QU PC^ Did)^ Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY VOL. 39, No. 2 May 2011 Pages 35-73 FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Founded 1972 OFFICERS President: Adam Kent, 222 SE 12th St., Gainesville, FL 32641. E-mail: kestrelkent® yahoo.com Vice President: Ann PAUL, Florida Coastal Islands Sanctuaries, 410 Ware Blvd., Suite 702, Tampa, FL 33619. E-mail: apaul@auduhon.org Secretary: Brian Ahern, 629 Gail Ave., Temple Terrace, FL 33617. E-mail: hrianah- ern@aol.com Treasurer: PETER G. MERRITT, 8558 SE Sharon St., Kobe Sound, FL 33455. E-mail: pmerritt@hspi . us Editor, Florida Field Naturalist: ScOTT ROBINSON, Florida Museum of Natural His- tory, P.O. Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800. E-mail: srobinson@flmnh.ufl.edu Directors, Terms Expiring Spring 2012 Paul Miller, Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park, 33104 NW 192nd Ave., Okeechobee, FL 34972. E-mail: Paul. 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The permanent address of the Florida Ornithological Society is Division of Birds, Florida Museum of Natural History, Museum Road at Newell Drive, Uni- versity of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. The Florida Ornithological Society web site is at www.fosbirds.org THIS PUBLICATION IS PRINTED ON NEUTRAL PH PAPER Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL. 39,No. 2 May 2011 Pages 35-73 Florida Field Naturalist 39(2):35-46, 2011. EASTERLY WINDS DISPLACE WOOD-WARBLERS (PARULIDAE) DURING SPRING MIGRATION ALONG THE FLORIDA GULF COAST Ken F. Tracey^ and Jon S. Greenlaw^’^ ^5662 Fieldspring Ave., New Port Richey, Florida 34655 E-mail: kftracey@verizon.net ^Department of Biology, Long Island University, Greenvale, New York 11746 ^Current address: 10503 Mistflower Lane, Tampa, Florida 33647 Abstract. — We examine the relationship between wood-warbler migration in spring and wind characteristics at Green Key causeway in Pasco County, Florida. From 2001 through 2010, information on numbers of warblers, wind direction and speed, and fron- tal passage were collected as migrants returned to the mainland in early morning move- ments from the end of the Green Key peninsula or from offshore. A total of 42,671 warblers were counted, of which 99% of the warblers identified were Florida/West Indies migrants. A statistical evaluation of the data documented a strong correlation between east and northeast winds and high warbler numbers. Numbers of warblers and strength of easterly winds also were positively related. These results support the conclusion that east and northeast winds tend to drift small, northbound passerines traveling near the coast off the Florida peninsula. As they recover their migration direction, they follow the protruding Green Key peninsula eastward through a narrow defile (“funnel”) along the causeway. These data provide a local example of the effect of wind-drift on migrating wood- warblers flying northward over the Florida peninsula in spring. Under certain conditions, migrant wood-warblers in spring concen- trate along the causeway on the Green Key Peninsula, at the entrance to Robert K. Rees Park, Pasco County, on the Gulf coast of the Florida peninsula. One of us (KFT) discovered this phenomenon on 1 May 2001 when warblers were detected fl3dng along a narrow defile on the cause- way that joins Green Key Island with the mainland. KFT reported warbler sightings here to the birding community and referred to the lo- cation as the ''Green Key Funnel”, For 10 years he spent most morn- 35 36 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST ings for five to seven weeks each spring on the causeway, counting migrating warblers and recording weather. Spring warbler migration occurs all along the northern Gulf of Mexico and the Florida peninsula. Warblers migrating in the Gulf re- gion can be grouped into three categories. These are referred to as cir- cum-Gulf migrants, those flying along the Mexican and Texas coasts; trans-Gulf migrants, those flying over the Gulf from Central America and the Yucatan Peninsula; and FloridaAVest Indies migrants, those following the Florida peninsula (Dunn and Garrett 1997). These routes long have been known to students of bird migration in North America (e.g., Cooke 1915, Lowery 1946). Many studies of trans-Gulf migrants have been conducted on the northern Gulf coast (Moore 1989, Duncan 1994, Gauthreaux 1999, Simons et al. 2004, Gauthreaux and Belser 2005, Gauthreaux et al. 2006). Storm fronts sometimes force trans- Gulf migrants down along the coast and cause significant 'Tallouts” im- mediately behind the coast, temporarily preventing migrants from con- tinuing farther north to inland stopover points (Duncan 1994). Elsewhere, as vernal migrants travel northward over land, adverse wind conditions can displace and concentrate migrants on coastlines; this phenomenon of down-wind, lateral displacement from a line of flight is known as '‘wind-drift” (Mueller and Berger 1967). Green Key provides an apparent example of wind-drift that affects FloridaAVest Indies migrants in spring as they fly north along the Florida peninsula near the Gulf of Mexico. Our objective in this study was to understand when and why large concentrations of warblers occur at Green Key. Data on local weather conditions, including wind direction and speed, should permit us to de- termine the relative roles of wind-drift and fallout events on Green Key during spring migration. Information on the species present in the con- centrations should help to determine whether they were characteristic of the FloridaAVest Indies or trans-Gulf migration routes, as most war- blers follow preferred migration routes that emanate most directly from their wintering grounds. We hypothesized that wind-drift acting on mi- grants near the Gulf of Mexico coast may be an important factor under some wind conditions as they fly northward over the Florida peninsula in spring. We predicted that east and northeast winds would drift many birds westward to the coast, and even over the Gulf Birds should then redirect their flight to regain their preferred peninsular route early in the morning after sunrise (Baird and Nisbet 1960, Able 1977). Study Area and Methods The Green Key peninsula (Fig. 1) is approximately 40 ha in size. It is almost com- pletely mangrove-covered except for several small needle rush {Juncus roemerianus) marshes of 2-3 ha each. Along the edge of the peninsula, the tallest and dominant man- Tracey AND Greenlaw— Coastal Warbler Concentrations and Wind-drift 37 Figure 1. Spring warbler migration routes in the Gulf of Mexico region and the Green Key Funnel location, Pasco County, on the Florida peninsula. grove species is the black mangrove (Avicennia germinans). Smaller white mangrove {Laguncularia racemosa) and red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) cover the rest of the land area. Sea myrtle (Baccharis halimifolia) and christmasberry {Lycium carolin- ianum) (Wunderlin 2008) also can be found along the road edge and on disturbed ground. At and near the location of the point count along the causeway, Black and White mangroves can be found in a narrow row on both sides of the road, where most of the warblers fly during their eastward, redirected movement. Green Key protrudes into the Gulf, and its funnel shape guides the warblers exiting the peninsula along the park entrance road. This funnel provided an excellent vantage 38 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST point to count migrating warblers each morning. A stationary point count was located at 28.255°N latitude and 82.751°W longitude. The stationary point count method used here included some of the suggested parameters recommended by the University of Florida Extension Service (Hostetler and Main 2008). Coverage was approximately 50 m in all directions because of the unobstructed view, although the suggested point count viewing radius is 20 m. The counts were started each morning after 06:00 and continued until 09:00 if war- blers were still moving through. Count days spanned the period from 7 April to 24 May, 2002 through 2010, but counts during the first count year in 2001 extended from 1-14 May. For the ten years of counting, 268 days of data were collected. All count numbers of warblers were totaled for one-half hour increments. The date, wind direction and speed, and sky conditions also were recorded. Wind directions used in our analyses were north (N), northeast (NE), east (E), south- east (SE), south (S), and westerly (all winds out of the west). Sample sizes were small for westerly wind directions (SW, W, NW); because warbler numbers were similar in each of these categories, we pooled these data for analysis (W*). Calm conditions with no apparent wind were treated as a seventh, control, category (“None”). Wind speeds were determined from nightly weather reports before count mornings and modified by KFT if they had changed direction or speed at the start of the morning point count. Also noted were any passing storm fronts from the night before. The number of other passe- rines besides warblers, believed to be migrants and not local nesting birds, were re- corded as well. Prairie Warblers that entered the point count coverage area from the east were not counted, as they were regarded as likely to be the local nesting race, Flor- ida Prairie Warbler, {Dendroica discolor paludicola). Only Prairie Warblers flying by from a westerly direction were included in the surveys. Statistical analyses were done using GraphPad Prism 5 software (GraphPad Soft- ware, La Jolla, California) with an alpha criterion of 0.05. Mean ± SE are reported here. We looked at the relationship between wind direction and total numbers of wood war- blers passing through the Green Key Funnel at dawn until numbers diminished during early morning. The frequency distributions of total numbers of warblers under different wind conditions were non-normal, as judged by the D’Agostino and Pearson omnibus normality test and the Shapiro- Wilk normality test. Variances among wind-direction groups also were heterogeneous. Because logarithmic transformation failed to correct these issues, we chose to employ the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance on all groups. We employed a Dunn’s Multiple Comparison post-hoc test to ex- amine which pairwise comparisons were responsible for an overall significant result. A single outlier (greater than five standard deviations from the mean) was present in each of two wind directions (N and W). The wind analysis was run separately on the dataset with and without these outliers. The results of these analyses were the same, so we re- port data here without the outliers, which we comment on later. We also performed a linear regression to examine a predicted relationship between observed wind speed and total warblers. Results Warbler flights through the funnel only occurred in the early morn- ing just before and after sunrise. Eighty six percent of the total war- blers recorded were counted from 06:30 to 08:00, They quickly flew east along the causeway and off the key, not stopping to feed. Some warblers moved through or just over the mangroves as they passed through the causeway funnel, and our assumption was that these birds had Tracey AND Greenlaw— Coastal Warbler Concentrations and Wind-drift 39 stopped on the Key during the night. An equal numbers of warblers were counted flying high over the Key and causeway and these birds appeared to be fljdng in off the Gulf. Because of their rapid movement past the count-point, many of the migrant warblers could not be iden- tifled. But 30% were identified as they flew close to the observer or stopped momentarily in the mangroves. Out of the 42,671 warblers counted over the ten-year period, 12,885 were identified and included 28 warbler species (Table 1). More than 100 warblers per day were re- corded on 86 of the 268 count days (Table 2). Among the identified warblers, Blackpoll Warbler (Dendroica stri- ata) was the most numerous species (26.9%; Table 1). Only 1% of the warblers identified at the point count could be classified as typically trans-Gulf or circum-Gulf migrants, 30% were warbler species that equally use the Florida/West Indies and the trans-Gulf route, and 69% were primarily Florida/West Indies migrants (Table 1, Fig.l). Total numbers of wood-warblers passing through the Green Key Funnel each morning during spring migration under different wind conditions are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 2. Differences among wind-di- rection groups were highly significant (Kruskal-Wallis test, n ^ 7 groups, P < 0.0001). An a posteriori series of pairwise tests showed that only warbler numbers under conditions of E and NE winds were signif- icantly higher than all the others (Table 2). Given the result that E and NE winds were strongly related to the number of warblers observed, we expected a positive correlation between numbers of warblers mov- ing through the Green Key Funnel and wind speed under these condi- tions. We examined this prediction by determining the product- moment correlation coefficient (one-tailed) between the two variables. Our expectation was confirmed (df= 111,P<0.01), and was described by the linear regression: y = 66.968x - 132.6, = 0.2466. Thus, wind speed accounted for about 25% of the variation in total warbler move- ment. Discussion The Green Key warbler concentrations do not result from tradi- tional fallout events, as happens during spring migration at nearby Fort De Soto County Park, Pinellas Co., or at other locations along the northern Gulf coast (e.g., Moore et al. 1990, Duncan 1994). Warbler ‘Tallouts” as witnessed by the authors at Fort De Soto Park and else- where involve birds grounded by inclement weather conditions associ- ated with frontal systems. These fallout birds spend time actively feeding and resting. Some may linger most of the day at their fallout site or even longer (Simons et al. 2004), At Green Key, the warblers counted moved rapidly to the east, rarely stopping to feed, and appar- 40 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST cq tH © o % § g 0) g O In .