl. June. % .

Flowers varying from a pale rose colour to deep purple, the lip dotted
and marked with darker lines. This species, which is about a foot
in height^ may always be known by its slightly lobed lip, its broad,
nearly erect, and acuminated leaves, and especially by the bracteas,,
which are leafy and longer than the germens.

5. O. maculata {spotted palmate Orchis), lip plane S-Iobed
crenate, the 3 inner segments of the perianth connivent the
lateral ones patent, spur cylindrical shorter than the germen,
bracteas as long as the germen. Lightf. p. 517 » E, B.
/.632. Hooh. in Curt. FL I^nd. with a Jig.

Hab. Pastures and heaths, very common. Fl. June, July. "2/ .

A foot high, straight, slender. Leaves distant, spotted with purple,
keeled. Spike ovato-oblong, dense. Flov)ers white, or pale pur-
ple, more or less spotted, streaked, especially on the lip. Its
deeply lobed lip, having the central lobe generally the longest and
ovate, together with the small, subulate bracteas, are in themselves
sufficient marks of distinction between this and 0. latif.

2. GYMNADENIA.

1. G. conopsea (fragrant Gymnadenid). Brown in Hort. Kew.

ed. 2. V. 5. p. 19i. Lightf. p. 518, and E. B. t. 10 {Orchis

conup.),
Hab. Pastures and heathy places, not unfrequent j sometimes varying

with a white flower. Fl. June — Aug. 21 .
Stem nearly 1 foot high. Tubers pslmate. Leaves linear-lanceolate.

252

GYNAND. BIONAND.

keeled. i7ou.'ers in an oblong rather dense spike, purple. Lip 3-
lobed, the lobes equal, entire, not spotted. The 2 lateral or exte-
rior segments of the perianth spreading, their margins rolled baek,
the 3 superior ones broadly ovate, connivent. Spur filiform, twice
as long as the germen. The 2 cells of the anthers arc perforated at
the base, through which the naked, large, and oblong glands of the
stalks of the pollen mass appear. Granules of pollen green, lax.
Bracteas longer than the germen. — This plant exhales a most de-
lightful fragrance. The structure of the anther is very curious, and
different from that of Orchis; and the long flcxuose spur gives the
' plant a remarkable appearance.

3. HABENARIA.

1. H. viridls {green Habenariu), spur very short somewhat 2-
lobed, lip linear tridentate, middle tooth very small, bracteas
much longer than the flower, tubers palmate. Brown hi
Hort. Kew, ed. 2. v, 5. p. 192. Hook, in Curt, Fl. Land,
ed. 2. with a Jig, Light/, p.bVd, and E. B. t, 94 {Satyriurn
viride) ,

Hab. Dry hilly pastures, not imcommon. Pastures near Caroline

Park, and Cramond Island, Edinb., &c., Mangh. Daldowie woods.

Dr. Brown ; and at Dougaldston, Glasg., Hopk.

Stem 6 — 8 inches high 5 lower leaves nearly ovate, obtuse ^ segments

' of the perianth connivent, and forming a helmet, green. Lip short,

small, brownish.

2. W.alhida {small luhite Habeiiaria), spur obtuse much, shorter
than the germen, lip 3-cleft, lobes acute middle one longest.
Brown in Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v.5.p.\[)3. Hook, in Fl. Land,
with a fig. Ligktf.p. 519, and E. B, i, 505 {Satyrium alhi-
durn) .

Hab. Mountainouspastures, not rare, especially in the Highlands and
Western Isles. Campsie Hills, &c., Mr. Murray. Appin, Capt.
Carmichael. Near Inverness, Anderson 5 also many other places.
FZ. July, Aug. 11.

About a span high. Leai^fi oblong, striated 5 lower ones obtuse. Hoiv-
ers w4iite, small,, fragrant. Segments of the perianth slightly spread-
ing. Lip a little deflexed, short.

3. H. bifolia {Butterfly Habenaria), spur fiHform twice as long
as the germen, lip linear entire, radical leaves binous oblongo-
obovatCj attenuated at the base. Brown in Hort, Kew.ed. 2.
f. 5. p. 193. Hook, in Curt, Fl. Lond. ed. 2. with a Jig.
UghtJ.p. 412, and E.B. t. 22 {Orchis bijolia),

Hab. Moist meadows and marshy places in the mountains, frequent.
FZ. May, June. 7/.

Tubers undivided, tapering. Stem 1 — 1 J foot high, with two large ra-
di<?al leaves and 3 — 4 very small cauline ones. Spike long, of nu-
merous large, yellowish-white, very fragrant^oM^eri-. The bases of
the cells of the anther very distant from each other.'

GYNAND. MONAND. 253

4. GOODYERA.
I. G. repens {creeping Goodyera), " radical leaves ovate, lip and

petals lanceolate/' Brown in Hort Kew, ed.2, v, 5. p. 19S.

Light/, p. 520. t. 22, and E. B. t. 289 {Salyrium repens).
Hab. Oid mossy woods, but rare. In a vrood called Cadue at Dun-

donald by Litde Loch Brom, Light/. Wood near Moy Hall, on the

road to Inverness, Dr. Hope. Near Dupplin^ Mj . Shillinglaw.

Woods at Brodie I louse. Hook. Wood of Culloden near Inverness,

sparingly } also Gordon Castle woods, and v/oods of Scone> Mr.

Murray. Ft. Aug. %.
Root creeping. Stem a span in height. Leaves mostly from near the

root, ovate, petiolated veined, spreading ; a few on the stem small,

lanceolate, erect. Bracteas longer than the greenish flovvers with a

reddish tinge, which are secund or a little spiral.

5. LISTERA.

1. L. ovata {common Twayhlade), stem with only a pair of ovato-
elliptical opposite leaves, column of fructification having an
appendage in which the anther is placed. Broun in Hort,
Kew, ed. 2. v. 5. p. 201. Ligktf. p. 523, and E. B, t. 15 IS
{Ophrys ovata):

Hab. Woods and moist pastures, not uncommon. Fl. June. 1/ .

Stem one foot high. Leaves striated. Rowers distant upon the spilce,
yellowish green. The three outer segments of Xh^ perianth ovate,
spreading j two inner ones linear, oblong. Lip long, bifid, with-
out any teeth at the base. Bracteas very short.

2. L. cordata {heart-leaved Twayblade), stem with only 2 cor-
date opposite leaves, column without any appendage behind,
lip with 2 teeth at the base. Brown in Hort. Keiv. ed. 2. v. 5.
p. 201 . Light/, p. 524, and E. B. t. 35S {Ophrys cordata).

Hab. Sides ofmountains, not uncommon, particularly in the Western
Highlands. Firwood between V/oodhouselie and the Bush : Pert-
bog near RevelrigToll, and on the Pentland Hills, Edinb., Mr. So-
merville and E. J. Maughan. Plentiful on the N. E. side of Barrone
Hill, Bute : and woods of Lintrose, Perthshire, Mr. Murray. Ben
Lomond, Mr. Young. Fl. July, Aug. IX .

Root a fevv' long, rather fleshy, fibres. Stem 3 — 4 inches high. Flcwers
few, very small, distant upon the spike, greenish brown. Bracteas
extremely minute. Segments of the perianth somevv-hat spreading,
ovate, 2 inner ones the narrowest. Lip rather long, furnished with
2 teeth at the base, and cleft halfway down into 2 slightly spreading,
acuminated segments.

3. L. Nidus Avis {Bird's-nest Lister a)., stem with sheathing
scales leafless. Hook, in Fl. I^ond. with a figure. Light/.
p. 522, and E.B.i.AS {Ophrys Nidus Avis). Epipactis,Swartz.
Neottio, Richard.

Hab. Shady spots in thick old woods, but not common : a? in Auch-
.indenn\ woods. Edinb., Dr. Parsons. Woods at Fionlarig, near

254 GYNA^iD. MONATSDi

Loch Tiiy, Dr. Stuart. Woods at Dalhousie, Ediiib., and hills of
Craigie barns, Dunkeld, Maugh. Woods of Methven Castle^^Perth-

. shire, Mr. Murray. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Coalston Avood,
Mr. Walker. Falls of Moness, Mr. Borrer and Hook. -, and Kippen-
rait Glen, Mr. Young. Ft. May, June. % .

Roots of numerous, short, thick, very densely crowded fibres. Stem.
I foot in height. Flowers in a lax spike and of the same ding\'
brown colour as the whole plant. Segments of the perianth conni-
vent, ovate j lip oblong, bifid at the extremity, the lobes spreading.
Column q{ fructification without any appendage on the back.

6. EPIPACTIS.

1. E. latifolia (broad-leaved Helleborive), leaves ovate amplex-
icaiil, lower bracteas longer than the flowers, flowers drooping,
lip entire acuminated shorter than the petals. Broivn in Hort,
Kew. ed. 2. v. 5. p. 202. Hook, in FL Lond. with a figure.
Light/, p. 526, and E.B. t. 269 (Serapias latijolia).

Hab. Woods and pastures, not unfrequent. Dalhoiisie and Tynning-
hame woods, Maugh. Woods at Bothwell, Hamilton, and Wood-
liall, and pastures^ Dalbeth^ Hopk. Kelvin, Mr. Young. Fl. July,
Aug. H.

Root creeping, throwing out long fibres, as does that of the 3 follow-
ing species. Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Loiver leaves broadly ovate,
upper ones gradually narrowing. Flowers in long lax spikes, green-
ish purple, varying extremely in intensity of colour. Lip as well as
the segments of the perianth connivent, never spreading.

2. Y,. palustris {Marsh He//eZ;oriwe), leaves lanceolate amplexi-
caul, bracteas shorter than the flower, flowers slightly droop-
ing, lip crenate obtuse rather longer than the perianth. Brown
in Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. 5. p. 202. Hook, in Fl. Lond. with a

figure. Lightf. p. 527, and E. B. t. 270 ( Serapias palustris),
Hab. Rfjugh boggy pastures and marshes, but far from common. Bogs
near Duntulm, Lightf. In a field 1 mile E. of Anstmther, Mr.
Chalmers. Marsh near Dunbar, G. Don. Fl. July. "2/ .
Stem 1 foot higli, purplish above. Flowers distant, forming an oblong
spilsC. Perianth and Up spreading, the 3 outer segments of the for-
mer deep greenish purple, 2 inner ones and the lip pure white, with
rose coloured streaks at the base. Germen much longer than in the
last species, and the plants extremely distinct, though by some
botanists they have been confounded together.

3. E. pollens {white Hellehorine)^ leaves ovato-lanceolate ses-
sile, bracteas longer than the flower, lip obtuse shorter than
the perianth. Brown in Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. 5. p. 202. Hook,
in FL Lond. with a figure. LightJ. p.52Sj tindJS. B. t. 271
(Serapias grandiftora).

Hab. Woods, rare. At Loch Ransa in the Isle of Arran, Lightf. Ap-
pin, Capt. Carmichael. ^^''oods of Methven Castle, rare, D. Don.
f7. June. "H-

Stem a foot or more high. Bracteas large, scarcely differing from the

MONGECIA. 255

leaves. Segments of the perianth large, acute, wliite, connivent,
including the lip, which is also white externally, but yellow within.
Column of fructif cation in this and the following species very long,
\vhereas in the 2 preceding ones it is remarkably short.

4. E, ensifolia {narrow -leaved Hellehorine), leaves lanceolate
much acuminated subdisticlious, bracteas very minute subulate,
flowers erect, lip obtuse much shorter than the perianth. Broiun
in Hort. Kew, ed, 2. v, b.p. 202. Hook, in FL Lond, with
a figure, JG. JB. ^ 494 {Serapias ensifolia) .

Hab. Woods of Methven, Perthshire, Mr. T. Bishop. Ft. June. 11 .

Stems a foot and more in height. Floivers large, white. Segments of
the perianth acuminated j Up white, yellow at the extremity in the
inside.

7. MALAXIS.

I. M. paludosa {Marsh Malaxis), leaves about 4 at the base of
the stem scabrous at the extremity, scape pentagonal, lip con-
cave acute. Broivn in Hort, Kew. ed, 2. v, j.p. 208. E. B,
t, 72. Light/, p. 525 {Ophrys pahidosa),

Hab. Marshes near St. Andrews, mentioned in Lightf Rills near the
foot of Dun Glow, Kinross-shire, Mr. D. Stewart. A little to the
E. of Ben Voirlich, and a little above the house of Ardvorlich, Mr.
Arnott. Mull of Galloway, Mr. Winch. Ft. Aug., Sept. 7/ .

Stem 3 — 5 inches high. XeaL*^5 arising from a round bulb. Spike long,
slender, of several small greenish flowers. Lip much resembling the
other segments of the perianth.

8. CORALLORRHIZA.

1. C. innata {spurless Coral-root)^ spur abbreviated adnate. Br,
in Hort. Keiv. ed, 2. v, 5. p. 209. IJglitf. p. 5 13. /. 23, and
E. B, t. 1547 {Ophrys corallorrhiza).

Hab. Marshy woods, rare. Moist hanging wood on the S. side near
the head of little Loch Broom, Ross-shire, Lightf . W. side of a
peat bog near Revelrig Toll, Edinb., among Salices, Mr. E. J.
Maughan. Woods of Methven Castle, Perthshire (since destroyed),
Mr. T. Bishop. FL July. If. .

Root remarkable for its thick, fleshy, much branched and divaricating
fibres. Stem from 6 — 12 inches high, greenish, with 2^—3 sheath-
ing, lanceolate acute scales rather than leaves. Flmvers C — 8 in a
lax, short spike, pale yellowish green. Bracteas very minute. Seg-
ments of the perianth lanceolate, spreading, acute ^ ^go ovate, entire.

XXI. MONCECIA.

1. MONANDRIA.

1. Zannichellia. Barren FL Perianth none.

Fertile Ft. Perianth single, of I leaf. Germans 4 or more.
Style \, iSi?g?»a peltate.. Capsules sessile.

256 MONCECIA.

2. Callitriche. Barren Fl. Perianth single^ of 2 leaves. An-
ther of 1 cell.

Fertile Ft. Germen AAoh^A, Styles 2. Pericarp of 4 dee\:y
compre.s^ed lobes, indehiscent, 4-celled; cells Useeded.

3. ZosTEKA. Stamens and pisti s inserted in 2 rows upon one
side of a ^j)adix. Spatha foliaceons.

Barren Fl. Anthers ovate, sessile, alternating with the ger-
mens.

Fertile Fl. Gernien ovate. Style h'lfid. Drupe with \ seed.

{Char a, Cryptogamia.)

2. TRIANDRIA.

5. Sparganium. Flowers in sphaerical dense headb.

Barren Fl. Perianth single, of 3 leaves.
Fertile Fl. Perianth single, of 3 leaves. Drwpc dry, with
1 seed.

6. Carex. Flowers collected into an imbricated catkin.

Barren Fl. Calyx of 1 scale, glumaceons. Cor. 0.

Fertile Fl. Calyx of 1 scale, glnmaceous. Cor. of I leaf.
urceolate, ventricose. Stigmas 2 — 3. Nut triquetrous, inclu-
ded within the persistent cor.

4. Typha. Flowers collected into cylindrical dense spikes or
catkins.

Barren Fl. Perianth 0. Stam. 3 together, upon a chaffy
or hairy receptacle, united below into 1 filament.

Fertile FL Perianth 0. Pericarp pedicellate, surrounded at
the base with hairs resembling a pappus.

3. TETRANDRIA.

7. Eriocaulon. Flntvers collected into a compact, scaly head.

Barren Fl. in the disk. Perianth single, 4-cleft, the 2 in-
ner segments united nearly to their summit. Stam.. 4 — 6.

Fertile Fl. in the circumference. Perianth single, deeply
4-partite. Style I. Stigmas 2 — 3. Capsule 2 — 3-lobed,
2— 3-celled. Cells 1 -seeded.

8. LiiTORELLA. Barren Fl. Calyx of 4 leaves. Cor. 4-fid.
Stam. very long.

Fertile Fl. Calyx 0. Cor. unequally 3-cIeft. Slyle very
long. Nut 1 -seeded.
10. Urtica. Barren Fl. Perfcw/Zz single, of 4 leaves, contain-
ing the cup-shaped rudiment of a germen.

Fertile Fl. Perianth single, of 2 leaves. Pericarp 1 -seeded,
shining.

9. Alnus. Flowers collected into imbricated catkins.

Barren FL Scale of the catkin 3-lobed, with 3 flowers.
Perianth single, 4-partite.

MONGECIA. 257

Fertile FL Scale of the catkin subtrifid, with 2 flowers.
Perianth 0. Styles 2. Fruit compressed.
{Myrica. Monoec.)

4. PENTANDRIA.

11. Bryonia. Barren FL Calyx 5-dentate. Cor, 5-cleft.
Filaments 3. Anthers 5.

Fertile FL Calyx 5 -dentate. Cor. 5-cleft. Style tv\M,
Berry inferior, globose, many-seeded.

{Fagus sylvat. Quercus, Ord. Polyand.
Atriplex porta lacoides, Polygam.)

(HEXANDRIA.)
{Quercus. Ord. Polyand.)

5. POLYANDRIA.

13. Myriophyllum. Barren FL CaZyjc of 4 leaves. Petals 4*
Stam. 8.

Fertile FL Calyx of 4 leaves. Petals 4. Stigmas 4, ses-
sile. Nuts 4, subglobose, 1 -seeded.

15. PoTERiUM. Barren FL Ca/. of 4 leaves. Cor. 4-partite.
Stam. 30—40.

Fertile FL Cal. of 4 leaves. Cor, 4-partite. Germens 2.
Fruit 2-celled, invested with the cal.

12. Ceratophyllum. Barren FL Cal. multipartite. Cor. 0.
Stam. 16—20.

Fertile FL Cal. multipartite. Cor, 0. Stigma nearly ses-
sile, oblique. Nut 1 -seeded.
18. Fagus. Barren FL in a globose catJvin. Perianth single,
of 1 leaf, campanulate, 6-cleft. Stam. 5 — 12.

Fertile FL 2, within a 4-lobed prickly involucre. Perianth
single, urceolate with 4 — 5 minute lobes. Germen incorpo-
rated with the perianth, 3-celled, 2 of them becoming abor-
tive. Styles 3. Nuts 1 -seeded, invested with the enlarged
involucre.
17. Castanea, Barren FL in a very long cylindrical catkin.
Perianth single, of 1 leaf, 6-cleft. Stam. 5 — 20.

Fertile FL 3, within a 4-lobed, thickly muricated involucre.
Perianth single, urceolate, 5 — 6-lobed, having the rudiments
of 12 siam. Germen incorporated with the perianth, 6-celled,
with the cells 2-seeded, 5 of them mostly abortive. Styles 6.
Nut, I — 2-seeded, invested with the enlarged involucre.

16. Quercus. Barren F/. in a lax catkin. Perianth smgle,
somewhat 5-cleft. Stam. 5—10.

Fei'tile Fl, Involucre cup-shaped, scaly. Perianth single,
incorporated with the germen, 6-lobed. Germen 3-celled^ 2

258 MONCEC. MCWAND.

of them abartive. Style]. Sligmas S. A^w^ (acorn) 1- celled,
1 -seeded, surrounded at the base by the enlarged, cup-shaped
involucre.

21. CoRYLUS. Barren Fl. in a cylindrical catkin, its scales 3-
cleft. Perianth 0. Stam. 8. Anthers 1-celled.

Fertile Fl. Perianth obsolete. Ger7?2e7Z5 several, surround-
ed by a scaly involucre. Stigmas 2. Nut 1 -seeded, surround-
ed at the base with the enlarged, united, coriaceous scales of
the involucre,

20. Carvinus. Barren FL m a cylindrical catkin ; its scales
roundish, ciliated at the base. Stam. S — 20.

Fertile FL in a lax catkin; its scales large, foliaceous, 3-
lobed, I -flowered. Involucre 0. PenV/w/A of 1 leaf, urceolate,
6-dentate, incorporated with the 2-celled germen, of which
1 cell is abortive. Styles 2.^ Nut ovate, striated, 1 -seeded.

19. Bktula. Barren Fl. in a cylindrical catkin, its scales 3-
flowered. Perianth 0. Stam. 10—12.

F^ertile Fl. Scale of the catkin imperfectly 3-lobed, 3-flow-
ered. PerianthO. Styles 2. Gerwe?25 compressed, 2-celled,
1 abortive. Nuts compressed, with a membranaceous margin,
1 -seeded.

14. Arum. Spatha of 1 leaf, convolute at the base. Perianth 0.
Spadix with germens at the base. Stam. (sessile) near the
middle of the spadix, which is naked above. Berry 1-celled,
1 -seeded,

6. MONADELPHIA.

22. PiNUS. Barren Fl. in crowded racemose catkins ; its scales
peltate, bearing 2 1-celled, sessile anthers, ' Perianth 0.

Fertile FL in an ovate catkin ; its scales closely imbricated,
2- flowered. Perianth 0. Pericarp 1 -seeded, terminated by
a long winged appendage, and covered by the imbricated
scales forming a C07ie {strobilus).

{Typha. Ord. Triandr.)

1. MONANDRIA.

1. ZANNICHELLIA.
1 . Z. palustris {horned Pondweed), anthers 4-celled, stigmas en-
tire, pericarps toothed on the back. Lightf. p, 534. E, B.
t. 1844.
Hab. Ditches and stagnant waters. FZ. Aug. ©.
Floating. Stems long, filiform, branched. Leaves opposite, linear,
entire. Flowers axillary, from a membranaceous hractea. Fertile
.^. upon a very short stalk, from the base of which arises a single
naked anther, upon a long white //am e»^

MONCEC. TRIAND. 259

. 2. CALLITRICHE.

^. C. acjuatica (Water Starivort), Liglitf. p. 70 (C. verna and
C. aiilumnalh). E. B- t. 722.

Hab. Ditches, pools, and slow streams, abundant. Fl. Apr. — Oct.
G r

Stem filiform, branched, var)'ing much in length according to the
depth of the water, and almost equally so in the form of the leaves.
Generally the superior leaves, which float on the surface, are spa-
thulate and crowded j the lower linear, all opposite. From the ax-
ils of the upper ones appear the, mostly, monoecious ^oi/^er*. Peri-
anth single, of 2, lanceolate, concavo-carinate, incurved, white,
membranous leaflets. Sterile fl.yvxih only one long filament, ter-
minated by a nearly spherical, yellow anther, opening vertically.
Fertile Ji. with a small germerij terminated by two, long, curved
styles.

3. ZOSTERA.

3. Z. marina {common Grass-wrach), leaves entire somewhat 3-
iierved, stem roundish. Light/, p. 530. jE. B, t, 467. Ihok.
in Fl. Loud, with a figure.

Hab. Marine ditches, and thrown up by the tide on the sea-shore,
common. Fl. Aug. {Light/.). (Apr. and May in England.) 11.

Stems very various in length, as are the long lineai', obtuse, more or
less faintly 3-nerA'ed leaves, which have long sheathing bases. Spa-
dlx linear, arising from a sheathing portion of the leaf, which thus
forms the spatha. Flowers all on one side of the spadix, quite de-
stitute of perianth, in two rows. Pistils and anthers alternate, gene-
rally two anthers and then 1 pistil-, both ovate, or oblongo-ovate,
the former tipped with a bipartite, long, filiform style. Both are
green. Anthers bursting irregularly. — Used in some northern parts
©f Europe for bedding, and said to be excellent for packing glass-
bottles and other brittle ware.

2. TRIANDRIA.

4. T\THA.

1. T. latijolia (great Cat's-tail or Reed-Mace), leaves linear
' nearly plane, sterile and fertile catkins close together. Lightf,
. p,b^. E. B.t. 1455.

Hab. Borders of ponds and lakes in several places. Loch-end, near
Edinb. Bog on the banks of the Clyde 2 m. from Hamilton, Hopk.
Fl.J^y. 1/.

Culms ^ — 6 i. high. Lemjts very long, sometimes an inch broad. Cat-
kins very long, close together ; fertile one greenish brown j sterile
: ones yellow with 1 or 2 largish membranous bracteas.

2. T. angnstfffdia (lesser Cai's-iail or Reed-Mace,) leaves li-
near convex below, sterile and fertile catkins a little distfint
from each other. E, B.t. \ 456,

Hab. Loch of Lindore, Fifcshire, abundantly, D. Don. Fl. July. 1/ .

s2 . -

260 MONCEC. TRIAND.

Smaller than the last, with much narrower leaves and catkins. Sterile
llowers, according to Smith, (which in T. latif. have hairs on the
receptacle,) mixed with chafty scales.

5. SPARGANIUM.

1. S. ramosum {branched Bur -reed), leaves triangular at the
base their sides concave, coiinnon flower-stalk branched, stig-
ma linear. Light/, p. 539 (S. erectum), E. B. L 744*

Hab. Banks of lakes and stagnant watei-s, not uncommon. Fl. July.

^. . .

Two feet and more high, with a few sword-shaped leaves or bracfeas
with broad membranous sheathing bases on the upper or branching
part of the culm. Radical leaves very long, linear-ensiform, trian-
gular at the base, their sides concave. Sterile flowers in spherical
heads, distantly placed on the upper part of the branches of the
culm 3 fertile ones below.

2. S. simplex {tin branched upright Bur-reed), leaves triangular
at the base their sides plane, common flower-stalk simple, stig-
ma linear. Lighlf.p, 540 {var. of S.rainosuvi). E.B.
t.lAb.

Hab. Lightfoot considers this the most common of the two. Ditch near
Corstorphine, Maugh. Bog, Robroyston, Glasg., Hopk. Bute,
plentiful, Mr. Murray. Appin, Capt. Cannichael. Lakes near
Forfar, &c. G. and jD. Don. Fl. July. H .

Much smaller than the last. Culm rarely at all branched, though the
lower heads of flowers are pedunculate. The sides of the leaves are
plane^ not concave or grooved. The Jlowers pale yellow.

S. S, natans {floating ^z/r-reec?), leaves floating plane, common
flower-stalk simple, stigma ovate very short, head of sterile
flowers mostly solitary. Light/, p. 541 . E. B, t, 273.

Hab. Lakes, ditches, and stagnant waters, not unfrequent, especially
in the Highlands. Loch on Dunearn hill, Mr. P. Neill, and peat-
pits S. side of Dalmahoy hill, Edinb., Maugh. Frankfield and Mug-
doch Lochs, &c. about Glasg., abundantly, Hopk. Fl. July. "}/ .

Leaves very long, linear, pellucid.

6. CAREX.

* Spike simple, solitary, the upper part formed of sterile, and the lower
part of fertile flowers (except in C. dioica and C. Davalliana, which
are dioecious).

1. C. dioica {upright -/ruited dioecious Car ex), spike simple
dioecious, fruit ascending ovate shortly acuminated striated
rough at the margin upwards. Light/, p. 54 1 . E. B, t. 543.

Hab. Boggy places, especially in the Highlands, common. Pentland-
hills and Revelrig-toU, plentiful, Mr. Greville. Not very frequent
about Glasg., Hopk. FL May, June. "2/ •

i?ooi stoloniferous. Cm/ww a span high, smoothish. Stigmas 2.

2. C. Davalliana {recurved-fruited dioecious Carex), spike
simple dioecious, fruit ovate much acuminated recurvato-de-
flexed smoothish at the margin. E, B, t, 2123.

MON(EC. TRIAND. 261

Had. Subalpine bogs, Mearns-shire, Prof. J. Beaffie. Bog near
Crossgate-toll J and by the side of Guillon Loch, Edinb., Maugh.
F/. June. 11.

Root fibrous. Culms a span to a foot high, rough. Fruit much
browner than the last, shining. Stigmas 2. — ^^^^ahlenberg is surely
wrong in making this a var. of the preceding.

'3. C. pulicaris {Flea Car ex), spike simple androgynous, flow-
ers few, fruit distant oblongo-lanceolate acuminate reflexed,
stigmas 2. Lightf, p. 543. E, B, ^ 1051.

Hab. Bogs, frequent. Fl. May, June. 2^ .

A span high. Culms smooth. Leaves, as in all of this division, se-
taceous or filiform. Fruit dark brown, smooth.

4. C. paucijlora {few-flowered Carex)^ spike simple androgy-
nous of very fe\y flowers, fruit distant lanceolate-subulate pa-
tenti -reflexed, stigmas 3. Light/, p. 543. /. 6./. 2. E. B,
^2041.

Hab. Discovered by Mr. Lightfoot in bogs half way up the mountain
Goatfell, in Arran, in the ascent from Brodick castle. Wet moors
in the Highlands, Dickson. Near Glasgow, Huds. Middle of
Ben Lomond, Dr. Walker. N. of Blair, Mr. Winch. Merlentu-
gal, the ascent to Ben Nevis, Mr. Borrer and Hook. Fl. June. ")/ .

Readily known from the last, if any other character were wanting, by
the very pale yellowish colour of the/rwi^, which is also striated.

** Culm divided upwards into several spikes, which are sessile, andro-
gynous, with a suhamplexicaul braclea at the base, and flowers wiJi
2 stigmas.

-f.- Spikelets sterile at their extremity (except in C. arenaria and C.

intermedia) .

5. C. bicurva {curved Carex), spikelets sterile at their extre-
mity collected into a roundish head, fruit broadly rotundato-
ovate shortly acuminated swelling on both sides nearly entire
at the point, culm obtusely angular, leaves channelled.
Lighif. p. 544. /. 24./. 1 . E. B. t. 927.

Hab. Discovered by the late Dr. Hope at the mouth of the water of
Naver, and near Skelherry, in Durrsness, Shetland. Near Aber-
deen, Prof. Beattie. Links of St. Andrew's, Maugh. Coast of
Moray, James Brodie, Esq. Sands between the Brora and Helms-
dale rivers, Sutherland^ and Keis Bay, Caithness, Mr. Borrer and
Hook. Fl. June. 11 .

Boot very creeping. Cidms 2 — 4 inches high, curved. Head large,
broadly rotundo-ovate. Cat. glumes with a broad membranous
border.

C>. C. arenaria {Sea-side Carex), lower spikelets fertile upper
ones sterile all crowded, fruit with a membranous margin, brac-
teas membranaceous the lower ones subfoliaceous, culm trian-
gular, leaves plane, Lighif. p. 545. JS. B. /. 928.

1262 MONOEC. TRIAND.

Hab. Sandy sea-shores, frequent, where it is of the greatest service

in bindings the loose sands. Fl. June. 11.
Roots excessively long and creeping. Culms rough, 8 inches to 1

foot high. SpUcelets ovate, collected into an interrupted spike.

7. C. rntermedia {soft Irown Carex), inferior and terminal
spikelets fertile, the intermediate ones sterile, fruit acutely mar-
gined, cilms triangular. Light/', p, 546 (C disticha) E. B,
t,2042.

Hab. Bogs and marshy grounds. Guillon Links and Forfar Loch,
Mr. Arnott. Braid and Pentland hills, and King's Park, Edinb.,
Mr. Greville. Fl. June. % .

One to one foot and a half high. Bractea membranaceous, small.

8. C. divisa {hracteated Marsh Carex), spikelets sterile at their
extremity crowded into a somewhat ovate head the lower ones
simple or compound with a leafy erect bractea at their base,
fruit roundish ovate convex on one side slightly concave on the
other acutely angular cloven at the point. E. B. I. 109().

Hab. Marsh near Montrose and sea-coast of Angus-shire, chiefly in

marshy places, G. Don. Fl. May, June. 1/ .
Calms about 1 foot high. Lower bractea long, leaf-like.

9. C. muricata {muricated Carex), spikelets sterile at their ex-
tremities subcompounded collected into a rather long more or
less interrupted spike, fruit couvexo- plane ovato-acuininate
acutangular divergent rough at the margin upward. Light/ .
p.54S{C.spicata). E.B.t, 1097.

/3, spike elongated with distant spikelets. C. divulsa, E. B,
/. 629.

Hab. Marshes and shady places. /3. in similar situations. Rock be-
low Cathcart castle, Glasg., D. Don. FL June. 1/ .

One foot to two feet high. Spikelets more or less crowded ; and this
is all the difference I can find between C. muricata and C. divulsa.
The acute Wahlenberg unites them. Fruit pale coloured. Brae-
teas small, lanceolate, subsetaceous.

10. C. vulpina {great Carej:), spikelets sterile at their extremi-
ties thrice compounded collected into a cylindrical crowded
spike, fruit ovate acuminated convexo-plaue acutangular di-
vergent, stem very acutely triangular, leaves rather broad.
Lightf. p. 547. E. B. t. :07.

Hab. Wet shady places by the sides of water. Fl. June. 7/ .

Two feet or more high, stout. Bracteas small, setaceous. Spike
large, greenish. Fruit pale, rough at the margin of the length-
ened extremity, and bifid at the point.

11. C. paniculata {great pamcled Carex), spikelets sterile at
their extremity thrice compounded and collected into a pani-
cled spike, fruit broadly ovate acuminated gibbous on both
sides with a somewhat membranaceous margin towards the
extremity. E, B. /, 1064,

I

MONCEC. TRIAND. 263

/3. smaller, spike very compact. C. tereliuscula, E. B.t.]065.

Hab. Marshy places, occasionally j Bog Daldowie and at Kenmuir ;
Banks of the Clyde near New Kilpatrick. Revel rig- toll, Mr. Gre^
v'dle. ForfarLoch, Mr. Arnott. App'm, Capt. Carmichael. /3. N.
Queensferr)', Mr. T. Mackaij. Marsh at the foot of Dundas hill,
Edinb., Mr. P. Neill. Banks of the Clyde, 2 miles beyond Hamil-
ton, Hopk. Marsh of Restenat, near Forfar and Pentland hills,
G. Dan. Fl. June. H •

Two to three feet high. Culms triangular, striated. Spike very brown,
shining. Bracteas small, subsetaceous. — Future observations may
teach me otherwise; but after a careful examination of numerous
specimens of C panic, and C. teret., I can find no other difference
than what I have noticed above, and heartily concur with Wah-
lenberg in uniting them j sensible that science suffers instead of
gaining by multiplying species on such slight grounds.

ft Spikelets sterile at their hose.

12. C. stellulata {small stellated Carex), spikelets sterile at
their base 3 or 4 distant, fruit ovate much attenuated coiivexo-
plane aciitangular divaricated rough at the margins. Lightf,
p. 549 (C. muricata). E. B. t. 806.

Hab. Marshes in heathy places, frequent. Fl. May, June. 11 .

A span or a foot high. Leaves nearly as long as the culm. Distin-
guished by the few much beaked capsules, in small distant rounded
spikelets, which spread when ripe in every direction.

13. C. curta {white Carex), spikelets sterile at their base about
5 rather distant elliptical, bracteas very minute (except the
lower one), capsules broadly ovate acute convex on one side
and nearly plane on the other subobtusangular with 2 teeth at
the extremity. Lightf. p. 550 (C canescens^). E. B. t. 1386.

Hab. Bogs, but not common. In Isla, 2 miles from the sound,
Lighlf. N. Queensferry; near Habbies How, Pentland hills j
and liavelrig Bog, Maugh., &c. Fl. June. 1/ .

One foot high. Distinguished by its pale elliptical spikes, and imbri-
cating capsules.

14. C. ovalis {oval-spiked Carex), spikelets sterile at the base
oval about 5 approximate, fruit as long as the cal. ovato-
acuminate convex on one side concave on the other with a
membranaceous margin bifid at the point. Lightf, p, 547
{C. leporina). E.B.t,SOQ.

Hab. Bogs and marshy places, not unfrequent. Fl. June. "2/ .

Culms 1 foot high, triangular. Spike brownish green, shining. Cal,
glmnes concealing the fruit. Bracteas small, uppermost ones re-
sembling the glumes!

15. C. remota {remote Carex), spikelets sterile at the base
distant, fruit longer than the cal. oblongo-ovate acuminate
convexo-plane subacutangular obtuse at the margins the point

'■^ C. canescens of Linn. Fl. Succ^ according to VVuhlcnbcrg.

264 MON(EC. TRIAND.

bifid, bracteas very narrow reaching beyond the cuhn.

Ligktf, p. 549. E, B. t. 832.
Hab. Woods and shady moist places. Fl. June. If. .
One foot or more high. Leaves very slender. Spikelets small, ovate,

very distant,

*** Sterile and fertile Jlowers upon distinct spikes on the same culm.

f Sterile spikes mostly suigle.

+- Stigmas 3.

16. C. pendula (great pendulous Car ex) y sheaths elongated
nearly equal to the flowerstalks, fertile spikes cylindrical very
long and drooping, fruit ovate shortly acuminate bifid at the
extremity closely imbricated, leaves broad. Lightf, p,5Q4.
E,B.t.'23\5.

Hab. Shady moist places, but not common. Breadalbane, Dr. Stuart.

Rosslyn woods and Duke of Buccleugh's park at Dalkeith, Maugh.

Woods, Bothwell j and a little to the S. of Blantyre Priory, Hopk.

Fl. June, July. 1/ .
Culms 3 — 4 feet high. — This may always be distinguished by its long,

pendulous, cylindrical spikes.

17. C. slrigosa {loose pendulous Carex), sheaths elongated
equal to the flowerstalks, fertile spikes slender filiform nearly
erect, fruit ovato-lanceolate nerved slightly recurved loosely
imbricated, leaves rather broad. E. B. t. 994.

Hab. Arnistone woods, Edinb., Maugh. Fl. May, June. % .
One foot and a half to two feet high. Cal. glumes a little shorter than
the fruit.

18. C. syiuatica {pendulous IVood Carex), sheaths half as long
as the flowerstalks, fertile spikes filiform rather slender slightly
drooping, fruit broadly ovate much acuminated cleft at the
point, leaves narrow. L?ghiJ\ p. 562, E. B. t.995.

Hab. M^oods, not unfrcquent. Fl. June. 1/ .

In general habit much like the last, but the spikes are shorter and
broader, and the fruit very different, being glabrous, and so acu-
minated as to terminate in a long beak. The cal. glumes also are
longer in proportion. Linnaeus tells us that this plant is used by
the Laplanders, when carded and dressed, as a wadding to protect
them from the cold.

19. C. depauperata {starved Wood Carex), sheaths much shorter
than the flowerstalks, fertile spikes erect remote very few-flow-
ered, fruit large nearly globose inflated terminating in a long
beak bifid at the point. E. B. t. 1098.

Hab, Woods near Forfar, rare, G. Don. Fl. June. 1/ .

One or one foot and a half high. Spikes very distant ; their few

flowers, and large inflated beaked fruit j decidedly marking the

species.

20. C. Mielichoferi {loose-spiked Rock Carex), sheaths about
half as long as the flowerstalks, fertile spikes 1 — 3 somewhat

I

MONCEC. ^TRIAND. 265

drooping, fruit scarcely longer than the cal. lax especially the

lower ones ovate with a short beak bifid at the point. Schkuhr,

Car, t. Mmmm, f. 198. E. B. t. 2293. C. nivicola, D. Don,

MSS. ined.
Hab. Rocky places on Craig-na-Chailleach in Breadalbane, Mr. Bor-

rer. Summit of Cairn Gorum, G. Don. Mountains of Clova and

Aberdeenshire, D. Don. Fl. June, July. 7/ .
Stems 8 — 12 inches high. Leaves dark green, linear. Glumes ovate,

ferruginous with a green nerve. Capsule green, till it is fully ripe.

The fig. in E. B. is very characteristic,

21. C. capiUaris {capillary Car ex), common sheath half the
length of the flowerstalks, fertile spikes few-flowered lax
drooping, fruit as long as the ovate membranaceous deciduous
cal. oblongo- ovate acuminate. Light/, p. 557. E.B.t, 2069.

Hab. Highland mountains, as Ben Teskerny, Craig- nu-liet, andMael
Ghyrdy, Breadalbane, Dr. Stuart. Ben Lawers, Maugh. Fl. June,
July. 1/ .

Two to four inches high. Leaves mostly radical, scarcely half the
length of the stem. One single bractea includes the lower part of
all the peduncles with its sheathing base. Sterile spike 1, frequently
below the fertile ones. Fruit dark brown, shining.

22. C. limosa {Mud Car ex) ^ sheaths extremely short scarcely
any^ fertile spikes oblongo-ovate pendulous, bracteas subseta-
ceous, cal. acute as long as the fruit, fruit elliptico-rotundate
striated shortly mucronated. Lighlf. p, 556. E, B. t. 2043.

Hab. Bogs and marshes, as at Tullybanchar, half a mile W. of Com-
rie ; near Crieff/ &c.. Dr. Stuart. Marsh near Forfar, plentiful,

D. Don. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Marshes on mountains be-
tween Lochs Earn and Tay, G. Don. Fl. June, i; .

Root veiy much creeping. Stems 8 — 10 inches high. Leavesvery
narrow. Fertile spikelets 2 , cal. glumes dark brown, subapiculate.
Fruit greenish brown.

23. C. rariflora {loose-flowered alpine Carex), sheaths very
short almost none, fertile spikes narrow oblong very few-flow-
ered lax pendulous, bracteas subsetaceous, cal. acute longer
and broader than the fruit, fruit ovate somewhat acute striated.

E. 5./. 2516.

Hab. Mountain at the head of the Glen of Doll, Angus-shire moun-
tains. Fl. June. 11 .

Root creeping, as in the last sp. Culms about 6 inches in height.
Leaves half their length, but broader than in the last. Cal. glumes
very deep brown. Fruit ovate. Very near C. limosa, and united
with it by Wahlenberg. My specimens, however, appear distinct.

24. C Pseudo'Cyperus (Cyperus-like Carex), sheath^ scarcely
any (except sometimes to the lowermost bractea), fertile spikes
upon long footstalks cylindrical pendulous, bracteas very leafy,
cal. setaceous, fruit oblong very much acuminate cloven at the
tips striated. Liglitf. p. 559. E. B. t, 242.

268 MONffiC. TRIAND.

Hab. Boggy plfices bv the sides of lakes, but not common, lis in Isla,

&c.. Light/. FL July. 11.
Culms 2 — 3 feet high, acutely triangular. Lmvcs half an inch wide.

One of the best marked and most beautiful sp. in the genus.

25. C. nslnlala {scorched alpine Carex), sheaths elongated
shorter than the flowerstalks, fertile spikes pendulous, bracteas
nearly leafless, fruit elHptical ovate beaked (black) bifid at the
point. E. B. /. 2404.

Hab. Mountains of Clova and Ben Lawers, G. Don. FL July. 2/ .
Culms about a span high, leafy at the base, with short, rather broad,
leaves. Fertile spikes 2, remarkable for their blackened hue.

26. C. airata {black Carex)^ sheaths scarcely any, fertile spikes
pedunculated ovate pendulous, the terminal one with sterile
flowers at the base, bracteas subtbliaceous, fruit roundish ovate
depressed with a short beak bifid at the point. Liglitf, p. 555.
E,B.t.20U.

Hab. Highland mountains, frequent, as upon Bcntcskerny, Mael-
Ghyrdy, Mael-nan-tarmonach, &c., in Brcadulbane, Lightf. Fl.
June. 1/ .

About 1 foot high. Leaves unusually broad for the size of the plant.
Glumes exceedingly dark brown, opaque. Fruit pale yellowish
brown. — ^This differs from the other species of this division, in hav-
mg no distinct sterile spike, only a few antheriferous glumes in the
lower part of the terminal fertile spike, although in general habit it
perfectly agi-ees with the remainder of the division.

27. C. pallcscens {pale Carex), sheaths scarcely any, fertile
spikes pedunculated oblongo-cylindrical subpendulous, brac-
teas subfoliaceous, fruit ovato-eiliptical tumid obtuse glabrous.
Lightf. p. 558. E, B. /. 2185.

Hab. Marshy places, not unfrequcnt. Fl. June. % .
A foot or more high. Leaves slightly pubescent. Spikes obtuse, pale
green. Fruit very obtuse.

28. C, /lava {yellow Carex), sheaths short about equal to the
flowerstalks, bracteas long foliaceous, fertile spikes roundish
oval, fruit obovate with a long recurved beak bifid at the
point. Light/, p. 551. E. B. t. 1294.

/3. smaller, fruit less recurved. C. CEderl, E. B. t. 1773.

Hab. Bogs, not uncommon, both a. and |S.

Culms 6—8 inches high, triangular, nearly glabrous. Bracteas very

leafy. Spikes, and indeed the whole plant, of a yellowish hue.

Leaves rather broad, acuminate.

29. C.fulva {tawny Carex), sheaths elongated shorter than the
flowerstalks, bracteas foliaceous, spikes oblongo- ovate distant
rotundo-ovate inflated rostrate bifid at the point, culm sca-
brous. E. B.M295.

•Hab. Road-side between Montrose and the N. Esk river, G. Don.
Clova mountains and elsewhere in the Highlands, not rare, Z), Don,
F/.June. %.

MONCEC. TRIAND. 267

Very near C. distans, but distinct in the fruit, which is more suddenly
beaked, and greatly broader and rounder.

30. C. exlensa [lovg-bracteated Carex), sheaths very short
scarcely any ^vith extremely long foliaceous bracteas, fertile
spikes subsessile oblong, fruit ovate scarcely beaked striated
bifid at the pointy leaves very narrow, culm glabrous. E, B,
/. 833.

Had. Sea-coast between Sterley-burn and Aberdour; and on the
coast 2 m. E. of St, Andrews, Mr. Chalmers. Fl. June. 1/ .

Culms about a foot high. — Very distinct from C.flava, with which it
has been confounded, in its very narrow, convolute leaves, besides
the want of a long beak to the fruit.

31. C. distans {distantly-spiked Carex), sheaths elongated
about equal to the flowerstalks, bearing foliaceous bracteas,
fertile spikes oblong erect, cal. mucronate, fruit ovate some-
what inflated subtriquetrous depressed with rather a short beak
bifid at the point. Lightf, p. 561. E. B. t. 1234, and 1235
(C hinervis),

Hab. Marshes and wet pastures, not unfrequent. Fl. June, l/ .

Cidms 1 — \l foot high, slender. Spikes very distantly placed, 4;heir
rather long peduncles entirely concealed by the sheathing bases of
the bracteas. — I can discover no difference between C distans and
C. binervis of Smith ; the 2 principal ribs upon the fruit which he
describes, and which give the name to the latter sp., being nothing
more than the margined angles which are common to many other
individuals of this genus. The fruit, indeed, is more highly co-
loured.

32. C. prcecox {vernal Carex), sheaths short scarcely any equal
to the flowerstalks, fertile spikes oblong approximate, cal. el-
liptico-oblong, fruit obovate subtriquetrous acute pubescent.
E. B. i. 1099. Ligh{f\ p. 55 1 (C. mo?itana),

Hab. Dry pastures and heaths, frequent. Fl. April, May 11 .
Root creeping. Culms 3 inches to a foot in height. Leaves short,

rather broad. Lower bracteas small, but foliaceous; upper ones

very minute. Fruit tomentose.

33. C, pilulijera {round- fruited Carex), sheaths none, bracteas
small subfoliaceous, fertile spikes sessile roundish approximate,
cal. mucronate, fruit obovato-globose acute pubescent, calms
weak scabrous. Lig/itf. p. 55i. E,B.i.S85.

Hab. Moorish ground, frequent. Fl. June, if .

Culms vaiying much in height, from 6 — 12 inches ; slender. Readily

distinguished by the pubescent, almost spherical, cap&ules, which

give name to the species.

34. C. panicea {pink-leaved Carex) , sheaths elongated shorter
than the flowerstalks, fertile spikes subcylindrical with distant
llowers, bracteas foliaceous, fruit subglobose somewhat inflated
obtuse glabrous entire at the point. Light/, p, 558. E, B.
I, 1505,

268 MONffiC. ^TRIAND.

Hab. Marshy places and bogs, common. Fi. June. If.

Stein 1 — 1 ^ foot high- Leaves rather broad, very glaucous, and rough

at the edges. Cal. glumes dark brown, their keel green. Fruit

greenish brown.

35. C recurva {glaucous Heath Carex), sheaths short scarcely
any, bracteas subfoliaceous, fertile spikes subcylindrical droop-
ing, fruit obovato-globose obtuse rather downy entire at the
point. £, B, t. 1506.

Hab. Moist meadows and moors. In the S. of Scotland, Dicks. About
Glasg., Hopk. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Fl. June. % .

Leaves mostly radical, short, broadish. Culms about 1 foot high. Fer-
tile spikes 2. Fruit closely placed, brownish.

4-+- Stigmas 2,

36. C. puUa (russet Carex), sheaths none, bracteas foliaceous,
fertile spikes ovate the lower one pedunculated, cal. oblong,
fruit subglobose apiculate with a short bifid beak. JS. B,
t. 2045.

Hab. Ben Lawers, Mr. J. Mackay in E. B. Banks of the Tilt, Perth-
shire, Anderson. Fl. June. % .

Six to eight inches high. Leaves rather broad. Glumes dark brown.
Fruit brownish.

37. C. ccBSpitosa (tufted Bog Carex), sheaths none, bracteas
foliaceous aurieled at the base, spikes sessile oblong or subcy-
lindrical obtuse, fruit broadly elliptical. Lightf.p. 560. E.B,
t. 1507.

Hab. Marshes and wet pastures, frequent. Fl. June. 2/ .

a. leaves narrow erect somewhat flaccid, spikes subcylindrical,
cal. generally shorter than the fruit. C. ccespitosa, Ligktf,
p. 560. .£. B. /. 1507.

/3. leaves broader recurved rigid, spikes oblong, cal. generally as
long as the fruit. C. rigida, E. B. /. 2017. C. saxatitis P
Walil, Lapp.

Hab. a. Marshes and wet pastures, frequent. /3. Summits of the
Highland mountains, plentiful. Fl. June, July. 7/ .

It is no wonder that foreign botanists should be at a loss to know our
C. rigida; for there is in reality no specific mark to distinguish it
from C. cccspitosa, nor any difference which is not accounted for by
its different place of growth. — It is the alpine state of it.

One foot and a half high. Leaves rather long, erect, flaccid.

2fS. C. stricla (straiglil-leaved Carex), sheaths none, bracteas
with small auricles at the base short subfoliaceous, fertile
.spikes nearly sessile cylindrical -filiform acuminate, fruit ovate
somewhat acute plane above on each side, culm acutely angu-
lar straight. Lightf. p, 561 (C. ccespitosa /3.). E, B.t,^\A.

Hab. Marshy places by the side of water. Banks of the water of
Leith, above Currie, Edinb., Maugh. Bog Kenmuir, and near Dal-*
dowie, Hopk. Bogs, not unfrequent, D. Don. FL May. 1/ .

MONCEC. TRIAND. 269

Two feet and more high. Leaves rough, filamentous near the base.

Spikes very long, erect. Cal. glumes lanceolate, dark brown.
ft Sterile spikes several on a culm {in C. laevigata mostly solitary).
* Stigmas 2.

39. C. acuta (slender-spiked Carex), sheaths none, bracteas
long foliaceoiis, fertile spikes long cylindrical acuminate slen-
der erect when in fr., fruit oval swelling subacuminate entire
at the point, culm acutely angular scabrous. E. B, (. 580.

Hab. Moist meadows and watery places, frequent. Fl. May. 11 ,
Twa to. three feet high. Leaves broad, scarcely glaucous, rough.
"** Stigmas 3.

40. C. paludosa {lesser common Carex), sheaths none, bracteas
very long foliaceous, cal. of the sterile spike obtuse, fertile
spikes cylindrical obtuse, fruit oblongo-ovate acute bifid at the
point striated. Light/, p. 566 (C- riparia |S.). E. B, t, 807.

Hab. Banks of rivers and ditches, common. Fl. May. % .
Two feet or more high. Leaves very broad, keeled, rough.

41. C. riparia (great common Carex), sheaths none, bracteas
Tery long foliaceous, cal. of the sterile spike acuminate, fertile
spikes scarcely pedunculated broadly cylindrical acute, fruit
ovate subacuminated bifid at the point. Liglitf. p, 565 {C,
acuta), E.B.t. 579.

Hab. Sides of ditches and rivers, common. JPZ. May. "2/.
Larger than the last, with much broader leaves and spikes; and well
distinguished by the acuminated cal. scales of the sterile spike.

42. C. Icevigaia (smooth-stalked leaked Carex), sheaths elon-
gated shorter than the flowerstalks, bracteas foliaceous, fertile
spikes drooping cylindrical, all the cal. acuminated or mucro-
nate, fruit ovate triangular with rather a long acuminated
beak bifid at the point. E. B. t. 1387.

Hab. Marshes in Angus-shire, G. Don. Cardenden, 4 m. N. W.
from Kirkcaldy, Mr. Chalmers. Marshes N. of Milngaire and wet
woods E. of Mugdoch-castle, Hopk. Fl. June. "2/.

One foot and a half high. Leaves broad, but rather short. It has
rarely more than 1 sterile spike ; but its similarity to the follow-
ing species induces me, as Smith has done, to place it in this di-
vision. Besides the difference in the fruit, the want of a sheathing
base to the bracteas will always distinguish C. vesicaria from this
species.

43. C. vesicaria {large -fruited Bladder Carex) ^ sheaths none,
bracteas foliaceous long, fertile spikes cylindrical slightly droop-
ing, cal. lanceolate, fruit broadly ovate inflated subulato-rostrate
deeply bifid at the point. Light/. p,'567 (C. inflata), E. B,
t.779.

Hab. Bogs and marshes. Fl. June. 11 .

One foot and a half high. Leaves rather broad. Culms acute, angu-
lar. Fruit tawny, very large, shining, much inflated.

270 MON(EC. TETRAND.

4.4. C. ampiillacea (small-fruited Bladder Carex), sheaths
none, bracteas foHaceous, fertile spikes cylindrical loni;
nearly erect, cal. lanceolate, fruit crowded subglobosc inflated
setaceo-rostrate slightly bifid at the point. Lig/iif. p. 56G
(C. vesicaria),

Hab. Bogs and marshes, frequent. Fl. June. 7/ .

Difl'ers from the last in the longer, slenderer spikes, with much more
numerous Jlowers. Fruit brownish, not half so large, and of a dif-
ferent shape.

45. C. hirla (hairy Carex), hniry, sheatlis elongated nearly
equal to the flowerstalks, bracteas long foliaceous, fertile
spikes short cylindrical distant their cal. cuspidate, fruit ovate
with a long beak hairy. Light/, p, 568. E. B. /. 685.

Hab. Wet pastures and woods, frequent. Fl. June. "2/ .
One foot to two feet high. More or less hairy in every part.

46. C. Jiliformis (slender-leaved Carex), glabrous, sheaths
scarcely any, bracteas long very narrow, fertile spikes shortly
peduncukte oblongo-cylindrical their cal. subcuspidate, fruit
ovate siiortlv beaked bifid at the point very pubescent. Light/,
p. 553.(C. iomentosa), E. B. /. 904.

Hab. Marshes. Ravelrig-toll, Mr. Grevilte. Restenat Moss, Forfar,
G. Don. Bog near Aviemore, Mr. Borrer. Fl. June. IJ. .

One to one foot and a half high. Leaves slender,- their margins in-
volute, filamentous at their base near the root.

3. TETRAND RI A.

7. ERIOCAULON.
I. E. septaiigulare (seven-angled Pipewort), scape striated
longer than the cellular compressed ensiform glabrous leaves,
, head of flowers globose its ext. scales without flowers gla-
brous the interior ones as well as the perifinths ciliato-pilose
at the extremity; stam. 4. Lightf, p. 569 (E. decarigulare),
E. B. /.733. Llook. in Fl. Lond., with a Jig,
Hab. Said to be discovered in 1768^ by Mr. Robinson, a pupil of
• Dr. Hope's, in the Isle of Skye, Lighifoot afterwards gathered it,
in company with Mr. Pennant, in tv/o or three Bmall fresh water
lakes, about a mile west of Loch Sligachan, in the Isle of Skye, but
particularly in a small lake called Loch-na-Caiplich, close to the
rpad-side between Sligachan and Drynoch. Fl. Sept. "2/ .
Plant forming great tufts, which often float. Roots fibrous, white,
. articulated. Leaves pellucid, beautifully cellular. Scape about 1
- foot high. Head oi Jiowcrs small, round, whitish purple.

* Mr. Maughan has communicated the followincr note to me, which he
found in the Herbarium of the late Dr. Walker of Edinb., attached to sp<S:i-
niens of Erioc. septangulare, in that sfcntleman's handwriting. *' In a small
lake by the road-side leading from Sconsar to Giesto, in Skye, 11th Sept.,/
>7C4. Sir John Macphersoii, who indeed first noticed it, leaped from iy^
horse, waded iuto the lake and brought it out." *

MONCEC. TETRAND. 2/1

8. LITTORELLA.

\. L.lactistris {Plantain Shoreweed). Lighif,p,hT\, E, B.
/.468.

Hab. Common in most of the Scotch lochs, near the margins. FL
July, Aug.

P la rj' growing in thick tufts. Leaves entirely radical, linear, fleshy,
semicylindrical, about 2 inches long. Scapes several. Sterile flowers
upon scapes of 2 — 3 inches long. Calyx of 4 equal segments.
Cor. with the tube inflated, limb 4-cleft. Filaments thrice the length
of the cor. Anthers yellow. Fertile flowers sessile, 2, sometimes
3, together, among the bases of the leaves, without any cal. Cor.
3 -partite, closely embracing the gemien, which is terminated by a
long, filiform style.

9. ALNUS.

1. A. glutinosa {commoji Alder), leaves roundish cuneiform ob-
tuse lobed at the margin and serrated somewhat glutinous
downy in the axils of the leaves beneath. LighiJ. p. 576, and
E. B. t, 1508 {Betula Jlnus).

Hab. Wet and boggy grounds, frequent. Ft. May, Vi .

A well known tree, whose wood is much employed for various pur-
poses, and is particularly valuable for the piles of bridges, &c,, as
its property is to remain undecayed under water for a considerable
length of time. The bark and leaves are employed in dyeing and
tanning leather, and the former for staining fishermen's nets ; its
astringent quality adapting it to this use. Sterile catkins long,
large, and cylindrical, pendent, their footstalks branched. Fertile
catkins small, ovate, with deep red scales, Lightfoot mentions a
var. wliich has hoary leaves, more acute and less viscid.

10. URTICA.

1. U. nrens {small Nettle), leaves opposite elliptical with about
5 ribs, clusters of flowers nearly simple. Liglitf. p. 578.
E.JB.M236.

Hab. Waste places, dunghills, «&:c. FL July — Sept. © .
Stems about 1 foot high, — ^This is by far the most annoying of the 2
Scotch nettles.

2. U. dioka {great Nettle), leaves ovate acuminate cordate at
the base, clusters of flowers much branched in pairs mostly
dioecious. Light/, p. 57S. E, B. t. 1750.

Hab. Waste places and hedge banks, abundant. FL July, Aug. %.

Tlie roots, boiled with alum, dye yarn of a yellow colour. Of the fibres
of the stalk a kind of hemp has been manufactured. The young
tops of nettles are frequently boiled and eaten by the common peo-
ple ; and in Arran, and others of the Western islands, a rennet is
made of a strong decoction of nettles. According to Lightf., a quart
of salt is put to 3 pints of the decoction, which is then bottled and
fit for use. A common spoonful of this liquor will coagulate a large
bowl of milk veiy readily.

272 MONGEC. PENTAND. POLY AND.

4. PENTANDRIA.

11. BRYONIA.

1. Br. dioica (red-berried Brmiy), leaves palmate rough on both
sides, flowers dioecious. Liglilf. p. 590 ( Bryonia alOa] . E, B.
t, 439.

Hab. Sometimes seen in garden hedges and near houses, but proba-
bly not indig., Dr. Burgess. Fl. May. 11 .

Root exceedingly large, white and branched. Stem long, slender,
branched, weak, and climbing, with simple tendrils. Leaves large,
5-lobed, the lobes angular. Flowers in axillaiy bunches. Cor.
whitish, with green veins .Berries red. — Full of a fetid, acrid juice.

5. POLYANDRIA.

12. CERATOPHYLLUM.

1. C. demersum (common Hornwort), fruit armed with three
spines. Liglitf, p. 580. E, B. t. 947.

Hab. Under water in slow streams and ditches, common. Fl. July. 1/ .

Stem long, slender, and much branched. Leaves whorled, di-tricho-
tomous, linear, setaceous, distantly serrated. Flowers whorled, in
the axils of the leaves, small. Anthers sessile, crowded, spotted.
Germen with 3 unequal spines longer than the cal., nnd terminated
by a more or less curved, subulate stijle. — Are the spines upon the
fruit of this plant sufficient to form a specific distinction between
this and C. submersum ?

13. MYRIOPHYLLUM.

1. M. spicatum (spiked Water Millf'oil), sterile flowers in in-
terrupted leafless spiked whorls. Lightf. p. 581. E. B. i, 83.

Hab. Ditches and stagnant waters, common. Fl. July, Aug. 1/ .

Stems slender, much branched. Leaves 4 together in a whorl, finely
pectinated, and always under water. Spikes slender, 2 — 3 inches
long. Pe^aZ* small, reddish. ^w^Aers yellowish.

14. ARUM.

1. A. maculatum (Cuckow-phit, or IVake-rolin), leaves all ra-
dical hastato-sagittate, lobes deflexed, spadix club-shaped ob-
tuse shorter than the spatha. Lightf, p. 528. E. B. t. 1298.

Hab. Hedges and shady places, but not frequent. Woods at Both-
well and Hamilton, Hopk. Woods at Dalhousie, abundant, and
Bogsmill, near Slateford, Maugh. Cliesh woods, Mr. Arnott. Upon
Inchmahone, Loch of Monteith, Mr. Young. Fl. April. 11 .

Roots tuberous, affording an abundant feculum, which, if properly
prepared, for it is of a poisonous nature, proves an excellent succe-
daneum for bread-flour, and is sold for that purpose in great abun-
dance at Weymouth and in the Portland Island. Leaves large,
shining, often spotted with black. Spatha more or less convolute,
large. The germens are at the base of the spadix : above is a ring
of 2-celled sessile anthers, and above these another ring of appa-
rently abortive germens. The spadix is long, club-shaped, and of

MONCECIA. FOLYAND. 2/3

a purplish colour. Berries crowded into an oblong spike, of a bright
scarlet colour.

15. POTERIUM.

1. P. Sangiiisorba {common Burnet), thorns none, stem some-
what angular, stamens mnch longer than the cal. E. B. t. 860i

Hab. Dry pastures, occasionally. Sandy banks near the Clyde at
Dalbeith, HojjJc. Daldowie, Dr. Brown. Road-side between Dun-
fermline and Saline : and Eildon hills, near Montrose, Maugh.
FL July. U .

Stems 1 — 2 feet high. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets ovate, serrated.
Mowers on longish terminal stalks, in round heads of a dull purplish
colour. Sterile ji. mostly at the base j fertile ones mostly at the
extremity. Style much exserted, with a large radiated stigma. ,

16. QUERCUS.

1. Q. Rohur {common British Oak), leaves deciduous dihitcd
towards the extremity, obovato-oblong sinuated and lobed their
sinuses rather acute their lobes obtuse, fruitstalks elongated.
Light/, p. 581. E.B.t. 1342.

Hab. In the Lowlands, frequent ; in the Highlands very dwarfish, sel-
dom attaining to a trunk, except in sheltered situations near gen-
tlemen's houses, Lightf. FL May. fj •

The uses of the wood and the bark of this most invaluable tree are
too generally known to require that I should speak of them here.
The acorns were formerly the food of our British ancestors ; but are
now left to hogs and s([uirrcls.

2. Q. sessilljiora {sessile -fruited Oak), leaves deciduous petiolate
oblong sinuated and lolied the sinuses rather acute the lobes
obtuse, fruit sessile. E. B. t. 184d.

Hab. Rosslyn woods, Maugh. Edge of Birnam Wood, near Dunkeld,
and it is probably not uncommon. Hook. Ft. May. fj .

This species is well distinguished from Q. Robur by its sessile fruit:
its wood also is said to be very inferior to that of the common oak.

17. CASTANEA.

1. C. vulgaris {Spanish Chesnut Tree), leaves oblongo-lanceo-
late acuminate mucroiiato -serrate glabrous on each side. De-
cand. FL Gall, Syn. p. 181. E, B. t. 886 {Fagiis Caslanea).

Hab. This occurs in plantations, but is not indigenous, Lightf. Fl.
May. \i .

Surely a distinct genus from Fagus, although the learned and excel-
lent author of £, Bot. is of a different opinion, and condemns Gsert-
nerfor separating it. This beautiful* tree is now much cultivated
in plantations for its timber. Evelyn tells us " it hath formerly
built a good part of our ancient houses in the city of London. I had
once a very large barn near the city entirely framed of it," It af-
fords excellent stakes for pallisades and props for vines and hops.

- It is good for mill timber and for water-works ; but if water touch
the roots of the growing tree it spoils both the fruit and timber.

274 MONCECIA. POLVAND.

The fruit is much used as an article of food in the S. of Europe, and
in parts of France I have had them served up for breakfast, boiled in
milk.

18. FAGUS.

1. Y. sylvatica {Beech Tree), leaves ovate glabrous obsoletely
dentate their margins ciliated. Liglitf. p, 584. E, B.
t. 1846.
Hab. Woods and plantations, frequent. Fl. May. T2 •
This tree aftbrds excellent shelter ; especially tliat variety which retains
its leaves through the winter. The wood is employed for an infinity
of purposes by carpenters, turners, wheelwrights, &c. Swine are
driven into the forests of beech to feed upovi the mast in Autumn.

19. BETULA.

1. B. alia {common Birch Tree), leaves ovato-deltoid acute
doubly serrated glabrous. Light/, p. 572. E, B. t. 2198.

Hab. Woods, plentiful, especially in the Highlands, There is a var.
of this, with remarkably drooping branches which are more warty
than in the common appearance, not unfrequent in the Highlands,
and generally known by the name of the drooping birch.

The wood is tough and white and is used for various purposes. Much
is burned into charcoal. Brooms are made of it. Of the bark in
some countries hats and drinking cups are formed, and of the sap a
wine is produced by fermentation. Jp .

2. B. nana {dwarf Birch), leaves orbicular crenate. Light/,
p. bib, t. 25. E.B.t.2S2G,

Hab. Abundant in Corry-y-caUin, N. of Glen Lyon, in Breadalbane :
also moors of Loch Glass, Ross-shire, and Lands of Bertram, 1 mile
from Carnwrath, Clydesdale, Light/. Ben Lawers, Mr. Winch. Fl.
May. Fj .

This is a small, shrubby plant, not exceeding 1 — 2 feet in height. The
leaves are on short footstalks. Fertile catkins at the extremity of
the branches, small. Even this humble shrub the poor Laplander
turns to account. It is almost all he meets with in certain situa-
tions that can be converted into fuel for burning and driving away
the gnats ; and, covered with the rein-deer's skin, it serves him for
a bed.

20. CARPINUS.

1. C. Betidus {Hornheam), scales or bracteas of the fruit ob-
long serrated with 2 smaller lateral lobes. Light/, p. 585.
E.B.t. 2032.

Hab. Woods and plantations.* Fl. May. T^ .

Rather a small tree with ovate or subcordate, doubly serrated, acute
leaves, of which the veins are somewhat hairy, and which are beau-
tifully plaited when in the act of expanding. Tlie wood of the Horn-
beam is white, tough, and hard, and burns like a candle. It is used
in turnery work, for implements of husbandry, cogs of wheels, &c.
The inner bark produces a yellow dye.

i

I

DICECIA. %7^

21. CORYLUS.

I.e. Avellana (f/fl2;/6'-7Z7//), stipules oblong obtuse, leaves round-
ish-cordate pointed, involucre of the fruit campanulate rather
spreading torn at the margin. Light/, p. 586. E, B, /. 723.

Hab. Woods, very frequent. Fl. March, April. Tj .

The Hasel wood is employed for a number of domestic and agricul-
tural and some superstitious purposes, and makes an excellent
charcoal for drawing. The Nuts are much esteemed at table, though
unwholesome if eaten in large quantities, from their undigestible na-
ture. It is of the young forked twigs of this plant that the celebra-
ted divining rod (virgula divinatoria) is taken, with which indivi-
duals even in our days and in our country have believed that they
possessed the power of discovering springs of water, when nothing
on the surface of the earth indicated their existence. A curious ac-
count of this faculty, supposed to be inherent in the person of a lady
of high rank, is given in a note to a most valuable essay on " the
popular Mythology of the middle Ages,'' in the 44th No. of the
Quarterly Review, p. ^7^.

22. PINUS.

1. P. sylvestris (Scotch Fir), leaves in pairs rigid, cones conico-
ovate acute as long as the leaves generally in pairs. Lightf.
p. 587. E.B. /. 2460.

Hab. Constitutes vast natural forests in many parts of the Highlands.
Fl. May. Pj .

A tree of great value but little beauty, except indeed when it grows
in large masses, as in some of the Highland forests. It affords the
red or yellow deal. The bark has been used with much success in
tanning, and in the northern parts of Europe it is made into
a wretched substitute for bread. Tar and pitch, and turpentine,
are the produce of this tree ; and in the Highlands the resinous
roots afford a succedaneum for candles.

XXII. DICECIA.

(MONANDRIA.

Salix purpurea, Helix and Lamler liana,)

1. DIANDRIA.

1, Salix. Barren FL 5ca/e5 of the ca/^m single-flowered, im-
bricated, with a nectariferous gland at its base. Perianth 0.
Stam. 1—5.

Fertile Fl. Scales of the catkin single-flowered. Perianth
0. Stigmas 2, often cleft. Caps. I -celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds comose.

t2

276 DICECIA.

2. TRIANDRIA.

2 Empetrum. Barren Fl. Cal. tripartite. Cor. of 3 petals

(7 in E. B.). Stam. 3 (9 in E. jS.), upon long filaments.

Fertile Fl. Cal. tripartite. Cor. of 3 petals. Style verv
short. Stigma with G — 9 rays. Berry superior, globose witli
6 — 9 seeds.

3. Ruscus. Barren Fl. Perianth single, of 6 leaves. Fila-
ments united into a tube. Antli. 3 — 6.

Fertile Fl. Perianth single, of 6 leaves. Nectary tubular.

' Style \. Stigma \. jB*/-??/ superior, 3-celIecl. Cells 2-seede(\.

{Valei'iana dioica, Triand. Salix triandria, and lanceolata,

Ord. DiANDR.)

3. TETRANDRIA.

5. Myrica. Barren fl Scales of the catkin concave. Pe-
rianth 0.

Fertile Fl. Scales of the calkin concave. Perianth 0.
Sti/les 2. Drupe 1 -celled, 1 -seeded.

4. ViscuM. Barren Fl. Cal. 0. Petals 4, dilated at the base,
connate, resembling a cal. Anthers sessile, adnate with the
petals.

Fertile FL Cal. submarginate. Petals 4, dilated at the
base. Style 1. Berry {Drupe) inferior, 1 -seeded.
{Rhamnus cat liar ticus^ Pentand. Urtica dioica, Moncec.)
4 PENTANDRIA.

6. HuMULUS. Barren FL Perianth single, of 5 leaves. An-
thers with 2 pores at the extremity.

Fertile FL Scales of the catkin large, persistent, concave,

entire, single-flowered. Perianth 0. Styles 2. Seed \.

{Riles alpin.j Pentand. Bryonia dioica, Moncec. Salix pen-

iandra, Ord. Dianbr.)

5. OCTANDRIA.

8. Rhodiola. Barren fl C«/. quadripartite. Petals 4. Nec-
taries 4, emarginate.

Fertile Fl. Cal. quadripartite. Petals 4. Nectaries 4,
emarginate. Germens 4. Caps. 4, many-seeded.

7. PoPULUS. Barren FL Scales of the catkin lacerated. A71-
thers 8 — 30, arising from a turbinate, oblique, entire, single
peiianth.

'■^■\' Fertile Fl. Scales of the catkin lacerated. Peria7ith tur-
•' binate (entire) ? Stigmas 4. Caps, superior, 2-celled, 2-
valved, many-seeded. Seeds comose.

6. ENNEANDRIA.

9. Mercurialis. Barren FL Perianth single, tripartite. Stam,
9 — \2. Anthers globose, 2-lobed.

DIGECIA. DIA?^, ^ 277

Fertile FL Periani/i single, tripartite. Siyles 2. Caps,
2-cellecl, cells 1 -seeded.

10. Hydkocharis. Barren FL Cal, tripartite. Petals 3, " the
3 interior filaments beaked,'* Sm,

Fertile FL Cal. tripartite. Petals 3. Styles 6, each with
2 stigmas. Caps* inferior, coriaceous, roundish, 6-celled,
many-seeded.

{Empetrum, Ord. Triandr.)

(Decandria.

Lychnis dioica, CI. Dkcand. Pentag.)

(ICOSANDRIA.

Rubus Chamcemorus, Icos. Poi.yand.)

(PoLYANDRIA.

Siratiotes aloides, Polyand. Pentag, Populus nigra,

Ord. OCTAND.)

7. MONADELPHIA.

11. JuNiPERUs. Barren FL Scales of the catkin subpeltate.
Perianth 0. Stam. 4—8, I -celled.

Fertile FL Scales of the cat/dn few, united, at length
fleshy, and surrounding the 3-seeded berry.

12. Taxus. Barren FL Perianth single at the base. Stam. nu-
merous, ylntherspehcite, 6 — 8-celled ; cells opening beneath.

Fertile FL Perianth single, urceolate, scaly. Style 0.
Drupe fleshy, })erforated at the extremity.

(Salix rubra, Ord. Diandr.)

1. DIANDRIA.

1. SALIX^

* Leaves serrated, smootliish, especially above.
1. S. purpurea {bitter purple IVillow), monandrous decumbent,

leaves lanceolate broadest upwards serrated glabrous, germens

ovate very pubescent sessile, stigma nearly sessile. Light/,

p. 598. E.JJ./. 1388
Hab. Banks of the Esk, near Netherby, in Eskdale, Lighff. N.bank

of the river Tv/eed, opposite Melrose, Mdugh. Ft. March, Apr. ^2 •

'' The following specific characters of this most intricate genus are taken
in every instance, where not otherwise mentioned, from specimens that are
the best authority for the E. Bot. species ; that is, from individuals gathered
in the late Mr. Crowe's garden near Norwich, in company with Mr. Crowe
himself, or with Sir James Smith. If my characters differ in some measure
from those publislied by Smith, it will show how variable are these plants,
and how careful we ought to he in not multiplying the species unnecessari-
ly. Future observations, I think, will warrant the reduction of the present
very extenaive list of British willows.

278 DICECIA. DIAMD.

2. S. Helix {Rose IVillow), monandrous erect, leaves lanceohite
broadest upwards serrated glabrous, germens oblongo-ovate
very pubescent sessile, style short, stigma small 2-lobed.
Light/, p. 597. E. B. t, 1343.

Hab. Marshes and the banks of rivers, frequent. Fl. March, Apr. Tj .

Surely Hoffman was right in uniting this and the last species. There
is no difference in the shape of the leaves. That in the stigma and
style is very trifling. — I have this species from Switzerland, with
pubescent leaves on both sides.

3. S. Lambertiana [Boyton Willow), monandrous erect, leaves
lanceolate broadest upwards serrated glabrous, germens shortly
ovate very pubescent sessile, stigmanearly sessile. E.B. t, 1359.

Hab. Banks of the Water of Leith ; above Coltridge j and banks of

the Esk, above Musselburgh. Fl. April. \2 •
A very slight var. indeed, in my opinion, of S. purpurea or Helix.

4. S. rubra {green Osier), stam. 2 united at the base, leaves
linear-lanceolate serrated glabrous green on both sides, cap-
sules oblongo-ovate very pubescent sessile, style elongated,
stigmas rarely 2-lobed linear. E.B. t. i\45,

Hab. Hedges and osier grounds, frequent, D. Don. Fl. April, May.

Leaves 4 — 5 inches long. Reckoned among the most valuable of the
osier tribe.

5* S. Croweana {broad-leaved monadelphous Willow) ^ " mo-
nadelphous, leaves elliptical" (obovato-elliptical acute) "sub-
serrated quite glabrous glaucous beneath,*' Srn. E.B. t, 1146.

Hab. Glen Nevis, Mr. Borrer. Fl. April, May. Pj .

I have no flowering specimens of this plant ; nor has Smith himself
seen the germens.

6. S. triandra {short-leaved triavdrous Willow), leaves ob-
longo-lanceolate acute serrated glabrous, germens pedicellate
oblongo-ovate glabrous as well as the scale, stigmas sessile bi-
fid. E. 5./. 1435.

Hab. Marshy places, not unfrequent, D. Don. Near Craigcrook^ 3
m. N. W. of Edinb., Maugh. FL April, May. Pj .

An excellent osier. Stipules, as in its affinities, ovate, oblique, toothed.
Germens brown, rather lax. Scales yellow.

7. S. lanceolaia {long-leaved triandrous Willow) ^ triandrous,
leaves lanceolate acuminate serrated glabrous, germens pedi-
cellate oblongo-ovate glabrous, style elongated, stigmas bifid,
scales very villous. E. jB. t. 1436.

Hab. Angus-shire, G. Don. Fl. April, May. Tj .

A small tree, and, like the last, according to Smith, casting its bark.
Said to be not so valuable as an osier, since the rods are apt to split
when peeled, but very useful for brown hampers, &c., Sm. — The
scales are almost equal to the germens in length.

8. S. amygdalina {Almond- leaved Willow), triandrous, leaves
obloiigo-ianceolate acute serrated glabrous, germens pedicel-

DKECIA. DIAND. 279

late ovate glabrous, stigmas sessile bifid, scales glabrous or a
little pubescent at the base. Lighif. p. 596. E, B. t. 193G.

Hab. Jianks! of rivers, Dr. Parsons. Fl. Ai)ril, May. Tj .

So very nearly do my specimens of this plant from Smith himself cor-
respond with S. triandra, that, I must confess, had it not been for
such high authority, I should have been disposed to do what Curtis
has been condemned for doing, and unite this with that species.
The leaves are called in £. B. ovate ; but there is not an ovate leaf
in all my specimens, nor in the fig. in E. B. The stipules are de-
scribed as large ; but then they are afterwards said to vary in di-
mensions. It is indeed considered inferior to S. triandra as an osier j
but that may arise from soil or other accidental circumstances.

9. S. decipiens {while Welsh, or varnished Willow), " leaves
lanceolate serrated very glabrous, petioles subglandular, ger-
mens attenuated pedicellated, branches smooth and highly
polished," Sm. E. B. t. 1937.

Hab. Sterile plant onlv, Collington woods, Edinb,, Maugh. Fl. May.

Produces good rods for basket-work. I have seen no germens ; nor
are they figured in E. B. It seems to possess few important cha-
racteristic marks, and is said to be very near S. Russelliana. Stam.
2 in my specimens.

10. S. Russelliana {Bedford Willow), leaves lanceolate tapering
at each extremity strongly serrated glabrous, germens pedicel-
late oblongo-subulate glabrous, style elongate, stigmas bifid,
scales lanceolate very narrow slightly ciliated or pubescent.
E. jB. ^. 180S.

Hab. Common near P^dinb., Maugh. Fl. April, May. Pj .
A tall tree with very long handsome leaves. Catkins long, lax. Bark
esteemed for tanning.

11. S.J'ragilis {crack Willow), leaves ovato-lanceolate acute
serrated glabrous, germens shortly pedicellate oblongo-ovate
glabrous, style elongated, stigmas bifid, scales pubescent and
much ciliated. Light/', p. 597. E. B. t. 1807.

Hab. Banks of rivers in the Lowlands, frequent. Less frequent about
Edinb. than S. Russelliana, Maugh. Fl. April, May. Pp .

A large tree, with very fragile branches. The catkins seem to me ex-
actly to reuem.ble those of S. lanceolata. Stam. from 2 — 3, accord-
ing to Smith.

12. S. pentandra {pevtnndroiis or siucct Bay Willow), pen-
tandrous^ leaves obovato-elliptical shortly acuminate glandu-
loso- serrated glabrous, germens oblongo-ovate glabrous nearly
sessile, style elongated, stigmas bifid, scale almost as long as
the germen glabrous or slightly pilose. Lightf, p. 593. E. B.
t. 1805.

Hab. Banks of rivers and watery places, not uncommon. H. May,

June. Tj ,
The most beautiful of our British willows, readily known by its large.

280 DICECIA. DIAND.

broacij bright, very shining leaves, and its broad sterile catJdus, witli
numerous crowded yellow stam. Smith says that the small yellow
glands upon the footstalks of the leaves cause the agreeable fra-
grance of this plant.
13. S. nigricans {dark broad -leaved Willow), leaves mostly
obovate acute crenato-serrate glaucous and often downy be-
neath, germens pedicellate lanceolalo-subulate very silky, styles
elongated, stigmas mostly entire, scales villous. E. B.t, 1213.
Hab. Banks of the Esk, D. T)on. Craigcrook, Edinb. (fertile plant)_,

Maugh. Fl. April, May. J^ -
Leaves dark green, turning black when dry, very variable in size, but
always more or less elliptical or obovate, veiny. - Catkins rather
short. Germens long, extremely silky. Scales brownish or almost
black at the tips. I have some plants from Switzerland whose
leaves are quite silky beneath, and a series of specimens gradually
less so, till they have the common nearly glabrous appearance.
\4. S. bicolor {shinivg dark green fVillow), " leaves elliptical
acute denticulato-serrate smoothisb glaucous beneath, ger-
mens pedicellate lanceolate silky," Sm, E. B. t. 1806.
Hab, Banks of the Clyde, a little above Glasgow, Maugh. Banks

of the Esk, D. Don. Fl. April, May. J? .
I have never seen this species ; but the characters do not appear at
all to distinguish it from the last. — " Grows in an upright wand-
like form, with dark mahogany-coloured stems," Sm. Germens and
scales, according to the lig. as above quoted, exactly as in S.7iigricans.
15. S. petiolaris {dark long- leaved IVilioLv), leaves lanceolate
serrated glabrous glaucous and often silky beneath, " germens
pedicellate ovate silky, stigmas sessile 2-lobed5" Sm. E. B.
/. 1147.
Hab. Fossil Marsh, N. side of the canal, D. Don. Marshes, Angus-
shire, G. Don. Fl. April. 1^ .
Of this I am unacquainted with the germens, which, according to
Smith, are much shorter than in the tv/o last species, while at the
same time the leaves are longer and truly lanceolate : — they, how-
ever, turn almost black in drying.
IG. S. radicans {roo ting-Iran died Willow), leaves obovato- or
elliptico- lanceolate with often wavy serratures glabrous glau-
cous beneath^ germens lanceolate pedicellate very silky as well
as the scales, style elongated, stigma sentire or bifid. S. ra-
dicans, Sm. FL'Brit.p. 1053. S.phylicifolia, E.B. t. 195S;
not of Wahl. or Linn.
Hab. Scotland, Dlclcson. Banks of the river Nith towards Sanquha'*,

Maugh. Fl. May. T^ .
My specimens are from Sir James Smith, but they do not at all accord
in the germens with the S. plnjUcifolia of Wahl., which that author
considers to be the same as Linnaeus's. He describes and figures
them as subulate and glabrous, and expressly says he never knew
them to be otherwise. Unfortunately Linnaeus himself says nothing

DKECIA. DIAND. , 281

about the germens. — May not the present plant be the same a.s
S. Crowcana ?

17. S. phylidfoUa {Phylica-leaued PFillon'), le:ivcs ohh)ng
shortly attenuated at each extremity vvith often wavy serra-
tures glabrous and glaucous beneath, gerfnens pedicellate su-
l)ulate glabrous, stvle much elongated, stigmas bifid. Linn» P
PFakl. Lapp. p. 270. p. 17./. 2.

Hab, Ben Lawers, Mr. Borrer and Hook. Fl. May, June. Tj .

A small bushy shrub, with leaves of a much thinner texture than the
last, and capsules of a totally different nature, more like those of
.S". RusselUana, from w^hich again the leaves are widely different.
The rachls of the catkins is pubescent, and the small scales slightly
-so. The plant precisely accords with Wahlenberg's figure and
description,

18. S, Arhuscula {little Tree IFilloiv), leaves lanceolate obso-
letely denticulate-serrate glabrous glaucous beneath, gerineiis
oblongo-ovate very silky pedicellate, stvle elongated, stigmas
entire. E. B. t, 1366.' Wahl. Lapp,' p. 263. /. 16./. 2.

Hab. Highlands of Scotland, Dickson. Vallies of the mountains of
Clova, G. Don. Banks of the Nith 20 m. above Dumfries^ Maugh.
FL April. Ij .

*■ About 1 foot high, naked below, like a little tree," Sm. Branches
downy. Leaves one or one inch and a half long, very minutely
serrated, sometimes according to Smith and Wahlenberg oblong or
ovate. Catkins short, very silky. Scales short, blackish, silky. My
specimens become black in drying. Wahlenberg says his remain
green in that state ; and his plants have the leaves much more ser-
rated than ours.

19. S. livida {livid Willow,) " leaves oblong nearly entire gla-
brous livid beneath, germens pedicellate somewhat silky, stig-
mas nearly sessile 2-lol)ed." IValiL Lapp, p, 272. /. 16. J'. 6.
S. arhuscula y. Limu

Hab. Foot of Hertfell, near Moffat, Maugh. Fl. — . T? .

'' Glabrous every where, and even shining, about 1 foot high ; the
branches divergent, and almost deilexed, brownish. Leaves ob-
longo-rhomboid, broader upwards, acuminated at each extremity,
livid rather than glaucous beneath. Scales not so long as the pedi-
cel, shortly pubescent." M'^ahl. I. c.

20. S. vitblima {yelloiu IVillow, or golden Osier), leaves lan-
ceolate vvith cartilaginous serratures glabrous above more or
less silky beneath, germens lanceolate sessile glabrous, style
short, stigmas bipartite, scales lanceolate as long as the ger-
men glabrous. E. B. t, 13(S9.

Hab. Hedges and osier grounds, not rare, D. Don. Near Dumbar-
ton (fertile plant), Maugh. Banks of the Clyde, frequent, Hopk.
Fl. May. ^2 •

Branches singularly yellow, and indeed the whole foliage approaches
to that tint. It is rather an ornamental than useful tree.

282

DICECIA. DIAND.

21. S. temufoUa {thin-leaved JVillotv), "leaves elliptical acute
serrated smoothish glaucous beneath, stipules obsolete, cap-
sules very smooth," Sm. E. B.t.2]S6.

Hab. Drawn in E. B. from the garden of Mr. T. Forster, who receiv-
ed it from Scotland. Various parts of Scotland^ D. Don. Ft. May,
June. Fj •

This species I never saw. There are no germens figured in E. B.

22. S. rmjrsinites [green IV lior tie -leaved IVillow), leaves oval
serrated veined shining quite glabrous, germens nearly sessile
lanceolate slightly downy, style elongated, stigmas bifid. E.B,
t. 1360.

Hab. Mountains of Glen-co, Dr. Stuart. Ft. June. Tj .

A low, shining, bushy shrub, with thick, much branching stems and
roundish-oval leaves, not unlike some Vaccin'mm, or more like,
both in habit and dark colour, as Wahlenberg w^ell observes, Be-
tula nana. Leaves rigid, often keeled at the back, much veined. The
flowers aj)pear when the plant is in full leaf. Scales small, blackish,
with silky long hairs.

23. S. prnnijolia {Phim-lenved Willow), leaves ovate serrated
more or less veiny glabrous glaucous beneath, germens sessile
oblongo- ovate extremely silky, style short, stigmas notched.
■Light/, p. 599 {S. myrsinites), according to Smith. E.B,
t. J361, and t. 1362 (S. vtnulosa.),

/S. leaves ovato-oblong. ^S. vacciniifoUa, E.B, t. 2341.

Hab. Breadalbane mountains. Dr. Stuart. Blair, in Athol, Mr.
M'Nab. Marsh south from Huggenfield Loch, rare (?), Hopk.
/3. South of Scotland. K. April, May. I?.

Leaves ovate, not shining like the last, and paler green. Thejlowers
appear before the expansion of the leaves. Germens smaller, much
more silky, and the scales longer and extremely silky ; forming a
very compact, cylindrical, obtuse catkin. I can see no difference
whatever in the S.vaccmiifoUa,but in the leaves being narrower 3 they
are silky beneath only in a young state. I think the veiny leaves
of the S. venulosa cannot constitute a species ; besides which the
veins are more or less a})parent on different individuals : and in the
specimens I have from Sir James Smith there is no other character
whatever.

24. S. carina t a (folded-leaved Willow), leaves ovate serrated
glabrous glaucous beneath frequently folded so as to form a
keel, germens sessile oblongo- ovate extremely silky, style
short, stigmas notched. E. B. t, 1363.

Plant 2 feet high. Leaves generally longer than the last, and mostly
remarkably carinated by the laterally folding together of the two
halves ; but I see no other difference.

25. ^. Dicksonian a [Iroad- leaved Mountain Willow), "leaves
elliptical acute slightly toothed glabrous glaucous beneath,
voung branches very glabrous, catkins ovate short erect silky,"
'Sm. E, B. t. 1390.

DKECIA. DIAMD. *283

'Hab. Scottish mountains, Dickson. Fl. April. Pj .

specimens under this name from my friend Mr. Borrer, who has paid
great attention to this genus, precisely accord with what 1 have
above called S. racUcam {S. phiiUcifolia, E. B.) ; and I can only add
to the above character, that, if the E. B. plant be a good species, I
am perfectly unacquainted with it.

26. S. kerbacea {least IViilow), leaves orbicular serrated gla-
brous shining veined, germens sessile lanceolate glabrous, stig-
mas sessile i)ifid, catkins of few flowers. Ligktf. p. 600.
E.B.t, 1907.

Hab. Summits of the Highland mountains, frequent. Fl. June,
July, tp ,

The least of our British species, though not so small as is generally sup-
posed, for its stems divide and creep below the surface of the earth,
while the branches scarcely rise an inch above. Germen large, but
soon ripening and shedding its seeds, which are furnished with their
silky or comate appendage.

** Leaves sub-entire, more or less hairy or silky.

27. S. reticulata (reticulated Willow), leaves nearly elliptical-
orbicular mostly glabrous remarkably reticulated with veins
glaucous beneath, germens sessile oblongo -ovate downy, style
short, stigmas bifid. Light/', p. 601.

Hab. On many of the Highland mountains, especially in a micaceous
soil} as in the Breadalbane range, Fl. June. ^2 •

Stems short, very woody, much branched, procumbent. When cul-
tivated, forming a beautiful tuft of considerable extent with its
curiously reticulated large leaves. I have this, from Hudson's Bay,

. with long silky hairs on both sides the leaves.

28. S. arsnaria {downy Mountain Willow)., leaves oblongo-
lanceolate entire downy especially beneath, germens sessile
lanceolate downy with a very long style, stigmas linear often
entire. E. B. t, 1809, and /. 2586 {S. Stuartiana ; fertile
plant). S. limosa, M^ahl. Lapp. p. 265. t. 16. /. 4.

Hab. Breadalbane, Dr. Stuart. Ben Lawers, abundant, Mr. Winch.
Clova mountains, G. and D. Don. FL June, f? .

One foot to two feet high, with dark brown, glossy bark. Leaves
downy or silky, slightly so above, but especially beneath, where
they are almost white. Germen with a remarkably long, slender,
dark coloured style. Scales almost black, very villous.

29. S. glauca {glaucous Mountain Willow), leaves ovato-lan-
ceolate entire downy white and very silky beneath, germens
sessile narrow- elliptical ovate very downy, stigmas nearly ses-
sile bifid. E. B. t.\S\0. S. Lapponum, Light/, p. 604 ?

Hab. Highlands of Scotland, Dickson. Clova mountains, G. and

D. Don. Fl. July. I? .
Much resembling the last in every thing except the fruit, which is

shorter, more obtuse, and terminated by the nearly sessile stigmas.

^Ir. D. Don has favoured me with specimens of what he supposes

284 DICECIA. DIAMD.

to be the lariata of Linn.; but without the fructification 1 should be
disposed to consider them a broad-leaved var. of this or the
preceding species.

30. S. repens {dwarf silky Willow), monadelphous, leaves
elliptical lanceolate acute entire somewhat downy glaucous and
generally very silky beneath, gerniens upon a long footstalk
lanceolate very silky, styles short, stigmas bifid, stems more or
less procumbent.

«. '* leaves entire elliptico-lanceolatc submucronulate nearly na-
ked above glaucous and silky beneath, stem depressed," Sm,
Linn. Sp. PL p. 1447, according to Smit/u E, B, t. 183.
S. orcjiarin, Lighif. p. 60 L

/3. " leaves elliptical oblong subser rated with recurved points
glaucous and silky beneath, stem ascending, stipules ovate
serrated'* (very minute linear-setaceous entire, in my speci-
mens from Smith), Sm. S. adscendens, E. B. t. 1962.

y. " leaves elliptical nearly entire with recurved points glaucous
and silkv beneath, stem decumbent, stipules ovate entire,"
Sm. S, parvifoliQ, E.B.t.\m\.

5. *' leaves somewhat toothed" (quite entire in my specimens
from Syn.) " elliptical oblong acute glabrous above glaucous
beneath and silky, petioles attenuated" (not more so than in
the other vars.), Sm. S. fusca, E. B. t. 1960.

6. " leaves entire elliptical somewhat revolute with a recurved
point slightly hairy above beneath and on the branches with a
silvery silkiness," Sm. A. nrgentea, E. B, t. 1364.

Hab. a. On moist heaths and marshes, plentiful. /3. \Vet moorSj,
abundant, D. Don. y. Marshes, Angus-shire, common, G. and I>.
Don. I. Marshes, N. of Forfar^ rare, G. Don. Road-side between
Auchincairn and Kirkcudbright j near Ravelrig-toll-bar, Maugh.
i. Sands of Barrie, G.Don. Near Ckmie, Mr. Winch. F/. May. Pj •

I have given the characters of the above four willows in Smith's ov\n
v/ords, and they mr.y be considered species or vars. at the pleasure
of the student. The leaves, in all, are smoothish above, with pro-
minent nerves beneath : the catkins are oblong and difl'er in no re-
spect, be the leaves ever so variable. It is a small, usually pro-
cumbent shrub with rather long straight branches.

31. S. cinerea {grey If'lllow), leaves obovato-elliptical ap-
proaching to lanceolate generally slightly downy above, be-
neath pubescent and reticulated with veins glaucous the mar-
gins slightly recurved, stipules semicordate, gcrmens pedicel-
late lanceolate subulate silkv, stylo short, stigmas mostly
entire. E. B. t. 1897, and 1*437 \S. aqualica), and t, 1402
(S. olei folia).

Hab. Banks of rivers and moist woods, in several places. Fl. Apr. Tp .

A small tree of no beauty and little use. The s^ip/f/rs soon fall ofi",

and they are truly semi'jordate in S.aqiudica as in S. cinerea ^ and

DI(E€IA. DIAND. 285

their different forms being t^^e chief point of distinction indicated,
and findina; no characteristic marks in my own authentic specimens,
I do not hesitate about uniting them. My plants of S. oleifolhi
likewise, from the same source, offer no points of discrimination ;
though, like Sir James Smith, I have never seen the fertile catkins.

32. S. Qurifa {roimd-eored Sallow), leaves ohovate repando-
dentate rugose with veins more or less pubescent very downy
beneath their margins recurved tipped with a small recurved
point, stipules roundish scniicordate, gerrnens lanceolato-su-
bulate pedicellate silky, style very short, stigmas generally
entire. Lig/itf. p. 602. E. B. t. 1487.

Hab. M'oods and hedges, frequent. Fl. May. Tj .

A small bushy tree, with straggling branches. May it not be, that in

. in a moister soil this would become S. cinerea ? It is, however,

decidedly more toothed, far more veiny, and shorter in the leaves.

The germens of the two in my specimens are exactly similar, and

longer than represented in E. B.

33. S. ritpestris [silky Rock IVilloiv) , leaves obovate approach-
ing to lanceolate subserrated pubescent and subsilky beneath
veined, stipules small semicordate, ** germens pedicellate lan-
ceolato-subulate, style short, stigmas mostly entire," Sm.
E.B.i. 2342.

Hab. Rocks on the mountains of Craig- Chailloch and Mael-Ghyrdy,
as well as near Aberfoyle, Mr. Borrer, On the Clova mountains,
G. Do)i. Fl. May. P2 •

A trailing depressed shrub ; probably a dwarf of one of the two pre-
ceding species.

34. S. Andersoniana (green Mountain Salloiv), leaves ellipti-
cal oblong acute faintly crenato-dentate the upper ones chieily
subpubescent all glaucous beneath, stipules small subovate,

• branches minutely downy, germens pedicellate linear-subulate
glabrous, style elongated, stigmas bifid, scales fringed with a
few long silky hairs. E. B. '/. 2343.

Hab. Scotland, in various parts, Sm. in E. B. Clova mountains,
G. Don. FL May. fj ,

A small tree or bush, differing from all the preceding species of this
division in its glabrous germens. The leaves are all serrated, and
so glabrous that the plant might be looked for in the first division.

35. S. Fnrsteri [glaucous Mountain Sallow), " leaves ellip-
tical-obovate acute notched slightly downy glaucous beneath,
stipules vaulted, branches minutely downy, germen stalked
silky, stigmas undivided," Sm. E. B. t. 2344.

Hab. Obtained by Mi-. T. F. Forster from Scotland. Fl. May. T2 •
1 presume the silky germens will distinguish this plant (of which I
have no specimens) from S. Andersoniana, with which it is com-
pared by its author, on the one hand ; and with S. hirta on the
other : like that turning black in drying, " but the hirta is a tree
vastly more hairy, with larger, flat, quite smooth stipules, its leave
heart-shaped at the base,'* Sm.

286

DICECIA. DIAND.

36. S. collnifolia [Quince'leavcd Willow), leaves elliptical-or-
bicular obsoletely dentate slightfy pubescent above more so
and veiny beneath, gerniens slightly silky pedicellate, stvle
elongated, stigmas bifid. E. B. t. 1403.

Hab, Road-side between Newton Stewart and Glenluce, Wigton-
shire, Mawg/i. Banks of the Esk, near Forfar, but rare, G.Don.
Fl. May. ^Pj .

A small tree, according to Smith. Its leaves become black in drying.

37. S. sphacelata {ivii her ed- pointed fVillow), *^ leaves entire
elliptical plane pubescent on both sides, somewhat withered at
the point, stipules obsolete, capsules subulate," S7n, Light/,
p, 602 (S. lanata, according to Sm.), E.B.t. 2333.

Hab. Vallies amongst the Highlands, as at Finlarig, at the head of
Loch Tay, &c.. Dr. Stuart. Ben Lawers, Maugh. Fl. May. T2 .
If a species, unknown to me.

38. S. caprea {great roinid-leaved Sallow), leaves ovato- ellip-
tical acute serrated and undulated at the margin downy beneath,
stipules semicordate, germens pedicellate lanceolato-subulate
silkv, stigmas sessile undivided. Lightf. p. 607. E, B.
t, 1488.

Hab. W^oods and dry pastures, common. Fl. April, May. Tj .

A tree which distinguishes itself in the spring by being covered with
blossoms before the leaves appear. The catkins of both kinds are
bro'ider and shorter than in most species, with crowded flowers.
llie Highlanders employ the bark to tan leather, and the handles of
various agricultural implements are made with its wood. The bark
has even been used, and with success, instead of that from Feru.

39. S. acuminata {long-leaved Sallow), " leaves lanceolato-
oblong pointed waved slightly toothed downy beneath, stipules
kidney- shaped, capsules ovate tapering," Sm. E. B. t. 1434.

Hab. River banks, frequent, D. Don. Banks of the Kelvin, Hopk.
Banks of the Esk, near Musselburgh 3 and Collington woods, bv
the river side, Edinb., Maugh. Fl. April, May. Tj .

This, Smith tells us, has been considered a var. of the preceding ; but
both the leaves and the catkins are longer and narrower. I have
two states of this plant from Sir James Smith : in one the leaves
are truly lanceolate, and the germens as figured in E. B. ; the
other with the leaves as in E. B., but the germens nearly sessile, a
long style, and the scales with a beautifully silky fringe, which is
longer than the fruit.

40. S. stipularis {aiiriclcd Osier), leaves lanceolate very indi-
stinctly crenate white and downy beneath, stipules large semi-
cordate acute, " germens shortly pedicellate ovate downy,
style a little elongated, stigmas long awl-shaped recurved en-
tire, nectary cylindrical," Sm. E.B. t.\2\4,

Hab. Hedges and woods, common, D. Don. Fl. March {Sm.). T^ .
Leaves 4 — 6 inches long, somewhat silky beneath. I have never seen
the fmvers.

DI(ECIA.-r-DIAND. TRIAND, 287

41. S. moUhs'wia {silky-leaved TVillow\^ leaves lanceolate ob-
scurely crenate white and covered with silky pubescence be-
neath,' stipules rather small semicordate acute, (^ermens lan-
ceolato-subulate very silky shortly pedicellate, style elongated,
stigmas long linear mostly entire. E. B. t. 1509.

Hab. Banks of the Esk above Musselburgh, rare, Maugh. Hedges
and osier-grounds in Scotland, frequent, D. Don. Fl. April, l^ .
This is considered a useless Osier.

42. S. viminalis {common Osier), leaves linear lanceolate ob-
scurely crenate white and silky beneath, stipules very small
sublanceolate, branches straight and twiggy, germens upon
very short footstalks silky lanceolato-subulate, style elongated,
stigmas long linear mostly entire. Ligktf. p. 60S. E, B.
t, 1898.

Hab. Marshes, frequent. Fl. April, Mny. Tj .

Whatever may be the differences in the economical value between
this and the two preceding species, it must, nevertheless, be ac-
knowledged that their specific distinctions rest upon very slight
grounds. The present is considered among the most useful of
the genus, in consequence of its long pliant twigs, for basket-
makers. — In all, the germen and long stigmas agree ; and by these
they may be known from all other species.

43. S. alia {common white Willow), leaves elliptical-lanceo-
late regularly glanduloso-serrate acute silky beneath often so
above, germens ovato-acqminate nearly sessile glabrous, stig-
mas nearly sessile short recurved bifid, scales short pubescent
at the margin. Light/, p. 610. E. B. t. 2430, and t. 2431
(S. ccErulea),

Hab. River sides, woods and moist meadows. Fl. May. Tj ,
A well-known tree of exceedingly rapid growth, and of late much
cultivated about Glasg., where it is known by the name of the
Huntingdon Willow. It is very distinct, and I regret that another
species should have been made resting upon such slight grounds as
the lesser degree of silkiness on the leaves ; as in the S. ccerulea, Sm.
The learned author of the E. B., however, tells us he ventured to make
it so,that it might be the more noticed. The growth of this var. (if
even such it may be called) is extraordinary. Dr. Rigby, of Norwich
having planted a cutting, which in ten years became a tree of 30
feet in height, and o feet 2 inches in girth. The wood and bark of
both kinds are valuable} the former for making into poles, stakes,
hoops, and even butter-firkins and milk-pails ; the latter not only
for tanning, but as a substitute for Peruvian bark.

2. TRIANDRIA.

2. EMPETRUM.
1. E. nigrum (black Crow or Crake-Berry), procumbent,

leaves linear-oblong. Light/, p. 612. E. B. t. 526.
Hab. Mountainous heaths, frequent. FL May. Pp •

288 DICECIA.-'— TETHAND. PENTAND. OCTAND.

A small procuriibent branching shrub, with linear-oblong leaves, re =
curved at the margin, and there ciliated. Flowers axillary, towards
the summit of the brunches, rose colour, small. Berries black,
clustered : these, though sometimes eaten by the Highlanders, are
unpleasant, better suited to the moor game. Boiled with alum,
according to Lightf., they yield a blackish brown dye.

'3. RUSCUS.

1. R. acutealus {Butcher* s Broom), stem rigid branched, leaves
ovato-acuminate very rigid bearing the solitary flower on its
upper surface. E, B. t. 560.

Hab. Woods at Bothwell, Hopk. F/. March, April. % .

Flower ^miW, white, arising from the disk of the leaf. Berry red.

3. TETRANDRIA.

4. VISCUiVI.

1. V. tiltmm {MUseltoe) , leaves lanceolate obtuse, stems dicho-
tomous, heads of flowers axillary. E. B. t. 1470.

Hab. Parasitic on trees, but rare. Woods of Meikleour (on beech
trees r), Mr. Murray, i^/. May. Fj •

Whole plant, including the flowers, yellowish. Berry wliitish,

5. MYRICA.

1. M. Gale {siveei Gale oy Dutch Myrtle), leave^.la«^colate
broader u])vvards serrated, stem shrubby. Ligfilf.p. (313.
E. B. /.562.

Hab. Bogs and moorish ground, most abundant. Fl. May. Fj .

This plant has a very agreeable smell j the leaves a bitter taste. In
the Hebrides, according to Lightfoot, they ure given as tea to de-
stroy Avorms : and occasionally they are used as hops in beer. In
Isia and Jura the inhabitants scent their clothes and their linen
with them. The catkins on being boiled are said to produce a
scum like the wax of Myrica cerifera and to be capable of being em-
ployed for the same domestic purposes.

4. PENTANDRIA.

C. HUMULUS.

I. n. Uipnlus {common Hap). Light/. p.6{5, E.B.i.427.

Hab. Hedges, S:c. In the plantains, Possil; about Craignethan
castle, and on the Hamilton road, near Tollcross, Glasg., Hopk.
Hedges near Duddingston, Mr. Arnott. Fl. July. 1/ .

Stems long, weak, and climbing, scabrous. Leaves petiolate, oppo-
site, 3 — 5-lobed, serrated, veiny, rough. Floivers greenish yellow.
The fragrant bitter, so valuable in the manufactory of beer, resides
in the catkins or cojies as they are sometimes called.

5. OCTANDRIA.

7. POPULUS.
1. P. alba {great white Poplar ox Ahele), leaves romidish cor-

DICECIA. ENNEAND. 289

- date lobetl toothed glabrous above downy and very white be-
neath, fertile catkins ovate, stigmas 4. Light/, p. 616.

Hab. In the Lowlands, near houses, and in plantations. Fl. Apr. T? .
A large tree, with smooth bark and spreading branches, of very rapid

growth. The wood is white and soft_, and only used for coarse

purposes,

2. P. tremula {Aspen), leaves nearly orbicular broadly toothed
glabrous on both sides, petioles compressed, " stigmas 4,
auricled at the base/' Sm, Lighff, p. 616. E. B. t, 1909.

Hab. Frequent in moist woods, both in the Highlands and Lowlands.
Dwarfish in some of the western Isles, Lightf. Fl. April. }j .

This tree is well known for the tremidous movement of its leaves
with the slightest breath of wind. This motion is aided by the
compressed petioles. — The bark is said to be a favourite food of the
beavers, in countries where those curious animals still exist, and
the wood serves for pack-saddles, milk-pails, &c. Lightfoot tells
us that the Highlanders entertain a superstitious notion that our
Saviour's cross was made of this tree, and for that reason suppose
that the leaves of it can never rest.

3. P. Jiigra {black Poplar), leaves deltoid acute serrated gla-
brous on both sides, fertile catkins cylindrical lax, '' stigmas
4." Sm, Light/, p. 618. E, B. t, 1910.

Hab. Often seen about houses, and in plantations ; but a doubtful

native, Lightf. Fl. April. Tj .
Forms a very large and tall tree of quick growth, having a light and

not very valuable wood, as is the case with most trees that come

soon to perfection.

8. RHODIOLA.

1. Rh. rosea {Rose-root), Lightf. p. 619. E.B.t.5QS,
Hab. Upon wet rocks towards the summits of most of the Highland

mountains. Fl. June. If. .
Root large, woody, which when drying gives out a smell that has
been compared to that of roses. Stem 6 — 8 or 10 inches high,
simple. Leaves numerous, subimbricated, obovate, thickly fleshy,
glaucous, serrated at the point, and in the sterile plant tipped with
a reddish tint. Flowers in a small terminal cyme, yellow, agreeing
with Sedum in every thing but the number of its partS;, and having
a good deal the habit of S. Telephium.

3. ENNEANDRIA.

9. MERqURIALIS.
1. M. perennis {perennial ox Bog's Mercury) , seem perfectly

simple, leaves rough, root creeping perennial. Lightf* p. 620,

E. B. 1. 1872.
Hab. Woods and shady places, common. Fl. April, May. 1/ .
About 1 foot high, herbaceous. Leaves mostly in the upper part,

ovatje^ serrated. Flowers in axillary, short, lax spikes.

290 DICECIA. MONADELPH.

This plant in drying becomes of a blue green colour; and it was sup-
posed it might yield a useful dye. With this view^ Mr. Mackintosh
of Glasgow, a most able chemist, tried various experiments, which
were published many years ago in Curtis's Flora Lond. ; but he ne-
ver could succeed in fixing the fine blue colour which the plant
yielded. It is considered poisonous.

2. M. annua {annual Mercury), stem branched, branches
opposite, leaves glabrous, root fibrous annual. Lightf. p. 621 .
£. B. t, 559.

Hab. Waste places about towns and villages, but not common.
Burntisland, Lighif. In the parish of Aberfoyle^ Rev. Dr. Gra-
hame. Fl. Aug. 0 .

One foot high. Sterile flowers on long, axillary, interrupted spikes.

10. HYDROCHARIS.

1, H. Morsus rancB {common Frog-lit). Lightfoot, p. 622,
B. B. t, 808.

Hab. Ditches and slow-flowing waters, but rare, Sibbald. Fl. July. 2/ .

Floating and sending down from the horizontal stems long fibrous ra-
dicles. Z,eaue5 petiolate, reniform, entire. Holders subumbellate,
from membranous bracteas or spathas, large, white, delicate.

7. MONADELPHIA.

11. JUNIPERUS.

1. J. communis (common Juniper), leaves ternate spreading
mucronate longer than the berrv. Lightf. p. G\3. E, B,
t.WOO.

Hab. Woods and heaths, frequent. Very dwarfish on the moors in
the north of Caithness. Fl. May. Pj •

A shrub extremely variable in size, with numerous linear mucronated
leaves. Flowers axillary, small. The berries, which are blueish
black, form an important article of commerce in Holland, where
they are employed in the distillation of Geneva ; and they give that
singular flavour which our distillers try to imitate by oil of turpentine.
They are used in medicine. The wood is reddish and hard, and
employed for veneering, &c. It emits a fragrant smell when bruised.

12. TAXUS.

1. T. laccaia {common Yew), leaves thickly set. Lightf.
p. 626. E. B. t. 746.

Hab. Found here and there in the Highlands in a truly wild state.
At Glenure, near Glen-Creran in Upper Lorn, are the remains of
an old wood of it 3 thence the name of the valley Gleaniuir, the
valley of Yew-trees, Lightf. Fl. March, fj .

A tree of no great height, but often of considerable diameter. Light-
foot tells us of one tree which Mr. Pennant saw in Fortingal church-
yard, whose trunk measured 56^ feet in circumference. The leaves
are distichous, linear, persistent, of a deep green colour. Sterile
Jlower$ small^ clustered. Drupes red^ esteemed poisonous* The

POLYGAM. MONCECIA. 291

wood is hard, beautifully veined, much valued for cabinet-maker's
work, and was formerly still more highly prized for making into
bows • and on that account is said to have been planted so fre-
quently by our ancestors in churchyards.

XXIII. POLYGAMIA.

1. MONCECIA.
Atriplex. Perfect fl. Perianth single, 5 -partite, inferior.
Slam. 5. SVt/Z^ bipartite. Frwi/ depressed, 1 -seeded^ covered
by the cal.

FistiUiferous fl. Perianth single, 2-partite. Stam, 0.
The rest as in the perfect fl.

1. MONCECIA.

1. ATRIPLEX.

1. A. portulacoides (shrubby Or ache or Sea Purslane), stem
shrubby, leaves obovato-lanceolate entire silvery white.
LightJ: p. 635. E. B. t. 261.

Hab. Sea shore, in muddy places. Near Hellensburgh, Hop'k. Fl.

Aug. T^.
One foot to two feet or ipore high, with small yellowish flowers, in

axillary racemes.

2. A. laciniata (frosted Sea Orache), stem herbaceous diffuse,
leaves ovato-deltoid dentato -sinuate very mealy beneath.
Lighif,p.626. E.B.L 165.

Hab. Sea shores, not uncommon. Fl. Aug. O.
Whole plant hoary. Flowers axillary, 2 — 3 together.

