Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL. 43, No. 2 May 2015 Pages 47-103 FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Founded 1972 OFFICERS President: R. Todd Engstrom, 309 Carr Lane, Tallahassee, FL 32312. E-mail: engstrom® bio.fsu.edu Vice President: Marianne Korosy, 2021 Oak View Lane, Palm Harbor, FL 34683. E-mail: mkorosy@gmail.com Secretary: Cole Fredricks, 325 Ruby Lake Loop, Winter Haven, FL 33884. E-mail: cfredricks@tampabay.rr.com Treasurer: Charles H. Fisher, Jr., 4806 W. Beach Park Dr., Tampa, FL 33609. E-mail: chf lshercpa@hotmail . com Editor, Florida Field Naturalist: Scott Robinson, Florida Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800. E-mail: srobinson@flmnh.ufl.edu Directors, Terms Expiring Spring 2015 R. Todd Engstrom, 309 Carr Lane, Tallahassee, FL 32312. E-mail: engstrom@bio.fsu.edu Karl Miller, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, FL 32601. E-mail: karl.miller@myfwc.com Directors, Terms Expiring Spring 2016 Mary Dowdell, 5209 Culbreath Road, Brooksville, FL 34601. E-mail: mary.dowdell® myfwc.com Paul Miller, Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park, 33104 NW 192nd Ave., Okeechobee, FL 34972. E-mail: paul.miller@dep. state. fl. us Directors, Terms Expiring Spring 2017 Gina Kent. E-mail: ginakent222@hotmail.com David Simpson, 139 S. Willow Street, Fellsmere, FL 32948. E-mail: simpsondavid@mac.com Honorary Members Samuel A. Grimes 1979; Helen G. Cruickshank 1980; Oliver L. Austin, Jr. 1982 Pierce Brodkorb 1982; W ill iam B. Robertson, Jr. 1992; Glen E. Woolfenden 1994 Ted Below 1999; Fred E. Lohrer 2009 All persons interested in Florida’s natural history, especially its abundant bird life, are invited to join the Florida Ornithological Society by writing to the Treasurer. Annual membership dues are $25 for individual members, $30 for a family membership, $15 for students, $45 for contributing members, and $40 for institutional membership; add $5 for overseas delivery. One-time contributions for life membership are $400 for individuals and $500 for families. All members receive Florida Field Naturalist. Back issues ($3.00 per issue) are available, prepaid, from the Treasurer. Notice of change of address, claims for undelivered or defective copies, and requests for information about advertising and subscriptions should be sent to the Treasurer. Florida Field Naturalist is published quarterly (March, May, September, and November) by the Florida Ornithological Society. It is printed by E.O. Painter Printing Co., P.O. Box 877, DeLeon Springs, FL 32130. The permanent address of the Florida Ornithological Society is Division of Birds, Florida Museum of Natural History, Museum Road at Newell Drive, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. The Florida Ornithological Society web site is at www.fosbirds.org THIS PUBLICATION IS PRINTED ON NEUTRAL PH PAPER Florida Field Naturalist ISSN 0738-999X PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Editor: Scott Robinson, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, RO. Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800. E-mail: srobinson@flmnli.ufl.edu Managing/Copy Editor: Tom Webber, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800. E-mail: twebber@flmnh.ufl.edu Associate Editor (for bird distribution): Bruce Anderson, 2917 Scarlet Road, Winter Park, FL 32792. E-mail: scizortail@aol.com Editor of the EOS newsletter, Snail Kite: Selena Kiser, 1740 Augustine Place, Tallahassee, FL 32301. E-mail: beenebat@netscape.net Editor of Special Publications: Jerome A. Jackson, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd. South, Ft. Myers, FL 33965. E-mail: jjackson@fgcu.edu Web Page Editor: Eugene Stoccardo, 331 Roswell Ave., Orlando, FL 36803. E-mail: Garberia@hotmail . com INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS The Florida Field Naturalist is a fully refereed journal emphasizing biological field studies and observations of vertebrates, especially birds, in or near Florida and the nearby West Indies. We welcome submission of original manuscripts containing new information from these areas. We encourage electronic submission of manuscripts. Please consult recent issues of the journal and the FOS website (http://www.fosbirds.org/ content/publications) for style, noting especially that manuscripts should: (1) be double-spaced throughout, including tables and figure captions; (2) include the scientific name at the first mention of each species; (3) include capitalized standard English names for all birds, but lower case for English names of other organisms; (4) use metric units for all measurements; (5) use the form “7 June 2003” for all dates; (6) use the 24-hour clock for all indications of time (e.g., 0800, 1400); (7) use the following abbreviations: s (second), min (minute), h (hour); (8) use active voice where at all possible. Submit manuscripts, and books for review, to the Editor, Scott Robinson. Monograph- length manuscripts may be submitted for consideration to Jerome A. Jackson, Editor of Special Publications. Field observations should be sent to the Chair of the Field Observations Committee, Brian Ahem (barredantshrike@gmail.com; see Field Observations, this issue). Reports of birds for which the FOS Records Committee requires documentation (see http:// fosbirds.org/content/records-committee) should be sent to the Secretary of the Committee, Jon S. Greenlaw, 10503 Mistflower Lane, Tampa, FL 33647-3544; E-mail: jgreenlaw@ earthlink.net Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL. 43, No. 2 May 2015 Pages 47-103 CONTENTS ARTICLES Feasibility of Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) reintroduction into the pine flatwoods communities of Jonathan Dickinson State Park, Florida Katie O’Gara, Jessica Miles, and Rebecca May 47-61 First records of Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) nesting in Polk County, Florida Ann F Paul and Ann B. Hodgson 62-68 Survey of Brown Pelicans {Pelecanus occidentalis) in Jacksonville, Florida Kelsey Cooper and E. Natasha Vanderhoff. 69-78 Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) predation of turtles in central Florida Timothy J. Walsh and George L. Heinrich 79-85 FIELD OBSERVATIONS Fall Report: August-November 2014 Brian Ahern 86-101 ANNOUNCEMENTS Friends of FFN 102 FOS Special Publications 103 Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL. 43, No. 2 May 2015 Pages 47-104 Florida Field Naturalist 43(2):47-61, 2015. FEASIBILITY OF RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER (Picoides borealis) REINTRODUCTION INTO THE PINE FLATWOODS COMMUNITIES OF JONATHAN DICKINSON STATE PARK, FLORIDA Katie 0’Gara\ Jessica Miles^, and Rebecca May^ ^Present address: 1000 FGCU Campus Housing, Pilot, 001. Fort Myers, Florida 33965 E-mail: ogarakn@my.palmbeachstate.edu ‘^Department of Environmental Science Technology MS#45, Palm Beach State College, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida 33410 Abstract. — The endangered Red-cockaded Woodpecker {Picoides borealis), a special- ist species, once inhabited Jonathan Dickinson State Park (JDSP), located in Martin and Palm Beach counties in South Florida, but it has not been documented in the park since 1983 (FDEP 2000). JDSP is considering the reintroduction of the Red-cockaded Wood- pecker into its pine flatwoods ecosystems, to contribute to their nationwide recovery. To examine the feasibility of this goal, a fixed-area plot vegetation survey was performed at JDSP to collect baseline data on the current suitability of Red-cockaded Woodpecker nesting and foraging habitat. A total of 58 plots from JDSP management zones C2, C3, C4, C5, D8, E7, E9, Ell, and E13 were surveyed. In each plot, tree heights, tree diam- eter, basal area (BA) per stand, overstory density, understory density, and understory and midstory height were gathered, to describe each stand. Results were compared with the South Central Florida Recovery Unit (SCFRU) foraging habitat guidelines for RCWs (FWC 2008). The preliminary data show that JDSP’s pine fiatwoods contain many large- diameter trees, over 9 in (22.86 cm) diameter at breast height (DBH), some medium trees 4 to 8 in (10.16 to 20.32 cm) DBH, and few small diameter trees <4 in (10.16 cm) DBH, satisfying habitat structure characteristics necessary for the support of RCWs. Zones C5, E7, E9, and E13 demonstrated a total BA per stand of at least 3,000 fU (278.7 m^), meeting the SCFRU foraging habitat guidelines standard. Zones C4, C5, E7, E9, and E13 fulfilled the requirement for having at least 2,000 fU (185.8 m^) of BA of pine with DBH >9 in (22.9 cm), as did the results for the 4 to 8 in (10.16 to 20.32 cm) DBH category, showing that zones C5, E7, and E9 had slightly greater than 1,000 fU(92.9 m^) of BA required per stand. Zones C3, D8, Ell, and E13 had zero pine trees with DBH <4 in (10.2 cm). Zone E13, in meeting all the guideline requirements studied, indicates 47 48 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST JDSP is in a position to consider further analysis on ROW reintroduction feasibility at this time. Additionally, seven of the nine management zones studied exhibited an ample amount (>40%) of herbaceous ground cover, supporting ROW foraging needs; therefore, these satisfactory vegetation survey results should be used in conjunction with future habitat assessments to determine whether JDSP satisfies recovery guidelines for opti- mal Red-cockaded Woodpecker foraging habitat, according to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS 2003). The Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis; RCW) is endemic to southeastern pine flatwoods communities in the United States (Franzreb 1999). These cooperatively breeding birds live in groups of two to seven individuals in a cluster of several cavity trees (Lennartz et al. 1987, Walters et al. 1988, Franzreb 1999). Groups generally consist of one breeding pair and often several helpers, usually males, which assist the breeding pair with raising the young (Walters 1990, Conner et al. 1998, Franzreb, 1999). RCWs are adapted for survival in pine landscapes, showing a preference for older, live pine trees for the construction of cavities used for night roosting and as nest sites (Jackson et al. 1979, Jackson and Jackson 1986, Rudolph and Conner 1991, Conner et al. 1994, Conner et al. 1998, Franzreb 1999). The woodpeckers puncture “resin wells” on a daily basis around a cavity tree entrance to create a copious flow of resin (Ligon 1970). These actions create a smooth, sticky surface around cavity openings that deters predators, such as rat snakes, from climbing up the tree and reaching the cavity (Leonard 2009). In general, the availability of older pine trees suitable for cavity excavation is a critical limiting factor for RCWs at both a group and population level (Kappes and Costa 2008). RCWs are listed as near-threatened with a decreasing global population of 14,500 adults (lUCN 2013), and they are a federally endangered species, given protection by the Endangered Species Act in 1973, although their decline was noted decades earlier (Bent 1939). Unsuitable habitat conditions are attributed to Are suppression (Franzreb 1997), habitat loss (only 3% of longleaf habitat survives today in the United States) (Jackson 1986, Ortego and Lay 1988, Conner and Rudolph 1989, Williams 1989), and habitat fragmentation and degradation (Hooper 1988, Costa and Escano 1989, Rudolph and Conner 1991). Since the enactment of the Endangered Species Act, drastic RCW declines were curtailed by intensive emergency management that peaked in the 1990s and led to the stabilization or increase of many extant populations (USFWS 2003). Measures taken for RCW recovery, such as prescribed burning, also help maintain populations of a multitude of other species. One valuable recovery method is translocation of RCWs to new potential breeding sites. Extensive criteria must be met before a site O’Gaea et al. — Red-cockaded Woodpeckers 49 can be considered as a translocation donor or receiver. For example, donor sites must have fifty active clusters with at least a 3% annual increase. On the other hand, receiver sites must have a prescribed burning program and be able to support at least ten active clusters (USFWS 2003). Additionally, basal area (BA), defined as the cross- sectional area of pine trees measured in diameter at hreast height (DBH), standards have been set in the ROW recovery plan, hut they do not apply to longleaf pine and South Florida slash pine fiatwoods ecosystems, in the south and central Florida ROW distribution range. Habitats in this region have a lower BA, and pine trees are generally smaller (in diameter and height). Therefore, to meet the Standard for Managed Stability (SMS) of RCW populations, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission developed the South Central Florida Recovery Unit (SCFRU) foraging-habitat guidelines (Kappes and Costa 2008). The USFWS (2003) RCW recovery plan defines good quality RCW foraging habitat as being comprised of some large mature pines, few small and medium pine trees, low quantities of hardwood midstory, and plenty of herbaceous groundcover (USFWS 2003). The USFWS guidelines take into account the habitat characteristics and the larger range needed by RCWs in the south and central Florida regions (FWC 2008). According to SCFRU guidelines, RCWs need a site with: 1) at least 3,000 fU (278.7 m^) of total pine BA area 2) at least 2,000 fU (185.8 m^) of the 3,000 fU (278.7 m^) total pine BA area consisting of pine trees with DBH > 9 in (22.9 cm), and the remaining 1,000 fU (92.9 m^) can be pines with a 4 to 8 in (10.16 to 20.32 cm) DBH. Pine trees <4 in (10.16 cm) are not included in the calculation toward the total 3,000 fU (278.7 m^) of pine BA area (FWC 2008). In addition to the BA requirements clarified by the SCFRU, foraging habitat is required to contain zero or a very limited amount of midstory, and according to the recovery standard foraging guidelines (RSFG) presented in the Recovery Plan (USFWS 2003), native herbaceous plants must consist of a total of 40% or more of the groundcover. Furthermore, hardwood midstory must be sparse and less than 7 ft (213.4 cm) tall or nonexistent because when a hardwood midstory develops, RCWs abandon cavities (USFWS 2003; Fig. 1). Canopy hardwoods must be nonexistent or less than 10% of the canopy structure (FWC 2008). Finally, foraging habitat must be within 0.5 mi (804.7 m) of the cluster center and not be separated by more than 200 ft (61 m) of nonforaging land (i.e., water bodies, hardwood stands, etc.) (USFWS 2003). 50 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Figure 1. Example of suitable pine flatwoods understory and midstory at Jonathan Dickinson State Park (Zone C5) for Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (with at least 40% herbaceous understory, no midstory, and low woody plants). Translocation of RCW populations has been a part of the recovery effort since the late 1980s (Hess and Costa 1995). There are more than ten sites presently hosting RCWs in Florida that received RCWs from donor sites either in Florida or from other states such as South Carolina (Lauerman, Witter, and Costa 2013). One particular recipient site, J. W. Corbett Wildlife Management Area (WMA), in southeast Florida’s Palm Beach and Martin counties, received twelve RCWs from Citrus WMA in northwest Florida in 2010 (Parker and Ferraro 2010). Because of several previous translocations, J. W. Corbett WMA now has fifteen active clusters of twelve breeding groups; eight groups produced a total of twelve fiedglings in 2010 (Parker and Ferraro 2010). Another park, Jonathan Dickinson State Park (JDSP), which previously hosted RCWs and is only about 37 km from J. W. Corbett WMA, is a potential site for reintroduction; however, additional studies, of which the present study is a part, are necessary to determine JDSPs present status of habitat suitability and its potential as a receiver site prior to proceeding with any translocation efforts. O’Gaea et al. — Red-cockaded Woodpeckers 51 Jonathan Dickinson State Park, Florida - A Potential ROW Receiver Site Jonathan Dickinson State Park (JDSP), located in southeast Florida, in Martin and Palm Beach counties, is one potential RCW reintroduction site (State of Florida Department of Environmental Protection 2000). JDSP, is an ecologically significant site covering 4,642.1 hectares (ha), including the northwest and north forks of the Loxahatchee River (FDEP 2000). JDSP encompasses thirteen distinctive natural vegetative communities including scrub, depression marsh, hydric hammock, sandhill, scruhhy fiatwoods, and wet fiatwoods. Three of these communities, the sandhill, scrubby fiatwoods, and pine fiatwoods (wet and mesic), are generally open tracts of land with dispersed pine trees, sparse understories, and herbaceous groundcover (Fig. 1). Characteristics of these three habitat types support RCW populations. The majority of JDSP’s pine fiatwoods are wet fiatwoods, represented by a South Florida slash pine (Pinus elliotti var. densa) overstory, a saw palmetto {Serenoa repens) midstory, and a wiregrass (Artistida beyrichiana) understory (Fig. 1). Many ecosystems in Florida have evolved to prosper in the midst of fires ignited by lightning. Pine fiatwoods and scrub ecosystems are responsive to fires, having some species of vegetation even requiring fire in order to propagate. In order to restore JDSP’s fire-dependent natural communities to historic conditions, a prescribed-fire program was implemented in 1971. In 2003, the Division of Recreation and Parks began updating its fire management plan with improvements, such as annual fire planning and a statewide fire database (FDEP 2010). The fire management plan’s annual fire planning process provides a burn schedule that dictates when each management zone will be burned. Burn frequency is dependent on several factors, such as habitat condition, fuel hazards, and season (FDEP 2010). In addition, fire prescriptions vary according to community type. For example, fire should be applied to mesic fiatwoods habitat every 2 to 5 years, while wet fiatwoods should be burned every 2 to 6 years (FDEP 2010). Fire- dependent communities are scattered within fire independent habitat types. As prescribed fire moves through each burn zone, patches will burn according to ecosystem type. The result is a natural patchwork of burned and unburned zones. Aside from the many ecological benefits, including removal of invasive exotic species and