MAMAN UTHA TALANDS (Hudson It) Pach Great Anrolabe | Reef onte e | x ate * | * co % P= 4 ae mS *. ~ % So ' es, ee | pony ee (epee | i oe gen | | F | = | | am =~ | | a | om | i pos | wall | = | | = } es Ra a a YE eet 7 SOUTH PACIFIC FIJI ISLANDS too Soom fies senate na | ‘s | aN. SOUNDINGS v= PATRONS: oe lt ae NX 1S | | | ——— =~: : 2 ¥ so pe eee D | | | ee iz : | : of Cipla FL Evie KN GB FIRS Brea == —— = = = = = = = : 2691 Sines a ee) Penns os 8 SOUTH PACIFIC FIJI ISLANDS From the Surveys of Caéain HMDeaham. FUN EIS 1454-6. pal | Linatrmants WU Mess a GE Richards, RN. | WIEBE wll Siders Aram the Werke of Commsnuir © Wiles, arse el rane other saaherninn by 1 Plu Mh Ha bes Brew ot ay Gira greet stebopewnn 9 yep mmo eve ero hed vy yor ARIAL wr sieved Rel bo ve ak Bye ese te 1808 dering cine Soemei ™ Ait Boars ry Tre Dt 1a we pos ton Peed } SOUNOINGE i= FaTHONS Hugh We at he Pall & Change MaMAnOTMA IeLanoe — : apes be beret (sy anstonce of Coyeain F1 Evans RX CB TRS Nytraanapher Lar corecons Sage EE Dae 18 IEP ATE me aba MEW MCE NCGS Leadon Whlnbed aide Ai Do i in \dmaralty 17 Judy 167 cumlee Ow SPY old hy 2D Pome girs he ah sale of RM ai Vee FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA VOLUME | . Me ra nanumi kina nai Taukei dina kei Viti na duru vesi ni vanua mataisau ka dau ni veikau bati kadi qaqa dau loloma ka dau veikaroni.. . FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA : A NEW FLORA OF FIJI (SPERMATOPHYTES ONLY) ALBERT € SMITH VOLUME | Introduction Gymnospermae, Families 1-6 Angiospermae: Monocotyledones, Families 7-43 (except Family 32. Orchidaceae) AEM TRSUNT SS Vi 2 “ANS f anes \, ( AT IN 3 (} 1079 it \\ nS }} ‘A HM ae j 7 Ad : ao = SZ IBRARIE S Wy Lawai, Kauai, Hawai WanaCbeene oncoscaneoae0eoosccggGmoudE sccaGen0000GC 138 ind eralbiliialestewesmes eerste terre recone seca es sae = okey sco raite soe e ere cr adeuats ders uetni is etal 140 [Feammaiihy 14, ILMWECERS oo conaaovdnneneoncaoneD done dnas0a DDO DOM OOS 141 lnevenby 15), ANWEVGSES ooo ccccedncbouscsupousSauecunGopHes000 500 cK 147 amily llOsApavaceaemas- 4. aera ena errr 148 Ramilyal/peAmanyllidacedaciee senna eect ese teen 156 RamilyallSehilesiaceacmanee aes nner aeons 160 letenaanthy 1G), ANS OF MEYNOSEIS 5 5000000 0000006000000500000060000000000 161 Ramily2208Similacacedciene eee e neon tec ee eeeocerr acer 163 amily les Diosconeaceace eee een eee reece 166 Family.22:Naccacea ean cst scotia ake eee 171 Ramilye23rontedeniaccac mea eeer enero r eect een 173 Onder Iinidaless 25.3: hiseuseS noe uatce aus aioe Ree oe cease eee ae 176 amily 24: \Inidacede iat a. ave. ciavee mare he CIO ener 176 Order Zingiberales: 222 0)-0.5. cdod cco eenveyo ela seers oe er Se Ee 178 Family 255S trelitziaceaesn one see oot oo eee aoe eerie 179 Family 26) Musaceae: a issvec- crane eae oe ee ne eee ee 181 amnilyeieblcliconiaceac eee anne ee enOe ep oUG eer OOee Cee ee onroe 186 Family 28.\Costaceaesa x ccjsccnc: cers Oa cca io altace ae Ne Re 191 Ramily299Zingiberaccacaee aan ano eee eee een eeeaneeee 192 Family 30)'@annaceaes ea a3 coo ees eae eee Seo aiees 216 Family 3 lo) Miarantacead etn oc. aceite dere Cer roe Cero 217 Onder Orchid ales! o4 45 scsi seco oa seavapeceracoh eee aera ate ea eR REN Re Repeater tee 219 Family 32: Orchidacedes> seense-camm a aelar eek eae ek are 219 Subclass‘'Commelinidae) co 25 YG Ane bacon ae ei ioe Leer 219 Order Cy perales ie cectaneavensaaccsue wenn remeey meres erent nHO ea roe eearae erence 220 Family 33. Cyperaceae (by Tetsuo Koyama) ..................+..-- 220 Order Bromeliales: visacii ac sos 2 srsacieen eee eta enoee eee eeaeee 274 Ramilys4eBromeliaccacmenaee tener cer oe oC COO oTonCae 274 Order: Commrelinalesi acs jae ton eae ae oe ee ee 277 Eamuily5Commelinacedemaneneeee cece nee ee Gare aoere Dit Order Restionalesi: 52a) acs woes oe sec teoren nei Ge eke DISC 283 Bamily son blagellanaccacienereeneneeeen er oeeee One emorenerne 283 Ramilyss/eaioinvilleaceacies =aanonereecricee rere cee 289 OrdeniPoales: oe ye cee ae ralaee e ae ate e e eaCAe 290 Family 38. Poaceae (by John W. Parham) ......................-. 290 Subclass, Arrecid ae et). os cars wewsvaracesasioe conch eee SOT Sa ee 391 OrdemArécales's cas ei cere ces cites con kt aera eee eNOS Bea 392 Family 39. Arecaceae (by Harold E. Moore, Jr.) ................... 392 Order Arales: skein cist ecient aa ee roa tee ere a ar 438 Family 40. Araceae (by Dan H. Nicolson) ......................5. 438 Family 4iivemnacere mann ieee Soe eC Onn eee ea 460 Order Pandanales: Ceinnc IOC Cee er Rei aie eee nee 1. Hydrilla Plants of saltwater, the leaves opposite; spathes composed of 2 free bracts; flowers lacking petals; sta- mens 3, alternate with perianth segments; pollen grains in moniliform chains. .........2. Halophila 1. HyDRILLA L.C. Rich. in Mém. Cl. Sci. Math. Inst. Nat. France 12 (2): 9, 61. 1814; den Hartog in FI. Males. I. 5: 385. 1957. Freshwater, submersed plants; leaves in verticils of 3-8, undifferentiated into petiole and lamina, usually sharply serrate-dentate, less than 4 cm. long; spathes I- flowered, the flowers unisexual, small, hydrophilous, the perianth segments 2- seriate, the petals subequal to or longer than sepals but narrower; o flowers short- pedicellate, becoming detached and rising to water surface before expanding, the stamens 3; ? flowers sessile, the ovary with a stalklike beak, the styles 3, entire. Type species: Hydrilla ovalifolia L.C. Rich., nom. illeg. = Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle (Serpicula verticillata L. f.). DISTRIBUTION: A single species indigenous in Eurasia, Africa, and Australia. 1. Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. 376. 1839; Greenwood in J. Ar- nold Arb. 25: 403. 1944; A.C. Sm. in op. cit. 26: 97. 1945; Greenwood in op. cit. 36: 399. 1955; den Hartog in Fl. Males. I. 5: 385. fig. 1-3. 1957; J. W. Parham in Dept. Agr. Fiji Bull. 35: 141. 1959, Pl. Fiji Isl. 255. 1964, ed. 2. 349. 1972. FiGuRe 41. Serpicula verticillata L. f. Suppl. Pl. 416. 1781; Roxb. Pl. Coromandel 2: 33. t. 164. 1802. In Fiji this species occurs only near sea level (although noted elsewhere up to 2,000 m.), forming extensive mats in ditches and pools, and also in freshwater rivers and streams, and carried into saltwater bays by floods. It usually has submerged leaves and may occur in rapidly flowing water, rooting in water as deep as 1.5 m. Flowers and fruits probably occur at all seasons, but it is difficult to ascertain wheth- er or not dried specimens are from fertile material. TYPIFICATION: The younger Linnaeus merely mentioned: “Habitat in India.” A specimen of Wallich ? 5048 in the type cover at K was collected too late to have been seen by Linnaeus. 126 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. 1 Ficure 41. Hydrilla verticillata, from DA 16032; A, stem with 6 inflorescences, the spathes open at lowest node, unopened above, x 4; B, unopened 6 spathes, x 20; C, open 6 spathes, x 20; D, detached é flower releasing pollen grains, x 20. DISTRIBUTION: As of the genus; throughout Malesia but rare in the Moluccas and New Guinea. I have now examined 23 collections from Fiji, all from Viti Levu, but the species is probably a comparatively recent introduction, whether accidental or as an escape from a freshwater aquarium being unknown. The earliest Fijian collection known to me is the one cited by Greenwood in 1944, collected by G. Dennis on Nov. 10, 1942. The species is also known from Guam (Stone 4468) but is doubtfully in- digenous there. LOCAL NAME AND USE: Water weed. The species has become a very serious weed of many rivers on Viti Levu, especially those of the Rewa system, where it some- times fouls the propellors of launches and outboard motors; a detailed study of the problem is currently being conducted. REPRESENTATIVE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: MBa: Otuna River, tributary of Nandi River, G. Dennis 955. NANDRONGA & Navosa: Navatumali Agriculture Station, DA 16032; Rosikulu, Tanggusu Creek, DA 16033. RA: Ndombuilevu Farm, DA 1/3566. NAITASIRI: Serea, Wainimala River, DA 16629; vicinity of Viria, DA 16610; vicinity of Nanduruloulou, DA 16608; 1 mile up Waimanu River from mouth, DA 1661/2; Tonga Creek, near Koronivia road, DA 16645. TAILEVU: Malambi, Wainimbuka River, DA 16627; Luvu- luvu Creek, left bank of Rewa River, DA 16604; Mbaulevu Landing, DA 16609; Wainimbokasi, DA 16603. 1979 HYDROCHARITACEAE 127 Rewa: Opposite Nausori Airport in Rewa River, DA 16657; Lauthala Bay (washed downstream from freshwater), DA L.15601. The combination Aydrilla verticillata is often accredited to Presl, who did not propose it until 1844 (cf. the fuller literature citations I noted in 1945, cited above). 2. HALOPHILA Thou. Gen. Nova Madagasc. 2. 1806; den Hartog in Fl. Males. I. 5: 407. 1957, in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1): 238. 1970. Dioecious (our species) or monoecious marine plants, usually occurring on coral terraces in shallow water, the rhizome creeping; leaves paired, petiolate, the petioles (in our species) not sheathing, the blades (in our species) elliptic to obovate, the axis of the lateral shoots erect, in our species only slightly developed; spathes of 2 over- lapping membranaceous bracts, the flowers solitary, hydrophilous, the perianth seg- ments 3;o' flowers pedicellate, with 3 stamens alternating with perianth segments; 2 flowers essentially sessile, the ovary ellipsoid or ovoid, borne at apex of a long hy- panthium surmounted by 3 reduced perianth segments, the styles linear, 3-5; fruit ovoid to globose. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Halophila madagascariensis Doty & Stone (=H. minor (Zoll.) den Hartog) (cf. Sachet & Fosberg in Taxon 22: 441. 1973). DISTRIBUTION: Eight or ten species in shallow saltwater along coasts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and also in tropical and subtropical America. USEFUL TREATMENTS OF GENUS: Doty, M.S., & B.C. Stone. Typification for the generic name Halophila Thouars. Taxon 16: 414-418. 1967. Hartog, C. den. The Sea-grasses of the World (in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1)), Halophila, 238-268. 1970. Sachet, M.-H., & F_R. Fosberg. Remarks on Halophila (Hydrocharitaceae). Taxon 22: 439-443. 1973. In his definitive work on Halophila in 1970 (cited above), den Hartog recognized eight species, placing them in four sections; only sect. Halophila occurs in Fiji. Den Hartog recognized the collections from the Fijian Region as representing two sub- species of H. ovalis. The discussion by Sachet and Fosberg (1973, cited above) pre- sents cogent reasons for placing these two subspecies in different species, both wide- spread, and this solution is the one here accepted. KEY TO SPECIES Leaf blades elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 1-4 cm. long, with (9-) 12-25 comparatively spreading secondary nerves ascending at an angle of 37-60°, the areoles not bullate even in mature leaves. .. |. H. ovalis Leaf blades elliptic to obovate, 0.5-2 cm. long, with (3-) 6-12 (-14) secondary nerves sharply ascending at an angle of 65-90°, the areoles (in our area) characteristically bullate, often conspicuously so, but the bullaerarelyandistinctior lacking umivenysyoungileaves= =. 2-22) a= +2. ces ne ssc ss « s 2. H. minor 1. Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f. Fl. Tasman. 2: 45. 1858; Christophersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 6. 1935; den Hartog in Fl. Males. I. 5: 408. fig. 16. 1957; Doty & Stone in Taxon 16: 415. fig. 2. 1967; den Hartog in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1): 240, p. p. 1970. FiGures 25 (upper), 42A. Caulina ovalis R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 339. 1810. Halophila ovalis subsp. ovalis; den Hartog in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1): 251. 1970. Halophila ovalis var. ovalis; J. W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 349. 1972. In Fiji the typical subspecies of Halophila ovalis (if the species is finally recog- nized as composed of several subspecies) occurs on sandy mudflats which are ex- posed at low tide, typically offshore where mangroves occur, and often associated with Halodule pinifolia. \t has not been observed on coarse rocky reefs where 128 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. 1 Halophila minor occurs. It is found in copious mats, or sometimes more dispersed, with spreading, elongate stems. Probably it is in flower and fruit throughout much of the year, but this is not readily observed. TYPIFICATION: The type is R. Brown 5816 (number added by Bennett), collected Sept. 24, 1802, at the inner entrance to Thirsty Sound, Queensland, Australia (BM HOLOTYPE; ISOTYPE at K). Although den Hartog indicated “locality unknown” for Brown’s collection, Dr. W.T. Stearn kindly located the above data for me in Brown’s notes; the locality is described in Stearn’s introduction to the facsimile edition of the Prodromus as “station 23.” DISTRIBUTION: According to den Hartog’s 1970 treatment, the typical subspecies of Halophila ovalis occurs from eastern Africa and Madagascar through the Indian Ocean and Red Sea and through Malesia, extending northward to Japan, southward to Tasmania, and eastward to Tonga and Samoa. The Hawaiian collections cited by den Hartog as subsp. hawaiiana are considered specifically distinct as H. hawaiiana Doty & Stone by Sachet and Fosberg (in Taxon 22: 443. 1973). In Fiji this species is less common than H. minor. Both species also occur in Samoa, but all the Tongan material I have seen may be referred to H. minor; however, it is quite possible that H. ovalis is also to be found in Tonga. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: Moseley, Aug. 1874, p. p. VANUA LEVU: THAKAUNDROVE: Nasinu, Natewa Bay, DA 16870; Tukavesi, Mbutha Bay, DA /6896. Den Hartog in 1970 cited Smith 9620 as representing the typical subspecies; however, my no. 9620 was collected as Halodule pinifolia, with which a few leaves of Halophila are often mixed. In this case the Halophila was collected by me as no. 9619, which I believe to represent H. minor. 2. Halophila minor (Zoll.) den Hartog in Fl. Males. I. 5: 410. fig. 17, b. 1957; Sachet & Fosberg in Taxon 22: 441. 1973. FIGURES 25 (lower), 42B. Lemnopsis minor Zoll. Syst. Verz. 1: 75. 1854. Halophila ovata sensu auct. incl. den Hartog in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1): 251. 1970; non Gaud. 1826, 1827, 1829 (nom. illeg. = H. ovalis). Halophila ovalis var. bullosa Setchell in Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 341: 114. fig. 6. 1924; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 52. 1959; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 349. 1972. Halophila ovalis sensu Greenwood in Proc. Linn. Soc. 154: 104. 1943; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 51. 1959; J. W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 255. 1964; non Hook. f. Halophila ovalis subsp. bullosa den Hartog in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1): 251. 1970. In Fiji Halophila minor is found on reefs, usually in coarse sand in shallow pools exposed at low tide; it is often seen in dense pure stands where slightly covered or barely exposed at low tide, but sometimes it is associated with Halodule pinifolia. Flowering and fruiting material is seldom observed but is probably available throughout the year to a careful searcher. TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: The type of Lemnopsis minor is Zollinger 3334 (HOLOTYPE perhaps at BR), collected near Bari, Flores, on July 12, 1847. In proposing Halophila ovalis var. bullosa, Setchell cited his numbers //4, 1/5, and 181, all from Tutuila, Samoa, and also U.S. Expl. Exped. Of these, den Hartog in 1970 cited only no. //4, not making a lectotypification; however, Sachet and Fos- berg in 1973 cited Setchell 114 as the type, and I consider that they have thus definitely selected a lectotype (at UC; ISOLECTOTYPES at BISH, US). The number was collected at Aua on June 12, 1920. There has been considerable disagreement re- garding the appropriate name for this taxon, for the details of which the reader is referred to the discussion of Sachet and Fosberg. In 1957 den Hartog had proposed the combination H. minor on the assumption that H. ovata Gaud. was a superfluous name, because Caulina ovalis R. Br. had been cited in the synonymy. However, in 1979 HY DROCHARITACEAE 129 FiGcure 42. A, Halophila ovalis, leaves and stem tip, * 4, from DA 16896. B, Halophila minor, leaf and portions of stem, * 4, from DA 16903 1970 he changed his mind and accepted H. ovata. The clarification of Sachet and Fosberg makes it apparent that den Hartog was correct in 1957. A second question is whether H. ovalis var. bullosa Setchell should be placed in H. ovalis or in H. minor. | am disposed to agree with Sachet and Fosberg in reducing the variety out- right to H. minor, the degree of leaf bullation being less dependable than the size of leaves and the comparatively few secondary nerves that ascend at a sharp angle. DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed from eastern Africa and Madagascar along shores of southeastern Asia and through Malesia to the Mariana Islands and Aus- tralia, and eastward to Samoa and Tonga. In Fiji this seems the more frequent of the two species of Halophila occurring there. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: Mba: Sawani Beach, near Lautoka, Greenwood 83]. SERUA Fringing reefs in vicinity of Ngaloa, Smith 96/9; between Ngaloa and Wainiyambia, DA /68//. REwA Vicinity of Suva, Setchell & Parks 17758, DA 16485; Lauthala Bay, DA L./5603; Rewa River area, Moseley, Aug. 1874, p. p. VANUA LEVU: THAKAUNDROVE: Ndevandaro, DA 1/6867. TAVEUNI Waiyevo, DA 16903. Halophila is unbelievably abundant in Fiji and is perhaps represented there by a greater number of individual plants than any other phanerogam (except possibly 130 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | Halodule); one becomes aware of this when flying at low elevation over areas of shallow water offshore and between islands. The complex shallow reef system be- tween Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, for instance, is seen to be literally green with masses of Halophila plants. The collections of marine phanerogams in the DA 16000 series were obtained during brief excursions by J. W. Parham, P.B. Tomlinson, and myself in 1969, Dr. Tomlinson being anxious to obtain material of such phanero- gams for anatomical study. In our observations we noted that the two kinds of Halo- phila (here referred to different species) do not occur together, although each may be associated with Halodule pinifolia. In general, Halophila minor is the more abundant and occurs in coarse sand and on rocky limestone reefs, while H. ovalis is more likely to be found in muddy areas near mangrove swamps. Our observations, of course, were not conclusive, but at this time I am inclined to believe that the two taxa are specifically distinct. It is probable that Moseley’s mixed collection, made during the Challenger expedition, was obtained at more than one locality. ORDER POTAMOGETONALES KEY TO FAMILIES OCCURRING IN FIJI Flowers hermaphrodite (in our families), in spikes. Perianth of 4 short-clawed segments; stamens 4, inserted on perianth segment claws; carpels 4, ses- silewireesplantsyotuineshwaterqee renee eC eerie rer re 10. POTAMOGETONACEAE Perianth lacking; stamens 2; carpels 4 or more; plants of brackish streams and marshes. 11. RUPPIACEAE Flowers unisexual, without a perianth, terminal on a short branch or in a cymose inflorescence, the pollen threadlike; submerged marine plants.................-0+++++++-00-> 12. CYMODOCEACEAE FAMILy 10. POTAMOGETONACEAE POTAMOGETONACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. Pl. 59, 61, as Potamogetoneae. 1829. Freshwater aquatic herbs, the leaves alternate or opposite, immersed or above water, sheathing at base; flowers ¢ , in pedunculate axillary spikes, the perianth of 4 free, rounded, short-clawed, valvate segments; stamens 4, inserted on the perianth segment claws, the anthers sessile, 2-locular, extrorse; carpels 4, sessile, free, 1- locular, the styles short or none, the ovule solitary, attached to the adaxial angle of the carpel, campylotropous; fruiting carpels free, indehiscent, the seeds without endosperm. DISTRIBUTION: A cosmopolitan family of two genera and about 100 species, all except one belonging in the genus Potamogeton. 1. POTAMOGETON L. Sp. Pl. 126. 1753; Aschers. & Graebn. in Pflanzenr. 31 (IV. 11): 39. 1907. Characters of the family; rhizome creeping, sympodial, the branches erect, leafy, the leaves alternate; fruiting carpels drupaceous, with a hard endocarp and soft exocarp. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Potamogeton natans L. (vide N. Taylor in N. Amer. Fl. 17 (1): 14. 1909), one of Linnaeus’s original twelve species. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan, with about 100 species. Only one species has been recorded from Fiji. 1. Potamogeton crispus L. Sp. Pl. 126, as P. crispum. 1753; Aschers. & Graebn. in Pflanzenr. 31 (IV. 11): 97. fig. 23. 1907; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 350. 1972. FIGURE 43. 1979 POTAMOGETONACEAE 131 The only species of Potamogeton known to occur in Fiji is a naturalized weed in low elevation ponds and rivers, sometimes carried into saltwater bays by floods. It is a submerged herb, sometimes rooting at depths as much as 3 m., or found at the edges of fast-flowing streams and rivers, often in thick beds, and often associated with Hydrilla verticillata. The flowers are white and, with the fruits, may be ex- pected throughout the year. TYPIFICATION: Giving several prior references, Linnaeus indicates that Potamo- geton crispus 1s a European species. DISTRIBUTION: Potamogeton crispus is probably indigenous in many parts of the Old World, especially in tropical areas; it is now widespread, presumably as an accidental introduction into various countries or as an escape from aquaria or water gardens. It had probably been present in Fiji for some time prior to the first pub- lished record of its occurrence there, in 1972. About 20 Fijian collections are now at hand, all from eastern Viti Levu. LOCAL NAMES AND USE: River weed; elsewhere the name curled pondweed has been used. Like Hydrilla verticillata, Potamogeton crispus has become a serious weed, especially in the Rewa River system, because of its tendency to become en- tangled in the propellors of small boats. FIGURE 43. Potamogeton crispus, from DA 14527; A, apical portion of stem with foliage and a long- pedunculate inflorescence, * 2; B, distal portion of an inflorescence, 10. 132 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. 1 REPRESENTATIVE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: Narrasiri: Nambukaluka, Waindina River, DA 16631; Nanggali, Waindina River, DA 16630; Nanduruloulou, Rewa River, DA 14527; near Vatuvula, Wai- manu River, DA /6613; Tonga River near Koronivia, DA 1/543. TAILEVU: Malambi, Wainimbuka River, DA 16626; Waimbula River, DA 16623; Wainivesi River, DA 16622; Wainimbokasi, DA 16602. REWA: Tonga River, DA 11828; Lauthala Bay (washed downstream from freshwater), DA L.15599. FaMILy 11. RUPPIACEAE RUPPIACEAE Hutchinson, Fam. FI. Pl. 2: 48. 1934. Submerged, slender, aquatic herbs of brackish streams and marshes, the leaves opposite or alternate, linear, sheathing at base; flowers ¢ , small, in short, terminal, subumbellate racemes, the perianth absent; stamens 2, opposite, with short, broad filaments and extrorse anthers, the locules reniform, separated by the connective; carpels 4 or more, free, the stigmas peltate or umbonate, the ovule solitary, pendu- lous, campylotropous; fruiting carpels usually long-stipitate, indehiscent, the seeds pendulous, without endosperm. DISTRIBUTION: A single genus of temperate and tropical areas, composed of three or perhaps a greater number of species. 1. Ruppia L. Sp. Pl. 127. 1753; Aschers. & Graebn. in Pflanzenr. 31 (IV. 11): 142. 1907. Characters of the family. TYPE SPECIES: Ruppia maritima L., the only original species. DISTRIBUTION: Of the family. In Fiji and most other parts of the Pacific a variety of Ruppia maritima is probably the sole representative, but different species ap- parently occur in Australia and New Zealand (Davis & Tomlinson in J. Arnold Arb. 55: 59-66. 1974). 1. Ruppia maritima var. pacifica St. John & Fosberg in Occas. Pap. Bishop Mus. 15: 176. 1939; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 51. 1959; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 350. 1972. FIGURE 44, Ruppia maritima sensu Greenwood in Proc. Linn. Soc. 154: 104. 1943, in J. Arnold. Arb. 25: 402. 1944; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 257. 1964. The only member of the genus occurring in Fiji is found in brackish estuaries and in ponds or streams of brackish water, from which it is often carried into bays of saltwater by floods. It is a submerged herb, usually found in water about | m. deep at high tide and often uncovered at low tide. Fruits have thus far been noted only in March and May. TYPIFICATION: The holotype of the variety is Fosberg 14038 (BISH; ISOTYPES at K, US), collected June 13, 1937, in a brackish estuary at Kailua Beach, Oahu, Hawaii. DISTRIBUTION: Although Ruppia maritima is essentially worldwide, its var. pacifica occurs from Hainan and the Philippines to Polynesia, including Hawaii. Our material, known only from Viti Levu, belongs to f. pacifica; another form, f. curvirostris, was described by St. John and Fosberg from Hainan and the Philip- pines, although their typical form is also cited from those areas. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: Ra: Penang, Greenwood 748. TAILEVU: Wainimbokasi, DA L.15605. Rewa: Right bank of Rewa River opposite Naililili, DA 16601, 16633; Rewa estuary, Guppy, in 1899. Greenwood (1944, cited above) also reported Ruppia maritima from the Singatoka district, Nandronga & Navosa Province, but apparently he did not prepare a specimen. 1979 CYMODOCEACEAE 133 FIGURE 44. Ruppia maritima var. pacifica, from DA 16633; A, leaf tip, x 20; B, fruiting carpels, < 6; C, a fruiting carpel, = 20. FAMILY 12. CYMODOCEACEAE CyMODOCEACEAE N. Taylor in N. Amer. FI. 17 (1): 31. 1909. Potamogetonaceae subfam. Cymodoceoideae den Hartog in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1): 144. 1970. Dioecious, perennial, submerged marine plants, the rhizome creeping, in our genera herbaceous, monopodial, rooting at nodes, the leaves distichous, sheathing at base, with linear or subulate blades; flowers without a perianth, either terminal on a short branch or in a cymose inflorescence; 3 flowers subsessile or stalked, consisting of 2 quadrilocular, extrorsely dehiscent anthers, these partially dorsally connate, the pollen threadlike; ° flowers sessile or short-stalked, consisting of 2 free ovaries, the ovule solitary, suborthotropous, pendulous; fruit (in our genera) more or less compressed, with a stony pericarp, the seed solitary. DISTRIBUTION: Five genera with about 16 species, mostly tropical but extending into subtropical and warm temperate waters. USEFUL TREATMENT OF FAMILY: Hartog, C. den. Potamogetonaceae subfam. Cymodoceoideae. The Sea-grasses of the World (in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1) ), 144-212. 1970. 134 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | The Cymodoceaceae are accepted as a separate family by Takhtajan, Airy Shaw (in Willis, Dict. Fl. Pl. Ferns, ed. 7. 320. 1966), and other authors, but have been variously combined with Zosteraceae (e. g. Cronquist, Evol. Class. Fl. Pl. 372. 1968), Potamogetonaceae (e. g. den Hartog, cited above), or Zannichelliaceae (e. g. Hutchinson, Fam. FI. Pl. ed. 3. 689. 1973) by others. KEY TO GENERA Leaves flat, 3-nerved; flowers solitary; anthers attached at different levels; ovaries with a long, un- GING GHASs coccocnsasusadboc coon sanoesaacqaduceo eso DDO DOSS DOD SHNS DO QIONDECS 1. Halodule Leaves subulate; flowers in a cymose inflorescence; anthers attached at the same level; ovaries with a short style divided into 2 short stigmas. 1. HALODULE Endl. Gen. PI. 1368. 1841; den Hartog in Blumea 12: 296. 1964, in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1): 146. 1970. Diplanthera Thou. Gen. Nova Madagasc. 3. 1806; Aschers. & Graebn. in Pflanzenr. 31 (IV. 11): 151. 