< fq Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL. 42, No. 2 May 2014 Pages 45-90 ^tHSON/4^ JUL 23!0t4 FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Founded 1972 OFFICERS President: Dave Goodwin, 807 Woodcarver Lane, Brandon, FL 33510. E-mail: Dave. Goodwin@aol . com Vice President; Marianne Korosy, 2021 Oak View Lane, Palm Harbor, FL 34683. E-mail: mkorosy@gmaiLcom Secretary: Brian Ahern, 629 Gail Ave., Temple Terrace, FL 33617. E-mail: brianahern® aol.com Treasurer: John Murphy, 766 Alligator Drive, Alligator Point, FL 32346. E-mail: southmoonunder@mchsi.com Editor, Florida Field Naturalist : Scott Robinson, Florida Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800. E-mail: srobinson@flmnh.ufl.edu Directors, Terms Expiring Spring 2014 Erik Haney, 1015 14th Ave. North, St. Petersburg, FL 33705. E-mail: eskyrimh@ TAMPABAY.RR.com Gregory Schrott, Archbold Biological Station, P.O. Box 2057, Lake Placid, FL 33862. E-mail: gschrott@archbold-station.org Directors, Terms Expiring Spring 2015 R, Todd Engstrom, 309 Carr Lane, Tallahassee, FL 32312. E-mail: engstrom@bio.fsu.edu Karl Miller, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, FL 32601. E-mail: karl.miller@myfwc.com Directors, Terms Expiring Spring 2016 Mary Dowdell, 5209 Culbreath Road, Brooks ville, FL 34601. E-mail: Mary.Dowdell@ myfwc.com Paul Miller, Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park, 33104 NW 192nd Ave., Okeechobee, FL 34972. E-mail: Paul.Miller@dep. state. fl.us Honorary Members Samuel A. Grimes 1979; Helen G. Cruickshank 1980; Oliver L. Austin, Jr. 1982 Pierce Brodkorb 1982; William B. Robertson, Jr. 1992; Glen E. Woolfenden 1994 Ted Below 1999; Fred E. Lohrer 2009 All persons interested in Florida’s natural history, especially its abundant bird life, are invited to join the Florida Ornithological Society by writing to the Treasurer. 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The Florida Ornithological Society web site is at www.fosbirds.org THIS PUBLICATION IS PRINTED ON NEUTRAL PH PAPER Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICM. SOCIETY VoL. 42, No. 2 May 2014 Pages 45-90 Florida Field Naturalist 42(2):45-53, 2014. GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER (Myiarchus crinitus) NEST-SITE SELECTION AND NESTING SUCCESS IN TREE CAVITIES Kakl E. Miller^ Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, RO. Box 110430, Gainesville, Florida 32611 ^Current address: Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, Florida 32601 E-mail: karl.miller@myfwc.com Abstract, — Nesting ecology of the Great Crested Flycatcher {Myiarchus crinitus) has rarely been studied, even though the species is widespread and relatively common. I provide here the first study of Great Crested Flycatcher nesting ecology and nest-site selection in tree cavities in the eastern United States. I monitored 44 Great Crested Flycatcher nests in a mosaic of slash pine plantations and longleaf pine sandhills in Clay County, Florida. Nest sites were located in slash pine (52%), turkey oak (39%), longleaf pine (7%), and unknown pine species (2%). Most (73%) Great Crested Flycatcher nests were located in abandoned tree cavities excavated by various species, especially the Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus). Cavity entrance diameters averaged 6.2 (± 2.5) cm, v^th most (55%) measured entrances smaller than the minimum previ- ously reported for the species. These findings are contrary to earlier characterizations of the species as showing a strong affinity for large naturally occurring hollows in live trees. Only 19 of 44 Great Crested Flycatcher nests (43%) were successful in fledging al young. Mean cavity height was greater for successful nests than for unsuccessful nests, and the primary cause of nest failure was predation. Most flycatcher nests in oaks were located in the understory <3 m above ground where they were particularly vulnerable to predation. More research is needed on the relationships between nest-site selection and nesting success for cavity-nesting species in fire-suppressed habitats with a significant hardwood component. Nesting ecology of the Great Crested Flycatcher {Myiarchus crinitus) has rarely been studied, even though the species is widely distributed 45 46 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST and relatively common in the eastern United States. Data that do exist are almost entirely from nest boxes (Taylor and Kershner 199 White and Seginak 2000). Nest boxes can differ from natural nest sites in several respects, including physical dimensions, condition, longevity, and susceptibility to nest predators (e.g., Moller 1989, Koenig et al. 1992, Lambrechts et al. 2010). Therefore, data from nest box studies potentially may yield an incomplete or misleading picture of nest predation rates, competition for nest sites, and other interspecific interactions. Bent (1942) and Lanyon (1997) speculated that the Great Crested Flycatcher prefers to nest in naturally occurring tree hollows instead of in cavities excavated by woodpeckers, but they provided no quantitative data. I provide here the first study of nest-site selection for a Great Crested Flycatcher population using tree cavities in the eastern United States. The objectives of this study were to describe nest-site characteristics and nesting success of the species and elucidate the species’ position within the cavity web context {sensu Martin et al. 2004, Blanc and Walters 2008) of the cavity-nesting bird community. These data can be used in developing a clearer understanding of the habitat requirements for this common yet rarely studied bird. Study Area I studied Great Crested Flycatchers as part of a larger study of the cavity-nesting bird commimity inhabiting a range of pinelands in north central Florida (Miller 2000). I conducted my research at Camp Blanding Training Site, a Florida Army National Guard facility encompassing approximately 30,000 ha in the sandhills of Clay Coimty, Florida. My field assistants and I searched for nests of cavity-nesting birds in a pine mosaic dominated by slash pine {Pinus elliottii) plantations (even-aged, 35-42 years old) interspersed with longleaf pine (P. palustris) stands (uneven-aged, with a significant component of >60 year-old trees), several of which were occupied by Red-cockaded Woodpeckers {Picoides borealis). Understory woody species were generally absent in mesic sites and mostly limited to turkey oak {Quercus laevis) saplings and small trees in drier, sandier sites. Shrubs, which rarely exceeded heights of 1.5 m, included saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), gallbeny {Ilex glabra), and other ericaceous species. Most nest searching focused on twelve 10-ha plantation study plots, one 16-ha plantation with a well-developed turkey oak understory, and on a few adjacent longleaf stands of var3fing sizes. For additional study area details see Myers (1990) and Miller (2000). Methods My field assistants and I located Great Crested Flycatcher nests by following adult behavioral cues and by systematically searching for and investigating tree cavities (Mar- Miller— Great Crested Flycatcher Nesting 47 tin and Genpel 1993), Once located, each nest was monitored regularly at 3-4 d intervals to assess nesting status (Martin and Genpel 1993, Ralph et aL 1993). Nests located <4m above ground were reached with a stepladder and the contents checked with a light and dental mirror to determine clutch size and nest status. During 1995-1997, most cavities a4 m high in dead trees (snags) were monitored from the ground through observation of adult behaviors (e.g., carrying nest material or food into the cavity; Martin and Geupel 1993, Ralph et al. 1993, Martin et aL 1997). In 1998, most cavities a4 m high were moni- tored with a video probe mounted on a telescoping fiberglass pole (TreeTop II, Sandpiper Technologies, Inc., Manteca, California, USA). I determined clutch size for nests that were accessible by ladder or by video probe. I developed site-specific values for the length of incubation (14 d) and nestling (15 d) periods through inspection of nests. I considered a nest to be successful if it pro- duced a:l fledgling. Nestlings were considered to have fledged if they were alive when checked within Id of expected fledging and subsequent checks showed no evidence of predation or distuf to the nest (Martin et al. 1997). I visited nest territories within 1-2 d after the expected date of fledging to attempt visual confirmation of the fledglings. Analyses of nest success included only data from nests in which at least one egg was laid I calculated daily survival rates for the incubation and nestling stages with the Mayfield method (Mayfield 1961, 1975) as modified by Hensler and Nichols (1981). Because daily survival rates for the two stages did not differ (standard normal Z test, P > 0.05), I calculated a single daily survival rate for the entire nesting cycle and used that to estimate overall nesting success. For each, nest site, I recorded tree species and condition and measured nest height and tree height with a clinometer. Cavity dimensions were measured to assist in identifying the source (i.e., excavator species) of cavities; measurements were taken from a ladder while the tree was standing or later after subsequent tree fall. When possible, I recorded the width of the cavity open- ing, tlie depth of the cavity (measured from the bottom of the cavity to the lower lip of the cavity entrance), and the maximum inside width of the cavity. Nest attributes of successful and unsuccessful nests were compared with Mann- Whitney U tests and Fisher’s exact tests. Results Great Crested Flycatchers returned to the study area each year beginning the third week of March and began pairing up and building nests in April. Flycatchers often re-nested after nest failure^ but no evidence of double brooding was observed. I found and monitored 44 Great Crested E’[> catcher nests^ with clutch initiation dates ranging from 22 April to 28 June. Fifty percent of all clutches found were initiated by 7 May. Clutch size was determined at 28 (64%) of these nests and averaged 4.9 (range 4-6). Most nest sites were located in pine snags. Nest trees included slash pine (52%), turkey oak (39%), longleaf pine (7%), and unknown pine species (2%). Close monitoring of tree cavities used by cavity- nesting birds in consecutive years (Miller 2000) allowed identification of the source of most cavities used by Great Crested Flycatchers. Most (73%) Great Crested Flycatcher nests were located in abandoned tree cavities excavated by various species, while only 12 (27%) were located 48 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST in naturally occurring tree hollows and crevices. The Great Crested Flycatcher thus exhibited a greater reliance on excavated cavities than did some of the other secondary cavity nester species occurring in the study area (Table 1; Miller 2000). The source of the excavated cavities used by Great Crested Flycatchers included Red-bellied Woodpeckers {Melanerpes carolinus; n=20), Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus; n = 2), Carolina Chickadees (Poecile carolinensis , n ^ 2), Pileated Woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus; n = 1), and Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (n = 1). Excavator species could not be determined for 6 flycatcher nest sites. A close relationship was apparent between the Red-bellied Woodpecker and the Great Crested Flycatcher (Table 1); any Red-bellied Woodpecker cavity that remained intact and was not reused by woodpeckers in its second year was usually occupied by Great Crested Flycatchers. I observed aggressive interactions between these two species at several Red- bellied Woodpecker nest sites, although flycatchers were never able to usurp a cavity occupied by woodpeckers. On at least one occasion, Great Crested Flycatchers nested in a Red-bellied Woodpecker cavity within the same breeding season following the woodpecker’s initial nesting attempt. Not all study plots had a turkey oak understory or midstory, but when oaks did occur. Great Crested Flycatchers used both pines and oaks. Most flycatcher nest sites in oaks were located <3 m above ground in the naturally occurring hollows created by branch scars and knotholes. In one instance, flycatchers nested in a small natural cavity formed between the trunks of a forked pine tree. Cavity dimensions were taken at 20 flycatcher nests. Mean (± SD) cavity entrance diameter was 6.2 (± 2.5) cm. Although entrance diameters ranged from 4.0 to 13.3 cm, most (55%) measured entrances Table 1. Source of cavities used by secondary cavity nester species, Clay Coun- ty, Florida. Species codesi RBWO = Red-bellied Woodpecker, CACH - Carolina Chickadee, BHNU = Brown-headed Nuthatch, GCFL s Great Crested Flycatch- er, TUTI = Tufted Titmouse, EASO = Eastern Screech-Owl, EABL - Eastern Bluebird. See text for scientific names. Secondary cavity nester Cavity origin RBWO Other woodpecker CACH and BHNU Unknown excavator Natural cavities Total GCFL 20 4 21 6 12 44 TUTI 1 1 1 3 8 14 EASO 0 2 0 1 5 8 EABL 1 0 3 0 0 4 ^Chickadee excavations were enlarged by unknown avian or mammalian species prior to their use by flycatchers. Miller— Great Crested Flycatcher Nesting 49 were <5.0 cm. Cavity depth and inside cavity width averaged 29.2 (± 12.3) cm and 11.3 (± 3.4) cm, respectively Mean nest cavity depth was larger in oaks than in pines (33.1 cm versus 19,2 cm; Mann- Whitney 1 -tailed, P - 0.04). However, cavity depth was not correlated with clutch size (r^ = 0.14, P = 0.65). Nineteen of 44 Great Crested Flycatcher nests (43%) were successful in fledging at least one young. However, many nests failed during the incubation period, which resulted in relatively low estimates of daily survival rate. Years pooled, daily survival rate (± SD) was 0.965 (± 0.007), yielding an overall Mayfield estimate of nest success of 0.353. At least 18 nests failed because of nest predation, one nest was abandoned during the incubation period, and one nest in a pine snag failed because the tree fell. Without cameras at nests, I was unable to document the relative importance of nest predators, but evidence gathered from a companion study on nest boxes in the study area (Miller 2002, Miller and Leonard 2010) suggested that southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) and rat snakes (Elaphe spp.) were the primary species of nest predators. In addition, one nest failure in this study was attributed to usurpation by nesting Wood Ducks {Aix sponsa). Mean height of successful nests was significantly greater than mean height of unsuccessful nests (7.5 m versus 2.9 m; Mann-Whitney l“tailed, P = 0.032). The proportion of nests that were successful did not differ between pines and oaks (Fisher's exact, 2-tailed, P = 0.54). However, it should be noted that all four nests in cavities >10 m above ground were successful (Fig. 1) and all of those were located in pines. Nearly all (88%) nests in oaks were located <3m above ground. Discussion Great Crested Flycatchers breeding in a mosaic of slash pine plantations and longleaf pine sandhills primarily used tree cavities excavated by Red-bellied Woodpeckers. The Red-bellied Woodpecker and Great Crested Flycatcher were the most abundant primary (i.e., excavator) and secondary cavity nester species, respectively in this system (Miller 2000), and overlap in nest-site selection likely reflected their abundance and similar body size. Similarly Great Crested Flycatcher nest-site selection closely overlapped that of Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers in riparian forests in Iowa (Stauffer and Best 1982). Although the Red-headed Woodpecker was formerly the most common woodpecker in peninsular Florida (Dennis 1951), widespread habitat changes and perturbations have resulted in the Red-bellied Woodpecker becoming the primary cavity engineer in the contemporary Florida landscape (Miller 2000; personal observation). 