nutrient replenishment, the prescribed fire program also prevents wildfires. Prescribed fires reduce the conditions that fuel wildfires by consuming accumulated debris, including pine needles, in a controlled manner. By using prescribed fire as a preventative measure, the probability of unpredictable wildfire 52 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST eruption is decreased and this in turn helps to protect reintroduced populations of birds (FDEP 2010). Additionally, JDSP’s pine flatwoods forest structure, with a sparse, woody understory and herbaceous groundcover (Fig. 1), maintained by the prescribed fire program, is crucial for RCW recovery. The landscape’s predominantly herbaceous understory improves RCW group size and reproductive success, as their fitness is linked to a correlation between herbaceous groundcover and the availability and quality of arthropod prey on the pine tree boles where the birds forage (Hanula and Franzreb 1998). Hanula and Franzreb’s (1998) research supports the observation that RCWs require abundant herbaceous groundcover. The past, present, and euture of Red- cockaded Woodpeckers in Jonathan Dickinson State Park. Historically, RCWs were found in sandhill and pine flatwoods ecosystems in JDSP. However, the woodpeckers have not been documented in the park since 1983 (FDEP 2000). Extirpation of this habitat specialist was due to past logging practices, fire suppression (USFWS 2003), habitat destruction around JDSP, and the construction and operation of Camp Murphy, a WWH U.S. Army base (FDEP 2000). Fire exclusion, in particular, caused more intense fires to occur in the long unburned areas, leading to the loss of some suitable cavity trees. Nevertheless, former RCW nesting cavities remain in the park today and are still being maintained by park biologists (FDEP 2000). With the implementation of the park’s prescribed burning program, natural conditions in many of the management zones have been restored (FDEP 2000). Therefore, it is conceivable that JDSP may, in the future, be able to support RCWs dispersing from the J. W. Corbett Wildlife Management Area and the Pal Mar wetland greenway corridor. In the interest of continuing park improvement, JDSP is assessing the feasibility of reintroducing RCWs into its pine fiatwoods communities, as stated in the JDSP’s management plan (FDEP 2000). RCW reintroduction into the park would establish new groups that will link isolated populations in southeast Florida across the Loxahatchee Greenway. To achieve this goal, a preliminary fixed- area-plot vegetation survey was performed at JDSP for the collection of baseline data on the existence of potentially suitable pine fiatwoods habitat for RCWs. Vegetation survey results will be used in conjunction with future habitat assessments to determine whether JDSP satisfies recovery guidelines for optimal RCW foraging habitat according to the USFWS (2003). O’Gaea et al. — Red-cockaded Woodpeckers 53 Methods Site description . — JDSP is divided into 97 management zones, several no-burn zones, and a 40,469 m^ research zone (FDEP 2000; Fig. 2). A total of fifty-eight 404.7 m^ plots, in nine management zones, were surveyed in the park’s pine fiatwoods communities. Types of pine fiatwoods are differentiated by plant species and hydrological period, and those studied included mesic fiatwoods, scrubby fiatwoods, wet fiatwoods, and sandhills (FDEP 2010). The nine management zones examined were C2, C3, C4, C5, D8, E7, E9, Ell, and E13 (Fig. 2). Biologists from FDEP and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conser- vation Commission (FWC) decided which JDSP zones would likely support RCWs, and zone selections for this study were based on knowledge from agency professionals, as well as foraging guidelines from the USFWS (2003) Red-cockaded Woodpecker Recovery Plan and the South Central Florida Recovery Unit (FWC 2008). This reintroduction-fea- sibility study involved specific selection of management zones with pockets of old-growth pine trees. A more detailed evaluation of measurable parameters (e.g., tree diameter) was then performed on those selected sites. After the parameters were quantified, re- sults were compared to the SCRFU foraging habitat guidelines. We collected data weekly (2 to 3 days a week) from 7 January 2011 to 25 March, 2011. Fixed area plot sampling and associated parameters . — The fixed-area plot sampling method was used to inventory forest parameters for pine fiatwoods. In each surveyed zone, randomly selected 404.7 sq. m. circular plots were set up, based on likely RCW usage described in the recovery plan (USFWS 2003). Only pine stands were sampled be- cause RCWs do not exploit wetland areas, cypress stands, or scrub habitat lacking a pine overstory. One plot was sampled for every 8.1 ha to accurately describe the stand compo- sition. For example, we established ten plots in the 86.3 ha zone E7. A Garmin GPS unit was used to mark the center of each plot and coordinates were collected (Fig. 3). From the center of each plot, a tape measure was used to pace out a radius of 11.3 m in four directions (DNRS 2011). Flagging tape was used to mark the circumference of each circular plot. Within each plot, the DBH in centimeters was obtained for every tree with the use of a Lufkin 6.5 m tree-diameter tape (DNRS 2011). Then, BA was calculated to gauge tree density per plot, per hectare, and per stand (DFG 2011). Values obtained for BA per stand were separated into categories outlined by the guidelines in the SCFRU (FWC 2008; Table 1). These categories include BA of trees with a DBH of > 9 in (22.9 cm), BA of trees 4 to 8 in (10.2 to 20.3 cm), and BA <4 in (10.2 cm) (USFWS 2003). BA per stand amounts (which depended on the number of trees in the plot) for each category were calculated using ((DBH (cm)2*0.0001 -i- DBH (cm)2*0.0001 -i-...)10*zone acreage). Also, tree heights were gathered with the use of a Brunton Clino Master clinometer. Height (m) was acquired at a distance of 66 ft (20.1 m) from each tree. Overstory density was estimated with a spherical densiometer (CDPR 2004), and groundcover composition was measured subjectively. To estimate groundcover percent- ages for saw palmetto and herbaceous groundcover, each plot was visually divided into four sections, based on cardinal directions. Estimated percentages of cover for each of the four sections were averaged, for both saw palmetto and herbaceous understory portions, and a resulting value (percentage) was derived for the entire plot. Moreover, average height (Categories: <3 ft (1 m), 3 to 6 ft (1 to 2 m), and >6 ft (2 m)) for the saw palmetto midstory and herbaceous understory were measured with a tape measure. Where bare sand, woody shrub, or hardwood midstory occurred, percentages and heights were noted. These data were compiled as part of a site suitability analysis. Results For each management zone, results for BA per stand for each SCFRU foraging habitat guideline category are summarized in Table 54 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Figure 2. Map of JDSP and the surveyed management zones C2, C3, C4, C5, D8, E07, E09, Ell, and E13 as indicated. O’Gaea et al. — Red-cockaded Woodpeckers 55 Figure 3. Map of coordinate locations taken at the center of each circular plot sampled (n = 58; white dots) in management zones C2, C3, C4, C5, D8, E7, E9, Ell, and E13 in Jonathan Dickinson State Park. 1. Burn zone C5 greatly exceeded the 3,000 ft^ (278.7 m^) BA per stand, and zones E7, E9, and E13 also qualified under this standard. Zone C4, C5, E7, E9, and E13 fulfilled the requirement for having at least 2,000 ft^ (185.8 m^) of BA of pine with DBH >9 in (22.9 cm). Results for the 4 to 8 in (10.2 to 20.3 cm) DBH category showed that zones C5, E7, and E9 had slightly greater than 1,000 ft^(92.9 m^) of BA. Zones C3, D8, Ell, and E13 had zero pine trees with DBH <4 in (10.2 cm) (Table 1). Compliance with the standards for herbaceous groundcover and hardwood midstory in the nine management zones was also examined. Table 1. Comparison of JDSP sampled zones to the South Central Florida Recovery Unit (SCFRU) foraging habitat guidelines categories. 56 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST a § 5 ft o ^ (U be ^ V ^ ’3 a> (Hod § ^ o pd S cd O -ft CO m ^ 2 « S o s > ft -P J? o 5 h ^ > ft d ^ ^ ^ : 2 (M CO CO . . X,' COCO(35CO(35 (35CO(35 tH (MO CO CO i-H (35 CO lO ft iHi— l-^iHCOi— liHCO CO 'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o 'o t-IOiHOOiHCOCO(M (M o o 00 e- o CO ^ ^ CO ^ (35(35(35(350000 OOOOtHtHtHtH OOOOOOOO (M(M(M(M(M(M(M(M 2 *3 (350o6Poc6o6o o iH 00 IH (M q q M o q q ’ 00 (M O 00 (M (M CO e- ^ (M ^ iH (M (35 iH X X (M X 00 2 CO O 05 (M (35 CO (35 (M CO CO t-- 05 tH tH (M CO ^ (M (MCO^COCOe-(35iH 7-t OOOOPftftft ft .a cS 03 q g II § QJ cj* b c5 03 -o T3 ft cv. g O q 3 D o 02 ^ O Ph o g ft w 3 0^ 73 M o 3 S 13 0^3 1 ft o 3 h 02 o S q B §) 3 P 3 03 ^ ?H O’Gaea et al. — Red-cockaded Woodpeckers 57 Zones C2 and C5 did not fulfill the standard for herbaceous groundcover (>40%). However, zones C3, C4, D8, E7, E9, Ell, and E13 each had a > 40% herbaceous understory (Table 1). Herbaceous understory height averaged < 3 ft (1 m) in the plots studied. Hardwood midstory was sparse and canopy hardwoods numbered well below 10% of the canopy structure in all zones, and Zone C3, plot 1, contained the only occurrence of a tree other than a slash pine (turkey oak, Quercus laevis). Average saw palmetto height fell within the 3 to 6 ft (1 to 2 m) category and rarely equaled or exceeded 6 ft (2 m) in the plots studied. Therefore, all the plots studied met the herbaceous understory height standard. An analysis of the zones regarding their satisfaction of all of the SCFRU guidelines studied was also completed. Zone E13 satisfied all requirements for the SCFRU guideline categories studied (FWC 2008). No other zone qualified under all the guideline requirements studied. Discussion Preliminary results from the data showed that zone E13 met all requirements for the SCFRU guideline categories studied (Table 1). Zone E13 had at least 3,000 fU (278.7 m^) of BA, and at least 2,000 fU (185.81 m^) of this zone contained >9 in (22.9 cm) DBH trees. Also, Zone E13 had no pine trees <4 in (10.2 cm). This site alone, since it qualifies with all the guideline requirements, puts JDSP in a position to consider further analysis on reintroduction feasibility at this time. Zone C4 approached fulfillment of all SCFRU guideline categories. Zone C4 had a total of 2,971 fU (276.0 m^) of BA, just shy of the 3,000 fU (278.7 m^) requirement, with at least 2,000 fU (185.8 m^) of zone containing >9 in (22.9 cm) DBH pines (Table 1). Although pines <4 in (10.2 cm) in DBH were sampled in zone C4, the density in this category was low at 18.7 BA. Regardless of being slightly less than the 3,000 fU (278.7 m^) requirement, this zone demonstrates potential as a RCW foraging habitat. Zone C4 is the site of many abandoned, large DBH trees with cavities previously inhabited by the now extirpated JDSP RCW population. Additional zones also showed promising signs of near compliance with the guidelines. Zone C5 met all the BA category criteria in excess but was slightly below the herbaceous understory requirement of > 40%, with a result of 38% (Table 1). It should be noted that Zone C5 was a large zone that encompassed 144.1 ha, and the highest number of plots were sampled in this zone (i.e., 17). This zone may have potential for foraging habitat, but this cannot be confirmed at this time until additional studies are completed. As previously stated, foraging habitat must be within 0.05 mi (80.5 m) of the cluster center (USFWS 2003). 58 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Zones C2, C3, D8, and Ell were underrepresented because few plots were sampled in these zones due to time constraints; however, further analysis of these zones is encouraged. Additionally, the stand acreage extent was low in these four zones, as compared to the other five zones. For example, only three plots were sampled in D8, a 22.258 ha zone, whereas. Zone E13, a 36.017 ha zone, contained more than double the stand acreage of Zone D8 and likewise contained two additional plots. It should also be noted that all nine management zones were in close proximity to each other (Fig. 2). Therefore, when contemplating RCW foraging habitat, neighboring zones will not be separated from each other unless a barrier greater than 200 ft (60.96 m) exists (USFWS 2003). Seven of nine management zones exhibited an ample amount (>40%) of herbaceous ground cover (Table 1). The average herbaceous groundcover for zones C2 and C5 did not meet the standard for at least 40% herbaceous understory. Overall, results illustrated that the fire management plan was successful in reducing hardwood midstory development and in promoting herbaceous growth (Fig. 1). Each zone surveyed was burned recently and showed adequate herbaceous understory growth (Table 1). Zones C2 and C5 were a year behind the other zones in their occurrence of a prescribed burn, but they did not have less than a 30% herbaceous understory (Table 1). Furthermore, data showed that saw palmetto height rarely equaled or exceeded 6 ft (2 m), and the herbaceous understory height was generally <3 ft (1 m) (Table 1). Hardwood midstory and canopy were sparse, and observations were recorded if hardwood stands were nearby. For example, one turkey oak was sampled in stand C3, but there was a large area of adjacent turkey oaks in the distance. Also, cypress stands were not far away from the transitional area plots with both wetlands and flatwoods in Zone C5. Bare sand, indicative of a scrubby pine fiatwoods or sandhills ecosystem, occurred in three plots and, on average, comprised <4% of groundcover for all three plots. A midstory layer was present in one plot and included mostly dead shrubs that did not exceed 6 ft (2 m). Conclusion The USFWS (2003) Red-cockaded Woodpecker Recovery Plan states that, in South Florida slash pine communities, such as those in JDSP, little research on RCW foraging ecology exists. Thus, additional extensive studies will increase the knowledge-base on South Florida slash pine foraging habitat. Existing research does show, however, that RCWs require larger areas of habitat in the South Florida slash pine communities compared to the more optimal longleaf pine communities, mainly as a result of these slash pine communities not O’Gaea et al. — Red-cockaded Woodpeckers 59 containing equivalent pine size (DBH) and pine density, as is observed in longleaf pine communities (Nesbitt et al. 1983, Delotelle et al. 1987). The foraging habitat range in this community type should be at least 200 acres (80.9 ha), and 300 acres (121.4 ha; the longleaf pine range standard) of good quality habitat with large mature pine trees is needed. For South Florida slash pine ecosystems, different standards must be evaluated and established to ascertain “good quality foraging habitat” (USFWS 2003). When viewed from a general perspective, JDSP appears to have optimal foraging habitat, although this is inconclusive at this stage of study. This paper’s research results showed that JDSP’s pine flatwoods contain plenty of large DBH trees over 9 in (22.9 cm), some medium trees, and few small DBH trees, suggesting that JDSP had adequate foraging habitat. Hanula et al. (2000) concluded that RCWs select trees greater than 9 in (22.9 cm) in DBH because those trees have a higher arthropod biomass. In addition, this study concluded that JDSP has adequate herbaceous cover (at least 40%). Abundant herbaceous cover may also influence arthropod activity on the tree bole and thus support RCWs dietary needs (Hanula et al. 2000). Therefore, JDSP is in an acceptable condition, with the application of management tools (silviculture practices, prescribed burning, and mechanical removal), to fashion suitable foraging habitat to meet specific RCW needs. Five management zones (C5, C4, E13, E7, and E9) met the requirements for good quality foraging habitat, whereas the remaining four zones (D8, C2, C3, Ell) did not, most likely because of low acreage and few sampled plots. In consideration of whether JDSP contains good quality habitat to support RCW reintroduction, future surveys will need to encompass additional management zones. There are seventy- one other management zones that could and should be analyzed for RCW habitat suitability. Forty-four of those zones appear to have adequate foraging habitat. In subsequent studies, zones B, C, D, E, F, and G should receive thorough attention. If the RCW reintroduction stage is to be concretely realized, future research should employ a more accurate forest inventory technique, such as the longitudinal transect method. Perhaps in the future JDSP will be included in SCFRU list of thriving Red-cockaded Woodpecker population sites. Acknowledgments This study was supported by Palm Beach State College’s Department of Environ- mental Science Technology and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection’s Jonathan Dickinson State Park. Thanks go to Red-cockaded Woodpecker biologist, Mike Baranski; Park Biologist, Robin Rossmanith; and Park Service Specialist, Scott Tedford for their valued collaboration and support with this project. We are grateful to Sara Zei- gler for many constructive suggestions that improved the manuscript. 60 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Literature Cited Benmeadows.Com. 2011. Instruction Manual for Brunton Clino Master, . Bent, A. C. 1939. Life Histories of North American Woodpeckers. Dover Publications reprint of U.S. National Museum Bulletin 174. CDPR [California Department of Pesticide Regulation], Environmental Monitoring Branch. 2004. Standard operating procedure: Instructions for the Calibration and Use of a Spherical Densiometer. Sacramento, California, . Conner, R. N., and D. C. Rudolph. 1989. Red-cockaded Woodpecker Colony Status and Trends on the Angelina, Davy Crockett, and Sabine National Forests. U.S. Forest Service Research Paper SO-250. Conner, R. N., D. D. Rudolph, D. Saenz, and R. R. Schaefer. 1994. Heartwood, sapwood, and fungal decay associated with red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:728-734. Conner, R. N., D. Saenz, D. D. Rudolph, W. G. Ross, and D. L. Kulhavy. 1998. Red- cockaded Woodpecker nest-cavity selection: Relationships with cavity age and resin production. Auk 115:447-454. Costa, R., and R. Escano. 1989. Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Status and Management in the Southern Region in 1986. U.S. Forest Service Technical Publication R8-TP12. Delotelle, R. S., R. J. Epting, and J. R. Newman. 1987. Habitat use and territory charac- teristics of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers in central Florida. Wilson Bulletin 99:202-217. DFG [Department of Forestry and Geology], Sewanee: The University of the South. 2011. Basal Area. . DNRS [Department Of Natural Resource Sciences], Washington State University: Ru- ral Technology Initiative. 2011. Lesson 4: Establishing fixed plots, . FWC [Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]. 2008. South Central Florida Re- covery Unit Foraging Guidelines for Satisf 3 dng the Standard for Managed Stability. Found in Appendix I within http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=l&source= web&cd=2&ved=0CCUQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dep. state.fi. us%2Flands%2 FARC%2FAgendas%2F2008%2FJuly_SpecialAgenda%2FBabcock%2FFINAL%2520B RP_RCW_mgmt_plan.doc&ei=72EcVMuyE_WUsQTSzoCgAQ&usg=AFQjCNFgbdh92_ XyhjJdk9c08eC4b4G_QA&bvm=bv.75774317,d.cWc>. Franzreb, K. E. 1997. Success of intensive management of a critically imperiled popula- tion of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers in South Carolina. Journal of Field Ornithology 68:458-470. Franzreb, K. E. 1999. Factors that infiuence translocation success in the Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Wilson Bulletin 111:38-45. Hanula, j. L., and K. Franzreb. 1998. Source, distribution, and abundance of macroar- thropods on the bark of longleaf pine: Potential prey of the red-cockaded woodpecker. Forest Ecology and Management 102:89-102. Hanula, J. L., K. Franzreb, and W. D. Pepper. 2000. Longleaf pine characteristics as- sociated with arthropods available for red-cockaded woodpeckers. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:60-70. Hess, C., and R. Costa. 1995. Augmentation from the Apalachicola National Forest: The development of a new management technique. Pages 385-388 in D. L. Kulhavy, R. G. Hooper, and R. Costa, Eds. Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Recovery, Ecology and Man- agement. Center for Applied Studies in Forestry, College of Forestry, Stephen F. Aus- tin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas. O’Gaea et al. — Red-cockaded Woodpeckers 61 Hooper, R. G. 1988. Longleaf pines used for cavities by red-cockaded woodpeckers. Jour- nal of Wildlife Management 52:392-398. lUCN [International Union for Conservation of Nature]. 2013. The lUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Jackson, J. A., C. D. Cooley, and M. B. Hayes. 1979. A new trap for capturing cavity roost- ing birds. Inland Bird Banding News 51:42-44. Jackson, J. A., and B. J. S. Jackson. 1986. Why do red-cockaded woodpeckers need old trees? Wildlife Society Bulletin 14:318-322. Kappes, j., and R. Costa. 2008. Babcock Ranch Preserve Red-cockaded Woodpecker Management Plan. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. . Lauerman, S., K. Witter, and R. Costa. 2013. SERPPAS Red-cockaded woodpecker trans- location project 2012 Annual Report. . Lennartz, M. R., R. G. Hooper, and R. F. Harlow. 1987. Sociality and cooperative breed- ing of red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobi- ology 20:77-88. Leonard, D. L. 2009. Do abandoned woodpecker cavities provide secondary cavity nest- ers protection from climbing snakes? Southeastern Naturalist 8:121-128. Ligon, j. D. 1970. Behavior and breeding biology of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Auk 87:255-278. Nesbitt, S. A., A. E. Jerauld, and B. A. Harris. 1983. Red-cockaded Woodpecker summer home range sizes in southwest Florida. Pages 68-71 in Red-cockaded Woodpecker Symposium II (D. A. Wood, Ed.). Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission, and U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tallahassee, Florida. Ortego, B., and D. Lay. 1988. Status of red-cockaded woodpecker colonies on private land in east Texas. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16:403-405. Parker, K., and G. B. Ferraro. 2010, 29 October. 12 red-cockaded woodpeckers have a new home [Press release]. < http://myfwc.com/news/news-releases/?p=33&category= 1221>. Rudolph, D. C., and R. N. Conner. 1991. Cavity tree selection by Red-cockaded Wood- peckers in relation to tree age. Wilson Bulletin 103:458-467. FDEP [State Of Florida Department Of Environmental Protection], Division of Rec- reation AND Parks. 2000. Jonathan Dickinson State Park Unit Management Plan. Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee. FDEP [State Of Florida Department Of Environmental Protection], Division of Recre- ation AND Parks. 2010. Resource Management Standard: Fire Management. Depart- ment of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee. USFWS [United States Fish and Wildlife Service]. 2003. Recovery Plan for the Red- cockaded Woodpecker {Picoides borealis): Second revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- vice, Atlanta, Georgia. Walters, J. R. 1990. Red-cockaded Woodpeckers: A “primitive” cooperative breeder. Pag- es 67-101 in Cooperative Breeding in Birds, Long-term Studies of Ecology and Behav- ior (P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig, Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Walters, J. R., P. D. Doerr, and J. H. Carter, III. 1988. The cooperative breeding system of the red-cockaded woodpecker. Ethology 78:275-305. Williams, M. 1989. Americans and Their Forests: A Historical Geography. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Florida Field Naturalist 43(2):62-68, 2015. FIRST RECORDS OF BROWN PELICAN (Pelecanus occidentalis) NESTING IN POLK COUNTY, FLORIDA Ann F. Paul^ and Ann B. Hodgson^ ^Audubon Florida, Florida Coastal Islands Sanctuaries, 410 S. Ware Blvd., Suite 702, Tampa, Florida 33619 ^Resource Designs Inc., Natural Resource Research & Planning, P. O. Box 311, Brooksville, Florida 34605 Abstract. — Brown Pelicans nest widely along much of Florida’s coast, breeding at scattered sites from Port Orange (Volusia Co.) on the Atlantic coast south to Florida Bay and the Lower Keys and north along Gulf coast to St. Andrews Bay (Bay Co.). In coastal colonies, they typically nest in mangroves or Brazilian pepper canopies on both natural and dredged spoil material islands. Brown Pelicans were first reported nesting inland on a dredged spoil island at Clewiston Spit West, Lake Okeechobee, Hendry County, in 1991 and 1992. Although there have been anecdotal reports of Brown Pelicans nesting inland in central Florida on some lakes and phosphate pits in the phosphate-mining region, inland nesting has not been confirmed previously in Polk County. We observed a Brown Pelican pair nesting in a Brazilian pepper tree on a linear dredged spoil material island in freshwater Lake Somerset in Lakeland, about 50 km inland from the Gulf of Mexico coast, in 2008, after which they nested persistently at this site through the pres- ent (mean 2.0 pairs, SD = 2.7, n = 7, 2008-2014). Brown Pelicans {Pelecanus occidentalis), the most marine of the world’s pelicans, have nested widely throughout much of coastal Florida from Port Orange (Volusia Co.) on the Atlantic coast south to the Everglades, Florida Bay and the Lower Keys, and north along the Gulf coast to St. Andrews Bay (Bay Co.) (Neshitt et al. 1977, Stevenson and Anderson 1994, Neshitt 1996, Neshitt et al. 2002, Shields 2002). Typical pelican nesting sites are small (5-10 ha) natural or dredged spoil material islands in bays and the Intracoastal Waterway (ICWW) (Schreiber and Schreiber 1982a). Black mangrove {Avicennia germinans) is the preferred nesting substrate in the northern portions of the peninsula (Nesbitt et al. 2002), and north of Cedar Key and through the Florida panhandle they nest on the ground or in low shrubs (Nesbitt et al. 2002, Steve Nesbitt, personal communication, 5 August 2014). However, in Hillsborough County, they nest also on Brazilian pepper (Schinus terehinthifolius) at the Alalia Bank Bird Sanctuary, and in sea oats {Uniola paniculata) and sea grapes {Cocoloha uvifolia) on Egmont Key (Schreiber and Schreiber 1982b, Hodgson et al. 2006, Hodgson and Paul 2010, Florida Coastal Islands Sanctuaries [FCIS] unpublished data). 62 Paul and Hodgson — Brown Pelican Nesting 63 Inland observations of Brown Pelicans were rare in Florida in past decades, and an itinerant “Brown Pelican; 1 imm. S of Bartow (Polk Co.) on 11 Oct (1991); unusual inland (H. Robinson)” was reported as a unique record (Cox 1992). Brown Pelicans were first reported nesting inland on Clewiston Spit West (CSW; 26° 46’ 32" N, 80° 54' 35" W) at Lake Okeechobee, Hendry County, in 1991 on the highest branches of a 5-6 m Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia) surrounded by Brazilian pepper (Langridge 1991, Cox 1992, Smith and Goguen 1993). Although there have been some more recent unsubstantiated reports of Brown Pelicans nesting on some central Florida lakes (e.g. Lake Hancock) and phosphate pits in the phosphate mining region in Polk County (P. J. Fellers, C. Geanangel, F. E. Lohrer, personal communications), the recent Biological Status Review did not identify other inland nesting (FWC 2011). In 2008, we observed the first record of Brown Pelicans nesting in Polk County, at a freshwater lake in Lakeland. Here, we document the nesting record and describe the colony site where they have nested persistently from 2008 through 2014. Study Area Lake Somerset, Lakeland. — Polk County has many phosphate pit lakes excavated during the long history of phosphate mining in the “boneyard” area of central Florida. In Lakeland, the Lake Somerset complex has a north (40 ha) and south (30 ha) (28° O' 11.32" N, 81° 55' 52.02" W) lake, joined by a shallow channel navigable by small boats when lake levels are up. Colonial waterbirds nest in the trees (live oaks Quercus virginiana, red maples Acer ruhrum, Brazilian pepper, sabal palms Sabal palmetto, and elderberry Sambwcws nigra ssp. canadensis) growing on the overburden islands in south Lake Somerset (Fig. 1). Methods The Lake Somerset colony was surveyed first in 2003 (Richard T. Paul [RTP], field notes), although we learned since then that local residents observed the Lake Somerset colony was active before 2003. We have surveyed the nesting colony annually since 2006 by circling the linear islands in canoes or kayaks, and directly counting nests and nest- lings, which are visible usually through the islands’ foliage. Survey data were compiled and analyzed in Microsoft Excel (Data Analysis Tools). Results First record of Brown Pelican nesting. — In 2008, the spring nesting season in west-central Florida was interrupted by cold, heavy rainfall in March and many waterbirds in the region nested later than normal (FCIS field notes). 64 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Figure 1. Location of the Brown Pelican nest at Lake Somerset in 2008 and subsequent years. April — On 27 April, AFP (field notes, with M. and C. Fearney) surveyed the nesting activity at Lake Somerset and observed one pair of adult pelicans at a stick platform in a Brazilian pepper tree on the western island. The adults were in alternate plumage with white heads, brown necks and abdomens, and silver-gray backs (Schreiberl976). Paul and Hodgson — Brown Pelican Nesting 65 May — 8 May - An adult was seen incubating at the nest (H. Moulden and C. Genangel, field observations). 28 May - Three chicks were photographed being fed by an adult in their nest (H. Moulden, field observations). June — 4 June - Two chicks were photographed on their nest (H. Moulden, K. and S. Cook, field observations). 8 June - The two chicks were observed again on their nest (ABH and AFP, field notes, with M. and C. Fearney). 15 and 20 June - The two unfiedged chicks (Stage III - large unfiedged chicks with erupting primaries) were photographed again in the nest (H. Moulden, K. and S. Cook, field observations). July — 4, 9, and 20 July - An adult was seen attending the two chicks (H. Moulden and K. Cook, field observations). 25, and 31 July - The unfiedged chicks were exercising their wings, still in the nest (H. Moulden, field observations) (Fig. 2). August — 10 August - Afiedged chick was seen fiying (H. Moulden, field observations). Brown Pelicans nested on the same island at approximately the same site in 2009 through 2014, with seven pairs in 2014, and the mean annual nesting effort was 2.0 pairs (SD = 2.7, n = 7) (cf. Table 1 in Hodgson and Paul 2013). Discussion Brown Pelicans are strong fliers and are seen commonly at the lakes in Polk County, at least 50 km from nearby coastal nesting sites, especially during the fall and winter months (Fellers 1986, 1991). They roost commonly about 10 km east of Lake Somerset at Circle Bar B Reserve on the shoreline of Lake Hancock (27° 58’ 53.54” N, 81°51’ 16.08” W) (Langridge 1991, R. Munguia, personal communication, 12 October 2012; Paul J. Fellers, personal communication, 10 October 2013). A group of at least 20 pelicans also roosted on south Lake Somerset in January 2008 (Lillian Blessing, personal communication, 21 February 2008). Although we do not know if the pelican pair that initiated nesting at Lake Somerset in spring 2008 were pelicans that had roosted at the lake over the winter, at Clewiston Spit West pelicans were attracted to the site and roosted there persistently for a couple of years before they initiated nesting. Since pelicans nest commonly on estuarine dredged spoil material islands, with at least one occurrence inland on a similar spoil material substrate, and nest opportunistically in Brazilian pepper, it was plausible that they would nest in Brazilian peppers on the spoil islands at Lake Somerset. On Florida’s west-central coast. Brown Pelicans usually begin egg laying in March with hatching in mid-April (Schreiber 1980, Shields 2002, FCIS unpublished data). In 2008, many pelicans at the Alafia Bank Bird Sanctuary in Hillsborough County and at other 66 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Figure 2. Adult and two young Brown Pelicans on their nest in a Brazilian pepper tree at Lake Somerset (photograph: Herman Moulden, 4 June 2008). central Florida colonies delayed nesting due to abnormally cold spring temperatures, and the nesting chronology at Lake Somerset was comparable to other late-nesting pairs in the region (FCIS field notes). Brown Pelicans normally complete incubation normally in 29-35 days, and the nestling period is 77-84 days (Schreiber 1980, Shields 2002). At Lake Somerset, a breeding-condition adult was seen on 27 April, incubation was observed on 8 May, and the chicks fledged between 1 and 10 August, suggesting that the pelicans initiated nesting in the fourth week of April. While we did not detect what fish species comprised the chicks’ diet. Smith and Goguen (1993) noted that “sunflsh” (Centrarchidae) were fed to the CSW chicks, and several sunflsh species are common in the numerous lakes around Lakeland (FWC 2013). Inland nesting by Brown Pelicans remains rare in Florida with only two geographically distant reports in 20 years. Paul and Hodgson — Brown Pelican Nesting 67 Acknowledgments We thank Herman Moulden, Reinier Munguia, Chuck Geanangel (posthumously), and Ken and Stacy Cook for their field observations and photographs. Colleen and Mike Fearney (2006-2014) and Mark L. Rachal (2011) assisted with field surveys. Matthew C. Smith prepared the map. Lillian Blessing has been a diligent advocate for the colony’s protection and an effective spokesperson with the City of Lakeland. Comments by Je- rome J. Lorenz and Steve Nesbitt improved the manuscript. The U. S. Fish and Wild- life Service Southeast Region Coastal Program and private donations funded Audubon’s Florida Coastal Islands Sanctuaries’ annual surveys. Field notes are retained at the Florida Coastal Islands Sanctuaries’ office in Tampa, Florida. Literature Cited Cox, J. A. 1992. Fall Report: September-November 1991. Florida Field Naturalist 20:50- 56. Fellers, P. J. 1986. Birding records of note by local birders for interior central Florida, August 1, 1984 - July 31, 1985. Lake Region Naturalist 1985-1986:16-17. Fellers, P. J. 1991. Birding records of note by local observers primarily for interior central Florida August 1, 1989 - December 31, 1990. Lake Region Naturalist 1990- 1991:27-31. FWC [Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]. 2011. Biological Status Re- view Report: Brown Pelican. http://myfwc.comymedia/2273274/Brown-Pelican-BSR. pdf. Accessed 15 June 2013. FWC [Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]. 2013. Annual Progress Re- port: Freshwater Fisheries Management. Southwest Region, Lakeland, Florida. Hodgson, A. B., A. F. Paul, and M. L. Rachal. 2006. Chapter 14: Birds. Pages 14-1 - 14- 14 in Bay Environmental Monitoring Report 2002-2005 (A. Poe, A. J. Janicki, and H. Greening, Eds.). Technical Publication 06-06, Tampa Bay Estuary Program, St. Petersburg, Florida. Hodgson, A. B., and A. F. Paul. 2010. Twenty-five years after BASIS I: An update on the current status and recent trends in colonial waterbird populations of Tampa Bay. Pages 233-247 in Proceedings, Tampa Bay Area Scientific Information S 3 miposium, BASIS 5:20-23 (S. T. Cooper, Ed.). 20-23 October 2009, St. Petersburg, Florida. Hodgson, A. B., and A. F. Paul. 2013. First record of Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) nesting in Polk County, Florida. Florida Field Naturalist 41:107-116. Langridge, H. P. 1991. Florida region. American Birds 43:467-470. Nesbitt, S. A., M. J. Fogarty, and L. E. Williams, Jr. 1977. Status of Florida nesting Brown Pelicans, 1971-1976. Bird-Banding 48:138-144. Nesbitt, S. A. 1996. Eastern Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis). Pages 144-155 in Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida, Volume V. Birds (J. A. Rodgers, Jr., H. W. Kale II, and H. T. Smith, Eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Nesbitt, S. A., T. Schwikert, and E. R. Ehrbar. 2002. The return of a Brown Pelican nest- ing colony. Florida Field Naturalist 30:86-90. ScHREiBER, R. W. 1976. Growth and development of nestling Brown Pelicans. Bird-Band- ing 47:19-39. ScHREiBER, R. W. 1980. Nesting chronology of the eastern Brown Pelican. Auk 97:491- 508. SCHREIBER, R. W., AND E. A. ScHREiBER. 1982a. Essential habitat of the Brown Pelican in Florida. Florida Field Naturalist 10:9-17. ScHREiBER, R. W., AND E. A. ScHREiBER. 