1907; non Gled. (1764). Rhizome with 2 vascular bundles in the cortical layer; leaf blades linear, the nerves 3, the midrib conspicuous, the lateral nerves inconspicuous, each ending in a lateral tooth; flowers solitary, terminal, enclosed in a leaf similar to other leaves; anthers of 6 flower attached at different levels; ° flowers subsessile, each ovary with a long, undivided style; fruit subglobose-ovoid, somewhat compressed, with a short beak. Type species: Halodule tridentata (Steinheil) Endl. ex Unger (Diplanthera tri- dentata Steinheil) = H. uninervis (Forssk.) Aschers. Halodule is a substitute name for Diplanthera Thou. (non Gleditsch). DISTRIBUTION: Den Hartog (in 1970, cited above) recognizes six species, the genus being widely distributed along the coasts of all tropical seas. Two species oc- cur in Fiji and Tonga, but they have been confused with one another and sometimes also with Syringodium. KEY TO SPECIES Leaves (in Fijian specimens) 2.5-3.5 mm. broad, with well-developed lateral teeth at apex, the median tooth inconspicuous and without secondary teeth. ....................----0-05- 1. H. uninervis Leaves (in Fijian specimens) 0.5-1 mm. broad, the lateral teeth at apex only faintly developed or absent. 2. H. pinifolia 1. Halodule uninervis (Forssk.) Aschers. in Boiss. Fl. Orient. 5: 24. 1882, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. II. 1: 213. 1889; den Hartog in Blumea 12: 297. fig. 1-3. 1964, in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1): 147. 1970. FIGuRE 45A. Zostera uninervis Forssk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. CXX, 157. 1775. Halodule australis Mig. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 227. 1856; Aschers. in Linnaea 35: 163, 187-189, p. p. 1868. Diplanthera uninervis Aschers. in Engl. & Prantl,Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 1: 37. 1897; Aschers. & Graebn. in Pflanzenr. 31 (IV. 11): 152. 1907; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 51, p. p. 1959. Of the two species of Halodule occurring in Fiji, this is the less frequent; it has been found with certainty only in shallow water in the lagoon of Fulanga. TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: No type specimen was cited in the original publication of Zostera uninervis; den Hartog in 1970 did not cite a type for either this or for Halodule australis. The latter is mentioned above only because Greenwood (in J. Arnold Arb. 25: 402. 1944) listed it as a synonym of Diplanthera uninervis, although his report actually refers to Syringodium. 1979 CYMODOCEACEAE 135 DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed along the coasts of the Indian Ocean from the Red Sea to southern Africa, eastward through southeastern Asia and Malesia, northward to Japan and the Mariana Islands, southward to Australia, and into the Pacific to Fiji and Tonga. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: FULANGA: Muanaithake, DA 17824. Den Hartog (in 1970, cited above) correctly states that earlier reports of this species in Fiji have been erroneous for Syringodium. The report from Tonga, how- ever, is correct, the only Tongan collection I have verified (Yuncker 15288) being a mixture of Halodule uninervis and H. pinifolia. The above cited Fulanga collection, made in 1971 by G.B.K. Baines, definitely represents H. uninervis. 2. Halodule pinifolia (Miki) den Hartog in Blumea 12: 309. fig. 10. 1964, in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1): 158. fig. 44. 1970; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 350. 1972. FiGuREs 25 (upper), 45B. Diplanthera pinifolia Miki in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 787. fig. 9. 1932, in op. cit. 48: 132, 135. 1934. Diplanthera uninervis sensu Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 51, p. p. 1959; non Aschers. The more common species of Hal/odule in Fiji occurs in great abundance in the upper part of the littoral belt on coral sand, in tide pools on reefs, and also on mud- flats off mangrove-lined shores. It forms dense mats or has elongate stems and frequently occurs in association with either species of Halophila known from Fi. Usually it is either covered by shallow water at low tide or is exposed for a short period. TYPIFICATION: In 1932 Miki cited three of his own collections, unnumbered but made in 1925 at Takao, Taiwan, and in 1930 on Hanijimura and Yonagusuku in the Ryukyus. As far as I can ascertain, neither den Hartog nor Walker (Fl. Okinawa & S. Ryukyu Isl. 147. 1976) has chosen a lectotype. DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in the western Pacific area from the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and southeastern Asia through Malesia to Queensland, and east- ward to Fiji and Tonga. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: SERua: Vicinity of Ngaloa, Smith 9620; between Ngaloa and Wainiyambia, DA 16812. REwA: Suva and vicinity, Setchell & Parks 17739, DA 16484; Lauthala Bay, DA L.15600. VANUA LEVU: THAKAUNDROVE: Ndevandaro, DA 16868; Nasinu, Natewa Bay, DA 16871; Tukavesi, Mbutha Bay, DA 16897. TAVEUNI: Waiyevo, DA 16902. Fisi without further locality, DA 13264. 2. SYRINGODIUM Kiitz. in Hohenack. Alg. Marin. Sicc. 9: no. 426. 1860; Dandy & Tandy in J. Bot. 77: 116. 1939; den Hartog in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1): 176. 1970. Cymodocea sect. Phycoschoenus Aschers. in Linnaea 35: 162. 1867. Cymodocea subgen. Phycoschoenus Aschers. in Aschers. & Graebn. in Pflanzenr. 31 (IV. 11): 149. 1907. Rhizome with many vascular bundles in the cortical layer; leaf blades subulate, with | central vascular bundle, 6-8 air channels, and a number of parietal vascular bundles; flowers in a cymose inflorescence, each flower enclosed in a reduced leaf; anthers of ¢ flower attached at the same level; ? flowers sessile, each ovary with a short style divided into 2 short stigmas; fruit obliquely ellipsoid to obovoid, quad- rangular in cross section, the beak short and bifid. TYPE SPECIES: Syringodium filiforme Kitz. DISTRIBUTION: Two closely related species, one in the Indo-Pacific area and one in tropical America and northward to Louisiana and Florida. 136 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. 1 1979 LILIIDAE 137 1. Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.) Dandy in J. Bot. 77: 116. 1939; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 50. 1959; J. W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 257. 1964, ed. 2. 350. 1972; den Hartog in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 59 (1): 177. fig. 50, 51. 1970. FIGuRE 45C-E. Cymodocea isoetifolia Aschers. in Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1867: 3. 1867, in Linnaea 35: 163. 1867; Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. 7: 446. 1886; Aschers. & Graebn. in Pflanzenr. 31 (IV. 11): 149. 1907. Diplanthera uninervis sensu Greenwood in J. Arnold Arb. 25: 402. 1944; A.C. Sm. in op. cit. 26: 97. 1945; J. W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 257. 1964; non Aschers. Halodule uninervis sensu J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 350. 1972; non Aschers. As it occurs in Fiji, this marine herb forms clumps or has stems elongate to 50 cm. or more, sometimes occurring on mudflats exposed at low tide and sometimes on the outer parts of fringing reefs and not exposed at low tide; it is often abundant in beach drift and is seldom collected in flowering condition. TYPIFICATION: The type is probably best considered Wight 2413 (“Cymodocea aequorea var. Wight”), collected near Galle, Ceylon. DISTRIBUTION: Coasts of the Indian Ocean from the Red Sea to eastern Africa and Madagascar, eastward to southeastern Asia, the Ryukyu Islands, and Australia, throughout Malesia, and into the Pacific to Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: NANDRONGA & Navosa: Thuvu Beach, Greenwood 927, 927B; Tumbakula, near Korotongo, V.J. Chapman, May 11, 1967. SERUA:Ndeumba, DA 16579; Naitonitoni Beach, Greenwood 927A. REWA: Vicinity of Suva, Setchell 15172, DA 16486. V1tT1 Levu without further locality, Parks 17809. VANUA LEVU: THAKAUNDROVE: Ndevandaro, DA 16869. FULANGA: Muani- thake, DA 17821. Susccass LILIIDAE KEY TO ORDERS OCCURRING IN FIJI Gynoecium composed of several to many free carpels, the ovule solitary, basal, the mature seeds with well-developed endosperm; flowers usually unisexual, actinomorphic, the perianth segments 1|- seriate, valvate, equal or subequal; stamens 2-6; leafless saprophytic herbs, terrestrial, mycotrophic. TRIURIDALES (FAMILY 13) Gynoecium composed of | carpel or 2 or 3 united carpels. Perianth predominantly actinomorphic but sometimes slightly zygomorphic; ovary superior or inferior; plants not mycotrophic; seeds with copious endosperm. Perennial herbs with rhizomes, corms, bulbs, or tubers, sometimes aquatic, sometimes climbing, sometimes woody or arborescent; inflorescence various, the flowers solitary or in terminal clusters or racemes or umbels or cymes or panicles, hermaphrodite or unisexual; perianth often corollalike, rarely slightly zygomorphic, the 2 series of segments often similar and sometimes fusing together in a single tube, a corona sometimes present; stamens often 6 (but sometimes fewer and rarely as many as 18); ovary superior to inferior; fruit a capsule or berry. LILIALES (FAMILIES 14-23) Perennial herbs usually with corms, sometimes with rhizomes or bulbs, terrestrial; inflorescence not umbelliform, the flowers hermaphrodite, borne within floral sheaths, these solitary or com- bined; perianth petaloid, sometimes slightly zygomorphic; stamens 3; ovary inferior (very rarely superior), the style arms sometimes petaloid; fruit a loculicidally dehiscent capsule. IRIDALES (FAMILY 24) Perianth composed of 2 separate whorls, zygomorphic, usually obviously so; ovary inferior. Plants terrestrial, rhizomatous, often very large, rarely with woody stems, not mycotrophic; meso- phytes with penninerved, often broad leaf blades; zygomorphy of flowers sometimes not ex- tremely obvious; stamens basically 5 or 6 but sometimes only | fertile (and this sometimes 1|- locular) and others staminodial and sometimes petaloid; seeds with endosperm, often arillate. ZINGIBERALES (FAMILIES 25-31) Figure 45. A, Halodule uninervis, tip of leaf, x 20, from DA 17824. B, Halodule pinifolia, tip of leaf, x 20, from DA 16902. C-E, Syringodium isoetifolium, from DA 16486; C, tip of leaf, x 20; D, part of erect stem and leaves, x 2; E, distal portion of leaf sheath, = 20. 138 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. 1 Plants terrestrial or epiphytic or saprophytic, strongly mycotrophic, sometimes without chlorophyll; flowers strongly zygomorphic; stamens | or 2; seeds very numerous and minute, essentially without endosperm, the embryo undifferentiated. ................. ORCHIDALES (FAMILY 32) ORDER TRIURIDALES FAMILY 13. TRIURIDACEAE TRIURIDACEAE Gardner in Trans. Linn. Soc. 19: 160, as Triuraceae. 1843. Leafless saprophytic herbs, usually monoecious or dioecious, rarely with her- maphrodite flowers, the stems with a few inconspicuous scales; inflorescence race- mose or subcorymbose, the flowers actinomorphic, small, the receptacle flat or con- vex, the perianth segments 3-10, petaloid, l-seriate, valvate, equal or subequal, often with an apical knob or cauda; ¢ flowers with 2-6 stamens, the filaments short, the anthers 2- or 4-locular, often transversely dehiscent, the connective sometimes produced into a subulate appendage; ? flowers rarely with staminodes, the carpels several to many, free, l-locular, the style terminal to subbasal, the ovule solitary, basal from inner angle, anatropous; fruiting carpels crowded, each dehiscing by a longitudinal slit, the seed erect, with copious endosperm. DISTRIBUTION: A family of about 7 genera and 80 species, occurring in the trop- ical areas of both hemispheres. USEFUL TREATMENT OF FAMILY: Giesen, H. Triuridaceae. Pflanzenr. 104 (IV. 18): 1-84. 1938. The family has been considered sufficiently isolated to be placed in its own order, which shows affinities to both the subclasses Liliidae and Alismatidae. 1. ANDRURIS Schlechter in Bot. Jahrb. 49: 71. 1912; Giesen in Pflanzenr. 104 (IV. 18): 15. 1938; A.C. Sm. in J. Arnold Arb. 36: 274. 1955. Monoecious, saprophytic plants, the stem bearing bract-subtended flowers in a distal raceme, the lower pedicels often elongate, the perianth segments usually 6; 3 flowers with 3 stamens, the connective produced into a subulate appendage; ° flowers with 15-25 carpels crowded into a compact head, the style filiform. TYPE SPECIES: Schlechter originally included three species without designating a type species; none was indicated by Giesen and apparently no ING card has pro- posed a selection. DISTRIBUTION: Fifteen or 16 species distributed in Indo-Malesia, northward to Japan and Micronesia, southward to tropical Australia, and eastward to New Cale- donia and Fiji, where the range of the genus and family terminates with one endem- ic species. 1. Andruris vitiensis (A.C. Sm.) Giesen in Pflanzenr. 104 (IV. 18): 28. 1938; A.C. Sm. in Sargentia 1: 5. 1942, in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70: 534. 1943, in J. Arnold Arb. 36: 274. 1955; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 257. 1964, ed. 2. 349. 1972. FIGURE 46. Sciaphila vitiensis A.C. Sm. in Bishop Mus. Bull. 141: 15. fig. 5. 1936. The single Fijian species of Andruris has been infrequently collected in forest between 30 and 429 m. It is a saprophytic herb 8-15 cm. high, inconspicuously grow- ing in leaf mold, the entire plant (including bracts, pedicels, perianth, etc.) at first being purplish and at length becoming straw-colored. Flowers have been obtained in April, June, and August. TYPIFICATION: The type is Smith 1486 (HOLOTYPE at BISH; many ISOTYPES), col- lected in flower and fruit April 2, 1934, in the northern limestone section of Vanua Mbalavu. 1979 TRIURIDACEAE 139 FiGURE 46. Andruris vitiensis; A, tip of inflorescence, with d and ? flowers, x 6; B, 6 flower, showing knobbed perianth segments and anthers with connectives produced into subulate appendages, * 20; C, essentially mature carpel, showing lateral style and line of ultimate dehiscence, x 40; D, carpel at an thesis, showing lateral style, x 70; A & B from DA 16523, C & D from Smith 1486 140 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Fiji and thus far known only from Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, and Vanua Mbalavu. Probably it is more abundant than the few available col- lections indicate, but it is easily overlooked. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: Namosi or REwWA: Near Queen’s Road between Wainandoi River and Wainamboro Creek, Vaughan 3342. REWA: Upper slopes of Mt. Korombamba, Gillespie 2352, DA 1141, 16523. VAUNA LEVU: Martuuata: Hills along coast, Greenwood 669. OrpDeER LILIALES Few angiosperm orders have been subject to as much disagreement, as to scope and included taxa, as the Liliales. The few families of it that occur in Fiji have been placed in six different orders by Hutchinson, while the exclusiveness or inclusive- ness of the concerned families varies among specialists to the point of distraction. In order to preserve the sequence of families proposed by Takhtajan the following key has been devised, but the user would be well advised to consult a strictly arti- ficial key to families, with double-keying to place aberrant genera. KEY TO FAMILIES OCCURRING IN FIJI Flowers actinomorphic or essentially so; plants (at least in our genera) not aquatic. Leaf blades usually narrow and parallel-veined or curvinerved and essentially without a petiole, or reduced to often minute scales, or, if broader and having the main veins connected by cross veins, then the petiole short. Leaves not reduced to scales. Erect herbs or, if climbing, then ascending by means of coiled tendrils terminating the upper leaves. Flowers variously arranged; corona lacking. Plants not xerophytic or only slightly so, rarely soft-woody; leaves not fibrous; flowers her- maphrodite or unisexual; ovary superior; style sometimes divided. Inflorescence various but not umbellate, not scapose; leaves not fistular. .... 14. LILIACEAE Inflorescence umbellate, scapose; leaves linear or fistular. ................ 15. ALLIACEAE Plants usually xerophytic, rhizomatous, often woody or arborescent; leaves often thick or fleshy, fibrous, often crowded at or near base of stem; flowers (in our genera) hermaph- rodite; ovary superior or inferior; style simple..................------ 16. AGAVACEAE Flowers in pedunculate umbels, these involucrate at base on leafless peduncles usually arising from a tunicated bulb; corona often present; flowers (in our genera) hermaphrodite; ovary (infourseenera) inferionenee eee ee eer ee Cee Gace ccc 17. AMARYLLIDACEAE Climbing shrubs or sprawling vines (our genus); flowers hermaphrodite; ovary superior. 18. PHILESIACEAE Leaves reduced to scariose and often minute scales bearing modified branchlets (cladophylls) in their axils; flowers small, hermaphrodite; perianth segments and stamens 6, free or essentially so; OEIRY SUDSHO, scococcasccodescd moc oHdocnooSab OOOH OUGODCaDDECOD .... 19, ASPARAGACEAE Leaf blades expanded (sometimes nearly or quite as broad as long), reticulate-veined, sometimes deeply divided, the petiole obvious. Ovary superior; flowers mostly unisexual and in axillary umbels; fruit a berry; climbing shrubs, the stems and branches often prickly, the petioles sometimes tendrillous. ....... 20. SMILACACEAE Ovary inferior; fruit a capsule or berry. Flowers unisexual, small; ovary usually 3-locular with 2 ovules in each locule; seeds often winged; climbing vines (our species) usually with simple leaf blades. ............ 21. DIOSCOREACEAE Flowers hermaphrodite; ovary I-locular with numerous ovules on parietal placentas; seeds longi- tudinally ridged; terrestrial plants with radical and (in our species) deeply lobed leaf blades. 22. TACCACEAE Flowers slightly zygomorphic (at least in having | perianth segment slightly different from the others or one stamen longer than the others), hermaphrodite; aquatic herbs with erect or floating stems; in- florescence subtended by | or 2 spathelike leaf sheaths; perianth corolline, persistent; stamens (in OURMgenera) ONOVanhyiSUPEHIOME ee eee eee oot ee eke nice 23. PONTEDERIACEAE 1979 LILIACEAE 14] FAMILY 14. LILIACEAE LILIACEAE Juss. Gen. PI. 48, as Lilia. 1789. Mostly perennial herbs, usually with rhizomes, corms, or bulbs, the stem erect or climbing, leafy or scapose; inflorescence commonly racemose but sometimes cymose; flowers hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual, usually actinomorphic, some- times large and showy, usually 3-merous, hypogynous; perianth often corollalike, the segments mostly 6 in 2 distinct but very similar series, imbricate or those of the outer series valvate; stamens usually 6 (rarely 3 or up to 12), opposite the perianth segments, the anthers 2-locular, usually introrse and opening by longitudinal slits; ovary superior (rarely semi-inferior), usually 3-locular and with axile placentas, rarely |-locular and with parietal placentas; style entire or divided; ovules usually numerous and 2-seriate in each locule, anatropous; fruit usually a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, rarely a fleshy berry; seeds with copious endosperm and a straight or curved embryo. DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, but most abundant in temperate and subtropical areas. The limits of the family are variously interpreted, but even if narrowly con- strued it contains at least 200 genera and perhaps 3,000 or more species. In Fiji only four genera of Liliaceae (as the family is delimited by Takhtajan) are represented, two of them by indigenous species and two by well-known cultivated plants. USEFUL TREATMENT OF FAMILY: Hutchinson, J. Liliaceae. Fam. Fl. Pl. ed. 3. 732-757. 1973. KEY TO GENERA Plants climbing by short, coiled tendrils terminating the upper leaves; flowers solitary, large, the perianth bright-colored, yellow and red, the style sharply deflected at base; fruit a loculicidal cap- Suleswithymanyscedscultivatedionlyacnia: aeriia-ortids «eerie acetic le Sayers eile «ce 1. Gloriosa Plants terrestrial or epiphytic but not climbing, the leaves without cirrhose tips. Fruit a loculicidal capsule; erect, tufted herbs, the leaves mostly crowded on the stem base; flowers large, hermaphrodite, in a paniculiform double bostryx; cultivated only. ........2. Hemerocallis Fruit a berry; flowers comparatively small; indigenous. Leaves in a dense cluster from base of stem; epiphytic (or infrequently terrestrial) herbs; in- florescence stiffly paniculate, with simply spicate branches; flowers dimorphic, the ¢ much larger than the ? , the perianth segments white to greenish. ................ 3. Collospermum Leaves crowded on stem base and also more or less distichous along stem; terrestrial herbs; in- florescence a lax panicle with racemiform or corymbiform branches; flowers hermaphrodite, the pecianthiseementsiDlUiShemesey eer bre pey sas tee ors ste eterela eae anes rai ete 4. Dianella 1. GLoriosa L. Sp. Pl. 305. 1753; Krause in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 266. 1930. Scandent herbs, the rootstock a horizontal rhizome, the stem leafy, the leaves spirally arranged or subopposite, the upper ones with cirrhose tips; flowers solitary, large, borne on long, spreading pedicels, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite; perianth segments 6, free, lanceolate, keeled within at base, long-persistent; stamens 6, hypo- gynous, the anthers extrorse, medifixed and versatile, opening by longitudinal slits; ovary superior, 3-celled, the carpels cohering only by their inner margins, the ovules numerous, the style deflected at base and projecting from the flower more or less horizontally; fruit a loculicidal capsule with many seeds. TYPE SPECIES: Gloriosa superba L., the only original species. DISTRIBUTION: About five species native in tropical Africa and Asia, some of them now widely cultivated. 1. Gloriosa superba L. Sp. Pl. 305. 1753; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 33. 1943: J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 263. 1964, ed. 2. 357. 1972; Sykes in New Zea- land Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 255. 1970. 142 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | This showy ornamental has been recorded in our area only from Fiji and Niue; it is a scandent plant, climbing by leaftip tendrils. The perianth segments, which are accrescent during anthesis and become reflexed, are striking in color, yellow proxi- mally and at margins and dark red in the median portion. In Fiji it is sparingly grown near sea level. TyYPIFICATION: Linnaeus’s several references indicate that the species was first known from India and Ceylon. DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern Asia and parts of Malesia, but now widely cul- tivated. Although only one Fijian collection has been seen, it is not unusual in gar- dens, having been introduced in the 1880's. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Climbing lily; gloriosa. Parham (1972, cited above) states that recent experiments have been conducted as to the feasibility of growing the species commercially in Fiji, as the tuber is high in colchicine, which is used in the treatment of gout. It is a highly ornamental plant for garden use. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: REwa: Suva Botanical Gardens, DA 1/2335. 2. HEMEROCALLIS L. Sp. Pl. 324. 1753; Krause in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 296. 1930. Erect, tufted herbs, the rootstock a short rhizome, the roots often thickened, the leaves mostly crowded on the stem base, linear, subdistichous; flowers in a paniculi- form double bostryx, large, hermaphrodite; perianth segments connate proximally into a funnel-shaped tube, spreading distally; stamens inserted on perianth tube, shorter than perianth, the anthers dorsifixed, introrse; ovary 3-locular, the ovules numerous, axile, the style filiform, the stigma small, capitate; fruit a loculicidal cap- sule, the seeds black, few per cell. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Hemerocallis lilio-asphodelus L. (vide Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 496. 1913), one of the two original species. DISTRIBUTION: About 20 temperate Eurasian species, some of which are widely cultivated as ornamentals. 1. Hemerocallis lilio-asphodelus L. Sp. Pl. 324. 1753. Hemerocallis flava L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 462. 1762; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 357. 1972. This coarse herb is sparingly grown near sea level for its attractive, bright yellow flowers. TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: In 1753 Linnaeus took Hemerocallis lilio- asphodelus as a collective species with two varieties, flavus and fulvus. In his second edition he used only the epithets flava and fulva, but the references ascribed to the original collective species are clearly listed with H. flava, which would therefore seem a direct synonym of H. lilio-asphodelus. Hemerocallis should be treated as feminine according to the ICBN, Rec. 75A (1), but since Asphodelus is a generic name the epithet /i/io-asphodelus must retain its ending as a noun in apposition. DISTRIBUTION: Indigenous in southern Europe and western Asia, but now widely cultivated. In Fiji it is more frequently seen in gardens than the single available col- lection would indicate. LOCAL NAMES AND USE: Day lily; yellow day lily. Introduced as an ornamental. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: REWa: Suva, Department of Agriculture compound, DA /2190. 3. COLLOSPERMUM Skottsb. in Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 14 (2): 72. 1934. Astelia sensu Seem. Fl. Vit. 313, p. p. 1868. 1979 LILIACEAE 143 Dioecious epiphytic (or less often terrestrial) herbs, the rootstock a short rhi- zome, the leaves in a dense cluster from base of stem, linear; inflorescence panicu- late, the branches simply spicate and densely floriferous; flowers dimorphic, the 6 much larger than the ? ; perianth segments equal, basally connate into a campanu- late tube, distally linear or linear-ovate, narrow, becoming reflexed; stamens 6, in- serted on the perianth, the anthers linear, sagittate, basifixed, introrse; ovary 3- locular, with placentas on the interior parts of the dissepiments, the ovules several in each locule; d flowers with a small, undeveloped pistillode; 2? flowers with small staminodia, the pistil ovoid, with a short style and 3 sessile stigmas; fruit a carnose berry, the seeds small, irregularly sulcate, enclosed by a gelatinous aril-like cup de- rived from mucilaginous tubes developed from the funicle. TYPE SPECIES: In describing the genus, Skottsberg proposed five new binomials, all formerly described in Astelia, without designating a type species. | have not as- certained that any subsequent author has proposed a lectotype species. DISTRIBUTION: A genus of five species, three in New Zealand, one in Fiji, and one in Samoa, all endemic to their areas. USEFUL TREATMENT OF GENUS: Skottsberg, C. Studies in the genus Astelia Banks et Solander. Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 14 (2): 1-106. 1934. In his scholarly work of 1934 Skottsberg presents a detailed study of Astelia and his new genus Collospermum. The latter is readily separated from Astelia by its simple inflorescence branches, dimorphic flowers, basifixed anthers, and by having its seeds enclosed in a mucilaginous cuplike organ derived from hairs arising from the funicle. 1. Collospermum montanum (Seem.) Skottsb. in Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 14 (2): 73. fig. 211-219; pl. 24, fig. 1. 1934; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 263. fig. 92. 1964, ed. 2. 357. 1972. FIGURE 26. Astelia montana Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260, nom. nud. 1861, Viti, 443, nom. nud. 1862, Fl. Vit. 313. t. 95. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 319. 1892. The endemic Fijian Co//lospermum may be found at elevations of 250-1,323 m., more frequently at the higher elevations, growing as an epiphyte (or less commonly terrestrial) in dense forest and in the dense thickets and forest of crests and ridges, where it is often locally abundant. This striking species bears its inflorescence in the center of a crowded rosette of basal leaves, with whitish green bracts subtending the spiciform branches. The perianth segments are translucent and white, cream-white, or greenish white; the anthers are cream-white, with greenish white filaments; and the pistil is pale green or pale yellow, with white stigmas. Young fruits are green but become darker, with opaque, black seeds. Flowering specimens have been collected from May to November and fruiting specimens from August to December. TYPIFICATION: The holotype is Seemann 641 (kK, 2 sheets, one with foliage and one with an inflorescence from the same plant), collected Sept. 6, 1860, at the sum- mit of Mt. Mbuke Levu, Kandavu (alt. 838 m.). The second sheet at K also bears a partial leaf marked “Vuna June 1860”, presumably a fragment from a Taveuni col- lection that was added to the sheet. There is a specimen at BM without locality, but possibly it is an isotype. Seemann’s account of his ascent of Mt. Mbuke Levu and the discovery of Astelia montana (Viti, 212-216. 