50 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Figure 1. Height of successful Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) nests was significantly greater than height of unsuccessful nests (Mann- Whitney, 1 -tailed, P = 0.032), Clay County, Florida, In an old-growth longleaf pine forest, the Northern Flicker was the primary cavity provider for the American Kestrel and Eastern Screech- Owl while the Red-bellied Woodpecker was the primary cavity provider for the Great Crested Flycatcher and Tufted Titmouse (Blanc and Walters 2008). Characterizations of the Great Crested Flycatcher as closely associated with natural tree hollows in live trees (Bent 1942, Peck and James 1987, Lanyon 1997) were not supported by the present study, where the Great Crested Flycatcher demonstrated greater affinity for abandoned cavities excavated by woodpeckers and other species. Although the present study did not inventory all cavities to compare used versus available cavities, it compared usage patterns among species and confirmed that flycatchers used natural cavities less frequently than other secondary cavity-nesters. These results underscore the importance of local variation in resource availability on nest-site selection. Secondary cavity nesters are more likely to be nest- site limited in younger forests and in forests dominated by conifers because they are structurally less complex than mature deciduous forests (Brawn and Baida 1988, Waters et al. 1990, Walter and Miller — Great Crested Flycatcher Nesting 51 Maguire 2005, Wesolowski 2007, Miller 2010). Therefore, within the pine-dominated southeastern coastal plain, it is likely that the Great Crested Flycatcher will be widely reliant on cavities excavated in pine trees by medium- and large-bodied woodpeckers. In addition, the present study refines our understanding of the size appropriateness of nesting substrates. Cavity entrance diameters in this study (4.0 to 13.3 cm, n = 20) were somewhat smaller than those reported in Ontario (5 to 18 cm, n = 7; Peck and James 1987). Most striking was the fact that most (55%) measured entrances in this study were smaller than the minimum previously reported (Peck and James 1987, Lanyon 1997). These data can be useful when designing nest-box management programs to attract, or deter, particular species. Great Crested Flycatcher nest success appeared to be lower in this system than previously reported for nest boxes in central Florida (Taylor and Kershner 1991) or nest boxes in South Carolina (White and Seginak 2000), but com_parisons are difficult given differing field methods, differing anal3d:ical methods, and a lack of information about predator communities in the respective studies. Finally, higher nests were more likely to be successful than nests located close to the ground (Fig. 1). Great Crested Flycatcher nest sites in oaks tended to be closer to the ground, where they were more vulnerable to nest predators. Nest predation is an important selective pressure for cavity-nesting birds (Nilsson 1984, Li and Martin 1991), and the study system had a rich assemblage of nest predators (see Miller 2000, 2002) including rat snakes which are excellent climbers (e.g., Jackson 1970, Neal et al. 1993, Withgott and Amlaner 1996, Leonard 2009). Although point-count studies have demonstrated associations between various bird species and hardwood vegetation in fire-suppressed sandhills (e.g., Provencher et al. 2002, Allen et al. 2006, Steen et al. 2013), few data are available about higher-order habitat selection {sensu Johnson 1980) and its associated demographic effects. Presence of a hardwood understory or midstory may provide alternative nest sites for the Great Crested Flycatcher and other cavity-nesting species (Miller 2000; Leonard 2005; this study) but consequently also reduce nesting success. More research is needed on the relationships between nest-site selection and nesting success for cavity-nesting species in fire-suppressed habitats with a significant hardwood component. Acknowledgments G. Jones, M. Williams, and A. van Doom assisted in the field. My research was sup- ported by the University of Florida, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Com- mission’s Nongame Trust Fund, the North American Bluebird Society, and a Student Research Grant from Sandpiper Technologies Inc. The manuscript was improved by the 52 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST comments of J. Hoover and D. Leonard. I dedicate this paper to Barbara and Alan Ross of the Maryland Ornithological Society. Literature Cited Allen, J, C., S. M. Krieger, J. R. Walters, and J. A. Collazo. 2006. Associations of breed- ing birds with fire-influenced and riparian-upland gradients in a longleaf pine eco- system. Auk 123:1110-1128. Bent, A. C. 1942. Life Histories of North American Flycatchers, Larks, Swallows, and Their Allies, U.S. National Museum Bulletin 179. Blanc, L. A., and J. R. Walters, 2008. Cavity-nest webs in a longleaf pine ecosystem. Condor 110:80-92. Brawn, J. D., and R. P. Balda. 1988. Population biology of cavity nesters in northern Ari- zona: do nest sites limit breeding densities? Condor 90:61-71. Dennis, J. V. 1951. A Comparative Study of Florida Woodpeckers in the Non-breeding Season. Master’s thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville. Hensler, G. L., and j. D. Nichols. 1981. The Mayfield method of estimating nesting suc- cess: a model, estimators, and simulation results. Wilson Bulletin 93:42-53. Jackson, J. A. 1970. Predation of a black rat snake on Yellow-shafted Flicker nestlings. Wilson Bulletin 82:329-330, Johnson, D. H. 1980. The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evalu- ating resource preference. Ecology 61:65-71. Koenig, W. D., P. A. Gowaty, and J. L. Dickinson. 1992. Boxes, barns, and bridges: con- founding factors or exceptional opportunities in ecological studies? Oikos 63:305-308. Lambrechts, M. M., et al [55 co-authors]. 2010. The design of artificial nestboxes for the study of secondary hole-nesting birds: a review of methodological inconsistencies and potential biases. Acta Ornithologica 45:1-26. Lanyon, W E. 1997. Great Crested Flycatcher {Myiarchus crinitus). In The Birds of North America, No. 300 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. Leonard, D. L, Jr. 2005. The White-breasted Nuthatch in Florida: History, Limiting Fac- tors, and Phylogeography. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville. Leonard, D. L., Jr. 2009. Do abandoned woodpecker cavities provide secondary cavity nesters protection from climbing snakes? Southeastern Naturalist 8:121-128. Li, R, and T. E. Martin. 1991. Nest-site selection and nesting success of cavity-nesting birds in high elevation forest drainages. Auk 108:405-418. Martin, K., K, E. H. Aitken, and K. L. Wiebe. 2004. Nest sites and nest webs for cavity- nesting communities in interior British Columbia, Canada: nest characteristics and niche partitioning. Condor 106:5-19. Martin, T. E., and G. R. Geupel. 1993. Nest-monitoring plots: methods for locating nests and monitoring success. Journal of Field Ornithology 64:507-519, Martin, T. E., C. R. Paine, C, J. Conway, W, M. Hochachka, P. Allen, and W. Jenkins. 1997. BBIRD Field Protocol. Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula. Mayfield, H. 1961. Nesting success calculated from exposure. Wilson Bulletin 73:255- 261. Mayfield, H. 1975. Suggestions for calculating nest success. Wilson Bulletin 87:456-466. Miller, K, E. 2000. Nest-site limitation, nest predation, and nest-site selection in a cav- ity-nesting bird community. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville. Miller, K. E. 2002. Nesting success of the Great Crested Flycatcher in nest boxes and in tree cavities: are nest boxes safer from nest predation? Wilson Bulletin 114:179-185. Miller, K. E. 2010. Nest-site limitation of secondary cavity-nesting birds in even-age southern pine forests. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122:126-134. Miller — Great Crested Flycatcher Nesting 53 Miller, K E,, and D. L. Leonard, Jr. 2010. Partial predation at cavity nests in southern pine forests. Southeastern Naturalist 9:395-402. Moller, a. P. 1989. Parasites, predators and nest boxes: facts and artefacts in nest box studies of birds? Oikos 56:421-423. Myers, R. L. 1990. Scrub and high pine. Pages 150-193 in Ecosystems of Florida (R. L. Myers and J. J. Ewel, Eds.). University of Central Florida Press, Orlando. Neal, J. C., W. G. Montague, and D. A. James. 1993. Climbing by black rat snakes on cav- ity trees of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21:160-165. Nilsson, S. G. 1984. The evolution of nest-site selection among hole-nesting birds: the importance of nest predation and competition. Ornis Scandinavica 15:165-175. Peck, G. K., and R. D. James. 1987. Breeding Birds of Ontario. Nidiology and Distribu- tion. Vol. 2: Passerines. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. Provencher, L., N. M. Gobris, L. A. Brennan, D. R. Gordon, and J. L. Hardesty. 2002. Breeding bird response to midstory hardwood reduction in Florida sandhill longleaf pine forests. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:641-661. Ralph, C. J., G. R. Geupel, P. Pyle, T. E. Martin, and D. F. DeSante. 1993. Handbook of Field Methods for Monitoring Landbirds. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-144. Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service. Stauffer, D. F., and L. B. Best. 1982. Nest-site selection by cavity-nesting birds of ripar- ian habitats in Iowa. Wilson Bulletin 94:329-337. Steen, D. A., L. M. Conner, L. L. Smith, L. Provencher, J. K. Hiers, S. Pokswinski, B. S. Helms, and C. Guyer. 2013. Bird assemblage response to restoration of fire-sup- pressed longleaf pine sandhills. Ecological Applications 23:134-147, Taylor, W. K., and M. A. Kershner. 1991, Breeding biology of the Great Crested Fly- catcher in central Florida. Journal of Field Ornithology 62:28-39. Walter, S. T, and C. C. Maguire, 2005. Snags, cavity-nesting birds, and silvicultural treatments in Western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 69:1578-1591. Waters, J. R., B. R. Noon, and J. Verner. 1990. Lack of nest-site limitation in a cavity- nesting bird community. Journal of Wildlife Management 54:239-245. Wesolowski, T. 2007. Lessons from long-term hole-nester studies in a primeval temper- ate forest. Journal of Ornithology 148 (Suppl 2):S395-S405. White, D. H., and J. T. Seginak. 2000. Nest box use and productivity of Great Crested Flycatchers in prescribed-burned longleaf pine forests. Journal of Field Ornithology 71:147-152. Withgott, j. H., and C. J. Amlaner, 1996. Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta (Black Rat Snake). Foraging. Herpetological Review 27:81-82. Florida Field Naturalist 42(2):54-60, 2014. TREE FOILING; A TREATMENT TO IMPROVE NESTING SUCCESS BY RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS (Picoides borealis) Vincent Morris Florida Forest Service, Withlacoochee Forestry Center, 15019 Broad Street, Brooksville, Florida 34601 Abstract.— We tested a low-cost, temporary foiling technique to improve nesting suc- cess of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers {Picoides borealis). Total brood loss was studied for four breeding seasons, 2007-2010, on the Withlacoochee State Forest in central Florida. On the Citrus Tract a foiling technique was applied to half of the nest trees immediately after detection of the nest (n = 104). The other half received bark shaving only (n=100). Success was counted if at least one nestling fledged from the nest. Success of the nests improved with the addition of foil from 73% to 86%. The Groom population had all nest trees foiled (n = 70). First nest success was 90%, comparable to that of the protected nests in Citrus. Keywordsi Red-cockaded Woodpecker, brood loss, snake excluder device Introduction Nesting success and partial brood loss in Red-cockaded Woodpeckers {Picoides borealis) has been the subject of many studies (McCormick 2004), (DeLotelle 2004) etc. In this study we diverge from arguments and causes of partial brood loss and look at total brood loss, which generally is attributed to predation, nest desertion, and loss of cavities to kleptoparasites (USFWS 2003). Personal observations suggest that having an unrelated female Red-cockaded “helper” or having inexperienced breeders may also be a cause of complete nest failure. Because determining the cause of complete nest loss was impractical, we measured success or failure of the initial nesting attempt regardless of the cause, correlated with a foil treatment of the nest tree. Listed as federally endangered in 1970, the Red-cockaded Woodpecker’s historic distribution approximates that of longleaf pine, ranging from eastern Texas, to southern Florida north to Missouri and New Jersey (Costa 1995). Current distribution is limited to scattered populations within this range where pinelands have been managed with prescribed fire. On these federal, state, and private lands about 15,000 Red-cockaded Woodpeckers remained in 2003 (USFWS 2003), including 2 tracts of the Withlacoochee State Forest; the Citrus and Croom tracts north of Tampa, in central Florida. Reproductive data has been collected on the Withlacoochee State Forest Croom Tract (82° 54 Morris- — Red-cockaded Woodpecker Nests 55 IT W, 28° 36' N) since 2000, and the Citrus Tract (82° 25" W, 28° 48’ N) since 2002, These populations are located in similar sandhill habitat, managed similarly by the same agencies, and separated by 16 km (10 mi) of rural agricultural landscapes. Augmented management strategies that have dramatically increased both populations include: translocation, artificial cavity insert and start placement, banding, artificial cluster placement, mechanical treatment of midstory hardwoods, and increased prescribed burning. This management began in 1998 on both tracts. In 1998, the Croom population contained about five occupied (active) clusters (clusters are separate groups of large pines with cavities where individual family groups of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers can roost and nest) with three of these clusters being occupied by single males and one of the potential breeding pairs demographically isolated from the rest. This earlier work on the Croom Tract was documented by Morris et al. (2004). By 2010, the Croom Tract contained 27 active clusters with 24 occupied by potential breeding groups. The Citrus population contained about 44 active clusters with 43 occupied by potential breeding groups in 2002, the first year of accurate monitoring. By 2010, the population was composed of 74 active clusters with 64 occupied by potential breeding groups. Despite the increase in population size, two of the six nests in Croom failed during the 2002 nesting season. In an attempt to deter rat snakes, suspected of causing nest loss, we implemented a bark shaving technique in 2003 (Saenz et al. 1998a). By the beginning of 2004 all nest trees in Croom and some in Citrus were shaved according to this protocol. Regardless of bark shaving techniques in place, three of 11 nests in Croom were lost between 14-26 and May 2004, representing 27% of the known nests. A further attempt to combat these nest losses was initiated using a tree foiling method described in this paper. Methods During the nesting season (typically between April 15- July 1) all active trees were monitored for nesting activity using Tree Top Peeper System at least every 7 days. Active trees are designated as active within a month preceding nesting season and defined by the presence of fresh resin and flaked bark around the area of the cavity resulting from Red-cockaded Woodpecker activity. When a nest was located in Croom, the tree was im- mediately foiled. In Citrus a random method was used to determine a 50% chance if the nest tree would be foiled or not. Second and third nesting attempts were always foiled but only initial nests are considered in the results. Gender of Red-cockaded Woodpecker sub-adults can be determined only when the birds attain plumage, with males determined by a red spot on the top of the head. Sex checks are generally performed after the birds have fledged, but are still not independent from their parents (16-20 days after banding which occurs 7-9 days after hatching). For the purposes of this paper, fledge checks occurred as soon as possible following fledging so post fledging mortality would not be counted as nest failure. A successful nest was de- 56 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST fined as one or more fledglings being found during sex check. If all eggs or nestlings were prematurely lost from the nest, or if no chicks were detected during sex checks, then the nest was considered a failure. In the event of a total brood loss due to a flooded cavity, that nest was removed from the data and is not considered in this paper (this occurred 4 times in 2009). Materials Low-cost aluminum foil 30.5 cm wide (Publix brand foil was mostly used), high quality duct tape 4.8 cm wide (multiple brands used), longleaf pine cones, and bark scraper. IVeatment Active trees were examined at least every 7 days using the Tree Top Peeper System until a nest was detected. In Groom all nests were immediately treated. In Citrus about 50% of nest trees were treated based on a predetermined random technique or the flip of a coin. The loose bark from the ground level buttress to approximately head high (2 m.) was scraped off using a longleaf pine cone, or bark scraper. Aluminum foil was wrapped starting at the bottom and encircling the tree like a barber pole with about 2 cm of overlap between loops. Loose portions of foil were compressed together to make the foil fit tightly to the tree. At the ends, both top and bottom were completely secured to the tree with duct tape. This was accomplished with a single pass encircling the tree with the tape half contacting the tree and half contacting the foil. Additionally any tears or loose spots were taped using small pieces of duct tape. For a visual demonstration see “ROW nest tree foiled” on YouTube. The final result was smooth foil and duct tape covered at least 135 continuous cm of the tree. In the case of a turpentine tree or tree with a severe wound that made wrapping the tree impossible, the foil was placed higher in the tree. Control In Citrus, about half of the trees were foiled. The trees that were not foiled received bark scraping (Saenz et al. 1998). Results The results are considered separately by year, tract, and combined. Citrus During the four years data were collected in Citrus (2007-2010) there were 204 initial nests detected. Of these 104 were foiled and 100 were scraped. Of the foiled trees, 89 were considered a success, a rate of 86%. Of the 100 trees that were not foiled, 73 were considered a Morris— Red-cockadeb Woodpecker Nests 57 Table 1. Citrus Red-cockaded Woodpecker nesting success 2007-2010 foiled nest trees compared to shaved only nest trees (control). Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Nests 48 50 52 52 204 Foiled 20 31 21 32 104 Successful 17 28 13 31 89 Percent Successful 85% 90% 62% 97% 86% Not foiled 28 19 31 22 100 Successful 21 17 15 20 73 Percent Successful 75% 89% 48% 91% 73% Statistics X^ X^ 0.231 0 0.457 0.113 4.193 P p P P P 0.631 1 0.499 0.737 0.041 Chi-square analysis 2x2 contingency table, Yates corrected success, a rate of 73%. This suggests that total brood loss diminished by 13% using the foil treatment compared with bark scraping alone. This conclusion is significant according to 2 x 2 Chi square contingency table, Yates corrected (x^ = 4.193, P = 0.041). Groom All trees were treated. During the years 2007-2011 seventy initial nests were detected. Of these, 63 were successful. This is an apparent success rate of 90%. Citrus and Croom Combined The combination of the data only increases the treatment data, providing a treatment sample size of 174. Untreated sample size remains 100. Overall 152 treated nest trees produced fledglings. Combined success rate is 87%. Discussion Corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) and yellow rat snakes (P. alleghaniensis) inhabit the Withlacoochee State Forest. Corn snakes Table 2. Croom Red-cockaded Woodpecker nesting success 2007-2010 foiled only nests. Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Nests (ail foiled) 14 20 18 18 70 Successful 13 19 15 16 63 Percent Successful 93% 95% 83% 89% 90% 58 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Table 3. Croom and Citrus Red-cockaded Woodpecker combined nesting suc- cess in treated nests trees 2007-2011 compared to Citrus shaved only nests (control). Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Croom Nests (all foiled) 14 20 18 18 70 Citrus Foiled Nests 20 31 21 32 104 Total Foiled Nests 34 51 39 50 174 Successful 30 47 28 47 152 Percent Successful 88% 92% 72% 94% 87% Not foiled (Citrus) 28 19 31 22 100 Successful 21 17 15 20 73 Percent Successful 75% 89% 48% 91% 73% Statistics X^ X^ 1.048 0 3.067 0 7.962 P p P p P 0.306 1 0.080 1 0.005 Chi-square analysis 2x2 contingency table, Yates corrected have been observed in sandhill habitat, Red-cockaded Woodpecker trees, and even in Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities. However, this study does not assume that foiling is acting as a snake excluder device (SNED). While 4.5 feet of smooth foil seems as if it would behave as a SNED, we collected no direct evidence that this is the mechanism for decreasing total brood loss. The foil could act in some other unknown way to decrease nest failure that we have not observed or detected. In my experience, total brood loss leaves behind very little evidence to help determine a cause, but I believe it is caused by intruder Red- cockaded Woodpeckers, other animal species including Red-bellied Woodpeckers, southern flying squirrels, and rat snakes, as well as starvation of the nestlings. Of the total nest losses, I believe about half are caused by rat snakes, which are the ones that the foiling mostly prevents. Snakes may still reach a cavity by reaching from an adjacent tree or perhaps some other means. It is possible that foiling could deter other nest predators such as flying squirrels that may not like to ascend trees with foil. The total brood losses that are unaffected by foil are probably due to starvation or predation by other woodpeckers. There have been total brood losses during this study that have almost certainly been caused by starvation because they are associated with inexperienced (young) breeders. If we were to analyze additional data about breeder fitness, we could probably make a case for total brood loss resulting from inexperienced breeders being a high proportion of the cases of total brood loss that cannot be prevented by foiling the Morris — Red-cockaded Woodpecker Nests 59 tree. If this loss were somehow teased out of the results we may find an even higher correlation between foiling and successful nesting. In all 4 years there was a higher success rate in foiled trees, however, rates were different each year. The most pronounced year was 2009, a year with abnormally high amounts of May rainfall which seemed to negatively affect overall nesting success. This is a difficult phenomenon to explain but perhaps with so much rainfall, snakes were more likely to climb trees in search of food, or perhaps wet trees are less difficult to ascend. In 2008 there was very little difference between foiled and shaved treatments. Again this is difficult to explain without a better understanding of rat snake behavior. Large differences in reproductive rates have been measured between the first nest and subsequent nesting activities. Of 16 initial nest failures recorded in Groom between the years 2000- 2010, 3 successfully renested and these nests produced 5 offspring (FFS unpublished data). Reproduction rates of second nests are 0.31 fledglings per pair that lost the initial nest, compared to 1.7 fledglings per nest on a successful first nest. In Citrus, between 2002 and 2101 0.48 fledglings were produced per group that lost the initial nest compared to 1.54 birds produced in a successful first nest (FWC unpublished data). This suggests that a successful initial nest in Citrus produces 1.06 more fledglings than subsequent nesting activity. Second nests are probably less successful because the timing does not correspond to seasonal abundance of prey and advantageous weather conditions. It may be less difficult to raise young during the Florida spring drought in May compared to summer monsoon pattern that begins in June. The second nest may also be less productive statistically because birds that fail the first time may be predisposed to failure due to inexperience, poor nest tree selection, or a persistent predator. This issue may not be resolved and the second nest could fail for the same reason the first nest failed. Using the data from the Citrus Tract for all nests from 2002-2010, a theoretical population containing 100 groups that attempted nesting would behave the following way: If all trees were foiled, 86 of the nests would be successful producing 86*1.54 ^ 132 fledglings. The 14 groups that lost the initial nest would eventually produce 14*0.48 = 7 fledglings. This theoretical population produces 139 fledglings. The same theoretical population with shaved trees would produce 73 successful initial nests, or 73*1.54 = 112 fledglings. The initially failed nests would 3deld 27*0.48 = 13 fledglings for a total of 125 birds. The calculated increase in production due to foiling would be 14 fledglings, an 11% increase in fledging rate. Considering that many of the second or third nests counted in our calculations were foiled (all subsequent nesting events in Citrus since 2007 were foiled) the actual 60 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST difference may be even greater if foil protects second or third nests similarly to the first (something not tested in this study). Foiling the nest tree takes about 5 min, and uses about $5.00 worth of materials. The total cost for treatment is therefore about $6.00. In this scenario, 100 initial nests costing $600 to foil would be $600/14, a cost of $43.00 per additional nestling. There is additional cost for treating 2"^"^ and 3^"^ nests not calculated in this scenario. Considering other management costs, this is an inexpensive method to produce more birds. Acknowledgments I thank the Florida Forest Service, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commis- sion, citizens of Florida for commitment to manage Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. I thank Jared Bond, Michelle DeVerteiul, Mary Dowdell, Nancy Dwyer, A1 Hansen, and Beverly Hansen for collecting the majority of the data. I thank Denise Wilde for editing. Rebecca Boulton also helped with useful suggestions for improving the manuscript. Finally, I thank Roy DeLotelle for dedication to the Red-cockaded Woodpecker cause, and the idea to foil trees in the first place. Literature Cited Costa, R., and J. L, Walker. 1995. Red-cockaded woodpecker. Pages 86-89 in LRANDAH- PAE (E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Pucker, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, Eds.). U.S. National Biological Service, Washington, D. C. DeLotelle, R. S., D. L. Leonard, and R. J. Epting. 2004. Hatch failure rates and brood re- duction in 3 central Florida red-cockaded woodpecker populations, in WRR(R. Costa and S. J. Daniels, Eds.). Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, Washington. McCormick, J. R,, R. N. Conner, D. B. Burt, and D. Saenz. 2004. Influence of habitat and number of nestlings on partial brood loss in red-cockaded woodpeckers, in Red- cockaded Woodpecker: Road to Recovery, (R. Costa and S. J. Daniels, Eds.). Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, Washington. Morris, V. M., and C. W. Werner. 2004. Efforts to recover Red-cockaded Woodpeckers on Withlacoochee State Forest’s Croom Tract. Pages 368-372 in Red-cockaded Wood- pecker: Road to Recovery (R. Costa and S. J. Daniels, Eds.). Hancock House Publish- ers, Blaine, Washington. Saenz, D., C. S. Collins, and R. N. Conner. 1998. A bark-shaving technique to deter rat snakes from climbing red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:1069-1073. USFWS [U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service]. 2003. Recovery Plan for the Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis), second revision. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, At- lanta, Georgia. Florida Field Naturalist 42(2):61-63, 2014. ROSEATE SPOONBILLS (Platalea ajaja) NESTING ON SEAHORSE KEY, CEDAR KEYS NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, LEVY COUNTY, FLORIDA Jennifer R. Seavey\ Peter C. Frederick^ and Victor Doig^ ^Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, P.O. Box 110430, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0430 ^Cedar Keys and Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge, 16450 NW 31st Place, Chiefland, Florida 32626 The Roseate Spoonbill {Platalea ajaja) is widely distributed in coastal and freshwater wetlands throughout the Gulf of Mexico and in South America (Hancock et al. 1993). In Florida, breeding occurs from Florida Bay north to Brevard and Hillsborough and Pinellas Counties (Allen 1942, Dunstan 1976, Dumas 2000, FNAJ 2001, Hodgson and Paul 2006, Hodgson et al. 2010). Here, we report on nesting by Roseate Spoonbills in Cedar Key National Wildlife Refuge in Florida’s Big Bend in spring 2013. To our knowledge, these nests represent a northern expansion of the Roseate Spoonbill’s historic breeding range (described by Allen 1942). Study Area Seahorse Key (29° 6' 9.14" N. 83° 4' 12.84" W; 66.78 ha) has been known as a mixed- species wading bird and seabird breeding colony of varying size for more than 50 years. Seahorse Key is located 4 km southwest of the town of Cedar Key, Florida in Levy County, and is 9 km from the mainland. The 65 ha island is composed of mangrove mixed with salt marsh, sandy beach, and extensive upland forests. The mangrove is primarily black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) with a smaller scattered red mangrove {Rhizophora mangle) zone along the tide line. These mangroves increase and decrease in north Florida with winter freeze events; the last major freeze was in the mid 1980’s and therefore the majority of trees on the island in 2013 represent regrowth from this period. The upland forest is dominated by sand live oak {Quercus geminata), red cedar {Juniperus virginiana), sabal palm (Sabal palmetto), and red bay {Persea horbonia). The island was used by Native Americans for centuries before European Americans arrived in the region. The island as been in federal ownership since the 1830’s, was added to the Cedar Keys National Wildlife Refuge in 1936, and was designated as a federal Wilderness Area in 1972. In order to protect the nesting birds on Seahorse Key, the National Wildlife Refuge closes the island and a 300 ft buffer around it to public access from 1 March to 30 June. Annual surveys to estimate wading bird breeding activity have been conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on Seahorse Key since 1989, although intermittent surveys were conducted since the early 1970s (USDI 1993) using aerial survey counts and flight-line counts. Additionally, annual boat-based surveys have been conducted around the entire perimeter of Seahorse Key by University of Florida researchers since 2002 (H. Lillywhite, University of Florida, personal communication, August 2013). While Roseate Spoonbills have been observed feeding in the Cedar Keys area for many years, breeding activity has not been reported previously. On 7 May 2013, we observed three pairs of Roseate Spoonbills in breeding plumage at Gardiner’s Point on Seahorse Key 61 62 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST during a boat survey. These birds were observed flying into and landing in a mangrove fringe. Upon entering this mangrove forest, we located two nests, placed approximately 7 m high in black mangroves. Based on the timing and behavior of the adults, we suspected eggs were in the nests but could not confirm their presence because of the height of the nests. On 16 May, JRS observed at least two chicks in one of the nests; however, the contents of the second nest were not observable due to its height and position. As we did not observe chicks on 7 May, and saw no pinfeathers on the chicks (the chicks were all downy and lacked feather sheaths), we thought that the chicks were no more than 9 days of age. Since the t3rpical incubation period for Roseate Spoonbills is 22 days, this date suggests that egg-laying occurred in the middle of April (approximately 17 April). Based on our subsequent observations of repeated visits by adult pairs to three separate locations in this mangrove stand, we believe at least three nests held chicks. One individual among the three pairs was in sub-adult plumage. This sub-adult stay clung to the nest area in the same manner as the full adults did when we visited the site. There were no other adults around that may have been nesting or paired with the adult that was observed in this area. The plumage of this sub-adult v/as light colored with a lightly feathered head compared to the local adults. In addition, it was missing the green head coloration of the adults and deep crimson on the epaulettes. Sub-adult breeding has been observed elsewhere (Baltz 1997), and we suspect that this individual was breeding with an adult-plumaged mate. It seems likely that previous nesting by this conspicuous bird would have been noticed during these various surveys; therefore, we believe that spoonbills have only recently bred at Seahorse Key and that our observation represents a northern expansion of the breeding range of spoonbills on the Gulf coast in Florida. The next closest reported breeding is in Tampa Bay on the Gulf Coast (140 km south, 150 km straight line distance) (Hodgson et al. 2006, 2010) and Merritt Island on the Atlantic coast (60 km south, 235 km straight line distance) (Smith and Breininger 1988). There is evidence that Roseate Spoonbills are again nesting in 2014 and may even be increasing on Seahorse Key. In mid-May, field observations documented spoonbills carrying nesting material and taking it to the same spots in the mangroves where we saw nests last year (Frederick, unpublished data). Six nesting pairs are believed to be active this year, though no nest- or nesting confirmations have been made yet this year. Numbers appear to have increased, evidenced by aerial surveys in May that found an average of 25.75 spoonbills on our morning flightline counts, a 101% increase over the mean from the same period in 2013 (Doig, unpublished data). Acknowledgments We thank Joel Wixson for field work and photographing the chicks, Harvey Lilywhite and Coleman Sheehy for wading bird survey information, the Cedar Keys National Wild- life Refuge and Seahorse Key Marine Laboratory for field access and logistical support, and Ann Hodgson for valuable improvements in the manuscript. Literature Cited Allen, R. R 1942. The Roseate Spoonbill. National Audubon Society Research Report #2. National Audubon Society, New York. Baltz, M. E. 1997. Observations of Roseate Spoonbills and evidence of breeding on North Andros Island. Florida Field Naturalist 25:98-100, Dumas, J. V. 2000. Roseate Spoonbill {Ajaia ajaja). In The Birds of North America, No. 490 (A. Poole and R Gill, Eds.). The Birds of North America Inc., Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania. Notes 63 Dunstan, E M. 1976. Roseate Spoonbill nesting in Tampa Bay, Florida. Florida Field Naturalist 4:25-27. FNAI [Florida Natural Areas Inventory]. 2001. Roseate Spoonbill. Field Guide to Rare Animals. Online: . Hancock, J. A., J. A. Kushlan, and M. R Kahl. 1993. Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. Academic Press, London. Hodgson, A. B., A. F. Paul, and M. L. Rachal. 2006. Chapter 14: Birds. Pages 14-1-14-14 in Baywide Environmental Monitoring Report, 2002-2005 (J. R. Pribble, A, J. Janicki, and H. Greening, Eds.). Tampa Bay Estuary Program Technical Publication #06-06, St. Petersburg, Florida. Hodgson, A. B., and A. R Paul. 2010. 25 years after BASIS: An update on the current sta- tus and recent trends in colonial waterbird populations of Tampa Bay. Pages 233-247 in Proceedings, Tampa Bay Area Scientific Information S5rmposium, BASIS 5: 20-23 October 2009, St. Petersburg, Florida (S. T. Cooper, Ed.). Smith, R. B., and D. R. Breininger. 1988. Northern breeding range extension for the Rose- ate Spoonbill in Florida. Florida Field Naturalist 16:65-67. USDI [United States Department of the Interior]. 1993. Lower Suwannee and Cedar Keys NWR Annual Narrative Report. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Chiefiand, Florida (internal publication). Florida Field Naturalist 42(2):64-65, 2014. FIRST RECORD OF GAMBEL’S QUAIL (Callipepla gambelii) IN THE EXOTIC AVIFAUNA OF FLORmA Valeri Ponzo 1353 Oak View Drive, Sarasota, Florida 34232 E-mail: vponzo@comcast.net On 27-28 April 2013, a Gambel’s Quail {Callipepla gambelii) was observed in the Gulfgate area of Sarasota, Sarasota County, by Greg and Susan Yantorno, whose sighting was posted to the “SRQ Area Bird Alerts” list. Photographs archived with the Florida Ornithological Society were obtained on 27 April by Susan Yantorno (BPA 6902a-c) and by VP (BPA 5395a-b; Fig. 1). As this observation represents the first report and record Figiire 1. GambeFs Quail at Sarasota, Sarasota County, 27 April 2013. This furnishes the first record of the species in Florida. Photograph by Valeri Ponzo (BPA 5395b). 