3. A. patula (spreading Halberd-leaved Orache), stem herba-
ceous spreading, leaves triangular hastate glabrous above,
irregularly toothed the upper ones entire, perianth of the fruit
more or less tuberculated at the sides. Lightf. p. 636 (A. pa^
tula). E. B. t. 936.

Hab. Cultivated ground and waste places, frequent. Fl. July. ©,
Stems straggling; branches long, striated. Flowers in small clusters
upon long interrupted axillary spikes.

4. A. angustifolia (spreading narrow-leaved Orache), *^ stem
herbaceous spreading, leaves lanceolate entire the lower ones
somewhat hastate, cal. of the fruit hastate slightly tuberculated
at the sides.'' Sm, Lightf.p. 637 (J, patula). E. B. I, 1774.

Hab. Waste places, dunghills, &c. Fl. July. O .

'lliis seems to be but a narrow-leaved var. of the preceding.

5. A. littoralis (grass-leaved Sea-Orache), stem herbaceous
erect, leaves all linear entire or toothed, perianth of the fruit

u2

292 CRYPTOGAMIA.

simiated and muricated on the back. Light/, p. 638, and

p. 637 {A. marina), E. B. t. 708.
Hab. Sea shore. About Dysart Dock, on the coast of Fife, Light f.

Shore to the E. of Caroline Park j Guillon Links, G. Don. Below

the house of Carriden in W. Lothian, Dr. Walker. Fl. July. O .
The under side of the leaves and the flowers are mealy. Tlie latter

are in rather crowded, axillary, and terminal spikes.

XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA.

This, the only remaining class in the Linnaean System, being a
perfectly natural one, and coming the first in the natural
arrangement (to which the Second Part of this work is devoted),
and the characters of the Orders and Genera being the same,
it is thought quite unnecessary to repeat them here.

END OF PART I,

INDEX TO THE GENERA

IN THE FIRST PART OF

THE FLORA SCOTICA,

»

. Page.

Acer 116. 120

Achillea 225. 248

Actfca 166. 168

Adonis 167. 172

Adoxa 116. 123

.(Egopodium 65. 95

^thusa 65. 92

Agrimoniai 146. 147

Agrostemma 125. 141

Agrostis 13. 24

Aira 13. 29

Ajuga 177. 179

AlchemUla. 48. 56

AHsma 100. 114

AlUum 99. 100

Alnus 256. 271

Alopecunis 12. 21

Althaea 205. 208

Anagallis 62. 75

Anchusa 61 . 68

Andromeda 124. 125

Anemone 167. 171

Angelica 64. 90

Anthemis 225. 247

Anthoxanthum 3. 11

Anthriscus 65. 93

Antirrhinum 1 79. 1 68

Anthyllis 209. 213

Apargia 223. 227

Apium 65. 95

Aquilegia 166. 170

Arabis 192. 199

Arbutus 124. 126

Arctium 224. 235

Arenarla 124. 137

Artemisia 224. 239

Arum 268. 272

Arundo 13. 27

Asarum 146. 146

Asparagus 99. 103

Asperugo 61. 70

Aperula 48. 50

Aster 225. 244

Astragalus 210. 216

Atriplex 291. 291

Atropa 62. 78

Page.

Avena 14. 43

Azalea 62. 73

Ballota 178. 184

Barbarea 192. 200

Bartsia 178. 186

Bellis 125. 246

Berberis 98. Hi

Beta 63. 84

Betonica 177. 183

Betula 258. 274

Bidens 224. 238

Borago 61. 70

Brassica 193. 203

Briza 14. 37

Bromus 14. 40

Bryonia 157. 272

Bunium 64. 88

Callitriche 256. 259

Calluna 116. 119

Cakile 191. 193

Caltha 167. 170

Camelina 192. 198

Campanula 62. 74

Cardamine 192. 198

Carduus 224. 235

Carex 256. 260

Cailina 224. 238

Carpinus 258. 274

Carum 65. 95

Castanea 257- 273

Caucalis 67- 87

Centaurea 226. 248

Centunculus 48. 54

Cerastium 125. 142

Ceratophyllum 257- 273

Chaerophyllum 15. 93

Cheiranthus 192. 202

Chelidonium 166. 187

Chenopodium 63. 83

Cherleria 126. 139

Chrysanthemum 225. 246

Chrysosplenium 124. 128

Cichorium 223. 234

Cicuta 65. 91

INDEX.-
Fage.

Ciicea 3. 4

Cistus 166. 170

Cladium 3. 11

Clematis 167- 171

Clinopodium 178. 184

Cnicus 224. 236

Cochlearia 192. 194

Comarum 150. 165

Colchicum 100. 114

Conium 64. 88

Convallaria 99. 103

Convolvulus 62. 73

Conyza 221. 224

Corallorrhiza , . . 250. 255

Cornus 48. 55

Coronopus 191. 193

Corylus 258. 274

Cotyledon 125. 139

Crambe 191. 193

Crataegus 149. 157

Crepis 223. 233

Crithmum 64. 89

Cuscuta 63. 86

Cynoglossura 61. 69

Cynosurus 14. 37

Dactylis 14. 37

Daphne 116. 119

Daucus 64. 88

Dianthtts 124. 134

Digitalis 179. 189

Dipsacus 47. 49

Doronicum 225. 245

Draba 192. 196

Drosera 66. 98

Dryas 150. 165

Echium 61. 70

Elymus 14. 46

Empetrum 276. 287

Epilobium 116. 116

Epiraedium 48. 55

Epipactis 250. 254

Erica 116. 119

Eiigeron 225. 242

Eiiocaulon 256. 270

Eriophorum 12. 20

Erodium 205. 205

Ervum 210. 216

Eryngium 64. 87

Erysimum 192. 202

Erythraea 62. 79

Euonyraus 63. 8 1

Eupatorium 224. 248

Euphorbia 1 46. 148

Euphrasia 1 78. 186

'FART I..

Page.

Fagus 257. 274

Fedia 12. 15

Festuca 14. 38

Fragaria 150. 162

Fraxinus 3. 3

Fumaria 209. 210

Galanthus 99. 100

Galeobdolon 177- 183

Galeopsis 177- 182

Galium 47. 50

Genista 209. 211

Gentiana 63. 86

Geranium 205. 206

Geum 150. 165

Glaucium 166. 167

Glaux 63. 82

Glechoma 177- 181

Gnaphalium 224. 240

Goodyera 250. 252

Gymnadenia 249. 250

Habenaria 249. 252

Hedera 63. 82

Helleborus 167. 176

Heracleum 64. 89

Hesperis 193. 202

Hieracium 223. 228

Hierochlce 13. 28

Hippocrepis 210. 216

Hippuris 1 . 2

Holcus 13. 28

Hordeum 13. 46

Humulus 276. 288

Hyacinthus 99. 102

I Hydrocharis 277. 290

j Hydrocotyle 64. 87

j Hyoscyamus 62. 78

1 Hypericum 221. 221

j Hypocheeris 223. 227

I Jasione 62. 76

j Ilex 48. 57

j Impatiens 63. 76

Imperatoria 65. 94

Inula 225. 245

Iris 12. 16

Juncus 99. 104

Juniperus 277- 290

Lactuca 223. 227

Lamium 177- 181

Lapsana 224. 234

i Lathrcea 178. 187

Lathyrus 210. 21.'>

Lavatera 205. 20.9

INDEX.— PART I.

Page.

Lemna «^. 10

Leontodon 223. 227

Leonurus 1 IT* 1 84

Lepidium 192. 194

Liijusticum 64. 89

Ligustrum 2. 3

Limosella 178. 190

Linn^a 17?. 190

Linutu 65. 97

Listera 250. 253

Lithospermum 61. 68

Littorella 256. 271

Lobelia 62. 1&

Lolium :. 13. 45

Lonicera 63. 80

Lotus 210. 220

Luzula 99. 110

Lychnis 125. 141

Lycopsis 61 . 70

Lycopus 2. 9

Lysimachia G2. 72

Lythrum 146. 147

Malaxis 250. 256

Malva 205. 208

MaiTubium 1 78. 184

Matricaria 225. 246

Medicago 210- 220

Melampyrum 178, 187

Melica 13 30

Mentha 177- 180

Menyanthes 62. 71

Menziesia 124. 126

Mercurialis 276. 289

Mespilus 149. 151

Milium 13. 24

Moenchia 48. 60

Monotropa 124. 125

Montia 14. 47

M5'osotis 61. C6

Myosurus , , 66. 9^

Myrica 276. 288

Myriophyllum 257. 2T2

Narcissus 99. 100

Nardus 12. 21

Narthecium 99. 1 03

Nasturtium 192. 201

Nepeta 177. 180

Nuphar 166. 169

Nymphaea 166. 169

Qilnanthe 64. 91

Ononis 210.212

Onopordum 224. 2.'i8

Orchis 249. 250

Page.

Origanum 178, 184

Ornithogalum 99. 102

Ornithopus 210.216

Orobanche 179. 191

Orobus 210. 213

Oxalis 125. 141

Oxyria 99. Ill

Panicum 12. 21

Papaver 166. 1C8

Parietaria 48. 5G

Paris 116. 122

Parnassia 65. 96

Pedicularis 179. 187

Peplis 98. Ill

Peucedanum 64. 88

Phalaris 13. 23

Phellandrium 65. 92

Phleum 13. 23

Picris 223. 22G

Pimpinella 65. 95

Pinguicula 2. 8

Pinus 258. 274.

Plantago 48. 53

Poa 14. 32

Polemonium 62. 74

Polygala 209. 211

Polygonum 116. 120

Populus 276. 288

Potamogeton 48. 57

Potentilla 150. 162

Poterium 257. 273

PrsRianthes 223. 227

Primula 62. 71

Prunella 178. 184

Prnnu3 149. 150

Pulmonaria 61 . 69

Pyrethrum 225. 240

Pyrola 124. 127

Pyrus 149. 151

Quercun 257- 273

Radiola 48. CO

Ranunculus 167- 1 72

Raphanus 193. 204

Reseda 146. 14/

Rhamnus 68. 80

Rhinanthus 178. 166

Rhodiola 278. £89

Ribes 63. 81

Rosa 149. 152

Rotbollia 13. 46

Rubus 150. 159

Rumex 100. 112

Rpppiu 48. 59

INDEX. PART I

Page.

Ruscus ...., 276". 288

Sagina 48. 59

Salicornia 1 . 1

Salix 275. 277

Salsola 63. 85

Salvia 3. 10

Sambucus 65. 96

Samolus 62. 80

Sanicula 64. 87

Saponaria 124. 134

Saxifiaga 124. 128

Scabiosa 4?. 49

Scandix 65. 92

JSchoeuus 12. 16

Scilla 99. 102

Scirpu^ 12. \7

Scleranthiis 124. 133

Scrophularia 179. 189

Scutellaia 178. 184

Sedum 125. 139

Selinuin 64. 88

Sempcivivum 147- 149

Senecio 225. 243

Serratula 224. 235

Sesleria 14. 31

Sherardia 48. 49

Sibbaldia 65. 97

Silene 125. 134

Sinapis 193. 204

Sison 84. 90

Sisymbrium 192. 202

Sium 64. 90

Smyrnium 65. 94

Solanum 62. 79

Solidago 225. 244

Sonchus 223. 226

Sparganium 256. 260

Spergula 126. 144

Spir4 149. 152

Stachys 177. 183

tiUlice 66. 97

Page.

Stellaria 124. J35

Stratiotes 166. 171

Subularia 192. 196

Symphytum 61. 69

Tanacetum 224. 239

Taxus 277. 290

Teesdalia 192.194

Teucrium I77. 180

Thalictrum 166. 171

Thlaspi 192. 193

Thymus I78. 184

Tilia 166. 170

Tofieldia 100. 114

IVmentilla 150. 164

Tragopogon 223. 226

Trientalis 115. 115

Trifolium 210. 217

Triglochin 100. 114

Triticum 14. 44

Trollius 167. 175

Tulipa 99. 101

Turritis 192. 200

Tussilago 225. 242

Typha 256. 259

Ulex 209. 212

Ulmus 64. 85

Urtica 256. 271

Urticularia 2. 8

Vaccinium 116. 118

Valeriana 12. 14

Verbascum 62. 78

Verbena I79. 190

Veronica 2. 4

Viburnum 65. 76

Vicia 210. 214

Vinca 62. 82

Viola 63. 76

Viscum 276. 288

Zannichellia 255. 256

Zostera 256. 259

FLORA SCOTICA,

PART II.

CONTAINING

A SYNOPSIS OF THE SCOITISH PLANTS

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE

NATURAL ORDERS.

[A]

Flora Scotica,

PART II

Class I. ACOTYLEDONS. Jms.

(Cryptogamia, Liiin, Acotyledones, and part of Monocotyle"
dones {Ferns), of Decand. and Browii. jigamce and Exem^
hryonntcB, Rich.)
Fniit or organs of reproduction ^ without any Cotyledon,
Vegetation, In all, with the exception of the Filices or Ferns,
the structure seems to he entirely cellular, and hence the term
" cellulareSf'* applied to them by Decandolle, in opposition to
^' vasculares," or those plants which, in addition to the cel-
lular structure, have tubular vessels, as in the cotyledonous
plants and the Feriis ; on which account Decandolle and
Brown have removed these latter into the 2d Class, Monoco-
tyledons.

Order I. FUNGP. Li?i?2.
{Fungi, a?id part of Algce, Juss, Fnngi, and part of Hy-

poxyla, Decand,)
Plants growing upon the ground, or parasitic on other vegeta-

* The more intimately we become acquainted with the reproductive or-
gans of the Acotyledonoiis or Cryptogamic plants, the more apparent is it,
in my opinion, that there are no sexes as in the Phcenogamous plants, no sta-
mens and no pistil, nor any thing analogous to them ; consequently no true
seed, which can only be produced through their co-operation. The struc-
ture of the seeds themselves (more properly sporules) tends greatly to con-
firm such an opinion ; there being, in reality, no distinction into cotyledon,
radicule, or plumnlc, in short, no embryo, any more than therein in the little
bulbs seen upon the stalks of the Onion tribe, and upon the Polygonum vivi-
parum, &c., which, yet, equally produce perfect plants. A sporule has alike the
power of producing, from every part of it, either stem or root, as circum-
stances may require : but it is quite otherwise with the true seed. — On this
subject Professor Richard has ably written, both in his " DIctionnaire de la
Botanique," and in his " Analyse du Fruit j" the latter of which works, con-
taining a valuable mass of information relative to fruits and seeds, has been
translated and published by Mr. Lindley, with illustrative plates.

^ The arrangement, divisions, and characters, both of the genera and the
species of this order, are, for the most part, taken from the Synopsis Me-
thodiQa Fungontm of • Persoon.

[A 2]

ACOTYLEDONS. — FUNGI, Sph(Rria,

ble substances, rarely (never ?) aquatics, and scarcely ever
green ; filamentous, gelatinous, spongy, corky, coriaceous,
fleshy, or membranaceous. In the larger sense of the word,the
whole may be considered ^s Jriictification, since distinct from
it there is no stem, there are no branches, no leaves, no frond,
and very rarely a simple crustaceous base. The seeds or spo-
rules are either internal as in Sphceria, Bovista, or external
as in u^gariciis, Sec. After being once dried thcv do not re-
vive by the application of moisture, like the greater number
of plants in this class; and, generally s))eakii)g, they are of
very short duration, soon decaying, and frequently becoming
putrid in decay.

Div. I. Angiocarpi. Seeds or sporules con tabled within the Fun-
gus, which is closed, at least in an early stage, on all sides.

Sect. I. Sclerocarpi. Fungi of a hardish nature externalhj,
internally soft.

1. SPH.ERIA.

Receptacle (or fungous substance) varying in form, or none.
Sphceruies roundish, when dry generally hollow ; when moist
filled with seeds included in a gelatinous substance.

* Receptacle of the sphcsriiles elongated, clavate.

1. S. Hypoxylon, of a corky substance black compressed gre-
garious branched hairy at the base white and pulverulent at tlie
extremity. Pers.p,5. Clavaria Hypox., Lightf. p. 1059.
Soiv. t.o,

Hab. Rotten trunks and stumps of trees, common. Autumn and
winter. Light/., HopJc, Mr. Greville.

2. S. polymorpha, of a substance between coriaceous and corky
black generally simple gregarious rounded swelling upwards
and there studded with the numerous sphaeiules. Vers. Syn.
p. 7. Clavaria digitata, Lightf p. 1058. Sphceria dig.,
Soia. t. 69.

Hab. Rotten stumps of old trees, in woods and shady places, Lightf.
About Edinb. Aug. Mr. Greville.

** Receptacle sessile, roundish, spreading; sphceruies foryning little
points in all parts of the circumference.

3. S. concentrica, obovate roundish large, within having many
concentric lines. Pers. p. 8. Sphceria frax.inea. Sou/, t, 160.

Hab. On the decayed trunks of ash trees, about Edinb., Mr. Gre-
ville.

4. S.fragiformis, rather small roundish gregarious confluent
reddish, within black and shining, sphaerules forming papillae.
Pers. p. 9. Lycoped'don variolosum, Sow, /, 271.

ACOTYLEDONS. FUNGI. SpJlCCvia, 5

Hab, On rotten wood, frequent, Sept., Ilopk.

5. S.Jusca, roundish somewhat confluent brown nearly of the
same colour within, sphierules umbilicated scarcely prominent.

- Pers, p. 12. Spficeria tuberculosa. Light/, p, 1113. Sow,

t. 374. J. 8.
Hab. On decayed wood, autumn, not uncommon. Light/., Hopk.

Rosslyn, on decayed branches of hazel, Mr. Greville.

6. S. ribesia, small bursting through the bark elliptical black
somewhat depressed, sphaerules whitish within. Pers. p. \4,

Hab. On the dead stems of Currant bushes about Edinb. Nov. Mr.
Greville.

*** Form various, spreading, orbicular, or rounded. Sphcerulcs scat-
tered, horizontal, imbedded in a fleshy substance ; their orifices mostly
prominent, papiUiform, or spinulose.

7. S. porojiia, stipitate peziziform whitish, disk truncated,
sphcerules scattered punctiform black. Pers. p. 15. Peziza
punctata, Ligktf. p. 1050. Sphceria punctata, Sow. t. 54.

Hab. On dry horse- and cow-dung. Light/. On dry dung-hills and
old hot-beds, rare, Hopk.

8. S. deusta, broadly spreading thick undulato-rugose pustulate,
at first fleshy greyish white, afterwards black and rigid. Pers,
p. 16. S. maxima, Sow. /. 338.

Hab. On trunks of trees about Kinross. Sept. Mr. Greville.

9. S. jmdulata, naked thickish undulato-rugose, the orifices of
the sphaerules prominent roundish, receptacle of the sphaerules
whitish. Pers. p. 21,

Hab. Trunks of trees about Edinb. Aug. Mr. Greville.

About 2 inches wide, and 1 — -2 lines thick, surface undulato-rugose.

10. S. Stigma, spreading smooth rimose, orifices of the sphierules
immersed nearly plane. Pers.p.2\. Hypoxylon opercula-
turn, Bull, Champ, t. 478./. 2.

/3. decorticata, spreading longitudinally, orifices prominent, sub-
conical. S. decor ticans, Motig. et Ncstl. No. 373.

Hab. a. On dead trunks of cherry-trees about P^dinb. Sept. Mr.
Greville. j3. On the barkless stems of Corylus avellana, about
Edinb. and Kinross. Sept. Mr. Greville.

11. S. disciformis, scattered orbicular nearly plane smooth, ori-
fices immersed punctiform. Pers. p. 24.

Hab. Trunks of trees about Edinb. Autumn. Mr. Greville.
One to two lines broad, brown, bursting through the epidermis, white
within.

12. S. bullata, depressed roundish oval or reniform, orifices pa-
pillose. Pers. p. 27. S. depressa, Soiv. t. 216.

Hab. On the bark of decaying branches of trees, frequent. April.

Hopk.
Larger than the last^ black, with prominent orifices, White within.

6 ACOTYLEDONS. FUNGI. SphcBna,

**** Spreading , sphcerides horizontal, at first solitary at the mar-
gins, then confiuent, not united, with a manifest Jleshij substance or
receptacle; sometimes distant, but united by some crust.

13. S. lata, broadly spreading somewhat rugose opaque, sphae-
rules somewhat prominent white within^ orifices conical rough.
Pers. p, 29.

Hab. Dead wood about Edinb. Mr. Grev'ille.

14. S. typli'ina, subcompound elongate, parasitic on the culms
of grasses. Pers. p. 29. Ejusd, Ic. et Descr. Fung, fasc, I.
p. 21. /. 7. /. 1. Splicer la spiculifera, Sow, t. 274 ?

Hab. On the culms of living grasses, about Edinb. Aug. Mr. Gre-
vi'le. On grass, rare, about Glasgow, Hopk.

Colour white at first and smooth, then orange yellow with the pro-
minent sphcerules, which are soft and solid. It precisely accords
with Sowerby's S. spiculifera, except in wanting the spicules.

15. S. stricef'ormis, gregarious in short striae attenuated at each
extremity quite smooth, sphserules concealed and without the
appearance of orifices. Pers, p. 32.

Hab. On the dead stems of Pteris aquilina, about Edinb. Feb. Mr.

Greville.
***** Sphcerules piercing the receptacle, and collected together into

a distinct conical jnass, the orifices converging towards the middle.

16. S.ferruginea, bursting transversely through the bark black,
orifices spinulose straight, sphaerules imbedded within the re-
ceptacle in a ferruginous dust. Pers. p. 35.

Hab. On dead branches of hazel. Sept. Mr. Greville.

17. S. Prunastri, ventricose, orifices spinulose bursting through
the bark 4-sided. Pers. p. 37.

Hab. On the dead stems of Prunus spinosa. Sept. Mr. Greville.
"Growing under the epidermis, and bursting it transversely.

18. S. nivea, conical, disk farinaceous whitish, orifices prominent
papillose. Pers. p. 38. -

Hab. On dry oak branches, about Edinb. Aug. Mr. Greville.
Bursting through the epidermis of the bark, small j at first resembling
a white spot. Internally white.

19. S. corniculala, much spreading beneath the epidermis black
with the orifices resembling spicules thickish rounded umbili-
cate at the top. Pers. p. 40 ?

Hab. On decayed stems, about Edinb. Aug. Mr. Greville.

****** Sphcerules collected into a circle, decumbent, naked, beneath
the epidermis ; orifices approximate, generally ]jrotruded.

20. 8. fagineOy circular, orifices hooked rough. Pers, p. 44}
Hab. On decayed stems, about Edinb. Aug. Mr. Greville.

******* Bursting through the epidermis in small roundish clusters.
Splicerules jree, fixed on a receptacle.

21. Sc decolorans, clustered vermilion colour becoming paler^

ACOTYLEDONS. FUNGI. Sp/ucria. 7

sphaerules globose rough with minute tubercles. Pen, p. 49^

Sphceria fragiformis, Sow. t.256.
Hab. On the dry branches of oaks, &c., about Edinb. Aug. Mr.

Greville.
^2. S. coccinea, clustered red, sphaerules ovate smooth. Vers,

p, 49. Ejusd. Ic, et Descr, Fung, t. 12. y. 2, Sphceria

Mori, Sow, /. 255.
Hab. On dead wood, about Edinb. Aug. Mr. Greville,

******** Spharules solitary, free, destitute of a receptacle.

23. S. iuhcBformis, simple growing upon leaves, sphaerules toge-
ther with the epidermis prominent ovate, orifices spinulose
straight reddish. Per5. p. 60.

Hab. On the fallen leaves of Corylus avellana, about Edinb. Aug.
Mr. Greville.

24. S. hirsuta, gregarious crowded quite blaclv, sphaerules ovate
subtuberculated with scattered hairs, orifices somewhat angu-
lar obtuse. Pers. p, 73.

Hab. On dead wood, about Edinb. Aug. Mr. Greville.

25. S. Peziza, gregarious red, sphaerules globose when dry con-
cave by coUapsion somewhat hairy at the base, Pers, p. 66.
Lycoperdon hydrophorum. Sow, t. 23 ?

Hab. On dead wood, about Edinb. Aug. Mr. Greville.

26. S. spermoides, clustered opaque rigid, sphaerules globose
with the mouth papilliform obsolete. Pers, p. 75. Lycoper^
don nigrum, Lightf. p. 1069. /. 31.

Hab. On dead wood. Autumn. Lightf. About Edinb., Mr. Gre-
ville.

27. S. Patella, scattered simple black, sphaerules with the disk
impressed from the folding in of the margins, orifice papillose
subobsolete. Pers, p. 76.

On dead stalks of herbaceous plants, about Edinb. Sept. Mr. Gre-
ville.

28. S. Doliolum, simple scattered naked^ sphaerules prominent
rounded obtuse, orifice papilliform. Pers. p. 78.

Hab. On dead wood and stalks of plants, Rosslyn. Aug. Mr. Gre-
ville.

Sphcdrules small, shining, roundish, conical, sometimes subdepressed.
Orifice manifest, papilliform.

29. S. Herbarum, simple, sphaerules scattered smooth for the
most part depressed, orifices papillose. Pers. p. 78.

a. complanaia, longer, sphaerules for the most part naked collap-
sed. S. complanata, Decand. S.concava, Sow. 1.317.

y. tecta, smaller, sphaerules covered with the thin epidermis of
the plant on which it grows, orifices prominent punctiform.

Hab. On the dead stems of herbaceous plants about Edinb. Sept.
Mr. Greville ; and on holly leaver, Mr. Greville. About Glasgow,
tioplf.

8 A COTYLEDONS. FUNGI. HystCTlum,

30. S. piiluis pyriiis, simple crowded_, sphaerules ovate or round-
ish tuberculated rugose sulcata in the middle. Fers. p. 86.
Movg. et. Nestl. No. 381.

Hab. On dead wood,, about Edinb. Sept. Mr. Greville.

31. S. moriformis, gregarious simple, sphserules tuberculated
obovate. Pers. p. 86.

Hab. On dead wood, about Edinb. Sept. Mr. Greville.

32. S. punctiformis, simple epiphyllous punctiform, sphaerules
scattered umbilicated bv collapsion, somewhat shining. Pers,
p. 90.

/8. HedercB, larger depressed cupuliform.

Hab. /3. On the underside of the leaves of Hedera Helix, about

^ Edinb. Autumn. Mr. Greville.

33. S. j^gopodii, simple epiphyllous scattered, sphaerules black-
ish inserted upon a pale crustiform spot. Pers. p. 89.

Hab. On the leaves of yEgopodium Podagraria, about Edinb. July.
Mr. Greville.

34. S. strobilina, simple scattered bursting through the epider-
mis, sphaerules irregularly oblong black depressed in the centre.
Mong. et Nestl. No. 572. JHysterium conigenum, Pers,
p. 102}

Hab. On the decaying scales of the cones of firs. Autumn, Mr.

Greville.
growing on the outside of the scale, and confined to that part

which is exix)sed when tlie scales are upon the cone.

2. HYSTERIUM.

Receptacle none. Perithecium for the most part oblong, opening
with a longitudinal fissure.

1. H. pulicare, gregarious oblong or elliptical striated. Pers.
p. 98. Lichen scriptus ^.pulicaris, Light/. p,SO\ {accord^
ing to Pers.).

Hab, On the bark of trees.

Differs from the genus Opegrapha, in having no crust.

2. H. angusiatum, linear elongated subparallel smoothish,
Pers. p. 99. Moug. et Nestl. No. 563. Nees von Esenh.
/. 39. /. 303. a.

Hab. On dead wood about Edinb. August. Mr. Greville.
Very narrow, substance softer and more open than the latter -, colour
black, opaque.

3. H. Fraxiniy bursting through the epidermis black subovate
with the margins tumid. Pers. p. \00, Sphceria sulcata ^
Sow. /.315.

Hab. On the branches of ash-trees, about Edinb. August. Mr.
Greville.

4. H. Pinastri, bursting through the epidermis oval black shi-
ning. Pers. p. xxy'm, Movg. et Nestl. No. 1^,

ACOTYLKDQNS.— FUNGI. Vlloholus. 9

Hab. On the dead leaves of Vhius sylccstris, about Edinb. Sept.

Mr. GrevUle.

3. XYLOMA.

Receptacle (peril heciurn) various in form, liarfl, subcaniose

within, remaining closed or opening in various ways.

'* Many Perithecia united into one body (Majora).

1. X. 5a/icf7??/w, thick tuberculose, white and cartilaginous at
the base within. Per.s. p. 103. Ejusd, Disp, Met k, Fung,
p. 5. t. 2. f, 4. Xylnma leucocrcas, Decand. FL Gail. p. G3.

Hab. On the upper surface of the leaves of SaUx caprcea, at Castle
Campbell. Sept. Mr. Greville.

2. X. acerinum, maculiforiri thin contiguous subrugose. Pers.
p. 104.

Hab. On the leaves of Acer pseudo-Platanus, abundant in the autumn,
Mr. Greville.

3. X. rulrum, crowded orbicular somewhat confluent orange
red. Fers.pA^o. Poli/stigmarubrum, Pers.ifi liU. Moug,
€t Nestl, 77. 270.

Hab. On the leaves of Prunus spinosa, Auchindenny woods. Autumn-
Mr, Greville.

** Simple. Perithecia solitary, scattered, for the most part rounded,
pezizceform or punctiform {Minora) .

4. X. «//ze7^w, minute scattered roundish plicate. Peri. p. 108.
Hab. On fallen leaves of Alnus glutinosaj about Edinb. September.

Mr. Greville.

A. TUBERCULARIA.

Receptacle somewhat hemisphaerical, sessile. Tubercle filled
with a thick, frequently red, fluid.

1. T. vulgaris, gregarious red sulcato-rugose, receptacle stipiti-
form thick pale. Pers.p.\\2, Sphceria tremeLloides, Hopk,
Glott.p. 161. Tremella purpurea, Light/, p. 901. Clavaria
coccinea, Sow.t.2\)A.

Hab. On decaying sticks in the autumn. Common upon those of
Ribes rubruni, Hopk. ; Mr. Greville.

2. T. covfluens, gregarious confluent flesh-coloured red, tuber-
cles small roundish oblong and angular somewhat flat. Pers,
p. 113.

Hab. Dead stems about Edinb. Autumn. Mr. Greville.

Very near '/'. vulgaris, but smaller and depressed, paler colour.

Sect. II. Sarcocarpi. Fungi fleshy, solid.

5. PILOBOLUS.
Receptacle stipitiform, pellucid and watery, upon which is fixed

a naked vesicle, bursting open with an elastic force.
!. P. crystallinus, receptacle inflated upwards, vesicle hemi-

sphaerical black. Pers, p. 1 17. Mucorurceolatzis, Soiv. /. 300.

10 ACOTYLEDONS. FUNGI. BoviSttti

Hab. On horse-dung, early in the morning, Hopk.

Very fugacious. In an early stage it is a small yellow sessile vesicle,
which, in a short time, acquires the pellucid inflated receptacle or
stipes, upon the acuminated point of which the vesicle is inserted.

G. SCLEROTIUM.
Solid, varying in form, internally of one uniform texture, exter-
nally frequently corrugated.

1. Scl. durum f ovate hard somewhat striated dull black. Pers,
p. 121.

Hab. On the dried stalks of herbaceous plants, about Edinb. Nov.
Mr. Greville.

Elongated, and, for the most part, obtuse ; often, however, of an in-
determinate form, white within, substance tough.

2. Scl. Erysiphe, epiphyllous, granules aggregated brownish
black fixed upon a white downy substance. Pers. p. 124.

/3. corylea, down very minute, tubercles impressed upon the disk

somewhat hairy. Erysile suffulta^ Nees von Esenh. t, 14.

/• 134.
Hab. On the underside of the leaves of Betula alha, about Edinburgh.

August. Mr. Greville.

7. TUBER.
Roundish, fleshy ; substance variegated with seminiferous veins.
1. T. cibarium, blackish studded with wart-like excrescences,

Pers. p. 126. Sow. t. 309. Lycoperdon Tuber, LightJ.

p. 1064.
Hab, Subterraneous 3 found in the woods of Miggerney, in Glen

Lyon, Perthshire, by Mr. Menzies, in the greatest perfection in

autumn and winter. Light/.
Roundish, 2—3 inches in diameter. These Fungi, under the name

of Truffles, are greatly employed upon the continent for sauces of

almost every kind. They are hunted for by dogs, who scratch them

up with their feet j hogs likewise root them up with their snouts,

and persons follow to secure them.

Sect. III. Dermatocarpi. Membranaceous, coriaceoiis, or

hairy Fungi, Jilled internally with the dust-like sporules,
A. Trichospermi. Seminal dust mixed with filaments,

8. BOVISTA.

P&ridium smooth, sessile, the exterior covering {volvaP) white,
and at length becoming partially evanescent, opening irregu-
larly at the top. (Seminal dust purplish brown.)

I. B. nigrescens, large white at length becoming brownish black,
beneath plicate. Pers, p. 137. Lycoperdon globosum, Hopk,
Glott, p. 163. L^y coper don Bovista, Sow. t,^S\,

Hab. Dry fi,elds, in the summer and autumn, Hopk.

Globobc, or roundish oblong, opening with a large aperture.

ACOTYLEDONS. FUNGI. FllllgO, \\

9. LYCOPERDON.
Peridium caulescent, at length bursting at the extremity, covered
externally with scaly warts, or small spinous processes.

1. L. giga?iieur?7, nearly stemless globose very large whitish,
scales scattered obsolete. Pers. p. 140. Lye. B'ovista, var,
glabnim, Lighlf, p. 1066. Lye, Proteus, upper figures,
^Sow. t. 332.

Hab. Meadows and pastures. King's Park, Edinburgh, &c. Lightf.
Grows to a great size, 8 or 1 0 inches in diameter.

2. L. Bovista, large obconical soft palish white plicate beneath,
scales broad. Pers. p. \^\, L. Bovista, var. maculaium,
Lightf. p. 1067. L. Proteus, Sow, t. 332, lower Jigures,

Hab. Meadows and pastures, Lightf.
2 — 4 inches broad.

3. L. pratense, white soft, peridium hemisphserical smoothish,
warts few, stem very short. Pers. p, 142. L, Bovuta, var,
firamdatuvi, Lightf. p. 1067.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, Lightf

4. L. excipuliforvw f large white varying in form, peridium
somewhat globose, warts spinulose scattered, stem rounded
long plicate. Pers, p, 143. L, Bovtsta, var excipuliforme,
Lightf. p. \067,

Hab. Meadows and pastures, Lightf

These four are probably, as the older botanists considered them,
varieties of each other, and are used indiscriminately as stiptics.

5. L. pyriforine, caespitose pyriform umbonate pale brown,
scales extremely minute, fibrous radicles long. Pers. p. 148.

Hab. On the ground in Castle Campbell, near Edinb. Mr. Greville.
2—3 inches high^ studded all over with very minute elevated points.

10. LYCOGALA.
Peridium roundish, membranaceous, smooth, internally filled

with a fluid pulpy mass, afterwards with seminal dust, mixed

with a few filaments.

1. L. argentea, pulvinate subhemisphserical smooth of a silvery
colour. Pers. p. 157. Reticularia Lycoperdon, Sow. t. 272.

Hab. On decayed trees and paling, in wet weather. On a fallen tree
in Carmyle wood, plentiful, Hopk.

2. L. miniata, gregarious globose purplish red at first afterwards
brownish, dust purplish. Pers. p. 158. Lycoterdon Epiden-
drum, Lightf. p. 1068. Sow. ^ 52.

Hab. Rotten wood after rains^ in autumn and spring, Lightf, Hopk.

Varies in colour.

11. FULIGO.

In its early stage pulpy and for the most part effuse, varying in
form, externally rather compact and fibrous or hairy', mem-
branaceous at the base, within fibroso-ccllular and hairy, at
length resolving into dust.

12 ACOTYLEDONS.' — FUNGI. Tvichia.

1. F.^a?;cr, effuse and roundish yellow externally cellular and
fibrous. Per3, p, 1()1. Reticiilarialutea, Sow. t. ,399./. 2.
Mticor septicus, Light/, p. 10/3.

Hab. On grass and mosses occasionally. Aug, Hopk. Mr. Grcville.

2. F, vaporaria, at first yellowish extending itself in a veiny
or reticulated manner, when mature forming broad and thick
masses cellular and fibrous olivaceous. Pers.p. 161. Relicularia
hortensis, Soiv. t. 399. /^ 1.

Hab. On the tan in hot- beds and stoves, abundant, [Jopk. Mr.
(ireiiiUe.

The pest of plants in the tan-pit, running in one night's time up their
stem from the tan, and covering them with a slimy yellow matter,
which soon dries ; when, under a thin crust, is seen a greyish or
olivaceous powder, which disseminates itself in all directions.

12. DIDERMA.
Peridwm generally double; exL fragile; int. pellucid, rather
distant from the outer one. Columella large, roundish.
Threads, or Jilaments, few, buried among the sporules.

1. D. globositm, stemless smooth globoso-hemisphaerical white.
Pers.p. 1G7. Sturm's Fungi, t. 6.

Hab. On dead beech leaves at Braid Hermitage, Edinb., Mr. Grcville,
A minute but very pretty little fungus.

2. D. ver?iicosum, stipitate collected together reddish brown
ovate shining, stipes short whitish. Pers. p. 165. Obs,
MycoL 1. p. 89. t. 3. f. 7. Leiocarpus vernicosus, Necs
von Esenheck, t. 9 f. 1 10. Sphcerocarpusfragills, Sow. t. 279.

Hab. Upon the stems of mosses about Edinb. Autumn. Mr. Greville.
13. PHYSARUM.

Peridium rigid simple, for the most part rugulose somewhat
farinaceous. Filaments scattered, united generally in a reti-
culated manner amongst the sporules.

1. P. nutans, stipitate greyish white, peridium lenticular gla-
brous rugulose drooping. Pers.p. 171. Trichia alba, Sow,
t. 259.

Hab. On rotten sticks, on the peat in wet moors, frequently. Hopk.

Peridium umbilicate beneath. Dust dark brown. Stipes somewhat
attenuated, brownish.

14. TRICHIA.
Peridium at length bursting irregularly, persistent. Tu/l of
yZ/owzeTz/^ compact, adhering to the base of the peridium within,
and expanding elastically.
1. Tr. ovata, clustered sessile obovate opaque brownish yellow.
Pers, p. 180. Trichia turbinata, Sow. t, 85. Lycoperdon
epiphyllum., Light f. p. 1069.
Hab. Upon dead leaves, moss and rotten wood in the winter, Lighff,
Small, closely crowded.

ACOTYLEDONS. FUNGI. MuCOT. 13

' ^ 15. ARCYRIA.

VeruVmm with its upper part evanescent. T?//7 o^ filaments
naked, fixed into the cup-shaped receptacle.

1. A.? leucocephala, gregarious, peridium funnel-shaped orange
hrovvn, tuft of filaments globose. Pers. p. 183, floffm.
Germ. v. 2. /. 6./". 1. Craterium leucocephaliun, Sturm's
Fungi, t. W.

Mab. On moss upon the Pentland hills, Mr. GreviUe.

A very elegant minute species, funnel-shaped, with a pale evanescent
convex extremity, on tVie disappearance of which the whitish fila-
ments protruded in a more or less globular form. Nearly allied to
this is the Ojathus minutus, Sow. t. 239.

2. A. fiava, subgregarious yellow, tuft of filaments very long
drooping. Pers. p. 1S4. Tricliia mitaris, Soiv. t. 184.

Hab. On mosses about Edinburgh. Autumn. Mr. GreviUe.

3. A. pimicea, crowded red. Per?, p. 185. Ciafhrus denu-
datiis, Linn. Trichia demidata, Sow. /. 49.

Hab. Decaying sticks, about Edinb., Mr. GreviUe.

IG. STEMONITIS.
Peridiinn very thin, subevanescent. Tift of filame?its for mmg

a net-work, somewhat compact^ surrounding, and fixed to, a

central style.
1. 8. Jasciculata, tufted head of filaments subdttenuated, the

outer coat entirely evanescent. Pers. p. 187. Clatkrus nu-

dus, Linn. Trichia mida, Sotv. /. 188.

B. Gymnospermi. Seminal dust without Jilaments,

17. LICEA.

Peridium free, roundish orslightly spreading, fragile, without any
subjacent membrane. Seminal dust destitute of filaments.

1. L. circumscissa, gregarious fulvous, peridium bursting all
round transversely. Pers. p. 196. Ejusd. Ohs.Myc. X.t.Q.f.X,
and 2. Sphcerocarpus sessilisy Bidl. Champ, t. AXI , f. 5.

Hab. On the dead bark of trees about Edinburgh. Autumn. Mr.
GreviUe.

At first sight resembling the eggs of some insect. Peridium minute,
globose, of a dirty yellow, at length fulvous and separating hori-
zontally into two equal parts. Duat quite naked, or with one or
two minute Jilaments intermixed. Pers.

18. MUCOR.

Peridium membranaceous, globose, stipitate, at first pellucid
and watery, afterwards becoming opaque. Sporules naked,
somewhat cohering. (Minute Jugaciu7is Fungi.)

1. M. iVIwcecfo, stipes simple, peridium inflated blackish grey,
orifice roundish opening around the stipes. Pers. p. 201.

14 ACOTYLEDONS. FUNGI. Uvedo,

/S. vulgaris, crowtlcd heads very minute blackish. Mucor Mucedo,
Linn,', Hopk. Glott. p, 165 ; Sow. t. 378./. 5, 6, and 7.

Hab. On putrid wood, bread, and vegetables, at all seasons of the
year. Hopk.

2. M.? Embolus, " stem black bristle-shaped set with brown
woolly hair.*' IVil/i. Bot. Arr. ed. 4. v. A. p. 395.

Hab. F"ound on rotten wood at all seasons, Hopk.

19. .ECIDIUM.
Peridia (stemless) manifest, rounded, membranaceous, at length
opening with a dentated orifice. Sporiiles farinaceous, naked.
{Parasitic on leaves.)

Caspitose. Peridia crowded together so as to form a crustaceous spot
upon the leaves.

1. M. cornutum, yellowish peridia very long curved olivaceous
grey. Pers.p.20:y. Sow.t.^\9.

Hab. On the leaves of Sorbus Aacuparia, at Rosslyn^ Slateford, Sec.

August. Mr. GreviUe.
A singular plant, growing on the under side of the leaves^ but forming

a yellow spot in the upper.

2. M. TtissilaginiSj forming a purplish yellow spot^ peridia
immersed nearly plane on their surface. Pers. p. 209. Soic,
t. 397. f' J. Lycoperdon epiphyllnm, Hopk. Glott, p. \\d\,

Hab. On the back of the leaves of Tussilago Farfara, very common,
Hopk. Mr. GreviUe.

3. M. Berheridis, caespitose orbicular small convex, peridia
somewhat elongated yellow. Pers. p, 209. Sow. t, 397. f. 5.

Hab. On the leaves of Berberis vulgaris. This has been frequently
supposed to be the origin of the blight in wheat, but 1 suspect from
a common idea that the two plants are the same species.

20. UREDO.
Peridium none. Dust naked, easily dispersed. Spcrules uni-
form, generally globose.

* Dust yellowish {Riibigo, or Rust).

1. U. Alchemillce, crowded yellow and bursting the epidermis in
somewhat parallel lines. Pers. p. 215.

Hab. Upon the leaves of Alchemilla vulgaris. Sept. Mr. GreviUe.

Mr. GreviUe observes that his specimens differ somewhat from the de-
scription of Persoon. The sporiiles are brown, and the leaves upon
which they grow are not smaller than the rest j contrary to the
observation of that author.

2. U. Eupkorhice Helioscopice, scattered somewhat globose pro-
minent yellow. Pers. p. 2\5,

Hab. On the leaves of Euphorbia Helioscopia, at Arlary and Kinross.

September. Mr. GreviUe.
3 U. miniala, roundish effuse orange-colour. Pers. p. 216,

A C OTYLE DONS. FUNGI. Ureclo . 1 5

Hab. On the leaves of roses about Edinburgh. Mr. Greville.

4. U. linearis (a. Frunicnti), linear very long brownish yellow
becoming darker. Fers. p,2\Q, Uredo longissima, Soiv,
/. 139.

Hab. On the stems of grasses about Edinburgh. Aug. Mr. Greville.
This is considered by some authors to be the young of Puccinia
Graminis.

5. U. Sonchi, crowded somewhat confluent yellow, clusters
flattish irregular. Pers. p. 217.

Hab. On the leaves of Sonchus oleraceus, about Edinburgh. Autumn.
Mr. Greville.

6. V , Jarinosa, confluent farinose ochraceous. Pers. p. 217.
Hab. On the leaves of Salix capnea, about Edinb. Aug. Mr. Greville.

7. U. TussilaginiSy in sub-concentric orange-coloured spots.
Pers,p.2\S,

Hab. On the leaves of Tussilago Petasites, Rosslyn, and about Edin-
burgh. August. Mr. Greville.

8. U. populina, crowded yellow unequal blistered generally
closed. Pers.p,2\9,

p, hetulina, crowded yellowish minute rounded closed.
Hab. On the leaves of Populus balscnnifera and tremula ; /3. on the
leaves of Betula alba, about Edinburgh. Mr. Greville.

9. U. Menthcsy scattered orbicular flattish pale brownish. Pets,
p. 220.

Hab. On the leaves of Mentha arvensis, Arlary and Kinross. Sept.
Mr, Greville.

■** Dust brown or blackish {Nigredo).

10. U. suaveolens, confluent fragrant unequal, dust pale brownish
purple. Pers. p. 221.

Hab. On the leaves of Cnicus arvensis, King's Park, Edinburgh.
June^ July, Mr. Greville.

*** Dust white {Albugo).

11. U. Candida, diffuse white. Pers. p. 223.

a. Thlaspeos, large bursting the epidermis with a profuse dust.

Uredo Tlilaspi, Sow. t. 340. U. cruciferarum, Decand,

p. 49?
Hab. Upon the stems of Thlaspi Bursa-Pastoris, and upon the

leaves of various cruciforn plants.

**** Dust blackish or brown, parasitic within the fructification of
plants. (Ustilago, Smut.)

12. U. Segeium, dust or sporules naked copious black within
the fruit or glumes of grasses. Pers. p. 224. Mougeot and
NestL No. 291. Relicularia Segeium, Bull, t.422. f. 2.
Ustilago Segetum, Link in Sturm's Deuisch, Flora.

T6 ACOTYLEDONS. FUNCr.

'ucci/ua.

Hah. Ill the fructification oi grasses, especially of wheat, barley,
and oats.

This is a fungus which does considerable injury to corn, particularly
to the wheat crops by destroying the grain and converting it wholly
into black dust, known by the name of brand, dust brand, smut,
burnt corn, &c. It has, however, no scent like the following, and
does not affect the whole mass in the thrashing.

13, U. Caries-, sporules minute inclosed in peridia of a brown-
ish black colour, and filling the grain with a fetid p9wderr
U. sitophila, D'ltmar in Sturm's Deidscli. Fl. ivtk a fig,

Hab. The inside of the grains of wheat.

It is not a little remarkable that I can find no account of this little
fungus, the most injurious perhaps of all the tribe to the agricul-
turist, in any botanical work but that above quoted 3 except, indeed,
that it is said in the Nouveau Dictionnaire d' Hist. Nat. now pub-
lishing, to be the Uredo Caries of Decand. ; but I know not in
what work of that author, for most assuredly it is not in the Flore
Fran^oise. It is, according to Ditmar, a distinct genus from the
foregoing, inasmuch as its sporules are included in a sort oi capsule
or peridium, which he calls sporidium. It affects the kernel of wheat
in a different manner from that, not appearing externally, though
its presence may be known by the somewhat smaller, yet inflated;
appearance of the grain, and its darker colour. When broken it
is gTeasy to the touch, and has a fetid smell, which may be aptly
compared to that of Chenopodium olidum. It is not merely that a
vast quantity of grain is destroyed by the action of t\\\% fungus upoH
each separate kernel it attacks, but, in the operation of thrashing,
the injured kernels are broken^ and the soil and smell are communi-
cated to the whole sample.

21. PIJCCINIA*.
Peridia having dissepiments, stipitatc^
Parasitic on the stalks or leaves of plants.

* A German author, M. Strauss, unites, I think with propriety, the genera
Stilbospora and Piiccinia with Urcdo, which he subdivides in the following

manner.

UREDO.

Pulverulent Fungi, Capsules {Theca;, Spondee) collected into a pulverulent
cluster, for the most part covered with the epidermis.

K. Fungi growing uj)on wood. (Colour black.) Stilbospora.

B. Fungi parasitic on the fructifications of plants. {Colour black.) Ustilaga.

C Fungi parasitic upon leaves,

1 . Capsules d;estltute of dissepimooits.

a. Colour white. Albugo.

b. Colour yellowish. Riibigo.

c. Colour obscure, becoming black. Nigredo.

2. Capsules furnished with dissepiments. Pucdnia.

ACOTYLEDONS. FUNGI. PiiCCmiCl . 1/

K p. Menthce, scattered punctiform dark brown, sporulcs? (pe-
ridia) sub-cjuadrangular, stipes very short. Vers. p. 227.

Hat?, On the leaves of Mentha hirmta, at Daddingston Loch, near
Edinburgh. September. Mr. Greville.

2. P. Vol 071 lice, scattered blackish brown, peridia fusiform.
Pers, p. 221.

Hab. On the leaves of Galium cruciatum, about Edinburgh. Sept.
Mr. Greville.

3. P. Polygoni ampfiibii, opaque brown depressed, peridia
oblongo ovate attenuated into the footstalk. Pers. p, 227.

Hab. On the leaves of Polygonum amphibium, about Edinburgli.
August. Mr. Greville.

4. P. Polygoni avicularis, sublinear scattered brown, peridia
globose. Pers. p. 227.

Hab. On the leaves of Polygonum aviculurr, about Edinburgh.
September. Mr. Greville.

5. P. -Asparagiy scattered brown ovato-oblofig convex much
crowded in the disk, peridia oblong obtuse 2-cellcd. Decand.
FL Gall. S7J71. p. 45. Moug. et Nesll. No. 392.

Hab. Upon the stalks of dead cabbages, Mr. Greville.

6. P. Circcece, scattered verruciform red brown, peridia ovate
acute. Pers. p. 228.

Hab. On the leaves of Circoea Lutetiana and alpina. Castle Campbell,
and Rumbling Brigg. September. Mr. Greville.

7. P. Grarninis, crowded linear becoming black, peridia some-
what turbinated. Pers. p. 228. Uredo Frumenti, Sow. t. 140.
Sir Jos. Banks's Essay on the Blight in. Corn, in the 2d vol.
of Annals of Botany, p. 51. t. 3 and 4.

Hab. On the stems and leaves of corn, and various grasses^ too
common.

This is that disease so well known to agrindturists by the names of
blight, mildew, and rust in corn. Strauss savs, that !' the Uredo
linearis of this work ( U. longissima of Sow.) is but the young state
of it." For a scientific history of this injurious plant, I must refer
to the Essay of Sir Jos. Banks, above cited, and to a paper written-
by my friend, the Rev. Mr. Kirby, in the 5th vol. of the Linn. Trans,
p. 102. The plates quoted in the former work do not do justice
to the inimitable drawings of this Fungus, made by Mr. Bauer^ for
Sir Jos. Banks. An unpublished engraving, from the original
drawing, presented to me by Sir Joseph, I have deposited in the
portfolio of drawings at the Royal Botanic Garden, Glasgow. It
Is to be lamented, that no certain cure for this disease has yet been
, discovered ; a true knowledge of its structure/ however, may tend
to this desirable end.

8. P. mucronata^ crowded black stipitate cylindrical mucronate,
3 — 5-celled, footstalk incrassated at the base. Pers. p. 230.
Nees von Esenheck, t. 1. /. 14. P. Ruhi, Sow. t. 400./. 9.

«. Rosce, peridia thickish rather obtuse. P. Rosce, Decand.

M

18 ACOTYLEDONs. — FUNGI. Phallus,

/S, Ruu'i, crowded reserabliiig black hairs, peridia subaUenuated.

P. Rnhly DecoTid,
Ha3. a. On the leaves of roses. /3. On those of Ruhus idcsus and
fruticosus, about Edinburgh. September. Mr. GrevlUe.

C. Sakcosper.mi. Fructifications {perkUa P) of a large size,

Jieshij.

21. CYATIIUS.
Receptacle funnel- or cup-shaped, at first closed at the orifice
with a membrane, including several lentiform vesicles.

1. C. striatus, hairy brown internally striated. Pers. p. 237.
Nidularia striata, Sou/. /. 29. Peziza striata. Light/,
p. 1049.

Hab. On old decaying timber, sticks and straws, and sometimes on
the ground, in the spring and autumn, Lightf.

2. C. Olla, externally ash- coloured or brov/nish somewhat
downy internally smooth lead-coloured. Pers. p. 237.
Peziza kntifera, Lightf. p. 1048. Nidularia campanulata,
Sow. /. 28.

Hap. Old decaying timber, sticks, straws, &c., spring and autumn,
Lightf.

3. C. Crucibulum, subcylindrical indurated slightly downy (or
glabrous) tawny yellow. Pers. p. 238. Nidularia loivis.
Sow. t. 30. Peziza crucibuliformi^ , Lightf. p. 1049.

Hab. On decaying wood, autumn and winter, Lightf. Mr. Grev'tlk.

Div. II. Gymnocarpi. Fleshy Fungi, bearing seeds externaUij
upon the receptacle {or hymenium).

Sect. I. Lytothecii. Fructifying surfac*^ {hymenium) dissolv-
ing into a gelatinous mass.

22. PHALLUS.

Inclosed (at first) with a Folva. Pileus ovate, stipitate, entire,
covered with the gelatinous fluid mass.

1 . V.Joetidus, stipes perforated somewhat oblique, pileus cellular
open at the extremity. P. impudicus, Pers. p. 242. Lightf,
p. 1044. P. fcetidus. Sow. t. 329.

Hab. Woods and banks, but not common, at Blair in Athol ; sands
by the sea on both sides of the Firth of Forth, and at Carubber
Bank, Sibbald. Woods and under hedges, frequent about Glasg.,
Hopk. Autumn.

The abominably strong smell of this plant has procured it the names
o( stinJcitig morel and stink-hoi-ns. There is an admirable descrip-
tion and history of it in Ourt. Ft. Lond.

A COTYLEDONS. iUNGC. AgancUfi, [0.

Shct. H. Hymenothecii. Receptacle of the fructiiication, a
permanent membrane with pulverulent sporiifes,

A. Agaricoidjji. Membrane forming plates [or gills) y or veiny,
23. AMANITA.

Bursting from a Vblva, Pileus fleshy, generally warted. Gills
crowded, nearly entire. Stipes mostly elongated, annulate, or
naked.
1 . A. mnscaria^ pileus orange-red or brown shining at length
nearly plane, the warts gills and stipes white, stipes annulate.
Agaricus muscarius, Sotv. /. 286.

a. Pileus orange- red. X 7nuscaria, Pers. p. 2o3, j4garicus
muscarius, Lig/itf. p. 1010.

/3. Pileus brownish. J^. aspera, Pcrs. p. 254. ^garicus verrucosus.
Bull. f. 316. Curt. FL Lond. with a Jig, Light/, p, 1012.

Hab. Woods, not unlrequent. Autumn. Lightf.

This is one of the largest, and, at least the var, a.., the most
beautiful of all the Agaric tribe. It is, however, esteemed of an
acrid and deleterious quality. Steeped in milk it is set in Sweden
to decoy and kill flies, and, by rubbing on the bedsteads and other
furniture, to destroy bugs. It is nevertheless said to be eaten by
the Russians, and that the natives of Kamschatka prepare an ine-
briating liquor from this, and the runners of Epilobium angusti-
folium ; but, if taken in too large a dose, it produces trembling of
the nerves, intoxication, delirium, and-melancholy.

24. AGARICUS ^

Volva none. Pileus with gills beneath, differing iu substance
from the rest of the plant.

* Stipes central.
t Stipes solid and decurrent.
•i- Gills white.
\ . \. fr a grans, Q^Wh white four in a set, pileus brownish white semi-
transparent, stipes brownish white. IVith. p. 158. Sow, t, 10.
Hab, Fir woods, near Helensburgh, but not plentiful, Hopk.

2. A. velatus, gills greyish white much branched, pileus convex
entirely covered by the membranaceous curtain. fVith,p, 161.
yJg. glutinosus. Sow. t,l .

Hab. Fir woods, not unftequent. Woods near Kenmuir. Sept. Hopk.
-f-'H Gills brown.

3. A, lactijluus, gills red brown, pileus dark red brown, stem

' Both in this and the following most intricate genera, I follow the arrange-
ment and adopt the specific characters of Witherin^^, since almost, my only
knowledge of the species hitherto found in Scotland, is derived from the Fl.
Ghttiam of Mr. Hopkirk ; and that gentleman refers exclusively to the
** Botaiiical Arrangement ;" so that I have no means of ascertaining what
the species are of other authors. My edition of WiiherlTigs Arrangetnent
is the 4tia4^|£

Ce2]

20 AqoTYLEDONs.-^FUNGi. ^garicus.

somewhat buff-colouredjjuice white milky mild. With.p, 165.

Ligktf, p. 1012. Schceff. t. 5. Sow. t, 204,
Hab. Woods, frequent, Lighff. Bothwell Wood, HopJc.
Lightfoot says this is one of the best kinds for the table j but such

assertions should be received with great caution, for Withering tells

us, thatj on tasting it, it leaves a pungent sensation on the tongue.

-f--f-'{- Gills red.

4. A. piperatus, gills pale pinky red numerous in pairs, pileus
dirty yellow white woolly depressed in the centre, stipes pale
yellow. mtk,p. 169. Light/, p. 1013. Soie^, i. 103.

Hab. Woods, frequent. Blair in Athol. Autumn. Lighff. , Dickson.

-(--{-•+--{- Gills purple.

5. A, amethystinuSy gills purple 2 3 or 4 in a set, pileus pur-
ple convex, stipes pale purple cylindrical. With, p. 176. Sow.
t. 157.

Hab. Woods, occasionally, as Carmyle wood. Autumn. Ucypk.

|5. A. rutilus, gills reddish purple leathery few in pairs, pileas

a red; disk purple fleshy, stipes reddish purple cylindrical. Wilh.

p. 177. Schcef. ^ 55. Sow. t. 105.
Hab. Fir woods^ but not very common, in the autumn, Hopk.

ft Sftpes solid and fixed.
-<- Gills white.

7. A. crassipes, gills white brownish at the edges fleshy distant
4 in a set, pileus reddish brown bossed cracking, stipes greatly
tapering downwards ribbed. With. p. 180. Schceff, t. SS.
Sow. t, 129.

Hab. On tlie roots of decayed trees. Aug., Sept. Hopk.

8. A. stipitis, gills brownish white 4 in a set, pileus pale brown
darker and woolly in the centre, stem pale brown with a buff
tinge thicker and bulbous at the base, ring white permanent.
mth.p.W. Bolt. t. 136. Sow.t.lOl.

Hab. Stumps of trees, common, frequently in clusters, Hopk.

9. A, i?ife£>er, gills white mostly uniform, pileus of various tints,
stipes white. Wiih.p,\90. Light/, p. 1009. Sow. t. 201.

Hab. Woods, frequent. Autumn. Light/., Hopk.

10. A. elephantimiSy gills yellowish white fleshy distant 4 in a
set, pilevis brownish yellow changing to black and cracking,
stipes white. With. p.\9A. Sojv, t,S6,

Hab. Woods, occasionally. Plantation opposite Dalbeth-house^ fre-
quent, Hopk. Autumn.

4-4- Gills purplish.
i 1 . A',%\ioJaceicSf gills purple numerous 8 in a set, pileus va-
rying'from purple to brown convex, edge turned down, stipes
;-piirple cylindrical. With, p, 263. Light/, p. 1018. ' Sow,,
"^'t, 209? {the stipes is cottony).

ACOTYLEDONif. FUNGI. AgariCllS, 21

Hab. On the ground in gardens and in grass walks, but not common.
Autumn. Hojik. Woods, frequent. Light/.

ttt Stipes solid and loose,
•i- Gills white.

12. A. Orcadis, gills brownish watery white 2 — 4 in a set, pi-
leus pale brown convex irregular, stipes whitish brown with
age very tough rarely central. With. ;0. 217. A, coriaceus,
mih.p.2\7.

Hab. On the ground in pastures, frequently forming fairy rings.
June— Oct. Light/., Hopk.

13. A. horizo?italiSy gills yellowish white 4 in a set, pileus yel-
lowish brown convex not fully circular, stipes bent horizontal-
ly. fViih. p. 220. Bull. i. 324.

Hab. On old trees in the autumn, especially after rain, Hopk.

14. A. clavus, gills white in pairs, pileus with a dimple in the
<;entre, stipes very long and slender, root very long. JVith.
p. 220. Light/: p. 1027.

Hab. On decayed leaves and among moss. Light/.
Very minute, scarcely an inch liigh,

15. A. Georgii, gills yellowish white, pileus yellow convex hol-
low in the centre, stipes yellow thickish smooth, juice yellow.
With. p. 222. Sow. t.304.

Hab. Pastures, occasionally growing to a large size, Hopk.

Although Mr. Sowerby seems to think this may prove only a var. of
the common Mushroom (A. campestris) ; and although they are sold
in large quantities in London for that species, yet he remarks that
their dry and tough (juality renders them unfit for the table in any
shape. Tlie gills in age become, according to Sowerby's figure, a
dirty brownish purple ^.

4- -f- Gills red.

16. A. campestris, gills pinky changing to dark liver colour
crowded irregular, pileus convex varying from white to brown,"
stipes white cvlindrical, curtain white. ^Vith. p.225. Lightf.
p. 1017. Sow. t. 305.

Hab. Dry pastures after rains, frequent. Light/, Hopk.

This is the common mushroom which is so much esteemed for sauces,
stews, and for converting into catchups. It is cultivated by the'
fjpawn or seeds j and, in Russia, in large houses built for the pur-
pose : so that the inhabitants have them the whole year through.

-T--f--f- Gills buff-coloured.

17. A. hinniileiis, gills buff very broad 4 in a set, pileus fawn-
coloured convex mealy, stipes chesnut colour. With, p. 228.
Sow. t. 173.

"' Mr. Hopldik speaks of a mushroom, " probably of this kind," found
near Paisley, which was 9 inches high, 43 in circumference, and weighed 5
pounds 6 ounces.

22 ACOTYLEDONS. — FUNGI. A<raricns

v!5

Had. Fir woods, iu autumn, not uncommon, Ilopk.
-H -^ -f- 4- Gilh yellow .

18. A. lutejis, gills yellow numerous uniform, pileus yellow co-
nical tufted, stipes tapering upwards, M'^itli, p. 229. yi. Cce-
pcesiipes, Sow. /. 2 (left-hand figures), W,

Hab. Amongst the bark in stoves and hot-beds, but not common.
Aug. //opA".

tttt Stipes hollow and decurrent.
4- Gills while.

19. A. nivejis, gills white in pairs, pileus white viscid flattish,
stipes white cylindrical. With. p. 231 {?wt of Sow.).

Hab. In exposed pastures, among moss on the moors, Hopk.
-f--f- Gills red.

20. A. farinaccuSf gills pale pink edges scolloped 4 in a set,
pileus pinky brown bossed, stipes very pale pinky brown thick
at the top. With. p. 232. Sckceff. t. 13. Sou>. t. 20S.

Hab. Woods, on the ground ; but not common. Autumn. Ilopk.

-T--H -{- Gills yellow.

21. A. parvus, gills yellow in pairs (about 20 pairs), pileus
orange dimpled, stipes orange. fVith, p. 233. .A. Fibula,
Sow. t. 45,

Hab. Amongst short grass and moss, occasionally. Aug. Hopk.

ttttt Stipes hollow and fixed.
•^ Gills brown.

22. A. tener, gills nut-brown 4 in a set extending below the edge
of the pileus, pileus deep buff bluntly conical dark brown at
the edge, stipes nut-brown smooth splitting. IVith. p, 245.
Schcpff. t. 70. ^ow. /. 33.

Hab, Among short grass and on moors. Autumn. Hopk.

23. A. ciypeatus, gills greyish brown 4 — 8 in a set^ pileus pale
brown convex bossed viscid, stipes white viscid. JVith, p. 248.
Light/, p. 1020.

Hab. Woods and pastures. Autumn. Light/.
-f--«- Gills red.

24. A. c}n?iamo?jieus, gills deep tawny red broad about the mid-
dle 4 in a set, pileus rich cinnamon convex somewhat bossed,
stipes yellow. fFith. p. 232, Light/, p. \0\d. Sow. t. 206,

Hab. Woods, not unfrequent. Autumn. Light/.

4-4-4- Gills yellow.

25. A. aurantius, gills yellow fleshy 8 in a set, pileus conical
orange edge uneven, stipes yellow splitting. With. p. 256.
IJghtf. p. 1025. Curt, Ft. Loml, with a fg. Sow. t, 381.

Hab. Dr)' pastures. Autumn. Lighi/. Meadows and heaths, frc-
qaent, Hopk.

ACOTYLEDONS.— FUNGI. AgaVlCUS. 23

26. A. ceraceui, giils pale yellow in pairs, pilcus deep yellow
hemispherical smooth, stipes deep yellow cylindrical. (Viih.
p. 258. Sow. t. 20.

Hab. Amongst grass, not common. Sept, IIoplc.

+--{-4- Gills grey.

27. A. sefniglobalus, gills grey mottled 4 — 8 in a set edge ho-
rizontal, pileus greenish yellow semi-globular, stipes pale buff,
ff^ith. p. 265. Curt. Fl. Lovd, ed. 2. lu'uh a Jig, Sow,
/.2-18, and t,407 (A.virosus,) A, glutinosus, Curt, FL Lond,
ed, 1 . with a fig,

Hab. On the ground ever}^ where, common. July — Oct. Hopk.
Highly poisonous according to Sowerby, who has given a long account
of the species under t. 407.

tttttt Stipes hollow and loose.
-f- Gills white.

28. A. procerus, gills white uniform fixed to a collar, pileus a
broad cone bossed whitish brown scaly, stipes scaly, ring loose,
Witlu p. 266. Sow, t, 190. A, annulalus, Lightf.p, 1025.

Hab. Woods and shady places. Autumn. Light/., Hopk.

29. A. stercorarius, gills white, pileus very thin white or brownish
flat or bossed edge rolled up, stipes white enlarged downwards.
mih,p,2i]9. Sow. t, 262,

Hab. On dung-hills in the autumn, frequent, Hopk.

30. A. clypeolarius, gills white numerous 4 in a set, pileus con-
vex bossed pale brown mottled, stipes smooth. JVilli. p. 270.
Sow, t, 14.

Hab. Woods and fir plantations, but not common. Both well wood,
near the west gate. Aug., Sept. Hopk.

31. A. alliaceus, gills white irregular, pileus dark brown at the
top pale at the edge, stipes almost black, root crooked knob-
bed. With, p, 21 \, Sow.t.Sl,

Hab. Occasionally on rotten wood, in plantations, smelling like gar-
lick. Aug., Sept. Hopk.

32. A. congregaiuSj gills white with grey edges 2 — 4 in a set,
pileus conical brown buff, sides furrowed, stipes white smooth.
fVith. p. 27o, Sow, /. 261.

Hab. On stumps of trees and at the bottoms of posts, frequent. Aug.
—Oct. Hopk.

-(- -h- Gills red.

33. A. cylindricus, gills pinky uniform, pileus white cylindrical
scaly, stipes cylindrical white. With, p, 280. A.JimetariuSf
Curt. Fl. Loud, ed, 1. Sow. t, 189.

Hab. Gardens, pastures, and amongst rubbish, during the summer

and autumn, frequent, Hopk.
Gills becoming black in age.
31, A. lachrf/viaVuttdus, gills dull red broad numerous 2—4 in

24 AGorvLiiDONS. — FUNGI. Agariciis.

a set, pileus dirty brown conical woolly, stipes hollow dirty
white. JrHh. p. 282. Sott'.t.Al.
Hab. Woods^ occasionally. Woods, Bothwell. Aug., Sept, Hopk.
-\ — { — !- Gills huff-coloured.

35. A. dryopliylliis, gills pale brownish buff broad few 4 in a
set, pileus dead whitish colour nearly flat, stipes white gently
tapering upwards. JVith,p. 282, Sow.t.\27.

Hab. Pastures and woods, not uncommon. Aug., Sept. Hopk.
-{- ^- _{ — i- Gills yellow.

36. A. eqiiesiris, gills brimstone yellow 4 in a set, pileus pale
yellow convex, stipes yellow cylindrical. IVith. p. 285.
Lightf. p, 1019. Schceff". t. 79. ' Bolt. t. 65.

Hab. Dry pastures and woods. Autumn.

-(--(_ H--H+- Gills grey.

37. A. ovatus^ gills silvery grey uniform, pileus grey brown
plaited, stipes white. With. p. 286. Curt. FL Lond. ed, 1.
A. Jimelarius^ Soit'. t. 188.

Hab. On the roots of trees in Carmyle wood. Autumn. Hopk.

38. A. cinereus, gills grey uniform not reaching the stem, pileus
grey streaked, centre brown, stipes white tapering upwards,

JVit/i. p. 2bS. A. fimetarius, LightJ. p. \02\.
Hab. Dunghills, banks of ditches, gardens, &c., especially after
rains. Autumn, frequent, Lightf.

39. A. campanidatus., gills pale grey imiform, pileus mouse
coloured grey conical blunt, stipes grey smooth. IVith. p. 289.
Liglitf. p. 1022.

Hab .Woods, pastures, and rotten leaves. Autumn. Lightf.

40. A. semlovatus, gills brown grey to black 2 — 4 in a set,
pileus light brown smooth half egg-shaped, stipes cylindrical
white. Jf^iih. p. 290. Soiv. t.\S\.

Hab. Cow-pastures and on dunghills, frequent. June — Sept. Hopk.

41. A. plicatiliSf gills grey, in pairs, pileus ash-coloured, cen-
tre brownish yellow, stipes white. With. p. 29\. Curt. FL
Lond. with a fig. Soiv. t. 364.

Hab. Pastures and new mown grass fields, during the summer and
autumn, frequent, Ho}^k.

■^■* Stipes lateral.
t Gills hrown.

42. A. flahelliformiSy gills yellowish brown numerous, pileus
smooth mealy whitish, stipes short variably excentrical. With.
p. 296. A. 'semipetiolaris, Lightf, p. 1030. Schteff. t, 208.
Sow.t. 1< 9.

Hab. On the trunks of fallen trees and decayed timber, frequent,
Autumn. Lighf, Hopk.

ft Gills buff.

43. A, betuUmis, gilkj reddish yellow or reddish brown nume-

ACOTYLEDONS. — FUNGI. Merulius, 25

rous thin very much branched, pileus pale brownish buff cot-
tony irregularly semicircular. With. p. 299.

Hab. Stumps of trees during most of the year. Stumps of trees on
the banks of the Clyde at Bogleshole, plentifully, Hojik.

44. A. alneus, gills brownish buff in pairs, pileus gently convex
semicircular velvety brownish grey. U^ith.p.SOO. Light/',
p. 1029. Sow. t. 183.

Hab. On the trunks of trees and dead wood. Autumn and spring.
Light/.

25. MERULIUS. Witheiing.

Volva none. Pileus with gills or veins beneath of the same
substance with the rest of the plant.

* With a stipes and gills beneath.

1 . M. umhelUferus, gills white broad at the base 2 — 4 in a set,
pileus white convex a little bossed elegantly plaited at the
sides, stipes white slender. With. p. \44. u^garicus umbel.,
Light/, p. 1026.

Hab. On rotten leaves, in woods and shady places. Autumn. Light/.

2. M. androsaccus, gills white decurrent, pileus white convex
the centre depressed, stipes red brown shining. With. p. 145.
ylg. androsaceus, Li^htf. p. 1027. Soio. t.94.

Hab. On old sticks, rotten leaves and mosses. Autumn. Light/.

3. M. collar iatus, ^\\]s white uniform fixed to a collar surround-
ing the stem, pileus white thin umbonate, stipes white above
black below. With. p. \46. Jgaricus rotula, Pers,pAQ7,
Sow. t. 95.

Hab. On sticks in woods, frequent. August. Hopk.

4. M. cantharelhis, stem solid often compressed, gills decur-
rent branched and anastomosing. lVith.p.\47. j^garicus
canth., Sow.t.4Q. Light/, p. \ 008.

Hab. Woods, frequent; especially those of fir, JLigA^/"., Hopk. July

— September.
Of a yellow colour, an agreeable smell, and much eaten in some^^
- countries.

5. M. Squamula, stipes bristle-shaped, pileus whitish slightly
convex, gills with a few plaits. With. p. 149. jigariciis
Squamula, Soiv. t.d3.

Hab. On decayed leaves in Bothw^ell wood. August. Hopk.
*"^ With a stipes, S^c, and with veins beneath.

6. M. infundibuli/ormis, stipes funnel-fihRped hollow expanding
at the top like a hollow pileus, gill-like veins branched silvery
grey. With, p. \oO. Merulius cornucopioides, Pers. p. 491,
Pexiza cornucopioides, Light/, p. 1050. Sow. /. 74.

Hab. In woods, not unfrequent. Light/. October.
*** Without a stipes, with deep anastomosing broad veins beneath.

7. M, lachrymans, spreading large orange- coloured with the

26 ACOTYLEDONS. FUNGI. BolctUS.

margin white and downy, veins forming as it were large pores,

J\Iar?i/ius destrutms, Pers. p. 496. Bf-^'etus laclirymansy

IViih. p. 32\, Sow.t,\]3.
Ha3. On decayed wood, in cellars and outhouses, and sometimes on

posts exposed to the weather. On the wood of churches and

houses, Hopk.
The pores contain water. This is the dnj-rot, from which buildings of

all kinds, especiiilly ships, have suffered so much. Mr, Sowerby

recommends ventilation and avoiding to build in damp situations as

the best way to guard against it,

B. BoLETOiDEi. Membrane or receptacle of t/ie fructification
forming luheSj ollovg and compressed or rounded, sometimes
prominent,

2G, D.EDALEA.

Pilens (dimidiate) between coriaceous and corky, reticulated
with subporiform or oblong apertures beneath. (Intermediate
between Meriilius and Boletus.)

1. D. qnercina, coriaceous pale brownish, pileus slightly utim-
kled glabrous, apertures large, their interstices branched and
sinuated. Pers, p. 500. yigaricus (jnerci?2us, Light/. p. 1028.
Sotv.t. 181.

Hab. Trunks of various trees and decayed wood, frequent, all the year
round. Light/., Hojyk.

27. BOLETUS.

Pileus varying in its form. Tabes and pores rounded, entire^ se-
parated.

A. Pileus with the tubes beneath distinct from one another
(FistuUna Bull, and With.).

1. B. hepaticus, fleshy red dimidiate, tubes slender unequal free
yellowish. Pers. p. 302. Soia. t. 56. Light/, p. 1034.
Fistulina hepatica, With. p. 302.

Hab. On the trunks of hollow trees, Aug., Sept. Lighff.

B. Pileus tvith the tubes united,
* Stipes central '.

2. B. aurantiacus, tubes whitii-h, pileus red orange, stipes
whitish rough. With. p. 305. Sow. t, \ 10. B. auranttus,
Pers.p.i)0-k.

Hab. Woods, occasionally. June, July. Bothwell wood, and fre-
quent in a small wood near Carmyle, Ghisg., IJopk.

3. B. bovinus, tubes pale yellowish brown unequal in length,
pileus brown or olive clammy, stipes thick pale brown with
rusty stains. IVith. p. SOU. Bol. scaber, Soiv.t.ljo.

• — ■-" ' ■ ' t

' In this o;enu3 likewise I follow NVithciing's cbaractcis and names, n jth
few exceptions.

ACOTYLEDONS. FUNGI. BolctUS, 27

Hab. Woods and pastures, frequent, Lightf., Jlopk. Autumn.

4. B. luleiis, tubes deep yellow, pileus deep bay striated, stipes
dirty white, ring permanent. fVith. p. 312. Soto. t,2<j5.
B. cortinatus, Pers, p. 50o.

Hab. Woods, and sometimes in pastures. In Carmyle and Bothwell
woods. Woods, Dougalston ; near Glasg. Autumn, plentiful.
Hopk.

** Stipes lateral.

5. B. lucidus, tubes white, pileus chesnut coloured shining, stipes
hard uneven chesnut coloured shining. Sow, t, 13-i. B, ru-
gosus, IVith.p, 315.

Hab. Stumps of trees, rare. Woods, Both well. July — Sept. Ilopk.

6. B. squamosiis, tubes yellow white, pores large angular, pileus
pale buff pencilled with feather-like scales. With. p»*6\ii.
Sow. t, 266. B. cellulosus, Ligldf. p. 1032.

Hab. Stumps of trees, frequent. June — Sept. Lightf., Hopk.

'ilie stipes varies much in length, is sometimes branched, and instead
of terminating with a pileus is acuminated. This state of it is the
B. rangiferinus, IVith. — A plant of this species, Mr. Hopkirk tells
us, has regularly made its appearance for several years past, on the
stump of an ash, at Dalbeth, near Glasgow. In 1810 it attained
an extraordinary size, being seven feet five inches in circumference,
and weighing, after having been cut four days, thirty-four pounds
avoird. It was only four weeks in attaining the above size, gaining
thus an acquisition of weight, of above one pound three ounces in
the day.

7. B. lateralis, tubes yellow very short, pileus dead yellow thin
smooth, stem yellow. JVith. />. 3 1 8. B. nnmmularius. Sow.
/. 89.

Hab. On the trunks of trees, but not common. Aug., Sept. Hopk.
At Woodside, Urc.

^'"* Destitute of stipes.

8. B. salicimis, tubes white to tawny very short, pileus semi-
circular whitish smooth thin soft leathery. IFilh.p.Sld,
Saw. t. 227. B. alius, Ugfuf, p. 1037.

Hab. Trunks of old willows, in a wood near I.aswade, Dr. Parsons.

9. B. S2ilerosus, tubes white pointed, pores irregular, pileus
white convex smooth thin. IViili. p,3\S. Sow, t, 2SS.
Lightf, p, 1031.

Hab. Trunks of hollow trees. Autrmn. Lighff

10. B. sporigiosus, pores whitish fringed angular, pileus brown
woolly. IFith. p. 1033. Lightf, p, 1033. B, vdulinus f
Sow, /. 345.

Hab. On the trunks of trees. July. Lightf

11. B. versicolor, tubes white, pileus striped with different co-
lours. IFiih, t. ^21 . Sow, i. 229. Lightf. p. 1036.

B ACOTYLEDONS. FUMGI. HydlUUIt,

Hab. Trunks of old trees, decayed wood and rails, frequent, during
the greater part of the year. Light/., Hopk.

12. B. sulphureus, tubes and pores sulphur-coloured, pilous
bright reddish yellowstreaked. IVith. p, 324. Sow, t, 135.
B. lenax, Light/, p. 103 1 .

Hab, Trunks of hollow trees. May and Sept. Light/.

13. B. Tg?iiarius, tubes green grey or reddish brown, pores ve^-y
fine, pileus shaped like a horse's hoof smooth brown waved.
f^yuh. p. 326. Sow. t. 132. Ligfitf. p. 1034.

Hab, Trunks of old trees, frequent at all seasons. Light/., Hopk.

M. le Baron de Beauvois, in the " Nouveau Dictionnaire des Sciences
naturelles,'" asserts, that it is the B. /omentarius, which is the
famous Amadou of commerce, and not our jB. igniarius : whose
extremely hard and ahnost brittle nature renders it useless for such
a purpose,

14. B. f omentarius, dimidiate hard, pileus subtriquetrous obso-
Ictely banded cinereous brown, pores at first whitish glau-
cous afterwards subferruginous. Pers.p. 536. Sow. t. 133.
mth. p. 327.

Hab, Trunks of trees, about Edinb. Sept, Mr. Greville.

To render this fit for commerce, the epidermis and the porous parts
are removed, and the rest beaten into a soft spongy state. This
is one of the best styptics that can be employed. It is further used
all over the continent instead of tinder, being first dipped in a so-
lution of nitre : and no German who smokes, stirs without his
Amadou, flint and steel. To render it still more combustible, it
is rolled in gunpowder, and is then called black Amadou, whilst the
common kind is the red. Glcditsch says, that garments have been
made of it.

C, Hydnqidei. Receptacle or membrane of the fructification
forming awl-shaped processes,

28. HYDNUM.

Pileus varying in form, furnished beneath with subulate entire
teeth.

1. H. repandum, pale flesh-coloured, pileus wrinkled somewhat
lobed glabrous, teeth thickish frequently compressed, stipes
tuberous excentrical. Pers.p.bhh. Sow.t.\76.

Hab. Woods, not unfrequent. At Belmont, lu Angw^, Light/ Rare
about (Jlasg. Woods Dougalston, Hopk. In the woods Torrance,
Ure. Autumn.

2. H. auriscalpium, stipitate purplish brown, pileus dimidiate
coriaceous. Pers.p. 557. Sow. t. 267.

Hab, On old decaying cones and branches of fir, in the pine forests 3

the whole year round. Light/
This curious vegetable has along slender stipes usually excentrical, and

a pi^ews with shaggy concentric circles.

ACdTYLEDONS. — ruNGi. Clavciria. ^9

D. Gymnodermi. Tileiis varyivg in form, generally dlmU
diate, spreading, stemless, dry and coriaceous. Receptacle
or membrane oj the fructification smoothish or papillose,

29. THELEPHORA.
P'llevs coriaceous, papillose, rarely with minute bristles, or uniform
and smooth.

1. Th. caryopkytlea, somewhat imbricated purplish brown, pi-
lous somewhat funnel-shaped with shaggy concentric lines
very shaggy at the margin. Decnnd. Ft. Gall, p, 21. Auri-
cularia caryophyllea. Sow. /. 213. Helvella caryop/i., IVitli,

-p. 332.
Hab. Wood and stumps of trees^, near the ground, and on the ground
itself. At Castle Campbell. Sept. Mr. Greville.

2. Th. riihiginosa, imbricated rigid brownish rust colour gla-
brous on each side, pippillae scattered rather large. Pers,
p. 567. Aiiricularia ferruginea. Sow, t, 26. Auric, nico^
tiana, With,

Hab. On old pales and decayed wood, not uncommon. June, July.
Hopk.

3. Th.ferrjiginea, effuse reflexed ferruginous, pileus thin some-
what downy smoothish (nearly even) hairy beneath. Pers,
p. 569. Auricjilaria tabacina. Sow. t, 25.

Hab. Branches of decayed trees in the spring, frequent, Hopk.

4. Th. hirstiia, a, vulgaris, caespitose coriaceous yellowish with
concentric hairy lines glabrous beneath. Pers, p, 570. Au'
ricularia reflexa, Soiv. t. 27.

Hab. Stumps of trees and rotten wood during the spring, not un-
common, Hopk., Mr. Greville.

5. Th. purpurea, imbricated snbgclatinous zoned downy whitish

• purple beneath. Pers. p.hlX. Auricularlacorrugata, Sow, t. 90.-
Hab. Rotten wood and stumps of trees during most of the year, fre-
quent, Hopk.

E, Clav.-^formes. Fleshy, elongated, jmiform, simple, or

branched Fungi, with their surface smooth,
30. CLAVARIA.
Clavate at the extremity, simple or branched, confluent, with
the stipes, '* discharging its seeds from the whole surface.'*
Decand.

* CoRALLoiDE^.. Branched,

1. CI. coralloides, branches crowded very much divided and
subdivided unequal. JVith, p. 359, Soiv, t. 27 S, Light f,
p. 1060.

Hab. Woods and heaths, not uncommon. Autumn. Light/;, Hopk.
Usually white.

2. C\, fastigiata, yeWow, branches crowded very much divided
and subdivided of equal height. PFith. p. 360. Light f. p. 106 1 .

Hab. Woods and pastures. Autumn. Light/.

30 ACOTYLEDONS.— -FUNGI. LflOtiU .

Withering" seems disponed to con!>ider this a mere var. ol" the Last _;
and I suspect the following- is not different,

3. CI. muscoides, elongated yelIo»v repeatedly branched in a di-
cliotonious manner, branches slender acute. Pcrs. p. 589.
Soiv. t. i:>7. /-'>/^^/. i' 10()2.

Hab. Woods and heaths among moss. Autumn. Lighlf., Ilopk.

4. CI. cor?iea, gregarious sjnall gelatinous visctd orange-colour-
ed simple or branched coiuiate at the base. Pers. p. 596.
Sow. /. 40.

Hab, Tops of the gate-post at Dalbeth, Glasg., Hopk. On uprooted
fir-trees, a])out Edinburgh, after the bark has fallen oft". Autumn.
Mr. Grcville.

** SiMPLicEs. Un branched.

5. CI. pistillaris, solitary large very mucli thickened vello\vi;,b
brouu rounded at the extremity. Pets. p. 597* CI. Iiercu-
lama, Sow. /. 277. JJghlf. p. 1056.

Hab. On the ground amongst rotten leaves, and sometimes on de-
cayed wood. In Dougalston wood. Autumn. Hopk.

6. CI. vermiatlaUi, aubcyliudrical or compressed simple hollow
brittle somewhat acuminated at the point rarely forked at the
extremity. LighlJ. p. 1057. and p. 1056 {CI. pisiillaris) ,
Sow. t. 253.

Hab. \\''oods and pastures in the autumn, frequent, Lightf., Hopk.

31. GEOGLOSSUM.

Club-shaped ; extremity fleshy, generally compressed (short),
with the margin prominent, contiguous with the stipes.

1. G. hirsutum, subfasciculated hairy black. Pers. p. 60S.

^. capitaluj7i, scattered downy black capitate. Clavaria opliio.

glossoides. Sow, /. 83.
Hab. Moist heatlis and woods occasionally, seldom found with more

than one head. Autumn. Hopk.

2. G. 7n//?o/d/, undivided subfasciculated green, pileus rugose ob-
tuse, stipes squamulose. Clavaria mitrata, Holmsk. Fungi
Dan. p. 21. /. 9. Dicks. Plant. Crypt. Guoglossum viride,
Pers. /;. 611.

Hab. \A'oods in Scotland, near Loch-Lom.ond, Dicks.
F. HtLVELLOiDEi. JVitli a variously -formed f smoothy di-
stinct pi lens.

32, 3PATHULARIA.

Club-shaped. Pi lens compressed, membranaceous on each side,
and decurrent with the stipes.

1. i^p. flavida. Pers. p. Gil. Clavaria spat hula ta. Sow. t. 85.

Hab. \V'oods, rare. Dougalstoii wood. Autumn. Hopk.
33. L]':OTIA.

Capituliform. Pilous conical or orbicular, with its margins re-
flexed, closely embracing the stipes.

1. L. epiphylla, stipes pale yellow, pileus subelavate obtuse liol-
low dull orange. Clavaria epiphylla, Dicks. PL Crypt.

ACOTYLEDONS. — FUNGI. TvemeUu. r»l

fdic. 3, ii^ 22, i. 9, f. 10. Sow. t. 29:^. Ltotia Dkksoni,
^Dkks,p.6\2.

Had. On decayed leaves in damp situations. Abundant by the road-
side on the western shores of Loch-Lomond.
31. HELVELLA.

Pileus niembranuceous, inflated, irregular, bent down on each
side.

1. H. ]\Iifra, lfi'g<?> pileus inflated (free?) pale livid colour,
stipes furrowed and lacunose whitish. Pers. p. 615. Sow.
/. W.

Hab. W^oods, not unfrequent in the autumn. Light/. Rare about
Glasg". Wood near Castlemilk, Ure. Dougalston, Hopk.

2. W.J'uUginosay greyish free subinflated, stipes long attenuated
smooth ^hollow. Schceff. t. 320. Dicks, PL Crypt, fuse. 3.
p. 25. Soiu, ^454. '

Had. Woods, Dickson.

3. 11. mirea, stipes short yellow, pileus umbrella-like gold-co-
loured. IVilh. p. S3i.

Hab. On sticks and stumps of trees in woods and moist places, fre-
quent, Hopk.

3 J. MORCHELLA.

Pileus elongate, rounded, pitted with holes. {Volva and gelatin
nous seminal mass none.)

I. M. escidenta, pileus contracted at the base, stipes solid.
Pers. />. 618. Helvclla escidenta, Sow, /. 5 1.

Hab. \\ oods in the spring, not unfrequent, as at Blair in Athol, in
the woods at Langholm in Eskdale, and in Logton wood, near Dal-
keith, Light/.

Esculent Morel. Much used for seasoning dishes.
36. TREMELLA.

Spreading, gelatinous, variously folded and lobed. " Seeds scat^
tcred throughout the whole surface." Decand.

1. Tr. alhida, sessile dilated obtuse whitish or somewhat brown-
ish pulpv semipellucid. Stn. in E. B, t. 2117. Tremella Can-
dida P 'Pers.p,62i.

Hab. On rottt^n branches of trees, and on pales. On rotten wood at
Dalbeth, Hopk.

2. Tr. arborea, sessile gelatinous roundish undulated blackish
beset with mammilhirv white-headed processes on the upper
side. S?n, in E. B. /'. 2448.

Hab, On fallen trees and on dead wood, frequent. Found on the

trunk of a dead tree in Carmyle wood for several years past, about

February, Hopk.
Dillenius says that this is called, in Herefordshire, Witches' Butter,

because, when thrown into the fire, it is believed to be efficacious

against witchcraft.

.^2 ACOTYLEDOKS. FU>iGI. Pc^ha,

o. Tr. aarcoides, sessile gelatinous reddish purple at first club-
shaped then rounded lobed plaited or curled finally blackish.
Sm. in E. B. t. 2450.

Hab. On rotten wood in damp shady places/ rare. On the stump of
a tree near the pond, Dalbeth, Hopk.

Mr. Hopkirk has preserved specimens of this plant in spirits of wine
for four years, without the least change in its appearance.

4. Tr. Sabiiice, sessile prominent oblong tooth-shaped tawny
somewhat powdery. Sm. in E. B. t. 710.

Hab. On living plants of the Juniperus Sabina and communis. May.
Hopk.

From Mr. Hopkirk's remarks that "^ on examining this plant with a
good microscope, it seemed to consist of a mass of fibres running
irregularly across each other, interspersed with many opaque glo-
bular bodies, probably the seed," I suspect it will prove to belong
to a rather higher order of vegetables, and to be of the genus Nostoc.

5. Tr. mesefiterica, sessile clustered plaited lobed waved orange-
coloured. Sm, in E. B. t. 709.

Hab. On dead wood occasionally. Hopk.

6. Tr, f err tiginea, sessile clustered lobed waved of a rusty browii
the surface finely pubescent. Sm. in E. B. t, 1452.

Hab. On dead wood, rare. Found on the pales before the baths,
Helensburgh. October. Hopk.

7. Tr. iw/?^77ze5ce7Z5, sessile clustered twisted tumid brown shining
and gelatinous, when dry thin and membranous. Sm, in E,
B.i. 1870.

Hab. On the roots of beech trees at Carmyle, Hopk.

8. Tr. Auricula, sessile leathery reddish brown rough beneath
rugged and plaited above resembling an ear. Sm. in E, B,
t. 2447. Peziza Anricula, With. p\ MA. Light/, t. 1054.

Hab. Upon the bark of old decayed trees, particularly upon the Elder,
Light/. Rotten tree at Dalbeth, Glasgow, Hopk.

Mr. Hopkirk's plant was of a dark red colour.

9.Tr.? cruento.^ minutely granulated diffuse indeterminate shining
dark purple. Sm, in E. B, t. 1800.

Hab. About the bottom of walls in damp situations in winter. North
side of St. George's Church, Glasgow, Hopk.
2^7. PEZIZA.

Receptacle hemisphasrical, concave, slightly tumid, bearing the
seed in the smooth disk, and dispersed in the form of an ex-
tremely fine dust.
A. Tremelloide.e. Sill stance more or less gelatinous,

1^ P. inqidnans, gregarious large blackish and staining when
touched at length convex obconical rugose and brovv«ish ex-
ternally. Pers. p. 631. P. polipnorpha, Sou/, i, 428.
Light/, p. 631.

Hab. Trunks of trees hi November, Light/.

ACoTYLEDONS. — FUNGI. Momlm, 33

B. HfiLVELLoiDEiE. Large, carnoso-rnemlranaceous^ fi'ogile,
externally suhfarinaceous,

2. P. aiirantia, stemless csespitose siibflexuose reddish orange^
externally whitish. Pcrs, p. 638. P. coccinea, Soiv» /. 78
P. cyathoides, L'lghtf. p, 1052.

Hab. Rotten sticks and sometimes upon the ground, on ditch banks
in shady places. Spring and autumn. Light/., Hopk.

3. P. vesiculosa^ caespitose large olive brown somewhat connivent
at the mouth at length campanulate torn at the margin, ex-
terior coat separating from the inner one. Pers. p. 641.
Sow. t. 4.

Hab. On the ground on road sides, and on dunghills, during the spring
and autumn, but not common, Hopk.

C. Mostly small, externally hairy or pulescent,

4. P. scutellata, rather large flattened orange-coloured, exter-
nally furnished with divergent black hairs. Pers. p. 650.
Sow. p, 24. Lightf. p, 1053.

Hab. On rotten wood and old cow dung, in spring and autumn,
Lightf. ; and often on the ground in hot-beds, and in flower-pots,
common, Hopk.

5. P. pulchella, scattered subsessile hairy white, disk orange red.
Pers. p. 653. P. bicolor, Sow. t. 17.

6. P. virginea, gregarious white upon rather a long stipes hemi-
sphserical patulous hairy. Pers. p. 653. P. ?iivea, Sow. t. 65,

Hab. On rotten wood and decayed trees, frequent. Autumn. Hopk.

D. Entirely glabrous, at least not manifestly downy, carnoso-
cereaceous {mostly minute).

7. P. Prunastri, breaking through the epidermis scattered sessile
coriaceous black paler beneath. Pers. p. 673.

Hab. On the dead stems of Prurms Cerasus, Mr. Greville.

38. ASCOBOLUS.
Receptacle hemisphaerical, fleshy. Capsules {thecce) manifest,

protruding, filled with a fluid, and generally three seeds or

sporules.
1. A. furfuraceus, gregarious somewhat concave brown or

greenish, externally furfuraceous. Pers. p. 676. Peziza

stercoraria, Sow, i. \8.

Hab. On cow dung, about Edinburgh. Autumn. Mr. Greville.

Sect. II. NiEMATOTHEcir. Filamentous Fungi.

39. MONILIA.

Stipitate, or spreading. Filaments moniliform or articulated.

* Stipitate. Filaments forming a rounded head.

1. M. glauca, tufted cinereo-glaucous. Pers, p, 691. Mucor

34 ACOTYLEDONS. — FiTNGi. Racodhnn.

glaucus. Light/, p. 1072. Sow. t. 37S. /. 9. f. 14. M. Ugni-
fragus.
Hab. On decayed fruit and vegetables^ &c., common. Light/., Hopk.
This is the well known blue mould.

^■■^ Caulescent. Filaments moniliform, straight, digitaie.
2. M. digitaia, glaucous, stipes simple digitate. Pers. p. 693.

Miicor crusiaceus, Light/, p. 1073.
Hab. On corrupted fruit of various kinds, frequent. Light/.
40. DEMATIUM.

Filameiits of an indeterminate form, erect or depressed, some-
what fasciculate or spreading, smooth and not interwoven.

1 . D. epiphyllum, erect fasciculate subolivaceous at length pul-
veraceous, filaments smooth. Pers. p. 695.

Hab. On the under surface of the dead leaves of Piniis Picea, Mr.
Greville.

2. D. strigositm, tufted tawny filaments somewhat rigid diver-
gent. Pers. p. 695. Bysstis/ulva, Light/, p. 1002. B. bar-
lata, E.B. t.JOi.

Hab. Upon wet half decayed wood lying in shady places, in autumn
and winter. Light/.

3. D. violaceiim, dense spreading violet-coloured. Pers. p. 697.
Byssus phosphorea,Light/ .p. 1000. Jluricularia phoiphoreOy
Soiv. t. 350. Con/erva phosph., Diilw. Cor/, t. 88. ^}

Hab. On the bark of decayed wood and sticks, in the autumn and

winter, frequent, Ligfit/.
Almost forms a membrane, and hence Sowerby has made it an Auri-

cularia.

41. ERINEUM.

Epiphyllous. Filaments rigid, collected into a subcupuliform

tuft impressed upon the leaves.

1. E. acerinum^ depressed broadish reddish brown. Pers. p. 700.
Hab. On the leaves of Acer pseudo-Platanus, about Edinburgh. Mr.

Greville.

2. E. alneum, tufted dense almost scarlet. Pers. p. 701.
Hab. On the leaves of Betula alba on the upper surface, Mr. Greville.

3. E.^e^?/7/«?^?7z, tufted dense ferruginous. Decand. Ft. Gall. p. 15,
Hab. On the under surface of the leaves of Betula alba, about Edin-
burgh. Autumn. Mr. Greville.

42. RACODIUM.
Expanded, soft, with the filaments densely interwoven.

1. R. cellare, broadly spreading very soft greenish black. Pers.
p. 701. Nees von Esenheck, t. 5. /. 70. Byssus septica,
Light/, p. 999. Fibrillaria vinaria, Sow. p. 432.

Hab. Wine-vaults, upon the casks and walls, frequent. Light/.

ACOTYLEDONS. LICHENS. SpUoHia. 35

43. HIMANTIA.
Creeping, hairy, with branching fibres.
J. H. Candida^ epiphyllous delicate white somewhat feathery

and dilated at the extremity. Fers. p, 704. Nees von Esen-

Leck, i. 5./. 72. Bt/ssus Candida, Light/, p, 1003. Fibril-

laria stellaia, Sow, t, 387. y. 1.
Hab. On rotten leaves and damp decaying wood^ in autumn and

winter. Light/.

Order II. LICHENS, ^ch,

(LiCHENEs,y^c^. Lichenes, and part ofHi/poxyla, Decand, Part
of Alga?, Juss. Genus Liclien, and some Byssi, Linn.)

Unii-'ersalrecept, [thallus, crust ory/owc?,) polymorphous, without
roots, perennial, abounding in excessively minute bodies for
the purposes of propagation, cither imbedded in the substance
or scattered upon its surface, or included in peculiar organs,
which have been considered ihej'rnit (partial receptacles, or apo-
theciai by some called shields, or scutella, and tubercles). Ach.

Ves^etation. — The Lichens bear a closer affinity to the Fungi
than to any other order. Sometimes they are formed of a
simple, pulverulent crust or frond, sometimes membranous, co-
riaceous, gelatinous, lobed,and variously branched ; at all times
destitute of leaves. They present various colours, not unfre-
quently tending to green.

Div. I. Idiothalami. Lichens whose Apothecia are formed of
a substance distinct from the Thallus, and different from it
in colour.

Sect. I. Homogenei. Apothecla simple^ entirely formed of
a nearly uniform pulverulent or cartilaginous substance.

A. Apothccia destitute of a raised margin,

1. SPILOMA.
Universal receptacle crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, uni-
form. Partial recept, composed of minute granules collected
into a compact, homogeneous, subpulverulent, naked, variously
shaped, coloured mass.

1. S. tumidulum, crust somewhat cartilaginous whitish, apo-
thecia crowded tumid oblong varying in figure roughish red-
dish at length brownish black and somewhat pruinose. Ach»
Syn. Lich,'p, 1. £. J5. /. 2151.

Hab. On the bark of trees, occasionally, Hopk.

Acharii Synopsis Methodica Lichenum" whose arrangement and
characters are here, with few exceptions, adopted.

[c2]

36 ACOTYLEDONs. — LICHENS. Lecidca.

2. ARTHONIA.

Universal receptacle crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, uni-
form. Partial recept. sessile and subimmersed, roundish, but
varying in form, destitute of margin (black), covered with a
subcartilaginous membrane.

1. A. asiroidea, crust membranaceous pale cinereous and glau-
cescent, apothecia flattened upon the crust plane angular sub-
stellate black, ^ch, 5yw. Lich,p, 6. Opegrapha astroidea.
£. B.M847. y l^M f

Hab. On the smooth bark of trees, common, Hopk.

3. SOLORINA.

Universal receptacle foliaceous, coriaceous, lobed, free, beneath
having fibrous or woolly veins. Partial recept. adnate,
rounded, destitute of margin, covered by a coloured membrane.

1. S. crocea, thallus greenish (brown when dry) lobed, beneath
veiny and of a fine saffron colour, apothecia somewhat tumid
brown, ^ch, Syn. Lich, p, 8. Lichen croceus, Light/, p, 856.
E.B.t. 49S,

Hab. Tops of the Highland mountains, not uncommon, especially in

a micaceous soil, Ben Lomond, &c.
Remarkable for the brilliant orange or saffron colour of the underside.
Habit of a Peltidea, near which it would much more naturally range.

2. S. saccata, thallus lobed greyish green whiter and fibrous be-
neath, apothecia at length sunk into deep pits or hollows
brown. Ach, Syn. Lich. p. 8. Lichen saccatuSy Light/. p, 855,
E. B. t. 288.

Hab. Upon the earth in the chasms of the rocks that are damp and
shady, not unfrequent, especially in the Highlands, Light/.

B. Apothecia with a raised border or margin,

4. LECIDEA.

Universal receptacle various, crustaceous, spreading, adnate, uni-
form or foliaceous. Partial recept. scutelliform, sessile, sur-
rounded by a cartilaginous membrane, having a disk of a sr-
milar nature with the raised border or margin.

* Thallus crustaceous, uniform {Catillaria).
t Apothecia constantly black, naked {not pruinose) .

-1, h.coracina, crust continued tessellated greyish black, apothecia
immersed between the areolae plane at length convex some-
what angular black of the same colour within. Ach, Syn,
Lich. p. 11. Lichen atratus, E. B. t. 2335.

Hab. Granite rocks at the head of Loch Lee, in Glen Esk, Angus-shire,
rare, G. Don.

2. L. atro-alla, crust spreading very thin cracked black with
swelling whitish scattered areolae, apothecia plane or slightly
convex often in the interstices black of the same colour within.
Ach, Syn, Lich. p, W.

ACOTYLEDONS. LICHENS. LeCldca, 37

Hab. Upon rocks. Light/.

3. L, fusco-atra, crust very thin black cracked and tessellated,
areolae chesnut brown plane marginated shining scattered,
apothecia rather convex black margined white within, ^ch,
Syn. Lich. p. 12. Patellaria fusco-atra, Hoffm. PL Lick.
t, 54, /, 1. Lichen fmco-ater. Light/, p. 804. Lichen den^
driticus, E.B.t, 1734.

Hab. Rocks, Light/. Pentland Hills, Dr. Walker. Ben Lomond, Mr.

Turner.
Margin of the crust sometimes fimbriated, where it becomes the Ver-

rucaria dendritka, Hoffin. PL Lich. t. 19. /, 4.

4. L.Jumosaj crust subcartilaginous tessellated smoothish brown-
ish grey, apothecia buried in the crust plane margined at length
convex clustered and losingt heir margin black, within greyish
black. Ach. Syn, Lich, p. 12. Lichen gihbosus, Dicks, PL
Crypt, fasc, 2. t. 6, J, 5. Lichen cechumenus, E, B. t, 1830,
and L, athrocarpus, E. B. t. 1829.

Hab. Alpine rocks, upon the summit of Ben Lawers, Dickson.

5. L. co/i/^wewi, crust tartareous somewhat spreading tessellated
nearly even greyish brown, apothecia sessile at length irregular
convex subglobose confluent black immarginate, within having
a thin greyish stratum beneath the disk. Ach, Syn, Lich.p, 16.
E, B, t. 1964.

Hab. Rocks on the Pentland Hills, Sir J as. E. Smith. On the Cath-
kin Hills, near Glasgow, Hopk. On the ascent, south side, and
summit, of Ben Lomond, Mr. Turner and Hook.

6. L. parasema, crust thin submembranaceous greyish white
bordered with black at length spreading somewhat granulated,
apothecia nearly plane sessile margined black blackish within.
^ch. Syn. Lich, p, 17. Lichen par asemusy E. B, t, 1450.
L, sanguinarius, Light/, p. 803.

Hab. On the bark of trees, frequent. Light/, Hopk.

7. L. sanguinaria, crust rugose and warted greyish white, apo-
thecia at length convex hemisphaerical somewhat tuberculated
black horny and black within having beneath a powdery bright
red stratum. Ach, Syn. Lich,p, 19. Lichen sanguinarius,
E, B. t, 155.

Hab. On rocks. Light/, who has confounded it with L. parasema.

8. L. atro-virenSf crust spreading thin black scattered with planish
subcontiguous bright yellow areolae, apothecia plane or slightly
concave black of the same colour within. Ach, Sy?i, Lich,
p. 21. Verrucaria atro-virens, Hqffm, PL Lich, t, M .f, 4.

^. geographica, areolae bright yellow plane angular black between
and with a black margin. Lichen geographiciis, E.B. i. 248.

Hab. a. Upon rocks about New Posso and other places. Light/ /3. On
rocks frequent.

9. L. silacea, crust tartareous tessellated yellowish red, apoth^jcia

38 ACOTYLEDONS.— LICHENS. Lecidea,

sessile plane at length convex irregular confluent black in-
ternally corneous and black. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 22. E» B,
^.1118 {Lichen silaceus) .
Hab. Rocks on Ben Nevis^ Mr. Turner and Hook.

10. L. CEdcri, crust granulated and tessellated somewhat pul-
verulent ochraceous red, apothecia minute elevated with the
margin tumid, the disk depressed black nearly of the same
colour internally. Jcfi, St/u, Lich. p. 22. E. B. /. 1117
{Lichen (Ed.).

Hab. Rocks in Scotland, Dickson. On Ben Nevis, Mr. Turner and
Hook.

1 1 . L. alha, crust membranaceous white with a greyish or whitish
grey powdery substance scattered over it in small clusters,
apothecia minute appressed plane black. Ach. Syn. Lich.
p. 24. Lepraria alboy E. B. t. 1349. Byssus lactea, Light/,
p. 1007.

Hab, On the bark of old trees and rocks, common.
I have never seen the apothecia, described by Acharius, on this species,
ft Apothecia black with a grey bloom.

12. L. albo-ccerulescens, crust tartareous contiguous even at
length somewhat tessellated and whitish, apothecia sessile and
elevated plane black with a grey bloom and a black smooth
border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 30. E. B. t. 2224 {Lichen prui-
nosus) .

Hab. Scotch Alps, Dickson.

13. L. epipolia, crust tartareous defined tessellated white, areolae
swelling, apothecia sessile hemisphaerical with a grey bloom
black within with a thin persistent margin. Ach. Syn. Lich,
p. 32. E. B. t. 1137 {Lichen epip.).

Hab. Scotch Alps, Dickson.

ttt Apothecia orange, red, Jlesh-colour, or more or less brown.

14. L. inca?ia, crust spreading leproso-farinose soft uneven
glaucous green, apothecia scattered sessile brown with the
margin entire paler. yJch. Syn. Lich p. 36. E. B. t. 1685
{Lichen incaniis). Byssus incana, Lightf. p. 1006.

Hab. Woods, trunks of trees, and amongst moss, frequent, Lightf.,

Hopk.
The apofAecia, which are published no where but in Engl. Bot., are of

extremely rare occurrence, and, till their discovery, the plant was

arranged among the Lepraricc by Acharius.

15. L. stdphurea, crust tartareous cracked and broken uneven
smoothish pale su]])hur colour, apothecia adnate plane scarcely
margined brown and scarcely paler in the margin at length ir-
regular and convex. Ach. Syn, Lich. p. 37. E. B. t. 1186
{Lichen sulph.).

Hab. Rocks in Scotland, Dickson. On Ben Lomond, Mr. Turner
and Hook. Walh and rocks about Helensburgh, Hopk.

ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Lecidea, 39

1(). L. decolorans, crust granulated greyish white, granules be-
conjing pulverulent, apothecia nearly plane red flesh-coloured
livid or brown with the elevated margin paler at length flexuose.
Ack. Syn. Lick. p. S7.

/3. granulosa, crust lirmer granulated and subpapillose, apothecia
at length hemisphaerical rugose brownish -black and black
confluent. Ack, Lichen escharoides, E. B. t. 1247^ and Lichen
quadricolor, E. B. I. 11S5.

Hab. On the ground by the side of Loch Lomond, Mr. Turner and
Hook.

17. L. rupeslris, crust thin tartareous contiguous greyish white,
apothecia immersed plane margined at length convex the
margin persistent glabrous reddish brown of the same colour
within, yich. Syn.Lich, p. 39. Lichen rupesiris, E.BJ.22io,
Lichen calvus, E, B. t, 948.

Had. Upon rocks in the subalpine parts of Scotland, Dickson.

18. L. luieola, crust thin whitish covered with somewhat glo-
bular pale granules at length greyish, apothecia sessile becom-
ing convex yellowish brown. Ach. Syn, Lick. p. 41. Lichen
vernalis, Light/, p. 805. E. B. t, 845.

Hab. On the bark of trees. Light/.

19. L, fusco-lutea, crust spreading very thin membranaceous
white or greyish somewhat shining subgranulose, apothecia
plane yellow-brown at length red-brown with the margin paler
elevated at length flexuose. Ach. Sy?i. Lich. p, 42. Lichen

fusco-luieus, E. B. t, 1007.
Hab. Highland mountains, plentiful. On low ground in Orkney, as
in the isle of Eda, covering grass, moss, &c.

20. L. antkracina^ crust spreading somewhat scaly uneven
roughish darkish brown, apothecia minute plane reddish-yel-
low with the margin paler at length somewhat convex and
brownish. Achar, Syn, Lick. p. 43. Lichen byssinnSy E. B,
/.432.

Hab. On rocks and on trees, Scotland, Dickson.

21. L. ccBsio-ritfa, crust tessellated rugose darkish grey, apo-
thecia plane rusty orange the margin sometimes crenulate at
length convex with the margin obsolete blackish red. Ack,
Syn. Lich, p. 44. Lichen ferrugineits, E. B. t. 1G50.

Hab. Rocks on Ben Nevis and Ben Lomond, Mr. Turner and Hook.
Rocks and trees, frequent, Ilopk.

22. L. icmadophila, crust leprose uneven somewhat granulated
greenish white, apothecia nearly sessile plane flesh-coloured
at length waved roughish in the disk margin scarcely any.
Ach. Syn. Lick. p. 45. Lichen ericetontm /5, Lightf. p, 809.
L. ericeiorum, E, B. t. 372.

Hab. Upon the ground in heaths^ sides of peat-bugs, gravel-pitS;, and
on banks, Lightf. p. 809.

40 AcoTVLEDONs' — LICHENS. Lecidea.

23. L. mar7norea^ crust thin greyish white, apothecia somewhat
globose at length urceolate white, the disk flesh-coloured, the
margin tumid entire. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 46. E. B. t, 739
{Lichen marm.).

Hab. Upon the bark of trees, on earth and mosses, Dickson.

24. L. alabastrma, crust thin smoothish minutely granulated
greyish white, apothecia slightly convex entire whitish rose-
colour paler at the margin. Ach, Syn, Lich. p. 46. Lichen
rosellus, E. B, t. 1651.

Hab. Received from Scotland by Mr. Turner, v. E. Bot.

25. L. Ehrhartiana, crust cartilaginous cracked rugoso- plicate
granulated white or greenish, apothecia nearly sessile plane at
length slightly convex waved unequal clustered pale yellowish.
Ach, Syn, Lich. p, 47. Lichen Ehrhariianus, E, B, t. 1 136.

/3. polyiropa, crust subtartareous tessellated pale, apothecia
nearly plane with the margin lobed waved clustered at length
subglobose destitute of margin yellowish flesh-colour. Lichen
polytropiis, E. B. t. 1264.

Hab. |3. Rocks on the Pentland hills, Maugh. Rocks about N.
Queensferry, and upon Ben Lomond, Mr. Turner and Hook.

26. L. lucida, crust thin leprose powdery soft pale greenish yel-
low, apothecia slightly convex pale yellowish, margin obsolete,
Ach. Syn, Lich. p. 48. Lichen lucidus, E, B, t. 1550.

Hab, Rocks above N. Queensferry, Mr. Turner and Hook.

27. L. luteo-alha, crust thin smoothish white, apothecia crowd-
ed at length convex hemisphaerical margined orange coloured
white within. Ach, Syn. Lich. p. 49. Lichen auraniiacuSy
Light/, p, 810. Lichen luteo-albus, E. B. t. 1426.