® be 1— ( CO CO o cq cq © cq tH 00 ZD rH rH ZD © b- ZD © lO 00 © 00 in 00 CO o b- CO CO cq tH o © © c- e- to 00 cq rH CO CO rH t>- i™i 00 00 00 cq © © cq m o o tH rH © rH o cq in rH © 00 rH 00 m tH 00 00 00 cq 00 rH © co 00 oq c- rH e- © 00 o !>■ o © o o O o o o 1— 1 00 © © cq cq (M T— 1 tH © r> 1— 1 o 00 o cq cq CO ZD rH o o o o rH cq o (N o © cq cq rH cq rH rH tH C• rH 00 rH cq cq o o cq o iH CO (M C<1 in rH rH tH rH (M © 00 CO 00 © o CO 00 00 rH rH o cq 00 o o CO LO 00 © CO 00 rH rH rH © CM tH o o © 00 00 cq CO t> o b- m 00 o o CO 00 1— H m © 00 rH CO co 00 rH cq © 00 t-H tH rH rH 00 f— 1 oq cq c- 00 rH b- m o o o 00 o o o o rH © tH 00 l> o m iH 00 lO oq rH tH 00 (N CO in 00 O 00 © CO cq rH o o o rH iH rH o © 00 lO 00 00 00 © cq cq cq CO rH lO o oq © o rH cq rH ZD 00 © o o cq o o o o o lO o in © 00 © tH cq cq 00 00 © CO tH Eh H Eh Eh Eh Eh og cq og ag og Ph P^ CO pt( Eh H H Eh Ph E^ Q Q TO fe) Table 1, (Continiied) Warbler counts for Green Key Funnel 2001-2010. Surveys conducted from 7 April through 23 May®. Tracey AND Greenlaw—Coastal Waebler Concentrations and Wind-drift 41 CO lO CO C5 tH f=H tH lO m QO m 05 O 05 i-H O o o « o o o O tH m o o r— 1 o 00 05 05 cq O o o o o o o o o CO tH O m tH O CO 05 CO O CO o o o o o o lO o 05 1-H o a- eq O fH o o o o 'tH o o o CO o CO 1-H o a- 05 to O o o o o o o o co t> o tH rH o CO 05 CO O o o rH o tH o o o 05 00 O CO f—j O 00 05 tH t> 05 o o 05 o o o o o o O CD 05 O CO 05 05 OD tH o o o o o o o o iO O 05 tH O 05 05 tH 05 f-H o o o o o o o o o CD O CO tH O CO 05 O 05 o o o tH o o tH o o IQ tH fH o CO 05 ,a bo Q 3 o ffl a ffl Q o a _o ffl a ffl >+a Q ’§ c ffl o •l»4 s o a a c e s « Q sS .& e a o e 1 o § § Q o g CO ft a eo a ffl g e •s e © o g ‘S s*. a o g "a Gi a g •§ 1 a ffl o s g a ffl ffl B B 5n ffl m .2 •g m •2 ‘o ® B ffl © s u g o § B u 3 Q. Q o •|«S o § u © 1 1 U m u 3 ffl ft m u r2 Pn CO 1 ffl 'a '§ B & p2 3 % 3 U © ? « ffl o TO 1 '=d ffl B -ft ffl ? ffl ffl ffl o ft ■4J ‘I r2 "m 'S 3 cp 3 !p © 1 05 1 o i.® t s, I® _o ■-M o ffl § o 1 'u ffl 3 CO ffl g 0) e ffl 1 ■3 3 m & ffl u '9 d © 3 +3 O d ffl 3 3 +3 o o 3 o O 3 m § 42 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Table 2. Warbler counts for the Green Key Funnel with wind data for count days with more than 100 warblers. Date Wind speed® Wind Total direction warblers Date Wind speed® Wind Total direction warblers 15 May 2007 M E 1751 24 April 2003 M E 289 23 April 2007 M E 1714 24 April 2004 M E 286 4 May 2001 S E 1567 7 April 2002 L E 271 5 May 2001 S NE 1521 28 April 2009 L E 253 30 April 2006 M E 1310 21 April 2003 L E 224 7 May 2001 M NE 1267 5 May 2004 M E 220 25 April 2008 L E 1197 19 April 2005 L E 205 11 May 2010 M E 1122 11 April 2004 None — 203 20 April 2010 L E 1118 30 April 2009 L E 187 29 April 2006 M NE 1079 12 April2010 L NE 180 9 May 2001 M NE 1002 18 April 2009 L E 179 22 April 2007 M E 974 27 April 2009 L E 178 3 May 2001 S E 903 16 May 2007 L E 172 1 May 2008 L E 857 19 April 2003 L E 169 6 May 2001 S NE 850 8 April 2004 M S 164 10 May 2010 M E 799 28 April 2003 M E 160 2 May 2006 L NE 790 8 April 2002 L SE 160 14 May 2007 M NE 656 26 April 2009 L E 153 20 April 2003 S E 652 7 May 2005 L NE 145 1 May 2006 L E 638 29 April 2009 L E 139 15 April 2010 M NE 569 7 May 2008 L E 137 8 May 2001 M NE 535 30 April 2004 L E 136 10 May 2001 L E 528 8 April 2006 M S 136 17 April 2004 E 508 16 April 2010 L E 135 10 April 2007 M E 473 10 April 2008 L E 134 11 May 2001 L E 439 10 April 2010 L NE 133 12 April 2006 L E 431 17 April 2003 None — 130 10 April 2004 L W 428 14 April 2009 L E 129 14 April 2010 L E 394 14 April 2007 L E 127 18 April 2004 L E 380 12 April 2004 S S 123 21 April 2007 M NE 373 16 April 2003 None — 119 23 April 2008 L NE 372 10 April 2006 M NE 116 16 April 2004 L E 370 12 April 2002 None — 115 19 April 2004 L E 362 16 April 2002 L SE 115 7 April 2004 L E 360 9 April 2008 M E 112 11 April 2005 L E 345 19 April 2010 L E 112 22 May 2007 L E 338 16 April 2005 M NE 112 9 April 2004 L N 329 15 April 2003 None — 112 24 April 2002 L E 328 20 April 2004 None — 110 17 April 2009 M NE 318 12 April 2005 L SE 106 24 April 2007 L E 307 18 April 2003 L E 103 30 April 2008 L NE 301 14 May 2008 L E 101 12 May 2001 L E 290 4 April 2008 M NE 101 ^Wind speeds; None - 0 mph, L = 5 mph, M =10 mph, S = 15 mph. Tracey AND Greenlaw—Coasyal Warbler Concentrations and Wind-drift 43 Wind direction Figure 2. Relationship between wind direction and total warbler movement in the Green Key Funnel. The greatest numbers occurred under easterly and northeasterly wind conditions. W* refers to all westerly winds (SW, W, NW) pooled (see Methods). ently recovering from wind-drift. We found little evidence that these warblers spent time on the end of Green Key in the vegetation. Even on mornings with high counts, all warblers were gone by a few hours after sunrise. Nocturnal migration provides an advantage to birds because of at- mospheric stability and access to night celestial cues (Raynor 1956), but small migrants such as wood- warblers also are subject to the ef- fects of drift when winds blow across their paths. Night movement would seem to prevent migrating birds from easily using geographic clues to correct for wind-drift as they are pushed towards or over a nearby coastline by crosswinds. Although coastal lights at night would define the Gulf coast to us as a linear line, the reaction of birds to such cues cannot be easily evaluated. During their re-directed, corrective movements following sunrise (Moore 1989), when migrants can detect the effects of drift relative to a coastline more easily, some birds over 44 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST the coast land on the key while others offshore fly in from the Gulf. We do not know what fraction of the birds overflying the coast during the night detect and mitigate their situation before dawn and settle on Green Key Such behavior may depend on moon and sky conditions, and local height of migration. We do show that westward drift occurs at Green Key and that birds on the key and those orienting to the key from offshore, follow the peninsula landward at dawn through the nar- rowed “funnel” as they seek to return to their preferred northward tracks over the peninsula away from the immediate coast. Our analyses on wind-direction and speed support our prediction of flight displacement of northbound birds based on the wind-drift hy- pothesis. About 99% of the warblers identified in the concentrations at Green Key consist of species that typically follow the FloridaAVest In- dies route around the east side of the Gulf of Mexico during spring mi- gration. This too supports the conclusion that wind-drifted Florida peninsular migrants are involved at Green Key, as opposed to trans- Gulf migrants. Blackpoll Warblers use different routes relative to the Florida pen- insula in fall and spring. These warblers fly offshore over the Atlantic Ocean directly to South America from the northeastern Atlantic coast in the fall (Hunt and Eliason 1999). As a result, except for occasional storm-driven fallouts along the east peninsular coast, the species is rare in Florida in the fall. In spring, the species migrates northward over the peninsula and off the Florida east coast, so it is more numer- ous and widespread in Florida on the peninsula at this season (Robert- son and Woolfenden 1992, Stevenson and Anderson 1994). Our data (940 counted at the funnel in 2007, 814 in 2001) indicate that vernal wind drift can produce high counts on the central Gulf coast of the Florida peninsula at least as high as those reported on the central east coast (tower mortality in Brevard County: 652 and 611 in 1980 and 1986, respectively [Stevenson and Anderson 1994]). Typically, many Blackpoll Warblers migrate east of the Florida panhandle in spring (Stevenson and Anderson 1994), but they become more numerous even in the western sections of the panhandle “when easterly winds prevail” (Duncan and Duncan 2000). This observation implies that some Flor- ida/West Indies migrants may be drifted far enough offshore over the eastern Gulf of Mexico under the influence of strong east winds that they continue northward to make landfall on the Gulf coast of the Flor- ida panhandle. In general, west winds did not produce the expected flow of trans- Gulf migrant warblers. Those days with west winds averaged only 42 warblers per day and the majority of these warblers were FloridaAVest Indies species. Only on a few occasions, when strong west winds asso- ciated with a cold front came onto Green Key, did a small number of Tracey AND Greenlaw— Coastal Warbler Concentrations and Wind-drift 45 tranS“Gulf warblers appear at this location. For example, on 10 April 2007 almost all of the Hooded Warblers (35) and Prothonotary War- blers (21) that were recorded during the ten-year survey were counted crossing the funnel (Table 1). This front passed during pre-dawn hours, and by early morning the winds had changed to medium-strength east windsj bringing in Florida/West Indies migrant warblers. Easterly winds evidently also drift trans-Gulf migrants westward towards the upper Texas coast (Gauthreaux 1999). Of course wind-drift alone cannot be the only factor affecting war- bler concentrations during vernal migration at Green Key, The penin- sula can be a stopover site used by coastal migrants each year as they save energy by taking short flight steps (Alerstam 2001). The key also can be influenced on occasion by fallout conditions. The two high-count outliers, one involving 428 warblers when a west wind was blowing and the other concerning 329 warblers on a north wind the next day, do not conform to the wind-drift pattern explicated here. These events, which were associated with frontal systems, are more correctly viewed as “fallouts” (Moore et al. 1990). The Green Key funnel may be considered one of those unusual sites where displaced migrants can be recognized easily and occur in large numbers, and where their eastward correction flight is visible and can be predicted based on drift caused by east and northeast winds. It highlights the potential importance of westerly wind drift by east winds as a general influence on northbound migrants all across the Florida and Gulf of Mexico region. Acknowledgments Thanks to Bill Pranty, Jim McKay, Linda and Steve Tracey, and all the other people who stopped by to help identify the warblers. Special thanks to Samantha League for her comments, and to Ken Able for his review of the manuscript and his suggestions for improving it. Tom Webber also suggested some refinements. Literature Cited Able, K. P. 1977. The orientation of passerine nocturnal migrants following offshore drift. Auk 94:320^330. Alerstam, T, 2001. Detoiu-s in bird migration. Journal of Theoretical Biology 209:319-331. Baird, J., and I. C. T, Nisbet. 1960. Northward fall migration on the Atlantic coast and its relation to offshore drift. Auk 77:119-149 Cooke, W. W. 1915. Bird Migration. Division of Biological Survey, Bulletin No. 185:1-47. Duncan, R. A. 1994. Bird Migration, Weather and Fallout Including the Migrant Traps of Alabama and Northwest Florida. Published privately. Gulf Breeze, Florida. Duncan, R. A., and L. R. Duncan. 2000. The Birds of Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Oka- loosa Counties, Florida. Published privately. Gulf Breeze, Florida. Dunn, J. L., and K. L.Garrett. 1997. A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Massachusetts. 46 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Gauthreaux, S. a., Jr., C. G. Belser, and C. M. Welch. 2006. Atmospheric trajectories and spring bird migration across the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Ornithology 147:317- 325. Gauthreaux, S. a., Jr., and C. G. Belser, 2005. Radar Ornithology and the Conserva- tion of Migratory Birds. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR- 191. Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr 1999, Neotropical migrants and the Gulf of Mexico: The view from aloft. Pages 27-50 in Gatherings of Angels, Migrating Birds and Their Ecology (K. P. Able, Ed.). Comstock Books, Ithaca, New York. Hostetler, M. E., and M. B.Main. 2008. Florida monitoring program: Point count method to survey birds. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension, Report No. WEC 144, University of Florida, Gainesville, Hunt, P. D., and B. C. Eliason. 1999. Blackpoll Warbler {Dendroica striata). In The Birds of North America, No. 431 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North Amer- ica, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Lowery, G. H., Jr. 1946. Evidence of trans-Gulf migration. Auk 63:175-211. Moore, F. R. 1989. Evidence for re-determination of migratory direction following wind displacement. Aukl07:425-428. Moore, F. R., P. Kerlinger, and T. R. Simons. 1990. Stopover on a Gulf coast barrier is- land by spring trans-Gulf migrants. Wilson Bulletin 102:487-500, Mueller, H. C., and D. D. Berger 1967. Wind drift, leading lines, and diurnal migra- tion. Wilson Bulletin 79:50-63. Raynor, G. S. 1956. Meteorological variables and the northward movement of nocturnal landbird migrants. Auk 73:153-175 Robertson, W. B., Jr., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1992. Florida Bird Species: An Anno- tated List. Special Publication No. 6, Florida Ornithological Society, Gainesville, Flor- ida. Simons, T. R., F. R Moore, and S. A.Gauthreaux. 