FOS “Florida Scientist Volume 42 Winter, 1979 No. § ISSN: 0098-4590 CONTENTS Salinity Preference in Fresh Water and Estuarine Snakes Seetoden stpedon and N. fasciata) .......... 2.000.060... David A. Zug and William A. Dunson ] Biological Characteristics of Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Tampa Bay and the Shallow Waters of the Reem! WMIEXICO. ...0.5..0..200............ John M. Lawrence and Paula F. Dehn 9 Distribution, Habitat Preference and Status of Populations of the Black Creek Crayfish, Procambarus (Ortamannicus) pictus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) ........ Richard Franz and Lea M. Franz 13 The Largest Dire Wolf: Late Pleistocene of Northern Florida David D. Gillette 1% The WISC-R Compared with the WISC and Implications as a Diagnostic Tool for School Placement .................0...... Anita N. Griffiths 22 Low Frequency Nearshore Current Fluctuations on Florida's fremies) Bast Coast................,..... Ortwin von Zweck and David A. Hale 26 A Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Enrichment on the Macrobenthos in an East-Central Florida Lagoon ............ R. E. Grizzle 33 Effect of Salt on Seed Germination and Transplant Survival Ll ELSE SO ee en Alexander A. Csizinszky 43 First North American Continental Record of the Longfin Mako (Isurus paucus Guitart Manday)..Jon W. Dodrill and R. Grant Gilmore 52 Geers sar Bight Texas Mammals...................../........ Kenneth T. Wilkins, William J. Boeer, Duke S. Rodgers and William S. Modi 59 Discovery of the Percid Genus Aminiocrypta (Pisces) in the Apalachicola Pramace, Plorida..................... Wayne C. Starnes and Lynn B. Starnes 61 Anomalous Occurrence of Lip Projection on Carpiodes cyprinus Hal A. Beecher 62 Distribution and Significance of Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. 8 eS ee John L. Brolmann 63 QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE FLORIDA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FLORIDA SCIENTIST QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE FLORIDA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Copyright © by the Florida Academy of Sciences, Inc. 1979 Editors: Walter K. Taylor and Henry O. Whittier Department of Biological Sciences University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida 32816 The FLoripa Scientist is published quarterly by the Florida Academy of Sciences, Inc., a non-profit scientific and educational association. Membership is open to indi- viduals or institutions interested in supporting science in its broadest sense. Applica- tions may be obtained from the Executive Secretary. Both individual and institutional members receive a subscription to the FLoripa ScientTisT. Direct subscription is available at $13.00 per calendar year. 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WALSH 737 North Greenway Drive Microbiology Department Coral Gables, Florida 33134 Orange Memorial Hospital Orlando, Florida 32806 President-Elect: Dr. JosePH L. SIMON Biology Department Executive Secretary: Dr. HARVEY A. MILLER University of South Florida Florida Academy of Sciences Tampa, Florida 33620 810 East Rollins Street Orlando, Florida 32803 Secretary: Dr. H. Epwin STEINER, JR. Department of Education Program Chairman: Dr. MARGARET GILBERT University of South Florida Department of Biology Tampa, Florida 33620 Florida Southern College Lakeland, Florida 33802 Published by the Florida Academy of Sciences, Inc. 810 East Rollins Street Orlando, Florida 32803 Printed by the Storter Printing Company Gainesville, Florida Florida Scientist QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE FLORIDA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Walter K. Taylor, Editor Henry O. Whittier, Editor Volume 42 Winter, 1979 No. 1 Biological Sciences SALINITY PREFERENCE IN FRESH WATER AND ESTUARINE SNAKES (NERODIA SIPEDON AND N. FASCIATA) Davip A. ZuG AND WILLIAM A. DuNSON Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 AssTtrRACtT: Salinity preference in aquatic snakes was measured in a divided aquarium over a 6 hr period. Comparative studies were made on 5 species of snakes from marine, estuarine, and fresh- water habitats: Nerodia fasciata pictiventris, fresh-water Florida banded water snake; N. f. com- pressicauda, estuarine mangrove snake; N. s. sipedon, fresh-water northern water snake; Laticauda colubrina, marine banded sea snake; and