1862) is a fascinating one. DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Fiji and thus far known from five of the high islands; because of the interest of this species I cite all the collections I have seen below (ex- cept the type). LOCAL NAMES: Considering that it is not an “everyday” plant in Fiji, this striking Collospermum is known by a surprising number of names: misi, misimisi, mbevu, 144 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | mbeneveikau, sei, malatava ni veikau, and vatavata having been recorded. It can really have no practical use, unless one considers the collected water in its leaf bases suitable for making tea, as Seemann did. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VIT] LEVU: MBa: Mt. Nanggaranambuluta, east of Nandarivatu, Gillespie 3949, DA 10381; ridge between Mt. Nanggaranambuluta and Mt. Namama, Smith 4963; summit and adjacent ridge of Mt. Tomanivi, Smith 5156, DA 3203, 12712 (Melville et al. 7101), 13081, O. & I. Degener 31995. NANDRONGA & NAvosA: “Mountain forests of Navosa”, Horne 1028. NAMOsI: Summit of Mt. Naitarandamu, Gillespie 3374; hills north of Wainavindrau Creek, between K orombasambasanga Range and Mt. Naitarandamu, Smith 8505; vicinity of Wainimakutu, Gillespie 312]; track to Mt. Nambui, Korombasambasanga Range, DA 14558. NAITAsiIRI: Matanatavo, head of Wainisavulevu Creek, Waini- mala Valley, St. John 18312. KANDAVU: Mt. Mbuke Levu, Smith 262; without further locality, DA 14945. OVALAU: Summit of Mt. Ndelaiovalau and adjacent ridge, Smith 76/8; without further locality, Horne 74. VANUA LEVU: THAKAUNDROVE: Mt. Uluingala, Natewa Peninsula, Smith 1978. TAVEUNI: Hills east of Somosomo, west of old crater occupied by small swamp and lake, Smith 8360. 4. DIANELLA Lam. ex Juss. Gen. Pl. 41. 1789. Herbs with a subterraneous rhizome, the leaves linear, crowded on stem base or more or less distichous along stem; flowers in lax panicles with racemiform or corymbiform branches, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, the pedicels articulate with perianth; perianth segments 6, equal and similar, spreading or reflexed, persistent until maturity of fruits; stamens 6, inserted on receptacle or on perianth, the fila- ments thickened near middle, the anthers 2-locular, opening by terminal pores, the connective swollen at base; ovary superior, 3-locular, with numerous ovules, the style filiform, the stigma small; fruit a berry, with 2-many seeds. TYPE SPECIES: Dianella ensata (Thunb.) R.J. Henderson (Dracaena ensata Thunb.). DISTRIBUTION: Mascarene Islands and tropical Asia to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands; the genus probably contains about 30 species. One species occurs indigenously in Fiji. USEFUL TREATMENTS OF GENUS: Skottsberg, C. Dianella Lam. Occas. Pap. Bishop Mus. 13: 234-240, 242. 1937. Schlitter, J. Monographie der Liliaceengattung Dianella Lam. Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Ziirich 163: 1-283. 1940. Henderson, R.J.F. Typification of Dianella Lam. ex Juss. (Liliaceae). Taxon 26: 131- 137. 1977. The only comprehensive revision of Dianella, that of Schlitter, is difficult to use and leaves many questions unanswered. The correct first publication and typifica- tion of the genus are extremely complicated matters; it would appear that the usual attribution of the generic name to Lamarck (Encycl. Méth. Bot. 2: 276. 1786) and its typification by D. nemorosa Lam. are questionable. The solution proposed recently by Henderson is here accepted. 1. Dianella intermedia Endl. Prodr. Fl. Norfolk. 28. 1833; Seem. Fl. Vit. 312. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 320. 1892; Gibbs in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 39: 178. 1909; Skottsb. in Occas. Pap. Bishop Mus. 13: 234. 1937; Schlitter in Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Ziirich 163: 247. ¢. 9. 1940; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 79. 1959. FIGURE 47. Dianella ensifolia sensu Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260. 1861, Viti, 443. 1862; Guillaumin in J. Arnold Arb. 13: 112. 1932; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 78. 1959; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 357. 1972; non DC. in Redouté (1802). Dianella nemorosa sensu Gibbs in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 39: 178. 1909; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 263. 1964; non Lam. nom. inval. (1786) et illeg. (1792). Dianella caerulea sensu Krause in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 295, p. p. 1930; non Sims (1801). Dianella intermedia var. norfolkensis F. Br. in Occas. Pap. Bishop Mus. 9 (4): 11. 1930; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 263. 1964, ed. 2. 357. 1972. 1979 LILIACEAE 145 FiGure 47. Dianella intermedia; A, flowering branch from dense mossy forest at summit of Mt. Toma- nivi, * 1/4; B, plant from thickets on limestone formation near sea level, Fulanga, x 1/4; C, opened flower bud near anthesis, showing anthers appressed to style, x 6; D, flower near anthesis, with two stamens removed, x 4; A & C from Smith 5146, B & D from Smith 1195 146 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | Dianella occurs indigenously in Fiji from near sea level to the highest elevation, 1,323 m., in thickets, open places, dense forest, and high mossy forest, as well as on grass- and fern-covered hills and ridges. It is a coarse herb, often branching, in dense, terrestrial clumps 0.5-2 m. high. The flower buds are greenish, the perianth segments at first white but usually becoming bluish-tinged; the filaments are white and the anthers yellow or pale yellow; and the fruits, at first green to purplish blue or brownish, become black at maturity. Flowers and fruits have been collected through- out the year. TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: The holotype is a specimen collected by Ferdinand Bauer on Norfolk Island (perhaps at w); a drawing (¢. 178, ined.) is at BM. Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. (1802) is, according to Henderson (1977, cited above) a misapplied name which does not belong in the genus; it is based on Dracaena ensi- folia L. Dianella nemorosa Lam.., an illegitimate name, is at any rate lectotypified by Henderson by a Commerson collection from Mauritius and does not occur in the Pa- cific. Dianella caerulea enters our synonymy only because Krause in 1930 indicated its range as extending to Fiji; Schlitter (1940: 267) considers it limited to eastern Australia and Tasmania and perhaps Lord Howe Island. Dianella intermedia var. norfolkensis is based by Brown on two “reference types,” F. Brown 162 (BISH) from New Zealand and Bryan 534 (BISH) from Fiji; as no specimens from Norfolk Island were cited by Brown, his choice of the varietal epithet is inexplicable. Another name that enters into this confusing situation is Anthericum adenanth- era Forst. f. Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. 24. 1786, based on material from New Caledonia. Skottsberg (in Occas. Pap. Bishop Mus. 13: 236. 1937) discusses the difficulties sur- rounding this name, for which a combination in Dianella has not been proposed, but it may indeed provide the oldest valid epithet for the present species. The entire complex requires more careful nomenclatural consideration than provided by Schlit- ter. DISTRIBUTION: Material at K from Norfolk Island suggests that Schlitter is correct in considering Dianella intermedia to extend from New Zealand, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and the New Hebrides eastward into the Pacific. The Fijian collec- tions, of which I have examined about 30, are variable and may eventually be found to represent more than one taxon. Variability is found in leaf width, color and size of perianth segments, and seed shape and size. Nevertheless, until the genus is better understood it seems unwise to suggest infraspecific taxa, as F. Brown has done for some of the southeastern Polynesian forms (cf. Skottsberg, 1937, cited above). LocaL NAME: Varavara has been recorded by Bryan for his Lau specimens, but this name usually refers to various terrestrial orchids. REPRESENTATIVE COLLECTIONS: MAMANUTHAS: NGGALitTo Island, Malolo Group, O. & I. Degener 32250; Mt. Evans Range, Greenwood 437, DA 14532; upper slopes of Mt. Koromba, Smith 4703; vicinity of Nandarivatu, Gibbs 573, 574, Reay 33; Sovutawambu, Degener 14588; summit and slopes of Mt. Tomanivi, Smith 5146, DA 14650, Webster & Hildreth 14186.“KANDAVU and MOTURIKI”: Seemann 639. VANUA LEVU: MatuuaTa: Summit ridge of Mt. Numbuiloa, east of Lambasa, Smith 6506. LAKEMBA: Tothill, July, 1927; high central ridges and peaks, Bryan 534. NAMUKA-I-LAU: Bryan 473. FULANGA: On limestone formation, Smith 11995. The foliage variations of Dianella intermedia in Fiji appear to be due to ex- posure, having no correlation with elevation. Specimens from shady, forested areas have the leaves as much as 33 mm. broad, with flat margins and nerves conspicu- ously raised on both surfaces. Specimens from dry or exposed areas have the leaves often 10-14 (rarely only 3) mm. broad, with recurved or even revolute margins and sometimes subimmersed nerves. 1979 ALLIACEAE 147 FAMILY 15. ALLIACEAE ALLIACEAE J. Agardh, Theor. Syst. Pl. 32. 1858. Bulbous or rhizomatous herbs; differing from Liliaceae in having a scapose, um- bellate inflorescence subtended by spathaceous, somewhat membranaceous bracts, from Amaryllidaceae in having its ovary superior. DISTRIBUTION: A cosmopolitan family (lacking in Australia) of about 30 genera and 600 species. Although the Alliaceae are a group of plants that have been referred to both the Liliaceae and the Amaryllidaceae, they are now frequently accepted as forming a distinct family. Hutchinson retains the group in the Amaryllidaceae, where it is com- posed of the first three tribes of the family (Fam. FI. Pl. ed. 3. 791-794. 1973). At the other extreme, H.P. Traub (in Taxon 24: 458. 1975) suggests raising the Alliaceae to the rank of order, on the basis of their distinct chemical and morphological char- acteristics. 1. ALLIUM L. Sp. Pl. 294. 1753; Krause in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 319. 1930. Mostly bulbous, sometimes tuberous herbs, the leaves radical, linear or fistular; flowers in pedunculate umbels, the peduncle with apical, membranaceous bracts; perianth segments 6, free or shortly connate; stamens 6, inserted on base of peri- anth, the anthers medifixed; ovary superior, 3-celled, the style filiform; capsule loculicidally 3-valved. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Allium sativum L. (vide Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. N.U.S. ed. 2. 1: 497. 1913), one of the 30 species originally assigned to the genus by Linnaeus. DISTRIBUTION: A Northern Hemisphere genus of about 450 species. Although species of Allium do not grow well in the Pacific area, two species have been recorded as in cultivation in Fiji. Additionally, the leek, A. porrum L., is probably grown in Fiji; it is noted in Tonga by Yuncker (in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 80. 1959). KEY TO SPECIES Bulbs broadly ovoid, usually solitary, rounded distally; peduncle conspicuously ventricose below middle; perianth segments white or greenish, the stamens at length far exserted. ................ 1. A. cepa Bulbs often angular, usually in a group and appressed to one another, subacute distally; peduncle not or inconspicuously ventricose below middle; perianth segments pink, purple, or white, the stamens usuallymotiexserted ornonly rarely Sonera serene eee see aie cee eee 2 Aaascalonicum 1. Allium cepa L. Sp. Pl. 300. 1753; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 32. 1943, in op. cit. 220: 80. 1959; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 254. 1970; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 357. 1972. The introduced onion does not thrive in Fiji but is cultivated on a small scale. TYPIFICATION: Linnaeus gives several prior references, but I have not noted a lectotypification. DISTRIBUTION: Eurasia; cultivated elsewhere; noted from Tonga and Niue. LOCAL NAMES AND USE: Onion, varasa, piaz; cultivated for its edible bulb. Apparently no herbarium specimens document the occurrence of the onion in Fiji, but it can be seen in many small gardens. 2. Allium ascalonicum L. Fl. Palaestina, 17. 1756, Amoen. Acad. 4: 454. 1759; Seem. Viti, 443. 1862. Allium schoenoprasum sensu Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260. 1861; non L. 148 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | The introduced shallot is recorded in Fiji only by Seemann. TyYPIFICATION: No specimen was mentioned in the original publication, but the description is valid and adequate. DISTRIBUTION: Presumably a plant originating in the Levant, sometimes con- sidered a variety of the preceding species. LOCAL NAME AND USE: Varasa; a plant with edible bulbs. Although Seemann listed his no. 637 as representing the shallot, neither this nor any other Fijian specimen seems available for documentation; however, it is prob- able that his identification was correct and that the shallot may still be found in small Fijian gardens. Collections are available from southeastern Polynesia. FaMILy 16. AGAVACEAE AGAVACEAE Endl. Ench. Bot. 105, as Agaveae. 1841. Robust, rhizomatous, often woody or arborescent plants, the stem short or well developed, sometimes lacking; leaves often crowded at or near base of stem, narrow, often thick or fleshy, entire, often with spiny teeth on margin; flowers hermaphro- dite (in all genera in Fiji), polygamous, or unisexual, actinomorphic or somewhat zygomorphic, in terminal spikes, racemes, or panicles, sometimes arranged in a large thyrse, the branches subtended by bracts; perianth tube short to long, the seg- ments unequal or subequal; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth segments or on perianth tube, the filaments filiform or thickened, free, the anthers introrse, linear, usually dorsifixed, 2-locular, opening by longitudinal slits; ovary superior or inferior, 3-locular, with axile placentas, the style slender, the ovules numerous to solitary in each locule, often superposed in | or 2 series, anatropous; fruit a loculicidal capsule or berry; seeds numerous or solitary, compressed, with fleshy endosperm and small embryo. DISTRIBUTION: About 20 genera and 600-700 species in the tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres, often abundant in dry regions. Five genera occur in Fiji but none are indigenous, although Cordyline is so firmly naturalized as to appear native. USEFUL DISCUSSION OF FAMILY: Tomlinson, P.B., & M.H. Zimmermann. Vascular anatomy of mono- cotyledons with secondary growth-an introduction. J. Arnold Arb. 50: 159-179. 1969. KEY TO GENERA Ovary superior. Leaves borne on superterraneous branchlets; flowers in large panicles. Perianth segments connate or coherent only at base; ovules 4-many per ovary locule; probably an aboriginal introduction but now firmly naturalized and appearing indigenous. ....1. Cordyline Perianth with a well-developed tube; ovules solitary in each ovary locule; cultivated only. 2. Pleomele Leaves borne on a subterraneous rhizome, erect, fibrous, transversely banded; flowers in simple or branchedbracemescultivatedionlysaeeee eee eee eee een errr Ore reer 3. Sansevieria Ovary inferior; plants with subterraneous or short stems with densely crowded leaves and a large, ter- minal panicle; cultivated and sparingly naturalized. Perianth segments proximally connate into a short tube; filaments surpassing the perianth segments, filiformynotimuchsthickenedinitheimiddleyssqeenneeeeeee eee eee 4. Agave Perianth segments essentially separate; filaments shorter than the perianth segments, with a spongy thickeningiinithesmiddles oases scpaess see ieee rere nee ICT oR eS eeyae 5. Furcraea 1. CORDYLINE Commerson ex Juss. Gen. PI. 41. 1789; Seem. Fl. Vit. 310. 1868; Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 535. 1875; Krause in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 356. 1930. Nom. cons. Taetsia Medik. Theodora, 82. 1786. Nom. rejic. 1979 AGAVACEAE 149 Stem woody and often branched, the branchlets with annular leaf scars; leaves spirally crowded distally on branchlets, linear or lanceolate, the petiole basally broadened into a sheath; flowers in large, glabrous, pedunculate, freely branched panicles; perianth segments 6, connate or coherent at base, free and becoming re-- flexed distally, equal or the inner 3 slightly the longer; stamens 6, the anthers medi- fixed; ovary superior, 3-locular, the ovules 4-many per locule, the style filiform, the stigma capitate or 3-lobed; fruit globose or 3-lobed, fleshy, indehiscent or tardily de- hiscent, the seeds black, nitid. TYPE SPECIES: Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth (Asparagus terminalis L.). Taetsia, a prior but rejected generic name, is typified by 7. ferrea (L.) Medik. (Dracaena ferrea L.). DISTRIBUTION: A tropical and warm temperate genus of about I5 species. 1. Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth in Abh. KGnigl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1842: 30. 1842; Seem. FI. Vit. 311. 1868; Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 539. 1875; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 319. 1892; Gibbs in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 39: 178. 1909; Chris- tophersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 48. 1935; Yuncker in op. cit. 178: 33. 1943, in op. cit. 184: 28. 1945, in op. cit. 220: 79. 1959; J.W. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 29: 32. 1959, Pl. Fiji Isl. 270. 1964, ed. 2. 366. 1972; Sykes in New Zea- land Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 255. 1970; B.E.V. Parham in New Zea- land Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 126. 1972. FIGURE 48. Convallaria fruticosa L. Herb. Amb. 16. 1754, Amoen. Acad. 4: 126. 1759. Asparagus terminalis L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 450. 1762. Dracaena terminalis Lam. Encycl. Méth. Bot. 2: 324. 1786; B.E.V. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 13: 42. 1942. Cordyline jacquini Kunth in Abh. Konig]. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1842: 30. 1842. Cordyline sp. Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260. 1861, Viti, 443. 1862. Cordyline jacquinii Kunth ex Seem. FI. Vit. 311. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 319. 1892. Cordyline sepiaria Seem. Fl. Vit. 311. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 319. 1892. Dracaena sepiaria Seem. FI. Vit. t. 94. 1868. Cordyline terminalis var. sepiaria Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 540. 1875; Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. 7: 448. 1886. Taetsia fruticosa Merr. Interpret. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 137. 1917; A.C. Sm. in Sci. Monthly 73: 14. fig. 1951. Cordyline fruticosa A. Chev. Cat. Pl. Jard. Bot. Saigon, 66. 1919; non Goepp. (1855). Cordyline terminalis gives every appearance of being indigenous in Fiji, occur- ring at elevations from near sea level to 1,100 m., often being abundant in various types of forest (dry, dense, edges), on forested ridges, in thickets, and sometimes near beaches; it is also often seen in cultivation. The plant is an erect shrub or tree, often simple-stemmed but frequently freely branched, 1-5 m. high. The in- florescence is up to | m. long, with rich pink bracts. The perianth segments vary in color but are often rich pink, sometimes white mottled with pink, or white near base and pink distally; the filaments are white, often with bright yellow anthers; the style is pink-tinged distally; and the fruit at maturity is deep red. Flowers and fruits are seen throughout the year. TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: The oldest name referable to this taxon is Convallaria fruticosa L., based entirely on Terminalis Rumph. Herb. Amb. 4: 79. t. 34. 1743. The Rumphian illustration shows two forms, one with greenish leaves and one with reddish or purplish leaves; in proposing the combination Taetsia fruticosa in 1917, Merrill considered these both to represent the common species. The transfer of the epithet fruticosa to Cordyline, now a conserved name, was made only in 1919 by Chevalier. However, Chevalier’s combination is a later homonym of C. fruticosa Goepp. (in Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 25: 53. 1855), based on “Dracaena fruti- 150 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | “ust we ater c~ FiGureE 48. Cordyline terminalis in the upland forest of Viti Levu, showing the tip of a branch, leaves, and the terminal inflorescence, from Smith 4038. 1979 AGAVACEAE 151 cosa Ht. Berol.”, apparently ultimately derived from Sanseviera (sic) fruticosa Bl. (Enum. Pl. Javae, 11. 1827), which in turn was based on Terminalis augustifolia Rumph. and is referable to Pleomele angustifolia (Roxb.) N.E. Br. Since the epithet fruticosa may not be used in Cordyline, the next oldest basi- onym is Asparagus terminalis L. According to Merrill (1917, cited above) this is based on an actual specimen, although TJerminalis Rumph. is cited as a synonym. Cordyline jacquini Kunth appears to be a renaming of Dracaena terminalis Jacq. (Collect. 2: 354. 1788), non Lam. (1786, cited above). Cordyline sepiaria (in- advertently labeled Dracaena sepiaria on his illustration) was described by Seemann as a new species. Seemann typified his new species by Seemann 634 (K HOLOTYPE; ISOTYPE at BM), from “Viti Levu and Taveuni.” Seemann believed C. sepiaria to be indigenous and to differ from the introduced C. terminalis in several minor respects including its non-tuberous roots. Seemann recognized three species of Cordyline in Fiji: his “wild” form (C. sepiaria), with linear-lanceolate green leaves; the intro- duced C. terminalis, with oblong-lanceolate leaves and an edible, tuberous root; and the introduced red-leaved C. jacquinii. DISTRIBUTION: Baker, in his treatment of 1875 (cited above) suggests that Cordy- line terminalis is indigenous in the Himalayas, southeastern Asia, Malesia, and northern Australia. The precise eastern line beyond which it is not indigenous may never be known, since in many Pacific archipelagoes it is so thoroughly naturalized as to appear native. Almost certainly it was an aboriginal introduction into Fiji and the groups farther east, since it is so useful and ornamental that the earliest occu- pants would have brought it with them. It is now cultivated practically everywhere in the moist tropics and subtropics. I have examined about 60 Fijian collections, but the species is more abundant than this would suggest, both “wild” and cultivated. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Nggai is the most widely used Fijian name, but also re- corded are: nggainggai, vasili, vasili kau, vasili ni veikau, vasili Tonga, masawe, vakota, nakota, kokota, ngolo, and ti (the usual Polynesian name). The red-leaved form is often called 1 Kula or vasili ndamu. It is a plant of many uses, in addition to being an ornamental often used in hedges. As elsewhere in the Pacific, the leaves are used for wrapping food before baking it and are also made into skirts for cere- monial wear. The tuberous root may weigh 10-14 pounds (Seemann) and is edible after being baked on heated stones. In modern times it is still used to sweeten pud- dings and other foods. Apparently the Fijians never extracted an alcohol from it, as some Polynesians do. It is further reported to have unspecified medicinal uses. REPRESENTATIVE COLLECTIONS: YASAWAS: Waya: Along Wailevu Creek, St. John 18075. MAMA- NUTHAS: NaGGatito Island, Malolo Group, O. & /. Degener 32253. VITI LEVU: MBa: Natualevu, Mt. Evans Range, DA 1/41/93; slopes of Mt. Nairosa, eastern flank of Mt. Evans Range, Smith 4038; vicinity of Nandarivatu, Gillespie 4313; Navai, Gibbs 781. NANDRONGA & Navosa: Northern portion of Rairai- matuku Plateau, Smith 5471; near Kalavo, H.B.R. Parham 228. SeRUA: Between Waininggere and Waisese Creeks, Smith 9663; Ndeumba, DA 9217 (McKee 2781). NAMost: Nambukavesi Creek, DA 11591. Ra: Vicinity of Rewasa, Degener 15400. NAirasirRi: Viria, Parks 20447; Tholo-i-suva, DA 11967. TAILEVU: Hills east of Wainimbuka River, near Ndakuivuna, Smith 7047. REWA: Slopes of Mt. Koromba- mba, Gillespie 2296. MBENGGA: Weiner 186. KANDAVU: Mt. Mbuke Levu, Smith 222. OVALAU: Bryan 607. KORO: Tothill 897. NAIRAIL: Tothill 898. VANUA LEVU: MatuuaTa: In mountains, Greenwood 668; Wainikoro River, Greenwood 690. THAKAUNDROVE: Vicinity of Savusavu, Bierhorst F216. TAVEUNE: Vicinity of Wairiki, Gillespie 4750. MOALA: Milne 117. MATUKU: Tothill 899. TOTOYA: Bryan 361. VANUA MBALAVU: Slopes of Korolevu, near Lomaloma, Garnock-Jones 1019. LAKEMBA: Near Nukunuku Village, Garnock-Jones 816. KAMBARA: On limestone formation, Smith 1273. Fi without further locality, Seemann 635, 636. 152 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | Cordyline terminalis is an extremely plastic species, with innumerable cultivars. Baker (1875, cited above) accounted for eight varieties, but many others have been recognized, most of them no more than cultivars. The species was doubtless intro- duced into Fiji repeatedly, and any infraspecific classification seems fruitless. 2. PLEOMELE Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. 245. 1796; N.E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1914: 274. 1914. Stem (in our species) woody and copiously branched, the branchlets with distinct leaf scars; leaves crowded distally on branchlets, oblong to lanceolate; flowers in _terminal, glabrous panicles and congested in heads (in our species); perianth with a well-developed tube, the segments 6, subequal, narrow; stamens 6, inserted at top of perianth tube, the filaments filiform, the anthers medifixed; ovary superior, ses- sile, 3-locular, the ovules solitary in each locule, the style filiform, subentire; fruit a globose berry, 1-3-seeded. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Pleomele fragrans (L.) Salisb. (Aletris fragrans L.); ct. N. E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1914: 274. 1914. This is one of the two species originally placed in Pleomele by Salisbury; the other, P. aloifolia, is placed in Sansevieria by Brown. DIsTRIBUTION: A genus of 100 or more species in tropical regions of the Old World, eastward into Malesia; some species are widely cultivated, including the one recorded from Fiji. USEFUL TREATMENT OF GENUS: Brown, N.E. Notes on the genera Cordyline, Dracaena, Pleomele, Sansevieria and Taetsia. Kew Bull. 1914: 273-279. 1914. Pleomele is often combined with Dracaena Vand. ex L., but Brown (cited above) suggests reasons for keeping the genera separate. Dracaena has its perianth seg- ments separate nearly to base, not forming an evident tube, and its flowers occur in clusters at the nodes of the panicle branches; the filaments are thickened at the middle. Pleomele has its perianth segments united proximally into a distinct tube at least one-third as long as the lobes, and its flowers are solitary or in pairs or clus- ters in a spikelike raceme or in a dense spike or head on the panicle; the filaments are filiform. 1. Pleomele fragrans (L.) Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. 245. 1796; N. E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1914: 274, 278. 1914; J. W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 367. 1972. Aletris fragrans L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 456. 1762. Dracaena fragrans Ker-Gawler in Bot. Mag. 27: ¢. 1081. 1808; Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 529. 1875. In Fiji this striking ornamental is grown from near sea level to 250 m. It is a few- branched tree 3-5 m. high, with leaves and inflorescences crowded toward apices of branchlets. The inflorescence, up to 80 cm. long, has perianth segments pale purple without and white within, white filaments with pale yellow anthers, and white styles; the fruit is an orange berry. Flowers have been noted in June, November, and December. TYPIFICATION: Linnaeus based Aletris fragrans on J. Commelijn, Horti Med. Amstelod. 