2004. Mist netting trans-gulf mi- grants at coastal stopover sites: the influence of spatial and temporal variability on capture data. Pages 135-143 in Monitoring Bird Populations Using Mist Nets (C. J. Ralph and E. H. Dunn, Eds.). Studies in Avian Biology 29, Cooper Ornithological So- ciety. Stevenson, H. M., and B. H. Anderson. 1994. The Birdlife of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. WUNDERLIN, R. P., AND B. F. Hansen. 2008. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa. Florida Field Naturalist 39(2):47-51, 2011. FIRST RECORD OF GREATER SAND-PLOVER (Charadrius leschenaultii) FOR FLORIDA, AND SECOND RECORD FOR THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Cakole a. Adams^, Doris M. Leary^, Lesley J. Royce^ ^7473 Carriage Side Court, Jacksonville, Florida 32256 ^1291 South 3rd Street, Fernandina Beach, Florida 32034 H520 Fulton Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32225 At 0930 hours DST on 14 May 2009, we discovered and photo- graphed a Greater Sand-Plover (Charadrius leschenaultii; Figs. 1 and 2) at Huguenot Memorial Park, northeastern Duval County, Flor- ida (30°24'43.42"N, 81°24'31.48"W). The bird was first sighted on a broad wash flat extending along the eastern side of the park's inner basin. Through the following two weeks, including a period of severe weather, the sand-plover frequented the same general area of the park and was viewed, studied, and photographed by scores of observ- ers until the last known sighting at ca. 1200 EST on 26 May 2009 (L. McCullagh in litt.). Observations The Greater Sand-Plover was first sighted on a wash flat ca. 30 m from a sparse patch of cordgrass (Spartina alterni flora). The overall di- mensions of the mixed-sediment, intertidal flat varied from 0 to >75 ha depending on tidal phase, moon cycle, and weather conditions. The greatest extent occurred on ebbing spring tides when the basin’s water line receded ca. 300 m from the dune line. Description.— The Greater Sand-Plover initially gave the general impression of a slim, pale, long-legged Wilson’s Plover with a black face mask and rufous markings (Figs. 1 and 2). The sand-plover was in fresh alternate plumage, was much taller than Semipalmated Plovers (C. semipalmatus) and was slightly taller than Wilson’s Plovers (C. wil- sonia), thus putting it outside the size range of the smaller Lesser Sand-Plover (C. mongolus; O’Brien et. al. 2006). The larger overall size, longer black bill, longer legs, narrower and paler rufous breast-band, and paler gray-brown upperparts with faint rufous highlights also ruled out the Lesser Sand-Plover (O’Brien et. al. 2006). The Greater Sand-Plover’s bill was similar in proportion to the Wilson’s, but less deep, and its legs were thinner and longer with a greenish tint. Its 47 48 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Figure 1. Greater Sand-Plover (right) and Wilson’s Plover at Huguenot Memo- rial Park, Duval County, Florida, May 2009. Figure 2. Greater Sand-Plover at Huguenot Memorial Park, Duval County, Florida, May 2009. Adams stal.— Greater Sand-Plover in Florida 49 body form was similar to a Wilson’s but leaner in profile and its chest- nut-washed dorsal coloration was much closer in hue to the wash fiat’s substrate, so close in fact, that the bird sometimes seemed cryptic and disappeared “in plain view” when standing stationary in bright sun- light. The Greater Sand-Plover’s black face mask was distinct and showed the bird to be a male (O’Brien et al. 2006). The mask extended from the lores as a narrow line, thence broadened to surround the dark eye, then tapered again through the ear-coverts forming a “wedge-like” mask in profile. A narrow black line ran between the eyes and was sep- arated by a white supraloral from the black lores and the black base of the upper mandible, giving the bird a distinct and unique appearance when viewed head-on. The entire ventral surface was white except for the solid, pale cinnamon breast band that blended into the nape and rearmost edge of the supercilium. A pale rufous wash suffused the pale gray crown, lower mantle in bright light. Behavior.— During the two-week observation period at Huguenot Park, the sand-plover’s behavior varied between foraging for, captur- ing, and processing fiddler crabs {Uca pugilator), occasional interac- tions with Wilson’s Plovers and Semipalmated Plovers, short flights across the flat, and roosting periods. Its foraging behavior closely matched that of Wilson’s Plovers, characterized by cautious stalking followed by swift, crouching runs ending in a terminal lunge to capture prey. In contrast to the Wilson’s Plovers, the sand-plover frequently transported fiddler crabs to the water’s edge for washing prior to con- suming the prey. The crabs were typically grasped by a leg and shaken vigorously. When roosting, the sand-plover occasionally lay down in a slight depression partially concealing its lower body in a manner simi- lar to other plovers roosting nearby. Interactions with other birds principally involved agonistic en- counters with Semipalmated and, especially, male Wilson’s plovers. We observed brief encounters when one bird quickly shifted away from the aggressor, and more protracted interactions (Corbat and Bergstom 2000), where both birds assumed conspicuous “upright hunched pos- tures” (including tail fanning by the sand-plover) followed by swift chases in the “horizontal hunched posture.” During some chases we heard the distinctive “song rattle” (Hayman et al. 1986) of Wilson’s Plo- ver, which obscured the softer pitched “trrri” calls (Hayman et al. 1986) of the sand-plover. The sand-plover demonstrated strong fidelity to the park throughout the two-week period of observation. Discussion The Huguenot Memorial Park Greater Sand-Plover represents the first report and record for Florida (Kratter 2010) and the second report and record for the Western Hemisphere (Pranty et al. 2009). 50 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Taxonomy. — There are three subspecies of the Greater Sand-Plo- ver. C. 1. columhinus breeds from Turkey and Jordan to the Caspian Sea and is a short-distant migrant that winters around the Arabian peninsula, the Red Sea, and the eastern Mediterranean. C. 1. eras- sirostris breeds from the Caspian Sea to eastern Kazakhstan and is also a short-distant migrant that winters around the Arabian pen- insula. Nominate C. 1. leschenaultii breeds in western China, Mon- golia, and adjacent parts of Russia and is a long-distant migrant that winters from southern Africa to Taiwan and Australia. During migration, this subspecies is accidental to France, Scotland, Swe- den, Finland, Tunisia, and Morocco (Hayman et al. 1986). The Greater Sand-Plover has been recorded in the Western Hemisphere once previously, at Bolinas Lagoon, Marin County, Cal- ifornia, from 29 January to 8 April 2001 (Abbot et al. 2001, Pranty et al. 2009). The California sand-plover was captured, measured, and identified as C. 1. leschenaultii (Abbot et al. 2001). We determined that C. 1. leschenaultii was the subspecies of the Florida Greater Sand-Plover because of its large bill, cleaner white flanks, and lack of black line on top of its breast band. We ruled out C. 1. columhinus because of its shorter bill and more rufous mantle (Hirschfeld et al. 2000). Moreover, C. 1. leschenaultii is the most likely race because it is the only long-distance migrant of the three subspecies. Route of arrival. — A possible explanation for the bird’s occur- rence in Florida is that the bird flew west from Africa to Florida, possibly aided by tropical storm activity the previous fall. However, the timing of the Florida bird’s sighting at Huguenot Park offers an- other possible explanation. The plover was initially sighted near a flock of Red Knots {Calidris canutus) including marked birds from southernmost South America that arrive annually in northeast Florida during the first two weeks of May (P. Leary and D. Leary un- publ. data). Since the Greater Sand-Plover is a long-distance mi- grant, it is possible that the bird flew from central Asia through Alaska, across the continent, and then south to the Southern Hemi- sphere, and back north to Florida. Abbott and Howell (2001) dis- cussed a 180-degree orientation error to explain the appearance of the California record of the Greater Sand-Plover. Acknowledgments We thank Patrick Leary for his assistance on this paper. We also thank Danny Bales and others for their generous contribution of photographs, and Eric Hirschfeld for re- viewing images and offering his thoughts on subspecies distinctions. Bill Pranty, Janell Brush, Andy Kratter, and Humphrey Sitters improved drafts of this paper. Adams et al.— Greater Sand-Plover in Florida 51 Literature Cited Abbott, S., S. N. G. Howell, and P. Pyle. 2001. First North American record of Greater Sandplover. North American Birds 55:252-257. CORBAT, C. A., AND P. W. BERGSTROM. 2000. Wilson’s Plover {Charadrius wilsonia). In The Birds of North America, No. 516 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hayman, P., J. Marchant, and T. Prater 1986. Shorebirds: An Identification Guide to the Waders of the World. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Massachusetts. Hirschfeld, E., C. S. Roselaar, and H. Shirihai. 2000. Identification, taxonomy, and distribution of Greater and Lesser Sand Plovers. British Birds 93:162-189. Kratter, a. W 2010. Nineteenth report of the Elorida Ornithological Society Records Committee: 2009. Florida Field Naturalist 38:150-174. O’Brien, M., R. Crosley, and K. Karlson. 2006. The Shorebird Guide. Houghton Miff- lin, Boston, Massachusetts. Pranty, B., J. L. Dunn, S. C. Heinl, A. W. Kratter, P. E. Lehman, M. W. Lockwood, B. Mactavish, and K. j. Zimmer. 2008 [2009]. ABA Checklist: Birds of the Continen- tal United States and Canada. American Birding Association, Colorado Springs, Col- orado. Florida Field Naturalist 39(2):52-55, 2011. FIRST RECORD OF WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD (Hylocharis leucotis) FOR FLORIDA Andrew W. Kratter Florida Museum of Natural History, R O. Box 117800, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 In recent decades unprecedented numbers and many new species of western hummingbirds have appeared in southeastern North America (Brinkley 2009). Most of the individuals belong to widely distributed west- ern species, including Black-chinned Hummingbird {Archilochus alexan- dri), Rufous Hummngbird {Selasphorus rufus), Allen’s Hummingbird (S. sasin), Broad-tailed Hummingbird {S. platycercus), Calliope Humming- bird {Stellula calliope), and, in much smaller numbers, Anna’s Humming- bird {Calypte anna). These individuals tend to arrive in early to late fall, and many spend the winter (Dinsmore and Fontaine 2003). A number of Neotropical hummingbird species, most of whose northern limits barely reach the Mexico/United States border, have also been found recently in the southeastern United States. One of these, Buff-bellied Hummingbird {Amazilia yucatanensis), occurs an- nually east to Florida. Broad-billed Hummingbird {Cynanthus latiros- tris) is annual in Louisiana, with three records in Florida and one from South Carolina. Green Violetear {Colihri thalassinus) is annual in Texas and also has been found in Alabama, Georgia and Louisiana, along with scattered records farther north. Magnificent Hummingbird {Eugenes fulgens) has strayed to Alabama and Georgia (and also to Minnesota and several western states). Blue-throated Hummingbird {Lampornis clemenciae) has two records from Louisiana and one from South Carolina. Green-breasted Mango {Anthracothorax prevostii) has had two records in the region, one in Georgia in October 2007 and one from North Carolina in November 2000; there is also a record from Wisconsin. The rarest of these, with single records in the southeastern United States, are Violet-crowned Hummingbird {Amazilia violiceps) with a record from Virginia in June 2009, and White-eared Humming- bird {Hylocharis leucotis), with a record from Mississippi in November 1995-January 1996 (and also Michigan). Contrary to the more wide- spread Western hummingbirds noted above (including Broad-tailed and Buff-bellied hummingbirds), many of these rarer species tend to appear in the summer (July and August) and stay briefiy. In August 2004 (exact date not recorded), Cecilia Strickland took two photographs of a hummingbird she did not recognize at her Florida 52 Kratter— White-eared Hummingbird in Florida 53 Panhandle residence in Panama City, Bay County, Florida. The bird re- mained unidentified for several years, until the photographs were shown to hummingbird bander Fred Bassett, who tentatively identi- fied it as a female White-eared Hummingbird and urged the observers to submit the photographs to the Florida Ornithological Society Records Committee (FOSRC). In April 2009, Ms. Strickland submitted the photographs to the FOSRC (#09-731), and in August 2009 the sub- mission was accepted by the FOSRC (Kratter 2010). Both photographs show a hummingbird perched on a standard commercial hummingbird feeder. In both photographs (Figs. 1 and 2), the bill is completely out of view because the bird is probing the plastic '‘flowers’ of the feeder. The bird has a green crown, and a bright green back and rump. The underparts appear mostly pale grayish white. A