1982b. Colonial Bird Use and Plant Succession on Dredged Material Islands in Florida. Vol. 1. Sea and Wading Bird Colonies. Technical 68 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Report D-78-14. U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Shields, M. 2002. Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; . Accessed 15 August 2013. Smith, J. P., and C. B. Goguen. 1993. Inland nesting of the Brown Pelican. Florida Field Naturalist 21:29-33. Stevenson, H. M., and B. H. Anderson. 1994. The Birdlife of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Florida Field Naturalist 43(2):69-78, 2015. SURVEY OF BROWN PELICANS (Pelecanus occidentalis) IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Kelsey Cooper and E. Natasha Vanderhoff^ Jacksonville University, 2800 University Blvd. N., Jacksonville, Florida 32211 ^Corresponding author; E-mail: nvander4@ju.edu Abstract. — The Brown Pelican {Pelecanus occidentalis) is a year-round resident in Duval County, Florida; however, a comprehensive survey and the development of popula- tion trends for this area have not been conducted. We gathered data at three sites, one riverine, one estuarine, and one marine, in Jacksonville, Florida to investigate seasonal trends in population abundance and demography. We qualitatively compared our survey results to local eBird data on Brown Pelicans. Additionally, we noted pelican-human interactions and discuss the consequences of these interactions. Pelicans were most abundant in spring (n = 823), with counts nearly twice what they were in fall (n = 416) and winter (n = 447). The lowest abundance of pelicans occurred during the summer (n = 36). Pelicans were approximately three times more abundant at Mayport (n = 1092) as compared to the other sites, most likely do to its close proximity to commercial fish- ing. While adults were more numerous (1065 adults as compared to 657 juveniles), age class differences in abundance were not significant across seasons or sites. Whereas our highest counts were in spring, more pelican observations were submitted to eBird during the winter and both our results and eBird’s indicate that pelicans are least abundant in the summer. Pelicans frequently followed shrimp boats, and begged for handouts. We observed some pelicans with injuries from fishing gear. Brown Pelican {Pelecanus occidentalis) populations in the southern United States showed large declines in the 1970s from pesticides such as endrin and DDT; however, their populations have since rebounded and in some areas their numbers have more than quadrupled (Schreiber 1980, Shields 2002, Foster et al. 2009). For example, observations of a Gulf Coast population on Mustang Island in Texas increased by 586% between 1979 and 2007 (Foster et al. 2009). While increases have not been as large in Atlantic populations (Shields 2002), nestling data from South Carolina show an increase in nest counts during the 1980s, and even with recent declines in nest counts, they are nearly twice what they were in the 1970s (Jodice et al. 2007). Florida supports breeding, resident, and migratory populations of the eastern Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis (FWC 2003). The statewide population is estimated at 8,000 to 12,000 breeding pairs annually, and the non-breeding winter population includes individuals that breed in other states (FWC 2011). Emigration from 69 70 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Florida occurs in February and March while immigration to Florida takes place in October and November (FWC 2003). Despite the current positive trend in population growth in Florida, several natural and man-made threats to pelicans continue to affect the stability of the pelican population (FWS 2009). These include severe weather events (e.g., hurricanes, deep freezes), oil spills, climate change, habitat alteration, and human disturbance of nesting colonies (Jodice et al. 2007, Nevins et al. 2011, Selman et al. 2012, Walter 2012, Walter et al. 2013a). Recreational and commercial fishing can also affect pelicans, either through competition for food resources, alteration of natural foraging behaviors, or entanglement in fishing gear (Anderson et al. 1980, Nesbitt 1996, Moore et al. 2009, Wickliffe and Jodice 2010). Citizen science is gaining popularity across the glohe and can inform scientists and conservationists about a variety of organisms, including the Brown Pelican (Wood et al. 2011). eBird was established in 2002 as a joint venture between the National Audubon Society and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology (Sullivan et al. 2009). It allows birders to report their observations in a standardized format that can then be turned into data on bird abundance, location and seasonal distribution. These data are available to a variety of users including birders, governmental agencies, academics, and students (Sullivan et al. 2009). We conducted a survey of Brown Pelicans in Duval County, Florida to examine seasonal and site abundance of juveniles and adults and to note the effects of fishing on pelicans. Additionally, we qualitatively compared our data on seasonal abundance to eBird data for Duval County (Jacksonville), Florida. Methods We surveyed the Brown Pelican population at three locations: Jacksonville Beach Pier (Jax; marine site), Jacksonville University Dock (JU; riverine site), and Mayport’s Safe Harbor Dock (May; estuarine site) from 8 September 2012 to 20 August 2013 (Fig. 1). We conducted point counts at least twice a month for 30 minutes at each site for a total of 188 counts. We grouped the counts into seasons (fall [Sept. - Nov.], winter [Dec. - Feb.], spring [Mar. - May], summer [June- July]). During each point count, we counted all juveniles and adults. We differentiated age class based on plumage (juveniles: brown flight feathers and a brown head; adult: gray flight feathers and a white head; Schreiber 1976). We compared counts between seasons (fall, winter, spring, and summer), sites (Jax, JU, May), and age classes (adults, juveniles) using a negative binomial test (White and Bennetts 1996). We used SAS (SAS Institute 2003) for all statistical tests, tested all interactions, and report both average ± SE and total counts. All three sites were areas in which pelicans could come into contact with humans, mainly via the Ashing industry, thus we also noted ad libitum any pelican-human interactions and/or pelican injuries. We qualitatively compared our results to eBird data on Brown Pelicans in Duval County, Florida for the combined years of 2012 and 2013 (eBird 2012). We examined the abundance (average number of birds reported on all checklists), average count (average Cooper and Vanderhoff — Brown Pelicans in NE Florida 71 Figure 1. Survey locations in Jacksonville, Florida: A. Jacksonville University dock on the St. Johns River; B. Mayport Safe Harbor docks; C. Jacksonville Beach Pier. number of birds detected when encountered), and totals (number of birds from all check- lists). Similarly to how we treated our data, we divided the eBird data into four seasons. Unlike our data set the eBird data did not differentiate between age classes. Results A total of 1722 Brown Pelicans (1065 adults and 657 juveniles) were counted. There were seasonal differences across sites (season*site interaction, ^ = 25.90, p = 0.0002). The total number of pelicans (adults and juveniles) was lowest in the summer (n = 36) and increased through the fall (n = 416), winter (n = 447), and were highest in the spring (n = 823). Pelicans were most abundant at Mayport (n = 1092), followed by the Jacksonville Pier (n = 394) and JU dock (n = 236) (Fig. 2). Total counts dropped from fall to winter at Mayport (329 to 282 pelicans), whereas they increased from fall to winter at JU (11 to 82 pelicans) and Jacksonville Beach (76 to 82 pelicans). Lowest total counts were in summer (n = 36) and no pelicans were counted during the summer at JU or at the Jacksonville Beach Pier. The number of adults and juveniles was not significantly different between sites (Fig. 3) or seasons (Fig. 4, 72 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Figure 2. Seasonal differences in pelican abundance between three sites in Jacksonville ( a. total pelican counts; b. average pelican counts). age*site*season interaction ^ = 7.46, p = 0.28, age*site interaction ^ = 3.93 p = 0.14, age*season ^ = 0.02 p = 0.99, age ^ = 0.0, p = 0.99), averaging 11.33±1.61 adults and 10. 61±1. 09 juveniles per count. At all three sites we observed pelicans interacting with humans. We observed pelicans following shrimp trawlers on the St. Johns River off the JU dock and pelicans begging for and receiving handouts at both Jacksonville Pier and Mayport. Three pelicans were observed tangled in fishing line and one pelican was seen with a fish hook through its wing. On one occasion we also witnessed a pelican swallowing a hook. Cooper and Vanderhoff — Brown Pelicans in NE Florida 73 25 I 20 o 0 1 15 *05 Q. 0 10 OS 0 0 JU Jax Mayport Figure 3. Comparison of average counts of adults (solid) versus juveniles (open) at three locations. The eBird data showed seasonal differences (Fig. 5), in which abundance was highest in winter averaging 6.60 ± 0.55 pelicans cited on all checklists submitted to eBird. Of the checklists including pelicans, the highest average count was in the fall (25.10 ± 0.13), followed 25 § 20 o O a 15 _o 0 CL 0 10 Ui 03 0 0 Figure 4. Average seasonal counts of adults (solid) and juvenile (open) Brown Pelicans. 74 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST 30 25 20 0 O) cc a> > < 15 10 5 0 b. □ Abundance □ Count Fall Winter Spring Summer 12000 c 10000 0 8000 c 1 6000 . Accessed 14 January 2014. FWC [Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]. 2003. Florida’s Breeding BirdAtlas: A Collaborative Study of Florida’s Birdlife. . Accessed 15 January 2014. FWC [Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]. 2011. Brown Pelican Biologi- cal Status Review Report. . Accessed 14 January 2014. Foster, C. R., A. F. Amos, and L. A. Fuiman. 2009. Trends in abundance of coastal birds and human activity on a Texas barrier island over three decades. Estuaries and Coasts 32:1079-1089. JoDicE, P. G. R., T. M. Murphy, F. J. Sanders, and L. M. Ferguson. 2007. Longterm trends in nest counts of colonial seabirds in South Carolina, USA. Waterbirds 30:40-51. King, D. T., B. L. Goatcher, J. W. Fischer, J. Stanton, J. M. Lacour, S. C. Lemmons, and G. Wang. 2013. Home ranges and habitat use of Brown Pelicans {Pelecanus occiden- talis) in northern Gulf of Mexico. Waterbirds 36:494-500. Nesbitt, S. 1996. Eastern Brown Pelican. Pages 144-155 in Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Vol. V. (J. Rodgers, Jr., H. Kale II, and H. Smith, Eds.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Nevins, H., M. Miller, L. Henkel, D. Jessup, N. Carion, C. Meteyer, K. Schuler, J. St. Leger, L. Woods, J. Skoglund, and D. Jaques. 2011. Summary of Unusual Stranding Events Affecting Brown Pelicans Along the US Pacific Coast During Two Winters, 2008-09 and 2009-10. Unpublished Report, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Re- search Center, Santa Cruz, California. Moore, E., S. Lyday, J. Roletto, K. Little, J. K. Parrish, H. Nevins, J. Harvey, and S. Kell. 2009. Entanglements of marine mammals and seabirds in central California and the northwest coast of the United States. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:1045-1051. SAS Institute. 2003. SAS system version 9.1 for Windows. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina. ScHREiBER, R. 1976. Growth and development of nestling Brown Pelicans. Bird-Banding 47:19-39. ScHREiBER, R. 1980. Nesting chronology of the Eastern Brown Pelican. Auk 97:491-508. ScHREiBER, R. W., AND P. J. MocK. 1988. Eastern Brown Pelicans: What does 60 years of banding tell us? Journal of Field Ornithology 59:171-182. Selman, W., T. j. Hess, Jr., B. Salyers, and C. Salyers. 2012. Short-term response of Brown Pelicans {Pelecanus occidentalis) to oil spill rehabilitation and translocation. Southeastern Naturalist 11:G1-G16. Shields, M. 2002. Brown Pelican {Pelecanus occidentalis). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole Ed.). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. Sullivan, B. L., C. L. Wood, M. J. Iliff, R. E. Bonney, D. Fink, and S. Keeling. 2009. eBird: a citizen science-based bird observation network in the biological sciences. Biological Conservation 142:2282-2292. FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2009. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: removal of the brown pelican {Pelecanus occidentalis) from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife; Final Rule. Part III. Federal Register 74(220). 50 CFR 17. Walter, S. T. 2012. Habitat Degradation, Hurricane, and Oil Spill Effects on Brown Pelican Ecology and Conservation. Doctoral dissertation. University of Louisiana at Lafayette. 78 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Walter, S. T., M. R. Carloss, T. J. Hess, and P. L. Leberg. 2013a. Hurricane, habitat deg- radation, and land loss effects on Brown Pelican nesting colonies. Journal of Coastal Research 29:187-195. Walter, S. T., M. R. Carloss, T. J. Hess, G. Athrey, and P. L. Leberg. 2013b. Movement patterns and population structure of the Brown Pelican. Condor 115:788-799. White, G. C., and R. E. Bennetts. 1996. Analysis of frequency count data using the nega- tive binomial distribution. Ecology 77:2549-2557. WiCKLiFFE, L.C., AND P. G. R. JoDiCE. 2010. Abundance of nearshore seabirds at shrimp trawlers in South Carolina. Marine Ornithology 38:31-39. Wood, C., B. Sullivan, M. Iliff, D. Fink, and S. Keeling. 2011. eBird: engaging birders in science and conservation. PLoS Biology 9:1-5. Florida Field Naturalist 43(2):79-85, 2015. RED-SHOULDERED HAWK {Buteo lineatus) PREDATION OF TURTLES IN CENTRAL FLORIDA Timothy J. Walsh^’^ and George L. Heinrich^’^ ^Bruce Museum, 1 Museum Drive, Greenwich, Connecticut 06830 E-mail: turtleconservationist@gmail. com Florida Turtle Conservation Trust, 1213 Alhambra Way S., St. Petersburg, Florida 33705-4620 ^Heinrich Ecological Services, 1213 Alhambra Way S., St. Petersburg, Florida 33705-4620 E-mail: george@heinrichecologicalservices.com Abstract. — Red-shouldered Hawks {Buteo lineatus) are known to take a variety of reptilian prey, but only three chelonian species have been reported. We documented B. lineatus depredating eight additional turtle species at a central Florida location. Che- lonian prey selection in this study appears to be limited by species presence and abun- dance, prey size, and energetic costs. In the United States, reptiles have been widely documented in the diets of raptors (Accipitridae, Cathartidae, Falconidae, Strigidae, and Tytonidae) and Ross (1991) provided an extensive review of the literature published through 1990. A diverse range of species representing six of the seven families of chelonians (Chelonidae, Chelydridae, Emydidae, Kinosternidae, Testudinidae, and Trionychidae) that occur in the United States has been documented in the diets of these raptors (Ross 1991, Toland 1991). Only the Dermochelyidae (leatherback turtle) is excluded, although Tomillo et al. (2010) observed predation of hatchlings by Crested Caracara {Caracara cheriway) on a Costa Rican beach. Red-shouldered Hawks {Buteo lineatus) predate a wide range of reptilian species (Ross 1991). Strobel and Boal (2010) reviewed 12 dietary studies of Red-shouldered Hawks across the eastern United States and found that 3-31% of their total diet consisted of reptiles. Turtles previously documented within the diet of the Red-shouldered Hawk include common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina] Stewart 1949, Jacobs and Jacobs 2002), western painted turtle {Chrysemys picta belli] Welch 1987), and common musk turtle {Sternotherus odoratus] Kimmel and Fredrickson 1981). This note further documents 79 80 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST chelonophagy by Red-shouldered Hawks and significantly expands the list of known prey species. Methods Study site.— (Sanford, Seminole County, Florida, USA; 28.75531 N, -81.27415 W); An active Red-shouldered Hawk nest was located at an estimated height of 10 m in a live oak (Quercus virginiana) with an approximated canopy width of 25 m. A retention pond (-0.5 ha), drainage ditch, and Seminole County Road 427 bordered the site. The immedi- ate surrounding area was a mixture of woods, agricultural land, old field, and housing developments. Field methods . — The study site was visited intermittently from 3 April to 11 June 2010. The ground was thoroughly searched for turtle remains from the nest tree trunk to 3 m beyond the canopy edge. Although a few non-turtle prey items were observed, they were neither recorded nor collected. Turtle remains were bagged and stored for later examination. Although the hawks were never observed grasping or consuming a turtle, we strongly believe that the remains could not have been from any other raptorial predator. Agonistic behavior and interspecific territoriality is common among raptors and has been well documented by numerous researchers (Janes 1985). Also, many of the remains were found directly under the active nest. The surrounding habitat (beyond boundary described above) was randomly searched throughout the study for evidence of turtle predation and no specimens were found that indicated the remains were from any potentially sympatric predators (e.g.. Red-tailed Hawk, Buteo jamaicensis\ Barred Owl, Strix varia; Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus; raccoon, Procyon lotor; North Ameri- can river otter, Lontra canadensis', coyote, Canis latrans). Laboratory methods . — ^All collected material was cleaned, and carapaces and plastra were reassembled when possible. Hatchlings and a single juvenile turtle were found dis- articulated, or dried and distorted, thereby rendering them immeasurable. Specimens were identified to species/subspecies. Maximum carapace length (CL) and maximum plastron length (PL) was recorded to the nearest 0.1 mm. All specimens were deposited in the Chelonian Research Institute collection (PCHP 14117-14153). Results Thirty-seven turtles representing 10 species within five families (Chelydridae, Emydidae, Kinosternidae, Testudinidae, and Trionychidae) were identified (Table 1). Specimens ranged from hatchling to adult age classes. Mean CL for 25 measurable specimens was 78.1 mm (range; 35.7-112.7 mm). The single measurable specimens of striped mud turtle {Kinosternon haurii) and Florida mud turtle {Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri) had maximum CLs of 55.7 mm and 74.2 mm respectively. The 14 measurable specimens of loggerhead musk turtle {Sternotherus minor minor) had a mean CL of 88.5 mm (range: 63.4-112.7 mm). The nine measurable specimens of common musk turtle {S. odoratus) had a mean CL of 64.8 mm (range: 35.7-86.8 mm). Six species, common snapping turtle (C. serpentina), Florida chicken turtle {Deirochelys reticularia chrysea), Florida red- bellied cooter {Pseudemys nelsoni), red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans; non-native), gopher tortoise {Gopherus polyphemus), Table 1. Inventory of 37 turtle specimens collected from 3 April to 11 June 2010 under a Red-shouldered Hawk nest tree in San- ford, Florida. Maximum carapace lengths (25 measurable specimens) and plastron lengths (28 measurable specimens) are pre- sented. Walsh and Heinrich — Red-shouldered Hawks and Turtles 81 w es S C£) 00 05 (M' 05 CO CT) LO 05 ^ CO LO LO 00 CO LO (Nj CO CO CO LO CO CO t- CO LO !