1: 93. t. 49. 1697, 2: 7. t. 4. 1701. DISTRIBUTION: A native of west tropical Africa, this species is now widely culti- vated. Only two Fijian collections have been seen, but the plant is moderately com- mon in cultivation in Fiji. Use: Introduced and grown for its ornamental value. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: SERUA: Ngaloa, Smith 9442. NaITASIRI: Toninaiwau, Tholo-i- suva, DA 16489. 1979 AGAVACEAE 153 An interesting account of this species has been published by M.H. Zimmermann and P.B. Tomlinson (The vascular system in the axis of Dracaena fragrans (Agava- ceae). |. Distribution and development of primary strands. J. Arnold Arb. 50: 370- 383. fig. 1-13. 1969). 3. SANSEVIERIA Thunb. Prodr. Pl. Cap. 65. 1794; N. E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1915: 188. 1915; Krause in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenr. ed. 2. 15a: 360. 1930. Nom. cons. Stemless herbs, the leaves borne on a subterraneous, sympodial rhizome, erect, fibrous, in our species broader than thick, subcoriaceous; flowers in terminal, sim- ple or branched racemes; perianth segments 6, proximally connate into a tube, dis- tally narrowly linear and becoming recurved; stamens 6, inserted at top of perianth tube, the filaments filiform, the anthers medifixed; ovary superior, sessile, 3-locular, the ovules 3 in each locule, the style filiform, the stigma entire; fruit a berry with 1-3 seeds. TYPE SPECIES: Sansevieria thyrsiflora Thunb. nom. illeg. (Aloe hyacinthoides var. guineensis L.) (Aloe guineensis Jacq.) = S. guineensis (L.) Willd. Typ. cons. DISTRIBUTION: About 60 species in tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, and Arabia, with a few species as far east as Ceylon, India, Burma, and perhaps China. One species is cultivated in Fiji. USEFUL TREATMENT OF GENUS: Brown, N.E. Sansevieria. A monograph of all the known species. Kew Bull. 1915: 185-261. 1915. 1. Sansevieria trifasciata Hort. ex Prain, Bengal Pl. 1054, as Sanseviera t. 1903; N. E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1915: 239. 1915; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 217. 1970. Sansevieria zeylanica sensu Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 33. 1943; non Willd. This widely cultivated Sansevieria is seen near sea level in Fiji; it is a coarse herb with erect leaves to | m. long cross-banded with light and dark green. The fragrant flowers have greenish white perianth segments, and the fruit is a reddish orange berry. TYPIFICATION: In his original publication Prain merely remarks: “Often culti- vated, sometimes as an escape.” Brown, in 1915, suggests that the species was typi- fied by living plants cultivated at Kew. DISTRIBUTION: A native of tropical Africa, Sansevieria trifasciata is now widely cultivated and sometimes naturalized. In our area it occurs in Niue and specimens have also been seen from many Polynesian archipelagoes. Only one Fijian speci- men has been noted, but it is frequently cultivated in Suva and elsewhere. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Bowstring hemp; mother-in-law’s tongue. In Fiji it is used only as an ornamental, but elsewhere fiber from the leaves is used for twine, mats, etc. The two common varieties are grown in Fiji, distinguishable as follows: Leaves transversely banded with light green and dark or blackish green stripes ....... la. var. trifasciata Leaves similar but also with longitudinal golden yellow stripes and margins........... Ib. var. laurentii la. Sansevieria trifasciata var. trifasciata; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 270. 1964, ed. 2. 367. 1972. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: REwa: Suva Botanical Gardens, DA 12170. 1b. Sansevieria trifasciata var. laurentii (De Willdem.) N. E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1915: 240. 1915; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 270. 1964, ed. 2. 367. 1972. Sanseviera laurentii De Willdem. in Rev. Cult. Colon. 14: 231. 1904. 154 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | TYPIFICATION: Described from specimens growing in Belgian gardens, but orig- inally discovered near Stanleyville in the then Belgian Congo and introduced into cultivation by Emile Laurent. The Fijian record is based on observations only. 4. AGAVE L. Sp. Pl. 323. 1753. Robust herbs, the short stem increasing in thickness; leaves radical or crowded on the stem, fibrous, with an apical spine and often with marginal spines; flowers in large, terminal, pedunculate panicles, solitary along rachises of inflorescence; peri- anth segments 6, proximally connate into a short tube, subequal; stamens 6, in- serted below top of perianth tube, at length exserted, the filaments filiform, the anthers linear, medifixed; ovary inferior, 3-locular, the ovules numerous and biseri- ate in each locule, the style filiform, the stigma thickened, 3-lobed; fruit a loculicidal capsule, the seeds numerous, flat, black. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Agave americana L. (vide Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico 5: 156. 1923), one of the four original species of Linnaeus. DISTRIBUTION: About 300 species in America, from the southern United States to tropical South America. Two species occur in cultivation in Fiji, one of them sometimes becoming naturalized. KEY TO SPECIES Leaves with margins thorny to apex and with a yellow strip; cultivated only. ........... 1. A. americana Leaves with a bluish tinge, the margins without spines or these very occasional and widely spaced; culti- vated for its useful leaf fibers, and also naturalized. ............. 00.0 ese e cece eee 2. A. sisalana 1. Agave americana L. Sp. Pl. 323. 1753; Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 3: 292. 1876; J.W. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 29: 31. 1959, Pl. Fiji Isl. 270. 1964, ed. 2. 366. 1972. In Fiji this species is cultivated from sea level to about 250 m.; it is a coarse herb with leaves about | m. long. Flowering has not been observed in Fiji. TYPIFICATION: Several prior references are given by Linnaeus, and I am not aware of a lectotypification. DISTRIBUTION: Tropical America, but also widely cultivated. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Century plant; moderately common in cultivation in Fiji as an ornamental (although documented by only one collection). In Mexico the species is extensively cultivated and is the source of the drink pulque. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: NairasiriI: Toninaiwau, Tholo-i-suva, DA 16753. 2. Agave sisalana Perrine in House Rep. Doc. 564: 8. 1838; Trel. in Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 49. pl. 113-115. 1913; Greenwood in J. Arnold Arb. 25: 402. 1944, in op. cit. 30: 82. 1949; J. W. Parham in Dept. Agr. Fiji Bull. 35: 148. 1959, Pl. Fiji Isl. 270. 1964, ed. 2. 366. 1972. Agave rigida var. sisalana Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 3: 316. 1876. In Fiji Agave sisalana is cultivated and is also naturalized on grass- and reed- covered hillsides from near sea level to 450 m. It is a coarse perennial herb with basal leaves to 2 m. long. The erect inflorescence may attain a height of 10 m.; the perianth segments are greenish to white or cream-colored. Bulbils are often pro- duced in the axils of bracteoles on the pedicels after the flowers have fallen. TYPIFICATION: No type was cited by Perrine, who indicated that the plant grows spontaneously throughout the state of Yucatan, Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Central America and Mexico, now widely cultivated for its fiber. 1979 AGAVACEAE 155 LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Sisal hemp; ndali; natali. The fibers of the leaves are used mainly in the manufacture of twines and cordage, and the species is said to provide over 65% of the world’s trade in hard fibers. An extended discussion is pro- vided by Purseglove (Trop. Crops, Monocot. 14-29. fig. 2. 1972). AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: MBa: Vicinity of Tumbenasolo, valley of Namosi Creek, Smith 4629. NANDRONGA & NAVoSA: Singatoka Valley Road, DA 16298. Agave sisalana is generally considered to be a cultigen or cultivar. Engelmann (1876, cited above) believed it to be a large, cultivated derivative of A. rigida Mill. Purseglove (1972, cited above) treats it as a naturally occurring pentaploid hybrid, while Burkill (Dict. Econ. Prod. Malay Penins. ed. 2. 70. 1966) thought it to be a selection by man from something like A. fourcroyoides Lem. 5. FURCRAEA Vent. in Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1: 65. 1793. Plants with a subterraneous woody stem; leaves densely crowded, fibrous, the margins (in our species) copiously spiny at least toward base; flowers in large, ter- minal, pedunculate panicles, fascicled or solitary along rachises of inflorescence; perianth segments 6, essentially separate, subequal but the inner ones broader; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth segments and shorter, the filaments with a spongy thickening in middle, subulate distally, the anthers medifixed; ovary inferior, 3-locular, the ovules numerous in each locule, the style thickened at base, filiform- subulate distally, the stigma small; fruit a loculicidal capsule, the seeds numerous, flat. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Furcraea cubensis (Jacq.) Vent. (Agave cubensis Jacq.); vide Britton, Fl. Bermuda, 80. 1918. DIsTRIBUTION: About 20 species in arid and semiarid regions of tropical Amer- ica. One species is cultivated and sparingly naturalized in Fiji. |. Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. Syn. Pl. Succ. 73. 1812; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 217. 1970. Agave foetida L. Sp. Pl. 323. 1753. Furcraea gigantea Vent. in Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1: 65, nom illeg. 1793; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 35. 1943, in op. cit. 220: 81. 1959; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 366. 1972; B.E.V. Par- ham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 64. 1972. Agave gigantea D. Dietr. Syn. Pl. 2: 1192, nom. illeg. 1840. Fourcroya cubensis sensu Christophersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 50. 1935; non Vent. In Fiji Furcraea foetida is cultivated and sparingly naturalized near sea level. It is a rosette herb with an inflorescence up to 12 m. high. The flowers have a heavy fragrance; the perianth segments are white or greenish white, and the ovary yellow- ish green. The flowers are usually followed by bulbils. TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: Linnaeus gives several prior references and indicates the habitat of the plant as Curacao. Ventenat merely mentions “Habitat in Curassao”, but since he listed Agave foetida as a synonym his name 1s illegitimate. Christophersen’s reference to F. cubensis doubtless refers to F. foetida, known to be cultivated in Samoa, Tonga, and Niue as well as in Fiji. DISTRIBUTION: A native of tropical South America, now widely cultivated for its fiber. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Mauritius hemp; it is often confused in Fiji with sisal hemp, and it has erroneously been called cuban hemp in Samoa. It was introduced in 1907 for commercial development, its fibers being used for ropes and cords. In Mauritius it is an important crop plant and is also used for boundary hedges. The 156 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. 1 name Mauritius hemp, although geographically a misnomer, is firmly attached to this species. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: NANDRONGA & Navosa: Singatoka Valley Road, DA 16037; near Thuvu Beach, DA 1/420. REwA: Suva Botanical Gardens, DA, Jan. 6, 1949, June 13, 1949, Jan. 28, 1950. LAKEMBA: Yandrana Village, Garnock-Jones 945. NAMUKA-I-LAU: Near South Bay sand beach, Bryan 472. J.W. Parham (1972, cited above) mentions its occurrence on Vanua Levu, but I have found no voucher for this. The fibers of Mauritius hemp are longer, finer, and whiter than those of sisal hemp, but are not as strong (Purseglove, Trop. Crops, Monocot. 30. 1972). These two species are frequently confused in Fiji, being similar in general appearance and in producing bulbils; the following key will serve to distinguish them even when sterile. Leaves with bluish tinge, the margins without spines or these (in the variety grown in Fiji) very occasional and widely spaced; stamens longer than perianth, the filaments and style filiform. ... Agave sisalana Leaves yellow-green, the basal parts of margins copiously spiny, the spines sometimes extending to apex, but apical portion sometimes lacking spines (spiny margins characteristic of the variety grown in Fiji but not universal in the species); stamens shorter than perianth, the filaments with a spongy thickening in middle, the style thickened at base........................+----5- Furcraea foetida FaMILy 17. AMARYLLIDACEAE AMARYLLIDACEAE Jaume St. Hil. Expos. Fam. Nat. 1: 134, as Amaryllideae. 1805. Herbs with a subterraneous bulb or tuber, rarely with a rhizome; leaves usually few, radical, linear, oblong, or rarely reniform-cordate, parallel-nerved or cur- vinerved; flowers$ , usually showy and actinomorphic, less often zygomorphic, monochlamydeous, in pedunculate umbels with few (rarely 1)-many flowers, the umbels involucrate at base with 1-3 bracts, the peduncles leafless; perianth petaloid, the segments 6 in 2 series, free or connate, equal or unequal; stamens 6, rarely more, inserted in corolla tube (in all our genera) or at base of perianth segments, the fila- ments free or connate into a tube and forming a “false corona”, the anthers basifixed or medifixed, 2-locular, dehiscing introrsely and longitudinally; ovary inferior (in all our genera) or rarely half-inferior, 3-celled or rarely 1-celled, the ovules numerous to few per cell, anatropous, borne on axile or rarely parietal placentas, often biseriately superposed, the style slender, the stigma capitate or 3-lobed; fruit a dehiscent or indehiscent capsule or a berry, the seeds |-many, angular-compressed or winged, with fleshy endosperm and a small, straight embryo. DISTRIBUTION: A family of about 85 genera and 1,100 species, usually tropical or subtropical. No species of Amaryllidaceae are indigenous in Fiji, but several occur in cultiva- tion and at least one has become naturalized. In addition to the species discussed below, Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herbert, Z. rosea (Spreng.) Lindl., and Steno- messon croceum (Savigny) Herbert have been mentioned as cultivated in other parts of the Fijian Region and may well be expected in Fiji. KEY TO GENERA Corona absent, the filaments without scales or teeth between them; flowers large and showy, borne sey- eral together, the perianth with a long tube, the stamens inserted in throat of perianth tube, the ovulesinumeroussypeduncleisolidseenereee eee eet heaters err 1. Crinum Corona present, formed by expanded petaloid filaments (“false corona”) or by scales between filaments. “False corona” present, formed by basally expanded filaments; peduncle solid. Filaments much broadened or connected by a membrane, this funnelform or cupuliform, above base of perianth segments 2-5 cm. long; ovules only in lowermost parts of locules; leaf blades without pellucidiicrossivein steer nae ae eee cree cereienicer rer creer ener ic 2. Hymenocallis 1979 AMARYLLIDACEAE NSv7/ Filaments basally broadened and there connected by a short membrane. Leaf blades without obvious cross veins between the main veins; inflorescences 2-10-flowered; perianth tube above ovary 35-60 mm. long, often curved; ovules usually 6 or more (rarely 2) joel Oro Le Sin ola Gino ola Goo Sin roared Aeneas che entha bic core aes are reo eon SO CTE ONO MIRON SPT 1d aA Leaf blades with very fine, close, cross veins between the main veins; inflorescences 6-30- flowered; perianth tube above ovary 8-35 mm. long, straight; ovules 2 per locule. 4. Eurycles True corona present, formed of small scales between filaments; peduncle fistular at least in upper half, the cavity sometimes small but distally perceptible; inflorescences 2~many-flowered, the flowers large, the perianth segments basally connate, considerably longer than tube; ovary forming a dis- tinct angle with pedicel, the ovules numerous and superposed in each locule. .....5. Hippeastrum I. CRINUM L. Sp. PI. 291. 1753; Seem. Fl. Vit. 305. 1868. Herbs with a subterraneous bulb, often with a thick superterraneous spurious stem, the leaves sessile, linear or lanceolate; peduncle compressed, solid, with 2 large apical bracts and smaller ones between flowers; flowers showy, umbelliform or headlike, pedicellate or subsessile, the perianth with a long, straight or curved tube, the segments linear, lanceolate or oblong; stamens inserted in throat of perianth tube, the filaments free, filiform, the anthers medifixed, linear; ovary 3-celled, the ovules closely sessile or immersed in placenta, the style filiform, the stigma capitate, small; fruit subglobose-obovoid, at length irregularly dehiscent, the seeds large. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Crinum americanum L. (vide Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico 5: 160. 1923), one of Linnaeus’s four original species. DISTRIBUTION: Tropics and subtropics, especially on sea coasts, with 100 or more species, of which one is cultivated and naturalized in Fiji. 1. Crinum asiaticum L. Sp. Pl. 292. 1753; Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260. 1861, Viti, 443. 1862, Fl. Vit. 305. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 316. 1892; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 34. 1943, in op. cit. 184: 29. 1945, in op. cit. 220: 81. 1959; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 268. 1964, ed. 2. 364. 1972; Sykes in New Zea- land Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 218. 1970; B.E.V. Parham in New Zea- land Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 64. 1972. The Crinum commonly seen in Fiji is a coarse herb to 2 m. high with a spurious stem to 50 cm. high and 15 cm. in diameter, bearing leaves and inflorescences in a crown at its apex; the leaves are often to | m. long and 15 cm. broad and the pedun- cle to 50 cm. long, with 25-30 flowers. The perianth tube is greenish, the lobes white, the filaments rich purple at least distally, the anthers yellow, and the style rich pur- ple; the fruit is yellow-green. Fruits and flowers are seen throughout the year. TYPIFICATION: Linnaeus gives three prior references, indicating the original material as from Malabar or Ceylon. DISTRIBUTION: The species is widely cultivated and also naturalized; in Fiji it is found on sandy beaches and other coastal areas and is a popular plant in villages. It will thrive at elevations of 800 m. or more. LOCAL NAMES AND USE: Viavia is the usual Fijian name; /autalotalo has been bor- rowed from Samoa. The species is widely used as an ornamental. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: MBa: Nandarivatu and vicinity, Greenwood 626A, Vaughan 3252. NANDRONGA & Navosa: In villages, H. B. R. Parham 242. NAMost: Hills near Navua River, Green- wood 1051. NAITASIRI: Nawanggambena, DA 1301; Central Road, Tothill 862. MBENGGA: Savusavu- kalou, Weiner 224. OVALAU: Lovoni Village, Smith 7671. WAKAYA: Bryan 614. VANUA LEVU: THAKAUNDROVE: Namale, DA 1/6895. VANUA LEvU without further locality, Seemann 640. ONGEA NDRIKI: Bryan 408. Fisi without further locality, Storck XXIII. As usually construed, Crinum asiaticum is a variable and broadly interpreted species, possibly including C. pedunculatum R. Br., which Yuncker reports as cul- 158 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | tivated in Tonga. Several other species reported by Sykes as cultivated on Niue have not been seen in Fiji. 2. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 338. 1812. Herbs with a subterraneous bulb, the leaves radical, narrow, oblong-linear; peduncle compressed, solid, the flowers umbelliform or headlike; perianth with a long tube and long, linear, white lobes; stamens inserted at top of perianth tube, basally connected by a broad membrane, the free parts of filaments filiform, not in- curved, the anthers medifixed; ovary 3-celled, the ovules usually 2 per cell, the style filiform, the stigma small; fruit fleshy, at length rupturing laterally, often l-seeded, the seed large, with a thick, spongy testa. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. (Pancratium littorale Jacq.) (vide Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico 5: 160. 1924). DISTRIBUTION: About 50 species in the warm parts of America. One species is cultivated in Fiji. 1. Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 338. 1812; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 35. 1943; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 268. 1964, ed. 2. 364. 1972; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 221. 1970; B.E.V. Parham in New Zealand Dept. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 36. 1972. Pancratium littorale Jacq. Select. Stirp. Amer. 99. t. 179, fig. 94. 1763. As seen in Fiji, Hymenocallis littoralis is a coarse herb forming dense clumps about | m. high. The fragrant flowers have the perianth tube greenish and the lobes white; the filaments are green, paler at base and forming a white staminal cup; the anthers and style are green. Flowers have been noted in May and June. TYPIFICATION: The type material was obtained by Jacquin on Tierrabomba Is- land, near Cartagena, Colombia. DISTRIBUTION: This American plant is widely cultivated; it has become natural- ized in many parts of the Pacific, but in Fiji it has been seen only in cultivation. It is substantially more frequent than indicated below. LOCAL NAME AND USE: Spider lily; ornamental. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: OVALAU: Lovoni Valley, cultivated, Smith 7670. 3. EUCHARIS Planch. in Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 8: 107. 1852 or 1853. Herbs with a subterraneous bulb, the leaves radical, ovate or oblong, petiolate; peduncle solid, with apical bracts, the flowers umbelliform, few; perianth tube terete, somewhat curved, with an expanded throat, the segments oval or oblong; stamens inserted in throat of perianth, shorter than perianth segments, the filaments broadened basally into connate membranes; ovary 3-celled, the ovules 6 or 8 per cell, superposed and collateral, rarely 2; fruit deeply 3-lobed, at length dehiscent, the seeds 1-few, large. TyPeE SPECIES: Eucharis candida Planch. & Linden, the only original species. DISTRIBUTION: About ten species in tropical South America. One species is cul- tivated in Fiji. 1. Eucharis grandiflora Planch. & Linden in FI. Serres Jard. Eur. 9: 255. t. 957. 1853 or 1854; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 34. 1943, in op. cit. 220: 80. 1959; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 268. 1964, ed. 2. 364. 1972; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 220. 1970. 1979 AMARYLLIDACEAE 159 Eucharis grandiflora is a scapose herb with a bulbous base, about 50 cm. high, its fragrant flowers with white perianth segments, a yellowish green filament tube with white lobes and white free portions of filaments, cream-colored anthers, and a white ovary. It has been collected flowering only in July. TYPIFICATION: The type was a cultivated plant introduced by Triana into Lin- den’s greenhouse in Brussels, originally from El Choco in Colombia. DISTRIBUTION: Known to be cultivated in several Pacific archipelagoes, and said by Parham to have been an early introduction into Fijiand now commonly cultivated there. LOCAL NAMES AND USE: Eucharis lily; Amazon lily; ornamental. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: Nairasirt: Plant Introduction and Quarantine Station, Nandu- ruloulou, DA 12156. 4. Eurycies Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 337. 1812, ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: Ivi, 909. 1830. Proiphys Herbert, Appendix, 42. 1821. Herbs with a subterraneous bulb, the leaves radical, petiolate, the blade reni- form-cordate or elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, when dry membranous, the main veins connected by thin cross veins forming a conspicuous reticulum; peduncle solid, the flowers umbelliform, numerous; perianth funnelform, the tube narrow, the segments often spreading, oblong to obovate; stamens inserted in throat of perianth, shorter than perianth segments, the filaments broadened at base and there connate, the nar- row parts of filaments inserted in apical sinuses of the broadened part, the anthers medifixed; ovary 3-celled, the ovules 2 per cell, ascending from base, the style fili- form, the stigma small; capsule globose, somewhat fleshy, often l-seeded. Type species: Eurycles sylvestris Salisb., nom. illeg. = E. amboinensis (L.) Lindl. (Pancratium amboinense L.). The type species of Proiphys is indicated as P. am- boinensis (L.) Herbert, based on the same Linnaean species. Apparently Herbert overlooked Salisbury’s publication or thought it invalid; actually it was valid as part of a descriptio generico-specifica. DISTRIBUTION: Three species of Malesia and northeastern Australia; one species is widely cultivated in the Pacific. 1. Eurycles amboinensis (L.) Lind]. in Loudon, Encycl. Pl. 242. 1829; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 220. 1970; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 364. 1972. Pancratium amboinense L. Sp. Pl. 291. 1753; Sims in Bot. Mag. 35: 4. 1/479. 1811. Eurycles sylvestris Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 337, nom. illeg. 1812; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 34. 1943. This bulbous-based herb has cream-white perianth segments; the flowers are not fragrant. Flowers in Fiji have been noted only in October. TYPIFICATION: Linnaeus based his species on material from Amboina, “Comm. hort. |. p. 77. t. 39.” Salisbury also based his concept on Pancratium amboinense, but he did not make the appropriate combination. DIsTRIBUTION: Malesia; widely cultivated in Pacific archipelagoes but uncom- mon in Fiji. LOCAL NAME AND USE: This ornamental is often known as Brisbane lily, but no name was indicated as used in Fiji. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: REWa: Suva Botanical Gardens, DA 1/794. 160 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. 1 5. HIPPEASTRUM Herbert, Appendix, 31. 1821. Nom. cons. Herb with a subterraneous bulb, the leaves linear to lanceolate to ligulate, the peduncle fistular at least distally, with apical bracts, the flowers (1-) 2-many, um- belliform, large, zygomorphic, nodding; perianth tube short or long, the corona scales very small; stamens inserted just below top of perianth tube, secund, the filaments filiform, the anthers medifixed; ovary 3-celled, the ovules numerous and superposed in each cell, the style long, curved, the stigma capitate or shortly 3-fid; capsule globose or ellipsoid, loculicidally 3-valved, the seeds flat, black. TYPE SPECIES: Hippeastrum reginae (L.) Herbert (Amaryllis reginae L.). Typ. cons. DISTRIBUTION: About 75 species in tropical and subtropical America. Many spe- cies are extensively cultivated, but only one has been recorded from Fij1. 1. Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Urb. Symb. Antill. 4: 151. 1903. Amaryllis punicea Lam. Encycl. Méth. Bot. 1: 122. 1783. Amaryllis equestris Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 417. 1789. Hippeastrum equestre Herbert, Appendix, 31. 1821; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 268. 1964, ed. 2. 364. 1972. This often cultivated plant is an herb with a basal bulb, the peduncle being up to 60 cm. high; the perianth segments are red or salmon-colored, paler to green at base. TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: The type of Amaryllis punicea, presumably at P, was indicated to be from “Surinam, Cayenne, and in the Antilles.” Amaryllis equestris is typified by a cultivated plant grown at K, introduced from the West In- dies in 1778 by William Pitcairn. DISTRIBUTION: Tropical America, now widely cultivated. I have seen no her- barium vouchers from Fiji, but Parham indicates it to have been an early introduc- tion now grown in many gardens. LOCAL NAMES AND USE: Red lily (Parham), but usually known as Barbados lily; it is a striking ornamental. FaMILy 18. PHILESIACEAE PHILESIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. Pl. 53, 54, as Phylesiaceae. 