very prominent white post-ocular stripe curves posteriorly around the black auriculars. The white chin has a few sparse green spots, but the spots become larger and denser at the sides of the lower throat and up- per flanks, so that there is as much white as green in this region. The dotted green and white plumage continues dorsally onto the nape but the amount of white diminishes. The green spots on the lower flanks are less dense and more faint. The remiges and wing coverts appear to worn, looking grayish brown. The tail, largely in shadow, appears dark greenish blue. The only hummingbird species that combines these characteristics is the female White-eared Hummingbird. The closest candidate in the entire family is Speckled Hummingbird (Adelomyia melanogenys) of the eastern Andes (a most unlikely vagrant to Florida), which has more evenly distributed and smaller spots below and is duller green above. White-eared Hummingbirds breed from the mountains of southern Arizona south through the pine and pine /oak forests of highland Mex- ico to north central Nicaragua (AOU 1998). The northernmost popula- tions are present only in the summer months (AOU 1998, Howell and Webb 1995, Williamson 2001). It is rare and may breed in New Mexico (AOU 1998). It is rarer still in Texas, with about 30 records (Lockwood and Freeman 2004, Lockwood 2008), most from the mountains of the Trans-Pecos, but there are three other records away from this region (Starr Co. 14-16 July; Gillespie Co., 31 July-4 August; Lubbock Co. 12- 19 July 2005; Lockwood and Freeman 2004, Lockwood 2005, Lockwood 2008). The species is considered accidental in Colorado (two records, both from La Plata Co. in 2005: a female-plumaged bird 20 July-21 Au- gust, and a different female 19 June-7 August; Wood et al. 2005); Mich- igan (also in 2005, a female-plumaged bird in Livingston Co., 19 August: Chu 2005); and Mississippi (a female-plumaged bird in Gulf- port, November 1995-4 January 1996; Turcotte and Watts 1999). The Florida record documented herein, also of a female-plumaged bird, 54 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Figures 1 and 2, White-eared Hummingbird in Panama City^ Florida, August 2004* Photographs by Cecilia Strickland. Kratter—White^eared Hummingbird in Florida 55 falls in the July-to-August window shown by all but one (the winter record from Mississippi) of these vagrant records. Three subspecies of White-eared Hummingbird are recognized (Zuchner 1999). The northern migratory subspecies (H. 1. borealis) is slightly larger and has grayer underparts than the two other subspe- cies, which are residents in the highlands of central and southern Mex- ico {H. 1. leucotis) and in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua {H. 1. pygmaea). The only subspecies likely to reach Florida is H. 1. borealis. Acknowledgments Larry and Cecilia Strickland generously provided photographs and details of this amazing record to the FOSRC. I thank Fred Bassett for alerting the FOSRC regarding this bird. Bill Hilton Jr. provided helpful comments on the manuscript. Literature Cited AOU [American Ornithologists’ Union]. 1998. Check-list of North American Birds. 7th ed. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. Brinkley, E. S. 2009. The changing seasons: never a dull moment. North American Birds 63:206-219. Chu, R C. 2005. Actions of the Michigan Bird Records Committee for 2005. Dinsmore, S. J., and J. Fontaine. 2003. The changing seasons: winter of the half-har- dies. North American Birds 57:164-170. Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995. A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Cen- tral America. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. Kratter, a. W. 2010. Nineteenth report of the Florida Ornithological Society Records Committee: 2009. Florida Field Naturalist 38:150-174. Lockwood, M. W. 2005. Texas Bird Records Committee report for 2005. Lockwood, M. W. 2008. Texas Bird Records Committee report for 2008. Lockwood, M. W., and B. Freeman. 2004. The TOS Handbook of Texas Birds. Texas A & M University Press, College Station. Turcotte, W. H., and D. L. Watts. 1999. The Birds of Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson. Williamson, S. L. 2001, A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York. Wood, C. L., T. Leukering, and B. Schmoker. 2005. Colorado and Wyoming regional re- port (The Nesting Season), North American Birds 59:629-631. Zuchner, T. 1999. White-eared Hummingbird. Page 612 in Handbook of Birds of the World, Vol. 5 (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Eds.). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Florida Field Naturalist 39(2):56, 2011. REVIEW Parrots of the World, by Joseph M. Forshaw. 2010. Princeton Field Guides, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 336 pp. ISBN13: 978-0-691-14285-2. $29.95 paperback. Parrots of the World is the latest in the distinguished series of field guides published by Princeton University Press. Most field guides, of course, deal with specific geographic regions, but there are now guides appearing that include all species found worldwide in particular taxonomic groups. This format has advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, these guides are unlikely to be useful in the field because they cover only a small part of the avifauna in an area at any one time. On the other hand, they offer the oppor- tunity to deal in detail with the characteristics of each subspecies. Descriptions of sub- species occupy much of the text for many species, a feature that I found very useful. Indeed, for birdwatchers interested in “banking” subspecies that are likely to be elevated to full species in the future, the text does a nice job of stating which are well defined, which may represent different species, and which are “poorly differentiated.” Subspecies are also divided into groups that share field traits (i.e., possible splits) and those that seem to vary clinally or interbreed with other subspecies (unlikely to be split). Each species account also describes the main field marks, the distribution (accompa- nied by a map indicating the range of each subspecies), elevational ranges, abundance, habitat, conservation status, comparisons with similar species, and a list of localities where the bird is especially likely to be observed. As might be expected of the author, who has published extensively on parrots, the information is accurate, at least for the species that I know well from my own experience. The range maps are not especially de- tailed. It is, for example, quite difficult to tell exactly where each parrot occurs in the complex matrix of habitats in the mountains of Peru. The conservation information is quite up-to-date and is also depressing: roughly a third of all species are listed as threatened or near-threatened. The choice of English names differs from that of many other recent treatments such as the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. In general Forshaw is more likely than Clements to favor terms based on people’s names (e.g., Desmarest’s Fig-Parrot rather than Large Fig Parrot Psittaculirostris desmarestii) and to adopt more avicultural names (e.g., amazon, conure). The taxonomic treatment also differs from Clements in a few places; most Australian rosellas, for example, are treated as subspecies rather than full species. The artwork by Frank Knight serves the field guide well. Mostly, the illustrations are in field-guide style showing the major subspecies and accompanied by dorsal and ventral illustrations of outstretched wings and bodies. Color saturation of the plates is excellent and the proportions are generally accurate, although the heads of some of the species, especially in plates 46-58, seem rather small. Rarely, species have illustrations of key habitats (e.g., plate 52) or behavior (e.g., trunk climbing on plate 29). Parrots of the World will be a valuable addition to the libraries of most serious bird- watchers, especially those who travel extensively, and for those who raise parrots and wish to know more about their pets. This volume, however, is unlikely to be used much in the field, except perhaps for regions such as Australia where a very high proportion of the species are parrots. — ScOTT K. ROBINSON, Florida Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 117800, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. 56 Florida Field Naturalist 39(2):57-71, 2011. FIELD OBSERVATIONS Fall Report! August-November 2010. — This report consists of significant bird ob- servations compiled by the Field Observations Committee (FOC). Electronic submis- sions to the FOC should be in the following format: species, number of individuals, age and sex of the bird(s), color morph if applicable, location (including county), date, ob- server(s), and significance. Seasons are winter (December-February), spring (March- May), summer (June-July), and fall (August-November). Submit observations to re- gional compilers within two weeks after the close of each season, or to the state compiler within one month. Addresses of the compilers follow this report. Sight-only observations are considered “reports” while only those supported by verifi- able evidence (photographs, video or audio recordings, or specimens) are called “records.” Species for which documentation is required by the FOC and by the FOS Records Committee (FOSRC; ) are marked here with an asterisk (*). A county designation (in italics) ac- companies the first-time listing of each site in this report. Abbreviations in this report are: AFB = Air Force Base, AFR = Air Force Range, EOS = end of season, NERR = Na- tional Estuarine Research Reserve, NF = National Forest, nm = nautical miles, NP = National Park, NS = National Seashore, NSRA - North Shore Restoration Area, NWR = National Wildlife Refuge, SF = State Forest, SP = State Park, STA = Stormwater Treat- ment Area, STF = sewage treatment facility, WEA = Wildlife and Environmental Area, WMA = Wildlife Management Area, and N, S, E, W etc., for compass directions. Bold- faced entries denote birds newly reported or verified in Florida, or record numbers. SUMMAKY OF THE FALL SEASON Florida was again spared from severe tropical storm activity this season. Tropical Storm Nicole grazed the southeastern coast 29 Sep, and Tropical Storm Paula grazed the Keys 12 Oct. There were 19 reports of FOSRC-review species this season; none rep- resented potential first reports or records for Florida. Photographs of one Green Peafowl in Orange County and one Saker Falcon in Pinellas County furnished records of two new exotics for the state. Unprecedented for the western Panhandle were the 35 shear- waters observed from Fort Pickens “on fresh south winds” 15-16 Nov. It looks to be an excellent year for wintering waterfowl based on observations of many species during November. Species Accounts Black-bellied Whistling-Duck: 98 at “Viera Wetlands,” Viera {Brevard) 7 Aug (D. Freeland); 165 at Lake Apopka NSRA {Orange) 20 Oct (H. Robinson); 223 at The Vil- lages {Sumter) 27 Nov (L. Felker). Fulvous Whistling-Duck: 470 at Lake Apopka NSRA 28 Nov (H. Robinson). White-faced Whistling-Duck: 1 at STA-5 {Hendry) 27 Nov (M. England et al., photo to FOC by B. Hatch). Graylag Goose: 12 at Crescent Lake Park, St. Petersburg {Pinellas) 13 Oct included young produced earlier in the year (L, & R. Smith). Snow Goose: 1 white morph at Crest Lake {Pinellas) 4-14 Oct (P. Trunk); 1 white-morph adult with a flock of 250 American White Pelicans over Green Key, New Port Richey {Pasco) 6 Nov (D. Gagne); 1 at Sebastian Inlet SP {Brevard) 6 Nov (A. Bankert); 2 57 58 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST (adult blue morph, juvenile white morph) at Merritt Island NWR (Brevard) 8 Nov (M, Harris), and 2 there 30 Nov (T. Dunkerton); 12 (both morphs) over Holiday (Pasco) 9 Nov (D. Gagne); 7 at Clermont (Lake) 25 Nov (M. Gardler); 8 over Biscayne Bay (Mi- ami-Dade) 28 Nov (R. Torres). Brant: 4 at Smyrna Dunes Park, New Smyrna Beach (Volusia) 21 Oct (B. Sanders, photo to FOG). Canada Goose: 75 at Liza Jackson Park, Fort Walton Beach (Okaloosa) 10 Aug (E, Kwa- ter); 1 at Melbourne (Brevard) 21 Sep (J. Wherley). Black Swan: 5 at Palm Harbor (Pinellas) 9 Aug (M. Gardler). Tundra Swan: 1 juvenile at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP (Alachua) 29 Nov-EOS (C. Lit- tle wood et ah). Egyptian Goose: 1 adult at The Villages (Sumter) was incubating a nest built on the roof of a house 5 Aug (J. Dinsmore). Wood Duck: 152 at Lake Apopka NSRA 18 Oct (H. Robinson). Gadwall: 228 at Lake Apopka NSRA 24 Nov (H. Robinson). Eurasian WigeoN: 1 adult male at Lake Apopka NSRA 19 Nov-EOS (H. Robinson). American Black Duck: 1 along Cockroach Bay Road, Ruskin (Hillsborough) 27 Nov- EOS (R. Smith, B. Ahern et aL, photo to FOC by J. Mangold). Mottled Duck: 140 at Merritt Island NWR 25 Aug (D. Freeland, M. Gardler); 540 at STA- 5, 18 Sep (M. England et al.); 175 at Pa3mes Prairie Preserve SP 28 Nov (A. Kratter). Blue-winged Teal: 20 over Holiday 18 Aug (D. Gagne); 3,000 at Duda Farms, Belle Glade (Palm Beach) 18 Sep (C. Weber, J. Key); 1,550 at Lake Apopka NSRA 27 Oct (H. Robinson). Ringed Teal: 1 male at the junction of State Road 880 and Sam Senter Road (Palm Beach) 5 Sep (V. McGrath, photo to FOC). *White-CHEEKED Pintail: 1 at Deerfield Beach (Broward) 2-14 Oct (H. Krahe, photos to FOC). Green-winged TeaI: 1,420 at Lake Apopka NSRA 21 Nov (H. Robinson). Greater Scaup: 5 at Lake Apopka NSRA 14 Nov (H. Robinson). Lesser Scaup: 1 along Cockroach Bay Road 5 Aug (B. Landry). Common Eider: 1 juvenile male at St. Augustine (St. Johns) 11-13 Nov (Z. McKenna et al.); 5 (3 females and 2 juvenile males) flew past Ormond-By-The-Sea (Volusia) 27 Nov (M. Brothers). Surf Scoter: 3 at Titusville (Brevard) 5-17 Nov (D. Freeland et al.); 2 south of Titusville 9 Nov (M. Harris); 1 brought to Suncoast Seabird Sanctuary (Pinellas) 10 Nov (fide R. Smith); 2 at Bald Point SP (Franklin) 11 Nov (J. Murphy). White-winged Scoter: 4 passed Playalinda Beach, Canaveral NS (Brevard) 7 Nov (M. Harris); 2 at Manatee Hammock Park, Titusville 15 Nov (J. Hintermister et al.). Long-tailed Duck: 1 at W Pensacola (Santa Rosa) 22 Nov (B. & S. Yates). Bufflehead: 1 at Palm Harbor 21 Nov-EOS (D. Gagne); 3 at Tierra Verde (Pinellas) 24 Nov (E, Plage); 2 at New Port Richey 26 Nov (D. Gagne); 11 in female plumage along Cockroach Bay Road 26 Nov-EOS (C. Cox et al.); 7 female-plumaged along Fruitville Road (Sarasota) 27 Nov-EOS (K. Young et al.); 7 at Lake Apopka NSRA 28 Nov (H. Robinson). Common Goldeneye: 1 female-plumaged along Fruitville Road 27 Nov-EOS (K. Young et al.). Ruddy Duck: 1 male at Tierra Verde 2-3 Aug, and 1 female there 5 Sep-EOS (R. Smith et al.); 1 male in alternate plumage at STA-5, 6 Aug (K. Vaughan, photo to FOC); 7,450 at Lake Apopka NSRA 17 Nov (H. Robinson). Chukar: 1 near Chumuckla (Santa Rosa) 30 Oct (A. Harper, P. James). Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus): 1 female at Genius Preserve, Winter Park (Orange) 8 Aug-EOS. The female and a male were released nearby 2-3 months earlier (B. Anderson et al.). Field Observations 59 Pacific Loon: 1 at Ocean Pond, Osceola NF (Baker) 25 Nov (B. Richter). Common Loon: 1 off Naples Beach (Collier) 24 Aug (G. Fisher). Pied-billed Grebe: 344 at STA-5, 18 Sep, and 500 there 30 Oct (M. England et ah); 70 at Fort Walton Beach STF (Okaloosa) 8 Nov (B. Duncan); 945 at Lake Apopka NSRA 26 Nov (H. Robinson). Horned Grebe: 61 at Green Key 15 Nov (D. Gagne et al.). Eared Grebe: 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve, Ruskin 26 Nov-EOS (D. Gagne, C. Cox et al). American Flamingo: 1 at Snake Bight, Everglades NP (Miami-Dade or Monroe) 21 Aug (B. Roberts). Black-capped PetreI: 3 off Ponce de Leon Inlet (Volusia) 14 Nov (M. Brothers et al.). Cory’s Shearwater: 150 or more off Ponce de Leon Inlet 14 Nov (M. Brothers et al.); 1 from Fort Pickens, Gulf Islands NS (Escambia) 15 Nov, and 2 from there 16 Nov (B. & L. Duncan). Great Shearwater: singles off Clearwater Beach (Pinellas) 4 Aug (S. Czaplicki) and 9 Sep (N. Goddard); 1 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 14 Nov (M. Brothers et al.); 1 from Fort Pickens 30 Nov (B. & L. Duncan). Sooty Shearwater: 2 from Fort Pickens 15 Nov (B. & L. Duncan). *Manx Shearwater: 1 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 14 Nov (M. Brothers et al.). Audubon’s Shearwater: 2 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 14 Nov (M. Brothers et al.); 3 from Fort Pickens 15 Nov, 6 from there 16 Nov, and 2 there 30 Nov (B. & L. Duncan). Leach’s Storm-Petrel: 2 at Patrick AFB (Brevard) 1 Sep (D. Freeland). Shearwater species: 10 from Fort Pickens, Gulf Islands NS 15 Nov, and 11 there 16 Nov (B. & L. Duncan). *Red-BILLED Tropicbird: 1 bird at 27.71°N, 87.27°W, 156 nm south of the Alabama/ Florida line (Escambia) or 239 nm due west of Bradenton (Manatee) 4 Aug (N. God- dard, W. Irvine); 1 immature off Fort Lauderdale Beach (Broward) 15 Oct (R. Titus). Masked Booby: 1 adult 7 nm off Clearwater Beach 13 Aug (S. Czaplicki). Brown Booby: 1 at Apollo Beach, Canaveral NS (Volusia) 20 Sep (M. Brothers). Northern GANNEt: 1 juvenile on the beach at Keewaydin Island (Collier) 9 Aug (R. Wil- son, photo to FOC); 1,200 passed Fort Pickens 15 Nov in 5 hr (B. & L. Duncan). American White Pelican: 10 at Snake Bight, Everglades NP 21 Aug (B. Roberts); 80 at Cedar Key (Levy) 18 Sep (M. Gardler); 87 soaring SE over Werner-Boyce Salt Springs SP, Port Richey (Pasco) 6 Oct (D. Gagne); 1,200 in Okaloosa and Santa Rosa 31 Oct (A. Harper, P. James) furnished the highest total for the W Panhandle; 266 over Green Key 6 Nov (D. Gagne); 800 at Shell Key Preserve (Pinellas) 20 Nov (R. Smith et al.); 900 at Tarpon Key (Pinellas) 24 Nov (E. Plage). Brown Pelican: 1 at Lake Lochloosa (Alachua) 20 Aug (G. Stephens); 475 at Apalachi- cola Bay (Franklin) 9 Oct (R. Cassidy). Great Cormorant: 1 juvenile at Wiera Wetlands” 28 Oct-22 Nov (J. Hintermister et al.). AnhingA: 499 at Lake Apopka NSRA 8 Aug (H. Robinson); 800 at Hooker’s Prairie Mine (Polk) 13 Oct (C. Geanangel et al.). Magnificent Frigatebird: 1 at Guana River WMA (St. Johns) 1 Aug (A. Turner et al.); 112 at Honeymoon Island SP (Pinellas) 27 Aug (D. Gagne); 1,750 at Marco Island (Collier) 11 Sep (T. Below), and 1 male there 19 Oct that had been tagged at Barbuda, 2,400 km away (T. & V. Below); 300 over Tierra Verde 12 Sep (E. Kwater); 15 females over Holiday 16 Nov (D. Gagne); 4 at Alligator Point (Franklin) 26 Nov (J. Murphy). American Bittern: 24 at Lake Apopka NSRA 3 Nov (H. Robinson). Great Blue Heron: 1 white morph at Seahorse Key, Cedar Keys NWR (Levy) 27 Jun- late Oct (D. Maple); 2 white morphs along Cockroach Bay Road 28 Aug-23 Sep (E. Kwater et al., photo to FOC). Great Egret: 1,600 at Duda Farms, Belle Glade 18 Sep (C. Weber, J, Key); 220 at Hooker’s Prairie Mine 13 Oct (C. Geanangel et al.). 60 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Snowy Egret: 800 at Duda Farms, Belle Glade 18 Sep (C. Weber, J. Key); 450 at Hooker’s Prairie Mine 13 Oct (C. Geanangel et al.). Little Blue Heron: of several juveniles feeding in the tops of oaks at J. B. Starkey Wil- derness Park, New Port Richey 12 Sep, 1 caught a tree frog (K. Tracey). Tricolored Heron: 650 (90% juveniles) at Merritt Island NWR 14 Aug (E. Kwater). Reddish Egret: 30 at Merritt Island NWR 14 Aug (E. Kwater). White-faced Ibis: 1 remained at Trinity (Pasco) all season (K. Tracey et al.); 2 at St. Marks NWR (Wakulla) 7 Nov (J. Simpson). Wood Stork: 1,000 at Duda Farms, Belle Glade 18 Sep (C. Weber, J. Key). Osprey: 71 passed Guana River WMA between 0700-1400 hrs 2 Oct (D. Reed). Swallow-tailed Kite: 390 at Lake Apopka NSRA 4 Aug (H. Robinson); 35 at Sanibel Is- land (Lee) 11 Aug (K. Burgener). White-tailed Kite: 1 adult along US-27 ca. 24 km south of South Bay (Palm Beach) 2 Oct (G. Schrott) and 1 adult along US-27 north of STA-3/4 (Palm Beach) 12 Oct (P. Gray, photo to FOG) may refer to the same location; 1 at Frog Pond WMA (Miami- Dade) 15 Oct (R. Featherly). Snail Kite: 27 at STA-5, 18 Sep (M. England et al.); 30 at Devil’s Garden (Hendry) 1 Oct (M. England et ah); 1 at “Viera Wetlands” 28 Oct-6 Nov (J. Hintermister et al.). Mississippi Kite: 1 at The Villages (Marion) 11 Aug (A. Horst); 3 juveniles in the Upper Keys (Monroe) and 6 at Curry Hammock SP (Monroe) 15 Oct (M. Gardler). Northern Harrier: 1 at Taminco/Air Products Sanctuary (Santa Rosa) 4-24 Aug (L. Kelly, L. Goodman); 75 at Lake Apopka NSRA 21 Nov (H. Robinson). Broad-winged Hawk: 800 at Fort Zachary Taylor Historic SP, Key West (Monroe) 18 Oct headed NW toward the Marquesas Keys (C. Goodrich). Short-tailed Hawk: 16 reports of at least 17 individuals (7 dark, 7 light, 3 unknown) from Pasco, Orange, and Volusia south to Lee and Indian River, all singles except 2 dark morphs at New Port Richey 7 Sep (K. Tracey); 2 (1 dark and 1 light) at James Grey Preserve, New Port Richey 12 Sep (D. Gagne); and 2 light morphs over Fort Drum Marsh Conservation Area (Indian River) 30 Oct (B. Wagner, T. Knowles). Swainson’S Hawk: 1 light morph over Shiloh Marsh, Merritt Island NWR (Volusia) 22 Oct (M. Harris); 1 adult dark morph over Tavares (Lake) 29 Oct (G. Quigley); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 31 Oct (H. Robinson); 1 at West Kendall (Miami-Dade) 2 Nov (J. Boyd); 1 light morph at Ferndale Preserve, Minneola (Lake) 3 Nov (G. Quigley); 1 light morph over Blackwater Creek Preserve (Hillsborough) 7 Nov (D. Goodwin, E. Haney et al.); 8 light morphs at Frog Pond WMA 21 Nov (M. Berney). Crested CaracarA: 1 nestling at Orlando Wetlands Park (Orange) fledged 1 Aug (C. Pierce); 1 at Frog Pond WMA 8 Aug-21 Nov (L. Manfredi, M. Berney et al.); 1 over West Frostproof (Polk) 16 Sep (R. Spurlock). Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug): 1 at Indian Rocks Beach (Pinellas) 17-25 Aug that had leather anklets on both legs was later found with a broken leg and transported to Suncoast Seabird Sanctuary (fide S. Patterson, photos to FOC). Peregrine Falcon: 1 over Dunedin Hammock Park, Dunedin (Pinellas) 28 Aug (B. Pranty, K. Nelson); 4 at Honeymoon Island SP 29 Sep (D. Gagne); 109 passed Guana River WMA between 0700-1400 hrs 2 Oct (D. Reed). Black Rail: 3 or more heard calling near South Bay (Palm Beach) 28 Aug ( J. Boyd); 1 heard calling along Fort Island Trail (Citrus) 14 Sep (A. Paul); 1 at Bottoms Road (Wakulla) 19 Sep (L. & R. Cassidy); 1 heard calling at Bethea SF (Baker) 23 Oct (B. Richter). Common Moorhen: 6,400 at STA-5, 18 Sep (M. England et al.); 5,100 at Lake Apopka NSRA 18-22 Oct (H. Robinson). American Coot: 1 with Willets and Laughing Gulls along the beach at Fort De Soto Park (Pinellas) 29 Oct (J. Gray); 24,900 at Lake Apopka NSRA 7 Nov (H. Robin- son). Field Observations 61 Table 1. Notable shorebirds observed along a 40-km route from Marco Island to Round Knee {Collier) 21 Oct (T. & V. Below). Species Numbers Black-bellied Plover 192 Snowy Plover 1 Wilson’s Plover 37 Semipalmated Plover 101 American Oystercatcher 32 Willet 694 Long-billed Curlew 1 Marbled Godwit 63 Ruddy Turnstone 228 Red Knot 157 Sanderling 230 Western Sandpiper 823 Short-billed Dowitcher 1,700 Limpkin: 45 at Wellington Environmental Preserve, Wellington {Palm Beach) 12 Nov (N. Price); 21 east of Seven Springs {Pasco) 27 Nov (K. Tracey); 5 at Lake Jackson {Leon) 28 Nov (H. Hooper, L. Reynolds). Sandhill Crane: 5 in E Jefferson 20 Nov (R. Cassidy). Black-bellied Plover: 150 at Fort De Soto Park 17 Sep (H. Winfrey et al); 600 at Duda Farms, Belle Glade 18 Sep (C. Weber, J. Key); 230 at Crandon Park Beach, Key Bis- cayne {Miami-Dade) 26 Oct (R. Diaz). American Golden-Plover: as many as 6 at Shiloh Marsh, Merritt Island NWR 4-6 Sep (A. Bankert), and 1 there 29 Sep-22 Oct (M. Harris et ah); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 7 Sep (M. Gardler); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 20-22 Oct (H. Robinson); 2 at Wiera Wet- lands” 28 Oct (M. Harris et ah). Snowy Plover: 3 juveniles in NE Nassau 6-7 Aug (P. Leary); 1 at Little Talbot Island SP {Duval) 13 Sep (K. Dailey); 12 at Siesta Beach {Sarasota) 24 Oct (V. Ponzo); 48 at An- clote Key Preserve SP {Pinellas) 15 Nov (H. Winfrey et al.). Wilson’s Plover: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 14 Aug (E. Kwater), and 2 there 26 Aug (D. Freeland, M, Gardler); 19 at Crandon Park Beach 12 Oct (R. Diaz); 12 at Anclote Key Preserve SP 15 Nov (H. Winfrey et al.). Semipalmated Plover: 130 at Shell Key Preserve 1 Aug (R. Smith); 195 along Gandy Causeway {Pinellas) 20 Aug (D. Gagne); 159 at Bird Islands, Nassau Sound {Nassau) 12 Oct (P. Leary). Piping Plover: 2 at Shell Key Preserve 1 Aug, and 11 there 24 Oct (R. Smith); 1 at Okaloosa 17-19 Aug (E. Kwater); 13 at Little Talbot Island SP 22 Aug (P. Leary); 11 at Hone5mioon Island SP 18 Sep (D. Gagne et al.); 39 at Crandon Park Beach 26 Oct (R. Diaz). Black-necked Stilt: 432 at Lake Apopka NSRA 4 Aug (H. Robinson). American Avocet: 25 at Merritt Island NWR 9 Aug (M. Harris); 2 at Belle Glade 21 Aug (C. Ewell et al.); 3 at Snake Bight, Everglades NP 21 Aug (B. Roberts); as many as 13 at Green Key 14 Oct-18 Nov (K. Tracey, D. Gagne); 8 along Cockroach Bay Road 27 Oct (C. Cox); 5 at Southwood {Leon) 6 Nov (J. Simpson). Spotted Sandpiper: 20 at Snake Bight, Everglades NP 21 Aug (B. Roberts); 11 at Rook- ery Bay NERR {Collier) 28 Aug (T. Below). Greater Yellowlegs: 1,000 at Duda Farms, Belle Glade 18 Sep (C. Weber, J. Key). Willet: 4 at Lake Apopka NSRA 22 Aug (H. Robinson); 12 at Duda Farms, Belle Glade 18 Sep (C. Weber, J. Key); 357 at Bird Islands and along the Amelia River {Nassau & Duval) 12 Oct (P. Leary). 