** Thallifs crustaceous of some determined figure , or foliaceous (Z,c-

pidoma) .

28. L. vesicularis, crust somewhat imbricated brownish black
covered with a greyish powder, lobes entire swelling, apothecia
black naked at length hemisphaerical with the margin obsolete.
Ach, Syn. Lich. p. 51. Lichen ccsruleo-nigricans. Light/,
p. 805, E,B,t. 1139.

Hab. Upon the Highland rocks, but not common. Light/.

29. L. lurida, crust imbricated greenish brown, lobes roundish
crenate paler beneath, apothecia plane at length somewhat
convex black. Ach, Syn. Lich, p. 51. Lichen luridus^ E, B.
t, 1329.

Hab. Scotch Alps, Dickson.

30. L. scalaris, crust imbricated pale olive green, lobes distinct
reniform nearly erect beneath and the margin powdery, apo-
thecia plane margined glaucous black. Ach, Syn, Lich, p. 52.
Licheri scalaris , E. B, i. 1501.

Hab. Upon rocks and earth in the Scotch Alps, Dickson.

ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Gyrophora, 41

31. L. decipiens, crust subimbricated, lobes distant subpeltate
Toundish flesh-coloured and red brown whitish beneath, apothe-
cia in their border convex and subglobose black, margin obso-
lete. Jch. Syn.Lich. p. 52. Lichen decipiens, E, B.t. 1501.

Hab. Upon the earth in heathy pjaces, Scotland, Dickson.

32y L. microphylla, thallus slightly imbricated fragmentary
greyish green on a dense bUck fibrous cushion, its segments
somewhat linear lobed crenate and granular at the margin,
apothecia scattered tawny paler at the margin at length con-
vex brown obliterating the margin. Lichen microphyllus,
E,B. t. 2128. Lecidea microphylla, var, tripiophylla, Ach.
Syn. LicLp.5S,

Hab. Trees by Loch Katarine, Mr. Turner and Hook. At Inverary
and in Glen Ach-na-shilloch, Ross-shire, Mr. Borrer and Hook.

5. CALICIUM.

Universal receptacle crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, uni-
form. Partial recept. cup-shaped, sessile, or stipitate, cartila-
ginous, containing a compact pulverulent mass, plane or con-
vex above, forming a naked disk.

1. C. sphcBrocephalum, crust very thin greyish smooth, apothe-
cia subglobose, the disk dark brown, the margin greyish,
stipes filiform black. Ach, Sy7i. Lick, p, 57. Lichen sphce-
roc, E. B, /. 414. Mucor sphcerocephalus and lichenoides ^
Light/, p. 107 \.

Hab. On the bark of old trees and pales.

6. GYROPHORA.

Universal receptacle foliaceous, coriaceo-cartilaginous, peltate,
of one piece (or by luxuriance many-leaved), free beneath.
Partial recept, subscutelliform, sessile, and adnate, covered
by a cartilaginous (black) membrane, the disk warted or
marked with circles, variously plaited and contorted and mar-
gined.

1. G. glabra, thallus smoothish blackish green beneath smooth
black and naked, apothecia at length convex rough and plaited.
Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 63.

/3. polyphylla, thallus of many leaves or lobes variously folded
blackish green quite black beneath on each side naked and
smoothish. Lichen polyphyUus, Lighlf. p. 863. E, B.
t. 1282.

Hab. Rocks on the Highland mountains, fi-equent. Light/.

2. G. prohoscidea, thallus membranaceous with elevated reticu-
lations at length of a smoky ash-colour rough smoother paler
and subfibrillose beneath, apothecia turbinate at length convex
variously plaited. Ach. Syn. Lich, p. 64. E.5. /. 2484.
Lichen deustus, Light/, p. 861.

42 ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Opcgrapka,

Hab. Highland mountains, on rocks near their summits, common.
The G. arctica, E. B. t. 2485, is but a var. of thi«.

3. G. cylindrlca, thallus somewhat .naked dark greenish grey
folded and lobed strongly ciliated beneath smooth pale with
branching fibres, apothecia elevated nearly plane with con-
centric and plaited lines. Ach. Syn. Lic/i. p. 65. Lichen
crimtus^ Lig/iff. p. 522. Lichen proboscideus, E. B. t, 522.

Hab. Rocks on the Highland mountains, not uncommon.

4. G. erosa, thallus rugged olivaceous brown its circumference
perforated and laciniated dark grey beneath glabrous somewhat
granulated and fibrous, apothecia somewhat convex variously
plaited. Jlch. Syn. Lich.p. 65. E. B. t. 2066. Lichen tor-
refaclns, Lightf. p. 862.

Hab. Rocks on the Highland mountains, frequent, especially near the
summits.

5. G. deusta, thallus roughish olivaceous brown Vv'ith a brown
scattered dust smooth beneath with pits and reticulations na-
ked of the same colour, apothecia plane with circular plaits at
length convex. Ach, Syn, Lich. p. 66. E. B. t. 2483.

Hab. Rocks in the Highlands of Scotland, Dickson, Mr. Turner and
Hook.

6. G. pnstidata, thallus blistered and warty greenish ash-colour
beneath deeply pitted smooth palish brown naked, apothecia
few plane margined, disk somewhat even papillose and plaited.
Ach, Syn, Lich. p, Q(}, Lichen pust., E, B. t, 1283. Lightf,
p, 858.

Hab. Rocks on the Highland mountains, not unfrcquent. Light/.
The fruit is rare, and has been found by Mr. Menzies ; and by Mr.
Borrer and myself ow rocks in Skye.

7. G. pellita, thallus smooth sinuato-lobate of a greenish coppery
brown beneath black with dense pulvinate fibres, apothecia
sessile at length somewhat globose variously plaited intricate.
Ach. Syn, Lich. p. 67. Lichen pellitus, E. 13. /. 931 , L, po~
lyrhizus, Lightf. p. 864.

Hab. Rocks on the Highland mountains, frequent.
7. OPEGRAPHA.

XIniversal receptacle crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, uni-
form. Partial recept, oblong, elongated, sessile, covered with
a cartilaginous black membrane, its disk linear, margined on
each side.

1. O. Persoonii, crust tartareous smoothish cohering uneven
whitish, apothecia innate oblong their disk resembling a cleft,
at length rugose waved plaited dissimilar rather confluent with
the disk irregular somewhat dehiscent. Ach. Syn. Lich.p. 71.

|3. aporea, crust tartareous or leprose uneven pulverulent, apo-
thecia roundish dissimilar waved plaited tortuose and variously
expanded in the di^k. Lichen simplex^ E, B* /. 2152.

ACOTYLEDONs. — LiCHENSe Vcrrucaria, 43

Hab. |3. On slate and stones, frequent, Hopk.

2. O. vidgata, crust between cartilaginous and incmbranaceous
somewhat scaly smoothish greenish white, apothecia sessile
long or roundish, waved somewhat shining, with the disk very
narrow. Acli. Syn» Lich. p. 73. E, B, t, 1811.

Hab. Bark of trees, common, Hopk.

3. O. macidaris, crust very thin brownish black, apothecia mi-
nute much crowded roundish elliptical at length rugose irre-
gular, disk very narrow. Ach, Syn. Lich, p. 72, 0. epi-
phega, i, 2282.

Hab. On the bark of trees, common, Hopk.

Known by the apothecia being so closely crowded as to form V^fg^'sh
black spots.

Sect. II. Hetero<;enii. Apothecia ml simple, formed of a so-
Utary perithecium {or external covering) including the fructi-
ferous mass,

* Apothecia margined.
8. GRAPHIS.

Universal receptacle crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, uni-
form. Partial recept, elongated, immersed in the thallus,
which forms a margin on each side the naked linear disk, not
covered by a membrane. (However correct this character
may be, the genus does not appear, in habit and general
external character, at all different from Opegrapha.

1. Gr. scripta, crust membranaceous smooth somewhat shining
white or greyish brown bordered with black, apothecia half
immersed naked flexuose siniple or branched, disk very nar-
row, margin formed of the thallus raised membranaceous.
Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 81. E. B. t.\SV3 {Opegrapha scripta).
Lichen scriptus, Lighff p. 800.

Hab. On the smooth bark of trees occasionally, Lightf., Hopk.

** Apothecia without any margin.
9. VERRUCARIA.

Universal receptacle crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, uni-
form. Partial recept. globoso-hemisphaerical, its base im-
mersed in the thallus, with a double coat; exterior subcarti-
laginous, thick (black), closing the upper half, tipped with a
small prominent orifice ; interior very thin, membranaceous,
including a subglobose cellular nucleus,

1. V. maura, crust very thin smooth much cracked very black,
apothecia very minute subglobose immersed the extremity
prominent umbilicated, nucleus blackish. Ach. Syn. Lich.
p. 95. E. 5.^2456.

Hab. Frequent on rocks on the Scottish coast ; as at Losic-mouth,
coast of Moray 3 basaltic rocks at Dunbarj Mr, Borrcr and Hook.

44 ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Eiidocarpon.
10. ENDOCARPON.

Universal receptacle crustaceous, pline, adnate, of some deter-
mined figure, or foliaccous and peltate. Partial recept. glo-
bose, concealed within the substance of the thallus, and sur-
rounded by a simple, thin, diaphanous membrane, with a sub-
papilliform thick orifice rising just above the thallus, and in-
chiding a nucleus of nearly the same substance.

I.E. tephroideSy thallus crustaceous submembranaceous spread-
ing and subfoliaceous contiguous wavy cracked glaucous ash-
cclour irregularly lobed and crenated at the margin beneath
UiSfck somewhat spongy, orifices elevated convex black perfo-
rated. Jch. Syn, Lich, p. 98. E. B. t. 2013 {Lichen ie-
phr,), and t. 1500 {Lichen fuscellus),

Hab. On the ground at Burgh-head, in Stronsa^ one of the Orkney
islands, Mr. Borrer and Hook.

2. E. parasilicum, thallus coriaceous convex rounded lobed cop-
per coloured at length rugged black and shaggy beneath, ori-
fices scattered sunk minute coal-black at length convex. Ach,
Syn, Lich, p, 100. E.B. t, 1866 {Lichen par asit,),

Hab. On Parmelia omphalodes, at the foot of Ben Nevis, and upon
rocks in the hilly moors of Ross-shire, Mr. Borrer and Hook.

3. E. leptophyllum, thallus cartilaginous foliaceous orbicular
peltate brown or greyish the border spread and wavy smooth
naked rough and black beneath, orifices of the apothecia very
minute slightly prominent black. Ach, Syn. Lich, p, 102.
E, B, t,20V2 {Lichen leptoph.).

Hab. Upon rocks on the hill of Kinnoul, near Perth, Mr. Borrer and
Hook.

4. E. smaragdulum, thallus crustaceo-cartilaginous somewhat
foliaceous minute subpeltate appressed plane roundish entire
yellowgreen, orifices of the apothecia depressed reddish brown.
Ach, Syn. Lich, p. 98. Lichen smaragd., E. B. t. 1512.

Hab. Upon rocks near Sheean Ferr)', Mr. Turner and Hook.

5. E. miniatum, thallus thick crustaceo-cartilaginous foliaceous
orbicular peltate greyish spread at the margin somewhat lobed
and waved beneath smooth at length rugose and tawny, ori-
fices minute slightly prominent brownish. Ach. Syn, Lich,
p. 101. Lichen miniatus, E. B, t. 593. Light/, p, 857.

Hab. Rocks, frequent j as King's Park, Edinb., Light/. Castle rock,
Edinb., Maugh.

6. E. complicatum, thallus coriaceo-cartilaginous lobed greyish
beneath brownish black, the lobes nearly erect rounded plicate
and convolute, orifices of the apothecia numerous convex
black. Ach. Syn. Lich, p, 102. Lichen miniatus, |3. am-
phibius, E. B, t, 593. y. 2. Lichen miniatus, /3, complicatus.
Light/, p. 858.

ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Thelotvema. 45

Hab. On rocks vinth the preceding. Light/. Common.

Sir James Smith justly remarks, that this seems to unite the foregoing
and the following species.

7. E, IVeberi, thallus cartilagineo-coriaceous lobed greenish
brown olivaceous beneath rather tawny or blackish on both
sides smooth, the lobes laciniated waved plaited and crisped
crowded, orifices rather convex black. Ach, Syn, Lich.p, 103.
Lichen aquaticus, E. B, t. 594.

Hab, Rocks and stones over which wafer trickles^ within reach of the
spray of cascades^ &c., not uncommon.

Div. II. CcENOTHALAMi. Licheus wliose apotkecia are form-
ed in part from the substance of the crust or thallus »

Sect. I. Phymatoidei. Apotkecia included in wart-like pro-
cesses which are formed of the thallus,

11. PORINA.
Universal receptacle crustaceo-cartilaginous, expanded, plane,
adnate, uniform, with wart-like processes. Partial receptacle
immarginate (1 or more), hid within the substance of the
wart, and surrounded by a very thin diaphanous membrane,
its orifice thicker coloured, in the surface of the wart, and
containing a subglobose cellular nucleus,

1. P. pertusa, crust smooth even whitish grey, warts of the
apothecia subglobose, orifices many depressed black. Ach,
Syn, Lich. p. 109. Lichen pertusus. Light f. p. 802. E, B.
t. 677.

Hab. Trunks of trees and sometimes rocks, Lightf.

12. THELOTREMA.

UweWrsa/r^c^p/ac/e crustaceo-cartilaginous, spreading,|)lane,ad-
nate, uniform, with wart-like processes, perforated with a wide
pore, and margined. Partial receptacle solitary, included
in the wart, with a double coat; one dimidiate, superior,
thick (black), rarely wanting ; the other very thin, membra-
nous, sometimes breaking above, inclosing a compressed cel-
lular nucleus placed in the bottom of the wart.

1. Th. lepadinum, crust smooth whitish, warts of the apothecia
smooth somewhat cone-shaped with the margin of the aper-
ture thin simple somewhat inflexed and contracted covered at
the bottom with a membrane which bursts. Ach, Syn, Lich,
p, 115. lAchen inclusus, E. B, t, 678.

Hab. On the bark of Ilex aquifolia, at Bilston-burn, near Edinb.,
Mr. G. Don.

2. Th. exanthematicum, crust subtartareous thin contiguous

4f ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. T^aj'iolaria ,

greyish, warts of tlic a})othecia convex half imrnersed whiter,
orifices much contracted radiated with fissures concealing the
flesh-coloured apothecia. Acli. Si/?i. Lich. p. IIG. Lichen
exanthematims, p. 1184.

Hab. C'alcareoiis rocks, Dickson.

Of this very pretty little Lichen, Acharius observes, that it has a habit
peculiar to itself 3 but that it corresponds better with this genus
than with any other.

13. PYRENULA.

Universal receptacle crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, uni-
form ; with wart-like processes including or surrounding at the
base a solitary, simple, thick (black), papillary partial re-
ceptacle, which contains a globose cellular nucleus.

1, P. nigrescens, crust tartareous somewhat tessellated unequal
brownish black, warts of the apothecia spreading at the base
depressed somewhat rugose surrounding the greater part of the
prominent apothecia. Ach, Syn, Lich. p. \2Q. Ferrucaria
nmbrina, E. B. t. 1499.

Hab. Rocks, not uncommon, Mr. Turner and HgoJc.

14. VARIOLARIA.

Universal receptacle crustaceous, expanded, plane, adnate, uni-
form. Partial receptacle warted, formed of the thallus (ge-
nerally sorediform), somewhat margined (white). Nucleus
compressed, cellular, concealed within the substance of the warts.

1 . V, amara, crust rugose cracked uneven subpulverulent white
or greyish, warts of the a])othecia appressed plano-concave
margined bearing soredia of the same colour as the crust.
Ach. Sy?i. Lich. p, 131. Lichen fagineus, Light/, p. 807.
E.5.-M713.

j3. discoidea, crust pulverulent white at length greyish naked,
soredia crowded at length spreading waved plano-concave with
the margin raised swollen. Lichen discoideus, E, B. t» 1714.
L. carpineus, Lightf. p. 807.

Hab. a. On the bark of beech, oak, and other trees, frequent. /3. On
the smooth bark of beech and other trees. Light/., Hopk.

Var. a. is highly bitter. Mr. Turner observes, that the bitter flavour
is not found in 3.

2. V. lactea, crust tartareous distinctly bordered cracked smooth
white the circumference somewhat zoned crenato-lobate, warts
of the apothecia crowded marginedvery white and pulverulent.
Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 132. E^. B. t. 2410.

Hab. On rocks, common. Vlliin stones, on Campsie and Cathkin
hills, Hopk,

ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Lecanora, 47

Sect. II. Discoidei. ^pothecia scuielliform, suls€ssile,ftn''
mshed ivitli a disk formed of a peculiar coloured substance,
and surrounded by a margin of a different colour arising
from the thallus.
^ 15. URCEOLARIA.

Universal receptacle crtistaceous, spreading^ plane, adnate, uni-
form. Partial receptacle scutclliform, its disk concave co-
loured immersed in the crust, its margin formed of the crust
and of the same colour.

1. U. Acharii, crust with a rather decided edge smooth with
narrow cracks pale brick coloured, disk reddish the margin
tumid. Acli. Syn, Lick, p, VST, Lichen Acliarii, E. B.
t. 10S7.

^. . cyrtapsis, crust bordered smooth tessellated reddish at length
white, apothecia becoming elevated with the disk rather con-
vex reddish brown reaching the margin of the crust. Lichen
punctatus, E. B. ^ 450.

Hab. Common on roclcs in the Isle of Mull, also at Slieean Ferry,
Mr. Turner and Hook. /3. Rocks, Scotland, Dickson.

16. LECANORA.

Universal receptacle crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, uni-
form. Partial receptacle scutclliform, thick, sessile and ad-
nate ; disk plano-convex, its margin thickish, formed of the
crust and of the same colour, somewhat free.
* Thallus adnate, uniform.
f Disk of the apothecia black, naked.

1. L. alra, crust with a somewhat decided edge granulated and
cracked greyish wliite, disk of the apothecia plane at length
swelling and black, the margin free raised at length waved and
crenulate. Ach. Sj/u. Lich. p. 146. Lichen ater, Lightf,
p. S13. E.5. /.949.

Had. Common on the bark of trees, and on walls and rocks.

2. L. oculata, crust glabrous papillose and branched white, apo-
thecia sessile scattered, disk slightly .concave black, margin
tumid. Ach, Syn. Lich. p. 148. Lidium oculatum, Lich.
Univ. p. 576. Lichen oculatus, E. B, t, 1833. Lichen dac-
ty linns, JVahl. Lapp.

Hab. Rocks in Scotland, Mr. Dickson. On Ben Lawers, growing
upon moss and grass, Mr. Turner and Hook.

-f-f Apothecia brown in the disk.

3. L. subfusca, crust cartilaginous smooth at length granulated
unequal white or greyish, disk of the apothecia plano-convex
brown or almost black, margin tumid entire at length waved
and crenate. Ach, Syn, Lich. p. \b7 , Lichen subfuscus,
p. 813. ^ ^ ^

•48 ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Lecanova,

Hab. Trunks of trees, walls and rocks, common.

4. L. veiitosa, crust tessellated with tumid warts yellow green
or grey, apothecia appressed at length irregular with the disk
plane or swelling red brown at length rising above the entire
margin. Ach. Syn. Lich.p. 159. Lichen veniosuSj LighlL
p. 80(3. JB. J5. t. 906.

Hab. Rocks upon the mountains, common.

5. h. frustulosa, crust tartareous very much cracked variegated
with black and white (yellowish white in dispersed tumid warts,
Sm.), apothecia pale brown at length convex dark brown, mar-
gin white. Ack, Syn, Lich.p. 159. JS. B,t. 2273 {Lichen

frustul.).
Hab. Rocks in Scotland, Dickson. On Ben Lav/erD, Mr. Borrer
and Hook.

6. L. ochroleuca, crust thin leprose white, apothecia crowded
elevated, disk plane olive, the margin waved. Ach, Syn,
Lich. p. 180. Lichen ochroL, E, B, t, 1373.

Has. Mountains of Scotland^ upon the ground.

ftf Disk of the apothecia blacky but covered with a powdery substance

or bloom.

7. L. Glaucoma, crust tartareous tessellated even greyish white,
apothecia immersed in the crust, the disk plane at length con-
vex subglobose glaucous and powdery, margin entire after-
wards obliterated. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 165. Lichen Glau-
coma, E.B.t.2]56. L.rupicola, Light/, p. S06.

Hab. On rocks, not unfrequent. At the fall of Fyers, Mr. Turner
and Hook. On slate and whin stones, on Campsie hills, Hopk.

ff f t Disk of the apothecia somewhat flesh-coloured j pale, testaceous,
yellowish or orange.

8. L. Perellus, crust granulated or somewhat warted white,
apothecia thick crowded by pressure angular, the disk concave
and as well as the tumid entire margin of the same colour as
the crust. Ach. Syn. Lich. p, 169. Lichen Perellus, E. B.
t.726. Light/. p.Sl4.

/3. upsaliensis, crust very thin membranaceous smooth glaucous
white bearing awl-shaped bristles, disk of the apothecia at
length spreading plane pale yellowish. L, upsaliensis, E, B^
1. 169.

Hab. Stones and rocks in exposed situations, frequent. Walls and
stones, at Helensburgh, common, Hopk. (3. Not uncommon on
the ground, and covering grass and mosses.

Affords a purple or crimson dye, and called in the south of France,
where it is employed in lieu of the L. tartarea, Perelle d'Auvergne,
whence the specific name, as Smith tells us, though generally spel-
led Parellus. L. Turneri is probably only a var. growing upon the
bark of trees.

ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Lecanw^a, 49

9. L. tartarea, crust tartareous with clustered granules greyish
white, apothecia scattered, disk plano-convex a little wrinkled
flesh -colour, the Tnargin inflexed at length waved. Ach. Syn.
Lich. p. 172, Lichen tartar eusy Lightf, p. S\\, E. B,
/. 156.

y. crust thin glaucous white running out into papillae and spinu-
liferous branches. Lichen frigidus, E. B. tAS7 9.

H\B. Most abundant upon rocks, especially in the alpine districts.
(3. on the ground, mosses, &c.

This is the fiimous Cudbear (so called after a Mr. Cuthbert, who first
brought it into use) employed to produce a purple for dyeing wool-
len yarn 5 and no where, perhaps, used to so great an extent
as in the manufactory of Mr. Mackintosh at Glasgow. The manu-
facturers import it largely from Norway, where it grows more abun-
dantly than with us ; yet in the Highland districts many an indus-
trious peasant gets a living by scraping this Lichen with an iron
hoop, and sending it to the Glasgow market. When I was in tine
neighbourhood of Fort Augustus, in 1807, a person could earn
14.9. per week at this work, selling the material at 3s. 4d. the stone
of 22 lbs. The fructified specimens are reckoned the best.

10. L. vitellifia, crust granulated bright yellow, apothecia
crowded, the disk plane of the same colour as the crust at
length convex deeper coloured and powdery, the margin ele-
vated thin at length waved pulverulent. Ach. Syn. Lich.
p. 174. Lichen viteilinus^ E. B, t. 1792. L. candelarius, a.
Lightf. p. 800.

Hab. On pales and smooth wood exposed to the weather, common,
Ughtf., Hopk.

1 1 . L. erythrella, crust cracked subrugose greenish yellow, apo-
thecia at length subglobose deep orange shining, when the
entire margin becomes obliterated. Jjch. Syn. Lich. p. 175.
E,B.i. 1993.

Hab. On stone walls near Kill in, at the head of LochTay, Mr. Tur-
ner and Hook.

ttttt Disk of the Apothecia red.

12. L. rubra, crust submembranaceous smooth at length un-
equal pulverulent and granular white, apothecia crowded, the
disk concave red, margin tumid inflexed crenulate. Ach.
Syn. Lich. p. 177. Lichen Ulmi, E. B. t. 2218.

Hab. 0n trunks of trees at the foot of Ben Lawers, Mr. Mackay.

13. L. Hcematoinma, crust tartareous pulverulent whitish, apo-
thecia imbedded scattered subconfluent, the disk scarlet rather
convex, the margin sometimes obliterated. Ach. Sijn. Lich.
p. 178. Lich. H^matomma, E. B. t. 486, and p. 223
{Lich. coccineus).

Has. Rocks on Salisburv craigs. Sir J. E. SmUh. Rosslyn woQd, and

oU ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. L,ecanora.

rocks in the King's Park, Maugh. On the largest cross among the
ruins at lona, Mr. Turner and Hook.

** Thallus adnate, radiato- stellate, and somewhat lobed in the cir-
cumference.

14. L. epigea, crust plaited and wrinkled uliite the circumfer-
ence smooth lobed, disk of theapothecia at length ratlier con-
vex brownish black, the margin thin entire, ylch. S2/71. Lich.
p, 179. Lichen candicans, E. B. t. 1778.

Hab, On the ground near Sheean Ferry, Mr. Turner and Hook.

15. L. murorum, crust plaited and lobed cracked bright yellow-
orange pulverulent the circumference plicate and rayed the
segments linear convex cut, apothecia crowded, the disk at
length convex of a deeper orange, margin entire waved, ylch.
Syn.Lich.p. \Sl. Lichenmurorum, E. B. t,2\bl , L.can-
delnriiis, /3. Light/, p. 811.

Hab. Walls, rocks, and stones. Light/., Ilopk.

16. L. elegans, crust somewhat imbricated plaited and rugose
tawny orange naked, lobes linear lanceolate waved convex some-
what distant radiating, disk of the apothecia concave of the
same colour with the crust, margin somewhat in flexed entire.
Ach. Sijn. Lich. p. 182. Lichen elegans, E. B. t.2\S\.

Hab. Rocks, Scotland, Dickson. Rocks on Cathkin hills, and fre-
quent about Helensburgh, Hopk.

17. L. ctrcinata, crust cracked greyish plaited and rayed in the
circumference linear-laciniate, apothecia much crowded at
length angular, disk plane brownish black even with the
margin of the crust. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 184. Lichen cir-
cinatus, E. B.t.\9^\.

Hab. On flat stones, not unfrequent. Walls at Cathkin, Hopk.

18. L. gelida, crust cracked pale reddish grey the circumference
rayed and lobed having brown warts in the centre cracked and
rayed, disk of the apothecia depressed reddish margin thick
elevated entire. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 186. Lichen gelidus,
E. B. t. 699.

Hab. Rocks, first discovered by Dr. Francis Hamilton (late Buchanan)
in the Glen of Lenay, near Stirling. Rocks on Ben Lomond, and
at the castle of Kilchurn, near Dalmally, Mr. Turner and Hook.

*** Thallus imbricated throughout.

1 9. L. sqnafmilosa, crust with lobed scales of a brownish ash-colour,
disk of the apothecia immersed nearly plane blackish brown
with the margin at length prominent. Ach. Syn. Lich, p. 188
(L. cervina). Lichen sqnamulosus, E. B. t, 201 1.

Hab. Rocks and stones in Scotland, Dicksou. About Loch Carron,
Ben Lomond, and other parts of the Highlands, Mr. Turner and
Hook.

ACOTYLKDONS. — LICHENS. Lecanora. 5 1

20. L. crassa, crust scaly t^reenish, lobes imbricated inciso-
crenate waved irregular, disk of the apothecia slightly swelling
brownish orange margin thin entire at length obliterated.
^ch,S7jn.Lic/i.pA9\. Liche7i crassus, E. B. tAB93, Lich,
car tilaff incus. Light/, />. 815.

Hab. Rocks thinly covered with earth, not unfrequent, as in the
King's Park, Edinb., Light/.

21. L. candelaria, crust scaly yellow, lobes very much crowded
cut and laciniated imbricated their margins minutely granular,
apothecia nearly of the same colour as the crust margin ele-
vated entire. Light/, p. 192, Lichen caiidelarius, E. B.
t, 1794.

/3. polycarpa, crust formed of lobes with many crowded teeth
and segments greyish yellow, apothecia crowded waved, disk
plane dilated of the same colour as the crust at length fulvous
and the margin crenulated. Lichen poly carpus, E. B. 1. 1 795 .

Hab. Old posts and doors, occasionally, Hopk. (3. with a.

This plant derives its name from the cy'cumstance of the Swedes em-
ploying it to stain the candles that are used in their religious
ceremonies.

22. L. hypnorum, crust scaly greenish brown, lobes minute
somewhat rounded with the margin granular and crenulated,
apothecia submembranaceous, the disk concave at length di-
lated plane reddish brown the margin elevated inflexed crenate.
Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 193. Lichen hypnonnn, E. B. t. 740.

Hab. Hosslyn wood, 'Maugh.

23. L. carnosa, crust scaly lividbrown, lobes irregularly anddeeply
cut and laciniated, apothecia thick with the disk plane reddish
brown at length elevated and obliterating the entire margin.
Ach, Si/n. Lich. p. 193 (L. muscorum). Lichen carnosus,
E. B. i. 1684.

Hab, Wet rocks among moss, not uncommon in the Highlands.

24. L. hrunnea, crust imbricated lobed and granulated ash-
coloured brown, apothecia imbedded in the crust crowded
irregular^ disk rather convex red-brown the margin elevated
crenulated persistent. Ach. Syn. Lich, p. 193* Lichen hrun^
neus, E, B. t. 1246.

Hab. Discovered in Britain, by Dr. Burgess, in Dumfries-shire, and
Dr. Hamilton (late Buchanan) near Stirling. Not uncommon on
the ground in heathy places. Pentland hills, Maugh.

25. L, f/ooAm, crust imbricated greyish, lobes minute appress-
ed blunt, disk of the apothecia plane black margin elevated
and crenate. Ach. MSS. (according to Swartz). Lichen
Hookeri, E. B. t. 2283. Lichen leucolepis, Wahl. Lapp,
p. 420. Lecanora leucolepis, Ach. Syn. Lich. p, 194.

Hab. On wet micaceous rocks of Mael Greadha and Ben Lawers,
Mr. Borrer and Hook.

[d2]

52 ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Purmelia,

17. PARMELIA.

Unwersul receptacle foliaoeous, l)etween coriaceous and membr.i-
naceous, spieadini?, appressed, orbicular, lobed and stellated or
mnltifid and laciniated, fibrous beneath. Partial recept,
scutelliform, subinembranaceous, beneath formed of the thallus,
free, and attached to it by a central point. Disk conoave,
coloured, its margin formed by the inflexed crust.

* Thallus with its segm^ts not inflated at the extremity (Circinaria).

1. P. glomulifera, thallus cartilaginous rigid orbicuhir livid and
glaucous smooth bearing dark green scattered tufted excres*-
cences, tawny beneath and downy, the lobes waved and laci-
niated angular, apothecia reddish brown rugoSe at the margin.
Ach. Syn, Lic/i. p. ]95. Lichen glomuliferus, E, B, t.293.
Lig/iij:p.Sb3.

Hab. Trunks and roots of trees in shady woods, but not common.
Light/. Duke of Argyle's grounds, near Inverary, but without
apothepia, Mr. Turner and Hook. Pentland hills, Maugh.

2. P. caperala, thalhis orbTcular pale yellowish green rugose at
length granulated black and hispid beneath, the lobes waved
laciniated rounded nearly entire, apothecia scattered brown
their margin incurved entire at length pulverulent. Ach. Syn.
Lick. p. J 96. Lichen caperahis, Li^htf, p. S37 . '.E, B.
^654.

Hab. Trunks of trees, rocks, and pales, frequent.

3. P. per lata, thallus orbicular greyish wliite smooth, blackish
brown and hairy beneath, lobes rounded cut plane, their mar-
gin waved entire, apothecia brown their margin thin entire,
Ach. S2/71. Lich, p. 197. Lichen perlatus, Li^htf. p. 839.
E,B.i. 341.

Hab. Trunks of oaks and other trees, very common. Light/.

4. P. herbacea, thallus orbicular membranaceous bright green
above, beneath pale brown almost while and downy, lobes
waved and cut the segments rounded subcrenate, apothecia
red, the margin inflexed rugose and crenate. Ach. Syn. Lich.
p. 199. Lichen Icete-virens, Light/, p. S52. E.B.t.294.

Hab. Trunks and roots of trees^ sometimes on rocks in moist shady
places, not uncommon.

5. P. olivacea, thallus orbicular olive brown rugged with elevated
points paler beneath and fibrous, lobes radiating appressed plane
dilated rounded and crenate, apothecia dark brown the mar-
gin crenulated. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 200. Lichen olivaceus,
Lightf.p. S\S. E.B.t.2\80.

Hab. On trees and rocks, common.

6. P. parietina, thallus orbicular bright yellow, beneath paler
and fibrillose, the lobes radiating appressed plane dilated
rounded crenate and crisped at the extremity, apothecia of

ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Pavmelia, 53

the same colour as the crust their margin entire. Ach. Syn.
Lich. p. 200. Lichen pariel'mus, Light/. p. 822. E, B, t, 194.
Hab. On trees, walls, &c. abundant.

7. P. la?mginosa, thallus orbicular yellowish white pulverulent,
greyish black and downy beneath, lobes imbricated plane
rounded slightly crenated, apothecia reddish (-'^ of the same
colour as the crust," Dicks.) their margin pulverulent. Ach.
SytJ. Lick. p. 201. Lichen memhranacevs, Dicks, PI. Crypt.

fasc.2.p. 21. t. 6. J. 1.
Hab. On rocks lightly covered with earth, in the Highlands, Dicks.
This species is not taken up in Eng. Bot., hut it appears very distinct

from any other.

8. P. plumhea, thallus orbicular blueish grey, beneath having a
very thick spongy down, the lobes of the circumference
rounded and crenale, apothecia scattered at length convex
rusty brown their margin of the same colour and entires Ach,
Syn. Lich. p. 202. Lichen plumbeiis. Light/, p. 826. /. 2(5.

/, 2. E. B.t.Sb'S.
Hab. Trunks of trees, not unfrequent in the Highlands, as at Ar-
roquhar and Inverary.

9. P. riiliginosa, thallus orbicular brownish grey, beneath having
a blueish grey spongy down, lobes of the circumference obtusely
notched elevated pale, apothecia plane crowded central red-
dish brown with tumid incurved crenulated whitish margins.
Ach. Syn, Lich. p. 202. Lichen affinis, E. B. t. 983.

Hab. Trunks of trees, often with the last, Duke of Arg\'le's grounds
at Inverary, and on the sides of Loch Lomond, Mr. Turner and
Hook.

10. P. omphalodes, thallus orbicular dark purplish brown shining-
dotted with black, beneath black and fibrillose, the segments
sinuato-multifid linear plane truncated crenate in the circuuj-
ference, apothecia dark brown the margin slightly crenulate.
Ach. Syn. Lich, p. 203. Lichen omphalodes, Light/, p. 818.
E. B, t. 604.

Hab. On rocks every where ; abundant on the dry stony moors.

This is much used by the Highlanders in dyeing a reddish-brown co-
lour. They steep it in urine for a considerable time till it becomes
soft and like paste ; then forming the paste into cakes, they dry
them in the sun and preserve them for use. Lightf.

11. P. saxatilis, thallus orbicular greyish rough and pitted be-
neath black and fibrillose, the segments imbricated sinuated
plane subretuse, apothecia bright chesnut brown their margin
subcrenulated. Jkh. Syn. Lich. p. 204. Lichen saxaiUis,
Light/, p, 816. E. B. t. 603.

Hab. Stones and trvmks of trees, but not very common in fructification.

12. V. fahluneims, thallus orbicular pitchy brown smooth, be-
neath black and scarcely fibrillose, the segments sinuated

54 ACOTYLEDONs. — LICHENS. Pamidia,

multifid divergent plane or slightly grooved their margins
elevated lacerated, apothecia dark brown the margin granu-
lated. Ach. Si/T?. Lick, p, 204. Lichen fahiiinensis, Light/.
p. 819. E.B.t.Q^SS.
Hab. Rocks on the more elevated Highland mountains, not uncommon.

13. P. sti/gia, thallus stellated shining pitchy black, beneath black
and almost naked, the segments nearly linear multifid and
somewhat palmate convex, the margins and extremity recurved,
apothecia of the same colour at length black with the margin
crenated. ^ch. Sy?i, Lich. p. 205. Lichen stygius^ E. B,
t. 2048.

Hab. Summits of the Highland mountains, plentiful, as upon Ben
Nevis, growing on the rocks.

14. P. aquila, thallus orbicular tawny brown paler beneath with
blackish fibres, the segments multipartite nearly linear convex
those of the circumference dilated nearly plane and crenate,
apothecia dark brown their margin crenated. yich. Syn, Lich,
p, 205. Lichen piillus, Light/', p. 825 {according to Smith).
Lichen aquiius, E. B. t. 982.

Hab. Rocks, not unfrequent, as in the King's Park, Edinburgh, &c.
Lighff. Hermitage and Pentland Hills, Maugh.

15. P. encausta, thallus stellated pale grey, beneath black unequal
naked, the segments often uniting convex and almost rounded
linear multifid roughish dotted with black, apothecia reddish
brown their margin somewhat crenulated. Ach. Syn. Lich.
p. 206. Lichen encauslus, E, B. t. 2049.

Hab. Plentiful on rocks on the summit of Ben Nevis, where it was
first discovered by Dr. Stuart.

16. P. recurva, thallus stellated pale greenish bearing powdery
warts, beneath black with spongy fibres, the segments of the
circumference multifid very narrow convex and almost rounded,
apothecia reddish brown their margin nearly entire. Ach. Syn.
Lich. p. 206. Lichen incurvus, E. B. t. 1375.

Hab. Rocks, Dickson and G. Don. On Ben Lomond, rare, Mr.
Turner and Hook.

17. P. sinuQsa, thallus stellated pale yellowish grey smooth, black
and fibrous beneath, the segments broadly linear sinuato-pin-
natifid their sinuses broad and circular, apothecia nearly plane
dark brown, their margin thin entire. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 207.
Lichen sinuosus, E. B. t. 2050.

Hab. First discovered by Mr. James Burgess Mac-Garroch on moor-
stones in Dumfries -shire. Old walls at Ballacheulish, Mr. Turner
and Hook. Stones o.n Cathkin Hills, not unfrequent, Hopk.

This has never, I believe, been found with shields in Britain j nor,
indeed, has it been met with out of Scotland.

18. P.aleurites, thallus orbicular continuous rugose pale grey pul-
yerulent, beneath of the same colpur with blackish fibres, seg-

ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Parmelia. 55

ments in the circumference distinct plane rounded waved in-
ciso-crenate, apothecia plane reddish brown their margin at
length crenulate and pulverulent. Ach. Syn, Lich. p. 208.
Lichen nleurites, E. B. i. 858.
Hab. Trunks of trees, posts, rails, &c.

19. P. nmbigiia, thallus stellated pale yellow green smooth bear-
ing powdery warts^ beneath brownish black and fibrillose, the
segments linear appressed plane dichotomous somewhat trun-
cated, apothecia subcentral small nearly plane brown their margin
entire. Ach. Syn. Lich, p. 208. Loharia mnhigua, Hoffm,
PL Lich. t. 40. j: 2—4, and /. 42./. 2, 3 (P. sona),

Hab, Trunks of fir trees in the Highlands, about Cairngorum, Mr.
Borrcr and Hook. Bark of firs about Kinnordy, Kerrie-muir, al-
ways barren.

20. P. conspersa, thallus orbicular greenish yellow smooth with
blackish dots, brown and fibrillose beneath, the segments si-
nuato-lobate rounded crenate nearly plane, apothecia central
chesnut brown with the margin nearly entire. Ach» Syn,
Lich, p. 209. Lichen ce?Urifug us, Light/, p. 814. Lichen
conspersusy E. B. t, 2097.

Hab. Rocks, common.

21. P. speciosa, thallus stellated glabrous greenish white, beneath
snowy white with greyish fibres, the segments imbricated linear
plane cut and branched crenate their extremities ascending and
powdery, apothecia central brown with a tumid singularly
rough and crenate border. Ach, Syn, Lich, p, 211. Lichen
speciosus, E. B.t. 1079.

Hab. In a wood between Ballacheulish and Linnhe Loch, Mr. Turner
and Hook.

22. P. IcBuigata, thallus stellate smooth greyish white, beneath
black and fibrillose, the segments multifid linear broader up-
wards cut divaricated acute in the circumference frequently
bearing powdery warts, apothecia concave chesnut colour with
the margin entire, Ach, Syn, Lich, p, 212. Lichen Icevi^
gatus, E. B.t, 1852.

Hab, On trees in Ross-shire, Mr, Borrer and Hook.

23. P. pnlverulenta, thallus stellated deep glaucous green ciesipus
and pruinose when dry, beneath black and downy and hispid,
the segments, linear multifid in the circumference plane ap-
pressed waved retuse at the extremities, apothecia glaucous
black the margin entire and waved at length leafy, ylch. Syn,
Lich, p. 214. Lichen pidverulentus, E. B. t, 2063. L, s'tel^
larrs,^. Light f. p. 824.

Had. Very common on the trunks of trees.

2 i. P. slellaris, thallus stellated at length rugged and granulated
greyish green, beneath with grey fibres, theseguients sublinear

B6 ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Bovrcra.

rather convex cut multifid, apothecia glaucous black their mar-
gin entire at length waved and crcnate. Ach. Stjh. Lick,
p. 216. Lichen stellaris, Li^htf. p. 824. E, B. t. 1697.

Hab. Trunks of trees, common.

** With the segments of the thoUus iiiflatedat the extremity (Physeia).

25. P. physodeSy thallus substellated glaucous white, beneath
brownish black, the segments siriuato-multifid convex glabrous
inflated and ascending at the extremity, apothecia red brown
their margin entire. Ach, Syn, Lich, p. 218. Lichen phy-
sodes, E.B.t, 126.

Hab. Rocks^ on the Pentland Hills, Maugh. Cathkin Hills, plentiful,
Hopk.

The fruit is very rare. Besides- the true apothecia, there are oftei)
pedunculated whitish powdery warts.

22. P. dialrypa, thallus substellate greyish green, beneath rugose
blackisli and white, the segments !>inuato-nmltifid nearly plane
smooth bearing powdery warts and perforated, the extremities
inflated, apothecia reddish their margin entire. Ach, Syn,
Lich. p. 219. Lichen diatrypus, E. B. t. 1248.

Hab. Wet rocks among moss, rare. At Balacheulish, bearing fructi-
fication.

18. BORRERA.

Universal receptacle cartilaginous, branched and laciniated, the
segments free, generally channelled beneath, and the margins
ciliated. Partial recept. scutelliform, thick, formed of the
thallus beneath, its disk coloured and surrounded by the ele-
vated and inflexed margin formed also of the thallus.

1. B. Ciliaris, thallus glaucous green the segments linear branched
attenuated ciliated especially towards the apices beneath
whitish and channelled, apothecia mostly terminal their disk
concave at length plane blackish brown glaucous, the margin
crenate and fimbriated. Ach, Syn. Lich, p. 221. Lichen
ciliaris, Light/, p. 828. E, B. t. 1352.

Hab. Trunks of trees, frequent.

2. B. tenella^ thallus greyish white naked on both sides and of
the same colour substellated, the segments pinnatifid ascend-
ing dilated arched and ciliated at the extremity, apothecia
scattered, the disk plane caesious black its margin entire.
Ach, Syn, Lich. p. 221. Lichen tenellus, E. B, i. 1351.
Lichen ciliaris, /3. Light/', p. 828.

Hab. On the branches of trees.

3. B, furfur acea, thallus greenish grey farinaceous the segments
linear attenuated branched grooved naked rugose and blackish
beneath, apothecia somewhat marginal cup-shaped with thejir
margin thin inflexedi" Ach, Syn. Lich. p, 222. Lichen fur ^

furaceus^ Lightf />V 832. E, B. t, 984.

ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Cetrarla. 57

Hab. Trunks of old trees and pales, but not very common. Light/.

4. B. Jlavicans, thallus yellow naked, segments dicliotomously
branched slightly compressed attenuate divaricated con)pli-
cattd, apothccia scattered their disk plane orange red their
margin entire naked. Ach. Syn. Lick. p. 225. Lichen Jlavi-
cans, E. B. t.2\ V6. Lichen vnlpinus. Light/, p. 896.

Hab. Trunks of old trees, but not common. On the ground on the
Craig of Ailsa, Light/

19. CETRARIA.
Universal receptacle between cartilaginous and membranaceous,
ascending or spreading, lobed and laciniated, on each side
smooth and naked. Partial recept. scutelliform, obliquely
adnate with the margin of the thallus, the lower portion being
free (not united with the thallus), the upper sessile, the disk
coloured, plano-concave, with a margin formed of the thallus
and inflexed.

1. Q. juniperina, thallus pale yellow very yellow beneoth, the
segments plane ascending erose crenate and crisped, apothecia
elevated their disk brown the margin crenulated. Ach. Syn.
Lich. p. 226.

^. pinastri, thallus with the segments depressed tlie lobes
rounded crenate the margins crisped pulverulent and very
yellow. Lichen piiiastri, E. B. t.2\\\. Lichen juniper inuSy
Light/, p. 836.

Hab. Trunks and branches of elms and many other trees, common.
Fir trees about Aviemore and at Kinnordy Kerrie-muir, Hook.
Never, I believe, found with apothecia in Britain ; though not rare
in that state in Switzerland.

2. C. sepincola, thallus olive-brown paler beneath the segments
plane ascending lobed waved subcrenate, apoihecia elevated
of the same colour their margin rugose and crenulate. Ach.
Syn. Lich. p. 221 . Lichen sepincola,' E. B. t. 2386.

Hab. On stones in the Scotch mountains, according to Mr. Dickson.
I have never seen it in any country but on wood. On fir trees at
Kinnordy Kerrie-muir, Mr. Lyell and Hook. Fructificatipn very rare.

3. C. glauca, thallus glaucous somewhat shining sinuated and
lobed brown beneath, the segments cut and jagged curled
ascending, apothecia elevated chesnut brown their margin
wrinkled. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 227. Lichen glaucus, LightJ,
p. 838. E. B. t. 1066.

/3. fallax, thallus white on each side, or with occasional black
spots beneath. L. fallax, E. j5. t. 2373.

Hab. On the ground in hefithy places, on rocks and trees, not un-
common. /3, On the ground near the cascade at Inverary.

4. C. nivalis, thallus sulphur-coloured orange at the base pitted

5S ACOTYLEDONS.. LICHENS. Stkta.

and reticulated erect nearly plane laciniated, its segments
niultifid crisped crenato-dentate and often warted at the points,
apothecia pale flesh -colour their margin crenulated. ylch, Syn,
Lick. p. 228. Lichen nivalis, E. B, t. 1994.

Had. Native of Scotland, Dr. R. Toumson, Smith in E. B. Rocks in
Scotland, Ben Lawers. Summit of Cairngorum, Hook.

Fructification, I believe, never found v^'ith us,

5. C. isla?]dica, thallus clive brown paler beneath, the segments
erect sublinear multifid channelled smooth dentato-ciliate, the
fertile branches spreading, apothecia appressed plane of the
same colour, their margin elevated entire. y/cA. Syn. Lick,
p, 229. Lichen islavdicus, Light/', p. 829. E. B. t. K^30.

Hak. Rocky places. Upon most of, if not all, the lofty Highland moun-
tains ; but never, that I am aware of, bearing apothecia with us.

Though plentiful with us, it is scarcely sufficiently so to form an article
of commerce. A great proportion of what comes to our shops,
where it is in great request as a medicine in coughs, consumptions,
&c., is procured from Norway or from Iceland. Immense quantities
are gathered in the latter country, not only for sale, but for home
consumption, as an article of common food. The bitter and purga-
tive quality being extracted by steeping in water, the Lichen is
dried, reduced to powder, and made into a cake, or boiled and
eaten with milk -, and eaten with thankfulness, too, by the poor
natives, who confess " that a bountiful Providence sends them
bread out of the very stones."

20. STICTA.

Universal receptacle foliaceous, coriaceo-cartilaginous, spreading,
lobed, free and pubescent beneath, with little cavities or hol-
low spots. Partial recept. scntelliform, formerl of the thallus
beneath, appressed and fixed to it by a central point ; its disk
coloured, plane, surrounded by the margin of the crust, which
reaches beyond it.

1. IS. crocata, thallus dark glaucous brown })itted with broad
rounded spreading entire lobes having bright lemon colouied
powdery spots upon the margin and on the elevated parts be-
tween the pits, downy and tawny beneath with minute lemon
coloured little hollows, apothecia scattered blackish brown
their margin entire, ^ch. Syn. Lick. p. 232. Lichen cro-
catus, E.B.t. 2110.

Hab. " On rocks in the Highlands," Dickson. Upon trees, rare, in
the Duke of Argyle's grounds, Inverary, Mr. Turner and Hook.

2. S. pulmonaria, thallus olivaceous pitted and reticulated,
downy beneath with smooth prominences, the segments sinuato-
lobate truncated, apothecia submarginal plane reddish their
margin rugose, ylch. Syn. Lick, p. 233 {S. ptdmonacea) .
Lichen pulmofiariiLs, Light/, p. 831. E. B. I, 572 {loo green).

ACOTYLEDONS. LICHENS. Pcltldea. 59

Hab. Trunks of old trees in shady woods, plentiful. On old walnut
trees, at Barncluith, near Glasgow, /iop/i.

3. S. scrohiculata, thallus suborbicular glaucous greyish green
very broad somewhat pitted and having mealy warts, beneath
downy tawny with white naked spots, the segments rounded
and lobed irregular, apothecia scattered nearly plane reddish
brown their margin somewhat crenate. j4ch. Syn. Lich.
p. 134, Lichen scrobicutalus. Light/, p. S50. E. B, i. 497.

Hab. Trunks of trees and on rocks, among moss, Pentland Hills,

4. S. limbatay thallus orbicular glaucous bfown roundly lobed
smooth grev and powdcy at the margin, downy beneath with
white hollow spots, apothecia brown. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 236.
Lichen Umbaius, E, B, i. 1 104.

Hab. Rocks in Scotland, Mr. Menzies. At the Hermitage, near Edin-
burgh, Sir J. E' Sniith. On rocks and trees in shady places, by
the sides of* Loch Lomond, and near the Falls of the Clyde, Mr.
Turner and Hook.

5. S. fiitiginosd, thallus orbicular dark lurid grey rough with
brown granules, beneath greyish brown with white cojicave
spots, the segments roundly lobed nearly entire^ apothecia
scattered dark brown their margin entire. Ach. Sy?i. Lich,
p. 236. Lichen Ju/iginosus, E. B. t. 1103.

Hab. On moist rocks near the Falls of the Clyde, and near Inverary

and Ballycheulish, Mr. Turner and Hook.
Has a very dingy appearance and unpleasant smell.

6. S. sytvalica, thallus wide rusty brown naked and pitted, brown
and downy beneath with small pale excavations, segments
lobed and obtusely cut unequal, apothecia marginal dark brown.
Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 236. Lichen syluuticus, Light/ , p. 848.
E. B. t. 2298.

Hab. Shady woods about the roots of trees, frequent, Llgbtf. Falls
of the Clyde, Ilopk. Woods, Inverary and B[iiliicheulish, Mr.
Turner and Hook.

Smell very fetid. Jpothecia rare ; never found in Britain, but by
Dr. Burgess, as mentioned in E. B.

21. PELTIDEA.

Universal receptacle foliaccous, coriaceous, spreading, subadnate,
lobed, with woolly veins beneath. Partial recept. formed
upon the upper side of a produced portion of the under surface
of the thallus, orbicular, subobliquely adnate, having a thin
elevated margin of the substance of the thallus.

1. P. venosa, thallus greenish ash-colour, white beneath having
dark brown prominent branched veins, lobes rounded cut
somewhat entire, apothecia marginal plane rounded swelling
brown scarcely crenulate at the margin, ylch. Syn. Lich.
p. 237. Lichen venosus, Light/, p. 844. E. B.t. 887.

60 ACOTYLEDONS. LICHENS. Peltldea.

Hab. On the earth in moist situations, among rocks, most frequent
in the Highlands ; Glenkill Linn and Burn, Dumfries-shire, Dr.
Burgess. Pass of Killicrankie, Mr. Turner and Hook. On the
earth of walls, Blair in Athol, Mr. Borrer and Hook.

This is a small but very pretty species.

2. P. scutata, thallus ash-coloured whitish and veiny beneath,
the lobes rounded sinuated and'cut crenate and crisped, fertile
lobules very short, apothecia orbicular ascending nearly plane
brown somewhat entire, yicli. Syn. Lick, p. 237. Lichen
scutatus, E. B. t. 1834.

Hab. Bark of trees, Dickson. I believe very rare. I never saw it
any where but upon trees in the Duke of Argyle's grounds at In-
verary, in company with Mr. Turner.

3. P. horizonialis, thallus glaucous and brownish green lobed
crenate and shining pale beneath with numerous brown branch-
ing reticulated veins, fertile lobules abbreviated, apothecia
terminal plane horizontal transversely oblong reddish brown
with a nearly entire margin. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 238. Lichen
horizonialis, Light/, p. 849. E. B. t. 888.*

Hab. Moist shady rocks and about the roots of trees, not uncommon,
Lighif.

4. P. aphthosa, thallus green smooth roundly lobed sprinkled
with brown warts, whitish beneath with brown branching veins,
fertile lobules very long contracted in the middle their sides
reflexed, apothecia terminal large ascending red*-brown with
a lacerated margin. Ach. Sy7i. Lich. p. 2SS. Lichenaphthosus,
Light/, p. S47. E.B.t. 1119.

Hab. Moist situations among rocks and moss, or by the roots of trees.
F'ootof the Pentland Hills, Mr. Yalden. Moist rocks near the Falls
of the Clyde, with "shields, Mr. Turner and Hook.

A large handsome species ; has its name from the circumstance related
by Linnaeus, that the Swedish peasants boil it in milk as a cure for
the aphthcp, or thrush, in children.

.5. p. canina, thallus greyish green with broad rounded lobes,
white beneath with brownish branching veins, fertile lobules
rather long with their sides reflexed, apothecia terujinal nearly
ereet revolute reddish brown with a subcreniilated border.
yich. Syn. Lich. p. 239. Lichen caninus, Light/, p. 845.
E. B. i. 2299.

/B. ru/escens, thallus polyphyllous concave reddish brown, pale
reddish white beneath with obsolete veins, lobes rounded in-
curved, fertile lobules short, apothecia terminal erect roundish
dark brown nearly entire at the margin. E. B. t. 2300 {Lichen
7i/escens). Feltide a canina, /3.? Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 239. Li-
chen caninus, /S. Light/ p. 846.

Hab. Upon the ground, among moss, roofs of hou%*s^ trees^ &c. very
tommon. ^. with a..

ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Cenomyce, 61

Formerly used, at the suggestion of Dr. Mead, as a cure for the bite
of a mad dog, but without success.

6. P. polydactyla, thallus glaucous green naked glabrous with
brown reticulated veins beneath, fertile lobules very n' merqus
elongate and as well as the brown terminal apothecia cucul-
lato-revolute. yicli. Syn. Lich. p. 248. Lichen caniniia^ y.
IJ^htf. p. S46, Lichen poly dacly las, Jacq. Coll. t. 14. f, 2,
a. 6.

Hab. On the ground, but rather rare, Lighff.

22. NEPHROMA.

r//??Wr5GZrec«?p^flc^6?foliaceous,coriaceo-membranaceous, spread-
ing, lobed, free, and naked, or hairy beneath. Partial recept.
rcsupinate (on the underside), formed upon a produced por-
tion of the upper surface of the thallus, reniform, adnate,
coloured, plane, its margin of the same substance as the
thallus.

1. N. resupinata, thallus greyish brown pale pubescent and gra-
nulated beneath, fertile lobules very short, apothecia large nu-
merous reddish. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 241. Lichen resupi-
flatus, Light/, p. 843. E. B. t. 305.

Hab. Rocks among moss, on the stems and roots of trees, not \m~
common. Dumbarton castle. Sir J. E. Smith. Sides of Loch Lo-
mond, at Inverary, and in Aros Mull, Mr. Turner and Hook.

Readily distinguislied as a genus from the last, by bearing its apothe-
cia on the under instead of the upper side of the thallus.

23. EVERNIA.

Universal receptacle subcrustaceous, branched, and laciniated,
angular or compressed, nearly erect or pendulous, with a cen-
tral thread within. Partial recept. scutelliform, sessile, tiie
disk concave, coloured with an inflexed margin formed of the
thallus,

1. E. prunastri, thallus greenish white segments dichotomous
multifid ascending linear-atteiuiate plane pitted, grooved and
white beneath, apothecia bright brown concave. Ach, Syn,
Lich. p. 245. Lichen prunastri. Light/, p. 835. B, B.
t. 859, and 1353 {Lichen stictoceios) .

Hab. Branches of trees, common.

Sect. HL Cephaloidei. Apothecia suhglohose, terminal on the
branches or Podeiia of the thallus, or scattered, sessile, im-
marginale.

A. Apothecia covered hy the mass o/ /ructification.
24. CENOMYCE.
Universal receptacle crustaceo-cartilaginous, foliaceous, lati-
niated, subimbricated, free (rarely adnate, uniform, or want-

62 ACOTYLEDONS. LICHENS. CenOTiiycc,

ing), producing siibfistulose, fertile and sterile podetm. Par-
tial rectpt. orbicular, iinmarginatej at length convex, capitu-
liform, inflated, or hollow beneath, the circumference fixed to
the lliallus or the podttia, terminal, coloured.

* Thallus foliaccous. Podetia jistulose, dilated upwards, and hearing
cups, or attenuated and subulate; cups closed ivitli a membrane.
(Scyphophora.)

t Apothecia brown or pale.

1» C. alciCornU, thallua foliaceous very pale glaucous green the
segments subjialmated ascending ol)tuse and incurved, podetia
elongated turbinate all cup- bearing smooth the cups regular
crenale with the margin at length leafy r.nd proliferous, apo-
thecia brown, ylcli. Syn. Lich, p. 250. Lichen alcicornis,
Llohif. p. 'ST2. E. B. t. i;J92.

Hah. Heaths, mountains, and rocks.

2. C. eiidivifolia , thallus foliaceous large glaucous yellow green
white beneath the segments multifid waved crenate crisped,
podetia turbinate elongate mostly simple, apothecia marginal
reddish brown. Ach. Syn, Lic/i. p. 2361, Lichen endiv.,
E.B. /. 2351.

Hab. Dry heathy places, Dickson.

3. C. cervicor/iisy thallus foliaceous glaucous green, segments
erect multifid narrow repando-subdentate, podetia cylindrical
short glabrous dingy at length black all of them cup-bearing,
cups small regular dilated entire nearly plane proliferous from
the centre, apothecia marginal sessile brownish black. Ach.
Syn, Lich. p. 251. Lichen cervicorr/is, E. B. t, 2574,

Hab. Pentland hills, near Edinb., Sir J. E. Smith.

4. C.pyxidata, thallus foliaceous, segments erenulated ascend-
ing, podetia all turbinate elongate cup-shaped glabrous at
length granulated warty rough greyish green, cups regular the
margin at length proliferous, apothecia brown. y/cA. Syn,
Lich. p, 252. Lichen pyxidaluSy Light/, p. 469. E. B,
t. 1393.

Hab. Heaths, banks and rocks, and roots of old trees, abundant.
Employed by the poor sometimes in the cure of the hooping cough.

5. C.Jimbriata, thallus foliaceous the segments small crenate,
podetia elongate cylindrical cup-bearing sometimes subulate
slightly pulverulent white, cups regular their margins entire
and crenated at length proliferous, apothecia brown. Ach.
Syn. fich. p. 254. Lichen fimbriatus. Light/, p. 87 0. E,B.
^2438.

r. corntila, podetia elongate subulate simple or branched pulve-
rulent white sterile or with reddish apothecia. Lichen cornu^
ius. Light/ p. 875. E. B. t. 1836.

Hab. Moors and heaths. Light/. Near Edinb., Sir James E. Smith.

ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Cenomyce. G3

Milngavie, near Glasg^., Hopk. — ij. Moors and heaths. Light/.,
Hopk.

6. C. aiwmcoa, thallus foliaceous ash-'coloured brittle, segments
imbricated minute crenace, podetia cylindrical rough and fo-
liaceous, cups turbinate closed at length dilated and radiated,
apothecia marginal sessile or stalked brownish black. E. B,
t, I8(i7 {Liclien anom.), Cenomyce gonorega, y. anomcen^
Aclt. Sijn. Lick, p. 259.

Hab. Pentland hills, near Edinb., Sir James E. Smith.

7. C. gracilis, thallus foliaceous very minute, podetia elongate
subulate sterile and cup-bearing smooth greenish brown, cups
toothed at the margin at length proliferous, apothecia brown.
E. B. t. 1264, and Light/', p. 873 {Lichmi gracilis), Ceno-
myce ecmocyna a. gracilis, Acli, Syn, Lick. p. 261.

Hab. Heaths and mountains, frequent.

ft Apothecia scarlet.

8. C.filijhrmis, thallus foliaceous small, segments inciso-lobate
crenate, podetia cylindrical simple and somewhat branched at
the extremity greenish white granulated rarely cup-bearing,
cups narrow at length radiating, apothecia minute scarlet.
^ch. Syn. Lick. p. 266 (C hacillaris). Lichen Jilijormis,
E, B. /. 2028. L. fuOiformis, LighfJ. p.. 87 1.

Hab. Woods, heaths, and the roots of old trees, Lightf.

9. C. digitata, thallus foliaceous small, segments expanded
rounded crenate beneath as well as on the cylindrical yellow-
green cup-bearing podetia pulverulent, cups narrow small at
length large with the often branched numerous digitate or
rayed prolifications tipped with the bright scarlet apothecia.
Ach. Syn. Lick. p. 267. Lichen digilaius, Lightf. p. 874.
E. B. t. 2439.

Hab. Woods, at the roots of old trees, and on barren heaths.

10. C. deformis, thallus foliaceous minute segments broadish
cut crenate naked beneath, podetia long thick subventricose
sulphur-coloured slightly pulverulent cup-1)earing, cups nar-
row crenato-dentate at length dilated and jagged, apothecia
sessile and pedunculate scarlet. /Ich. Syii. Lich. p. 268.
Lichen drf., Lightf. p. 876. E. B. t. 1394.

Hab. Roots of old trees and in woods, but not common, Lightf.

11. C. coccfera, thallus foliaceojs minute the segments round-
ed crenate naked beneath, podetia elongated turbinate naked
nearly pale yellow or greyish green all cup-bearing, cups with
their margins spreading fertile, apothecia large at length
stalked scarlet, yich. Syn. lAc'i. p. 269. Lichen cocc ferns,
Lightf. p. 866. L:. B^. t. 205 1 .

/3. cornucopioides, podetia rather short cup-bearing, cups di-
lated crisped and foliaceous terminated by the starlet stalked

d84 ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Venomyoe,

a|X)tliecia at length prolifeious. Lichen cornucoploides,
Light/, p. 86S.
Hab. Moors and heaths, frequent. (5. mixed with a.

12. C. hellidijiora, thallus foliaceous minute the segments inci-
so-crenate naked beneath, podetia elongate cylindrical rigid
glabrous foliaceo-squamose pale all cup-bearing, cups narrow
their margins fertile and proliferous, apotliecia crowded scarlet.
Ach, Syn. Lick p. 270. Liclien hellicL, E. B. t. 1894.

Hab. Ben Nevis, Ben Lawers, Ben Lomond, and probably most of
the lofty Highland mountains.

** Thallus foliaceous . Podetia fishdose, dilated, mid cup-hearing up-
wards ; cups pervious. (Schasmaria.)

13. C. sparassa, thallus foliaceous minute lobed and crenated,
podetia elongated branched subventiicose granulated rough
with leafy scales cup-bearing, cups irregular pervious dentato-
radiate proliferous, apothecia stalked pale brown. Acli. Syii,
Lick. p. 273. Liclien sparassus, E. B. t. 273. L. ventricosuSy
Light/, p, 87 5.

Hab. In woods upon the decayed stumps of old trees, but not com-
mon. Light/.

*** Thallus /oliaceous, or scarcely any. Podetia cartilaginous, rigid,
fistulose, all attenuated, subulate, and branched, their axils generally
per/orated. (Cladonia.)

14. C. racemosa, podetia elongated smooth at length scaly
greenish white inflated curved branched, branches lax subse-
cund their extremities divergent spinulose, apothecia pale
brown. Ach. Syii. Lick. p. 275. Lichen spinosus. Light/
p. S82. DHL Muse. t. 16. /. 25.

Hab. Heaths and mountainous places, but not very common, as upon
the Pentland hills. Light/.

15. C.furcnta, podetia elongated smooth livid brown dichoto-
mous, axils not perforated, branches narrow subulate curved
the extremities forked divergent, fertile ones with brown apo-
thecia. Jch. Sy77. Lich. p. 276. Lichen fur catus, Lighlf.
p. 881. Dill. Muse. t. 16. /. 27. A— D.

^. sjd'ulata, podetia elongate slender sparingly branched,
branches nearly erect, fertile branches with brown capitate
apothecia. ylch. Syn. Lich. p. 276. Lichen snbulalus,
Light/, p. 881. Dill. Muse. t. 16./. 21. A. B.

Hab. Woods, heaths, and mountainous places, frequent. Light/.

16. C. uncialls, podetia elongate glabrous pale dichotomous the
axils perforated open, extremities of the branches patent short
acute and rigid, apothecia small terminal brown. Ach. Syn,
Lich. p. 276. Lichen uncialls, Light/, p. 880. E. B. t. 174.

/3. adunca, podetia pale or hoary dichotomously branched, the
axils perforated, extremities of the branches radiated uncinate-

ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Bccomyccs, 65

spinose, apothecia capitate pale brown. Ach. Sijn. Lick,
p. Til. Lichen umlalis j3. Lightf. p. 880. Dill. Muse, t, 16.
/.21. A. B.
Hab. On moors and heaths, frequent.

17. C. rangiferina, podetia elongate cylindrical erect roiighish
hoarybranched, axils often perforated, branches scattered very
much divided spreading the ultimate ones subradiate or droop-
ing, apothecia subglobose clustered brown. Ach. Syn. Lich.
p. 277. Lichen ran gifer inns, Lightf. p. ^11, E. B. t. 277-

Hab. Woods, heaths and mountains, abundant.

This is the Lichen which, for the greater part of the year, and espe-
cially in winter, is the support of the vast herds of rein-deer, in
which consists all the wealth of the Laplanders. No vegetable,
Linnaeus tells us, grows throughout Lapland in such abundance as
this, especially in woods of scattered pines, where, for very many
miles together, the surface of the sterile soil is covered with it as
with snow. On the destruction of forests by fire, when no other plant
will find nutriment, this Lichen springs up and flourishes, and, after
a few years, acquires its greatest size. Here the rein-deer are
pastured : and, whatever may be the depth of snow during the long
winters of that climate, they have the power of penetrating it and
obtaining their necessary food. Linnseus has given a beautiful
description of this Lichen, and of the anirnals whose support it is,
in the Flora Lapponica, p. 332, which is too long for insertion in
this pl^ce.

*"*** Thallus none. Podetia soft, subsoUd, subulate, but little branch--
ed (sterile), the axils not perforated. (Cerania.)

18. C? vermicularis, podetia subulate nearly simple smooth
very white subfistulose flexuose prostrate. Ach. 81/71. Lich.
p. 278. Lichen vermic, E. B. i, 2029.

Hab. Ben Nevis, Ben Lawers, and probably most of the lofty High-
land mountains, Mr. Turner and Hook. Discovered in Scotland
by Mr. Dickson, but he has given no particular station for it.

25. B^OMYCES.
Universal receptacle crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnata, pro-
ducing soft, solid, fertile podetia. Partial recept, capituliform^
immarginate^ solid, terminal, sessile upon the podetia, co-
loured.

1. B. roseusj crust uniform granulated greenish white, podetia
• very short cylindrical, apothecia subglobose wrinkled pale

flesh-colour. Ach. Sijn, Lich. p. 280. Lichen ericeiorum,
Lightf. p. 809 (exclusive of the var. /3). E, B. t. 374.
Hab. Upon tl\e ground in heaths, banks, &c., in a sandy soil.

2. B. rufus, crust uniform rugose granulated and pulverulent
greenish white, podetia very short somewliat compressed, apo-

66 ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Steveocmdon .

tliecia flattish at the top sometimes conglomerate reddish brown.
Ach, Syn. Lich, p. 280. Lichen hyssoides, Lightf, p. 809.
E. B.t. 373,
Hab, Rocks^ old walls and sometimes upon the ground. Light/.

26. ISIDIUM.
Universal receptacle crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, uni-
form, bearing solid, shortish podelia. Partial recept, orbi-
cular, convex, at length subglobose, solid, terminal upon the
pndetia and more or less sunk into thefr extremity, so as to
leave a margin formed of the substance of the podetium,

1. I. corallinum^ crust tartareous greyish white, podetia at
length elongated rounded simple or branched, apothecia
brownish grey. Ach. Syn, Lick, p. 281. Lichen corallinus.
Light/, p, 808. E. B, t. 1541.

Hab. Rocks in the Highlands, not unfrequent, as about Finlarig, in
Breadalbane, Dr. Stuart. Dumfries -shire. Dr. Burgess. Black-
ford, near Edinburgh, Sir James Edward Smith. Ascent and top of
Ben Lomond, Mr. Turner and Hook. Pentland hills, Maugh.

Podetia small, not | of an inch high, much crowded and of a brittle
or stony substance, whitish.

2. I. IVestringii, crust tartareous thin unequal cracked and
greyish, podetia subglobose at length cylindrical simple and
branched, apothecia dark brown. Ach, Syn. Lich, p, 282.
Lichen Westringii, E, B. t, 2204. •

Hab. Rocks among the mountains, Dicks.

3. I. micros ticticunif crust tartareous cracked smoothish nearly
even of a brownish cream-colour thinner towards the edges,
podetia scattered short hemisphaerical simple of the same co-
lour as the crust, apothecia brownish. Turn, and Borr. Li-
chenogr, Brit, inedit, p. 94. Lichen microsticticus, E, B.
t.22i3,

Hab. Rocks in Scotland, Dickson^ Dr. Stuart.
27. STEREOCAULON.

Universal receptacle cartilaginous or somewhat woody, branched
and shrubby. Partial recept, tmh'mate, sessile, solid, plane,
scarcely rising above a margin formed by the thallus, at length
bemisphaerico-globose, dilated, reflexed below and covering
the margin.

I. S. paschale, thallus greyish branched and rough with
granulated excrescences, branches crowded and very much
divided, apothecia scattered and terminal at length convex
conglomerate blackish brown. Ach, Syn, Lich, p, 284.
Lichen paschalis, Light/, p, 886. E, B, t, 282.

Hab. Rocks on the Highland mountains, abundant. Corstorphine
and Pentland hills, near Edinb., G. DoHj and Mr. E. J. Maughan.

A COTYLEDONS, LICHENS. Alectoria, 6/

B. Jpothecia covered by the substance of the thallus, containing
a pulverulent mass.

28. SPHiEROPHORON.

Universal receptacle crustaceo-cartilaginous, branched, shrubby,
solid within. Partial recept. subglobose, sessile, terminal o^i
the branches of the thallus and formed of it, breaking with a
torn margin and containing within a pulverulent (black) mass
collected into a ball.

1. S. toralloides, thallus palish brown, branches lateral elon-
gated lax divaricated and forked acuminated, apothecia sub-
globose, ismooth. Ach. Syn. Lick, p, 267* Lichen glob if e-
rus, Lightf. p. 887. -E. B. t. 1 15.

Hab. Rocks in the Highlands and Lowlands, frequent,

2. S. fragile, thallus greyish branched, branches dichotomous
short crowded fastigiate naked rounded rather obtuse, apo-
thecia globoso-turbinate somewhat warted. Ach, Syn, Lich,
p. 287. Lichen fragilis, Lightf p, §88. E, B, /. 2474
{not 114, which is the following).

Hab. Rocks in mountainous places, frequent.

3» S. compressum, thallus whitish branched, branches com-
pressed ramulose subfibrillose naked, apothecia subglobose de-
pressed and smooth above. Ach. Syn, Lich, p, ^87, Lichen
fragilis, E. B. t. 114.

Hab. Rocks in mountainous places, but mostly sterile.

Div. III. HoMOTHALAMi. Licheus whos€ apotliecia ate form-
ed wholly of the substance of the thalltis and of the same
colour with it.

29. ALECTORIA.

Universal receptacle cartilaginous, subfiliform, branched, pro-
strate or pendulous, within somewhat fistulose and with a
central thread. Partial recept. scutelliform, thick, sessile,
plane or convex, margined, entirely formed of the thallus, dind
of the same colour.

1. A. jubata, thallus rounded somewhat shining livid brown
very much branched, branches filiform compressed at the axils,
apothecia of the same colour at length convex entire at the
margin. Ach. Syn. Lich, p. 291, Lichen jubatus, Lightf
p. 891. E,B, /. 1880.

/3. chalybeiformis, thallus and the subsimple branches fiexuose
or tortuose complicated rather rigid greyish black decumbent.
Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 291. E. B, t, 1880. L. chalybeiformis.
Light/. p,S92.

Hab. Trunks of trees, especially firs, and rocks, frequent.

This, Linnaeus tells us, occasionally supplies the rein-deer with food;

[e2]

68 ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Ramalina.

for which purpose the Laplanders cut clown the trees that the Lichen
may be devoured from the topmost branches.

2. A. sarmenlosa, thallus roundish angular somewhat pitted
dichotomous pale yellowish, the extremities much branched
lax and slender, apothecia rather concave livid pruinose at
length flattened. Ach, Syn. Lich. p. 293. Lichen sarmen-
tosiis, E, B. t. 2040.

Hab. Cairn-gorum, near the summit upon rocks. Hook. Ben Luy-
hal, in Sutherland, on the ground on the summit, Mr. Borrer and
Hook, .

30. RAMALINA.

Universal receptacle cartilaginous, with a central solid thread
within, branched and laciniated, somewhat shrubby, generally
bearing warts. Partial recept. scutelliform, thickish, pedi-
cellate and snbpeltate, plane, margined, entirely formed of
the thallus, and nearly of the same colour.

1. R. fraxinea, thallus plane linear laciniated greyish white gla-
brous but rugoseand pitted subreticulated the ultimate branches
attenuated, apoth'ecia mostly marginal plane pale-flesh co-
loured. Ach, Syn. Lich. p. 296. Lichenfraxineus, Light/,
p. 835. E. B. M781.

Hab. Trunks and branches of trees, particularly oaks and ashes,

frequent.
A variable species, especially in the breadth and ramifications of the

thallus.

2. R. fastigiaia, thallus compressed glabrous pitted branched
glaucous white, branches thickened and fastigiated upwards,
apothecia numerous terminal peltate subsessile white. Ach,
Syn. Lich. p. 296. Lichen fastig., E. B. t. 890.

/3. calicaris, thallus and branches elongated, branchlets cylindri-
cal attenuated pitted and channelled, apothecia subterminal
appendiculated beneathc Ach, Syn, Lich, p, 297. Lichen
calicaris, Light/, p. SS4,

Hab. Rocks and trees.

3. R. 5Copw/or?^w, thallus compressed glabrous somewhat pitted
branched yellowish grey, branches linear attenuated, apothecia
scattered on short stalks of the same colour as the thallus.
Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 297. Lichen scopulorum, E. B. t. 688.

Hab. Rocks by the sea-coast. Most abundant on the '' Standing
stones of Stonhouse," in Pomona, Orkney, Mr. Borrer and Hook.

4. R. /arinacea, thallus compressed glabrous somewhat pitted
bearing powdery warts rigid branched greyish or greenish
white, branches linear attenuated, apothecia scattered on
short stalks plane somewhat margined whitish. Ach. Syn,
Lich. p, 298. Lichen /ari?iaceus. Light/, p, 833. E, B,
t. 889.

Hab. Trunks of trees, frequent, but rareJuiJiructification.

ACOTYLEDONS.^ — LICHENS. Comtcularia , 69

31. CORNICULARIA.

Universal receptacle cartilaginous, with a somewhat solid thread
within, branched, shrubby. Partial recept. orbicular, terminal,
obliquely peltate,entirely formed of the substance of the thallus,
at length convex, subinflated; the circumference somewhat
margined, subdentate, at length reflexed, of a rather dilFerent
colour.

1. C. tristis, thallus deep pitchy brown rounded or subcompressed
smoothish distichously dichotomous, branches fastigiate black
above, apothecia plano-convex blackish brown somewhat mar-
ginated entire and toothed, ^ch. Syn, Lick. p. 299. Lichen
tristis, E. B. t. 720. L. corniculatus^ Lightf.p, 885.

Hab. Alpine rocks, frequent.

2. C. aculeata, thallus glabrous chesnut brown roundish angular
pitted and subcompressed naked, branches and branchlets di-
varicated flexuose aculeated, apothecia reddish brown, the cir-
cumference somewhat toothed. Ach. Syn. Lick, p. 299.

/3. spadicea, thallus glabrous chesnut coloured piano-compressed
somewhat pitted with the margins denticulate, branches and
branchlets short patent attenuated, apothecia spinoso-radiate
reddish brown. Lichen hispidus, Lightf, p, 883. JB. B» t, 452.

Hab. Highland mountains, frequent.

3. C. bicolor, thallus black rounded capillary suberect branched,
branches fine shortish scattered patent their extremities curved
greyish. Ach, Syn. Lich. p. 301. Lichen bicolor, E, B,
t, 1853.

Hab. Ben y Glow, Mr. Dickson. Rocks upon hills about Loch Tay,

not unfrequent, Mr. Turner and Hook.
Apothecia unknown.

4. C. ochroleuca, thallus glabrous pale yellowish white roundish
suberect branched, branches short attenuated blackish at the
points, apothecia brownish pale in the circumference, ^ch.
Syn, Lich. p. 301. Lichen ochroletic, E. B. t. 2374.

Hab. Highland mountains, Dickson.

5. C. /a«a/a, thallus decumbent roufided smoothish dichotomous
greyish black, branches and branchlets flexuose intricate forked
at the extremity, apothecia somewhat margined plane, the
circumference naked and granulated, ^ch. Sy7i. Lich. p. 302.
Lichen lanatus, Lightf. p. 892. E. B. t. 846.

Mab. Rocks in the Highlands and in the Lowlands.

6. C. pubescens, thallus decumbent rounded roughish black,
branches intricate capillaceous the ultimate ones simple, apo-
thecia of the same colour entire in the circumference. Ach.
Syn, Lich. p. 302. Lichen pubesce?is, Lightf, p, 893. £, J5,

/O ACOTYLEDONS. LICHENS. Collema.

t. 2313. (excl. the Syn. ofLkh. exilis Light/.) Conferva atro-
virens, JDilbv, Covf. t. 25. Scyto7iema atro-virens, Agardh
Disp. Alg. Suec. p. 39.

Hab. Rocks^ on the Highland mountains,, not unfrequent.
32. USNEA.

Universal receptacle subcrustaceous, rounded, branched, gene-
rally pendulous, having in the centre an elastic thread. Par-
iial recept. orbicular, terminal, peltate, entirely formed of the
substance of the thallus and nearly of the same colour, the cir-
cumference without a margin and generally ciliated.

1. \]. Jlorida, thallus nearly erect roughish greenish grey with
very numerous fine horizontal fibres, branches patent subsimple,
apothecia plane very broad whitish ciliated, the ciliae radiating
long. Ach. Syn. Lick, p. 304. Lichen floridus, Lightf,
p. 897. ^. B. t. 872.

Hab. Branches of old trees^ not very uncommon, Lightf.

2. U. plicata, thallus pendulous smooth pale, branches lax much
divided subfibrillose the ultimate ones capillaceous, apothecia
plane broad ciliated, ciliae slender very long. Ach. Syn. Lich.
p. 305. Lichen pUcatus, Lightf, p. 889. E. B. t, 257.

/3. hiriaj thallus nearly erect somewhat shrubby pale greenish
white very much branched subpulverulent and roughish,
branches very much divided flexuose intricate attenuated sub-
fibrillose. Jich, Syn, Lich. p, 305. Lichen hirtus, Lightf,
p. 895. E,B,t, 1354.

•Hab. a. On the branches of old trees, but not common. In the
Barntimpen Linn, in the parish of Kirkpatrick, Dumfries-shire,
Dr. Burgess. /5. Upon old trees and in hedges, frequent, Lightf.

3. U. harhata, thallus pendulous smoothish rounded thickish pale
greenish grey, branches divergent here and there fibrillose ca-
pillary at their extremity articulated below. Ach. Syn. Lich.
p. 306. Lichen barlatus, Lightf. p. 890. Lichen articulatus, /3.
E.B.t.25S.f. 2.

^. articidata, thallus glabrous greenish grey glabrous, branches
elongate dichotomously divided articulated, articulations swel-
ling distinct, ultimate branches capillary fibrillose. Lichen ar-
ticulatus, u. E. B. t. 258.

Hab. Branches of old trees in thick woods and pine-forests.
33. COLLEMA.

Universal receptacle entirely of one substance, sub-gelatinous,
which in drying generally becomes hard and cartilaginous,
polymorphous (crustaeform, foliaceous or branched). Partial
recept. scutelliform, sessile (rarely subpedicellate), margined,
entirely formed of the substance of the thallus; the disk of the
sarii? cplour, rarely (in drying) coloured.

ACOTYLEDONS.— LICHENS* Collcma. 71

* Thaltus imbricated, plicated, suborbicular , composed of minute lobes
(when moist, thick and turgid), (touchy Hum.)

1. C. ckeileum, thallus suborbicular imbricated, lobes thick all
minute rounded crenulated ascending, apothecia nearly plane
aggregated of the same colour as the thallus the margin crenu-
lated subevanescent. y4ch, Syn. Lich. p, 310. Lichen mar-
ginaius, Bernh. in Schrad. Joiirn, 1799, v. \,p. 6. t. \.f. 2. a.
Dicks. Crypt, fasc, 4. p, 25.

Hab. Roots of trees in shady subalpine woods, Dickson.

2. C. melcenunif thallus orbicular somewhat stellated imbricated^
lobes cut and laciniated their margins elevated waved crisped
and crenulated, apothecia marginal nearly plane of the same
colour with the thallus their margin granulated, j^ch, Syn.
Lich, p. 315.

/S. marginale, lobes of the thallus deeply laciniated narrow multi-
fid spreading flexuose nearly plane crenate and lobed, apothecia
marginal and scattered dark brown their margin entire. Ach,
Syn, Lich. p. 316. Lichen marginalis, E, B, t, 1924.

Hab. /3. Highlands of Scotland, Sir J. E. Smith, in E. B.

3. C. Jasciculare, thallus suborbicular imbricato-plicate, plaits
central erect flexuose, lobes of the circumference rounded in-
ciso-crenate, apothecia marginal turbinate fasciculate, disk
rather convex reddish. Ach. Syn, Lich. p, 317* Lichen fa$cic..
Light/, p. 841, E. B, t, 1162.

Hab. Shady places on the north sides of trunks of trees, not unfre-
quent, particularly on the ash. Dr. Burgess. Wood between Bal-
lacheulish and Linnhe Loch, Mr. Turner and Hook.
** Thallus foliaceous ; lobes rounded, downy or Jibrillose beneath.
(Mailotium.)

4. C. saiurnitium, thallus foliaceous blackish green glaucous and
downy beneath, lobes rounded waved entire, apothecia scat-
tered elevated pl^ne reddish their margin entire. Ach, Sy?i,
Lich. p. 320. Lichen saturninus, E. B, t, 1980.

Hab. Trunks of trees, Dickson.

5. C. Burgessiij thallus foliaceous somewhat imbricated glaucous
greenish brown pubescent and somewhat spongy beneath, lobes
rounded sinuated crenulated and crisped, apothecia depress^
planish brown their margin foliaceous crisped. Ach, Syn,
Lich. p. 320. Lichen Bwgessii, Light/, p. 827. E. B. t. 300.

Hab. Discovered upon trunks of hazel and birch in Dumfries -shire
by Dr. Burgess. Plentiful on trees by the side of Loch Lomond,
going to Tarbetj and near Inverary and Ballacheulish, Mr. Turner
and Hook.

*** Thallus foliaceous ; lobes sub membranaceous, lax, naked, blackish
green. (Lathagrium) .

6. C. nigrescens, thallus foliaceous membranaceous submono-
phyllous orbicular depressed plaited rounded and lobed black-

7^ ACOTYLEDONS. LICHENS. Collema,

green, apothecia central crowded at length convex reddish
brown their margin entire. Ach. Syn. Licli. p. 321, Liclien
nigrescens, E. B. /.345. L. yesptrtitio, Ligktf. p. 840.
Hab, Trunks of trees, not uncommon.

7. C.Jiaccidum, thalius foliaceous membranaceous smooth black-
ish green, lobes distinct rounded entire lax waved, apothecia

. scattered nearly plane reddish, their margin thin entire. Ack,

Syn. Lick. p. 322. Lichen Jiaccidus, E. B. t. 1653.
Hab. Received from Scotland by Mr. Dickson. Sm. in E. B.

8. C. furvum, thalius foliaceous membranaceous somewhat
wrinkled complicate blackish green granulated on both sides,
lobes rounded unequal waved and crisped entire, apothecia

. scattered plane dark brown their margin entire. Ach., Syn,
Lick. p. 323. Lichen granulalus, E. B. I. 1737.

Hab. Trunks of trees, roCks, &c. j mentioned by Light/, as a var. of
C. nigrescens,

**** Thalius foliaceous ; lohes rounded, membranaceous, thin, naked,
glaucous grey, suhdiaphancus.y Apothecia subpedicellate. (Leptogium.)

9. C. tremelloideSf thalius foliaceous membranaceous thin sub-
diaphanous lead- colour obsoletely rugose and dotted, lobes
rounded somewhat cut, apothecia scattered subpedicellate
plane reddish brown their margin pale. Ach. Syn. Lich,
p. 326. Lichen tremelL, E. B. t. 1981. L. cochlcatiis^ Dicks.

. Crypt, fasc. 1. t. 2./. 9.

Hab, East side of the rock of Dumbarton Castle, Sir J. E. Smith.

Upon rocks among moss, at Aros, Isle of Mull, plentiful, Mr.

Turner and Hook.

10. C. laceruniy thalius nearly erect foliaceous membranaceous
subdiaphanous subrugose with obscure reticulations glaucous,
lobes small subimbricated cut and laciniated and somewhat
fringed, apothecia scattered rather concave red their margin
pale. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 327. Lichen lacer, E» B. t. 1982,
L. tremelloides, Lightf. p. 842.

Hab. Common on the ground among mosses, Lightf,

***** Thalius very slender, laciniated and branched. (Polychidium) .

11. C. sullile, thalius substellate the segments very narrow linear
appressed very much branched obtuse, apothecia central nearly
plane of the same colour as the crust their margin thin entire.
Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 328. Liche7i subiilis, E. B. t. 1008,

Hab. Scotland, not unfrequent, Mr. Brown.

12. C, muscicota, thalius pulvinate brown, branches rounded
nearly erect flexuose uneven subfastigiate rather obtuse, apo-
thecia nearly terminal plane brown margined. Ach. Syn,
Lich, p. 328. Lichen muscicola, E. B, t. 2264.

. Hab. Rocks among mosses in the Highlands, Dickson,

p

ACOTYLEDONS. — LICHENS. Lepravia, 73

Div. IV. Athalamf. Lichens which have no apothecia, or \

whose fructification we are not acquainted with, \

34. LEPRARIA. \

Universal receptacle a pulverulent spreading adnate uniform
crust, rarely mixed with fibres, or filmy at the base. Fartial
receptacle none ?

1. L. chlorina, crust thick pulvinate bright sulphur-colour com-
posed of a dust-like substance collected into somewhat hairy
globules, ^ch. Syn. Lich. p. 330. E. B. t. 2038.

Hab. Scotland, Mr. Dickson, in E. B. On rocks behind the inn at
Aviemore, in Strathspey, Mr. Borrer and Hook.

2. lj,flava, crust s})reading equal tiiin somewhat cracked bright
yellow composed of subglobose granules. Ach. Syn. Lich,
p. 330. E. B. t. 1350. Byssus candelaris, Light/, p. 1005.

Hab, Old pales, the bark of trees and wood of houses, common,

3. L. Jolilhus, crust spreading equal thin red composed of sub-
globose minute granules. E. B. t.247\. Turn, & Borr,
Lich. Brit. ined. p. 19. Byssus J olithus, Linn,

Hab. Rocks in damp shady situations at Luss, Mr. Turner and Hook.

This diffuses at all times, even when dry, a faint violet-like smell,
which, together with its red colour, suffices to distinguish it. It is
this which tinges the stones at Holywell, in Flintshire, and there
is a superstitious notion that they are sprinkled with the blood of /
St. Winifred. /

4. L. ceruginosa, light verdigrise green, crust minutely fibrous
branched covered with numerous minute clustered granules.
E, B.t.2\^2, Byssus ceruginosa ^ Huds, Angl. {according
to Sm,) Conferva pulveria, Dillw, Conf p, 78 of t lie Synop-
sis, t,T>, Suppl,

Hab. Pillars of Rosslyn Chapel, Sir Jas. E. Smith.

5. L, latebrarum, grey, crust fibrous forming dense cushions,
granules in small round clusters. Ach. Syn, Lich. p, 331^
E.B.f.2U7.

Hab, Rock at the Hermitage at Blackford, as well as on several rocks /

, in Rivelston Wood, Smith.

Appears in its structure, from the E. B. figure, exactly to resemble
the former species.

6. L. botryoides, crust thin spreading granulato- pulverulent green
somewhat gelatinous, granules collected into a somewhat beaded
form and clustered. Ach. Syn. Lich, p. 331. E, B, t. 2148.
Byssus hotryoideSy Liglitf, p, 1006.

Hab. Trunks of trees, posts, rails, &c. in shady .situations, abundant,

7. L. nigra, crust filmy greyish granulated in patches, granules
extremely minute in thin even layers quite black. Turn, Sf
Borr, Lich. Brit, ined. p.'2\, E, B, t, 2409.

Hab. On the flat tops of gateposts, frequent, Uopk.

74 ACOTYLEDONS. ALGJK., NostOC,

Order III. AhGM\

Vegelahles for the most part aquatics, destitute of roots, or fur-
nished only with a fibrous or scutate base for the purpose of
attachment merely; v/hose fronds are either gelatinous, fila-
mentose, membranous, or coriaceous, having, for fructifica-
tion, seeds or sporules, either imbedded in tubercles or pro-
cesses arising from the frond, or immersed and more or less
scattered in the substance of the frond itself.

Many species of this singular, and, generally speaking, beautiful
order of plants, frequently float in the water without any point
of attachment to extraneous substances. They are mostly
subpellucid, and the cellules are often elongated and united so
as to form fibres interrupted by transverse dissepiments. Their
colour is various, often green, brown, red, &c. After having
been kept dry for a great length of time, they will revive by
immersion in water, but that portion of the plant only imbibes
the fluid which is immersed in it.

Div. I. Tremellin^. Frond gelatinous of a determined figure,
containing witkin conferva-like or headed filaments, — Root
none. Frond either glolose or palmate, or filiform, consist-
ing of a gelatinous, pellucid substance, in which are imbedded
clustered, conferva-like, jointed, branched, or simple fila-
ments, Fructif either interior, included in the joints of the
filaments, or rarely exterior in capsules. Colour generally
green, sometimes broivn or purplish.

1. NOSTOC.
Filaments moniliform, composed of united globules. FrowJ oli-
vaceous, between gelatinous and coriaceous, bullate, hollow,
at length spreading, filled with moniliform, simple, curved,
and crisped filaments. According to Vaucher, these plants
propagate by the globules of which the filaments are composed,
which, by degrees, separate and grow into new individuals.

1. N. commune, upon the ground, frond lobed and plicate bul-
late gelatinous olive green. Ag. p. 133. Tremella Nostoc,
Lightfp, S98, E,B,t,46\.

Hab, Gravelly walks and pastures after rain, frequent. Light/., Hopk.

2. N. verrucosum, frond bladdery subcoriaceous hollow plicate
and smooth. Ag.p, 132. Tremella verrucosa, Lightf, p, 899.

• In this order I follow and adopt the ordinal and generic characters, with
few exceptions, of Agardh, in his Synopsis Alganim Scandinavia, Lund,
1817.

ACOTYLEDONS, — AhGJE, Chcetophora, 75

Hab. Rocks in the Highland rivulets, near the foot of the mountains,
frequent, Lightf.

Frond oval, an inch or more in diameter, olive green, gelatinoso-co-
riaceous, plicato-lobate, smooth, at length spreading into an ulva-
like membrane, A — 5 inches in diameter. Filaments flexuose, com-
pact and intricate, nearly equal at first, at length moniliform. Ag.

2. ALCYONIDIUM. Lamour.

Capsules graniferoiis, imbedded in a fleshy or gelatinous sub-
stance. FrowG^ subcylindrical, lobed; substance between spongy
and gelatinous.

1 . A. diaphanum, subgelatinous pale yellowish pellucid somewhat
cylindrical with numerous branches and lobes of various sizes.
Ag, p. 131. Ulva diaphana, E.B, t.263. Alcyonuim ge-
IcUinosian, Finn,

Hab. Cast on shore in the Orkney islands, Mr. P. Ne'Ul.

Has very much the appearance of animal substance.

3. RIVULARIA.

Filaments arising from a common base, continuous, anuulated
within, of an olive or dark green colour, globular.— Fi/a?/iew/5
(resembling those of Oscillaioria) simple, continuous, annu-
lated within,'having a globule at one extremity, at the other
terminating in a long diaphanous point. Their mode of in-
crease is hitherto unknown.

1. R. ? tuheriformis, frond irregularly globose inflated folded oli-
vaceous brown smooth^ globules of the filaments in the external
surface of the frond. E, B. t, 1956. Tremella difformis,
Lightf . p, 900.

Hab. On ConfervcE and other marine substances, and on the rocks at
low water, Lightf. Abundant at Ulva, Staffa, and lona, in such
situations.

An inch or more in diameter, coriaceo-gelatinous, hollow. The fila-
ments tapering from the globular extremity, which is in the surface,
internally, to long attenuated points.

2. R. atra, fronds hemisphaerical solitary hard shining blackish
green, filaments densely crowded fasciculated at the base pel-
lucid green. Ag. p. 130. E. B. t, 1798. Tremella hcmi-
sphcerica, Linn,, Lightf, p, 900.

Hab. Marine rocks, not uncommon.
Minute, appearing black.

4. CHiETOPHORA.

Filaments arising from a common base, jointed. Gemmae scat-
tered among the mass of the frond. — Frond very gelatinous,
palmate, globose, or filiform. Filaments (like those of a Cofi-
ferva) branched, jointed, gradually tapering, produced beyond
the surface of the /ro/zcZ, into long, diaphanous points. Gcvt^

7Q ACOTYLEDONS. — ALGJE, Chcetop/wra,

mce scattered within the frond, hard, thicker than the fila-
ments, and producing new individuals. Colour Hght green,
brown, or purplish.

* Filiform. Filaments from the axis of the frond.

I.e.? vermiculata, "cylindrical much branched brown, branches
scattered subdivided crooked, internal filaments compound and
divaricated their ultimate branches clustered beaded thicken-
ed upwards, fruit (gemmae ?) sessile at the base of the beaded
branches." JB. ^. ^. 1818 {Rivularia vermiculata).

Hab. On rocks in the sea j Berriedale in Caithness, and at Losie-
mouth, on the coast of Morayshire, Mr. Borrer and Hook.

2. C. multjfida, frond rounded filiform solid repeatedly dichoto-
mous, the branches elongated divaricated, filaments within the
substance dichotomous very much branched, branchlets fas-
tigiate straight torulose blackish purple. Rivularia multifida.
Roth, Cat, Bot. t. 3. p. 335. Ulva rulra, E. B, t. 1627 ?
C/icBtophora rubra, j4g. p. 127.

Hab. Coast of Moray, on rocks in the sea, Mr. Borrer and ffooJt.
Colour purple. Can this be the younger state of R. vermiculata? If
so^ the present name should be retained.

** Filaments arising from the base of the fronds.

3. C. endivicefolia, frond compressed much branched, branches
lobed obtuse, filaments parallel branched at the extremity in
a fastigiated manner. Ag* p. 129. ULva incrassata, E, B,
t. 967.

Hab. In pools of fresh water near Brodie-house, by Forres, Hook.
One inch long, very soft and gelatinous, pale green,, attached to
sticks, mosses, &c., in the water.

4. C. tuberculosa, frond globose hollow, granules numerous scat-
tered through the mass and emitting filaments, j^g, p, 129.
Rivularia tuberculosa, E. B. t, 2366.

Hab. Ditches and lochs (fresh water), occasionally. In a ditch lead-
ing into Frankfield Loch ; and in a well near Clyde Iron-works,
Glasgow, Hopk. Rivulet near Edinb., Mr. Greville.

From a quarter to half an inch in diameter, palish green, wrinkled,
but very soft. Filaments much branched, diaphanous at the points.

Div. II. CoNFERVoiDEiE. Fruit, eithernaked granules included
in the frond, or capsules. Frond tubular, internally or ex-
ternally jointed. Substance membranous. Root generally
none. Fronds either affixed by their base, or floating, free,
tubular, filiform or capillary, jointed ; joints sometimes annu -
liform, sometimes external, sometimes internal {as in Oscilla-
toria and Scytonema), simple or branched. The articulations
various in length, full of a coloured mailer y generally eilhcr

ACOTYLEDONS.— ALG^. Batrachospermtim, 77

purple or green. They propagate by various means, either by
granules, which fall out on the bursting of the filaments^ or,
after the union oftwoflaments by the granules of two arti-
culations collecting into one', or, by an articulation giving
origin to a neiv individual, and, as it were, viviparous ; or^
hy seeds included in a capsule or immersed in gelatine,

5. DRAPARNALDIA.

P/owc? gelatinous. Primary filaments jomted, with penicellate
branchlets. Granules internal. — Fronds very gelatinous, and
formed of conferva-like ^/G??2ew^5 of two kinds, of which one
is penicelliform, and, as it were, parasitic on the other more
simple one. The primary filaments are equal, jointed ; the
articulations pellucid, marked with a green transverse zone.
Secondary filaments in pencil-shaped fascicles, with short ar-
ticulations scarcely distinct, terminated by a long, acuminated,
pellucid point. Fruit ; none external, but the species are pro-
pagated by granules included in the articulations. They have
a most elegant appearance on paper, resembling a beautiful
drawing, and adhere firmly by their own tenacity.

1. D. glomerata, pencils of branchlets ovate obtuse patent, jig.
p, VM, Batrachospermum glomeratum, Vauch, Conf. i. 12.
Jr. 1. Conferva mutabilis, E. B, t. 1746.

Hab. Margins of lakes, clear ditches,, and streamlets, attached to

stones and aquatic plants.
Very gelatinous -, in tufts of 2 or 3 inches in length. Primary branches

pellucid, rather thick ; secondary ones small, much pencilled, with

the branchlets spreading, in which respect it differs principally from

the following,

2. D. plumosa, pencils of the branchlets lanceolate acute erect.
^g.p. 124. Batrachospermum plumosum, Fauclu Coif, /. 1 1.

f 2. Conjerva mutabilis, Dillw, Conf. t.\2,
Hab. The same situations as the last.

6. BATRACHOSPERMUM.

Frow J gelatinous. Prmary ^/«7wew/5 jointed, branchlets ver-
ticillate. Gemmce external. Fronds very gelatinous, branch-
ed, often moniliform, composed oi filaments of two kinds. The
primary ones resembling the more simple Confervce, jointed,
equal ; and filaments or branchlets arising from their joints,
^vhorled, divided, moniliform. Fruit; gemmce P or seeds,
external among the branchlets.

1. B. moniliforme, frond alternately branched moniliform,
branches attenuated. Ag. p. 122. Batrachospermum moni-
liforme, Fauch. Conf. t. I./. 5. t, 11./. 1 and 3. E,B.
t, 689. Dillw. Conf. t. 32.

Hab. Clear running streams, not uncommon.

78 ACOTYLEDONSi — ALGiE, f}smllatoria.

Very lubricous, but varying excessively in the size and colour of the
whorled brancJilcts. Most frequently purple, sometimes dark or
blue green, or even blue. The Conf. nigra of Dillw. and E. B. is
now, I believe, generally acknowledged to be only a state of this

* on which the branchlets have been destroyed.

7. GLOIONEMA.

Filaments gelatinous, continuous, with very obscure joints, with-
in filled with elliptical sporangia.

1. Gl.footidum, filaments compressed br'jnched flaccid and ge-
latinous coadunate free at their extremities, branches crowded
subdichotomous, dissepiments obsolete, articulations rather
long {Dilliu.) including a solitary elliptical granule. Dillw,
Conf. t. 104, and E. B, t. 2101 {Conferva foetida) .

Hatj. Rocks on the coast of Morayshire, Mr. Borrer and Hook.

This is a singular production, and from its smell one would suspect it
to be animal matter. I have never been able to distinguish the ar-
ticulations Mr. Dillwyn mentions, but have found the ovate or el-
liptical brown bodies in the pellucid membranous filaments to as-
sume a beaded appearance.

8. SCYTONEMA.

Filaments continuous, subcoriaceous (not gelatinous), having in-
ternally transverse annuliform parallel sporangia.

1. S. atro-virenSy tufts brownish black, filaments olivaceous
brown rigid branched, branches slender, rings dotted with gra-
nules, j^cr. p, 115. Conferva atro-virens, Dillw, t, 25.
Lichen erilis, Ligktf. p, S94. Collema pa?inosiim, Ach,
Syn, Lick. p. 329./

Hab. Naked rocks in the Highlands, especially such as are moistened
by the spray of cataracts, Lightf.

Forming dense blackish tufts, with shortish capillary branched fila-
ments. It seems doubtful whether this should be arranged with
the Lichens or Conferva;. External swellings (tubercles or apothe-
ciar) have been observed upon them; but whether actual fructifi-
cation or not, future observations must determine. Agardh in
eludes in the present genus, besides the plant in question. Con-
ferva comoides, radicans, Myochrous and oceUata of Dillw.,
which certainly have a habit in common.

9. OSCILLATOR! A.

Filaynents continuous, membranaceous, gelatinous, filled inter-
nally with transverse parallel annuliform sporangia. — The
Oscillatorice are divided into two kinds by Agardh. The Os-
cill. vercp are those which are collected into a gelatinous stra-
tum, shining and blackish green above, after being dried par-
taking of a beautiful aeruginose tint. Their ^/am^w/j have
been thought to have a voluntary movement ; they elongate
and increase rapidly, are always simple, though Agardh has

ACOTYLEDONS. — ALGiE. Zyguema. 79

occasionally seen them laterally united. The species of the
second division have more the appearance of true ConfervcBy
they are scarcely gelatinous; but they have no true joints, and
their internal structure resembles the true Oscillatorice.
* Simple decumbent, surrounded by a Mucus (Oscillatoriae verae) .

1 . O. nigra, filaments brownish green rigid straight collected
into a gelatinous mass throwing out on all sides of its circum-
ference numerous long rays. ^g. p, 103. Covferva fonti-
nalis, Lig/iif,p.977. Dillw.tAU, E.B.t, 2054} Con-
ferva confragosa, Light/, /;. 976 ?

Hab. Under water by the sides of limpid springs or fountains, and on
the banks of rivers. Light/. Frequent in wells, Hopk.

Vaucher and Agardh describe several species of this family, besides
the following, most or all of which will probably prove natives of
Scotland .

2. O. limosa, filaments blueish green rigid straight collected into
a gelatinous mass and throwing out on all sides of its circum-
ference numerous rather short rays. Conferva limosa, Dillw,
t. 20. E. B. t. 2053. Oscillatoria tenuis, Ag. p. 105.

Hab, Rivulets and ditches, frequent, Hopk.

** Simple, decumbent, not surrounded by a Mucus (Confervoidese).

S. O. muralis, filaments green somewhat rigid curved flexuose
thickishinterwovenintoa green stratum J ringslax. ^g.p* 108.
Conferva muralis, E, B, t, 1554. Dillw. t. 7.

Hab. On damp walls, stones, and shady gravel walks, very common,
Hopk. Walls of Branksome castle, Mr. Turner and Hook.
*** Erect, simple.

4. O. scopulorum, filaments green curved flexuose erect minute
acuminate forming a dense velvet-like substance. Ag. p. 111.
Conferva scopulorum, Dillw, Conf. Syn, p. 39. T. A. E. B.
t.2\7\.

Hab. Rocks by the sea-side at Cawsie, Morayshire, Mr. Borrer and
Hook.

10. CTGNEMA.
(Conjugata, Vauch.)

Filaments, containing granules which vary in their arrangement,
but take some decided figure, at length, from different filaments,
uniting by means of lateral lubes. — Filaments ^\m^\e, equal,
jointed, green, gelatinous. Articulations pellucid. Granules
disposed either in spiral lines, in stellated figures, or, rarely,
scattered. Joints as in the true Conferuce. The transverse
tubes are prolonged from the middle of the articulations of
two contiguous filaments at the same time, unite into one, are
pervious, and transmit the granules from one' articulation into
that of another filament, where they form an elliptical or sphne-
rical mass.

60 ACQTYLEDONS. — ALG,^. Conferva,

( Granules disposed in spiral lines.)

1 . Z. nitidum, articulations about as long as they are broad,
spiral lines crossing each other slender crowded^ mass of gra-
nules at length elliptical. Ag. p. 98. Conferva nitida, E. B.
t. 2337. Dillw, Co7if, t. 4. /. C. Cor/jugafa princeps,
Vauck,

Hab. In stagnant waters, occasionally, Hopk.
Filaments thicker than in the rest of the genus, forming large dark
green patches.

2. Z. qidmimm, filaments equal, spiral lines simple rather lax,
articulations longer than their diameter, mass of granules at
length elliptical. Ag. p. 100. Conferva spiralis, E. B.
t, 1656. Dillio. CoiTf, t. 3.

Hab. a frequent inhabitant of ditches and ponds, Hopk. In a burn
on the summit of Ben Nevis, Mr. Turner and Hook.

3. Z. wflatum, filaments here and there inflated, spiral lines
simple lax, mass of granules at length elliptical. Ag. p, 101.
Conferva if/fata, jE. B. t. 2376.

Hab. Ditches and bogs, frequent, Hopk.
Articulations twice or thrice as long as they are broad.

11. HYDRODICTYON.

Filaments united in a reticulated manner. Articulations vivi-
parous. Frond utriculate, composed oi filaments united in
such a manner as to form a beautiful net-work. From each
articulation (forming one side of the, mostly, pentangular
areolae) a new individual is produced, according to Vaucher,
entirely resembling the parent plant.

1. H. utriculatum, Ag. p. 97. Conferva reticulata, Linn.
E. B. t. 1687. Dillw. Corf t. 97.

Hab. Ditches and pools ?

I think, but am not sure, 1 have heard this has been found in Scotland.
It is one of the most singular of all the Alga, and resembles, when
floating upon water, a fine and beautiful tubular net.

12. CONFERVA.

Filaments jointed, uniform, bearing excessively minute seeds or
sporules internally. — The filaments are all uniform, simple or
branched, green or coloured, jointed. The articulations filled
with a mass of sporules, including frequently scattered granules.
The joints are formed by an annular constriction, where the
filaments are easily broken. There is no external fructifica-
tion; but X\\e granules frequently vegetate within the filaments,
as has been seen to be the case in Conf, rivularis, facta, &c.

* Coloured, branched, not aquatic.

\, C. Orthotrici, filaments very short olivaceous brown branched

ACOTYLEDONS. — ALGM, Conferva. 81

obtuse erect tufted, articulations about as tong as they are
broad. Ag,p. 73. Dilliv, Conf. t, 89. C. musckola, E, B*
t. 1638.
Hab. On Orthotrichum striatum, Lyellii, and pulchellum, and pro-
bably other species of the genus. Very common in Kinross-shire,
at Caldron Linn, and Castle Campbell j and in a small wood at
the foot of the Pentland hills, Mr. Arnott,

2. C. ebenea, filaments branched erect tufted rigid subcartilagi-
nous obtuse, articulations as long as thev are broad. Ag,p,li»
Dillw. Coiif. t. 100. Byssus nigra. Light/, p. 1003. E, B.
^702.

Hab. Rocks and trees. On the stump of a tree in Macbeth's wood^
at Brodie, near Forres, Hook.

3. C. aracAwoi^ea, filaments decumbent elongate membranaceous
equal a little branched loosely entangled and forming a fulvous
or brownish mass, the articulations thrice as long as thev are
broad. Ag. p. 74. Dillw, Conf. Tab. C.

Hab. On decaying wood, Arlary, by Kinross, Mf. Greville.

4. C. purpurea, filaments erect subflexuose dichotomously
branched forming rather large crimson dense tufts or patches,
articulations rather longer than they are broad. Dillw, t, 43.
Byssus purpurea, Light/, p. 1000. E, B. t, 192.

Hab. Upon the Abbot of Mackinnon's tomb, in the ruined Abbey of
I-columb-kill, Light/.

** Coloured, simple.

5. C. ericetorum, filaments simple decumbent intricate forming
a purplish stratum, articulations half as long again as they
are broad. Ag. p, 76. E, B, t, 1553.

Hab. On the ground in moist heathy places.

6. C. Pteridis, filaments simple creeping brownish orange, ar-
ticulations longitudinally plicated thrice as long as broad. Ag,
p. 76.

Hab, About the dead stems of Pteris aquilina, not uncommon about
Edinb., Mr. Arnott.

Growing in small tufts of about an inch or less in diameter. Fila-
merits membranaceous, straight, subparallel, fixed by their two ex-
tremities, and thus creeping. Articulations longitudinally plicated,
subcoUapsed, somewhat as the medulla in the inside of the quill of
a feather. Ag.

*** Greenish f simple.

7. C. dissiliens, filaments simple slender fragile straight, arti-
culations twice as short as they are broad, Ag,p, 81 . Dillw*
Conf, t. 63. E.B.t, 2464,

Hab. Ditch near Possil bog, Hopk.

8. C. bipunctata, filaments simple capillary intricate softish, ar-
ticulations twice as long as they are broad at length with two
masses of sporules. Dillw, t, 2. E, B. t, 1610.

W

82 ACOTYLEDONS.— -ALG.^2. Co^lfcH^l

Hab. Stagnant waters, frequent, Hojjk.

I have seen some states of C. ericetorum, which I have liardly known
from this. This is more or less green.

9. C. capillaris, filaments very long simple flexuose loosely en-
tangled, articulations nearly twice as long as they are broad,
when dry alternately contracted. Ag, p. 81. E, B. i» 2364
{excluding the branching plant),

Hab. Marshy ditches and stagnant waters near the sea-side, Lighff.
Rather stout, rigid.

10. C. vesicata, *' variegated with brown and green, filaments
unbranched slender, articulations half as long again as broad,
alternately pellucid and opaque here and there swelling." Sm,
Ag. p. 82. Conf, alternata, E. B. t. 2304. Dillw, Conf.
Syn. t. B.

Hab. Ditches and stagnant waters, frequent. Pond at Dalbeth,
abundant, Hopk.

11. C. tumidula, "green, filaments unbranched, articulations
thrice as long as broad, when fertile swelling and elliptical."
Sm. -E. B, t. 1670 {excluding the synonym of Fatich,).

Hab. Ditches and bogs with Zygnema iriflata, but not common, Hopk.

12. C. rivularis, filaments simple capillary very long equal,
joints pellucid, articulations granuliferous about twice as long
as they are broad. Dillw, Conf, t, 39. jE. B, t, 1654.
Light/, p. 97 5, C. rivularis, y. Ag. p. 87.

Hab. Brooks and rivers, frequent. Light/., Hopk.

Agardh considers the C. crispata, Dillw. t. 93, a var. of this.

**** Branched, green, aquatic.

13. C. fracta, filaments rigid very much branched capillary,
branches divaricated alternate, articulations A — 5 times as
long as they are broad. Ag. p. 88. Dillw, Conf, t, 14.
E. B. t. 2338. C, bullosa, Lightf, p, 977.

Hab. Stagnant waters, common. Light/., Hopk.
Con/Jlexuosa of Dillw. and E. B. is made the var. (S.proli/era of
Agardh.

14. C. glomerata, filaments very much branched capillary,
branches alternate, the ultimate ones fastigiate subsecund, ar-
ticulations cylindrical about four times as long as broad. Ag,
p. 89. Lightf. p. 993. Dillw. Conf. t, 13. E, B. t, 2192.
C, IcetS'virens, Dillw, Conf, t, 48. E, B, t, 1854. Conf,
albida, E, B, t. 2327 ?