>; (M !>; !>; q LO d LO LO t- 00 t- 00 q (M CO CO 05 o LO 05 (U CS -d •d I* ^ ^ S 3 Q 05 03 .. e e !C. III. S 155 CU CS fe O O (U CS T3 >1 s w ^ j. 55 -Si m cj eS u fe C) I e c e ^ ^ ^ ^ O O O O O O O s c c e e s e I -l-l ^ g i i i § ^ ^ I « s i i i i i i ■s I I I ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ C 8 L , L , -K. e^ftcjcoc/jo^cy^cy^coco « * § bf a; o 35 CO Ph CS fl C8 05 ■fl S O ^ '-5 ^ fl o 3 iH iH Id d ffi ffi o o d d d d ffi X a o n , o o o PCHP 14132 Sternotherus minor minor 93.0 64.4 PCHP 14133 Sternotherus minor minor 91.0 67.0 PCHP 14134 Sternotherus minor minor 63.4 44.5 82 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST gs. a 9i a» S Ph 2 cs O O =H= 3 be 0) o aj 55 « ^ a o 55 0^ •2 -M O 'S ’-M o hS 05 t- t- 00 iH O CO 1 LO q !>; O q 00 d 00 05 CO CO LO 00 CO CO uo 15^ 05 d 00 t- CO CO LO LO (M CO LO CO t- t- ^ (M CO 05 (M_ LO 00 CD do S ^ O O O O O s s e S S s s s ’i ’i ^ ^ !v. !>. O O O O O •S -S -S S 'i 'i 'i ’i 'i !s. !^ !«. !^ !«. O O O O O s c s e C !C. iC, !C. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ o o o o to to a a k !«. CJ o -a ^a o o a a t. CJ CJ o o as 'as o o CO CO a a 5 ^ 2COC002C>DCOCO p CO 'P a s I a ^ ^ CO ^ 5- ■g I & fe o 1^ rH tH tH tH tH PL|PL|PLiPL|PL|PL|PL|PhPL|PL|PhPhPhPhPLiPL|PL| ooooooooooooooooo PhPhPhPhPhPhPhPhPhPhPhPhPhPhPhPhPh Ph ffi o Ph Family: Trionychidae PCHP 14153 Apalone ferox Walsh and Heinrich — Red-shouldered Hawks and Turtles 83 and Florida softshell turtle (Apalone ferox) for which there were no measurable specimens were all determined to be either hatchlings or juveniles. Discussion Jacobs and Jacobs (2002) reported the breeding range size of Red- shouldered Hawks varies from 60-339 ha. The Red-shouldered Hawks at our study site predated nine of the 12 (75%) native turtle species (plus the non-native T. s. elegans) available within their expected breeding range. Red-shouldered Hawks can adapt to variations in available prey due to geography (Strobel and Boal 2010) and seasonal and climatic change (Bednarz and Dinsmore 1985). Although dietary composition may shift temporally, turtles in the diet of the hawks in our study would be expected, as many species are visible and abundant (TJW, personal observation) within the habitats surrounding the nest site. Despite previously published reports of turtles in the diets of Red-shouldered Hawks (Stewart 1949, Kimmel and Fredrickson 1981, Welch 1987, Jacobs and Jacobs 2002), our limited observations suggest that turtles are taken opportunistically as prey and may be more prevalent in their diet than previously known. The hawks at our study site may have chosen them due to optimal hunting conditions: a select vantage point overseeing an aquatic habitat supporting an abundance of turtles. This note documents two additional families (Testudinidae and Trionychidae) in the diet of the Red-shouldered Hawk. Further, it adds eight new species (D. r. chrysea, R nelsoni, T s. elegans, K. haurii, K. s. steindachneri, S. m. minor, G. polyphemus, and A. ferox) to the list of known prey items. Species that occur in the region, but were not documented as predated include the spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata), peninsula cooter (Pseudemys floridana peninsularis), and Florida box turtle {Terrapene Carolina hauri). Clemmys guttata is considered rare and the closest known locality is approximately 7.7 km away from our study site (Barnwell et al. 1997), which is well beyond the maximum breeding range size for Red-shouldered Hawks reported by Jacobs and Jacobs (2002). Pseudemys f peninsularis is common in the region and the waters adjacent to the nest site (TJW, personal observation). It is possible that no remains from any age class of this species were found due to our short collection period and small sample size. Terrapene c. hauri is also locally common (TJW, personal observation), but juveniles are highly cryptic (Dodd 2001) and adults may prove difficult to dispatch due to their ability to fully close their hinged plastrons (making them virtually impenetrable to predators). 84 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST We suggest that chelonian prey selection in this study is limited by species presence and abundance, prey size, and energetic costs (Jaksic and Carothers 1985). The location of the nest tree immediately adjacent to aquatic turtle habitat (retention pond and drainage ditch) offered a strong vantage point of abundant chelonian prey. The fact that S. m. minor and S. odoratus are often the most abundant species present within aquatic habitats (Bancroft et al. 1983, Meylan et al. 1992) would explain why those species represented 40.5% and 32.4% of the prey items recovered respectively. The Red-shouldered Hawks at this site only predated hatchling and juvenile age classes of species that reach large adult size (C. serpentina, D. r. chrysea, P. nelsoni, T s. elegans, G. polyphemus, and A. ferox)] only G. polyphemus is terrestrial. Comparison of the longest prey item in this study, a 112.7 mm S. m. minor, to two similar-sized specimens of the same subspecies (109.6 mm/200 g and 115.1 mm/230 g) from north-central peninsular Florida (Peter A. Meylan, unpublished data) allowed us to estimate a weight for our specimen. A general assumption that our 112.7 mm specimen fell between those two weights suggests an approximated weight of 215 g. Craighead and Craighead (1969) reported the average weight of Red-shouldered Hawks to be 550 g for males (n = 25) and 701 g for females (n = 24), so the largest food item in our study could have constituted approximately 39.1% and 30.7% of an average hawk’s weight respectively. We suggest that greater shell dimensions and heavier weights of larger turtles would make them difficult to impossible to grasp and carry (let alone kill), and as such are limiting factors restricting predation of larger species to smaller age classes. A dearth of information in the literature regarding prey size of Red- shouldered Hawks prevents us from making further inferences. Juxtaposition of the nest and surrounding aquatic habitats may be advantageous to a sit and wait mode of hunting as compared to the higher energetic cost of active search (Jaksic and Carothers 1985). We encourage researchers to collect data related to predation of turtles by raptors and other predators. This information would contribute to further understanding the importance of turtles within the dynamics of food webs. Acknowledgments We thank Steven R. DeCresie and Jessica A. Waltman for assistance in the field. We also acknowledge Reed Bowman, R. David Goodwin, Kelly Stewart, and Gabriel A. Vargo for providing publications that were difficult to locate. Peter A. Meylan (Eckerd College) kindly shared unpublished data. Comments received from Joseph A. Butler, R. David Goodwin, Frank R. Hensley, Brian D. Horne, and Christopher B. Manis improved an earlier draft of this manuscript. Partial support for this project was provided by the Florida Turtle Conservation Trust. Walsh and Heinrich — Red-shouldered Hawks and Turtles 85 Literature Cited Bancroet, G. T., J. S. Godley, D. T. Gross, N. N. Rojas, D. A. Sutphen, and R. W. McDi- ARMiD. 1983. Large Scale Operations Management Test of Use of the White Amur for Control of Problem Aquatic Plants; The Herpetofauna of Lake Conway, Florida; spe- cies Accounts. Miscellaneous Paper A-83-5. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experi- ment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Barnwell, M. E., P. A. Meylan, and T. Walsh. 1997. The spotted turtle (Clemmys gutatta) in central Florida. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2:405-408. Bednarz, J. C., and J. J. Dinsmore. 1985. Flexible dietary response and feeding ecol- ogy of the Red-shouldered Hawk, Buteo lineatus, in Iowa. Canadian Field-Naturalist 99:262-264. Craighead, J. J., and F. C. Craighead, Jr. 1969. Hawks, Owls and Wildlife. Dover Publica- tions, Inc., New York, New York. Dodd, C. K., Jr. 2001. North American Box Turtles: A Natural History. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. Jacobs, J. P., and E. A. Jacobs. 2002. Conservation Assessment for Red-shouldered Hawk {Buteo lineatus). USDA Forest Service Eastern Region, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Jaksic, F. M., and j. H. Carothers. 1985. Ecological, morphological, and bioenergetic cor- relates of hunting mode in hawks and owls. Ornis Scandinavica 16:165-172. Janes, S. W. 1985. Habitat selection in raptorial birds. Pages 159-188 in M. L. Cody (Ed.), Habitat Selection in Birds. Academic Press, London. Kimmel, V. L., AND L. H. Fredrickson. 1981. Nesting ecology of the Red-shouldered Hawk in southeastern Missouri. Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 15:21-27. Meylan, P. A., C. A. Stevens, M. E. Barnwell, and E. D. Dohm. 1992. Observations on the turtle community of Rainbow Run, Marion Co., Florida. Florida Scientist 55:219-228. Ross, D. A. 1991. Amphibians and reptiles in the diets of North American raptors. Wis- consin Endangered Resources Report 59:1-33. Stewart, R. E. 1949. Ecology of a nesting Red-shouldered Hawk population. Wilson Bul- letin 61:26-35. Strobed, B. N., and C. W. Boal. 2010. Regional variation in diets of breeding Red-shoul- dered Hawks. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122:68-74. Toland, B. 1991. Great Horned Owl predation of Atlantic loggerhead turtle hatchlings. Florida Field Naturalist 19:117-119. Tomillo, P. S., F. V. Paladino, J. S. Suss, and J. R. Spotila. 2010. Predation of leatherback turtle hatchlings during the crawl to the water. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 9:18-25. Welch, R. J. 1987. Food habits of the Red-shouldered Hawk in Wisconsin. Passenger Pigeon 49:81-92. Florida Field Naturalist 43(2):86-101, 2015. FIELD OBSERVATIONS Fall Report: August-November 2014. — This report consists of significant bird observations compiled by the Field Observations Committee (FOC). Electronic submissions to the FOC should be in the following format: species, number of individuals, age and sex of the bird(s), color morph if applicable, location (including county), date, observer(s), and significance. Seasons are winter (December-February), spring (March-May), summer (June-July), and fall (August-November). Submit observations to regional compilers within two weeks after the close of each season, or to the state compiler within one month. Addresses of the compilers follow this report. Sight-only observations are considered “reports” while only those observations supported by verifiable evidence (photographs, video or audio recordings, or specimens) are called “records.” Species for which documentation is required by the FOC and by the FOS Records Committee (FOSRC; ) are marked here with an asterisk (*). A county designation (in italics) accompanies the first-time listing of each site in this report. Abbreviations in this report are: AFB = Air Force Base, AFR = Air Force Range, EOS = end of season, NERR = National Estuarine Research Reserve, NP = National Park, NS = National Seashore, NSRA = North Shore Restoration Area, NWR = National Wildlife Refuge, SF = State Forest, SP = State Park, STA = Stormwater Treatment Area, STF = sewage treatment facility, WMA = Wildlife Management Area, and N, S, E, W etc., for compass directions. Bold-faced entries denote birds newly reported or verified in Florida, or record numbers. Photographs or video- or audio-recordings archived by the FOC are identified by a plus (-I-). Summary of the Fall Season This Fall season the Florida Keys took center stage, particularly Long Key State Park where a Key West Quail-Dove stayed through the season. A Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher, Yellow-green Vireo, and Northern Wheatear were also found at Long Key SP, while at least three Bahama Swallows were counted at Curry Hammock SP during the Florida Keys Hawkwatch. Other FOSRC species include a Yellow-nosed Albatross photographed off Clearwater Beach, Zone-tailed Hawk at Marathon, Little Gull at Nassau Sound, Elegant Tern at Siesta Key, Anna’s Hummingbird in Ensley, a second state record Western Wood-Pewee at Alafia River SP, and three Sulphur-bellied Flycatchers in southeast Florida. Species Accounts Black-bellied Whistling-Duck: 2 at Okaloosa STF (Okaloosa) 1-26 Aug (W. Greene, M. Swan, B. Purdy); 2 adults & 15 juveniles at Taminco Sanctuary (Santa Rosa) 4 Aug (L. Kelly, L. Goodman, B. Furlow) provided the first breeding report for the western Panhandle; 478 at 3D Spoil Island (Hillsborough) 16 Aug (J. Guerard et ah); 14 in- cluding 12 juveniles at Tallahassee (Leon) 14 Oct (J. Cavanagh); 112 at Dade City (Pasco) 8 Nov (B. Pranty, V. Ponzo); 6 at Tower Road (Jackson) 22 Nov (E. Schunke); as many as 35 in Jefferson 10 Aug-30 Nov (M. Smith, A. Wraithmell). Fulvous Whistling-Duck: 1 at Bowling Green (Hardee) 9 Aug (C. Fredricks); 1 at Lake Hancock Outfiow Wetlands (Polk) 24 Aug (C. Fredricks, W. Jones et ah). Greater White-fronted Goose: 55 at Gulf Breeze (Santa Rosa) 2 Nov (B. & L. Duncan); 3 at Newnans Lake (Alachua) 16 Nov (J. Hintermister, L. Davis et ah); 5 at M & M Dairy (Duval) 22 Nov-EOS (-i-D. Foster et ah). 86 Field Observations 87 Snow Goose: 1 at Perdue Road {Duval) 23 Oct (D. Foster); 1 at St. Marks NWR {Wakulla) 25 Oct (D. Mickelson); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP {Alachua) 9 & 16 Nov (G. Parks, L. Davis); 3 at Sneads {Jackson) 14-16 Nov (M. & L. Hughes); 1 at Newnans Lake 16 Nov (J. Hintermister, L. Davis et al.); 1 at Fort De Soto Park {Pinellas) 22 Nov (P. Plage); 1 at M & M Dairy 22 Nov (D. Foster); 3 at STA-5 {Hendry) 22 Nov (B. Rapoza et al.); 4 at Sheffield Park {Duval) 23-27 Nov (D. Foster); 4 at Oil Well Road {Collier) 28 Nov-EOS (+M. Higgins). Ross’s Goose: as many as 2 at St. Marks NWR 16-26 Nov (-i-A. Wraithmell, -i-J. Cava- nagh); 1 at Gainesville {Alachua) 20-22 (-i-S. Kobb). Canada Goose: 1 at Alligator Point {Franklin) 16 Nov (J. Murphy); 1 at Bailey Tract, Sanibel Island (Lee) 21 Nov (F. Paulsen). Egyptian Goose: 1 at Sebring {Highlands) 7 Oct (M. McMillian); 1 at Avon Park {High- lands) 23 Oct (M. McMillian). Wood Duck: 1 at Sawgrass Lake Park {Pinellas) 5 Oct (P. Plage). Gadwall: 175 at Tallahassee 30 Nov (J. Cavanagh). Eurasian Wigeon: 1 male at Cape Coral (Lee) all season (fide C. Ewell) presumed to be of captive origin. American Wigeon: 1 at Marathon Airport {Monroe) 29 Oct (K. Ross). Mallard: as many as 30 at St. Marks NWR 15 Nov-EOS (A. Wraithmell et al.); 2 at Lake Hancock Outflow Wetland 18 Nov (J. Hintermister et al.); 2 at Okaloosa STF 23 Nov (B. Purdy). Mottled Duck: 160 west of Yeehaw Junction {Osceola) 2 Oct (E, Kwater). Blue-winged Teal: 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve {Hillsborough) 9 Aug (E. Kwater); 3 at Fort De Soto Park 21 Aug (E. Plage); 2,800 at Key Vista Nature Park {Pasco) 4 Oct (D. Gagne, B. Pranty); 260 at St. Marks NWR 12 Oct (D. Bryan). Cinnamon Teal: 1 at Marathon Airport 29 Oct (-i-K. Ross). Northern Shoveler: 1 at Timucuan Preserve {Duval) 31 Aug (R. Clark); 5 off Fort De Soto Park 23 Sep (E. Plage). Northern Pintail: 3 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 25 Oct (B. Ahern); 100 at Lake Apopka NSRA (Om/zge/La^e) 26 Nov (H. Robinson). Green-winged Teal: 1 in Timucuan Preserve 31 Aug (R. Clark); as many as 12 at Brooker Creek Preserve {Pinellas) 11 Oct-8 Nov (D. Goebel, T. Kalbach et al.). Canvasback: 2 at Okaloosa STF 20 Oct (B. Purdy); 2 at Lake Elberta {Leon) 18 Nov (R. Lengacher); 9 at MacDill AFB {Hillsborough) 21 Nov & 30 there 30 Nov (S. Reed); as many as 4 at Port Charlotte {Charlotte) 21-27 Nov (S. Wilcox et al.); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 2-22 Nov (A. Zions, B. Snelson et al.); 2 at West Lake, Everglades NP {Miami-Dade) 22 Nov-EOS (B. Showier). Redhead: as many as 4 at West Lake, Everglades NP 18-22 Nov (B. Showier). Ring-necked Duck: 1 at Pinellas Park {Pinellas) to 18 Aug (-i-W. Meehan, R. Smith). Greater Scaup: 1 female at Crescent Lake Park {Pinellas) 11-14 Nov (S. Tavaglione); 1 at Gandy Beach {Pinellas) 19 Nov (P. Plage); 1 at West Lake, Everglades NP 20 Nov- EOS (C. Sanchez et al.); 2 females at William Dunn STF {Pinellas) 22 Nov-EOS (T. Kalbach); 1 at Hudson Beach Park {Pasco) 24 Nov (K. Tracey); 1 at Bayshore Live Oak Park {Charlotte) 25 Nov-EOS (M. Manetz); 1 at Riverview {Hillsborough) 26 Nov (C. Cox); 2 at Overlook Park {Seminole) 30 Nov (P. Hueber, et al.). Common Eider: 1 at Huguenot Memorial Park {Duval) 7 Nov (-i-T. Rohtsalu); 1 first-cycle male at Amelia Island SP {Nassau) 18 Nov-EOS (J. Becker et al.); 1 at Playalinda Beach, Canaveral NS {Brevard) 22 Nov (M. Harris). Surf Scoter: 5 at Alligator Point to 7 Aug (J. Murphy); 1 at Ponce de Leon Inlet (Volusia) 7 Nov (M. Brothers); 1 at Hudson Beach Park 9 Nov (B. Pranty, V. Ponzo); 7 at Play- alinda Beach, Canaveral NS 22 Nov (M. Harris). White-winged Scoter: 4 at Bald Point SP {Franklin) 2 Nov (J. Murphy); 1 at Hudson Beach Park 16 Nov (B. Pranty, V. Ponzo); 1 at Fort Clinch SP {Nassau) 29 Nov (K. Dailey). FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Black Scoter: 4 at Alligator Point to 7 Aug (J. Murphy); 4 at Cedar Key {Levy) 9 Nov (P. Burns); 100 at Apollo Beach, Canaveral NS (Volusia) 22 Nov (M. Brothers); 4 at Bunche Beach Preserve (Lee) 22 Nov-EOS (B. Hargrove et al.); 82 at Playalinda Beach, Canaveral NS 28 Nov (E. Kwater). Bufflehead: 14 at Lake Jessup (Seminole) 30 Nov (P Hueher et al.). Common Goldeneye: 1 at Spring Hill (Hernando) 23 Nov (B. Hansen). Hooded Merganser: 24 at Brighton Bay (Pinellas) 2 Nov (M. Burns). Red-breasted Merganser: 3 off Honeymoon Island SP (Pinellas) 1 Nov (T. Kalbach); 3 at Newnans Lake 16-19 Nov (J. Hintermister, L. Davis et al.). Ruddy Duck: 2 at Lake Seminole Park (Pinellas) 15 Nov (M. Hughes); 400 at Orange Lake (Alachua ! Marion) 16 Nov (B. Knight, D. Segal). Red-throated Loon: 1 at Newnans Lake 15 Nov (-i-A. Kratter). Common Loon: 3 at Lake Seminole (Jackson) 25 Oct (A. Wraithmell); 21 at Newnans Lake 16 Nov (J. Hintermister, L. Davis et al.). Horned Grebe: 2 at Lake Alfred (Polk) 31 Oct (P. Timmer); 2 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 2 Nov (D. Segal et al.); 1 at Lake Jackson (Leon) 16 Nov (E. Schunke); 3 at Newn- ans Lake 16 Nov (J. Hintermister, L. Davis et al.). American Flamingo: 11 at Coastal Prairie Trail, Everglades NP (Monroe) 13 Oct (R. Ham- mer); 1 at Flamingo, Everglades NP (Monroe) 19-20 Nov (A. & M. Ahreu). *Yellow-nosed Alb atross: 1 adult 13 nautical miles SW off Clearwater Beach (Pinellas) 10 Nov (T. Legath, -i-M. Fox) provided the second Pinellas and the fifth Florida record. Black-capped Petrel: 12 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 28 Sep (M. Brothers et al.). Cory’s Shearwater: 11 at Lauderdale-by-the-Sea (Broward) 1 Sep (R. Titus); 105 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 28 Sep (M. Brothers et al.); 1 at Sebastian Inlet SP (Indian River) 29 Nov (R. Eginton). Great Shearwater: 1 at Lauderdale-by-the-Sea 1 Sep (R. Titus); 1 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 28 Sep (M. Brothers et al.). Sooty Shearwater: 1 at Sebastian Inlet SP 25 Aug (A. Harper); 1 at Ormond-by-the-Sea (Volusia) 25 Aug (M. Brothers). Audubon’s Shearwater: 11 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 28 Sep (M. Brothers et al.); 1 off Jupi- ter Inlet (Palm Beach) 13 Nov (C. Callaghan). Wood Stork: 7 in Holmes 3 Aug (C. Saleeby); 1 in Escambia 7 Aug (B. Callaway). Masked Booby: 1 at Stump Pass Beach SP (Charlotte) 28 Sep (+fide J. Bouton) provided the first Charlotte record. Brown Booby: 1 at South Inlet Park (Palm Beach) 2-5 Aug (+C. Callaghan et al.); 7 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 28 Sep (M. Brothers et al.). Red-footed Booby: 1 north of Dry Tortugas NP (Monroe) 17 Aug (+K. Laakkonen et al.). *Neotropic Cormorant: 1 at Wakodahatchee Wetlands (Palm Beach) all season (J. Pat- terson et al.); 1 at Palm Beach Gardens (Palm Beach) 21 Oct-3 Nov (J. Leckrone). Great Cormorant: 1 subadult at Port Orange (Volusia) 30-31 Oct & 6-17 Nov (-i-M. Broth- ers); 1 juvenile at Fort De Soto Park 22 Nov-EOS (-i-R. Smith, J & I Gibbons et al.) provided the third Pinellas record. Brown Pelican: 1 leucistic juvenile at Alafia Banks Sanctuary (Hillsborough) 17 Aug-7 Sep (-I-C. Cassels); 6 at Newnans Lake 7-10 Sep (R. Rowan); 1 leucistic juvenile at Port Orange 26 Sep (-i-M. Brothers). American Bittern: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 6 Aug & 25 there 7 Nov (H. Robinson); 1 at Lake Hancock Outfall Wetland 14 Sep (C. Fredricks et al.). Great Blue Heron, white morph: 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 30 Aug & 22 Nov-EOS (D. Segal et al.); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 7 Sep (H. Robinson); 1 at STA-5, 13 Sep-EOS (M. England et al.); 1 at Myakka River SP 3 (Sarasota) Nov-EOS (M. & S. Turner et al.). Reddish Egret: 2 at Cedar Key all season (D. Segal, J. Hintermister et al). Yellow-crowned Night-Heron: 3 at Scrubpens Road (Highlands) 17 Aug (C. Fredricks). Field Observations 89 Glossy Ibis: 1 at Harbor Isles {Pinellas) 8 Oct (J. Clayton). White-faced Ibis: as many as 9 at St. Marks NWR 16 Oct-EOS (A. Wraithmell et al.); 1 at Okaloosa STF 20-23 Oct (B. Purdy, W Greene et al.); 1 at Orlando Wetlands Park {Orange) 8-9 Nov (-i-C. Fredricks); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 22 Nov-EOS (-i-A. Zions et al.). Roseate Spoonbill: 15 at St. Marks NWR 20 Sep (D. Bryan). Swallow-tailed Kite: 20 at Asheville {Jefferson) 10 Aug (M. Smith); 1 at Bald Point SP 4 Oct (-I-L. Gridley, J. Murphy). White-tailed Kite: as many as 3 at Browns Farm Road {Palm Beach) 23 Aug-28 Sep (R. & L. Smith); 1 at Curry Hammock SP {Monroe) 17 Oct (-i-K. Ross). Snail Kite: 1 at Trout Creek Park {Hillsborough) 24 Aug (C. Cox); 30 at STA-5, 13 Sep (M. England et al.); 1 at Lake Hancock Outfall Wetland 14 Sep & 3 there 9 Nov (C. Fredricks et al.); as many as 2 at Middle Lake {Pasco) 18 Oct-EOS (-i-D. Robinson). Mississippi Kite: 3 at Asheville 10 Aug (M. Smith); 1 at St. Leo {Pasco) 26 Aug (D. Gagne, B. Pranty et al.); 1 at Richardson Park {Broward) 8 Oct (R. Titus). Northern Harrier: 1 at South Bay {Palm Beach) 22 Aug (E. Kwater); 1 at Dry Tortugas NP 27 Nov (J. Shugart). Sharp-shinned Hawk: 1 at STA-5, 13 Sep (M. England et al.). Great Black-Hawk: 1 at Virginia Key {Miami-Dade) all season (R. Diaz). Broad-winged Hawk: 1 at New Port Richey {Pasco) 25 Aug (D. Gagne); 4 at Robinson Pre- serve {Manatee) 7 Oct (S. Wilson et al.); 1 at Sebastian Inlet SP 1 Nov (D. Simpson et al.); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 7 Nov-EOS (J. Clayton et al.). Short-tailed Hawk: 1 at Clear Lake Park {Pasco) 31 Aug (B. Pranty, V. Ponzo et al.); 3 at Sawgrass Lake Park 10 Sep (-i-S. Tavaglione et al.); 2 dark morphs at Fort Island Trail Park {Citrus) 14 Sep (B. Pranty, V. Ponzo); 2 at Boyd Hill Nature Preserve {Pinellas) 3 Oct (-I-A. Wallace); 1 at Lake Lotus Park {Seminole) 23 Oct (P. Hueber). Swainson’s Hawk: 1 light morph at Fort Pickens {Escambia) 18 Oct (B. Purdy et al.); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 12 Nov (H. Robinson); 1 at Frog Pond WMA {Miami-Dade) 27 Nov (J. Boyd et al.). *ZoNE-TAiLED Hawk: 1 at Marathon {Monroe) 8 Nov (C. Goodrich). Golden Eagle: 1 juvenile at Okee-Tantie Park {Okeechobee) 27 Oct (D. Robbins, details to FOG); 1 adult southeast of Fort Lonesome {Hillsborough) 24 Nov was taken into rehab where it later expired (-i-N. Murrah, R. Newell) which provided the first Hills- borough record. Black Rail: 1 at St. Johns NWR {Brevard) 28 Oct (A. Zions). Clapper Rail: 1 at Snook Islands Natural Area 10 Nov (M. Gomes) King Rail: 68 at Lake Apopka NSRA 20 Aug & 115 there 14 Sep (H. Robinson); 1 at Wolf Branch Creek Preserve {Hillsborough) 27 Nov (B. Ahern). Virginia Rail: 10 at Roosevelt Wetland {Pinellas) 28 Oct (R. Smith); 2 at Wakodahatchee Wetlands 15 Nov (fide B. Rapoza). Sora: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 20 Aug & 161 there 12 Nov (H. Robinson); 1 at Clearwater 30-31 Aug (T. Young); 18 at St. Pete STF {Pinellas) 23 Oct (R. Smith); 75 at Interna- tional Paper Wetlands {Escambia) 2 Nov (B. & J. Callaway). Purple Swamphen: 2 at T. M. Goodwin WMA {Brevard) 13-20 Nov (D. Simpson). Purple Gallinule: as many as 5 at Lake Pasadena {Pasco) 3 Aug-EOS (D. Gagne, T. Kalbach); 4 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 2-8 Nov (C. Leonard et al.); 1 at St. Marks NWR 3 Nov (J. O’Connell). Limpkin: 24 at Westside Industrial Park {Duval) 7 Sept (D. Foster); 55 at Lake Hancock Outfall Wetland 9 Nov (C. Fredricks et al.). Whooping Crane: 1 at Joe Overstreet Road {Osceola) 7 Sep (J. Stefancic); 4 at St. Marks NWR 28 Nov (P. Overmyer); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 28 Nov-EOS (H. Robinson). Black-necked Stilt: 58 at 3D Spoil Island 9 Aug (J. Guerard); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 4 Oct (P. Plage et al.); 56 at Lake Hancock Outfall Wetland 9 Nov (C. Fredricks et al.). 90 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST American Avocet: 136 at 3D Spoil Island 9 Aug (J. Guerard); 1 at Tram Road STF {Leon) 4 Sep (+A. Wraithmell et al.); 14 at Key Vista Nature Park (Pasco) 4 Oct (D. Gagne, B. Pranty); 21 at Fort De Soto Park 6 Oct (R. Smith); 32 at Charlotte Harbor 15 Oct (S. Daughtrey); 1 at Lake Seminole 17 Oct (M. Hughes); 1 at LaCrosse (Alachua) 26 Oct (R. Herrera); 12 at Honeymoon Island SP 1 Nov (T. Kalbach, E. Kwater); 2 south of Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee NWR 3 Nov (B. Pickholtz); 6 at Boca Chica Beach (Monroe) 4 Nov-EOS (C. Goodrich); 25 at Lake Hancock Outfall Wetland 9 Nov (C. Fredricks et al.). American Oystercatcher: 95 at 3D Spoil Island 30 Aug (J. Guerard). Black-bellied Plover; 1 at Southwood (Leon) 16 Oct (A. Wraithmell). American Golden-Plover: 4 west of Bunnell (Flagler) 7-21 Sep (M. Brothers); 2 at Re- search Road, Everglades NP (Miami-Dade) 2-3 Nov (B. Showier). Snowy Plover: 1 at Little Talbot Island SP (Duval) 20-23 Aug (P. Leary); 2 at Shell Key Preserve (Pinellas) 26 Aug (D. Sauvageau); 15 at Three Rooker Bar (Pinellas) 28 Aug (D. Sauvageau); 74 at south Anclote Key (Pinellas) 28 Oct (D. Sauvageau). Wilson’s Plover: 40 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 24 Sep (M. Brothers et al.). Semipalmated Plover: 1 at Tram Road STF 15 Sep (E. Schunke). Piping Plover: 32 at Three Rooker Bar 28 Aug (D. Sauvageau); 42 at south Anclote Key 28 Oct (D. Sauvageau); 32 at Crandon Park (Miami-Dade) 20 Nov-EOS (R. Diaz). Solitary Sandpiper: 5 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 7 Aug (D. Segal); 7 east of Brooks- ville (Hernando) 16 Aug (A. & B. Hansen); 8 at Brooker Creek Preserve 3 Sep (T. Mast); 2 at Taminco Sanctuary 20 Oct (L. Goodman et al.). Willet: 1 western at Lake Hancock Outflow Wetland 24 Aug (C. Fredricks, -i-W. Jones). Upland Sandpiper: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 10 & 17 Aug (H. Robinson); as many as 2 at Homestead (Miami-Dade) 10-17 Aug (L. Manfredi et al.); 4 at Apalachicola (Franklin) 11 Aug (S. Mullin, J. Murphy); 14 at Browns Farm Road 23 Aug (R. & L. Smith). Whimbrel: 3 at south Anclote Key 20 Aug (D. Sauvageau); 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 7 Sep (C. Cox); 1 at Cedar Point Park (Charlotte) 31 Oct-16 Nov (B. Julius et al.); 1 at Stump Pass Beach SP (Charlotte) 15-24 Nov (J. Bouton et al.). Long-billed Curlew: 1 at Bunche Beach Preserve 22 Nov-EOS (B. Hargrove et al.); 1 at Indian Pass (Franklin) 26 Nov (J. Murphy). Marbled Godwit: 1 at Huguenot Memorial Park 23 Aug (K. Dailey); 90 at Fort De Soto Park 18 Oct (P. Plage); 1 at Big Bird Island (Duval) 30 Oct (M. Dailey); 80 at Cedar Key 9 Nov (P. Burns). Red Knot: 62 at Fort De Soto Park 5 Aug (-i-R. Harrod); 300 at Sand Key Park (Pinellas) 16 Aug (G. Koziara); 300 off Fort De Soto Park 10 Sep (D. Sauvageau); 500 at Cala- desi Island (Pinellas) 2 Oct (D. Sauvageau). Sanderling: 1 at Tram Road STF 15 Sep (-i-E. Schunke). Semipalmated Sandpiper: 320 at 3D Spoil Island 14 Sep (J. Guerard); 1 at St. Marks NWR 20 Oct (C. Cox); 2 at Robert K. Rees Park (Pasco) 2 Nov (D. Gagne). Western Sandpiper: 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 30 Aug (J. Hintermister, R. Rowan). White-rumped Sandpiper: 2 at Spoonbill Pond (Duval) 2-10 Aug (K. Dailey); as many as 2 at Brookridge STF (Hernando) 19-30 Aug (M. Gardler et al.); 1 at Merritt Island NWR (Brevard) 31 Aug (T. Dunkerton); 1 west of Bunnell 7 Sep (M. Brothers); 1 at Deanville (Flagler) 10 Sep (E. Kwater); as many as 6 at Siesta Key Beach (Sarasota) 14-17 Sep (B. Ahern et al.); 1 at Marathon Airport 15 Sep (A. Harper); 1 at Virginia Key 23 Sep (-i-R. Diaz). Baird’s Sandpiper: single juveniles at Tram Road STF 25-27 Aug & 12-15 Sep (-i-A. Wraithmell et al.); 2 at Okaloosa STF 30 Aug (A. Wraithmell et al.); 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 7 Sep (C. Cox). Pectoral Sandpiper: 20 at Okaloosa STF 30 Aug (A. Wraithmell et al.); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 17 Sep (E. Plage); 100 west of Bunnell 21 Sep (M. Brothers); 1 at West Miramar Water Conservation Area (Broward) 2 Nov (B. Pickholtz); 1 west of Dade City (Pasco) Field Observations 91 8 Nov (B. Pranty, V. Ponzo); 1 at Research Road, Everglades NP 10 Nov (B. Showier); 1 at Flamingo, Everglades NP 30 Nov (B. Showier). Purple Sandpiper: 1 at Fort Clinch SP 23 Nov-EOS (P. & D. Leary). Dunlin: 1 inland at McKendree Road (Pasco) 6 Nov (D. Gagne, S. Mann); 2 inland at Tram Road STF 6-13 Nov C+A. Wraithmell); 1,300 at St. Marks NWR 10 Nov (D. Bryan); 1 at Ocklawaha Prairie Restoration Area (Marion) 21 Nov (-i-D. Richard). Stilt Sandpiper: 6 at Hague Dairy (Alachua) 14 Aug (S. Ewing et ah); 6 at Pinellas Coun- ty Landfill 31 Aug (R. Smith); 7 at Timucuan Preserve 31 Aug (R. Clark); 38 at 3D Spoil Island 6 Sep (J. Guerard); 2 at Orlando Wetlands Park 8 Nov (C. Fredricks); 5 at Lake Hancock Outfall Wetland 9 Nov (C. Fredricks et ah); 15 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 9 Nov (E. Kwater). Buff-breasted Sandpiper: 2 at Lake Apopka NSRA 6-8 Aug & 1 there 3 Oct (H. Rohinson); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 10 Aug (-i-M. O’Sullivan, R. Rowan); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 30 Aug (+G. & J. Leavens); 2 west of Bunnell 21-27 Sep (M. Brothers et ah). Short-billed Dowitcher: 1 at Paynes Prairie 29-30 Aug (R. Rowan, J. Hintermister, D. Segal et ah). Long-billed Dowitcher: 1 at Okaloosa STF 5 Aug (M. Swan); 20 fiying south over Shell Key Preserve 26 Oct (B. Ahern et ah); 2 at Honeymoon Island SP 29 Oct (E. Plage); 75 at Lake Hancock Outfall Wetland 9 Nov (C. Fredricks et ah); 20 at St. Marks NWR 10 Nov (D. Bryan). Wilson’s Snipe: 4 at Brooker Creek Preserve 12 Sep (T. Mast). American Woodcock: 1 at Lake Mirror (Polk) 6-8 Nov (-i-W. Barnes); 1 at Alligator Point 29 Nov (J. Murphy). Wilson’s Phalarope: 1 at Browns Farm Road 23 Aug (R. & L. Smith); 2 at Merritt Island NWR 29-30 Aug (E. Kwater) & 18-20 Sep (M. Harris); 7 at Okaloosa STF 30 Aug (A. Wraithmell et al.); 2 at Timucuan Preserve 31 Aug (R. Clark); as many as 2 at Brookridge STF 4-10 Sep (M. Gardler, S. Mann); 6 at 3D Spoil Island 7 Sep (J. Guer- ard); 1 west of Bunnell 7 Sep (M. Brothers); 3 at Snake Bight, Everglades NP 15 Sep B. Showier); 1 at Siesta Key Beach 5 Oct (K. Abbott); 1 at Okaloosa STF 13-15 Nov (-I-M. Swan). Red-necked Phalarope: 1 at Siesta Key Beach 10-20 Sep C+R. Greenspun et al.) provided the first Sarasota record; 2 at Snake Bight, Everglades NP 15 Sep (B. Showier); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 18-20 Sep (M. Harris); 5 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 28 Sep (M. Brothers et al.); 1 at Fort Myers Beach (Lee) 8-9 Oct (+M. Di Rosa). PoMARiNE Jaeger: 1 at Siesta Key Beach 1 Nov (M. Press); 39 at Apollo Beach, Canaveral NS 22 Nov (M. Brothers). Parasitic Jaeger: 1 juvenile at Ponce de Leon Inlet 24 Sep (M. Brothers et al.); 2 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 28 Sep (M. Brothers et al.); 6 at Apollo Beach, Canaveral NS 22 Nov (M. Brothers); 1 at Stump Pass Beach SP 30 Nov (M. Manetz et al.). *Little Gull: 1 first-cycle at Nassau Sound (Duval) 28 Oct (-i-P & D. Leary; photos & details to FOSRC). Franklin’s Gull: as many as 4 at Huguenot Memorial Park 4-29 Oct (-i-K. Dailey); 1 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 20 & 28 Oct (M. Brothers); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 21 & 31 Oct (-I-M. Brothers et al.); as many as 7 at Port Orange 27-30 Oct (M. Brothers); 1 at Jetty Park (Brevard) 28-29 Oct (M. Harris); as many as 10 at Daytona Beach Shores (Volusia) 30 Oct-17 Nov (M. Brothers); 1 at Nassau Sound 30 Oct (K. Dailey); 1 at Lake Hancock Outfall Wetland 9 Nov (+0. Fredricks et al.); 2 at Bonita Beach (Lee) 14-20 Nov (K. Laakkonen); 1 at East Lake (Hillsborough) 14 Nov (R. Cressman); 1 at Hillsborough Bay 15 Nov (J. Guerard); 1 at Matanzas Inlet (St. Johns) 15 Nov (S. Simmons); 1 at Hudson Beach Park 16 Nov (-i-B. Pranty, V. Ponzo); 1 off Alligator Point 30 Nov (J. Murphy). Iceland Gull: 1 at Huguenot Memorial Park to 15 Aug (K. Dailey). 92 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Lesser Black-backed Gull: 1 at Key Vista Nature Park 8 Sep (B. Pranty, D. Gagne); 81 at Crandon Park 19 Sep (R. Diaz); 2 at Hudson Beach 10-17 Nov (D. Gagne); 1 at South Manasota Key {Charlotte) 22 Nov (S. Wilcox). Glaucous Gull: 1 first-cycle at Bonita Beach 19 Nov (-i-J. Haas). Sooty Tern: 95 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 28 Sep (M. Brothers et al.). Bridled Tern: 3, 50 miles south of Pensacola {Escambia) 1 Sep (J. Pfeiffer); 23 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 28 Sep (M. Brothers et al.). Least Tern: 350 at Gandy Beach 3 Aug (C. Cox). Gull-billed Tern: 4 at St. Marks NWR 2 Aug (B. Phelan); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 30 Aug (S. Simmons) & 2 there 29 Sep (T. Dunkerton); 1 at Siesta Key Beach 13 Sep (R. Smith, R. Harrod); 1 at Snake Bight, Everglades NP 15 Sep (B. Showier); 1 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 24 Sep (M. Brothers et al.). Caspian Tern: 125 at Lake Hancock Outfall Wetland 9 Nov (C. Fredricks et al.). Black Tern: 400 at Fort De Soto Park 20 Aug (R. Smith); 680 at Gandy Beach 30 Aug (E. Plage); 4 at Ocean Pond {Baker) 2 Sep (B. Richter); 190 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 28 Sep (M. Brothers et al.); 2,000 at Honeymoon Island SP 2 Oct (D. Sauvageau); 4,000 at Fort De Soto Park 13 Oct (R. Smith); 1 at Sebastian Inlet SP 18 Nov (B. Wagner). Roseate Tern: 1 at Tigertail Beach {Collier) 29 Aug (-i-O. Strickland) provided the first Collier record. Common Tern: 83 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 28 Sep (M. Brothers et al.); 2 at Shell Mound, Lower Suwannee NWR {Levy) 4 Nov (J. Hintermister et al.); 1 at Huguenot Memorial Park 16 Nov (K. Dailey). Sandwich Tern: 3 at Lake Hancock Outfall Wetland 14 Sep (C. Fredricks et al.); 3,500 at Fort De Soto Park 13 Oct (R. Smith). Sandwich x Elegant Tern: 1 at Siesta Key 28 Oct-1 Nov (-i-C. Herzog). *Elegant Tern: 1 at Siesta Key 27 Oct (-i-R. Greenspun). Black Skimmer: 2 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 15 Oct (M. Martinez et al.). White-crowned Pigeon: 1 at J. N. “Ding” Darling NWR {Lee) 3 Oct (F. Paulsen). Diamond Dove: 1 at Leesburg {Lake) 14 Aug (-i-L. Streeper). White-winged Dove: singles at Fort De Soto Park 13 Sep-10 Nov (fide R. Smith); 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 1 Nov (E. Kwater, T. Kalbach); 2 at Ben T. Davis Beach {Hills- borough) 9 Nov (C. Fisher); 1 at Garden Key, Dry Tortugas NP 27 Nov (J. Shugart); 2 at Amelia Island {Nassau) 29 Nov (K. Dailey). Common Ground-Dove: 55 at 3D Spoil Island 13 Sep (J. Guerard). Key West Quail-Dove: 1 at Long Key SP {Monroe) 27 Sep-EOS (-i-A. Harper, J. Wilcox). Yellow-billed Cuckoo: 50 at Fort De Soto Park 15 Oct (E. Plage et al.); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 6 Nov (P. Mansfield); 1 at Brooksville 7 Nov (D. & C. Grimes); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP {Monroe) 22 Nov (C. Goodrich). Black-billed