1829. Shrubs or climbers, the leaves alternate, oblong to ovate or lanceolate, the blades with prominent parallel nerves; flowers ¢ , actinomorphic, terminal or axillary, solitary to cymose-racemose, the perianth segments free or connivent or connate, subequal or in calycine and petaloid series; stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on perianth tube, the filaments free or partially connate, the anthers dorsifixed, de- hiscing by introrse or sublateral longitudinal slits; ovary superior, 1- or 3-locular, with axile or parietal placentas, the style with a capitate or shortly 3-lobed stigma, the ovules few to numerous; fruit a berry. DIsTRIBUTION: A small Southern Hemisphere family composed of seven genera and nine species, including the beautiful Lapageria rosea Ruiz & Pavon, the nation- al flower of Chile. One species occurs indigenously in Fiji. 1. GEITONOPLESIUM A. Cunn. ex R. Br. in Hook. in Bot. Mag. 59: ¢. 3731. 1832. Luzuriaga sect. Geitonoplesium Hall. f. in Nova Guinea 8: 991. 1914; Krause in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 379. 1930. Slender, sprawling vines or climbing shrubs, the leaves with short petioles and lanceolate blades; inflorescence a terminal panicle with flowers in scattered fascicles or cymes; perianth segments essentially free, spreading, distinctly nerved, not cili- 1979 ASPARAGACEAE 161 ate; anthers oblong-linear; ovary 3-locular; fruit at length irregularly breaking into 3 valves, the seeds few, shining, black, partially surrounded by pale green pulp. TYPE SPECIES: Geitonoplesium cymosum (R. Br.) A. Cunn. ex Hook. (Luzuriaga cymosa R. Br.). DISTRIBUTION: Philippine Islands and eastern Malesia to New Caledonia, the New Hebrides, and Fiji, usually considered to include a single polymorphic species. As Fiji is the eastern terminus of the range, I should have included it in my discus- sion in J. Arnold Arb. 36: 273-292. 1955. 1. Geitonoplesium cymosum (R. Br.) A. Cunn. ex Hook. in Bot. Mag. 59: ¢. 3/31. 1832; Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260. 1861, Viti, 443. 1862, Fl. Vit. 312. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 318. 1892; Gibbs in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 39: 178. 1909; Turrill in op. cit. 43: 39. 1915; Guillaumin in J. Arnold Arb. 13: 111. 1932; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 265. 1964, ed. 2. 358. fig. 98. 1972. FIGURE 49. Luzuriaga cymosa R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 282. 1810. In Fiji Geitonoplesium cymosum is found at elevations of 130-1,323 m. (or culti- vated near sea level), in hillside thickets, in dense forest and on its edges, on grassy slopes, and in dense crest thickets. It is a vine, with slender, wiry, climbing or scrambling stems. The fragrant flowers have white or cream-colored perianth seg- ments, greenish white filaments, and yellow anthers; the fruit, at first yellow, be- comes orange when ripe and has black, glossy seeds. Flowers and fruits are found throughout the year. TYPIFICATION: The holotype was collected by Brown (BM) in New South Wales or Queensland. DISTRIBUTION: As of the genus; it is frequent in Fiji and I have examined more than 40 collections. The foliage variation is striking, the leaves of Fijian specimens varying from 5 to 35 mm. in width. Leaf blades as narrow as 3 mm. have been noted in Australia and New Guinea and as broad as 40 mm. in the New Hebrides. How- ever, these differences are no doubt due to light intensity in part, as the variation on a single individual may be pronounced. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: The most frequently used names in Fiji are wa mbitu- mbitu and wa ndakua; also recorded are wa ula and naveavea. The species is locally used as an ornamental on trellises and nettings; pieces of the hard stems are some- times used to make pegs or nails. In Australia, where the species is also used orna- mentally, it is known as scrambling lily. REPRESENTATIVE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: MBa: Mt. Evans Range, Greenwood 448C; Mt. Nairosa, eastern flank of Mt. Evans Range, Smith 4005, vicinity of Nandarivatu, Gibbs 564, im Thurn 85, Degener & Ordonez 13546; summit of Mt. Nanggaranambuluta, Smith 4848; summit of Mt. Tomanivi, DA 7/02. NANDRONGA & NavosaA: Nausori Highlands, DA 12673 (Melville et al. 7049); between Naloka and Koronayalewa, DA 1/389; Tonuve, H.B.R. Parham 148. SERUA: Namboutini, DA 1/3706. NAMOSI: Wayauyau Creek, DA /4247. NAITASIRI: Prince’s Road, Vaughan 3286. REWA: Suva, Department of Agriculture compound, cultivated, DA /208/. VANUA LEVU: MATHUATA-THAKAUNDROVE boundary: Mt. Ndelaikoro, Arauss 443. THAKAUNDROVE: Mt. Mbatini, crest of range, Smith 637. THIKOMBIA: Tothill 907. Fis without further locality, Seemann 638. FAMILY 19. ASPARAGACEAE ASPARAGACEAE Juss. Gen. PI. 40, as Asparagi. 1789. Rootstock a rhizome with aerial shoots, the leaves reduced to scariose and often minute scales bearing modified branchlets (cladophylls) in their axils, these acicular or flat; inflorescences fascicular, racemose, or subumbellate, the flowers ¢ , the 162 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | 1979 SMILACACEAE 163 pedicels articulated distally; perianth segments and stamens 6, free or essentially so, the anthers dorsifixed, 2-lobed, introrse; ovary 3-locular, the ovules 2 or more in each locule, the styles free or connate; fruit a globose berry with solitary or few seeds. DISTRIBUTION: Composed of a single genus in tropical and temperate regions of the Old World. 1. ASPARAGUS L. Sp. Pl. 313. 1753; Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 594. 1875; Krause in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 362. 1930. Characters of the family. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Asparagus officinalis L. (vide Britton & Brown, Ill. FI. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 313. 1913), one of Linnaeus’s original ten species. DISTRIBUTION: As of the family, with about 300 species, including the well-known edible Asparagus officinalis and several ornamental species, one of which is re- corded in Fiji. In addition to this, however, it would seem that the cultivated garden asparagus must sometimes be grown in Fiji, and also other popular ornamental spe- cies; A. sprengeri Regel and A. scandens Thunb., which are reported from Niue, may also be anticipated in cultivation in Fiji. 1. Asparagus plumosus Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 613. 1875; Christophersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 50. 1935; Yuncker in op. cit. 178: 32. 1943, in op. cit. 184: 29. 1945, in op. cit. 220: 79. 1959; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 263. 1964, ed. 2. 357. 1972; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 254. 1970; B.E.V. Parham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 58. 1972. In Fiji this widely grown species occurs only near sea level, as a vine with a slender, woody, climbing, thorny stem; the cladophylls are filiform and less than | cm. long. It has white flowers and a blackish fruit. TYPIFICATION: I have not noted a lectotypification among the three specimens from southern Africa originally cited by Baker: Drege 4482, Cooper 202, and Ger- rard & M’Ken 754. DISTRIBUTION: A species of southern Africa, now widely cultivated and also naturalized in many warm countries. Although reported as naturalized in Tonga and Samoa, it has been seen only cultivated in Fiji. LOCAL NAME AND USE: Asparagus fern; ornamental. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: Nairasiri: Koronivia, DA //233, 12/36. REWA: Suva, DA, Dec. 30, 1949. KANDAVU: Vunisea, DA 9643. FAMILY 20. SMILACACEAE SMILACACEAE Vent. Tabl. Régne Vég. 2: 146, as Smilaceae. 1799. Climbing or straggling shrubs, usually dioecious, the stems and branches often prickly, the leaves alternate or opposite, the petioles sometimes tendrillous, the blades often coriaceous, usually with 3 or 5 principal nerves from base, reticulate- veined; inflorescence an axillary umbel, raceme, or spike, the flowers actinomorph- ic, mostly unisexual, rarely ¢, small; perianth segments 6, essentially equal, free or FIGURE 49. Geitonoplesium cymosum; A, flowering branch, broad-leaved form, * 1/3; B, terminal branch with young inflorescences, narrow-leaved form, x 1/3; C, flower with 2 outer perianth segments removed, * 6; D, irregularly dehisced fruit, with 3 seeds partially embedded in pale pulp, x 2; A & C from Smith 637, B from Degener & Ordonez 13546, D trom Smith 4848. 164 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | rarely united into a tube; stamens usually 6, rarely as few as 3 or as many as 18 in d flowers, the filaments free or united into a column, the anthers l-locular by con- fluence of locules, introrse, the d flowers lacking a vestigial ovary; 2? flowers often with staminodes, the stigmas recurved, the ovary superior, sessile, 3-locular, the ovules | or 2 in each locule, pendulous, orthotropous or semi-anatropous; fruit a berry, the seeds usually 1-3, with a small embryo and hard endosperm. DISTRIBUTION: Four genera and nearly 400 species in tropical and temperate re- gions. 1. SMILAx L. Sp. Pl. 1028. 1753; Seem. FI. Vit. 309. 1868; A. DC. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 45. 1878; Krause in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 382. 1930. Pleiosmilax Seem. in J. Bot. 6: 193. July 1, 1868, Fl. Vit. 309. Oct. 1, 1868. Smilax sect. Pleiosmilax A. DC. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 203. 1878; Krause in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 385. 1930. Dioecious, robust, climbing shrubs, the stems often with recurved, hooked prickles; petioles broadened proximally and bearing 2 caducous tendrils; flowers unisexual, borne in umbels; perianth segments free, the stamens in our species rarely as few as 4, usually 8-18; 2 flowers in our species with 6 staminodes. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Smilax aspera L. (vide Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 527. 1913), one of Linnaeus’s original 13 species. I have not noted a lectotypi- fication of Pleiosmilax, originally described with three species, all of which were re- tained by de Candolle in his sect. Pleiosmilax. It is probable that Seemann’s concept was in large part based on P. vitiensis, which I herewith designate as the lectotype species. DISTRIBUTION: About 350 species in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas. In describing Pleiosmilax, Seemann indicated that its d flowers have either 12 or 18 stamens, rather than the 6 characteristic of Smilax. However, the number of stamens in S. vitiensis varies from 4 to 18, and the character seems of little con- sequence in distinguishing either a genus or section, as indicated by me in Allertonia 1: 334. 1978. The size of perianth segments is also highly variable. 1. Smilax vitiensis (Seem.) A. DC. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 204. 1878; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 318. 1892; Gibbs in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 39: 178. 1909; Turrill in op. cit. 43: 39. 1915; Guillaumin in J. Arnold Arb. 13: 111. 1932; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 80. 1959; J. W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 265. 1964, ed. 2. 358. fig. 97. 1972; A.C. Sm. in Allertonia 1: 334. 1978. FIGURE 50. Smilax sp. Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260. 1861, Viti, 443. 1862. Pleiosmilax vitiensis Seem. in J. Bot. 6: 193. July 1, 1868, Fl. Vit. 310. ¢. 93. Oct. 1, 1868. Smilax trifurcata Seem. in J. Bot. 6: 257. Sept. 1, 1868, Fl. Vit. 309. Oct. 1, 1868; A. DC. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 23, 206. 1878; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 318. 1892. Pseudosmilax vitiensis Seem. ex Turrill in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 43: 39, pro syn. 1915. The Fijian Smilax is locally abundant (more than 100 collections having been studied) at elevations from near sea level to 1,300 m. in thickets, various types of forest, and in ridge and crest vegetation. It is a climbing shrub or liana, often high- climbing, the stems being usually smooth but rarely with a few inconspicuous prickles. The petiole is broadened in its lower 2-15 mm., there bearing conspicuous tendrils. The leaf blades are very variable, sometimes as large as 30 x 22 cm. but usually much smaller, predominantly ovate and 5-nerved from the cordate to obtuse base, although sometimes a sixth and seventh nerve are discernible. The perianth segments are pale to yellowish green, sometimes with purplish markings; the fila- ments, anthers, and ovary are also pale to greenish yellow; and the fruit is deep pur- ple to black at maturity. Flowers and fruits occur throughout the year. 1979 SMILACACEAE 165 FiGure 50. Smilax vitiensis; A, fruit and typical leaf, showing tendrillous petiole, x 1/2; B, narrow- leaved form, showing 6 inflorescences and tendrillous petioles, x 1/2; C, aberrant form of inflorescence ("S. trifurcata” type), x 2; D-F, d flowers, showing variation in flower size and number of stamens, all x6: A, from Smith 7270, B & E from Gillespie 4031, C from Gillespie 2093, D from Smith 1135, F from Gillespie 4102 166 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. 1 TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: The holotype of Pleiosmilax vitiensis is See- mann 631, p. p. (K), said to have been obtained on Ovalau, Vanua Levu, Viti Levu, and Kandavu; the two sheets at K, not labelled as to locality, are best taken together as the holotype. The holotype of Smilax trifurcata is Seemann 631, p. p. (BM), from Ovalau; Seemann segregated this portion of his material because the receptacles are 3-furcate instead of subglobose, each branch being 5-12 mm. long and with crowded, imbricate bracts under small scars which evidently mark the fallen fruits. De Candolle retained both species, suggesting that S. trifurcata might be merely a “monstrosity.” In fact, it seems to be merely an aberrant form not worthy of recog- nition, as I suggested in 1978. DISTRIBUTION: Although very abundant in Fiji, Smilax vitiensis also occurs oc- casionally in Tonga and the New Hebrides. Guillaumin (1932, cited above) also in- dicated its occurrence in the Bismarck Islands without citing material; and Seemann also reported it from Samoa. Personally I have seen no material from groups west of the New Hebrides that seem to belong here, and its presence in Samoa is unlikely (B.E.V. Parham saw no Samoan specimens but merely recorded the earlier report in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 109. 1972). LOCAL NAMES AND USES: The most commonly used Fijian name is wa rusi, but the following are also reported: takataka, kandrangi, kundrangi, wa mbitumbitu, wa me, wa rusarusa, nakauwa, suthumaekaka, and suthumeikaka. The strong, slender stems are used for tying and for making baskets and fish nets. REPRESENTATIVE COLLECTIONS: YASAWAS: Waya: Olo Creek, north of Yalombi, St. John 18025. VITI LEVU: MBa: Mt. Evans Range, Greenwood 261E; Nandarivatu, Gibbs 645, im Thurn 287; Mt. Nanggaranambuluta, O. & J. Degener 32003; Mt. Tomanivi, DA 12692 (Melville et al. 7080). NANDRONGA & Navosa: Northern portion of Rairaimatuku Plateau, Smith 5419. SERUA: Hills between Ngaloa and Wainiyambia, Smith 9375. NAmosi: Mt. Naitarandamu, Gillespie 3090, 4102; Mt. Voma, Gillespie 2786. Ra: Mountains near Penang, Greenwood 261 D. NaiTasiRI: Matawailevu, Wainimala River Valley, Sv. John 18212; Tamavua, Yeoward 86. TAILEVU: Naivithula, Wainivesi River, Hotta 3169. REWA: Mt. Korombamba, DA 1/6507; between Suva and Lami, Gillespie 2093 (aberrant form, “S. trifurcata” type). KANDAVU: Hills above Namalata and Ngaloa Bays, Smith 91. OVALAU: Hills east of Lovoni Valley, Smith 7270. KORO: Eastern slope of main ridge, Smith 995. NGAU: Hills east of Herald Bay, Smith 7787. VANUA LEVU: MBua: Koromba Forest, DA 15/48. MATHUATA: Mathuata coast, Greenwood 261B (Dec. 30, 1923); Wainikoro River, Greenwood 261 B(March 10, 1925). THAKAUNDROVE: Wainingata, DA 13129. TAVEUNI: Summit of Mt. Uluingalau, Smith 906. MOALA: Bryan 303. FULANGA: On limestone formation, Smith 1135. In 1978 (cited above) I mentioned that certain specimens have comparatively narrow and glossy leaf blades, seemingly 3-nerved but actually with a very incon- spicuous fourth and fifth nerve. These specimens are: VITI LEVU: Mpa: Vicinity of Nandarivatu, Gillespie 4031, Degener 14289; Sovutawambu, Degener 14599; Nandala, Degener 15017. NAITASIRI: Prince’s Road, DA 7572; Tholo-i-suva, DA 9833; Central Road, Tothill 504, MacDaniels 1159; Tamavua, Gillespie 2428. REwA: Mt. Korombamba, Parks 20104. Viti Levu without further locality, Parks 20867. VANUA LEVU: THAKAUNDROVE: Mt. Mariko, Smith 445. Since this group of specimens seems to have no geographical or environmental cohesion, and since a few intermediates occur, I think it unwise to designate it nomenclaturally at any level. FAMILY 21. DIOSCOREACEAE DIoscoREACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 294, as Dioscoreae. 1810. Dioecious climbing vines with twining stems, or rarely shrubs, with tubers or rhizomes; leaves alternate, rarely opposite, petiolate, the blades often cordate, net- 1979 DIOSCOREACEAE 167 veined, entire or digitately divided; inflorescence usually racemose, the flowers small, actinomorphic, the perianth campanulate or spreading, with 6 lobes in 2 series; stamens of 6 flowers 6, or 3 with 3 staminodes, the stamens attached to base of perianth, the filaments free or shortly connate, the anthers 2-locular, the locules contiguous or separated, a rudimentary ovary present or absent; flowers often with 6 staminodes, the ovary inferior, usually 3-locular with 2 ovules in each locule, these anatropous, superposed on axile placentas, the styles free or connate with short stigmas; fruit a 3-lobed capsule or berry, the seeds often winged, with endo- sperm and a small embryo. DISTRIBUTION: Tropics and warm temperate regions; usually considered to in- clude 5-7 genera and about 750 species. One genus, Dioscorea, provides a staple carbohydrate food in its tubers and plays an important role in Fijian life. 1. Dioscorea L. Sp. Pl. 1032. 1753; Seem. FI. Vit. 305. 1868; Knuth in Pflanzenr. 87 (IV. 43): 45. 1924; Prain & Burkill in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 14: 1. 1936; Burkill in Fl. Males. I. 4: 293. 1951; Barrau in Bishop Mus. Bull. 219: 43. 1958. Large perennials, the stems twining dextrorsely or sinistrorsely, sometimes an- nual, sometimes winged, often aculeate, arising from tubers, not enlarged at base above ground, frequently with small, axillary bulbils; fruit a deeply 3-lobed capsule, the lobes flat, winglike, the seeds | or 2 per locule, winged. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Dioscorea sativa L. (vide Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 535. 1913), one of Linnaeus’s original eight species. DISTRIBUTION: About 600 species in tropical and subtropical areas. It may be noted that no species or section of Dioscorea is common to both the Old and the New World, indicating that the genus evolved independently in each area from early geological times. The five species known in Fiji, although all of them except D. esculenta are thoroughly naturalized, were apparently aboriginal introductions from southeastern Asia by way of Malesia; conceivably D. pentaphylla is indigenous in Melanesia. The most palatable species, D. alata, is not now known in a wild state, but it was probably first brought into cultivation in southeastern Asia. In addition to the five Old World species in Fiji, Dioscorea floribunda Mart. & Gal. (in Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 9: 391. 1842), a Mexican species, should be noted as a recent introduction into Fiji. It was probably accidentally introduced with rice and is not persistent, although it has been grown in trial plots (cf. J. W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 365. 1972) and is represented by DA 15373, from the Nausori rice mill, Tailevu Province, Viti Levu. This material was kindly identified by Drs. B.G. Schubert and A. G6mez Pompa. USEFUL TREATMENTS OF GENUS: Knuth, R. Dioscoreaceae. Pflanzenr. 87 (IV. 43): 1-387. 1924. Prain, D., & I.H. Burkill. An account of the genus Dioscorea in the East. Part I. The species which twine to the left. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 14: 1-210. 1936; Part II. The species which twine to the right: with addenda to part I, and a summary. Op. cit. 14: 211-528. 1939 (a monumental and definitive work, freely illustrated). Burkill, I.H. Dioscoreaceae. Fl. Males. I. 4: 293-335. 1951. Burkill, I.H. Dioscorea. Dict. Econ. Prod. Malay Penins. ed. 2. 824-838. 1966. Purseglove, J.W. Dioscorea. Tropical Crops: Monocotyledons, 97-117. 1972. Seemann’s review of the species in Fiji (Fl. Vit. 305-308. 1868) is a valuable local treatment. Key TO SPECIES! Stems twining to the left (i.e. with clockwise circumnutation); leaves in our species alternate, staminate flowers usually pedicelled. ‘Largely adapted from Burkill, 1951, cited above. 168 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | Leaves simple. Stems prickly, the prickles remaining at least in the position of stipules; plant abundantly pilose with T-shaped hairs; tepals on a broadened torus; capsules nearly as broad as long, the seeds evenly winged/allfaroundl(Secta@or bili.) Seen eee een eee eee 1. D. esculenta Stems not prickly; indument usually absent, or the hairs inconspicuous, not T-shaped; tepals free, on the end of the pedicel; capsules long-elliptic, the seeds winged toward the base of the cell (Sect8iOpsophyton) sree oer eee eee eee eee ee eee OEE Toul era Leaves 3-5-foliolate, pubescent, the indument deep rusty-red or dirty white; stems usually abundantly prickly in the lowest internodes, pubescent but glabrate (sect. Lasiophyton). ... 3. D. pentaphylla Stems twining to the right (i.e. with counterclockwise circumnutation); leaves in our species usually op- posite; plants glabrous; staminate flowers sessile (sect. Enantiophyllum). Stems quadrangular, with a wing on each angle, unarmed; axis of staminate spike zigzag; staminate flowering axes | or 2 together, aggregated on short leafless branches. ............... 4. D. alata Stems not angled, armed, sometimes abundantly so toward base, with some prickles often persisting in the position of stipules; axis of staminate spikes not zigzag; staminate flowering axes 1-4 together, aggregated on often elongated downwardly directed leafless branches. ........ 5. D. nummularia 1. Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill in Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 1: 396. p/. 7-9. 1917; Knuth in Pflanzenr. 87 (IV. 43): 189. 1924; Merr. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n. s. 24 (2): 113. 1935; Prain & Burkill in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 14: 80. pl. 35-37, 82. 1936; B.E.V. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 13: 40. 1942; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 37. 1943; Burkill in Fl. Males. I. 4: 307. fig. Jc, 6a. 1951; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 83. 1959; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 269. 1964, ed. 2. 365. 1972; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 231. 1970; B.E.V. Parham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 136. 1972; St. John in Phytologia 36: 368. 1977. Dioscorea aculeata sensu L. Herb. Amb. 23. 1754, Amoen. Acad. 4: 131, p. p. 1754; Seem. in Bonplan- dia 9: 260. 1861, Viti, 443. 1862, Fl. Vit. 308. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 317. 1892; non L., Ossi cece Toon, I Cathal, 184. FEN. Dioscorea esculenta var. fulvido-tomentosa Knuth in Pflanzenr. 87 (1V. 43): 190. 1924. In Fiji Dioscorea esculenta is cultivated near sea level in the dry zones. TYPIFICATION: Oncus esculentus is typified by a collection of Loureiro (BM holo- type) from the vicinity of Hue, Vietnam. DISTRIBUTION: Doubtless a native of southeastern Asia, this species is now widely cultivated. It is probably more frequent in Fiji than the paucity of collections indicates. LOCAL NAMES AND USE: Kawai is the usual Fijian name, but hina is also recorded. Elsewhere this species is often known as the /esser yam. It does not produce flowers or fruits in Fiji and is not naturalized. The tubers are considered excellent; they are comparatively small but are white and have a sweet texture when cooked. While this species does not equal Dioscorea alata in usefulness, it can be raised where the humid season is short and a return taken in six months. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: Nairtasiri: Prince’s Road, Meebold 26630. LAKEMBA: Tumbou River forks, Garnock-Jones 840. Fis1 without further locality, Seemann 629. 2. Dioscorea bulbifera L. Sp. Pl. 1033. 1753; Knuth in Pflanzenr. 87 (IV. 43): 88. fig. 19, F-L. 1924; Guillaumin in J. Arnold Arb. 13: 111. 1932; Christophersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 53. 1935; Prain & Burkill in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 14: 111. pl. 49-51, 82. 1936; B.E.V. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 13: 40. 1942; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 37. 1943, in op. cit. 184: 29. 1945; Burkill in Fl. Males. I. 4: 311. fig. 4a, b, 5f. 1951; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 1979 DIOSCOREACEAE 169 220: 82. 1959; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 269. 1964, ed. 2. 365. 1972; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 231. 1970; St. John & A.C. Sm. in Pacific Sci. 25: 343. 1971; B.E.V. Parham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 137. 1972. Helmia bulbifera Kunth, Enum. PI. 5: 435. 1850; Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260. 1861, Viti, 443. 1862. Dioscorea sativa sensu Seem. FI. Vit. 308. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 317. 1892; non L. In Fiji Dioscorea bulbifera is cultivated and also naturalized, occurring in various types of forest from near sea level to 900 m.; it is a scrambling or high-climbing vine, with the stems and petioles often reddish-tinged; the perianth segments are greenish yellow. Flowering has been noted from December to March and fruiting slightly later. TyYPIFICATION: Linnaeus gives several prior references and indicates “Habitat in Indiis.” DISTRIBUTION: In the wild this species is widely distributed in the tropics of Asia and Africa; in cultivation it has now spread from the Atlantic coast of Africa to the furthest islands of the Pacific and more recently into tropical America. In Fiji it 1s doubtless more abundant than the number of available collections would suggest. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: The most frequent Fijian name is kaile, but also re- corded are kaile ndranu, kaile nganga, kaile manu, sarau, yam, and potato yam; elsewhere it is often called aerial yam. The tuber is edible but is acrid and poisonous until soaked in running water prior to cooking; then it can be prepared as a mashed, thin, souplike dish. The tubers of wild plants become increasingly unpalatable as the time of new growth approaches. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: YASAWAS: YAsAwa: Mbukama, DA 13650. MAMANUTHAS: NGGa- LITO Island, Malolo Group, O. & /. Degener 31975. VIT1 LEVU: MBa: Lautoka, Greenwood 267; moun- tains near Lautoka, Greenwood 406; vicinity of Nandarivatu, Degener 14303. NANDRONGA & NaAvosa: Nausori Highlands, DA 12664 (Melville et al. 7039). SERUA: Coastal hills in vicinity of Taunovo Creek, east of Wainiyambia, Smith 9604. NatTasiriI: Nasinu, DA 7367. REwa: Namboro, DA 5942; Vunikawal, DA 6058. MAKONGAI: Tothill 855. VANUA LEVU: THAKAUNDROVE: Natewa Peninsula, hills west of Mbutha Bay, Smith 820. LAKEMBA: Near Tumbou, Garnock-Jones 890. Fist without further locality, Seemann 626, Horne 302, DA 3903. 3. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Sp. Pl. 1032. 1753; Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260. 1861, Viti, 443. 1862, Fl. Vit. 308. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 317. 1892; Knuth in Pflanzenr. 87 (IV. 43): 145. 1924; Christophersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 53. 1935; Prain & Burkill in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 14: 160. p/. 66, 67. 1936; B.E.V. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 13: 40. 1942; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 37. 1943, in op. cit. 184: 29. 1945; Burkill in Fl. Males. 1. 4: 315. fig. 5g, 6c. 1951; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 83. 1959; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 270. 