62 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Lesser Yellowlegs: 650 at STA-5, 18 Sep (M. England et aL); 2,100 at Duda Farms, Belle Glade 18 Sep (C. Weber, J. Key). Upland Sandpiper: as many as 13 at King Ranch, Belle Glade 8-21 Aug (M. Berney); 1 at Bunnell {Flagler) 16 Aug (M. Brothers); 3 at Deauville {Flagler) 18 Aug (D. Freeland); 7 east of Browns Farm Road, Belle Glade 21 Aug (M. Berney); 4 at Apalachicola {Franklin) 12 Aug (J. Murphy); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 8 Oct (H. Rob- inson). Whimbrel: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 12 Aug (D. Freeland); 2 at Sand Bay, Holiday 19 Aug (D. Gagne); 6 at Honeymoon Island SP 20 Sep (H. Winfrey et al.); 1 at Robinson Preserve {Sarasota) 21 Sep (D. Irizarry); 3 at Caxambas Pass, Marco Island 31 Oct (T. & V. Below). Long-billed Curlew: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 6 Aug-3 Nov (L. & T. Bell et al); 1 at Tyn- dall AFB {Bay) 20 Aug (N. Lamb, T. Menart). Hudsonian GodwiT: 1 at Davis Park {St. Johns) 19 Sep (A. Kent et al., photos to FOG by A. Thornton). Red Knot: 450 at Fort De Soto Park 31 Aug (C. Cox, L. Deaner); 380 at Shell Key Pre- serve 12 Sep (R. Smith); 5 at Lake Apopka NSRA 17 Sep (H. Robinson). Sanderling: 2 at freshwater ponds along Cockroach Bay Road 10 Sep (C. Cox); 280 at Fort De Soto Park 15 Sep (R. Smith); 5 at Duda Farms, Belle Glade 18 Sep (C. Weber, J. Key); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 22 Oct (H. Robinson). White-rumped Sandpiper: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 14-17 Aug (E. Kwater), and as many as 4 there 26 Aug-22 Oct {fide A. Bankert); 1 at Pelican Island NWR {Indian River) 22 Aug (A. Bankert); 2 at Bunnell 23 Aug (M. Brothers); 1 at Okaloosa Holding Ponds 24-25 Aug (E. Kwater); 1 at Cedar Key 18 Sep (M. Gardler); 1 or singles at Lake Apopka NSRA 15-18 Oct and 27 Oct (H. Robinson). Baird’S Sandpiper: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 26 Aug (M. Harris). Pectoral Sandpiper: 140 at Elkton {Putnam) 2 Aug (M. Hafner); 73 at Okaloosa Holding Ponds 9 Aug (E. Kwater); 60 at Merritt Island NWR 14 Aug (E. Kwater); 200 at King Ranch, Belle Glade 4 Sep (E. Kwater); 50 at the Sarasota Celery Fields 10 Sep (R. Smith, C. Cox); 39 at Hooker’s Prairie Mine 13 Oct (C. Geanan- gel et al.). Dunlin: 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 16-24 Oct (M. Hafner, A. Kent et al.); 200 at Fort De Soto Park 20 Oct (R. Smith); 220 at Anclote Key Preserve SP 15 Nov (H. Win- frey et al.). Stilt Sandpiper: 314 at Hooker’s Prairie Mine 13 Oct (C. Geanangel et al.). Buff-breasted Sandpiper: 18 reports of 26 individuals statewide, all singles except 2 at Elkton 26 Aug (M. Hafner); as many as 6 at Homestead {Miami-Dade) 2-8 Sep (L. Manfredi, J. Boyd et al.); 2 along Avon Park Cut-off Road {Polk) 10 Sep (R. Morris); and 2 at the Sarasota Celery Fields 10-11 Sep (C. Cox). Ruff: 1 at Shiloh Marsh, Merritt Island NWR 14 Sep (M. Harris). Short-billed Dowitcher: 709 at Bird Islands and along the Amelia River 12 Oct (P. Leary). Long-billed Dowitcher: 650 at Lake Apopka NSRA 29 Oct (H. Robinson); 83 along Cockroach Bay Road, Ruskin 26 Nov (D. Gagne, C. Cox). Wilson’s Snipe: 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 18 Sep (D. Gagne); 200 at Hooker’s Prairie Mine 13 Oct (C. Geanangel et al.). American Woodcock: 4 at Palatlakaha Environmental and Agricultural Reserve Park, Okahumpka {Lake) 10 Nov (G. Quigley). Wilson’s Phalarope: as many as 3 daily at Okaloosa Holding Ponds 9-19 Aug (E. Kwa- ter); as many as 4 at Merritt Island NWR 13-18 Aug (M. Harris), and 1 there 19 Nov (T. Dunkerton); 34 at Duda Farms, Belle Glade 22 Aug (C, Weber); as many as 7 at Shiloh Marsh, Merritt Island NWR 14 Sep-22 Oct (M. Harris, J. Stefancic et al.); 27 at Hooker’s Prairie Mine 13 Oct (C. Geanangel et al.). Field Observations 63 Red-necked Phalarope: 1 at Virginia Key (Miami-Dade) 22 Sep (R. Diaz); 1 at Bunche Beach, Fort Myers (Lee) 27 Sep (V. McGrath); singles at Shiloh Marsh, Merritt Island NWR 12 Oct (M. Harris, M. Brothers) and 7 Nov (J. Stefancic, photo to FOG). Red Phalarope: 3 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 14 Nov (M. Brothers et ah). Sabine’s Gull: 1 at Melbourne Beach {Brevard) 17 Sep (A. Bankert); 1 juvenile at Apollo Beach, Canaveral NS 20 Sep (M. Brothers); 1 juvenile passed Patrick AFB 8 Nov (D. Freeland). Laughing Gull: 1 with orange bill and legs and some white feathers in the mantle at Ponce Inlet (Volusia) 9 Sep (M. Brothers, photo to FOG); 1 with “orangey-pink” bill and legs at the Sarasota Celery Fields 10 Sep (C. Cox, photo to FOC). Franklin’s Gull: 7 single juveniles, believed to be different individuals, observed one day each at Ponce Inlet 19-26 Oct, and another there 4 Nov (M. Brothers et ah); 2 or more at West Cocoa Landfill {Brevard) 30 Oct (D. Freeland); 1 juvenile at New Smyrna Beach {yolusia) 1 Nov was missing one leg (M. Brothers); 1 at Central Brevard Disposal Facil- ity, Cocoa {Brevard) 5 Nov (M. Harris); 1 or singles at Da3dona Beach Shores (Volusia) 19 and 29 Nov (M. Brothers); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 24 Nov (H. Robinson). *Thayer’S Gull: 1 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 14 Nov (M. Brothers et ah, photo to FOC by M. Harris); 1 first-winter at Ponce de Leon Inlet 22 Nov (M. Brothers, photos to FOC). Lesser Black-backed Gull: 30 (3 adults) at Crandon Park Beach 9 Sep (R. Diaz); more than 150 (87 adults) at Ponce de Leon Inlet 22 Nov (M. Brothers). Great Black-backed Gull: 3 at Crandon Park Beach 25 Aug (R. Diaz). Brown Noddy: 1 from Fort Pickens 15 Nov (B. & L. Duncan). Least Tern: 294 at Gandy Causeway 20 Aug (D. Gagne); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 22 Oct (H. Winfrey et al.). Gull-billed Tern: as many as 2 (adult and juvenile) along Gandy Causeway 3-20 Aug (C. Gjervold, R. Smith et al.); 3 at Lake Apopka NSRA 4 Aug (H. Robinson); 3 (2 adults and 1 juvenile) along Cockroach Bay Road 23-28 Aug (E. Kwater); 5 at Fort Lauderdale Beach 6 Sep (R. Titus); 30 at Duda Farms, Belle Glade 18 Sep (C. Weber, J. Key); 2 at Crandon Park Beach 22 Sep (R. Diaz). Caspian Tern: 54 at Bird Islands 12 Oct (P. Leary); 51 at Hooker’s Prairie Mine 13 Oct (C. Geanangel et al.). Black Tern: 20 passed Green Key 6 Aug (K. Tracey); 720 along Gandy Causeway 6 Aug (R. Smith); of 60 along Cockroach Bay Road 27 Aug, 1 had bright reddish legs and a reddish-orange base to the bill (E. Kwater). Common Tern: 200 at Fort De Soto Park 5 Sep (R. Smith); 1 at Newnans Lake {Alachua) 1 Oct (R. Rowan, M. Hafner); perhaps 10,000 at North Anclote Bar {Pasco) 1 Oct (K. Tracey). Sandwich Tern: 540 at Honeymoon Island SP 6 Aug (D. Gagne); 47 at Fort Lauderdale Beach 6 Sep (R. Titus); 67 at a pond along Bullfrog Creek Road, Riverview {Hillsbor- ough) 8 Sep (E. Kwater). Black Skimmer: 7 chicks fledged at Bird Islands 4 Aug, the first successful regional fledging in many years (P. Leary); 1,300 at Bunche Beach, Fort Myers 31 Oct (V. McGrath); 210 at Indian Pass {Gulf) 28 Nov (L. & R. Cassidy). POMARINE JAEGER: 1 in Bay 6 Oct (R. Rose); 35 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 14 Nov (M. Broth- ers et al.). Long-tailed Jaeger: 1 juvenile at Ponce de Leon Inlet 1 Sep (M, Brothers), and 1 off there 14 Nov (M. Hafner et ah); 1 juvenile at Opal Beach, Gulf Islands NS {Escambia) 6 Sep (K. Jones, photos to FOC). Jaeger species: 300, mostly Pomarine, from Playalinda Beach, Canaveral NS 12 Nov (M. Harris). White-winged Dove: 31 at The Villages {Marion) 2 Aug (J. Dinsmore). Diamond Dove: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 6 and 22 Aug (H. Robinson); 1 along the US-90 causeway {Santa Rosa) 19-21 Sep (M. Griggs, L. Duncan, photos to FOC). 64 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST COCKATIEL: 1 at St. Petersburg 27 Nov (D. & L. Margeson). Budgerigar: 1 blue morph at Gadsden Park, Tampa {Hillsborough) 31 Oct (C, Fisher); 1 at Lake Lisa Park, Port Richey (Pasco) 16 Oct (K. Tracey); 1 at Merritt Island (Brevard) 8 Nov (D, Freeland); 1 blue-and-white morph at Tampa 22 Nov (P. Graber, photo to FOG). Monk Parakeet: 1 at Leesburg (Lake) 14 Nov (L. Streeper). Black-hooded Parakeet: 66 at Holiday 26 Aug (D. Gagne); 25 at Parkland (Broward) 25 Oct (R. Titus, J. Hutchison). Blue-crowned Parakeet: 42 at St. Petersburg 9 Nov (R. Smith). Sun Parakeet: 6 over Weekiwachee Preserve (Hernando) 15 Nov (A. & B. Hansen). White-eyed Parakeet: 1 juvenile at Port Orange (Volusia) was taken to a wildlife reha- bilitation center 31 Aug (fide M. Brothers, photos to FOG). Mitred Parakeet: 70 at Fort Lauderdale (Broward) 5 Oct (R. Titus); 150 at Kendall (Mi- ami-Dade) 22 Oct (M. Gardler). White-winged Parakeet: 1 with 5 Monk Parakeets at Holiday 10 Sep (D. Gagne). Yellow-billed Guckoo: 1 at Emeralda Marsh Gonservation Area (Lake) 2 Nov (L. Felker); 1 at J. B. Starkey Wilderness Park 6 Nov (K. Tracey); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 23 Nov (F. Goodwin). Mangrove Guckoo: 1 at Gurry Hammock SP, Marathon (Monroe) 16 Oct (G. Goodrich, M. Gardler); 1 at Bill Baggs Gape Florida, Key Biscayne SP 27 Oct (R. Diaz). Black-billed Guckoo: 1 at John Ghesnut Park, Palm Harbor 25 Aug (G. Deterra, photo to FOG); 1 at Lower Suwannee NWR (Levy) 18 Sep (M. Gardler); 1 at Mead Garden, Winter Park 1 Oct (M. Sharpe et ah); 1 at Gaptain Forster’s Hammock Preserve (In- dian River) 2 Oct (D. Simpson); 1 juvenile at Honeymoon Island SP 3 Oct (L. Streeper, photo to FOG); 1 at Newnans Lake 4 Oct (J. Hintermister); 1 at Paynes Prairie Pre- serve SP 5 Oct (J. Hintermister); 1 at Lake Gity (Columbia) 8 Oct (J. Krummrich); 1 juvenile at St. Marks NWR 10 Oct (G. Davis et al.); 1 at Genius Preserve, Winter Park 17 Oct (B. Anderson et al.). Smooth-billed Ani: 2 along Browns Farm Road, Belle Glade 21 Aug (A. Murray, K. Wil- lis et al.); 2 at Dupuis WEA (Palm Beach) 28 Aug (D, Hipson); 1 along Blumberg Road, Glewiston (Hendry) 4 Sep (A. & J. Galbraith). Groove-billed AnI: as many as 4 at Bald Point (Franklin) 10-11 Oct (J. Murphy, J. Hin- termister et al.); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 16 Oct-25 Nov (A. Kent, G. Faul- haber et al.); 1 at Fort Pickens 21-25 Nov (K. McMullen et al.). Burrowing Owl: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 7-9 Oct (R. Smith); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor Historic SP, Key West 15-21 Oct (G. Goodrich, M. Gardler). *Long-EARED Owl: 1 heard before dawn over Gainesville (Alachua) 10 Oct (G. Gordon, details to FOSRG). Short-eared Owl: 1 at Three Rooker Island (Pinellas) 9 Nov (H. Winfrey et al.). Gommon Nighthawk: 108 over St. Petersburg 28 Aug (E. Haney); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 3 Nov (R. Smith). Eastern Whip-poor-will: 1 in song at Gainesville 25 Aug (A. Kratter). Buff-bellied Hummingbird: 1 at Niceville (Okaloosa) 18 Sep (R. Gollehon, photo to FOG). Ruby-throated Hummingbird: 30 at Genius Preserve, Winter Park 25 Sep (B. Ander- son et al.). Black-chinned Hummingbird: 1 juvenile male at Gedar Key 12-13 Oct (D. Henderson). Rufous Hummingbird: 1 at Alachua (Alachua) 28 Aug (G. Hart); 1 at Mead Garden, Winter Park 8 Sep ( J. Macdonald); 1 at Altamonte Springs (Seminole) 30 Sep-EOS (P. Hueber et al.); 1 female at Genius Preserve, Winter Park 30-31 Oct (B. Anderson et al.). Red-headed Woodpecker: 4 juveniles were caching acorns in a hollow metal signpost at Timber Oaks, Bayonet Point (Pasco) 1 Nov (K. Tracey). Field Observations 65 Olive-sided Flycatcher: 1 at Walsingham Park (Pinellas) 9 Sep (C. Panessa, photo to FOC); 1 at Gainesville 29 Sep (M. Manetz); 1 at Columbia City (Columbia) 1 Oct (J, Krummrich). Eastern Wood-Pewee: 8 at Honeymoon Island SP 27 Aug (D. Gagne); 14 at Gulf Breeze (Santa Rosa) 27 Sep (B. & L. Duncan); 10 at Fort Zachary Taylor Historic SP, Key West 15 Oct (C. Goodrich, M. Gardler). *CUBAN Pewee: 1 at Long Pine Key, Everglades NP (Miami-Dade) 5-26 Sep (L. Manfredi et ah, photos to FOC). Yellow-bellied Flycatcher: 1 seen and heard calling at St. George Island SP (Frank- lin) 18 Sep (J. Murphy, details to FOC); 1 seen and heard calling at Lower Suwannee NWR 18 Sep (M. Gardler); 1 at Long Pine Key, Everglades NP 21 Sep (L. Manfredi, M. Berney); 1 that called at Tallahassee (Leon) 26 Sep (J. Cavanagh); 1 at O’Leno SP (Alachua) 26 Oct (J. Hintermister). *Alder Flycatcher: 8 heard calling at Southern Glades WEA (Miami-Dade) 28 Aug (M. Berney), and 3 there 11 Sep (J. Boyd). *WlLLOW Flycatcher: 1 heard calling at Gulf Breeze 28 Aug (B. & L. Duncan); 1 that called and responded to tape playback at Tall Cypress Natural Area (Broward) 22 Oct (R. Titus, J. Hutchison). Least Flycatcher: 2 at Lower Suwannee NWR 18 Sep (M. Gardler); 2 at J. B. Starkey Wilderness Park 26 Sep (D. Gagne); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 24 Oct (M. Manetz). *Say’S Phoebe: 1 along Ranch Road, Astatula (Lake) 6 Nov-EOS (G. Quigley) presum- ably had returned for its fourth winter. Vermilion Flycatcher: 1 in female plumage in Wakulla 14 Oct (S. McCool); 1 at Fort Walton Beach STF 15 Oct-27 Nov (B. Purdy, B. Tetlow et al.); 1 female at Bald Point SP 15 Oct (J. Murphy). Ash-throated Flycatcher: 1 at Fort Pickens 21-29 Oct (D. Sparks et al); 1 at Fort Walton Beach STF 23 Oct-19 Nov (B. Duncan et aL); 1 at St. George Island SP 29 Oct (J. Cavanagh, details to FOC); 1 at Boyd Hill Nature Preserve, St. Petersburg 6-12 Nov (D. Goodwin et al., photos to FOC by D. Margeson); 2 at Lake Apopka NSRA 14 Nov (H. Robinson); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 19-20 Nov (L. Davis, M. Manetz). Brown-crested Flycatcher: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 28 Nov (H. Robinson). *Sulphur-BELLIED Flycatcher: 1 at Fort Pickens 3-7 Oct (B. & J. Calloway et al., pho- tos to FOC). *Tropical Kingbird: 1 heard calling at Virginia Key 13 Oct (R. Diaz, photos to FOC). *Cassin’S Kingbird: 1 at STA-5 for the third consecutive winter 30 Oct-EOS (M. En- gland et al.). Western Kingbird: singles at Fort De Soto Park 29 Sep (R. Smith), 6-7 Nov (S. Pratt et al.), and 19 Nov (D. Irizarry); 1 east of Brooksville (Hernando) 10-13 Oct (K. Wood); 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 10 Oct (T. Mast); 1 at Tallahassee 12 Oct (R. Cassidy); 1 at Three Rooker Island 9 Nov (H. Winfrey et al.); 1 at Gadsden Park 27 Nov (C. Fisher); 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 27-28 Nov (C. Fisher et al.). Eastern Kingbird: 1 north of Hudson (Pasco) 13 Aug (B. Pranty); 7 over Holiday 20 Aug (D. Gagne); 9 at Fort De Soto Park 25 Aug (R. Smith et al.); 46 at Shark Valley, Ev- erglades NP (Miami-Dade) 6 Sep (R. Titus). Gray Kingbird: 1 at Elkton 4 Aug (M. Hafner); 28 at Honeymoon Island SP 6 Aug (D. Gagne); 1 along Deer Fence Road (Hendry) 22 Nov (M. England et al., photo to FOC). SCISSOR-TAILED FLYCATCHER: 1 east of Brooksville 9-13 Oct (K. Wood); 1 at San Antonio (Pasco) 17 Oct-EOS (M. White); 1 or singles at Fort De Soto Park 22 Oct, 30-31 Oct, and 17 Nov (D. Snell, J. Hooks et al.); 1 in N St. Lucie 29 Oct (B. Wagner); 1 at Min- neola 3 Nov (J. Stefancic); 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 7 Nov-EOS (C. Fredricks et al.). *Thick-BILLED VireO: 1 at Crandon Park 13-18 Nov (H. Hopkins et al., photo to FOC). 