Cuckoo: 1 at Six Mile Cypress Slough Preserve {Lee) 20 Sep (-i-Jose Padilla- Lopez); 1 at Pinecraft Park {Sarasota) 24 Sep-4 Oct (-i-S. Daughtrey et al.); 1 at Dune- din Hammock Park {Pinellas) 15 Oct (-i-S. Gilmore); 1 at Lower Chipola River {Gulf) 23 Oct (J. Mays); 1 at Tampa Bay Watch {Pinellas) 27 Oct (E. Plage). Smooth-billed Ani: 1 at Virginia Key to 3 Aug (fide R. Diaz); 1 at Research Road, Everglades NP 27 Oct (B. Showier); 1 east of Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee NWR 6 Nov (R. Diaz). Groove-billed Ani: 1 at Fort Pickens 1-22 Oct (L. Goodman, A. Gurney); 2 at St. Marks NWR 7-10 Oct (J. O’Connell et al.); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 25-28 Oct (-i-W. Steele); 1 at Taminco Sanctuary 27 Oct (L. Kelly, L. Goodman et al.); 1 at Bald Point SP 7 Nov (-I-J. Murphy); 2 at Lake Apopka NSRA 16 Nov-EOS (-i-L. Reiners). Barn Owl: 11 at Lake Apopka NSRA 31 Oct (H. Robinson); 1 at Okaloosa Veterans Park 19 Oct (B. Purdy). Short-eared Owl: 1 at Mayport Naval Air Station {Duval) 3 Nov (fide A. Kratter). Lesser Nighthawk: 1 at Bald Point SP 12 Nov (J. Murphy); 6 at Frog Pond WMA 24 Nov (C. Sanchez et al.). Field Observations 93 Common Nighthawk: 300 at Hastings (Nassau) migrating south 7 Sept (C. Hooker); 4,275 at Curry Hammock SP (Monroe) 10 Sep & 1 there 31 Oct (A. Harper, K. Ross et al.); 490 at Largo (Pinellas) 23 Sep (T. Kalhach). Chuck-will’s-widow: 30 at Long Key SP 12 Sep (A. Harper et ah). Eastern Whip-poor-will: 3 at Fort De Soto Park 21 Oct (E. Plage); 1 at Fort Pickens 28 Oct (B. Duncan). Chimney Swift: 80 at St. Petersburg STF 5 Oct (R. Smith); 1 at Gainesville 3 Nov (S. Ewing). Buff-bellied Hummingbird: 1 at Pensacola 8 Nov (V. Hedrick). * Anna’s Hummingbird: 1 at Ensley (Escambia) 22-28 Nov (P. Rutherford, -i-D. Timmons) provided the first Escambia and the third Florida record. Rufous Hummingbird: 1 male at Gainesville 11-13 Aug (M. Manetz); 1 in east Gilchrist 12 Aug (J. Allison); as many as 3 at Valrico (Hillsborough) 7 Sep-EOS (S. Backes); 1 at Bok Tower Gardens (Polk) 30 Sep-EOS (D. Estabrooks et al.); 1 at Stuart (Martin) 9 Nov (B. & N. LaFramboise); 1 at Delray Beach (Palm Beach) 21 Nov-EOS (C. Cal- laghan). Rufous/Allen’s Hummingbird: 1 at Spring Hill 22 Nov (+A. & B. Hansen). Red-headed Woodpecker: as many as 2 at Matheson Hammock Park (Miami-Dade) 21 Sep-EOS (J. Boyd et al.); 1 juvenile at John Chesnut Park (Pinellas) 25 Sep (C. Gjer- vold). Yellow-bellied Sapsucker: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 17 Sep (H. Robinson); 1 at St. Peters- burg 15 Oct (J. Clayton). Hairy Woodpecker: 1 at Faver-Dykes SP (St. Johns) 12 Nov (G. Williams). Peregrine Falcon: 4 at Fort De Soto Park 27 Sep (E. Plage); 1 in Baker 29 Sept (B. Richter). Masked Lovebird: 1 near Astor (Volusia) 4 Oct (M. Brothers). Budgerigar: 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 6-14 Sep (T. Kalhach). Turquoise-fronted Parrot: 12 at Plantation Preserve (Broward) 7 Nov (C. Callahan). Olive-sided Flycatcher: singles at Gulf Breeze 7 & 15 Sep, 5 Oct (B. & L. Duncan); 1 at Fort Pickens 13 Sep (R. Sinclair). ^Western Wood-Pewee: 1 at Alafia River SP (Hillsborough) 1-2 Oct (D. Simpson, +E. Haney et al.; details & photos to FOSRC) provided the second Florida record. Eastern Wood-Pewee: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 11 Aug (E. Plage); 1 at Kendall Indian Hammocks Park (Miami-Dade) 19 Aug (S. Perez); 60 at Fort De Soto Park 4 Oct (R. Smith et al.); 1 at Tall Timbers (Leon) 12 Nov (E. Schunke); 1 at Balm (Hillsborough) 16 Nov (C. Cox); 1 at Bahia Honda SP (Monroe) 26 Nov (+J. Shugart); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 28 Nov (+S. Wilcox, P. Mulligan). Yellow-bellied Flycatcher: 1 at Tallahassee 20 Sep (E. Schunke); 1 at Pinecraft Park 25 Sep & 4 Oct (S. Wilson, J. Ginaven); 1 at Alafia River SP 3 Oct (-i-C. Cox, C. Fisher) provided the hrst Hillsborough record; 1 at Fort De Soto Park 4 Oct (E. Plage, C. Cox); 1 banded at Lake Lotus SP 4 Oct (A. Boyle); 1 at Aripeka Sandhills Preserve (Pasco) 5 Oct (-I-B. Pranty, D. Gagne et al.); 1 at Spanish River Park 5 Oct (C. Callaghan); 1 at DeLand (Volusia) 8 Oct (M. Brothers); 1 observed calling at Mead Botanical Gardens (Orange) 16 Oct (P. Hueber et al.). *Alder Flycatcher: 1 at Frog Pond WMA 17 Aug (L. Manfredi et al.); 2 at Chekika, Ever- glades NP (Miami-Dade) 28 Aug (A. Harper); as many as 6 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 31 Aug-29 Sep (M. Manetz, J. Mays et al.); 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP (Mi- ami-Dade) 18 Sep (-I-R. Diaz); 2 at Fort De Soto Park 23-29 Sep (+E. Plage et al.); 1 at Evergreen Cemetery 8 Oct (R. Titus); 1 reported calling in Baker 15 Oct (B. Richter). *WiLLOW Flycatcher: 1 at Frog Pond WMA 17-24 Aug (L. Manfredi et al.). Least Flycatcher: 1 at Long Key SP 12-14 Sep (A. Harper et al.); 1 at Taylor Park (Pinel- las) 21 Sep (S. Tavaglione, J. Clayton); 2 at Fort De Soto Park 24 Sep (E. Plage et al.); 1 at Key Vista Nature Park 4 Oct (D. Gagne, B. Pranty); 1 at Audubon Pennington 94 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Park {Charlotte) 5 Oct (J. Bouton); 1 at Bald Point SP 5 Oct (J. Murphy); 1 at Bolen Bluff Trail {Alachua) 21 Oct (J. Hintermister); 1 at Freedom Memorial Park {Collier) 23 Oct (J. Krakowski); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 12 Nov (M. O’Sullivan). Eastern Phoebe: 124 at Lake Apopka NSRA 26 Oct (H. Robinson). Say’s Phoebe: 1 at North Key Largo {Monroe) 17-18 Oct C+L. Manfredi) provides the first Monroe record; 1 at Morning Star Farms Road {Palm Beach) 16 Nov-EOS (+C. Cal- laghan) provided the first Palm Beach record. Vermilion Flycatcher: 1 male at Orlando Wetlands Park 11 Oct-EOS for the fourth con- secutive year (B. Rohman); 1 at St. Marks NWR 16 Oct-EOS (J. O’Connell et ah); as many as 2 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 30 Oct-EOS (D. Segal et ah); 1 at Lake Miccosukee {Jefferson) 2 Nov-EOS (A. Wraithmell); 1 at Alligator Lake Recreation Area {Columbia) 8 Nov (P. Burns); 1 at Frog Pond WMA 13 Nov-EOS (L. Manfredi); 1 at Lynn Haven {Bay) 19 Nov-EOS (P. Kelly); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 26 Oct-EOS (R. Robinson). Ash-throated Flycatcher: 1 at Fort Pickens 15 & 21 Oct (J. & B. Callaway); 1 at Viera Wetlands {Brevard) 8 Nov (-i-R. Eginton); 1 at Gulf Breeze 10 Nov (L. Duncan); 1 at Jessamine Lake (Pasco) 11 Nov-EOS (K. Tracey); 1 at Fort Walton Beach Spray Field {Okaloosa) 1 Nov (-i-J. FitzGerald); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA {Lake) 2 Nov-EOS (-i-F. Salmon); 1 at St. George Island SP {Franklin) 2 Nov (J. Cavanagh). Brown-crested Flycatcher: 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park {Miami-Dade) 2-22 Nov (B. Boeringer, -i-C. Sanchez); 1 at East Everglades {Miami-Dade) 15 Nov (B. Rapoza). *SuLPHUR-BELLiED FLYCATCHER: 1 at Long Key SP 17-18 Sep (-i-R. Galvez, A. Harper et ah); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 1 Oct (+J. Crittenden); 1 at Matheson Hammock Park 4 Oct (F. Izaguirre). Tropical Kingbird: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 17 Aug (-i-T. & N. Ploger); 1 at Snook Islands Natural Area {Palm Beach) 14-20 Sep (-i-P. Schneider); as many as 2 at Frog Pond WMA 13 Nov-EOS (L. Manfredi); 1 at STA-5, 22 Nov-EOS (M. England et al.). Tropical/Couch’s Kingbird: 1 at Dog Island {Franklin) 12 Aug (J. Murphy). Western Kingbird: 5 east of Bartow {Polk) 26 Oct (C. Fredricks); 1 north of Emeralda Marsh Conservation Area {Lake ! Marion) 10-21 Nov (D. Richard); as many as 25 at Cox Road {Polk) 14 Nov-EOS (N. Langwald); 1 at Sawgrass Lake Park 20 Nov (-i-J. Clayton, S. Tavaglione); 9 at Bald Point SP 26 Nov (J. Murphy); 4 at Palmetto {Mana- tee) 29 Nov-EOS (B. Knight). Eastern Kingbird: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 9-12 Aug (J. Clayton); 17 at Brooker Creek Preserve 22 Aug (T. Mast); 1,953 at Curry Hammock SP 11 Sep (A. Harper et al.); 3 at Spanish River Park 16 Oct (C. Callaghan). Gray Kingbird: 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 14 Sep (+C. Cox, A. Kent, M. Manetz); I at Okee-Tantie Marina 5 Oct (+0. Fredricks); 1 at Sebastian Inlet SP 29 Oct (D. Simpson); 1 at STA-5, 8-22 Nov (M. England et al.). ScissoR-TAiLED FLYCATCHER: 1 at Cedar Key 3 Aug (S. Jacobson); 1 at Fort De Soto Park II Aug (E. Plage); 3 in Escambia 30 Sep-22 Oct (L. Duncan, L. Goodman et al.); 1 at Bald Point SP 5 Oct (J. Murphy); 4 at Fort Pickens 15 Oct (B. & L. Duncan); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 17 Oct (A. Harper); 1 at St. Marks NWR 12 Oct & 3 Nov (D. Bryan, J. O’Connell); 1 at Valrico 4 Nov (D. Berganza); 4 at Colding Loop Road {Hillsborough) 9 Nov-EOS (R. Webb); 1 juvenile at Bayonet Point {Pasco) 9 Nov (-i-B. Pranty, V. Ponzo); 2 at Cox Road 14 Nov-EOS (N. Langwald); 1 at Carrabelle {Frank- lin) 27 Nov (C. Griffin). Bell’s Vireo: 1 at Veterans Park {Okaloosa) 17 Sep (M. Swan); 1 at Aripeka Sandhills Preserve 5 Oct (B. Pranty, C. Fisher et al.); 1 at Fort Pickens 10 Oct (L. Duncan); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 18 Oct (C. Goodrich); 1 at Richardson Park 27-31 Oct (G. Ellis). Yellow-throated Vireo: 1 at Picayune Strand SF {Collier) 23 Nov (M. Higgins). Field Observations 95 Warbling Vireo: 1 at Gulf Breeze 6 Sep (L. Duncan); 1 at St. George Island SP 9 Sep (J. Cavanagh). Philadelphia Vireo; 1 at St. George Island SP 4 Oct (L. Gridley, J. Murphy); 1 at John Chesnut Park 5 Oct (T. Mast); 1 at Reddle Point Preserve {Duval) 5 Oct (D. Foster); 1 at Pinecraft Park 6 Oct (R. Greenspun); singles at Fort De Soto Park 13-18 Oct (E. Plage et ah); 1 at Okaloosa Island 15 Oct (M. Swan); 1 at Largo 16 Oct (T. Young); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 17 Oct (A. Harper); 3 at Fred Howard Park (Pinellas) 17 Oct (T. Mast et ah); 1 at Dunedin Hammock Park 17 Oct (G. Williams); 1 at Bonner Park (Pinellas) 18 Oct (R. Harrod); 1 at Gainesville 18 Oct (S. Ewing); 1 at Homosassa Springs SP (Citrus) 18 Oct (K. Brahhle et ah); 1 at Evergreen Cemetery 19 Oct (M. Stickel); 1 at Spanish River Park 19 Oct (C. Callaghan); 4 at Kiwanis Park (Charlotte) 21 Oct (J. Bouton et ah); 1 at Bloomingdale (Hillsborough) 22 Oct (S. Reed); 1 at Long Key SP 31 Oct C+K. Ross). Red-eyed Vireo: 40 at James E. Gray Preserve 17 Sep (K. Tracey); 1 at Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR 31 Oct (J. Hintermister); 1 at Key West Botanical Gardens 12 Nov (C. Goodrich). *Yellow-green Vireo; 1 at Long Key SP 24 Sep (A. Harper). Black-whiskered Vireo; 1 adult fed a juvenile at Long Key SP 14 Sep (A. Harper et ah). Horned Lark; 45 at Concord Road (Jackson) 22 Nov (-i-E. Schunke). Purple Martin: 1 at Curry Hammock SP 17 Oct (K. Ross); 1 at Cedar Key 18 Oct (J. Mays). *Bahama Swallow: 1 at Long Key SP 25 Oct (B. & N. LaFramboise; details to FOSRC); 3 at Curry Hammock SP 26 Oct & 1 there 1 Nov (+A. Harper et ah); 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 26 Oct (-i-fide L. Manfredi). Northern Rough-winged Swallow; 300 at Largo 23 Sep (P. Trunk); 2 at Roosevelt Wet- land 15 Nov (-I-J. Clayton et ah). Bank Swallow: 15 at Singletary Road 31 Aug (B. Pranty, V. Ponzo et ah); 1 at Newnans Lake 1 Nov (R. Rowan). Cliff Swallow: 47 at Largo 23 Sep (T. Kalbach); 6 at Bald Point SP 5 Oct (J. Murphy); 1 at Lake Jackson (Leon) 1 Nov (E. Schunke); 1 at Taminco Sanctuary 17 Nov (L. Kelly, L. Goodman et ah). Cave Swallow: 1 at Bald Point SP 5 Oct (J. Murphy); 1 at Freedom Memorial Park (Col- lier) 26 Oct (K. Laakkonen); 2 at South Rockledge (Brevard) 28 Oct C+M. Harris); 8 south of Charlotte County Airport 4 Nov (-i-D. Peacock, M. Manetz et al.) provided the first Charlotte record; 1 at Merritt Island NWR 10 Nov (-i-J. Stefancic); 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 16 Nov (D. Goodwin); 2 at Newnans Lake 19 Nov (S. Ewing, A. Kent et ah); 4 at Boyd Hill Nature Preserve 29 Nov (S. Tavaglione, -i-R. Harrod). Tufted Titmouse; 2 at Riverbend Park all season (C. Weber et ah). Brown Creeper: 1 at Bald Point SP 11 Nov (D. Bryan); 1 at Florida Caverns SP (Jackson) 29 Nov (R. & L. Smith). House Wren: 37 at Honeymoon Island SP 11 Oct (E. Kwater). Winter Wren: as many as 2 at Parrish Lake Landing (Calhoun) 25 Oct-EOS (A. Wraith- mell); 1 at Gulf Breeze 8 Nov (B. & L. Duncan); 1 at Jackson View Park (Leon) 14-16 Nov (A. Wraithmell); 1 at O’Leno SP (Columbia) 16 Nov (P. Burns); 1 at Florida Cav- erns SP 29 Nov (R. & L. Smith). Golden-crowned Kinglet: 1 at Tall Timbers 4 Nov (E. Schunke); 3 at Florida Caverns SP 29 Nov (R. & L. Smith). ^Northern Wheatear: 1 at Long Key SP 24 Oct (-i-fide A. Harper). Veery: 1 at Madison Blue Springs SP (Madison) 1 Sep (A. Wraithmell); 2 at John Ches- nut Park 7 Sep (T. Mast); 4 at James E. Gray Preserve 17 Sep (K. Tracey); 6 at Key Vista Nature Park 4 Oct (D. Gagne, B. Pranty); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 26 Oct (J. Hanson). Gray-cheeked Thrush: 15 at Key Vista Nature Park 4 Oct (D. Gagne, B. Pranty). 96 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Swainson’s Thrush: 1 at Gulf Breeze 5 Sep (B. Duncan); 75 at Key Vista Nature Park 4 Oct (D. Gagne, B. Pranty); 1 at Washington Oaks SP (Flagler) 31 Oct (G. Williams); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 12 Nov (M. O’Sullivan); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 12 Nov (E. Plage). Hermit Thrush; 1 at Fort Pickens 15 Oct (J. Callaway). Wood Thrush: 4 at Honeymoon Island SP 5 Oct (T. Kalbach); 4 at Fred Howard Park 17 Oct (M. Burns); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 9-11 Nov (B. Boeringer et al.). American Robin: 1 adult feeding a juvenile at Gainesville 24 Aug (+G. Parks) provided the first breeding record for Alachua. Gray Catbird: 1 at Bonner Park 19 Sep (C. Paonessa); 164 at Honeymoon Island SP 11 Oct (E. Kwater). American Pipit: 2 at St. Marks NWR 19 Oct (R. Smith); 2 at Research Road, Everglades NP 3 Nov (L. Manfredi); 200 at Bunnell 20 Nov (M. Brothers). Sprague’s Pipit: 4 at Apalachicola 29 Nov-EOS (L. Gridley, J. Murphy). Cedar Waxwing: 6 at Dunedin Hammock Park 15 Oct (C. Gjervold); 1 at John Chesnut Park 19 Oct (C. Yilmaz). Lapland Longspur: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 8 Oct C+T. Dunkerton). Ovenbird: 12 at Sawgrass Lake Park 7 Sep (S. Tavaglione); 11 at Saddle Creek Park (Polk) 21 Sep (B. Snow); 20 at Fakahatchee Strand Preserve SP {Collier) 11 Oct (B. Roberts). Worm-eating Warbler: 1 at Bolen Bluff Trail 5-9 Aug (M. O’Sullivan); 2 at Sawgrass Lake Park 7-9 Sep (S. Tavaglione et ah); 1 at Key Vista Nature Park 4 Oct (D. Gagne, B. Pranty). Louisiana Waterthrush: 32 at Lake Apopka NSRA 15 Aug (H. Robinson); 1 at Hillsbor- ough River SP 9 Sep (C. Fisher). Northern Waterthrush: 40 at Lake Apopka NSRA 20 Sep (H. Robinson). Golden-winged Warbler: 1 at Poe Springs {Alachua) 12 Sep (M. Manetz); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 17 Sep (M. Harris); 1 at Palm Point Park 18-26 Sep (M. O’Sullivan); 1 at Weekiwachee Preserve 20 Sep (A. & B. Hansen); 1 at Sawgrass Lake Park 21-26 Sep (R. Geisler); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 23 Sep (E. Plage) & 4 Oct (R. Smith); 1 at Coleman Landing Park {Sumter) 28 Sep (C. Fredricks, W. Jones et al.); 1 at Key Vista Nature Park 4 Oct (D. Gagne, B. Pranty); 3 at Fort De Soto Park 4 Oct (R. Smith et al.); 1 at Pace {Santa Rosa) 16 Oct (D. Stangeland); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 18-19 Oct (R. Torres); 1 at Long Key SP 23 Oct (A. Harper); 1 at Lettuce Lake Park 31 Oct (J. Rosenfeld). Blue-winged Warbler; 1 at Saddle Creek Park 25 Aug (D. Estabrooks); 2 at Pa 3 mes Prai- rie Preserve SP 31 Aug (M. Manetz); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 10 Sep (-i-M. Harris); I at Sawgrass Lake Park 11 Sep (J. Miller); 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 11-13 Sep (E. Kwater, T. Kalbach); 1 at Long Key SP 16 Sep (A. Harper); 1 at Zephyrhills 20 Sep (J. Strong); 1 at Reddie Point Preserve 21 Sep (A. Turner); 1 at Saddle Creek Park 27 Sep (C. Fredricks et al.); 3 at Fort De Soto Park 4 Oct (R. Smith et al.). “Brewster’s” Warbler: 1 at Sawgrass Lake Park 14 Sep (M. Burns, -i-S. Tavaglione); 3 at Inverness 11 Sep (-i-E. & M. Smith). “Lawrence’s” Warbler: 1 at Pa 3 mes Prairie Preserve SP 31 Aug (M. Manetz). Prothonotary Warbler: 2 at Philippe Park {Pinellas) 1 Aug (R. Smith, R. Harrod); 1 at Lower Chipola River 23 Oct (J. Mays). Swainson’s Warbler: singles at Saddle Creek Park 25 Aug-27 Sep (D. Estabrooks, R. Morris et al.); 1 at Hillsborough River SP 6 Sep (C. Fisher); 1 at Possum Long Pre- serve {Martin) 9 Sep (h-N. Price); 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 13-14 Sep (T. Kalbach, E. Kwater); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 15 Sep (A. & M. Abreu); 1 at O’Leno SP 3 Oct (J. Krummrich) 1 at Fort De Soto Park 4 Oct (R. Smith et al.); 1 at Long Key SP II Oct-EOS (B. Ahern, K. Ross et al.). Field Observations 97 Nashville Warbler: 1 at Central Winds Park 26 Sep (J. Thornton); 2 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 28 Sep (A. Zions); 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 3 Oct (T. Kalbach); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 5 Oct (M. Burns et al. ) & 15 Oct (S. Tavaglione); 1 at Gulf Breeze 5 Oct (B. & L. Duncan); 1 at Fort Pickens 19 Oct (C. Cox); 1 at Spanish River Spark 19 Oct (C. Callaghan); 1 at Middle Lake 20 Oct (D. Gagne); 1 at Taminco 20-27 Oct (B. Furlow et al.); 1 at Richardson Park 22 Oct (R. Titus); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 12-16 Nov (M. O’Sullivan). Connecticut Warbler; 1 at Bolen Bluff Trail 12 Oct (I. Rodriguez). *MacGillivray’s Warbler: 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 21 Oct (C. Goodrich); 1 at Boca Chica Beach 14 Nov (C. Goodrich). Mourning Warbler; 1 at Gulf Breeze 7 Sep (B. & L. Duncan); 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 20 Sep (T. Kalbach et al.). Kentucky Warbler: 1 at Pam Callahan Nature Preserve {Hillsborough) 16 Aug (C. Fish- er); 1 at Bonner Park 17 Aug (R. Smith); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 10 Sep (M. Harris); 1 at Bolen Bluff Trail 17 Sep (J. Leavens). Common Yellowthroat: 91 at Lake Apopka NSRA 20 Sep (H. Robinson). Hooded Warbler: 1 at John Chesnut Park 3 Aug (M. Gardler); 7 at Aripeka Sandhills Preserve 17 Aug (D. Gagne). American Redstart; 2 at Sawgrass Lake Park 1 Aug (R. Smith, R. Harrod); 60 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 28 Sep (M. Brothers et al.); 50 at Fort De Soto Park 4 Oct (P. Plage et al.). Cape May Warbler; 1 at Fort De Soto Park 20 Sep (-i-S. McNemar); 