1964, ed. 2. 366. 1972; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 231. 1970; St. John & A.C. Sm. in Pacific Sci. 25: 344. 1971; B.E.V. Parham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 136. 1972. In Fiji Dioscorea pentaphylla is sparingly cultivated and also naturalized in thickets from near sea level to 200 m. It is an often high-climbing vine, with green perianth segments and with the young ovary finely purple-mottled. From the sparse records available it produces flowers in April and May. TyYPIFICATION: Linnaeus cited several references and indicated “Habitat in India.” DISTRIBUTION: The wetter parts of tropical Asia and eastward to extreme eastern Polynesia. It is questionable how far to the east this species is indigenous, but it 170 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | seems reasonable to assume that it was an aboriginal introduction to most Pacific Islands, probably including those of the Fijian Region. LOCAL NAMES AND USE: Tokulu; kaile tokatolu; tokatolu; kaile; wa kaile; mbulou. The tubers are non-toxic and are edible but they are considered inferior and are probably used only in times of scarcity. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: MBa: Vovono, DA 1/4721. TAILEvu: Hills east of Wainimbuka River, in vicinity of Ndakuivuna, Smith 7109. OVALAU: Seemann 630. Fis1 without further locality, U.S. Expl. Exped., DA 3429. 4. Dioscorea alata L. Sp. Pl. 1033. 1753; Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260. 1861, Viti, 443. 1862, Fl. Vit. 308. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 317. 1892; Knuth in Pflan- zenr. 87 (IV. 43): 265. 1924; Christophersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 51. fig. 7. 1935; Prain & Burkill in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 14: 302. pl. 123-125, 147. 1939: B.E.V. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 13: 39. 1942; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 35. 1943; Burkill in Fl. Males. I. 4: 330. 1951; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 82. 1959; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 269. 1964, ed. 2. 365. 1972; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 230. 1970; B.E. V. Par- ham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 135. 1972; St. John in Phytologia 36: 368. 1977. In Fiji Dioscorea alata is extensively cultivated and is also fully naturalized from near sea level to about 1,050 m. in dry or dense forest, on scrub-covered forehills, and on grass- and reed- covered slopes. It is a sprawling or often high-climbing vine, with yellow or greenish white perianth segments and yellow styles. Flowers and fruits have been noted from April through August. TyYPIFICATION: After giving several prior references Linnaeus indicates “Habitat in Indiis.” DISTRIBUTION: Although it is not known in a truly wild state, Dioscorea alata was probably first taken into cultivation in southeastern Asia and is now pantrop- ical, often appearing fully naturalized. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: The usual Fijian name is wvi, but also recorded are uvi ni veikau, vutua, veiwa, sangga, sanggua, ngelimila, and yam. Several Fijian cultivar names are listed by Seemann, and elsewhere this highest yielding of the cultivated yams is often known as greater yam, water yam, winged yam, Asiatic yam, and white yam. It is the principal Dioscorea used in Fiji, where tubers have been known to reach a length of more than 2 m. and a weight of 45 kilograms; it is principally harvested in March and April. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VIT] LEVU: MBa: Mt. Nairosa, eastern flank of Mt. Evans Range, Smith 4054; vicinity of Tumbenasolo, valley of Namosi Creek, Smith 4709. Ra: Mataimeravula, vicinity of Rewasa, Degener 15405. TAiLEvU: Mr. Harness’s farm, DA 7718. OVALAU: Valley of Mbureta and Lovoni Rivers, Smith 7499. VANUA LEVU: Mua: Southern portion of Seatovo Range, Smith 1712. FiJ1 without further locality, Seemann 627. 5. Dioscorea nummularia Lam. Encycl. Méth. Bot. 3: 231. 1789; Seem. in Bonplan- dia 9: 260. 1861, Viti, 443. 1862, Fl. Vit. 308. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 317. 1892; Merr. Interpret. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 148. 1917; Knuth in Pflanzenr. 87 (IV. 43): 282. 1924; Guillaumin in J. Arnold Arb. 13: 111. 1932; Prain & Burkill in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 14: 367. pl. 132, 150. 1939; B.E.V. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 13: 40. 1942; Burkill in Fl. Males. I. 4: 331. 1951; J. W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 270. 1964, ed. 2. 366. 1972; St. John & A.C. Sm. in Pacific Sci. 25: 343. 1971; B.E.V. Parham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. In- form. Ser. 85: 136. 1972. 1979 TACCACEAE 171 Dioscorea seemannii Prain & Burkill in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, N.S. 10: 34. 1914; Knuth in Pflanzenr. 87 (IV. 43): 272. 1924. Dioscorea nummularia is thoroughly naturalized in Fiji, occurring from near sea level to 500 m. in forest or on its edges, and in thickets and pastures. It is a scram- bling vine with fragrant flowers; the perianth segments are pale green or white. Flowers have been noted from April to June and fruits in October. TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: The whole basis of Dioscorea nummularia is Ubium nummularium frugiferum Rumph. Herb. Amb. 5: 444. t. 162. 1747. In the original publication of D. seemannii two specimens were cited, both from Fiji with- out further locality and both at K: Seemann 628 and Graeffe s. n. The first may be taken as the lectotype: Seemann 628 (kK). No consequential differences separate the two concepts, as realized by Prain and Burkill in their 1939 work. DISTRIBUTION: This species is presumably a native of southeastern Asia but early attained a wide distribution in the Pacific by aboriginal introductions. In Fiji the species is so thoroughly naturalized as to appear indigenous. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Tivoli is the commonly used Fijian name, but the spe- cies is also known as rauva, rauvanda, tikau, and yam. The tubers lie deep in the soil and must develop for two or three years to make their harvesting worthwhile. How- ever, they may be baked without other treatment and are considered superior in Fiji to those of other species of Dioscorea except D. alata and D. esculenta. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VIT] LEVU: Natrasiri: Nawanggambena, DA 2399. TAILEVU: Hills east of Wainumbuka River, vicinity of Ndakuivuna, Smith 7001; Navunisolo, DA 11284 (Barrau 637), 11285 (Barrau 638); Wainivesi, DA 11271. REWA: Suva, Barrau 571; Dept. Agriculture Laboratory Garden, DA 10967. Viti Levu without further locality, Barrau 575. OVALAU: Hills east of Lovoni Valley, Smith 7355. CULTIVATED at Kew from tubers sent from Fiji, Burkill, Jan. 1934. FAMILY 22. TACCACEAE TACCACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. Pl. 57, 58, as Tacceae. 1829. Essentially glabrous perennial herbs with a subterraneous tuber or rhizome; leaves all radical, large, the petiole long, with a sheathing base, the blades simple or deeply lobed; inflorescence umbellate, the peduncle long, the bracts forming an involucre, the inner ones narrower; flowers ¢, actinomorphic, the perianth with a short, broad tube and 6 lobes, these biseriate, somewhat corolline, the inner ones usually the longer; stamens 6, inserted on perianth tube, the filaments short, the anthers 2-locular, with a cucullate appendage, dehiscing by longitudinal, introrse slits; ovary inferior, |-locular, with 3 parietal placentas, the ovules numerous, ana- tropous, the style short, the stigmas broad, 3-lobed, often petaloid and reflexed; fruit a berry or 3-valved capsule, the seeds numerous, longitudinally ridged, with copious endosperm and minute embryo. DISTRIBUTION: Two genera and 35-50 species in tropical areas, especially in southeastern Asia; all the species except one belong in the genus Jacca. USEFUL TREATMENTS OF FAMILY: Drenth, E. A revision of the family Taccaceae. Blumea 20: 367-406. 1972. Drenth, E. Taccaceae. Fl. Males. I. 7: 806-819. 1976. [RS ACGAMIDRercciGa kort ChanmsGens bles. lS sscds2.1695 17/762 Seem. ble Vat. 101. 1866; Limpricht in Pflanzenr. 92 (IV. 42): 13. 1928. Nom. cons. Characters of the family; leaves in our species deeply lobed; fruit a berry. TYPE SPECIES: Tacca pinnatifida J.R. & G. Forst. (= T. leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze), the only original species. 172 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | DISTRIBUTION: As of the genus. As indicated in my remarks in Allertonia 1: 334-337. 1978, I believe that Drenth (1972, 1976, cited above) has interpreted Tacca leontopetaloides too broadly. In my opinion two well-marked species occur in Fiji. KEY TO SPECIES Petioles and scapes greenish or greenish-striate, often grooved, the outer bracts of the involucre elliptic, 3-4 cm. broad; leaf blades 40-100 cm. long and broad, the three main segments usually short-petiolu- late and pinnate in basal portion, with some segments free to the midrib, the ultimate leaf divisions deltoid or ovate-deltoid, 5-15 cm. long and 2-8 cm. broad, acuminate at apex, the actual tip sharp but not filiform, scarcely curled; occurring primarily on or near beaches.......... 1. T. leontopetaloides Petioles and scapes purple- and green-mottled, smooth, the outer bracts of the involucre oblong, I-1.5 cm. broad; leaf blades 35-50 cm. long and broad, the three main segments merely pinnatifid with blades joined at base and not petiolulate, the ultimate leaf divisions lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long and (0.2-) 1.3-2.5 cm. broad, distally attenuate to a very slender and often filiform, curled tip; occurring pri- manilysinbforeswawayaino mibeaChes see Eee eee et sere eee 2. T. maculata 1. Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 704. 1891; Merr. in J. Arnold Arb. 26: 85. pi. J, II. 1945; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 81. 1959; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 283. 1964, ed. 2. 378. 1972; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 270. 1970; B.E.V. Parham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 76. 1972; Drenth in Blumea 20: 375, p. p. 1972; A.C. Sm. in Allertonia 1: 335. fig. 1, A, B. 1978. Leontice leontopetaloides L. Sp. Pl. 313. 1753. Tacca pinnatifida J.R. & G. Forst. Char. Gen. Pl. 35. t. 35. 1775, ed. 2. 70. t. 35. 1776; Forst. f. Pl. Esc. Ins. Oc. Austr. 59. 1786, Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. 36. 1786; Benth. in London J. Bot. 2: 239. 1843; Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260. 1861, in op. cit. 10: 297. 1862, Viti, 443. 1862, Fl. Vit. 102. 1866, op. cit. 429. 1873; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 316. 1892; Limpricht in Pflanzenr. 92 (IV. 42): 27. fig. 5. 1928; Guillaumin in J. Arnold Arb. 13: 110. 1932; Christophersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 50. 1935; B.E.V. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 13: 42. 1942; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 35. 1943, in op. cit. 184: 29. 1945. In Fiji Tacca leontopetaloides is found primarily on beaches, in beach thickets, or in woods near coasts, but occasionally it occurs in forest near the coast up to 250 m. elevation. It is a coarse herb up to | m. in height, with leaves and scape arising from irregularly globose to ellipsoid tubers up to 8 cm. in diameter; its bracteoles are deep purple, its perianth segments green, and its anthers dull yellow. It is most often found in flower between November and February and in fruit simultaneously or as late as July. TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: Leontice leontopetaloides is based wholly on Leontopetaloides Ammann in Comment. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. 8: 211. ¢. /3. 1741; as the locality Ammann mentioned “India Orientalia,” which Merrill (1945, cited above) suggests could mean from any part of Indo-Malesia. Tacca pinnatifida is based on J. R. & G. Forster (BM HOLOTYPE; ISOTYPE at K) from Tahiti, Society Islands. As pointed out by Merrill and as accepted by all recent students, there can be no doubt of the conspecific nature of the two names. DISTRIBUTION: Paleotropical, extending from India and Ceylon eastward through Malesia to Micronesia and extreme eastern Polynesia. It was certainly an aboriginal introduction to Polynesia as a tuberous crop plant, and the eastern limit of its indi- genousness is problematical; however, it may well have reached Fiji and Samoa without the aid of man. About 25 Fijian collections are available, but the species is more abundant than this would imply. 1979 PONTEDERIACEAE 173 LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Yambia and yambia ndina ate the usual Fijian names, but the species is also known as farasiko, Fiji arrowroot, and Fijian cassava. Al- though the untreated tubers are said to be poisonous, they are grated to provide starch which can be soaked and washed to remove bitterness and then baked into small cakes with coconut milk. Seemann gives a very useful account of the genus in Flora Vitiensis. REPRESENTATIVE COLLECTIONS: YASAWAS: Waya: Olo Creek, north of Yalombi, Sr. John 18028. VITI LEVU: NANDRONGA & Navosa: Tonuve, H. B. R. Parham 180. SERUA: Coastal strip near Ngaloa, Smith 9337. Rewa: Nukulau Island, Barclay 3429. MBENGGA: Raviravi, DA 6075. OVALAU: Port Kinnaird, Seemann 633. KORO: Tothill 186C. NAIRAI: Milne 154. VANUA LEVU: Matuuata: Waini- koro River, Greenwood 696. THAKAUNDROVE: Savusavu Bay area, Degener & Ordonez 13996. TAVEUNI: Waiyevo, DA 5732. TOTOYA: Tothill 186. LAKEMBA: Near Tumbou Jetty, Garnock-Jones 771. FU- LANGA: Tothill 186A. Fis without further locality, Harvey, Nov. 1855, Storck 908. 2. Tacca maculata Seem. FI. Vit. 103. 1866, op. cit. 429. 1873; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 316. 1892; Limpricht in Pflanzenr. 92 (IV. 42): 30. 1928; Merr. in J. Arnold Arb. 26: 91. 1945; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 378. 1972; A.C. Sm. in Allertonia 1: 335. fig. 1, C, D. 1978. Tacca sativa sensu Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260. 1861, in op. cit. 10: 297. 1862, Viti, 443. 1862; non Rumph. Tacca samoensis Reinecke in Bot. Jahrb. 25: 595. 1. LX. 1898. Tacca pinnatifida subsp. maculata Limpr. Beitr. Kennt. Taceac. Diss. 56. 1902. Tacca pinnatifida var. maculata Domin in Biblioth. Bot. 20 (85): 534. 1915. Tacca maculata, like the related T. leontopetaloides, is a coarse herb up to | m. in height, but it occurs away from beaches in the dry forest of coastal hills or in open, rolling country, at elevations from near sea level to 350 m. Its perianth segments are green and its styles are also green but purplish distally. Flowers and fruits have been noted between November and April. LECTOTYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: Seemann 632 (K), probably from Moturiki, was designated as the lectotype of Tacca maculata by me in 1978. The holotype of 7: samoensis was Reinecke 188 (B), collected in December, 1893, on Mt. Vailele, Upolu, Samoa; extant duplicates of this are available, but I refrain from in- dicating a lectotype, since the original plate clearly indicates its identity with 7. maculata. \n 1978 (cited above) I indicated reasons for separating this taxon from T. leontopetaloides. DISTRIBUTION: Fiji and Samoa; it is apparently less abundant in Samoa than in Fiji, but in both archipelagoes it is less frequent than 7. /eontopetaloides. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Yambia sa is the usual Fijian name, but also recorded are yambia, marevo, and arrowroot. According to Seemann the Fijians used the tubers as they did those of Tacca leontopetaloides. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VIT] LEVU: MBa: Vakambuli, inland from Lautoka, DA ///48; mountains inland from Lautoka, Greenwood 405. SERUA: Coastal hills in vicinity of Taunovo Creek, east of Wainiya- mbia, Smith 9598. VANUA LEVU: MatTuuaTA: Seanggangga Plateau, in drainage of Korovuli River, vicinity of Natua, Smith 6742. THAKAUNDROVE: Vunisalusalu, DA, April 9, 1948; Maravu, near Salt Lake, Degener & Ordonez 14129, hills west of Mbutha Bay, Natewa Peninsula, Smith 829. Fis1 without further locality, Milne 154 bis, Harvey, in Nov. 1855, Storck 909, Horne 598. FAMILY 23. PONTEDERIACEAE PONTEDERIACEAE Kunth in H.B.K. Nova Gen. et Sp. 1: 265, as Pontedereae. 1816. Aquatic herbs, the stems erect or floating, with numerous air chambers (like petioles), the leaves with floating or emersed or submersed blades, the petioles 174 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | sheathing at base; inflorescence a sympodial cymose pseudoraceme, subtended by | or 2 spathelike leaf sheaths, the bracts minute or absent; flowers ¢ , actinomorphic or zygomorphic, the perianth hypogynous, corolline, persistent, the lobes 6, mostly biseriate, separate or partially united, blue or lilac; stamens in our genera 6 (less often in other genera 3, rarely 1), inserted on perianth, sometimes unequal, one often the largest, the filaments free, the anthers 2-locular, dehiscing by lengthwise slits or by pores; ovary superior, 3-locular with axile placentas (in our genera) or I-locular with 3 parietal placentas, the ovules anatropous, numerous to solitary (and then pendulous), the style long, the stigma entire or shortly lobed; fruit a capsule dehisc- ing by 3 valves or indehiscent, the seeds longitudinally ribbed, with copious endo- sperm and a straight, terete embryo. DISTRIBUTION: Tropics or subtropics, in freshwater, with six or seven genera and about 30 species. Two genera occur in Fiji, but neither is indigenous. KEY TO GENERA Flowers pedicellate; perianth actinomorphic, the segments free, the posterior tepal lacking a discolored blotch; stamens 6, one longer than the others, the filaments glabrous, the anthers basifixed, dehiscing bysa'iporelike: slitys-S arth. Bie Oe ee ad care a oem cer ate ean steteg sears Recon 1. Monochoria Flowers sessile; perianth zygomorphic, the segments partly connate into a tube, the posterior tepal with a discolored blotch; stamens 6, 3 much longer than the others, the filaments glandular-pilose, the anthersdorsitixedineambasesayersatll ese enna enn nant see eee eee eters 2. Eichhornia 1. MONOCHORIA Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 127. 1827; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 132. 1843; Solms in DC. Monogr. Phan. 4: 522. 1883; Schwartz in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 186. 1930; Backer in Fl. Males. I. 4: 255. 1951. Glabrous palustrine herbs, with obliquely erect stems arising from a suberect or creeping rhizome, the leaves radical, long-petiolate; inflorescence racemiform or subumbelliform, the flowers deflexed after anthesis, the 3 inner tepals the broader; 5 stamens with small, yellow anthers, the sixth with a longer filament with a lateral tooth and a larger, blue anther; fruit a loculicidally dehiscent capsule. Type species: Monochoria hastaefolia Pres|, nom. illeg. (Pontederia hastata L.) = M. hastata (L.) Solms. DISTRIBUTION: Three species from Africa to eastern Asia and Australia; cul- tivated and adventive elsewhere. Two species have been noted in Fiji. KEY TO SPECIES Rhizome short; leaf blades of adult plants emersed, ovate-oblong to broadly ovate, obtuse or rounded or truncate-cordate at base, 2-12.5=0.5-10 cm., the basal lobes if present broadly rounded; flowers 3-25, expanding simultaneously or essentially so; perianth 11-15 mm. long......... 1. M. vaginalis Rhizome well developed, branched; leaf blades of adult plants usually with a sagittate or hastate base, 7-25 x 5-20 cm., the basal lobes divergent; flowers 15-60, not expanding simultaneously; perianth [SSh8ammelongs As feces ethcas S Atte yale event We aera ot geste ee ene ef ge RE Me eategs 2. M. hastata 1. Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 128. 1827; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 134. 1843; Solms in DC. Monogr. Phan. 4: 524. 1883; Merr. in Philipp. J. Sci. 19: 343. 1921; Backer in Fl. Males. I. 4: 256. 1951; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 265. 1964, ed. 2. 358. 1972. Pontederia vaginalis Burm. f. Fl. Ind. 80. 1768; L. Mant. Pl. Alt. 222. 1771. Monochoria hastaefolia sensu B.E.V. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 18: 39. 1947; non Presl. Monochoria hastata sensu Greenwood in J. Arnold Arb. 30: 82. 1949; J.W. Parham in Dept. Agr. Fiji Bull. 35: 143. fig. 72. 1959; non Solms. In Fiji this species occurs as an adventive, as well as an ornamental, near sea level, although elsewhere it is found up to 1,500 m. or higher. It is often locally abundant in stagnant backwaters of rivers, in open drains, rice fields, swampy 1979 PONTEDERIACEAE 7) places, ditches, and wet pastures. Its perianth is pale blue, the segments deeper blue or purple distally, and its filaments are also pale blue. Flowers occur at any season. TyYPIFICATION: Pontederia vaginalis is based on pre-Linnaean references to Rheede and Plukenet. As indicated in the above synonymy, this species was mis- taken for Monochoria hastata in Fiji until recently. DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern Asia to Japan and throughout Malesia; introduced and naturalized elsewhere. About 20 Fijian collections are available; it is probably a fairly recent introduction, as none of the earlier collectors in Fiji obtained it. LOCAL NAMES AND USE: Mbekambekairanga; pickerel weed. Although the species is considered an ornamental, its use is discouraged as it readily becomes a naturalized weed. REPRESENTATIVE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: Mba: Sawani, Vaughan 3163. SeERUA: Navua flats, Vaughan 3369; Nakaulevu, DA 1/0/06. RA: Mburotu Valley, DA 9496. NAITASIRI: Vunindawa, DA 10016; Nanduna, DA 9599; Koronivia, DA 10966. TAILEVU: Vunivaivai, DA 10569; Visama, DA 10589; Mbua road, near Kuku, DA /06/3. Rewa: Vatuwangga, DA 6086. OVALAU: Valley of Mbureta and Lovoni Rivers, Smith 7669. 2. Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms in DC. Monogr. Phan. 4: 523. 1883; Backer in FI. Males. I. 4: 258. fig. 1. 1951; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 358. 1972. Pontederia hastata L. Sp. P|. 288. 1753. Monochoria hastaefolia Pres|, Rel. Haenk. 1: 128, nom. illeg. 1827; Kunth, Enum. PI. 4: 133. 1843. In Fiji Monochoria hastata is sparsely cultivated and has not become natural- ized. Its perianth is pale blue and its filaments white. The only available collection was in flower in January. TyYPIFICATION: Linnaeus gave several prior references and indicated: “Habitat in India.” DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern Asia and Malesia; cultivated elsewhere. Use: Ornamental in water gardens. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: REwa: Suva Botanical Gardens, DA /2290. 2. EICHHORNIA Kunth, Eichhornia, Genus Novum (Diss.). 1842, Enum. Pl. 4: 129. 1843; Solms in DC. Monogr. Phan. 4: 525. 1883; Schwartz in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 185. 1930; Backer in Fl. Males. I. 4: 259. 1951. Nom. cons. Floating aquatic herbs, rooting from nodes, the leaves clustered, often long- petiolate, the blades broadly ovoid-rhomboid; inflorescence spiciform, 2-many- flowered, with long peduncles, the perianth zygomorphic; stamens strongly unequal, the 3 anterior ones short, the 3 posterior ones longer, with glandular-pilose fila- ments. Type species: Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth (Pontederia azurea Sw.). Typ. cons. DISTRIBUTION: About seven species in the New World from the southeastern United States and the West Indies to Argetina; cultivated and adventive elsewhere. 1. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in DC. Monogr. Phan. 4: 527. 1883; Schwartz in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 186. fig. 70. 1930; Greenwood in Proc. Linn. Soc. 154: 104. 1943; Backer in Fl. Males. I. 4: 259. fig. 2, 3. 1951; Mune & Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 25: 82. fig. 1954, in Dept. Agr. Fiji Bull. 31: 50. fig. 13; pl. XI-XVI. 1957; J.W. Parham in op. cit. 35: 144. fig. 73, 74. 1959, Pl. Fiji Isl. 263. 1964, ed. 2. 357. 1972; Mune & Parham in Dept. Agr. Fiji Bull. 48: 62. fig. 17. 1967. 176 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | Pontederia crassipes Mart. Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1: 9. t. 4. 1823. In Fiji this species was considered an ornamental but has now become a locally abundant adventive, occurring near sea level (but elsewhere up to an elevation of 1,600 m. or higher). It is a floating herb with copious fibrous roots, or it may root in mud; it occurs in stagnant or slowly flowing ditches, ponds, drains, streams, rivers, and in rice fields. The perianth segments are blue to blue-violet, the posterior seg- ment with a yellow blotch in its center. Flowers have been noted throughout the year. TYPIFICATION: The type was collected along the St. Francis River, Minas Gerais or Bahia, Brazil, presumably by Martius. DISTRIBUTION: A native of Brazil, this species has now become widely natural- ized. Although collected only on Viti Levu in Fiji, it is more abundant and perhaps more widespread than the available collections indicate. LOCAL NAMES AND USE: Mbekambekairanga, ndambendambe ni nga, jal khumbe (Hindi), water hyacinth. It was introduced into Fiji about 1905 as an ornamental in water gardens, but its use is discouraged as it has become a naturalized pest and is a declared noxious weed. Chemical weed killers have been effective in clearing streams and rivers in Fiji. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: MBa: Mba River at Rarawai, Greenwood 184. SERUA: Nayua, Vaughan 3161, DA 11013; Tokotoko Road, Navua, DA 9462. NAITASIRI: Koronivia, DA 3991, 3992. Rewa: Vatuwangga, DA 6085. Fiji without further locality, DA 3481. OrDER IRIDALES FAMILY 24. IRIDACEAE IRIDACEAE Juss. Gen. Pl. 57, as Jrides. 1789. Perennial herbs with underground rhizomes, corms, or bulbs, the stems herba- ceous, in groups or solitary; leaves often crowded at base of stem, the blades mostly narrowly linear, flattened at sides, sheathing at base, often distichous or equitant; inflorescence terminal, the flowers borne within floral sheaths, these solitary on stem or combined into simple or branched inflorescences; flowers ¢, actinomorphic or often zygomorphic, the perianth petaloid, with a long or short, straight or curved tube, the segments or lobes 6, biseriate, subequal and similar, or the 2 series differ- ent in size, shape, and texture, the dorsal lobe often the largest; stamens 3, opposite the outer perianth segments, the filaments free or partially connate, the anthers 2- locular, opening by extrorse or lateral lengthwise slits; ovary inferior (rarely superi- or), 3-locular with axile placentas or rarely |-locular with 3 parietal placentas, the ovules numerous (rarely | or few), anatropous, the style slender, 3-branched distal- ly, the branches subulate and entire or deeply lobed, sometimes winged and petal- oid; fruit a loculicidally dehiscent capsule, the seeds with copious endosperm and a small embryo. DISTRIBUTION: A tropical, subtropical, and temperate family, with distributional centers in southern Africa and tropical America. About 60-75 genera and 800-900 species are usually recognized. There are no indigenous species in Fiji, but three genera with cultivated or naturalized species have been recorded there. In addition to the genera discussed below, it is possible that Belamcanda, repre- sented by B. chinensis (L.) DC., will be found in cultivation in Fiji, since it so occurs in Tonga (cf. Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 83. 1959). 1979 IRIDACEAE 177 KEY TO GENERA Flowers pedicellate at anthesis; perianth actinomorphic, the tube very short, the segments similar; in- florescence without imbricate bracts; floral sheaths 2-several-flowered, with the capsules exserted; Stemmlattenedeinnizomatousyplamtsemce-vetiysreieus ered ieicieases eer siete este ienedene eters teraueneteret=y == 1. Sisyrinchium Flowers sessile; perianth zygomorphic, the tube obvious, gradually tapered from base to apex; stamens more or less together on one side; floral sheaths |-flowered; tuberous plants. Perianth tube (in our species) slightly expanded upward; floral sheaths ovate-oblong; capsule small, el- TiS Onl eeeepereee toy stad cishencrane vane fos tere en es otova eects nacre Saas eacteaetectarastertes eeeanersnee wenicban alsin) aeeae LhLOnia Perianth tube conspicuously expanded upward; floral sheaths somewhat lanceolate; capsule larger, el- lipsordtomob ov. oidsmsrrraeptocreiesce ey araieole sey aici Siac PIAS secret siscusieic/ 9 eles ois O nu TLAALOIUS 1. SISYRINCHIUM L. Sp. Pl. 954. 