64 Notes 65 of GambeFs Quail for Florida (Greenlaw et aL 2014), I provide additional information on its occurrence. The quail was found in a suburban neighborhood characterized by mowed lawns and small shrubs and ornamental plants. The quail, which was not banded, was observed walking or running on the ground; it had a noticeable limp. It alternated between periods of foraging (scratching in mulch under shrubs or on lawns) and resting in concealment under shrubs. The GambeFs Quail appeared to be larger than a Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). It was a male by plumage, with its black face, chin, and throat bordered by white stripes. The crown was rufous with a thin black stripe at the bottom. A large black plume, rounded at the tip, hung forward over the face. The eyes were black and the short bill was gray. The remainder of the upperparts were gray; the tail was short and squared. The breast was gray and the belly was cream-colored with a large central black patch. The flanks were chestnut with white stripes. The legs and feet were unfeathered and gray. The bird was distinguished from California Quail (C. californica) by the black forehead, the lack of scaled underparts, and the black belly patch. The plumage suggested no hybridization with related species such as California Quail or Scaled Quail (C. squamata). GambeFs Quail is resident from southeastern California and western Colorado south to northeastern Baja California and western Texas (AOU 1998). Populations have been introduced to Hawaii, Idaho, and San Clemente Island, California (AOU 1998). Due to the sedentary nature of the species and the nearly 2,000-km distance to the nearest population, I presume that the Sarasota quail escaped or was released locally; the species can be purchased online readily. Acknowledgments I thank Susan Yantorno for information on the GambeFs Quail. Andrew W. Kratter, Bill Pranty, and Jon S. Greenlaw improved drafts of the manuscript. Literature Cited AOU [American Ornithologists’ Union], 1998. Check-list of North American Birds, 7th ed. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. Greenlaw, J. S., B. Pranty, and R. Bowman. 2014. The Robertson and Woolfenden An- notated List of Florida Birds. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 8, Gainesville. Florida Field Naturalist 42(2):66-69, 2014. LATE-SEASON NESTING BY FLORIDA SANDHILL CRANES (Grus canadensis pratensis) Martin J. Folk Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 1475 Regal Court, Kissimmee, Florida 34744 Florida Sandhill Cranes {Grus canadensis pratensis) typically nest from January to June with a peak in egg-laying from late February through March (Wood and Nesbitt 2001), Nesting activity after May is rare (personal observation). In this note I summarize observations of a late-season nest and pre-fledged young. Age of young was estimated using plumage characteristics and body size relative to that of the adults. Egg-laying and hatching dates were estimated by back-dating; forward-dating was used to predict fledging dates. I compare the dates of these late-season observations with those found in the literature and discuss possible reasons for these anomalous nesting efforts. I observed six late-season broods and one nest of Florida Sandhill Cranes in four Florida counties (Table 1). Nesting for these six broods was estimated to have been initiated in June, with hatching in July, and fledging in September. Five of the broods were observed in 2009. That year, most crane-nesting marshes were dry and unavailable for nesting until May. Then record-setting rainfall resulted in one of the wettest Mays in history After marsh water levels stabilized enough to allow nesting in June, some cranes did attempt nesting even though normally it would have been too late in the season. Apparently, some pairs were still physiologically disposed to nesting. This may have been facilitated by the combination of rain and sudden presence of water in marshes; marsh water levels are an important influence on crane nesting chronology (Bennett and Bennett 1990, Bishop 1988, Layne 1983, Walkinshaw 1982). An active nest was discovered on 27 August 2013 and the pair of cranes incubated the eggs through 10 September. On 11 September the cranes were not tending the nest, and therefore it was assumed to have failed because newly hatched chicks typically spend about 24 h at the nest wdth one or both parents before leaving the nest to forage nearby This nest was likely initiated in August and is the most extreme late-season nest I am aware of for Florida Sandhill Cranes. Bent (1926), however, gave dates of 89 eggs of Florida Sandhill Cranes as “January 28 to August,” but the details of the August reference were not present. Information from the literature (Table 2) is consistent with my observations that nesting by Florida Sandhill Cranes is generally rare in May and later. Florida Sandhill Cranes may renest, even multiple times in a season, if their nests fail (Nesbitt 1988), and this may explain some late-season nesting, Bennett and Bennett (1990) noted that nests of Florida Sandhill Cranes in the Okefenokee Swamp initiated after 10 May were usually renesting efforts by pairs that were unsuccessful on their first and second attempts. The late-season cases in 2009 (Table 1) may have been associated with rainfall and wetland water levels, but that does not explain the most extreme nest I discovered, in August 2013. Acknowledgments I thank S. B. Baynes, M. K. Chappell, T. A. Dellinger, N. C. Dwyer, M. L. Folk, and S. A. Nesbitt for providing observations. The manuscript benefited from reviews by B. Crowder, S. A. Nesbitt and J. A. Rodgers. Funding for this work was supported in part by 66 Notes 67 m o © O N 00 05 05 05 05 O O O O O O CJ C3 03 03 C3 ft ft ft © © © l~fci ® m m m m CO CO CO TO CO TO 05 05 05 05 o o O O o o O O 03 03 03 C3 b b b •to ►to ►to 00 eo CO o TO TO 05 05 05 O o O O O o O o 03 03 03 03 rt e fl d b d ►to *TO ►to CO CO CO o b" fH OT iO i CM N CO 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ lO O O to TO m iJD i6 00 eq as CO ® fh 03 cq o o o 03 t-H fH TO 00 !» 03 l> to lO fH 05 m lo !>• tH CO CO tH TO tH 03 05 lO TO C3 05 tH CO 05 id O O TO I> TO 03 G5 O O iO 05 TO 00 O- TO 03 03 03 N « 03 CU CS & « S ^ o o o o Q © © M ffl © M O O s o o ^ m ra o ® ® > © g ® J s cs ^ ® '© TO ^ „ TO O S eo ^ d ® ^ fi S 1 ^ ^ TO ^ ^ ^ II TO d !S ^ ^ bB • S ^ S TO d m TO ® S) 2 “ B ■§ f ss^^t I I §>:§ * i II S S g '■g § I £ i d rt 5 a i TO TO ^ ® fe ® ® 2 3 d d ^ ® 0 § 8 ^ S S '3 'd ^ O O H B ^ 68 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Table 2, Extreme dates published for late-season nests of Florida Sandhill Cranes. Source Years covered during study Location Dates Bennett and Bennett 1990 1985-88 Okefenokee Swamp For 123 nests, four were initiated in May and one in June (all others were initiated before May) Bent 1926 Unknown Unknown Described egg dates for 89 eggs as “Janu- ary 28 to August” Bishop 1988 1984-86 Central and south Florida Latest nests were observed in mid-May Dw^er and Tanner 1992 1988-89 Green Swamp Latest nest initiation was 22 April Layne 1983 1973-79 South central Florida Latest of eight nests observed was 26 May Nesbitt 1988 1983-87 Paynes Prairie Latest la3dng date 22 May Stevenson and Anderson 1994 Unknown Unknown Latest “egg collection date” from “more than 100 sets” was 2 June 1899 Thompson 1970 1964-68 Loxahatchee NWR Latest nest with eggs 27 April Toland 1999 1987-94 Central and south Florida Latest nest initiation 29 May Walkinshaw 1982 1938-81 Kissimmee Prairie Latest egg laying observed in April the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service via Cooperative Agreement No. 401814-J-035 and by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Literature Cited Bennett, A. J., and L. A. Bennett. 1990. Productivity of Florida Sandhill Cranes in the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia. Journal of Field Ornithology 61:224-231. Bent, A. C. 1926. Life Histories of North American Marsh Birds. U. S. National Museum Bulletin 135. Washington, D.C. Bishop, M. A. 1988. Factors affecting productivity and habitat use of Florida Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis pratensis): An evaluation of three areas in central Florida for a nonmigratory population of Whooping Cranes (G. americana). Ph.D. disserta- tion, University of Florida, Gainesville. Dwyer, N. C., and G. W. Tanner. 1992. Nesting success in Florida Sandhill Cranes. Wil- son Bulletin 104:22-31. Notes 69 Layne, J. N. 1983. Productmty of Sandhill Cranes in south central Florida. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:178-185. Nesbitt, S. A. 1988. Nesting, renesting, and manipulating nesting of Florida Sandhill Cranes. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:758-763. Stevenson, H. M., and B, H. Anderson. 1994. The Birdlife of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Thompson, R. L. 1970. Florida Sandhill Crane nesting in the Loxahatchee National Wild- life Refuge. Auk 87:492-502. Toland, B. 1999. Nesting success and productivity of Florida Sandhill Cranes on natural and developed sites in southeast Florida. Florida Field Naturalist 27:10-13. Walkinshaw, L. H, 1982. Nesting of the Florida Sandhill Crane in central Florida. Pages 53-62 in Proceedings of the 1981 Crane Workshop (J. G. Lewis, Ed.). National Audu- bon Society, Tavernier, Florida. Wood, D. A., and S. A. Nesbitt. 2001. Sandhill Crane. Pages 108-123 in Florida's Frag- ile Wildlife: Conservation and Management (D. A. Wood, Ed.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville Florida Field Naturalist 42(2):70-72, 2014. BEAK DEFORMITY IN A NESTLING TRICOLORED HERON (Egretta tricolor) IN SOUTH FLORIDA Jessica A. Klassen Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33431 E-mail: jklassen@fau.edu Bill deformities among birds are often reported in the scientific literature, and can be caused by a variety of factors including bacterial infections (Gartrell et al. 2011), tumor growths (Owen et al. 2007), nutritional deficiencies (Tangredi 2007), and environmental toxins (Ludwig et al. 1996, Mora et al. 2007). However, most descriptions are limited to adult passerines (see Craves 1994 and Handel et al. 2010), with nestling descriptions limited to a few species (Gilbertson et al. 1991, Kuiken et al. 1999). Deformities in the nestling age group are less likely to be detected, but may have greater population impacts as severe deformities can cause mortality before reproductive age is reached (Ludwig et al. 1996). Here I describe a case of beak deformity in a nesting Tricolored Heron {Egretta tricolor) in the Florida Everglades. I first observed the nestling on 17 April 2012 in Hidden Colony (25° 46' 39" N, 80° 50' 31" W) within Water Conservation Area 3A of the Florida Everglades. The upper mandible was curved to the left approximately 180 degrees, resulting in very little cover of the lower mandible (Fig. 1). The nestling was approximately two weeks in age, and was the smallest in a brood of four. The three other nestlings did not have any observable deformities. In 2012, Hidden Colony was comprised of approximately 80 Tricolored Heron nests and 70 Snowy Egret {Egretta thula) nests with 3-4 nestlings in each nest. After additional surveys of the colony, I did not find any other nestling with deformities. The nestling was still present on 25 April 2012, but had an extremely protruding keel in comparison to its siblings. The nestling was absent on 3 May 2012, however the other siblings were still present either within the nest or branching just outside the nest. Since the trees in Hidden Colony can be several meters apart with little foliage cover and branch overlap, it was unlikely the deformed nestling was overlooked. Therefore, I considered the deformed nestling deceased. Whereas the cause of deformation is unknown in this instance, it may have been a developmental defect, possibly caused by teratogenic substances within the egg of this particular nestling. Other causes, such as genetics or contaminated prey, are plausible but less likely due to the absence of deformities in the siblings. It is important to report abnormalities in case they become more prevalent in this geographic area or species group. This observation contributes to baseline data in deformities, which Rockwell et al. (2003) stress is important in order to be able to detect environmental change. These data become even more important in the Everglades since wading birds serve as indicator species for ecosystem health and function (Frederick et al. 2009). In spite of this, wading bird deformities may well be under-reported. This tendency is most likely caused by the dependence of wading birds on correct bill function to capture and consume active prey. Correct bill function is important even for nestlings that must take up regurgitated prey from the floor of the nest, from the gape of a parent, or by grasping the bill of a parent as nestlings get older (Frederick 1997). Because of this, wading birds with beak deformities probably have difficulties consuming food and experience high mortality rates at a young age, often before adulthood. Due to isolated nesting locations, these deformed nestlings 70 Notes 71 Figure 1. Nestling Tricolored Heron with deformed upper mandible as shown from the left (A), lower right (B), with other sibling (C), and in reference to lower mandible (D). Photo credit (J. Klassen). are likely to go undetected. This is in contrast to other, well-documented passerines that are still able to feed on stationary seeds or anthropogenic food sources well into adulthood (Van Hemert et al. 2012). Acknowledgments Funding for research that led to this paper was provided by the Army Corps of Engi- neers. I thank L. Berry and M. Lauck for their assistance in the field. David Rintoul and an anonymous reviewer provided valuable comments on a previous draft. Literature Cited Craves, J. A. 1994. Passerines with deformed bills. North American Bird Bander 19:14- 18. Frederick, P. C. 1997. Tricolored heron (Egretta tricolor). In The Birds of North America, No. 306 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D. C. Frederick, R, D. E. Gawlik, J. C. Ogden, M. I. Cook, and M. Lusk. 2009. The White Ibis and Wood Stork as indicators for restoration of the Everglades ecosystem. Ecological Indicators 9:S83-S95. Gartrell, B. D., M. R. Alley, and T. Kelly. 2011. Bacterial sinusitis as a cause of beak deformity in an Antipodes Island parakeet {Cyanoramphus unicolor). New Zealand Veterinary Journal 51:196-198. 72 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Gilbertson, M., T. Kubiak, J. Ludwig, and G. Fox. 1991. Great-lakes embryo mortality, edema, and deformities syndrome (GLEMEDS) in colonial fish-eating birds similar to chick-edema disease. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 33:455-520. Handel, C. M., L. M. Pajot, S. M. Matsuoka, C. Van Hemert, J. Terenzi, S. L. Talbot, D. M. Mulcahy, C. U. Meteyer, and K. A. Trust. 2010. Epizootic of beak deformities among wild birds in Alaska: and emerging disease in North America? Auk 127:882- 898. Kuiken, T., F. a. Leighton, G. Wobeser, and B. Wagner. 1999. Causes of morbidity and mortality and their effect on reproductive success in Double-crested Cormorants from Saskatchewan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35:331-346. Ludwig, J. R, H. Kurita-Matsuba, H, J. Auman, M, E. Ludwig, C. L. Summer, J. P. Gie- SY, D. E. Tillitt, and R D. Jones. 1996. Deformities, PCBs, and TCDD-equivalents in Double-crested Cormorants {Phalacrocorax auritus) and Caspian Terns (Hydro- progne caspia) of the Upper Great Lakes 1986-1991: testing a cause-effect hypothesis. Journal of Great Lakes Restoration 22:172-197. Mora, M. A., R. J. Taylor, and B. L. Brattin. 2007. Potential ecotoxicological signifi- cance of elevated concentrations of strontium in eggshells of passerine birds. Condor 109:199-205. Owen, H. C., R. J. T. Doneley, R. E. Schmidt, and J. C. Patterson-Kane. 2007. Keratoac- anthoma causing beak deformity in a budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Avian Pathology 36:499-502. Rockwell, R. F., B. M Pezzanite, and P. Matulonis. 2003. Developmental abnormalities in wild populations of birds: examples from Lesser Snow Geese {Chen caerulescens caerulescens). American Museum Novitates No. 3400. American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York. Tangredi, B. P. 2007. Environmental factors associated with nutritional secondary hy- perparathyroidism in wild birds. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 18:47-56. Van Hemert, C., C. M. Handel, and D. M. O’Brian. 2012. Stable isotopes identify dietary change associated with beak deformities in Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atrica- pillus). Auk 129:460-466. Florida Field Naturalist 42(2):73-88, 2014. FIELD OBSERVATIONS Fall Report; August-November 2013.