Hab. In pools and ditches, and in the sea, most abundant.

15. C. lanosa, yellowish green, filaments slender very much
branched rather short, branches remote alternate, articulations
below about twice, the ultimate ones thrice, as long as they are
broad. Dillw, SuppL t, E. E, B, t, 2099. C. cerugi-
nosaP Lightf. p. 980.

AcOtYLEDQNS.— ^ALG^. Lemania. 83

Hab. On Fuci and Corallines at Forres^ Morayshire^ James Brodiej

o/Brodie^ Esq.
About 1 inch long, growing in rather dense, fasdiculated tufts.

16. C. rupestris, filaments fasciculated very much branched
straight twiggy obtuse, branches erect^ joints pellucid, articu-
lations cylindrical thrice as long as broad. Ag, p. 91. Dillw,
?.948. E.B. /. 1699.

Hab. Rocks on the sea-shore^ common.

Three to five inches long, blackish green^ rigid j when dry not ad-
hering to paper.

17. Ci cegagropila, filaments divaricating from a centre very
much branched rigid obtuse forming a compact globe, articu-
lations 4 — 5 times longer than broad. Ag. p. 92, E, B.
/. 1377. Dillw. Conf. /. 87.

Hab. Lakes and ditches, north of Scotland, James Brodie, of Brodie,
Esq. In ditches, bogs, and stagnant waters, occasionally. In a
ditch leading into Mugdoch-lake^ plentifully, and in the Loch,
Hopk.

t'his extraordinary production varies in diameter from half an inch to
2 — -3 inches, forming a compact green ball, which is said in E. Bot.
to be useful for wiping pens upon. The name is derived from its
resemblance to the balls that are found in the stomachs of goats.
In drying, the filaments become contracted at the joints.

Is. C. lubrka, filaments very much branched slender gelatinous,
branches and branchlets approximate subulate pellucid at the
extremities, articulations thrice as long as they are broad
marked with a dal-k green zone in the middle. Ag, p. 92.
Dillw, Cot?/. /. 57.

Hab. In a rivulet running into the water of Leith, in the middle of
the Glasgow road from Edinb., M?\ Greville.

19. C. olivacea, filaments branched erect tufted intricate abbre-
viated rather rigid olive green, branches subsimple alternate
obtuse, articulations about as long as broad. Dillw, Covf,
Sy7t.p,57, t, C.

I^ab. Marine rocks in Papa Westra, Orkney, Mr. Borrer and Hook.
About half an inch long, much entangled, flexuose.

***** Green, branched, not aquatic.

20, C. vetutina^ filaments creeping and rooting branchedj
branches flexuose subpellucid erect obtuse collected into a
beautiful green velvet-like stratum, superior articulations twice
as long as they are broad, Ag, p, 94. Dillw, Conf, t, 77.
E. B, t. 1556. Byssus velutina, Lightf, p. 1001.

Hab. Damp, clayey .banks, sides of ponds, rivers, &c., Lightf ., Hopk;

13. LEMANIA.
Pilaments torulose, bearing their fructification internally. Sporules
beaded, collected into pencil-shaped tufts, and fixed to the
inner surface of the hollowed parts of the frond. — Filaments

[f2]

84 ACOTYLEDONs. — ALG.^. Ceramium.

rigid, generally olivaceous, scarcely jointed, truly torulose or
inflated at intervals, formed of a thickish membrane, whose
texture is evidently cellular.

1. h.Jluviatilis, filaments subsimple olive-green torulose atte-
nuated, intervals between the swellings cylindrical much longer
than they are broad. Ag> p. 70. Conferva fluviatilis, Dillvu.
Conf, t. *29. E. B. t, 1763. Lightf. p. 985.

Hab. In the beds of alpine torrents, upon the rocks near Comrie,
4 m. west of Crieff, Dr, Stuart. Craig-hall, near Edinb., Mr. Yal-
den. Rare about Glasg. ; in a rivulet on the hill to the north of
Milngavie, Hopk. In the bed of the Clyde near the falls, Mr. Tur-
ner and Hook. Not uncommon about Edinb., Mr. Grcville.

Rlaments thick, tufted, elongated, from 2 to 5 inches in lengthy atte-
nuated at the base and at the extremity.

14. GRIFFITHSIA".

Seeds immersed in a gelatine, and surrounded by an involucrum.

1. Gr. coralUna, crimson much branched, articulations swelling
upwards thrice as long as broad, the fertile ones fringed at the
summit with short incurved simple filaments (involucre) en-
folding numerous clustered seeds imbedded in a mucus. Con-
ferva coralUna, E, B, t. 1815. Ughtf p, 988.

Hab. On the western coast in deep waters, sometimes dragged up in

fishing-nets, or cast upon the shore in storms, Lightf.
Turns whitish or greenish brown in drying.

2, Gr. equisetifolia, red branched cylindrical, branches clothed
with short whorled imbricated forked jointed filaments whose
articulations are four times as long as they are broad and a lit-
tle thickened upwards. Conferva equisetifolia^ Lightf. p. 984,
E. B. t, 1479.

Hab. Firth of Forth, but rare, Mr. Yalden.

In the crowded and whorled disposition of the branches it would ap-
pear, at first sight, to have considerable affinity with Cladostephus
spongiosus and verticillatus j but the structure of the articulations is
very different.

15. CERAMIUM.

Fructification : Capsules, Filaments composed of simple tubes.
* Reddish. Capsules sub'mvolucrate.

1. C. rulirum, filaments dichotomous very much branched sub-
cartilaginous, branchlets forked, articulations opaque towards
the joints which are contracted, capsules globose lateral invo-

* This truly beautiful genus is named by Agardh in honour of Mrs. Grif-
fiths of Torquay, Devonshire, to whom the marine botany of this country
is under the greatest obligations, and who has contributed so largely to the
Historia Fucorum of Mr. Turner. This lady is paying particular attention
to the fructification of the Algce ; and her discoveries will, I am confident,
throw new light upon this tribe of plants^

I

\5

ACOTYLEDONS. — AhGM. Cerammm. 85

lucrated. Ag. p, 60. Conferva rubra, E. B, t, 1166. Conf,
nodulosa, Lighlf. p. 994,

Hab. Common on rocks^ stones^ and sea-weeds, on the shores.

From 4 — 8 inches long. Involucres of from 2 — 4 setaceous, incurved,
simple branchlets. A var. of this, as it is considered by Mr. Dillwyn,
is published by that gentleman, having seeds scattered in the ulti-
mate ramuli, and the articulations with a darli spot in the centre,
pellucid near the joints.

2. C. diaplianum, filaments dichotomous very much branched
submembraiiaceous alternately marked with reddish purple
and white pellucid rings, branchlets forcipate the joints swol-
len, capsules globose lateral involucrated, Ag, p, 61. Con-
ferva diaphana, E, B, t, 1742.

Hab. Rocky shores, frequent. Light/. , Mr. Greville.
Much smaller than the last, and vastly more delicate.

3. C. c'lliatum, filaments dichotomous much branched membra-
naceous, articulations opaque at the joints which are beset
with whorled brisths, branchlets remarkably forcipate, cap-
sules globose lateral involucrated. Conferva ciliaiay Lig/itf
p. 998. E.B, ^.2428.

Hab. Upon the western coast, entangled among the branches of JFm-

cus pUcatus, Light/.
Still smaller and more delicate than the last. May not this be the

younger and C. diaphanum the intermediate state of C rubrum ?

** Reddish. Capsules naked, suhsessile, inserted upon the extremity
o/ the articulations.

4. C. roseum, filaments extremely slender repeatedly branched
membranaceous, branches and branchlets alternate very much
crowded, joints somewhat contracted, articulations about thrice
as long as broad, capsules secund. Ag, p. 62. Conferva ro-
sea, E. B. t, 966.

Hab. In the Firth of Forth, near Kirkcaldy, Mr. Greville.
A very elegant species, of a purplish rose-colour. Capsules upon the
ultimate branches.

5. C. Hookeriy filaments very much branched, the primary ones
without joints, branchlets pinnate slender flexuose scattered
pale reddish brown, pinnules alternate jointed, articulations
half as long again as broad. Dillw, t. 106 {Covferva Hookeri)^

Hab. Rocks in the sea at Cawsie, Morayshire, Mr. Borrer and Hook.
Two to four inches long, very gelatinous when fresh, and adhering
' s firmly to paper in drying.
0*C. i?o/A27, filaments erect dichotomous short very densely caes-
f^ose crimson, branches alternate, articulations thrice as long
as Voad. Conferva Rothii, Dillw, Conf. t. 73.
Hab. RVjks upon the coast of Durness, Sutherland j-and in the island
of PapJV^estra, Orkney, Mr. Borrer and Hook. Rocks by the sea-*
shore af^e mouth of the Firth of Forth, Mr, Greville.

86 ACOTYLEDONS.— ALG^, Cerammm,

Scarcely a quarter of an inch in height, spreading in rather large
patches like crimson velvet, lihe fructification is unknown, but the
habit and place of grovrth bespeak it a Ceramium,

*** Brownish or orange- coloured.

. 7. C. tomenlosum, filaments very much branched extremely slen-
der intricate collected into long almost spongy fascicles,
branches divaricating, articulations about 4 times as long as
they are broad, j^g, p, 64. Conferva iommiosa, Lightf,
p, 982. Dillw. Con/: t, 56.

Hab. Marine rocks on the v^^estern coast, frequent, generally adhering
to the larger Fuci, Light/.

Two to four inches long, brown. Agardh has observed long pods with
seeds like those of C. siliculosum.

8. C. littorale, filaments very slender very much branched col-
lected into numerous long fascicles, branches erect acuminate,
articulations as long as they are broad, jig, p. 65. Conferva
littoralis, E. B, t. 2290. Dillw. Conf. t,S\.

Hab. Rocks and Fuci, abundant.

Four, to six inches long, soft. Mr. Dillwyn hag observed sphaerical

sessile capsules m\d swelHng articulations apparently filled with^ra-

nules at the extremities of some of the branches.

9. C, siliculosum, filaments very slender free, branches alternate
subulate erect, articulations as broad as they are long, cap-
sules pod-shaped with scattered seeds. Ag, p, 65. Conferva
silicvlosa, Dillw, t, E. E, B, i, 2319.

Hab. Upon Fuci on the Moray coast, Mr. Borrer and Hook.
Much smaller, slenderer, and paler than the last ; and never collected
into fasciculated, dense brar^hes, as is the case in the two last.

10. C. cirrosum, branches pinnate, pinnules distichous nearly
opposite subhorizontal approximate straight almost pectinate,
articulations as long as they are broad. Ag. p, 67. Conferva
pennata, Dillw, Conf. t, BQ, E, B. t, 2330.

Hab. Rocks and on Fuci, coast of Moray, James Brodie, of Brodie^
Esq. South Queen'sferry and Dunbar, Mr. Borrer and Hook.
Firth of Forth, near Kirkcaldy, Mr. Greville.

One to two inches long, rigid, olive brown, fasciculate, dense. Cap-
sules ovate, sessile or pedunculate.

11 . C. scoparium, filaments very much branched rigid, branches
fasciculate erecto-patent ultimate ones subulate alternate dis-
tichous, articulations about as long as they are broad. Con-
ferva scoparia, E. B, t, 1552, Dillw. Conf. t. 52. Light f^.
p. 981.

Hab. Rocks and Fmc«, plentiful.

Two to four inches long, densely fascicled, darkish.brown, rigi*^. Cap-
sules at the extremities of the branches, according to Sm'A.

12. C. aureum, filaments flexuose collected into a Jense soft
pulvinate fine orange-coloured tuft, branches elongate patent

ACOTYLEDONS. ALG.^. Hutcfliiuiai 87

rather rigid, articulations twice as long as tiiey are broad.

y4g, p. 68. Conferva aurea,. Ditlw, t. 35. Byssus aurea,

Lighlf.p. 1002. E. J5. /.212.
II An. Rocks in the Highland mountains, frequent. Light/. Rare

about Glasg.) below a rock at Mugdoch castle, Hopk. Upon the

bark of trees, about Edinb., where it grows much smaller^ yet

bearing capsules^ Mr. Arnott.
In the Herbarium, the colour changes to dull brownish yellow. The

capsules are figured by Dillwyn, both lateral and terminal, oval.

16. HUTCHINSIA.
Fruit of two kinds : ovate reticulated capsules, and swollen
branchlets containing globular seeds. Filaments formed of a
number of parallel tubes* — Filaments more or less tufted,
purplish, gradually attenuated, very much branched in asub-
fasciculated manner and jointed, frequently swelling at the
joints; articulations composed of a number of parallel tubes,
which give them a striated, rarely a reticulated, appearance; at
the extremity of the branches, particularly when young, often
having a small, pellucid tuft of hairs. Fruit of two kinds:
ovate capsules, broader at the base, acuminated at the point,
sometimes truncated, sessile with a few pyriform seeds ; and
seeds or globular granules, longitudinally arranged and imbed-
ded in pod-shaped branchlets.

1. \\, Jastigiata, filaments dichotomous nearly equal fastigiate,
articulations shorter than broad with a dark spot in their cen-
tre. Ag.p.53, Co?ifervapolymorpha^E,BJ. 17Q4, Dillu/.
Conf.t, 44, Light): p. 9S9,

Hab, Upon the rocky shores and on the larger Fuci, abundant.

A rigid, stout plant, of a very dark brown colour, black in drying,

the branches forming a nearly level top, and the articulations with

a central spot.

2. H. elongata, filaments dichotomous very much branched,
branches elongated the ultimate ones very slender, articulations
rather shorter than they are broad reticulated with veins, the
lower joints obsolete. Ag. p. 54. Conferva elongata, E, B,
^2429. Dillw, Co?ift. 33.

Hab. Adhering to rocks, shells, and the larger Fuel. Firth of Forth,
near Kirkcaldy, Mr. Greville.

Tlie largest of our ConfervcE, though not the longest, and aptly named
in some places Lobster-horn Conferva. It is in length from 4 to 8
or 9 inches, and of a dark purplish red colour. Capsules ovate,
s^sile,by no means common ; still rarer are the minute fasciculated
pocu, figured by Dillwyn in his supplementary plate. Tab. C.

^' ^^' J<coidesy filaments very much branched diffuse, branch-
lets subyjate alternate, articulations below shorter than broad,
above 'dbi^ h-^jj- ^g i^j^g ^gain as broad, capsules ovate late-

88 ACOTYLEDONS. ALG/E. HutcMnSta,

ral or terminal. Hutchimia violacea, Ag. p. 54. Conferva
fucoides, E, B. t. 1743, and t. 1717 (C mgrescens), Dilku.
Conf. /. 75, and p. 81 (C. nigrescens).

/3. paler, small, terminated by small pencils of pellucid branchlets.
C. Jihrata, Dillw. Conf. Syn. p. 84. t. G. E. B. t. 2139.

Hab. Common on rocks^ stones, &c., in the sea. /3. Coast of Mo-
ray, Mr. Brodie, Mr. Borrer and Hook.

From 4 — 6 inches long, of a blackish brown colour, bushy. In C. ni-
grescens, the branches are fewer and straighterj I suspect, the
effect of injury. /3. is small, reddish and fibrillose at the extremity,
— probably only the young state of the plant.

4. H. urceolata, filaments very much branched bushy, branchlets
short and spreading, lower articulations much longer, upper
shorter than broad, capsules urceolate. Conferva urceolata^
Lightf Mss. {according to Mr. Turner), Dillw. Syn. p, 82,
^G. E. B,t. 2365, Conf . nigrescens P Huds.Angl.

Hab. Rocks and Fuci, at Forres, James Brodiey of Brodie, Esq.

Firth of Forth, near Kirkcaldy, Mr. Greville.
From 4 to 6 — 8 inches long, very bushy, of a fine deep pellucid red

when fresh, blackish brown when dry.

5. H. hadia, "filaments branched straight reddish black, branches
elongated, branchlets abbreviated remote subsimple^ articula-
tions half as long again as their diameter. '' Dillw. Ag.p»5i)}
Conferva badia, Dillw. Conf. Syn. p. 85. /. G.

Hab. Shores of the Firth of Forth, near Kirkcaldy, Mr. Greville.

Mr. Dillwyn says " this is intermediate between t\\^ fucoides and urceO'
lata, from both of which it may be distinguished by its articulations,
which are nearly of the same length throughout." If that be the case,
it cannot be the H. hadia of Agardh (who indeed quotes Dillwyn,
the original authority for the name, doubtfully) j for he expressly
says, that the lower articulations are twice as short as they are broad,
and that the upper ones are thrice as long; and he compares his
plant with H. stricta, from which he tells us it difi'ers in colour.

6. H. stricta, filaments branched nearly equal slender fastigiate
purplish red, branches dichotomous nearly erect, articulations
about thrice as long as they are broad. Ag.p. 56. Conferva
stricta, Dillw. Conf Syn. p. 83.

Hab. Rocks, &c., in the Firth of Forth, near Kirkcaldy, Mr. Gremlle,
About 4 — 5 inches long, remarkjible for its slender straight twiggy
branches, long joints, and fine colour.

7. H. Brodicei, filaments very much branched purplish black,
branches elongate, branchlets scattered patent fasciculated
jnultifid, articulations of the main branches obsolete, th^-se of
the branchlets about half as long again as broad. C-'^f^^'id
Brodicei, Dillw. Conf. t. 107. E. B, /.2589.

}1ab. Rocks in the sea near Forres, first discovered '^ Britain by
James Brodie, of Brodie, Esq.

ACOTYLEDONS. — ALG^E. Cladostephiis . 89

This is said to reach to the length of a foot or a foot and a half. The
branches are however very slender, and the ultimate ones collected
into numerous broad fascicles, which give the whole plant a singular
appearance. Fruit either capsular , or seeds longitudinally arranged
in the ultimate branchlets.

S. H. arbtiscula, primary filaments incrassated with the joints
obsolete, above very much branched reddish purple, branch-
lets crowded subverticillate abbreviated multifid patent, with
the articulations about as long as they are broad. Dilltv,
Covf. t. 85, and t, G. ^. 5. M916. '

Hab, Shores of Orkney and Caithness, Mr. Borrer and Hook. Firth
of Forth, Mr. Arnott and Mr. Greville.

This beautiful species is about 2 or 4 inches long, very delicate, deepish
rose-colour. Two kinds of fruit have been found upon it, sessile
capsules and swollen extremities of the branches with a double row
of seeds.

9. H. coccinea, scarlet, filaments subcartilaginous very much
branched hairy below, branches alternately doubly pinnate,
the ultimate ones tufted, joints rather obscure about as long as
they are broad. Conferva cocci?iea, E, B. t, 1055, Dillu/,
Conf. t. 36. Conf. ptumosa, Light/, p. 996.

Hab. It appears to be rare in Scotland. Lightfoot says that fragments
of it were found on the western coast. Mr. Greville has gathered it
in the Firth of Forth, near Kirkcaldy. Most allied to the last species,

17. CLADOSTEPHUS.

Filaments jointed, the primary ones solid. Branches of a differ-
ent structure from the main stem, mostly whorled at the joints.
Fruit capsular.

I, C. verticillatuSy filaments dichotomous branched cartilaginous
thick olive brown, branchlets verticillate incurved very short
generally forked, articulations shorter than broad. Conferva
verticillatay Lightf\ p, 984, Dillw, Conf. t. 55. E, B,
M718.

Hab. Among the sea rocks in basins of water left by the tides, in the
Firth of Forth, and many other places, not unfrequent. Light/.

Four or six inches long. Fruit, according to Smith, oblong pedun--
culated capsules proceeding from the ramuli.

2» C. spongiosus, " filaments branched cartilaginous thick oliva-
ceous, branchlets simple very short scattered and imbricated
on all sides, articulations about half as long again as broad."
Dillw, Conferva spongiosa, Dillw, Con/ t,42. E.B, t.2427.
Light/ p. 983.

Hab. Among the sea yoeks in the Firth of Fqrth, and many other
places. Light/.

About 3 inches long, irregidarlv branched, Capsules like those qf
C. Vdrtivillatus,

90 ACOTYLEDONS. AhGJE. U/v(t,

Div. III. Ulvoide.e. Fruit : eithernaked seeds immersed ill
the frond or capsules. Frond continuous; its structure cel-
lular subregular. Substance suhmemhranaceous, thin. Co-
lo2ir frequently greenish. Frond plane or tubular ^ containing
immersed seeds, or capsules of the same substance and colour
as the frond i or minute blackish tubercles scattered upon the
frond.

18. ZONARIA.

Capsules approximated and arranged in linear parallel lines. —
Root and stipes downy. Frond membranaceous or siibcoria-
ceous, flabelliform or dichotomous, composed of straight par-
allel fibres from the base to the summit, often interrupted by
darkish transverse lines.

•* Lines of fructification concentrical (Frond flabelliform).

1. Z. pavonia, frond subcoriaceous flabelliform subdichotomous
greenish brown above with numerous concentric lines of fruc-
tification, white and somewhat powdery beneath. Ulvapavo-
nia, Lightf. p. 966. E. B. t. 1276.

Hab. Sea-rocks near Aberdeen, discovered by D. Cargitl, above 140
years ago, according to Lightf

** Lines of fructification interrupted (Frond generally narrow and
dichotomous).

2. Z. dichotoma, frond membranaceous olive-green dichoto-
mously divided linear obtuse, fructification in longitudinal in-
terrupted dots. Ulva dichotoma, Lightf p. 975. /.34. E. B,
i. 774. Hoffk. in Fl. Lond, with a figure.

Hab. In basins of water among the rocks, about Leith, New-Haven^

&c., Lightf
Frond 3 — 6 inches lor g, thin and membranous.

19. ULVA.

Seeds placed in clusters frequently of four, and scattered through-
out every part of the frond. — Frond membranous or gelati-
nous, plane, plicated, or tubular. Mostly marine ; some few
are inhabitants of fresh water, rarely growing out of water.
* Fronds plane.

1. U. Lactuca, fronds aggregate oblong plane waved green at-
tenuated below spreading upwards and cut and crisped at the
margin, ^g. p. 40. Lightf. p. 970. E. B. t. \55\.

Hab. In the sea, frequent, growing upon stones, shells, &c., Lightf

Substance very thin, semipellucid, varying much in size, and I suspect
the Ulva latissima of Agardh to be only a var. Fronds clustered.
Agardh says they are at first saccate, but soon open at the base,
and vSpread out. Tliis is the *^ green Laver,"' or " oyster-green,"
known at table, where it is served occasionally stewed with lemon-

I

ACOTYLEDONS. AhGJE. Ulva, 91

juice, in the same way as U. iimUliQalis. It is esteemed good, as
indeed almost all esculent vegetables are, for scrophulous habits,
Lightfoot says that the islanders ascribe to it an anodyne virtue,
and bind it about the front and temples to assuage head-ache iu
fevers and to procure sleep.

2. U. bullosa, frond dilated tubular then spreading plane green
variously sinuated and folded subgelatinous lubricous, jig.p, 4 1 ,
E, B. L 2o20. Ulva Laciuca /3., Ligfitf, p. 971.

Hab. Fresh water ditches and pools. Light/.

Smaller, subgelatinous, lubricous, firmly adhering to paper, and ex-
cessively tender, otherwise much resembling U. Lactuca. May not
the differences arise from the different places of growth ?

3. U. umhilicalis, fronds broadly oblong membranaceous pur-
plish spreading nearly plane waved and crisped. Lighlf,
p. 967. £. B. t. 2286. Ulva laciniata P Lighlf. p. 974.
Ulva purpurea, Ag, p. 42.

JIab. Rocks on the shore, frequent, Lighff. Mouth of the Clyde, not
common, Hopk.

This, under the name of Laver, is much eaten in many parts of Eng- ^
land, pickled with salt and preserved in jars, and when brought to
table served up with lemon juice. According to Lightfoot, the in-
habitants of the western isles gather it in the month of March, and,
after pounding and stewing it with a little water, eat it with pep-
per, vinegar, and butter. Others stew it with leeks and onions.

4. U. Linza, frond linear-lanceolate green with the margin
waved and crisped. Ag, p, 44. Lighlf. p, 968. Dill, Mtisc,
t. 9. /. 6.

Hab. Ditches, especially of salt and brackish water.
Six inches to a foot long.

5. U. crispa, fronds bullate plicate and crisped wrinkled green
collected into a broad mass or stratum. Light/', p. 972.
Ag. p. 43. Dill. Muse. i. 10. /. 12.

Hab, Upon the ground in shady places, below walls and houses and
upon thatched roofs, not uncommon.

6. U. rnontana, " frond coriaceous dark red of numerous ascend-
ing rounded flattish finely granulated lobes." Sm, Liglitf,
p,973, E.B, t.2\m.

Hab. Among grass and moss upon the mountains, in the Isle of Skye
and on the western coast. Light/.

^Fh is is called mountain dulse by the Scotch 5 and the Highlanders,
according to Lightfoot, wash it, and rub it between their hands in
water, so as to make a paste, with which they purge their calves.
** Fronds tubular.

7. U. inlestlnalis, frond linear-oblong very much sinuated and
wrinkled tubular green simple. Linhtf, p. 968. As. p, 4b,
Dill.Musc.L9.f.7.

Hab. Ditches, especially of salt or brackish water.

8. U. compressay frond tubular linear or filiform sim])Ic or

92 ACOTYLEDONS. — ALGiE. VaucJicria,

branched subcomwressed. Light/, p. 969. E, B, t, 1739.

DHL Muse, t. 9. /. 8. A—G.
Hab. In the sea and in marine ditches 5 sometimes in fresh-water.
Extrem.ely variable in its length and breadth ; occasionally so narrow

as to resemble a very long Conferva. May not this and the last

species be mere vars. of each other ?

9. \} . Jistulosa, frond tubular filiform tapering at the base and
summit simple brown suhgelatinous and here and there con-
tracted. E. B. t, 642. Conferva Fishda, Roth. Cat, Bat. v.S,
p, 169. U. incrassata, Fl. Dan, Fucus Filum, /3. Ag. p. 14.

Hab. Firth of Forth^ near Dysart, attached to rocks and shells, Mr.

Greville.
Four to 6 or 8 inches high, sometimes divided at the very base.

10. U. ? defr acta, frond filiform tortuose gelatinous white pellu-
cid with numerous red dots. E. B. t. 1626.

Hab. Attached to Fuci, &c., on the shores of the Orkney islands, Mr.
Borrer and Hook.

Tliis has rather the appearance of animal matter, and is very unlike
any other Ulva. It is from 1 — 2 inches long, and about 1 or li
line in diameter, adhering by its viscid quality to marine bodies.

11. U.? purpurascens, suhgelatinous purplish filiform attenuated
branched, branches scattered long simple distant. E, B,
t.6i\, Ulva filiformis, Wahl, Lapp. p. 508.

Hab. In the sea near Granton, Maugh.
Internally gelatinous, and scarcely of this genus.

20. VAUCHERIA. Decand. (Ectosperma Vauch.)

Fruit : vesicles of the same texture and substance as the fila-
ments, which have within a scattered granulated mass. — -
Fronds filiform, tubular, branched, continuous, rather rigid,
intricate, so as to be with difficulty unravelled, composed of a
subdiaphanous membrane or coat. Vesicles generally lateral,
sometimes terminal, often pedunculated, about twice as broad
as the filament, solitary or clustered : these fall off, and, ac-
cording to Vaucher, vegetate. Between these vesicles are, not
unfrequent, in some species, sterile, hooked peduncles, which
some have called anthers. — The species live in fresh water or
upon moist earth.

* Growing in water,

1. V. ccespitosa, filaments dichotorrous caespitose, vesicles two
terminal with an intermediate horn-like process. Ag. p. 48.
Conferva canalicularis, Light/, p. 978.

Hab. Found frequently upon the planks in mill-dams, and in the ca-
vities of water-pipes, Lighff.

Forming a densely interwoven tuft or mass, deep green, from 1 — 2
inches high.

2. V. oimithocephalaj filaments loosely branched, vesicles gene-

ACOTYLEDONS. ALG^. FUCUS, 93

tally in pairs ovate obliquely but shortly beaked upon a short
straight peduncle. Ag. p. 49. Conferva vesicata, Dillw,
Conf. t, 49. Conf, amphibia^ Light/, p. 979. Dillw, ^ 41.

Hab. Ditches, Liglitf.

Several aquatic species of this genus were included, by Linnaeus and
the older botanists^ under the name of C. amphibia,

** Growing on the earth,

3. V. Dillwynii, filaments flexuose, vesicles sessile lateral glo-
bose. Ag,p.50. Conf ervafrigida, Dillw, tA6.

Hab. Upon the ground in damp situations.

It seems very doubtful if the number and form even of the vesicles is
to be depended upon as constituting specific distinctions. This is
probably but a var. growing upon land of V. ccespitosa. Filaments
1 or 2 inches long, branched, intricate, forming a green stratum on
the earth.

4. V. ? radicata^ ^^ filaments rooting, vesicles solitary terminal
globose.'' Ag. p, 52. JJlva granulata, Lightf. p. 976. Tre-
mella granulata, E. B. t, 324.

Hab. On the perpendicular banks of rivers and lochs, in shady places,
not unfrequent, Lightf.

This seems of doubtful genus, and I confess myself never to have seen
the filaments, described by Agardh, the existence of which has in-
duced that author to place the plant among the Vaucherice. Agardh
says the filaments are clustered, very short, rooting below the soil,
and branched, green above, colourless at the base. The vesicles are
green, nearly as large as hemp-seed, and not elevated at all above
the soil, full of a watery fluid within. The membranous coat has
internally a number of small granules imbedded in it, which Agardh
does not appear to have seen. In dry weather the upper part of
the vesicles collapses, sinks in, and the vesicle becomes cup-shaped.

Div. IV. FucoiDE^. Fruit : either naked seeds immersed in
the frond, or capsules included in proper receptacles. Frond
continuous. Texture fibrous, fibres longitudinal, intricate.
Substance coriaceous or cartilaginous. Colour olive-brown,
becoming black by exposzire to the air,

21. FUCUS.

Receptacles tuberculated, tubercles perforated^ containing within
clustered capstdes, mixed with jointed ^^rei.

1. F. natans, stem compressed filiform pinnated, branches al-
ternate simple, leaves linear-lanceolate serrated, vesicles sphae-
rical on flat petioli, receptacles cylindrical racemose. Turn,
Hist, Fuc, t,46, E.B. t.2\U,

Hab. Cast on shore occasionally among the Orkney islands, but
wafted probably from the W. Indies, Mr. F. Neill.

In some more southern seas this species floats in such immense quan-
tities as to impede the progress of ships.

M ACOTYLEDONS. ALG.«. PuCtlSi

2. F. hacc'iferus, stem cylindrical filiform bipinnatCj braticlies al-
ternate mostly simple^ leaves linear serrated^ vesicles sphierical
on cylindrical petioli. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t.47. E. B. t. 1967.

Hab. Occasionally wafted to the Scottish shores, probably from the
American seas. Mr. P. Neill has seen a specimen from Orkney.

3. F. granulatus, stem covered with elliptical knobs, branches
filiform repeatedly pinnated, spines numerous scattered, vesi-
cles elliptical innate moniliform, tubercles either scattered ovef
the branches or collected into a lineari-subulate terminal re-
ceptacle. Turrii Hist. Fuc. /. 251.

jS. concatenatus, vesicles elliptical distinct all arranged in a mo-
niliform manner, tubercles collected into linear-acuminated re-
ceptacles. Turn, F. concatenatus, Light/, p. 923.

Hab. /3. Coast about Leith and Newhaven : a fragment Was commu-^
nicated to Mr. Lightfoot by Mr. Yalden.

Colour olive brown ; 6 inches to 1 foot or more long.

4» F, Mackaii, frond coriaceous filiform, rounded dicHotomotis
the extremities obtuse, vesicles scattered innate with the frond
elliptical solitary broader than the frond* Tur?i^ Hist. FUd
t.52. E.B.t. 1927.

Hab, Gathered many years ago in Loch Seaforth by the late Lord
Seaforth, in whose collection at Brahan-castle I saw it in 1808;
Loch Coul and Kyle Scough, Sutherlandi abundant^ Mr. Borrer
and Hook. Shores of Arasaig, Mr. Borrer.

Five to 9 or 1 0 inches high. Fructification unknown.

5. F. siliquosus, stem coriaceous compressed linear branched pin-
nated like the branches with distichous alternate compressed
petiolated jointed linear-lanceolate vesicles, leaves placed near
the base distichous alternate flat linear entire, receptacles
placed near the apices distichous alternate compressed linear-
lanceolate pedunculated. Turn, Hist, Fud t. 159. Light/i
p. 922.

/3. smaller,

Hab. Rocky shores^ but not very frequent. Light/. Rare about the

Firth of Forth. (B. Sea-shore at Caroline Park, Maugh.
One to one foot and a half long ; about 6 inches in /3.> which has

more abundant receptacles and fewejf vesicles.

6. F. nodosus, frond coriaceous compressed veinless subdichoto-
mous branched in a pinnated manner, vesicles innate inflated^
receptacles distichous large pedunculated roundish pyriform
mostly solitary. Tur7i, Hist, Fuc, /. 91. E, B. t,570, LightJ\
p.918.

Hab. On rocky shores, common.

From 2 to 4 or 6 feet long. This is said by Mr. Turner to be pre-
ferred in the Hebrides to all other Fuci in the manufacturing of
kelp, and passes there under the name of Kelp-wrack.

7. F. vesiculosus, frond coriaceous flat with a central rib linear-
dichotomous quite entire, vesicles sphaerical innate in the mem-

ACOTYLEDONS. ALGi^. FuOltS, 05

brane of the frond, receptacles solitary terminal compressed
turgid mostly elliptical. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 88. £. B, ^.1066.
Light/, p. 904, and p. 910 (F, inflatus), and p. 909 {F, di^
varicatus),

/3. spiralis, frond twisted in a spiral manner, vesicles none, re*
ceptacles roundish. Turn. F. spiralis, Light/, p. 911. E. B^
t. 1685.

ij. linearis, frond narrow dwarfish, vesicles none, receptacles long
between linear and lanceolate. Turn. F. disticfius. Light/
p.9\2.

Hab. Rocky shores^ abundant. /3. Shore near Leith and Newhaven,
Mr. Yalden. yj. Loch Stennis, in Orkney, Dr. Hope.

This species is by far the most abundantly employed in the manufac-
turing of kelp, if it be not the best. But this, important as it is in
a commercial point of view, is not the only end it serves. In the
Isles of Jura and Skye it is frequently a winter food for cattle,
which regularly come down to the shores at the recess of the tide
to seek for it j and sometimes even the deer have been known to
descend from the mountains to the sea-side to feed upon this plant.
Linnaeus informs us that the inhabitants of Gothland, in Sweden,
boil this Fucus with water, and, mixing with it a little coarse meal
or flour, feed their hogs with it 3 for which reason they call the plant
Swintang : and in Scania^ he says, the poor people cover their cot-
tages with it, and use it for fuel. — In Jura and some other He-
brides, the inhabitants dry their cheeses without salt, by covering
them with the ashes of this plant ; which abounds so much in salt,
that from five ounces of the ashes may be procured two ounces and
a half of fixed alkaline salts, or half their weight. ITie medicinal
i^irtues of this Fucus have been much celebrated by Dr. Russel,. in
his Dissertation concerning the Uses of Sea-water in Diseases of the
Glands. He found the saponaceous mucus or liquor in the vesicles
of this plant to be an excellent resolvent, extremely serviceable in
dispersing all scorbutic or scrophulous swellings of the glands ; and
by calcining the plant in the open air, he made a very black salt
powder, which he called vegetable ^thiops, a medicine that has
been much in use as a resolvent and deobstruent, and recommend-
ed also as an excellent dentifrice, to correct the scorbutic laxity of
the gums, and take off the foulness of the mouth, Lightf.

8. F. serratus, frond coriaceous flat with a central rib linear di-
chotomous serrated at the margins, receptacles solitary termi-
nal flat linear serrated sharpish. Turn, Hist. Fuc, t,90.
Light/ p. 902. E, B.t. \22\.

Hab. Rocks on the shores, most abundant.

The serrated fronds and absence of vesicles will always distinguish
this species. It contains far less salt than the last species, and
is consequently much less esteemed for kelp. In Norway it is the
food of cattle, sprinkled with a little meal, according to Gunner.
The Dutch cover their crabs and lobsters wuth it, and say that it is
preferable to F. vesiculosus, because the mucus from the vesicles of
the latter ferments and soon becomes putrid.

S6 ACOTYLEDONS. ALGM, SporocJmilS.

9. F. ceranoides, frond between coriaceous and membranaceous
with a central rib linear subdichotomous pinnated with nar-
row lateral scattered multifid fruit-bearing branches, recepta-
cles solitary terminal subcylindrical linear acuminated. Turn.
Hist. Fiw.'t. 89 {not Light/.).

Hab. Rocks by the shore near the castle of Aros in Mull, Mr. Turner

and Hook.
About 1 foot long.

10. F. canaliculatus, frond poriaceous linear nerveless channelled
on one side dichotomous emarginate at the apices, receptacles
terminal oblongo-cuneiform turgid bipartite obtuse, lurn*
Hist. Fuc. t. 3. Liglitf. p. 917. E. B. t. 823.

Hab. Rocky shores. Isle of Bute, &c.. Light/. Common in the Firth

of Forth, Mr. Greville.
lliree to 6 or 7 inches long. Well marked by its grooved fro?ids.

11. F. loreus, frond between cartilaginous and coriaceous com-
pressed linear nerveless entire at the margins dichotomous
arising from a peziza-shaped base, tubercles immersed in every
part and on both sides of the frond. Ttirn, Hist, Fuc. t, 196.
Light/, p. 920. £. B. t. 569.

.Hab. Sea-shores, not uncommon. Light/. Dunbar, abundant, Mr.
Greville. Westra, in Orkney, Mr. Neill.

From 2 — 10 feet long. The young plants have a curious appearance,
are about an inch long, subgelatinous, turbinate, at length peziza-
shaped ; covering the rocks at low water for a great extent. Some
I have seen on exposed rocks, probably from the effect of the sun,
swollen into a large, hollow, perfectly sphserical ball.

22. LICHINA, Jg.

Fruit : a tubercle perforated at the extremity, at length scutelli-
form. — Habit shrubby and somewhat that of a Lichen.

1. L. pygmcea, frond cartilaginous compressed dilated upwards
nerveless dichotomous, at its extremities palmated with very
short truncated segments, tubercles terminal sessile sphaerical
perforated at the tips. Ag. p. 9. Fiiais pygmceus, Light/,
p. 964. t. 32. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 204. JG. B. t. 1332.

jS. minor, frond nearly cylindrical. Turn. Stereocaulon coiifine,
Ach. Meth. Lich. II. p. 317.

Hab. Rocks, not uncommon, at low water. First discovered by Mr.
Light/oot in Scotland, and described by him. j3. Rocks at Dunbar, &c.

I to i an inch high, black.

23. SPOROCHNUS.

Fructiferous tubercles terminated by a pencil of hairs. The type
of this genus is the English Fucus pedunculatus. Frond fili-
form, cartilaginous. Fruit oval or globose, with a pencil of
conferva-like jointed deciduous threads at the extremity, within
filled with concentric fibres, each terminated by a globule.

1. S. aculeatus, frond cartilaginous rounded very much branched.

I

ACOTYLEDONS. — ALG.^. Chordavia. 97

branches plane filiform repeatedly divided in a pinnated man-
ner scattered, the ultimate ones bearing pencils of hairs at
length spiniferous, the spines approximate subulate straight.
Ag.p. 10. Eticus aculeaius^ Lightf.p. 924. Turn, Hist, Fzic,
t, 187.

Hab. Sea-shores, not uncommon.

2 — 3 feet long, olivaceous brow^n when dry.

The fructification does not seem to be rightly known, and it is only
from analogy that Agardh places it in this genus.
24. FURCELLARIA. Lamour.
Extremities of the frond swelling into closed pericarps.

1. F. liimbrkalis*, frond cartilaginous filiform dichotomous fasti-
giate, angles of the dichotomies acute, apices forked blunt,
fruit in the elongated cylindrical acuminated apices. Ag,p, 10.
Fiicus lumbricalis, Turn. Hist, Fuc, t. 6. E, B. t. 824. Fucus

fiircellatus, Lighff. p. 932.
^, fasligiatus, apices compressed transparent ovato-lanceolate

short acute. Turn, F.fastigiatus, Lighff. p. 930.
Hab. Sea-shores, frequent. Seaiield rocks, Edinburgh, very fine,

Mr. Greville.
6 — 9 inches long, purplish brown.

2. P.? lycopodioides, frond filiform mostly simple every where
covered with closely imbricated filiform patent ramuli gene-
rally forked at their apices and swelling into lanceolate pani-
culated capsules. Ag. p. 11. Fucus lycop.. Turn. Hist, Fuc.
t. 12. E.B, t. 1163.

Hab. North of Scotland, James Brodie, of Brodie, Esq. Abundantly
on tlie old stems of F. digitatus, at Seafield rocks, low tides, Mr.
Greville.

Fronds many from the same base, 4 — 6 inches long, purplish brown,
black when dry. Mr. Greville, besides the pod-like fruit here de-
scribed, has had the good fortune to find globular capsules, such as
Mr. Turner foretold the plant would be likely to have. It ill accords

. with this genus.

25. CHORDARIA. Link.

Fruit : subclavF.te jointed concentric filaments, among which the
seeds are immersed. — A genus whose species accord sufificiently
well in habit, and the fruit as far as known. Fronds filiform,
cartilaginous, or lubricous, often covered with conferva-like
hairs.

1. C. rotunda, frond cartilaginous filiform dichotomous fastigiated
with the angles of the dichotomies rather obtuse, their extremi-
ties forked acute, capsules irregular lateral spongy not covered
with an epidermis. Turn, Ag. p. 12. Fucus rotundus, Turn,
Hist. Fuc. t, 5. E, B. t. 1738.

Hab Caroline Park, Mr. E. J. Maughan. Rocks near Kirkcaldy,
Mr. Stewart.

From 4—8 inches long, dark purplish brown.

[o]

98 ACOTYLEDONS. — ALG^. Lamiuaria ,

2. CflagelUformis, frond cartilaginous slimy cylindrical filiform
branched^ branches long mostly simple and distichous naked
truncated, seeds naked immersed in the frond mixed with fibres.
Turn, Fuaisjlagellif., Light/, p. 928. Turn, Hist. Fuc. t. 85.
E.B.t. 1222.

Hab. Sea-shores, frequent, as at Newhaven, &c., Llghtf.

1 — 3 feet long, very slender, olive brown, almost black when dry.

3. C. Filum, frond cartilaginous slimy cylindrical filiform attenu-
ated at both ends jointed internally, spirally twisted when old.
Turn. Ag. p, \2. {excl. his var. ^.) Fucus Filum, Light/,
p. 963. Tur?i. Hist. Fuc. t. 86.

Hab. Rocks, salt-water lakes and bays, abundant. .
From 1 — 20 feet long, olive brown, covered with slimy minute con-
ferva-like hairs. Fructification unknown,

4. C. viridis, frond cartilaginous filiform cylindrical repeatedly
pinnated, branches and ramuli all opposite and capillary.
Turn. Ag. p. 14. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 97. E. B. t. 1669.

Hab. Seafield rocks, not uncommon, and Firth of Forth, near Dysart,
Mr. Greville. Coast of Morayshire, Mr. Borrer and Hook.

1 — 3 feet long. When fresh a beautiful orange colour, turning almost
olive when dry.

26. LAMINARIA. Lamour.

Seeds oblong, immersed in portions (not upon the whole) of the
frond. Root generally fibrous. Stipes distinct, supporting a
costate or ribless, simple or palmated leaf. Fruit either in
appendages attached to the stipes^ as in Lam. hulbosa and
esculenta, or here and there immersed in the proper frond.
Substance cartilaginous, tough.

* M^ith a central rib.

1. L. esculenta f frond membranaceous flat with a central rib
simple ensiform entire at the margins supported upon a short
cylindrical pinnated stipes, pinnoe fleshy distichous oblong flat
nerveless containing numerous pyriform immersed seeds. Turn,
Ag.p.]6. Fucusescule?itus,Light/.p.93S.t, 2S, E.B.t. \759.
Hook, in Fl. Lond. luith ajigure.

Hab. Abundant on the shores of Scotland.

From 2 — 12, or even 20 feet in length, greenish brown. It is eaten
both by men and cattle j the former prefer the midrib and reject the
more membranaceous substance. This is recommended in the cure
of a disorder called the Pica, to strengthen the stomach and restore
the appetite. The common Scotch name is Badderlocks.
** Ribless, coriaceous.

2. L. saccharina, root fibrous long and branching, stipes almost
woody cylindrical undivided expanding at its apex into a single
cartilaginous flat simple linear oblong nerveless leaf entire at
the margins, scattered seeds immersed in the leaf. Tiirn. Ag,
p. 17. Fucus saccharinus, Light/, p, 940. Tim, Hist. Fuc,
t, 163. F. phyllilis, Turn, Hist, Fuc, t, 164, and JE. B,
t, 1331 {young state).

ACOTYLEDONS. — ALG.'E. Laiu'maria. 99

|3. Indlata^ frond biillated in the centre, margins undulated. Turn,
Ulva latissima, Linn. F. saccfiarimis, R. B. t. 1376.

Hat.. Sea-coasts, abundant. /3. Berriedale, in Caithness, Mr. Borrer
and Hook. Common in the Firth of Forth, Mr. Greville.

This common species, which grows to the length of 0' — 7 feet, derives
its specific name from its being, after it is steeped in fresh water
and exposed to the sun, covered with a white efflorescence resem-
bling sugar, but nauseous to the taste. It is not the " saccharine
Fucus" of the Icelanders, as has been generally supposed : nor do
I think it is eaten at all by the natives of that country. It is said,
however, to be eaten in England by the poor, boiled as a potherb j
but I know not whether it has been asserted by any person besides
Pallas. Thunberg tells us, that in Japan it is prepared in such a
manner as to be quite esculent, and that it is customary there, when
presents are made, to lay upon them a slice of this Fucus attached
to a piece of paper, folded in a curious manner, and tied with threads
of gold and silver. Cattle eat it not unfrequently.
Mrs. Griffiths and Mr. Greville are satisfied, from the various observa-
tions they have been enabled to make on F. sacchar'mus and F. phijl-
litk in a growing state, that the latter is nothing but the young
state of the former.

3. L.digitala, root fibrous, stipes woody cylindrical expanded at
its apex into a single cartilaginous flat nerveless roundish leaf
quite entire at its margins deeply cleft into numerous ensiform
mostly simple segments. Turfi. Ag. p, 18. Fiicus digiiaius,
Lighlf, p. 935. Turn. Hist, Fuc, t. 162,

Hab. Sea-shores, frequent.

From 2 — 12 feet, or more, in length, olive brown. This and all the
larger kinds of Fuci are much used for manure. Occasionally speci-
mens are found with the segments connected at the top, from which
springs a new sessile frond ; this Mr. Greville has met with in the
Firth of Forth.

4. L. bulbosa, root hollow swollen into a bulb rough all over,
stipes coriaceous flat twisted once at its origin its margins un-
dulated in the lower part its apex expanded into a single car-
tilaginous flat nerveless leaf entire at its margins deeply cleft
into numerous ensiform mostly simple segments, oblong seeds
immersed in the margin of the stipes. Tur?i. Ag. p. 18. Fucus
hilhosus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 161. E. B, t. 1760. Fucus poly-
schides, Lightf. p. 936.

Hab. Scotch coast, but not plentiful ,• I-columb-kill, Lightf. At Losie-

mouth on the N. E. coast, Jas. Brodie, of Brodie, Esq.
3 to G, or even 12, feet long, olive bvown.

*** Frond membranaceous, ribless.

5. L.? ligulata, frond between cartilaginous and membranaceous
linear flat nerveless doubly pinnate, segments linear-lanceolate
serrated at their margins with spinous teeth. Turn, Fucus li-
gulcius, Lightf. p, 946. t. 29. Tur?i. Hist, Fuc, t, 98. E, B,
It, 1636. .

Cg2]

100 ACOTYLEDONs. — ALG/E. DeUssena.

Hab. Firth of Forth, about Newhaven, and other places, but not com-
mon, Lightf. Caroline Park, Mr. E. J. Maughan. Orkney Islands,
Mr. Chas. Cluaston.

From 2 — 6 feet long, olive-green j orange by exposure to the air.

Div. V. Floride-e, Lamo2ir, Fridt capsidiform and immersed
seeds, or hoik. Frond contimimis, ivilh intenuoven longitu-
dinal fibres. Substance coriaceous or membranaceous, or be-
tween gelatinous and cartilaginous. Colour purplish or rosa-
ceous.— Root scutate. Stipes very short, soo7i spreading into a
frond {except in the Delesserice). Leaves distinct in some,
conjiuent with the rest of the parts in others, in some none.
Frond either plane or filiform, rarely tubular, Fesicles none,
and no conferva- like hairs.

27. DELESSERIA.

Frond membranaceous. Fruit double. Seeds collected together
in spots and immersed in the leaves; and capsules, — Frond xery
thin, reticulated (under a microscope), generally veined witli
regularity. Friiit naked seeds either in marginal processes or
innate upon the nerve, or collected in spots here and there
upon the frond,

* Fronds or leaves veined.

1. D. sanguinea, stem cylindrical branched supporting simple
membranaceous petiolated leaves between oblong and ovate
quite entire, the midrib producing sphaerical pedunculated cap-
sules and scattered leaves in oblong leafy processes. Turn, Ag,
p. 21. Fucus sanguineus, Lightf . p. 942. Turn. Hist. Fuc,
/.36. E. B. t. 1041.

Hab. Sea-shores, not unfrequent.

A beautiful and delicate species vvith leaves from 4 to G or 8 inches in
length, of a fine rose colour, with deeper coloured nerves.

2. D. sinuosa, stem cylindrical branched supporting oblong mem-
branaceous leaves either sinuated orpinnatifid their marginscre-
iiateand ciliated, sphaerical tubercles imbedded in the frond and
scattered seeds in the cilia. Turn. Ag.p.2\. Fucus sinuosus.
Turn. H.F.t. 35, E. B.t. S22. Fucus rubens,Lightf.p.943.

Hab. Shores of lona and other places, plentifully, Lightf. Coast of
Moray, Mr. Borrer and Hook. Caroline Park, Maugh. Common
in the Firth of Forth, Mr. Greville.

4 — 6 inches in length, and leaves 2 — 4 inches long. Colour a fine
pink, with deeper nerves, dull red when dry, and, in decay, turning
to a dirty yellow, tinged with green.

8. D. alata, frond membranaceous extremely tender midribbed
li near subdichotomousjthesegments alternately pinnated, sphae-
ricalsessile tubercles and naked scattered seeds both placed some-
times on the apices ofthe branches and sometimes on oblong pro-
cesses originating from the midrib. Turn, jig. p. 22. Fucus
ahius, Lightf.p. 951, Turn. Hist, F. i. 160. E. 5. /. 1837.

ACOTYLEDONS. ALGJE. Sph(ErOCOCCl/6\ 101

Hab. Upon sea-rocks, frequent, in basins of water left by the recess

of the tide, Light/ .
Fronds 4 — 6 inches long. Colour a deep red rose colour, with very

dark veins.

4. D. lacerain, frond membranaceous very tender plane veiny
mostly dichotomous, branches sublinear their apices rounded
margins lacinulated and waved, hemisphaerical tubercles im-
mersed in the frond and naked seeds collected into oblong clus-
ters. FucNS laceraiiis, Turn, Hist, Fuc. t, GS. E. B, /. 1067.
F. eiidivlfolius. Light/, p. 948. t. 32.

Hab. Firth of Forth and the coast of lona. Light/. Orkney, Mr.

Chas. Clauston.
Rose colour, sometimes inclining ta tawny ; 4 — 6 inches long.
** Veinless.

5. D. coccinea, frond compressed between membranaceous and
cartilaginous much and irregularly branched, ramuli subulate
disposed in alternate parcels of three or four each, sphaerical
sessile capsules and lanceolate pods. Turn. Fucus coccineus.
Turn. Hist. Fuc. I. 59. E. B. /. 1242. Fucus Plocainium^
Light/: p. 957.

Hab. Sea-rocks, in basins of water left by the recess of the tide, fre-
quent. Light/.
From 3 to 6 inches, or even a foot long, very much branched, crimson.

6. D. pU7ictata, frond membranaceous very tender flat nerveless
mostly dichotomous, segments nearly linear bifid and obtuse at
their apices, at their margins flat and entire, hemisphaerical
immersed tubercles scattered all over the frond and naked seeds
collected into oblong spots. Turn. Fucus punctatus. Turn,
Hist. Fuc. t. 71. E.B.t. 1573.

Hab. Upon the shore at Wick, in Caithness, among rejectamenta,
Mr. Borrer and Hook.

From 2 to 6 inches long, and from 1 to 2 or 3 inches broad, pink co-
loured, or sometimes almost red, very thin and membranous, and
elegantly spotted with fructification, reticulated.

7. D. ulvoides, frond membranaceous very tender flat nerveless
lobed, lobes obtuse flat and quite entire at their margins, tu-
bercles hemisphaerical umbonated immersed in the frond and
scattered all over it. Turn, Fucus ulvoides, Turn. Hist. Fuc*
/.SO. E. B.t, 2\S4,

Hab. Shores of Moray, James Brodie^ o/ Brodie, Esq. Orkney Islands^

Mr. Chas. Clauston.
3 or 4 inches long, of a broadly ovate figure, almost orbicular, reddish

rose colour.

28. SPH.EROCOCCUS.
Fruit mn^onn, capsides. — Fronds con^uent in all their parts, plane

or filiform, nerveless, cartilaginous. Fruit tubercles or capsules

sessile upon the di^k of the frond, or marginal and pedicellate.

102 ACOTYLEDONS. ALG.^. SphccrOCOCCUS.

* Frond plane or compressed.

1. S. dentalus, frond flat membranaceous branched alternately
pinnatifid, ramuli alternate linear sharply toothed at the apices,
capsules pedunculate axillary lanceolate and urceolate. Turn,
A<r. p. 22. Fucus dentatus,' LighlJ\ p. 952. Turn, Hist, Fuc,
L\3, E,BJ. 1241.

Hab. Firth of Forth, lona, and other shores, plentifully.
From 5 inches to a foot long, dark reddish brown, opaque.

2. S. ruhens, frond membranaceous obsoletely ribbed proliferous
from the surface, branches elliptical simple and forked, round-
ish peltate leaves and hemisphserical externally uneven tubercles
sessile on the disk. Turn, Jg. p. 23. Fucus ruhenSy Turn.
Hist, Fuc. t. 42. E. B, t. i053. Fucus prolifer, Light/.
p. 949. t. 30.

I4ab. Shores of the western coast, adhering to shells and stones.
Light/. Rare and only among rejectamenta in the Firth of Forth,
Mr. GrevUle.

3 — 7 inches long, fine reddish rose colour, approaching to purplish.

3. S. crispus, frond cartilaginous flat nerveless dichotomous, en-
tire at the margins curled segments subcuneiform the upper-
most narrowest, tubercles roundish solitary scattered jmmerscd
in the substance of the frond concave on one side deciduous.
Turn. yfg. p. 24. Fucus crispus, Turn. Hist, Fuc. /. 216 and
217. Fucus ceranoides, Lightf. p. 913.

y. stellaius, frond submembranaceous, branches dilated upwards

divided at their apices into very numerous clustered shortish

laciniae. Turn,
8. cequa/is, frond cartilaginous thick, all the branches equal and

linear, the extreme segments obtuse. Tur7i, F, crispus, E. B.

t, 22S5.
Hab. Rocky shores, a. and y. plentiful. ?. Firth of Forth, Mr. GrevUle.

A most variable species both in form and in colour. From 3 to 6

inches high, usually of a purplish or reddish cast, often inclining to

green, especially in decay.

4. S. mammillosus, frond cartilaginous channelled on one side
nerveless dichotomous elongato-cuneiform proliferous from the
sides and surface entire at the margins, tubercles sphoerical all
over the frond on very short peduncles. Turn. Ag. p. 25.
Fucus mammillosus, Turn, Hist. Fuc, t. 218, E. B. t. 1054,
Fucus ceranoides e., Lightf. p. 916.

/3. linearis^ frond narrow linear, apices bluntish and emarginate.
Turn. Fucus ceranoides ^., Lightf. p. 917.

Hab. Rocky shores, frequent. ^. On the Cramond Island, Lightf.

3 — 6 inches long, very variable in width upwards. Colour purplish red.

5.S,membranif6lius, stipes cylindrical branched, apices expanded
into a subcuneiform leaf between membranaceous and cartila-
ginous flat nerveless bilobed or dichotomous, tubercles oblong

ACOTYLEDONs. — AhGiE. Sphmrococcus . 103

"pedunculated growing on the stem. Tarn, Ag, p. 26. Fticus
memhranifolius, Turn, Hist. Fuc, t, 7h E, B, t, 1965.

/3. Ittcer, leaves dichotomous^ segments linear, apices acute. Turn.
P, ceranoides y., Lightf. p. 915.

l.Jimhriatus, leaves fringed at the margin. Turn, F, ceranoides
d., Lightf, p. 916.

FIab. Firth of Forth, not uncommon, Mr. Greville^.

4 — 6 inches high, of a reddish purple colour.

6. S. Brodicei, stipes cylindrical branched its apex expanded into
a leaf between membranaceous and cartilaginous oblong simple
or forked flat nerveless- proliferous from its margin, tubercles
sphaerical sessile upon the apices of the leaf. Turn. Ag. p. 27.
Fucus Brodicei, Turn, Hist. Fuc. t, 72. E. B. t, 1966.

Hab, Losie-mouth, Jas. Brodie, of Brodie, Esq. Half-way between

Newhaven and Caroline Park, Mr. Stewart and Mr. Greville..
6 — 8 inches tall, of a very deep red purple colour.

7. S. Sarniensis, frond submembranaceous flat without midrib
laciniated in a palmated manner proliferous from its margin,
segments Knear, tubercles sphserical immersed. Turn, Fucus
Sarniensis, Turn, Hist, Fuc. t, 44. E. B. t. 2132.

Hab. Scotch coast. Dr. Walker. Orkney Islands, Mr. Chas. Clauston.
Fronds from 6 inches tb 1 foot long, purplish, darker when dry. JTu-
bercles minute, dispersed without order.

8. S. ciliati/s, frond between membranaceous and cartilaginous
fiat nerveless generally lanceolate branched in a pinnated man-
ner ciliated at its margins and surface, cilia mostly simple pa-
tent subulate producing tubercles at their apices. Tm'7i. Ag.
p. 28. Fuczis ciliatus, Turn. Hist, Fuc. t. 70. E.B. M069.
Light/, p, 944.

6, lanceolatus, frond lineari-Ianceolate narrow much and irregu-
larly branched, cilia long compressed linear acuminated branch-
ed. Turn, F. ciliatus j3., Lightf. p. 946.

Hab. Shores of lona, and other places, but not common, Lightf.

From 4 — 6 inches long, purplish red. Eaten, according to Lightfoot,
with the true Dulse,

9. S.? laci?iiatus, frond between cartilaginous and membranaceous
flat nerveless branched, branches dilated upwards palmate and
blunt at their apices their margins flat crenate and proliferous,
immersed hemisphaerical tubercles in the marginal processes

* ** It is a curious fact," Mr. Greville observes in a letter to me, *' that
wherever any striking var. of F. crispus is predominant, F. mammillosus is
sure to be found assuming the same characters, as far as they relate to size
and form. This I have not only noticed on this coast, but on the north and
south coasts of Devon. On the Tor Abbey rocks var. /3. of F. crispus (not,
however, of a green colour) grows abundantly, and every plant of F. mam-
millosus in the immediate vicinity bore the same appearance : and that var.
of F. crispus is one of the best marked and most constant."

104 ACOTYLEDONS. ALG^^E. SpIlceroCOCCUS.

and naked seeds scattered all over the frond. Turn, Fticusla-
cinialus, Lightf.p. 947. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 69. E. B. /.l068.

Hab. Coasts of lona, &c. plentifully. Orkney, 3Ir. Chas. Clauston.
Rare at Dunbar j more common near Berwick, Mr. Greville.

3 — 6 inches high, rather bright red. This should be perhaps removed
to Delesseria, if the genera be really distinct.

1 0.S. cn5/Giz^5, frond membranaceous flat veinless subdichotomous,
branches alternate decurrent somewhat dilated upwards cleft
at the apices, segments short obtuse bearing small globular
sessile capsules. Turn, Ag. p, 29. Fucus crisiahts, Turn,
Hist, Fuc. t. 23.

/3. Valentice, branches all linear, tubercles both lateral and ter-
minal. Turn.

Hab. /3. On the sea-shore at Wick, Caithness, Mr. Borrer and Hook.

About 2 inches long, pinky scarlet.

11. S. corneus, frond between cartilaginous and corneous com-
pressed nerveless irregularly branched, branches linear attenu-
ated at each end bipinnate, pinnae opposite patent obtuse bear-
ing at their apices elliptical capsules. Turn. Eucus corneus.
Turn. Hist. Fiic. t. 257. E. B. M970.

fi. jfilicinus, fi'ond setaceous, pinnae horizontal widened very blunt.
Turn. F. nereidus, Ligkif. p. 957.

Hab. Firth of Forth and other places, but not common. Light/.

Very variable in form and size, from 1 inch to 6 or 8 inches^ and ge-
nerally of a deep reddish purple colour.

^*-x- Frond filiform, rounded.

12. S. purpurascens, frond filiform irregularly branched, ramuli
setaceous scattered bearing sphaerical tubercles immersed in their
substance. Turn. Ag. p. SI, Fucus purpurascens, Titrn.
Hist. Fuc. t. 9. E.B. t. 1243. F. tuberculatiis, Light/, p. 926.

Hab. Upon the shores, frequent.

P>om 9 inches to 1 foot long, purplish^ subdiaphanous, often greenish
in decay.

13. S. subfusciiSy frond filiform much and irregularly branched,
ramuli subulate pinnated subalternate, capsules axillary panicled
both lanceolate and sphaerical. Turn. A». p. 32. Fucus sub-

fuscus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 10. E. B. t.\ 164.
Hab. Near Nether Cramond, Maugh.; not uncommon.
6 — 8 inches high, purplish brown.

14. S. plicatus, frond horny slender filiform of equal size through-
out irregularly dichotomous beset with clustered entangled ho-
rizontal mostly simple branches generally pointing in the same
direction, apices obtuse, tubercles irregularly hemisphaerical
sessile. Turn. Ag. p. 34. Fucus plicatus, Turn, tlist. Fuc.
^ 180. Light/, p. 929. E.B.t.\089.

Has. Upon the sea-shores in many places^ as about Ncwhaven, Lighff.
Fife coast, Mr. Greville.

ACOTYLEDONS. ALG.^E. Ckoudna, 105

3 — 1 or 6 inches long, generally dark purple, but often bleached by
exposure on the beach,

29. CHONDRIA.

Frond between gelatinous and cartilaginous. Fruit double. Seeds
naked, immersed in the branches, and capsules containing
pyriform seedi. — Frond filiform, generally equal throughout,
branched. Colour reddish, soon becoming pale.

1. Ch. obtusa, frond subcartilaginous cylindrical filiform repeat-
edly pinnated, branches generally opposite, ramuli cylindrical
short between horizontal and patent truncated, capsules ovate
sessile and naked seeds on the ramuli. Turn, A^.p.35, Fiicus
obhtsus, Turn. Hist, Fuc. l2\, E. B. t, 1201.

Had. Rare, Firth of Forth, Mr. Stewart and Mr. Greville.
3 — 6 inches tall. Colour, a pinky yellow, very fugitive.

2. Ch. pinnatifida, frond compressed subcartilaginous branched,
branches mostly alternate doubly pinnatifid, ramuli obtuse
callous, capsules ovate sessile and naked seeds on the ramuli.
Turn, Fucus pinnatijidus, Ligfitf. p. 953. Turn, Hist, Fuc,
/. 20. E.B. t.V102.

^, Osmunda^ frond flat generally undivided, ramuli short and

multifid, T«r7z. F. JiUcinus, Lightf. p^^oi,
Hab. Rocky shores, common. /3. with a.
Three to seven or nine inches high, livid purple, pale.

3. Ch. ovalis, frond subgelatinous nearly cyliudrical filiform
irregularly dichotomous naked below in its upper part clothed
with elliptical simple ramuli imbricated on all sides bearing
naked scattered seeds and hemisphaerical sessile tubercles.
Turn, Fucus ovalis, Turn. Hist. Fuc, t, 8\, E. S. /. 711.
Fucus vermicularis, Lightf, p, 958.

Hab. Basins of M^ater upon marine rocks, but not common. Little
Isles of Jura, Lightf.

Three to seven inches long, reddish purple. The ramuli are admi-
rably compared by Lightfoot to the leaves of Sediim allmm.

4. Ch. dasyphytla, frond filiform cyliudrical branched in an irre-
gularly pinnated manner, branches between horizontal and pa-
tent mostly simple, ramuli cylindrical scattered attenuated at
the base proliferous, capsules ovate sessile, and naked seeds
on the ramuli. Turn, Fucus dasyplujllus, Turn, Hist, Fuc,
t,22, E,B,t,847,

Hab. Losie-mouth, James Brodie, of Brodle, Esq.
Three to six inches long. Colour pale, pinky brown.

5. Ch, c/rfi'ff//o5G, frond subgelatinous filiform cylindrical tubular
nmch and irregularly branched, branches and ramuli mostly
alternate and distichous, tubercles sessile and scattered seeds
on the ramuli. Turn. Fucus clavellosus, Turn, Hist, Fuc,
I, 30 {bis), E,B,t. 1203.

106 ACOTYLEDONS. — ALGJE. Ptllota,

/3. sedifolius, ramuli between oblong and oval crowded undivided.

Turn,
Hab. Firth of Forth, rather rare, Mr, GrevHle. (3. Losie-mouth,

James Brodie, of Brodie, Esq., abundant.
Three to seven inches in length j of a pale red colour.

6. Ch. kalf/ormh, frond subgelatinous filiform tubular mnch and
irregularly branched, branches and ramuli generally verticillate
contracted as if jointed, tubercles sessile and scattered seeds
on the ramuli. Turn. Fucus Rcdif., Turn. Hist, Fuc. t. 29
{bis), E.B. t. 640. F, veriicillatus, Liglitf. p. 962. /.31.

Hab. Sparingly on the rocks of the little Isles of Jura, Light/, West-
em coast of Scotland, Mr. Menzies.

Six inches to a foot or more long. Colour a beautiful pink, very
fugitive.

7. Ch. Opuntia. frond subcylindrical filiform solid here and
there contracted as if jointed branched, with a net-work of
fibres internally, branches horizontal acuminated, joints lan-
ceolate obsolete, tubercles globular very minute scattered.
Turn. Fucus Opuntia, Turn. Hist, Fuc, t. 107. Fucus re^
pens, Light/, p. 961. Rivzdaria Opuntia, E, B, t, 186S.

Hab. Rocky shores, common.

Iliickly matted, from half an inch to an inch long.

8. Ch. pusilla, frond between cartilaginous and horny flat fili-
form here and there contracted as if jointed much and irrc-
giilarly branched, ramuli horizontal attenuated at their base
dilated and rounded at their apices, very minute globular ses-
sile tubercles and scattered seeds upon the ramuli. Twn,
Fucus pusiLlus, Tiirn, Hist, Fuc. t. 108.

Hab. Caroline Park, Firth of Forth, Mr. Greville.

Minute, from half an inch to an inch or more in length, purplish pink.

9. Ch. articulata, frond cylindrical filiform tubular contracted
throughout as if jointed branched, branches of equal height
dichotomousand whorled, jointssubcylindrical, tubercles urceo-
late sessile and scattered seeds on the ramuli. Turn. . Fuci^
articulatus, Light/, p, 959. Turn, HisL Fuc. t. 106. E, B.
t, 1574.

Hab. Marine rocks in Jura, Oransa, Canay, Skye, &c.. Light/.

Firth of Forth, not uncommon, Mr. Greville. Orkney, Mr. Chas.

Clauston.
Three to four inches to one foot in length. Colour purplish pink.

30. PTILOTA. Jg.

fet^s naked, surrounded by an involucrum. — i*Vowi^ compressed,
nerveless, pinnated. Seeds collected into a cluster and inclosed
in a setaceous involucrum,

1. Pt. plumosa, frond compressed cartilaginous much and irre-
gularly branched^ branches repeatedly pinnated, ramuli oppo-

ACOTYLEDONS. — ALG/P.. Halymcnm. 107

site bearing the fruit at their apices, seeds naked surrounded

by the quadrifid ends of the ramuli. Turn, Ag, p. 39. F«-

cmplumosusy Lighif.p. 955. Turn, Hist. Fuc, /. 60. £. B.

t. 1308.
/3. capillaris, frond very narrow nearly cylindrical jointed. Turn.
Hab. Coast of lona, and other shores, not uncommon. Light/.

Firth of Forth, Maugh. and Mr. Greville. /3. Losie-mouth, James

Brodie, of Brod'ie, Esq.
Three to six inches long. Colour a deep purplish red, inclining to

brown.

31. HALYMENIA.

Frond between membranaceous and coriaceous. Seeds dispersed
in spots and immersed throughout the whole frond. — Frond
membranaceous or sometimes coriaceous, plane or tubular,
nerveless. Allied to the Ulvce; but the substance is thicker
and the colour and fibrous texture are different.

* Fronds plane.

\, H. edulis, frond cartilaginous plane nerveless simple cuneiform
quite entire rounded at the apex attenuated at the base into a
very short cylindrical petiole, solitary seeds scattered all over
the frond. Turn. Fucus edulis, Tur7i. Hist. Fuc. /. 114.
E. B. t. 1307. Hook, in Fl. Lond* with a figure. Fucus
palmaius 3., Light/', p. 935.

Had. Not uncommon in the Firth of Forth, Mr. Greville.

Appears to be eaten as well as the following. It is from 4 to 6 or 8
inches tall, deep brownish purple, tough and rather leatheiy.

2. H. palmaia, frond membranaceous plane nerveless palmated
quite entire at the margin, segments oblong mostly simple,
seeds naked collected into wide irregularly shaped spots scat-
tered all over the frond. Tiirn. Ag.p.36. Fucus palmaius.
Turn. Hist. Fuc. /. 1 1 5. E. B. t. 1306. Hook, in FL Loud,
with a figure. Light/, p. 933. t. 27-

Hab. Abundant on all the rocky shores.

Four to six inches to a foot high, of a livid purplish colour. This is the
Dulse of the Scotch, who are very fond of it in a fresh and crude
state. Lightfoot says, however, that they prefer it dried and rolled
up, when they chew it like tobacco for the pleasure arising from the
habit. This is the saccharine Fucus of the Icelanders, the efflores-
cence of which has a sweetish and not disagreeable taste. It Is
dried by the natives, packed down in casks, and used as occasion
requires, frequently cooked with butter. Cattle, sheep in particu-
lar, often eat this species with eagerness, whence it has been called
Fucus ovinus.

3. H. soboli/cra, frond membranaceous flat without midrib laci-
niatcd in a jialmated manner proliferous from the margin, seg-
ments diluted upwards the extreme ones gashed at their apices

108 ACOTYLEDONS. CHARACE.^E.

with numerous short subsetaceous teeth. Turn, ^g.p,',^»

Fnais sobolij'enis, Turfi. Hist. Fvc. /. 45.
Hab. Orkney islands, Mr. Charles Fothergill, Mr. Borrer and Hook.
Three to four inches long, of a transparent pinky colour.

** Frond cylindrical.
4, H. ? sullilk, fronds subgelatinous capillary branched, branches

growing irregularly in parcels on different sides of the frond

rather remote acuminated. Timi. H. foeniculacea , ylg. p. 3S»

Fiiais svblilis, Turn. Hist. Fuc, t. 234. Conferva fcenicti-

Lacea, Lifrhlf.p. 981.
Hab. In basins of water left by the recess of the tides, among the
' rocks on the western coast. Light/. Abundant on the shores of

lona, and at Oban, Mr. Turner and Hook.
One to two feet long 5 branches very fine and conferva-like, but quite

destitute of joints. Colour olive brown. No fructification has been

discovered.

Order IV. CHARACE.E.

Fructification of two kinds. Nucules 4, bracteated, standing
solitary, sessile, oval, spirally striated, surrounded by a dia-
phanous covering or involucre, which is obscurely quinquefid
at the extremity, one-celled, many-seeded, indehiscent: seeds
or sporides very minute, whitish, sphgerical; and globules of a
reddish or orange colour^ accompanying the Nucules, surround-
ed by a pellucid coat or covering, at length opening into 3 — 4
valves, and containing a mass of very minute s})iral filaments.

Vegetation. Aquatic plants never rising above the surface of the
water, fixed into the mud by slender fibrous radicals issuing
from a swollen portion of the base of the stem. Stems slender,
confervoid, (always ?) tubular throughout, pellucid or covered
with a calcareous crust, very brittle when dry and generally
foetid, branched • branchlets whorled, often aculeated, JVall-
roih, Annus Boianicus. — Wallroth, in his little work here re-
ferred to, has given a most admirable account of the fructifi-
cation of this curious tribe of plants; from which it appears
evident, that it has no claims to be ranked among the perfect
plants, and that its nearest affinity is with the Conjervce and
Ulvce among the Algce,

A minute fossil body frequently found in chalk, which is spirally
twisted, and which was formerly considered to belong to the
animal kingdom, is, I believe, now generally allowed to be
the Nucule of Cliara. Various species have been discovered,
and they are called by the French, Gyrogoniies. M. Leman,
however, (who speaks of them in the Nouveau Diet, des Sci-
ences Naturellcsy under the article Charagjie,) from an inves-

A COTYLEDONS. HEPATIC.T:. 1 09

tigation of them in tlie fossil state, comes to a different con-
clusion from that of Wallroth, and says they are allied to the
Ona£frari{B and Salicarice, and proposes that the genus Char a
should constitute a new family of Dicotyledons, under the
name of Eleodece,

1 . CHARA.

). Ch. Jiexilis, stems pellucid glahrous and unarmed flaccid
much branched, branches opposite patent, whorls of branch-
lets 6 — 8 di-trichotomous at the extremity or simple obtuse,
nucules few scarcely bracteated. Light f. p. 536. E.B. t, 10/ 0,
and t. 2140 {Ch. gracilis P Wallr. An. Bot. p. 176).

Hab. Lakes, rivers, and ditches, abundant. Light/., llopk., Don.

2. Ch. iranslucens, " smooth transparent without prickles,
leaves cylindrical obtuse with a small point all sim[)le with
transverse internal partitions." Sm. E. i5. /. 1855.

Hab. Ditches about Edinb. ; Kinross-shire, Highlands, &c., Mr. Ar-
noit. Restenart Marsh, near Forfar, D. Don.

Wallroth is disposed to consider the Ch. translucens of ^'aillant and
L. Bot. a var. of Ch. vulgaris ; but he says tlie stems and hranche:i
are '' roughish ;" from which it would appear he is not acquainted
with our plant, for it is remarkably smooth, and by far the largest
of the genus. It is, however, very difficult to draw correctly the
line of distinction between the different species of Chara.

3. Ch. vulgaris, stems branched rounded roughish, whorls of
branchlets about 8 linear-subulate rather acute, bracteas about
4. , Light/, p. 535. E. B. i. 336.

Hab. Ditches and slow streams.

4. Ch. kispida, stems branched excessively brittle below unarm-
ed spirally striated above much aculeated, spines or teeth of-
ten pointing downwards^ whorls of about 8 simple branchlets
acute with numerous setaceous bracteas placed in fours.
Lightf. p. 535. E.B. /. 463.

Hab. Ditches and lakes. Guillon Loch, Dr. Parsons. Restenat
Marsh, D. Don. Lismore, Capt. Carrnichael.

Covered apparently with an earthy or calcareous whitish crnsf, ren-
dering the whole plant excessively fragile. Even the exposure to
the air and light, when this i)lant is thrown out of the ditches, soon
reduces it to a mere dust. — M. Bosc observes that fish, and espe-
cially carp, thrive best when the species of Chara abound : — pro-
bably because they harbour a number of insects, which are the food
of these fish.

Order V. HEPATIC^. Juss. Becand.

{Part of Algce, Linn. Calyptratce D coper cula tee, Mohr.)

Fructification generally of two kinds. Capsules in an early stage

110 ACOTYLEDONS. — HEPATIC.^. Anthoceros,

covered with a calyptra, tipped with a style (?), — and tlien
often surrounded by a perianth or calyx, at length bursting the
calyptra irregularly, and rising on a peduncle (except in Ric-
cin), and opening at the extremity into 2 or 4 equal valves^
destitute of opercutmn, bearing within numerous seeds mixed
with spiral filaments : — and oblong or mostly rounded, and
frequently shortly pedunculated, reticulated bodies, anthers (P),
containing a very minutely granulated substance which escapes
by an aperture formed at the extremity. — Minute plants fre-
quently frondose, sometimes (as in Jungermaiinia), foliife-
ferous ; the leaves often divided, never really nerved. Sub-
stance loosely cellular in general, easily reviving, after being
dried, by moisture. Sometimes the areolce of the cells have an
evident pore, as in Marchantia and Targionia,

1. RICCIA.

Capsule sphaerical, immersed in the frond (not opening ?),
crowned with the style which is alone protruded. I am but
imperfectly acquainted with the fructfication of the plants at-
tributed to this genus. In R. glauca I can discover no ca-
lyptra, and were it not that its herbaceous texture assimilates
it with the Hepaticce, it would be hard to distinguish it from
the genus Endocarpon among the Lichens. Oidy one kind of
fructification has ever been discovered ; upon some of the
British species indeed, R. natans -dud fiaiia?is, none.

1. R. glauca, frond small oblong somewhat divided, the seg-
ments two-lobed at the extremity fleshy glaucous dotted on
the surface and slightly channelled with the fructifications near
the base. Lighlf p. 709. E, B. t. 2546.

Hab. Rocks slightly covered with earth at the Tarbet of Cantire, &c,,

Lightf.
Frequently growing in a radiating or stellated manner in patches of

half an inch long.

2. R. spuria, " fronds membranaceous lobed pellucid, fructifica-
tions beneath the sinuses of the lobes solitary exserted turbi-
nate toothed." Dicks. Plant. Crypt. fasc.A. p. 20. /. 11.

/. 16.

Hab. Turfy marshes among the Scotch mountains, Dickson.

Of this plant I know nothing but from Dickson's figure and descrip-
tion above quoted. It seems very ill to accord with Riccia.

2. ANTHOCEROS.
Capsule pedunculated, linear, two-valved, with a central colu-
mella, to which the seeds are attached.
1. A. mtiUifidus, fronds bipinnatifid linear. Dicks. PL Crypt,
fasc. 3. p. 13. Dill. Muse. t. 68. /. 4.

ACOTYLEDONS. — iiEPATiCiE. nJimgevmanma. 1 1 1

Har. Crevices of rocks in tlie Highlands, Dickson.
Witli this phint of Mr. Dickson's also I am unacquainted, nor is it
taken up in E. Bat.

3. JUNGERMANNIA.

Common receptacle of the fruii none. Periantli or cahjx mo-
nophyllous, tubular (rarely wanting). Capsule 4-valvcd, ter-
minating a peduncle which is longer than the peria?ith,

A. Leafy.

t Stipules none.

a. Leaves inserted on all sides.

1. J. trichophylla, stem creeping irregularly branched, leaves
imbricated on all sides here and there fasciculated setaceous
jointed patent straight, fruit terminal, cal. oblong the mouth
contracted ciliated. Hook, Ju??g, t. 7.

Hab. Moist rocky places. On Craig-alleach and Schechallion in
Breadalbane, rerthshire, and on Ben Luyal, in the N. of Sutlier-
land. Hook.

2. J. setacea, stem creeping branched in a somewhat pinnated
manner, leaves imbricating on all sides binous setaceous joint-
ed patent incurved, fruit terminal on proj)er short branches,
cal. oblong, the mouth expanded ciliated. Hook. Jung. t. 8.
and Snppl. /.I.

Hab. Auchindenny woods, Edinb., Mr. Greville.

3. hjnlacea, stem nearly erect irregularly branched filiform,
leaves quadrifarious ovate closely imbricated erect acutely bifid,
the segments lanceolate acuminate subserrate those of the pe-
richaitium 4-partite, fruit terminal, cal. oblong plicate above,
the mouth open toothed. Hook. Jung. t. 2. Liglitf. p. 785.

/3. gracilis, stems elongated, leaves small rather distant.

Hab. Summits of Ben Lomond, the Breadalbane and other moun-
tains, plentiful. /3. On Ben Nevis, Hook.

Grows in large, dense, compact tufts, with frequently a white hoari-
ness upon it.

4. Lju?iiperi?ia, stem erect flexuose subsimple elongated filiform,
leaves quadrifarious falcato-secund linear-lanceolate bipartite,
the segments straight acuminate, fruit terminal, cal. ovate
leafy. Hook. Jang. i. 4.

Hab. Scotch mountains, plentifully, as Ben Lomond, Cairn-gorum,
Ben Nevis, Ben Lawers, Ben Arthur, Ben-y-caillich in Skye, &c. :
— but the finest specimens I ever saw (almost 1 foot long) were
by a cascade in a glen near the head of Loch Lomond.

Growing in large tufts of a fine yellow brown colour.

5. J. Hookeriy stem erect somewhat branched, leaves imbricated
on all sides ovate or oblongo-ovate here and there lobed or
angled, fruit terminal, cal. none, calyptra large oblong fleshy
smooth, capsule oblong. Hook, Jung. t. 54.

112 ACOTYLEDONS. — HEPATic.T.. •Jujigerjuamua.

Hab. Marshy ground at Kinnordy, Kerriemuir, Charles Lijelly Esq.

b. Leaves bifarious,

* Leaves undivided.

6. J. asplenh'ides, stem ascending branched, leaves oljovnto-
roundish ciliato-dentate subrecmvedj fruit terminal and lateral,
cal. oblong compressed oblique, mouth truncated subciliated.
Hook. Jung. t. 14. Liglilf. p. "III.

Hab. Woods and shady places, plentiful.

7. J. spinulosa, stem erect branched, leaves obovate recurved
with the margin on one side and the apex dentato-spinulose,
fruit lateral and axillary, cal. roundish compressed, the mouth
truncated ciliated. Hook, Jung. t. 14.

Hab. Mountainous parts of Scotland among- rocks, not uncommon.

8. J. pumila, stem ascending nearly simple, leaves elliptical
ovate, fruit terminal, cal. oblongo-ovate acuminate, mouth
contracted denticulated. Hook. Jung. t. M .

Hab. On the ground, Kinnordy, Kerriemuir, Mr. Lyell.

9. J. lanceolata, stem procumbent subsimple, leaves patent ovato-
rotundate, fritit terminal, cal. oblongo-cylindrical depressed
and flat at the extremity, the mouth much contracted cut and
toothed. Hook. Jung/ 1.\8. Ligk/f. p. 77S.

Hab. Moist, shady banks, and on the rotten trunks of trees, Lighff.
Near Nevi'burgh, on the Cathkin hills, D. Don.

10. J. cordifolia, stem erect flexuose dichotomous, leaves erect
concave cordate circumvolute, fruit terminal and axillary, cal.
oblongo-ovate subplicace, mouth minute toothed. Hook. Jung.
t.32.

Hab. Highland mountains in many situations. Isla and Catlaw,
Angus-shire, Mr. Lyell.

11. J. Sphagni, stem procumb'^nt nearly simi)le (the gemmife-
rous elongations of the stem alone having stipules), leaves or-
bicular, iVuit upon short proper branches, cal. oblong atte-
nuated at each extremity, the mouth contracted toothed.
Hook. Jang. t. 33, and Suppl. t. 2.

Hab. Bogs near Forfar and Newburgh, Fifeshire, D.Don.

12. J. crenulafa, stem procumbent branched, leaves orbicular
margined, fruit terminal, cal. obovate compressed longitudi-
nally quadrangular, the mouth contracted toothed. Hook.
Jung. t.37.

Hab, Marshy places, Kinnordy, Mr. Lyell.

** Leaves emarginate or bifid, the segments equal.

13. J. emarginata, stem erect branched, leaves loosely imbri-
cated patent obcordate emarginate, fruit terminal, cal. ovate
toothed immersed in the leaves. Hook. Jung. t. 27.

Hab. Moist places among rocks, abundant, especially in alpine si-

tuations.

■r^

ACOTYLEDONs.— HEPATIC.^. Jungermcmnia , 113

H. J. conchinaia, stem erect branched, leaves very closely im-
bricated erect concave ovate obtuse emarginate, fruit terminal,
cal. none. Light/, p. T$Q. Hook, Jung, t, 3.

Hap,. Summits of the mountains, Ben Lav^-ers, Ben Lomond, &c.

15. J. orcadensis, stem erect simple, leaves closely imbricated
erect or patent cordato-ovate plane notched at the extremity
their margins recurved. Hook. Jung. t.l\,

Hab. Wart hill of Hoy, Orkney, near the summit. Hook. Catlaw, near
Kinnordy, Mr. Lijell.

16. J. injiata, stem procumbent simple or branched, leaves round-
ish concave acutely bifid, segments straight obtuse, fruit ter-
minal, cal. obpyriform, the mouth contracted toothed. Hook,
Jung, t, 38.

Hab. Moist places, not uncommon.

17. J. excisa, stem prostrate nearly simple, leaves patent sub-
quadrate deeply emarginate, fruit terminal, cal. oblong, the
mouth plicate toothed. Hook. Jung, t, 9.

Hab. Highland mountains, frequent. Hook. Marshes, common, D.
Don.

18. J. ventricosa, stem prostrate somewhat branched, leaves pa-
tent subquadrate obtusely and broadly emarginated their sides
incurved, fruit terminal, cal. oblong, the mouth contracted pli-
cated toothed. Hook. Jung, t,28.

[ab. Moist shady places, among rocks, and in woods.

l9. J. licuspidata, stem procumbent branched in a stellated
manner, leaves subquadrate acutely bifid, the segments acute
straight entire, fruit terminal, cal. oblong plicated, the mouth
toothed. Hook. Ju?fg. t. \\. Lightf, p.775,
AB. Woods, heaths, &c., abundant.

10. J. byssacea, stem procumbent branched in a stellated man-
ner, leaves subquadrate obtusely bifid, the segments acute, fruit
terminal, cal. oblong plicate, the mouth toothed. Hook. Jung,
t,\2.
'Hab. Highland mountains, in exposed situations, not uncommon*

21. J. connwe?is, stem procumbent branched in a stellated man-
ner, leaves orbicular concave at the extremity lunulato-emar-
ginate, fruit terminal upon short proper central branches, cal,
oblongo-Qvate, the mouth ciliated. Hook, Jimg. i, 15.

Hab. Marshes and mountains, frequent.

22. J. curvifblia, stem procumbent branched in a stellated man-
ner, leaves roundish very concave bifid, the segments long
acuminate incurved, fruit terminal upon short proper branches,
cal. oblong subplicate, the mouth toothed. Hook, Jung, t, 16.

Hab. Highland mountains, Dickson. On Ben Nevis j Ross-shire
mountains, &c.. Hook.

*** Leaves tri-quadrifid, the segments equal.

23. J. incisa, stem prostrate depressed nearly simple, leaves sub-

[H]

114 ACOTYLEDONS. — HEPATIC.^. Jmigermannia ,

quadrate waved siibtrifid the segments equal here and there
toothed, fruit terminal, cal. obovate. Hook. Jung, t, 10.
Hab. Moors, common^ growing with J. resupinata, D. Don.

24. J. pusilla, stem procumbent nearly simple, leaves spreading
horizontally quadrate waved obtusely bi-tricrenate, fruit ter-
minal, cal. campanulate, caps, sphaerical bursting irregularly.
Hook. Jung, t, 69.

Hab. Moist, especially clayey, banks.

25. J. sctiformisy stem erect subsimple, leaves bifarious closely
imbricated erect quadrate quadrifid their inferior angles here
and there spinuloso-dentate, fruit terminal and lateral, cal.
oblong plicate, the mouth open. Hook. Jung, t. 20.

Hab. Cairn-gorum, on the summit. Hook. Highland mountains^
Dickson. Clova mountains, G. Don.

**** Leaves two-lohed; the segments unequal, conduplicate.

26. J. nemorosa, stem erect subdichotomous, leaves unequally
bilobed semibifid dentato-ciliate, lobes condupHcate, the infe-
rior ones larger obovate, the superior ones subcordate obtuse,
fruit terminal, cal. oblong incurved compressed, the mouth
truncate dentato-ciliate. Hook, Jung. t,2\. Light/, p, 778
{J. purpurea.)

Hab. Woods, rocks, and shady places, frequent.

27. J. 2imhrosa, stem nearly erect somewhat branched, leaves
un equally bilobed> lobes conduplicate serrated at the extremities
acute, the lower ones larger ovate, superior ones roundish-ovate,
fruit terminal, cal. oblong incurved compressed, mouth trun-
cated entire. Hook. Jung, t.24,

Hab. On Ben Nevis j in the Den of Rechip, near Dunkeld, Hook.

28. J. undulata, stem erect subdichotomous, leaves unequally two-
lobed waved entire, lobes roundish conduplicate lower ones the
largest, fruit terminal, cal. oblong incurved compressed, mouth
truncated entire. Hook. Jung.t, 22. Lightf, p, 776.

Hab. Moist rocks, plentiful j especially by the side of streams.

29. J. resupinata, stem procumbent nearly simple, leaves roundish
nearly equally bilobed entire, lobes conduplicate, fruit terminal,
cal. oblong incurved compressed, mouth truncate toothed.
Hook, Jung, t, 23. Lightf. p, 776.

Hab. Heaths^ common^ D. Don.

30. J. albicans, stem erect subdivided, leaves unequally bilobed,
lobes conduplicate with a pellucid line in the middle serrated
at the extremity, lower ones larger subacinaciform, upper ones
oblongo-ovate acute, fruit terminal, cal. obovate cylindrical,
the mouth contracted toothed. Hook, Jung, t, 25. Lightf,
p. 777.

Hab. Woods, rocks, heaths, and mountains, abundant.

3 1 . J .oltusifoliay stem ascending simple, leaves unequally bilobed.

I

AcoTYLEDONS. — HEPATiCiE. Jungevinannia . 115

lobes conduplicate obtuse entire, lower ones larger subacinaci-
form, superior ones ovate, fruit terminal, cal. obovate, the mouth
contracted toothed. Hook, Jung, t, 26.

Hab. Cathkin Hills, Hopk. Near Newburgh, Fifeshire, Z). Don.

32. J. DicksoJii, stem ascending subsimple, leaves unequally hi-
lobed, lobes conduplicate, lower ones larger, both narrow ovate
nearly entire acute, fruit terminal, cal. ovate plicate, the mouth
contracted toothed. Hook. Jung. t. 48.

Hab. Most abundant upon dry rocks among mosses^ near the Falls of
the Isla, Angus -shire, Mr. Lyell.

53. J. minuta^ stem erect subdichotomous, leaves horizontally
patent subconduplicate, upper ones equally lower ones une-
qually two-lobed, all the lobes rather acute, fruit terminal cal.
obovate a little plicate at the extremity the mouth contracted
denticulate. Hook, Jung. t. 44.

Hab. Woods and mountains, not rare.

34. J. cochleariformis, stem procumbent subsimple, leaves im-
bricated on the upper side unequally two-lobed conduplicate,
superior lobes the larger convex bifid and toothed at the ex-
tremity, the lower ones saccate. Hook. Jung. t. 68.

Hab. Highland mountains, not uncommon 3 more plentiful in the
N. Highlands, especially in Sutherland.

35. J. complanata, stem creeping irregularly branched, leaves
distichous imbricated above unequally two-lobed, superior lobes
larger orbicular, lower ones ovate appressed plane, fruit ter-
minal, cal. oblong compressed truncated. Hook. Jung. /. 81.
Lightf. p. 780.

Hab. Trunks of trees, common.

ft Stipulate.
a. Leaves entire^ or rarely here and there emarginate.

36. J. anomala, stem procumbent simple leaves orbicular and
ovato-acuminate, stipules broadly subulate. Hook. Jung, t. 34.

Hab. Boggy places in various parts of the Highlands.

37. J. Taylori, stem erect subsimple, leaves all rounded, stipules
broadly subulate, fruit terminal, cal. ovate compressed at the
extremity truncate two-lipped. Hook. Jung. t. 57.

Hab. Cairn-gorum, and other mountains in the Highlands, Hook.
Cathkin Hills, near Glasgow, and on the Ochil Hills, D. Don.

38. J. scalaris, stem creeping simple, leaves round concave entire
and emarginate, stipules broadly subulate, fruit terminal, cal.
immersed in the leaves. Hook. Jung, t, 61.

Hab. Heaths, banks, &c. abundant.

39. J. poly ant hos, stem procumbent somewhat branched, leaves
horizontal rotundato-quadrate plane entire and emarginate,
stipules oblong bifid, fruit upon very short proper branches a-
rising from the lower surface of the stem, cal. much shorter

[h2]

116 ACOTYLEDONS. — HEPATicqE. Jungermamiia,

than the calyptra two-lipped laciniated. Hook, Jung, t, 62.
Light/. p,77S.
Hab. Bilston Burn, near Edinburgh, and in Angus-shire, G. Don ;
growing in water.

40. J. v'uicnlosa, stem procumbent branched, leaves horizontal
plane ovate entire, stipules broadly ovate dentato-laciniate, fruit
lateral, cal. subterraneous oblong fleshy, the mouth fimbriated
with leafy scales. Hook. Jung. t. 60. Lightf. p. 772.

Hab. Woods and rocks in alpine situations, plentiful.

41. J. trichomanis, stem creeping subsimple, leaves horizontal
convex ovate entire and emarginate, stipules round lunulari-
emarginate, fruit lateral, cal. subterraneous oblong fleshy hairy,

. the mouth crenate. Hook. Jung. t. 79. Light/', p. 769, and
p. 771 (J.fssa).
Hab. Woods, caves in rocks, and shady places, abundant.

b. Leaves hi- or trifid, the segments equal.

42. J. lidentata, stem procumbent branched, leaves broadly ovate
decurrent bifid at the apex, the segments very acute entire, sti-
pules bi-trifid and laciniated, fruit terminal, cal. oblong sub-
triangular the mouth laciniated. Hook. Jung, t, 30. Lightf,
p. 774.

Hab. Woods and shady places, frec^uent.

43. J. siipulacea, stem procumbent simple, leaves round acutely
emarginate at the extremity, segments acute straight, stipules
large ovate acuminate with a single tooth at the base on each
side, fruit lateral, cal. obovate, subplicate at the extremity the
mouth contracted obtusely toothed. Hook, Jung. t,4\,

Hab. Scotland, G. Don.

44. J. barbata, stem procumbent nearly simple, leaves rotundato-
quadrate tri-quadrifid, stipules lanceolate acutely bifid their
margins laciniated, fruit terminal, cal. ovate contracted and
toothed at the mouth. Hook. Jung. t. 70. Lightj. p. 775
(J. 5'dentata),

Hab. Woods and among rocks, plentiful.

45. J. albescens, stem creeping branched, leaves very concave
nearly hemisphaerical emarginate, stipules ovato-lanccohte ob-
tuse, fruit terminal upon short branches, cal. oblongo-ovate
toothed at the mouth. Hook. Jung. t. 72, and Suppl. t.4.

Hab. Summit of Ben Nevis, on the ground. Hook.

46. J. rfp/a;?^, stem creeping branched in astellated manner, leaves
imbricated above subquadrate incurved acutely 4- dentate, sti-
pules broadly quadrate quadridentate, fruit radical, cal. oblong
pHcate toothed at the mouth. Hook, Jung. t. 75. Lightf. p. 779.

Hab. Woods, rocks, and on the ground, abundant in shady places.

47. J. trilobata, stem creeping flexuose branched bearing flagel-
la, leaves imbricated above ovate convex obtusely tridentate.

i|

ACOTYLEDONS. — HEPATiCiE. Jungevmannia. 1 17

stipules broadly subquadrate crenate, fruit arising from the
lower part of the stem, cal. oblong subacuminate, the mouth
laterally cleft. Hook. Jung. t. 86j and /. 39 {J, Donxana),
Hab. Woods and mountains.

A recent examination of my J. Doniana has satisfied me that it is
only an injured state of this plant.

c. Leaves bifid; segments unequal, conduplicate,
* Lower or smaller segments plane.

48. J. platyphylla, stem procumbent branched in a pinnated
manner, leaves unequally lobed, superior lobe? roundish-
ovate nearly entire, inferior ones and the stipules ligulate quite
entire, fruit lateral, cal. ovate compressed truncate at the
mouth inciso-serrate longitudinally cleft on one side. Hook,
Jung. t. 40, and SuppL t, 3. Light/, p. 784.

Hab. Woods, common.

49. J. IcBvigata, stem procumbent branched in a pinnated man-
ner, leaves unequally two-lobed spinuloso-dentate, superior
lobes roundish ovate, inferior ligulate, stipules oblongo-qua-
drate spinuloso-dentate. Llook. Jung, t.35.

Hab. Woods and rocks in Scotland, not uncommon.

50. J. ciliaris, stem procumbent branched in a pinnated manner,
leaves very convex unequally two-lobed, lobes and lobules ovate
bipartite fringed with long and slender cilia, stipules subqua-
drate 4- or 5-lobcd at the extremity with long cilia, fruit la-
teral, cal. obovate contracted and toothed at the mouth. Hook,
Jung. ^.65.

Hab. On the ground in hilly and mountainous situations, abundant.

51. J.tomentella, stem nearly erect bipinnate, leaves nearly plane
unequally two-lobed cut into numerous capillary segments, su-
perior lobes bipartite, inferior minute, stipules subquadrate
laciniate, fruit axillary, cal. oblong cylindrical hairy open at
the mouth. Hook. Jung. t. 36.

Hab. Moist shady places, not unfrequent. Glen Finlas, near Loch
Lomond, D. L>on.

** The lower or smaller segments of the leaves involute.

52. J. serpi/llif'olia, stem creeping loosely branched in a pinnated
manner, leaves unequally two-lobed, superior lobes rounded,
inferior minute involute, stipules roundish acutely bifid, fruit
lateral, cal. broadly obovate pentagonal, the mouth contracted
elevated subdentate. Hook. Jung. t. 42.

Hab, Not uncommon on trees and rocks.

53. J. hamatifolla , stem creeping loosely branched, leaves un-
e(|ually two-lobed, superior lobes ovate acuminate mostly curved
at the extremity, inferior ones involute, stipules ovate acutely
bifid, fruit lateral, cal. obovate pentagonal, the mouth con-
tracted elevated and toothed. Hook. Jung. ^ 51.

118 ACOTYLEDONS. — hepatic^s. Jungermannia^

Hab. Rocks in the Den of Rechip, near Dunkeld, rare,, llooh.
*** Lower or smaller segments of the leaves saccate.

54. J. dilatata, stem creeping irregularly branched^ leaves un-
equally two-lobedjsuperior lobes ovato-rotundate^inferior round-
ed saccate, stipules rounded plane emarginate, fruit terminal,
cal. obcordate tuberculated triangular. Hook. Jim^, U 5.

Hab. Trunks of trees^, frequent, and on rocks, Lightf. p. 781.

55. J. Tamarisci, stem creeping branched in a pinnated 'manner,
leaves unequally two-lobed, superior lobes ovato-roundish, in-
ferior ones minute obovate saccate, stipules subquadrate emar-
ginate the margins revolute, fruit terminal on short branches,
cal. obovate smooth triangular. Hook. Jung. t*6, Lightf.p.782,

Hab, Common on rocks and heaths.

B. Frondose.
a. Nerveless,

56. J. pinguiSy frond oblong decumbent nerveless fleshy nearly
plane above swelling beneath irregularly branched, the margin
sinuated, fruit arising from the underside near the margin, cal,
very short the mouth dilated fimbriated, calyptra exserted oh-
longo-cylindrical, smooth. Hook, Jung. ^46, Lightf. p. 789.

Hab. Wet and boggy places, Pentland Hills, Mr. Greville.

57. J. mullifida, frond linear nerveless fleshy compressed branched
in a pinnated manner, fruit marginal, cal. very short, the mouth
dilated fimbriated, calyptra exserted oblongo-cylindrical tuber-
culated. Hook. Jung, t, Ab,

Hab. Bogs, common.

b. Fronds with a nerve,
* Cal. single.

58. J. Blasia, frond oblong submembranaceous dichotomous
costate having scattered scales on the underside, cal. and the
calyptra within the fiond. Hook, Jung. t. 72, 73, and 74.
Blasia pusilla, Light/, p, 1118.

Hab. Woods and exposed rocky or heathy places. In fruit, at Kin-
nordy, Mr. Lyell; and Auchindenny wood, Mr. Greville.

59. J. epiphylla, frond oblong submembranaceous irregularly
divided obsoletely ribbed the margin entire or lobed and sinua-
ted, fruit arising from the superior part of the frond near the
apex, cal. subcylindrical plicate, the mouth dilated inciso-den-
tate, calyptra exserted smooth. Hook. Juns. t.47. Liahif.
p. 788. ^ "" -"

Hab. Shady moist places in bogs, plentiful.

60. J. furcata, frond linear dichotomous membranaceous costate
glabrous above more or less hairy beneath and on the margin,
fruit arising from the lower surface of the nerve, cal. 2-lQbed

I

ACOTYLEDONS. — HEPATiCiE. MaTchantta, ] 19

conduplicate ciliated at the margin, calyptra obovate hispid.
Hook, Jung, t, 55 and ^Q. Light/, p. 791.
Hab. Trunks of trees and rocks, plentiful.

61. J. puhescens, frond linear diehotomous membranaceous cos-
tate pubescent in every part. Hook, Jung* t, 73.

Hab. Rocks in alpine situations, not uncommon.
** Calyx double.

62. J. Lyellii, frond oblong somewhat branched membranous
costate the margin nearly entire, fruit arising from the superior
surface of the fronds, cal. double, ext. very short its margin
laciniato-dentate, int. much exserted cylindrical subplicate,
calyptra longer than the cal. Hook. Jung, t, 77*

Hab. DrumlyAiry, a waterfall on the Noran, Angus-shire, Mr. Lyell.
Damp woods, near the burn side, Forfar, D. Don.

63. J. hibernicay frond oblong diehotomous membranous costate
with the margin entire, fruit arising from the superior surface
of the frond, cal. double, ext. very short laciniated, int. much
exserted ovato-cylindrical subplicate, calyptra much shorter
than the interior cal. Hook, Jung, t, 78, and Suppl, t. 4.

Hab. Catlaw, near Kinnordy, Angus -shire, Mr. Lyell.

4. TARGIONIA.

Common receptacle of the fruit none. Perianth or calyx globose,
arising from the underside of the extremity of the frond, at
length opening vertically into 2 valves. Capsule globose,
nearly sessile, included in the cal., opening irregularly at the
extremity and filled with seeds and spiral Jilaments,

I, T. hypophylla. Light/, p. 792. E. B,

Hab. Moist banks, rare. Near the Tarbet of Can tire, on the con-
fines of Knapdale, Light/.

Fronds imbricated, dark green, oblongo-obovate, purple and scaly be-
neath, with many radicles. Cal. sphaerical, sessile. No bodies ana-
logous to anthers (as they are called) have ever been discovered on
this plant, nor any kind of fructification but the capsular.

. 5. MARCHANTIA.

Common receptacle of the fruit pedunculated peltate, bearing
beneath shortly pedunculated capsules which are pendent,
opening at the extremity with about 8 teeth, and filled with
seeds and spiral filaments^ Anthers {P) oblong, sessile, im-
bedded in a flat carnose sessile or pedunculated papillary disk.
— GemmcB aire also abundant in this genus on the frond, lenti-
cular, contained in variously shaped receptacles, and germina-
ting even while on the parent frond.

1, M. polymorpha, receptacle of the capsules deeply cut in a
stellated manner into about ten narrow segments, that of the
anthers pedunculated. Light/, p, 793. E, B, t, 210.

120 ACOTYLEDONS.— Musci. Andreca.

Hab. On shady moist rocks, on the banks of rivulets and the sides

of wells and sometimes bogs, Lightf.
Cups of gemmee serrated at the margin.

2. M. hemisphcerica, receptacle of the capsules hemisphaerlcj^l
cloven into about 5 oval segments. E, B. /.503. Lightf.
p. 796.

Hab. Wet rocks and banks, by the sides of rivulets amongst the
mountains, not uncommon, Lightf.

3. M. apdrogyna, *^ receptacle of the capsules hemisphaerical
half four-cleft of four cells/' Sm. E. B. t. 2545.

Hab. Wetrocks in Scotland, Dickson, Dr. Stuart, and Sir J. E. Smith.

4. M. conica, receptacle of the capsuleis entire conical ovate
somewhat angular, that of the anthers sessile. Lightf ,p, 797.
£. B. t. 504.

Hab. Moist shady banks by the sides of rivulets.

Order VI. MUSCI.

Fruclification of two kinds. Capsules, in an early stage, co-
vered with a calyptra, tipped with a style, which bursts trans-
versely and regularly and rises up with the mostly pedunculated
and operculated capsule. Operculum or lid deciduous in most
instances; mouth of the c«p5w/e furnished with a single or dou-
ble^? 27zge; containing seeds surrounding a columella, destitute
of spiral filaments : — and sphserical pedicellated reticulated
lodies, concealed for the most part in peculiarly shaped leaves,
and which have been considered anthers.

PZa72/^ of small size, of a more or less compactly cellular structure;,
readily reviving by the application of moisture after being dry,
bearing leaves which are very rarely indeed divided, oftennerved,
entire or toothed, or serrated at the margin.

A. Peristome ?wne.
1. ANDREA.
Capsule 4-valved, the valves cohering at the extremity by means
of the persistent Zic?. Ca/^p^ra irregularly torn. Muse. Brit. ^
t, 1.

* Leaves destitute of a nerve.

1 . A. alpina, stems branched, leaves obovate suddenly acumi-
nated straight imbricating the stem on every side. Muse*
Brit. p.\. t. 8. Jungermannia alpina, Lightf. p. 7S7.''

Hab. Alpine rocks, not very common.

" Throughout this Order the arrangement, &c., adopted in ** Hooker and
Taytor^ Muscologia Britannica," are followed.

ACOTYLEDONS. MUSCI. PhctSCUm. 121

2. A. riipestris, steins branched, leaves ovate gradually acurpi-
nated, the upper ones falcate. Muse. Brit. p. 2. t, 8^ Jun-
germannia rupcstris, Liglitf. p. 787.

Hab. Rocky mountains, not unfrequent.

• ** Leaves furnished with a nerve.

3. A. Rolhii, stems almost simple, leaves lanceolato- subulate
falcato-secund fragile, perichaetial ones oblong nerveless their
margins involute. Muse. Bril. p. 2. /. 8.

Hab., Alpine rocks, not rare.

4. A. nivalis, stems slightly branched, leaves loosely imbricated
lanceolate subfalcate secund, perichaetial ones similar to the
cauline ones. Muse. Brit. p. 2. t. S.

Hab. Rocks upon the highest summit of Ben Nevis, on the eastern
side^ Hook.

2. SPHAGNUM.

Receptacle pedunculated, its peduncle resembling a fruitstilk.
Capsule sessile, entire, its lid deciduous, its mouth naked.
Calyptra irregularly torn. Muse. Brit, t, 1.

1 . S. ohtusifoliumy branches tumid, leaves ovate obtuse. Muse,
Brit.p.S.t.i.

Hab. Bogs, common.

2. S. squarrosum, branches attenuated at their extremities, leaves
ovato-acuminated squarrose recurved. Muse. Brit. p. 4. t. 4.

Hab. Arlary, Mr. Arnott, in ft-. Ravelrig-toll, and near N. Queens-
feriy, Mr. Greville. Marshes, near Glasgow, D. Don.

3. S. acutifoli'um, branches attenuated, leaves ovato-lanceolate
crowded. M^isc. Brit. p. 4. i. 4,

Hab. Bogs, plentiful.

4. S. cuspidatum, branches attenuated, leaves lanceolato-subu-
late lax Miisc. Brit. p. 4. t. 4.

Hab. Growing in the water in boggy places.

3. PHASCUM.

FndtstalkslexxmndX. Zic?persistent. Ca/yp^ra dimidiate. Musc^
Brit. t.\,

* Shoots creeping ; leafless, articulated, branched.

1 . Ph. serratum, shoots branched conferva-like, perichaetial leaves
lanceolate serrated nerveless. Muse. Brit. p. 5. t. 5.

Hab. Wall top, opposite Blair Adam, Kinross-shire, Mr. Arnott.
Pastures, Angus-shire, and marshes on Braid hills, G.Don.

** Creeping shoots none,.
t Leaves more or less subulate.

2. Ph. crispMm, leaves lanceolato-subulate flexuose crisped when
dry. Hook. & TayL Muse. Brit. p. 6. /. 5.

Hab. Scotland, G. Don. Caroline park, on the ground, Mr. Arnott.

3. Ph. subulatum, leaves subulate -setaceous straight their nervQ

122 ACOTYLEDONS. — Musci. Gijmjiostomimi.

disappearing below the point. Hook. & Tayl. Muse. Brit,
p.6.L5. Light/, p. 694.
Hab. Dry banks.

4. Ph. axillare, leaves lanceolate-subulate straight their nerve
disappearing below the point, fruit at length lateral. Muse.
Brit. p. 7' ^ 5.

Hab. BankSj Angus-shire, G. Don.

tt Leaves more or less ovate.
(Fruitstalk entirely immersed among the leaves.)

5. Ph. muticum, leaves ovato-rotundate acuminate concave con-
nivent, the nerve reaching to the point. Muse. Brit. p.l .t.o,

Hab. Banks, not uncommon.

6. Ph. cuspidatumy\ea,ves ovato-acuminate erect their nerve reach-
ing to the point. Muse, Brit. p. 8. f. 5. Phascum acaulon.
Light/, p. 693.

p. pil/erum, leaves hair-pointed.

Hab. Sandy fields, common. /3. King's Park, Edinb., G. Don. Ar-
thur's Seat, common, Mr. Greville.

4. GYMNOSTOMUM.

Fruitstalks terminal. Mouth of the capsule naked. Calyptra
dimidiate. Muse. Brit, t. 1 .

* Stem elongated, branched.

1. G. lapponicurri) leaves linear-lanceolate crisped when dry,
the parichaetial ones broadly ovate their margins involute, cap-
sule turbinate striated. Muse, Brit. p. 10. /. 6.

Hab. Summits of Clova, G. Don. Mountains E. of Ben Voirlich,
Mr. Arnott.

2. G. cestivum, leaves lanceolate twisted when dry, the peri-
chaetial ones broadly ovate their margins involute, capsule ob-
long smooth. Muse. Brit, p. 10. t, 6.

Hab. Wet rocks, not uncommon.

3. G. viridissimum, leaves broadly lanceolate, capsule ovate,
lid obliquely rostrate. Muse. Brit, p, 10. /. 6.

Hab. Inch Keith, D. Don.

4. G, curvirostrum, leaves subulate, capsule turbinate ovate^
lid obliquely rostrate. Muse, Brit, p, 11. /. 6.

Hab. Moist rocks, not rare.

** Stems short, simple.

5. G, ovatum, leaves ovate erect concave piliferous their nerve
furnished with a granuliferous membrane, lid rostrate. Musc^
Brit. p. \\,t,l.

Hab. Banks and walls. Dumbarton and Angus-shire, D, Dow, Very

common, Mr. Greville. '
6* G. truncatiduniy leaves ovate apiculate patent nearly plane^

ACOTYLEDONs. — Musci. Diphyscium, 123

lid obliquely rostrate. Muse, Brit. p. 12. t, 7. Bryiim trun-
catulum. Light/, p. 730.
Hab. Corn-fields and banks, common.

7. G. Heimii, leaves lanceolate serrated at the point, capsule
ovato-oblong, lid obliquely rostrate. Muse, Brit, t,\2,f, 7.

Hab. Bank^ especially near the sea.

8. G. Jasctculare, leaves oblongo-acuminate nearly plane sub-
serrated marginated, capsule pyriform, lid plane sub-mainrnil-
late. Muse. Brit, p, 12. /. 8.