Cerberus rhynchops, marine homalopsid snake. All 3 Nerodia and L. colubrina preferred fresh water to sea water (35%); C. rhnynchops showed a random distribution. Severe dehydration of one C. rhynchops by submersion in sea water for 109 da without feeding led to a strong preference for fresh water. The Nerodia races showed random distributions in two types of control tests, in which both sides of the aquarium contained fresh water, or both sides contained sea water. Both N. f. pictiventris and N. f. compressicauda preferred fresh water to 50% sea water (17.5%). At 15% sea water (5.5%), N. f. compressicauda still preferred fresh water, while N. f. pictiventris showed a slight preference for the 15% sea water. At 10% sea water (3.5%), N. f. compressicauda again preferred fresh water, whereas N. f. pictiventris showed no significant pref- erence for either salinity. N. f. compressicauda also preferred fresh water to 2 of 3 solutions osmot- ically similar to 35%o sea water, 0.5 Molal NaCl and 0.5 Molal KCl. There was a random distribu- tion between fresh water and 1.0 Molal sucrose. Some preliminary experiments were performed on N. s. sipedon to determine the sense organs involved in the preference for fresh water over 35%o sea water. Blockage of olfaction and the vomeronasal system had no apparent effect on the snakes’ pref- erence for fresh water. It is possible that oral sensory papillae and/or general oral gustation are in- volved in salinity perception. ° OnLy a limited number of reptiles, such as the sea turtles and sea snakes, have successfully colonized the open sea. However, many other independent and divergent invasions of the coastal areas have occurred. Dunson (submitted), cites such examples as the diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin (Emy- “The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of charges from funds made available in support of the research which is the subject of this article. In accordance with 18 U. S.C. § 1734, this article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” solely to indicate this fact. y) FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 didae), the marine iguana Amblyrhynchus (Iguanidae), the several subspecies of estuarine snakes of the genus Nerodia (N. fasciata clarki, N. f. compressicauda, N. f. taeniata, N. sipedon williamengelsi, Colubridae, previously Natrix, Rossman and Eberle, 1977), and several species of rear-fanged snakes of the family Homa- lopsidae or subfamily Homalopsinae, Colubridae (Cerberus rhynchops is one ex- ample). All marine reptiles studied to date have been shown to possess 1 of 4 types of salt gland (lachrymal, nasal, posterior sublingual, and premaxillary) and a skin impermeable to sodium (Dunson, 1976, in press a; Dunson and Dunson, in press). Nerodia f. compressicauda, which appears to be in the early stages of marine evolution, probably lacks a salt gland, yet possesses other physiological mechanisms permitting long term survival in sea water. Its skin is less permeable to water and sodium and it has a lower body water influx and efflux and body so- dium influx than that of the fresh water race N. f. pictiventris, with which it in- terbreeds (Dunson, 1978, in press b, submitted; Krakauer, 1970). Dunson (sub- mitted) postulated that the high rate of sodium influx of fresh water snakes placed in sea water was the primary factor leading to drinking and subsequent death. Thus, it seems likely that the tolerance of sea water by estuarine races of N. fasciata may not be simply due to a reluctance to drink sea water as originally proposed by Pettus (1956, 1958, and 1963), but to underlying physiological and anatomical differences. This study was designed to examine the salinity preference of a variety of marine, estuarine, and fresh water species and subspecies. Pettus (1956, 1958, and 1963) tested the responses of Texas N. f. clarki and N. f. confluens in a divided tank with fresh water on one side and full strength sea water on the other. We duplicated these conditions and extended the tests to determine the effects of using intermediate salinities, of substituting other solutions for sea water, and of blocking olfaction and the vomeronasal organ. An objective procedure was de- veloped for classifying the responses of snakes that were only partly in one com- partment. Pettus’s data are seriously weakened by his failure to account for this source