— This report consists of significant bird observations compiled by the Field Observations Committee (FOC). Electronic submissions to the FOC should be in the following format: species, number of individuals, age and sex of the bird(s), color morph if applicable, location (including county), date, observer(s), and significance. Seasons are winter (December-February), spring (March- May), summer (June-July), and fall (August-November). Submit observations to regional compilers within two weeks after the close of each season, or to the state compiler within one month. Addresses of the compilers follow this report. Sight-only observations are considered “reports” while only those observations supported by verifiable evidence (photographs, video or audio recordings, or specimens) are called “records.” Species for which documentation is required by the FOC and by the FOS Records Committee (FOSRC; ) are marked here with an asterisk (*). A county designation (in italics) accompanies the first- time listing of each site in this report. Abbreviations in this report are: AFB = Air Force Base, AFR = Air Force Range, CA - Conservation Area, EOS ~ end of season, NERR = National Estuarine Research Reserve, nm = nautical miles, NP = National Park, NS = National Seashore, NSRA ” North Shore Restoration Area, NWR = National Wildlife Refuge, SF = State Forest, SP ^ State Park, STA = Stormwater Treatment Area, STF = sewage treatment facility, WMA = Wildlife Management Area, and N, S, E, W etc., for compass directions. Bold-faced entries denote birds newly reported or verified in Florida, or record numbers. -i-Photographs or video- or audio-recordings archived by the FOC are identified by a plus (+), Summary of the Fall Season While Florida was mostly spared from hurricane activity this season, it was a better than average fall migration with good numbers and diversity of Neotropic migrants reported throughout the state. Robin Diaz reported that thirty-three Swainson’s Warblers were banded at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP throughout the season. An invasion of Black Scoters was first noted in late October, with thousands being reported off the east coast of the state and then reaching the Big Bend region by late November. A potential state’s first Cassin’s Vireo photographed and banded at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP is under review by the FOSRC. Among other FOSRC rarities were: Bar-tailed Godwit first discovered at Fred Howard Park, a female Ruddy Quail-Dove also banded at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP provided the fourth Florida record, twelve Alder Flycatchers at Frog Pond WMA, four Sulphur-bellied Flycatchers at various sites in south Florida, the state’s second Townsend’s Solitaire at Honeymoon Island SP, and a Varied Thrush was a one day wonder in a yard at Seminole. We welcome Ron Smith as the new compiler for the Tampa Bay region. This report is dedicated to the memory of Dorothy “Dot” Freeman of Orlando, long- time member of the Florida birding community and charter FOS member, who died 20 October 2013. Species Accounts Black-bellied Whistling-Duck: 2 at Taminco Sanctuary {Santa Rosa) 13 Aug (L. Kelly, B. Furlow); 57 at northern Jefferson County 1 Sep (M. Smith, K. Seward); 3 at Sawgrass Lake Park (Pinellas) 11 Sep (J. Shenote); 85 at Lem Turner spray fields (Duval) 26 73 74 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Sep (D. Foster); 140 at McIntyre Street (DeSoto) 20 Oct (C. Fredricks et aL); 240 at Lake Apopka NSRA (Orange) 20 Nov (H. Robinson). Fulvous Whistling-Duck: 71 at Lake Apopka NSRA 13 Oct (H. Robinson); as many as 14 at Circle B Bar Reserve (Polk) 24 Oct-10 Nov (J. Greenlaw). Greater White-fronted Goose: 1 at Southwood (Leon) 25 Nov (+A. Wraithmell et aL). Snow Goose: 1 at Tallahassee (Leon) 14 Oct (J. Cavanagh); 2 white morphs at Merritt Island NWR (Brevard) 3-4 Nov (N. Blair) & 1 blue morph there 13 Nov (M. Harris); 1 at Canaveral NS (Volusia) 13 Nov (M. Brothers, G. Davis); 1 blue morph at Bayonet Point (Pasco) 19-27 Nov (+B. Pranty et al.); 1 blue morph at Lake Jessup (Seminole) 19-24 Nov (S. Simmons); 3 white morphs at McKendree Road (Pasco) 21 Nov-EOS (+S. Mann); 1 blue morph at Southwood 25 Nov (A. Wraithmell et al.); 1 blue morph at Purdue Road (Duval) 28 Nov (D, Foster). Ross’s Goose: 1 at University of Florida (Alachua) 27 Nov-EOS (+D. Ewing, S. Ewing). Black Swan: 1 on nest at Gainesville (Alachua) 16 Nov (+S. Ewing). Egyptian Goose: 2 on nest with 8 eggs at Baptist Hospital, Kendall (Miami-Dade) 9 Nov (B. Ahern, R. Harrod, +R. Smith). Common Shelduck: 2 at Lake Mirror (Polk) 6 Oct-EOS (R. Wells et al.). Mandarin Duck: as many as 4 at Lake Mirror all season (N. Langwald et al.). Gadwall: 5 at Joe’s Creek Greenway Park (Pinellas) 1-2 Nov (R. Smith et al.); 182 at Lake Apopka NSRA 24 Nov (H. Robinson). Eurasian Wigeon: 1 male at Merritt Island NWR 14 Nov (B. Stalnaker). American Wigeon: 1 at Tierra Verde (Pinellas) 27 Oct (A. Guillard); 4 at Honeymoon Island SP (Pinellas) 4 Nov (D. Gagne et al.). American Black Duck: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 24 & 27 Nov (H. Robinson), Blue-winged Teal: 400 at Tierra Verde 23 Sep (E. Plage). Cinnamon Teal: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 30 Oct (+M. Harris); 1 at Myakka River SP (Sarasota) 7-8 Nov (Y. Jorgensen); 1 immature male at McKendree Road 17 Nov (D. Gagne et al.); 1 male at Oil Well Road (Collier) 18-22 Nov (+V. McGrath et al.); 1 at St. Marks NWR (Wakulla) 30 Nov (A. Moss). *White-cheeked Pintail: 1 at Virginia Key (Miami-Dade) 8-13 Oct (+Robin Diaz). Northern Pintail: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 25 Sep (J. Eager, P. Mansfield); 9 off Fort De Soto Park (Pinellas) 13 Nov (E. Plage); 2 at Tierra Verde 14-17 Nov (S. Tavaglione); 14 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP (Alachua) 20 Nov (J. Hintermister, M, Manetz); 31 at Lake Apopka NSRA 27 Nov (H. Robinson). Green-winged Teal: 1 at Trinity (Pasco) 1 Oct (D. Gagne et al.); 5 off Honeymoon Island SP 3 Nov (E. Kwater et al.). Canvasback: 8 at Arlington (Duval) 10 Nov (T. Rohlatsu); 1 at Fruitville Road (Sarasota) 17 Nov (S. Daughtrey); 1 at STA-5 (Hendry) 18 Nov (C. Ewell et al.); 1 at Lake Jessup 19-20 Nov (S. Simmons). Redhead: 1 at Fort Pickens (Escambia) 4 Aug (J. & B. Callaway); 2 at Tierra Verde 27 Sep (D. Sauvageau); 1 at STA-5, 18 Nov (C. Ewell et al.); 20,000 at Live Oak Island (Wakulla) 28 Nov (R. & L. Smith). Ring-necked Duck: 1 at Circle B Bar Preserve 10 Aug (D. Estabrooks); 2 at The Villages (Sumter) 19-21 Sep & 625 there 25 Nov (J. Dinsmore); 1 female at Trinity 3 Oct (D. Gagne, S. Mann). Lesser Scaup: 1 female at William Dunn STF (Pinellas) 12 Aug-11 Sep (J. Wells). Common Eider: 1 at Clearwater Pass (Pinellas) to 16 Aug (+T, Young); 1 at Port Canaveral (Brevard) 28 Oct-11 Nov (+J. Eager et al.); 1 first-winter male at Boynton Beach Inlet (Palm Beach) 1 Nov-EOS (+J. Currie); 1 at Amelia River (Nassau) 7 Nov (J. Provo); 1 male brought in to the Marine Science Center (Volusia) 12 Nov (+M. Brothers). Surf Scoter: 1 at Alligator Point (Franklin) 1 Aug (J. Murphy); 1 at Charlotte Harbor (Charlotte) 13 Nov (M. Manetz); 4 off Fort De Soto Park 15 Nov (J. Miller); 2 at Bonita Beach (Lee) 17 Nov (M. Higgins); 1 at Anclote Gulf Park (Pasco) 21 Nov (D. Gagne et Field Observations 75 al.); 3 at Tomoka SP (Volusia) 25 Nov (M. Brothers); 1 at Singer Island (Palm Beach) 29 Nov (+S. McKemy). White-winged Scoter: 1 at Al Palonis Park (Hillsborough) to 2 Sep (C. Fisher et al.); 5 off Fort De Soto Park 15 Nov (J. Miller); 5 at Anclote Gulf Park 24 Nov (D. Gagne et al.); 2 off Miami Beach (Miami-Dade) 28 Nov (R, Torres et al.). Black Scoter: 8 at Huguenot Memorial Park (Duval) 1-23 Aug (K. Dailey); 1 at Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR (St. Johns) 21 Oct (J. Wheat); 80 at Merritt Island NWR 28 Oct (J. Cenker); 1,200 at Playalinda Beach, Canaveral NS (Brevard) 5 Nov (M. Harris); 800 off Hanna Park (Duval) 5 Nov (D. Foster); 1,500 at Matanzas Inlet (St. Johns) 5 Nov (G. Davis); 3,000 at Apollo Beach, Canaveral NS (Volusia) 5 Nov (M. Brothers); 50 off Miami Beach 5 Nov (R. Torres, L. Manfredi); 8 at Fort De Soto Park 7 Nov (R. Smith, E. Plage); 65 at Key Vista Park (Pasco) 8 Nov (D. Gagne); 1 at Laguna Beach (Bay) 10 Nov (T. Strohman); 370 at Bonita Beach 11-15 Nov (J. Haas); 206 at Halifax River (Volusia) 22 Nov (M. Brothers); 35 at Honeymoon Island SP 23 Nov (R. Smith); 100 at Tomoka SP 25 Nov (M. Brothers); 7 at Cedar Key (Levy) 25 Nov (R Burns); 50 at Whitney Beach (Sarasota) 26 Nov (C. Herzog et aL); 600 at Alligator Point 30 Nov (J. Murphy), Long-tailed Duck: 3 at Canaveral NS (Volusia ! Brevard) 5 Nov (M. Brothers); as many as 3 at Playalinda Beach, Canaveral NS 17 Nov-EOS (+G. Williams et al.). Bufflehead: 5 at Merritt Island NWR 14 Nov (R. Stalnaker); 2 at Tierra Verde 16 Nov (C. Yilmaz et al.); 4 at Eco Pond, Everglades NP (Monroe) 29 Nov (B, Showier); 300 at Live Oak Island 27 Nov (R. Smith); 5 at Lake Apopka NSRA 27 Nov (H, Robinson). Common Goldeneye: 1 female at Fruitville Road 25 Nov-EOS (R. Harrod); 1 male at Mashes Point (Wakulla) 28 Nov (R. Smith). Hooded Merganser: 1 at Deltona (Volusia) to 13 Sep (fide B. Stalnaker); 60 at north St. Petersburg (Pinellas) 13 Nov (M. Burns). Red-breasted Merganser: 160 at Anclote Gulf Park 24 Nov (D, Gagne et al.); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 27 Nov (H, Robinson). Ruddy Duck: 2 males in alternate plumage at STA-5, 17 Aug (M. England et al.); 215 at Oldsmar City Park (Pinellas) 24 Nov (T. Mast, R. Smith). Ring-necked Pheasant: 1 at Palmetto (Manatee) 9 Nov (M. Higgins); 1 male at Lutz (Pas- co) 23 Nov (+D. Bowman). Red-throated Loon: 1 flyover at Gainesville 31 Oct (A. Kratter) & 2 more there 4 Nov (A. & G. Kent); 1 at Alligator Point 24 Nov (J. Murphy). Common Loon: 1 at St. Joe Bay (Gulf) 4 Aug (M. Brothers, J. Murphy); 1 at St. Andrews Bay (Bay) 18 Sep (B. Wagner); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 26 Oct (B. Ahern, R, Smith). Horned Grebe: 40 at Anclote Gulf Park 24 Nov (D. Gagne et al.); 1 at Flamingo, Ever- glades NP (Monroe) 29 Nov (B. Showier). Eared Grebe: 1 ot Hamilton phosphate mines 9 Nov (J. Hintermister et al.); 1 at Canav- eral NS (Brevard) 23 Nov-EOS (+T. Dunkerton). Black-capped Petrel: 41 off Ponce de Leon Inlet (Volusia) 29 Sep (M. Brothers et al.). Cory’s Shearwater: 612 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep including as many as 10 “Scopoli’s” Shearwaters, Calonectris d. diomedea (M. Brothers et al.); 27 at Playalinda Beach, Canaveral NS 24 Oct (M. Harris); 6 off Miami Beach 26 Oct (R. Diaz); 1 at Apollo Beach, Canaveral NS 5 Nov (M. Brothers); 15 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 16 Nov (M. Brothers et al.); 1 stranded at Snook Islands Natural Area (Palm Beach) 17 Nov (+S. McKemy, C. Weber). Great Shearwater: 1 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep (M. Brothers et al.); singles at Play- alinda Beach 4 & 5 Nov (M. Harris). Sooty Shearwater: 1 at Canaveral NS 13 Nov (M. Brothers, G. Davis), *Manx Shearwater: 1 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep (M. Brothers et al.); 1 at Playalinda Beach 5 Nov (M. Harris). Audubon’s Shearwater: 64 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep (M. Brothers et al.). 76 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Band-rumped Storm-Petrel: 1 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep (M. Brothers et aL). White-tailed Tropicbird: 2 brought to Marine Science Center included 1 from Ponce de Leon Inlet 8 Sep & 1 from New Smyrna Beach (Volusia) 9 Sep (M. Brothers), Wood Stork: 300 at Browns Farm Road, South Bay {Palm Beach) 15 Aug (E. Kwater). Magnificent Frigatebird: 5 at Indian Pass {Gulf) 2 Nov (S. Cerulean); 1 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 22 Nov (M. Brothers et ah); 7 at New Port Richey {Pasco) 23 Nov were 8 km inland (D. Gagne). Brown Booby: 3 at Pensacola Beach {Escambia) 8 Aug (J. Simmons); 1 at Fort De Soto Park through 2 Sep (fide R. Smith); 1 at Apollo Beach, Canaveral NS 17 Sep (M. Broth- ers); 1 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 23 & 29 Sep (M. Brothers); 1 at Huguenot Memorial Park 30 Sept (P. Leary); 1 off Coquina Key {Pinellas) 22 Oct (E. Plage); 1 at Playahnda Beach, Canaveral NS 4 Nov (M. Harris); 1 at Mayport (Duval) 9 Nov (K. Dailey), Red-footed Booby: 1 subadult off Elliot Key {Miami-Dade) 1 Nov (+R. Diaz, R. Torres et ah). Northern Gannet: 1000+ flying southbound observed in 45 minutes at Canaveral NS (Brevard) 19 Nov (J. Eager, P. Mansfield). *Neotropic Cormorant: as many as 5 observed nesting at Wakodahatchee Wetlands {Palm Beach) 6 Oct-EOS (+M. Berney et ah). Great Cormorant: 1 at Washington Oaks Gardens SP (Flagler) 9 Nov (+S. Ewing, D. Ewing). American White Pelican: 700 at Browns Farm Road, South Bay 15 Aug (E. Kwater); 93 at Circle B Bar Preserve 27 Oct (fide P. Miller); 460 at Shell Key Preserve {Pinellas) 30 Oct (D, Sauvageau); 500 at Fort De Soto Park 20 Nov (J. Miller); 500 at Oil Well Grade Road 22 Nov (M. Higgins). American Bittern: 19 at Lake Apopka NSRA 20 Oct (H. Robinson). Least Bittern: 33 at Lake Apopka NSRA 25 Aug (H. Robinson). Great Blue Heron: 19 migrating over the Gulf Stream 35 nm off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep (M. Brothers et ah). Great Blue Heron, white morph: 1 at Celery Fields {Sarasota) 23 Aug (R. Greenspun et ah); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 1 Sep (J. Stefancic); 1 at Watermelon Pond {Alachua) 10 Sep (R. Rowan); 1 at Port Orange {Volusia) 24 Sep (M. Brothers); 1 at Guana Tolo- mato Matanzas NERR 6 Oct-19 Nov (J. Wheat). Great Egret: 6 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep (M. Brothers et ah); 1 caught and con- sumed a Muscovy Duckling at Kendale Lakes Park {Miami-Dade) 19 Oct (S, Perez). Glossy Ibis: 36 at Huguenot Memorial Park 16 Aug (K. Dailey); 85 at Gulf Harbors {Pas- co) 15 Sep (D. Gagne). White-faced Ibis: 1 at Brookridge STF {Hernando) 30 Sep (+S. Mann); 1 at St. Marks NWR 19 Oct-EOS (R, & L. Smith); 1 at Alligator Lake Recreation Area {Columbia) 6 Nov (R Burns). Osprey: 1 of the Caribbean subspecies (P. h. ridgwayi) at Long Key SP {Monroe) 26-30 Sep (+R. Galvez et ah). Swallow-tailed Kite: 30 at Asheville {Jefferson) 2 Aug (M. Smith); 1,217 at Lake Apopka NSRA 7 Aug (H. Robinson); 1 south of Lake Panasoffkee {Sumter) 27 Sep (L. Connor). White-tailed Kite: 1 at Flamingo, Everglades NP (Monroe) 26 Oct (B. Showier); 1 at River Lakes CA {Brevard) 5 Nov (T. Dunkerton). Snail Kite: 78 at the Avon Park AFR section of the restored Kissimmee River {High- lands) 17 Sep (M. Cheek); 1 at Circle B Bar Reserve 5-17 Nov (C. Fredricks); 7 at Hams Marsh {Lee) 25 Nov (J. Padilla). Mississippi Kite: 1 at Frog Pond WMA (Miami-Dade) 25 Aug (L. Manfredi et ah); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 18 Oct (M. Harris). Bald Eagle: 50 at roost on a microwave tower Winter Haven (Polk) 7 Nov (N. Langwald). Northern Harrier: 1 at Joe Overstreet Road {Osceola) 28 Aug (J. Thornton); 1 at Dunedin Hammock Park {Pinellas) 29 Sep (T. Kalbach). Field Observations 77 Shakp-shinned Hawk: 1 at Bayonet Point 3 Sep (B. Pranty). Great Black-Hawk: 1 adult at Virginia Key (Miami-Dade) all season (+Robin Diaz). Broad-winged Hawk: 1 at Aripeka Sandhills Preserve (Pasco) 21 Sep & 9 Nov (D. Gagne et aL); 4 at Merritt Island NWR 18 Oct & 1 there 22 Nov (M. Harris); 3 juveniles at Fort De Soto Park 28 Oct (E. Plage); 7 at Boyd Hill Nature Preserve (Pinellas) 6 Nov (+S. Tavaglione). Short-tailed Hawk: 1 dark morph at Clear Lake Park (Pasco) 20 Aug (B. Pranty et aL); 1 dark morph at Lake Lotus Park (Seminole) 23 Aug (J. Leavens); 1 dark morph at Saddle Creek Park (Polk) 24 Aug (D. Estabrooks); 1 dark morph at Dunedin Ham- mock Park 24 Aug (T. Kalbach); 1 dark morph at Wekiwa Springs SP (Seminole) 26 Aug (B. Stalnaker); 1 light morph at Central Winds Park (Seminole) 26 Aug (J. Leav- ens et aL); 2 dark morphs at Holiday (Pasco) 5 Sep (D. Gagne et aL); 1 dark morph at Sawgrass Lake Park (Pinellas) 5 Sep (J. Miller); 1 light morph at Palm Harbor (Pinellas) 1 Sep-8 Oct (J. Wells); 1 dark morph at Brandon (Hillsborough) 13 Sep (E. Kwater); 1 at San Felasco Hammock SP (Alachua) 13 Sep (R. Rowan); 1 light morph at James E. Grey Preserve (Pasco) 21 Sep (B. Pranty et aL); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 18 Oct (M. Harris); 1 dark morph at Fort De Soto Park 28 Oct (E. Plage). Swainson’s Hawk: 1 at Lucky Hammock (Miami-Dade) 18 Oct (R. Torres); 1 light morph at Flamingo, Everglades NP 3 Nov (B. Roberts); 1 at Ruskin (Hillsborough) 14-15 Nov (+D. Irizarry); 3 at Okaloosa STF 21 Nov (B. Duncan, C. Brown). Red-tailed Hawk: 1 “Krider’s” at Merritt Island NWR 20 Nov (M. Harris). Golden Eagle: 1 juvenile at Bald Point SP (Franklin) 9 Nov (J. Murphy). Black Rail: 1 at Browns Farm Road, South Bay 28 Aug (D. Simpson); as many as 2 at Merritt Island NWR 9-29 Nov (M. Harris et aL). Virginia Rail: 1 at Roosevelt Wetland (Pinellas) 21 Sep (R. Smith, B. Ahern et aL). Sora: 1 at Honejmioon Island SP 8 Sep (E. Kwater). Purple Swamphen: 130 at STA-IE (Palm Beach) 17 Nov (D. Simpson et aL). Purple Gallinule: 16 at Lake Osprey (Sarasota) 25 Aug (J. Dubi). Limpkin: 4 in west Jacksonville (Duval) 7 Sep (D. Foster). Sandhill Crane: 21 at Bald Point SP (Franklin) 29 Nov (J. Murphy). Black-bellied Plover: 10 at Joe Overstreet Road (Osceola) 28 Aug (J. Thornton). American Golden-Plover: 1 at Okaloosa STF 31 Aug-28 Oct (M. Swan); 1 at St. Marks NWR 25-28 Oct (E. Schunke, et aL). Snowy Plover: 6 at North Anclote Bar (Pasco) 9 Aug (D. Gagne et aL); 9 at St. George Island SP 18 Oct (R. & L. Smith); 14 at Anclote Key Preserve SP (Pasco) 22 Oct (D. Gagne); 31 at Anclote Key Preserve SP (Pinellas) 31 Oct (G. Deterra). Wilson’s Plover: 1 at Snook Islands Natural Area 15-23 Nov (C. Callahan, B. Hope). Semipalmated Plover: 1 at Bunche Beach (Lee) 24 Aug (C. Ewell) was banded in Peru the previous wdnter; 71 at Cape Romano (Collier) 1 Oct (T & V. Below); 2 at Cutoff Road, Avon Park (Polk) 30 Nov (D. Estabrooks). Piping Plover: as many as 28 at Crandon Park Beach (Miami-Dade) 1 Aug-EOS (R. Diaz); 1 at Playalinda Beach 18 Sep (M. Harris); 24 at Anclote Key Preserve 22 Oct (D. Gagne); 3 at Snook Islands Natural Area 10 Nov-EOS (C. Weber et aL); 14 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 22 Nov (M. Brothers et aL); 29 at Fort De Soto Park 26 Nov (E. Plage). American Oystercatcher: 2 at Gulf Islands NS (Escambia) 4 Aug (A. & D. Forster); 