Hab. Moors, near P^orfar, plentiful, D. Don. Lismore, Capt. Car-
michael. Cleish hills, Mr. Arnott.

^, G. pyriforme, leaves ovato-acuminate concave serrated not
marginated, capsule roundish obovate, lid convex shortly ros-
trate. Mtisc. Brit, p.\3. t.7, Bryum pyriforme ^ Lightf,
p,7\S.

Hab. Ditches, banks, &c., common.

10. G. tenue, stem scarcely any, outer leaves very short ovato-
lanceolate, inner ones lineari-lanceolate, all of them erect ob-
tuse with a strong nerve disappearing below the summit, cap-
sule oblong. Muse. Brit, p. \3,t,7.

Hab. Buchanan Castle ; on sandstone rocks above Blantyre Priory,
near Glasgow, D. Don. Auchindenny Woods, near Pennycuik,
and Den of Dupplin, Mr. Arnott.

i 1. G. Donianum, stem very short, leaves subulate straight, cap-
sule turbinate. Muse. Brit. p. 13. t. 1 .

Hab. Sandstone rocks in the Den of Dupplin, G. Don.

12. G. micros tomum J leaves broadly subulate, their margin invo-
lute above flexuose crisped when dry, capsule elliptical con-
tracted at the mouth, lid subulate incurved. Muse, Brit,
p. 13. t. 7.

Hab. Clova mountains, also Ben High and Ben Nevis, D. Don.
Glen Targ, Perthshire ? Mr. Arnott.

5. ANICTANGIUM.

Fruit stalks terminal. Mouth of the capsule naked. Calyptra mi-
triform. Muse. Brit, p. 14. t. 1.

J. A. ciliatum,\esiyes ovate much lengthened out and diaphanous
at the points, those of the perichaetium laciniated at their ex-
tremity. Muse. Brit, p. 14. /. 6.

Hab. Hocks, especially in subalpine places.

B. Mouth of the capsule having a peristome,

a. Peristome single,

6. DIPHYSCIUM.

Fruitstalk terminal. Capsule gibbous. Peristome single, forming

a plicated, membranous, truncated cone. Calyptra mitriforui.

Muse. Brit,p, 15. /. 1,

1 24 ACOTYLEDONS. — Musci. Splachnutn.

1 ,Y).foUosum, Hook.k TayLMusc.Brit.p. 1 6 . / .VI 1 1 . Bujchaumia
fotiosa, E. B. t. 329. Phascum maximum, Lighif. p. 693.

Hab. Among rocks in alpine situations. Lorn, Capt. Carruichacl.

prowingin dense patches. Stems short, scarcely any. Lertres minute,
ligulate, with a strong nerve. Those o{ the peric.hcEtiumlarge, erect,
membranous, nerved. Ulcerated, concealing the large oblique almost
sessile capsule. *

7. TETRAPHIS.

Fruilstalk terminal. Peristome single, consisting of four equidi-
stant upright teeth. Ca/yp/ra mitriform. Muse. Brit.pA6. lA.

1. T. pellucida, stems elongated, leaves ovato-acuminate those
of the perichietium lanceolate, capsule cylindrical. Muse. Brit,
p. 16. /. 8. Bryum pellucidum, Light/', p. 724.

Hab. On the ground, trunks of trees, posts, rails, &c. especially in
woods.

2. T. ovata, stems very short, leaves few linear slightly incrassated
upwards those of the perich^tium ovate obtuse, capsule ovate.
Muse. Brit. p.\7. t.S,

Hab. On sandstone rocks by the side of the Black Devon, a small
river in Fifeshire, Maugh. Arniston woods, Edinburgh ; Kirkcaldy
Den, and under a waterfall at Killside, Fifeshire, Mr. Arnott. Fall
pf the Aray, Mr. Borrer. Auchindenny woods, abundant, Mr.
Greville.

8. SPLACHNUM.

Fruit stalks terminal. Peristome single, of eight double teeth.
Capsule with an evident apophysis. Calyptra mitriform, with-
out furrows. Muse, Brit, p. \S. t. \.
* Leaves acuminate.

1. S. spkcerieum, leaves ovato-rotundate acuminate slightly ser-
rated, apophysis ovato-globose wider than the capsule. Muse.
Brit. p. 18. i. 9. Splacfinum vasculosum, Lighif. p. 697.

Hab. Dung of various animals, especially in mountainous situations.

2. S. teime, leaves ovato-acuminate serrated, apophysis obconi-
cal narrower than the capsule, columella exserted. Muse. Brit,
p,\9.t.d,

Hab. On the ground in the Highland mountains ; never on dung.

3. S. mmoides, leaves ovato-lanceolate much acuminated con-
cave entire, apophysis obovate nearly as narrow as the capsule.
Muse. Brit. p. 20. ^.9.

«. minus, of a deeper colour with shorter stems. S.mnioides,

Eedw,
p. majus, of a paler colour with elongated stems. S.fastigiatum,

Dieks.
Hab. On the ground in the Highland mountains, not uncommon.

Ben Lawers, abundant.

4. ^. miguslatum, leaves ovato-lanceolate nmch acuminated
serrated, apophysis obovate somewhat nanower than the c^p-

ACOTYLEDONS. — Musci. Polytricfai7u, 125

siile, fruitstalks scarcely longer than the leaves. Muse, Brit,

p, 20. /. 9.
Hab. Cow-dung by Loch Awen, Dickson. Scotch mountains, Mr.
Mackay. Cairn-gorum, on the turfy soil. Hook. Clova mountains,
G.Don.

5. S. ampullaceum, leaves ovato-lanceolate acuminate serrated,
apophvsis inversely flagon-shaped twice as wide as the cap-
sule. 'Muse. Brit', p. 20. /. 9. Light/, p. 696.

Hab. Bogs and dung of animals, on the plains as well as in the
mountains.

** Leaves obtuse.

6. S. vasculosum, leaves rhombo-rotundate obtuse the nerve dis-
appearing below the point, apophysis globose much wider than
the capsule. Muse. Brit. p. 21. Suppl. t. I,

Hab. Scotland, G. Don. Bog half-way up Ben Lawers, Mr. J. T.
Mackay.

7. Free lie himium, leaves ovate rounded at the points their nerve
disappearing before the summit, a])ophysis obovate much nar-
rower than the capsule. Hook. & Toy I. Miisc. Brit. p. 2 1 . /. 9.

Hab. On Ben High, Dickson.

9. CONOSTOMUM.

Fruitstalks tQxm\nvL\. Peristome ?\\\g\e^ oi 16 equidistant teeth

all united at their summits. Calyptra dimidiate. Alusc. Brit.

p. 22./. 10.
1. C. Ooreale, stems rather short, leaves lanceolate acuminated

carinated slightly toothed. Hook, & Tayl. Mmc. Brit. p. 22.

t. 10.
HAB.S^ummits of the Highland mountains. Very fine upon Ben Lomond.

10. POLYTRICHUM.

Fruitstalks terminal. Peristo?ne single, of 32 or 64 equidistant
incurved teeth, their summits united by a horizontal mem-
brane. Calyptra dimidiate, small. Muse. Brit. p. 23. t, 1.
* Calyptra naked.

1. P. undulatiim, leaves lanceolate undulate their margins plane
denticulated their nerve winged, capsule cylindrical curved, lid
subulate. Muse. Brit. p. 23. t. 10. Bryum undulatum, Light f,
p. 722.

Hab. Moist shady banks, and in woods.

2. P. hercynicum, leaves lanceolate rigid entire their sides invo-
lute, their nerve broad impressed with furrows, capsule oblong
suberect, lid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 24. t. 10.

Hab. Mountains. Ben Lomond, near the summit, plentiful.
** Calyptra covered with succulent Jilameiits.
t Leaves entire, their margins involute.

3. P .pi///e/7/w, leaves lanceolato-subulate their margins involute

126 ACOTYLEDONs.— Musci. CincUdotus ,

entire terminating in a pellucid hair-like point, capsule ovate'
obtusely quadrangular furnished with an apophysis^ lid conical.
Muse. Brit. p. 24. t. 10.

Hab. Heaths.

4 .V . J7miperinu7n,]evives lanceolate- subulate their margins invo-
lute entire their points acuminated coloured subserrated, cap-
sule ovate obtusely quadrangular furnished with an apophysis^
lid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 25. /. 10.

Hab. Heathy places.

5. P. septentrionale, leaves lineari-subulate obtuse their margins
especially towards the top involute subserrulate, capsule ovate
subangulate furnished with a minute apophysis, lid conical
acuminate. Muse. Brit. p. 25. t. 10.

Hab. Highest summit of Ben Nevis. On Ben Lomond, rare.
ft Leaves serrated, their margins plane.

6. P. commune, stems elongated, leaves patent lineari-subulate
their margins plane serrated as well as the points of the keelsy
capsule erect ovate quadrangular with an evident apophysis.
Muse. Brit. p. 26. t. 10. Light/, p. 698.

Hab. Heaths, in dry and wet places, varying much in size according
to its place of growth.

7. P. alpinum, stems elongated branched, leaves patent subulato-
lanceolate the margins plane serrated as well as the points of
the keels, capsule sub-ovate with an indistinct apophysis.
Muse. Brit. p. 27. ^.11. Light/, p. 703.

Hab. Mountains, in rather elevated situations.

8. P. urnigeriim^ stems elongated branched, leaves erect patent
lanceolate acute their margins plane serrated, capsule erect
cylindrical destitute of an apophysis. Muse, Brit. p. 27. t. 1 1.
Light/ p. 703.

Hab. Hilly places. In the Highlands, frequent.

9. P. aloides, stems short, leaves linear-lanceolate obtuse their
margins plane serrated principally at the extremity and at the
summit of the keels, capsule nearly erect cylindrical without
an apophysis. Muse. Brit. p. 28. /. 11.

Hab. Moist shady banks, abundant.

10. P. nanum^ stems short, leaves linear-lanceolate obtuse
their margins serrated principally at the extremity as well as
the summit of the keels, capsule nearly erect subglobose.
Muse. Brit. p. 28. /. 11. Light/, p. 701.

Hab. Moist banks, often with P. aloides, from which it is only distin-
guishable by the rounder capsules.

11. CINCLIDOTUS.
Fruitstalks terminal. Peristome single, of 32 filiform, twisted
teeth, anastomosing at their base. Calyptra mitriform.
Muse, Brit.p, 29. /. I.

ACOTYLEDONS. MUSCI. T^OVtuta, 12/

1. C.fontinaloides. Muse. Brit, p. 29. Ml. Fontinalis mi-
fior, Light/, p. 695.

Hab. On stones and wood in water. CoUington^ G. Don. Border
of Lochnell, Capt. CarmichaeL

Four to six inches long, dark green. Leaves elliptico-lanceolate, acu-
minate, margined, entire, flexuose, curled when dry, nerve stout.
Fruitstalks shorter than the oblong capsule.
12. TORTULA.

Fruitstalks terminal. Feristome single, of 32 filiform, twisted
teeth, more or less united at the base by a tubiform mem^
Irane, Calyptra dimidiate. Hook, h Tayl, Muse. Brit. p. 30.
/.2.

1. T. muralis, stems short, leaves patent lineari-oblong their mar-
gins recurved, nerve produced beyond the leaf into a white
hair- like point, capsule oblong, lid conical acuminate. Muse.
Brit. p,30. t.W. Bryum murale, Lightf. p. 720.

Hab. On walls and stones.

2. T. ruralis, stems elongated, leaves oblong carinated patent
and recurved, nerve terminating in a long generally diaphanous
serrated point, capsule oblong, lid subulate, teeth of the pe-
ristome united below into a tube. Miisc. Brit, p. 30. /. 12.
Bryum rurale, Lightf. p. 720.

Hab, Roofs of houses, on trees and banks.

3. T. suhulata, stems very short, leaves oblongo-lanceolate acu-
minate the nerve excurrent often forming an apiculus, cap-
sule cylindrical, lid conico-subulate/ teeth of the peristome
united nearly to the apex into a long tube. Muse, Brit. p,S\,
t, 12. Bryum suLulatum, Lightf. p. 719.

Hab. Banks, common.

4. T. stellata, stems scarcely any, leaves ovate concave, nerve
running beyond the points, capsule ovate striated^ lid rostrate.
Muse. Brit, p. 32. t, 12.

Hab. Scotland, Dickson.

5. T. toriuosa, stems elongated branched, leaves lineari-subu-
late carinate undulate much twisted when dry, capsule cylin-
drical, lid rostrate. Muse, Brit. p. 32. t, 12. Bryum ior-
tuosum, Lightf. p. 727,

Hab. Rocky places. Pentland hills^ Mr. Greville. Angus-shire,
G. Don.

6. T, fallax, fitems elongated branched, leaves lanceolato-subu-
late patent or recurved their margins reflexed, capsule oblong,
lid rostrate nearly as long as the capsule. Muse, Brit, p. 32.
c. 1 z.

Hab. Walls, banks, and in fields among grass.

7. T. revoluta, stems short, leaves lanceolate acuminate the
margins of those of the stem remarkably revolute, perichaetial

128 ACOTYL^DONS. MUSCI. Gf^i?n7?lia.

leaves shcatUing, their sides involute, capsule oblong, lid ros-
trate shorter than the capsule. Muse. Brit. p. 33. /. 12.
Hab. Banks and wall-tops,

8. T.iinguiculata, stems branched, leaves linear-lanceolate obtuse
their nerve produced into an apiculus, the margins nearly
plane, capsule oblong, lid rostrate nearly as long as the cap-
sule. Muse. Brit, p. 33. t. 12.

Hab. Banks and hedges.

9. T. eo?ivoluta, stems short, leaves oblong rather obtuse, nerve
not produced beyond the point the margins plane or slightly in-
curved, perichaetial leaves sheathing acute remarkably convo-
lute, capsule oblong, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 34. t. 12.

Hab, Moist banks. Pastures near Clyde Iron-works, D.Don.

13, ENCALYPTA,
FrJiitstdlks terminal. Peristome single, of IG teeth. Calyptra

campanulate, smooth, entirely inclosing the mature capsule.

Muse. Brit. p. 34. t.2,

1. E. streptocarpa, stems elongated, leaves elliptico-lanceolate
somewhat obtuse their nerve not produced beyond the sum-
mits, capsule cylindrical spirally striated, calyptra toothed at
the base. Muse. Brit. p. 34. /. 13.

Hab. Stony mountainous countries. , Arthur's Seat and Pentland
hills, but without fr., Mr. Arnott. Woods at Dunkeld^in the Duke
of Athol's grounds, in a fine state of fructification.

2. E. ciliaia, stems short, leaves oblong acuminate, nerve more
or less produced beyond the summit, capsule cylindrical, ca-
lyptra toothed at the base. Muse. Brit. p. 35. t. 13.

a. eoneolor, leaves mostly apiculate, their points of the same co-
lour, capsule smooth. E. ciliata of authors.

/3. alpina, leaves much acuminated, their points diaphanous,
capsules smooth. E. alpina, E. B,

Hab. Elevated mountains, a, and (3. not rare. Pentland hills, abun-
dant, Mr. GreviUe.

3. E. vulgaris, stems short, leaves oblongo-elliptical obtuse their
nerve produced a little beyond the summits, capsule cylindrical
smooth, calyptra entire at the base. Muse. Brit. p. 35. t, 13.
Bryum extinctorium, Light/, p. 718.

Hab. Banks, walls, and rocks. Walls about Edinb., frequent, Mr.
GreviUe. Fissures of rocks. Lorn, Capt. Carmichael.
14. GRIMMIA.
Fruitstalks terminal. Peristome of 16 entire, or perforated, rarely
cleft, equidistant teeth. Calyptra mitriform. Muse. Brit,
p. 36. t.2,

■* Fruitstalks scarcely any.
1. Gr. apoearpa, stems branched, leaves ovato-lanceolate re-

ACOTYLEDONS.— Musci. PterogoTiium, 129

cm vn- patent their margins reflexed, the perichsetial ones having
their nerve disappearing immedialeiy below their summits,
capsule ovate sessile, lid shortly rostrate. Muse. Brit, p, 36.
t, 10.

a. 7iigro-vir?dis, leaves broader blackish green. Gr. apocarpa

. of (uithors. Bryum apoc, Lightf. p,T\Q.

|3. stricia, stem elongated^ leaves narrower reddish. Gr. slricta,
Turn.

IIab. Trees an<i rocks, common. /3. Alpine rocks.

2. Gr. maritimay stems short pulvinate, leaves lanceolate acumi-
nate nearly erect crisped when dry their margins recurved, the
perichastial ones witii their nerve running beyond the summits,
capsule ovate sessile, lid shortly rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 31 .t. 10.

Hab. Rocks by the sea-shore. Most abundant in Lorn and Appin,
Capt. Carmichael.

* * Fruitstalks longer than the leaves.
t Fruitstalks curved.

3. Gr. phlvinnta, stems short pulvinate, leaves narrow- elliptical
their margins recurved their points diaphanous filiform, cap-
sule ovate striated, fruitstalks curved, lid conical acuminate.
Muse. Brit. p. 38. t, 13. Bryum puluinatum, Lightf. p. 735.

Hah. Walls and rocks.

ft Fniitstalks straight.

4. Gr. ovaia, stems slightly branched, leaves lanceolato- subu-
late gradually produced into long diaphanous hair-like points
their margins incurved, capsule ovate, teeth of the peristome
often perforated and split, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 39. t. 13.

Hab. Alpine roeLs.

5. Gr. JJoniana, stems short, leaves lanceolato-subulate pro-
duced into long diaphanous hair-like points their margins in-
curved, capsule ovate, teeth of the peristome quite entire, lid
shortly rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 40. t. 10.

Hab. Rocks in mountainous districts.

15. PTEROGONIUM.
Fruitstalks lateral. Peristome single, of 16 entire equidistant
teeth. Co/?/p/ra dimidiate. Muse. Brit. p. 40. t. 2.

1. Pt. graeile, branches fascicled curved, leaves broadly ovate
acute concave, their margins plane, summits serrated faintly
two-nerved at the base, lid conical. Muse. Brit.p.4\. t. 14.
Hypvum graeile, Lightf. p. Ti^Q.

Hab. Rocks in subalpine situations, not uncommon.

2. Vi.fliforme, stems irregularly branched curved, leaves ovate
subacuminated concave their margins recurved serrated, nerve
single or forked short faint, lid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 41.
i. 14.

}30 ACotYLEDONs.— ]^usci. Wcissia.

Hab. Mountains. Trunks of trees on the ascent of Cairn Goritm,
Rocks, D. Dan. Lowlands, Mr. Mackmj.

16. WEISSIA.
Fniitstalks terminal. Peristome single of 16 entire equidistant
teeth. Calyptra dimidiate. Muse. Brit. p. 42. /. 2.
* Capsule with an apophysis.

1. W. splacknoides, leaves lingulate rounded at the top their
nerve disappearing below the summit, capsule obovate, apo-
physis obconical, lid convex acuminulate. Muse. Brit, p, 42*

Hab. Turf bogs on the Scotch Alps, Dicks. Ben Lawers, G. Don.
Sparingly on Ben Lomond, D. Don.

2. W. Templetoni, leaves ovato-lanceolate acute, capsule (with
the apophvsis) narrowlv pyriform^lid nearly plane. Muse. Brit.
p.42.t.\4.

Had. Oozy, shaded rocks, in Lorn and Appin, Capt. Cannichael.
** Cap.mle destitute of an apophysis.
t Leaves nerveless.

3. W. nuda, stems scarcely any, leaves ovato-lanceolate nerve-
less, capsule ovate gibbons on one side cernuous. Muse.
Brit. p. 43. t.\4.

Hab. Clayey places ; banks of the Tay, near Perth, G. Don.
ft Leaves furnished with a nerve.
4- Leaves ovate or lanceolate.

4. \V. nigrita, stems elongated, leaves lanceolate acuminated,
capsule obovate cernuous gibbous sulcate, lid hemisphaerical
obtusely pointed. Muse. Brit. p. 43. /. 14.

Hab. Moist banks. In the Highland mountains, frequent, G. and
D. Don.

5. W. laneeolata, stems somewhat elongated, leaves ovate with
an excurrent nerve almost piliferous, capsule ovate, lid oblique-
ly rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 44. t. 14.

Hab. Wall-top at Kirkliston, Mr. Arnott.

-f-+- Leaves linear or subulate.

6. W. striata^ leaves linear denticulate crisped when dry cap^
sule ovato-turbinate sulcate erect, lid obliquely subulate.
Muse. Biit. p. 45. t. 13.

Hab. Ben Voirlich, Mr. Arnott. Moist fissures of rocks in Lorn,
Capt. Carmichael. Mountains of Angus-shire, &c., G. Don.

7. W. cirrata, leaves broadly subulate crisped when dry, their
margins recurved, capsule ovate, lid rostrate. Muse, Brit,
p. 4f>. f. 15. Bryum eirratum. Light/, p. 728.

Hab. Posts, rails, rocks, and even trees.

8. W. curvirostra, leaves linear-subulate, capsule ovato-cylin-
draceous, lid rostrate. Muse. Brii. p. 46. /. 15.

ACOTYUiDONs.- — Musci. Uicrununi. 131

Mab. Among rocks and on banks. Angus-shire, G. Don. Appin,
Capt. Carmkhael. King's Park, Edinb., &c., Mr. Arnott.

9. W. crispula, stems divided, leaves from a broad base lanceo-
lato-subulate crisped when dry their margins incurved, capsule
ovato-eiliptical, lid rostrate. Muse, Brit. p. 46. t. 15.

Hab. Rocks. Pentland hills, &c., Mr. Arnott.

10. W. controversa, stems nearly simple, leaves lineari-siibnlate
crisped when dry their margins incurved, capsule ovato-ellip-
tical, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 47. /. 15. Bryiim vlridu-
lum, Ligfilf.p. 731.

Hab, Banks, common,

11. ^. recurvata, stems scarcely any, leaves subulate, capsule
broadly ovate, iVuitstalks curved, lid rostrate. Muse, Brit,
p.il.'t. 15.

Hab, Rocks. Habbie's How, Pentlands ; Cliesh hills, &c., Mr. Ar--
nott. On sandstone, banks of the Esk and Isla ; Bilston burn,
G. Don. Above Blantyre priory, D. Don.

12. W. aeuia, stems branched, leaves subulato-setaceous sub-
secund rigid canaliculate, capsule turbinate, lid rostrate. Muse.
Brit. p. AS. t. 15.

Hab. Rocks in alpine situations,

17. DICRANUM.
Fruitstalks terminal (except in D. adiantoides and D. taxifo-

Uum). Peristome single, of 16 bifid equidistant teeth. Ca-

lyptra dimidiate. Muse. Brit. p. 48. t. 2.
A. Leaves inserted in a hifarious manner, (Fissidens, Hedw,)

1. D. bryoides, fruitstalks terminal, perichaetial leaves resembling
the cauline ones. Muse. Brit. p. 49. t. 16. Hypiium bryoideS,
Light/, p. 739.

Hab, Moist banks, common,

2. D. adiantoides^ fruitstalks lateral, perichaetial leaves ovate
slightly convolute pointed. Muse. Brit. p.b\. t. \(\,

Hab, Mossy grounds and wet banks.

3. D. iaxifolium, fruitstalks radical, perichsetial leaves ovate
sheathing involute pointed. Muse.' Brit. p. 5\, t. 16. Hyp-
mim taxif., Lightf. p. 740.

Hab, Moist banks.

B. Leaves inserted on all sides of the stem.
a. Leaves destitute of a nerve,

4. D. glaucum, stems branched fastigiate, leaves erecto-patent
ovato-lanceolate straight nerveless entire, capsule ovate cer-
nuous, lid rostrate. Muse, Brit. p. 52. t. 16. Bryum glau-
cu7n, Lightf. p. 723.

Hab. Pentland hills, Mr. Arnott. Lorn, Capt. Carmich&el. Alpine
moors, common, D. Don.

[. 2]

132s ACOTYLEDONs. — Musci. Duranu7n\

b. Leaves furnished with a nerve.
* Leaves apiculate or piiiferous.

5. D. lalifolhim, stems short, leaves oblong concave entire api-
culate or piliterous, capsule erect ovato-oblong, lid rostrate.
Mtisc. Brit. p. 52. /. 16.

Hab. Shatly banks, near Aberfeldy, Dickson.
■** Leaves not apiculate.
t Nerve very broad.

6. D. cerviculatum^ stems short, leaves lanceolato-subulate en-
tire subsecund their nerve very broad, capsule ovate subcer-
nuous strumose, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 53. /. IG.

Hab. Near St. David's, Fifeshire, also in Restenat moss, Mr. Arnott.
Clayey banks, Daldowie, D. Don.

7. "D.Jiexuositm, stems nearly simple rigid, leaves lanceolato-
subi late i^cuminated straight their nerve very broad, fruit-
stalks flexuose, capsule ovate striated, lid rostrate. Muse, Brit^
p. 53. /. 16. Bryum ftexuosum, Lightf. p. 725.

Hab. Marshes, in the plains and on the mountains, abundant.

ft Nerve narrow,
+- Capsule with a struma.

8. D, virenSy stems elongated, leaves froni a broad sheathing
base subulate their margins recurved crisped when dry point-
ing in all directions, capsule smooth oblongo-cylindrical sub-
cernuous strumose, lid rostrate. Miisc. Brit. p. 54. t. 17.

Hab. Marshy, mountainous situations. Clova and Cairn Gorum,
G. Don.

9. D. striimiferum, stems elongated, leaves from a broad sheath-
ing base subulate entire their margins plane crisped when dry
pointing in all directions, capsule furrowed oblongo-ovate sub-
cernuous strumose, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 54. i, 17.

Hab. Wet places in the Highland mountains, D. Don.

10. D. fnlcatum, stems nearly simple, leaves long lanceolato-
subulate falcato-secund nearly entire, capsule ovate subcer-
nuous strumose, lid rostrate. Miisc. Brit. p. 54. t. 17.

Hab. Alpine rocks.

11. D. Starkii, stems somewhat branched, leaves lanceolate su-
bulate falcato-secund entire, capsule oblongo-ovate suberect
strumose, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 55. t. 17.

Hab. Alpine rocks.

+- 4- Capsule without a struma.

12. 'D.JlavescejiSy stems branched, leaves long lanceolate serru-
late pointing in all directions crisped when dry, capsule oblong
erect, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 55. t. \1 .

Hab. Wet sandy places. Near CoUington, Mr. Greville. Appin,
Capt. Carmichaet.

A€OTYLEDONS. — Musci. Dtcranvm, 133

13. D, squarrosum, stems somewhat branched, leaves from a
broad sheathing base lanceolate obtuse recurved and patent
directed to every side crisped when dry, capsule ovate subcer-
nuous, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p.od. t. 17.

II AB. Very wet situations upon the mountains.

1-1. D. pellucidum, stems branched, leaves lanceolate their mar-
gins slightly undulated serrated rather obtuse pointing in all
directions, capsule ovate subcernuous, lid rostrate. Muse.
Brit. p. 55. t, 17.

Hab. Sides of streams and rivers. Angus-shire, G. JDow. Pentland
hills, and Collington, 3Ir. Greville.

15. D. spiirium, stems elongated, leaves fasciculated concave
erecto-patent directed to every side ovate, the superior ones
lanceolate serrulate, capsule oblong curved, lid rostrate. Muse,
Brit. p. 56. t. 17.

Hab. Bogs, Kinnordy, C. Lyell, Esq. Angus-shire, G. Don.

16. D. crispum, stems short, leaves from a sheathing base seta-
ceous nearly distichous flexuoso-recurved crisped when dry,
capsule ovate erect, lid with a long beak. Muse. Brit.p.bQ,
i.\7.

Hab. Highlands, G. Don. Bog between Paisley and Glasg,, D. Don.

17. D. Scottiamim, stems branched, leaves erecto-patent di-
rected to every side subulate their margins plane subserrated
crisped when dry, capsule ovato-cylindraceous nearly erect,
lid with a long beak. Mtisc. Brit.' p. 56. t. 18.

Hab. Highlands. Clova mountains, rare, G. Don.

18. D. po/?/f«7p?^7W, stems branched, leaves patent directed to
every side lanceolato-subulate their margins recurved flexuose
subserrulate crisped when dry, capsule obovate subcernuous,
lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 57. t. 18.

Hab. Ben Lawers, G. Don. On rocks, Appin and Lorn, Capt. Car-
michael. Pentland hills, Mr. Greville.

19. D. undidatum, stems elongated, leaves nearly plane lanceo-
late attenuated serrulate at the points transversely undulated,
capsule cylindraceous cernuous, lid with a long beak. Muse,
Brit. p. '57.. t. 18.

Hab. Marshy places, among the mountains especially.

20. D. seoparijim, stems elongated, leaves narrow subulate ca-
naliculate secund, capsule cyhndraceous arched cernuous, lid
with a long beak. Muse. Brit. p. 57. t. 18. Bryum scopa-
rium, Light/, p. 721.

a. mapis, stems .3 — 5 inches in length, leaves falcato-secund.

D. majuSy Turn.
/3. fuseescensy half the size of the preceding, leaves subse-

cund narrower somewhat crisped when dry. D. fuscescenSy

Turn.
Hab. Banks and shady places, frequent. /S. In moors.

134 ACOTYLEDONS. — Musci. Triehostomum,

21. D.van?/m, stems short, leaves narrow hastato- lanceolate, cap-
sule ovate, lid rostrate. Miisc. Brit. p. 58. /. 17.

a. viride, leaves pointing in all directions lanceolate green, cap-
sules subcernuous. D. varium, Heduu.

jS. nifesceiis, leaves subsecund lancoolato-subulate reddish, cap-
sules erect, jD. n/fescens, Turn.

Hab, Moist banks and moors.

22. D. heteromallum, stems branched, leaves subulate falcato-
secund nearly entire, capsule ovate subcernuous, lid with a
long beak. Muse. Brit. p. 59. t. 18. Bryum heteromallum,
Lightf. p. 726.

Hab. Moist banks.

18. TRICHOSTOMUM.
Fruil stalks terminal. Peristome of 16 equal teeth divided to
the base, or 32 placed together in pairs. Calyptra mitriform.
Muse. Brit. p. 59. t. 2.

* Fruitstalks curved.

1. Tr. patens^ stems elongated, leaves lanceolate acuminate ca-
rinated their margins recurved, capsule ovate sulcated, fruit-
stalks curved, lid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 60. t. 19 (excluding
the Syn. of Tr. funale Sehwcpgr.).

/8. With long diaphanous hair-like points. Tr. funale, Schwcegr.
Hab. Highland mountains. /3. Upon Trap rock on a hill side. Lorn,
Capt. Carmicliael.

** Fruitstalks straight.

t Leaves with diaphanous points.

2. Tr. lanuginosum, stems elongated subpinnate, leaves lanceo-
lato-subulate acuminate, their long diaphanous points serrated
margins recurved, capsules ovate, fruitstalks short on lateral
branches, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit.p.Qi). t. \9. Bryum hyp~
noides, Light/, p. 732.

Hab. Mountains, abundant.

3. Tr. canescens, stems elongated irregularly branched, leaves
ovato-lanceolate, their diaphanous acuminated points slightly
serrated, capsule ovate, teeth of the peristome very long and
fiUform, lid subulate. Mtisc. Brit. p. 61. /. 19.

Hab. Heaths and mountainous plains.

4. Tr. heterostiehum, stems elongated branched, leaves ovato-
lanceolate, their diaphanous acuminated points slightly ser-
rated, capsule oblong, teeth of the peiistome rather short, lid
rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 61. t, 19.

Hab. Stones in mountainous districts.

5. Tr. microcarpofi, stems elongated branched, leaves Janceolate
their diaphanous acuminated points slightly serrated, capsule
oblong, teeth of the peristome rather short, lid vostvatv. Muse,
Bril,p.6\, t,\9.

ACOTVLEDONS. — -Musci. Didymoaon. 135

Hab. Rocks, frequent.

ft Leaves never diaphanous at their points.

6. Tr. aciculare, stems elongated branched, leaves lanceolate ob-
tuse serrulated at the points, their nerve disappearing below
the summit, capsule oblong, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 62.
t. 19. Bryum aciadare, Lightf. p. 725.

Hab. In rivulets, or on very wet stones and rocks.

7. Tr. fasciculare, stems elongated branched, leaves lanceolate
entire their summits never diaphanous their margins recurved,
capsule ovato-oblong, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p.Q2, t. 19.

Hab. Jiocks among the mountains.

8. Tr. poly phy Hum, stems branched, leaves lanceolate-subulate
their margins recurved serrated above very much crisped vvjieu
dry, capsule oblong, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 62. t. 19,

Hab. Rocks and walls in mountainous places.

J 9. LEUCODON.

FruHslalks lateral. Peristome single, of 32 teeth closely united
in pairs. Culyptra dimidiate. Muse. Brit. p. 63. /. 2.

1. L. seiuroides, leaves closely imbricated ovato-cordate acunn-
nate striated, capsule oblong. Muse. Brit. p. 63. t. 20.

Hab. Trunks of trees, near Dunkeld, rare, G. Don.

20. DIDYMOPON.

Fridtstalks terminal. Peristome single, of 16 or 32 teeth ap-
proaching in pairs, or united at the base, Calyptra. diipidjate^
Muse. Brit. p.Q4. t.2.

* Capsules inclined.

1. D. purpureum, stems scarcely branched, leaves lanceolate acu-
minate carinated their margins recurved entire, capsule ovato«
cylindraceous ol)lique substrumose furrowed when dry, lid co-
nical. Muse. Brit. p. 65. t. 20. Dicranum, Hedw. Bryum
purp., Lightf. p. 734.

Hab. On the ground and moist banks, abundant.

2. D. inclinatum, leaves bifarious from a sheathing base subulate,
capsule ovate inclined, lid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 65. i. 20.

Hab. Rocky places. Near Barrie, Angus-shire, D. Don.

*•* Capsules erect.

3. D . Jlexifoliiun, stems more or less elongated, leaves oblongo-
ovate flexuose strongly serrated at the point, capsules erect
cylindraceous, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. ^Q. /. 20.

Hab. Near Oban, on the ground, Capt. Carmichael.

4. D. rigidulumy leaves closely imbricated on all sides lanceolate
much acuminated carinated with the rigid nerve running be-
yond the point, capsule oblongo-ovate erect, lid rostrate. Muse.
Brit. p. 67. /. 20.

J 36 ACOTYLEDONS. — Musci. OrtlwtricfiiM.

Hab. Walls and rocks. Angus-shire, G. Don.

5. D. irifarium, leaves rather distant somewhat trifarious lanceo-
late rather obtuse carinated with the nerve scarcely reaching
to the point, capsule oblongo- ovate erect, hd rostrate. Muse,
Brit. p. 67. /. 20.

Hab. Moist banks. Ravines of Lorn, Capt. Carmichael. Pentlands
and coast of Fife, 3Tr. Greville. Highlands, G. Don.

6. D. caplllaceum, stems elongated, leaves nearly distichous su-
bulato-setaceous, capsule erect ovato-cvlindraceous,lid conical.
Muse, Brit. p. 67^ t, 20.

Hab. Banks and rocks in mountainous situations.

7. D. keteromallum, stems rather short, leaves subsecund subu-
late, capsule ovato-cylindraceous, lid conical. Muse. Brit,
p. 68. t. 20.

Hab. Pentland hills and Fifeshire coast, Mr. Greville. Kinross-shire,
Loch Earne, &c. Mr. Arnott.

b. Peristome double.
21. FUNARIA.
Fruitslalks terminal. Peristome double oblique; the outer of 16
teeth, the inner of 16 teeth opposite to those of the outer.
Muse. Brit. p. 69. t. 2.

1. F. hygrometriea, leaves very concave ovate apiculate entire,
nerve excurrent, fruitstalk curved flexuose. Muse. Brit,
p. 69. t, 20.

Hab. Old walls and buildings, and dry and barren soils in almost
every situation.

2. F. Mulilenbergii, stems short, leaves concave ovate suddenly
acuminated serrated, nerve disappearing below the point, fruit-
stalks straight. Muse. Brit. p. 69. /. 20.

Hab. Among rocks, principally calcareous. Rocks of Lismore, not
rare, Capt. Carmichael.

22. ZYGODON.

Fruitstalks terminal. Peristome double; the ext. of 16 teeth
approaching in pairs, the int. of as many horizontal ciliary pro-
cesses. Calyptra dimidiate, glabrous. Muse. Brit. p. 70. t.3,

1. Z. conoideum. Muse. Brit. p. 71. t. 21.

Hab. Rare. Trunks of trees, near Inverary. Ash trees and hazel
bushes. Lorn, Capt. Carmichael.

Tufted. Leaves erecto-patent, ovate and lanceolate, dotted, entire; the
nerve reaching to the point. Capsule ovate, erect, with a slight apo-
physis, furrowed.

23. ORTHOTRICHUM.

Fruitstalks terminal. Peristome double; the ext, of 16 teeth ap-
proaching in pairs, the inner (usually) of as many ciliary pro-
cesses lying horizontally. Calyptra mitriform, sulcate, more
or less hairy. Muse, Brit, p.72, t.2.

ACOTYLEDONS.— MUSCI. Orthotvichum. 137

* Peristome without ciliary processes.

1. O. anomalum^ leaves lanceolate erecto- patent, fruitatalks ex-
serted, peristome of 8 double teeth, calyptra slightly pilose.
Muse, Brit.p.72. t.2\.

Hab. Rocks and walls.

2. O. cupuiatum, leaves lanceolate erecto- patent, capsule nearly
sessile, peristome of 16 double teeth, calyptra slightly pilose.
Muse. Brit. p. 72. /. 21.

Hab. Trees and stones.

** Peristome with 8 ciliary processes.

3. O. crispuirif leaves lanceolato-subulate much crisped when
dry, fruitstalks much exserted, capsule striated, peristome with
8 ciliary processes, calyptra very pilose. Muse. Brit. p. 73. /. 21 .

Hab. Trees and stones.

4. O. HuichinsicB,\eaves lanceolate erect and nearly straighf when
dry, fruitstalks much exserted, capsule striated, peristome with
8 ciliary processes, calyptra very pilose. Muse. Brit. p. 7'S.t, 21,

Hab. Rocks and stones. Lorn and Appin, Capt. Carmichael.

5. O. qffine, leaves patent broadly lanceolate, capsules sessile,
peristome with 8 ciliary processes, calyptra subpilose. Muse,
Brit. p. 74. t. 2].

a. majus, stems elongated, calyptra, especially above, pilose.

O. qffine, Schrad,
/3. pumilmn, stems very short, calyptra glabrous. 0. pumilum,

Su/^rtz.
Hab. Common on rocks and trees, both a. and /3.

^*-x- Peristome with 16 ciliary processes.

6. O. diaphanurrij stems short, leaves lanceolate acuminated their
points diaphanous, capsule sessile, peristome with 16 ciliary
processes, calyptra subpilose. Muse. Brit. p. 74. /. 21.

Hab. Stone walls, rocks and trees.

7. O. pulehellum, stems short, leaves patent narrow-lanceolate
crisped when dry, fruitstalks exserted, peristome with 16 slen-
der ciliary processes, calyptra subpilose. Muse. Brit. p. 75. ^. 21 ,

Hab. Trunks of trees and stones. Lorn, Capt. Carmichael. Trees near
Dalkeith, G. Don. Rosslyn, Arlary, &c. Mr. Arnott.

8. O. rivulare, stems elongated much branched, leaves broadly
lanceolate obtuse, capsules sessile, peristome with 16 slender
ciliary processes, calyptra glabrous. Muse. Brit. p. 75. t, 21.

Hab. Stones in the Cart and in the burn at Calderwood, D. Don.

9. O. striatum, stems elongated branched, leaves lanceolate pa-
tent slightly twisted when dry, capsule sessile ovate smooth,
peristome with 16 torulose ciliary processes, calyptra subpilose.
Muse. Brit. p. 75. Polytriehum striatum, Lighif. p.704.

Hab. Trunks of trees.

10. G. Lye'llii, stems elongated much branched, leaves long linear
lanceolate recurvo-patent much crisped when dry, capsule ob-

138 ACOTYLEDONs. — Musci. FontinaUs,

long striated, peristome with 16 rather broad distinctly jointed
ciliary processes, calyptra very hairy. Muse. Brit, p. 76. /. 22.
Hab. Trunks of trees. About Arlary, Kinross-shire, on ash and fruit
trees, and gooseberry bushes, plentiful ; also, in Perthshire, more
plentiful than any other Qrthotrkhum, Mr. Arnqtt. Near Glamis,
D. Don.

24. NECKERA.

Fruitstalks lateral. Peristome double; the obiter oi 16 teeth,
the inner of 16 cilia, connected only at the very base by a
short membrane. Calyptra dimidiate.

\.N. piimila, leaves ovato-acuminate slightly concave their mar-
gins recurved, fruitstalks scarcely longer than the perichaetial
leaves, capsule oblongo-ovate. Muse. Brit. p. 77. t. 22.

Hab. Trees, at Inverary, Mr. Turner and Hook. Angus-shire, G.Don,
Cliesh woods, Kinross-shire, Mr. Arnoti.

2. N. crispa, Jeaves oblong acuminulate transversely wrinkled,
fruitstalks ?iiuch exserted, capsule ovate. Muse, Brit. p. 78.
^ 22. Hypniim crispum^ p. 745.

Hab. Trunks of trees and rocks.

25. ANOMODON.

Fruitstalks lateral. Peristome double, consisting of 16 teeth,
with the ciliary process arising from each tooth. Calyptra
dimidiate. Miisc. Brit. p. 79. t. 3.

1. A. curtipendu/um, leaves ovate acuminate serrulate the nerve
disappearing below the point, fruitstalk twice as long as the
perichaetial leaves, capsule ovate. Muse. Brit. p. 79. t. 22.

Hab. On the ground, rocks and trees. Pentland hills, Mr. Greville.
Common in Lorn, Capt. Carmichael.

2. A. viticulosum, leaves ovato-lanceolate obtuse entire, the
nerve reaching to the point, fruitstalks very long, capsule cy-
lindrical. Muse. Brit. p. SO. t. 22, Hypnum viticulosum ^
LiglUf. p. 1^4.

Hab. Rocks and stones, frequent. In fruit, at Lismore, Capt. Car-
michael.

26. FONTINALIS.

Fruitstalk s lateral. Peristome dowhXe', the eJ:^ consisting of

16 teeth; the inner of 16 cilia connected by transverse bars,

and forming a reticulated cone. Calyptra mitriform. Muse.

Brit,p.S\, t.3.
1. F. aniipyretica, leaves nerveless for the most part compli-

cato-carinate. Muse. Brit. p. 82. t. 22. Lighif.p. 695.
Hab. Rivers and lakes. Appin, Capt. Carmichael. River Esk, at

Rosslyn, and in the Logan water, Pentland hills, Mr. Greville.
Used by the Swedes, Linnaeus tells us, to stuiF between the wood-

work'of their chimneys, to prevent their catching fire j whence the

specific name.

ACOTYLEDONS. — Musci. Bartvamia, 131)

2. F. squamosa, leaves nerveless plane or very slightly concave.
Muse. Brit. p. 82. /. 22. IJgfitf. p. 697-

Hab. Subalpine rivulets, common.

3. F. capillacea, leaves nerved slightly concave. Muse, Brit,
p. 83. /. 22.

Hab. Alpine rivulets, Dickson.

27. BUXBAUMIA.
Capsule oblique, gibbous. Peristome double ; the ext. of nu-
merous, filiform, jointless processes; the interior a plicate mem-
branous cone. Calyptra mitriform,

1. B. aphjlla. Muse. Brit. p. 84. /. 22.

JiAB. On the ground, near Rosslyn, Mr, E. Maughan. Wood near
Aberdeen, Mr. Jackson. Selkirkshire, near the borders of Peebles-
shire, Mr. J. Stewart.

Peduncles about an inch high, red, tuberculate, arising from a small
brown, oblong, apparently scaly bulb ; their scales, however, are
really leaves, very minute, 'and cut into a number of capillary seg-
ments, membranous, without nerve, but strongly reticulated, and
resemble the leaves of some Jungermannice. Capsule nearly plane
above, gibbous beneath, inclined, having at its base a small cylin-
drical apophysis.

This is a most remarkable plant, having little resemblance to any
other moss ; and to me it is rendered more interesting, as I was,
when a very young Botanist, the first discoverer of it, as a native
of Britain. Yet, notwithstanding the labour I had bestowed, in
drawing and describing it for the Flora Londinensis, I entirely over-
looked the true nature of the scale-like processes upon the little
bulbs at the base, which Mr. Brown has ascertained to be leaves.
Noble specimens from Selkirkshire, some with 2 or more peduncles
arising from the same bulb, have been communicated to me by the
late Mr. J. Stewart of Edinburgh, a gentleman of high botanical
attainments, from whom I had hoped to have received much assist-
ance in the course of the present publication ; but whose death, un-
fortunately for science, occurred ere the first sheet was sent to
the press. He died at an early age, while on the eve of a voyage
to South America, a victim to intense application to literary pursuits.

28. BARTRAMIA.

fruitstalks term\na\. Capsule suhg\ohose. Per is (ome double;
the exi. of 16 teeth; the interior of a membrane divided into
16 bifid segments. Calyptra dimidiate. Muse. Brit, p. 85.
.3.

* Fruitstalks long, straight (not curved) ..

). B. pomiformis, leaves patent subulate strongly serrated the
nerve reaching to the summit twisted when dry. Muse. Brit,
p. 85. t. 23. Bryum pomiforme^ Light/, p. 717.

140 ACOTYLEDONs. — Musci. Hookcria.

u. minor, stems short, leaves flexuose. B. pomiformis, Hedw.
/S. major, stems much lengthened and branched, leaves longer

crisped especially when dry. B. crispa, Swartz.
Hab. Heaths and dry banks, p. Principally in siibalpine comitries.

2. B. ithyphylla, stents short, leaves rigid erecto- patent subulato-
setaeeous almost entire, the nerve half way up passing into
the substance of the leaf, straight when dry, fruitstalks much
elongated. Muse. Brit. p. 86. t.Td.

Hab. Dry banks, principally in mountainous situations. Ben Lomond ;
banks in Sutherland, and on Ben Luyal, Hook. Ben La^^ers, &c.,
G. and D. Don.

3. B. gracilis, stems elongated, leaves recurvo-patent lanceo-
late canaliculate serrated, fruitstalks lateral from innovations.
Muse, Brit. p. 86. /.23.

Hab, Rocks in alpine districts^ not uncommon j especially in wet
places, by cascades.

A. ^. font ana, stems fastigiate, leaves closely imbricated rigid
erect broadly ovate or lanceolate acuminated nearly plane ser-
rated, fruitstalks lateral from innovations. Muse. Brit. p. 87.
t. 23. Mninmfontanum., Light/, p. 709.

a. major, stems from 3 — 6 inches in length, leaves broadly
ovate acuminated. B. font ana, Sivartz.

/3. marchica, stems from half an inch to an inch in length, leaves
lanceolate acuminated. B. marchica, Swartz and E. B.

Hab. Marshy and boggy places, frequent. /3. Clova hills, D. Don.

** Fruitstalks very shorty curved.

5, B. Halleriana, stems much elongated proliferous, leaves long
subulate fiexuose serrated above, fruitstalks lateral from inno-
vations very short curved. Muse, Brit. p. 87- t. 23. Bryum
laterals, Lightf p. 7^7.

Hab. Crevices of rocks in alpine situations, abundant.

6. B. arcuata, stems much elongated proliferous, leaves hori-
, zontally patent ovato-lanceolate acuminated serrated striated,

fruitstalks very short arcuate at length lateral, capsule nearly
smooth. Muse. Brit. p. 88. t. 23.
Hab. Rocks and banks in the Highlands, not uncommon. Abundant
along the shores of Loch Lomond. Ben Lawers and Clova, G. Don.
Moist heathy ground. Lorn and Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Cathil
Muir, Kinross-shire, rare in fr., Mr. Arnott. Pentland hills, with-
out fr., Mr. Greville.

29. HOOKERIA (Smith, not Schwagr.).

Fruitstalks lateral. Peristome double; the exterior of 16 teeth,
the interior of a membrane divided into 16 entire segments,
Calyptra mitriform. Muse, Brit. p. 89. t. 3.

ACOTYLEDONS. — ^Musci. Hypnum. 141

I . H . lucens, leaves broadly ovate entire obtuse nerveles?. Muse,
Brit. p. 89. t. 27. Hypnum lucens, Light/, p. 743.

Hab. Moist banks in woods and among rocks.

Leaves with very large cellules. Capsule horizontally inclined, dark
purple brown, reticulated. Calyptra pitted, almost white.

30. HYPNUM.

Fruiistalks lateral. Peristome double; the ecct. of 16 teeth;
the interior of a nrienibrane cut into 18 equal segments, with
filiform processes frequently placed between them. Calyptra
dimidiate. Muse, Brit. p. 91. /. 3.

Div. I. Stems {taken in conjunction with the leaves) plane.
Sect. I. Capsules erect.

1. H. trichomanoides, leaves broadly scymetar-shaped serrated
at the point, nerve reaching to the middle of the leaf, capsule
ovate erect, lid rostrate. Muse, Brit. p. 91. /. 24.

Hab, Trunks of trees, not rare.

2. H. complanatum, leaves oblong apiculate entire nerveless,
capsule ovate erect, lid rostrate. Mttsc, Brit. p.^\. t,2^.
Light/, p. 742.

Hab. Trunks of trees, common.

These two species have the habit of Neckera.

Sect. U. Capsules cernuous or inclined,

3. H. riparium, leaves ovato-lanceolate acuminated entire the
nerve reaching nearly to the summit, capsules oblong cernuous,
lid conical. \Musc. Brit. p. 92. t. 2 1. Light/, p. 760.

Hab. Banks of rivers and lakes, and spots occasionally overflowed
with water.

4. H. u?idulatumj]Q£Lves ovate acute transversely undulated, with
2 faint nerves at the base, capsule o!)long furrowed arcuato-
cernuous, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 92. t, 24. Light/,
p. 744.

Hab. Woods and dry heathy places. Plentiful in the Highlands.

b. H. denticulatum, leaves ovate sometimes approaching to lan-
ceolate more or less acuminated having 2 short nerves at the
base, capsule oblongo-cylindraceous inclined, Hd conical.
Muse. Brit, p. 92. /..24. Light/ p. 741.

a. angusti/oliuin, leaves ovato-lanceolate distant quite plane.
H. denticulatum, Linn,

^. ohtusi/olium, leaves ovate more or less obtuse slightly concave.
H, Donianum, E. B.

Hab. Principally in woods. /3. Among the mountains, G. and D. Don,
Cairn-gorum, Mr. Winch.

142 ACOTYLEDONS. MUSCI. Hl/pmWl.

Div. II. Stems {taken in conjunction with the leaves) more of
less cylindrical, never plane.

Sect. I. Leaves spreading on all sides of the stem\

A, Leaves iiniform in their direction {not squarrose),

a. Nerve reaching to or beyond the point.

* Leaves without serratures.

6. H. inedium, leaves ovate obtuse concave entire, nerve reaching
to the summit, capsule cvlindrical nearly erect, lid conical.
Muse. Brit. p. 93. t.24.

Hab. Stumps of trees, &c., by the banks of rivers.

7. H. /e?ze//z^m, leaves fasciculate erect lanceolato-subulate entire
their nerve reaching to the summit^ capsules ovate cernuous,
lid rostrate. Miisc. Brit. p. 93. t.24.

Hab. Rocks and walls. Cave near Kirkcaldy, and Den of Dupplin,
Mr. Arnott. Craig Lochart, near Edinb., Mr. Greville.

8. H. serpens, leaves ovato-lanceolate rather obtuse patent en-
tire their nerve for the most part reaching to the summit
(sometimes obsolete), capsule cylindrical curved cernuous, lid
conical. Mnsc. Brit, p.' 94. t. 24. Light/, p. 763.

Hab. Moist banks, trunks of trees, on pales and decayed wood in va-
rious situations.

*'^ Leaves serrated.

9. H. populeum, leaves lanceolate acuminated serrated the mar-
gin slightly reflexed, nerve reaching to the point, capsule ovate
nearly erect^ fruitf^talks rough, lid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 94.
/. 24.

Hab. Trees and rocks. Slateford^ near Edinburgh, Mr. Arnott. Ben
Lawers, Clova, &c., G. Don.

10. H. reflexum, leaves cordato-acuminate serrated their nerve
reaching to the point their margin slightly reflexed, capsule
ovate cernuous, fruitstalks rough, lid conical. Muse. Brit,
p. 95. t. 24.

Hab, On the ground, Ben Nevis, near the base of the mountain.

b. Nerves shorter than the leaf, or none.

* Leaves entire.

t Leaves ovate or elliptical.

11. H. molle, leaves loosely imbricated rotundato- ovate obtuse
concave entire faintly two-nerved at the base or with one short
nerve, capsule ovate 'cernuous, lid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 9y.
t. 24.

Hab. Alpine rivulets, Dickson, Hook. In Angus-, Aberdeen-, and In-
verness-shires, G. Don. Argyleshire, Copt. Carmichael.

" In opposition to ** leaves 9ecund."

ACOTYLEDONS. — Musci, HypmitH. 143

\2. H. S'cA?'eZ'm, leaves closely imbricated nearly erect elliptical
apiculate concave entire faintly two-nerved at the base, capsule
ovate cernnous, lid conical. Ahisc. Brit. p. 96. t, 24.

Hab. Woods and heaths, not vincommon.

13. H. stramineiim, leaves loosely imbricated erecto-patent ob-
longo-ovate obtuse entire their nerve reaching halfway, capsule
oblongo-ovate curved cernuous, lid conical. Muse, Brit. p. 97.
t. 24.

Hab. Wet bogs, among other mosses. Argyleshire, Capt. CarmichaeL

14. H. inuraley leaves nearly erect imbricated oval with a very
short point concave entire nerve reaching about halfway up,
capsule ovate cernuous, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 97. t. 24.

Hab. Walls and stones, Angus-shire, G. Don. Banks of the Cart,
near the mill, Glasgow, and on the Ochill hills, Z). Don.

15. H. purum^ leaves closely imbricated oval with a very short
point very concave their nerve reaching half way up, capsule
ovate cernuous, lid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 98. /. 24. Lightf,
p.lSS.

Hab. Woods, banks, &c. common.

Used by the fishermen in Lancashire to scour their worms, according
to Dillenius, whence the specific name.

1 1" Leaves lanceolate or subulate.

-i~ Leaves without s'ruE.

16. H. pliimosum^ leaves erecto-patent, the upper ones some-
times secund, all of them ovato -lanceolate acuminated subser-
rated, the nerve reaching about half way, capsule ovate cer-
nuous, lid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 98. /. 25.

Hab. Moist banks, rocks, &c. Pentland hills, Angus-shire, &c.

J 7. H. pulehelliLm^ leaves loosely imbricated the upper onessub-
secund all of them lanceolato-acuminate entire nerveless, cap-
sules ovato-cylindrical nearly erect, lid conical. Muse. Brit.
p. 99. t. 25.

Hab. Woods in alpine situations and among rocks. Caldron Linn
and.Habbie's How, Mr. Arnott. Argyleshire, Capt. CarmichaeL

4- -f- Leaves striated.

IS. H. rufescens, leaves erecto-patent lanceolate acuminated eii^
tire striated faintly two-nerved at the base, capsule ovate nearly
erect, lid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 99. ^.25.

Hab. Alpine districts, rare. Falls of Moness, Mr. Borrer. Argyle-
shire, Capt. CarmichaeL

19. H. sericeum, leaves erecto-patent lanceolate acuminated en-
tire striated, nerve running to three-fourths of the length, cap-
sule ovato-cvlindrical erect, lid conical. Muse. Brit, p. 100.
/. 25. Light/, p. 7 G2.

Hab. Trunks of trees, walls, rocks, &c., common.

20. H. lutescenSf\ea.veB erecto-patent lanceolate acuminated en-

144 ACOTYLEDONS. — Musci. Hypnum.

tire striated, nerve disappearing below the point, capsule ovate
cernuous, fruitstalks rough, lid conico-aciiminate. Muse Brit,
p. 100. /. 25.
Hab. Banks and stems of trees, and bushes near the ground.

21. H. nitens, leaves erecto- patent narrow-lanceolate acuminated
nearly entire striated, nerve running nearly to the summit, cap-
sule oblongo-ovate curved cernuous, fruitstalks smooth, lid
conical. ^Musc, Brit. p. 100. i!. 25.

Hab. Bogs, Dickson. Argyleshire, Capt. Carmichael. Pentlands,
in many spots, Mr. Greviile.

22. W. albicans^ leaves erecto-patent ovato-lanceolate acuminated
. striated entire, nerve reaching halfway up, capsules ovate cer-

nuous, fruitstalks smooth, lid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 101. t. 25.
Hab. Pentland hills, Mr. Arnott and Greviile.
** Leaves serrated.
t Stems beloiu bare of leaves.

23. H. alopeciirum, stems erect below simple and naked fascicled
above, leaves concave ovate elliptical acute serrated, nerve run-
ning nearly to the point, margin reflexed, capsule ovate cernu-
ous, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 101. t. 25. Light/, p. 757.

Hab. Woods and shady banks, frequent.

24. H. dendroides, stems erect below simple and naked fascicled
above, leaves ovate often more or less lanceolate striated ser-
rated at the point, nerve reaching nearly to the summit, capsule
erect ovato-cylindrical, lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 101. /. 25.
Light/, p. 756.

Hab. Woods and bushy places. Guillon Links, Edinburgh, in fr.
Mr. Arnott.

ft Steyns leafy below.
4- Capsules erect.
2o. H. myosuroides, branches fascicled curved, leaves lanceolato-
acuminate serrated, margins reflexed at the base their nerve
disappearing near tlie middle, capsule ovato-cylindrical erect,
lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. p. 102. /. 25. Light), p. 765.
Hab. Woods.

26. H. curvatum, branches fascicled curved, leaves ovato-ellipti-
cal concave serrated at the points, nerve disappearing beyond
the middle, capsule ovate erect, lid rostrate. Muse, Brit. p. 102.
t. 25. H. seiuroides^ Light/ p. 764.

Hab. Rocks, common.

-i — f- Capsules cernuous.
§ Stems bi-tripinnate.

27. H. splendens, stems tripinnate, leaves ovate with a suddenly
acuminated serrated point concave faintly two-nerved at the
base, margin below recurved, capsule ovate cernuous, lid ros-
trate. Muse. Brit. p. 103. t. 25.H.parietinumy Light/. p, 750.

ACOTYLEDONS. — Musci. Hypniim, 14.)

Hab. Heaths, woods, and hedge-banks.

28. H. proliferum, stems mostly tripinnate, leaves serrated papil-
lose on tiie back, the cauline ones cordato-acuminate striated,
with the nerve running nearly to the point, those of the branches
more ovate with a single or double nerve at the base. Muse,
Brit, p, 103. t. 25. Light/, p, 750.

Hab. Woods, banks, heathy places, &c., common.

29. H. prceloTigiim, stems subbipinnate, leaves distantly placed
patent cordate or ovate acuminated serrated, nerve disappearing
l3elow the summit, capsule ovate ccrnuous, lid rostrate. Muse,
Brit. p. 10;j. t. 25. Lightf.p. 751.

Hab. Shady banks, trunks of trees, &c., common.

§ § Stems pinnated, or irregularly branched.

30. W.flagellnre, stems pinnate (or irregularly bipinnate), leaves
thickly set cordato-acuminate serrated very faintly two-nerved
at the base, capsule oblong cernuous, lid conical. Muse. Brit,
p. 104./. 25.

Hab. Ben Lawers, G. Don. Argyleshire, Capt. Cannichael.

31. H. piliferum, stems somewhat pinnated, leaves ovate with a
long narrow acumination serrated, nerve disappearing below
the middle, capsule ovate cernuous, lid rostrate. Mtisc, Brit,
p. 105.

Hab. Banks, Sec. In fruit at Braid hermitage, Mr. Arnott.

32. H. rutaluliim, stems variously branched, leaves patent ovate
acuminated serrated at the points striated their nerve reaching
halfwav, capsule ovate cernuous, fruitstalk rough, lid conical.
Muse. 'Brit. p. 105. /. 26. Light/, p. 747.

Hab. Trees and banks, extremely common.

33. H. velutinum, stems variously branched, 'eaves erecto-patent
ovate often approaching to lanceolate acuminated serrated stri-
ated, nerve reaching half way, capsule ovate cernuous, fruitstalk
rough, lid conical. Muse. Brit. p.\05, t. 26. Light/ p. 763.

Hab. Woods and hedge-banks, common.

34. H. rusei/olium, stems variously branched, leaves loosely im-
bricated subpatent broadly ovate acute serrated concave, their
nerve reaching nearly to their summit, capsule ovate cernuous,
lid rostrate. Muse. Brit, p, 106. t, 26. H. rutahilum /3,,
Light/ p. 747.

Hab. Stones in rivers, &c., common.

35. H. striatum, stems variously branched, leaves patent cordato-
acuminate serrated striated, nerve reaching beyond the middle,
capsule oblongo-ovate cernuous, fruitstalk smooth, lid rostrate.
Muse, Brit. p. 106. /. 26.

Hab. Woods, stones, banks, &c.

36. H. confer turn, stems variously branched, leaves erecto-patent
ovate acuminated concave serrated, their nerve reaching half

w

146 ACOTYLEDONS. — Musci. Hypnum,

way, capsule ovate cernuous, fruitstalk smooth, lid rostrate.
MiiscBrit.p, 106. ^.26.
Hab. Trunks of trees, old rails, and banks. Slateford, Mr. Arnott.
Trees, not un frequent, D. Don.

B. Leaves squarrose,

37. H. cuspidatum, leaves loosely set ovate concave nerveless en-
tire the lower ones squarrose those at the sumnnit closely im-
bricated into a cuspidate point, capsule oblong curved cernuous,
lid conical. Muse. Brit, p, 107. t, 26. Light/, pJQl.

Hab. Bogs, common.

38. H. cordifolium, leaves loosely set squarrose cordato-ovate
obtuse concave entire, their nerve running very nearly to the
point, capsule oblong curved cernuous, lid conical. AIusc. Brit,
p, 107. /. 26.

Hab. Marshes and bogs. Fruit rare about Edinburgh. In fruit, in
Lismore, Argyleshire, Capt. Carmirhael.

39. H. stellatum, leaves loosely set squarrose cordate much acu-
minated entire nerveless, capsule oblongo-ovate curved cernu-
ous, lid conical. Muse, Brit, p, 108. /. 26.

a, majus, H. stellatum, Schreh,

/3. minus. H, squarrosulum, E, B,

Hab. a. In marshes. /3. On rocks and loose stones.

40. H. loreum, leaves recurved squarrose lanceolate much acu-
minated concave serrated striated faintly two-nerved at the
base, capsule globoso-ovate cernuous, lid conical. Muse, Brit,
p. 108. t, 26.

Hab. Woods, heaths, and among bushes, common.

41. H. triqiietrum,,jeixves squarrose cordato-acuminate gradually
tapering nearly jDlane striated faintly two- nerved at the base,
capsule ovato- globose, lid short conical. Muse. Brit, p. 108.
t. 26 {excluding the var, /3.). Light/, p, 74^,

Hab. Woods, abundant.

Five or six inches long, very stout.

42. H. brevirostre, leaves squarrose broadly ovate concave with-
out striae acuminated suddenly and with an evident contraction
so as to terminate in a long hair-like point minutely serrated
two-nerved at the base, capsule ovate, lid conical. H. brevi-
rostre, Ehrh, {not E, B.) H, triquetrum j8.. Muse, Brit,
p, 108.

Hab. Woods in Argyleshire, Capt. Carmichael.

A recent examination of this handsome species has satisfied me of its
being quite distinct from H. triquetrum, with which I had formerly
confounded it. Besides the characters above given, I may add, it is not
half the size, it is more straggling, branches slender, leaves vastly
smaller, and more serrated.

43. H. squarrosum, leaves squarrose widely cordate very much

J

ACOTYLEDONs. — Musci. Hypnum. 147

aoiuninated and recurved serrated faintly two-nerved at the
base, capsule ovato-globose cernuous, lid conical. Muse.
Brit. p. 109. /. 26. Ligktf. p. 755.
Hab. Woods and heaths, common.

Sect. II. Leaves secund,

A. Leaves with a single nerve,

44. H. filichuim, stems subhipinnated, leaves especially the
upper ones falcato-secund broadly ovate acuminated serrated
their nerve reaching to the point, capsule oblongo-ovate cur-
ved cernuousjlid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 109. t. 26. Light/,

s p. 748.
Hab. Bogs and sides of rivulets.

45. H. G/ro-t;ire725, stems variously branched procumbent, leaves
all of them slightly secund broadly ovate with an attenuated
obtuse point, nerve running nearly to the summit, capsule
ovate cernuous, lid conical. Muse. Brit. p. 109. /. 26.

Hab. Trees, rocks, and banks. By the Clvde, near Blantyre Priory,
D. Don.

46. H. pahistre, leaves secund ovate somewhat acuminate con-
cave entire the margins incurved above, nerve short often
forked sometimes obsolete, capsule oblongo-ovate cernuous,
lid conical. Muse. Brit, p. 1 10. t. 26.

/Hab. Marshes, rivulets, &c,, especially in the Highlands.
47. H. JiuitanSj leaves loosely imbricated the upper ones falcato-
secund, all of them lanceolato-subulate scarcely serrated at
their j)oint nearly plane, the nerve disappearing just below the
summit, capsule ovato- oblong curved cernuous, lid conical.
Muse. Brit. p. 98. /. 24.
Hab. Marshy places ; Pentland hills, Mr. Greville.

48. H. aduneum, leaves closely imbricated all of them falcato-
secund narrow lanceolate concave or almost semicylindrical en-
tire,the nerve disappearing above the middle, capsule oblongo-
ovate curved cernuous^ lid conical. Muse, Brit, p. 111./. 26.
Light/, p. 753.

a. revolvens, leaves narrow very much falcated. H. aduneum,

Linn. H. revolvens, E. B,
^. r//^05?im, leaves broader less falcate somewhat rugose. H.ru-

gosum, B. B.
Hab. Bogs, common. /3. Clova and Forfar 3 Campsie and Ochill

hills, G. and D. Don.

49. H. iLiicinatum, leaves falcato-secund lanceolato-subulate
serrated striated, nerve disappearing below the point, capsule
cvlindrical curved cernuous, lid conical. Muse, Brit. p. 111.
/.26.

Hab. Moors and rocks, among other mosses.

[k2]

148 AC0TYLED0N5. MUSCI. Br\fum,

so. H. commutatum, stems pinnated, leaves falcato-secund cor-
date very much acuminated serrated their margins reflexed,
nerve disappearing below the summit, capsule oblongo-ovate
curved ccrnuous, lid conical. Muse, Brit, p, 112. t, 27.

Hab. Wet rocks. Pentland hills, &c., Mr. Greville.

B. Leaves destitute of a nerve, or furnished tvith a very in-
distinct one at the base.

51. H . scorpioides, leaves secund broadly ovate ventricose obtuse
entire nerveless, capsules oblongo-ovate curved cernuous, lid
conical. Muse, Brit, p. 1 12. /. 27. Lightf p. 754.

Hab. Bogs, common.

52. H. Silesianum, leaves loosely imbricated secund narrow
lanceolate acuminated serrated nerveless or very obscurely 2-
nerved, capsule subcylindrical erecto-cernuous, lid conical ob-
tuse. Muse, Brit, p. 1 13. t, 27.

Hab. Summit of Ben Luyal, in Sutherland, Hook.

53. H. cupressiforme, leaves closely imbricated more or less fal-
cato-secund lanceolate acuminated entire except at the points
which are usually serrated, very faintly 2-nerved at the base,
capsule cylindrical erecto-cernuous, lid conical with a point.
Muse, Brit. p. 113. t, 27. Lightf p. 752.

a. vulgaris, stems broad semicylindrical, leaves falcato-secund.
H, cupressiforme, Linn,

(5. compressum, stems slender compressed, leaves falcato-secund.
H, compressum, Linn, Mant.

y, tenue, stems very slender, leaves very slightly curved narrow-
lanceolate quite entire. H, polyanthos, E, B.

Hab. Banks and trunks of trees, every where. /S. Abundant in
woods, y. Mostly on trees. Angus-shire, D. Doii.

54. H. Crista-caslrensis, stems closely pectinated, leaves fal-
cato-secund ovato-lapceolate acuminated serrulate striated
faintly 2-nerved at the base, capsule oblongo-ovate curved
cernuous, lid conical. Muse, Brit, p* 114. ^.27.

Hab. On the ground, rare. Fir- wood, about Forfar, but without fr. 3
Forest of Brcemar, in fr., G, Don. Birch woods^ of Bunaw, abun-
dant, Capt. Carmichael.

55. H. molluscum, stems pectinated, leaves falcato-secund cor-
date much acuminated serrated not striated faintly 2-nerved at
the base, capsule oblong- ovate curved cernuous, lid conical.
Muse, Brit. p.ll4./. 27. H, Crista- castrensis, Lightf p. 749.

Hab. Woods and rocks, plentiful.

31. BRYUM.

Fruitstalks terminal. .Peristome double; the exterior of 16
teeth ; the interior of a membrane cut into 16 equal segments,
with filiform processes frequently placed between them. Ca-
lyplra dimidiate. Muse* Brit. p. 1 15. t, 3.

ACOTYLEDONs. — Musci. Bri/um. 149

Div. I. Capsules sulcated (Mnium).

1 . Br. androgynum, stems nearly simple, leaves lanceolate ser-
rated their margins recurved, capsules nearly erect cylindrical
sulcated, lid conical. Musc» Brit. /;. 115. /. 2S. Mnium an-
drog., Light/, p. 707.

Hab. Woods and on banks. Appin, Capt. Carmichael.

2. Br. palustre, stems much branched, leaves lanceolate obtuse
entire their margins revolute, capsules ovate oblique sulcated,
lid conical. Muse, Brit, p, 1 15. /. 28. Mnium palustre.
Light/, p, 70^.

Hab. Bogs. Pentland hills, &c., Mr. GreviUe. Appin, Capt. Car-
michael.

Div. II. Capsules smooth {destitute o/ /urrows).

Sect. I. Teeth o/ the external peristome shorter than the
inner one (Meesia) .

3. Br. irichodes, stems somewhat branched, leaves linear obtuse
entire reticulated, capsule ovate recurved subcernuous, fruit-
stalk very long. Muse, Brit. p. 1 16. t. 2S.

Hab. Highland mountains, in wet places. Bogs, &c.

4. Br. dealbatum, stems short, leaves lanceolate acute plane
serrated at the points reticulated, capsules pyriform nearly
erect. M21SC, Brit, p.\\7. t,28,

Hab. Boggy mountains. Near Edinb., &c., G. Don. Ben Lawers^
Mr. Winch. Guillon and Forfar Lochs, Mr. Arnott.

Sect. II. Teeth 0/ the exterior peristome as long as the interior

one,
* Leaves subulate (Webera).

5. Br. pyri/orme, stems slightly branched, leaves subulato-se-
taceous flexuose serrated, nerve very broad, capsule pyriform
pendulous. Muse. Brit, p. 118. t, 28.

Hab. Rocks, especially of sand or any soft stone. Dry Muir, on the
Pentlands ; also Ardvoirlich, near Loch Earn, Mr. Arnott. Fis-
sures of rocks, Lismore, Capt. Carmichael. On the outsides of the
garden pots, that are partly plunged in the water, in the hot-houses
in the botanic garden at Glasgow j and there bearing fruit.
** Leaves never subulate.
t Leaves without amj thickened margin.
+- Leaves verij obtuse.

6. Br. julaceum, stems branched, leaves closely imbricated
broadly ovate concave entire obtuse, nerve running nearly to a
point, capsule obovato-cylindraceous. pendulous. Muse. Brit,
p. 118. ^ 28.

Hab. Highlands, principally on the elevated mountains.

150 ACOTYLEDONS. — Musci. Bryum,

-{ — f- Leaves acuminate or acute.
§ Nerve of the leaf disappearing below the point.

7- Br. crudum, stems simple, leaves rigid lanceolate the upper
ones the narrowest and longest, all of them plane serrulate, the
nerve disappearing below the summit, capsule oblongo-suhpyri-
form cernuous. Muse. Brit. p. 119. t. 28. Mnium crudum,
Lighff.p, 7 12,

Hab. Banks in mountainous situations, and the crevices of rocks.
Craig Lochart, Mr. Greville. Mountains of Angus-shire^ and on
Ben Lawers, G. Don. Ben Voirlich, Mr. Arnott.

8. Br. carneum, stems simple, leaves lanceolate reticulated
slightly serrulated at the point, nerve disappearing below the
summit, capsule obovate pendulous. Muse. Brit. p. 1 19. t. 29.

Hab. Banks. Near CoUington, Mr. GreuiZ/e. Angus-shire, frequent,
D. Don. Ditches, near Arlary, &c., Mr. Arnott.

9. Br. nrgenteum, stems branched, leaves closely imbricated
broadly ovate suddenly and sharply acuminated subserrulate
very concave, nerve disappearing below the point, capsule
ovato-pyriform pendulous. Muse. Brit. p. 120. /. 29. Lig/ilf,
p. 735.

Hab. On the ground, walls, roofs of houses, &c.

10. Br. Zierii, stems branched, leaves closely imbricated more or
less broadly ovate acuminulate very concave reticulated entire,
nerve running nearly to the point, capsule clavate cernuous.
Muse. Brit. p. 120. /. 29.

Hab. Highland mountains, not uncommon. Habbies' How, &c.j,
Mr. Greville. Argyleshire, Capt. Carmichael.

§§ Nerve of the leaf reaching to the point or beyond it.

11. Br. rosei/m, leaves obovato-spathulate acute serrated undu-
late, nerve running to the point, capsule oblongo-ovate pendu-
lous. Muse. Brit. p. 120. /. 29.

Hab. Banks and woods. Braid Hermitage, and Auchindenny woods.
Lorn, Capt. Carmichae\ Fr. rare.

12. Br. eapillare, stems short, leaves obovate twisted when dry
mostly entire, their nerve produced into a hair-like point, their
margins slightly thickened, capsule oblong pendulous. Muse,
Brit. p.\2,\.t. 29. Light/. p. 737.

Hab. Heaths, rocks, &c., frequent.

13. Br. ccespititium, stems short, leaves ovate acuminated entire
or very obscurely serrated at the points, the margins slightly
recurved, the nerve reaching to or beyond the point, capsule
between ovate and pvriform pendulous. Musq. Brit. p. 121.
t. 29. Light/, p. 736.

a. major, Br. ccespititimn, Linn.
6. minor. Br. licGlor, Dicks.

Hab. Banks, walls, and roofs, common, p. Argyleshire, &c., Capf.
Carmichael.

I

ACOTYLEDONs. — Musci. Brywii. 151

14. Br. turhinatum, stems short branched with innovations,
leaves ovate acuminated nearly entire, the margins slightly re-
curved, the nerve running beyond the points, capsule elonga-
to-pyriform pendulous. Muse. Brit. p. 122. t. 29.

HAB.Wet, sandy, and stony places, chiefly in mountainous situations,
common,

15. Br. nutans, stems short, leaves erect lanceolate acuminated
serrated above, nerve reaching to the point, capsule oblongo-
pyriform pendulous. Muse, Brit, p, 123. t, 29.

Hab. Walls, rocks, and heaths.

16. Br. elongatum, stems shorty leaves erect elongato-lanceolate
acuminated serrated, nerve reaching to the point, capsule
elongato-clavate inclined. Muse. Brit. p. 123. /. 30.

Had. Mountains. Ben Lawers and Clova, G.Don. Hills of Lorn,
Capt. Carmichael.

17. Br. alpimim, stems rigid elongated branched, leaves closely
imbricated erect lanceolate somewhat obtuse subserrulate at
the apex, margins revolute, nerve reaching to the point, cap-
sules oblong'o-ovate pendulous. Muse, Brit, p. 124. /. 28.
Light/, p. 738.

Hab. Rocks in subalpine situations, not uncommon.

18. Br. ventricosum, stems elongated branched with innovations,
leaves oblong acuminated scarcely serrulated, margins re-
curved, nerve reaching beyond the point, capsule oblongo-
ovate pendulous. Muse, Brit,p, 124. /. 30. Mnium trigue-
trum, Light/, p. 7 15.

Hab, Marshy ground and in wet places in the crevices of the rocks.

ft Leaves with their margins evidently thickened.
§ Leaves without denticulations.

19. Br. punctatum, stems elongated, leaves obovato-rotundate
very obtuse reticulated their margins thickened entire, nerve
disappearing below the point, capsule ovate pendulous, lid
shortly rostrate. Muse. Brit, p, 125. /. 30. Mnium serpylli-

/olium a., Light/, p. 712.
Hab. Marshy places, plentiful.

§ Leaves denticulated.

20. Br. ligulatum, stems elongated, leaves undulate ligulate re-
ticulated their margins thickened denticulate, nerve reaching
a little beyond the point, capsule ovate pendulous, lid conical.
Muse. Brit, p, 126. /. 30. Mnium serpyll/olium S., Light/
p,7l5,

Hab. Moist banks and in woods,

21. Br. rostraium, stems elongated, leaves broadly ovate reticu-
lated their margins thickened obtuse denticulated, the nerve
reaching a little beyond the point, capsule ovate pendulous,
lid rostrate. Muse, Brit, p. 126. ^30.

152 ACoTYLEDONS. — FiLicEs. Grammltis,

Hab, Subalpine situations. Common in the ravines of Lorn, Qapt,
Carmichael.

22. Br. marginatum, stems elongated, leaves ovate acute reti-
culated their margins thickened serrated, nerve reaching a
little beyond the point, capsule ovate pendulous, lid shortly
rostrate. Muse, Brit, p, 126. t.'Si,

Hab. Moist and wet places among rocks.

23. Br. hornum, stems elongated, leaves lanceolate acute reti-
culated, their margins thickened denticulate, nerve generally
disappearing below the summit, capsule oblongo-ovate pendu-
lous, lid hemisphaerical mucronulate. Muse, Brit. p. 127. /.31.
Mnium hornum, Ligfitf. p. 71 1.

Hab. Marshes.

2\. Br. cuspidatum, stems elongated, leaves obovate acute re-
ticulated their margins thickened denticulated above, nerve
running beyond the point, capsule ovate pendulous, lid coni-
co-hemisphaerical obtuse. Muse Brit. pA2'J,t,^\, Mnium
serpyllifolium y., Lightf. p. 715,

Hab. Moist shady woods, plentiful.

Order VII. FILICES. Br. M'lrb.

Fructifications only of one kind on the same individual. Cap-
sules spiked or racemed, or mostly collected into clusters of
various shapes {sori) upon the back of the leaf or frond, na-
ked or covered with an involucrum, often surrounded by an
elastic ring and opening irregularly, or without a ri?7g and
opening with a regulur fissure. Seeds or sporules minute.

There is, usually, a subterraneous horizontal stem or cau-
dex. i^roTZc?^, before expansion, circinate; they are simple
and entire, or variously divided and branched, and cut into
lohes and segments, or leaflets of various forms. Substance
varying from membranaceous to coriaceous. In the tropics
the caudex forms a trunk resembling that of the palms. In
their internal organization the Ferns (as well as probably the
three following orders) differ remarkably from the rest of the
Acotyledons ; for they have, besides the cellular structure, lon-
gitudinal tubes or vessels, as we see in the monocotyledonous
sterna, and these frequently placed in bundles,

Div. I. Gyrat.'e, Br. {Pohjpodiacece), Capsules \'Celled,fur'
7iished with an articulated, elastic, longitudinal [generally iii'.
complete) ring, transversely and irregularly opening.

1. GRAMMITIS.
Sori oblong, sublinear, straight, sqattered. Involucre houc.

»

ACOTYLEDOKS. — FiLiCEs. Aspidtmn. 153

1. Gr. Celerach^ fronds pinnatifid covered with imbricating chaffy
scales beneath, segments all coadunate ovate obtuse, scales
entire. Willd, Scolnpendrium Ceterach, E, B, t, 1244, As^
plenium Ceterach, Lighff. p. 661.

Has. Fissures of rocks-. Hill of Kinnoul^ Perth, Light/.

2. POLYPODIUM.

Sori (or clusters of fructification) roundish. Involucre 0.
* Fronds pinnatifid.

1. P. vulgare, fronds deeply pinnatifid, the segments linear-
lanceolate obtuse crenulate approximate, the superior ones
gradually smaller, eaudex chaffy. Lightf.p.6Q7» £. B.t, 1 149.

"^^ Fronds bipinnatifid.

2. P. Phegopterisy fronds bipinnatifid, the two lowermost pin-
nae deflexed, their segments linear lanceolate obtuse entire ci-
lated, the lowermost ones adnato-decurrent, veins hairv, sorj
marginal. Lighlf, p.GQO, E. B.t. 2224,

Hab. Shady rocky places, in the Lowlands, frequent. Light/.

*** Fronds thrice compounded.

3. P. Dryopteris, fronds ternate bipinnate patulous and deflex-
ed, the segments obtuse subcrenated, sori marginal^ root fili»
form. Lightf. p. 678. E. B. /, 616.

Hab. Dry stony places, not uncommon.

3. WOODSIA. Br.

Soi'i scattered, roundish, having beneath an involucrum which is
cut at the edge into many capillary segments,

1. W. hyperlorea, fronds lanceolate pinnated, pinnae ovato- cor-
date inciso-pinnatifid hairv beneath, sori solitary at length
confluent. Br, in IJnn. trans, v.W, t,\l, E'. B. t. 2023
{Polypodium hyperhoreum.), Acrostickum iluense, Huds.y
With., {not of Linn, according to Sm,)

Hab. Alpine rocks rare. Ben Lawers, Dickson. Glova. mountains,
G. Don.

4. ASPIDIUM.

Sori roundish, scattered. Involucre umbilicated, or opciaing on
one side. Willd,

* Fronds pinnated.

1. A. Lonchitis, fronds pinnated, pinnse lanceolato-falcatc acute
ciliato-serrate, the upper base acutely auricled the lower one
cuneate, superior pinnae bearing the fructifications, stipes
chaffy. E, B, t, 796, and Lighff. p, 669 {Polypodium Lou-
chiiis),

Hab. Shady clefts of rocks among the HighUuid mountains, not un-
common.

154 ACOTYLEDONS. FILICES. Aspidkiml

*^ Fronds subbipinnate, or bipinnatijid.
f Involucres dimidiate, reniform.

2. A. Oreopteris, fronds pinnate, pinnae lanceolate glabrous re-
sinoso-glandulose beneath pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate
obtuse entire, lowermost ones longer, sori marginal. E. B,
t. 1019 {Poly podium Orcopferis),

3. A. Thelypterisy fronds pinnate, pinnae linear-lanceolate pinna-
tifid glabrous, the segments ovate acute entire, sori marginal
contiguous at length confluent. Polypodium Thelypteris,
Light/, p. 674. E.B.t. 509.

Hab. Marshes and bogs, abundant.

4. A. cristatum, fronds pinnate, pinnae subcordate oblong pin-
natifid, the segments oblong obtuse dentato-serrate, stipes
chaffy. E. B. i. 2125. Hook, in Fl. Lond., luith a figure.

Hab. Native of Scotland, Smith in E.B., under t. 1949.

5. A. aculeatum, fronds bipinnate, pinnules rigid ovate sublunate
acuminate aristate oblique and cuneate at the base and decur-
rent, themarginsfaintlyserrated spinulose, with atooth near the
base on the upper side, stipes and rachis chaffy. E. B. 1. 1562
{margin of the piniiule not good), Polypodium aculeatum.
Light/, p. 675.

Hab. Woods, Rosslyn and Kinross-shire, Mr. Arnott. Bute^ &c.,
Mr. Murray. Stobhall, &c., Mr. Young.

I describe this and the following from English specimens /and can-
not be sure that the Scotch are the same. To me they appear de-
cidedly distinct.

6. A. lohatum, fronds bipinnate, pinnules scarcely rigid ovate
rather obtuse aristate truncate at the base which has a lobe
on the upper margin shortly petiolate, the margin deeply ser-
rated and spinulose, stipes and rachis chaffy, E, B. t. 1563
{imper/eci specimen).

Hab. Rosslyn woods, Maugh. Appin, Captain Carmichael. With
A. aculeat., Mr. Murray and Mr. Young.

lliis has the broadest frond, far less rigid ; and besides the different
shape of the pinnules, the present species may be recognised by the
truly petiolated pinnules and their deeply serrated margins.

7. A. F'ilix mas, fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblong obtuse ser-
rated, serratures muticous, sori near the central nerve, stipes
and rachis chaffy. E.B. t. 1458, and 1949 {Asp. cristatum).
Polypodium Filiicmas, Light/, p. 67 1*

Hab. Woods and shady banks, frequent.

8. A. dilatatum, fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblong distinct inci-
so-pinnatifid, segments mucronato-serrate, stipes chaffy. E. B.
/. 1461, and /. 1460 {A. spiiudosum) , Polypodium crista-
turn. Light/, p. 670.

Hab. Woods and wet rocky places^ frequent.

ACOTYLEDONS. — FiLiCES. Asplemuni. 155

tt Involucres lateral.

9. A. Filixfoemina, fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblongo-lanceo-
late inciso-serrate, serratures bi- or tridentate acute, sori ob-
long straight. E. B. t. 1459. Polypodhim Filix foemina,
Light f. p. 673.

Hab. Woods and shady places.

10. A, fragile, fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblong obtuse inciso-
scrrated, serratures obtuse denticulated, their rachis winged.
Willd. Cyaiheafragilis, E.B. t, 1587. Poll/ podium fragile,
Lightfp.677.

Hab. Rocks and stony places, abundant.

11. A. dentaturriy fronds pinnate, pinnules ovato-oblong pinna-
tifid, the segments oblong obtuse toothed. Willd, Cyathea
dentata, E.B. t, 1588.

Hab. Rocks in the Highlands, Dickson. Ben Lawers, G. Don.

12. A.regiiim, " frond lanceolate bipinnate pinnatifid, its seg-
ments lobed obtuse and beardless, stalk slightly winged, invo-
lucre lacerated and turned to one side," Sm, E, B. t, 163
{Cyathea incisa).

Hab. Ben Lawers, Maugh.

This species even Sir James Smith, who first described it in E.Bot.,
seems disposed to think may be a var. of A. fragile.

5. ASPLENIUM.

Sori linear, transverse, scattered. Involucres arising from the

lateral veins, and opening towards the central nerve or rih,

1. A. septentrionale, fronds trifid on a long stipes, segments li-
near acutely jagged or generally tridentate near the point.
Acrostic/mm septentrionale, Lig/ilf. p. 657. E. B, t. 1017.

Hab. Clefts of rocks on Arthur's Seat, Edinb.^ Lightf. Rock of
Stenton, near Dunkeld, Mr. Arnott.

2. A. marijium, fronds pinnate, pinnules oblong obtuse inciso-
.serrate, the superior base rounded and subauriculated, the
lower one truncated. E. B. t. 392. Lightf. p. 664.

Hab. Rocks by the sea-side, especially on the western coast, in many
places.

3. A. Trichomanis, fronds pinnate, pinnules roundish oblong
obtuse crenate, truncato-cuneate at the base (stipes black).
Lightf p. 662. E. B. t. 576.

Hab. Rocks and walls, common.

4. A. i;ifffl?f, fronds pinnated, pinnules roundish ovate obtusely
serrate cuneate at the base (stipes green). Lightf. p. b63.
E. B. t. 2257.

Hab. Crevices of the rocks in the mountainous parts of the High-
lands. Creg-a-chnocaen, between Ross-shire and SutherlanG
Lightf. Ben Lomond and Ben Nevis, Mr. Murray. Ben Lavvers
Mr. Winch. Appin^ Copt. Carmichael.

156 ACOTYLEDONS. FILICES. Plcrl

IS.

5. A. altermfolium^ fronds pinnate, pinnules alternate lanceo-
lato-cuneate toothed at the apex, lower ones trifid and tooth-
ed. E. B. t. 2258. j4» germanicum, JVilld,

Hab. Sunny rocks in the south of Scotland, about two miles from
Kelso, on the Tweed, Dickson. (In Switzerland it is quite an al-
pine plant.)

6. A. Ruta-miiraria, fronds bipinnate at the base, pinnules cu-
neate obtusely toothed at the extremity. Light/, p. 665.
E, B. t, 150.

Hab. Walls and the fissures of rocks, frequent,

7. A. Adiantum nigritm, fronds bipinnate, pinnae oblongo-lan-
ceolate acute, pinnules oblong inciso-pinnatifid, the segments
toothed at the apex, sori at length confluent. IJiQ^hif, p. ^^^,
E.B.i, 1950,

Hab. Banks in shady places, and fissures of rocks, frequent.

6. SCOLOPENDRIUM.
5o7i linear, transverse, scattered. Involucre double, occupying
both sides of the sorus^ superficial, and opening as it were by
a longitudinal suture,

1. S. vulgare. E. B. t. 1150. Asplenium Scolopendrium,

Light/, p. 660.
Hab. Shady, rocky, or stony places.
Frond ligulate, acute^ entire, cordate at the base.

7. PTERIS.
Sori continuous, linear, marginal. Involucre formed of the in-
flexed margin of the /rond opening interiorly.

1. Pt. crispa, sterile fronds bipinnate, pinnules pinnatifid, the
segments obovato-crenate inciso-dentate at the extremity, fer-
tile fronds bipinnate tripinnate below, pinnules linear oblong
rather obtuse entire narrow at the base. JE. B. t. 116. Os'
munda crispa, Light/, p. 655.

Hab. Among rocks and stones in the Highland mountains. Ben-na-
Caillich in Skye, Light/. Salisbury craigs, Mr. Stuart. Birnam
hill and near Cluny, Mr. Arnott. Goat-fell, in Arran, sparingly ;
on Ben Nevis, plentifully, Mr. Murray. Western Lomond Hill,
Fifeshire j and near New Abbey, in Galloway, Maugh.

2. Pt. aqnilina, frond tripartite, branches bipinnate, pinnae li-
near-lanceolate, superior undivided, inferior pinnatifid, the seg-
ments oblong obtuse*. E. B. 1. 1679. Light/ p. 657.

' I air» happy in having the opportunity of publishing here some remarks
upon the structure of the fructification of this plant, which have been kindly
communicated to me in a letter from Thomas Smith, Esq. of the Temple,
London. They allude to a real involucrum distinct from that formed by the
involution of the margin of the frond. " This," Mr. Smith says, " will be
ibund exactly opposite to that which is seen on the edge of the frond, and.

ACOTYLEDONS. — FTLiCES. Hijmenophylhim, 157

Har. Woods, heaths, and rough stony soils, abundant.

Used as litter for cattle, and very frequently for the pui-pose of
thatcliing cottages. The ashes are employed in the manufactories
of soap and glass. Its astringent quality has recommended it in
t lie dressing and preparing kid and chamois leather j the country
people take it medicinally, to destroy worms, and a bed made of
the green plant is esteemed a sovereign cure for the rickets in
children, Lightf.

8. BLECHNUM.

5ori linear, longitudinal, continuous, parallel on each side of the rib
of the frond, /wi^o/wc/-^ superficial, continuous, opening inte-
riorly.

1. Bl. loreale, sterile fronds pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate
rather obtuse parallel, fructiferous fronds pinnate, pinnae linear
acuminate. E. B. /. 1 159. Osmunda spica?it. Light/, p. (j54*

Had. Woods, heaths, among rocks, &c., plentiful.

9. ADIANTUM.
Sori oblong or roundislu Invohicres membranaceous, arising

from distinct portions of the margin of the frond turned in,

opening interiorly.
1. A. Capillus Veneris y frond bipinnate, pinnules obovato-cuneate

inciso-sublobate, segments of the fertile pinnules terminated

by a litiear-oblong sorus, sterile ones serrated. E, B. t, 1564.
Hab. Banks of the Carron, a rivulet in Kincardineshire, Prof. Beaitie.

10. HYMENOPHYLLUM.

Sori marginal. Capsules sessile, inserted upon a common cylin-
drical receptacle, within a 2-valved mi'o/wcre of the same tex-
ture as the frond ; valves plane, exterior one free. Br,

1. H. tunhridgense, fronds bipinnatifid glabrous, the segments

between the two, the line of capsules is placed. It may be called the inner
involucre, and much resembles the outer, having, like that, a ciliated edge;
but instead of being flat it curls inwards, covering the capsules in their
young state, and being itself covered by the outer one. It is best perhaps
seen when the caj)sulcs are abovit half ripe : at which time it is nearly of
the same breadth as the outer one, and is readily seen by the assistance of
the microscope. In texture it seems to difl*er a little fi*om the outer."

** According to the principles upon which genera are formed in this or-
der, the inner iuvolucrum seems to aflbrd a character which would justify
the forming a new genus. I have found it in Pteris caudata, which is very
nearly allied to aquallna : it also occurs in Pt. esculenta : and our mutual
fi'iend Brown autliorizes me to say that it is found in a small group of the
genus Pteris, the species of which agree in habit and are mostly extra-
tropical, differing from the tropical species in having a thicker and harder
frondy and not a thin filmy one which is found in most of the latter. It is
perhaps not unworthy of remark, that this involucmm is never found, except
when there is fructification. The outer one, it is well known, is almost al-
ways present whether there is fructification or not, — a circumstance, I be-
lieve, which does not generally take place in a true Iuvolucrum" Smith in
Letter, Alls ' 1819.

158 ACGTYLEDONS. — FiMCEs. Botrychium,

linear undivided or bifid, and, as well as the extremity of the
axillary involucre, spinuloso-dentate. Jir, E. B. t. 162. Hook,
in Fl. Lond.wiik a figure. Tricliomanes tunhridgense, LightJ.
p. 681.
Hab. Wet rocks in the Highlands, abundant. In the greatest profu-
sion on rocks near the road side along the shores of Loch Lomond.

Div. II. OsMUNDACEai:. Capsules destHtite of a^jwgf^&s^i^losp'
reticulate, pellucid, at tfie top, radiated df^smmnated^, 'and
hence longitudinally [ar^d often externally) opening. Bf',

ll.OSMUNDA.
Capsules subglobose, pedicellate, striated, half-bivalved, panicu-
lated. Involucre none.

1. O. regalis, fronds bij)innate, pinnules lanceolate nearly entire
the lower base somewhat auricled, the inferior ones opposite,
fructifying panicle bipinnate at the extremity of the frond.
IVilld. E. B. t. 209. Lightf p. 653.

Hab. Boggy places, especially near water j at the margins of lakes,
not unfrequent.

2 — 3 feet high. The largest and handsomest of the British Ferns.

Div. III. Ophioglosse^. Capsules of one cell, adnate at the
base, subglobose, coriaceous, opaque, destitute of a ring, not
cellular {sometimes connate), semi- bivalved,

12. OPHIOGLOSSUM.
Capsules naked upon an articulated distichous spike, connate,
one-celled, transversely opening, two-valvcd. JVilld.

1. O. vvlgatum, spike cauline, frond ovate obtuse. E, B. /. 108.
Lightf . p. 65 1. Eiook. in E. B. with a figure.

Hab. Meadov^^^ and moist pastures, but not very common, as about
Dunsinnane hill ; in Gowrie, &c. Lightf. Woodhall, by Glasgow,
Hopk. Old lee pasture at Possil, near the porter's lodge, Glasgow,
Mr. Murray. Den of Rechip, Mr. Arnott. Appin, Capt. Carmichael.

13. BOTRYCHIUM.
Capsules subglobose, adnate vvith the racemed, compound rachis,

distinct, naked, one-celled, valves two, connected behind,

transversely opening. JVilld.
1. Br. L7r//f/r?a, scape with a single frond above, fron8 pinnated,

pinna? lunate entire. IVilld. Hook, in Fl. Lond. with a figure.

Osmunda Lunaria, Lightf. p. 652. E. B. /. 318.
Hab. Mountain pasture. North of Linlithgow, Sihhald. West coast of

Ross-shire and in Skye, Lightf. Pentland hills, Caroline Park,

Cluny, &c. Mr. Arnott. Near Largs, Bute, Arran, and banks of the

Clyde below Greenock, &c. Mr. Murray. Appin, Capt. Carmichael.
In some specimens gathered by Capt. Carmichael there were capsules

produced round the lower segments of the fronds.,

\

ACOTYLEDONs. — LYcopoDiNE.i^. Lycopodinm. 159
Order VIIL— LYCOPODINEJS. Sw,

'Fructificalionhi'SLCteRte^, axillary, or spiked. Capsules frequently
of two kinds on the same plant, 1 — 3-celled, 2 — 3-valved,
containing many minute ^raww/es ; or a few, larger corpiiscules.
— Roots fibrous. Stems herbaceous or woody, simple or branch-
ed, often creeping. Leaves small, undivided, numerous, scatter-
d|jgi#^ttlterjiate and disticiious, often stipulated. Mirh,

Capsules one-celled, axillary, sessife ; some of them two-valved,
filled with a farinaceous sub^ance ; others 3-valved, containing
from 1 — 6 globose corpuscules. Br.

1. L. clavatum, stem creeping, branches ascending, leaves scat-
tered incurved and hair-pointed, spikes geminate cylindrical
pedunculate their scales ovate acuminate eroso-dentate. IJo/itf.
p. 685. E.B.t, 224.

Hab. Mountainous and heathy pastures, plentiful.

The seeds are used to produce artificial lightning on the stage ; and

the Poles make a decoction of the plant to cure persons afflicted

with that terrible disease, the Plica polonica.

2. L. alpinum, stems prostrate, branches dichotomous and fasci-
culated, leaves quadrifarious oblong convex acute appressed,
spikes terminal solitary sessile short cylindrical. Liglitf. p. 690.
E. B. t. 234.

Hab. Upon the lofty Highland mountains, plentiful.

3. L. annotinum, stem creeping, branches ascending dichoto-
niously branched, branchlets simple, leaves in 5 rows linear-
lanceolate mucronate serrulate patent, spikes oblongo-cylindri-
cal solitary sessile terminal. Lightf. p. 689. E. B. t, 1727.

JIab. Rough stony places by the sides of the Highland mountains, but
not colnmon, Lightf. Summit of Cairn-gorum^ Hook.

4. L. inundaiumr, stem creeping, branches simple solitary erect
with a single sessile leafy spike at its extremity, leaves linear
scattered acute entire curved upwards. Lightf. p. 687. E, B,
t. 239.

Hab. Wet heathy places and by the sides of lakes, but not common.
About 6lair in Athol, Dr. Parsons.

5. L. selaginoides, stem creeping, branches ascending simple,
leaves scattered lanceolate subpatent ciliato-denticulate, spikes
terminal solitary. Lightf. p. 686. E. B. t. 1 148.

Hab. Boggy places by the sides of rivulets on the Highland moun-
tains, frequent.

6.L. Selago, stems dichotompusly branched erect fastigiate, leaves
scattered in 8 rows linear-lanceolate acuminate entire imbricated
rigid, capsules scatt^ed (not spiked). Lightf p. 6S7. E, B.
t. 233.

160 ACOTYLEDONS. — EGlUISETACE/E. Equisetum,

Hab. Highland rao.un tains, fcequent.

Used in Raasay, near Skye, and some other places, instead of alum,
to fix the colours in dyeing. The Highlanders employ it, in infusion
as an emetic and cathartic 3 but it operates violently, and, unless
taken in a small dose; brings on giddiness and convulsions, Lighif.

Lirtnseus says, that the Swedes use^a decoction of it to destroy lice on
swine and other animals.

Order IX. MARSILEACE^. Br.

Fructtficaiions radical. Involucrum suhsphaerical, not opening,
coriaceous or membranaceous, one- or many-celled. Aquatics.

I. ISOETES.

Capsule membranaceous, not opening, immersed in the base of
the frond, one-celled. Seeds angular, insert-ed upon many fili-
form receptacles.

\A.lacustris, Lighif. p,6SS. E.B.tA0S4.

Hab. Bottoms of the Highland lakes, not uncommon. In Jura and
Skye, Lighff. Loch Tay, Dr. Stuart. Loch of Clunie, Rev. Mr.
M' Ritchie, hoch Lomond, Mr. Murr a 7/. Loch Leven, Mr, Arnott.
Shallow parts of the Lake of Monteith, Mr. Young.

Leaves all radical^ 5 — G inches long, subulate, semicylindrical, fle»hy.

2. PILULARIA.
Involucres imbricated, solitary, nearly sessile, globose, coriaceous,

4-celled. Cells containing two different kinds of bodies, Q?i'

thersP and capsules P
1. P. glohuUfera, Lighif, p. 683. E. B, /. 521. Hook, in FL

Lond. with a figure,
Hab. Damp places that are overflowed during the winter, but not

common. Braid hill marshes, Pentland hills j Cuthel muir, &c.

Mr. Arnott. Loch of Cluny, Rev. Mr. M' Ritchie. Loch Lomond,

Mr. Murray.
Siems filiform, creeping. Leaves2'-^3 inches long subulato -filiform, clu

tered. Involucres as large as peas, brown, scaly at the base of the

leaves.

Order X. EQUISBTACEiE.

Fruclification terminal, spicatc, consisting of peltate polygonouR
scalesjon the under side of which are from 4 — 7involucres, which
open longitudinally, and contain numerous naked (?) fieeds, en-
folded by four filaments bearing anthers (?) at their extremities.

Vegetation: 5/6?m5rigid, leafless, jointed, striated, the articulations
gheathed at the base, the branches whorled.

1. EQUISETUM.
I.E. arvensCf sterile stems decumbent with simple branches.

MONOCOTYLEDONS. 161

which are roughish tetragonal, fertile ones erect simple their

sheathscylindricalinciso-dentate. Lightf.p. 647. E.B,t. 2020,
Hab. Wet meadows and corn-fields, frequent, flowering early in May.

Considered very prejudicial to land, and injurious to cattle which

occasionally eat it.
2. Yi.Jiiiviatile^stexWe stems with very numerous simple branches

which are roughish octagonal, fertile ones simple, the sheaths

infundihuliform lacerato-dentate, their teeth setaceous. Lightf,

p,649. E.B.t. 2022.
Has. Shady marshes and the brinks of stagnant waters ; flowering

May, June. Three feet, or more, hi^h, the stems very broad, the

branches most numerous and erecto -patent.

3. E. sylvaticum, sterile and fertile stems with their branches
compound roughish deflexed four-sided, branchlets subtrique-
trous. L?ghif,p.646. E, B. t, \S74.

Hab. Woods, hedge-banks, and moist shady places.

4. E. limosum, stems branched upwards, with the branches about
12 in a whorl simple pentagonous smooth, spike or catkin ter-
minal. Lig/itf. p. 648.

Hab. Lakes and ditches, frequent.

5. Yi. palustre, stemsbranched glabrous sulcate, branches simple
pentagonous, spike terminal. Lighif, p, 648. E. B. t, 2021.

Hab. Ditches and wet soils, frequent.

6. E, variegatum, stems naked very rough branched at the base,
sheaths black with white membranous lanceolate teeth, spike
terminal. E. 5. /. 1987.

Hab. Sands of Bariy, in Angus-shire, G. Don.

7. E. hyemale, stems simple erect very rough bearing spikes at
the extremity, sheaths whitish black at the base and summits,
teeth aristate deciduous. Lighif. p. 650. E, B. ^.915.

All the Equiseta or Horse-tails are very rough to the touch ; their bark
abounds in silex, and they are thus admirably suited to the polish-
ing of hard woods, ivory, brass, &c. This is, however, by far the
most preferable kind, and is imported largely from Holland for that
purpose, under the name of Dutch rushes. In Northumberland,
Lightfoot tells us, the daiiy-maids employ it to scour and clean
their milk-pails.

Class II. MONOCOTYLEPONS. Juss.

{EndorhizcB Bich, Monocotyledonece or Endogenece Deca?id.)

Fmct. Emhryo with one Cotyledon; or, if vnth two, then the
additioriM cotyledon is smaller and alternate with the larger.
Plumule usually inclosed in the body of the Embryo, which it
perforates laterally as soon as germination commences, and gene-

1 62 MONOCOTYLEDONS. — GR AMiN E.i-:. Anthoxanthum .

rally considerably elongated before the radicles are protruded.
The inferior end of the Embryo pierced by the radicles, which
were inclosed in its substance, and remaining under the form
of a rim or short sheath surrounding the base.
Vegetation. Stem cylindrical, increasing by addition to its centre
with no perceptible difference of structure between the bark
• and the wood. Leaves alternate, often sheathing ; with close
parallel nerves, and minute transverse veins.

Order I. GRAMINEiE. Juss.
Glume {calyx Linn.) I — 2- or many-flowered, mostly of 2 valves,
rarely of I or wanting. Perianth {corolla Linn.) glumaceous,
1 — 2-valved. Stamens hypogynous. Anthers versatile. Ovary
superior, with one ovule. Styles 2, rarely I or 3. Stigmas
plumose. Pericarp a Caryopsis, or Utriculus. Embryo
scutelHform, lateral, on the outside of the base of a farinaceous
copious albumen. Plumule naked. Stems fistulose, generally
simple and herbaceous, sometimes branched, rarely shrubby.
Leaves one to each joint, with a sheath slit longitudinally on
one side, having a membranous appendage (ligule) at its sum-
mit. Flowers small, panicled or spiked. Br.

Sect. I. PANicEiE. Br. inFlind. Foy. Glume with 2 — ^flowers,
of which the lowest is imperfect. Br.

1. PANICUM.
Cal. of two valves, 2-flowered ; the inferior valve very small.

Floivers dissimilar; the inferior imperfect, of one or two

valves; the «/:pe;7'or perfect, 2-valved ; 5eet? invested with the

permanent hardened perianth.
1. P. sanguinale, spike digitate, florets in pairs secund pubescent

at the margins, leaves and sheaths slightly hairy, p. 21=". Pas-

lures, rare.

2. ANTHOXANTHUM.
Glume of 2 valves, 3-flowered. Inferior flowers imperfect, of

one valve, awned ; superior floret 2-valved, perfect, awnless,

valves mm\xX.e. Stam. 2. Caryopsis free^.

* The pages thus referred to, after each specific character, throughout
the mono- and dicotyledonous plants, are in the first Part of this Flora, where
fuller descriptions and more particular habitats are given ; both of which it
w^s deemed unnecessary to repeat here.

•» The character of this genus is so different from that which we have
given of it in the first part of this work, that it will be unintelligible to
students without some further explanation. It is therefore to be observed,
that what are here termed the two lower imperfect florets, are in our character
at p. 3, called the two outer valves of a double perianth, in conformity to
the general mode of describing it, adopted by botanists of the Linnaean school.

MONOCOTYLEDONS. GRAMINE^. Phalans, 163

1 . A. odoratum, ' panicle spiked oblong, flowers upon short foot-
stalks larger than the awns. p. 11. — Pastures^

3. HIEROCHLOE.

Glume of 2 valves, 3-flowered. Perianth, of 2 valves ; the lateral
florets staniiniferous, triandrous ; terminal one perfect, diand-
rous, Br,

1. H. horealis, panicle subsecund, peduncles glabrous, florets awn-
less, outer valves of the perianth ciliated at the margin, p. 28.
Mountains, rare.

Sect. II. Poace.^. Brown in Flind, Vby. Glumes with one,
two, or many flowers ; either all perfect, or with the upper
flower abortive. Br,

A. Glume \ -flowered,

4. NARDUS.
G/?/me none. Periaw//i of two valves. Style I,

1 . N. strict Of spike erect slender, the florets all pointing one way.

p. 21,— Heaths,

5.AL0PECURUS.
Glume 2-valved, 1-flowered; valves nearly equal, united at the

base, acute. Perianth of one valve, awned at the base.

1. A. pratensis, culm erect smooth, panicle spiked cylindrical ob-
tuse, valves of the glume lanceolate acute hairy connate at the
base, awn twice the length of the perianth, p, 22. — Pastures,

2. A. alpinuSf culm erect smooth, panicle in an ovate spike, valves
of the glume ovate abruptly acute hairy united at their base,
awn scarcely longer than the perianth, p. 22. — Alps,

3,A.agrestis, culm erect scabrous above, panicle spiked cylindri-
cal acuminate, valves of the glume acute almost glabrous united
as far as the middle, p. 22. — Fields,

4,A,ge9iiculatus,cu\m ascending bent at the joints, panicle spiked
cylindrical obtuse, valves of the glumes united at the base trun-
cated slightly hairy, awn twice as long as the perianth, p. 22.
Meadows.

6. PHALARIS.

G/wTwe 2-valved, 1-flowered; ^^ow/er^ with a double perianth,
Caryopsis invested with the inner hardened perianth.

1. Ph. canariensis, panicle spiked ovate, valves of the glumes
boat-shaped entire at the point, ext. perianth of 2-valves.p.23.
Fields,

2. Ph. arundinacea, panicle erect, branches patent, florets clus-
tered secund, ext. perianth of two very minute hairy valves,
p. 23. — Margins of rivers, ^c.

[L 2]

164 MONOCOTYLEDONS. GRAMINE/E. Amndo,

7. PHLEUM.

Glume 2-valved, 1-flowered; valves nearly equal, acuminate or
niucronato-aristate, including a single awnless perianth. Cary-
opsis free.

1 . Phi. pratense, spike cylindrical, glumes truncate mucronato-
aristate ciliated at the back longer than the awn. p. 23. —
Pastures,

2. Phi. alpinum, spike ovato-oblong, glumes truncate mucronato-
aristdte ciliated at the back equal in length to the awn, p. 23.
Alps.

3. Phi. Michelii, panicle spiked cylindrical, glumes lanceolate
acuminate strongly ciliated at the back. p. 24. — Alps.

4. Phi. arenarium, panicle spiked oblongo-obovate, glumes.lan-
ceolate acute ciliated at the back. p. 24. — Sandy sea-shores,

8. MILIUM.

Glume 2-valved, 1 -flowered ; valves ventricose. Cary opsis invest-
ed with the permanent, hardened perianth,
I. M. ejf'usum, flowers loosely panicled awnless. p. 24. — Woods,

9. AGROSTIS.

Glume 2-valved, l-^owered; valves acute, compressed, awnless.
Perianth shorter than the glume, slightly hairy at the base.
Cary opsis free.

* Outer valve of the Perianth awned.

1. A. canina, branches of the panicle long slender erecto-patent,
valves of the glume unequal lanceolate rough at the back, pe-
rianth of 1 valve with a dorsal awn from below the middle,
leaves linear, p. 24. — Heaths, ^c,

2. A. setacea, branches of the panicle short erect, valves of the
glumes unequal lanceolate rough at the back, outer valve of
the perianth with a longish awn from the base, inner one ovate
very minute, leaves setaceous, p. 25. — Heaths P

** Perianth awnless (or mostly so) .

3. A. vulgaris, branches of the panicle smoothish, branchlets di-
verging, outer valve of the perianth 3 -nerved, ligule extremely
short and truncate, p. 25. — Pastures, ^c,

4. A. alba, branches of the panicle hispid, branchlets patent,
outer valve of the perianth 5-nerved, ligule long. p. 25. —
Waste places,

10. ARUNDO.

Glume of 2-valves, 1-flowered (in A, Phragmites many-fl.). Pe-
rianth surrounded with long hairs. Caryopsis free, but co-
vered with the perianth.

MONOCOTYLEDONS. G11AMINE.E. Holcus. 165

* Glume \-ftowered (Calamagrostis).
f Perianth awned.

1. A. Calamagrostis, panicle erect diffuse, glumes acuminate,
perianth with a small terminal awn shorter than the glume and
the tuft of hairs, p. 27. — Shady places.

2. A. stricta, panicle erect close, glumes acute, perianth about
as long as the glume longer than the tuft of hairs with a dorsal
awn equal to it in length, p. 27. — Marshes, rare.

tt Perianth awnless.

3. A. arenaria, panicle spiked, glumes acute, perianth as long as
the glume thrice as long as the tuft of hairs, leaves involute
pungent, p. 27. — Sandy sea^shores.

** Glume mamj-Jlowered (Arundo).

4. A. Phragmiles, glume about 5 -flowered, florets longer than
the glume, p. 27. — Watery places.

11. ROTl^BOLLIA.

Glume of 2 valves, 1-flowered, values lateral. FZoifer^ alternate,
ranged upon a jointed rachis.