66 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Bell’s VireO: 1 at Naval Live Oaks, Gulf Islands NS {Santa Rosa) 5 Sep (A. Harper); 1 at St. George Island SP 5 Sep (J. Murphy, details to FOG); 1 at Alligator Point 9 Oct (J. Murphy et ah, photos to FOG by J. Mangold); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park (Ml- ami-Dade) 26 Oct (B. Rapoza et aL). Yellow-throated VireO: 4 at Fort De Soto Park 25 Aug (R. Smith, E. Plage). Warbling Vireo: 1 at St. George Island SP 3 Oct (R. Gassidy, details to FOG). Philadelphia Vireo: 10 reports statewide 20 Sep-31 Oct, all of singles except 2 at Hon- eymoon Island SP 29 Sep (D. Gagne). Red-eyed Vireo: 84 at St. Petersburg 25 Aug, and 75+ there 26 Aug (E. Haney); 35 at Dunedin Hammock Park 28 Aug (B. Pranty, K. Nelson). Black-whiskered Vireo: 1 at St. George Island SP 25 Sep (J. Murphy, G. Borg). House Grow: 2 at Palmetto {Manatee) 27 Oct (B. Pranty, J. Greenlaw). White-necked Raven {Corvus albicollis): 1 at Steele Field Fish Gamp {Walton) 15-19 Oct (J. & R. Walton et aL, photo to FOG). Purple Martin: 300 south of Aripeka {Pasco) 24 Aug (B. Pranty). Tree Swallow: 2 at Brandon {Hillsborough) 9 Aug (J. Wells); singles at Green Key 13 and 17 Aug (D. Gagne); 6,000 or more at Huguenot Memorial Park {Duval) 23 Oct (K. Dailey); 920 at Lake Apopka NSRA 27 Oct (H. Robinson). Northern Rough-winged Swallow: 2 at Holiday 16 Nov (D. Gagne). Bank Swallow: 128 at Lake Apopka NSRA 3 Sep (H. Robinson). Gliff Swallow: 1 at Picnic Island Beach Park {Hillsborough) 10 Aug (G. Gox); 1 at Hol- iday 11 Aug, and 13 there 23 Aug (D. Gagne); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 18 Aug, and as many as 4 there 3-22 Sep (H. Robinson); 1 at Alachua 25 Aug (B. Wallace); 6 at Green Key 29 Aug (D. Gagne); 2 at Weekiwachee Preserve, Aripeka 20 Sep (B. Pranty, K. Goberly); 1 at Gulf Harbors 10 Oct (K. Tracey). Gave Swallow: 5 at Wilton Manors {Broward) 1 Sep (R. Titus); 1 at Hague {Alachua) 7 Nov (M. Hafner); “several loose flocks” totaling at least 47 birds at Butler Gounty Park West, Anastasia Island {St. Johns) 16 Nov (M. Hafner). Barn Swallow: 450 at Bill Baggs Gape Florida SP 23 Aug (R. Diaz); 760 at Lake Apopka NSRA 3 Sep (H, Robinson); 1 leucistic near Lake Kissimmee {Osceola or Polk) 4 Sep (J. Paton, photo to FOG); at least 1,200 passed Jupiter Inlet Golony in 2.5 hours 4 Sep (J. & L. Hailman); 2 at Holiday 2 Nov (D, Gagne). Tufted Titmouse: 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 29 Sep, and 2 there 10 Oct furnished the firsts for the park (D. Gagne). Red-breasted Nuthatch: 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 5 Oct (P. Graber, photo to FOG); 1 at Eastpoint {Franklin) 18 Oct (L. & R. Gassidy); 1 at Gedar Key 30 Oct-EOS (D. Henderson); 2 at Apalachicola NF {Franklin) 22 Nov (K. McMullen). Brown Greeper: 1 at St. George Island SP 8 Oct (J. Gavanagh); 2 at Gainesville 30 Oct- EOS (P. Burns, E. Scales et aL). Garolina Wren: 1 near Matheson Hammock Park {Miami-Dade) 26 Sep was the first there in many years (R. Featherly). House Wren: 22 at Honeymoon Island SP 10 Oct (D. Gagne). Winter Wren: 2 at Gainesville 3-13 Nov (G. Parks, G. Gordon et aL). Golden-crowned Kinglet: as many as 27 in Alachua beginning 23 Oct (M. Manetz et aL); 7 or more at Ocean Pond, Osceola NF 29 Oct (B. Richter); 1 at Green Key 6 Nov (D. Gagne); 1 at New Port Richey 7 Nov (D. Gagne); 1 at Sawgrass Lake Park, St. Pe- tersburg 7 Nov (H. Winfrey et aL); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 7 Nov (R. Smith), and 2 there 15-19 Nov (D. Irizarry); 2 at Key Vista Nature Park, Holiday 8 Nov (K. Tracey); 3 at Boyd Hill Nature Preserve 20 Nov (B. Ahern, R. Smith). Red-whiskered Bulbul: 12 at Palmetto Bay {Miami-Dade) 27 Aug (R. Featherly). Blue-gray GnatcatcheR: 50 at Genius Preserve, Winter Park 18 Sep and 23 Oct (B. Anderson et aL); 223 at Lake Apopka NSRA 31 Oct (H. Robinson). Veery: 68 heard over Holiday 20 Sep (D. Gagne); 12 at St. Petersburg 28 Sep (E. Haney). Field Observations 67 Gray-cheeked Thrush: 16 heard over Kissimmee Prairie Preserve SP 1 Oct (D. Simp- son); 88 heard over New Port Richey 14 Oct (D. Gagne); 75 heard over Brooker Creek Preserve 15 Oct (D. Gagne). *Bicknell’S Thrush: 1 banded at Kissimmee Prairie Preserve SP 9 Oct (P. Miller); 1 banded at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 4 Nov (R. Diaz, photo to FOC). Swainson’s Thrush: “dozens” heard over Kissimmee Prairie Preserve SP 1 Oct (D. Sim- pson); 127 heard over New Port Richey 14 Oct (D. Gagne); 191 heard over Brooker Creek Preserve 15 Oct (D. Gagne). Wood Thrush: 1 at Brooker Creek Preserve 15 Oct (D. Gagne). European Starling: 1 partially leucistic bird at Holiday Recreation Center 15 Nov (B. Pranty et aL, photos to FOC). Blue-winged Warbler: singles at Lake Apopka NSRA 11 Aug and 19 Sep (H. Robin- son); 2 at John Chesnut Park 18 Sep (J. McGinity); 2 at Gulf Breeze 27 Sep (B. & L, Duncan); 1 at J. B. Starkey Wilderness Park 5 Oct (D. Gagne). Blue-winged x Golden-winged Warbler: 1 male “Brewster’s Warbler” at Evergreen Cemetery, Fort Lauderdale 11 Sep (M. Stickel). Golden-winged Warbler: 11 reports statewide, 26 Aug- 15 Oct, all of singles except 3 at Gulf Breeze 27 Sep (B. & L. Duncan). Orange-crowned Warbler: 1 in Okaloosa 18 Sep (D. Ware). Nashville Warbler: 1 at Lower Suwannee NWR 18 Sep (M. Gardler); 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 1 Oct (D. Gagne); 1 at St. George Island SP 3 Oct (L. & R. Cassidy); 1 at Al- tamonte Springs 11 Oct (P. Hueber); 1 at West Kendall 28 Oct (J. Boyd). Yellow Warbler: 18 at Green Key 14 Aug (K. Tracey); 96 passed Gulf Breeze in 80 min, 22 Aug (B. Duncan). Chestnut-sided Warbler: 1 at John Chesnut Park 27 Aug (D. Irizarry); 9 at Gulf Breeze 27 Sep (B. & L. Duncan); 1 at Richardson Park {Broward) 18 Nov (R. Titus). Black-throated Blue Warbler: 80 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 15 Oct (R. Diaz); 2 males at Balm-Boyette Scrub Preserve, Lithia {Hillsborough) 5 Nov (D. Irizarry); 1 banded at Lake Lotus Park, Altamonte Springs 7 Nov (A. Boyle). Yellow-RUMPED Warbler: 1,742 flew over Holiday in 2 hr, 23 Nov (D. Gagne). Black-throated Gray Warbler: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 15 Sep (H. Robinson). Yellow-throated Warbler: 12 at John Chesnut Park 3 Sep (D. Gagne). Prairie Warbler: 10 at Green Key 2 Aug, and 16 there 14 Aug (K. Tracey), Palm Warbler: 1 at Fort Pickens 15 Aug (J. Pfeiffer); 350 at Fort Zachary Taylor His- toric SP, Key West 15 Oct (C. Goodrich, M. Gardler); evidently the same partially leu- cistic bird at St. Petersburg 22 Jan and 10 Nov (D. Margeson, photos to FOC). Blackpoll Warbler: 1 at Newnans Lake 1 Oct (M. Hafner, R. Rowan); singles at West Kendall 7 and 14 Oct (J. Boyd); 2 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 9 Oct (J. Boyd); 1 at Fort Pickens 30 Oct (P. Baker). Cerulean Warbler: 21 reports of at least 24 individuals from Bald Point south- and eastward, 7 Aug-7 Oct, all of singles except 3 at Boyd Hill Nature Preserve 22 Aug (R. Smith) and 2 at West Kendall 7 Oct (J. Boyd). Black-and-white Warbler: 1 albino at Manatee Springs SP {Levy) 24 Aug (J. Hinter- mister, S. Nesbitt, photos to FOC). Prothonotary Warbler: 1 at Richardson Park 22 Aug (R. Titus); 9 at Green Key 26 Aug (K. Tracey). Swainson’s Warbler: 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 14 Aug (F. Lee); 1 at Dunedin 28 Sep (J. McGinity); 1 at Mead Garden, Winter Park 4 Oct (J. Macdonald); 1 at Honey- moon Island SP 6 Oct (G. Deterra); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor Historic SP, Key West 15 Oct (C. Goodrich, M, Gardler); 1 banded at Kissimmee Prairie Preserve SP 18 Nov (P. Miller). OVENBIRD: 1 at Myakka River SP 13 Aug (J. Dubi); 9 at Dunedin Hammock Park 25 Sep (R. Smith, B. Ahern); 12 at Hillsborough River SP 26 Sep (R. Smith). 68 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Northern WaterthrusH: 6 at Green Key 25 Aug (K. Tracey); 54 at Lake Apopka NSRA 12 Sep (H. Robinson); 12 along Snake Bight Trail, Everglades NP {Monroe) 30 Oct (B. Roberts). Louisiana WaterthrusH: 98 at Lake Apopka NSRA 27 Aug (H. Robinson); 1 along Snake Bight Trail, Everglades NP 30 Oct (B. Roberts). Kentucky Warbler: 4 at Fort De Soto Park 27 Aug (D. Irizarry); 3 or more at Dunedin Hammock Park 28-29 Aug (B. Pranty, K. Nelson et aL), Connecticut Warbler: 1 at Jacksonville {Duval) 9 Sep (J. Cocke); 1 female at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 30 Sep (R. Diaz); 1 at Fort Pickens 3 Oct (M. Rose). Mourning Warbler: 1 juvenile at Orlando {Orange) 1 Oct (D. Freeman). Common YellowthroaT: 92 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 3 Oct (R. Diaz). Hooded Warbler: 1 at Week! Wachee Springs SP {Hernando) 1 Aug (D. Robinson); 10 at Fort De Soto Park 25 Aug (R. Smith, E. Plage); 1 adult male at Fort Lauderdale 22 Oct-EOS (R. Titus, J. Hutchison). Wilson’s Warbler: 1 at St. George Island SP 25 Sep (J. Murphy, J. Cavanagh); 1 at Gulf Breeze 27 Sep (B. & L. Duncan); 1 at Bald Point 10 Oct (J. Murphy et al.); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor Historic SP, Key West 15 Oct (C. Goodrich, M. Gardler); 1 at Ever- green Cemetery, Fort Lauderdale 16 Oct (M. Berney); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 10 Nov (H. Robinson); 1 at Gainesville 21 Nov (M. Manetz). Canada Warbler: surprisingly, 13 reports statewide, 24 Aug-2 Oct, all of singles except 2 at Gulf Breeze 27 Sep (B. & L. Duncan). Yellow-breasted Chat: 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 2 Oct (E. Kwater); 1 at Bayonet Point 6-7 Oct (B. Pranty); 1 at Brooker Creek Preserve 10-14 Oct (R. Smith); 2 at Frog Pond WMA 29 Oct (B. Roberts); 1 at Eco Pond, Everglades NP 30 Oct (B. Roberts); 1 at Holiday 6 Nov (P. Francois, photo to FOC); 4 at Frog Pond WMA 21 Nov (M. Ber- ney). *Green-TAILED Towhee: 1 at Fort Pickens 31 Oct-EOS (A. Harper et al.) presumably re- turned for its second winter. Clay-colored Sparrow: 3 at Bald Point SP 8 Oct (J. Murphy); 1 at Leesburg 8 Oct (L. Streeper, photo to FOC); 1 at Fort Pickens 13-30 Oct (L. Catterton et al.); 1 at Gulf Breeze 16 Oct (B. Duncan); 1 or singles at Frog Pond WMA 16 Oct (R. Featherly) and 21 Nov (M. Berney); 2 at Fort Lauderdale 22-30 Oct (R. Titus, J. Hutchison); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 3-12 Nov (H. Robinson); 1 near Viera 19 Nov (D. Freeland). Vesper Sparrow: 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 28 Oct (R. Diaz). Lark Sparrow: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 27 Aug (H. Robinson); 1 at Alligator Point 29 Aug (J. Murphy); 1 at Fort Pickens 5 Sep- 15 Nov (A. Harper et al.); 1 at Osceola NF 6 Sep (B. Richter); 1 juvenile at Duda Farms, Belle Glade 18 Sep (C. Weber, J. Key); 1 at St. Petersburg 30 Sep-EOS (D. Margeson et al.); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 22 Nov (S. Daughtrey et al.); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 26 Nov (F. Lee et al.). Le Conte’s Sparrow: 1 at North Lake Jesup Conservation Area {Seminole) 9 Nov (D. Bales). Nelson’s Sparrow: 1 at Opal Beach, Gulf Islands NS 16 Sep (B. Duncan); 11 at Hickory Mound Impoundment, Big Bend WMA {Taylor) 10 Oct (A. Kent, B. Ahern). Saltmarsh Sparrow: 2 at Shiloh Marsh, Merritt Island NWR 3 Oct (D. Bales). Seaside Sparrow: singles at Green Key 6 Aug (K. Tracey) and 29 Aug (D. Gagne); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 14 Aug (E. Kwater). Fox Sparrow: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 28 Nov (H. Robinson). Lincoln’s Sparrow: 1 along Loop Road, Big Cypress National Preserve {Monroe) 30 Oct (J. Boyd); 1 or singles at Lake Apopka NSRA 31 Oct and 24 Nov-EOS (H. Robinson); 1 at Frog Pond WMA 21 Nov (M. Berney). White-crowned Sparrow: 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 10 Oct (D. Gagne); as many as 2 at Lake Lisa Park, Port Richey 16 Oct-9 Nov (K. Tracey); 1 at Werner-Boyce Salt Springs SP, Bayonet Point 21 Oct (K. Tracey); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 22 Oct (E. Field Observations 69 Plage); singles at Holiday and Seven Springs 23 Oct (K. Tracey); 1 at Bethea SF 24 Oct (B. Richter); 6 at St. George Island SP 29 Oct (J. Cavanagh); 1 at Frog Pond WMA 21 Nov (M. Berney). DARK"EYED JuncO: singles at Gainesville 29 Oct and 18 Nov (H. Adams, M. Manetz); 1 at St, Marks NWR 28 Nov (J, Simpson), Summer Tanager: 14 at St. Petersburg 28 Sep (E, Haney). Scarlet Tanager: 8 at St. Petersburg 28 Sep (E. Haney), Western TANAGER: 1 female at Gulf Breeze 20 Sep (B, Duncan); 1 female at Fort Pick- ens 4 Oct (A. Sheppard); 1 male at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 4 Nov (R, Diaz); 1 male at Tallahassee 25 Nov (G. Gandy); 1 female-plumaged at Titusville 27 Nov (M. Har- ris); 1 female at Indian Pass {Gulf) 28 Nov (L. & R. Cassidy). Rose-breasted Grosbeak: 120 at Tiger Point (Santa Rosa) 24 Oct (P, Blakeburn); 1 fe- male-plumaged at Fort Lauderdale 10 Nov (J. Hutchison); 1 female at Vero Beach {Indian River) 22 Nov (B. Wagner). Blue Grosbeak: 28 at Lake Apopka NSRA 1 Aug (H. Robinson); singles at Honeymoon Is- land SP 27 Aug and 12 Nov (D. Gagne); 4 at Fort Walton Beach STF 8 Nov (B. Duncan). *LAZULI Bunting: 1 male at Oviedo (Seminole) 20 Nov-EOS for the fourth year (E, & R. Christensen et aL). Indigo Bunting: 25 at Genius Preserve, Winter Park 3 Oct (B. Anderson et aL); 27 at Lake Apopka NSRA 4 Oct (H. Robinson); 12 at Lake Lisa Park 16 Oct (K. Tracey); 60 at Joe’s Creek Management Area (Pinellas) 19 Oct (D. Margeson). Painted Bunting: as many as 3 at Lake Apopka NSRA to 18 Aug (H. Robinson); 23 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 3 Oct (R. Diaz); 1 at Lake Lisa Park 30 Oct (K. Tracey); 1 at Spanish Pond, Fort Caroline National Memorial (Duval) 