22 at Cape Romano 3 Sep (T. & V Below); 50 at Alafia Banks Sanctuary (Hillsborough) 8 Sep (C. Cassels); 28 at St. George Island SP 18 Oct (R. & L. Smith); 1 found dead at Long Pine Key, Everglades NP (Miami-Dade) 27 Nov (R. Diaz). Black-necked Stilt: 1 at St. Marks NWR 19 Oct (R. & L. Smith). American Avocet: 17 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 19 Aug (M. Brothers); 13 at Caladesi Island SP (Pinellas) 2 Sep (D. Fraser); 2 at Brookridge STF 18-23 Sep (M. Gardler); 58 at Fred Howard Park (Pinellas) 24 Sep (B. O’Connor); 35 at Fort De Soto Park 7 Oct (D. Sauvageau); 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve (Hillsborough) 27 Oct (E. Kwater); 7 78 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST at Bunche Beach 3 Nov (J. Padilla); 40 at Myakka River SP (Sarasota) 11 Nov (J. Padilla et ah); 14 at Oil Well Road 18 Nov (V. McGrath et ah); 17 at St. Vincent NWR (Franklin) 23 Nov (S. Cerulean); 1 at The Villages (Sumter) 25 Nov (J. Dinsmore). Spotted Sandpiper: 1 at The Villages (Marion) 10 Aug (J. Dinsmore). Solitary Sandpiper: 1 at Asheville (Jefferson) 2 Aug (M. Smith); 6 at Trinity 24 Aug (K. Tracey); 2 at The Villages (Marion) 23 Sep (A. Horst); 1 at Jay B. Starkey Wilderness Park (Pasco) 27 Sep (D. Gagne, S. Reardon); 1 at Old Keystone Road (Pinellas) 17 Nov (T. Mast). Willet: 370 at Cape Romano 1 Nov (T. & V Below). Upland Sandpiper: 1 at Bunnell (Flagler) 16 Aug (M, Brothers); as many as 19 at King Ranch (Palm Beach) 15-21 Aug (E. Kwater et ah); 1 at Okaloosa STF 31 Aug (M. Swan); 1 at Joe Overstreet Road 2 Sep (C. Newton); 1 at St. Mary’s River (Nassau) 13 Sep (A. Schumann). Whimbrel: 1 at Palm Beach 11 Aug (B, Hope, C. Weber); 1 at Snook Islands Natural Area 24 Aug (C. Weber, S. McKemy); 3 at Key Vista Park 24 Aug (K. Tracey); 4 at Alafia Banks Sanctuary 8 Sep (C. Cassels); 3 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 18 Sep (M. Brothers); 12 at Cape Romano 1 Oct (T. Below); 1 at Flag Island (Franklin) 10 Nov (S. Cerulean). Long-billed Curlew: 1 at Bunche Beach all season (C. Ewell et ah); 1, 16 km west of Yeehaw Junction (Osceo/a) 4 Aug-3 Oct (T. Towles, E, Kwater); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 31 Aug-EOS (L. Margeson et ah); 1 at Lake Ingraham, Everglades NP (Miami-Dade) 31 Aug (J. Valadez); 3 at Alafia Banks Sanctuary 8 Sep (C. Cassels). *Bar-tailed Godwit: 1 adult of the European subspecies (L. Z. lapponica) at Fred Howard Park north to Anclote Key 18 Sep-EOS (+T. Mast, photos to FOSRC) provided the second Pinellas and first Pasco record. Marbled Godwit: 47 at Cape Romano 1 Oct (T. & V Below). Red Knot: 190 at Caladesi Island SP 2 Sep (D. Fraser); 85 at Cape Romano 3 Sep (T. & V. Below); 1 at Snook Islands Natural Area 28-30 Sep (B. Hope et ah); 200 at Fort De Soto Park 17 Nov (R. Smith et ah); 240 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 22 Nov (M. Brothers et ah). Semipalmated Sandpiper: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 14 Sep (fide D. Bales) was banded in French Guiana; 3 at North Anclote Bar 22 Oct (D. Gagne); 2 at STA-IE 17 Nov (D. Simpson et ah). Western Sandpiper: 800 at Ben T Davis Beach (Hillsborough) 23 Nov (B. Ahern). White-rumped Sandpiper: 1 at Pasco Palms Preserve (Pasco) 27 Aug (D. Gagne, S. Mann); as many as 4 at Merritt Island NWR 1-17 Sep (M. Brothers et ah); 2 at Cockroach Bay Road (Hillsborough) 7 Sep (B. Ahern); 1 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 18 Sep (M. Brothers); 2 at Brookridge STF 23 Sep (M. Gardler); 1 at Okaloosa STF 24-25 Sep (R. Geisler); 1 at Bunche Beach 6 Oct (N. Glickman); 1 at Wiera Wetlands” (Brevard) 6-29 Nov (M. Harris). Baird’s Sandpiper: as many as 2 at Okaloosa STF 31 Aug-8 Sep (M. Swan); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 10-20 Sep (T. Dunkerton); 1 at Smyrna Dunes Park (Volusia) 15 Sep (B. Wallace); 1 at Fort Pickens 24 Oct (B. Callaway, B. D’Armand); 1 at Anclote Gulf Park 26 Oct (D. Gagne, T. Kalbach). Pectoral Sandpiper: 30 at Okaloosa STF 31 Aug (M. Swan); 38 at Cutoff Road, Avon Park 1 Sep (B. Pranty et ah); 3 at Huguenot Memorial Park 22 Sep (K. Dailey); 2 at McIntyre Street (Polk) 20 Oct (C. Fredricks et ah); 1 at St. Marks NWR 19 Oct (R. & L. Smith); 2 at Trinity 21 Oct (D. Gagne et ah); 1 at 4-mile Grade Road (DeSoto) 10 Nov (B. Ahern, R. Smith, R. Harrod). Purple Sandpiper: 1 at Marineland (Flagler) 28 Oct (G. Williams); as many as 5 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 30 Oct-EOS (M. Brothers et ah). Dunlin: 2 at Cape Romano 1 Oct (T. & V Below); 1 at Pa5mes Prairie Preserve SP 4 Nov (M. Manetz); 5 at STA-5 18 Nov (C. Ewell et ah). Field Observations 79 Stilt Sandpiper: 15 at Brookridge STF 9 Aug (M. Gardler); 2 at Holiday 18-31 Oct (D, Gagne et al.); 100 at Myakka River SP 11 Nov (J. Padilla et aL); 250 at STA-IE 17 Nov (D, Simpson et al.). Buff-breasted Sandpiper: 3 at Apalachicola (Franklin) 6 Aug (M. Brothers, J. Murphy); as many as 3 at Bunnell 11-17 Aug (M. Brothers); 1 at C-111 Canal (Miami-Dade) 17 Aug (R. Torres et aL); as many as 3 at Okaloosa STF 31 Aug-9 Sep (M. Swan); 1 at Joe Overstreet Road 2 Sep (C. Newton); 2 at Cocoa Landfill (Brevard) 9-13 Sep (T. Dunkerton et aL). Short-billed Dowitcher: 1 at Hague Dairy (Alachua) 5 Aug (M. Manetz); 1,050 at Cape Romano 1 Nov (T. & V. Below). Long-billed Dowitcher: 30 at Shell Key Preserve (Pinellas) 13 Oct (C. Cox et aL); 7 at St. Marks NWR 19 Oct (R. & L. Smith); 200 at Myakka River SP 11 Nov (J. Padilla et al.). Wilson’s Snipe: 1 at International Paper Wetlands (Escambia) 25 Aug (J. Callaway); 1 at North Anclote Bar 24 Oct (B. Pranty, K. Tracey). American Woodcock: 2 at Lake Apopka NSRA 24 Nov (H. Robinson). Wilson’s Phalarope: as many as 3 at Merritt Island NWR 17 Aug-14 Sep (S. Simmons et aL); 1 at Southwood 19-21 Aug (A. Wraithmell et al.); 1 at Brookridge STF 21-24 Sep (S. Mann); 1 at Port Canaveral 24-25 Sep (M. Harris); 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 28 Sep (B. Ahern); 2 at Merritt Island NWR 30 Nov (+J. Wherley). Red-necked Phalarope: 700 at Playalinda Beach 18 Sep (M. Harris); 6 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep (M. Brothers et al.); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 15-29 Nov (C. Tague et al.). Red Phalarope: 1 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 6 Nov (M. Brothers). Black-legged Kittiwake: 1 at Apollo Beach, Canaveral NS 4 Nov (M. Brothers); 1 at Play- alinda Beach, Canaveral NS 4 Nov (M. Harris). Sabine’s Gull: 1 at Canaveral NS 5 Nov (M. Brothers). Bonaparte’s Gull: 1 at Jupiter Inlet (Palm Beach) 10 Nov (D. Simpson); 1 at Canaveral NS 13 (M. Brothers, G. Davis). Franklin’s Gull: 1 at Okaloosa STF 6-11 Sep (M. Swan); 1 at Anastasia SP (St. Johns) 29 Oct (D. Simpson); 1 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 21 & 30-31 Oct (M. Brothers); 1 at Mashes Sands Road (Wakulla) 24 Oct (E. Schunke); 1 at South Dade Landfill (Miami-Dade) 30 Oct (+R. Torres, L. Manfredi et al.); 1 at Cocoa Landfill 1 Nov (M. Harris); 2 first- cycle birds at Huguenot Memorial Park 2 Nov (K. Dailey, D. Foster); 2 at Hamilton phosphate mines 9 Nov (J. Hintermister et al.); 1 at Daytona Beach Shores (Volusia) 11 Nov (M. Wilson et al.); 1 at Pahokee Marina (Palm Beach) 16 Nov (D. Simpson). Great Black-backed Gull: 1 at North Shore Park (Pinellas) 27 Sep (J. Clayton). Sooty Tern: 2 at old St. George Island Causeway (Franklin) 6 Aug (M. Brothers, J. Mur- phy); 1 juvenile found exhausted at Barbara Gilbert Habitat Park (Pinellas) 29 Sep (+R. Mangold). Bridled Tern: 3 at New Smyrna Beach brought to Marine Science Center, Ponce Inlet 28 Aug (M. Brothers); 10 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep (M. Brothers et al.). Least Tern: 300 at Gandy Beach (Pinellas) 24 Aug (R. Smith). Gull-billed Tern: 1 at North Anclote Bar 9 Aug (D. Gagne et al.); 26 at Browns Farm Road, South Bay 15 Aug (E. Kwater). Black Tern: 110 at Browns Farm Road 15 Aug (E. Kwater); 125 at Gandy Beach 24 Aug (R. Smith); 210 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep (M. Brothers et al.); 1 at Lake Jessup (Seminole) 21 Nov (G. Williams et al.); 1 at Shiloh Marsh, Merritt Island NWR (Volu- sia) 22 Nov (M. Harris). Common Tern: 5 at Al Palonis Park 15 Aug (C. Fisher); 500 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 18 Sep (M. Brothers); 2 at Newnans Lake 26 Sep (J. Mays); 125 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep & 150 there 16 Nov (M. Brothers et al.); 50 at Playalinda Beach 4 Nov (M. Harris). Royal Tern: 2 at Newnans Lake 26 Sep (J. Mays); 1,200 at North Anclote Bar 22 Oct (D. Gagne). 80 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Sandwich Tern: 1 at Lake Parker {Polk) 21 Sep (C. Fredricks); 100 at North Anclote Bar 24 Oct (B. Pranty, K. Tracey); 1,500 at Charlotte Harbor 24 Oct (M. Manetz). Black Skimmer: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 29 Sep (H. Robinson), Jaeger species: 300 at Apollo Beach, Canaveral NS 4 Nov (M, Brothers); 450 at Play- alinda Beach, Canaveral NS 5 Nov (M. Harris), PoMARiNE Jaeger: 7 at Playalinda Beach, Canaveral NS 18 Sep (M, Harris); 1 at Honey- moon Island SP 4 Nov (D. Gagne et ah); 100 at Apollo Beach, Canaveral NS 5 Nov (M, Brothers); 41 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 16 Nov (M. Brothers et ah). Parasitic Jaeger: 2 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep (M. Brothers et ah); 25 off Canaveral NS 13 Nov (M. Brothers); 1 at Alligator Point {Franklin) 25 Nov (J. Murphy). Long-tailed Jaeger: 1 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 29 Sep (M, Brothers et al,); 1 at Apollo Beach, Canaveral NS 5 Nov (M. Brothers), Diamond Dove: 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 23 Aug (+S, Daughtrey et ah). White-winged Dove: 29 at The Villages {Marion) 3 Sep (J. Dinsmore), *Ruddy Quail-Dove: 1 female banded at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP {Miami-Dade) 3 Oct- EOS (+Robin Diaz, M. Davis, E. Golden; photos to FOSRC) provided the first Miami- Dade and fourth Florida record. Yellow-billed Cuckoo: 12 at St, George Island SP 20 Oct (R. & L, Smith); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 2 Nov (D. Goebel); 1 at M&M Dairy {Duval) 10 Nov (K. Dailey). Black-billed Cuckoo: singles at John Chesnut Park {Pinellas) 24 Sep (S. Reardon) & 11 Oct (J. Wells); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 29 Sep (H, Robinson), Smooth-billed Ani: 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 11 Sep (R, Diaz); 1 at Homestead {Miami-Dade) 29 Oct (R. Torres), Groove-billed Ani: 1 at St, George Island SP 26 Oct (D, Asbell); as many as 2 at Fort Pickens 29 Oct-EOS (D. Stangland, J, Callaway, A. Meagher). Burrowing Owl: 1 at Crandon Park 27 Aug (R. Diaz); 26 at Kissimmee Prairie Preserve SP {Okeechobee) 30 Aug (P. Miller); 1 found injured at Craig Key {Monroe) 11 Oct (B, Pranty, V, Ponzo); 1 at Fort Pickens 28 Oct (B. DeArman, D. Stangland, J. & B. Cal- laway). Short-eared Owl: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 18 Nov (M, Harris). Lesser Nighthawk: 1 at St. Marks NWR 16 Nov (A. Wraithmell); 1 at Tallahassee 17-22 Nov (D. Bryan et ah). Common Nighthawk: 400 fl3dng south at Winter Park {Orange) 4 Sep (A. Boyle); 260 at The Villages {Sumter) 4 Sep (J. Dinsmore); 1 observed calling at Tallahassee 20-22 Nov (M. Kiser, A. Wraithmell et al.). Chuck-will’s-widow: 1 at James E. Grey Preserve {Pasco) 25 Aug-29 Sep (D. Gagne et al.). Eastern Whip-poor-will: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 20 Sep (H. Robinson); 1 at Joshua Creek Cemetery {DeSoto) 20 Oct (C. Fredricks et al.). ^Calliope Hummingbird: 1 male at Blountstown {Calhoun) 29 Nov-EOS (T. & K. Mac- Clendon). Rufous Hummingbird: 1 at Gainesville 26 Aug (R. Robinson); as many as 2 at Castellow Hammock Park {Miami-Dade) 7 Sep-EOS (L. Manfredi); 2 at Bok Tower Gardens {Polk) 15 Sep-6 Oct (R. Blair). Red-headed Woodpecker: 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 28 Sep (B. Ahern); 1 juvenile at Fort De Soto Park 29 Sep (R. Smith, -i-S. Tavaglione); 1 adult at Sanibel Lighthouse Park {Lee) 12 Oct (C. Ewell et al.) & 1 juvenile there 31 Oct (D. Morrison); 1 adult at Sanibel Gardens {Lee) 24 Oct (R. Parks); 1 juvenile at Merritt Island NWR 18 Oct (M, Harris); 1 at Mead Botanical Gardens {Orange) 25 Oct (J. Thornton, S, Presutti). Hairy Woodpecker: 1 at Babcock- Webb WMA {Charlotte) 27 Nov (K. Young et ah). Northern Flicker: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 8-9 Oct (R, Smith, +S. Tavaglione). Peregrine Falcon: 1 at Brandon {Hillsborough) 17 Oct (E. Kwater); 20 at Merritt Island NWR 18 Oct (M. Harris). Rosy-faced Lovebird: 2 at Key West {Monroe) 17 Sep (+C. Barattini). Field Observations 81 Nanday Paeakeet: 50 at Boynton Beach Inlet 7-15 Nov (V. Lopez et aL); 30 at St. Augustine Beach (St Johns) 17 Nov (D. Cusick); 26 at Fort De Soto Park 17 Nov (R. Smith et al.). Mitred Parakeet: as many as 60 at Kendall all season (T. Obrock et al.); 50 at Lauder- dale-By-The-Sea (Broward) 19 Nov (G. Ellis). Yellow-chevroned Parakeet: 1 at Boynton Beach Inlet 7 Nov (+V. Lopez). Red-crowned Parrot: 23 at Tradewinds Park (Broward) 8 Oct (B. Pickholtz). Orange-winged Parakeet: 27 at A. D, ''Doug” Barnes Park (Miami-Dade) 3 Sep (J. Crit- tenden). Olive-sided Flycatcher: 1 at Gulf Breeze (Santa Rosa) 2 Sep (B., L., & S. Duncan); 1 at Blue Hole, Key Deer NWR (Monroe) 6 Oct (M. Essenmacher, V. Trabucchi; details to FOC). Eastern Wood-Pewee: 1 at Bayard (Clay) 15 Aug (L. McCullagh); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 30 Aug (H. Robinson); 15 at Fort De Soto Park 26 Sep (E. Plage); 1 at Mead Botanical Gardens 25 Oct (J. Thornton, S. Presutti). Yellow-bellied Flycatcher: 1 at Richardson Park (Broward) 5-7 Oct (+R, Titus); 1 at Fern Forest Park (Broward) 19 Oct (R. Titus, et al.). *Alder Flycatcher: as many as 12 at Frog Pond WMA 31 Aug-14 Sep (L. Manfredi et al.); 2 at Levy Lake (Alachua) 25-27 Aug (M. Manetz et al.); as many as 3 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 27 Aug-26 Sep (J. Mays et al.); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 9 Sep (M. Harris); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 14 Sep (G. Williams, P. Hueber). *WiLLOW Flycatcher: 1 at Frog Pond WMA 21 Aug-25 Oct (+L. Manfredi et al.); 1 at Lake Woodruff NWR (Volusia) 20 Oct (M. Brothers et al.). “Traill’s” Flycatcher: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 27 Sep (D. Richardson). Least Flycatcher: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 4 Sep (H. Robinson); 1 at Clear Lake (Pasco) 26 Sep (B. Pranty et aL); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 26 Sep & 2 there 6 Nov (M. Manetz, J. Mays); 1 at Jay B. Starkey Wilderness Park 27 Sep (D. Gagne, S. Reardon); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 27 Sep (M. Harris); as many as 2 at Fort De Soto Park 28-29 Sep (+S. Tavaglione et al.); 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 10 Oct (M. Davis, Robin Diaz, L. Golden); 1 at Frog Pond WMA 25 Oct (R. Torres, T. Mitchell); 1 at Snake Warrior Island Natural Area (Broward) 24 Nov (B. Roberts). Eastern Phoebe: 209 at Lake Apopka NSRA 25 Oct (H. Robinson). Say^s Phoebe: 1 at 4-mile Grade Road (DeSoto) 20 Oct-EOS (D. Robbins, +C. Fredricks et al.). Vermilion Flycatcher: 1 male at Orlando Wetlands Park (Orange) 5 Oct-EOS for third consecutive year (R. Geisler); 1 female at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 5 Oct-EOS (J. Killian); 1 at Carrabelle (Franklin) 27 Oct-EOS for third consecutive year (J. Mur- phy); 1 immature male at River Lakes CA (Brevard) 27 Oct (P. Corapi); 1 female at Fort De Soto Park 2 Nov (+D. Goebel et al.); 1 at International Paper Wetlands 3 Nov (J. & B. Callaway); 1 female at Alligator Lake Recreation Area (Columbia) 6 Nov (P. Burns); 1 male at St. Marks NWR 10 Nov (A. Wraithmell et al.). Ash-throated Flycatcher: 1 at Fort Pickens 18 Oct-19 Nov (B. & L. Duncan); 1 at Bald Point SP 25 Oct (J. Murphy); 1 at River Lakes CA 6 Nov-EOS (+M. Harris et al.); 1 at International Paper Wetlands 10 Nov (J. & B. Callaway); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 15 Nov (H. Robinson); 1 at Minneola (Lake) 29 Nov (J. Thornton, S. Presutti); 1 at Okaloosa STF 30 Nov (B. Purdy). *Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher: 1 at Richardson Park (Broward) 3 Oct (R. Titus, +G. Ellis; photos to FOSRC); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP (Monroe) 24-25 Oct (C. Goodrich et aL); 1 at Evergreen Cemetery 28 Oct (+S. Agri, L. Wegman; photos to FOSRC); 1 at Sugden Park (Collier) 1 Nov (+M. Higgins; photos to FOSRC). Tropical Kingbird: as many as 2 at St. Armands Key (Sarasota) to 28 Sep (+S. Wilson); 1 at Bald Point SP 22 Sep (+J. Murphy); 1 at Wakodahatchee Wetlands 13 Oct (B. Hope, W. Seabury);! at STA-5, 16 Nov-EOS for third consecutive year (M. England et al.); 1 at Imeson Center (Duval) 23-27 Nov (+K. Dailey, D. Foster). 