1 at Gainesville 24 Oct-EOS (S. Ewing et al.); 1 at Valrico 6-16 Nov (S. Backes). Cerulean Warbler: 1 at Eagle Lake Park 11 Aug (J. Clayton, S. Tavaglione); 1 at Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR 15 Aug (D. Reed); 1 at Bolen Bluff Trail 21-23 Aug (M. O’Sullivan); 1 at San Felasco Hammock Preserve SP 24 Aug (J. Martin); as many as 3 at Sawgrass Lake Park 3-7 Sep (J. Miller) & 1 there 20 Sep (B. Ahern et al.); 1 at Silver Springs SP 9 Sep C+G. Williams); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 10 Sep (-i-M. Har- ris); 1 male at Pam Callahan Preserve 17 Sep (C. Cox); 1 at Pinecraft Park 17 Sep (J. Fisher); 1 at Evergreen Cemetery 11-13 Oct (R. Titus). Magnolia Warbler; 15 at John Chesnut Park 4 Oct (T. Mast); 35 at Fort De Soto Park 4 Oct (R. Smith et al.); 1 at Pam Callahan Nature Preserve 9 Nov (C. Fisher). Bay-breasted Warbler: 1 at Lakeland 5 Oct (R. Morris); 1 at James E. Gray Preserve 6 Oct (B. Pranty); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 6 Oct (E. Plage); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 17 Oct (A. Harper); 5 at Kiwanis Park {Charlotte) 18 Oct (J. Bouton); 2 at Long Key SP 23 Oct (A. Harper). Blackburnian Warbler: 4 at Sawgrass Lake Park 16 Aug (E. Haney) & as many as 25 there 7-9 Sep (R. Smith et al.); 30 at James E. Gray Preserve 17 Sep (K. Tracey); 6 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 20 Sep (C. Cox). Yellow Warbler; 2 at Philippe Park 1 Aug (R. Smith, R. Harrod); 46 at Lake Apopka NSRA 15 Aug (H. Robinson); 179 at Robert K. Rees Park 18 Sep (K. Tracey); 1 at Myakka River SP 7 Nov (D. Sauvageau). Chestnut-sided Warbler: 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 6 Sep (T. Kalbach); 12 at James E. Gray Preserve 17 Sep (K. Tracey); 30 at Fort De Soto Park 4 Oct (R. Smith et al.). Blackpoll Warbler: 1 at Gulf Breeze 19 Sep (B. Duncan); 1 at Lori Wilson Park {Bre- vard) 23 Sep (P. Mansfield); 1 at Sawgrass Lake Park 25 Sep (C. Cox); 2 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 30 Sep-4 Oct (M. O’Sullivan, C. Burney). Black-throated Blue Warbler; 87 at Long Key SP 23 Oct (A. Harper); 1 at Gulf Breeze 8 Nov (B. Duncan). Black-throated Green Warbler: 15 at Fort De Soto Park 4 Oct (C. Cox); 1 at Fort George Island {Duval) 5 Oct (L. Royce); 1 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 15 Nov (E. Kwater). Canada Warbler; 1 female at Honeymoon Island SP 6 Sep (T. Kalbach); 1 at Blackwater Creek Preserve {Hillsborough) 9 Sep (-i-J. Strong) provided the first Hillsborough re- 98 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST cord; 1 at Optimist Park {Leon) 9 Sep (E. Schunke); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 10 Sep (+M. Harris); 1 at Turkey Creek Sanctuary 13 Sep (R. Book); 1 at Long Key SP 14 Sep (A. Harper et al.); 1 at Leffis Key 14 Sep (J. Mangold et ak); 3 in Alachua 18-28 Sep (G. Parks, J. Sulek, A. Kent et al.); 1 female at Cockroach Bay Preserve 20 Sep (C. Cox); 1 at Lettuce Lake Park 20 Sep (J. Rosenfeld); 1 at Palm Point Park 26-28 Sep (M. O’Sullivan); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 20 Oct (-i-R. Blair). Wilson’s Wakbler: 1 male at Fort De Soto Park 10 Sep & 1 female there 23-24 Sep & 4 Oct (E. Plage et al.); 1 female at Honeymoon Island SP 13 Sep (T. Kalbach); 1 at Red- die Point Preserve 24 Sept (L. Royce); 1 at Spanish River Park 3 Oct (C. Callaghan); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 4 Oct (N. LaFramboise); 1 at Gainesville 7 Oct (R. Rob- inson); singles at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 17 & 27 Oct (R. Diaz); 2 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 26 Oct (A. & M. Abreu); 1 male at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary 28 Oct (J. Aitchison); 1 at Tallahassee 12 Nov (A. Wraithmell); 1 at Reddie Point Preserve 16 Nov (T. Rohtsalu). Yellow-breasted Chat: singles at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 28 Sep-11 Nov (A. Zions et al.); 1 at Leffis Key {Manatee) 4 Oct (J. Ginaven); 1 at Brooker Creek Preserve 21 Oct (T. Mast); 1 at Tall Timbers 12 Nov (E. Schunke); 1 at Felts Preserve {Manatee) 14 Nov (-I-W. Meehan). Bananaquit; 1 at John D. MacArthur Beach SP {Palm Beach) 29 Nov (-i-D. O’Malley). Cuban Grassquit: 1 at Miami 3 Aug (E. Bugallo) presumed to be of captive origin. Chipping Sparrow: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 27 Nov (-i-R. Smith). Clay-colored Sparrow: 1 at Bald Point SP 30 Sep (J. Murphy); 1 at Alligator Point 12 Oct (D. Asbell); 1 at Fort Zachary Taylor SP 17 Oct (A. Harper); as many as 3 at Fort Pickens 19-22 Oct (C. Cox et al.); 1 at Clermont 19 Oct (J. Stefancic); 1 at Okaloosa STF 20 Oct (B. Purdy); 1 at Brooker Creek Preserve 3 Nov (C. Gjervold et al.); 1 near Weedon Island Preserve {Pinellas) 4 Nov (R. Smith et al.); 2 at Everglades WMA 2B {Broward) 8 Nov (S. Kaplan); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 12 Nov (M. O’Sullivan); 1 at Hague Dairy 14 Nov (J. Hintermister); 1 at Homosassa Springs {Citrus) 25 Nov (K. Brabble). Field Sparrow: 1 at Research Road, Everglades NP 2-3 Nov (B. Showier); 1 northwest of Dade City 20 Nov (D. Gagne). Vesper Sparrow: 1 at Hague Dairy 23 Oct (M. O’Sullivan); 10 at Auton Road 15 Nov (D. Gagne); 4 north of Punta Gorda {Charlotte) 23-EOS Nov (-i-D. Peacock, M. Manetz) provided the first Charlotte record. Lark Sparrow: 1 at Flamingo, Everglades NP 23 Aug (B. Roberts); 1 at Okaloosa STF 30 Aug (A. Wraithmell et al.); 1 at Monticello {Jefferson) 28 Aug (M. & S. Kiser); 1 at Tall Timbers 8 Sep (J. Cox); 1 at Marathon Airport 15 Sep (A. Harper); 1 at Viera Wetlands 23-25 Sep (M. Harris); 1 at Merritt Island NWR 5 Oct (T. Dunkerton); 1 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 6 Oct (M. Brothers); as many as 2 at Fort Pickens 17-22 Oct (B. & L. Duncan et al.); 1 south of Lake Jessup (Seminole) 31 Oct (G. Williams); 1 at Oviedo {Seminole) 7 Nov-EOS (B. Rohman); 1 at Lake Lisa Park 12-15 Nov (K. Tracey); 2 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 18 Nov (W. Meehan); 1 at Fort Pickens 19 Nov (B. Duncan); 1 at Peaceful Waters Sanctuary {Palm Beach) 24-25 Nov (B. Scott); 1 at Sun City Center 25 Nov (R. Webb); 1 at Lake Manatee SP {Manatee) 29 Nov (T. Ford). Henslow’s Sparrow: 1 at Huguenot Memorial Park 4 Nov (R. Clark); as many as 3 at Gum Root Park {Alachua) 12-19 Nov (A. Kent); 1 at Bald Point SP 14 Nov (J. Mur- phy); 1 at Sumatra {Liberty) 30 Nov (-i-R. & L. Smith). Le Conte’s Sparrow: 1 at Apalachicola 29 Nov (L. Gridley, J. Murphy). Nelson’s Sparrow: as many as 5 at Cockroach Bay Preserve 25 Oct-EOS (B. Ahern et al.); 4 banded at Shell Key Preserve 25 Oct (L. Deaner et al.); 1 at Emerson Point Park {Manatee) 27 Nov (-i-T. Ford). Saltmarsh Sparrow: 1 at Fort Island Gulf Beach 6 Nov (-i-M. Gardler et al.); 1 at Hon- eymoon Island SP 22 Nov (T. Kalbach); 1 at St. Marks NWR 30 Nov (J. Cavanagh). Field Observations 99 Song Sparrow: 1 at Golden Aster Scrub Preserve {Hillsborough) 15 Nov (+B. Ahern); 1 at Lake Hancock Outflow Wetland 18 Nov (J. Hintermister et al.); 1 at Wolf Branch Creek Preserve 27 Nov (B. Ahern); 1 at Banana Lake Park {Polk) 28 Nov (C. Fred- ricks, W Jones et al.); 1 at Roosevelt Wetland 30 Nov-EOS (M. Burns). Lincoln’s Sparrow: 1 at Brooker Creek Preserve 1 Nov (-i-T. Mast); 1 at Blackwater Creek Preserve 8 Nov (+C. Fisher); 1 at Oviedo 10 Nov-EOS (G. Williams); 1 at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary 13 Nov (J. Haas); 1 at Lake Hancock Outflow Wetland 18 Nov (J. Hintermister et al.); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 19 Nov (P. Mansfleld); 1 at Black Hammock {Seminole) 27 Nov (P. Hueber). Swamp Sparrow: 166 at Lake Apopka NSRA 14 Nov (H. Robinson). White-throated Sparrow: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 22 Oct (H. Robinson); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 26 Oct (D. Segal). White-crowned Sparrow: 1 at Bald Point SP 5 Oct (J. Murphy); 1 at Fort Pickens 16 Oct (B. & L. Duncan); 1 south of Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee NWR (Broward) 19 Oct (-I-S. Kaplan); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 25 Oct (F. Lee); 1 gambelii at St. Petersburg 25 Oct (-i-J. Gibson); 1 adult gambelii at 3-D Spoil Island 28 Oct (-i-L. Margeson); 1 south of Charlotte County Airport 29 Oct (D. Peacock); 1 gambelii at Honeymoon Island SP 2 Nov (C. Fredricks et al.); 1 gambelii at Fort De Soto Park 7 Nov-EOS (-I-S. Tavaglione, J. Clayton et al.); 1 adult gambeZii at Edward Medard Park {Hillsborough) 14 Nov (-i-W. Barnes); 1 gambelii at Oviedo 22 Nov-EOS (G. Williams). Dark-eyed Junco: 2 at Florida Caverns SP 29 Nov (R. & L. Smith). Summer Tanager: 1 at Valparaiso {Okaloosa) 3 Nov (W. Greene). Scarlet Tanager: 1 male at Withlacoochee River Park 31 Aug (B. Pranty, V. Ponzo et al.); 7 at John Chesnut Park 4 Oct (T. Mast); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 2-17 Nov (B. Boeringer, C. Sanchez). Western Tanager: 1 at Gulf Breeze 19 Aug (B. Duncan); 1 male at Leffis Key 3 Nov (J. Ginaven, -i-K. Doddridge) provided the first Manatee record; 1 male at Tallahassee 30 Nov (R. Lengacher). Rose-breasted Grosbeak: 1 at Gainesville 8 Nov (A. Gregg); 1 at A. D. “Doug” Barnes Park 9 Nov (M. Vasi); 1 north of Tallahassee 10 Nov (B. Lloyd); 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 20 Nov (-i-R. Diaz); 1 at Largo Central Park Nature Preserve 26 Nov (K. Duncan); 1 at Boyd Hill Nature Preserve 29 Nov (-i-S. Tavaglione, R. Harrod). Black-headed Grosbeak: 1 flew into a window at Gainesville 9 Oct (fide A. Kratter, speci- men to FLMNH; UF 50544). Blue Grosbeak: 1 at Joe’s Creek Greenway 24 Nov (-i-J. Clayton). Painted Bunting: 4 at Sawgrass Lake Park 28 Oct (J. Clayton, S. Tavaglione). Dickcissel: 1 at Dog Island 19 Aug (J. Murphy); 1 at Gainesville 12 Sep (A. Kent); 1 at Anna Maria Island 30 Sep (-i-S. Cooper); 1 at Fort Pickens 5 Oct (B. & L. Duncan); 2 at Clearwater 31 Oct (T. Kalbach); 1 at St Marks NWR 9 Nov (J. O’Connell); 1 at Oviedo 16-18 Nov (-i-B. Rohman); 1 at Ocklawaha Prairie Restoration Area 23 Nov (D. Richard). Bobolink: 14 at the Okaloosa STF 14 Sep (E. Schunke); 2 at Gainesville 20 Oct (A. Krat- ter); 1 at Everglades WMA 2B 8 Nov (-i-S. Kaplan). Yellow-headed Blackbird: 23 at Sem-Chi Rice Mill 3 Oct (C. Callaghan); 1 at Green Cay Wetlands 31 Oct-24 Nov (H. Krahe); 1 at Hague Dairy 8-12 Nov (S. Runyon et al.); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 15 Nov (P. Hueber et al.). Rusty Blackbird: 1 at IP Wetlands {Escambia) 16 Nov (J. Callaway); 8 at Emeralda Marsh Conservation Area 29 Nov (-i-A. Zions); 1 at Black Hammock {Seminole) 30 Nov (P. Hueber et al.). Brewer’s Blackbird: 1 female at Bayport Park 7 Nov-EOS (J. McKay); 2 at Concord Road 22 Nov (E. Schunke). Boat-t aile d Crackle: 1 torreyi at DeLeon Springs {Volusia) 8 Nov (-i-M. Brothers); 1 with pale irides at Bayport Park 16 Nov (+B. Pranty, V. Ponzo). 100 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Shiny Cowbird: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 22 Aug (H. Robinson); 20 at Flamingo, Ever- glades NP 23 Aug (B. Roberts); 1 at Sem-Chi Rice Mill 3 Oct (C. Callaghan); 10 at Homestead 22-23 Oct (G. Hawkins). Bronzed Cowbird: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 19 Aug (J. Clayton); 1 at Leesburg 22 Aug (-i-L. Streeper); 1 at Flamingo, Everglades NP 23 Aug (B. Roberts); 1 female at Ann Dever Regional Memorial Park {Charlotte) 27 Aug C+D. Emlin); 1 at St. Petersburg 19 Sep (J. Clayton); 1 male at Hague Dairy 15 Oct-2 Nov (S. Ewing et al.); 1 at Egmont Key 23 Oct (P. Plage); 1 at Cedar Key 11 Nov (G. Parks); 1 at Eastpoint {Franklin) 29 Nov (L. Gridley); 1 at Apalachicola 29 Nov (L. Gridley, J. Murphy); 1 at Pensacola 29 Nov (A. & D. Forster); 1 in west Pasco 30 Nov (K. Tracey). Orchard Oriole: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 6 Sep (-i-J. Mangold); 1 at Valrico 8-15 Nov (S. Backes). Baltimore Oriole: 3 at Honeymoon Island SP 19 Sep (T. Kalbach); 1 dark-colored adult male at Tallahassee {Leon) 31 Oct - 27 Nov (G. Simmons); 1 at Pensacola 16-17 Nov (V. Hedrick). Purple Finch: 2 at Cantonment {Escambia) 8 Nov (J. Callaway); 1 male at Merritts Mill Pond {Jackson) 25 Nov (-i-M. Cousin); 4 at Concord Road 28 Nov (R. & L. Smith). House Finch: 1 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 17 Oct (R. Diaz). Pine Siskin: 4 at Alligator Point 10 Nov (J. Murphy); 1 at New Port Richey 13 Nov (D. Gagne); 1 at Lake Jackson 16 Nov (E. Schunke); 1 at Gainesville 22 Nov (S. Ewing); 6 at Florida Caverns SP 29 Nov (R. & L. Smith). American Goldfinch: 1 at Tall Timbers 8 Sep (J. Cox); 1 at Gainesville 6 Oct (A. Kratter). Yellow-fronted Canary: 2 at Jack Puryear Park {Pinellas) 25 Nov (-i-J. Clayton). Village Weaver: 1 at Vista Beach {Broward) 9 Nov (G. Ellis). Northern Red Bishop: 1 at Vero Beach 5 Aug (B. Wagner). Zebra Finch: 1 at Ormond Beach 14 Oct (M. Wilson). Scaly-breasted Munia: 5 at Kendall 18 Aug (S. Perez); as many as 6 including 1 juvenile at Matheson Hammock Park 21 Oct-8 Nov (-i-G. Hawkins et ah). Pin-tailed Whydah: 1 at Virginia Key 20 Aug (-i-B. Trentler); 1 male at Brandon 25 Oct (-I-G. Veazey). Contributors: Kathy Abbott, Angel & Mariel Abreu, Brian Ahern, Julie Aitchison, Jim Allison, Bruce Anderson, Trina Anderson, Daphne Asbell, Steve Backes, Peggy Backer, Wally Barnes, Joan Becker, Roberta Blair, Roy Book, Jeff Bouton, John Boyd, Andrew Boyle, Michael Brothers, Dana Bryan, Ezequiel Bugallo, Chris Burney, Mark Burns, Patricia Burns, Jennifer Burris, Chris Callahan, Corey Callaghan, Jerry & Brenda Callaway, Carol Cassels, Jim Cavanagh, Roger Clark, JoAnna Clayton, Sandy Cooper, Michelle Cousin, Cameron Cox, Jim Cox, Richard Cressman, Jack Crittenden, Kevin & Marie Dailey, Susan Daughtrey, Lloyd Davis, Lauren Deaner, Robin Diaz, Maria Di Rosa, Kathy Doddridge, Bob & Lucy Duncan, Kathy Duncan, Tom Dunkerton, Rich Eginton, Dan Emlin, Margaret England, Daniel Estabrooks, Samuel Ewing, Lenny Fenimore, Charlie Fisher, Jeff Fisher, Joe FitzGerald, Tony Ford, Ann & Dan Forster, David Foster, Mitch Fox, Cole Fredricks, Bruce Furlow, Dave Gagne, Murray Gardler, Jerry Gibson, Sarah Gilmore, John Ginaven, Colin Gjervold, Marcello Gomes, Larry Goodman, Carl Goodrich, Dave Goodwin, Wendi Greene, Rick Greenspun, Austin Gregg, Larry Gridley, Cheryl Ann Griffin, Debbie & Colin Grimes, Jason Guerard, Alan Gurney, John Haas, Roger Hammer, Al & Bev Hansen, Janet Hanson, Alex Harper, Mitchell Harris, Gerry Hawkins, Vaughan Hedrick, Roy Herrera, Claire Herzog, Monica Higgins, John Hintermister, Chris Hooker, Earl Horn, Paul Hueber, Mark & Lisa Hughes, Frank Izaguirre, Susan Jacobson, Lydia Johnson, Brant Julius, Tim Kalhach, Steve Kaplan, Les Kelly, Pamela Kelly, Adam Kent, Mark & Selena Kiser, Bob Knight, Alan Knothe, Steven Kobb, Holly Krahe, Jim Krakowski, Andy Kratter, Jerry Krummrich, Ed Kwater, Keith Laakkonen, Bill & Nancy LaFramboise, Nathan Langwald, Patrick & Doris Field Observations 101 Leary, Gary & Janet Leavens, Felicia Lee, Jim Leckrone, Todd Legath, Rob Lengacher, Charlene Leonard, Brian Lloyd, Robert Ludlow, Mike Manetz, Larry Manfredi, John Mangold, Steve Mann, Phyllis Mansfield, John Martin, Tom Mast, Jonathan Mays, Jim McKay, Mike McMillian, Wendy Meehan, Deena Mickelson, Jeff Miller, Roy Morris, Steve Mullin, John Murphy, Nancy Murrah, Roger Newell, Jeff O’Connell, Dan O’Malley, Matt O’Sullivan, Pam Overmyer, Jose Padilla-Lopez, Geoff Parks, France Paulsen, Dennis Peacock, Stephen Perez, James Pfeiffer, Bill Phelan, Bruce Pickholtz, Eric Plage, Troy & Nicole Ploger, Valeri Ponzo, Bill Pranty, Matthew Press, Bruce Purdy, Brian Rapoza, Diane Reed, Sandra Reed, Douglas Richard, Bob Richter, Dotty Robhins, Bryant Roberts, Don Robinson, Ron Robinson, Ignacio Rodriguez, Brook Rohman, Thomas Rohtsalu , Jon Rosenfeld, Kerry Ross, Rex Rowan, Lesley Royce, Shane Runyon, Charlie Saleeby, Danny Sauvageau, Pam Schneider, Elliot Schunke, Bart Scott, Debbie Segal, Barbara Shea, Bob Showier, Jody Shugart, Glenda Simmons, Scott Simmons, Bob Simons, David Simpson, Ron Sinclair, Effie & Mike Smith, Marvin Smith, Ron Smith, Buck Snelson, Bob Snow, Daniel Stangeland, William Steele, Joyce Stefancic, Monte Stickel, Owen Strickland, Leann Streeper, Owen Strickland, Joel Strong, Jacqui Sulek, Malcolm Swan, Bryan Tarbox, Sue Tavaglione, John Thornton, Russ Titus, Roberto Torres, Brandon Trentler, Anne Turner, Mark & Sandy Turner, George Vaezey, Michael Vasi, Billi Wagner, Ray Webb, Chuck Weber, Joel Wilcox, Sharon Wilcox, Meret Wilson, Cynthia Worthington, Travis Young, and Adam Zions. Report prepared by Brian Ahern, state compiler (629 Gail Avenue, Temple Terrace, Florida 33617, ). Regional compilers are Bruce H. Anderson (2917 Scarlet Road, Winter Park, Florida 32792, ), Kevin Dailey (6661 Beatrix Street, Jacksonville, Florida 32226, ). Bob and Lucy Duncan (614 Fairpoint Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561, ), Charlie Ewell (115 SW 51st Terrace, Cape Coral, Florida 33991, ), Bev Hansen (6573 Pine Meadows Drive, Spring Hill, Florida 34606, ), John Murphy (766 Alligator Drive, Alligator Point, Florida 32346, ), and Ron Smith (1500 85th Avenue North, St. Petersburg, Florida 33702, ). BE A FRIEND OF FFN Florida Field Naturalist is the journal of FOS, an important communication vehicle for the Florida scientific and birding community. Increasing costs need to be offset with a combination of member dues and contributions. Please consider a donation of $50, $100, $200 or more to FRIENDS OF FFN. 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Wuepper Michael Brothers Wade Nolan Ann Paul Anthony White Stuart R. Wilson 102 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY M. C. Bowman. 1978. Species Index to Florida Bird Records in Audubon Field Notes and American Birds, Volumes 1-30, 1947-1967. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 1. xii + 43 pages. $4. J. A. Cox. 1987. Status and Distribution of the Florida Scrub Jay. Flor- ida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 3. vii -i- 110 pages. $8. R. W. Loftin, G. E. Woolfenden, and J. A. Woolfenden. 1991. Florida Bird Records in American Birds and Audubon Field Notes (1947- 1989): Species Index and County Gazetteer. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 4. xiv -i- 99 pages. $8. R. W. Loftin. 1991. West Indian Bird Records in American Birds and Audubon Field Notes (1947-1990): Species Index by Islands. Flor- ida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 5. ix -i- 90 pages. $8. W. B. Robertson, Jr. and G. E. 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