1. R. incurvata, spike filiform or awl-shaped, glume 2-valved.
p, 46. — Sandy seashores.

12. HORDEUM.

Glumes standing three together, 2-valved, 1-flowered; valves la-
teral; intermediate glumes perfect, lateral ones with anthers or
pistils. Perianth 2-valved, awned.

1. H. murinum, valves of the glumes of the intermediate floret
linear-lanceolate ciliated, those of the lateral florets setaceous
scabrous, p. 46. — Waysides.

2. H. pratense, valves of the glumes all setaceous scabrous, p. 46.
— Pastures, rare.

3. H. maritimum, valves of the glumes smoothish, the int. one of
the lateral florets semi-lanceolate, the rest setaceous, p. 46,
— Sea-coast, rare.

B. Glume 2-, rarely 3-flowered,

13. HOLCUS^

Glume 2-valved, 2-flowered, nearly equal. Perianth 2-valved.
Florets dissimilar, polygamous, one awned, the other awnless,
without any imperfect one between them. Caryopsis free or
enveloped in the membranaceous perianth.

* Holcus thus characterised is very different from the Holcus of Mr.. Brown,
and most of the Linniean species, which constitute the genus Sorghum of
Persoon, and do not belong even to this section, but to Pamcecs.

166 MONOCOTYLEDONS.— GRAMINE.'E. MellCa,

1. H. avenaceuS) perfect floret superior scarcely awned, imperfect
one antheriferous with a very long jointed awn, root knotted,
p, 28. — Pastures.

2, H. mollis, perfect floret inferior and awnless, imperfect one
antheriferous with a bent awn reaching beyond the glume, root
creeping, p. 28. — Hedges and pastures,

8. H. lanatus, perfect floret inferior and awnless, imperfect one
antheriferous with a curved awn included in the glume, root
fibrous, p. 2S. ^r^Pastures.

14. AIRA.
Glume 2-valved, unequal, 2-flowered. Perianth 2.valved, the
outer one awned above the base (rarely awnless). Florets with-
out ?iny imperfect ones between them. Caryopiw free, but co-
vered with the perianth.

* Perianth awnless.

1. A. cristata, panicle spiked, florets longer than the acuminated
glumes, leaves hairy, p, 29, — Dry pastures, near the sea,

2. A. aquatica, panicle spreading, glumes obtuse, florets longer
than the glumes, p. 29. — Watery places.

** Perianth awned.

3. A. ccBSpitosa, panicle diffuse, branches scabrous, florets villous
at the base rather longer than the glume, awn straight inserted
near the base of and not exceeding the perianth, leaves plane,
p. 29. — Shady places,

4. A. alpina, panicle subcoarctate, branches and pedicels perfectly
smooth, florets villous at the base as long as the glume, awn
inserted above the middle of and scarcely exceeding the peri-
anth, leaves linear, p. 30. — Alps,

5. h. fleocuosa, panicle (when flowering) diffuse, florets villous at
the base as long as the glume, awn jointed inserted near the
base much longer than the perianth, leaves setaceous, p. 30,
— Heaths,

6. A. caryophyllea, panicle divaricate, florets scarcely villous at
the base shorter than the glume, awn inserted below the middle
jointed longer than the glume, leaves setaceous, p. 30. — Dry
pastures,

7. A. pr^coj?, panicle somewhat spiked, florets scarcely villous at
the base about as long as the glume, awn twisted inserted be-
low the middle longer than the glume, leaves setaceous, p. 30.
— Sandy pastures,

15. MELICA.
Glume 2-valved, about 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third
fi(yret. Perianth 2-valved, awnless. Caryopsis free, covered
by the cartilaginous perianth.

i

MONOCOTYLEDONS. GRAMINE/E. Poa. 167

1. M. nutans, panicle nearly simple racemed secund, spikelets
drooping ovate 2-flowered. p. 30. — Woods.

2. M, uni/lor a, pamcled branched slightly drooping, spikelets erect
ovate with only one perfect floret, p. 31. — IVoods,

3. M. ccerulea, panicle erect subcoarctate, spikelets erect ob-
longo-cylindrical. p. 31. — Moors.

C. Glume many -flowered.
IG. LOLIUM.

Glume of 1 valve, lateral, fixed. Perianth 2-valved, firmly en-
veloping the Caryopsis : valves lanceolate, ext. with or with-
out an awn inserted below the extremity.

1. L. perenne, spikelets much longer than the glume, florets
awnless linear-oblong compressed, root perennial, p, 45.—
Waste places.

2. L. arvense, spikelets about as long as the glume, florets el-
liptical with very soft short awns, root annual, p. 45. — Fields,

3. L. temulentum, spikelets shorter than the glume, florets el-
liptical about as long as the rigid awn, root annual. /).45.—
Fields,

17. SESLERIA.

Glume 2 — 3-flowered, compressed, acute, somewhat awned. Pe-
rianth variously toothed or awned. Caryopsis free, but co-
vered with the perianth.

1 . S. ccerulea, panicle spiked ovate bracteated, spikelets 2 — 3-
flowered, ext. valve of the perianth aristate and toothed. p,31,
— Mountains.

18. POA.

Glume2-va\vedf many-flowered ; valves of the perianth subovate,
somewhat acute, awnless. Caryopsis free, covered with the
perianth.

1. P. aquatica, panicle erect very much branched, spikelets li-
near of obout 6 obtuse florets which have 7 ribs, p, 32.-—
Ditches, ^c.

2. V.fluitans, panicle nearly erect slightly branched, spikelets
linear appressed of from 7 — 1 1 obtuse florets which have 7
ribs with short intermediate ribs at the base, root creeping.
p. ^2.— Ditches.

3. P. maritima, panicle erect subcoarctate (rigid), spikelets li-
near of about 5 obtuse flowers which are obsoletely 5 -nerved,
leaves convolute, root creeping, p. 33. — Sea-coast.

4. P. distans, panicle divaricate, branches at length deflexed,
spikelets linear of about 5 obtuse flowers which are obsoletely
5-nerved, leaves plane, root fibrous, p. S3, — Pastures near
ike coast.

168 MONOCOTYLEDONS. — GRAMiNE.i:. Briza.

5. p. procumbens, panicle compact ovato-lanceolate disticho-
secund (rigid), spikelets linear-lanceolate of about 4 flowers
which are 5-ribbed. p. 33. — Salt marshes,

6. P. ng/c^a^ panicle lanceolate disticho-secund (rigid), spikelets
linear acute of about 7 flowers which are almost ribless, root
fibrous, p. 33. — Walls and dry banks.

7. P. compressUy panicle subsecund spreading (afterwards subco-
arctate), spikelets oblongo-ovate of from 5 — 7 obtuse flowers
connected by a web, culm compressed, root creeping, p. 34.
—IFalls.

8. P. alpina, panicle diffuse, spikelets ovate of 4 — 5 acute
flowers hairy below (but not webbed), leaves broadly linear
obtuse, ligule of the upper leaves oblong acute, of the lower
ones short obtuse, p. 34. — Alps.

9. P. laxa, panicle contracted lax slightly drooping, spikelets
ovate of about 3 flowers which are acute connected by a web,
leaves linear acute narrow, ligules all lanceolate, p. 34. — Alps.

10. P. ccesia, " panicle spreading, spikelets ovate 5-flowered,
glumes lanceolate silky-edged unconnected by any web, ligule
very short and blunt." p.M.-^Alps.

11. P. trivialis, panicle diff*use, spikelets oblongo-ovate of about

3 flowers which are acute 5 -nerved connected with a web,
culms and sheath roughish, ligule oblong, root fibrous, p. 35.
— Meadows.

12. V.pratensls, panicle diff'use, spikelets oblongo-ovate of about

4 flowers which are acute 5-nerved webbed, culm and sheaths
smooth, ligule short, root creeping, p. 35. — Meadows.

13. P. annua, panicle subsecund divaricated, spikelets oblongo-
ovate of about 5 flowers which are a little remote 5-ribbed
destitute of web, culm ascending compressed, root fibrous.
p. 35. — Pastures.

14. P. 7iemoraliSy panicle slender slightly leaning one way lax
attenuate, spikelets lanceolate of about 3 rather distant slight-
ly webbed flowers, ligule short truncate, culms subcompressed
and sheaths glabrous, root subrepent. p. 35. — Woods and
moujitains.

15. P. decumbens, panicle nearly simple contracted few-flower-
ed, glume as long as the four-flowered spikelet, ligule a tuft of
hairs, p. 36. — Mountain pastures,

19. BRIZA.
Glume 2-valved, many-flowered. Perianth 2-vaIved, ventricose,

the valves cordate, obtuse, awnless. Caryopsis adnate with

the perianth.
1 . Br. media f spikelets broadly ovate of about 7 flowers, glume

shorter than the florets, p. 37. — Pastures.

MONOCOTYLEDONS. GRAMINE^. FeStUCa, 169

20. DACTYLIS.

Glume 2-valved, many-flowered ; valves unequal, the larger one
keeled. Perianth 2-valved ; valves lanceolate, awnless. Ca-
ryopsU invested with the permanent, hardened perianth,

1. D. glomerata, panicle crowded secund, leaves plane, p, 37.
—- Way -sides, ^c,

21. ELYMUS.

Glumes many-flowered, in pairs or ternate, lateral, the valves
nearly equal. Perianth firmly enveloping the cary apsis ; valves
lanceolate, ext. acuminate or lengthened into an awn. (FZ.
spiked,)

1. E. arenarius, spike upright dense, spikelets pubescent, flowers
awnless as long as the glume, leaves involute rigid, p, 46. —
Sandy sea- shores.

22. fp:stuca.

Glume 2-valved, many-flowered ; valves unequal. Perianth of 2
valves, lanceolate, ext. one acuminate or awned at the extre-
mity.

1. F. ovina, panicle subsecund subcoarctate, spikelets oblong of
about 4 — 5 flowers with short awns, culms square (upward),
leaves setaceous, p. 38. — Dry pastures.

2. F. duriuscula, panicle subsecund subcoarctate, spikelets ob-
long of about 6 flowers with short awns, stem leaves nearly
plane, radical ones subsetaceous. p. 38, — Dry pastures, espe-
cially near the sea.

3. F. bromoides, panicle secund racemose, flowers shorter than
the awn monandrous, culm above leafless, p. 39. — IVdlls.

4. F. Myurus, panicle secund elongate contracted, flowers shorter
than the awn monandrous, culm leafv in its upper part. p. 39.
—Myalls, &c.

5. F. gigantea, panicle branched drooping towards one side,
spikelets lanceolate compressed, flowers shorter than the awn,
leaves linear-lanceolate ribbed, p. 39. — Moist woods.

6. F. calamaria, panicle subsecund much branched spreading
nearly erect, spikelets oblong awnless 3 — 5 -flowered, leaves
linear-lanceolate, p. 40. — Moist alpine woods.

7' ¥ . J'oliacea, raceme spiked distichous elongate, spikelets di-
stant linear many-flowered, florets cylindrical awnless. p. 40.
— Pastures.

8. F. pratensis, panicle patent branched, spikelets linear many-
flowered, florets cylindrical awnless, leaves linear, root fibrous,
p. 40. — Meadows,

9. F. elatior, panicle patent very much branched, spikelets ova-
to-lanceolate many-flowered, florets cylindrical subaristale.

170 M0Nt)C0TYLED0N5. GRAMINEiK. BrmilUS.

leaves linear-lanceolate, root creeping, p. 40. — Moiu pas-
tures,

23. TRITICUM.

Glumes 2-valved, many-flowered ; valves opposite, solitary, near-
ly equal. Perianth 2-valved ; valves lanceolate ; ext. one acu-
minated or lengthened into an awn. Caryopsis adnate with
th^ perianth. i?Gc/H'5 zigzag, toothed. {Flowers spiked.)

1. Tr.junceum, valves of the glume obtuse much ribbed with
4 — 5 awnless flowers, leaves involute pungent, root creeping.
p. 44. — Sea-coast.

2. Tr. repens, valves of the glume much nerved with from 4 — 8
awned (rarely awnless) flowers, leaves plane, root creeping.
p. 44. — ^Vaste places.

3. Tr. eaninum, valves of the glume awned (mostly 3-) nerved
with about 5 awned flowers, leaves plane, root fibrous, p. 44.
— Woods and hanks.

4. Tr. cristatum, valves of the glume subulate keeled aristate
scarcely nerved of about 4 awned flowers, spikelets much
crowded, p. 45. — Sea-side, very rare.

5. Tr. loliacei/m, spike secund, valves of the glume indistinctly
3 -nerved obtuse of many awnless flowers, root fibrous an-
nual, p. 45. — Sea-coast,

24. BROMUS.

Glume of 2 valves, many- flowered. Perianth bivalved ; valves
lanceolate ; ext. one awned below the extremity. Caryopsis
adnate with the perianth. (Inner valve fringed. Sm.)
* Awn terminal. Raceme spiked,

1. Br. sylvaticus, raceme spiked slightly drooping, spikelets di-
stichous linear erect remote, awns straight longer than the flo-
rets, p. 40. — Woods.

** Awns from below the point of the perianth. Panicle branched.

2. Br. secalinujSy panicle spreading, peduncles but little branch-
• ed, spikelets oblongo-ovate (ovate, Sm.) compressed of about

10 subcylindrical glabrous rather remote flowers longer than
the awn. p. 41. — Fields.

3. Br. velutinus, panicle spreading, peduncles but little branch-
ed, spikelets oblongo -lanceolate compressed of about 12 cy-
lindrical pubescent subimbricated florets, awns longer than the
glume (at length patent), p. 41. — Fields,

4. Br. mollis, panicle erect close compound, spikelets ovate sub-
compressed, florets imbricated depressed pubescent, awn
straight about as long as the glume, leaves very soft pubescent,
p. 41. — Pastures.

5. Br. racemosusy panicle erect, peduncles simple, spikelets ovate

MONOCOTYLEiDONS. — GRAMINE.'E. Avena. 171

subcompressed glabrous, florets imbricated depressed, awns
straight about as long as the glume, leaves slightly hairy.
p,\\, -^Yields,

6. Br. squarrosus, panicle drooping, peduncles simple, spikelets
ovato-lanceolate subcompressed, florets nearly glabrous imbri-
cated depressed, awn divaricating, leaves pubescent, p. 42. —
Fields P

7. Br. arvensis, panicle spreading (at length drooping) pedun-
cles branched, spikelets lanceolate compressed, florets imbri-
cated depressed glabrous about as long as the straight awn,
leaves hairy, p. 42. — Fields.

8. Br. erectus, panicle erect, spikelets linear-lanceolate com-
pressed, florets subcylindrical remote glabrous longer than the
straight awn, radical leaves very narrow ciliated, p. 42. —
Pastures.

9. Br. asper, panicle branched drooping, spikelets linear-lanceo-
late compressed, florets remote subcylindrical hairy longer than
the straight awn, leaves uniform the lower ones hairy, p. 42. —
Woods.

10. Br. sterilis, panicle drooping slightly branched, spikelets
linear-lanceolate, florets remote subcylindrical scabrous shorter
than the straight awn, leaves pubescent, p. 43. — Hedges.

l\, Br. diandrus, panicle erect slightly branched, spikelets li-
near-lanceolate, florets remote subcylindrical subscabrous about
as long as the straight awn, stam. 2 (sometimes 3, Schrad.),
leaves subglabrous. p. 43. — Hedges.

25. AVENA.

Glume 2-valved, many-flowered. Perianth bivalved ; valves lan-
ceolate, firmly inclosing the caryopsis; ext. one beariii
twisted awn on its back.

1. A. Jah/a, panicle erect, spikelets drooping of about 3 flowers,
florets smaller than the glume hairy below, root fibrous (annual),
p. 43. — Fields.

2. A. puhescens, panicle erect nearly simple, spikelets of about
3 flowers which are longer than the glume, their pedicels vil-
lous, leaves plane downy, edges smooth, p. 43. — Hilly pas-
tures.

3. A. planiculmis, panicle erect slightly branched (subspicate),
spikelets of about 5 flowers which are much longer tlian the
glume, margins of the leaves and the sheaths scabrous, culms
and sheaths compressed, p. 43. — Alps.

4. A. pratensis, raceme erect simple, spikelets of about .^ flowers
which are longer than the glume, leaves glabrous finely serra-
ted, lower ones involute, p. 44. — Mountain pastures.

,5. A. Jlavescens, panicle much branched lax, spikelets of about

172 MONOCOTYLEDONS. — cyperace.e. EriopkoruiTi.

3 flowers which are longer than the very unequal valves of the
glume, root creeping, p. 44. — Pastures.

26. CYNOSURUS.

Glume bivalved, 2 — 5 -flowered, having a pectinated involucrum.
Perianthw'ith linear lanceolate valves; exi, awnless or awned
below the extremity. Ca7-yop5 is incorporated with i\\Q perianth,

1. C. cristatiis, raceme spiked linear, florets with a very short
awn. p. 39. — Pastures,

Order II. CYPERACEiE. Juss. Br.

Flowers supported by a chaffy scale (glume). Perianth none, or
; composedof bristles, rarely a membrane, 1 — 3-leaved. Stam,
hypogynous, generally 3. Anthers inserted by their base.
Ovary superior, with one erect Ovule, Style single, generally
trifid, rarely bifid. Stigmas entire. Achenhim crustaceous
or bony. Embryo lenticular, inclosed in the base of a copious
albumen. Plumule included in the substance of the Embryo,
— Stems slender or triangular; sometimes with an indefinite
number of angles, usually without joints, sometimes jointed
and branched. Leaves w\\.\\ an entire sheath, which is some-
times fissile when old : the floral ones generally destitute of
sheath. Scales disposed in spikes, those at the bottom with-
out flowers. £r,

1. ERIOPHORUM.

Scales imbricating the spike on all sides. Achenmm with very
long silky hairs springing from the base.
* Spike solitanj.
t Culm naked.

1. E. alpinum, culm triangular, leaves much shorter than the
sheaths, spike oblongo- ovate, p. 20. — Alps.

ft Cubn leaf-bearing.

2. E. vaginatum, culm above triangular, spike ovate, p. 20. —
Bogs.

3. E. capitatum, culm rounded to the top, spike nearly sphse-
rical. p. 20. — Alps, rare.

** Spikes viany on a culm, pedunculated.

4. E. gracile, culms trigonous channelled, spikes longer than
the involucre, p. 20. — Alps.

5. E. an gust if 0 Hum, culms subtrigonous, leaves linear grooved,
involucre longer than the flowering spikes, p. 21. — Bogs.

6. E. polystachyon, culms trigonous, leaves broadly linear plane,
involucrum longer than the flowering spikes, p. 21. — Bogs.

MONOCOTYLEDONS. CYPERACE.^. Scirpus, 173

2. SCHCENUS.
Scales imbricating the spike on all sides, the exterior ones smaller,
without flowers. Achenium naked or with a few bristles at
its base.

* Culms leafy.

1. Sch. alhiis, culm triangular, leaves linear-setaceous, flowers
terminal subcorymbose as long as the involucrum.p. 16. — Bogs,

** Culms naked.

2. Sch. nigricans, culm rounded, spikelets of flowers collected
into an ovate cluster, involucrum of two leaves, the exterior
one longer than the flowers, p. 16. — Bogs.

3. Sch. compressus, culm roundish, spike distichous shorter
than the monophyllous involucrum, spikelets many-flowered,
leaves plane, p. 16. — Bogs., rare.

4. Sch. riifus, culm rounded, spike distichous longer than the
involucrum, spikelets few-flowered, leaves setaceous channelled,
p. 17. — PTet moors.

3. SCIRPUS.
Scales imbricating the spike on all sides, one or two of the outer
ones occasionally without flowers. Achenhim naked, or with
bristles at its base.

* Spike solitary.
t Culms simple.

1. Sc. ccBSpitosus, culm rounded, sheath terminating in the ru-
diments of leaves, two outer scales as long as the spike invo-
lucrate, stigmas 3. p. 17. — Moors.

2. Sc. pauciflorus, culm rounded, sheaths leafless, spike ovate
naked, scales obtuse nearly equal, two outer ones the largest
but shorter than the spike, stigmas 3. p. 17. — Monntains.

3. Sc. palustris, culm rounded, sheaths at the base leafless,
spike oblongo-ovate naked, scales nearly equal in size, stigmas
2. p. 18. — Marshes.

4. Sc. acicularis, culm compressed grooved, sheaths leafless,
spike ovate acute n'aked (no involucrum), scales acuminate,
stigmas 3, fruit without bristles, p. 18. — Marshes.

ft Culms branched.

5. Sc. fliiitans, culm rounded leafy flaccid, spikes ovate naked
(no involucrum), scales rather obtuse, stigmas 2, fruit desti-
tute of bristles, p. 18. — Ditches.

** Spikelets many.
f Culms rounded.

6. Sc. lacustris, upper sheaths leafy, cyme terminal twice com-
pound, involucrum 2- leaved, p. 18.— Sides of lakes.

7. Sc. setaceus, culms setaceous rounded or very slightly com-.

174 MONOCOTyLEDONS. CYPERACEiE. Carcx,

pressed, sheaths leafy, spikelets terminal geminate, involucrum
1 -leaved, p, 19. — Wet gravelly places,
tt Culms triangular.

8. Sc. 7nantimus^ culm leafy, spikelets terminal clustered pe-
dunculate and sessile, involucre of many foHaceous leaflets,
scales with a mucro between the acute segments of a notch.
p. 19. — Salt marshes.

9. Sc. sylvatkus^ culm leafy, cyme terminal many times com-
pounded, involucrum of many foliaceous leaflets, scales entire
acute, p. 19. — Wet woods.

4. CLADIUM.
Scales imbricating the spikelets on all sides ; outer ones sterile.

Slam. 2. Style 1 . Fruit a Nut with a loose external coat

{Epicarp.), destitute of bristles at its base.
1. CI. Mariscus, panicle much divided leafy, spikelets capitato-

glomerate, culm rounded leafy, margins of the leaves and keels

rough, p. 11. — Bogs, very rare.

5. CAREX.

Generally monoecious. Scales imbricating the spikes on all sides.
Ba7'r en flowers. Perianth 0. St am. 3. Fertile flowers {}\\
the same or on different spike). Perianth monophyllous, ur-
ceolate, surrounding and concealing the ovary. Stigmas 2 — 3.
Nut or Achenium included in the enlarged perianth.

* Spike simple, solitary, the upper part formed of sterile, the lower
of fertile flowers (except in C. dioica and Davallia7ia, which are
dioecious) .

1 . C. dioica, spike simple dioecious, fruit ascending ovate shortly
acuminated striated rough at the margin upwards, p. 260. —
Mo2intainS.

2. C. Davalliana, spike simple dioecious, fruit ovate much acumi-
nated recurvato-deflexed smoothish at the margin, p. 20. —
A /pine bogs,

3. C. pulicaris, spike simple androgjmous, flowers few, fruit
distant oblongo-lanceolate acuminate reflexed, stigmas 2.
p. 261.— ^oor^.

4. C. panciflora, spike simple androgynous of very few flowers,
fruit distant lanceolato-subulate patenti-reflexed, stigmas 3.
p.2i6\.^AIps.

** Culm divided upwards into several spikes, which are sessile, andro-
gynous, with a suhamplexicaul hractea at the base, and flowers with
two stigmas,

f Spikelets sterile at their extremity (except in C. arenaria and C. in-
termedia.).

5. C. incurvay spikelets sterile at their extremity collected into

MONOCOTYLEDONS. CYPEKACEiE. Cavex, 175

a roundish head, fruit broadly rotundato-ovate shortly acumina-
ted swellingon both sides nearly entire at the point, culm obtuse-
lyangular, leaves channelled, p. 26 1. — Sandy sea- shores, rare.

6. C. are?iaria, lower spikelets fertile upper ones sterile all
crowded, fruit with a membranous margin, bracteas membra-
naceous the lower ones subfoliaceous, culm triangular, leaves
plane, p. 26 1 . — Sandy sea-shores.

7. C. intermedia, inferior and terminal spikelets fertile, the in-
termediate ones sterile, fruit acutely margined, culms triangu-
lar, p. 262. — Marshes.

S. C. divisa, spikelets sterile at their extremity crowded into a
somewhat ovate head, the lower ones simple or compound
with a leafy erect bractea at their base, fruit roundish ovate
convex on one side slightly concave on the other acutely an-
gular cloven at the point, p. 262. — Marshes.

9. C. muricata, spikelets sterile at their extremities subcom-
pounded collected into a rather long more or less interrupted
spike, fruit convexo-plane ovato-acuminaie acutangular diver-
gent rough at the margin upward, p. 262. — Marshes.

10. C. vulpina, spikelets sterile at their extremities thrice com-
pounded collected into a cylindrical crowded spike, fruit ovate
acuminated convexo-plane acutangular divergent, stem very
acutely triangular, leaves rather broad, p. 262. — Watery places,

11. C. paniculata, spikelets sterile at their extremity thrice
compounded and collected into a panicled spike, fruit broadly
ovate acuminated gibbous on both sides with a somewhat mem-
branaceous margin towards the extremity, p. 2Q2.^^ Marshes,

ft Spikelets sterile at their base.

12. C. siellulata, spikelets sterile at their base 3 or 4 distant, fruit
ovate much attenuated convex or plane acutangular divaricated
rough at the- margins, p. 263. — Moist heaths.

13. C. ciirta, spikelets sterile at their base about 5 rather distant
elliptical, bracteas very minute (except the lower one), fruit
broadly ovate acute convex on one side and nearly plane on the
other subobtusangular with 2 teeth at the extremity, p. 263.
—Bogs.

14. C. ovalis, spikelets sterile at the base oval about 5 approxi-
mate, fruit as long as the scale ovato acuminate convex on one
side concave on the other with a membranaceous margin, bifid
at the point, p. 263. — Marshes.

15. C. remota, spikelets sterile at the base distant, fruit longer
than the scale oblongo-ovate acuminate convexo-plane sub-
acutangular obtuse at the margins the point bifid, bracteas very
narrow reaching beyond the culm. p. 263. — Woods,

1/6 MONOCOTYLEDONS. — CYPERACEiE. Carex,

*** Sterile and fertile Jiowers upon distinct spikes on the same cuim.

t Sterile spikes mostly single.

4- Stigmas 3.

16. C. pendida, sheaths elongated nearly equal to the flower-
stalks, fertile spikes cylindrical very long and drooping, fruit
ovate shortly acuminate bifid at the extremity closely imbri-
cated, leaves broad, p. 264. — Woods and shady places.

17. C. strigosa, sheaths elongated equal to theflowerstalks, fer-
tile spikes slender filiform nearly erect, fruit ovato-lanceolate
nerved slightly recurved loosely imbricated, leaves rather broad,
p, 2Q4.—Woids.

IS. C. sylvatica, sheaths half as long as the flowerstalks, fertile
spikes filiform rather slender slightly drooping, fruit broadly
ovate much acuminated cleft at the point, leaves narrow.
p, 264.— Woods.

19. C. depauperata, sheaths much shorter than the flowerstalks,
fertile spikes erect remote very few-flowered, fruit large nearly
globose inflated terminating in a long beak bifid at the point.
p. 264. — Woods, rare.

20. C. Mielichoferi, sheaths about half as long as the flowerstalks,
fertile spikes I — 3 somewhat drooping, fruit scarcely longer
than the scale lax especially the lower ones with a short beak

' bifid at the point, p. 265. — Mountains.

21. C. capillaris, common sheath half the length of the flower-
stalks, fertile spikes few-flowered lax drooping, fruit as long
as the ovate membranaceous deciduous scales oblongo-ovate
acuminate, p. 265. — Alps.

22. C. limosa, sheaths extremely short scarcely any, fertile spikes
oblongo-ovate pendulous, bracteas subsetaceous, scales acute
as long as the elliptico- roundish striated shortly mucronated
fruit, p. 2()b .-—Bogs in the mountains.

23. C. rariflora, sheaths very short almost none, fertile spikes
narrow oblong very few-flowered lax pendulous, bracteas sub-
setaceous, scales acute longer and broader than the ovate some-
what acute striated fruit, p. 265. — Alps.

24. G. Pseudo-cyperus,sht^i\\s scarcely any (except, sometimes,
lo the lowermost bractea), fertile spikes upon long footstalks
cylindrical pendulous, bracteas very leafy, scales setaceous, fruit
oblong very much acuminated cloven at the tips striated./). 265.
— Sides of lakes.

25. Custulata, sheaths. elongated shorter than the flowerstalks,
fertile spikes pendulous, bracteas nearly leafless, fruit elliptical
ovate beaked (black) bifid at the point, p. 266. — Alps,

26. C. atrata, sheaths scarcely any, fertile spikes pedimculated

MONOCOTYLEDONS. — CVPERACE>«. Carex, 177

ovate pendulous, the terminal one with sterile flowers at the
base, bratteas subfoliaceous, fruit roundish ovate depressed with
a short beak bifid at the point, p. 266. — Alps.

27. C.pallescens, sheaths scarcely any, fertile spikes pedunculated
oblongo-cylindrical subpendulous, bracteas subfoliaceous, fruit
ovato- elliptical tumid obtuse glabrous, p. 266. — Marshes.

28. C.^affl, sheaths short about equal to the flowerstalks, brac-
teas long foliaceous, fertile spikes roundish-oval, fruit obovate
with a long recurved beak bifid at the point, p. 260. — Bogs
and moist heaths.

29.C.fu.lva, sheaths elongated shorter than the flowerstalks, brac-
teas foliaceous, spikes oblongo-ovate distant, fruit roundish
ovate inflated rostrate bifid at the point, culm scabrous, p. 266.
— Hilly pastures.

30. C. exiensa, sheaths very short scarcely any with extremely
long foliaceous bracteas, fertile spikes subsessile oblong, fruit
ovate scarcely beaked striated bifid at the point, leaves very
narrow, culm glabrous, p. 267- — Pastures near the coast, rare.

31. C. distans, sheaths elongated about equal to the flowerstalks,
bearing foliaceous bracteas, fertile spikes oblong erect, scales
inucronate, fruit ovate somewhat inflated subtriquetrous de-
pressed with rather a short beak bifid at the point, p. 267.— *
Marshes,

32. C. prcBCOx, sheaths short scarcely any equal to the flower-
stalks, fertile spikes oblong approximate, scales elliptical-ob-
long, fruit obovate subtriquetrous acute pubescent, p. 267. —
Heathy pastures.

33. C. piiulifera, sheaths none, bracteas small subfoliaceous, fer-
tile spikes sessile roundish approximate, scales mucronate, fruit
obovato-globose acute pubescent, culms weak scabrous, p. 267.
— Moors.

34. C. panicea, sheaths elongated shorter than the flowerstalks,
fertile spikes subcylindrical with distant flowers, bracteas*folia-
ceous, fruit subglobose somewhat inflated obtuse glabrous en-
tire at the point, p. 267. — Marshes.

35. C. recurva, sheaths short scarcely any, bracteas subfoliaceous,
fertile spikes subcylindrical drooping, fruit obovato-globose ob-
tuse rather downy entire at the point, p. 268. — Moors,

+-4- Stigmas 2.

36. C. pulla, sheaths none, bracteas foliaceous, fertile spikes
ovate the lower one pedunculated, scales oblong, fruit subglo-
bose apiculate with a short bifid beak. p. 268. — Alps.

37. C. ccespitosa, sheaths none, bracteas foliaceous auricled at
the base, spikes sessile oblong or subcylindrical obtuse, fr^jt
broadly elliptical, p. 268. — Marshes and Alps,

[M]

176 MONOCOTYLEDONS. RESTIACE.^.

38. C. siricta, sheaths none, bracteas with small auricles at the
base short subfoliuceous, fertile spikes nearly sessile cylindrieal
filiform acuminate, fruit ovate somewhat acute plane above on
eachside,culm acutely triangular straight. p. 268. — -IVatersides,

ft Sterile spikes several on a culm {in C. laevigata mostly solitary).
+- Stigmas 2.

39. C. acuta^ sheaths none, bracteas long foliaceous, fertile spikes
long cylindrical acuminate slender erect when in fr., fruit oval

' swelling subacuminate entire at the point, culm acutely angu-
lar scabrous, p, 269. — IValer- sides,

-f--t- Stigmas 3.

40. C. pa/Mdfo5«, sheaths none, bracteas very long foliaceous, scales
of the sterile spike obtuse, fertile spikes cylindrical obtuse, fruit
oblongo-ovate acute bifid at the point striated, p. 269. — River-
banks.

41. C. ripariaf sheaths none, bracteas very long foliaceous, scales
of the sterile spike acuminate, fertile spikes scarcely peduncu-
lated broadly cylindrical acute, fruit ovate subacuminated bifid
at the point, p. 269. — River-banks.

•42. C. IcBvigata, sheaths elongated shorter than the flowerstalks,
bracteas foHaceous, fertile spikes drooping cylindrical, all the
scales acuminated or mucronate, fruit ovate triangular with ra-
ther a long acuminated beak bifid at the point, p.269 . — Marshes.

43. C. vesicaria, sheaths none, bracteas foliaceous long, fertile
spikes cylindrical slightly drooping, scales lanceolate, fruit
broadly ovate inflated subulato-rostrate deeply bifid at the point.
p. 2^9.— Bogs.

44. C. ampullacea, s\\ea,ths none, bracteas foliaceous, fertile spikes
cylindrical long nearly erect, scales lanceolate, fruit crowded
subglobose inflated setaceo-rostrate slightly bifid at the point.
p. 270.— Bogs.

45. C. hirta, hairy, sheaths elongated nearly equal to the flov^er-
stalks, bracteas long foliaceous, fertile spikes short cylindrical
distant their scales cuspidate, fruit ovate with a long beak

' hairy, p. 210.— Pastures and woods.

46. C. jiliformisj glabrous, sheaths scarcely any, bracteas long-
very narrow, fertile spikes shortly pedunculate oblongo-cylin-
drical, their scales subcuspidate, fruit ovate shortly beaked bifid
at the point very pubescent, p. 270. — Bogs,

Order III. RESTIACE.^. Br. Prodr.

5P/(jWer5glumaceous. PmawZ/i 2— 6-partite, seldom none. Slam,
hypogynous, 1: — 6 ; when 2 or 3, in a 4 — 6-divided perianth,
opposite the inner segments of the latter. Ovary superior.

MONOCOTYLEDONS. JUNCE^.. JuilCHS. 179

with 1 or more cells ; ovules solitary, pendulous. Pericarp
capsular or nucanientaceous. Seeds inverted. Embryo lenti-
cular, within the hase of the copious albumen. — Herbs or U7i-
der-shrubs. Leaves simple, narrow, or none. Cz^Zwi naked, or,
more usually, with sheaths slit on one side. Flowers generally
monoecious or dioecious, in spikes or heads and separated by
scales or bracteas. Br,

1 . ERIOCAULON.

Plowers collected into a compact scaly head, moncecioiis. Barren

Jioivers in the disk. Perianth 4-cleft, the two inner segments

united nearly to their summit. Slam. 4-^^. Fertile Fl. in the

circumference. Perianth single, deeply 4-partite. Style I.

Stigmas2—3. Ccrp5.2-4-3-lobed,2— 8-celled. Ce//? 1 -seeded.

1. E. seplangulare, scape striated longer than the cellular com-
pressed ensiform leaves, head of flowers globose, its ext. scales
without flowers glabrous, the interior ones as well as the peri-
anths ciliato-pilose at the extremity, stam. 4. p. 270. — Lakes
in Skye.

Order IV. JUNCEiE. Jms.

Perianth 6-partite, subglumaceous. Stam. 6, inserted into the
base of the segments, or sometimes 3, and then opposite the
outer segments. Ovary superior,! — 3-celled, 1 — many-seeded,
or 1-celled and 3-seeded. Style 1. Stigmas usually 3, some-
times 1 . Pericarp capsular, with 3 valves bearing the dissepi-
ment in the middle, rarely closed and by abortion 1 -seeded.
Embryo cylindrical, at the base of a hard fleshy or cartilaginous
albtimen. Br. In conspicuous herbs with small flowers, which
are often brown, rarely petaloid. Leaves grassy, sometimes
wanting.

l.JUNCUS.

Perianth 6-partite, glumaceous. Stam. 6. Caps. 3-celled, .3^
valved ; valves bearing the partitions down the middle, to which
the numerous seeds are fixed. [Leaves rounded, rarely plane^
glabrous.)

* Leaves none (Jioivers all lateral) .

1. J. arcticus, scapes smooth (soft), heads of flowers compact
nearly sessile, leaves of the perianth ovato- lanceolate acute ri-
gid rather shorter than the broadly obovate capsule, p, 104.
Sea-shore, rare.

2. J. glaucus, scape deeply striated (rigid), panicle very much
branched erect, leaves of the perianth lanceolate subulate mem-
branous longer than the eUiptical capsule, p. \0o .^-^IVet pas-
tures.

180 MONOCOTYLEDONS. JUNCEi^. JunCllsV

3. J. effasus, scapes very faintly striated (soft), panicle loose very
much branched spreading, leaflets of the perianth lanceolate
acuminate rather longer than the obovate obtuse capsule.
p. 105. — IVet pastures.

4. J. conglomeratus, scapes very faintly striated (soft), panicle
much branched very dense globular, leaflets of the perianth
lanceolate acute about as long as the broadly ovate very obtuse
capsule, stam. 3. p. 105. — Wet pastures.

5. J.filjformis, scapes filiform, panicle of very few flowers (from
near the middle of the culm), capsules rotundato-ovate shorter
than the perianth, p. 105. — Stony margins of lakes.

*^'' Leaves all radical {Jlowers terminal).

6. J. squarrosuSj leaves setaceous (rigid) grooved, panicle terminal
elongatecompound, capsules elliptical ovate, p. 105. — Moor^.

7. i ,C(ipitatus,\e?Lwe^ fihform (soft) plane or grooved above, heads
of flowers sessile terminal shorter than the bractea, leaflets of
the perianth acuminato-aristate. p. 106. — Alps.

8. J. triglumis, leaves linear-subulate compressed, heads terminal
erect of about three flowers sessile longer than the membrana-
ceous involucre, leaflets of the perianth obtuse longer than the
elliptical capsule, p. 106. — Mountains*

9. J. higlumis, leaves linear-subulate compressed, heads terminal
a little leaning of two flowers one of them pedicellate shorter
than the foliaceous involucre, leaves of the perianth obtuse
longer than the turbinate emarginated capsule, p. 106. — Alps.

*** Culms leafy.
t Leaves nearly plane, but grooved above.

10. J. castaneuSj leaves subulate grooved and laterally compressed,
heads generally single sessile or pedunculate shorter than the
bractea, capsules ovate, culm unifoliate. p. 107. — Alps, rare.

1 1. J. trifidus, sheaths fringed those at the base of the culm leaf-
less, bracteas foliaceous very long grooved, heads of about 3

. flowers terminal, culm unifoliate. p. 107. — Alps.

\2.i.bulbosus, culm simple leafy compressed, leaves linear-seta-
ceous grooved, panicle terminal compound subcymose generally
shorter than the bractea, capsules rotundato-ovate longer than
the obtuse incurved leaflets of the perianth, p. 107. — Marshes.

13. J. lufonius, culm dichotomous above panicled, leaves fihform
setaceous grooved, flowers solitary unilateral mostly sessile, cap-
sules elliptical ovate much shorter than the very acuminated
leaflets of the perianth, p. 108. — JVet gravelly places.

14. J. tenuis, culm above shortly dichotomous panicled, leaves
linear-setaceous grooved, flowers solitary but approximate most-
ly sessile, capsules nearly sphserical shorter than the very acumi-
nated leaflets of the periantli. p, 108. — Mountains, rare.

MONOCOTYLEDONS, JUNCE^. Lunula, 181

15. J. 7digtnosnSy " leaves setaceous grooved, flowers 3 together
sessile, capsule obtuse longer than the perianth, culm bulbous
rooting.*' p. 108. — Marshes,

tt Leaves rounded or subcompressed, divided internally by partitions,
which often, in a dry state, give a jointed appearance to the leaves.

V6, J. subverticillatus, cauline leaves subulate nodoso-articulate,
panicle corymbose, heads of about 5 flowers fasciculato-verti-
cillate, capsule obtuse as long as the striated perianth, p. 109.
— Marshes. "

17. J. acutiflorus, leaves nodoso-articulate subcompressed, panicle
terminal very compound, leaves of the perianth lanceolate nearly
as long as the narrow ovate subacuminate capsule, p. 109. —
Bogs.

1 8. J. lampocarpus, leaves compressed, panicle terminal com-
pound erect, three interior leaves of the perianth rather obtuse,
capsule acute triquetrous shining, p. 109. — Bogs,

19. J. obtusi/loruSf leaves rounded nodoso-articulate, panicle very
much compounded spreading, leaflets of the perianth very ob-
tuse as long as the capsule, p. \09.— Marshes.

20. J. poli/cepkalus, leaves subulate rounded articulate, panicle
terminal erect di-trichotomous, branches nearly simple, heads
of many flowers lateral and terminal nearly sessile, leaflets of
the perianth lanceolate acute rather shorter than the ellipticals-
ovate somewhat obtuse capsule, p. 1 10. — Alps.

2. LUZULA.

Perianth 6-partite, glumaceous. Stam, 6, Caps. 3-celIed, 3-
valved, valves without dissepiments, 1 seed in each cell, fixed
to the bottom. {Leaves plane, generally pilose.)

1. L. ma^cima, leaves hairy, panicle subcymose doubly com-
pound, peduncles elongate of about 3 flowers, leaflets of the
perianth aristate as long as the capsule, p. 1 10. — Woods.

2- L. p'ilosa,\esiyes hairy, panicle subcymose, peduncles 1 -flowered
bent back, leaflets of the perianth acuminate rather shorter than
the obtuse capsule, p. 1 10. — Woods.

3. L. Forsterif leaves hairy, panicle subcymose but little branched,
peduncles 1 -flowered erect, leaflets of the perianth narrow acu-
minate a little longer than the acute capsule, p. 1 10. — Woods,

4. L. campeslris, leaves hairy, spikes sessile and pedunculated,
leaflets of the perianth acuminate longer than the obtuse cap-
sule, p. 110. — Pastures.

5. L, spicata, spike drooping compound, spikelets shorter than
their subdiaphanous mucronated bracteas, leaflets of the peri-
anth acuminato-aristate about as long as the rotundate capsule,
p. 111. — Alps.

182 MONOCOTYLEDONS. — melaktha<:e.^. Tofieldia.

3. NARTHECIUM.
Perianth 6.partite, coloured. Slam, 6 ; filam, hairy. Caps, 3-

celled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, ovato-oblong, appendicu-

late at each extremity.
1. N. ossifragum, p. 103. — Moors.

Order V. BUTOME^. JRic/i. in Mem. du Mm.

Perianth with the 3 inner segments petaloid. Stam, hypogynous.
Ovaries superior. FolUdes polyspermous. Seeds ascending,
attached to veins running like net-work over all the inside of
the capsule. Albumen none. Embryo with the same direction
^Xh^seed, Rich,

l.BUTOMUS.

Perianth 6-partite. Stam, 9. Ovaries 6. Stijles 6. Caps. 6^
many-seeded.

1. B. umbellatus, p, 123,-— Ditches and lakes.

Order VI. MELANTHACE.E. Br, Frodr.

{Colchicacece, Decand.)

Perianth petaloid, 6-partite, or tubular by the cohesion of the
claws of the segments, which are often rolled inwards before
expansion. Stam, 6, perigynous. Anthers usually turned out-
wards. Ovary superior, with 3 cells and many seeds. Style
partly or entirely divided into 3. Stigmas undivided. Caps^
generally separable into 3 valves. Integument of the seed nei-
ther black nor crustaceous, but membranous. Albumen firm,
fleshy. Br.

1. COLCHICUM.

Perianth tubular, very long, rising from a spatha; limb 6-par-
tite, campanulate. Ovary 1 . Styles 3, very long. Capsule 3-
celled ; cells united at the base.

1. C. autumnale, leaves plane broadly lanceolate erect, p, \\i,
— Pastures, rare.

2. TOFIELDIA.

Perianth 6-partite, with a small tripartite involucre. Caps, 3 — 6-
celled, cells united at the base.

1 , T. palustris, spike ovate, scape glabrous filiform naked, petals
obovate obtuse, germen oblong 3-lobed, involucre at the base
of the pedicel, p. 114. — Alps.

monocotyledons. asphodele^. 183

Order VIL ASPARAGE^. Juss.

{Smilacece, Br.)

Peria?ith6' or 8-partite,or6-c?eft, petaloid, regular. Stam.S-—^
or 8/hypogynoiis or perigynous, the three opposite the outer
segments usually of a different form. Ovary superior, 3 — 4-
celled ; cells I — 2- or many-seeded. Style 1 . Stigma tripar-
tite. Fruit, a berry. Integument of the seeds generally mem-
branous. Albumen corneous.

. 1. ASPARAGUS.

Perianth 6-partite. Stam, 6. Berry S-celled. Cells 2-seeded.

1. A. officinalis, unarmed, stem herbaceous erect rounded very
much branched, leaves setaceous fasciculate flexible, peduncles
jointed in the middle, p, 103. — Sands, sea-side.

2. RUSCUS.

Dioecious. Barren FL Pma/i/Zi 6-partite. Fi/amew/s united into
a tube. Anth. 3 — 6. Fertile FL Perianth ^-^&.xt\ie. Nectary
tubular. Style I. Stigma I. Berry 3-celIed; cells 2-seeded.

1, R. aculeatus, stem rigid branched, leaves ovato-acuminate very
rigid bearing the solitary flower on its upper surface, p, 288.
— PVbods, rare,

3. CONVALLARIA.

Perianth campanulate or cylindrical, 6-cleft. Berry 3-cellecJ.
67 /gwa trigonous.

* Flowers canipanulate.

I.e. majalis, scape semicylindrical, leaves ovatojlanceolate bjnous,
flowers racemoso-spicate campanulate drooping on short foot-
stalks, p. 103. — Woods,.

** Flowers cylindrical.

2, C.verticillata, leaves lanceolate whorled. p, 103. — Woods,
rare.

3, C. multipara, leaves ovato-elliptical alternate half embracing
the rounded stem with their base, peduncles axillary 1-or many-
flowered, filaments hairy, style flexuose. p, 104. — Woods,

4. PARIS.

Perianth 8-partite, four inner segments somewhat coloured. Stam,
8. Cells of the Anth. fixed, one on each side the middle of a
^\\hv\?iie filament , Stigmas 4, J^erry 4-celled, 4-seeded.

1. P. quadrifolia, p, 122. — Wet woods.

Order VIII. ASPHODELE^. Juss, Br,

Perianth 6-partite, or 6-cleft, ])etaloid, regular. Slam, 6^
either perigynous or hypogynousj the three opposite the outer

184 MONOCOTYLEDONS. ASPIIODELEiE. Allium.

segments either of a diflferent form or absent. Ovary superior,
3-eelled; cells \ — 2, many-seeded. Style \, S^f£j7wa simple.
Capsule 3-celled, o-valved, bearing the septa in the middle.
Integument of the seed black, crustaceous and brittle. Albu-
wew^fleshy or cartilaginous.

1. ORNITHOGALUM.
Perianth 6-partite. St^m. dilated at the base, hypogynous.

t flowers yellow.
\. O. luteum, stem angular bearing two leaves (immediately be-
low the umbel), flowerstalks forming an umbel undivided gla-
brous, leaves of the perianth lanceolate, p, 102. — IVoods^rare.
** Flowers tohite or greenish.
2. O. 2imhellatum, flowers in a corymbus, peduncles longer thai^
the bracteas, filaments subulate, p. 102. — Bank^.

2. SCILLA.

Perianth G-partitp; segments spreading, deciduous. S/am. fili-
form, glabrous, perigynous. Seeds sphtericaj.

1. S. verna, root solid, corymb hemisphaerical fcvv-floNyered,
bracteas lanceolate obtuse, leaves linear channelled, p, iPfJ.—
Hocks near the sea.

3. HYACINTHUS.

Perianth tubular, 6- cleft or 6-partite, the extremities only
spreading. Stam. filiform. Caps, obtusely triangular.

1. H. non scriptus, raceme cernuous, perianth 6-partite fbe
extremities revplute. p. 102. — Woods,

4. ALLIUM.

jpioivers umbefjate, terminal, arising from a 2-leaved spatka,*
Perianth 6 partite, generally patent,

* Cauline leaves plane. Stani. alternately tricuspidate.

1. A. arenarium, umbels bearing bulbs compact sphaerical, leaves
linear with cylindrical sheaths, spatha short obtyse, petals
roughish on the keel, p, 100.- — Sa?idy hills.

** Cauline leaves plane. Stam. all simple.

2. A. carinatum, umbels bearing bulbs lax, leaves linear keeled,
spatha very long unequal, p. I pi. — Mountains.

*** Cauline leaves rounded. Stam. alternately tricuspidate.

3. A. vtTieale, umbel bearing bulbs, leaves fistulose. p, 101. — ■
Pastures,

**** Cauline leaves rounded. Stam. all simple.

4. A. oleraceum, umbel bearing bulbs lax, leaves grooved above,
spatha with two very long points, p. 101, — Pastures.

MONOCOTYLEDONS. AMARYLf.IDE.T. NardssilS, 185

****** Leaves all radical.

5. A. ursinum, umbel nearly plane, leaves ovato-lanceolate on
footstalks, scape triangular, p. 101. — Woods,

6. A. Schcenoprasmjii leaves rounded subulatb-filiform, scape
rounded as long as the leaves, p. 101. — Pastures, .

' Order IX. LILIACEiE. Jusii,

(Narcissorum, Sect, I, Juss, Hemerocallidece, Br,)

Perianth coloured, equal, 6-partite, or, by the cohesion of the
claws of the segments into a tube, 6-cleft. Stam, 6, inserted
either into the base of the segments, or the tube. Ovary su-
perior, 3-celled, many-seeded. Stigma simple or 3-lobed.
Caps 3-celled. Seeds flat, with a spongy, dilated, often wing-
ed, integument, neither black nor crustaceous. Albumen
fleshy. Embryo with the same direction as the seed. — Flow-
ers large, usually of vivid colours, often solitary. Leaves
fleshy, cauline indistinctly nerved. Root bulbous. Br,

1. TULIPA.

Perianth campanulate, 6-partite. Stigma thick, sessile. Caps,
triangular.

I. T. sylvestrisy stem 1 -flowered somewhat drooping, segments
of the perianth ovato-acuminate bearded at the extremity,
stam. hairy at the base, stigma obtuse, p. 102. — Pastures, rare,

pRDER X. AMARV'LLIDE^. Br, Prodr.

{Narcissorum. Sect. II. Juss.)
perianth coloured, 6-partite or 6-cleft. Slam. 6, inserted into
the segments ; the Jilaments sometimes united by a membrane.
Ant hers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, many- seed-
ed; or, in those whose fruit is fleshy, 1 — 2-seeded. Style \,
Stigma 3-lobed. Pericarp capsular; either dry with 3 valves,
3 cells, bearing the septa in their middle, and many seeds ; or
fleshy with 1 — 3 seeds. Integument of the seed not crusta-
ceous. Embryo straight, in the axis of a fleshy albumen,
having the same direction as the seed. — Flowers large, gene-
rally of a bright colour. Leaves fleshy, indistinctly nerved, all
radical. Roots bulbous. Br,

1. NARCISSUS.
'plotters spathaceous. Perianth infundibuliform, the limb patent,
6-partite. Crown {Nectary, Linn.) at the mouth of the pe-
rianth, petaloid cylindrical or campanulate, entire or divided.
Stam, inserted in the tube and concealed within the crown.

186 MONOCOTYLEDONS. AL1$MACE.E. Aluilia,

1. N. pseiido'Narcissus, spatha 1 -flowered, crown campanulate
erect curled at the margin obsoletely 6-cleft as long as the ovate
segments of the perianth, p. 100. — Woods,

2. GALANTHUS.
Flowers spathaceous. Perianth 6-partite ; the three interior seg-
ments shorter, emarginate.
I. G. nivalis, ^.100. — Banks a?id pastures.

Order XL IRIDEiE. Jms\
( EnsatcB, Ker in Bot. Mag,)
Perianth coloured, (3-cleft, or 6-partite; sometimes irregular.
Stam. 3, inserted into the base of the outer segments; fila-
ments sometimes united; anthers affixed by their base, turned
outwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, many-seeded. Style 1,
Stigmas 3, lamellated or dilated into the form of petals,
rarelv 2-lipped; sometimes 1 stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Caps,
3-ceiled, 3-valved; valves bearing the septa in the middle.
Seeds round, hard. Albumen horny or firmly fleshy. Em-
bryo with the same direction as the seed. — Herbs, rarelyunder-
shrubs. Leaves equitant, in two ranks, with their edges
turned upwards (except in Crocus). Flowers spathaceous,
terminal, either in a spike or corymbs or panicle; sometimes
partly under ground. Br.

1. IRIS.
Perianth 6-cleft, petaloid, each alternate segment reflexed.

Stigmas petaliform.
1. I. Psendacorus, leaves ensiform, each. alternate segment of

the beardless perianth smaller than the stigma, p. 16. — Ditches,

Order XII. ALISMACE.^.. Bich.
Perianth with the three inner segments petaloid. S/aw. hypogy-
nous. Ovaries superior. Pericarf)s indehiscent. Seeds so-
litary, or two attached to the suture at a di.stance from each
other, erect or ascending. Albumen none. Embryo curved
like a horse-shoe, with the same direction as the seed. — Aqiia-
tics. Leaves radical, on long stalks, fleshy, with indistinct
nerves. Flowers white, panicled. Rich,

1. ALISMA.
Stam, 6. Ovary and styles numerous. Pericarps numerous,

clustered but distinct, 1 -seeded.
1. A. Pla7itago, leaves ovate acute, fruit depressed, pericarps

obtusely trigonal, p. 114. — Banks of lakes.

MONOCOTYLEDONS.— ORCHIDE.i:. Orch'tS. 187

%. A. ranunculoides,\e3ives Unear-Ianceolate, fruit globose squar-
rose, pericarps acute, p. 1 15. — Bogs and dilchts.

Order XIII. HYDROCHARIDE^. Bk'/i.

Perianth 3 — 6-parted, the three inner segments petaloi(L ^fam,
epigynous. Oi^ar?/ inferior. Stigmas 3 — 6. Berri/ with onv.
or more cells. Embryo straight, in a direction contrary tp
that of the seed ; very rarely with a dilated base. — Leaves ra-
dical, often floating, rarely rigid and submersed. Flowers
white. Rich,

1. HYDROCHARIS.

Flowers dioecious, with the three inner segments of the perianth
the largest, petaloid. Barren FL Slam, 9, ** the three in-
terior fihments beaked." Sjn.

Fertile FL Styles 6, each with two stigmas. Berry round-
ish, 6-celled, many-seeded.

1. H. Morsus Ranee, p. 2'^^.— Ditches,
2. STRATIOTCS.

Spatlia of two carinated leaves. Three interior segments of the
perianth very large, petaloid. St am. about 20. Styles (5,
bifid. Berry angular, with 6 cells, many- seeded.

1. Str. aloides, leaves ensiform triangular aculeato-serrate. p.lll.
— Ditches,

Order XIV. ORCHIDE/E. Jfiss. Br.

Perianth {Corolla of authors) 6 -partite, with 1 segment {label-
lum or lip) of a different form from the others. Organs of
ftuctification united into a cnlumn. yiniher 1 or rarely 2.
Pollen cohering in masses of a determinate figure, and usuallv
falling out of its cells. Capsule 3- or 6-valved, with nume-
rous minute 5eec?5 adhering to three paneta.\receptacles. — Herbs
or undershrubs. Root tuberous or fibrous. Stem simple,
rarely divided, leafy or sheathed. Leaves simple, entire,
sheathing at the base. Flowers spiked, racemed, corymbose
or spHtary, rarely paniculated. Pubescence, wiien it exists,
simple, acute, sometimes tipped with a glandular head. Br.

(Monandro2is),

* Anther adnate, nearly terminal, persistent. Pollen mass, composed
of angular granules ela&ttcaUij cohering, fixed by its base. Br.

1. OliCHIS.
Cor, ringcnt. Lfp spurred on the underside at the base. Glands

188 MONOCOTYLEDONS. — ORCHIDE^. Hahcnaria,

of the stalks of the pollen- mass (I — 2) contained in one com-
mon little powcA.

* Tubers 2, undivided.

1. O. Mono, lip 3-lobed the lobes crenate obtuse middle one
emarginate, segments of the perianth ascending obtuse, spur
conical ascending shorter than the germen. p. 250. — Mea-
dows,

2. O. mascula, lip 3-lobed crenulate obtuse the middle lobe
cleft, segments of the perianth acute the exterior ones reflex-
ed, spur linear ascending compressed at the extremity rather
longer than the germen. p, 250. — Pastures,

3. O. pyramidalisy lip 3-cleft the lobes equal entire with 2 lon-
gitudinal appendages on the upper side near the base, seg-
ments of the perianth lanceolate the two outer ones spread-
ing, spur filiform longer than the germen. p. 251. — Dri/ pas-
iures,

** Tubers 2, palmated.

4. O. latifolia, lip slightly 3-lobed the side reflexed, 3 inner
segments of the perianth connivent, the spur cylindrical shorter
than the germen, bracteas longer than the flowers, p, 25 1 . —
Marshes.

5. O. macidata, lip plane 3-lobed crenate, the 3 inner segments
of the perianth connivent the lateral ones patent, spur cylin-
drical shorter than the germen, bracteas as long as the ger-
men. p. 251. — Dry pastures.

2. GYMNADENIA.

Cor, ringent ; lip spurred at the base beneath. Glands of the
stalks of the pollen-mass naked, approximate. Br,

1, G, conopsea, p. 251. — Pastures,

3. HABENARIA.

Cor. ringent; lip spurred on the upper side at the base beneath.
Glands of the stalk of the pollen-mass naked, distinct, with
the cells of the foot stalks adnate or separated.

1. H. viridis, spur very short somewhat 2-Iobed, lip linear tri-
dentate, middle tooth very small, bracteas much longer than
the flower, tubers palmate, p. 252. — Dry pastures,

2. H. alhida, spur obtuse much shorter than the germen, lip 3-
cleft, lobes acute, middle one longest, p. 252. — Highland pas-
tures.

3. H. bifolia, spur fihform twice as long as the germen, lip li-
near entire, radical leaves binous oblongo-ovate attenuated at
the base. p. 252, — Marshes.

MONOCOTYI,EDONS. ORCHIDEyE. Malaxis, 180

>k

** Anther parallel with the stigma. Pollen mass farinaceous , or com-
posed of angular granules, JiJced to the stigma by its extremity. Br.

4. GOODYERA.

Cor. ringent, with the 2 exterior or lateral segments of the pe-
rianth placed beneath the Up, which is gibbous at the base,
and undivided at the extremity. Column free. Pollen an-
gular. Br,

1 . G. repens, radical leaves ovate, lips and petals lanceolate.
p, 253,— IVoods.

5. LISTERA.

Cor, irregular. Lip 2-lobed. Column wingless. Anther fixed
by its base. Pollen farinaceous. Br.

1. L. ovata, stem with only a pair of ovato-elliptical opposite
leaves, column of fructification having an appendage in which
the anther is placed, p. 253. — Woods.

2. L. cordata, stem with only 2 cordate opposite leaves, column
without any appendage behind, lip with 2 teeth at the base.
p, 253.^ — Highland pastures.

3. L. Nidus Avis, stem with sheathing scales leafless, p. 253.
— Shady woods,

*** Anther terminal, inserted, persistent. Mass of pollen either pul-
verulent or composed of angular granules, fixed by its base or below
the extremity. Br.

6. EPIPACTIS.

Lip ventricose below, the extremity either undivided or 3-lobed,
the middle lobe the largest, connected, as it were, by a joint.
Pollen farinaceous. Br.

1. E. laiifolia, leaves ovate aniplexicaul, lower bracteas longer
than the flowers, flowers drooping, lip entire acuminated shorter
than the petals, p. 254. — IVoods,

2. E. pains tr is, leaves lanceolate amplexicaul, bracteas shorter
than the flower, flowers slightly drooping, lip crenate obtuse
rather longer than the perianth, p. 254. — Bogs.

3. E. pallens, leaves ovato-lanceolate sessile, bracteas longer than
the flower, lip obtuse shorter than the perianth, p. 254. —
Woods.

4. E. ensifolia, leaves lanceolate much acuminated subdisti-
chous, bracteas very minute subulate, flowers erect, lip obtuse
much shorter than the perianth, p. 255.

**** Anther terminal, moveable, deciduous. Mass of Pollen at length
becoming waxy. Br.

7. MALAXIS.
Lip plane, undivided, sessile, (often exterior,) 5 segments of the

190 \iONoroTYLEnoNS. — ARoivt/E, Arum.

per'umth narrower, spreading, or deflcxed. Masses o{ pollen
1, parallel with each other, fixed to the stigma by their ex-
tremities. Br,

1. M. pali/dosn ^leaves about 4 at the base of the stem scabrous
at the extreinity, scape pentagonal, lip concave acute, p. 255.
— Alarsfies,

8, CORALLORRHIZA.

Lip produced behind, adnate with the spur, or free. Column
free. Masses oi pollen 4, oblique (not parallel). Br,

\, C. immtOy spur abbreviateU adnate. p. 255. — Marshy woods^
rare.

Order XV. AROIDEiE. Jziss.

Flowers s})athaceous on a spadijc ; sometimes with the anther^
and pistils separated, and then generally naked ; sometimes
perfect, with a 4 — 6-rarely 3-partite perianth, the latter not
petaloid. Siam. very numerous in those with n^tke^Jloivers :
in the genera with a perianth usually opposite, and equal in
number to the segments of the latter. Anthers turned out-
wards. Ovaries superior, solitary, or numerous, I — 3-celled,
1 — many-seeded; oi'wZe5 erect, sometimes pendulous or pa-
rietal. Style none. Stigma \. Pmcarp indehiscent, bac-
cate or capsular. Embryo in the axis of a fleshy albtime??,
with the same direction as the seed; rarely with a contrary di-
rection, having a cleft on its side for the emission of the plu-
mnle. — '* Herbs ox under shrubs. Root often tuberous or in-
crassated. Leaves sheathing, simple or compound, often all
radical. Spadix terminal, or lateral, or radical, often solitary
and surrounded with a spatka, sometimes naked." Br*

Sect.!. Aroide^.. Anthers a?id pistils separated. PeriantkO.
Fruit a berry.

1. ARUM.

Spatha monophyllous, cucullate, convolute at the base. Spadix
naked at the extremity, staminiferous in the middle, with the
anthers m n\?iuy rotvs ; pistilliferous at the base. Berry 1-
celled, many-seeded.

1 . A, maculatum, leaves all radical hastato-sagittate, lobes de-
flexed, spadix club-shaped obtuse shorter than the spatha.
p.2n.-^Woods.

MONOCOTYLEDONS. — AROiDE.^. Sparganmm, 191

Sect. II. Pistiace.^^. RicL in Hmnb, Nov. Gen. Spadiv 2-

' Jloiuered, in a cucullatc spat ha. Flowers with, anthers and

pistils separate. Capsule or Utriculus. — Floating plants,

2. LEMNA.

Mal6 and female ^ozt/eri collateral. Stamens 2. Uhiciilus 1—5-

seeded^.

1. L. trisulca^ fronds thin elliptico-laneeolate caudate at one ex-
tremity at the other serrate, roots solitary, p. l^.—Stiignani
waters.

2. L. minor ^ fronds nearly ovate compressed, roots solitary, p. 1 L
— Stag7iant wafers,

3. h.polyrrhiza, fronds obovato-rotundate compressed, roots nu-
merous clustered, p. 11. — 'Stagnant waters.

4. L. gibba, fronds obovate nearly plane above hemisphaerica!
beneath, roots solitary, p. 11. — Stagnant waters, rare.

Sec;t. III. TypHiN.E. Juss. Floiuers monoecious, hut surrounded
by a perianth. Stain. 3, Ovary l-seeded; ovule pendulous.
Fruit an achemum.

3. SPARGANIUM.

Flowers collected into sphserical, dense heads, which are stami-
niferous or pistilliferous. Barren Fl. Perianth of 3 leaves.
Fertile Fl. Perianth of 3 leaves. Drzipe dry, with I seed. I

1. S. ramosum, leaves triangular at the base their sides concave,
common flower-stalk branched, stigma linear, p. 260. — Stag^
nant luaters.

2. S. simplex, leaves triangular at the base their sides plane,
common flovvcrstalk simple, stigma linear, p. 260. — Still wa^
ters.

3. S. natans, leaves floating plane, common flowerstalk simple,
stigma ovate very short, head of sterile flowers mostly solita-
ry, p. 2(^0. —Ditches.

a The first, and, we believe, only botanist who has ventured to place
Lemna and Plstia next each other is Linnteus j who could have had a very
imperfect knowledge of the latter, and a far from complete acquaintance
with the former. Notwithstanding the different manner in which Pistia and
Lemna have been described, it is in these descriptions only that they really
disagree, and notin natural affinity. Suppose what is cdWad perianth at p. 10,
Part I. to be a spatha ; and v/c have a spadix reduced to a point bearing two
nakcdi fioivers, of which the superior is male and diandrous, the inferior fe-
male. Let this account be compared with M. Kunth's character of Plstia
In the Nova Genera et Species Plantarum of Baron Humboldt, and it will be
found to be absolutely the same, except in the single particular of capsule.
Nor can we perceive any other than generic differences between the two
genera, as far as it is possible to judge of Pistia from Roxburgh's account of
it. We ought to add, that Mr, Brown first remarked to us that Lemna wa«
a reduced Aroidea.

192 MONOCOTYLEDONS. FLUVIALE3. Ruppia,

4. TYPHA.

Flowers collected into long cylindrical very dense spikes, which
are staminiferous or pistilliferous. Barren FL Perianth 0.
Stam. 3 together upon a chaffy or hairy receptacle, and united
below into one common Jilament, Fertile FL Perianth 0.
Achejiitim pedicellate, surrounded at its base with hairs re-
sembling a pappus,

1. T. latifolia^ leaves linear nearly plane, sterile and fertile
spikes close together, p. 259. — Lakes.

2. T. angustifolia, leaves linear convex below, sterile and fertile
spikes a little distant from each other, p, 259. — Lakes,

Order XVI. JUNCAGINE^. Bic/i,

Perianth uniform, rarely none, not petaloid. Stam. hypogynous.
Ovaries superior. Ovules solitary, or two approximated at
their base, erect. Pericarps indehiscent. Embryo without
albumen, having the same direction as the seed; with a late-
ral cleft for the emission of the plumule, — Rigid heibs with
narrow radical leaves. Flowers spiked, not coloured. Rich,

1. TRIGLOCHIN.
Perianth of 6 leaves, deciduous, the leaflets concave, 3 interior
ones inserted higher up. Stam, 6, very short. Anthers with
their anterior side turned outward, subsessile. Ovaries 3 — 6,
one-seeded. Styles short. Stigmas adnate. Caps, 3 — 6,
valveless. Seeds erect. Br,

1. Tr. pahistre^ fruit 3-celled nearly linear, p, 115. — Marshes,

2. Tr. maritirnum, fruit 6-celled ovate, p, 115. — Salt marshes.

Order XVII. FLUVIALES. Rich,

{Part of Naiades, Juss,)

F/o7fer5 unisexual or bisexual. Ovary 1 or more, superior. Seed
solitary, pendulous, or suspended. Embryo without albumen
having a contrary direction to the seeds, with a lateral cleft
for the emission of the plumule, — Floating herbs with very
vascular leaves and stems. Flowers inconspicuous.

1. RUPPIA.
Flowers 2, perfect, on a spadix arising from the sheathing bases
of the leaves, Stam, 4, sessile. Ovaries 4, Perianth 0.
Drupes 4, pedicellate, their nuts 1 -seeded.

1. R. maritima, p, 59. — Marine ditches.

MONOCOTYLEDONS.—- FLUViALES. Potamogeton, 193
2. ZOSTERA.
Siam. and pistils separatee], inserted in two roivs upon one side
' oi 2i spadix. Spat ha i^oViaceous. Perianth 0. Barren FL

Anthers ovate, sessile, alternating with the germens and upon

the same .9po6?2JC. Fertile FL Ovarij \, owate. Style h\M.

Drupe witli 1 seed,
1. Z. marina, leaves entire somewhat 3- nerved^ stem roundish.

p. 259. — Sea-shores.

3. ZANNICHELLIA.

Monoecious. Barren FL Perianth 0. Stam, 1. Fertile FL
Perianth single, of \ leaf. Ovaries 4 ov move. Style \, Stig-
ma peltate. Caps, sessile.

i. Z.palustris, anthers 4-celled, stigmas entire^ pericarps tooth-
ed on the back. p. 258. — Stagnant waters.

4. POTAMOGETON.

Floivers perfect, on a spadix arising from a spatha. Perianth
{involucre, Rich. ?). Anthers 4, sessile, alternating with the
divisions of the perianth. Ovaries 4. Nuts 4, 1 -seeded, ses-
sile.

* Upper leaves foaling.

1. P. nutans, upper leaves floating coriaceous oblongo-ovate pe-
tiolate^ lower ones membranous lanceolate gradually tapering
into a footstalk, p. 57. — Lakes.

2. P. heterophyllum, upper leaves coriaceous elliptical petiolate
floating, lower ones membranous linear-lanceolate sessile (pe-
duncle clavate, Sm.). p. 57. — Lakes.

S. V.jiuitans, upper leaves floating subcoriaceous ovato-lanceo-
late tapering into a rather short footstalk, lower ones longlau-
ceolate sessile, p. 57. — Ditches and lakes.

** Leaves all submersed.

4. P. perfoliatum, leaves cordate embracing the stem. p. 58.—
Rivers and lakes.

5. P. densum, leaves (all) opposite crowded ovato-acuminate ses-
sile, stem forked, spike of about 4 flowers, p. 59. — Ditches. *^

6. P. lucens, leaves ovato-lanceolate petiolate. p. 58. — Rivers
and lakes.

7. P. crispnm, leaves lanceolate tapering sessile remarkably
waved and crisped serrate, p. 58. — Ditches.

8. P. lanceolatum, leaves linear-lanceolate tapering at the base
sessile, p. 58. — Lakes.

9. P. gramineum, " leaves linear-lanceolate alternate sessile
broader than the stipules, stem rounded .subdichotomous."f
p. 58. — Ditches.

194 DICOTYLEDONS. CONIFER.^.. PimiS,

10. P. compressum, leaves linear very obtuse sessile, stem spikes
about 4-flovvered. p. 58. — Ditches.

11. V, piisillum, leaves linear opposite and alternate distinct
spreading from the base, stem cylindrical, p. 59. — Ditches.

12. P. pectinatum, leaves distichous setaceous alternate sheath-
ing, stipules scarcely any, spike of flowers interrupted, p. 59.
— Rivers and salt water ditches.

Class III. DICOTYLEDONS.

Emlryo with 2 or more cotyledons. Plumule in the centre of
their point of junction : the inferior end of the embryo itself
elongated into a radicle, and not containing any secondary ra-
dicles in its substance.

Stem increasing by external layers or additions ; with an evident
distinction between bark and wood. Leaves usually veined,
rarely nerved .

Div. I. Perianth,or floral covering, if any, single {calyx ofJuss.).

Order I. CONIFER.E. Juss.

Flowers usually amentaceous, with the anthers and pistils in di-
stinct flowers, mostly naked. Barren fl. 1 — many-celled,
sessile, on scale-like bracteae, or on the axis of the amentum.
Fertile fl. Cupule l-flowered, almost closed, shaped like a
pistil. Perianth adherent, membranous. Ovary 1. Stigma.
sessile, simple. Nuts I-cclled, 1 -seeded, either solitary or by
pairs within the unexpanded cupule, or covered by imbricated
enlarged bracteae or peduncles forming a cone {strobilus) . Seed
pendulous, albuminous. Embryo with two or many cotyledons.
Radicle superior.

Monoecioiis or dioecious trees, generally abounding with resin.
Leaves simple, acerose, opposite or whorled or fascicled. Mirb.

1. PINUS. Decand.

MoncEcious, Barren fl. Aments (or Catkins) racemose, compact
and terminal, scalv, the scales bearing stamens at the extremity,
Stam.2. Anthers l-ceWed. Fertile fl. ^/w^tz/^ simple, imbri-
cated, the scales acuminated. Ovaries 2. Stigmas glandulose.
Scales of the cones oblong, clavatc, woody at the apex, umbili-
cated and angular. Nuts geminate, I -seeded, covered with an
appendiculated membrane. Cotyledons digitato-partite. Leaves
binous, or many from the same sheath. Decand.

1, P. sylvestris, leaves in pairs rigid, cones conico-ovate acute as
long as the leaves generally in pairs, p. 275. — JVoods.

DICOTYLEDONS. — COUYLACE.^. QuerCUS. 105

2. JUNIPERUS.

DioectojtSj rarely monoecious. Barren fl. Aments ovate; the scales
verticillate, peltato-pedicellate. Anth, 4 — 8, 1 -celled. Fertile
^fl, Aments globose; scales 3, concave, coadunate. Stigma gap-
ing. Berry with 3 bony 1 -seeded Nuts, surrounded with the
united and fleshy scales. Decand.

1 . J. communis, leaves ternate patent mucronate longer than the
berry, p, 290. — Woods and moors.

3. TAXUS.
Flowers dioecious or monoecious, surrounded with many scales.
Barren fl. Stnm. 8 — 1 0, their filaments monadelphous. Anth.
peltate,6 — S celled; re//5 dehiscent beneath. Fertile fl. Style 0.
Stigma concave. Drupe fleshy, open at the extremity. Nut
i -seeded. Decand.

1. T. haccata, leaves approximate p. 290.

Order II. CORYLACE.^:. Mirb.

{Cupuliferce Rich.)

Flowers amentaceous, with the anthers and pistils in distinct
flowers. Barrenjl. Pem;i//i sometimes wanting. Stam.o — 20
on each bractea or scale. Fertile Jl. Cupule 1 - or many-flowered.
Ferianth adherent, multidentate. Ovary single, many-celled,
and with many ovules. Style 2 — 3 or many-cleft. Nuts 1 or
more, by abortion 1-celIed, l-seeded. Seec? pendulous. Radicle
superior. Albumen none.

Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves and stipules. Mirh.

1. CORYLUS.

Monoecious. Barren fl. in a cylindrical catkin ; its scales 3-cleft.
FeriantliO. Stam.S. Anthers 1 -celled. Fertile fl,. Perianth
almost obsolete. Ovaries several, surrounded by a scaly invo-
lucre. Stigmas 2. Nut l-seeded, surrounded at the base with
the enlarged united coriaceous scales of the involucre, forming
the cupule.

1. C. Avellana, stipules oblong obtuse, leaves roundish-cordate
pointed, involucre of the fruit campanulate rather spreading
torn at the margin, p. 275. — IVoods.

2. QUERCUS.

Monoecious. Barren fl. in a lax catkin. Perianth single, some-
what 5-cleft. Stam. 5—10. Fertile fl. Cupule cup-shaped,
scaly. Perianth 6-lobed. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cells abor-
tive. Style 1. Stigmas 3. Nut {acorn) 1- celled, l-seeded,
surrounded at the base with the scaly cupule.

[n21

196 DICOTYLEDONS. r — SALICIN^. SallX*

1. Q./2o^'Z^r,leavescleciduous dilated towards the extremity obovato-
oblong sinuated and lobed, their sinuses rather acute, their lobes

', obtuse, fruitstalks elongated, p. 273. — Woods.

2. Q. sessiliflora, leaves deciduous petiolate oblong sinuated and
lobed, the sinuses rather acute, the lobes obtuse, fruit sessile,
p. 273.— Woods.

3. CASTANEA.

Monoecious. 'Barren Jl. in a very long cylindrical catkin. Perianth
single, of 1 leaf, 6-cleft. Stam. 5 — 20. Fertile Ji. 3, within a
5-lobed thickly muricated involucre or cupule. Perianth 5 — 6-
lobed, having the rudiments of 12 slam. Ovaries 6-celled, with
the cells 2-seeded, 5 of them mostly abortive. Styles 6. N7tt
1 — 2-seeded, invested with the enlarged involucre.

1. C. vulgaris, leaves oblongo- lanceolate acuminate mucronato-
serrate glabrous on each side. p. 273. — Plantations,
4. FAGUS.

Monoecious. Barren Jl. in a globose catkin. Periatith campanu-
late, 6-cleft. Stam. 5 — 12. Fertile Jl, within a four-lobed
prickly involucre or cupule. Perianth with 4 — 5 minute lobes.
Ovaries 3-celled, 2 of the cells becoming abortive. Styles 3.
Nuts 1 -seeded, invested with the enlarged involucre.

1, F. sylvatica, leaves ovate glabrous obsoletely dentate their mar-
gins ciliated, p. 274. — Woods.

5. CARPINUS.

Monoecious. Barren Jl.'m a cylindrical catkin ; its scales roundish,
ciliated at the base. Stam. 8 — 20. Fertile Jl. in a lax catkin ;
its scales large, foliaceous, 3-lobed, 1 -flowered. Perianth urceo-
late, adherent with the 2- celled ovary, of which 1 cell is abor-
tive. Styles 2. Nut ovate, striated, 1 -seeded.

1. C. Betulus, scales or bracteas of the fruit oblong serrated witli
, 2 smaller lateral lobes, p. 274. — Woods,

Order III. SAUCING. Mirb.

F/oM;er5 amentaceous, with the anthers and pistils in distinct
flowers. Barren Jl. Perianth either none, or bearing the stam.
Stam.l — 3. Fertile Jl. Peria/z/^ simple, free and persistent,
or none. Ovary \. Style s\mp\e. Stigmas 2 — 4. Ovules pen-
dulous. Fruit a capsule or achenium, 1 — 2-celIed, 1 — many-
seeded. Seeds pendulous. Albumen .none. Radicle superior.

Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves and stipules. Mirb,

l.SALIX.

Dioecious, Barren fl. Scales of the catkin single- flowered, im-

' bricated, with a nectariferous glaud at their base. Perianth 0,

BICOTYLEDONS. — SALICIN.E. SalLv. 19/

.Slam. 1 — 5. Fertile Ji, Scales of tlic catkin single-flowered.
Perianth 0. Stigmas 2, often cleft. Cafjs. l-celled, 2-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds comose.

* Leaves serrated, smootliish, especially above.

1. S. pvrpurea, monandrous decumbent, leaves lanceolate broad-
est upwards serrated glabrous, germens ovate very pubescent
sessile, stigma nearly sessile, p. 277. — Marshes.

2. S. Helix, monandrous erect, leaves lanceolate broadest upwards
serrated glabrous, germens oblongo-ovate very pubescent ses-
sile, style short, stigma small 2-lobed. p. 278. — Marshes.

3. S. Lambertinna, monandrous erect, leaves lanceolate broadest
upwards serrated glabrous, germens shortly ovate very pube-
scent sessile, stigma nearly sessile, p. 278. — Marshes.

4. S. rubra, stam. 2 united at the base, leaves linear- lanceolate
serrated glabrous green on both sides, capsules oblongo-ovate
very pubescent sessile, style elongated, stigmas rarely 2-lobed
linear, p. 278. — Osier -grounds.

5. S. Croweana, ^* monadelphous, leaves elliptical" (obovato-el-
liptical acute) " subserrated quite glabrous glaucous beneath.'*
p. 27 S.— Marshes.

6. S. triandra, leaves oblongo-lanceolate acute serrated glabrous,
germens pedicellate oblongo-ovate glabrous as well as the scale,
stigmas sessile bifid, p. 278. — Marshes,

7. S. lanceolota, triandrous, leaves lanceolate acuminate serrated
glabrous, germens pedicellate oblongo-ovate glabrous, style e-
longated, stigmas bifid, scales very villous, p. 278. — Marshes,

8. S. amygdalbia^ triandrous, leaves oblongo-lanceolate acute
serrated glabrous, germens pedicellate ovate glabrous, stigmas
sessile bifid, scales glabrous or a little pubescent at the base.
p. 219.— Marshes.

9. S. decipiens, " leaves lanceolate serrated very glabrous, petioles,
subglandular, germens attenuated pedicellated, branches smooth
and highly polished.'* p. 279. — Woods.

10. S. Russelliana, leaves lanceolate tapering at each extremity
strongly serrated glabrous, germens pedicellate oblongo-subu-
late glabrous, style elongate, stigmas bifid, scales lanceolate
very narrow slightly ciliated or pubescent, p. 279. — Marshes,

11. S. fragilisy leaves ovato-lanccoiate acute serrated glabrous,
germens shortly pedicellate oblongo-ovate glabrous, style e-
longated, stigmas bifid, scales pubescent and much ciliated.
p, 279. — Marshes.

12. S. pentandra, pentandrous, leaves obovato-elliptical shortly
acuminateglanduloso-serrated glabrous,germens oblongo-oyate
glabrous nearly sessile, style elongated, stigmas bifid, scale al-
most as long as the germen glabrous or slightly pilose, p. 279.
— River- banks.

198 DICOTYLEDONS. SALICIN.^. SallX.

VK\.S,7iigricans, leaves mostly obovatc acute crenato-serrate glau-
cous and often downy beneath, germens pedicellate lanceolato-
subulate very silky, styles elongated, stigmas mostly entire,
scales villous, p. 280. — Marshes,

14. S. licolor,^^ leaves elliptical acute denticulato-seirate smooth-
ish glaucous beneath, germens pedicellate lanceolate silkv.'*
p. 2S0.—fVbods.

\5.S. petiolaris, leaves lanceolate serrated glabrous glaucous and
often silky beneath, germens pedicellate ovate silky, stigmas
sessile 2-lobed. p. 280. — Marshes,

lid, S. radicans, leaves obovato- or elliptico-Ianceolate with often
wavy serratures glabrous glaucous beneath, germens lanceolate
pedicellate very silky as well as the scales, style elongated, stig-
mas entire or bifid, p. 280. — River-banks,

17. S. phylic'ifolin, leaves oblong shortly attenuated at each ex-
tremity with often wavy serratures glabrous and glaucous be-
neath, germens pedicellate subulate glabrous, style much elon-
gated, stigmas bifid, p. 281. — Mountains,

18. S. ylrhuscula, leaves lanceolate obsoletely denticulato-serrate
glabrous glaucous beneath, germens oblongo-ovate very silky
pedicellate, style elongated, stigmas entire, p. 281. — Alps.

19. S. livida^ " leaves oblong nearly entire glabrous livid beneath,
germens pedicellate somewhat silkv, stigmas nearly sessile 2-
lobed." p. 2S\.—Mo2intains.

20. S. vitelUna^ leaves lanceolate with cartilaginous serratures
glabrous above more or less silky beneath, germens lanceolate
sessile glabrous, style short, stigmas bipartite, scales lanceolate
as long as the germcn glabrous, p. 281. — Marshes,

21. S. teiwifolia,^^ leaves elliptical acute serrated smoothish glau-
cous beneath, stipules obsolete, capsules very smooth." p. 282.
— Mountains.

22. S. myrsiniies, leaves oval serrated veined shining quite gla-
brous, germens nearly sessile lanceolate slightly downy, style
elongated, stigmas bifid, p. 282. — A/ps.

23. S.pninlfblia, leaves ovate serrated more or less veiny glabrous
glaucous beneath, germens sessile oblongo-ovate extremelysilky,
style short, stigmas notched, p, 282. — Alps,

24. S. carinata, leaves ovate serrated glabrous glaucous beneath
frequently folded so as to form a keel, germens sessile oblongo-
ovate extremely silky,style short,stigmas notched.p.2S2 . —vd?/pj.

25. S. Dicksoniana, *' leaves elliptical acute slightly toothed gla-
brous glaucous beneath, young branches very glabrous, catkins
ovate short erect silky." p. 282. — Alps.

26. S. herbacea, leaves orbicular serrated glabrous shining veined,
germens sessile lanceolate glabrous,stigmas sessile bifid, catkins
of few flowerj^. p. 2S3. —yi/pj>.

DICOTYLEDONS. SALICIN/E. Salu\ 109

** Leaves suhentire, more or less hairy or silky.

27. S. reticulata, leaves nearly elliptical-orbicular mostly gla-
brous remarkably reticulated with veins glaucous beneath, ger-
mens sessile oblongo-ovate downy, style short, stigmas bifid.
p. 2S3.-^Jlps.

28. S. arenaria, leaves oblongo-lanceolate entire downy espe-
cially beneath, germens sessile lanceolate downy with a rery
long style, stigmas linear often entire, p. 283. — Alps,

29. S. glauca, leaves ovato-lanceolate entire downy white and
very silky beneath, germens sessile narrow-elliptical ovate very
downy, stigmas nearly sessile bifid, p, 283. — Alps,

SO. S. repens, monadelphous, leaves elliptical-lanceolate acute
entire somewhat downy glaucous and generally very silky be-
neath, germens upon a long footstalk lanceolate very silky,
styles short, stigmas bifid, stems more or less procumbent,
p, 284. -^Heaths.

31. S. cinerea, leaves obovato-elliptical approaching to lanceo-
late generally slightly downy above, beneath pubescent and
reticulated with veins glaucous, the margins slightly recurved,
stipules semicordate, germens pedicellate lanceolate subulate
silky, style short, stigmas mostly entire, p. 284. — Woods,

32. S. aiirita, leaves obovate repando- dentate rugose with veins
more or less pubescent very downy beneath their margins re-
curved tipped with a small recurved point, stipules roundish
semicordate, germens lanceolato-subulate pedicellate silky,
style very short, stigmas generally entire, p. 285. — JVbods,

33. S. rupeslris, leaves obovate approaching to lanceolate sub-
serrated pubescent and subsilky beneath veined, stipules small
semicordate, " germens pedicellate lanceolato-subulate, style
short, stigmas mostly entire.'* p. 285. — Alps.

34. S. Andersoniana, leaves elliptical-oblong acute faintly cre-
nato-dentate the upper ones chiefly subpubescent all glaucous
beneath, stipules small subovate, branches minutely downy,
germens pedicellate linear subulate glabrous, style elongated,
stigmas bifid, scales fringed with a few long silky hairs,
p. 285. — Mountains.

35. S. Forsteriana, " leaves elliptical-obovate acute notched
slightly downy glaucous beneath, stipules vaiilted, branches
minutely downy, germen stalked silky, stigmas undivided,
p. 285. — Bushy places,

36. S. cotinif'olia, leaves elliptical-orbicular obsoletely dentate
slightly pubescent above more so and veiny beneath, germens
slightly silky pedicellate, style elongated, stigmas bifid, p. 286.
— Bushy places.

37. ^. sphacelata, '^ leaves entire elliptical plane pubescent on
both sides, somewhat withered at the point, stipules obsolete,
capsules subulate." p. 286. — Alps.

200 DICOTYLEDONS. SALIClN.Ti. AlflUS.

38. S. caprea, leaves ovato-elliptical acute serrated and undu-
lated at the nniargin downy beneath, stipules semicordate, ger^
mens pedicellate lanceolato-subulate silky, stigmas sessile un-
divided. p.2'^Q,—lVoods.

39. S. acuminata, " leaves lanceolato-oblong pointed waved
slightly toothed downy beneath, stipules kidney-shaped, cap-
sules ovate tapering. '* p. 286.— iV/o/s/ woods,

40. S. stipularis, leaves lanceolate very indistinctly crenate white
and downy beneath, stipules large semicordate acute, '' ger-?
mens shortly pedicellate ovate downy, style a little elongated,
stigmas long awl-shaped recurved entire, nectary cylindrical."
p. 286. — Willow -grounds.

41. 8. moUissima,\Qaves lanceolate obscurely crenate white and
covered with silky pubescence beneath, stipules rather small
semicordate acute, germens lanceolato-subulate very silky
shortly pedicellate, style elongated, stigmas long linear mostly
entire, p. 287. — Willow-groimds.

42. S. vim'malis, leaves linear lanceolate obscurely crenate white
and silky beneath, stipules very small sublanceolate, branches
straight and twiggy, germens upon very short footstalks silky
lanceolato-subulate, style elongated, stigmas long linear mostly
entire. — p. 287. — Willow -grounds, ^c.

43. S. alba, leaves elliptical lanceolate regularly glanduloso-ser-
rate acute silky beneath often so above, germens ovato-acumi-
UAte nearly sessile glabrous, stigmas nearly sessile short recurved
bifid, scales short pubescent at the margin, p, 287» — Mea-
dows and hedges,

2. POPULUS.

Dicecious. Catkins cylindrical; scales lacerated. Barren Fl.
Antli. 8 — 30 arising from a turbinate, obliofue, entire, single
perianth. Fertile Fl. Perzaw^/i turbinate (entire)? Stigmas A^
Caps, superior, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds co-
mose.

I. P. alha, leaves roundish cordate lobed toothed glabrous above
downy and very white beneath, fertile catkins ovate, stigmas
4. p. 'ISS.— Plantations.

t. P. Iremula, leaves nearly orbicular broadly toothed glabrous

• on both sides, petioles compressed, " stigmas 4, auricled at

• the base.'^ Sm. p. 289. — Moist woods.

3. P. 7iigra, leaves deltoid acute serrated glabrous on both sides,

fertile catkins cylindrical lax, " stigmas 4." Sm, p, 289. — •

Plantations.

3. ALNUS.
Monoecious. Barren Fl. with long cylindrical catkins; their

scales 3-lobed, 3 -flowered. Perianth 4 -partite. Siam. 4.
i Fertile Fl. with ovate catkins', their scales subtrifid with 2

flowers. Perianth 0. Styles 2, Fn^f/ a Aw/, compressed.

DICOTYLEDONS.— ULMACEiE. Vhnus. ^01

1. A. gliitinosa, leaves roundish cuneiform obtuse lobed at the
margin and serrated somewhat glutinous downy in the axils of
the leaves beneath, p. 271. — Bogs.
4. BETULA.

Monoecious. Catkins cylindrical. Barren Fl. ternate upon the
scale. Perianth 0. Stam. 8—10. Fertile Fl ::;cale of the
catkin imperfectly 3-lobed, 3-flovvered. Perianth 0. Styles
2. Ovaries compressed, 2-celled, 1 abortive. Nuts com-
pressed, with a membranaceous margin, 1 -seeded.

1. B. alba, leaves ovato- deltoid acute doubly serrated glabrous-.
. p.274.-fFoods.

2. B. 7iana, leaves orbicular crenate. p. 274. — Alpine logs,

5. MYRICA^ ,

X>ioecious, Catkins ovatCa their scales lunulate. Barren Fl.
Siam.4 — 6. y^w/^er^ 4-valved. Fertile FL Ovary \. Stig-
mas 2. Drupe 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. Decand,

1. M. Gale, leaves lanceolate broader upwards serrated, stem
shrubby, p. 288. — Marshes and net moors.

Order IV. ULMAGE^. MirheL

Flowers perfect, or imperfect by abortion. Perianth single,
bearing the stam., free, 4 — 6-toothed. Stam. 4 — 6. Ovary
1. Styles 2. Stigmas double. Acheniam or Drupe 1 seeded.
Seed pendulous, with or without albumen. Embryo straight
or rolled up.. Radicle superior. ;

Trees or Shrubs .Leaves simple, rough, alternate, with stipules.
Flowers axillary. Mirbel.

1. ULMUS.

Periajith persistent, 4— 6-cleft. Fruit membranous, compress-
, ed, 1 -seeded.

1. U. campestris, leaves doubly serrated scabrous unequal at the
base, flowers nearly sessile 4-cleft, with 4 stam., fruit oblong
naked, p. 85. — Woods and hedges,

2. U. glabra, leaves doubly serrated smooth unequal at the base,
flowers nearly sessile 5-cleft, fruit obovate naked cloven, p. 85.
-—Woods and hedges.

r». U. montana, leaves doubly serrated pointed rough unequal at
the base, flowers on short stalks effuse 5 — 6-cleft with 5— 6
stam., fruit roundish naked, p. 85. — Woods.

Tills genus is considered the type of the order Myricoce by M. Richard.

202 DICOTYLEDONS. ARISTOLOCHL'E.

Order V. URTICE.E.

Flowers perfect, or with the anthers and pistils distinct. Peri-
anth free, 3 — 5-cleft, persistent. Stam. 3 — 5, hypogynous,
usually with an elastic filament. Ovary 1. Style simple or
double or none. Stigma simple or double. Achenia, or little
Drupes, covered with the persistent perianth, solitary or uni-
ted on a dilated fleshy receptacle. Seeds pendulous, with or
without albumen. Embryo straight, curved or spiral. Ra-
dicle superior.

Stems herbaceous or woody. Leaves alternate or opposite, ge-
nerally with stipules. Floivers either in heads or racemes.
Mirh.

1. URTICA.

JMonocctous or dioecious. Barren FL Terianth of 4 leaves,
containing the cup-shaped rudiments of a germen. Fertile
FL Perianth of 2 leaves, Achenium 1 -seeded, shining.

1. U. urens, leaves opposite elliptical with about 5 ribs, clusters
of flowers nearly simple, p. 271. — Waste places,

2. U. dioica, leaves ovate acuminate cordate at the base, clus-
ters of flowers much branched in pairs mostly dioecious, p. 27 K
< — Hedges,

2. PARIETARIA.

Flowers often imperfect, surrounded by a many-cleft involucrum.
Perianth 4- c\ei't, Stam. 4. Fi/G772e7?/5 at first incurved, then
expanding with an elastic force. Ovary \. Style \, Ache-
7iium 1-seeded, inclosed in the enlarged pe»7'a72j:A.

1. P. officinalis, leaves ovato- lanceolate, involucre of many ovate
leaflets, p. 56. — JValls.

3. HUMULUS.

Dioecious, Barren Fl. Peria///^ single, 5 -partite. Stam. b.
Anthers with 2 pores at the extremity. Fertile Fl. amenta-
ceous. Scales of the catkin large, persistent, concave, entire,
single-flowered. Perianth 0. Styles 2. Seed 1.

1. H. Lupulus. p. 288.— Hedges.

Ordjir VI. ARISTOLOCHI^..

Perianth of 1 piece, adherent. Stam. definite, epigynous. Style
simple, very short. Stigma many-lobed in a radiating man-
ner. Ot'tt/y many- celled. Ce//5 many-seeded. Capsule dry
or berried. Seeds very numerous. Embryo very minute, en-
tire, at the base of the corneous albumen. Mirb. Br,

DICOTYLEDONS.— EUPHORBIACE.^. Eifphorbia. 203*
]. ASARUM.
Perianth 3-cleft. S/am. 12, placed upon il>e ovanj. Anthers

adnate with the middle of the filaments. Capsule 6-celled.
1. A. europceum, leaves binatereniform obtuse, p. 146. — IVoodSy

rare.

Order VII. EUPHORBIACE.E. Juss.

Jnthers and Pistils in distinct flowers, naked, or with a free .3-
or more cleft pma72//i. Barren Ft, Staml — 12. Anthers
didymous. Fertile FL Ovary 1. Styles 2 — 3. Stigmas
2 — 3, bipartite or 2-lobed. Capsule elastically splitting into
2 — 3 one- or two-seeded Cocci. Seeds suspended. Embryo
in the axis of a fleshy albumen. Radicle superior. Cotyle^
dons flat.

Stems herbaceous or woody. Leaves alternate opposite or
whorled.

1. MERCURIALIS.

Dioecinns. Perianth tripartite. Barren Fl. Stain* 9 — 12.
Fertile Fl. Styles 2.

1. M. a/iwz/ff, stems branched, leaves glabrous, flowers spicato-
glomerate. p. 290. — Woods.

2. M. perennis, stem quite simple, leaves rough, flowers upon
long footstalks, p. 2S9. — IVaste places,

2. EUPHORBIA.

Mo7ioccious, rarely furnished with a perianth. Involucre mono-
phyllous, calyciform, inclosing a number of pedicellated^oz<;er5,
of which one is pistilliferous, the rest consisting each of one
stamen.

1. E. Peplus, umbel of 3 forked rays, bracteas ovate and as
well as the obovate shortly petiolated leaves entire, nectaries
crescent-shaped horned, p. 143. — IVaste places.

2. E. exigua, umbel of 3 forked rays, bracteas lanceolate and
as well as the linear-lanceolate leaves entire, p. 14S. — Corn-
fields.

3. E. helinscopia, umbel of 5 forked rays, bracteas obovate
and as well as the cuneatc leaves serrated, p. 148. — Corn-

fields.

4. E. Esula, umbel of many forked rays, bracteas somewhat
heart-shaped and as well as the linear obovate leaves entire,
p. \4S.-^lVoods.

5. E, Cypaiissiasy umbel of many forked rays, bracteas broadly

204 DICOTYLEDONS. ^THYMELE/E. Daphne,

cordate and as well as the linear mucronated leaves entire.
- p, H%,— Woods.

Order VIII. HESEDACE.E. BecancL ^

Flowers sterile and perfect, in heads. Perianih scutelliform,
oblique. Stam. definite, perigynous. yi«^/ier5 oblong, innate.
Ovary I -celled, 3-lobed, with three parietal many-seeded re-
ceptacles. Sligma 1 to each lobe, simple, sessile. Capside
open at the summit, 1 -celled, many-seeded. Seeds suspended,
reniform. Embryo curved, without albumen. Radicle superior.

Stems herbaceous, rough with little minute transparent papillae.
Leaves mostly compound, alternate, without stipules. Flouv-
ers with an involucre.

1. RESEDA.

Flowers capitate. External^ore/5 sterile, the central one perfect,

1. R, Luteola, leaves lanceolate entire plane, p. 147. — Waste
places.

2. R. lutea, leaves pinnated, upper ones with 3 segments, p. 14/.
, —Waste places.

Order IX. THYMELE^.

Verianth free^ fubular, persistent, often coloured. Stam. 8, in
two rows, included in the perianth j 4 opposite the segments
and 4 alternate with them. Style simple, inserted beneath
the apex of the ovary. Stigma simple. Drupe or Aclienium
i-seeded. Seed pendulous. Embryo surrounded by a small
quantity of albumen. Radicle superior, Cotyledons fleshy.

Shrubs with simple, entire, alternate leaves. Fhwers solitary
or aggregate, terminal or axillary. Mirb,

1. DAPHNE.

Per?c7z//i tubular, 4 -lobed. Stam. S. Style short. Berry I-
celled, 1' seeded.

"^ In adopting the order Rcscdacccc of M. Dccandolle, we have taken an
entirely new view of the structure of the very curious plants of which it is
composed. It would occiipy more space than we can at present spare to
explain all the motives by which we have been influenced. But we are sure
that in point of affinity it will be evident to any one that it approaches
Bfiphorbiacc(e much more nearly than either Droseracccc or CapparklecE, to
which it appears to us to have no sort of resemblance ; except indeed in its
parietal mode of placentation. Ochradenus of Delile is the only other ge-
nus of the order with which we arc accjuainted.

DICOTYLEDONS.— POLYGONE.?:. Polygonum. 205

1. D. Laureola, racemes axillary of about 5 flowers, leaves lan-
ceolate glabrous evergreen, p, 1 19. — [Foods.

Order X. POLYGONE^E.

Perianth free, 4 — 6-cleft, often coloured, persistent. Slam. iU"
finite, hypogynous, or nearly so. Anth. bursting longitudi-
nally. Style 2 — 4-partite. Stigmas simple. Aclienium or
Nut 1 -seeded. Seed erect. Embryo straight or bent, on one
side of the farinaceous albumen. Radicle superior, twards,

Herbs or rarely Shrubs, Leaves when young rolled ouspiked.
alternate, sheathing at their base. Flowers panicled or
Mirb. Br.

J. POLYGONUM.

Perianth 4 — 6-partite, coloured, persistent. Stam. 5 — 9, often
8. Styles 2 — 3. Achenium or small Nut often triangular.

* Leaves ovate or lanceolate.
t SjnJces of /towers terminal. Nut triquetrous. (Bistorta.)

l.P. BistortaiStem simple bearing one spike, leaves ovate wav^d,
the radical ones running down into a footstalk, p. 120. —
Meadoivs.

2. P. viviparum, stem simple bearing one spike, leaves linear-
lanceolate, the lower ones elliptical petiolate their margins re-
volute, p. 120. — Mountains,

ft Floicers spiked, terminal, or axillary. Nuts ovate. (Persicaria.)

3. P. amphibium, flowers pentandrous, styles forked, spike ob-
longo-ovate, leaves petiolate cordato-lanceolate rough at tbe
margins. — a. aquaticum ; (3. ierrestre. p, 121. — Lakes and
their margins.

4. P. Persicaria, flowers hexandrous, styles forked, leaves lan-
ceolate (often spotted), spikes oblong erect their peduncle
smooth, stipules fringed, p. 121. — Waste places.

5. P. lapathi/otium, flowers hexandrous with 2 distinct styles,
leaves ovato-lanceolate shortly petiolate, spikes oblong erect
their peduncle rough, stipules not fringed, p. 121. — Fields.

6. P. Hydropiper, flowers hexandrous, styles forked, leaves lan-
ceolate waved and spotless, spikes lax filiform drooping, stem
erect, p. 121. — Margins of lakes.

7. P. minus, flowers hexandrous, style undivided, leaves linear-
lanceolate plane very shortly petiolate, spikes slender erect,
stem rooting at the base. p. 121. — Moist fields, rare.

ttf Flowers axillarij. (Polygonum.)

8. P. auicidare, flowers axillary, leaves clliptico-lanceolate rou^di

206 DICOTYLEDONS. POLYGONE.'E. Rumex,

at the miirgln, nerves of the stipules distant, stem procumbent
herbaceous, p. \22.— Way -sides,

** Leaves cordate. (Fagopyrum.)

i), P. Fagopi/ritm, leaves cordato-sagittate, stem nearly upright
without prickles, angles of the fruit even. p. 122. — Fields.

10. P. Co7ivolvuIus, leaves cordato-sagittate, stem twining angu-
lar, segments of the perianth bluntly keeled, p. 122. — Fields,

2. PvUMEX.

Perianth of 6 leaves. Slam. 6. Styles 3. Nut triquetrous,
covered by the 3 interior valviform leaves of the perianth,

* Flowers all perfect ; valves granlferous. (Lapatha.)
t Valves entire.

1. R. aqnnticus, valves ovate entire bearing small grains, leaves
lanceolate acute, the lower ones cordate at the base. p. 112.
— River sides.

2. R. crispns, valves very large cordate entire reticulated bearing
grains, leaves lanceolate waved acute, p. 112. — IVay-sides,

3. R. sanguineus, valves oblong (small) entire, one at least bear-
ing a grain, leaves lanceolate somewhat heart-shaped, p. 112.
— IVoods,

ft Valves toothed.

4. R. ncutns, valves oblong somewhat toothed all bearing grains,
leaves cordato-oblong acuminate, whorls leafy. /;. 1 12. — Pas-
til res.

5. R. pulcher, valves oblong toothed one of them principally
bearing a grain, radical leaves pandurifornj, stem smooth dif-
fuse, p. 113. — Way-sides,

6. R. ohtnsifolius, valves ovate toothed one principally bearing
a grain, radical leaves ovato-cordate obtuse, stem roughish.
p. 113. — JVay -sides.

7. R. maritimus, valves deltoid fringed with setaceous teeth
bearing grains, leaves linear, whorls much crowded, p. 1 13.
— Salt marshes,

8. R. palustris, valves lanceolate with short setaceous teeth near
the base bearing grains, leaves linear-lanceolate, whorls di-
stant, p. 113. — Marshes,

** Flowers polygamous ; valves granlferous.

9. R. alpinus, flowers polygamous, valves 1 — 2 graniferous,
leaves ovato-cordate obtuse wrinkled. Decand, — Mountains,
rare^.

* This species, I am recently informed by Mr. Maughan, has been found
truly wild by Mr. G. Don on the Ochill-hills, Clackmannanshire, far from
any cultivated ground.

DICOTYLEDONS. -^CHENOPODE.^. CJieilOpOcUum. 207

*** Flowers diceclous ; valves gralnless. ( Acetosa.)

10. R. Acetosa, leaves oblongo-sagittate their segments bent to-
wards the petiole, p. 113. — Pastures.

11. R. Acetosella, leaves lanceolato-hastate their acute lobes
spreading or even recurved, p, 113. — Dry pastures.

3. OXYRIA.
Perianth of 4 leaves, two inner ones longer. Slam. G. Styles

2. Nut tri(iuetrous, with a broad, winged, membranous wa/-

ghi. Embryo erect, inverted.
1. O. renJJ'ormls. p. 1 11^. — Moist alpine rocks.

Order XI. CHENOPODE.E, Decand. {Atriplices,

•fuss.)

Perianth of 1 piece, free, persistent, mostly with deep divisions,
and with an imbricated aestivation. Slam, definite, opposite
the segments, into the base of which they are inserted. Style
2 — 4-cleft,or none. Stigmas s\mp\e, Achenium or Utricu-
Ins inclosed by the persistent perianth. Seeds erect. Embryo
curved round a farinaceous albumen, or spiral ; rarely without
albumen. Panicle inferior.

Herbs or Shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, without stipules.
Flowers generally perfect. Br.

1. CHENOPODIUM.
Flowers perfect. Perianth 5-cleft, closing upon but not wholly
enveloping ihe fruit, Stam. 5. Styles 2.

* Leaves semicylindrical, fleshy .
\,C\\.maritimtim,\Qa.\es glabrous subulate semicylindrical fleshy,
flowers clustered axillary sessile, p. 83.— Sea- coast,
** Leaves plane, undivided, and entire.

2. Ch. olidum, leaves ovato-rhomboid entire, flowers in dense
clustered spikes, stem diffuse, p. 83. — Waste places.

3. Ch. polyspermum, leaves ovate entire, racemes subcymose
divaricate leafless, stem decumbent or erect, p. 83. — JVaste
places.

*** Leaves plane, toothed, or lobed.

4. Ch. Bo?ius HenricuSy leaves triangular arrow-shaped entire,
spikes compound terminal and axillary erect leafless. — p. S3.
— IVay-sides,

* By mistake, in the first part of this work, this species is said to be Doma
aapida of Brown, instead of D. acida.

>^'^.

208 DICOTYLEDONS. CHENOPODE.i:. Sulsola.

5. Ch. urhicum, leaves triangular toothed, racemes long erect
approaching the stem subsimple nearly leafless, p. 84, — fFa^te
places,

6. Ch. ruhrum, leaves rhomboido-triangular deeply toothed and
binuated, racemes erect compound leafy, p. 84. — Dunghills,

7.,Ch. miirale, leaves ovate approaching to rhomboid acute
toothed shining, racemes much branched subcyniose leafless.
p. 84.— Under ivalls, C-Zc,

8. Ch. kyhridinV; leaves cordate angulato-dentate acuminate,
clusters very much branched subcymose divaricated leafless*
p. 84. — Waste places.

9. Ch. album, leaves ovate inclining to rhomboid entire at the
base, upper ones oblong perfectly entire, racemes hranched
somewhat leafy, fruit smooth, p. 84. — JVasle places.

2. atriplp:x.

Flowers polygamous. Perfect Jl. Perianth single, 5 - partite.
Slant. 5. Style 2- partite. Fruit depressed, covered by the
. calyx. Female fl. Perianth 2-partite. Stum. 0.

1. A. portulacoides, stem shrubby, leaves obovato-lanceolate en-
tire silvery white, p. 291. — Muddy places.

2. A. laciniaia, stem herbaceous diffuse, leaves ovato-deltoid
dentato -sinuate very mealy beneath, p. 291. — Sea-shores.

.'3. A.'patula, stem herbaceous spreading, leaves triangular has-
tate glabrous above, irregularly toothed the upper ones entire,
perianth of the fruit more or less tilberculated at the sides.
p. 29 1 » — (Vaste places.

4. A. angustifolia, " stem herbaceous spreading, leaves lan-
ceolate entire the lower ones somewhat hastate, cal. of the fruit
hastate slightly tuberculated at the sides." S7rt.p.291. — IVastt
places and dunghills.

5. A. littoralis, stem herbaceous erect, leaves all linear entire or
toothed, perianth of the fruit siimated and muricated on the

" back. p. 291. — Sea-shore.

3. BETA.
Plowers perfect. Per/flfw^/z half-adherent, 5-partitfc. Slam. 5.
Styles 2. Achenium subreniform, imbedded in the fleshy en-
, larged base of the perianth.

1. Vt.maritima, stems procumbent at the base, flowers solitary
•' or in pairs, segments of the perianth entire, p. 84.— Sea-
shore.

4. SALSOLA.
Flower perfect. Perianth 5-cleft, persistent, enveloping the
fruit with its base, and crowning it with its enlarged scariose
Limb, Stam, 5. Styles 2. Embryo spiral.

biCOTYLEDaNS. PLANTAGINE.E. Littorella, '209

1. S. Kali, stem herbaceous prostrate, leaves subulate spinous
scabrous, segments of the perianth margined scariose. p. 85.
— Seashores,

5. SALICORNIA.

Perianth single, turbinate, fleshy, closed. Stam. l*-2. Style
bi-trifid. Utricle included in the enlarged perianth.

1. S. herhacea, stem herbaceous (annual) erect, articulations com-
pressed and somewhat thickened upwards notched, spikes cylin-
drical slightly tapering at the extremity, p. 1. — Salt marshes,

2. S. radicans, stem woody (perennial) procumbent and rooting-,
articulations cylindrical spreading and notched at the top,
spikes oblong obtuse, p, 1. — Salt marshes.

Order XII. PLANTAGINE.^. Juss.

Flowers perfect, rarely monoecious. Cal. P 4-partite, persistent
(3-cleft in Littorella). Cor. P monopetalous, tubular, hypo-
gynous, scariose, persistent, 4-cleft (urceolate and almost en-
tire in Littorella). Stam. 4, inserted into the tube, and al-
ternate with the segments of the Cor. Filaments flaccid. Avih.
" versatile. Ovary without a surrounding disk. Style simple,
slender. Stigma simple or bifid. Pyxis membranous, 2 — 4-
celled. Seeds definite or indefinite, attached by their middle.
Testa mucilaginous. Embryo transverse, in the axis of a car-^
tilaginous albumen. Radicle inferior.

Herbs with or without a stem. Leaves mostly radical in tufts,
often many-nerved. Flowers spiked, rarely solitary.

l.PLANTAGO.

Flowers perfect. Capsule 2 — 4-celled. Seeds definite or indefinite*

* Dissepiment of the capsule plane, each cell many -seeded.

1. PI. major, leaves broadly ovate mostly on longish footstalks-
scape rounded, spikes long cylindrical, p. 53. — Pastures.

** Dissepiment of the capsule plane, each cell one-seeded.

2. PI. media, leaves ovate mostly with very short footstalks, scape
rounded, spike cylindrical, p. 53. — Pastures.

3. PI. lanceolata, leaves lanceolate, scape angular^ spike ovate.
p. 54. — Meadows and pastures.

4. PI. maritima, leaves linear grooved fleshy woolly at the base,
scape rounded, spike cylindrical, p. 54. — Sea-coast,

*** Dissepiment with 4 angles (thus forming 4 cells), seed in each cell.

5. PI. Coronopus, leaves linear pinnatifid, scape rounded, p. 54.
. — Gravelly places.

2. LITTORELLA.
Monoecious, Barren Jl. Ca/. 4-partite. Cor. tubular, 4-fid<.
Fertile Jl, Cal, 0, unless 3 bracteae (?) can be so called. Cor.

[o]

210 DICOTYLEDONS. PRIMULACE.^.

urceolate with the contracted mouth subtridentate. Style very
long. ** Caps, transversely opening." Juss,
1, L. lacusiris, p. 271. — Margins of lakes.

Di V. 1 1 , Perianth or floral Covering double. Calyx and Corolla,

Sect. I. Corolla monopetalous, hypogynous {or not attached to
the calyx).

Order XIII. PLUMBAGINEiE. Juss.

Calyx tubular, plaited, persistent. Cor.nionopet. equal, or (rarely)
pentapetalous. Stamens definite, hypogynous in the monopeta-
lous genera, epipetalous in the polypetalous ones. Ovary \,
superior, 1 -seeded. Ovule pendulous from the end of a seed-
stalk arising from the base of the ovary. Styles 5, rarely 3 — 4.
Stigmas the same number. Utriculus generally closed. Seed
pendulous. Testa simple. Embryo straight. Radicle superior.

Herbs or Undershrubs, Leaves alternate or scattered, undivided,
somewhat sheathing at the base. Flowers in spikes or heads. 5r.

l.STATICE.

Cal. infundibuliform, plaited, scariose. Pet. 5, persistent. Stam,
5, inserted on the petals. Styles 5. Pericarp indehiscent.