82 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST *Cassin’s Kingbird: 1, 11 km west of Bunnell 21 Nov-EOS for second consecutive year (+J. Hintermister). Western Kingbird: 2 at St. George Island SP 16 Oct (D. Reed, A. Turner); 2 at Fort Zach- ary Taylor SP 25 Oct (C. Goodrich et ah); 5 at Okaloosa STF 21 Nov (B. Duncan, C. Brown); as many as 25 coming to roost at Cox Road, Bartow (Polk) 18 Nov-EOS (C. Fredricks); as many as 7 at Minneola 23 Nov-EOS (J. Thornton et ak). Eastern Kingbird: 18 at Aripeka Sandhills Preserve 7 Sep (D. Gagne et ak); 20 at Boyd Hill Nature Preserve 7 Sep (R. Smith et ak). Gray Kingbird: 1 at Frog Pond WMA 14 Sep (L. Manfredi); 2 adults & 2 fledged young still being fed at Gulf Breeze 21 Sep (B. & L. Duncan); 1 at St. Armands Key to 4 Oct (S. Wilson); 1 at Bartram Farms (St. Johns) 11 Nov (D. Reed); 1 at Deer Fence Canal Road (Hendry) 16 Nov (B. Rapoza et ak). ScissoR-TAiLED Flycatcher: 3 at St. George Island SP 27 Oct (E. Schunke); 8 at Fort Zach- ary Taylor SP 25 Oct (C. Goodrich et ak); 4 at Carrabelle 27 Oct (D. Murphy, S. Parker); as many as 7 at Deer Fence Canal Road 16 Nov-EOS (B. Rapoza et ak); as many as 4 coming to roost at Cox Road, Bartow 18 Nov-EOS (C. Fredricks). Fork-tailed Flycatcher: 1 at St. Armands Key 1 Oct (h-S. Wilson et ak). White-eyed Vireo: 56 at Lake Apopka NSRA 29 Sep (H. Robinson). Bell’s Vireo: 1 at Zachary Taylor SP 28 Oct (C. Goodrich); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 6 Nov (B. Boeringer). Yellow-throated Vireo: 1 at Lutz (Pasco) 29 Nov (+D. Bowman). *Cassin’s Vereo: 1 banded at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 29 Sep (+M. Davis, Robin Diaz, L. Golden; photos & details to FOSRC). Warbling Vireo: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 27 Sep (M. Harris); 1 at Fort Walton Beach (Okaloosa) 5 Oct (M. Swan). Philadelphia Vireo: 1 at Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR (St. Johns) 11 Sep (G. Davis); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 27 Sep (H. Mitchell); 1 at Central Winds Park (Seminole) 2 Oct (S. Simmons); 1 at Dunedin Hammock Park (Pinellas) 6 Oct (E. Kwater); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 8 Oct (R. Torres); 3 at Fort De Soto Park 11-13 Oct (E. Haney et ak); 1 at Sawgrass Lake Park 11 Oct (J. Miller et ak); 1 at Leffis Key (Manatee) 13 Oct (J. Ginaven et ak); 1 at St. George Island SP 13 Oct (E. Schunke et ak); 2 at Mead Botanical Gardens 19 Oct (J. Thornton); 1 at Bald Point SP 19 Oct (R. & L. Smith); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 20 Oct (C. Goodrich); 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 26 Oct (M. Davis, Robin Diaz, L. Golden). Red-eyed Vireo: 25 at Werner-Boyce Salt Springs SP (Pasco) 28 Sep (B. Pranty, E. Dupuis). American Crow: 90 observed leaving roost at Old Keystone Road (Pinellas) 26 Oct (B, Ahern, R. Smith). Horned Lark: 1 at Bald Point SP 29 Nov (J. Murphy). Purple Martin: 1 leucistic bird at Apalachicola Airport (Franklin) 6 Aug (+M. Brothers, J. Murphy); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 18 Sep (H. Robinson). Tree Swallow: 2 at Aripeka Sandhills Preserve 7 Sep (D. Gagne et ak). Northern Rough-winged Swallow: 22 at North Anclote Bar 12 Nov (D. Gagne et ak); 2 at Holiday 25 Nov (D. Gagne); 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 29 Nov (P. Plage). Cliff Swallow: 50 at Huguenot Memorial Park 16 Aug (K. Dailey); 15 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 17 Aug (B. Ahern). Cave Swallow: 1 at Mahogany Hammock, Everglades NP (Miami-Dade) 12 Aug (M. Wil- son); 3 at St. George Island SP 27 Oct (E. Schunke); 3 at Auton Road (Pasco) 28 Oct (D. Gagne et ak). Barn Swallow: 3000 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 17 Aug (B. Ahern); 2 at Auton Road 19 Nov (D. Gagne et ak). Carolina Chickadee: 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park to 19 Oct (T. Mitchell); 2 at Boyd Hill Nature Preserve 24 Aug-7 Sep (S. Tavaglione); 1 at Deering Estate (Miami-Dade) 16 Nov (R. Diaz). Field Observations 83 Tufted Titmouse: 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 3 Sep-19 Oct (L. Manfredi et al.). House Wren: 210 at Lake Apopka NSRA 30 Oct (H. Robinson), Winter Wren: 1 at Tallahassee 9 Nov (R Rutkovsky). Golden-crowned Kinglet: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 20 Nov (H. Robinson). Ruby-crowned Kinglet: 1 at Aripeka Sandhills Preserve 21 Sep (D. Gagne et ah); 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 31 Oct (M. Davis, Robin Diaz, L. Golden). *Townsend’s Solitaire: 1 adult at Honeymoon Island SP 3-7 Nov (+E. Kwater, C. Fisher, D. Gagne, T. Kalbach et al.; photos to FOSRC) provided the second Florida record. Veery: 1 at Possum Branch Preserve {Pinellas) 8 Sep (T. Kalbach); 8 at San Felasco Hammock SP 14 Sep (S. Hofstetter et al.); 1 at Leu Botanical Gardens (Orange) 24 Oct (J. Thornton). Gray-cheeked Thrush: 50 heard over Anclote Gulf Park predawn, 28 Sep (D. Gagne). Swainson’s Thrush: 2 at Hillsborough River SP (Hillsborough) 14 Sep (B. Ahern); 25 at Fort De Soto Park 26 Sep (E. Plage); 400 heard over Anclote Gulf Park predawn, 28 Sep (D. Gagne). Wood Thrush: 1 at Fort George Island (Duval) 25 Sept (D. Foster); 1 at Port Orange 2 Oct (M. Wilson); 5 at San Felasco Hammock SP 2 Oct (M. Manetz); 3 at St. George Island SP 20 Oct (R. & L. Smith); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 24 Oct (M. Harris). *Varied Thrush: 1 at Seminole (Pinellas) 6 Nov (+D. Ehlers et al.; photos to FOSRC) provided the second Pinellas and sixth Florida record. Gray Catbird: 25 at Lake Apopka NSRA 29 Sep (H. Robinson). American Pipit: 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 7-8 Nov (V. McGrath); 1 at Kissimmee Prairie Preserve SP 15 Nov (P. Miller); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 17 Nov (B. Cochrane). Sprague's Pipit: 3 at Apalachicola 9 Nov-EOS (J. Murphy et al.). Cedar Waxwing: 1 immature at St. Armands Key 20 Sep (J. Ginaven, S. Wilson). Snow Bunting: 1 at Amelia Island SP (Nassau) 11 Nov (+L. Johannsen). Ovenbird: 15 at Matheson Hammock Park (Miami-Dade) 26 Aug (R. Torres); 12 at San Felasco Hammock SP 1 Sep (J. Mays); 12 at Crews Lake Park (Pasco) 22 Sep (B. Ahern et ah). Worm-eating Warbler: 10 at Matheson Hammock Park 26 Aug (R. Torres). Louisiana Waterthrush: 2 at Matheson Hammock Park 23 Aug (R. Torres); 20 at Lake Apopka NSRA 28 Aug (H. Robinson); 1 at John Chesnut Park 6 Sep (T. Mast); 1 at Saddle Creek Park (Polk) 7 Sep (C. Fredricks et al.); 2 at Hillsborough River SP 14 Sep (B. Ahern); 1 at Fakahatchee Strand Preserve SP (Collier) 6 Oct (B. Roberts), Northern Waterthrush: 1 at Three Lakes WMA (Osceola) 28 Aug (J. Thornton et al.); 77 at Lake Apopka NSRA 25 Sep (H. Robinson). Golden-winged Warbler: 1 at Newnans Lake 30 Aug (M. Manetz); 2 at San Felasco Ham- mock SP 1 Sep (J. Mays); 1 at Six Mile Cypress Slough Preserve (Lee) 8 Sep (J. Padilla et al.); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 11 Sep (D. Bales); 1 at Snake Warrior Island Natural Area 15 Sep (B. Roberts); 1 at Turkey Creek Sanctuary (Brevard) 26 Sep (P. Mansfield et al.); 1 at Sawgrass Lake Park 26 Sep (S. Tavaglione); 1 at St. George Island SP 27 Sep (R. Geisler); 1 at Dunedin Hammock Park 28-29 Sep (J. McGinity); 1 at Fort Caroline (Duval) 29 Sept (C. Bailey); 1 at Lettuce Lake Park (Hillsborough) 30 Sep (B. Marcischak); 1 at Jay B. Starkey Wilderness Park 1 Oct (D. Gagne et al.); 1 at Boyd Hill Nature Preserve 1-2 Oct (S. Tavaglione et al.); as many as 3 at Fort De Soto Park 8-12 Oct (R. Smith et al.); 1 at Evergreen Cemetery 10 Oct (S. Agri, L. Wegman); 1 at Dunedin Hammock 12 Oct (T. Kalbach); 1 at Lutz 13 Oct (D. Bowman); 1 at Frog Pond WMA 25-26 Oct (R. Torres, T. Mitchell); 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 1 Nov (M. Davis, Robin Diaz, L. Golden). Blue-winged Warbler: 1 at San Felasco Hammock SP 31 Aug (M. Manetz et al.); 2 at Lake Woodruff NWR 31 Aug (M. Brothers); 1 at Tallahassee 12 Sep (F. Rutkovsky); 1 at Ormond Beach (Volusia) 14 Sep (M. Wilson); singles at Merritt Island NWR 15 & 25 Sep (M. Harris); 1 at Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area (Duval) 18 Sept (T. 84 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Rohlatsu); 1 at Aripeka Sandhills Preserve 21 Sep (D. Gagne et al.); 1 at Greynolds Park (Miami~Dade) 22 Sep (J. King); 1 at Six Mile Cypress Slough Preserve 27 Sep (R. Repenning et ah); 1 at Egan’s Greenway (Nassau) 30 Sept (P. Leary); 1 at Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR 1 Oct (D. Reed et aL); 1 at Boyd Hill Nature Preserve 1-4 Oct (S. Tavaglione et al.); 1 at Leu Botanical Gardens 6 Oct (J. Leavens); 1 at Frog Pond WMA 25-26 Oct (R. Torres, T. Mitchell); 1 at Sugar Mill Gardens (Volusia) 5 Nov (M, Brothers). “Brewster’s” Warbler: 1 at Poe Springs Park (Alachua) 20 Sep (M. Manetz, R. Rowan); 1 at Brandon 22 Sep (E. Kwater); 1 at Sawgrass Lake Park 26 Sep (S. Tavaglione). “Lawrence’s” Warbler: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 27 Sep (H. Mitchell). Swainson’s Warbler: 33 were banded at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 22 Aug-29 Oct (M. Davis, Robin Diaz, L. Golden); 2 at Matheson Hammock Park 26 Aug & 1 there 19 Sep (R, Torres); 1 at Fort Pierce Inlet SP (St. Lucie) 1 Sep (J. Morris); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 18 Sep (M. Harris); 1 at Enchanted Forest Park (Miami-Dade) 22 Sep (J. King); 1 at Kendall Indian Hammock Park (Miami-Dade) 29 Sep (S. Perez et aL); 1 at Sanibel Lighthouse Park 3 Oct (V. McGrath et al.); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 8 Oct (R. Smith); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 21-25 Oct (C. Goodrich). Tennessee Warbler: 13 at Fort De Soto Park 26 Sep (E. Plage); 5 at St. George Island SP 20 Oct (R. & L. Smith); 15 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 23 Oct (R. Torres). Orange-crowned Warbler: 1 at Felts Preserve (Manatee) 20 Sep (S. Wilson et ah); 2 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 21 Oct (C. Goodrich). Nashville Warbler: singles at Fort De Soto Park 27 Sep & 11-12 Oct (D. Richardson, S. Tavaglione et al.); 1 at Fred Howard Park 27 Sep (T. Mast); 1 at Fort George Island 27 Sept (D. Foster); 1 at Dunedin Hammock Park 29 Sep & 13 Oct (T. Kalbach et al.); 1 at Wakodahatchee Wetlands 29 Sep (B. Hope); 1 at Port Canaveral 1 Oct (M. Harris); 1 at Reddie Point Park (Duval) 9 Oct (D. Reed, P. Graham); 1 at Tomoka SP (Volusia) 10 Oct (M. Wilson); 1 west of Delray Beach (Palm Beach) 19 Oct (B. Hope); 1 at Rich- ardson Park 24 Oct (B. Monk); 1 at John Chesnut Park 28 Oct (G. Deterra); 1 at Pos- sum Branch Preserve (Pinellas) 9 Nov-EOS (fide R. Smith); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 13-27 Nov (B. Boeringer); 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 16 Nov (L. Manfredi). Kentucky Warbler: 1 at John Chesnut Park 23 Aug (T. Mast); 1 at Matheson Hammock Park 23 Aug (R. Torres); 1 at James E. Gray Preserve 30 Aug (B. Pranty, V. Ponzo); 1 at San Felasco Hammock SP 31 Aug-1 Sep (M. Manetz et al.); 1 at Saddle Creek Park 2 Sep (L. Albright); 3 at Fort De Soto Park 7 Sep (D. Irizarry); 1 at Reddie Point Park 8 Sept (D. Foster); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 20 Sep (R. Torres et al.); 1 at Poe Springs Park 20 Sep (M. Manetz, R. Rowan); 1 at Boca Raton (Palm Beach) 10 Oct (A. Pelligrinelli). Common Yellowthroat: 55 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 26 Sep (M. Manetz, J. Mays); 200 at Lake Apopka NSRA 29 Sep (H. Robinson). American Redstart: 12 at Matheson Hammock Park 25 Aug (B, Rapoza); 1 at St. Peters- burg 15 Nov (J. Swenfurth); 1 at Jacksonville Beach (Duval) 25 Nov (B. Bidwell). Cape May Warbler: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 26 Aug (+S. Tavaglione); 1 at Turkey Creek Sanctuary 15 Sep (J. Wherley); 1 at Fort Pickens 22 Sep (J. & B. Callaway); 4 at Lake Apopka NSRA 27 Sep (H. Robinson); 2 at Kendall Indian Hammock Park 28 Sep (S. Perez). Cerulean Warbler: 1 at Lake Lotus Park (Seminole) 16 Aug (J. Leavens et al.); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 21 Aug (E. Plage); 1 at Dunedin Hammock Park 24 Aug (T Kalbach); 1 at Bill Sadowski Park (Miami-Dade) 25 Aug (R. Diaz); 1 at John Chesnut Park 29 Aug (T Mast et ah); 1 at Tallahassee 29 Aug (J. Cavanagh); singles at Central Winds Park 2-6 Sep & 18 Sep (R. Geisler); 1 at Pinecraft Park (Sarasota) 5 Sep (K. Young); 3 at Key Vista Park 9 Sep (D. Gagne); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 9 Sep (M. Harris); 1 at St. Joseph Peninsula SP (Gulf) 9 Sep (J. Murphy et ah); 1 at Elinor Klapps-Phipps Park (Leon) 14 Sep (E. Schunke); 1 at St. Petersburg 29 Sep (J. Clayton). Field Observations 85 Northern Parula: 50 at Central Winds Park 24 Sep (J. Leavens). Magnolia Warbler: 12 at Pinecraft Park 24 Oct (R. Greenspun); 1 at Boca Ciega Mil- lennium Park (Pinellas) 21 Nov (fide R. Smith); 1 at Miami Shores (Miami-Dade) 29 Nov (A. Harper). Bay-breasted Warbler: 2 at Tallahassee 9 Oct (J. Cavanagh); 2 at Fort De Soto Park 9 Oct (R. Smith); 2 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 12 Oct (M. Manetz); 1 at Merritt Is- land NWR 18 Oct (M. Harris); 1 at Leu Botanical Gardens 19 Oct (J. Thornton); 3 at St. George Island SP 20 Oct (R. & L. Smith); 3 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 22 Oct (C. Goodrich); 1 at Central Winds Park 23 Oct (S. Simmons); 3 at Pinecraft Park 24 Oct (R. Greenspun); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 13 Nov (E. Plage). Blackburnian Warbler: 2 at Central Winds Park 26 Aug (J. Leavens et al.); 55 at Fort Pickens 22 Sep (R. & J. Geisler); 5 at Fort De Soto Park 26 Sep (E. Plage). Yellow Warbler: 75 at Lake Apopka NSRA21 Aug (H. Robinson); 41 at Bolen Bluff Trail (Alachua) 7 Sep (J. Mays). Chestnut-sided Warbler: 35 at Fort Pickens 22 Sep (R. & J. Geisler); 12 at John Chesnut Park 11 Oct (T. Mast). Blackpoll Warbler: 1 at Central Winds Park 23 Sep (B. Scheuerman); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 9 Oct (R. Smith); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 12 Oct (M. Manetz); singles at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 3 & 17 Nov (B. Rapoza); 2 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 16 Nov (L. Manfredi). Black-throated Blue Warbler: 20 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 23 Oct (R. Torres). Palm Warbler: 2 at Vero Beach (Indian River) 18 Aug (B. Wagner); 350 at Lake Apopka NSRA27 Sep (H. Robinson); 120 at St. George Island SP 20 Oct (R. & L. Smith); 1,000 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 21 Oct (C. Goodrich). Yellow-rumped Warbler: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 8 Oct (R. Smith); 3,000 counted in a steady stream flying north 0800-0900 at Honeymoon Island SP 3 Nov (C. Fisher, et al.). Prairie Warbler: 20 at Matheson Hammock Park 26 Aug (R. Torres). Black-throated Green Warbler: 4 at St. George Island SP 20 Oct (R. & L. Smith). Canada Warbler: 2 at Saint George Island SP 5 Sep (D. Reed, A. Turner); 1 at Poe Springs Park 20 Sep (M. Manetz, R. Rowan); 2 at Sawgrass Lake Park 25-26 Sep (E. Plage et al.); 1 at Evergreen Cemetery 26-27 Sep (W. Parker et al.); 1 at Richardson Park 5-7 Oct (R. Titus); 1 at Six Mile Cypress Slough Preserve 7-8 Oct (J. Padilla et al.); 1 at Eagle Lake Park (Pinellas) 8 Oct (C. Gjervold); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 11 Oct (+J. Mangold et al.); 2 at Sanibel Lighthouse Park 11 Oct (M. Higgins). Wilson’s Warbler: 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 20 Sep (R. Torres et al.); 1 male at Fort De Soto Park 29 Sep (R. Smith, +S. Tavaglione); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 5 Oct (S. Ewing); 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 23 Oct (M. Davis, Robin Diaz, L. Golden); 1 male at Auton Road 17 Nov-EOS (T. Kalbach, +B. Pranty et al.); 1 at Gulf Breeze 19-21 Nov (B. & L. Duncan). Yellow-breasted Chat: 1 at Frog Pond WMA 14-21 Sep (L. Manfredi et al.); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 25 & 30 Sep (J. Eager, P. Mansfield et al.); 1 at Sawgrass Lake Park 26 Sep (J. Miller); 1 at St. George Island SP 15 Oct (D. Reed, A. Turner). Western Spindalis: 1 female at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 20-23 Oct (C. Goodrich). Eastern Towhee: 1 at Boyd Hill Nature Preserve 5 Nov (R. Smith). Chipping Sparrow: 1 at Long Key SP (Monroe) 20 Sep (R. Galvez et al.); 1 at Chapman’s Pond (Alachua) 28 Sep (M. Bruce). Clay-colored Sparrow: 1 at Long Key SP 20 Sep (R. Galvez et al.); 1 at Fort Pickens 22 Sep (J. & B. Callaway); 1 at Sanibel Lighthouse Park 27 Sep (F. Paulsen); 1 at Bald Point SP 4 Oct (J. Murphy); 1 at Simon Road (Brevard) 20 Oct (J. Armstrong); 1 at Crandon Park 20 Oct (R. Diaz); 1 at C-357 fields (Miami-Dade) 10 Nov (R. Diaz); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 17 Nov (M. Harris). Field Sparrow: 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 21 Oct (R. Rowan et al.). 