1753. Herbs with fibrous roots or short rhizomes, the leaves with narrow, linear, sword- shaped, or terete blades (not more than 12 cm. long in our species); floral sheaths several-flowered, long-pedunculate; flowers pedicellate, actinomorphic, the seg- ments subequal, connate proximally; filaments usually basally connate; style fill- form, with simple branches; capsule globose, not more than 3 mm. in diameter in our species. TYPE SPECIES: Sisyrinchium bermudianum (“bermudiana”’) L., the only original species. DIsTRIBUTION: About 100 species in America, including the West Indies. 1. Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav. Monad. Classis Diss. 6: 345. p/. 191, fig. 2. 1788; A.C. Sm. in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70: 535. 1943; Greenwood in J. Arnold Arb. 30: 81. 1949; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 269. 1964, ed. 2. 365. 1972. This inconspicuous species is sparsely naturalized in pastures at elevations of 750-800 m. It is a flat-peduncled herb to 15 cm. high, the perianth segments being yellow with brown markings and the capsule globose and small. The only available collection bore fruit in November. TYPIFICATION: The holotype, presumably collected by Cavanilles in Peru, is in the Jussieu Herbarium at P. DISTRIBUTION: South America, but now widely distributed and naturalized. It probably was an accidental introduction into Fiji, perhaps mixed with the seeds of some pasture grass. LOCAL NAME: Wa ma ndrala. Greenwood (1949, cited above) indicates that the species is believed to be poisonous to stock in Queensland. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: MBa: Vicinity of Nandarivatu, Gillespie 3728. 2. TRITONIA Ker-Gawler in Bot. Mag. 16: sub ¢. 58/. 1802. Tuberous herbs, the leaves linear-lanceolate; inflorescence composed of I- flowered floral sheaths combined into a distichous spiciform structure; flowers acti- nomorphic or (in our species) zygomorphic, the tube curved and distally broadened and the segments unequal (in our species); stamens with filiform filaments; cap- sule ellipsoid, thin-walled, less than | cm. long in our species. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Tritonia squalida Ker-Gawler, nom. illeg. (/xia lancea Thunb.) = 7. /ancea (Thunb.) N.E. Br. (vide E.P. Phillips, Gen. S. Afr. Fl. Pl. ed. 2. 218. 1951). DISTRIBUTION: About 55 species in tropical and southern Africa. |. Tritonia x crocosmiiflora (Lem. ex André) Nicholson, Ill. Dict. Gard. 4: 94, as T- crocosmiflora. 1887; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 365. 1972. Montbretia x crocosmiaeflora Lem. ex André in Rev. Hort. 54: 124. p/. 1882. Tritonia crocosmiaeflora Nicholson ex A.C. Sm. in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70: 535. 1943; J. W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 269. 1964. 178 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. 1 This garden hybrid is sparingly cultivated in Fiji and is also naturalized in open, waste places at elevations from near sea level to about 800 m. It is an herb to about 1.5 m. tall, the perianth segments being orange-red without and yellow within with red markings in the throat and orange distally; the stamens, style, and stigmas are dark yellow. Flowers have been noted in February and July, but in cultivation the plant doubtless flowers more often. TYPIFICATION: In the original description André noted that this hybrid was ob- tained by crossing Crocosmia aurea and Montbretia pottsii (1. e. Tritonia pottsit). DISTRIBUTION: This garden plant is widely cultivated; in the Pacific specimens have been noted from New Guinea and Hawaii, where it is also naturalized. Use: Ornamental. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: MBa: Nandarivatu and vicinity, Parks 20658, DA 12541. 3. GLADIOLUS L. Sp. Pl. 36. 1753. Tuberous herbs, the leaves with linear or sword-shaped, equitant blades; inflores- cence composed of 1-flowered floral sheaths combined into a distichous, unilateral, spiciform structure; perianth zygomorphic, the tube curved and distally conspicu- ously broadened, the segments unequal, narrowed at base, the 3 posterior ones the broader; stamens inserted in perianth throat, the filaments free, the anthers at- tached in a broad cleft; style filiform, its branches simple, not petaloid; capsule ellip- soid or obovoid, thin-walled, up to 5 cm. in length. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Gladiolus communis L. (vide Hitchcock, Prop. Brit. Bot. 118. 1929), one of Linnaeus’s six original species. DISTRIBUTION: About 300 species from Madeira, the Canary Islands, and Europe to central and southwestern Asia and Africa. 1. Gladiolus x hybridus Hort. ex E. Rodigas in Ill. Hort. 37: 107. ¢. 175. 1890; J. W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 269. 1964, ed. 2. 365. 1972. The large, varicolored flowers make this common garden hybrid popular, al- though in Fiji it is sparingly grown in the cooler season. No herbarium vouchers are available. TyYPIFICATION: Rodigas indicated the hybrid to have as its parents Gladiolus x gandavensis and G. cardinalis. DISTRIBUTION: Grown widely in temperate gardens, less often in tropical areas. Use: Ornamental. ORDER ZINGIBERALES The number of families to be recognized as distinct in the order Zingiberales has increased during the past few decades, but there is now such an accumulation of sound anatomical and morphological evidence that most recent botanists are willing to accept eight families as composing the order. All of these are represented in Fiji except the Lowiaceae, but only two of them, Heliconiaceae and Zingiberaceae, have species indigenous in Fiji. The inclusion of the Zingiberales in the subclass Liliidae, as proposed by Takhtajan (1969), is here accepted with considerable diffidence, since Cronquist (1968), Hutchinson (1973), and Thorne (1976) all refer them to an alliance including the Bromeliales and Commelinales (subclass Commelinidae as here utilized). (The parenthetical dates refer to publications listed at the end of the Introduction to this volume.) 1979 STRELITZIACEAE 179 USEFUL TREATMENTS OF ORDER: Tomlinson, P.B. Phylogeny of the Scitamineae—morphological and anatomical considerations. Evolution 16: 192-213. 1962. Tomlinson, P.B. Classification of the Zingi- berales (Scitamineae) with special reference to anatomical evidence. /n: Metcalfe, C.R. (ed.). Anatomy of the Monocotyledons 3: 295-389. 1969. KEY TO FAMILIES OCCURRING IN FIJI Androecium not petaloid; fertile stamens 5, rarely 6, each 2-locular. Ovules numerous in each ovary locule. Leaves and bracts distichously arranged; flowers hermaphrodite, the perianth segments free; sta- mens 5 or 6; fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule, the seeds arillate. ...... 25. STRELITZIACEAE Leaves and bracts spirally arranged; flowers unisexual (very rarely hermaphrodite), with 5 perianth segments united and | free; fertile stamens 5, the sixth small and rudimentary; fruit a fleshy, Indehiscents)5-loculan berkysithe seeds motjarillate:s = qar- os sceen- cece e- . 26. MUSACEAE Ovules solitary in each ovary locule; leaves and bracts distichously arranged; flowers hermaphrodite, the perianth segments often partially connate; stamens 5 with linear anthers, the sixth modified into a short, petaloid staminode; fruit a schizocarp, the seeds not arillate. ....27. HELICONIACEAE Androecium petaloid; fertile stamen |. Fertile stamen 2-locular, the style protruded between the anther locules. Leaves spirally arranged, the sheaths tubular, closed; lateral staminodes and epigynous glands absent:;ajomatic oilicellstabsentas sey. eae oetite Sas ee) tere oo eet teri) e204 COSTA GEAE Leaves distichously arranged, the sheaths open on side opposite lamina; lateral staminodes usually petaloid or represented by teeth at base of labellum, occasionally absent; epigynous glands rarelyabsent-yaromate olicellsspresentey ars seme tel steel = ere eta 29. ZINGIBERACEAE Fertile stamen with a single functional locule. Petiole without a distal pulvinus; flowers large and showy, the inner perianth segments often yellow to red; ovules numerous in each ovary locule; seeds not arillate. .............. 30. CANNACEAE Petiole with a distal pulvinus; flowers comparatively small, the inner perianth segments and stami- nodes not conspicuously colored; ovules solitary in each ovary locule; seeds arillate. 31. MARANTACEAE FAMILY 25. STRELITZIACEAE STRELITZIACEAE Hutchinson, Fam. Fl. Pl. 2: 72. 1934. Perennial rhizomatous herbs or small trees of palmlike habit with erect, woody, caespitose trunks; leaves large, rolled in bud, distichous, glabrous, long-petiolate, the blades penninerved; inflorescence terminal or (in our genera) lateral long- pedunculate cincinni enclosed in a large cymbiform bract; flowers large, ¢ , the perianth segments 6, free, the outer 3 essentially equal, the 2 lateral segments of the inner series closely apposite, forming a conspicuous sagittate structure, the median inner segment short, cymbiform; stamens 5 or 6, the filaments long, rigid, the anthers basifixed, linear, 2-locular, dehiscing by longitudinal slits; ovary inferior, 3-locular, the ovules numerous, axile, the style slender, rigid, the stigma 3-parted; fruit a woody, loculicidally 3-valved capsule, the seeds numerous, arillate. DISTRIBUTION: Tropical South America, southern Africa, and Madagascar, com- posed of three widely separated genera with about seven species. KEY TO GENERA Plants with a true subaerial stem, the leaf bases containing water; flowers slightly zygomorphic; stamens 6; ovules in 2 rows in each ovary locule; style with a thickened, tridentate tip. ......... |. Ravenala Plants (our species) with an almost completely suppressed aerial stem; flowers conspicuously zygomor- phic; stamens 5; ovules superposed in each ovary locule; style deeply 3-parted. ........ 2. Strelitzia 1. RAVENALA Adanson, Fam. Pl. 2: 67. 1763; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (1V. 45): 28. 1900. Plants palmlike in appearance, with a true subaerial stem (trunk), bearing large 2-ranked leaves crowded into a flabelliform crown; cincinni combined into biseriate inflorescences situated singly in axils of lower leaves, each cincinnus with a large, persistent, basal bract; stamens 6, the anthers longer than filaments; ovules in 2 180 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | rows in each ovary locule, the style with a thickened, tridentate tip; capsule oblong- linear, the seeds in 2 opposite rows in each valve of fruit, with a blue, laciniate aril. Type species: Ravenala madagascariensis Sonnerat. DISTRIBUTION: One species in Madagascar. 1. Ravenala madagascariensis Sonnerat, Voy. Ind. Orient. 3: 244. p/. 124-126. 1782; J.F. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 567. 1791; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 29. fig. 6, 7A-F. 1900; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 39. 1943; J.W. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 19: 100. fig. 12. 1948, in op. cit. 29: 33. 1959, Pl. Fiji Isl. 259. 1964, ed. 2. 353. 1972; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 257. 1970. In cultivation near sea level only, this striking plant is a simple-stemmed tree with a fan-shaped cluster of leaves at its tip, the trunk to 10 m. tall, the leafsheaths containing water partly from rain and partly excreted by the plant. The leaves have blades as large as 3x 1 m. and petioles to 3 m. long. The perianth segments are whitish and the seeds have conspicuous blue arils. TYPIFICATION: Although the binomial is often accredited to Gmelin, Sonnerat’s prior description and plates are clearly the original usage of the binomial Ravenala madagascariensis. Sonnerat also discussed the use of the plant in Madagascar under the generic name only (Voy. Ind. Orient. 2: 318, 322. 1782). DISTRIBUTION: A native of Madagascar, the species is now widely cultivated as an ornamental curiosity. No herbarium vouchers are available from Fiji, but the spe- cies may be seen growing in Suva and perhaps elsewhere. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Travellers’ tree and travellers’ palm are the widely used vernacular names, as potable water collects in the leafsheaths. It was introduced into Fiji in the 1880’s as an ornamental. 2. STRELITZIA Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 285. 1789; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 31. 1900. Herbaceous plants, our species with almost completely suppressed aerial stems (other species with aerial stems), the leaves crowded into a flabelliform crown; cin- cinni solitary or combined into a spiciform inflorescence; flowers strongly zygo- morphic; stamens 5, equalling the 2 larger inner perianth segments; ovules super- posed and uniseriate in each ovary locule, the style long, deeply 3-parted; capsule linear, the seeds with an orange aril. TYPE SPECIES: Strelitzia reginae Ait., the only original species. DISTRIBUTION: Five species in southern Africa. 1. Strelitzia reginae Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 285. ¢. 2. 1789; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 31. 1900; J. W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 259. 1964, ed. 2. 354. 1972. In cultivation near sea level only, this beautiful plant is an herb with a fanlike leaf arrangement; the inflorescence bracts are green, mauve at the apertures and red at the edges; the perianth segments are orange except for the smallest inner one, which is blue; the seeds are black with orange arils. TYPIFICATION: The type was a cultivated plant introduced from the Cape of Good Hope by Banks in 1773. Schumann considers the species composed of several varieties. DISTRIBUTION: A native of South Africa, the species is now widely cultivated. It is more frequently seen in Fiji than suggested by the single collection here cited. 1979 MUSACEAE 181 LOCAL NAMES AND USE: Bird of paradise plant and Strelitzia are widely used as vernacular names. The species is probably of recent introduction into Fiji as an or- namental. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: Rewa: Suva, in private garden, DA 16231. FAMILY 26. MUSACEAE MUSACEAE Juss. Gen. Pl. 61, as Musae. 1789. Massive herbs with usually tall, erect, aerial shoots arising from swollen, fleshy corms, these either with axillary suckers (in Musa) or monocarpic (in Ensete); leaves arranged spirally in the aerial shoots, very large, petiolate, their long overlapping bases forming a stout pseudostem with the terminal inflorescence growing up through its center, the leaf blades rolled in bud, glabrous, penninerved; in- florescence a raceme with collateral flowers, these mostly unisexual, zygomorphic, in nodal clusters in axils of large, brightly colored, spathaceous bracts, the 6 flowers within the upper bracts, the ° (or rarely ¢) flowers within the lower bracts; perianth segments 6 (5 united and | free), both whorls petaloid, the 3 outer segments at first narrowly tubular, soon splitting on | side, variously toothed at apex, the 3 inner seg- ments forming a more or less 2-lipped structure mostly connate with the outer seg- ments, often truncate and variously dentate at apex; fertile stamens 5, the sixth small and rudimentary, the filaments of fertile stamens filiform, the anthers basi- fixed, linear, 2-locular, the locules parallel and contiguous, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary inferior, 3-locular, each locule with numerous ovules on an axile placenta, the style in ? flowers filiform from a thickened base, the stigma lobulate; fruit a fleshy, indehiscent, 3-locular berry, the seeds (absent from cultivated forms) with a thick, hard testa and straight embryo in copious endosperm. DISTRIBUTION: Palaeotropical; two genera with about 47 species. USEFUL TREATMENTS OF FAMILY: Simmonds, N.W. Bananas. 1959. Simmonds, N.W. The Evolution of the Bananas. 1962. Purseglove, J.W. Musaceae. Tropical Crops: Monocotyledons, 343-384. 1972. KEY TO GENERA Pseudostems, if present, markedly dilated at base; flowers and bracts integral with each other and with the axis, abscission layers lacking; free perianth segment 3-lobed, the other segments separate es- sentially to base; pollen grains verrucose; seeds comparatively large, 6 mm. or more in diameter. |. Ensete Pseudostems cylindric, not or slightly dilated at base; flowers and bracts separately inserted on the axis, abscission layers present and usually functional; free perianth segment entire, the other segments not deeply divided; pollen grains with a granular surface; seeds if present comparatively small, 7 TD CLES MN GIANIIOK: capoes te cécobcot.o tae eG ouocthe tee Sere een cio ictonT aa eae e Musa 1. ENSETE Horan. Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. 8, 40. ¢. 4, p. p. 1862. Characters as indicated in the key. TyPE SPECIES: Ensete edule Horan. (Musa ensete J.F. Gmelin). DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Madagascar, southeastern Asia, and Malesia, perhaps an aboriginal introduction as far eastward as the Solomon Islands and the New Heb- rides. There is disagreement as to the number of species, Cheesman having recog- nized 25 and Simmonds only seven; the latter viewpoint seems more generally ac- cepted. USEFUL TREATMENTS OF GENUS: Cheesman, E.E. Classification of the bananas. |. The genus Ensete Horan. Kew Bull. 2: 97-106. 1948. Simmonds, N. W. Notes on banana taxonomy. Kew Bull. 14: 198-212 (Ensete, 205-212). 1960. It is not really necessary to include Ensete in the present treatment, as there is no record of its presence in Fiji except for the occurrence of seeds in sea drift (cf. 182 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | Cheesman in Kew Bull. 2: 102. 1948). These seeds probably drifted from the Solo- mons or New Hebrides, but it is conceivable that E. glawcum was also an aboriginal introduction into Fiji but has not persisted there or at least has not been recorded as currently growing there. 1. Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) E.E. Cheesman in Kew Bull. 2: 101. 1948. Musa glauca Roxb. Hort. Beng. 19, nom. nud. 1814, Pl. Coromandel 3: 96. p/. 300. 1820, Fl. Ind. 2: 490. 1824. Ensete glaucum (including E. calospermum (F. v. Muell.) E.E. Cheesman) is also accepted by Simmonds as distinct from E. edule Horan. TYPIFICATION: “A native of Peguw (Burma); and from thence introduced, by the discover, the Rev. Mr. F. Carey, into the Botanic Garden at Calcutta...” (from Roxburgh, 1820). DISTRIBUTION: Widely but sparsely distributed in Burma, Assam (?), Thailand, southwestern China, the Philippine Islands, New Guinea, and Java. It may also oc- cur as far east as the Solomons and New Hebrides. As mentioned above, this genus and species are here included only because of Cheesman’s record of their occurrence in sea drift in Fiji. 2. Musa L. Sp. Pl. 1043. 1753; Seem. Fl. Vit. 288. 1868; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 13. 1900. Characters of the family; corms with axillary suckers; pseudostem cylindric, not or slightly dilated at base; outer perianth segments and 2 anterior inner perianth segments joined in a tube, the posterior inner perianth segment free; pollen grains with a granular surface; seeds small or lacking. LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Musa paradisiaca L. (vide Adanson, Fam. PI. 2: 525, 580. 1763), one of Linnaeus’s two original species, the other now being referred to Heli- conia. DISTRIBUTION: About 40 paleotropical species. USEFUL TREATMENTS OF GENUS (additional to those listed under the family): MacDaniels, L.H. A study of the fe’i banana and its distribution with reference to Polynesian migrations. Bishop Mus. Bull. 190: 1-56. 1947. Cheesman, E.E. The classification of the bananas. Kew Bull. 2: 97-117. 1948; op. cit. 3: 11-28, 145-157. 1948. 323-328. 1949; op. cit. 4: 23-28, 133-137, 265-272. 1949. 445-452. 1950; op. cit. 5: 27-31, 151-155. 1950. Simmonds, N. W. Notes on banana taxonomy. Kew Bull. 14: 198-212. 1960. Fora review of the banana industry in Fiji, see J. W. McPaul in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 29: 117-131. 1959; in op. cit. 30: 5-13. 1960. A satisfactory review of the genus Musa in Fiji is scarcely possible, in part be- cause of the total absence from herbaria of vouchers (collectors preferring not to prepare such unwieldy material), and in part because formal Latin nomenclature of the cultivated bananas is confused and even misleading. Frequently the binomial Musa sapientum L. is taken to represent the commercial banana that can be eaten raw and M. paradisiaca L. as the plantain, usually eaten cooked. Both of these names refer to closely allied triploid interspecific hybrids and have been applied in- discriminately to both wild species and cultivars. Largely through the work of E.E. Cheesman and N. W. Simmonds it is now real- ized that the edible cultivars in sect. Musa have for the most part been derived from hybrids between Musa balbisiana Colla (Mem. Gen. Musa, 56. 1820) and M. acu- minata Colla (op. cit. 66). Wild, seeded diploid forms of M. acuminata (A genome) have their center of diversity in the Malesian area. Musa balbisiana (B genome), of which no diploid form with edible or parthenocarpic fruits is known, is widely dis- 1979 MUSACEAE 183 tributed from India to the Philippines and New Guinea but is absent from central Malesia. A system of classification based on ploidy and on the relative contribu- tions of the two parent species has been proposed, and Simmonds has suggested that formal Latin nomenclature be abandoned in sect. Musa and replaced by a ge- nome nomenclature. An excellent brief summary of the situation is presented by Purseglove (1972, cited above under the family). Nevertheless, taxonomists may not be inclined to adopt such a system, and here- with I have attempted to apply Latin nomenclature to the four species of Musa oc- curring in Fiji, based in part on the treatments of Kuntze (Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 692. 1891) and Barrau (in Bishop Mus. Bull. 223: 48-51. 1961). It should not be expected that a true picture of the relationships of the cultivated bananas is here reflected. The number of forms of Musa, some of which are claimed to be “wild,” recognized by native peoples in the Pacific (perhaps more in Samoa, Tonga, and eastern Polynesia than in Fiji) is staggering, and | doubt if a lifetime of study by a specializing ethno- botanist will clarify their status. KEY TO SPECIES Bracts more or less sulcate, often glaucous, usually strongly revolute on fading; inflorescence pendent or semipendent from the first (sect. Musa). Pseudostemsicommonlyrexceeding Sim-muheight yas creepers ae itis ele eisai 1. M. * paradisiaca Pseudastemspusually al 2emulnie hee rrrre mmr ratty acvartei ferent itesvonierc crake iiercraata ie oe 2. M. nana Bracts plane, rarely or never glaucous, not or only slightly revolute on fading (sect. Australimusa). Bunchestotitnuitilaxcaeree cy eny tutte atcre a ltaneiclel sdonctapeta nite eisicis steiaela cbsehatenerensarenm ponds hextells BunGhesrofitnuitcenectapese mera cricieeeicinee sonidos cps erate cia chsinietunate a wt siccune ah 4. M. troglodytarum 1. Musa~ paradisiaca L. Sp. Pl. 1043. 1753 (M. balbisiana Colla x M. acuminata Colla). For practical purposes this binomial is usually used for the cultivated bananas with comparatively tall pseudostems and large fruits (often 15-30 cm. long at ma- turity). KEY TO SUBSPECIES The plaintain, with a hard, seedless fruit usually requiring cooking before being eaten. la. subsp. paradisiaca The common cultivated seedless banana, with edible raw fruit. .................. Ib. subsp. sapientum la. Musa x paradisiaca L. subsp. paradisiaca. Musa paradisiaca L. Sp. Pl. 1043. 1753; Seem. Fl. Vit. 290. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 315. 1892; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 19. fig. 3. 1900; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 38. 1943, in op. cit. 184: 29. 1945; Cheesman in Kew Bull. 3: 145. 1948. Musa sapientum subsp. paradisiaca Baker in Ann. Bot. 7: 213. 1893. Musa balbisiana sensu J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 258. 1964, ed. 2. 352. 1972; non Colla (1820) nec Cheesman (1948). TYPIFICATION: Purseglove suggests that Musa paradisiaca was based on cv. ‘French Plantain’ (AAB genome group). It is by no means certain, however, that all the binomials listed above belong to this genome group. DISTRIBUTION: Various cultivars of “plantains” have been aboriginal introduc- tions from the Indo-Malesian area to all parts of the tropical and subtropical world. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Plantain; vundi; vundi ndina. The fruit is comparatively short and thick and is most commonly eaten after boiling. This type of banana is commonly cultivated near Fijian villages. 184 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | 1b. Musa x paradisiaca subsp. sapientum (L.) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 20. fig. 4, 5. 1900; Christophersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 55. 1935; Yuncker in op. cit. 220: 84. 1959; B.E.V. Parham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 27. 1972. Musa sapientum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1303. 1759; Seem. Fl. Vit. 289. 1868; Cheesman in Kew Bull. 3: 145. 1948. Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 692. 1891. Musa nana sensu J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 259. 1964, ed. 2. 353. 1972: non Lour. TYPIFICATION: Purseglove suggests that Musa sapientum was based on cv. ‘Silk Fig’ (AAB genome group). It is quite possible that the Latin trinomial is inaccurate- ly applied to it. It is more probably a member of the AAA genome group, possibly of the clone ‘Gros Michel.’ DISTRIBUTION: Various cultivars of “true bananas” have also been introduced throughout the tropical and subtropical parts of the world, although presumably more recently than those of “plantains.” LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Banana; vundi ni vavalangi; veimana. This taxon, whatever its correct Latin name, is the well-known banana of commerce. It is ex- tensively cultivated in and exported from Fiji. INADEQUATELY UNDERSTOOD FORMS OF MUSA PARADISIACA In addition to the two subspecies treated above, two others have been discussed as occurring in Samoa and Tonga, and perhaps the names are also in Fijian refer- ences. Musa paradisiaca subsp. seminifera (Lour.) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 21. 1900; Merr. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n. s. 24 (2): 115. 1935; Christophersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 54. 1935. Musa seminifera Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 644. 1790. Musa sapientum var. seminifera Baker in Ann. Bot. 7: 213. 1893. TYPIFICATION: (from Merrill, 1935) One of the three species of the common edible banana accepted at the specific rank by Loureiro. They are so briefly charac- terized as to be recognized only by their listed native names, but Musa seminifera is taken as the seeded form. DIsTRIBUTION: Christophersen discusses this plant as the wild, seeded, Samoan banana. It is certainly not native in the Pacific but may be an aboriginal introduc- tion. Conceivably Loureiro’s species is Musa balbisiana Colla or a relative. Musa paradisiaca subsp. normalis (Kuntze) K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 20. 1900; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 220: 84. 1959; B.E.V. Parham in New Zea- land Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 27. 1972. Musa paradisiaca var. normalis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 692. 1891; Cheesman in Kew Bull. 3: 150. 1948. TYPIFICATION: No type was cited, but Kuntze described this as the variety of Musa paradisiaca with seedless, hard fruit pulp, requiring cooking to be edible. His reference to “var. culta S. Kurz” as a synonym has not been located. DIsTRIBUTION: From the various discussions | fail to see why this “subspecies” should not be referred to subsp. paradisiaca. 1979 MUSACEAE 185 2. Musa nana Lour. FI. Cochinch. 644. 1790; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 19. 1900: Merr. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n. s. 24 (2): 115. 1935; Yuncker in Bishop Mus. Bull. 178: 37. 1943, in op. cit. 220: 84. 1959; Sykes in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 200: 256. 