1. S. Armeria, leaves linear, scape simple bearing a round bead
of flowers, p. 97. — Sea-shores and highest mountains,

2. S. Limonium, scape panicled rounded branched, leaves gla-
brous ovato- lanceolate undulate obtuse nerveless tipped with a
small point, p. 97. — Salt-marshes.

3. S. reticulata, scape repeatedly dichotomous zigzag, the lower
branches sterile, leaves spathulate acute glabrous, p, 97. —
Sea-side, rare.

Order XIV. PRIMULACEiE. {Lysimaclucp, Juss,

AnagallidecB Rich.)

Calyx regular, persistent^ divided. Cor, monopetalous, hypogy-
nous, regular. Stam. inserted into the corolla, opposite the
segments of its limb and equal to them in number. Ovary l,
tubular. Style 1 . Stigma capitate. Caps, with a central free
receptacle. Seeds numerous, peltate. Embryo transverse, sur-
rounded by albumen.

Herbs,. Leaves usually opposite, sometimes whorled and scat-
tered. Br.

DICOTYLEDONS.— PRIMULACE.^. CentllUCuluS. 21 1
1. ANAGALLIS.

Cal, 5-partite. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed. Slam, 5, hairy. Caps*
bursting all round transversely.

1. A. arvensis^ leaves ovate sessile dotted beneath, cor. broadly
and very obtusely crenate piloso-glandulose. p. 72. — Fields,

2. A. ccerulea, leaves ovate sessile dotted beneath, cor. dentate
scarcely at all glandulose. p. 73. — Fields.

3. A. tenella, stem creeping filiform, leaves ovate or roundish pe-
tiolate. p. 73. — Bogs.

2. LYSIMACHIA.

Cal. 5-partite. Cor. 5-fid, rotate. Stam. 5. Caps, globose, ten-
valved.

* Peduncles mamj-Jlowered.

1. L.z;?^/^an5, leaves ovato-lanceolate opposite ter- or quaternate,
panicle terminal, p. 72. — Marshes.

2. L. thyrsiflora, leaves opposite lanceolate, racemes pedunculate
lateral, p. 72. — Marshes^ rare.

**■ Peduncles \-Jlowered.

3. L. nemorum, leaves ovate acute, stem creeping, peduncles so-
litary, calycine segments linear-subulate, stam. smooth, p. 7^.
■ — fVbods,

4. L. Nummularia, leaves subcordate obtuse, stem procumbent,
peduncles solitary, calycine segments ovate acute, stam. glan-
dular, p. 72. — Banks.

3. PRIMULA.

Calyx 5-toothed. Cor. hypocrateriform, the title cylindrical, its
orifice naked. Stam. 5, not exserted. Stigma globose. Caps,
opening with 10 teeth.

1. Pr. vulgaris, leaves dentate rugose, scape 1 -flowered, limb of
the cor. plane, p. 7^- — Woods.

2. Pr. fZa/ for, leaves dentate rugose contracted below the middle,
scape umbellate, limb of the cor. plane, p. 71 • — Woods.

3. Pr. Veris, leaves dentate rugose contracted below the middle,
scape umbellate, flowers drooping, limb of the cor. concave,
p. 71. — Pastures.

4. Pr.yarzVio^a, leaves crenate smooth mealy beneath, scape um-
bellate, flowers erect, Hmb of the cor. plane, p. 71. — Subalpine
pastures,

4. CENTUNCULUS.

CaL 4-lobed. Cor. tubular, 4-cleft. Stam. 4, short. C«p5. glo-
bose, of 1 cell, many-seeded, opening all round transversely.

1. C. minimus, p. 54. — Moist gravelly places.

[o2]

212 DICOTYLEDONS. — LENTiBULARi.?:. Utricidariu.

5. TRIENTALIS.

Calyx 7-partite. Cor, rotate in 7 segments, regular and flat.
i?e7Ty dry, opening at the sutures.

1 . Tr. europcBa. p. 1 15. — Woods.

{Allied to Piimulacece.)
6. SAMOLUS.

Cfl/. half-adherent, 5-fid. Cor. suhhypocrateriform,5-Iobed. Slam,
5, antheriferous, opposite the segments of the cor., 5 (scales)
alternate with them, sterile. Caps, half inferior, ovate, with 5
short valves, 1 -celled. i?ece/)/flc/e central, free. See^A' numerous,
fixed near each extremity. Embryo included, albuminose. Ra-
dicle turned towards the hilum of the seed.

Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers terminal, subracemose or
corymbose, white; with the pedicels bracteated at the base or
middle. Br,

Differ from Prinnilacece, in having the ovary with its base at least
inferior, in the seeds umbilicated near each extremity, and in
the 5 sterile stamens. Br,

1. S. Valerandi, leaves obtuse, racemes many-flowered, pedicels
with a small bractea. p. 80. — Marshes,
7. GLAUX.

Ca/.campanulate,5-lobed, coloured. Cor. none. Sfam,5, Caps,
globose, 5-valved, 5 -seeded.

1 . G. maritima. p, 82. — Salt marshes.

Order XV. LENTIBULARI^. jRich.

{TJtriculince Hoffm. and Link, Lysimachice, part of, Juss.)
Calyx persistent, divided. Cor. monopetalous, irregular, spurred,
bilabiate. Stam. 2, included, inserted at the base of the Cor,
Anthers simple, sometimes contracted in the middle. Ovary 1 -
celled. Style 1, very short. Stigma 2-lipped. Caps, 1 -celled,
many-seeded, with a large central receptacle. Seeds small,
without albumen. Embryo sometimes undivided. Br.
Aquatics or Marsh Herbs. Leaves radical. Flowers usually with
one bractea ; rarely with none. Br,
I.UTRICULARIA.
Ca/. 2-partite, lips undivided, nearly equal. Cor. personate, with
the lower lip spurred at the base. Stam. 2, with the filaments
internally, at the extremity, antheriferous. Stigma 2-lipped. Br,

1. U. vulgaris^ spur conical, upper lip as long as the projecting
palate, leaves pinnato-multifid. p, 8. — Pools.

2. U. intermedia, spur conical, upper lip twice as long as the pa-
late, leaves tripartite their segments linear dichotomous. p, 9.
-spools.

DICOTYLEDONS.— MELAMPYRACE.ii. Melampyrum. 213

^iA}, minor, spur extremely short obtuse keeled, upper lip as
long as the palate, leaves subtripartite the segments linear
dichotomous. p. 9. — Pools,

2. PINGUICULA.

Cal, i — 5-cleft. Cor, ringent, spurred at the base beneath. Stigma
two-lipped.

1. P. vulgaris, spur cylindrical acute as long as the veinless petal,
upper lip two-lobed, lower one in three unequal obtuse seg-
ments, p. 8. — Marshes,

2. P. Lusitanica, spur obtuse curved shorter than the cor., divi-
sions of the petals nearly equal, leaves and scape hairy, p, 8.
— Marshes on the W, coast.

Order XVI. VERBENACE^. Jii6's.
{Pyrenacece Vent., Vitices, Juss.)

Cal, tubular, persistent. Cor, hypogynous, monopetalous, decidu-
ous, usually irregular. Stam. usually didynamous, rarely equal,
sometimes 2. Ovary 2 — 4-celled. Ovules erect, solitary, or in
])airs. Style \. Stigmahifidor enUre. Fruit a Drupe or Berry,
Embryo str&,\ght with little or no albumen. Radicle inferior.

Trees ox Shrubs; rarely Herbs, Leaves generally opposite, with-
out stipules. Br,

I. VERBENA. Juss.

Cal. 5- fid. Cor, infundibuliform; limb unequal, 5-cleft. Stam, 4,
didynamous. Pericarp thin, evanescent. Seeds 4, Flowers pa-
niculato-spicate. Br,

1. V. officinalis, tetrandrous, spikes slender panicled, leaves much
cut, stem erect solitary, p. 190. — Waste places, rare.

Order XVII. MELAMPYRACE^. Rivh. in

Analyse du Fruit,

{Pedicular es, part of, Juss.)

Cal. divided, deciduous. Cor, personate, monopetalous, hypogy-
nous. Stam, 4, didynamous. Stigma simple. Caps, naked,
2-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds erect, rostellate, with a minute em-
bryo at the opposite end of the seed to the point of insertion.
Albumeji fleshy. i?ac?ic/e superior.

Herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers in spikes, half covered with
crested bracteae.

1. MELAMPYRUM.

Cal. tubular, 4-fid. Cor, tubular, compressed; lips turned back at
the margin ; lower one trifid. Stam,, 4, didynamous. Caps,
oblong, 2-celled, oblique, opening on one side. Cells l/-seeded,
Seeds gibbous at the ba^e.

214 DICOTYLEDONS. LABIATE. Ajuga,

1. M. pratense, flowers axillary secund, leaves in distant pairs,
cor. 4 times as long as the cal. closed, the lower lip protruded,
upper bracteas pinnato-dentate. p. 187- — Woods.

2. M. sylvaticiim, flowers axillary secund, leaves in distant pairs,
cor. half as long again as the cal. open, the lower lip equal in
length to the upper one, bracteas entire. p. 187. — Alpine woods.

Ohdeh XVIII. LABIATiE. Juss,

Cal, tubular. Cor. monopetalous, hypogynous, irregular. Stam.
mostly 4, didynamous, 2 sometimes sterile or wanting. Style I,
Stigma two-lobed. Caryopsides [iiaked seeds Linn.) four, in-
closed in the ca/. iSeei/ solitary, erect. Embryo erect, Albumen
none.

Leaves opposite. Stem square. Br,

Div. I. Stam. two, fertile,

l.LYCOPUS.

Cal. tubular, 5 -cleft, mouth naked. Cor. tubular, nearly equal,
4-lobed, upper segment broader and notched. Stam, distant,
simple.

1, L. ez^rop^ez/j, leaves deeply sinuato- serrate, p. 9. — Ditch-hanks,

2. SALVIA.

Cal. subcampanulate, two-lipped 3 upper lip tridentate, the lower
one bifid. Cor. ringent. Filaments two, fertile, bifid, one lobe
asceoding with a dimidiate a?ither, the other sterile, Br,

1. S. verbenaca, leaves serrated sinuated, cor. narrower than the
cal. p. 10. — PastureSy rare,

Div. II. Stam, 4, didynamous, fertile.
Sect. I. Cal. 5^ or \0-cleft, subregular.

3. AJUGA.

Upper lip of the Cor. very minute, notched ; lower one 3-lobed,
middle lobe the largest, obcordate. Stam. exserted. Anthers
reniform, I -celled.

* With creeping scions.

1 . A. reptans, glabrous, stem solitary throwing out creeping scions,
p. 179,— Woods, ^c,

** Without creeping scions.

2, A. pyramidalis, hairy, whorls crowded into a pyramidal and
tetragonal form, radical leaves very large obovate more or le^i?
crenate. p. 179. — Mountains,

DICOTYLEDONS. — LABIATE. Gleclioma, 215

3. A. alpina, leaves nearly glabrous unequally toothed all nearly
of a size, whorls of flowers rather distant, p. ISO,— Alps,

4. TEUCRIUM.

Upper lip of the Cor. abbreviated, bipartite ; lower one 3-lobed,

its middle lobe the largest. Stam, projecting through the cleft

in the upper lip.
1 .T. Scorodonia, leaves cordate petiolate pubescent crenate, flowers

in lateral and terminal racemes secund, stem erect, p. 180. — '

Dry woods, ^c.
2. T. Characedrijs, leaves ovate tapering into a footstalk inciso-

serrate, flowers axillary in threes, stem subprocumbent rounded

hairv.p. 180.— ^a/Zi.

5.NEPETA.

Upper lip of the Cor. notched; the lower one 3-lobed; its middle
lobe the largest, crenate; lateral ones very short, reflexed.

K N. cataria, flowers in spiked subpedunculated whorls, leaves
petiolate cordate dentato-serrate. p. 180. — IVaste places.

6. MENTHA.

Cor, nearly regular, 4-lobed ; its broadest lobe notched. Stam,
erect, distant.

1 . M. hirsuta, flowers capitate or whorled, leaves petiolate ovate
serrated pubescent, cal. hairy, pedicels with reflexed hairs,
p. 180. — Marshes.

2. M. rubra, flowers whorled, leaves petiolate ovate serrated sub-
glabrous, "stem upright zig-zag" (Sm,), pedicels and lower
part of the cal. quite glabrous, teeth hairy, p. ISO. — Sides of
ditches.

3. M. gentilis, flowers whorled, leaves petiolate ovate serrated
subglabrous, " stem much branched sorpa^i'vo-" <-^"-"^\* jjcuiceis
and lower prxrt of thv. cai. giaurous, teeth hairy.p. \bl.— bides
of rivers.

4. M. arvensis^ flowers whorled, leaves ovate hairy serrated, calyx
campanulate and clothed with spreading hairs, p. 181. — Corn-
fields,

5. M. Pulegium, flowers whorled, leaves downy ovate obtuse sub-
* crenate, stem prostrate, flowerstalks slightly, and calyx very,

pubescent, teeth of the latter fringed, p. \S\. —Among rubbish,

7. GLECHOMA.

Upper lip of the Cor, bifid ; lower one trifid, with the intermediate
lobe emarginate. Anthers approaching each other in pairs and ^
forming a cross.

1. G, hederacea, leaves reniform crenate. p. 181. — Hedges.

216 DICOTYLEDONS. LABIATE. Stachys,

8. LAMIUM.

1. L. alburn^ leaves cordato- acuminate deeply serrated petiolate,
whorls of about 20 flowers, p. 181, — Borders of fields.

2. L. macalatum, leaves cordato-acuminate inciso-serrate petio-
late, whorls of about 10 flowers, p. 181. — Woods.

3. L. piirpureum, leaves cordate obtuse crenato- serrate petiolate,
the uppermost crowded together, " cor. with the tube bearded
within." {Sm.) — Hedges.

4. L. incisum, leaves broadly cordate obtuse inciso-crenate petio-
late, the uppermost crowded, " cor. with the tube glabrous
within.*' {Sm.) — Hedges.

5. L. amplexicmde, leaves broadly cordate very obtuse deeply in-
ciso-crenate petiolate, the floral ones sessile embracing the
stem. p. 182. — Sandy fields, &c.

9. GALEOPSIS.

Cal. teeth acuminate. Upper lip of the Cor. vaulted, notched ;
lovver Up with 3 unequal lobes, having 2 teeth on its upper side.

1. G. Ladanum, stem not swollen below the joints, leaves lan-
ceolate subserrate hairy, upper lip of the cor. slightly crenate.
p. \82.-^Limestone rubbish.

2. G. Tctrahit, stem hispid incrassated below the joints, leaves
ovate hispid serrated, cor. twice as long as the cal., upper lip
nearly straight, p. 182. — Corn-fields.

3. G. versicolor , stem hispid incrassated below the joints, leaves
ovate hispid serrated, cor. thrice as long as the cal., upper lip
inflated, p. 182. — Corn-fields,

10. GALEOBDOLON.

Cal. teeth unequal, acuminate. Upper lip of the Cor. vaulted^

onfire : lower one in 3 acute segments.
1. G. luieum. p. IScJ. — tt\..,^^.

ii.bp:tonica.

Cal. teeth acuminate. Upper lip of the Cor. ascending • lower 3-
cleft, its tube cylindrical.

1. B. officinalis, spike interrupted, middle segment of the lower
lip notched, p. ISS.—lVbods.

12. STACHYS.
CflZ. acuminate. Upper lip of the Cor. vaulted; lower one 3-
lobed, with the 2 lateral lobes reflexed. Stam., when old, bent
downwards.

I. S. sylvatica, whorls of 6 flowers, leaves cordato-ovate acute
petiolate, «* stem solid." {Sm.) p. m.—JVoods.

DICOTYLEDONS. — LABIAT.^. Thymus, 217

2. S. amligua, whorls of 6 flowers, leaves oblon go-cordate acute
petiolate, stem hollow. (Sm.) p. \S3,— Fields,

3. S. palustris, whorls of 6 flowers, leaves linear-lanceolate semi-
amplexicaul. p. 183. — Marshes.

4. S. arvensis, whorls of 6 flowers, stem weak, leaves heart-shaped
obtuse crenate slightly hairy, cor. scarcely longer than the cal.
p, \S3,— Corn-fields.

13. BALLOTA.

Cal. with 10 ribs and 5 teeth. Upper lip of the Cor. concave,
notched ; lower one trifid ; middle lobe the largest, emarginate.

1. B. nigra, leaves ovate undivided serrated, calyces dilated up-
wards subtruncated, the teeth patent. {Sm.) p. 184. — Waste
places,

14. MARRUBIUM.

Cal. with 10 ribs and 5 or 10 spreading teeth. Upper lip of the
Cor. cloven, linear, straight 3 lower one trifid; middle segment
the largest, emarginate,

I. M. vulgare, stem erect, leaves roundish ovate toothed wrinkled,
cal, with 10 setaceous hooked teeth, p. 184. — Waste places,

15. LEONURUS.

Cal. with 5 angles. Upper lip very hairy above, entire ; lower
one reflexed, 3-partite. Anthers sprinkled with shining dots.

1. L. Cardiaca, leaves petiolate, the lower ones crenato-lanceolate
3-lobed, upper ones entire, p. 184. — Among rubbish.

Sect. II. Calyx 2- lipped,

16. CLINOPODIUM.
Involucre (bracteas of many linear-acuminate leaflets placed un-
der the ca/. Upper Zip of the cor. erect, emarginate; lower
one the largest, emarginate.

1. CI. vulgarsy leaves ovate obscurely serrated, whorls hairy,
bracteas setaceous, pedicels branched, p. 184. — Banks,

17. ORIGANUM.
Calyces collected, by imbricated bracteas, into a spicate, qua-
drangular cone. Upper lip of the cor, straight, notched ; the
lower one in 3 nearly equal lobes.
1. O. vulgare, spikes roundish panicled conglomerate glabrous,
bracteas ovate longer than the cal., leaves ovate entire, p. 185.
— Bushy places,

18. THYMUS.

Cal, closed with hairs at the mouth. Cor. shortly 2-lipped ; upper
one notched ; the lower one the largest, subemarginaie.

218 DICOTYLEDONS. — scrophUlarin.^. Euphrasia.

1. Th. Serpyllum^ flowers capitate, stems branched decumbent,
leaves plane ovate obtuse entire petiolate more or less ciliated
at the base. p. 185. — Hills.

2. Th. Acinos, flowers on simple stalks about 6 in a whorl, stem
ascending branched, leaves oblong shortly petiolate acute ser-
rated, cal. gibbous at the base. p. 185. — Dryldlls.

19. SCUTELLARIA.
Lips of the cal. closing over the fruit 5 upper lip with a vaulted
process.

1 . S. galericulata, leaves cordato -lanceolate crenate, flowers axil-
lary in pairs, p. 185. — Marshes,

2, S. mijior, leaves cordato*ovate entire, flowers axillary in pairs.
p. 185,-— Marshes.

20. PRUNELLA.

Upper lip of the cal. with 3 very short teeth. Filaments forked
at the extremity, one point bearing the Anther. Stigma bifid.

1. Pr. vulgaris, leaves petiolate oblongo-ovate somewhat toothed
at the base. p. 185. — Pastures.

Order XIX. SCROPHULARIN^. Br.

(Scrophularics and Pediculares Juss, Rhinanlhacece Decand.
Fl. Fr. Ayitirrhinece Deca?id. th.)

Cal. persistent. Cor. monopetalous, hypogynous, generally irre-
gular, deciduous, with an imbricated aestivation. Stam. gene-
rally 4, didynamous, rarely equal, sometimes 2. Style \. Stigma
2-lobed, rarely undivided, Caps, (very rarely a Berry) 2-ceiled,
2 — 4-valved; the valves entire or bifid, with a dissepiment ei-
ther double from the inflexed margin of the valves, or simple,
parallel and entire, or opposite and bipartible. Receptacle of
the seeds central, united to the dissepiment, or eventually sepa-
rate. Seeds numerous. Embryo straight, inclosed in the axis
of a fleshy albumen.

Herbs (sometimes shrubs) usually with opposite leaves. Inflo-
rescence various. Br,

Div. I. Stam, 4, didynamous.

Sect. I. Calyx 4-Jid.

* Calyx 4-cleft.

1. EUPHRASIA.

Cal. tubular, 4-toothed. Upper lip of the cor. divided ; lower

one of 3 notched lobes. Anthers with their lobes inucronated

at the base. Caps, ovato-oblong, 2 -celled. Seeds striated.

DICOTYLEDONS. — scKOPHULARiNiE. Antirrhinum, 219

1. E. qfficinaliSy leaves ovate deeply toothed, veins furrowed,
p. 186. — Pasture^,

2. BARTSIA.

CaL mostly coloured. Cor. ringent, with a contracted orifice ; up-
per lip concave, longest, entire ; lower one in 3, equal, reflexed
lobes. Caps, ovate, compressed, with 2 cells and many angular
seeds.

1. B. alpina, leaves opposite cordato-ovate obtusely serrated,
flower subspicate, anthers hairy, p. 186. — Mountain pastures,
rare.

2. B. viscose, leaves lanceolate serrated, the upper ones alternate,
flowers lateral and distant, anthers hairy./;. 186. — Marshes.

3.B. Odontites, leaves lanceolate, upper ones alternate, flowers

racemed secund, anthers subglabrous, stem branched, p. 186.

— Corn- fields,

3. RHINANTHUS.
Cal. inflated, 4 -toothed. Upper lip of the cor. compressed ; lower

one plane, 3-lobed. Caps, of 2 cells, obtuse, compressed, and

with many imbricate plane seeds,

1. Rh. Crista Galli, upper lip of the cor. arched, calyx glabrous,
leaves lanceolate serrated, p. 187. — Marshes,

** Calyx 5 -cleft.
4.PEDICULARIS.
Cal. inflated, (mostly) 5-cleft. Upper lip of the cor. compressed,
arched 5 lower one plane, 3-lobed. Caps, oblique, compressed,
2-celled. Seeds angular.

1 . P. palustris, stem solitary branched, cal. ovate hairy ribbed 2-
lobed and crenate. p. 187. — Marshes.

2. P. sylvatica, stems many from the same root spreading, cal.
oblong angular glabrous in 5 unequally notched segments.
p, 188. — Marshes.

5. ANTIRRHINUM.
Cal, 5 -partite. Cor. personate, with a deflexed prominence or
spur at the base. Caps. 2-celled, opening at the extremity with
minute valves.

* Cor. spurred. Leaves broad. Stem lax.

1. A. Cymlalaria, leaves cordate 5-lobed alternate glabrous,
stems procumbent, p. 189. — PFalls,

** Cor. spurred.. Leaves narrow. Stem erect.

2, A. repens, leaves linear whorled or scattered, stern panicled,
cal. glabrous the length of the spur, cor. striated, p. 188. —
Banks,

220 DICOTYLEDONS. — SCROPHULARIN.^:. Veronica.

3. A. Lifiaria, leaves linear-lanceolate scattered crowded, spikes
terminal, flowers imbricated, cal. glabrous shorter than the
spur. p. 188. — Borders of fields^ ^c.

4. A. m'mus, leaves linear-lanceolate obtuse mostly alternate pu-
bescent, stem much branched spreading, cal. longer than the
spur. p. 188. — Sandy fields.

*** Cor. merely gibbous at the base.

5. A. majuSf leaves lanceolate alternate those of the branches
opposite, flowers spiked, segments of the cal. ovate obtuse,
p. 129.— fValls.

6. SCROPHULARIA.

Cor. subglobose; limb contracted, shortly 2-lipped ; upper lip
2-lobed (with a scale or abortive stam. frequently within), lower
3-lobed. Capy. 2-celIed.

1. S. -nodosa, leaves cordate acute serrated glabrous, stem with 4
rather obtuse angles, p. 189. — Moist luoods.

2. S. aqiiatica^ leaves elliptical cordate at the base obtuse serrated
glabrous decurrent, stem winged at the angles, p. 189. — Sides
of rivers,

3. S. vernalis, leaves broadly cordate doubly serrated pubescent
acute, peduncles axillary solitary dichotomous leafy, p. 189. —
Waste places, rare.

7. DIGITALIS.
Cat. 5 -partite. Cor. campanulate, inflated beneath ; limh ob-
liquely 5-lobed, unequal. Caps, ovate, of 2 cells and many seeds,

1. D. purp2irea, segments of the cal. ovate acute, cor. obtuse, its
upper lip undivided, leaves ovate crenate downy, p. 189. —
Hilly pastures,

8. LIMOSELLA.

Cor. shortly campanulate, 5-cleft, equal. Caps, semibilocular,.
2-valved.

1. L. aquatica, p. 190. — Muddy places,

Div. II. Stamina 2. Caps, 2'Celled, Br,

9, VERONICA.
Cal, 4-, rarely 5-partite. Cor, subrotate. Tube shorter than the
calyx; its limb 4 -partite, unequal, with undivided lobes. Stam,
2, antheriferous, sterile ones none. Caps, with the valves bear-
ing the dissepiments in the middle, or bipartible.

Herbs or Shrubs. Leaves opposite, sometimes whorled or alter-
nate, frequently dentate or gut. Injioresceiice various. Calyces
without bractcie. Br*

DICOTYLEDONS.— scROPHULARiN.T.. Vcronim. 221

* Spikes or racemes terminal { plants perennial) .

1 . V. serpyllifolia, racemes spiked many-flowered, leaves ovate
slightly crenate, caps, broadly obcordate as long as the style,
p. 4. — Pastures.

/3. alpijia, stems prostrate, racemes shortly spiked. — Alps.

2. V. alpina, raceme corymbose, leaves elliptico-ovate subserrate,
capsule ovato-cordate longer than the style, p. 4. — A/ps.

3. V. saxatilis, raceme lax few-flowered corymbose, upper leaves
oblongo-obovate subserrate, stems spreading, capsule ovate
longer than the calyx, p. 5. — Alps.

4. V.Jricliculosa, raceme many-flowered subspicate, upper leaves
oblong serrate, stems procumbent, capsule ovate scarcely longer
than the calyx, p. 5. — Alps.

*"^' Spikes or racemes axillarij {plants perennial) .

5. V. sciitellata, racemes alternate, pedicels divaricated, leaves
linear somewhat toothed, stem nearly erect, p. 6. — Bogs. •

6.V. AnagalliSf racemes opposite, leaves lanceolate serrate, stem
erect, p. 6. — Ditches,

7. V. J5ecca^z^w.^^a, racemes opposite, leaves elliptical obtuse sub-
serrate glabrous, stem procumbent throwing out roots at the
base. p. 6. — Ditches.

8. V. officinalis, flowers spiked, leaves broadly ovate serrate rough
with short thick pubescence, stem procumbent very pubescent^
capsule obcordate deeply notched, p. 6. — l^Voods, ^c.

9. V. hirsuta, flowers spiked, leaves ovato- lanceolate acute slightly
serrated with a few scattered hairs, stem procumbent glabrous
near the base, capsule obcordate entire, p. 6. — Dry heathy
places, rare.

10. V. rnontana, racemes few-flowered, leaves cordato-ovate pe-
tiolate serrate, stem hairy on all sides, p.^. — fVoods.

11. V. Cliamcedrys, flowers racemed, leaves ovate obtuse sessile
inciso-serrate, stem bifariously hirsute, p. 7. — PVoods.

12. V. Allionii, flowers densely spiked, leaves ovate subserrated
rigid and, as well as the procumbent stem, perfectly glabrous.
p. 7. — Mountains of Angus.

*** Flower axillary, solitary (plants annual).

13. V. agrestiSy leaves (all) petiolate cordato-ovate inciso-serrate
shorter than the flowerstalks, stem procumbent, p. 7. — Fields.

14. W.arvensis, leaves cordato-ovate serrate, the lower ones pe-
tiolate, floral leaves sessile lanceolate longer than the flower-
stalk, stem nearly erect, p. 7. — IFalls, ^c.

15. V. hederifolia, leaves cordato-ovate mostly 5-lobed, calycine
segments cordate ciliated, stem procumbent, p. 7. — Fields and
banks.

222 DICOTYLEDONS.— soLAKEiE. T^crbascum,

Order XX. OROBANCHEiE. Rich, in Pers.

(J Hied to Pedicular es, Jiiss.)

Cal. and Cor, 5-cleft, persistent; the latter irregularly nionope-
talous, hypogynous. Stam. didynamous. Stigma 2-lobed.
Caps. 1 — 2- or many-celled, 2-valved. Seeds small, with a
minute round embryo at the base of a fleshy albumen.

Parasitical, leafless Herbs,

1. OROBANCHE.
Cal. of 2 (generally) lobed, lateral segments. Cor. ringent.
Caps. 1 -celled, 2-valved, with many seeds. K gland at the
base of the germen beneath.

1. O. major, stem simple, cor. tubular, its upper lip undivided,
lower one in 3 nearly equal segments, their lateral ones acute,
the terminal one largest obtuse^ stam. glabrous, style downy,
p. 190. — Roots of plants.

2. O. rubra, stem simple, cor. tubular, its upper lip 2-lobed,
lower one in 3 equal obtuse lobes, stam. partially glanduloso-
pilose, style glabrous, p. 191. — Basaltic rocks,

2. LATHR.EA.
Cal, 4-cleft. Cor. tubular, 2-lipped. A depressed gland at the

base of the suture of the germen. Caps. 1 -celled.
1. L. squamaria, stem simple, flowers pendulous, their lower

lip 3-cleft. p. \S7. —l^Foods.

Order XXI. SOLANE.E. Juss,

Cal. 5- (rarely 4-) partite, divided, persistent. Cor. monopeta-
lous, hypogynous; its limb 5-cleft, equal, or somewhat un-
equal, deciduous; with a plicate aestivation. Stam. inserted
into the cor., alternate with its segments, and equal to them
in number, sometimes 1 abortive. Ovary 1 — 2 — 4-celled,
many- seeded. Style 1. Sligyna obtuse, rarely lobed. Pe-
ricarp 2 — 4-celled; either a ca})sule with a parallel double
dissepiment, or a berry with the receptacles united to the dis-
sepiments. Seeds numerous. Embryo included in a fleshy
albumen, more or less bent; often out of the axis. Radicle
opposite the hilum.

Herbs or Shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules, some-
times opposite, beneath the flowers. Br.

Div. I. Fruit capsular,
1. VERBASCUM.
Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed, unequal, Stam, 5, de-
clined, often hairy. Caps. 2-valved, ovate or globose.

DICOTYLEDONS. BORAGINE.^. 223

1. V. ThapsuSf leaves deciirrent woolly on both sides, stem sim-
ple, 2 stam. longer glabrous, p. 78. — Waste places.

2. V. Lychnitis, leaves oblong wedge-shaped nearly glabrous
on the upper side, stem angled paniculate, p. 78. — Road-sides,

3. V. puhcrulentiim, leaves ovato-oblong siibserrate pulveru-
lento-tomentose on both sides, stems rounded panicled. p. 78,
— Waste places.

4. V. nigrum, leaves obi on go -cordate petiolate creuate subpube-
scent. p. 78. — Banks and hedges.

2. HYOSCYAMUS.
Cat. tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. infundibuliform, irregular, its lobes

obtuse. Stam. 5. Stigma capitate. Capsule ovate, oper-

culated at the extremity.
1. H. niger, leaves amplexicaul sinuated, flowers nearly sessile.

p. 78. — Waste places,

Div. II. Fruit berried.

3. ATROPA.
Ca/. 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate, 5 -lobed, equal. Stam, 5, di-
stant. Berry globose, 2-celled.
1. A. Belladonna, stem herbaceous, leaves ovate undivided,
p. 78. — Waste places.

4. SOLANUM.
Cal. 5-cleft. Cor, rotate, 5-fid, patent. Anthers 5, erect, con-
nivent, opening with 2 pores at the extremity. Berry subglo-
bose, 2- rarely 4-celled. EmLryo curved.

1. S. Dulcamara, stem without thorns shrubby climbing, leaves
cordate glabrous superior ones hastate, corymbs opposite the
leaves drooping, p. 79. — Hedges.

2. S. nigrum, stem without thorns herbaceous, leaves ovate
bluntly toothed and waved, umbels lateral drooping, p. 79. —
Waste places.

Order XXII. BORAGINE^.. Juss.

Cal. 5- (rarely 4-) partite, persistent. Cor. hypogynous, mono-
petalous, most frequently regular, 5-cleft, sometimes 4 -cleft,

{ with imbricated aestivation. Stam. inserted into the cor., al-
ternate with its segments, and equal to them in number,
rarely more. Ovary 4-partite, 4-seeded, or simple, 2 — 4-
celled. Ovules definite, pendulous. Achenia 4, distant, or
united at the base; or a 4-celled drupe; or a berry with 2 — 4
stones. Seeds without, or nearly without, albumen. Radi-
cle superior.

224 DICOTYLEDONS. BORAGINEiE. Anchusa,

Herbs or Shruhs, Leaves alternate, without stipules, usually
scabrous. Flowers usually in one-sided, more or less com-
pound spikes or racemes. Br,

1. MYOSOTIS.
CaL 5 -cleft. Cor. hypocrateriform, the segments very obtuse,
its orifice closed with short connivent scales.

(Seeds naked.)

1. M. sylvatica, leaves oblongo-lanceolate with soft hairs, ra-
cemes very long lax, pedicels (in fruit) divergent patent longer
than the 5-fid connivent cal., limb of the cor. expanded longer
than the tube. p. 66. — IVoods,

2. M. alpestris, leaves oblongo-lanceolate hairy, racemes short,
pedicels (in fruit) patent rather longer than the connivent 5*
fid cal., limb of the cor. expanded longer than the tube. p. 66.
— Alps.

3. M. paluslris, leaves oblongo-lanceolate rough with short
mostly depressed hairs, racemes rather short, peduncles (in
fruit) divergent twice as long as the 5-toothed patent cal.,
limb of the cor. expanded longer than the tube. p. 67. — Ditcli
hanks.

4. M. arvensis, leaves oblongo-lanceolate hairy, racemes very
long, pedicels (in fruit) patent twice the length of the5-cleft
and closed cal., limb of the cor. erecto- patent about as long
as the tube. p. 67. — Waste places,

5. M. versicolor, leaves oblongo-lanceolate hairy, racemes very
long, pedicels (in fruit) erecto-patent shorter than the 5-cleft
acute closed cal., limb of the cor. patent shorter than the tube,
p. 67. — Dry iv as te places.

2. LITHOSPERMUM.
Cal. 5 -partite. Cor. infundibuliform, its orifice naked.

1. L. officinale, stem erect very much branched, leaves broadly
lanceolate acute nerved rough above hairy beneath, tube of the
cor. as long as the cal., nuts smooth, p. 68. — Waste places.

2. L. arvense, stem erect branched, leaves lanceolate acute
hairy, cal. a little shorter than the cor., its segments patent
when contaniing the ripe rugose nuts. p. 68. — Corn-fields,

3. L. maritimum, glabrous, stem procumbent branched, leaves
ovate obtuse fleshy glaucous, p. 68. — Sea-shores.

3. ANCHUSA.
Cal. 5-cleft, or 5-partite. Cor, infundibuliform, its orifice closed

with convex connivent scales. Seeds (or Nuts) hollowed out

at the base.
1 . A. sempervirensy leaves ovate nearly entire lower ones upon

DICOTYLEDONS. BORAGINE^. Echium, 225

long footstalks, peduncles axillary, flowers siibcapitate accom-
panied by two leaves, p. 68. — Banks.

4. CYNOGLOSSUM.

Cal. 5 -cleft. Cor. (short), infundihuliform, its orifice closed
with convex connivent scales. Seeds (or Nuts) depressed,
fixed to the style by their inner margin.

1 . C. officinale, stem leaves lanceolate attenuate at the base ses-
sile downy, stamen shorter than the cor. p. G9. — Waste places,

2. C. sylvatiQum, stem leaves lanceolate broad at the base
shining sessile slightly hairy and scabrous especially beneath,
stamens shorter tha^i the cor. p. 69. — TV as te places.

5. PULMONARIA.

Cal. prismatic, 5-cleft. Cor. infundibuliform, its orifice naked.

1. P. officinalis, leaves scabrous, radical ones ovato-cordate pe-

tiolate, superior ones of the stem sessile ovate, p. 69. — PFbods,

6. SYMPHYTUM.

Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. ventricose, its orifice closed with connivent
subulate scales.

1. S. officinale, stem winged above, leaves ovato-lanceolate at-
tenuate at the base and very decurrent. p. 69,

2. S. tuberosum, stem simple, leaves ovato-oblong attenuate at
the base, upper ones only very slightly decurrent. p. 69. — Mea-
dows.

7. BORAGO.

Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, having at its orifice 5 obtuse emar-
ginate teeth.

1. B. officinalis, lower leaves obovate attenuate at the base, seg-
ments of the cor, ovate acute spreading, p. 70. — Road-sides.

8. ASPERUGO.

CaL 5-cleft, unequal, with alternate smaller teeth. Cor. (short),
infundihuliform, its orifice closed with convex connivent scales.
Seeds (or Nuts) covered with the conduplicate and compressed
caL

1. A. procumbens. p. 70. — Waste places.

9. LYCOPSIS.

Cal. 5-cieft. Cor. infundihuliform, with an incurved tube, its

orifice closed with convex connivent scales.
1. L. arvensis, leaves lanceolate repando-denticulate very hispid,

cal. erect while in flower, p. 70. — Corii-fidds and banks,

10. ECHIUM.

Cor. irregular, its orifice open and naked. Stigma bipartite.
1. E. vulgare, stem herbaceous simple hispid with tubercles,

[>■]

226 DICOTYX.EDONS. CONVOLVULACE.^. CuSCUtct.

leaves linear-lanceolate hispid, flowers in lateral spikes, sta-
mens longer than the cor. p, 70. — Corn-fields and waste places.

Order XXIII. CONVOLVULACE.E. Juss.

Cal. 5-partite, persistent. Cor, monopetaloiis, hypogynous, de-
ciduous, with a regular D-lobed, often plaited limb. Stam,
5, inserted into the base of the cor.y and alternate with its seg-
ments. Ovary simple, 2— 4-celled, rarely nearly 1-celled;
sometimes 2 — 4-parted, surrounded with an hypogynous disk.
Ovules definite, erect. Style usually divided at the top, some-
times almost to the base. Stigmas obtuse or acute. Caps,
1— 4-celled; values with their margins opposite the angles of
the free dissepiment, which bears its seeds at its base; some-
times not opening, or splitting transversely. Embryo curved
and surrounded with mucilaginous albumen. Cotyledons wrin-
kled. Radicle inferior.

Herbs or Shrubs usually climbing and lactescent. Leaves al-
ternate with stipules. Flowers axillary or terminal. Br.

1. CONVOLVULUS. Jacq. Br.
Cal. 5-partite, naked or imbricated with 2 smaller bracteas.
Cor. campanulate, with 5 plaits. Stain, shorter than the limb.
Ovary 2- celled (rarely 3 ?) ; cells 2-seeded. Style undivided.
Stigmas 2, filiform. Cops, valved. Br.

1. C. arvensis, stem climbing, leaves sagittate, their lobes acute,
peduncles mostly l-flowered, bracteas minute remote from the
flower, p. 73. — Fields.

2. C. Sepi2im, stem climbing, leaves sagittate, the lobes trun-
cate, peduncles 4-sided single-flowered, bracteas large heart-
shaped close to the flower, p. 74. — Hedges.

3. C. SoldaneUa, stem prostrate, leaves reniform fleshy, pedun-
cles l-flowered 4-sided, their angles winged, p. 74, — Sandy
sea-shores. " ,

2. CUSCUTA.

Cal. 5-, rarely 4 -cleft. Cor. globoso-urceolate; limb 4 — 5-cleft,
marcescent. Ovary 2 ceWs; ce/Zi 2-seeded. Ca/)5?//e 2 -cel-
led, opening all round transversely. Embryo vspiral.

Leafless Herbs climbing, parasitic.

1. C. e?nv)pd:efl, flowers sessile, cor. 4 — 5-cleft without any scale
at the base of the stam., stigmas simple. p.S6.— -0;2 nettles,
^c, parasitic.

2, C. Epithymum^ flowers sessile, cor. mostly 4 -cleft, with a
small fringed scale at the base of each stam., stigmas simple.

^.86. — On Jurze, <^c., parasitic.

DICOTYLEDONS. GENTlAME/TE. Gctltiana, ^*27

Order XXIV. POLEMONIACEiE. Juss,

Cal. 5 -partite, persistent. Cor, monopetalous, hypogynoiis, re-
gular, 5-lobed. Stam. 5, inserted into the middle of the
tuhe of the cor.^ and alternate with its segments. Style 1.
Stigma simple. Caps, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded;
valves having in their middle the dissepiments, which are op-
posite to the angles of the distinct receptacles. Seeds nume-
rous. Embryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen.

Herls or Shrubs, Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers ter-
minal or axillary. Juss.

1. POLEMOiNIUM.

Cal. urceolate, 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, the tube short, the limb 5-
lobed. Stam. 5 ; filaments broader at the base, inserted upon
the 5 teeth or valves, which close the orifice of the cor. Anth,
incumbent.

1. P. cceruleum^ leaves pinnated, flowers erect, cal. longer than
the tube of the cor. p. 74. — Woods and banks, rare.

Order XXV. GENTIANE.E. Juss,

Ca/.l -leaved, divided, persistent. Cor, 1-petalous, hypogy-
nous, generally regular, withering or deciduous 5 limb equal,
with the same number of divisions as the cal., generally 5,
sometimes 4 — 8, with an imbricated aestivation. Stam, in-
serted into the cor., alternate with its segments to which they
are equal in number; some rarely abortive. Ovary single,
1 — 2-celled, many-seeded. Style 1 or 2. Stigma 1 or 2.
Capsule (sometimes Berry) many-seeded, 1 — 2-celled, gene-
rally 2-valved; valves with their margins bent inwards, in the
unilocular genera bearing the seeds; in the bilocular genera
inserted into the central receptacle. Seeds small. Embryo
straight, in the axis of a soft fleshy albumen. Radicle oppo-
site the hilum.

Herbs, rarely Shrubs, Leaves opposite, without stipules. Floiv^
ers terminal or axillary. Br.

1. GENTIANA.

Cal. A — '5-cleft. Cor. infundibuliform and hypocrateriform-^ 4 — 5-
cleft, with the orifice naked. Stigma 2-lobed. Caps. 1-celled.
Seeds without any margin.

* Mouth of the cor. nakedj not ciliated.
1. G. nivalis, cor. 5-cleft infundibuliform, brapches alternate
1-floweied, cauline leaves lanceolate, p. 86. — Alps,
[f 2]

228 DICOTYLEDONS. APOCINE^, Vhica,

' ** Mouth of the cor. ciliated.

2. G. awarella, cor. 5-clefthypocratenform bearded in the ori-
fice, cal. 5-cleft, segments equal, p. 86. — Pastures,

3. G. campestris, cor. -4 -cleft hypocrateriform bearded in the
orifice, cal. of 4 leaflets two outer ones very large, p. 86. —
Pastures,

2. ERYTIIR.EA.

Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. iufundibuliform, witii the limb short, marces-
cent. Anthers after flowering spiral. Style erect. Stigmas
2, roundish. Capsule I -celled, linear.

1. E. Centaurium, stem nearly simple, leaves ovato-oblong,
flowers sessile (or nearly so) fasciculato-paniculate, cal. half
as long as the tube of the cor. p. 79. — Dry pastures.

2. E. pulchella, stem very much branched, leaves ovato-oblong,
flowers pedicellate in lax panicles, cal. as long as the tube of
the cor. p. 79- — Sea-shores.

3. E. lit tor alls, stem simple or much branched, leaves ovato-
oblong, flowers sessile cajjitato-paniculate, cal. as long as the
tube deeply cleft, p. 80. — Sea- shores.

3. MENYANTHES.

Cal. 5-partite. Cor, iufundibuliform; its limb patent, 5-lobed,

cciual, hairy within. Stam. 5. Style \. S//^^772a capitate.

Caps, 1 -celled, with the axis of the valves seminiferous.
1. M. irifhliata. p. 1\. ^Marshes,

Order XXVI. APOCINEiE. Br.

Cal, 5-partite, persistent. Cor. 1-petalous, hypogynous, regular,
o-lobed, deciduous, with an imbricated aestivation. Stam,
inserted into the cor., and alternate with its segments. Fila-
77ze?//5 distant. Anth. 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. Pol-
len granular, applied immediately to the stigma. Ovaries
2 — 1, 2-celled, in most many-seeded. Styles 2 or 1. Stigma
1 . Fruit a Follicle, Capsule, Drupe, or Berry, double or

. hingle. Embryo leafy, usually with albumen. Plumule incon-
spicuous.

Trees or Shrubs often milky. Leaves opposite, rarely scattered,
often having fringes or glands between their stalks. Br.

1. VINCA.

{Seeds naked, not comate.)
Cal. 5'cleft. Cor. hypocrateriform ', the tube long ; the orifice
prominent, pentagonal; the limb plane, obtusely 5-lobed.
^«//z£?r5 approximate. Style i. S/^^wa capitate, annulated at
the base.

DICOTYLEDONS. ERICE/E. 229

1. V. minor, stems procumbent, leaves oblongo-lanceolate, their
margins as well as the small lanceolate teeth of the cat. gla-
brous, p. 82. — JVoods.

2. V. 77?fl/or, stems suberect, leaves ovato-subcordate, their mar-
gins as well as those of the elongated subulate segments of the
cal. ciliated, p, 83. — IVbods.

Order XXVII. OLEINE.^. Hoffin. and Link.
(Jasminecp, part oJ\ Juss.)

Flowers perfect, or polygamous. Cal. I -leaved, divided, per-
sistent. Cor. hypogynous, nionopetalous, 4-cleft, rarely of 4
petals, the petals being connected in pairs by the filaments,
v/ith a somewhat valvular aestivation; rarely none. Slam. 2,
alternate, with the segments. Anthers 2-locular ; the cells
longitudinally bursting. Ovary simple, without disk, 2-celled.
Cells 2-seeded. Ovules pendulous, collateral. Style 1 or
none. Stigma 2-fid or undivided. Drype or Berry, or Cap-
sule^ by abortion, often } -seeded. Einhryo in the midst of a
ileshy albumen. Cotyledons leafy. Radicle superior.

Trees or Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in racemes or
panicles, terminal or axillary; their stalks opposite, eaeh
with one bractea. Br.

1. FRAXINUS,
Cal 0, 3— 4-cleft. Cor. 0, or of 4 petals. Stam. 2. Caps. 2-

celled, 2-seeded, compressed and foliaceous at the extremity.

Seed soWinry, pendulous {Flowers polygamous).
1. F. excelsior, leaflets lanceolate acuminate serrated, flowers

destitute of perianth, p. 3.— Woods and hedges.

2. LIGUSTRUM,

Cal. minute, 4-toothed. Cnr. with the tube short; the limb 4-
fid, patent. Stain. 2. Berry I -celled, 2 — 4-seeded.

I. L. vulgare, leaves elliptico-lanceolate somewhat acute, pani-
cle compact, p. 3. — Hedges,

Order XXVIII. ERICE.E. Juss.
{Rhododendra, Juss. Rhodoracece, Decand. Mirh.)
Cal. inferior, persistent, 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. monopetalous, peri-
gynous, 4 — 5-cleft, sometimes of 5 petals, usually withering,
with an imbricated <^5/z?;a^io/z. S/fl77Z6?W5 definite, twice as many,
or, rarely, equal in number to the segments of the Jlower, hy-
pogynous, or inserted into the petals. Anthers 2-celled, fre-
. (luently furnished with an appendage at their base, and emit-
ting their pollen through a pore or dejt. Ovary surrounded

230 DICOTYLEDONS. — ERiCE.^2. Audromeda.

by a dishy or secreting glands, many-celled; ovules numerous.
Style \. Stigma ^\m\i\Q or toothed. Cap5z//e many-celled,
many-seeded, sometimes a berry; dissepiments attached to the
edge or middle of the z;a/w5, or distinct from them. Seeds
minute, attached by one extremity to central receptacles, Em-
bryo cylindrical in the axis of a fleshy albumen,

Shrjihs. Leaves entire, without stipules, alternate or whorlcd,

or opposite. Pedicels with 2 or many bracteas. Br, Mirb,

1. ERICA.

Cal, 4-partite. Cor, of 1 petal-, limb 4-fid. Stam.. 8. An-
thers before flowering connected by two lateral pores. Caps.
4 -celled, 4-valved ; dissepiments from the middle of the valves,

1. E. cinerea, anthers with two serrated appendages at the base,
style a little exserted, stigma capitate, leaves ternate. p. 119.
— Heaths,

2. E. Tetralix, anthers with two awns at the base, style as long
as the ovate cor., leaves in fours ciliated, flowers capitate.
p, 119. — Moorish grounds.

2. CALLUNA.

Cal. double, 4-partite, inner one coloured. Caps, witli the dis-
sepiments opposite the margins of the valves, and separating
from them. — The rest as in Erica,

\, C. vulgaris, p. 1 19. — Heaths and inoors,

3. MENZIESiA.

Cfl/. deeply 5 -cleft. Cor. ovate, 4 — 5 -cleft. Stam. S — 10. An-
thers awnless. Caps. 4 — 5 -celled, the partitions formed by
the inflexed margins of the valines.

1. M. ccBrulea, leaves scattered numerous linear toothed, flower-
stalks terminal aggregate simple, flowers 5-cleft decandrous.
p, 126. — Mountains,

4. AZALEA.

Cor, campanulate, 5-cleft, unequal. Stam. 5, inserted upon
the- receptacle.

] . A. procumbens^, stems spreading procumbent, leaves opposite
elliptical glabrous, their margins revolute. p. 73. — Dry heathy
ground,

5. ANDROMEDA.

Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. ovate. Stam, 10. Anth. with two

a This plant has, with much propriety, been separated from the true Aza-
le(P, by M. Desvaux in the Journal de BotaiaqnCy and under the name of
Loiseleiiria the following- character has been attributed to it: " Cal. 5-par-
tite, its scgmeyitft equal. Cor. subcampanulate, 5-fid, unequal. Stam. 5, in-
serted at the base of the cor., straight, included. Anth. opening longitudi-
nally. Style erect, included. Caps. 2-celled, opening at the extremity.
Flowers terminal, cymose, with a broad bractea.''

DICOTYLEDONS. MONOTROPE^. 231

horns. Caps, superior, 4 — 5 -celled, the partitions from the

middle of the valves.
1. A.polifolia, leaves alternate lanceolate, their margins revolute

glaucous beneath, flowers on short racemes terminal, p. 125. —

Feat bogs.

6. ARBUTUS.
Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. ovate, its base pellucid. Stam. 10. Berry

5-celled.

1. A. nlp'ina, stem procumbent, leaves rugose serrated, p. 126.
— Moimtniiis.

2. A. Uua Ursi, stems procumbent, leaves entire (evergreen),
p. 126. — Heathy, rocky places.

Order XXIX. VACCINES. Decand. Thhrie,
ed. 1. 216.

(Ericece, pari of, Juss.)

Cal. adherent, persistent, 4 — 5-cleft. Corolla monopetalous,
pcrigynous, 4 — 5 -cleft, deciduous. Stamens definite, epigy-
nous. Anthers 2-celled, emitting their pollen thiough a pore
or cleft. Oi'ory 5 -celled. Oiniles m?k.\\y. Style \, Stigma
simple or toothed. Berry many-seeded, crowned by the per-
sistent calyx. Seeds minute, attached to central receptacles.
Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of a fleshy albumen.

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, shining, entire, without stipules.
Flowers usually racemose ; sometimes sohtary.

1. VACCINIUM.
Cal. adherent, 4-dentate. Cor. campanulate, 4-fid. Stam. 8.
Anthers with 2 pores. Berry globose, 4-ceIlcd, many-seeded.
* Leaves deciduous.

1. V. Myrtillus, peduncles 1 -flowered, leaves serrate ovate de-
ciduous, stem angular, p. 1 IS. — J'Voods and heathy places.

2. V. uliginosum, peduncles 1 -flowered, leaves obovate entire
veined deciduous, stems rounded, p. 118. — Highlands.

** Leaves persistent, evergreen.
«}. V. Vitis Idcea, racemes terminal drooping, leaves evergreen

obovate dotted beneath, their margins revolute nearly entire.

p. 118. — Heaths, mountains, and woods.
4. V. Oxycoccos, flowerstalks terminal single-flowered, leaves

ovate evergreen glaucous beneath, their margins revolute and

entire, cor. 4-partite revolute, stem filiform, p. 1 19. — Peatbogs.

Order XXX. MONOTROPE.^. N?aL Gen. L 272,
Calyx inferior, 5 -leaved or none. Corolla monopetalous or po-

232 DICOTYLEDONS. CAMPANULACE.^.

lypetalous. Stamens double the number of the segments of
the cor,, hypogynous. Ovary 4 — 5-f;elled, many-seeded.
Style one. Stigma obscurely 4 — 5-lobed. Capsule 4 — 5-
celled, 4 — 5-valved ; valves bearing the dissepiments in the
middle. Seeds very numerous and minute, winged. Embryo
very minute at one end of a fleshy alhumeji.

Herbs often destitute of verdure. Flowers in racemes, nodding.

l.PYROLA.

Cal. minute, 5-cleft. Cor. deeply 5-partite, almost of 5 petals.

Siam. 10. Anthers opening with 2 pores. Caps. 5 -celled.

Seeds numerous, invested with a long arillus.

* Stalk with a single Jlower.

1 . P. unifloray stalks bearing a solitary flower, leaves suborbicular.
p. 127. — Fir woods, rare,

*^" Flowers racemed, secund.

2. P. secunda, flowers all leaning one way, leaves ovate serrated.
p. 127. — Shady woods.

*** Flowers racemed, pointing in various directions.

3. P. rotundifolia, leaves obovato-rotundate slightly cienate, style
bent down much longer than the ascending stam. p. 127. —
Dry woods.

4. P. 7weG?i«, leaves ovato-rotund erenate, stam. erect much shorter
than the straight or slightly decurved style, stigma with 5 erect
points, p. 127. — IVoods.

5. P. minor, leaves ovato-rotundate erenate, stam. erect as long
as the very short straight style, stigma large with five divergent
rays. p. 128. — IVoods,

2. MONOTROPA.
Perianth single, of 4 — 5 leaves, cucullate at the base. Stam.
8—10. Jnth. 1-celled, bilabiate. Caps. 4— 5-celled, 4—5-
valved Seeds numerous, invested with a long arillus.

1 . M. Hypopitys, lateral flowers with eight, terminal one with 10,
stamens, p. 125. — Beech and j^r woods.

Sect. II. Corolla monopetalous or polypetalous^ perigynous
{inserted , into the calyx).

Order XXXI. CAMPANULACE.^. Juss.

Calyx superior, 5-cleft. Corolla regular or irregular, 5-cleft.
Stamens 5, distinct or syngenesious. Style simple. Stigma
1 — 2 — 3-cIeft, naked, or surrounded by a ring of hairs. Disk
epigynous. Capsule 2 — 3 — 5-celled, bursting* either at the

DICOTYI^DO!vS. COMPOSlTiE. 233

summit or by tlie sides. Seeds numerous. Embryo in the axis
or at the end of a fleshy albumen.

Herbs often milky. Leaves simple. Inflorescence various. Mirb.
1. CAMPANULA.

Cal. 5-eleft. Cor. campanulate, S-cleft. Siam. 5, with the fila-
ments broader at the base. Siigvia trilid. Caps. 3 — 5-celled,
opening with lateral pores.

1. C. rolundifolia, glabrous, radical leaves subrotundo-cordate
crenate, cauline ones linear entire, p. 74. — Hilli/ pastures.

2. C. per57c//b/ia, glabrous, radical leaves obovate lengthened into
a petiole, those of the stem linear- lanceolate subserrate sessile
remote, p. 74. — fVoods, rare.

3. C. latif'olia, leaves ovato-lanceolate scabrous toothed, stem
quite simple rounded, flowers solitary peduneled erect, calyx
glabrous, fruit drooping, p. 75. — Sides of rwuleis.

4. C.rapimculoides, leaves cordato-lanceolate scabrous crenate,
stem branched, flowers solitary secund drooping axillary form-'
ing a spike, segments of the cal. patent, p. 75. — Woods

5 .C .Trachelium, stem angular, leaves petiolate cordato-lanceolate
acutely serrated hispid as well as the cal., peduncles few-flowered
axillary, p. 75. — Shady places.

6. C. glomerata, stem angular simple nearly smooth, leaver sca-
brous crenate oblongo-lanceolate, radical leaves petiolatt , cau-
line ones semiamj)lexicaul, flowers sessile mostly in a terminal
cluster, p. 75. — Dry mountainous pastures.

7. C. hederacea, stem lax filiform, leaves all cordate angulato-
dentate glabrous, p. 75. — Moist shady places.

2. JASIONE.

Cal. 5-cleft, Cor. rotate, 5-clefi Sfam. 5. Anthers united at
the base. S/i^^?»a clavate. Caps. 2-celled, opening at the top.
( Floivers aggregate on a common receptacle and surrounded by
an involucre.)

]. J. montana. p. 76. — Dry hilly pastures,

3. LOBELIA.

Cor. irregular, cleft longitudinally on the upper side, two-lipped.
Stam. 5. Anthers united into a tube. Caps. 2 — 3-celled.

1 . L. Dart manna, leaves linear 2-celled entire, scape nearly naked,
flowers racemed. p. 76. — Margins of lakes.

Order XXXII. COMPOSlTiE. Linn.

Calyx adherent with the ovary, the limb entire or toothed, or
mostly expanded into a pappus which crowns the fruit. Cor.

234 DICOTYLEDONS. — COMPOSITE. Lactuca.

regular or irregular, its divisions edged with a nerve. Stamens
5, syngenesious. Ovary one. Style one, sheathed by the tube
of the anthers. Stigma simple or bifid. Fruit an achenium.
^Se^^ erect, without albumen. Embryo sir a.\ght. Radicle oppo-
site the hilum.
Stems (in the British genera) herbaceous. Leaves opposite or
alternate. Flowers capitate, inserted into a broad receptacle
and surrounded by an involucre.

Div. Fi CiCHORACEuE. All theflorets ligiilate and perfect,
l.TRAGOPOGON.

Involucre simple, of many leaves. Receptacle naked. Pappus
feathery, stipitate. Pmccrpi longitudinally striated.

1, Tr. pratensis, involucre about as long as the cor,, leaves un-
divided glabrous acuminated channelled, peduncles cylindrical.
p. 22^,— Pastures,

2, Tr. porrifolius, involucre much longer than the cor., leaves
undivided straight, peduncle thickened upwards, p, 226. —
Meadows f rare,

2. PICRIS.

Cal. double, the inner segments equal, the outer lax. Receptacle
naked. Pappus feathery. Pericarps transversely striated.
{Picris and Helminthia, Decavd.)

1, P. hieracioides, exterior scales of the involucre short lax, leaves
very rough lanceolate toothed, stem scabrous, pappus sessile,
p. 226. — Road' sides,

3. SONCHUS.

Involucre imbricated, swelling at the base. Receptacle naked.
Pappus simple, sessile.

1. S. cceruleus, " peduncles and involucre hispid racemose, leaves
sublyrate, terminal lobe deltoid very large,'* Sm.p.226. — Alps.

2. S. arvensis, peduncles and involucre hispid subumhellate, leaves
runcinate dentato-ciliate cordate at the base. p. 226. — Corn-

Jields, .
S. S. oleraceus, peduncles subtomentose umbellate, involucre
glabrous, leaves runcinate dentato-ciliate amplexicaul at the
base. p. 227 > — H^asle places.

4. LACTUCA.

Involucre imbricated, cylindrical ; its scales with a membranous
margin. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple, stipitate.

1. L. virosa^ leaves oblong toothed horizontal, their keel prickly,
their apex obtuse, p. 227. — Banks , rare.

DICOTYLEDONS. — COMPOSITE. Hieracimn, 235

5. PRENANTHES.

Involucre with scales at the base. Receptacle naked. Pappus
simple, sessile. Florets few.

1. Pr. muralis, florets 5, leaves lyrato-pinnatifid and toothed, the
terminal lobe with about 5 angles, p. 227. — Walls, c^c,

6. LEONTODON.

Involucre imbricated with scales that are frequently lax and flaccid.
Receptacle naked. Pappus simple, stipitate.

1. L. Taraxacum, outer scales of the involucre reflexed, leaves
runcinate glabrous toothed, p. 22/. — Pastures.

2. L. palustre, outer scales of the involucre erect appressed, leaves
sinuato-dentate nearly glabrous, p, 227. — Marshes.

7. APARGIA.
Involucre imbricated, with scales at the base. Receptacle naked,
dotted. Pappus feathery, sessile, unequal.

1. A. hispida, scape single-flowered, leaves dentate scabrous, flo-
rets hairy at their orifice glandular atthetip.p.22S. — Meadows,

2. A. hirta, scape single-flowered, leaves dentate scabrous, invo-
hicre nearly glabrous, outer pericarps with a scaly pappus.
p. 228. — Dry pastures.

3. A. Taraxaci, scape single -flowered thickened upwards, leaves
glabrous runcinato-dentate, involucre very hairy, p. 228. —
Mountaiiis,

4. A. autumnalis, scape branched scaly upwards, leaves lanceolate
toothed or pinnatifid subglabrous, peduncles swelling beneath
the involucre, p. 228. — Pastures,

8. HIERACIUM.

Involucre ovate, imbricated. Receptacle nearly naked, dotted.
Pappus simple, sessile.

* Scape naked (or rarely with one leaf), single-lowered.

1. H. alpinum, scape 1-flowered, leaflets hairy as well as the
oblongo-lanceolate entire leaves, involucre thickly covered all
over with long silky hairs, p. 228. — Rocks or mountains.

2. H. Halleri, scape 1 -flowered with I or rarely 2 leaves hairy
as well as the spathulato-lanceolate toothed leaves, involucre
with rather long silky hairs principally near the margins of the
scales, p. 229. — Mountains.

3. H. Pllosella, scape 1-flowered naked, leaves entire elliptico-
lanceolate hairy downy beneath,scions creeping.p. 229. —Banks,

** Scape naked (or rarely with a single leaf), many -flowered.

4,}i,duh'mm, scape many-flowered naked (or with one small leaf).

236 DICOTYLEDONS. — coMPOsiTiE. Hicraclum.

leaves entire elliptico-Ianceolate with only a few scattered hairs,
scions creeping, p. 229. — Banks P
5. H. mirantiacum, scape nearly naked simple hairy hearing a
corymb of many flowers^ leaves obovato-lanceolate entire rpugh
with longish hairs, p. 229. — JVoods.

*'^* Scape with few (1 — 2) leaves , many-JIoicered.

G. H. Lawsojii, stem more or less branched upwards where it is
the most hairy and the hairs mixed with black glands having
1 — 2 sessile leaves, radical leaves ovato-lanceolate petiolate en-
tire or toothed towards the base hairy especially on the petioles,
involucres with hairs which are black at the base mixed with
black pedunculated glands, p. 230. — Alps.

7. H. murorumf stem branched upwards subcorymbose downy
especially beneath the involucre, where are a few black glands,
having I petiolated leaf, radical leaves ovate or lanceolate en-
tire or dentate at the base hairy, as well as the longish petioles,
involucre downy, p. 230. — IVoods and rocks.

**** Stem with many leaves, many -flowered.

8. H. sylvaticum, stem many-leaved branched upwards and sub-
corymbose slightly hairy and more or less downy beneath the
involucre, leaves ovato-lanceolate or lanceolate toothed with
the sharp teeth pointing upward somewhat hairy, involucre
with very short pubescence, p. 231. — Mountain tucods.

9. H. deniiciilatum, " stem erect many-flowered solid, leaves ses-
sile elliptic-lanceolate finely toothed smoothish glaucous be-
neath, flowerstalks glandular and cottony,'* Sm. p. 231. —
Banks.

10. H.7Wo//e, stem panicled fistulose, leaves lanceolate obsoletely
toothed semiamplexicaul, lower ones petiolate very obtuse.
p, 232.— IFoods,

11. H. paludosiim, glabrous, stem panicled fistulose, leaves ovato-
obldng acute toothed embracing the stem with their heart-
shaped base, scales of the involucre with black hairs or bristles.
p. 232.^Wet places.

12. H. cerinthoides, stem corymbose hairy above, leaves hairy
very slightly toothed, radical ones oblongo-obovate petiolate,
cauline ones oblong semiamplexicaul, involucre hairv. p. 232.
-^Rocks.

13. H. amplexicaule, glanduloso- pilose, stem corymbose, Iea\es
toothed, radical ones oblongo-ovate petiolate, cauline ones cor-
date at the base amplexicaul. p. 232. — Walls and rocks.

14. H. prcenanthoideSy " stem erect many-flowered, leaves am-
plexicaul somewhat toothed rough at the margin, lower ones
oblong, peduncles downy," Sm. p. 232. — Banks,

DICOTYLEDONS. C.OMP0SiTiE<. CichoriUJU. 237

15. H. sabaudiim, "stem erect many-flowered, leaves ovato-lan-
ceolate dentato-serxate half embracing the stem hairy beneath,
the lower oneselliptico-lanceolate,"5w. p. 233. — Rocky places,

16. H. umhellatum^ stem erect simple very leafy, leaves linear-
lanceolate subglabrous slightly toothed, flowers subumbellate,
peduncles downy, involucres glabrous, p. 233. — Stony places,

9. CREPIS.

Involucre surrounded with deciduous scales and at length swelling
into protuberances. Receptacle roughish. Pappus sessile.

1. C. pulchra,^^ leaves pubescent toothed those on the stem sub-
sagittate, stem panicled corymbose, involucre pyramidal gla-
brous," Sm. p. 233. — Rocks.

2. C. tectorum, leaves glabrous runcinate, the upper ones linear-
sagittate amplexicaul, stem glabrous, panicle subcorymbose,
involucre pubescent, p. 233. — Pastures,

10. HYPOCHiERIS.
Involucre oblong, imbricated. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus feathery,
stipitate or sessile.

1. H. maculata, stem almost leafless solitary, leaves ovato-oblong
undivided toothed (spotted above), p. 234. — Woods,

2. H. glabra, nearly glabrous, involucre oblong imbricated, stem
branched somewhat leafy, radical leaves dentato-sinuate. p. 234 .
— Dry pastures.

3. H. radicata, stem branched leafless glabrous, pedurrcles with
small scales, leaves runcinate obtuse scabrous. p.23 4 — Pastures.

ll.LAPSANA.

Involucre with scales at the base. Receptacle naked (its inner
leaves equal, channelled, Sm.). Pericarps destitute of pappus

(deciduous).

1. L. communis^ involucre of the fruit angular, stem panicled,
peduncles slender, leaves ovate petiolate angulato-dentate.
p. 234. — IVaste places,

2. L, minima, scape branched very thick and fistulose upwards,
leaves obovato-oblong toothed, p. 234. — Corn-Jields .

12. CrCHORIUM.

Involucre surrounded with scales or smaller leaflets. Receptacle
naked or slightly hairy. Pappus sessile, scaly, ohorter than the
pericarp.

1. C. Intylus^ flowers .schsiic uxillarv in paiiS; leaves lunciuatc.
p.2'3i.—lFaslv placci. ' .

238 DICOTYLEDONS. COMPOSIT.^. CiilCUS.

Div. II. CiNARocEPHAL^. CoTollas all tulular and Spreading.
13. ARCTIUM.

Involucre globose, each of its scales with an incurved hook at the
extremity. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus simple.

1. A. Lappa, leaves cordate petiolate. p. 235. — Waste places,

14. SERRATULA. -

Involucre cylindrical, imbricated with scales that are not spinous.
Receptacle chaffy , Pappus roughhh or feathery, rigid, persistent.

l.S./iwc/o?7rt% leaves sharply serrated glabrous pinnatifid the ter-
minal lobe the largest, flowers in a small clustered umbel,
p. 23D.^Woods,

2. S. alpina, leaves ovato-lanceolate attenuated at the base un-
divided toothed cottony beneath, involucre hairy, flowers in a
clustered umbel, p. 235. -^Alpine rocks,

15. CARDUUS.

Involucre swelling, imbricated with spinous scales. Receptacle
hairy. Pappus deciduous, roughish.

* Leaves decurrent.

1. C. nutans^ leaves decurrent spinous, flowers drooping, scales
of the involucre lanceolate cottony, outer ones spreading.
p, 23b. —Waste places,

2. C. acanthoides, leaves decurrent sinuated spinous, involucre
globose nearly sessile, its scales linear slightly recurved, p. 236.
— Way -sides,

3. C. temiiflorus, leaves decurrent sinuated spinous somewhat
cottony beneath, involucres nearly cylindrical clustered sessile,
their scales lanceolate erect, p. 236. — Waste places,

** Leaves sessile.

4. C. marianus, leaves amplexicaul waved spinous, the radical
ones pinnatifid, scales of the involucre subfoliaceous recurved
spinous at the margin, p. 236. — Waste places,

16. CNICUS.

Involucre swelling, imbricated with spinous scales. Receptacle
hairy. Pappus deciduous, feathery.

* Leaves decurrent.

1. Cn. lanceolatus, leaves decurrent hispid pinnatifid, their seg-
ments generally 2-lobed spreading spinous, involucres ovate

* This species is observed, by Mr. Brown in his paper on Compositce, pub-
lished in the Linn. Tram., to be polygamous. One sex is figured in the Eng^
lish Botany, another in FL Danica.

DICOTYLEDONS. — COMPOSITE. Centaurea. 231)

tomentose, their scales lanceolate spreading, p. 236. — Way-
sides,

2. Cn. palustrisy leaves decurrent scabrous pinnatifid spinous,
involucres ovate clustered, their scales ovato-lanceolate mucro-
nate appressed. p. 236. — Meadows^

*■* Leaves sessile.

3. Cn. arvensiSf leaves sessile pinnatifid spinous, stem panicled,
involucre ovate, scales appressed mucronated. p. 237. — Fields,

4. Cn. eriopliorn.s, leaves sessile pinnatifid every other segment
pointing upwards spinous scabrous, involucres sphaerical woolly,
p. 237. — Road-sides,

5. Cn. heterophyllus, leaves amplexicaul lanceolate ciliato-den-
tate undivided or laciniated white and downy beneath, flowers
mostly solitary, p. 237. — Marshy places in the mountains,

6. Cn. pratensis^ leaves sessile lanceolate waved at the edge and
unequally spinous pubescent cottony beneath, flowers mostly
solitary, p. 237. — Pastures,

7. Cn. acaulis, stemless, involucre glabrous, p. 237. — Dry pas-
tures,

17. ONOPORDUM.

Involucre swelling, its scales spreading and spinous. Receptacle

cellular. Pappus deciduous, rough.
1. O. jlcanihmm, scales of the involucre spreading subulate,

leaves ovato-oblong sinuated and spinous decurrent woolly on

both sides, p. 238. — PVaste places.
18. CARLINA.

Involucre swelling, the ext. scales with numerous spines ; the inner
ones coloured, scariose. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus feathery-

I.e. vulgaris, stem many-flowered corymbose pubescent, leaves
lanceolate unequally spinous and sinuated downv beneath,
p. 238.— Dry hills,

19.CENTAUREA.

Involucre scaly. Receptacle bristly. Corollas of the ray sterile,
infundibuliform, irregular, longer than those of the disk. P«p-
pz^5 simple.

1. C. Ja^ea, scales of the involucre scariose torn, the lower ones
pinnatifid, leaves linear lanceolate, the lower ones broader and
toothed, p. 248. — Woods and pastures, rare.

2. C. nigra, scales of the involucre ovate ciliated with capillary
teeth, lower leaves angulato-lyrate, upper ones ovate, p. 248.
— Pastures.

3. C. Cyawtt5, scales of the involucre serrated, leaves linear entire
the lowermost toothed, p. 249. — Cornfields,

4. C. ScaMosa, scales of the involucre ciliated ovate pubescent.

240 DICOTYLEDONS.— coMPOSiT.^i:. Artemisia,

leaves pinnatifid roii^hishjthe segments lanceolate acute, p. 249.
— Pastures mid jlelds,

Div. III. Corymbiferj:. Florets all tuhular, erect and paral-
lel, or ivilfi those of the circimiference llgulate.

I. DiscoiDEi. Florets tubular, erect, crowded, parallel, nearly

plane at the top.

20. BIDENS.
Involucre of many leaves, with many foliaceous hracteas at the

base. Receptacle plane, chaffy. Cor. sometimes radiant. Pe-

ricarps crowned with from 2 — 5 persistent awns, which are

rough with minute deflexed bristles.

1 . B. cervua, flowers drooping, bracteas lanceolate entire (longer
than the involucre), leaves hinceolate serrated undivided, bris-
tles of the pericarp about 4 erect, p. 238. — Sides of ditches.

2. B. tripartita, leaves tripartita, leaflets lanceolate deeply ser-
rated^ bristles of the pericarp 2 — 3, p. 238. — Marshes,

21. EUPATORIUM.

/wt;o/z/cre imbricated^ oblong. Florets few. Receptacle naked.
Pappus rough.

1. E. cannabinum, leaves opposite subpetiolate tri-quinque-par-
tite, their segments lanceolate deeply serrated, p. 238. — Ri-
ver-banks,

22. TANACETUM.

Involucre hemisphserical, imbricated. Receptacle naked. Flo-
rets of the ray trifid, obsolete^ sometimes wanting. Pericarps
crowned with a membranous margin or pappus.

1. T. vvlgare, leaves bipinnatifid inciso-serrate. p. 239. — Bor-
ders ofjields,

23. ARTEMISIA.

Involucr'e ovate or rounded, imbricated. Receptacle naked (or
.downy, Sm.). Florets of the ray subulate. Pericarps crowned
with a membranaceous pappus,

1. A. maritima, " leaves downy pinnated, the uppermost undi-
vided, racemes drooping, receptacle naked, flowers oblong ses-
sile/' ^Sr77. p. 239. — Sea-shore.

2. A. gallica, " leaves downy pinnated, radical ones capillary,
upper ones undivided, racemes erect, receptacle naked, flowers
oblong, "S7n. p. 239. — Sea-shore.

3. A. Absinthium, leaves bi-tripinnatifid clothed with short silky
down, segments lanceolate, flowers hemisphaerical drooping,
receptacle hairy, p. 239. — fVay-sides.

4. A. vulgaris, leaves pinnatifid, their* segments cut downy be-
neath, flowers somewhat racemed ovate, receptacle naked.
p. 240. — PFaste places.

DICOTYLEDONS. COMPOSIT^^i. Erigci'on. 241

24. GNAPHALIUxM.

Involucre imbricated^ with (often) coloured membranous scales.
Receptacle naked. Florets of the ray subulate; some of the
disk occasionally abortive. Pappus rough.

* Flowers dicecions.

1. Gn. dioicum, shoots procumbent, stems simple, corymbs
crowded, radical leaves spathulate, flowers dioecious, inner
scales of the involucre elongated obtuse coloured, p. 240. —
Mountain heaths.

* * Flowers perfect.

2. Gn. sylvaticum, stem simple nearly erect downy, flowers ax-
illary forming a distant leafy spike, leaves linear lanceolate
downy, p. 240. — Dry suhalfdne pastures,

3. Gn. supiniim, stem decumbent branching only from the base,
flowering stems erect, flowers solitary or racemed, leaves linear
downy on both sides, p, 240. — Alps.

4. Gn. uliginosum, stem very much branched diifuse woolly,
leaves linear lanceolate downy, flowers in terminal crowded
clusters which are shorter than the leaves, p. 240. — Wet
places.

5. Gn.gallicum, stem erect dichotomous, leaves linear acuminate
• downy, flowers crowded axillary and terminal, clusters much

shorter than the leaves, p. 240. — Dry banks.

6. Gn. minimum, stem erect branched, branches spreading,
leaves lanceolate acute cottony, flowers conical clustered late-
ral and terminal, clusters longer than the leaves, p. 241.— •
Sandy hills.

7. Gn. germajiicum, stem erect proliferous at the summit, leaves
lanceolate downy acute, flowers capitate in the axils of the
branches and terminal, p. 241. — Sandy ground.

25. CONYZA.
Involucre roundish, imbricated. Receptacle naked. Florets of
the ray 3-cleft. Pappus rough.

I. C. squarrosa, leaves pubescent ovato-lanceolate serrated, the
upper ones entire, stem herbaceous corymbose, scales of the
involucre recurved leafy, p. 242. — Dry soils, rare.

II. Radiati. Flowers rayed, or with the florets of tjie cir^
cumference ligulate.

26. ERIGERON.
J//i;o/wcre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Florets of the ray

numerpus, very narrow (mostly of a different colour from the

disk). Pappus simple.
1. E. acre, peduncles alternate (scarcely racemose) single-flower-

w ■

242 picoTYLEDONs. — coMPOsiTiE. Aster,

ed, pappus as long as the florets of the ray, leaves lanceolate
obtuse, p, 242. — Mountain pastures,
2. E. alpinum, stems with usually only one flower, pappus much
shorter than the florets of the ray, leaves lanceolate, p. 242.
— Alpine rocks,

27. TUSSILAGO.

Involucre simple, equal, submembranaceous, swelling. Receptacle
naked. Pappus simple.

* Flowers rayed. Scape single-jiowered.

1. T. Farfara, scape single-flowered imbricated with scales,
leaves cordate angular toothed downy beneath, p, 242. —
Clayey fields,

** Flowers all tubular. Scapes many -/lowered.

2. T. Petasites, thyrsus ovato-oblong, leaves cordate unequally
toothed with the lobes approximate downy beneath, p. 243, —
Riversides,

28. SENECIO.

Invohicre subcylindrical, equal, scaly below ; the scales withered
at the tip. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple.
* Florets all tubular.

1. S.vulgaj'is J leaven semiamplexicaul pinnatifid toothed, flowers
in clustered corymbs destitute of a ray. p. 243, — IVaste ground.

** Flowers rayed, with the ray rolled hack.

2. S. viscosus, ray revolute, leaves pinnatifid and viscid, scales of
the involucre lax hairy, p. 243. — Hedge banks,

3. S. lividus, ^^ ray revolute, leaves amplexicaul lanceolate pin-
natifid and toothed, ovate scales of the involucre very short acute
not discoloured, "Sm. p. 243. — Hilly places, rare,

4. S. sylvaticus, ray revolute, leaves sessile pinnatifid lobed and
toothed, scales of the involucre very short glabrous, stem erect
straight corymbose, p. 244. — Dry soils,

*** Flowers rayed, with the ray patent. Leaves pinnatifid.

5. S . J<2C0^<sa, ray spreading, leaves lyrate bipinnatifid divaricated
toothed glabrous, stem erect, pericarps hairy, p. 244. — Way^
sides,

6. S. aquaticus, ray spreading, leaves lyrate serrated glabrous,
the lowermost obovate and undivided, involucre hemisphserical,
pericarps glabrous, p, 244, — fp^et marshes,

**** Flowers rayed. Leaves undivided.

7. S. saracenicus, ray spreading, leaves lanceolate sharply ser-
iated nearly glabrous, corymbs of rather few flowers, p, 244.
— Moist pastures.

29. ASTER.
Involucre imbricated, its lowermost scales spreading (except in

DICOTYLEDONS. — coMPOSiTyiE. Chrysantliem, 243

A, tr'ipolium). Receptacle naked. Florets of the ray more
than 10. Pappus simple.
1 . A. Tripolium, stem glabrous corymbose^ leaves linear-lanceo-
late fleshy obscurely 3-nervecl, scales of the involucre lanceo-
late membranous obtuse imbricated, p. 244. — Salt marshes.
30. SOLIDAGO.
Involucre imbricated, its scales connivent. Receptacle naked*
Florets of the ray (of the same colour as the disk) about 5-
Pappus rough.
I . S. Virgaurea, cauline leaves lanceolate, the lower ones ellipti-
cal, racemes panicled erect crowded, p. 245. — Mountain pas-
tures,

31. INULA.
Involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Florets of the ray
very numerous, linear. Anthers with 2 bristles at the base.
Pappus sometimes simply composed of hairs, sometimes dou-
ble ; the ext. membranous.

1. I. Helenium, leaves amplexicaul somewhat toothed ovate rug-
ged downy beneath, scales of the involucre downy, p. 245. —
Waste places about buildings.

2. I. dy sent erica, leaves oblongo-cordate amplexicaul rugged
downy, stem woolly panicled, scales of the involucre setaceous,
p. 245. — Moist places.

3. I. crithmoides, leaves linear fleshy generally 3-pointed. p. 245.
— Sea-shore.

32. DORONICUM.

Scales of the involucre in 2 equal rows, longer than the disk.
Receptacle naked. Pericarps of the disk crowned with a sim-
ple pappus, those of the ray without a pappus,

1. D. Pardalianches, leaves cordate repando-dentate, radical
ones petiolate, cauline ones amplexicaul. p. 245. — Fields a?id
hedges.

33. BELLIS.

Involucre hemisphaerical, its scales equal. Receptacle naked,
conical. Pappus none.

1. B. perennis,scdpe naked single-flowered, leaves obovate cre-
nate. p. 246. — Pastures,

34. CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Involucre hemisphaerical, imbricated with scales whose borders
are membranous. Receptacle naked. Pappus none.

1. Ch. Leucanthemum, leaves amplexicaul oblong obtuse cut
pinnatifid at the base, radical ones obovate petiolate, stem
erect branched, p. 24G. — Dry pastures,

2. Ch. segetum, leaves amplexicaul glaucous incise -serrate above
toothed at the base. p. 246. — Corn-fields,

[«2]

244 DicoTVLEDONS. — COMPOSIT.5:. Achillea,

35. PYRETHRUM.

Involucre hemisphaerical, imbricated with scales whose Inrders
are membranous. Receptacle naked. Pericarps crowned wh\i
a membranous margin.

1. P- Parihenium, leaves petiolate flat bipinnate, the segments
ovate cut, peduncles branched corymbose, stem erect, involu-
cre hemisphaerical pubescent, p. 24f). — Waste places,

2. P. inodorum, leaves sessile bipinnatifid with the segments ca-
pillary, stem branched spreading, pappus entire, p, 246. —
fFay-sides,

3. P. inaritimum, leaves bipinnatifid, the segments linear fleshy
awnless, stem diffuse branched, pappus lobed. p. 246. — Sea-
coast,

36. MATRICARIA.

Involucre hemisphaerical or almost plane, imbricated with scales

whose borders are membranous. Receptacle naked, almost

cylindrical. Pappus none.
1. M, Chamomilla, leaves glabrous bipinnatifid the segments

capillary, involucre nearly plane its scales obtuse, p. 246. —

Waste grounds,

37. ANTHEMIS.

Involucre hemisphaerical ; its scales nearly equal, their margins
scariose. Receptacle convex, chaffy. Pericarps crowned with
a membranous border or pappus,

1. A. nobilis, leaves bipinnate, the segments linear subulate a
little downy, scales of the receptacle membranous scarcely
longer than the disk. p. 247. — PVaste places,

2. A. arvensis, leaves bipinnatifid, their segments linear lanceo-
late pubescent, receptacle conical, its scales lanceolate, pericarps
crowned with an entire pappus, p. 247. — Corn-Jields.

3. A. Cotula, leaves bipinnatifid glabrous, their segments subu-
late, receptacle conical, its scales setaceous, p. 247. — Waste
places,

4. A. tinctoria, leaves bipinnatifid serrated downy beneath, stem
erect branched subcorymbose. p. 247. — Road-sides,

38. ACHILLEA.

Involucre ovate, imbricated, unequal. Receptacle plane, chaffy.
Florets of the ray 5 — 10, roundish-obcordate. Pericarps
naked.

* Flowers white, or rarely reddish.

1. A. Ptarmica, leaves linear lanceolate acuminate sharply ser-
rated, p. 248. — Pastures.

2. A. Millefolium, leaves bipinnate slightly hairy, their segments
linear toothed acute, stems furrowed, p. 2iS, -^fVay -sides.

I

DICOTYLEDONS. VALERIANEiE. 245

*■* Flowers ijellow.
3. A. tomentosa^ leaves bipinnatifid woolly, the sogjncnts crowd-
ed linear acute, corymbs repeatedly compound, p, 24S.— Hilly
pastures.

Order XXXIII. DIPSACE.E. Jms.

Cat, adherent with the ovary ^ naked or calyculated. Cor. regu-
lar or irregular, 4 — 5-cleft. Anthers ir^e. Ovary \. Style
simple. Stigma simple or trifid. Pericarp indehisccnt, 1-
celled, 1 -seeded. Seed pendulous. Embryo straight, sur-
rounded by a thin albumen.

Stems herbaceous. Leaves usually opposite, sometimes whorled.
Flowers generally capitate. Receptacle paleaceous. Mvrb,

1. DIPSACUS.
Involucre many-leaved. Cat, double ; ext. very minute ; hit,
cup-shaped, entire. Cor. 4-lobed. Stam, 4. Receptacle
chaffy, spinous. Pericarp angular, crowned with the double cat,

1. D. Fnllomim, leaves subconnate, scales of the receptacle
hooked at the extremity, involucres spreading (reflexed, Sm.),
p, 49, — JVaste places, rare.

2. D. sylvestris, leaves opposite rarely connate, scales of the re-
ceptacle straight, involucres curved upward, p. 49. — Waste
places.

3. D.pilosuSy leaves petiolate with a small leaflet at the base on
each side, involucres short deflexed. p. 49. — Hedges.

2. SCABIOSA.
Involucre many-leaved, Cal. double, variously cut. Cor. 4 — 5-
lobed. Stam,4'D, Receptacle chaffy or naked. Pericarp
crowned with the enlarged double cal., of which the ext, is
membranaceous ; the ijit. feathery or bristly.

1. S. succisa, corollas 4 -cleft, their segments equal, cauline leaves
subdentate, head of flowers nearly globose, p. 49. — Pastures,

2. S. arvensis, corollas 4-cleft radiating, stem hispid branched,
stem-leaves pinnatifid (often) cut. p. 50. — Corn-fields,

3. S. columbaria, corollas 5 -cleft radiating, stem hairy, radical
leaves oblongo-ovate and crenate or lyrate, those of the stem
pinnatifid with linear segments, p. 50. — Dry pastures.

Order XXXIV. VALERIANE.E. Decaml.

Cal adherent with the ovary, sometimes pappose and rolled in-
wards, sometimes toothed and ciccc. Cor. tubular, 5-lobed,

246 -DICOTYLEDONS. RUBIACEiE.

generally irregular. Stam.X — 5. ^«f//,. distinct. Style I.

Stigma 1 — 3. Pericarp indehiscent, 1 — 3 -celled, 1 — 3-seed-

ed. Seeds pendulous. Embryo straight, without albumen.
Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in coryjnbs or panicles. De-

cand,

1. VALERIANA.
CaL with its limb involute, at length unfolding into a feathery

pappus. Cor. 5 -cleft, gibbous or spurred on one side at the

base. Stam.X — 3; sometimes 2 abortive. Pmcarp crowned

with the feathery pappus. Seed 1 .

* Cor. spurred. Stam.l. (Centranthus.)

1, V. rubra, leaves ovato-lanceolate. p. 14. — Walls.

•** Cor. gibbous at the base. Stam. 3. (Valeriana, Decand.)

2. V. officinalis, leaves all pinnated, leaflets lanceolate nearly
uniform serrated, p. 15. — Marshy places.

3. V. pyrenaica, leaves dentato-serrate heart-shaped petiolate,
upper ones with one or two pair of small lanceolate leaflets.
p. 15. — Woods, rare.

4, V. dioica, flowers dioecious, radical leaves spathulato-ovate
undivided, stem leaves pinnatifid. p. 15. — Marshes.

2. FEDIA.
CaL toothed. Cor. 5 -cleft, gibbous on one side at the base.
Stam. 2. Pericarp 3 -celled, 2 of the cells generally abortive.

1 . F. olitoria, fruit tridentate ovato-rotundate inflated glabrous,
flowers capitate, p. 15. — Corn-Jields.

2. F. dentata, fruit subtridentate obpyriform glabrous, flowers
corymbose with a single flower between the upper divisions of
the stem. p. 15. — Banks and fields.

Order XXXV. RUBIACEiE.

(Sfxt. I. of Rubiacece. Juss.)

CaL adherent with the ovary, entire or toothed at the margin.
Cor. regular, 4 — 5-lobed. Stam. 4 — 5 between the divisions
of the cor. Ovary \. S/?//e 2- partite or bifid. Stigma do\i-
ble. Disk epigynous, composed of 2 semicircular glands, Pe-
ricarp dicoccous, 2-seeded ; the cocci indehiscent and sepa-
rating from a central receptacle. Seeds peltate. Embryo bu-
ried in the axis of a corneous albumen. Radicle inferior.

Herbs with whorled entire leaves. Flowers axillary and termi-
nal. Mirb,

DICOTYLEDONS. — RUBiACE.oi:. Galium, 247

1. SHERARDIA.

Oor. infundibuliform, 4 -fid. Fruit crowned with the segments
of the cat.

1, S. arvensis, leaves about 6 in a whorl, flowers terminal ses-
sile umbellate, p. 5l.'-Corn-Jields.

2. ASPERULA.

Cor, infundibuliform, 3 — 4-fid. Fruit not crowned with the seg-
ments of the cal.

1 . A. odorata, leaves about 8 in a whorl lanceolate, flowers pa-
niculate on longish stalks, p. 50. — Woods,

3. GALIUM.
Cor, rotate, 4-cleft. Fruit a dry Nut, crowned with the segments
of the cal.

* Fruit glabrous. Flowers yellow.

1. G. verum, leaves about 8 in a whorl linear grooved, flowers
in dense panicles, p. 50. — Banks.

2. G. cruciatum, leaves 4 in a whorl ovate hairy, flowers poly-
gamous clustered lateral, peduncles 2-leaved. p. 51.—:' Hedges,

** Fruit glabrous. - Flowers white.

3. G. palusirCf leaves 4 — 6 in a whorl oblongo-lanceolate ob-
tuse unequal in size, stem lax spreading branched, branches
patent, p. 51. — Sides of lakes, &c.

4. G. Witheringii, ^* leaves about 5 in a whorl reflexed (hori-
zontal in fig. in E. B.) lanceolate aristate ciliated, stem nearly
erect simple scabrous.'* p. 5 1. — Woods and hills,

5. G,uliginosu7n, leaves 6 in a whorl lanceolate mucronate, the
margins rough with reflexed prickles, p. 51. — Ditch hanks.

6. G. saxatile, leaves 6 in a whorl obovate mucronate, stem very
much branched procumbent glabrous, p. 51. — Hills and
heaths.

7. G. erecium, leaves about 8 in a whorl lanceolate mucronate,
their margins rough with prickles pointing forwards, panicle
much branched trichotomous, stem glabrous flaccid, p. 52. —
Banks.

S. G. diffusiim, " leaves about 8 in a whorl linear aristate gla-
brous, their margins obsoletely serrated" (rough with prickles
pointing forwards) '^ panicle corymbose, stems diffiise very
much branched." p. 52. — Banks P

9. G. verrucosum, leaves 6 in a whorl lanceolate, their margins
rough with prickles pointing forwards, peduncles axillary 3-
flowered, fruit warted drooping, p. 52. — Corn-fields,

10. G. spurium, leaves 6 — 8 in a whorl, their margins as well as
the stem rough with reflexed prickles, peduncles axillary many-
flowered, fruit smooth spreading, p. 52, — Corn-fields, ■

248 DICOTYLEDONS. — CAPRiFOLiACE.ii. Loiiicera.

11. G. pusillum, " leaves about 8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate
mucronate entire subpubescent, peduncles dichotomous, fruit
very smooth.'' p. 52. — Hillij pastures.

12. G. Mollugo, leaves about S in a whorl elliptical mucronate
rough at the margin, flowers panided spreading, p. 53. —
Hedges.

** Fi'uit hinpid.

13. G. borcale, kaves 4 in a whorl lanceolate 3-nerved glabrous,
stems erect, fruit muricated. p. 53. — Banks and rocks.

14. G. Aparine, leaves 6 — 8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate hispid,
their margins, keel, and the stem rough with reflexed prickles,
stem weak, fruit hispid, p. 53. — Hedges.

Order XXXVI. CAPIlIFOLIACE.E^ Juss.

Cal. adherent with the ovary, generally with IractccB at its
base. Cor. various ; its tube either long and slender, or very
short, sometimes polypetalous. Stam. A — 5, between the 5^^'-
ments. Ovary 1. Style simple or none. Stigmas 1 — 3.
Berry, Capsule, or Drupe, with one or more cells. Seeds
pendulous. Embryo in the base or axis of a fleshy albumen.
Radicle superior.

Herbs, Shrubs, or Trees. Injiorescence various. Leaves almost
always opposite. Mirh.

* Cal. bracteaied. Stijle simple. Cor. monopetalous.
1. LINN.^A.
Cal. 5 -cleft, surrounded at the base with a persistent involucre of
2 leaves. Cor. campanulate, 5 -cleft, equal. Stum. 4, 2 shorter.
Berry dry, 3 -celled, only 1 bearing a single perfect seed,

1. L. borealis, p. 190. — Fir woods.

2. LONICERA.

Cal. 5 -toothed. Cor. tubular, campanulate or infundibuliform,
5 -cleft, irregular. Stam. 5. Berry 1-, 2-, 3 -celled; cells ma-
ny-seeded.

1. L. Caprifblium, flowers ringent vvhorled terminal sessile, up-
per leaves connato-perfoliate. p. 80. — Woods, rare.

2. L. Periclymenum, flowers ringent capitate terminal, leaves all
distinct, p. 80. — Woods and hedges,

• This is perhaps the most unnatural of all Jussieu's orders ; and it will
certainly be eventually much altered. Mr. Brown has already proposed
Lonicerece, containing Lonicera, Liimcea, &c., as a separate order ; an ar-
rangement which would gladly have been adopted here, had any characters
teen published.

DICOTYLEDONS. — LORANTHEiE. 249

** Cal. bracteated. Style none. Stigmas 3. Cor. monopetalous.

3. VIBURNUM.

Ca/. small, 5-fid. Cor. of 1 petal 5 -lobed. Stam,h, JBerry I -seeded.

1. V. Lantana, leaves elliptico-cordate serrate veiny downy be-
neath, p. 96. — Woods.

2. V. Opulus, leaves glabrous 3-lobed acunniuate and serrate,
petioles with glands, p. 96. — Woods,

4. SAMBUCUS.

Cal. very small, 5-fid. Cor, rotate, 5-lobed. Slam, 5, Berry
1-celled, 3-seeded.

1. S. Ebulus, cymes with 3 principal branches, leaflets lanceolate,
stipules foliaceous, stem herbaceous, p. 96. — Tf^ay -sides.

2, S. 7iigra, cymes with 5 principal branches, leaflets ovate, stem
arboreous, p. 96. — Woods and hedges,

*■** Cal. without bractece. Style 1 . Cor. polijpetalous.

5. HEDERA.

Cal. 5 -toothed. Petals 5. Stam. 5 alternate with the petals.
Bemj 5-seeded, crowned with the segments of the caL

1, H. Helix, leaves 5-lobed the lobes angular, floral leaves ovate,
the umbel erect, p, 82. — Trunks of trees and rocks.

6. CORNUS.

CaL 4 -toothed. Pel. 4. Slam. 4 alternate with the petals.
Drupe not crowned ; its nut with 2 cells ; cells 2-seeded.

1, C. sansruinea, arborescent, branches straight, leaves opposite
ovate green on both sides, cymes destitute of involucre, p. 55.
-^ Woods.

2. C. suecica, herbaceous, leaves all opposite ovate glabrous,
flowers few umbellate surrounded by a 4-leaved involucre and
springing from the axil of the forked extremity of the stem.
p, 55. — Mountains,

Order XXXVII. LORANTHE.E. Jms.

{ViscoidecB. Rich.)

Cal. I -leaved, adherent with the ovary, usually with another little
calyx at its base; or with two bracteae which supply its place.
Cor. 0, or polypetalous. Stam. attached to the base of the
lobes or parts of the cor.; generally equal to them in number ;
rarely twice as many. Ovary surmounted by 1 style and stigma.
Fruit fleshy or dry with one seed attached to the top of its cell.
Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of a fleshy albumen, beyond
which llic superior radicle is cxserted, .

250 DICOTYLEDONS. — UMBELLiFER^. Hydrocotyle,

Shruhs generally parasitical on trees. Leaves opposite or some-
times alternate, without stipules. Flowers terminal or axillary,
solitary or in bunches. Juss.

l.VISCUM.

Moncecmis or dioecious. Cal, with the margin entire or a little
prominent. Petals 4, short, united at the base. Barren fi,
Anth. 4, sessile, adnate with the petals. Fertile fl. Ovary
crowned with the margin of the cal. Stigma 1 . Berry {Drupe)
globose, 1 -seeded.

1 . V. alhum, leaves lanceolate obtuse, stems dichotomous, heads
of flowers axillary, p. 288. — On trees, rare.

Order XXXVIII. UMBELLIFER^. Juss,

Cal. adherent with the ovaries, 5-toothed ; teeth generally decidu-
ous, sometimes persistent. Cor. of 5 petals, bifid, usually ob-
cordate, with an elongation beyond the sinus of the lobes, often
radiating. Stam, 5, alternate with the petals, inserted into a
thick epigynous disk, sometimes abortive. Styles 2. Stigmas
capitate. Caryopsides 2% attached to a central stalked recepta-
cle, separating when ripe. See^solitary, pendulous. Embryo
minute, in the base of a corneous albumen.

Herbs. Leaves alternate, generally compound and embracing
the stem with their stalk. Flowers in umbels.

A. Umbels ivith a partial and universal involucre.

l.ERYNGIUM.

Flowers sessile, capitate. Receptacle conical, chaffy. Fruit

bristly.
1 . E. maritimum, radical leaves rounded plaited spinous, scales
of the receptacle 3-cleft. p. 87. — Sea-coast.

2. HYDROCOTYLE.
Flowers in a simple umbel or capitate. Cal. 0. Petals ovate.

* Each fruit has five prominent ribs {costcs), with as many sunken inter-
vals (^valleculcB) between them. Under the coat of the fruit appear bands
(vittcB) which are ducts or reservoirs traversing the intervals longitudinally,
and filled with the resinous or oily juices from which the aromatic smell of
the fruit is derived. Where the fruit adheres to the receptacle is the com-
missure (commissura or rapha), which is flat or excavated, occasioned by the
cohesion and mutual pressure of the two caryopsides, and generally traversed
by bands. Upon modifications of these parts the generic characters of Hoff-
mann and Sprengel are founded, which have recently been applied to all the
genera in a masterly manner by the latter author in the 6th vol. of Romer
and Schultes Species Plantarum.

I

DICOTYLEDONS.— UMBELLIFERiE. Seltmim. 25 i

acute, equal. Fruit without teeth (or calycine segments), sub-
orbiculai-j laterally compressed, striated.
1. H. vulgaris, leaves peltate orbicular crenate, umbels of 5 — 8
fiowevs. p, S7. —Boggi/ places.

3. SANICULA.

Umhellules clustered, subcapitate, central^^OM/er^ abortive. Petals
obcordate. Fruit clothed with hooked bristles.

1. S. europcea, radical leaves simple, flowers all sessile, p. 87.—

Woods,

4.CAUCALIS.
Involucres undivided. Flowers radiant, those of the disk abortive.

Fruit subovate, striated, rough with rigid bristles.

1. C. Anthriscus, leaves bipinnate, leaflets ovato-lanceolate, um-
bels of many close rays, general involucre of many leaves,
branches nearly upright, p. 87. — Hedges.

2. C. infesta, leaves pinnate, leaflets lanceolate almost pinnatifid,
umbels of many close rays, involucre often wanting, branches
spreading, p. 87. — Cornfields.

3. C. nodosa, umbels lateral simple subsessile, stem prostrate,
p. 88. — Road-sides.

5. DAUCUS.

Involucres ^mx\?ii\M. Flowers somewhat radiant, those of the
disk abortive. Fruit muricated.

1 . D. Carota, stem hispid, leaves 2— 3-pinnate, leaflets cut linear-
lanceolate acute,fruit-bearing umbel concave, fruit bristly, p. 88.
— Borders of fields,

6. BUNIUM.

Partial involucres setaceous (often wanting). Petals uniform.

Fruit oblong, striated, with the interstices tuberculated.
1 . B. Bulbocastanum, general involucre of scarcely 3 leaves, leaves

tripinnate linear glabrous, fruit ovate, p. 88. — Pastures,

7. CONIUM.

Partial involucres of 3 leaves, all on one side. Petals nearly uni-
form. Fruit ovate, tumid, with 5 undulated ribs on each side.

1. C. maculatum, seeds without prickles, stem much branched
polished and spotted, p. 88. — Banks,

8. SELINUM.

Involucres, general and partial, reflexed. Pe^a/5 heart-shaped,
nearly uniform. Fruit compressed, striated down the middle.

1. S. palustre, lactescent, leaflets pinnatifld, segments linear-lan-
ceolate, stem solitary striated, rays of the umbels pubescent,
styles after flowering' divaricating, p. 88. — Marshes, rare.

252 DICOTYLEDONS. UMBELLIFER.^. StSOn.

9. PEUCEDANUM.

Gen, involucre very short. Flowers nearly uniform, those of the
disk abortive. Fruii ovate, compressed, striated, bordered.

1, P. Silatis, leaves tripinnate, leaflets linear- lanceolate opposite,
general involucres of 1 — 2 leaves, p, 89. — Roadsides.

10. CRITHMUM.
Cal. entire. Petals uniform, entire, broadest at the base, their
extremities curved inwards. Fruit oval, striated.

1 .Cr.7wan7imM7w,leaflets lanceolate fleshy.p.89. — Maritime rocks,

ll.HERACLEUM.
Involucres deciduous. Flowers radiant. Petals bifid. Friiit
elliptical, dorsally compressed, striated.

1. H. Sphondylium, leaves pinnated, leaflets pinnatifid incised
serrated, p. 89. — Meadows.

12. LIGUSTICUM.

Gtn. involucre membranaceous. Petals uniform, incurved at
the extremity, entire. Cal, of 5 teeth. Fruit oblong, furrowed.

1. L. scoticum, leaves biternate. p. 89. — Rocky coasts.

2. L. Meum, all the leaflets setaceo-multipartite. p. 89. — Moun-
tain pastures.

13. ANGELICA.

Ge?i. involucre often wanting. Petals uniform, incurved, entire.
Fruit roundish, with 3 wings on each side.

\.K,sylvestriSy leaflets equal ovate serrated. p. 90. — Moist woods.

14. SIUM.

Involucres of many leaves. Petals heart-shaped, nearly uniform.
Fruii nearly oval, laterally compressed and striated.

1. S. latifolium, stem erect, leaves pinnated, leaflets oblongo-
lanceolate equally serrated, umbels terminal, p. 90. — Sides of
lakes, ^c.

2. S. aiigustifolium, stem erect, leaflets unequally lobed and ser-
rated, umbels pedunculate opposite the leaves, p. 90. — Ditches.

3. S. nodiflorum, stem procumbent, leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate
subequally serrated, umbels sessile opposite to the leaves, p. 90.
— Sides of rivulets.

4. S. repens, stem creeping, leaflets broadly ovate inciso-dentate,
umbels pedunculate opposite the leaves, p. 90. — Sides ofriveis,

15. SISON.
Gen, and partial involucre of about 4 leaves (the former wanting
in S. inu7idalum). Peals nearly uniform, inflcxcd. Fruit
ovate, striated.

DICOTVLEDONS. UMBELLIFERiE. Anthviscus, 253

1. S. vertkillatum, leaflets all capillary in whorled segments.
p. 90. — Moist pastures.

2. S. inundatum, stem creeping, inferior leaves capillaceo-multl-
partite superior pinnatifid, umbels generally of 2 rays. p. 91.
— Immdated places.

3. S. segetum, stem erect, leaves pinnate, leaflets broadly ovate.
serrated, radical ones lobed, umbels at first drooping, their rays
unequal, p. 91. — Fields.

16. CENANTHE.

Flowers radiant, those of the disk sessile and abortive. Fruit
crowned with the cal. and styles, corky.

1. CE. fistulosa, root creeping stoloniferous, stem leaves pinnated,
their main petiole as well as the stem cylindrical tubular, um-
bels of very few rays. p. 91. — Ditches.

2. (E. pimpinelloides, leaflets of the radical leaves wedge-shaped
cloven, those of the stem linear entire very long, gen. involucre
of several linear leaves, p. 91. — Salt marshes.

3. CE. crocata, all the leaflets wedge-shaped cut nearly equal, in-
volucre of many leaves, p. 91. — Ditch hanks* ,

B. Umhels with a partial involucre; universal none.
17. PHELLANDRIUM.

Flowers of the disk smallest. Fruit ovate, smooth, crowned
with the cal. and styles,

1. Ph. aquaticum, segments of the leaves divaricated, p. 92. —
Ditches and pools,

18. CICUTA.
Fruit subovate, furrowed.

1 . C. virosa, umbels opposite to the leaves, sheaths of the leaves
obtuse, p. 92. — Sides of lakes,

ig.iETHUSA.
Partial involucre of 3 leaves, all on one side, pendulous.
1.^. Cynapium. p. 92. — Fields and gardens.
20. SCANDIX.

Fruit terminated with a very long rough beak. Partial involucre

cut or pinnated.
1. S. Pec ten- Veneris, leaflets cut into many linear segments, fruit

and beak roughish. p. 92. — Cornjields,

21.ANTHRISCUS.
Fruit ovate, hispid, with a short glabrous beak. (Pers.)

1. A. vulgaris, bristles of the fruit hooked, stem smooth, umbels
mostly lateral, p. 93. -^Waste places.

254 DICOTYLEDONS. UMBELLIFEROUS. Apium,

22. CH^ROPHYLLUM.

Partial involucre of about 5, reflexed, concave leaves. Fruit
linear-oblong, glabrous^ smooth or striated.

* Fruit smooth (not striated) .

1. Ch. sylvestre, stem a little swelling below each joint glabrous,
umbels on long stalks, p, 93. — Hedges, ^c.

2. Ch. sativum, umbels lateral sessile, fruit a little swelling below.
p. 93. — Hedges and about gardens.

** Fruit striated.

3. Ch. temulentum, stem rough (spotted) swelling below each
joint, p. 93. — Hedges,

4. Ch. odoratum, seeds deeply sulcate (very large), p. 93. — Or-
chards, ^c.

5.Ch. cwreMrw, pubescent, stems slightly swelling below the joints,
leaflets very acuminate inciso-pinnatifid, seeds coloured fur-
rowed, p. 94. — Fields, rare,

6. Ch. aromaticum, leaflets ovato- oblong subacuminate serrate
undivided, p. 94. — Road-sides, rare,

23. IMPERATORIA.

Fruit nearly elliptical, compressed, bordered, swelling in the middle

with 3 ribs on each side.
I. I. Ostruthium. p. 94. — Near old buildings, in iv as te places,

C. Umbels luithout involucres', rarely general, never partial ones.
24. SMYRNIUM.

Petals acute, keeled, incurved. Fruit ovato- globose, gibbous.
Seeds (Akenia) reniform, angular.

1. S. Olusatrum, cauline leaves ternate petioiate serrate, p, 94.
— Waste places near the coast,

25. CARUM.
Gen, involucre of 1 or very few leaves. Petals inflexo-emarginate.

Fruit ovato-oblong, striated.
1. C. Carui. p. 95. — Pastures and rocks,
26. PIMPINELLA.
Pe/a/i inflexed. Stigmas swh^ohose, F/mz7 ovato-oblong, striated.

1 . P. Saxifraga, radical leaves pinnate, leaflets roundish sharply
serrate, those of the stem bipinnate linear, p. 95. — Dry pastures,

27. APIUM.

Petals uniform. Fruit roundish, ribbed.

DICOTYLEDONS. — SAXIFRAG^.^E. Sucvifraga, 255

1. A. graveolensy stem leaves with their leaflets wedge-shaped^
stem furrowed, umbels frequently sessile, p. 95. — Salt marshes,

2. A. PetroseUnum, leaves of the stem with their leaflets linear,
umbels all pedunculate, p. 9o, — Walls and maritime rocks,

28. ^GOPODIUM.

Petals unequal. Stigmas simple. Fndi ovato-oblong, ribbed.

1 . iE. Podagraria. p. 95. — Waste places.

Order XXXIX. SAXIFRAGEiE. Juss.

Calyx superior or inferior, 4 — 5 -cleft. Cor. perigynous, of 4 — 5
petals; sometimes wanting. Stamens 8 — 10, half opposite^
half alternate with the petals. Ovary \. Styles 2 — 5. Disk
encircling the mouth of the calyx. Capsule, or Berry ^ many-
seeded. Embryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen.

Herbs, Flowers usually alternate, sometimes opposite. Mirb,
1. SAXIFRAGA.

Cal. adherent or free, the Hmb 5- partite. Cor. of 5 petals. Stam,
10. Caps, with 2 beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening be-
tween the beaks.

* Leaves all radical undivided.

1. S, stellarisy leaves oblongo-cuneiform angulato-serrate, scape
branched, petals oblong acute, capsule superior, p. 128. —
Rivulets,

2. S. iiivalisy leaves obovate subpetiolate acutely crenate, scape
(rarely branched) terminated by a dense cluster of flowers, cap-
sule half inferior, p. 129. — Mountains,

3. S. umbrosa, leaves obovate petiolate subretuse with cartilagi*
nous acutely crenate margins, scape panicled, capsule superior,
p. 129,— Woods,

** Stem leafy J leaves undivided.

4. S, oppositifolia, leaves ovate opposite imbricated ciliated,
flowers solitary terminal, p. 129. — Rocky places.

5. S. aizoides, lower leaves numerous crowded, the rest scattered
linear-lanceolate sub-ciliate, stem ascending, p. 129. — Springy
places,

*** Stem leafy, leaves variously divided (especially the radical ones).

(5. S. granulata, radical leaves reniform on long footstalks ob-
tusely lobed, those of the upper part of the stem nearly sessile
acutely lobed, stem panicled, root granulated, p. \29,'^Ba?iks,

256 DICOTYLEDONS. SAXIFRAGE.^. Adoxa.

7. S. cermta^ radical leaves reniform on lonp: footstalks palmato-
lobate, superior ones nearly sessile subtrifid, stem simple bulbi-
ferous with one terminal flower, p. 130. — Rocks.

8. S. rivularis, leaves upon very long footstalks palmate, floral
one obovate, stem weak of about 2 flowers, p. 130. — Mountains,

9. S. tridactylites, radical leaves spathulate entire and cuneiform
trifid, upper cauline ones undivided, stem panicled, petals en-
tire or longer than the cal. p. 130. — Rocks and ivails,

10. S. muscoides, radical leaves aggregate linear obtuse entire
and trifid, stem nearly naked few flowered, petals oblong obtuse
(buff" coloured) a little longer than the cal. p. 130. — Highlands,

U.S. hypnoides, radical leaves 3 — 5-cleft those of the long ste-
rile shoots (mostly) linear- lanceolate acute all nearly glabrous,
flowering stem panicled.

^. petals larger with the superior leaves (only) on the procumbent
shoots undivided, p, 131. — Highland mountains,

12. S. ccBSpitosa, radical leaves 3- or mostly 5-cleft those of the
sterile shoots mostly 3-, rarely and only below 5-cleft, all more
or less hairy, flowering stem subpubescent panicled.

^. shoots long, leaves dark green ciliated only at the base.

y. shoots rather short, leaves ciliated only, especially near the

base, 1 — 3 flowers upon the stem.
I. shoots very short, leaves dense ciliated only at the base, flowering

stem short 1 — 2-flowered. p. 131. — Rocks. ^. Scotch Alps,

y. Rivulets. S. Mountains.

13. S. pedatijida, lower leaves and those of the rather short sterile
shoots upon very long footstalks, divided into 3 deep linear
lanceolate acute spreading segments, the lateral ones bifid, the
superior leaves of the much branched flowering stem linear
undivided, p. 132. — Rocks.

2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM.
Cal. adherent with the ovary, somewhat coloured, 4 — 5-cleft.
Cor.O. Stam. S—\0. Styles2. Caps, with 2 beaks, 1 -celled,
many-seeded.

1. C. alternifoliuin, leaves alternate, lower ones subreniform upon
very long footstalks, p. 128. — Rocks and springs.

2. C. oppositifolium, leaves opposite cordato-rotundate. p. 128.
— Shady places.

3. ADOXA.

Cal. adherent with the ovary, 3-cleft. Cor. 4 — 5-cleft. Siam,
S — 10. Styles 4 — 5. Berry globose, 4 — 5 -celled.