7 Nov (K, Dailey). Dickcissel: singles at Fort Pickens 22 Aug and 5 Sep (J. Pfeiffer); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 1-10 Sep (H. Robinson); 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 23 Sep (R. Diaz); 1 over Gainesville 2 Oct (A. Kent et aL); 1 at Holiday 17 Oct (D. Gagne); 1 at Loii Wilson Park, Cocoa Beach (Brevard) 24 Oct-1 Nov (P. Mansfield); 1 at Paynes Prairie Pre- serve SP 28 Oct (L. Davis). Bobolink: more than 200 at Caravelle Ranch WMA (Putnam) 12 Sep (D. Goodwin); 350 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 13 Sep (R, Diaz); 150 at Virginia Key 13 Sep (R. Diaz); 5,000 at Duda Farms, Belie Glade 18 Sep (C. Weber), Yellow-headed Blackbird: 1 immature at Fort Pickens 16 Sep (D. Sparks); 1 female at Blackv/ater River SF (Santa Rosa) 3-9 Oct (C. Tebay); 1 adult male at Bald Point 10 Oct (J, Murphy); 1 in female plumage at Shiloh Marsh, Merritt Island NWR 18 Oct (M. Brothers); 1 at Lake Clarke Shores (Palm Beach) 19-23 Oct (J. Key); 1 at Gaines- ville 30 Oct (P, Polshek); 1 at Hague 20 Nov (M. Manetz, L. Davis). Rusty Blackbird: 1 at Gainesville 13 Nov (C. Gordon, M, Manetz); 15 at Tallahassee 14 Nov (T. Tanaka, photo to FOC), Shiny CowbirD: 1 adult male along Gandy Causeway 20 Aug (D. Gagne); as many as 19 at Homestead in Sep (L. Manfredi). Bronzed Cowbird: 1 juvenile at Ben T. Davis Beach (Hillsborough) 14 Aug (C. Cox, photo to FOC by L. Deaner), and 2 there 1 Sep (K. Tracey, M. Gardler); 1 at Mashes Sands Park (Wakulla) 23 Oct (J. Simpson); 1 at Flamingo, Everglades NP (Monroe) 27 Nov (M. Berney); 1 at Hague 7 Nov (M. Hafner); 1 at St. George Island (Franklin) 28 Nov (J. Murphy), Orchard Oriole; 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 18 Sep (C. Gordon); 1 at Key Largo (Monroe) 18 Sep (J. Boyd); 1 juvenile male at Fort Walton Beach STF 29 Oct (A. Harper, P. James). Baltimore Oriole: 10 at Genius Preserve, Winter Park 15 Oct (B. Anderson et aL). House Finch: 2 (1 female and 1 male) at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 3 Oct (R. Diaz); 12 at Green Key 10 Oct (K. Tracey); 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 10 Oct (D. Gagne); 6 at Brandon 20 Oct (E. Kwater); 1 female at Port LaBelle (Hendry) 8 Nov (A. Murray). 70 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Pine Siskin: 2 at Alligator Point 6 Nov (J. Murphy, C. Borg); 1 over Weekiwachee Pre- serve, Aripeka 10 Nov (D, Gagne); singles over Holiday 17 and 29 Nov (D. Gagne); 8 at Sarasota 30 Nov (C. Faanes). American Goldfinch: 1 at Altamonte Springs 18 Sep (P. Hueber). Pin-tailed Whydah: 1 male in alternate plumage at Homestead 3 Aug (L. Manfredi); 1 male in alternate plumage at Kendall 4 Aug (fide S. Paez); 1 male in alternate plum- age at St. Petersburg 30 Aug (S. Geiger, photo to FOC). Contributors^ Howard Adams, Brian Ahern, Bruce Anderson, Peggy Baker, Danny Bales, Andy Bankert, Lindsey & Tom Bell, Ted & Virginia Below, Mark Ber- ney, Paul Blakeburn, Chris Borg, John Boyd, Andy Boyle, Michael Brothers, Ken Burgener, Patricia Burns, Brenda & Jerry Calloway, Lydia & Rodney Cassidy, Laura Catterton, Jim Cavanagh, Eric & Rachel Christensen, Kate Coberly, Julie Cocke, Cameron Cox, Stan Czaplicki, Kevin Dailey, Susan Daughtrey, Gary Davis, Lloyd Davis, Lauren Deaner, Gail Deterra, Robin Diaz, Jim Dinsmore, Jeanne Dubi, Bob & Lucy Duncan, Tom Dunkerton, Margaret England, Charlie Ewell, Craig Faanes, Craig Faulhaber, Roxanne Featherly, Linda Felker, Paul Fellers, Charlie Fisher, Guy Fisher, Paul Francois, Cole Fredricks, David Freeland, Dot Freeman, Dave Gagne, Alayna & Jay Galbraith, Murray Gardler, Gene Gandy, Chuck Geanangel, Steve Geiger, Colin Gjervold, Nate Goddard, Renee Gollehon, Larry Goodman, Carl Goodrich, David Goodwin, Frank Goodwin, Caleb Gordon, Pam Graber, Jim Gray, Paul Gray, Jon Greenlaw, Max Griggs, Matt Hafner, Jack & Liz Hailman, Erik Haney, A1 & Bev Hansen, Alex Harper, Mitchell Harris, Greg Hart, Bill Hatch, Dale Henderson, John Hintermister, Dale Hipson, Jeff Hooks, Harry Hooper, “Hop” Hopkins, Alice Horst, Paul Hueber, John Hutchison, Dan Irizarry, W. Irvine, Patrick James, Kelly Jones, Les Kelly, Adam Kent, Jo Key, Holly Krahe, Andy Kratter, Jerry Krummrich, Ed Kwater, Neil Lamb, Bob Landry, Patrick Leary, Felicia Lee, Chuck Littlewood, Jeff Macdonald, Mike Manetz, Larry Manfredi, John Mangold, Phyllis Mansfield, Doug Maple, Don & Lorraine Margeson, Tom Mast, Sean McCool, Jim McGinity, Vince McGrath, Zach McKenna, Keith McMullen, Tony Menart, Paul Miller, Roy Morris, John Murphy, Alan Murray, Kris Nelson, Steve Nesbitt, Stephen Paez, Cynthia Panessa, Geoff Parks, Jim Paton, Ann Paul, James Pfeiffer, Cheri Pierce, Eric Plage, Peter Polshek, Valeri Ponzo, Bill Pranty, Sharon Pratt, Nancy Price, Bruce Purdy, Gallus Quigley, Brian Rapoza, Diane Reed, Lynn Reynolds, Bob Richter, Bryant Roberts, Don Robinson, Harry Robinson, Merilu Rose, Rufus Rose, Rex Rowan, Bob Sanders, Earl Scales, Greg Schrott, Marcus Sharpe, Alan Sheppard, David Simpson, Jean Simpson, Lori Smith, Ron Smith, Dick Snell, David Sparks, Richard Spurlock, Joyce Stefancic, Greg Stephens, Monte Stickel, Leann Streeper, Tara Tanaka, Carol Tebay, Betsy Tetlow, Andrew Thorn- ton, Russ Titus, Roberto Torres, Ken Tracey, Anne Turner, Kristin Vaughan, Billi Wagner, A1 Wallace, Bob Wallace, John & Ruth Walton, Don Ware, Chuck Weber, Jim Wells, Jay Wherley, Michelle White, Kim Willis, Renee Wilson, Harley Winfrey, Kristin Wood, Bill & Sue Yates, and Kathryn Young. Report prepared by Bill Pranty, state compiler (8515 Village Mill Row, Bayonet Point, Florida 34667-2662, ). Regional compilers are Brian Ahern (629 Gail Avenue, Temple Terrace, Florida 33617, ), Bruce H. Anderson (2917 Scarlet Road, Winter Park, Florida 32792, ), Andy Bankert (365 Spoonbill Lane, Melbourne Beach, Florida 32951, ), John H. Boyd III (15291 SW 108th Terrace, Miami, Florida 33196, ), Bob and Lucy Duncan (614 Fairpoint Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561, ), Charlie Ewell (115 SW 51st Terrace, Field Observations 71 Cape Coral, Florida 33991, ), Bev Hansen (6573 Pine Mead- ows Drive, Spring Hill, Florida 34606, ), John Murphy (766 Alligator Drive, Alligator Point, Florida 23246, ), and Peggy Powell (2965 Forest Circle, Jacksonville, Florida 32257, ). BE A FRIEND OF FFN Florida Field Naturalist is the journal of FOS, an important com- munication vehicle for the Florida scientific and birding community. Increasing costs need to be offset with a combination of member dues and contributions. Please consider a donation of $50, $100, $200 or more to FRIENDS OF FFN. Your gift will allow FFN to improve its artwork, including four-color photographs of rarities similar to the one of the state’s first Varied Bunting, published in the February 2006 issue, and other im- provements in the content and appearance of our journal. Contributions to FRIENDS OF FFN will be added to a special en- dowment of FOS, the interest of which will be used to improve the jour- nal. Please write a check payable to the Florida Ornithological Society and specify that the gift is for FOS Friends of FFN. Send the check to: Peter G. Merritt, Treasurer, Florida Ornithological Society, 8558 SE Sharon Street, Kobe Sound, FL 33455. We thank the following individuals for donating to FRIENDS OF FFN: 2006 Murray Gardler 2007 David B. Freeland 2008 Jack P. Hailman Billi Wagner Charles Ewell & Arlyne B. Salcedo Robert & Lucy Duncan John M. Murphy Richard L. West 2009 Judith C. Bryan John M. Murphy Billi Wagner Peggy Powell Peter & Victoria Merritt Jim Cox & Katy NeSmith Robert Budliger William Post David Hartgrove 2010 David Hartgrove Brian Ahern Robert Budliger 2011 David Hartgrove William Post R. Todd Engstrom Anthony White Robert Budliger John M. Murphy Vincent McGrath Michael Brothers Reed & Myra Noss 72 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Bowmarij M. C. 1978. Species Index to Florida Bird Records in Audubon Field Notes and American Birds, volumes 1-30, 1947- 1967. Fla. OrnithoL Soc. Special Publ. no. 1: xii + 43 pp. $4. Cox, J. A. 1987. Status and Distribution of the Florida Scrub Jay. Fla. OrnithoL Soc. Special Publ. no. 3: vii + 110 pp. $8. Loftin, R. W., G. E. Woolfenden, and J. A. Woolfenden. 1991. Florida Bird Records in American Birds and Audubon Field Notes (1947-1989); Species Index and County Gazetteer. F/a. OrnithoL Soc. Special Publ. no. 4: xiv + 99 pp. $8. Loftin, R. W. 1991. West Indian Bird Records in American Birds and Audubon Field Notes (1947-1990); Species Index by Islands, Fla. OrnithoL Soc. Special Publ. no. 5: ix + 90 pp. $8. Robertson, W. B., Jr. and G. E. Woolfenden. 1992. Florida Bird Spe- cies; an Annotated List. Fla. OrnithoL Soc. Special Publ. no. 6: ix + 260 pp. FOS members: $15 soft cover, $20 hard cover; Non-members: $18 soft cover, $23 hard cover. Woolfenden, G. E,, W. B. Robertson, Jr., and J. Cox. 2006. The Breed- ing Birds of Florida. Fla. OrnithoL Soc. Special Publ. no. 7: ii + 142 pp. $12. To order Special Publications: Please send a check made out to the Florida Ornithological Society to the Treasurer: Peter G. Merritt, Treasurer 8558 SE Sharon Street Kobe Sound, FL 33455 The amount of the check should include the price of the publica- tion(s) plus shipping and sales tax. Shipping: Add $2 shipping for 1-5 copies; $4 for 6-10 copies. Sales Tax: Florida residents add the sales tax for the county in which the special publications are delivered. Calculate the sales tax based on the total cost of the special publications plus shipping. 73 5 ... ^ ■ ^ AtuHoj-i Dmr 1':' .:' , rrarcx-jelfA '' '■ ■ Fii^ f*i S*0fl> ^ uln^Mril : _t_ SOSUf mmmkKd ■ nab^i.qt^Zk f sit\l Mn f' ‘ ^' *’*.«< » 4' j. f JKiCi oir »iBurt(» t«> jj^ ” H) ibiinU^t^ -tiiiiUlii-^l m M V .,5 f. uRTO^ijAtad,^ fmvufo ■ ,*n • • ;* >r- i »/:•?/ . si'.;niiv44, ■'. fSr 'tiniUlii-d m t* = f. ' .*-4^ itv Li;>):tA;;V 1 r f ' f IIP ‘ -I ;f ? • OCT V' •%< \ 4 f»f#t1 nbbo' • < f ico’h* .. •’•r»^-'V'.'.V» S .n ‘. tS\ ;crf^ * J vj . r “-.'i i£». . |. „.,M ,,fi. wvfir. , r rrn:-i »/ H O .nr>ijf?fiH4wW'‘' ^ • ^ , - <- r of» iV '.‘ ;< ,VM-.’i'‘( Bol *' ''* .< . ‘ V *;■ •’•■■'^. ^ JU$.ix‘T/i , f'ctjili =» .hci-fci' -■ '*' ’ I N^*#!i|> ^ vb0kmi biV mbiv 9dt ' ,« j : V * . » * W ' ''" ^3(186 bnft :^tbiqpi nil} V> |ft4| ^ w :,v r , ^ JUnvIU f{4tri|ir^ c Florida Field Naturalist ISSN 0738-999X PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Editor: ScOTT ROBINSON, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, RO. Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800. E-mail; srobinson@flmnh.ufl.edu Managing/Copy Editor: TOM WEBBER, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800. E-mail: twebber@flmnh.ufl.edu Associate Editor (for bird distribution): Bruce Anderson, 2917 Scarlet Road, Winter Park, FL 32792. E-mail: scizortail@aol.com Editor of the EOS newsletter, Snail Kite: TOM PALMER, 1805 26th Street, N.W, Win- ter Haven, FL 33881. E-mail: tomp47@yahoo.com Editor of Special Publications: JEROME A. JACKSON, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd. South, Ft. Myers, FL 33965. E-mail: jjackson@fgcu.edu Web Page Editor: STEPHEN Bankert, 365 Spoonbill Lane, Melbourne Beach, FL 32951. E-mail: sbankert@cfl.rr.com INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS The Florida Field Naturalist is a fully refereed journal emphasizing biological field studies and observations of vertebrates, especially birds, in or near Florida and the nearby West Indies. We welcome submission of original manuscripts containing new information from these areas. We encourage electronic submission of manuscripts. Please consult recent issues of the journal and the FOS website (http://www.fosbirds.org/ FFN/FFN.aspx) for style, noting especially that manuscripts should; (1) be double-spaced throughout, including tables and figure captions; (2) include the scientific name at the first mention of each species; (3) include capitalized standard English names for all birds, but lower case for English names of other organisms; (4) use metric units for all measurements; (5) use the form “7 June 2003” for all dates; (6) use the 24-hour clock for all indications of time (e.g., 0800, 1400); (7) use the following abbreviations: s (second), min (minute), h (hour); (8) use active voice where at all possible. Submit manuscripts, and books for review, to the Editor, Scott Robinson. Monograph- length manuscripts may be submitted for consideration to Jerome A. Jackson, Editor of Special Publications. Field observations should be sent to the Chair of the Field Obser- vations Committee, Bill Pranty (see Field Observations, this issue). Reports of birds for which the FOS Records Committee requires documentation (see http;//www.fosbirds.org/ RecordsCommittee/ RecordsCommittee.aspx) should be sent to the Secretary of the Com- mittee, Andrew W. Kratter, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800; E-mail: kratter@flmnh.ufl.edu Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY VOL. 39, No. 2 May 2011 Pages 35-73 CONTENTS ARTICLES Easterly winds displace wood-warblers (Parulidae) during spring migration along the Florida Gulf coast Ken F Tracey and Jon S. Greenlaw 35-46 First record of Greater Sand-Plover (Charadrius leschenaultii) for Florida, and second record for the Western Hemisphere Carole A. Adams, Doris M. Leary, and Lesley J. Royce ...47-51 First record of White-eared Hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis) for Florida Andrew W. Kratter 52-55 REVIEWS Parrots of the World, by Joseph M. Forshaw Scott K. Robinson 56 FIELD OBSERVATIONS Fall report; August-November 2010 Bill Pranty 57-71 ANNOUNCEMENTS Friends of FFN .72 FOS Special Publications 73