86 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Vesper Sparrow: 2 at Circle B Bar Reserve {Polk) 6 Nov (D. Sauvageau); 10 at Auton Road 10 Nov (D. Gagne et al.). Lark Sparrow: 2 at Frog Pond WMA 25 Aug (R. Torres et al.); 1 at St. Joseph Peninsula SP 9 Sep (J. Murphy, D. Robbins); 1 at Hickory Mound WMA {Taylor) 13 Sep (D. Rob- bins); 1 at Leffis Key 18 Sep (M. Davis); 1 at Scrub Jay Trail, Clermont {Lake) 5 Oct (J. Thornton); 1 at Cape Coral (Lee) 10 Oct (R. Parks); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 12 Oct (fide R. Smith); 2 at Hypoluxo Scrub Natural Area {Palm Beach) 13 Oct (C. Weber); 1 at St. George Island SP 15 Oct (D. Reed, A. Turner); 1 at Okaloosa STF 28 Oct ( J. Cal- laway); 1 at Pondhawk Natural Area {Palm Beach) 1 Nov (S. Young); 1 at Bald Point SP 2 Nov (E. Schunke); 1 at St. Petersburg 19-26 Nov (J. Clayton); 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 24 Nov-EOS (B. Ahern, D. Goodwin, E. Haney). Savannah Sparrow: 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 2 Oct (S. Ewing); 2 “Ipswich Spar- row” {P s. princeps) at Amelia Island SP 12 Nov (+W. Lawson; photos to FOSRC). Henslow’s Sparrow: 1 at Apalachicola 9 Nov (J. Murphy); 1 at Tiger Bay SF {Volusia) 23 Nov (G. Williams et al.); 1 at Haw Creek {Flagler) 28 Nov (B. Wallace). Nelson’s Sparrow: 1 banded at Shell Key Preserve 13 Oct (L. Deaner, J. Greenlaw et al.); 1 inland at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 20 Oct (+A. Zions); 2 at Anclote Key Preserve 22 Oct (D. Gagne); 1 at Bunche Beach 22 Oct-EOS (V. McGrath et al.); 5 at Wolf Branch Creek Preserve {Hillsborough) 24 Nov-EOS (B. Ahern, D. Goodwin, E. Haney) Saltmarsh Sparrow: 15 at Shiloh Marsh, Merritt Island NWR 19 Oct (D. Bales); 4 at Bunch Beach 28 Oct-EOS (V. McGrath, +C. Ewell et al.) provided first Lee record; 1 at Peacocks Pocket Road, Merritt Island NWR {Brevard) 29 Nov (+A. Zions). Seaside Sparrow: 1 juvenile at Merritt Island NWR 26 Aug (+D. Bales); 1 juvenile at Lake Worth Lagoon {Palm Beach) 27 Aug (-i-M. Gomes). Song Sparrow: 1 at Gainesville 11 Oct (D. Ewdng); 1 at Wolf Branch Creek Preserve 24 Nov-EOS (B. Ahern, D. Goodwin, E. Haney). Lincoln’s Sparrow: 1 at West Miramar WCA {Broward) 16 Oct (K. Schneider); 1 at Frog Pond WMA 25 Oct (R. Torres, T. Mitchell); 1 at St. Joseph Peninsula SP 3 Nov (D. Robbins, J. Murphy); 1 at Lake Elberta {Leon) 3 Nov (E. Schunke); 2 at Tiger Bay SF 15-23 Nov (P. May); 1 at Auton Road 17 Nov (D. Gagne et al.); 1 at Southwood 25 Nov (E. Schunke); 1 at Minneola 29 Nov (J. Thornton, S. Presutti). White-crowned Sparrow: 1 immature at Tallahassee 3 Oct (G. Simmons); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 11 Oct (G. Williams et al.); 1 at Saint George Island SP 15 Oct (D. Reed, A. Turner); 1 at West Miramar WCA 24 Oct (K. Schneider); 1 at Frog Pond WMA 25 Oct (R. Torres, T. Mitchell); 1 at Possum Branch Preserve 16 Nov (T. Kalbach); 14 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 20 Nov (J. Hintermister, M. Manetz); 6 at Minneola 29 Nov (J. Thornton, S. Presutti). Dark-eyed Junco: 1 at Tallahassee 13 Nov (A. Wraithmell). Scarlet Tanager: 1 at Gainesville 31 Aug (J. Mays); 1 at Eagle Lake Park {Pinellas) 23 Nov (C. Paonessa). Western Tanager: 1 female at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 21 Oct (M. Davis, Robin Diaz, L. Golden); 1 female at Fort Pickens 26-29 Oct (B. Gilley et al.); 1 banded at Pos- sum Long Preserve {Martin) 27 Oct (N. & B. LaFramboise); 1 at Snake Warrior Is- land Natural Area 27 Oct (B. Roberts); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 25-28 Oct (B. Boeringer); 1 at Richardson Park 21 Nov (R. Titus et al.). Rose-breasted Grosbeak: 1 at Florida Botanical Gardens {Pinellas) 27 Sep (+C. Paon- essa). Black-headed Grosbeak: 1 male at Fort Pickens 18 Oct (L. Duncan). Blue Grosbeak: 1 at Leu Botanical Gardens 24 Oct (J. Thornton); 1 at Balm {Hillsbor- ough) 11 Nov (C. Fisher, D. Goodwin). Painted Bunting: 1 near Lake Louisa {Lake) 17 Aug (M. Cady); 1 at LaBelle {Hendry) 18 Aug (M. England); 1 at Okaloosa STF 5 Sep (B. Purdy). Field Observations 87 Dickcissel: 1 at Gulf Breeze 15 Aug-19 Sep (S. Duncan); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 20 Oct (C. Goodrich); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 24 Oct (M. Harris); 1 at Lake Woodruff NWR 2 Nov (M. Brothers); 1 at Hague Dairy 2 Nov (D. Maico et aL). Bobolink: 18 at Lake Apopka NSRA 25 Aug & 320 there 15 Sep (H. Robinson); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 30 Oct (A. Horst). Yellow-headed Blackbird: 1 at Frog Pond WMA 23 Aug (R. Galvez et aL); 1 at Okaloosa STF 31 Aug-8 Sep (M. Swan); 1 at Key Vista Park 22 Sep (D. Gagne); 1 at Fort Zach- ary Taylor SP 6 Oct (B. Showier); as many as 3 at Hague Dairy 13-25 Oct (T. Good- man, S. Goodman et al.); 2 at Laurel Landfill {Sarasota) 15-16 Nov (G. Markiewicz). Brewer’s Blackbird: 1 female at Bayport Park {Hernando) 18 Nov-EOS (J. McKay et ah). Shiny Cowbird: 1 male at St. George Island SP 7 Aug (M. Brothers); 1 at St. Petersburg 29 Aug (J. Clayton); 1 at Wilbur-by-the-Sea {Volusia) 25 Sep (M. Brothers) Bronzed Cowbird: 2 at St. George Island SP 7-9 Aug (M. Brothers); 2 at St. Joseph Pen- insula SP 9 Sep (J. Murphy, D. Robbins); 1 at Lakeland {Polk) 13 Oct (B. Snow); as many as 2 at Hague Dairy 13 Oct-2 Nov (S. Ewing et al.); 1 at Leesburg {Lake) 23 Oct (L. Streeper); 1 at Bald Point SP 26 Oct (L. Gridley, J. Murphy); 1 at Lake Elberta 3 Nov (E. Schunke); 1 SW of Haines City {Polk) 7 Nov (C. Fredricks); as many as 5 at Celery Fields 8-17 Nov (K. Allen); 1 at Riverview {Hillsborough) 11 Nov (C. Fisher, D. Goodwin); 1 at Valrico 13 Nov (S. Backes). Orchard Oriole: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 1 Sep (H. Robinson); 1 at Holiday 18 Nov (D. Gagne, P. Graber). Baltimore Oriole: 1 at Gainesville 26 Aug (T. Hoctor); 5 at McCabe Road {Pasco) 26 Sep (D. Gagne et al.); 2 at Sawgrass Lake Park 27 Sep (J. Miller). Yellow-fronted Canary: 1 in song at Fort De Soto Park 11 Oct (B. Ahern, +J. FitzGerald et al.). Orange Bishop: 1 male at Fort De Soto Park 31 Oct (+E. Plage). Lavender Waxbill: 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 17 Aug-8 Sep (D. Simpson, +B. Boering- er et al.). Black-rumped Waxbill: 1 at Leffis Key 26-29 Aug C+J. Ginaven et ah). Pin-tailed Whydah: 1 at Everglades Holiday Park {Broward) 24 Aug (B. Roberts); 1 at Leesburg 14 Sep (L. Streeper). Contributors: Sharon Agri, Brian Ahern, Larry Albright, Ken Allen, Jim Armstrong, Daphne Asbell, Steve Backes, Carol Bailey, Danny Bales, Chelsea Barattini, Al Begazo, Ted & Virginia Below, Mark Berney, Brian Bidwell, Nanci Blair, Roberta Blair, Bill Boeringer, Dave Bowman, Andrew Boyle, Michael Brothers, Cecil Brown, Matthew Bruce, Dana Bryan, Pat Burns, Margaret Cady, Corey Callahan, Jerry & Brenda Callaway, Carol Cassels, Jim Cavanagh, Jennifer Cenker, Susan Cerulean, Michael Cheek, JoAnna Clayton, Bruce Cochrane, Larry Connor, Patty Corapi, Cameron Cox, Jack Crittenden, James Currie, Debbie Cusick, Kevin Dailey, Bridget D’Armand, Susan Daughtrey, Gary Davis, Mark Davis, Michelle Davis, Lauren Deaner, Alan Delorey, Gail Deterra, Rangel Diaz, Robin Diaz (spelled out), James J. Dinsmore, Jeanne Dubi, Bob & Lucy Duncan, Scot Duncan, Tom Dunkerton, Eva Dupuis, Jim Eager, Del Ehlers, Margaret England, Monica Essenmacher, Daniel Estabrooks, Amy Evanstad, Samuel Ewing, Dean Ewing, Charlie Fisher, Joe FitzGerald, Ann & Dan Forster, David Foster, Donald Fraser, Cole Fredricks, Josh Friers, Bruce Furlow, Dave Gagne, Rafael Galvez, Murray Gardler, Reinhard & Jutta Geisler, Bernice Gilley, John Ginaven, Nancy Glickman, Dale Goebel, Elizabeth Golden, Marcello Gomes, Steve Goodman, Ted Goodman, Pamela Graber, Phil Graham, Jon Greenlaw, Rick Greenspun, Larry Gridley, Ann Guillard, Alex Harper, Randy Harrod, Lauren B. Harter, Claire Herzog, Monica Higgins, Tom Hoctor, Steve Hofstetter, Chris Hooker, Brian Hope, Alice Horst, Paul Hueber, Dan Irizarry, Laura Johannsen, Yogi Jorgensen, Tim Kalbach, Dave Kandz, Les Kelly, John Killian, Jim King, Mark Kiser, Nancy & Bill LaFramboise, Nathan Langwald, Patrick Leary, 88 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Janet Leavens, Shannon Livingston, Valeri Lopez, Travis & Karen MacClendon, Dan Maico, Mike Manetz, Larry Manfredi, Steve Mann, Robert Mangold, Phyllis Mansfield, Brenda Marcischak, Gloria Markiewicz, Lorraine Margeson, Tom Mast, Peter May, Jonathon Mays, Lenore McCullagh, Jim McGinity, Vince McGrath, Jim McKay, Susan McKemy, Tammy McQuade, Jeff Miller, Paul Miller, Trey Mitchell, Brian Monk, Jim Morris, Dottie Morrison, Alan Moss, Linda Most, Deanna Murphy, John Murphy, Brent Nelson, Chris Newton, Robert Norton, Tom Obrock, Brian O’Connor, Jose Padilla, Cynthia Paonessa, Stephanie Parker, Warren Parker, Ruth Parks, France Paulsen, A1 Pelligrinelli, Stephen Perez, Bruce Pickholtz, Eric Plage, Valeri Ponzo, Bill Pranty, Stephen Presutti, Josh Provo, Bruce Purdy, Brian Rapoza, Steve Reardon, Diane Reed, Robert Repenning, Dexter Richardson, Dotty Robbins, Bryant Roberts, Harry Robinson, Ron Robinson, Thomas Rohlatsu, Fran Rutkovsky, Danny Sauvageau, Eli Scaperow, Bill Scheuerman, Ken Schneider, Andrew Schumann, Elliot Schunke, Will Seabury, Karen Seward, Jeff Shenote, Bob Showier, Glenda Simmons, James Simmons, Scott Simmons, David Simpson, Lisa Smith (spelled out), Marvin Smith, Ron & Lori Smith, Bob Snow, Bob Stalnaker, Daniel Stangeland, Joyce Stefancic, Leann Streeper, Tracee Strohman, Malcolm Swan, John Swenfurth, Chuck Tague, Sue Tavaglione, John Thornton, Larry Tilley, Russ Titus, Roberto Torres, Tim Towles, Val Trabucchi, Ken Tracey, Anne Turner, Juan Valadez, David Vander Pluym, Bob Wallace, Chuck Weber, Lee Wegman, Ryan Wells, James Wheat, Jay Wherley, Graham Williams, Meret Wilson, Stu Wilson, Andy Wraithmell, Cuneyt Yilmaz, Kathryn Young, Travis Young, and Adam Zions. Report prepared by Brian Ahern, state compiler (629 Gail Avenue, Temple Terrace, Florida 33617, ), Regional compilers are Bruce H. Anderson (2917 Scarlet Road, Winter Park, Florida 32792, ), John H. Boyd III (15291 SW 108th Terrace, Miami, Florida 33196, ), Kevin Dailey (6661 Beatrix Street, Jacksonville, Florida 32226, ), Bob and Lucy Duncan (614 Fairpoint Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561, ), Charlie Ewell (115 SW 51st Terrace, Cape Coral, Florida 33991, ), Bev Hansen (6573 Pine Meadows Drive, Spring Hill, Florida 34606, ), Paul Miller (Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park, 33104 NW 192nd Avenue, Okeechobee, Florida 34972, ), John Murphy (766 Alligator Drive, Alligator Point, Florida 32346, ), and Ron Smith (1500 85th Avenue North, St. Petersburg, Florida 33702; ). BE A FRIEND OF FFN Florida Field Naturalist is the journal of FOS, an important communication vehicle for the Florida scientific and birding community. Increasing costs need to be offset with a combination of member dues and contributions. Please consider a donation of $50, $100, $200 or more to FRIENDS OF FFN. Your gift will allow FFN to improve its artwork, including four-color photographs of rarities similar to the one of the state’s first Varied Bunting, published in the February 2006 issue, and other improvements in the content and appearance of our journal. Contributions to FRIENDS OF FFN will be added to a special endowment of FOS, the interest of which will be used to improve the journal. Please write a check payable to the Florida Ornithological Society and specify that the gift is for FOS Friends of FFN. Send the check to: John Murphy, Treasurer, Florida Ornithological Society, 766 Alligator Drive, Alligator Point, FL 32346. We thank the following individuals for donating to FRIENDS OF FFN: 2006 2011 Andrew Kratter Murray Gardler David Hartgrove Robert & Lucy Duncan 2007 David B. Freeland William Post Michael Brothers R. Todd Engstrom James E. Cavanagh, Jr, Anthony White Robert Budliger 2008 Robert Budliger Tim Towles Jack P. Hailman John M. Murphy Nancy Prine Billi Wagner Vincent McGrath 2014 Stephen Gross William Courser Charles E’well & Michael Brothers Arlyne B. Salcedo Robert & Lucy Duncan Reed & M5u*a Noss John M. Murphy Richard L. West 2012 James E. Cavanagh, Jr, David Hartgrove John Murphy Silvio Crespo, Jr. Robin Diaz 2009 Robin Diaz Larry Hribar Judith C. Bryan David Hartgrove Wilfred Yusek John M. Murphy Larry Hribar Silvio Crespo, Jr. Billi Wagner John M. Murphy James E. Cavanagh, Jr. Peggy Powell Billi Wagner Kevin & Marie Dailey Peter & Victoria Merritt William Post St Johns River WMD Jim Cox & Katy NeSmith Anthony White (In Memory of Judy Bryan) Robert Budliger Robert Budliger Richard L. West William Post Theodore H. Below Billi Wagner David Hartgrove 2013 Silvio Crespo, Jr. Larry Hribar Mary Landsman John Murphy Robin Diaz William Post 2010 David Hartgrove Brian Ahern Robert Budliger John L. Wuepper Michael Brothers Wade Nolan Ann Paul Anthony White 89 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY M. C. Bowman. 1978. Species Index to Florida Bird Records in Audubon Field Notes and American Birds, Volumes 1-30, 1947- 1967. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 1. xii + 43 pages. $4. J. A. Cox. 1987. Status and Distribution of the Florida Scrub Jay. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No, 3. vii + 110 pages. $8. R. W. Loftin, G. E. Woolfenden, and J. A. Woolfenden. 1991. Florida Bird Records in American Birds B.nd Audubon Field Notes (1947- 1989): Species Index and County Gazetteer. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 4. xiv + 99 pages. $8. R. W. Loflin. 1991. West Indian Bird Records in American Birds and Audubon Field Notes (1947-1990): Species Index by Islands. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 5. ix + 90 pages. $8. W. B. Robertson, Jr. and G. E. Woolfenden. 1992. Florida Bird Species: An Annotated List. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 6. ix + 260 pages. FOS members: $15 soft cover, $20 hard cover; Non-members: $18 soft cover, $23 hard cover. G. E. Woolfenden, W. B. Robertson, Jr., and J, Cox. 2006. The Breeding Birds of Florida. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 7. ii + 142 pages. $12. To order Special Publications: Please send a check made out to the Florida Ornithological Society to the Treasurer: John Murphy, Treasurer 766 Alligator Drive Alligator Point, FL 32846 The amount of the check should include the price of the publication(s) plus shipping and sales tax. Shipping: Add $2 shipping for 1-5 copies; $4 for 6-10 copies. Sales Tax: Florida residents add the sales tax for the county in which the special publications are delivered. Calculate the sales tax based on the total cost of the special publications plus shipping. 90 aMst .socriinrx r . ^ wpk ji. / cfistSi- ■ ' ^ ' wy t^rUrrd'i i (> .'/r’4-.'V' V uSjcrfUl ' ? vr? t "it ■- 1, ; lii-iy .V* • |A ei|it>«'-*^^Tlc^ afT » * rva.rii«t It •'•uttr' -7 t. * •• • ■ I * -.. r, ^arfs® ♦ \4r^ fufio r: .*K?-.-VP 41 iv.'.'WBk.. ■'■-,■ -* '. II X .- ,'.'.1 ^--lY, - J -•' ' '. .j».' » -l«i * t '1 ns J ■ . p. rL '•'* * ^r * -'. -' ' mioilCtiimntrtriiWI I •• ’ t . #*JIW L ’ -’JL«44*il| V*»* ^.iTiir ^ "« *64 tlM fcsdfcci^. ^Vf rT,4- r»'^ t : - i k' um/i t^ Itfl ,1, !jd2k’> Kz^i ~«t ton X' k m^iilK »%- \- f u^i"' t r I • Tii'r »H !lj||l|i|M -M^ IMTSi^r* /i ^ 1 .*7 . WH, Iw «i) ortMi »-jr*''tH-n|i5 i •«*.>' ' i' cijn dfctffix'k, 5 'I 'A ' 'HA.'-Tf*' '? ‘.'i- It C. Xtffffi h • f <* 'ffoie9 19€7. f ' • urMihiiiogitTii ->(i r- ^ -iinr Jf/.M ' .*>f4itcfti and • “■ ,j:.. SfK,r.tygp<>dWIN^ L|n, i#, t. • ' . ' f «t»d J A V - * irf^itl A • * *rijr. {HFth itmi ^4lMAiilll • ‘ L'lal PaWksdU^iH S »%% ♦ 99 Mt H AV. L >1- Aoiiian Bindi fU! 1%*-*'' '■* H’ ‘f si i S-ACTT^rV 1 ' ‘'-•r:. ‘M M.’ir i \^inofr». ;i - "n»l*t‘'*" >..tdii tliirtS >-i\ .Special- '-Nivfcr. <^rt^ j'^ [jt S ' lr©«#i4rfr lMv« FLimM [ih» dbrni^ .\h *^Id biclfidd v^x niiipptogfor Eiiiht* H^Ufi *% ch&ck t iOtlMl nda rr -.. ih** ^ uJes ijc.UioA!i djrtd^Uven'd. [ till* imblkabuniF ptM ' ivprNfi r'lf. i'-'t ■• 4». Florida Field Naturalist ISSN 0738-999X PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Editor: Scott Robinson, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, RO, Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800. E-mail: srobinson@flmnh.ufl.edu Managing/Copy Editor: Tom Webber, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, RO. Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800. E-mail: twebber@flmnh.ufl. edu Associate Editor (for bird distribution): Bruce Anderson, 2917 Scarlet Road, Winter Bark, FL 32792. E-mail: scizortail@aoLcom Editor of the FOS newsletter, Snail Kite: Selena Kiser, 1740 Augustine Rlace, Tallahassee, FL 32301. E-mail: beenebat@netscape.net Editor of Special Publications; Jerome A. Jackson, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd. South, Ft. Myers, FL 33965. E-mail: jjackson@fgcu.edu Web Page Editor: Eugene Stoccardo, 331 Roswell Ave., Orlando, FL 36803. E-mail: Garberia@hotmaiLcom INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS The Florida Field Naturalist is a fully refereed journal emphasizing biological field studies and observations of vertebrates, especially birds, in or near Florida and the nearby West Indies. We welcome submission of original manuscripts containing new information from these areas. We encourage electronic submission of manuscripts. Please consult recent issues of the journal and the FOS website (http://www.fosbirds.org/ FFN/FFN.aspx) for style, noting especially that manuscripts should: (1) be double-spaced throughout, including tables and figure captions; (2) include the scientific name at the first mention of each species; (3) include capitalized standard English names for all birds, but lower case for English names of other organisms; (4) use metric units for all measurements; (5) use the form “7 June 2003” for all dates; (6) use the 24-hour clock for all indications of time (e.g., 0800, 1400); (7) use the following abbreviations: s (second), min (minute), h (hour); (8) use active voice where at all possible. Submit manuscripts, and books for review, to the Editor, Scott Robinson. Monograph- length manuscripts may be submitted for consideration to Jerome A. Jackson, Editor of Special Publications. Field observations should be sent to the Chair of the Field Observations Committee, Brian Ahem (barredantshrike@gmaiLcom; see Field Observations, this issue). Reports of birds for which the FOS Records Committee requires documentation (see http:// fosbirds.org/content^records-committee) should be sent to the Secretary of the Committee, Jon S. Greenlaw, 10503 Mistflower Lane, Tampa, FL 33647-3544; E-mail: jgreenlaw® earthMnk.net Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL. 42, No. 2 May 2014 Pages 45-90 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES CONTENTS ARTICLES Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) nest-site selection and nesting success in tree cavities Karl E. Miller 45-53 Tree foiling: A treatment to improve nesting success by Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) Vincent Morris 54-60 NOTES Roseate Spoonbills (Platalea ajaja) nesting on Seahorse Key, Cedar Keys National Wildlife Refuge, Levy County, Florida Jennifer R. Seavey, Peter C. Frederick, and Victor Doig 61-63 First record of Gambel’s Quail iCallipepla gambelii) in the exotic avifauna of Florida Valeri Ponzo 64-65 Late-season nesting by Florida Sandhill Cranes {Grus canadensis pratensis) Martin J. Folk 66-69 Beak deformity in a nestling Tricolored Heron (Egretta tricolor) in south Florida Jessica A. Klassen 70-72 FIELD OBSERVATIONS Fall Report: August-November 2013 Brian Ahern 73-88 ANNOUNCEMENTS Friends of FFN. 89 FOS Special Publications 90 llllll III I III 3 90e o GO 752 2160