1, A, moschatellina, p, 123. — Woods and shady places.

OICOTYLEDONS. HALORAGE.^. Hippuns, 257

Order XL. GROSSULARIiE. Decaiid,

{Part of Cacti, Juss.)

Cat. superior, 5-cleft. Corolla 5-petaled. Stamens 5, opposite
the petals. Ovary 1. Style I. Stigma double. Berry 1 -celled,
manv-seeded. Placenta parietal. Seeds with a minute centri-
fugal embryo in the base of a corneous albumen »

Shrtibs with opposite leaves. Flowers bracteated, in bunches.
Mirb.

1. RIBES.

Co/, urceolate, 5 -cleft. Petals b. Stamens 5, Style 2'M,

* Without thorns.

1. R. rulrum, without thorns erect, racemes glabrous pendulous,
flowers nearly plane, petals obtuse, p. 81. — Brushwood.

2. R. petrceum, without thorns erect, racemes when in flower
erect in fruit pendulous slightly downy, flowers nearly plane,
petals bluntish, bracteas shorter than the pediceK p. SI.-—.
JVoods,

3. R. olpinum, without thorns erect, racemes erect both in flower
and fruit, flowers plane shorter than the bracteas, leaves shin-
ing beneath, p. 81. — JVoods.

4. R. nigrum, without thorns erect, racemes lax pubescent pen-
dulous with a simple flowerstalk at their base, flowers campa-
nulate, bracteas shorter than the pedicels, leaves punctate-
glandulose beneath, p. 82. — Woods,

** Thorny.

5. R. Grossularioj branches prickly, leaves rounded and lobed,
peduncles hairy, pedicels single-flowered with a pair of njiiivite
bracteas, fruit hairy, p. 82. — Hedges and woods.

Order XLI. HALORAGB.^. Br,

{Hygrolice, Rich, Cercodecp, Juss.)

Cal. superior, entire, or divided ; or none. Cor, none. 5/a-
mens definite, inserted in the calyx. Ovary one- or few-celled.
Ovule solitary, pendulous, or peltate. Pericarp indehiscent.
Embryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen. Radicle superior.

Inconspicuous Herbs with opposite, usually whorled leaves.
Flowers axillary.

1. HIPPURIS.

Cal. entire. Stamen 1 . Style 1 . Pericarp one-celled.

1. H. vulgaris^ leaves whorled linear, p. 2, '^Ditches,

258 DICOTYLEDONS. — ONAGRARIiE. EpUobimn.
2. MYRIOPHYLLUM.

Monoecious. Cat. 4'Ieaved. Stam, 8. Stigmas 4, sessile.
Pericarp 4-celled.

1. M. spicatum, sterile flowers in interrupted leafless spiked
whorls, p. 272. — Ditches,

3. CALLITRICHE \

Monoecious, Flowers naked. Stamen \, Styles 2, Pericarp
4-celled.

1. C. aquatica, p. 259. — Ditches,

Order XLII. ONAGRARIiE. Juss,
Cat. superior, 2 — 4-cleft. Cor, of 2 — 4 petals. Stamens defi-
nite; when equal in number to the petals alternate with them.
Style 1. Stigma 2 — 4-cleft. Capsule 2 — 4-celIed, 1 — many-
seeded. Seeds with or without albumen. Embryo straight.
Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves. Mirb»

1. CIRCiEA.

Cal, 2-leaved. Cor, of 2 petals. Stam, 2. Caps, 2-celled,
Cells with one seed.

1. C. Lutetiana^ stem erect pubescent, leaves ovato-cordate
denticulate, p, 4. — Woods and coppices,

2, C. alpinay stem ascending glabrous, leaves cordate toothed
shining, p. 4. — Woods and coppices,

2. EPILOBIUM.

Ca/. 4 -partite, deciduous. Pet. A, Stam, S, Caps, elongate ,
obtusely 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-vaIved, many-seeded. Seeds
comose.

* Flowers irregular. Stam. bent down.

1. E. angmtifolium^ leaves scattered linear lanceolate veined
glabrous, flowers irregular subspicate, stam. declined, p, 116.
''^Rocks,

** Flowers regular. Stam. erect. Petals doubly notched.

2. E. hirsutum, leaves semiamplexicaul ovato-lanceolate den-
tato-serrate hairy, stem very much branched hairy, root creep-
ing, stigma 4 -cleft, p. 117. — Ditches, rivers^ and lakes,

3. E. parviflorum, leaves sessile lanceolate slightly toothed downy

* Mr. Brown has long ago suggested the propriety of referring this genus
toHALORAGE/B, notwithstanding the differences of its structure. The ovula
are peltate, not pendulous ; but the radicle is superior, and in the axis of a
fleshy albumen like Hippuria and Myriophyllum ; the mode of insertion of
ovula is not in this instance, therefore, of its usual importance.

DICOTYLEDONS.— -SALIC ARLE. 259

on both sides, stem nearly simple very downy, root fibrous,
stigma 4-cleft. p. 117. — Marsfies and hanks of rivers,
. E. palusire, leaves narrow lanceolate sessile nearly entire
and as well as the rounded erect stem subglabrous^ stigma un-
divided, p. 117. — Bogs and lakes.

, E. tetragonum, leaves lanceolate sessile glabrous denticulate,
stem with 4 angles nearly glabrous, stigma undivided, p. 117.
— Ditches.

. E. montanum, leaves ovato-acute shortly petiolate glabrous
all toothed, stem round pubescent as well as the fruit, stigma
4-cleft. p. 117. — Stony places,

E. alsinifolium, leaves ovato-acuminate rather obtuse sessile
glabrous lowermost ones entire the rest very slightly toothed,
stem round glabrous as well as the fruit, stigma entire, p, 117.
— Highland mountains,

E. alpinurny leaves elliptical glabrous on short footstalks
nearly entire, stem nearly glabrous, and fruit entirely so, stig-
ma undivided, p. 118. — IVet places.

Order XLIII. CUCURBITACEiE. Juss.

Flowers unisexual. Cal, superior, 5 -cleft. Cor, regular, 5-
lobed, bearing the stamens. Stamens definite, united in 3
sets. Anthers linear, sinuous, either all syngenesious or only
4, the 5th being separate on a distinct filament. Ovary 1.
Placentas 3 — 5-lobed, radiating ifrom the sides of the ovary,
and forming spurious dissepiments. Style 3- fid. Stigmas 3,
2-lobed. Fruit a berry {Pepo), spuriously 1 — 3 — 5 — 10-
celled, its outside dry. inside pulpy. Embryo straight, sur-
rounded by attenuated albumen. Cotyledons large, fleshy.

Stems climbing or decumbent, bearing cirrhi. Leaves rough,
alternate, simple. Mirh,

1. BRYONIA.
Moncecious, Barren Fl, Cal, 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Fi-
lam.3. Anthers 5. Fertile Fl, C«/. 5 -toothed. Cor. 5-
cleft. Style trifid. Berry few-seeded.

1. Br. dioica, leaves palmate rough on both sides, flowers dioe-
cious, p. 272. — Garden hedges.

Order XLIV. SALICARIiE. Juss.

(Lytharice, Mirh,)

Cal. inferior, 6— 12.cleft. Cor, of 6 petals or none. Stam»
6 — 12. Ovary 1 . Capsule 2-valved, 2-celled, many-seeded.

[r2]

260 DICOTYLEDONS. — 1LLECEBR.«. Schrajlthus,

Falve<i bearing the septa in their middle. Embryo straight,

surrounded by a small portion of albumen.
Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves. Flowers axillary, often

in a whorled spike. Mirb,

1. L\THRUM.
Cal. cylindrical, with 12 teeth, alternately smaller. Stam, 12,

in two rows. Capsule oblong.
1. L. Salicaria, leaves opposite cordato-lanceolate, flowers spiked

with 12 stam. p. 147. — Marshy places,
2. PEPLIS.
CaL campanulate, the teeth alternately reflexed. Siam, 6, short.
1. P. Portula, flowers axillary solitary, leaves obovate. p. 111^

— Marshes.

Order XLV. ILLECEBRE.E. Br,

{ParonychicB Aug, Juss.)

Cal. of one leaf, 5 -parted or nearly so. Pet. 5 inserted into the
cal., often resembling scales or barren filaments, sometimes
wanting. Slam, definite, rarely more or less than 5, distinct.
Anthers round. Style I and Stigma simple or divided ; or
styles and Stigmas ^evera.). Fruit capsular, sometimes 1 -seeded,
closed or opening at the top, sometimes 1 -celled, many-celled,
with many valves at the top. Seeds in the monospermous ge-
nera often suspended by a chord originating in the base of the
capsule ; in those with many seeds placed on a central, little
elevated placenta. Embryo mostly curved and subcylindrical,
placed on the outside of a farinaceous albumen, with a radicle
ascending and pointing towards the hilum ; in a few scarcely
curved, with an inferior radicle.

Herbs or Under shrubs, with opposite branches. Leaves sometimes
opposite with stipules and stalks; sometimes connate and ses-
sile without stipules. F'lowers terminal or axillary, naked or
with scarious bracteae. Juss,

l.SCLERANTHUS.

Cal. tubular, contracted at the neck, above 5 -cleft. Pet. 0. Stam,
mostly 10 placed in the top of the calyx. Styles and Stigmas 2.
Capsule 1 -seeded.

1. S. annuus, *' cal. of the fruit spreading acute, stems patent.'*
p. ISS.-^Cornfields.

2. S. perennis, " cal. of the fruit closed obtuse, stems procum-
bent." p. 133. — Sandy places.

Order XLVI. ROSACK^. Juss.
Cal, superior or inferior, divided. Cor. polypetalous, sometimes

DICOTVLEDOKS. — ROSACE.^. Rdsa. 2() 1

wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely definite, inserted into a
disk encircling the mouth of the calyx. Anthers small, round-
ish. Ovary 1, many-celled, many-styled; or 1- celled, 1-
styled; pr 0/;ar?>5 numerous, l-ceMed, I -styled. Styles W-
teral. Fiuit an apple in those with an inferior ovary; in the
rest an aggregation of Achenia or follicles^ inclosed within
the calyx tube, which is sometimes fleshy ; attached to a more
or less exserted receptacle. Seeds ascending or suspended.
Embryo straight, without albumen. Radicle laterally oppo-
site the hilum. Cotyledons broad.
Trees or Herbs with alternate leaves and stipules.

Sect. I. PoMACEiE. Fruit inferior^ seed ascendirfg,
1. PYRUS.
CaL 5 -cleft. Apple with from 2 — 5 two-seeded cells. Testa
cartilaginous.

1. P. Mains, leaves ovate acute serrated, flowers in a sessile
umbel, p. 151. — Woods and hedges,

2. P. ancvparia, leaves pinnated glabrous on both sides, flowers
corymbose, p. 151. — IVoods.

3. P. Aria, leaves ovate cut and serrated white and downy be-
neath, flowers corymbose, p. 152. — IVoods,

2. CRAT.^GUS.

CaL persistent. Fruit closed, with from 2 — 5 2-seeded nuts.
Testa membranous.

1. C. Oxyacantha, spiny, leaves glabrous cleft into three or five
deep serrated segments the lower ones spreading, flowers co»
rymbose, styles 1 — 2. p. 151. — Woods and hedges.

Sect. II. Rosace.^. Achenia supeiior, inclosed in a fleshy
tirceolate tube of the calyx, and enveloped in the hairs of the
receptacle. Seeds suspended. Stamens indefinite,
1. ROSA.

* PiMPiNELLiFOLi^. Setigerous, with arms crowded^ nearly uniform,
or unarmed; mostly without bracteas. Leaflets ovate or oblong.
Segments of the cal. connivent, persistent. Disk scarcely any.

1. R. rubella, arms crowded equal, fruit elongate pendulous,
p. 152. — Banks of rivers.

2. R. spinosissima, arms unequal, leaflets plane without pubes-
cence simply serrated, p. 154. — Pastures.

3. R. involuta, arms very unequal and crowded, leaflets doubly
serrated, petals convolute, fruit bristly, p. 154. — Mountains,

A, R. Sabini, bristles few and prickles unequal distant, leaflets
doubly serrated tomentose, segments of the calyx compound.
|6. Dowia?^, bristles scarcely any, prickles nearly straight, p. 155.
. — Scotland. f3. Mountains,

262 DICOTYLEDONS. ROSACE.E. Geimi.

** ViLLoSiB. Root-shoots straight, prickles nearly so. Leaflets
ovate or oblong, with their serratures spreading. Leaflets of the
calyx cormivent, -persistent-, disk of the calyx thickened, closing
over the mouth.

5. R. villosa, leaflets elliptical obtuse, fruit very large with nu-
merous rigid crowded bristles, segments of the calyx viscid
hispid, p. 155. — Woods,

6. R. /0W2ew/05G, leaflets ovate rather acute, fruit hispid ornaked.

a, vera, shoots bent, segments of the calyx compound.

/3. mollis, shoots straight, segments of the calyx subsimple.
p. 156. — a. Sea-side. /3. Ba7iks of rivers.

*** RuBiGiNOS^. Prickles unequal, sometimes setiform, rarely {if
ever) none. Leaflets ovate or oblong, glandular, ivith the serratures
divergent. Segments of the calyx persistent. Disk incrassated.
Shoots bent.

7. R. rulnginosa, prickles hooked, leaflets rugose opaque, calyces
and peduncles hispid.

a, vulgaris, prickles strong very unequal, styles hairy, fruit ovate

or oblong.
^. inodora, prickles very much hooked nearly equal, leaflets less

glandular, segments of the calyx deciduous before maturity.

p. 157. — a. Hedges, ^. Edinhurgh,

**** CANiNiE. Prickles equal, hooked. Leaflets ovate, without glands;
serratures connivent. Segments of the calyx deciduous. Disk in--
crassated, closing over the mouth of the tube. The larger shoots bent,

8. R. canina, leaflets rigid ovate, ovaries 20 — 30.

e. dumetorum, leaves hairy on both sides, segments of the cal.

and peduncles smooth.
5. ccBsia, leaflets caesious hairy on both sides, tube of the calyx

elliptical, p. 157. — Hedges. ^. Banks of' rivers.
***** Systyl^. Styles cohering in a lengthened column. Stipules
adnate. Habit much like that of the last division.

9. R. arvensis, shoots flageliiform, prickles unequal falcate, leaf-
lets glaucous beneath, p. 158. — Hedges,

10. R. systyla, shoots assurgent, prickles very stout hooked,
p. 159.--- Hills.

Sect. III. Potentille^. Achenia superior, attached to an
usually fleshy exserted receptacle. Seeds suspended, Sta^
mens indefinite,

\. GEUM.

Cal. 10-cleft; alternate segments minute. Petals^. Pericarps
with a long geniculated awn. Receptacle oblong.

1. G. urhanum, flowers erect, awns naked, cauline leaves ter-
nate, radical ones lyrate pinnate, p. 165. — Woods and hedges,

2. G. rivale, flowers drooping, awns feathery, cauline leaves ter-
nate, radical ones interruptedly pinnato-lyrate. p. 165. —
Marshes,

DICOTYLEDONS. ROSACEiE. Pot€7ltilla, 263

2. AGRIMONIA.
CaL 5 -cleft, with a lobed appendage at its base. Pet. 5. Stam.

12. Pericarps 2 in the bottom of the calyx.
1. A. Eupatorin, cauline leaves interruptedly pinnate, terminal
leaflet on a footstalk, fruit hispid, p. 147. — Road-sides,
3. RUBUS.
Cal, 5-cleft. Fruit composed of many juicy connate drupes on
a dry receptacle,

1. R. idceus, leaves pinnate with 3 or 5 leaflets white and very
downy beneath, footstalks channelled, stem nearly erect
prickly, p. 159. — Woods,

2. R. suberecius, leaves pinnate with 5 or 7 ovate leaflets hairy
beneath, upper ones ternate, stems nearly erect, prickles mi-
nute nearly straight, p, 159. — Woods,

3. R. ccesius, leaves ternate very pubescent or hairy beneath, the
lateral ones much lobed externally, stem prickly rounded
prostrate glaucous, cal. embracing the fruit, p. 160. — Hedges
and waste places.

4. R. corylifhliiis, " leaves of about 5 ovate leaflets, hairy be-
neath, stems rounded diffuse with scattered nearly straight
prickles." p, 160. — Hedges,

5. R.fruiicosiis, " leaves of about 5 petiolated leaflets hoary
with pubescence beneath, prickly upon the angles of the stem,
prickles hooked." p. 160. — Woods,

6. R. saxatilis, leaflets 3 slightly downy, runners creeping herba-
ceous, panicle of few flowers, p. 161. — Mountainoiis places.

7. R. arcticus, leaflets 3 glabrous obtusely serrated, stem with-
out prickles bearing (mostly) 1 flower, petals roundish notched.
p. 161. — Mountainous places,

8. R. Chamcemorusy dioecious, leaves simple lobed, stem without
prickles and having a single flower, p, 161. — Mountains,

4. FRAGARIA.
Cq/. 10- cleft; segments alternately smaller. Pet.b, Pericarps
inserted upon a large, pulpy, deciduous receptacle,

1. F. vesca, root with creeping scions, hairs of the pedicels ap-
pressed sericeous, p. 162. — Woods.

2. F. elatior, " cal. of the fruit reflexed, hairs of the petioles and
peduncles all very patent and subdeflexed." p. 162.^— i?Qfli-
sides,

5. POTENTILLA.
Ca/.lO-cleft; segments alternately smaller. Petals 5, Pericarps
roundish, fixed to a small dry receptacle,
* Leaves pinnate.
} , P. anserinOf leaves interruptedly pinnate deeply serrate silky
beneath, stem creeping, peduncles axillary single- flowered.
p* \Q2»'^Meadows^

264 DICOTYLEDONS. ROSACEi^. Alcheimlla,

** Leaves digitate.

2. P. argeniea, leaves quinate, leaflets cuneiform cut white and
downy beneath, their margins revolute, stem decumbent.
p. 162. — Barren stony soils.

3. P. verna, radical leaves quinate, leaflets obovate green on both
sides sharply serrated hairy beneath and at the edges, petals
obcordate longer than the cal., stem decumbent, p. 162. —
Rocky pastures.

4' P. opaca, radical leaves of 7 or 5 oblongo- cuneiform deeply
serrated hairy leaflets, petals obcordate a little longer than the
cal., stem filiform decumbent, p. 163. — Scotland.

J5. P. Gwr^G, radical leaves quinate those of the stem ternate, leaf-
Jets wedge-shaped their margins with silky hairs deeply serrated
at the extremity, petals obcordate larger than the cal., stem
decumbent, p. 163. — Mountains.

6. P. rep/aw5, leaves quinate, leaflets obovato-cuneiform serrated,
peduncles axillary single-flowered longer than the leaf, stem
filiform creeping, p. J 63. — Meadows arid pastures,

**■* Leaves ternate.

7. P. tridentata, leaves ternate, leaflets oblongo-cuneiform three-
toothed at the extremity glabrous above hairy beneath, petals
ovate longer than the cal., stem ascending, p. 163. — Rocks.

8. P. Fragaria, leaves ternate, leaflets obovate deeply serrated
silky on both sides (especially beneath), petals obcordate as long
as the cal., stems procumbent, p. 164. — JVoods, banks, and
pastures,

6. TORMENTILLA.

Cal, S-cleft; segments alternately smaller. Petals 4. Pericarps
roundish, fixed to a small dry receptacle.

1 .T. officinalis, leaves ternate all sessile, leaflets lanceolate inciso-
serrate,stem nearly erect dichotomous.p. 164. — Barren places ,

2. T. reptans, leaves ternate on footstalks, leaflets obovato-cunei-
form inciso- dentate, stem prostrate, p. 164. — JVaste places,

7. COMARUM.
Cal. 10-cleft ; segments alternately smaller. Petals 5 less than
the calyx. Pericarps inserted upon a large spongy villous per-
manent receptacle.

1. C. palustre, p. 165. — Peat bogs and marshes.

Sect. IV. Sangujsorbeje. Achenia superior, inclosed in tht
calyx. Seed suspended. Stamens usually dejinite.
l.ALCHEMILLA.
Ca/.8-cleft; segments alternately smaller. Stam.X — 5. PericarpX ,
\, A. vulgaris, leaves uniform plaited many-lobed serrated.

DICOTYLEDONS. — ROSACE.^. SpivcBa, 265

a. major, leaves almost smooth.

/3. minor, much smaller, leaves very pubescent, p. 56. — Pastures,

2. A. alpina, leaves digitate serrated at the extremity white and
satiny beneath, p. 56. — Mountains.

3. A. arvensis, leaves trifid pubescent, lobes deeply cut, flowers
sessile axillary, p. 56. — Gravelly soils,

2. DRYAS.
Cal. 8 — 10-cleft; segments equal. Petals b — 8. Pericarps

with long feathery awns.
1. Dr. octopetala, petals 8, leaves simple serrated, p, 165. —

Mou?itains.

3. POTERIUM.
Monoecious, Barren fl, CaL of 4 leaves. Cor, 4 -partite.

Stam, 30—40. Fertile fl, CaL of 4 leaves. Cor, 4-partite.

Pericarps 2.
1. P. Sanguisorba, thorns none, stem somewhat angular, stamens

much longer than the cal. p. 273. — Pastures,
4. SANGUISORBA.
Cal, 4-lobed, coloured, bracteate at the base. Pericarps 2, sur-
rounded by the persistent base only of the cal.
1. S. officinalis, glabrous, spikes ovate, stamens about as long as

the perianth, p, 54. — Moist meadows.

Sect. V. Amygdale^. Drufye superior, solitary, naked. Seed
suspended. Stamens indefinite,

l.PRUNUS.
Ntit of the drupe nearly smooth.

1. Pr. Padus, flowers in pendulous racemes, leaves obovate de-
ciduous glabrous with two glands at the summit of the foot-
stalk, p. 150. — Woods.

2. Pr. Cerasus, flowers in nearly sessile umbels, leaves ovato-lan-
ceolate subpubescent beneath, p. 150. — Woods and hedges.

3. Pr. domestica, peduncles soHtary or two together, leaves ovato-
lanceolate subpubescent beneath, branches without spines,
p. 150. — Woods and hedges*

4. Pr. insititia, peduncles in pairs, leaves ovato- lanceolate pube-
scent beneath, branches ending in a spine, p, 150. — Hedges,

5. Pr. spi?iosa, peduncles (mostly) solitary, leaves elliptico-lanceo-
late, subpubescent beneath, branches very spinose. p, 151. —
Hedges,

Sect. VI. SpiR^iE. Follicles superior, few-seeded. Stamens
indeflnite.

1. SPIRAEA.
Ca/. 5-cleft. Pericarps ^"-12,

266 DICOTYLEDONS. LEGUMINOS.^. Ulex,

* Shrubby.

1 . S. salicifolia, leaves ovato-lanccolate serrated glabrous, racemes
terminal compound, p, 152. — IVoods.

** Herbaceous.

2. S. Filipendula, leaves interruptedly pinnate, all the leaflets
uniform deeply cut or serrated paniculato-cymose. p, 152. —
Pastures,

3. S. Ucmaria, leaves interruptedly pinnate serrated downy be-
neathj terminal leaflet largest and lobed, flowers in compound
(and as it were proliferous) cymes, p. 152. — Meadows,

Order XLVII. LEGUMINOSiE. Juss,

Cfl/.inferior, 5-cleftor 5-toothed. Cor. of 5 petals, papilionaceous.
Stam. 10, monadelphous, diadelphous or distinct. Ovary one,
1-celled. Style Siud Stigma \. Legwwew 2 -valved, dehiscent,
or indehiscent. Placenta marginal. Seeds with or without q/-
linnen, furnished with a micropyle. Radicle recurved on the
cotyledons, which are large and thick.

Herbs or Shrubs. Leaves alternate, compound, furnished with
general and partial stipules 3 jointed.

* Stam. all connected or monadelphous , the tube often cleft above.
1. GENISTA.
Cal. 2-lipped, upper one with 2, lower one with 3 teeth. Standard
bent backwards from the rest of the flower. {Genista and
Spartium, Sm.)

* Branches unarmed.

1. G. scoparia, leaves ternate and solitary oblong, flowers axillary
shortly pedicellate, legumes hairy at the margin, branches an-
gular, p. 21 1.

2. G. /iwc/oria, leaves lanceolate glabrous, branches rounded stri-
ated erect, flowers racemose, legumes glabrous, p. 212.

■** Branches spinose.

3. G. anglica, leaves ovato- lanceolate glabrous, spines simple
none on the flowering branches, flowers axillary subracemose^
legumes glabrous, p. 212.

2. ULEX.
Cal. of 2 leaves, with a small scale at the base on each side. Le-
gume turgid, scarcely longer than the cal.

1 . U. europceus, cal. teeth obsolete connivent, bracteas ovate lax,
branchlets erect, p. 212.

2. U. nanusy *' teeth of the cal. lanceolate spreading, bracteai
minute close-pressed, branches reclining," Sm, p. 212,

DICOTYLEDONS. — LEGUMiNOS.^. Lathyrus. 267

3. ONONIS.

CaL 5-cleft, its divisions linear. Standard striated. Legume
turgid, sessile. Filaments in one undivided set.

1. O. arvensis, stem hairy, branches at length spinous, flowers
mostly solitary, leaves ternate below, the rest simple serrated
entire at their base. p. 213.

4. ANTHYLLIS.

CflZ. inflated, 5-toothed 3 inclosing the small, roundish, 1 — 3-
seeded legume,

I. A. vulneraria, leaves pinnated unequal, heads of flowers in
pairs, p. 213.

** Stam. diadelphous, nine united and one free.

t Style mure or less pubescent beneath the stigma.

5. OROBUS.

Style linear, cylindrical, downy above. CaL obtuse at the base,

its upper segments deeper and shorter.

1. O. tuberosuSf leaves pinnated with 3 — 4 pairs of lanceolate
leaflets glaucous beneath, stipules semisagittate toothed at the
base, stem simple erect, p. 213.

2. O. niger, leaves pinnated with 4 — 6 pairs of ovate or elliptical
leaflets, stem branched angular erect*. — Rocks by the side of
the Is la, den of Airly,

3. O. sylvaticus, leaves pinnate hairy with 7 — 10 pairs of ovato-
oblong acute leaflets, stipules semisagittate, stem branched de-
cumbent hairy, p. 213.

6. LATHYRUS.

Style plane, downy above, broader upwards. CaL with its 2 upper
segments shortest.

1. L. pratensis, peduncles 2 — 8-flowered, tendrils with two lan-
ceolate 3-nerved leaflets, stipules sagittate as large as the leaves,
p. 213.

2. L. sylvestris, peduncle 4 — 5-flowered, tendrils with 2 ensiform
leaflets, stem winged, p. 214,

3. L. latifolius, peduncles many-flowered, tendrils with 2 ovato-
elliptical mucronated leaflets, stem winged, p. 214.

4. L. paliistris, peduncles from 3 — 6- flowered, tendrils with 2 — 4
pairs, of linear- lanceolate acute leaflets, stipules semisagittate
lanceolate, stem winged, p. 214.

* This has lately been communicated to me by Mr. Drummond of Forfar,
who has had the good fortune to discover it, truly wild, at Airly, 10 miles'
west of Forfar.

268 DICOTYLEDONS. — LEGUMiNos.^. Astragalus.

7. VICIA.
Style bearded beneath the stigma.

* Peduncles lengthened, many-Jlowered.

1. V. syluaiica, peduncles many-flowered longer than the leaves,
leaflets elliptico-oblong mucronate, stipules lunate deeply
toothed at their base. p. 214.

*2. V. Cracca, peduncles many-flowered longer than the leax'e^,
flowers imbricated, leaflets lanceolate slightly hairy, stipule*
semisagittate nearly entire, p. 215.

** Flowers axillary, nearly sessile.

3. V. sativa, flowers sessile subbinate, legumes nearly erect, lower
leaves retuse, stipule toothed impressed with a dark spot, seedi
smooth, p, 215.

4. V. lathyroides, flowers sessile solitary, legumes glabrous, leaves
generally in 3 pairs lower ones retuse, stipules entire, seeds tu-
berculated. p. 215.

5. V. luteo, flowers sessile solitary, legumes reflexed hairy, stem
diffuse, stipules coloured, standard glabrous, p. 215.

6. V. sepium, flowers mostly in fours subpetiolate, legumes up-
right glabrous, leaflets ovate obtuse gradually smaller upwards
upon the petiole, p. 215.

8. ERVUM.

Stigma capitate, hairy all over on the outside.

l.E.kirsufum, peduncles many-flowered, legumes hairy 2-seeded,
leaflets linear oblong truncate, p. 216.

2. E. tetrasperminn, peduncles 2-flowered, legumes glabrous 4-
seeded, leaflets linear-oblong obtuse, p. 216.

t Style glabrous,
•i- Legume more or less jointed,
9. ORNITHOPUS.
Legume 'jomte(\, curved, cylindrical.

1. O. perpusillusj leaves pinnated with 6 — 9 pairs of leaflets and
a terminal one, flowers capitate bracteated, legumes curved up-
wards: p. 216.

10. HIPPOCREPIS.
Legume compressed,submembranaceous, with many deep notches

in one of its edges.
1. H. comosa, legumes 5 — 8 clustered pedunculated curved sca-
brous sinuated at each margin, p. 216.

-f- 4- Legume of 2 longitudinal cells, more or less complete.
11. ASTRAGALUS.
Legume 2- celled, more or lest gibbout>

DICOTYLEDONS. LEGUMINOS.^. Trifoltum, 269

* Ked of the cor. terminating m a straight point; upper suture of the
legume with its margins intrqflexed. {Oxytropis, Decand.)

1. A. uralensis, silky, stem none, scape longer than the leaves,
legumes erect ovato-cylindraceous inflated pubescent 2-celIed,
style persistent, p. 216.

2. A. campeslris, somewhat silky, stemless, scape about the same
length as the leaves, legumes erect ovate inflated pubescent
semibilocular. p. 217-

** Keel of the cor. obtuse. Legione with the lower suture having its
margins intrqflexed. {Astragalus, Decand.)

3. A. hypogloitis, stem prostrate, leaflets slightly emarginate, le-
gumes erect capitate hairy their cells 1-seeded. p. 217.

4. A. glycyphyllos, stem prostrate, legumes somewhat triangular
curved sessile glabrous, leaves longer than the peduncles, leaf-
lets oval. p. 217.

-f- ■<--{- Legume of 1 cell, one- or many -seeded, not jointed.

* Flowers racemose {Melilotus, Decand.).

12. TRIFOLIUM.

Legume (in general) shorter than the ca/., 1- or many-seeded,

indehiscent, deciduous.

* Flowers racemose.

1. Tr. officinale, legumes racemcd naked 2-seeded rugged, sti-
pules lanceolate- subulate undivided, leaflets obovato-oblong
toothed, stem erect, p. 217.

** Flowers more or less capitate.
t Legumes naked, many-seeded.

2. Tr. or7iiihopodioides, legumes naked subternate with about 8
seeds twice as long as the cal., leaflets obcordate toothed at the
extremity, stems decumbent, p. 218.

ft Legumes covered by the cal., many-seeded.

3. Tr. repens, heads umbellate, legumes with 4 seeds, cal. teeth
unequal, leaflets obcordate serrulate, stem creeping, p. 218.

ttt Legumes covered by the, cal., I -deeded.

+- Cal. {hairy) not inflated after flowering. Standard of the cor,
deciduous.

4. Tr. pralense/' heads dense ovale, lower tooth of the cal. shorter
than the tube of the monopetalous unequal cor., leaflets oval
nearly entire, stem ascending," Willd,

5. Tr. medium, " heads lax somewhat globose solitary, lower tooth
of the cor. as long as the tube of the monopetalous nearly equal
cor., leaflets elliptical minutely serrated and striated with veins,
stem branched zigzag," H'Alid,

270 DICOTYLEDONS. — RHAMNE^.

6. Tr. arvenSBy heads very hairy subcylindrical, cal. teeth seta-
ceous longer than the cor., leaflets narrovv-obovate. p. 219.

7. Tr. scabrum, heads terminal and axillary sessile ovate, cal. teeth
unequal narrow lanceolate rigid at length recurved, leaflets ob-
cordate serrulate. /;. 219.

8. Tr. striatum, heads terminal and axillary ovate subsolitary sub-
sessile, cal. striated hairy with unequal straight teeth, leaflets
obcordate nearly entire pubescent, p. 219.

+- -f- Cal. remarkably inflated after flowering. Standard of the cor.

deciduous.

9. Tr. fragiferum, heads upon long stalks roundish, cal. after
flowering inflated membranaceous pubescent 2 of the teeth
setaceous reflexed, stems creeping, leaflets obcordate serrated,
p. 219.

+-+--{- Standard of the cor. persistent, scariose, enveloping the fruit.
{Flowers yellow.)

10. Tr. procumlens, " spikes oval imbricated, standard deflexed
persistent sulcated, stems procumbent, leaflets obovate," Sm,

1 1 . Tr. minus, ^' spikes capitate hemisphaerical, peduncles straight,
standards smoothish, stems procumbent, petiole lengthened up-
wards," Sm,p, 220.

12. Tx/filiforme, " heads lax of few flowers, peduncles capillary
flexuose, standards smooth, stems procumbent, leaflets sub-
sessile," Sm,

13. LOTUS. '
Legume cylindrical, straight. IVings of the cor, cohering by
their upper edge. Filaments dilated upwards,

1, L. corniculatus, heads depressed, stems decumbent, legumes
cyhndrical patent, p. 220.

14. MEDICAGO.
Legume falcate or spirally twisted, compressed, membranaceous.

1. M. saiiva, peduncles racemed, legumes smooth spirally twisted,
stipules entire, leaflets long toothed, p. 220.

2. M. lupulina, spikes oval, legumes reniform 1 -seeded, stipules
entire, leaflets obovate. p. 220.

Order XLVIII. RHAMNE^. Juss.

Cal. more or less inferior, 4 — 5 -parted, with a valvular cestiva"
iion. Petals 4 — 5. Stamens 4 — 5, opposite to and often
hooded by the cucullate pe^a/j. Ovarium2 — 3-celled. Ovulum
sohtary, erect. Frwi/ baccate, capsular, or drupaceous. E7nhryo
in the ax\$ of a fleshy albumen.

DICOTYLEDONS. HYPERICINJE. 2/1

Shrubs or Trees, Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate.

1. RHAMNUS.
CaL urceolate, 4 — 5 -cleft. Berry 2 — 4-celled, 2 — 4-seeded.

1. Rh. catharticus, spines terminal, flowers 4-cleft dioecious,
leaves ovate sharply serrated, p. 80. — Dumfries,

2. Rh. Frangultty unarmed, flowers perfect, leaves obovate
smooth entire, p. 81. — IVoods,

Order XLIX. CELASTRIN^. Br.

CaL inferior, 4 — 5-parted, with an imbricate cestivation. Pe-
tals 4 — 5. Stamens as many, alternate with the petals, and
having a doubtfully perigynous insertion. Ovarium 2 — 4-cell-
ed, I — many-seeded; ovules Qxtci, rarely pendulous. Style
1 — 4. Pericarp capsular or closed (baccate, drupaceous, or
winged). Seeds with an arillus in the capsular genera. £r»«.
Iryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen.

Shrubs or Trees, Leaves simple (rarely compound), alternate,
or opposite. Stipules generally minute, sometimes absent. Br,

1. EUONYMUS.

CaL plane, 4 — 5-cleft. Caps, with 5 angles, 5 -celled, 5-valved.
Seeds covered by a coloured arillus,

1. E. europceus, flowers mostly tetrandrous, peduncles compress-
ed, many-flowered, leaves ovato- lanceolate on short footstalks,
branches smooth, p. 81. — Hedges.

2. ILEX.
CaL 4 — 5-toothed. Cor. rotate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stigmas 4, sessile.

Drjipe sphaerical. Nuts 4, 1 -seeded. (Some flowers without

pistil.)
1. I. aquifolia, leaves ovate acute spinous, p. 57. — Woods.

Sect. III. Petals hypogynous.

Order L. HYPERICINiE. Juss,

CaL 4 — 5-parted. Pet, 4 — 5. S^/a/TZ. indefinite, polyadelphous.
Anthers roundish. Ovary simple. Styles and Stigmas several.
Capsule dry or baccate, 1- or many-celled, many-valved»
Cells formed by the introflexed margins of the valves. Seeds
very numerous, minute, attached to parietal or axile placentas.
Embryo straight, without albumen. Cotyledons very short.

Herbs or Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in opposite co-
rymbs, often terminal. Juss.

272 DICOTYLEDONS. ACERACE.^.

1. HYPERICUM.
Cal. 5-partite. Pet, 5. Filaments united at the base into 3 — 5
bundles. Styles 2-^3 — 5. Stigmas aismsiny. Cells of the
fruit 2—3—5.

* Styles 5 .

1. H. calycimim, styles 5, flowers solitary, segments of the
cal. unequal obovate obtuse, leaves oblong, stem shrubby
branched square, p. 221. — JVoods,

+- Styles 3.
t Cal. segments entire at the margins.

2. H. Androscemum, styles 3, capsule pulpy, stem shrubby com-
pressed, cal. leaflets unequal, leaves ovate sessile, p. 221. —
JVoods.

3. H. quadrangtdumf styles 3, stem herbaceous 4-angular some-
what branched, leaves ovate with pellucid dots, cal. leaves
lanceolate, p. 221. — Pastures.

4. H. perforatum, styles 3, stem compressed, leaves elliptico-
oblong obtuse with pellucid dots, cai. leaves lanceolate, p. 22 1 .
— JVoods.

5. H, dubium, stem obsoletely quadrangular, leaves elliptical
ovate obtuse destitute of pellucid dots, cal. leaves elliptical.
p. 221. -^JVoods.

6. H. humifusum, styles 3, flowers terminal subcymose, stems
compressed prostrate, leaves oblong obtuse glabrous, p. 222.

— Gravelly pastures »

ft Margins of the segments of the cal. fringed with glandular serra-

tures.

7. H. montanu7n, styles 3, flowers paniculato-corymbose, cal.
with glandular serratures, stem erect rounded smooth, leaves
ovate glabrous, p. 222. — Mountainous luoods.

8. H. larbatiiyn, styles 3, corymbs terminal, cal. fringed with
long pedunculated glands, stem erect rounded, leaves ovate
with (black) scattered dots beneath, p. 222. — Woods.

9. H. kirsulum, styles 3, cal. with (black) glandular serratures,
stem erect rounded pubescent, leaves ovate slightly downy be-
neath, p. 222. — JFoods arid thickets.

10. H. pulchrum, styles 3, cal. with (black) glandular serra-
tures, stem erect, leaves cordate glabrous amplexicaul. p. 222.

— JVoods and heaths.

11. H. elodes, styles 3, cal. with (reddish) glandular serratures
glabrous, leaves roundish pubescent, stem rounded creeping,
p. 223.-^0^5.

Order LI. ACERACEiE. Juss.
CqI. monophyllous. Pet, definite, rarely none, inserted round

DICOTYLEDONS. MALVACKJE. 2/5

an hypogynous disk. Slam, definite, generally different in
number from the petals, inserted into the middle of the same
disk. Ovary simple, placed on the disk. Style and Stigma
one; rarely double. Fruit of many cells or many capsules;
the cells or capsules 3 or 2, each containing one or at the
most 3 suspended seeds. Embryo without albumen, its ra-
dicle bent back upon the cotyledons.
Trees or Shrubs, Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers in
racemes or corymbs. Juss.

1. ACER.

Ca/. 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Stam.S. Ovary 2'\ohed, Samarce2,
united at the base, 1 -celled, 1 — 2-seeded.

1. A. pseudo-PlatamiSy leaves 5-lobed unequally serrated, ra-
cemes pendulous subtomentose. p. 120.— Plantations.

2. A. campestre, lobes of the leaves mostly 5 inciso-creiiatf,
racemes upright subtomentose. p. 120. — Woods.

Order LII. TILIACEiE. Juss.

Cal. 5 -parted. Pet. 5. Stamens indefinite. Ovary I, with
5 cells. Ot;wZe5 definite, peltate. Style \. Stigma ohsL'nxtXy
5-lobed. Pericarp by abortion with 1 cell and I seed. Seeds
peltate. Embryo transverse in the axis of a farinaceous albu-
men. Co/y /ec?o/?5 foliuceous, lobed. Radicle mitnot .

Trees. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers in corymbj,
Mirh.

1. TILIA.

Cal. deciduous. Pet. 5. Pericarp coriaceous, 5 -celled, with-
out valves. Cells 2-seeded.

1 . T. europcea^ flowers destitute of nectary, leaves cordate acu-
minate serrated, pericarp ribbed woody, p. \70.-^Walks and
avenues.

Order LIII. MALVACEAE. Juss.

Cal. 5-cleft, calyculate. Cor. of 5 petals, regular. Slam, in-
definite, monadelphous, often bearing the petals on their base*
Anthers reniform. Ovary 1. Style 1. Stigmas several.
Fruit composed either of many cells and many valves which
bear the septa in their middle, or of many capsules which are
either dehiscent or indehiscent; united into a compact body or
placed in a whorl round the base of the style. Seeds solitary,
ascending. Albumen mucilaginous, not abundant. Embryo
curved. Cotyledons foliaceous, plaited.

'274 DICOTYLEDONS. GERANIACE/E. Erodium.

Herbs or ShniLs or Trees, Leaves alternate, with stipules.
Flowers axillary. Mirb. Juss,

1. LAVATERA.
CaL double, exterior 3 -cleft. Styles many. Capsules nume-
rous, circularly arranged, I -seeded.

1. L. arborea, stem arborescent, leaves with about 7 angles
downy plaited, peduncles axillary clustered single- flowered.
p. 'lOd.—Rocks.

2. MALVA.

CaL double, exterior of 3 leaves. Styles many. Capsules nu-
merous, circularly arranged, 1 -seeded,

1. M. sylvestris, stem erect herbaceous, leaves with 7 rather
acute lobes, peduncles and petioles hairy, p. 208. — IVasle
places.

2. M. rotimdifolia, stem prostrate, leaves roundish cordate 5-
lobed, fruitstalks bent down. p. 208. — Waste places.

3. M. moschata, stem erect, radical leaves reniform in 5 or 7
broad incised lobes, cauline one 5 -partite pinnato-multifid,
segments linear, cal. hairy, leaflets of the ext. cal. linear.
p. 209. — Meadows and pastures.

3. ALTHiEA.
CaL double, exterior of 9 leaves. Styles several. Capsules
numerous, circularly arranged, 1 -seeded.

1. A. officinalis, leaves oblongo-ovate slightly 3 — 5-lobed ser-
rated. p,20S.— Marshes.

Order LIV. GERANIACE.E. Juss.

CaL inferior, .5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled, regular or irregular.
Stamens 10, sometimes monadelphous. Ovary 1. Style 1.
Stigmas 5. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, valves separating
with elasticity from their axis and remaining attached by their
indurated persistent style. Seeds one in each cell, erect, with-
out albumen. Embryo doubled.

Herbs with alternate stipulated leaves. Mirb,

I. ERODIUM.
Monogynous, CaL of 5 leaves. Cor. of 5 petals. Nectarife-
rous ^/an^5 5, Im^^xhut filaments 5, alternating with the
5 perfect stamens. Fruit beaked, separating into 5 1 -seeded
capsules, each with a long spiral awn bearded in the inside.

I. E. cicutarium, peduncles many-flowered, leaves pinnate, leaf-
lets sessile pinnatifid and cut, petals longer than the cal., stem
prostrate hairy, p. 205. — Waste grounds.

DICOTYLEDONS. — GER\NIACE.E. Qeramum, 275

2. GERANIUM.
JMonosynoui. Cal. of 5 leaves. Co?\ of 5 regular petals. Nec-
tariferous glands 5. Stamens 10. Fruit beaked, separating
into 5 monospermous capsules, each tipped with a long, naked,
simple awn (neither spiral nor bearded).
* Peduncles l-Jlowered.

1. G. sanguineum, peduncles l-flowece^, leaves nearly orbicular
in 5 — 7 deep lobes each of which is trifid. p. 206. — Rocks,

** Peduncles 2 -flowered. Roots perennial .

2. G. Phceum, peduncles 2-flowered opposite the leaves, cal.
slightly awned, petals waved, capsules keeled hairy below
wrinkled above, stem erect, p. 206. — Woods,

3. G. sylvaticum, peduncles 2-flowered, leaves subpeltate with
5 or 7 deep and acute lobes which are cut and serrated, stem
erect corymbose, petals slightly notched, capsules keeled hairy
(not wriiikled). p. 206. — Thickets.

4. G. pro tense, peduncles 2-flowered, leaves 5 -partite, lobes
multipartite all the segments acute, capsules hairy smooth (not
wrinkled), p. 206. — Pastures.

5. G. pyrenaicum, peduncles 2-'flowered, leaves reniform 5 — 7-
lobed, lobes oblong obtuse trifid and toothed at the extremity,
stem erect branched, petals deeply notched twice as long as
the cal. p. 206. — Waste places,

***' Peduncles 2-flowered. Root annual.

6. G. lucidum, peduncles 2-flowered, leaves roundish 5-lobed,
lobes trifid and notched obtuse, calyces pyramidal angular den-
tato-tuberculate, capsules wrinkled, p. 207. — Rocks and walls,

7. G. rolertianum, peduncles 2-flowered, leaves ternate or qui-
nate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments mucronate, cal. angular hairy,
capsules wrinkled, p. 207. — Woods.

8. G. molle, peduncles 2-flowered, leaves rounded or reniform
lobed and cut downy, petals notched scarcely longer than the
cal., capsules transversely wrinkled, seeds smooth, p. 207. —
Waste places.

.9. G. rotundifolium, peduncles 2-flowered, leaves rounded or
reniform lobed and cut downy, petals entire the length of the
cal., capsules smooth (not wrinkled) hairy, seeds punctate.
p. 207. — Waste places.

10. G. pusillum, peduncles 2-flowered, flowers pentandrous,
petals notched, leaves rounded or reniform in 5 — 7 deep lobes,
lobes trifid, capsules smooth carinated downy with erect appres-
sed hairs, seeds smooth, p. 207. — Waste grounds.

11. G. dissectum, peduncles 2-flowered, petals notched rather
longer than the much awned cal., leaves 5-partite, lobes trifid

[s2]

276 DICOTYLEDONS. — BALSAMiNE.i:. Impatiens.

or laciniated linear, capsules smooth hairy, seeds punctate.
p. 2{iS.— Hedges.
12. G. columbinum, peduncles 2-flo\vered shorter than the leaves
which are 5-partite, the lobes divided into many acute seg-
ments, petals entire as long as the much awned cal., capsules
smooth glabrous, seeds punctate, p. 20S.-^Pastures,

Order LV. OXALIDE^. Br,

Cat. inferior, 5-leaved; imbricated in aestivation. Petals 5, re-
gular, unguiculate. Stamens 10, monadelphous, alternately
shorter. Capsule rostrate, 5 -celled, lO-valved, 2 — many-
seeded. Valves cohering by the axis. Seeds suspended,
thrown out of the capsule by the elastic rupture of the outer
coat of the testa. Embryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen.
Cotyledons flat.

Herbs with many parted, rarely simple leaves.

1. OXALIS.

Cal. 5 -partite. Cor, of 5 petals. Caps, angular, 5 -celled.
Cells 2- or many- seeded. Seeds with an elastic arillus,

1. O. Acelosella, leaves all radical ternate inversely heart-shaped
hairy, scape single- flowered, root squamose. p. 141. — Woods
and hedge-banks,

2. O. cornicidata, stem branched spreading, flowers single or
subumbellate shorter than the petioles, leaves ternate obcor-
date pubescent, p. 141. — Old ivalls.

Order LVI. BALSAMINE^. Juss.

Cal. deciduous, 3-leaved, with one leaf larger than the rest, and
elongated into a spur. Petals very unequal, the two lowest
the largest. Stamens 5, Anthers cohering. Ovary o-ceW-
ed, many-seeded. S/2^ma sessile, simple. Capsule 5- ceWed,
5-valved, many-seeded. Valves bearing the dissepiments in
their middle, and separating with elasticity when ripe. Seeds
suspended. Embryo of the same form as the seed. Cotyle-
dons thick, ovate, convex. Radicle very small, superior. Al-
bumen none.

Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves. Flowers axillary.

l.IMPATIENS.
I. I. Noli-me-tangere, joints of the stem swelling, leaves ovate
serrated petiolate, peduncles solitary many-flowered, p. 76. —
Moist groves.

I

DICOTYLEDONS. CARYOPHYLLEiE. Diautkus. 277

Order LVII. LINEiE. Decand, TUorie,

Part of CaryophyllecB, Juss,

Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Stamens definite, often monadelphous.
Ovary 1. Styles many, each with one stigma. Stigmas ob-
lique. Capsule many-celled, many-valved. Seeds definite,
pendulous. Embryo in the axis of an oleaginous albumen,
straight. Cotyledons foliaceous. Radicle superior.

Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers usually terminal,

1. LINUM.
Ca/. persistent. Petals 5, Stamens 5, Styles 5. Cops, glo-
bose, mucronate, 10-celled. S^ec?5 ovate, compressed.

1. L. usitatissimum, leaves lanceolate alternate, cal. leaves
acute 3 -nerved, petals crenate, stem subsolitary. p. 97.—
Corn-fields.

2. L. cat liar ticum, leaves opposite oblong, stem dichotomous
above, petals acute, p. 97. — Dry pastures,

2. RADIOLA.
Cal. many-cleft. Pet. 4. Stam. 4. Styles 2. Capsule 6-

valved, 8-celled. Seeds solitary.
1. R. millegrana. p. 60. — Moist gravelly soils.

Order LVIII. CARYOPHYLLE.^. Juss.

Cal. many-cleft. Pet. definite. Stam. definite, fewer than or
equal in number to the petals, these alternate with them, or
twice as many, those opposite them being inserted into the
base of the petals. Ovary 1. Styles 2 — 5, each with one
oblique stigma. Capsule 1 -celled, many-valved, many-seed-
ed. P/ace»/a in the axis, or parietal. jG7W^7yo curved or spi-
ral. Albumen farinaceous.

Herbs. Leaves opposite, connate or verticillate, rarely with sti-
pules. Flowers often terminal, sometimes axillary,

Div. I. Caryophylle^. Cal. monophyllous, tubular , with
4—3 teeth. •

1. SAPONARIA.

Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed, destitute of scales at the
base. P^/. 5, clawed, Stam.lO, Styles 2. Caps. oblong,
1 -celled.

1. S. officinalis, leaves ovato-lanceolate, calyces cylindrical gla-
brous, p. 134. — Road-sides.

2. DIANTHUS.

Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed, with about 4 imbricated

278 DICOTYLEDONS. — CARYOPHYLLE.^. Agrostemmci^

opposite scales at the base. Vet. 5, clawed. S/a?w. 10.
Styles 2. Cops, cylindrical, 1 -celled.

* Flowers clustered.

1. D. Armeria, flowers clustered fascicled, calyx-scales lanceo]
late downy as long as the tube. p. 134. — Fields,

*■* Flowers solitary, many on the same stem.

2. D^ deltoides, flowers solitary, cal. scales mostly 2 lanceolate
acute, petals notched, p. lo4. — Rocks,

3. SILENE.

Cal. monophyllous, tubular, often ventricose, 5-toothcd. Pet.
5, clawed, mostly crowned ut the mouth, and the limb gene-
rally notched or bifid. Stam. \0, Styles 3, C(/p5. 3 -cell-
ed, 6-toothed, many- seeded.

* Cal. glabrous.

1. S. inflaia, flowers panicled, cal. inflated glabrous reticulated
with veins, leaves ovate, p. 134. — Pastures and sea-coast.

2. S. acaulis, csespitose, leaves linear ciliated at the base, pe-
duncles solitary single-flowered, petals slightly notched crown-
ed, p. 135. — Mps.

** Cal. pubescent.

3. S. nutans^ flowers panicled secund cernuous, petals deeply
bifid their segments linear, leaves (of the stem) lanceolate pu-
bescent, p. 135. — Rocks, rare.

4. S. 7ioctiflora, cal. with 10 angles veined, teeth nearly as long-
as the tube, stem dichotomous. p. 135. — Corn-fields.

4. LYCHNIS.

Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5 -toothed. Pet. 5, clawed, crowned
at the orifice, their limb divided. Stam. 10. Styles 5. Caps.
opening with 5 or more teeth, 1- or 5-celled.

1. L. Flos Cuculi, flowers loosely panicled, petals 4-cleft, caps,
roundish 1 -celled, p. 141. — Meadows.

2. L. Ftscaria, petals slightly notched at the extremity, caps. 5»
celled, stem clammy at the joints, p. 142. — Rocks, rare.

3. L. alpina, glabrous, petals bifid, flowers corymboso-capitate,
capsule 1-celled. p. 142. — Alps, rare.

4. L. dioica, flowers dioecious, caps. I -celled, p. 142. — Hedges,

Div. II. Alsine^, Cal. 4 — o-leaved, or ri-partite to the very
base.

5. AGROSTEMMA.
Cal. monophyllous, tubular, coriaceous, 5-cleft. Pet. 5, clawed,
their limb undivided. Caps, opening with 5 teeth, l-cellcd.

DICOTYLEDONS. — CARYOPHYLLEi^. Cerastium, 2/9

1. A. Giifiago, hairy, cal. much longer than the cor., petals
entire destitute of a crown, p. 141. — Corn-Jields,

6. SAGINA.
CaL of 4 leaves. Fetals 4 (shorter than the cal.), Siam, 4.
Styles 4. Caps, of 1 cell, 4-valved.

1. S. procumhens, perennial glabrous, stems procumbent, leaves
shortly mucronate, petals much shorter than the cal., caps,
longer than the cal. p. 59. — Gravelly soils.

2. S. apeialoy annual subpubescent, stems erect or procumbent
only at the base, leaves aristate, petals much smaller than the
cal., caps, longer than the cal. p. 60. — Dry gravelly soils.

3. S. mariiima, annual glabrous, stems erect or procumbent
only at the base, leaves fleshy obtuse, petals none, cal. rather
longer than the caps. p. 60. — Sea-coast,

7. MCENCHIA.

Cal, of 4 leaves. Pet. 4 (as long as the cal.). Caps, of I cell,

opening with several teeth at the extremity.
M. glauca, p.QO. — Gravelly pastures,

8. SPERGULA.

Pal. 5-leaved. Pet. 5, undivided. Stam. 5 — 10. Styles 5,
Caps, ovate, 5 -celled, 5-valved.

1 . S. arvensis^ leaves whorled with minute membranaceous sti-
pules at the base, stalk of the fruit reflexed, seeds more or
less margined, p. 144. — Corn-fields.

2. S. nodosa, leaves subulate opposite glabrous connate, the
lower ones sheathing, the upper ones bearing clusters of young
leaves, petals much longer than the cal. p, 145. — PVet sandy
places.

3. S. subulata, leaves subulate subciliated tipped with a bristly
point, peduncles solitary very long, petals and capsule as long
as the cal. p. 145. — Dry pastures,

4. S. saginoides, glabrous, leaves subulate acute awnless, pedun-
cles solitary very long, flowers drooping, petals as long as the
cal., caps, twice as long. p. 145. — Mountains,

9. CERASTIUM.

Cal. 5-leaved. Pet. 5, cloven. Stam. 10. Styles 5. Caps,
bursting at the top with 10 teeth (5 in Cer, aquat.),

* Petals not exceeding the cal. in length.

1. C. vulgatum, hairy viscid suberect, leaves ovate, flowers ca-
pitate longer than their pedicels, p. 142. — Roadsides, ^c,

2. C. viscosum, hairy viscid spreading, leaves oblongo-lanceq-
late, flowers somewhat panicled shorter than their pedicels.
pA42.--PastureSy&c. . .

280 DICOTYLEDONS. — CARYOPH iTLLE.i:. Areuaria,

3. C. semidecandrum.y hairy viscid suberect, leaves oblongo-
ovate, flowers somewhat panicled shorter than their pedicels,
stam. 5, petals but slightly notched, p. 143. — Hills a?id walls.

4. C. tetrandrum^ " hairy subviscid, flowers- quadrifid tetran-
drous, petals bifid shorter than the cal.'* p. 143. — fi'^alls and
sea- shores.

** Petals longer than the cal.

5. C. arvense, leaves linear-lanceolate more or less pubescent
especially at the base, petals twice as long as the cal. p. 143.
— Gravelly pastures.

6. C. alpinum, subglabrous or clothed with long white soft silky
hairs, leaves elliptical ovate, flowers 1 — 3, capsule oblong
curved, p. 144. — Alps,

7. C. latifolium, clothed with short rigid yellowish pubescence,
leaves elliptical ovate, flowers 1 — 2, capsules ovate, p, 144.
Alps.

8. C. aq?iaticTim, upper leaves cordato-ovate sessile, flowers so-
litary, fruit pendulous, p. 144. — Watery places.

10. CHERLERIA.
Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5, extremely minute, notched. Slam.
10. Styles 3. Caps. 1 -celled, opening with 3 valves, many-
seeded, Sm. (3-celled, cells 2-seeded, Decand.).
\. Ch. sedoides. p. 139.~^/pj.

11. ARENARIA.
Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5, undivided. Slam. 10. Styles 3.
Caps, 1 -celled, many-seeded.

* Exstipulate. Leaves ovate.

1. A. peploideSf leaves ovate acute fleshy, p. 137. — Sea-coast.

2. A. iriiiervis, leaves ovate acute petiolate 3- (rarely 5-) nerved
ciliated, flowers solitary, calyces rough on the keel with 3 ob-
scure ribs. p. 137. — Woods.

3. A. serpyllifolia, leaves ovate acute subscabrous sessile, cal.
hairy its outer leaves 5-ribbed. p. 138. — Waste places.

** Exstipulate. Leaves subulate.
A, A. verna, stems (numerous) panicled above, leaves subulate
rather obtuse striated, petals obovate longer than the 3-nerved
cal. p. 138. — Mountain pastures.

5. A. tenuifolia, stem more or less branched, branches panicled
at their extremitiesj leaves subulate acute, petals lanceolate
much shorter than the lanceolate very acuminated 3-nerved
cal. p. 138. — Walls and rocks, rare.

6. A.fastigiata, stem erect straight, leaves fascicled subulato-
setaceous erect, flowers fascicled, cal. much acuminated

DICOTYLEDONS.— CARYOPHYLLE.E. Stellaria, 281

(white) with 2 central (green) nerves twice as long as the ovate
petals, p. 138. — Mountain rocks, rare.

*** Stipules at the base of each pair of leaves.

7. A. rubra, stems prostrate, leaves narrow linear acute plane
vsomewhat fleshy tipped with a very minute hristle, stipules
ovate cloven, capsule as long as the cal., seeds compressed an-
gular roughi&h. p. 138. — Gravelly soils,

8. A. marina, stems prostrate, leaves seniicylindrical fleshy awn-
less, stipules ovate cloven, caps, longer than the cal., seeds
compressed smooth with a broad membranous pellucid
border, p, 139. — Sea-coast.

12. STELLARIA.

Ca/. of 5 leaves. Pe/. 5, deeply cloven. Stam. \{). Styles S,
Caps, 1 -celled, opening with 6 teeth, many-seeded.

1. S. Nemorum, leaves petiolate cordate, upper ones ovate ses-
sile, panicle dichotomous. p. 135. — Woods.

2. S. media, leaves ovate, stems procumbent with an alternate
line of hairs on one side, petals bipartite, stam. 5 — 10. —
Waste places.

3. S. holostea, stem nearly erect, leaves lanceolate much acumi
nated finely serrulate, petals inversely heart-shaped bifid twice
as long as the nerveless cal. p. 136. — Woods.

4. S. graminea, stem nearly erect, leaves lanceolate acute entire,
panicle much branched, petals very deeply cleft, segments li-
near scarcely longer than the 3-nerved leaves of the cal. /;. 136.
— Dry pastures.

5. S. g/az/ca, stems nearly erect, leaves linear-lanceolate entire
glaucous, flowers upon long solitary axillary footstalks, petals
very deeply cleft, their segments linear much longer than the
3-nerved cal. p. 136. — Marshes.

6. S. uUginosa, stem decumbent ovato-lanceolate entire with a
callous tip, flowers in dichotomous panicles, petals bipartite
shorter than the cal. p. 136. — Ditches.

7. S. cerastoides, stems decumbent with an alternate hairy line,
leaves oblongo-spathulate, peduncles 2 — 3 mostly terminal
and as well as the cal. which is twice as long as the bifid cor.
glanduloso-pilose. p. 136. — ^Ips.

8. S.scapigera, stem shorter than the flowerstalks, leaves linear*
lanceolate crowded pubescenti-scabrous at the margin, cal. 3r
nerved as long as the petals, p. 137. — Mountains, rare.

282 DICOTYLEDONS. SEMPERVIV.^. ScdlOU.

Order LIX. SEMPERVIV.E. Juss.

{Crassulacece, Jiiss.)

Col. inferior, of one piece, many-cleft. Cor, sometimes moiiope-
talous. Stamens either equal in number to the petals and al-
ternate with them, or twice as many, half alternate and half
opposite. Ovdries equal in number to the petals. Disk hy-
pogynous. Follicles many-seeded. Seeds small. Embryo
in the axis of a fleshy more or less abundant albumeiu i?G-
dicle opposite the lulnm.

Herbs with fleshy opposite or alternate leaves. Flowers alter-
nate, or in spikes, corymbs, or cymes. Mirb.

I. COTYLEDON.

Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. monopetalous, tubular, o^fid. Caps. 5, with

a nectariferous scale at their base.
1. C. Umbilicus, leaves peltate crenate depressed in the centre,

stem spiked with the numerous racemes of pendulous flowers,

upper bracteas minute entire, p, 139. — Rocks and old build'!-

ings,

2. SEMPERVIVUM. .
Cal 12- cleft. Petals 12. Capsules 12.
1. S. Tectorum, leaves ciliated, offsets spreading, p. \49, —

House-tops and walls.

3. SEDUM.

Cal. 4 — 7-cleft. Vet, 5. Caps. .5, with a nectariferous scale
at their base.

* Leaves plane.

1. S. Telephium, leaves flattish serrated, corymbs leafy, stem
erect, p. 139. — Borders qf'Jields, hedges and waste places,

** Leaves rounded, Jijced by their base.

2. S. dosyphyllum, leaves opposite (alternate on the flowering
stem) cordato- ovate obtuse fleshy, stem weak, panicle gluti-
nous, p. HO, — Rocks and walls.

3. S. album, leaves scattered oblong cylindrical obtuse spread-
ing, cyme much branched, p. l40.— 'Rocks and walls.

4. S, villosum, leaves scattered oblong plane above and as well
as the peduncles and stems hairy and viscid, p. 140. — Bogs
and moist rocks.

*** Leaves rounded, produced below the point of insertion into a land
of spur, whichis pressed to the stem.

5. S. angUcum, leaves ovate gibbous fleshy produced at the base
alternate, cyme bifid, p. 140. — JValls and rocks.

6. iS. acre, leaves ovate gibbous fleshy produced at the base al-

DICOTYLEDONS. — droserace.t:. Droscva. 283

ternate, cyme trifid leafy, p. 140. — Rocks, walls, and stony
places.
7. S. reflexum, leaves scattered subulate fleshy produced at the
base, flowers subcymose. p. 141. — IValls, roof s of houses and
thatched buildings.

4. RHODIOLA.

Dioecious. Barren fl. Cal. 4-paitite. Pit. 4. Nectaries 4,
cmarginate. Fertile Jl, Cal. 4-partite. Pet. 4, Nectaries
4, emarginate. Caps. 4, many- seeded.

1. Rh. rosea, p. 2S9.—lFet rocks.

Order LX. PORTULACE.^. Juss.

Cal. 2^5-cleft. Cor. of 5 petals or 5-cleft. Stam. definite
or indefinite. Ovary 1. Style 1-, often many-cleft. Stigmas
2 — 5. Pyxis 1 -celled, many-seeded. Seeds attached to a
central placenta, albuminous. Embryo annular.

Herbs or Under-shrubs, Leaves alternate or opposite, often
fiQ^hy.J^lirb. •

1. MONTIA.

Cal, of 2 leaves. Cor, of 1 petal, Stam. 3. Styles 3. Caps,
3-valved, 3-seeded.

I. M.foniana, p. 47. — Rills, springy and wet places.

Order LXI. DROSERACE.^. I)eca?id.

{Part of Capparides^Juss.)

Cal. 5-cleft, persistent. P<?/. 5, equal, unguiculate. Stam. de-
finite. Anthers turned outwards, adnate, in aestivation rolled
up with the styles. Pollen cohering in masses of from 3 — 5
granules, Oyary -I -celled, many-seeded. P/ace7i/a5 parie-
tal, opposite to the angles of i\\Q' ovary. Stigmas s\m\i\fi,
CapA\ -^celled, half 3 — 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds very
small. Embryo round, minute, in the base of a fleshy albumen,
Radich opposite the hilum.
.^Merbs. Leai/e5 radical. F/oi^/er^ on scapes.

\. DROSERA. »
'Ca/. 5-cleft. \Pc/aZ5 5. Styles 6. Cop5. 1 -celled, 3— 5-valved,
many-seeded.
*\.:tilybtundijulia, leaves radical orbicular spreading upon ra-
V thef a short footstalk, scape with a simple raceme, p. 98. —
Bogs,

284 DICOTYLEDONS. VIOLACE^.

2. D. longifolia, leaves radical obovate tapering below into a
long footstalk erect, scape with a simple raceme, p. 98. — Bogs.

3. D. a?iglica, leaves radical oblongo-spathulate tapering down
into a long footstalk erect, scape with a simple raceme, p. 98.
-^Bogs,

Order LXII. CISTE^. Juss.

CaL 5 -parted. Petals 5. Stamens indefinite. Ovary I. Style
and Stigma 1. Capsule many-seeded, many-valved ; some-
times 1-celled, with the p/acew/as in their middle; sometimes
many- celled, with dissepiments proceeding from the middle of
the valves. Seeds numerous, round. Embryo recurved or
spiral, surrounded with a somewhat fleshy albumen, (Radicle
at the opposite extremity of the seed to the umbilicus.
Br. MSS.-)

Shrubs or Under-shrubs. Leaves opposite, with or without sti-
pules. Flowers in racemes or corymbs. Mirb.

1. CISTUS.

Cal, of 5 leaves, 2 smaller than the rest. Pet. 5. Caps, with
3 valves and many seeds.

1. C. Helianthemum, somewhat shrubby procumbent, leaves el-
liptical oblong somewhat hairy mostly white and pubescent be-
neath, the margin slightly revolute, stipules lanceolate, p. 170.
— Dry pastures.

Order LXIII. VIOLACE^. rent.

Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5, irregular. Stajn. 5. Anthers often united.
Style and Stigina 1. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seed-
ed. Seeds attached to the middle of the valves. Embryo
in the axis of a fleshy albumen. Radicle opposite the hilum.

Herbs with alternate leaves and stipules.

I.VIOLA.

CaL 5-cleft, the segments produced at the base. Upper petal
spurred at the base.

* We are obliged to Mr. Brown for the knowledge of this important pe-
culiarity in the structure of the seeds of Cistus. The true direction of the
radicle had been previously overlooked by carpological botanists, (unless
Gaertner intended to indicate it by the term " radicula centripeta" which he
applies to Cistus and Helianthemum y) and, as Mr. Brown has remarked to us,
offers, by this curious anomaly, a character by which not only the limits of
Cisteo! can be po.'<itively defined, but which indicates the affinity of Lechea
and Hudsonia to this order, in both which he has observed the same struc-
ture.

DICOTYLKDONS. CRUCIFER.^. 285

* Stigma acute, recurved {stipules entire).
i. V. hirta, stemless, leaves cordate rough, as well as the petioles
and capsules, with hairs, cal. obtuse, p. 76. — Woods,

2. V. odorata, stemless throwing out runners, leaves heart-shaped
glabrous, as well as the petioles, cal. obtuse, p. 77. — Hedges
and hanks.

3. V. paiustr'is, stemless, leaves reniform quite smooth veiny be-
neath, cal. obtuse, spur very short, p. 77. — Bogs.

4. V. canina, stem at length ascending channelled, leaves cordate
acute, stipules long dentato-ciliate, cal. acute, p. 77. — Woods
and hanks.

5. V. lactea, stem ascending, leaves ovato-lanceolate smooth,
stipules dentate, cal. acute, p. 77. — Pastures.

** Stigma erect, large and perforated (stipules deeply fjiivided).

6. V. tricolor, stem angled branched spreading, leaves oblong
deeply crenate, stipules Urate pinnatifid. p. 77. — Cornfields.

7. V. lutea, stem simple erect, leaves ovato-oblong crenate, sti-
pules deeply lobed palmate, p. 11. — Pastures,

Order LXIV. POLYGALE,^. Juss.

Cal. 5 -parted, equal or unequal, with two segments larger than
the rest and coloured. Pet. definite, 4, 3, 2, fastened oh one
side into one, split on the other. Stam. often 8, rarely fewer,
generally diadelphous, in two equal bundles, inserted either into
distinct petals, or into the monopetalous tube. Anthers gene-
rally 1-celled, opening by a pore at the top. Style 1. Stigma
thickish. Capsule or drupa generally 2-celled ; the capsule
with two valves and a dissepiment opposite to them. Cells
1-seeded. Seeds pendulous usually with an arilius at the hilum.
Emhryo straight in the axis of a fleshy albumen,

Shruhs or Herhs. Leases without stipules. Flowers terminal
with bracteae j rarely axillary. Jwsi.

1. POLYGALA.

Cal. of 5 leaves, two of them wing-shaped and coloured. Caps,
compressed, obcordate.

1. P. vulgaris, flowers in a terminal raceme crested, wings of the
cal. nerved obtuse longer than the cor., stem herbaceous pro-
cumbent, leaves linear-lanceolate, p. 211. — Pastures,

Order LXV. CRUCIFERiE. Juss.
Cal. of 4 leaves, Pet, 4, Stam. 6, tetradynamous, alternate with

286 DICOTYLEDONS. — CRUCiFER.^. Lepidium.

the petals ; 2 solitary, 4 in 2 pairs. Ovary and StyleX, Disk m
the form of hypogvnous glands. Pericarp fa Siliade or Siliqua)
2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Placenta like a dissepiment,
parallel with the valves. Seeds without albumen, in two rows
in each cell. Embryo recurved. Radicle opposite the hilum.
Herbs.. Leaves alternate. Flowers in corymbs, spikes, or panicles.
Mirb.

DlV. I. SiLICULOS.E.

l.CAKILE.
Pouch of 2 single-seeded articulations ; upper articulation with
an erect sessile seed ; the lower one with a pendulous seed
(sometimes abortive).

1. C. maritima, articulations of the pouch two-edged the upper
one sagittate, leaves pinnatifid subdentate fleshy, p. 193.

2. CRAMBE.
Touch with the upper articulation subglobose ; its seed inverted,
fixed to the base of the cell by its (long, curved) seedstalk ; the
lower articulation abortive, resembling a pedicel.

1. Cr. maritima, the four longer filaments forked, pouch point-
less, leaves roundish sinuated waved toothed glaucous and as
well as the stem glabrous, p. 193.

3. CORONOPUS.

Pouch 2-lobed, without valves, wingless; cells 1-seeded. Coty-
ledons incumbent, linear.

1. C. Ruellii, pouch undivided crested with little sharp points.
p. 193.

4. THLASPI.

Pouch compressed, emarginate ; the valves keel-shaped (often
winged) many-seeded. Fi/aweTz/^ without teeth distinct. Cal.
unequal in its insertion, patent.

1. Th. arvense, pouch orbicular, its wings dilated longitudinal,
seeds concentrically striated, leaves oblong sagittate toothed
glabrous, p. 194.

2. Th. Bursa-Pastoris, pouch obcordate without wings, radical
leaves pinnatifid. p. 19^.

5. TEESDALIA.
Pouch emarginate, the valves keel-shaped ; cells 2-seeded. Fila-
ments with a little scale on their inside.
1. T. nudicaulis. p. 194.

6. LEPIDIUM.
Pouch with 1-seeded cells, their valves keel-shaped. Pel, equal.

DICOTYLEDONS. — CRUCIFER.E. Draha. 287

\. L. latifoUum^ leaves lanceolate undivided serrated or entire,
pouch oval entire, p. 194.

2. L. rudcraley flowers diandrous apetalous, radical leaves pin-
natifid those of the branches linear entire, pouch emarginate
patent, p. 194.

3. L. campestrCf pouch ovate emarginate winged rough with
minute scales, style scarcely longer than the notch, cauline
leaves sagittate toothed, p. 195.

4. L. kirtum^ pouch ovate emarginate winged glabrous, style
nearlvhalf as long as the pouch, cauline leaves sagittate toothed,
p. 195.

7. COCHLEARIA.

Pouch subovate, many-seeded, their valves turgid. Seeds not
margined, their cofi/ledons accumbent. The s^horier filaments
without teeth. Cal. patent.

1. C. officinalis, pouch globose, radical leaves petiolate cordato-
reniform entire or sinuated, cauline ones sessile oblong sinuated.
p. 195.

2. C. anglica, pouch elliptical, radical leaves petiolate cordate
entire, cauline ones mostly sessile oblong more or less toothed
near the base. p. 195.

3. C. danica, pouch ovato-elliptical, leaves all petiolate deltoid,
p. 196.

4. C. Armor acia, pouch oblong, stigma dilated nearly sessile,
radical leaves oblong (on long footstalks) crenatc, cauline ones
elongate-lanceolate serrate or entire, p. 196.

8. SUBULARIA.

Pouch oval, pointless {Silic, mulica, Br.), many-seeded; valves
turgid. Cotyledons incumbent, linear, bipartite {bicrures),

1. S. aquatlca. p, 196.

9. DRAB A.

Pouch entire, oval; valves plane, or a little convex; cells manv-
seeded. Seeds not margined ; cotyledons accumbent. Fila-
ments without teeth.

1 . Dr. verna, scapes naked, petals bipartite, leaves lanceolate
somewhat cut hairy, p, 196.

2. Dr. rupestris^ scapes naked or with one leaf, petals undivided,
pouch lanceolate pubescent, leaves plane lanceolate hairy, p. 1 96.

3. Dr. hirta^ scape generally with 1 or 2 ovate dentate or entire
leaves, petals undivided, pouch oblong and as well as the pedi-
cels glabrous, leaves lanceolate plane hairy and stellato-pube-
scent. p. 197.

4. Dr. incana, cauline leaves numerous lanceolate dentate hoary
with starrypubescence, pouch oblong somewhat twisted. p. 197.

288 DICOTYLEDONS. CRUClFER.i:. AmbiS,

5. Dr. muratisy stem branched, leaves ovate obtuse amplexicaul
dentate, pouch patent glabrous, p. 197.

10. CAMELINA.

Pouch subovate, many-seeded ; their valves turgid. Cotyledons
incumbent. Filaments without teeth.

1. C. sativOf pouch obovate marginated, stigma simple, leaves
lanceolate sagittate, p. 198.

Div. 11. SiLiauos^.

ll.CARDAMINE.

Pod linear, with the margins truncated; valves plane, nerveless
(often bursting elastically), narrower than the dissepiment.

* Leaves pinnated.
I.e. hdbifera, stem quite simple, inferior ones pinnated, superior
ones undivided, p. 198.

2. C. amara, leaves pinnated, radical leaflets roundish, cauline
ones dentato-angulate, style oblique, stigma acute, stem root-
ing at the base. p. 198.

3. C. praiensis, leaves pinnate, radical leaflets roundish dentate,
cauline ones lanceolate nearly entire, style straight, stigma ca-

• pitate. p. 198. y '

4. C. hnpatiens, leaves pinnate, leaflets lanceolate somewhat cut
or entire, stipules ciliated, petals linear or none. p. 199.

5. C. hirsuta, leaves all pinnated and without stipules, leaflets
petiolate radical ones roundish, stam. (4 — 6) equal in length
to the petals, stigma nearly sessile, p. 199,

** Leaves undivided.

6. C. lellidifoUa, leaves simple ovate entire upon rather long
footstalks, p. 199.

12. ARABIS.

Pod linear, crowned with the nearly sessile stigma; valves veined
ornerved. Seedsinonerow, Cotyledons accumhent. Ca/.erect.

1. A. hispida, radical leaves sinuato-lyrate lengthened below into
footstalks, cauline ones mostly undivided glabrous, fruit-bear-
ing peduncles spreading half as long as the pods. p. 199.

2. A. thaliana, leaves subdentate pilose, radical ones subpetiolate
oblong, stam. as long as the petals, stem branched, pods as-
cending, p. 199.

3. A. ciliata, leaves subdentate oval glabrous ciliated, radical ones
nearly sessile obtuse, cauline ones semiamplexicaul, stem simple,
p. 200.

4. A. hirsuta, leaves all hispid dentate, cauline ones semiamplexi-
caul, pods straight, p. 200.

DICOTYLEDONS. ^ — CRUCiFER^. Erysimum. 289

5. A. TwrriVfl, leaves amplexicaul, pods recurved flat and linear
with the margins incrassated, bracteas foHaceous. p. 200.

13.TURRITIS.

Po^ elongated, 2-edged; valves nerved and keeled. Seed% in 2
rows. Cotyledons accumbent.

1. T. glabra, radical leaves dentate hairy, cauline ones amplexi-
caul entire glabrous, p. 200.

14. BARBAREA.

Pod 4-edged. Cof y led ons accumbent. Seeds \n one row, Cal.
erect. Small glands placed between the shorter filaments.

1. B. vulgaris, lower leaves lyrate the terminal lobe rounded the
superior ones obovate toothed, p. 200.

2. B.prcBCOx, lower leaves lyrate upper ones pinnatifid their seg-
ments linear oblong and entire, p. 201.

15. NASTURTIUM.

Pod rounded (sometimes short) ; valves concave, nerveless, not
carinated. Cotyledons accumbent. Cal. patent.

1. N. officinale, leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate subcordate sinuato-
dentate. p. 201.

2. N. sylvestre, leaves pinnate, leaflets lanceolate incised those
on the uppermost leaves nearly entire, p. 201.

S. N. terrestre, leaves lyrato-pinnatifid unequally toothed gla-
brous, root simply fibrous, petals not longer than the cal. p. 201*

4. N. amphihium, leaves oblong pinnatifid or serrated, root sim-
ply fibrous, petals longer than the cal. p. 201.

16. SISYMBRIUM.

Pod rounded or angular. Cotyledons incumbent (sometimes ob-
liquely), plane. Cal. patent (sometimes nearly erect).

1. S. officinale, pods subulate pubescent close pressed to the main
stalk, leaves runcinate hairy, stem hispid, p. 202.

2. S. Sophia, leaves doubly pinnate a little hairy, pinnules linear
terminal one the longest, petals shorter than the cal. p. 202,

17. ERYSIMUM.

Podi'Sided, Seeds not margined . Cotyledons incumhent. Stigma
capitate, sometimes notched, with the lobes patent. Cal. closed.

1. E. cheiranthoides, leaves lanceolate entire or slightly toothed
with stellato-tripartite hairs, pods nearly erect their peduncles
spreading, stigma undivided nearly sessile, p. 202.

2. E. Alliaria, leaves heart-shaped petiolate dentato-crenate.
p. 202.

[T]

290 DICOTYLEDONS. — CRuciFER.^. Raphmius,

18. CHEIRANTHUS.

Pod compressed or 2-edged. Cotyledons accumbent. Cal. closed ;
opposite leaflets saccate at the base. Stigma placed upon a
style, 2-lobed, with the lobes patent or capitate.

1, Ch. f rut iciilosus, leaves lanceolate acute hoary beneath, pube-
scence all simple and close pressed, stem somewhat shrubby,
branches angular, p. 202.

19. HESPERIS.

Pod 4-sided or 2-edged. Stigma nearly sessile, with the lobes
connivent. Cotyledons incumbent, plane. Cal. closed.

1. H. mntronalis, stem erect, leaves ovato-lanceolate toothed,
limb of the petals obovate, pods erect torulose their margins
simple (not incrassated). p. 202.

20. BRASSICA.

Pod 2-valved (with an abortive or 1 -seeded beak). Cotyledons
conduplicate. Cal, closed.

1. Br. Napus, root caulescent fusiform, leaves smooth, upper ones
cordato-lanceolate amplexicaul, lower ones lyrate toothed.p. 203.

2. Br. Rapa, root caulescent orbicular depressed fleshy, radical
leaves lyrate scabrous those of the stem nearly entire smooth,
p. 203.

3. Br, oleracea, root caulescent rounded fleshy, all the leaves gla-
brous glaucous waved and lobed. p. 203.

4. Br. Mojiensis, leaves pinnatifid, stem nearly leafless glabrous,
pods smooth, beak monospermous. p. 203.

5. Br.campestris, root and stem slender, leaves cordate acuminate
amplexicaul lower ones lyrate dentate subhispid. p. 203,

21.SINAPIS.

Pod 2-valved (sometimes of 2 articulations, of which the upper

one is valveless). Co/z/Mo/zi conduplicate. Cal. patent.

1. S. arvensis, pods with many angles turgid and knotty longer
than the 2-edged beak, leaves ovate sublyrate. p. 204.

2. S. allja, pods hispid turgid shorter than the ensiform beak,
leaves pinnatifid. p. 204.

3. S. nigra, pods appres^ed glabrous tetragonous, style short su-
bulate, upper leaves linear-lanceolate entire glabrous, p. 204.

4. S. tenuifolia, pods linear glabrous shortly beaked erect, pe-
duncles spreading, leaves lanceolate very acute pinnatifid or
bipinnatifid, stem glabrous, p. 204.

22. RAPHANUS.
Pod valveless (torulose Sm.). Cotyledons conduplicate, Cal.
closed.

DICOTYLEDONS. PAPAVERACE^. 29 1

1. R. Raphanisirum, leaves simply lyrate, pods of one cell jointed
striated, p. 204.

2. R. maritimus, leaves interruptedly lyrate, pods of one cell
jointed striated, p. 204.

. Order LXVI. FUMARIEiE. Decand,

Cat, {hraclece P) of two leaves. Petals {sepals P) 4, irregular,
in two series, the upper one saccate at the base. Stamens
definite, in two bundles, opposite the outer petals. Anthers
turned outwards. Ovary I, 1-celled, 1- or many-seeded.
Style simple. Stigma horned. Fruit either a little 1 -seeded
drupe, or a 2- or many-seeded capsule. Seeds attached by
their middle. Emlryo very minute, in the base of a fleshy
albumen. Radicle opposite the hilum.

Herbs with climbing shoots and divided leaves. Flowers in
spikes,

1. FUMARIA. - .

CaL small, of 2 leaves. Pet, 4, irregular, one of them gibbous
at the base. Filaments 2, membranaceous, each bearing 3
anthers,

* Capsule sphatricaly 1 -seeded.
{Fumaria.)

1. F. officinalis, spike lax, stem branched spreading, leaves bi-
pinnate, leaflets almost linear, p. 210. — Corn-fields,

2. F. capreolata, spike lax, stem climbing by means of the ten-
dril-like petioles, leaves triternate, leaflets obovato-cuneiform
cut and lobed. p. 210. — Hedges.

^ ^ Caps, linear, 2- or more seeded.
{Corydalis, Dec.)

3. F. claviculata, spikes lax, stem climbing pinnate, leaflets
3 — 5-partite, lobes ovato-acute, petioles ending in tendrils.
p, 2\\, --Rocks,

Order LXVII. PAPAVERACE.E. Jms,

Cal, of 2 — 4 leaves, deciduous. Cor, of 4 — 8 petals. Stamens
indefinite. Ovary }. Stigma lobed. Capsule one-celled,
many-seeded. Placenta parietal, 2- or many-parted. Seeds
with a caiuncule. Embryo in the base of a fleshy albumen.

Milky plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers spicate, umbellate,
or solitary. Mirb,

[t2]

292 DICOTYLEDONS. NYMPH.^ACE.^. Nymph(Ea.

1. PAPAVER.

CaL 2-leaved, caducous. Petals 4. Stigma radiated. Caps,

discharging its seeds by pores under the permanent stigma,

* Capsules hispid.

1. P. Argemone, capsules clavate hispid, stem leafy many-flow-
ered, p, 1 68* — Corn-fields,

** Capsules glabrous,

2. P. dulium^ capsules glabrous oblong, stem many-flowered
hairy, bristles of the flowerstalks appressed, leaves pinnatifid.
p. 168. — Corn-fields,

3. P. RhoeaSy capsules glabrous nearly globose, stem many-flow-
ered bristly, bristles of the flowerstalks (as well as of the stem)
spreading, leaves pinnatifid. p. 168. — Corn-Jields,

4. P. somniferumy capsule globose glabrous, stem many-flowered
and as well as the glaucous amplexicaul leaves glabrous.
p. 168.

5. P. camhric7im, capsules glabrous oblong, stem many-flowered
nearly glabrous, leaves pinnated, leaflets petiolate ovato-lan-
ceolate cut, p, 168. — Woods,

2. CHELIDONIUM.
Cal, ol 2 /eai;e5, caducous. Pet, A, Stigma 2-lobed. Pod
linear, 1 -celled, of two valves. Seeds numerous, crested, free.
1. Ch. majiis, p, 167. — Waste places.
3. GLAUCIUM.

Ca/. of 2 /eafe5, caducous. Pet, 4, Stigma 2-]ohed. Po^Z li-
near, 1 -celled, of 2 valves. Seeds numerous, dotted, imbed-
ded in a spongy substance which fills the pod,

1. G. luteum, peduncles 1-flowered, leaves (of the stem) am-
plexicaul sinuate, stem glabrous, p. 167. — Sea-coasts,

Order LXVIII. NYMPH^ACEiE. Salisb.

CaL of 4 — 5 leaves, not articulated with the receptacle. Pet,
and stam, disposed in many rows, alternate with the sepals.
Anthers turned inwards, adnate. Berry many-celled, many-
seeded. Embryo large, in the base of a fleshy albumen.

Water plants. Leaves on long stalks, their nerves radiating.
Peduncles without bractece, 1-flowered.

1. NYMPH^A.
Cal. of 4— 5 leaves. Pet. numerous, inserted upon the germen
beneath the stamem. Berry many-celled, many-seeded.

DICOTYLEDONS. — RANUNCULACE.^. Clematis, 293

1. N, alba, ^^ leaves cordate, stigma of 16 ascending rays."
p. 169. — Lakes and ditches.

2. NUPHAR.
Cal. of 5 — 6 leaves. Pet, numerous, inserted as well as the
siam. upon the receptacle. Berry superior, many-celled,
many-seeded.

1. N. luteoy leaves cordate, their lobes approximate, cal. of 5
leaves, stigma expanded (entire) with from 14 — 20 rays.
p. \69.-^Lakes, c^c.

2. N. Kalmiana, leaves cordate, their lobes subapproximate,
stigma cut (toothed, Sm.) with from 8 — 12 rays, p, 169. —
Lakes,

Order LXIX. BERBERIDE^. Jt/ss,

Sepals in two rows, deciduous. Petals opposite the sepals. Sta-
mens equal to the petals in number and opposite them. An-
thers adnate, opening with a valve from the base upwards.
Ovary 1 . Seeds generally attached laterally. Embryo straight,
in the axis of a fleshy albumen.

Shrubs or Herbs, Leaves alternate, generally compound 3 flow-
ers in racemes, furnished with bractece. Dec,
1. BERBERIS.

Cal. of 6 leaves. Cor, of 6 petals, Stam, 6. Berry 2-seeded.

1. B. vulgaris, racemes pendulous, spines 3-forked, leaves ob-
ovate ciliato-serrate. p, 1 11. — Hedges,

2. EPIMEDIUM.
Cal. of 4 leaves, caducous. Pet, 4, with an inflated nectary on

the upper side. Stam. 4, Pod of 1 cell, 2 valves, many

seeds.
I.E. alp'mum. p. 55,

Order LXX. Rx\NUNCULACE^. Jtess.

Cal. with many definite sepals, or many-parted. Petals defi-
nite or indefinite, sometimes wanting. Stamens indefinite.
Anthers adnate, generally turned outwards. Ovaries many,
1 -celled. Seeds attached to their inner side. Embryo mi-
nute, straight, placed in the base of a corneous albumen.

Herbs or Under shrubs. Leaves simple, variously lobed, usually
alternate, with stalks more or less dilated at their base. Dec,
1. CLEMATIS.

Cal. {Pet., Sm.) of 4— 6 leaves. Pe^ none. Pericarps ier-
minated by a long, mostly feathery awn, {caudate).

294 DICOTYLEDONS. — RANUNCULACE.^E. Raminmilus,

1. CI. vitalbn, stem sarmentose, leaves pinnate, leaflets coidato-
ovate inciso-lobate, petioles scandent, peduncles rather shorter
than the leaves, p. MX.

2. THALICTRUM.

Cal. {Pet., Sm.) of 4 — 5 leaves. Pet. none. Pericarps with-
out awns (ecaudate).

1. Th. alpimmiy stem simple nearly leafless, raceme simple termi-
nal, flowers drooping, segments of the leaves glabrous, p. 171.

2. Th. minus, leaves tripinnate, leaflets trifid glaucous, flowers
panicled drooping, p. 172.

3. Th. majus, "leaves tripinnate, leaflets lobed'* (mostly trifid),
" branches of the panicle subumbellate. flowers drooping."

p. 172.

4. Th. flavum, stem^ erect branched furrowed, leaves bipinnate,
leaflets wedge-shaped trifid, panicle much branched subcorym-
bose, flowers erect, p. 172.

3. ANEMONE.
Involucre of 3 divided leaves, distant from the flower. Cal.

{Cor., Sw.) petaloid, of 5 — 9 leaves. Pet. none. Pm-

carps with or without awns.
1. A. 7ze7Woro5a, leaves ternate lobed and cut, involucre the same

petiolate, stem single-flowered, capsules without awns. p. 171.

4. ADONIS.
Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5 — 10^ without any nectary. Pericarps

without awns.
1. A. aiitumjialis, petals concavo-connivent scarcely longer than

the glabrous cal., pericarps reticulate collected into an ovate

head, stem branched, p. 172.

5. RANUNCULUS.
Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5 — 10, with a nectariferous pore at the

base. Pericarps without awns. (In R. Ficaria there are 3

cal. leaves and many petals.)

* Pericarps transversely wrinkled. "Petals white; claw yellow, tvith a
nectariferous pore. (Decand.)

1 . R. aquatilis, stem floating submersed, leaves capillaceo-mul-
tifid, floating ones tripartite their lobes cut, petals obovate
larger than the cal., pericarps glabrous or hispid, p. 173«

/3. all the leaves capillaceo-multifid^

2. R. heder a cejis, stem creeping, leaves roundish kidney-shaped
with 3 — 5 rounded entire lobes, petals small scarcely longer
than the cal., stam 5 — 10, pericarps glabrous, p. 173.

. ^ Pericarps smooth or echinated {not transversely wrinkled) . Petals

with a small scale at the base. (Decand.)

t Flowers white.

3. R. alpcstrisy leaves glabrous orbicular deeply 3-lobed, lobci

DICOTYi-EDONS. RANUNCULACE.^2. TvolllUS. 295

at the extremity lobulato-crenate, stern mostly 1 -flowered, pe-
tals obcordate p. 173.

ft Flowers yellow. Leaves undivided.

4. R. Lingua, leaves lanceolate subserrated sessile seniiamplexi-
caul, stem erect glabrous, p. 173.

5. R. Fiammula, leaves linear lanceolate nearly entire petiolate
the lower ones ovato-lanceolate, stem declined rooting at the
base.

/3. much smaller, stem creeping filiform, p. 174.

6. R. Ficaria, leaves heart-shaped petiolate angular or crenate,
cal. of 3 leaves, petals 9. p. 174.

ttt Flowers yellow. Leaves variously divi(^ed.
•4- Root perennial. Capsules smooth.

7. R. auricomusy leaves glabrous radical ones reniform 3-partite
and cut, stem leaves divided to the base into linear subdentate
segments, cal. pubescent shorter than the petals, p. 174.

8. R. sceleratus, leaves glabrous radical ones petiolate tripartite,
lobes cut very obtuse upper ones into 3 linear incised segments,
calyx glabrous, capsules collected into an oblong spike, p. 174.

9. R. acriSf cal. spreading, peduncles rounded, (not furrowed,)
leaves tripartite their segments acute 3-fid and cut upper ones
linear, p. 174.

/3. minor, stem 1 — 2-flowered.

10. R. repens, calyx spreading, flowerstalks furrowed, scions
creeping, leaves cut into 3 petiolated leaflets which are 3-Iobed
or 3-partite and cut. p. 175.

11. R. hdbosus, calyx reflexed, peduncles furrowed, stem up-
right many-flowered, leaves cut into 3 petiolated leaflets, which
are 3-lobed or 3-partite and cut, root bulbous, p. 175.

+--<- Roots. annual. Capsules tuberculate or muricated.

12. R. hirsutus, cal. reflexed, stem erect many-flowered hairy,
leaves 3-lobed or 3-partite, lobes obtuse cut, root fibrous, cap-
sules margined and tuberculated. p. 175.

13. R. arvensis , c?\. spreading, stem erect many-flowered, leaves
three-cleft their segments generally again 3-cleft into linear
entire or hi- tridentate segments, capsules muricated. p, 175..

6. MYOSURUS.

Cal. of 5-leaves, prolonged at the base, pet, 5, their claws tu-
bular, filiform, pericarps collected upon a very small recepta-
cle. Stam. 5 to 12.

1. M. minimus, p. 98. — Fields,

7. TROLLIUS.
Cah {Cor.y Sm.) of 5, or many leaves, Fe(, (Ned,, Sm») 5

296

DICOTYLEDONS. UNCERTAIN.

or many, minute, tubular at the base. Capsules cylindrical,

many-seeded.
1. Tr. europceus, leaves of the cal. {cor., Sm.) 15 concavo-
. connivent^ petals {nect., Sm.) as long as the stam. p. 176.

8. HELLEBORUS.
Cal. (Cor., Sm.) of 5 petals, subcoriaceous, persistent. Pei,
(Nect., Sm.) 8 — 10, very small, tubular, somewhat two-
lipped, nectariferous. Capsules compressed, nearly erect,
many-seeded.

1. H. viridis, stem few-flowered leafy, leaves digitate, cal.
spreadinjs:. p. 176.

2. W. fcEtidus, stem many-flowered leafy, leaves pedate, cal.
, concHvo-connivent. p. 176.

9. CALTHA.
Cal. (Cor., Sm.) of 5 leaves, petaloid. Pet. none. Caps.sQ

veral, compressed, spreading, with many seeds.
1. C. palustris, leaves cordate crenate. p. 176.
/3. stem creeping, leaves cordato- triangular, p. 176.
y. leaves cordate nearly entire, p. 176.

PLANTS OF WHICH THE SITUATION IS UN-
CERTAIN.

1. PARNASSIA.
Cal. 5-parted, persistent. Fei, 5, hypogynous, alternate with
the calyx. Scales 5, inferior, inserted into the claws of the
petals, fringed with cilia bearing a round gland at their end.
Stamens 5, hypogynous, alternate with the petals. Anthers in-
cumbent. Ovary 1. Style none. Stigmas 4, persistent,
with a hole betvveen them. (Juss.) Capsule I -celled, 4-val-
ved. Valves bearing the incomplete dissepiments in their mid-
dle. Seeds very numerous, winged on one side, attached to
the margin of the dissepiments. Albumen none. Embryo
cylindrical. Cotyledons very short, obtuse. Radicle long,
straight, centrifugal. {Gcerhi.)
1. P. palustris. p. 97. — Bogs.

It is much to be regretted, that so beautiful a plant as this should
have no certain station assigned it in any natural arrangement 5 and
the more so because its structure is completely understood. Probably
it is, as Ventenat has supposed, one of those genera which constitute
distinct orders of themselves ; just as many solitary species constitute
distinct genera. M. de Jussieu, in his Genera Plantarum, placed it
next Drosera and Reseda, among the genera supposed to be akin to
Capparides. Adanson arranged it among his Cisti. Sir James Smith
has conjectured it might be related to Saxifraga and Dioncea; and we
believe Mr. Brown is disposed to favour the opinion of its affinity to
the former genus. There are others who consider it more near //^-

DICOTYLEDONS. 29/

perlcincE, an idea which its structure very much confirms, notwith-
standing its difference in habit. The fringed bodies, which are con-
veniently enough called Nectaries, appear so very analogous to the
bundles of stamens in Hypericum, that we confess we should have had
little doubt in our own minds of its actually belonging to Hypericincs,
if the most learned botanist of his age had not formed an opinion to
the contrary.

2. EMPETRUM.
Dioecious, Ca/. 3-parted, peisistent. c?« Petals 3, wither-
ing. Stamens 3. Filaments long. Anthers 2-pviYt\\.e, ?. Ova-
ry superior depressed. Sti/le none, or very short. Stig-
mas nine, reflexed, spreading. Juss, Berry round, 1 -celled.
Seeds 2 — 3 or more, erect, bony. Embryo upright, in the
axis of a fleshy albumen. jRac?ic/e inferior. Gcertn,
1. E. ni(rr7im, procumbent, leaves linear-oblong, p. 287. —
Mountainous heaths,

Jussieu has placed this singular genus, along with Hudsonia, at the
end of Ericece. Adanson arranged it with his Cisti. But we think
Mr. Nuttall has taken a more correct view of its affinity, in placing it,
as a distinct order which he proposes to call Empetrece, at the end of
CenifercE. We quite agree with him in thinking that the principal re-
semblance between it and Ericece consists in the leaves.

3. CERATOPHYLLUM.
Monoecious. Ca/. many-parted. Cor. 0. S- St am, tw\ce z.^
many as the divisions of the calyx. Anthers oblong. ? . Ova-
ry 1, compressed. Style none. Stigma oblique. Juss,
Nut bony, 1 -celled, indehiscent. Seed erect. Allumen
none. Embryo with 4 cotyledons, of which two are larger
than the rest. Plumula of many leaves.
1. C. dernersum, fruit armed with 3 spines, p. 272. — Ditches,
We suspect there is something still to discover, w^th respect to the
male flowers at least, in this genus. Its affinity has scarcely been
mentioned. For some time it floated among Jw^sfew's Naiades; till it
was ascertained that it was a dicotyledonous plant. Since that time,
the only author we are acquainted with who has noticed it is M. Ri-
chard, who has hinted at a resemblance existing between it and Coni-
ferce.

INDEX TO THE GENERA

IN THE SECOND PART OF

THE FLORA SCOTICA.

A Page.

cer 27:^

ACERACE^ 272

Achillea 244

ACOTYLEDONS 3

Adiantum 157

Adonis .. .. ' 294

Adoxa 256

./Ecidium 14

uEgopodium 255

^thusa 253

Agaricus 19

Agrimonia .. 263

Agrostemma 278

Agrostis 1 64

Aira 166

Ajuga 214

Alchemilla 264

Alcyonidium 75

Alectoria 67

Alg/e 74

Alisma « . . 1 86

Alismace/e 186

Allium 184

Alnus 200

Alopecurus 163

Althaea 274

Amanita .. 19

AMARYLLIDEiE 185

Anagallis 211

Anchusa 224

Andraea 120

Andromeda 230

Anemone 294

Angelica 252

Anictangium 123

Anomodon 138

Anthemis 244

Anthoceros 110

Anthoxanthum 162

Anthriscus 253

Anthyllis 267

Antirrhinum 219

Apargia 235

Apium . . . . 254

Apocine,* 228

Page.

ArshU 288

Arbutus .. 231

Arctium 238

Arcynia 13

Arenaria 280

ARISTOLOCHIiE 202

Aroide^ 190

Artemisia 240

Arthonia 36

Arum 1»0

Arundo 164

Asarum 203

Ascobolus 33

AsPARAGEiE 183

Asparagus . . . . . . 183

Asperugo 225

Asperula 247

AsPHODELEiflE 183

Aspidium 153

Asplenium .. .. .. .. 155

Aster 242

Astragalus 268

Atriplex 208

Atropa 223

Avena ^ . . . , 171

Azalea 230

Baeomyces 65

Ballota _ 217

Barbarea 289

Bartramia 139

Bartsia .. 219

Batrachospermum 77

Bellis 243

Berberide^ 293

Berberis 293

Beta 208

Betonica 216

Betula 201

Bidens 240

Blechnum 157

Boletus .. .. 26

B0RAGtNE« 223

Borago 225

Borrera 66

INDEX. PART II.

Page.

168

10

Botrychium

Bovista

Brassica 290

Briza 168

Bromus 1 70

Bryonia 259

Bryum 148

Bunium 251

BuTOMEiE 182

Butomus 182

Buxbaumia . . 139

Cakile 286

Calicium , . . . 41

Callitriche 258

Calluna 230

Caltha 296

Camelina 288

CAMPANULACEiE 232

Campanula 233

Caprifoliace^ 248

Cardainine 288

Carduus 238

Carex 174

Carlina 239

Carpinus 196

Cariim 254

Castanea 196

Caucalis 251

Celastrin^ 271

Cenomvce 61

Centaurea 239

Centunculus 211

Ceramium 84

Cerastium 279

Ceiatophyllum 297

Cetraria bl

Chaerophyllum 254

Chsetophora 7^

Chara 109

Charace^e .. ' 108

Cheiranthus 290

Chelidonium 292

CHENOPODEiE 207

Chenopodiura 207

Cherleria 280

Chondria 105

Chordaria 97

Chrysanthemum 243

Chrysosplenium 256

Cichorium 237

Cicuta 253

Cinclidotus 126

Chc^a 258

Cistus 284

Cladium ^,. 174

Cladostephus 89

Clavaria 29

Clematis '.. 293

Clinopodium 217

Cnicus 238

Cochlearia 287

Comarum 264

Composite 233

Colchicum 182

Collema 70

Conferva 80

CoNIFERiE 194

Conium 251

Conostomum 125

Convallaria 183

CoNVOLVULACEJE 226

Convolvulus 226

Conyza . . . , 241

Corallorrhiza .. 190

Cornicularia 69

Cornus 249

Coronopus 286

CoRYLACExE .. * 195

Corylus 195

Cotyledon 282

Crarabe 286

Crataegus 261

Crepis 237

Crithmum .. 252

CUCURBITACE.« 259

Cuscuta 226

Cyathus .. •• .. .. .. 18

Cynoglossum 225

Cynosurus .. .. .. .. 172

CvPERACEiE 172

Dactylis .. .. 169

Daedalea . , . . 26

Daphne 204

Daucus 251

Delesseria 100

Dematium 34

Dianthus 2']^

Dicotyledons 194

Dicranum 131

Diderma 12

Didymodon 135

Digitalis 220

Diphyscium 123

DipsACE^ 245

Dipsacus 245

Doronicum 243

Draba 287

Draparnaldia 11

Drosera 283

Dryas 265

INDEX. PART II

Echium . .
Elynius . .
Empetrnm
Encalypta
Endocarpon . .
Epilobium
Epimedium
Epipactis . .
Equisetace^e
Equisetum
Erica . . . .
Erice^ ..
Erigeron . .
Erineum
Eriocaulon
Eriophorum
Erodium . .
Ervum
Eryngium
Erysimum
Erythraaa . .
Evernia . .
Euonymus . . .
Eupatoriura . .
Euphorbia

EuPHOUBIACEiE

Euphrasia

Fagus
Fedia

Festuca . .
Filices
Fluviales
Fontinalis •
Fragaria . .
Fraxinus . .
Fucus
Fuligo
Fumaria . .

FUMARIE.^

Funaria . .

Fungi

Furcellaria

Galanthus
Galeobdoloa
Galeopsis . .
Galium . .
Geoglossum
Genista . .
Gentiana . .

GENTIANEiE

Geranium
Geum
Glaucium
Glaux

Page.

225
169
2.97
128

44
258
293
189
IGO
160
230
229
241

34
179
172
274
268
250
289
228

61
271
240
203
203
218

196
246
169
152
192
138
263
229
"93

11

291

291

136

3

97

186
216
216
247
30
266
227
227
275
262'
292
212

Page.

Glechoma .. 215

Gloionema 78

Gnaphalium 241

Goodyera 189

GuAMINEyE 162

Grammitis 152

Graphis 43

Griffithsia 84

Grimmia 128

Grossvlari^ .. .. .. 257

Gymnadenia 188

Gymnoslomum . . . , . . 122

Gyrophora . . 41

Habenaria 1 88

HaloragejE 257

Halytnenia 107

Hedera 249

Helleborus 296

Helvella 31

Hepatic^e 109

Heracleum 252

Hesperis 290

Hieracium 235

Hierochloe 163

Himantia 35

Hippocrepis 268

Hippuris 257

Holcus 165

Hookeria 140

Hordeum 165

Hamulus 202

Hutchinsia 87

Hyacinthus 184

Hydrum 28

HvDROCHARIDEiE 187

Hydrocharis 187

Hydrocotyle : 250

Hydrodictyon 80

Hymenophyllum 157

Hyoscyamus 223

Hvpericin^u 271

Hypericum 272

Hypnum 141

Hypochaeris .. 237

Hysterium 8

Jasiono 233

Ilex .. .. 271

Illecebre^ 260

Impatiens 276

Imperatoria 254

Inula 243

Iride^e 186

Iris 186

Isidium 66

INDEX.—

Page.

Isoetes 160

JUNCAGINE.^ 1J)2

JUNCE^E 179

Juncus 179

Jungermiinnia Ill

Juniperus 195

Labiat.^ .. . .. .. 214

Lactuca 234

Laminaria 98

Lamium 216

Lapsana 237

Lathraea 222

Lathyrus 267

Lavatera 274

Lecanora 47

Lecidea 36

Leguminos^e 266

Lemania 83

Lemna 191

LEN'TlBULARIiE 212

Leontodou 235

Leonurus 217

Leotia 30

Lepidium , 286

Lepvaria . . .... . . 73

Leucodon . . .... . . 1 35

Licea 13

Lichen 35

Lichina 96

Ligusticum 252

Ligustrum 229

LiLIACEJE 185

Limosella 220

Linnaea 248

Litium 277

Listera 189

Lithospermum 224

Littorella . . .... . . 209

Lobelia 233

Lolium 167

Lonicera . . ' 248

LORANTH EiE 249

Lotus 270

Luzula 181

Lychnis 278

Lycogala *. . 11

Lycoperdon 11

Lycopodine^e „ .. .. 159

Lycopodium 1 59

Lycopsis 225

Lycopus 214

Lysimachia 211

Lythrum i^

•PART II.

Page.

Malya 2/4

Marsileace.e 160

Marcha«tia Ii9

Mairubium 21/

Matricaria 244

Medicago 2/0

Mei.ampyuace^e 213

Meiainpyrura 213

MELANTHACE/li 182

Melica 166

Mentha 215

Menyanthes 228

Menziesia 230

Mercurialis 203

Meruhus 25

Mespilus 26 1

Milium 164

Moenchia .. 279

Monilia 34

Monocotyledons .. .. 161

Monotropa 232

MoNOTROPE^ 231

Montia 283

?lla

Morch

Mucor

Musci

Myosotis

Myosurus

Myrica .. .. 201

Myriophyllum 258

31

13

120

224

295

Malaxis

189

Narcissus 185

Nardus 163

Narthecium 182

Nasturtium 289

Neckera 138

Nepeta 215

Nephroma 61

Nostoc 74

Nuphar 293

Nymphaea 292

Nymph^ace^e 292

(Enanthe .. .. .. .. 253

Olein/e 229

Onagrari^e 258

Ononis 267

6nopordum 239

Opegrapha 42

Ophioglossum 158

Orchide^e 187

Orchis .. 187

Origanum 217

Ornithogalum 184

Ornithopus 268

Orobanche . . 222

INDEX. -

Page,

Orobanchk;^ 222

Orobus 267

Orthotrichutn 136

Oscillatoria 78

Osmunda 158

Oxalis 276

OxyrJa 207

Panicum 1 62

Papaver 292

Papaverace^ 291

Parietaria 202

Paris 183

Parmelia 52

Parnassia 296

Pedicularis 219

Peltidea 59

Peplis 260

Peucedanum 252

Peziza 32

Phalaris 163

Phallus 18

Phascum 121

Phellandrium 253

Phleum .. .. 164

Physarum 12

Picris 234

Pilobolus . . 9

Pilularia 160

Pimpinella * 254

Pinguicula 213

Pinus 194

Plantagine^ 209

Plantago 209

PLUMBAGINEiE 210

Poa 167

POLEMONIACE^ 227

Polemomum . . . . . . . . 227

Polygala 285

POLYGONE.E 205

Polygonum 205

Polypodium 153

Polytrichurn 125

Populus 200

Porina 45

Potamogeton 193

Potentilla 263

Poterium 265

Prei.anthes .. 235

Primula .. 211

Priml'lace/b 210

Prunella 218

Prunus 265

Pteris 156

Pterogonium 129

Ptilota 106

-PART II.

Puccmia 16

Pulmonaria 225

Pyrenula 46

Pyrethrum 244

Pyrola 232

Pyms 261

Quercus .. .. 195

Racodium 34

Radiola 277

Ramalina 68

Raxunculace^ 293

Ranunculus 294

Raphanus 290

Resedace^ 204

Reseda 204

Restiace.'e 178

Rhamne^ 2/0

Rhamnus . . .... . . 271

Rhinanthus 219

Rhodiola 283

Ribes 257

Riccia .. .. HO

Rivularia 76

Rosa 261

Rosacea 260

Rottbollia 165

RuBiACE.E 246

Rubus 263

Rumex 206

Ruppia 192

Ruscus 183

Sagina

Salicari^

Salicinje

Salicornia

Salix

259

196

209

196

Salsola 208

Salvia 214

Sambucus , 249

Samolus 212

Sanguisorba 265

Sanicula 251

Saponari? 277

Saxifraga 255

SAXIFRAGEiE 255

Scabiosa 245

Scandix 253

Schoenus 173

Scilla 184

Scii-pus 173

Scleranthus 260

Sclerotium 10

Scolopendrium 156

INDEX.—

Page,

Scrophularia . . .... . . 220

SCROPHULARIN^ 218

Scutellaria 218

Scytonema 78

Sedum 282

Selinum 251

Sempervivum 282

Senecio 242

Serratula 238

Sesleria 167

Sherardia 247

Sibbaldia 263

Silene 278

Sinapis 290

Sison 252

Sisymbrium 289

Slum 252

Smyrnium 254

SOLANE/E 222

Solanum 223

Solidago 243

Solorina 36

Sonchus 234

Sparganium 191

Spathularia 30

Spergula . . . . ~ . . . . 279

Sphseria 4

Sphoerococcus 67

Sphserophoron 67

Sphagnum .. 121

Spilonia 35

Spiraea . . . ^ 265

Splachnum 124

Sporochnus 96

Stachys 216

Statice 210

Stellaria 281

Stemonitis 13

Stereocaulon 66

Sticta 58

Stratiotes 187

Subularia 287

Symphytum . . 225

Tanacetum , 240

Targionia 119

Taxus 195

Tcesdalia 286

Tetraphis .. 124

Teucrium .. 215

Thalictrum 294

Thelephora 29

Thelotrema 45

Thlaspi 286

THYMELiEiB 204

Thymus 217

PART II.

Pnge,

Tilia

Tofieldia 182

Torraentilla 264

Tortula 127

Tragopogon 234

Tremtlla 31

Trichia 12

Trichostomum 1 34

Trientalis 212

Trifolium 269

Triglochiii .. .. . . .. 192

Triticum 1 70

Trolliua 295

Tuber .«. 10

Tubercularia 9

Tulipa 185

Turritis 289

Tussilago 242

Typha 192

Ulex 266

Ulmace.e .. 201

Ulmus 201

Ulva 90

Umbellifer.« 250

Urceolaria 47

Uredo 14

Urtica 202

Urtice^ 202

Usnea 70

Utricularia 212

Vaccinieje 231

Vaccinium 231

Valeriana 246

Valeriane^e 245

Variolaria 46

Vaucheria 92

Verbasciim 222

VeRBENACExE 213

Verbena 213

Veronica 220

Verrucaria 43

Viburnum 249

Vicia 268

Vinca 228

Viola 284

Viscum 250

Weissia 130

Woodsia 153

Xyloma 9

Zannichellia 193

Zonaria 89

Zostera 193

Zygodon 136

Zygnema 79

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