1970; B.E.V. Parham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 25. 1972. Musa cavendishii Lamb. in Paxton’s Mag. Bot. 3: 51. pl. & fig. 1. 1837; Seem. Fl. Vit. 289. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 315. 1892; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 17. fig. 1, A-F. 1900; Christo- phersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 56. 1935. Musa nana is presumably a triploid cultivar of M. acuminata Colla, of the AAA genome group. A member of the “Cavendish Subgroup” of Purseglove (1972), the clone grown in Fiji is presumably “Dwarf Cavendish.” It is readily distinguished from the plant here referred to M. paradisiaca subsp. sapientum (which may be an incorrect name for the larger commercial banana) by its short pseudostems and short fruits. TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: Loureiro’s specimens were from Indo-China; this is the dwarf form extensively cultivated as the “Chinese banana.” The type of Musa cavendishii was a cultivated plant, said to be a native of China but sent to England from Mauritius by Charles Telfair in 1829, to Mr. Barclay of Burryhill. Cu- riously, although the synonymy of the two taxa is unquestionable and was pointed out by Merrill (1935, cited above), the epithet cavendishii remains in wide use, per- haps because the name “Cavendish banana” is so firmly entrenched in commercial usage. DISTRIBUTION: This cultivar would seem to have been a comparatively recent (not an aboriginal) introduction into the Pacific, having been taken from England to Samoa by the missionary John Williams, according to Purseglove. LOCAL NAMES AND USE: Chinese banana; Jiaina leka; Cavendish or dwarf Caven- dish banana. Although Musa nana bears a fruit of good quality which may be eaten raw, it is probably of minor significance in the export trade in Fiji. 3. Musa textilis Née in Anales Ci. Nat. 4: 123. 1801; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 19. 1900; Cheesman in Kew Bull. 4: 269. 1949; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 259. 1964, ed. 2. 353. 1972; B.E.V. Parham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 25. 1972. The strongest and most resilient of the hard fibers is obtained from the outer sheaths of the leaf petioles forming the pseudostem of this species; its mature fruits are thick-skinned and inedible. TyYPIFICATION: I have not located information about the typification of this spe- cies, which was doubtless based on a plant from the Philippine Islands. DISTRIBUTION: It is usually stated that Musa textilis occurs wild in the Philip- pines, but the point is not certain. A great complex of cultivars occurs in the Philip- pines, and the species is now commercially grown in many other areas. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: Manila hemp; abacd. It was introduced into Fiji in the 1880’s and many times since, but it is not successfully grown there on a commercial scale. The fiber is very widely used in making ropes, twines, hammocks, hats, mats, etc. 4. Musa troglodytarum L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1478. 1763; Seem. in Bonplandia 9: 260. 1861, Viti, 443. 1862, Fl. Vit. 290, pro syn. 1868; MacDaniels in Bishop Mus. Bull. 190: 20. 1947. 186 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. 1 Musa fehi Bert. ex Vieill. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV. 16: 45. 1862; Baker in Ann. Bot. 7: 218. 1893; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (1V. 45): 19. 1900; Christophersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 57. 1935; B.E.V. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 13: 47. 1942; Cheesman in Kew Bull. 4: 445. 1950; J. W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 259. 1964, ed. 2. 353. 1972; B.E.V. Parham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. In- form. Ser. 85: 112. 1972. Musa uranoscopus sensu Seem. Fl. Vit. 290. 1868; Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 315. 1892; non M. uranoscopos Lour. Musa seemanni F. y. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austral. 9: 190, nom. nud. 1875, in Gard. Chron. III. 8: 182. fig. 28. 1890. Musa sapientum subsp. troglodytarum Baker in Ann. Bot. 7: 214. 1893. The so-called “fe’i banana” has an erect fruiting bunch which contains a red sap; the skin of the parthenocarpic fruit is orange when ripe and the flesh is yellow. TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: Musa troglodytarum is typified by Musa uranoscopos Rumph. Herb. Amb. 5: 137. t. 61, fig. 2. 1747. Musa fehi, said to grow spontaneously in the mountains of New Caledonia, is presumably typified by a Vieillard collection. F. v. Mueller, in 1875, proposed the name Musa seemanni (without a description) to replace M. uranoscopos (sic) sensu Seem. In 1890 Mueller published a photograph by Thurston showing (as the text discusses) erectly borne fruits. The type of the name thus validated must be taken as Seemann 619 (HOLOTYPE presumably at K), said by Seemann to occur in woods on Viti Levu and Taveuni and to be occasionally cultivated; however, I have been unable to locate any Seemann collections of Musa, and it is possible that no specimen was preserved. Seemann had (correctly) referred his plant to Musa “uranoscopus” Rumph. That pre-Linnaean name is not to be confused with Musa uranoscopos Lour. (1790), which is not based on the Rumphian plate and which should be taken to replace the ornamental species M. coccinea Andrews (of sect. Callimusa), according to Merrill (in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n. s. 24 (2): 116. 1935). Cheesman, in 1950, claimed that Musa troglodytarum L. is imperfectly under- stood, although no doubt closely allied to M. fehi, which name he and many others have continued to use for this taxon. However, MacDaniels, in his detailed 1947 study of the fe’i banana, accepted the Linnaean name, and this is doubtless the cor- rect solution. DISTRIBUTION: Although Musa troglodytarum is often stated to be indigenous in the Fijian Region and in Polynesia, it is related to M. maclayi F. v. Muell., of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It is definitely not “wild” farther to the east but is an aboriginal introduction. The fruits, which are edible after being cooked, are still utilized in Tahiti and doubtless elsewhere in Polynesia. The species is certainly in- frequent, if indeed still persisting, in Fiji. LOCAL NAME: Soangga. FAMILY 27. HELICONIACEAE HELICONIACEAE Nakai in J. Jap. Bot. 17: 201. 1941. Large, herbaceous perennials with sympodially branched rhizomes, the erect leafy shoots with alternate leaves with overlapping bases forming a pseudostem, each leaf with a long, eligulate, open sheath and a long or short, terete petiole, the lamina rolled in bud; inflorescence terminal on leafy shoots, with distichous or sub- distichous or spirally arranged, spathaceous, colored bracts bearing many-flowered cincinni; flowers $, with an inverted symmetry, the outer 3 perianth segments un- equal, the posticous one large and free, the remaining 5 perianth segments smaller, often partially connate into a 5-toothed cymbiform structure; stamens 5 with linear 1979 HELICONIACEAE 187 anthers, the sixth modified into a short, petaloid staminode opposite the posticous perianth segment; ovary inferior, 3-locular, the ovules solitary and basal in each loc- ule, the style filiform, the stigma clavate or capitate, 3-lobed; fruit a schizocarp, eventually drying but not dehiscing, the seeds exarillate. DISTRIBUTION: A single genus with probably 200-250 species, many of which re- main to be described, mostly in tropical America but also in Malesia and Melanesia and eastward to Samoa; widely cultivated elsewhere. Heliconia is sometimes included in the Strelitziaceae, but the only morphological support for this position lies in the fact that the inflorescences consist of cincinni in the axils of spathaceous bracts and in the presence of five stamens. However, Heli- conia is never arborescent; its flower has an inverted symmetry probably associated with its mode of pollination; its fruit is schizocarpic; its ovules are solitary; and its seeds lack arils. In fact, Heliconia may be closer anatomically to Musaceae than Strelitziaceae (Tomlinson in Evolution 16: 200. 1962), but it very logically merits placement in its own family. For suggestions as to the correct nomenclature of the species cultivated in Fiji I am indebted to Gilbert S. Daniels. 1. HELICONIA L. Mant. PI. Alt. 147, 211. 1771; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 33. 1900. Nom. cons. Characters and distribution of the family. Type species: Heliconia bihai (L.) L. (Musa bihai L.). The rejected generic name is Bihai Mill. Gard. Dict. Abridg. ed. 4. 1754. Heliconia is taxonomically an extremely difficult genus, so attractive that many species are widely cultivated but often grown under incorrect names. Studies now in progress will doubtless clarify the picture, but at the moment many applications of species names should be viewed with suspicion. Characters of the growing plant are important and are often obfuscated in herbarium material. The genus is so over- whelmingly neotropical in distribution that the Old World taxa, in my opinion, have been taxonomically neglected. P.S. Green (in Kew Bull. 23: 471-478. 1969) has at- tempted to rectify this situation, but it appears to me that to recognize only a single species in the Old World, H. indica Lam., is not an adequate solution. At least, I have recently (in Allertonia 1: 337-341. 1978) indicated fruit and seed characters that seem amply to separate H. paka, of Fiji and Samoa, from H. indica. The latter species seems very broadly interpreted by Green, and I believe that further field studies are required, especially in the Solomon Islands, the New Hebrides, and New Caledonia, before the true limits of H. indica may be stated. Only one species of Heliconia is indigenous in Fiji, and I here also record four cultivated species that are represented by herbarium vouchers. Almost certainly there are other species of the genus cultivated in Fijian gardens for which no mate- rial is available. KEY TO SPECIES Inflorescence: erect; spathaceous bracts distichous, the inflorescence flattened essentially into a single plane. Leaf blades green. Plants comparatively small, rarely exceeding 2 m. in height; cultivated species. Leaves 3-6 per plant, obviously petiolate; spathaceous bracts orange, the perianth orange, green- tipped; plants slender, usually 0.6-1.3 m. in height...................... lL. H. psittacorum Leaves more numerous, often 10 or more per plant, comparatively short-petiolate; spathaceous bracts red with green distal margins, the perianth white, green-tipped; plants coarser, usually HSS ms inilheig hts <2 cevstorceerers ceacecereisie a eceresara: crete mes ater ete tete Mer ences as Hd. AMPILIS 188 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. 1 Plants comparatively large, (1.5-) 2-6 m. high; spathaceous bracts red, the inner bracts yellowish; fruits usually 20-28 x 15-20 mm.; seeds usually 17.5-24.5= 8-10 mm. and narrowed at base and apex, laterally flattened and usually with a distinct dorsal keel, deeply rugulose-tuber- culate, the hilum with a conspicuous oval cavity 3-5 mm. long; indigenous species. . 3. H. paka Leaf blades bronze-colored beneath; spathaceous bracts and perianth bronze, with a red tinge: coarse herbsabout2ameiniherchtacultivatedispeciesuasper eee teeter 4. H. illustris Inflorescence pendulous when flowering; spathaceous bracts red and yellow, not strictly distichous; perianth white, with a yellow-green tinge distally; cultivated species. ................ 5. H. rostrata 1. Heliconia psittacorum L. f. Suppl. Pl. 158. 1781. Heliconia humilis sensu J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 353. 1972; non Jacq. This comparatively small (for the genus), coarse herb is grown from near sea level to about 250 m. It rarely exceeds 1.3 m. in height and has orange bracts; the perianth segments are orange, with green tips. TYPIFICATION: The original description was based on material collected in Suri- nam. DIsTRIBUTION: Northern South America (Bahia, Brazil, to Venezuela); very ex- tensively cultivated in other tropical areas. Use: Ornamental; the species is an attractive addition to borders and is mod- erately common in Suva gardens. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: Nairasirt: Toninaiwau, Tholo-i-suva, DA 16710. In I.E. Lane’s key to the species of Heliconia commonly grown in Hawaii (in Neal, Gard. Haw. 243-245. 1965), H. psittacorum is placed in the synonymy of H. humilis, the following species in the present treatment. The two are quite distinct and both are abundantly cultivated in Hawaii and elsewhere. 2. Heliconia humilis (Aubl.) Jacg. Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 1: 23. t. 48, 49. 1797; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (IV. 45): 36. 1900; J.W. Parham, Pl. Fiji Isl. 259. 1964. Musa humilis Aubl. Hist. Pl. Guiane Fr. 2: 931. 1775. Heliconia bihai sensu J. W. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 29: 32. 1959; non L. A coarse, red-bracted herb usually 1.5-2 m. in height, grown in gardens near sea level; its bracts have green margins distally, and its perianth segments are white, with green tips. TYPIFICATION: The original material, presumably collected by Aublet, came from savannas in French Guiana and Cayenne Island. DISTRIBUTION: Northern South America; extensively cultivated elsewhere. LOCAL NAME AND USE: Crab’s claw. Ornamental; more frequent in the vicinity of Suva than indicated by the sole available collection. Specimens of this species were growing in the Suva Botanical Gardens in 1959, but no voucher for this record has been seen. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: REwa: Suva, in private garden, DA 16227. 3. Heliconia paka A.C. Sm. in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 37: 69. 1967, in Allertonia 1: 340. fig. 3. 1978. FIGURE 51. Heliconia bihai sensu Christophersen in Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 54. 1935; A.C. Sm. in Sargentia 1: 7. 1942; J. W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. 259. 1964; non L. Ficure 51. Heliconia paka; A, basal portion of inflorescence, * 1/4; B, apical portion of inflorescence, x 1/4; C, opened spathaceous bract bearing a cincinnus, = 1, showing spathaceous bract (sb), inner bracts (ib), ovaries (0), a closed perianth (p), posticous perianth segment (pps), tips of other perianth segments (ps), a filament (f), anthers (a), staminode (s), style (st), and developing fruits (fr); D, seed, lateral view, x 4; A-C from Smith 8900, D from Smith 193. 189 LICONIACEAE HE 1979 190 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. 1 Heliconia indica Lam. var. indica; P.S. Green in Kew Bull. 23: 473, p. p., quoad spec. vit. et sam. 1969; sensu J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 353. 1972; sensu B.E. V. Parham in New Zealand Dept. Sci. In- dust. Res. Inform. Ser. 85: 55. 1972. The only indigenous Fijian Heliconia is a coarse herb 1.5-6 m. high, found at elevations from near sea level to 1,000 m. in dense forest or wet thickets, sometimes being locally abundant. The outer bracts are red and the inner bracts dull yellow; the fruit is yellow, becoming orange at maturity. Flowering and fruiting material may be expected throughout the year. TyYPIFICATION: The holotype is Smith 8900 (Us 2191516-2191519 incl.), collected Oct. 15, 1953, in the hills east of the Wainikoroiluva River, near Namuamua, Na- mosi Province, Viti Levu. DISTRIBUTION: Fiji and Samoa. LOCAL NAMES AND USES: The name in common use in Fiji is paka (possibly some- times papa), but also noted are vava, vava ni Viti, and mboiamboia. The large leaves are used in the construction of temporary shelters. The seeds are said to be edible when cooked, and the flowers may be eaten raw or boiled. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: Mba: Vicinity of Nandarivatu, Degener 14352; Mt. Tomanivi, DA 12775 (Melville et al. 7167). NAITASIRI: Wainamo-Wainisavulevu divide, Wainimala Valley, Sv. John 18263; Sawani-Serea road, DA 11295; Tholo-i-suva, DA 10652; Central Road, Tothill 501, 888, Mac Daniels 1152; Suva Pumping Station, Degener & Ordonez 13988. TAILEVU: Vungalei, near Waisere Creek, DA 2685. REWA: Near Botanical Station (present Suva Botanical Gardens), Yeoward, Feb. 22, 1897. KANDAVU: Hills above Namalata and Ngaloa Bays, Smith 193. VANUA LEVU: THAKAUNDROVE: Mt. Vatunivuamonde, Savusavu Bay region, Degener & Ordonez 14011. TAVEUNI: Nathaungai, DA L.9864; track to lake east of Somosomo, DA L.9866. 4. Heliconia illustris Hort. ex Bull in Gard. Chron. III. 13: 413. 1893. Heliconia metallica sensu J. W. Parham in Agr. J. Dept. Agr. Fiji 29: 32. 1959, Pl. Fiji Isl. 259. 1964; non Pl. & Linden. Heliconia acuminata sensu J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 353. 1972; non L.C. Rich. The cultivated species of Heliconia with leaf blades bronze-colored beneath is a coarse herb 1.5-2 m. high, sparingly grown in Fiji from near sea level to about 250 m. Its spathaceous bracts are bronze with a red tinge, as are its perianth segments. TYPIFICATION: This species was based on a plant known only in cultivation. DISTRIBUTION: Its original locality uncertain, this taxon is now widely cultivated for its attractive, bronze-colored leaves. Unfortunately, none of the Heliconiae with colored leaves are adequately described botanically or backed up by a type. The problem of the Heliconiae grown for their decorative leaves can probably be solved only if and when specimens of them can be found in the wild. P.S. Green (in Kew Bull. 23: 477. 1969) considers this and many other forms to be cultivars rather than wild species, but more study is required to establish their relationships. LOCAL NAME AND USE: Bronze-leaved Heliconia; ornamental. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: Naitasiri: Toninaiwau, Tholo-i-suva, DA 16725. Specimens were growing in the Suva Botanical Gardens in 1959, but no voucher for them is at hand. 5. Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pavon, Fl. Per. Chil. 3: 71. t. 305. 1802; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 1 (1V. 45): 36. 1900; J.W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 353. 1972. The large Heliconia with green leaves and a strictly pendulous inflorescence is moderately common in gardens in and near Suva (although only one herbarium voucher is available). It attains a height of at least 2 m. and has strongly reflexed, red and yellow spathaceous bracts; its perianth is white, tinged with yellow-green distally. 1979 COSTACEAE 19] TYPIFICATION: The species was mentioned by Ruiz and Pavon from several local- ities in the Peruvian Andes, but it is now widespread in cultivation. LOCAL NAME AND USE: Hanging Heliconia; ornamental. AVAILABLE COLLECTION: VITI LEVU: Naitasiri: Toninaiwau, Tholo-i-Suva, DA 16708. FAMILY 28. COSTACEAE CosTACEAE Nakai in J. Jap. Bot. 17: 203. 1941. Usually robust, herbaceous perennials, lacking aromatic oil cells, with sympodi- ally branched, tuberous rhizomes, the aerial shoots often well developed, rarely re- duced, the stems often rigid and commonly branched; leaves inserted in a low spiral, the sheaths tubular, closed; inflorescence spicate, cylindric, with an unbranched axis, usually terminal on leafy stems and surrounded at base by often reduced cau- line leaves, with usually numerous imbricate primary bracts bearing axillary second- ary bracts, these subtending | or 2 flowers; flowers ¢, zygomorphic, with 6 perianth segments, the outer 3 united, with often unequal lobes, the inner 3 corolline, sub- equal; androecium with a single fertile stamen derived from the posticous member of an inner whorl, the other 2 members of this whorl united to form a petaloid label- lum, the stamen large, petaloid, exserted from the funnel of the labellum, the anther locules narrow, often apically appendiculate, the lateral staminodes lacking; ovary inferior, 3- or 2-locular, the placentas axile, the ovules numerous, I- or 2-seriate, the style terminal, protruding between the anther lobes of the fertile stamen, the epigy- nous glands immersed in ovarial tissue; fruit a partially loculicidally dehiscent cap- sule, the seeds agglutinated into a mass by means of their fleshy arils. DISTRIBUTION: Four tropical genera with about 200 species, centering in America. Although often included in the Zingiberaceae as a tribe or subfamily, the Cos- taceae appear to merit familial status on the basis of (1) the presence of a true aerial stem rather than a pseudostem composed of overwrapping leaf bases, (2) their spiralled leaves with tubular, closed sheaths enclosing the stem, and (3) the absence of aromatic oil cells. Other anatomical differences are also notable (cf. Tomlinson in Metcalfe, Anatomy of the Monocotyledons 3: 360-364). 1. Costus L. Sp. Pl. 2. 1753; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 20 (1V. 46): 378. 1904; Holttum in Gard. Bull. Singapore 13: 240. 1950. Characters of the family; perianth segments comparatively small; labellum large; ovary 3-locular. TYPE SPECIES: Costus arabicus L., the only original species. In spite of the epi- thet, this species was described from a Surinam plant; it must be typified by Lin- naeus’s description (cf. Burtt & R.M. Sm. in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31: 185. 1972). DISTRIBUTION: Pantropical, with about 150 species. The other genera of the fam- ily are restricted either to America or the Malesia—Queensland area. One species oc- curs in Fiji in cultivation and naturalized. 1. Costus speciosus (KOnig) Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 1: 249. 1791; K. Schum. in Pflanzenr. 20 (IV. 46): 398. 1904; Holttum in Gard. Bull. Singapore 13: 242. 1950; P.M.J. Maas in FI. Neotropica 8: 121. 1972; J. W. Parham, PI. Fiji Isl. ed. 2. 355. 1972; Burtt & R.M. Sm. in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31: 200. 1972. Banksea speciosa Konig in Retz. Obs. Bot. 3: 75. 1783. 192 FLORA VITIENSIS NOVA Vol. | The only species of Costus in Fiji, originally cultivated but now also locally nat- uralized, is a coarse herb 1-4 m. high, sometimes found in dense forest from near sea level to about 300 m. Its ovoid inflorescence is 5-10 cm. long, with bracts green to red or red-purple; the outer perianth segments are purplish, the inner ones white and sometimes pink-tinged; the labellum is white with a yellow center and 5 cm. long or more; the filament is white, yellowish at base; and the fruit is bright red. Flowers have been noted from March to May. TYPIFICATION: KOnig’s species is based on a plant from Malacca, but no spec- imen is extant (cf. Burtt & R.M. Sm., 1972, cited above). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Malesia from the Himalayas to New Guinea, but widely cul- tivated and sometimes naturalized elsewhere. LOCAL NAMES AND USE: No names have been noted in use in Fiji, but elsewhere this species is known as crape ginger or Malay ginger. It was introduced into Fiji as an ornamental, probably comparatively recently. AVAILABLE COLLECTIONS: VITI LEVU: Nairasirt: Mbatiki-Nanduruloulou, DA //748. REwa: Mt. Korombamba, DA 3176, 16530; Lami, in private garden, DA 16793; By-Pass road, Suva, DA 1/306. This attractive species is probably more frequent in gardens in and near Suva than suggested above. On the slopes of Mt. Korombamba it is so thoroughly nat- uralized as to appear indigenous, but it has not been noted in other forested areas. FAMILy 29. ZINGIBERACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE Lindl. Key Struct. Phys. Syst. Bot. 69. 1835. Perennial herbs with aromatic oil cells, usually with thick, fleshy, sympodially branched rhizomes covered with distichous scale leaves; erect vegetative shoots un- branched and usually inconspicuous; aerial shoots mostly formed by overwrapping leaf bases constituting a pseudostem, usually terminating in an inflorescence, or the inflorescence and foliage leaves on separate shoots; leaves entire, 2-ranked, rolled in bud, with open sheaths with opposite margins overwrapping and ending distally ina ligule, the petiole distinct or essentially none; inflorescence a raceme, head, or pa- niculiform. cyme, often with sheathing bracteoles bearing a lateral axis (cincinnus); flowers mostly ¢, sessile or pedicellate; perianth segments 6, the 3 outer ones calyx- like, tubular, unequal with the odd one anterior, the 3 inner ones corollalike, con- nate, usually different from the outer in color and texture; fertile stamen 1, the pos- terior one of the inner whorl, the other two of this whorl united to form a petaloid 2- or 3-lobed labellum, the anterior member of the outer androecial whorl absent, the other two of this whorl sometimes present as staminodes, the anther locules 2, with- out an apical appendage; ovary inferior, 3-locular, sometimes incompletely so, some- times I- or 2-locular, the ovules numerous, usually anatropous, 2-4-seriate, the pla- centas axile, parietal, or basal, the style filiform, often enveloped in a groove of the fertile stamen, the stigma variable, often ciliate; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule, sometimes baccate and indehiscent, the seeds arillate. DISTRIBUTION: About 45 genera and 700 species, mostly Indo-Malesian. The family is very important both economically and horticulturally. USEFUL TREATMENTS OF FAMILY: Schumann, K. Zingiberaceae. Pflanzenr. 20 (IV. 46): 1-458. 1904. Valeton, T. New notes on the Zingiberaceae of Java and Malaya. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg II. 27: 1-166. 1918. Loesener, T. Zingiberaceae. Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 541-640. 1930. Holttum, R.E. The Zingiberaceae of the Malay Peninsula. Gard. Bull. Singapore 13: 1-249. 1950. Burtt, B.L. Gen- eral introduction to papers on Zingiberaceae. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31: 155-165. 1972. Burtt, B.L., & R.M. Smith. Tentative keys to the subfamilies, tribes and genera of Zingiberaceae. Op. cit. 31: 171-176. 1972. Burtt, B.L., & R.M. Smith. Key species in the taxonomic history of Zingiberaceae. Op. cit. 31: 177-227. 1972. 1979 ZINGIBERACEAE 193 Seven genera of Zingiberaceae are known to occur in Fiji, but only two of them, Geanthus and Alpinia, are represented by indigenous species. In the present treat- ment 17 species are recognized, of which six are indigenous (five of them, all in Alpinia, being endemic); the remaining eleven species have been introductions, five of them also being naturalized. KEY TO GENERA Style exserted well beyond fertile part of anther, the elongate anther crest wrapped around style, the stigma not expanded; lateral staminodes adnate to labellum; plane of distichy of leaves parallel to ANZOME (WMS ZANT EO) sseos cumecesuoanaeeseadar deter voreesasaosoue sodoeo oUE 1. Zingiber Style not far exserted beyond anther, the anther crest, if present, not wrapped around style, the stigma expanded. Distichy of leaves parallel to rhizome; lateral staminodes petaloid, free from labellum (tribe Hedy- chieae). Primary bracts adnate to each other laterally for about half their length, forming basal pouches; inflorescence (in our species) terminal on a short leaf shoot .....................2. Curcuma Primary bracts not adnate laterally, boat-shaped, free to base; inflorescence terminal on a tall leafvipsendostempec. ssa oom kee ren er ea EEC emis Susser woo CAYChIUM Distichy of leaves transverse to rhizome; lateral staminodes represented by small teeth at base of labellum or absent, rarely forming distinct linear processes or petaloid appendages adnate to lower part of labellum and then pseudostem well developed (tribe Alpinieae). Inflorescence borne separately from leaves. Main axis of inflorescence usually hidden by imbricating sterile or primary bracts, the inflor- escence forming a compact head; base of labellum and filament forming a distinct tube above inner perianth segments; anther more or less emarginate, rarely crested. Peduncle up to | m. tall, usually erect, always held above ground; inflorescence with a showy WCET OIACIOY sien Leadoodledepdendseene akan ee oop peatnen neo ae 4. Nicolaia Peduncle very short, subterranean; inflorescence with few to many sterile bracts or these lacking, not showy; labellum not conspicuously elongated. .................5. Geanthus Main axis of inflorescence visible; sterile bracts never present, the primary bracts not imbricat- ine-wntlorescence laxsiprostratesmuchyelompatede) sree eircet tess ete lett oles teri 6. Elettaria Inflorescence borne onralleaty stems seers eect = ieee ores csieiaiieistels se ictelays