of variation. TANK SETup—Preliminary tests were conducted to determine the type of aquarium to be used in the behavioral assay of salinity preference in snakes. All designs consisted of a 23 liter, all glass aquarium, divided in half by a 0.3 cm thick, clear plexiglass barrier. A 10 cm high barrier, similar to that used by Pettus (1958), proved unsuccessful because of the tendency of the snakes to lie on the barrier, often completely avoiding submersion. We are unable to determine how Pettus solved this problem. The use of the barrier as a resting place was partially avoided by extending the barrier to the top of the aquarium, and drilling three 3.75 cm diameter holes, with their centers 5.0 cm from the bottom of the aquar- ium. One liter of water was placed on each side of the barrier. Up to 6 tanks were used simultaneously, and each of them was isolated within a wood frame lined by opaque curtains. This arrangement helped to eliminate unequal illumination and other visual cues. Laticauda colubrina was tested in a similarly designed 46 liter aquarium. Air temperatures ranged 23-26°C during testing; water tem- No. 1, 1979] ZUG AND DUNSON—WATER SNAKES 3 peratures ranged 22-24°C. Dechlorinated tap water was used for fresh water, and also in preparation of “Instant Ocean’”’ sea water. Salinity was measured with an American Optical Refractometer; the calibration was checked with a hy- drometer and by sodium determinations (Varian Techtron Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, model 1280, air propane flame). ANIMALS—Two species of lab-reared juvenile snakes were tested. A brood of N. s. sipedon born to a Centre County, Pennsylvania female weighed 22-27 ¢g each and was 18 mo old. A brood of N. f. pictiventris born to an Alachua County, Florida female weighed 10-14 g each when 6 mo old. These 2 broods were main- tained in dry aquaria with continuous access to fresh water in a small bowl. Fresh water minnows (Pimephales) were offered every several days. Older wild-caught snakes were kept in dry aquaria; their tanks were flooded with fresh water ap- proximately once a week at the same time minnows were offered as food. These snakes included N. f. compressicauda (52-59 g) collected from Collier County, Florida, N. s. sipedon (45-52 g) captured in Centre County, Pennsylvania, and dog-faced water snakes Cerberus rhynchops (58-74 g) and banded sea snakes Lati- cauda colubrina (65-75 g) obtained from the Palau Islands. Test PRocEDURES—Preliminary tests were conducted in which several snakes were run simultaneously in the same aquarium. These group tests were discon- tinued because the snakes showed a tendency to aggregate. For each series of tests, individual snakes were initially placed into either the left or right side (half in each) of each aquarium. After introduction of the snake, a 1 hr adjustment period was allowed, followed by observation of the snake’s position every 0.5 hr over a 5 hr period. A total of 10 positions was thus observed and recorded for each snake. Most experiments involved the use of 10 individual snakes of each spe- cies, resulting in a total of 100 observed positions. Positions observed were classified according to the following possibilities: (a) The snake was entirely on one side of the barrier and was so recorded; (b) Either more or less than two thirds of the anterior portion of the snake was on one side. The observation was recorded for the side on which the head was lo- cated, with an identifying notation added to allow later discrimination between these 2 categories. This classification of the data allows many possible methods of analysis, in- cluding discard of all “equivocal” positions involving the barrier, or simply uti- lizing head position alone as the deciding factor. We decided to give equal weight to complete presence on one side and the observation that more than two thirds of the anterior body was present there; these data have been pooled. Positions involving less than two thirds of the anterior body are reported separately, were not used in the statistical analysis, and are considered to represent no preference for either side of the aquarium. Statistical analyses were performed with the chi- square test (P< 0.05 significance level). It was assumed that the snakes would show a random distribution if no preference occurred. A series of tests were run in which the salinity preference of individual snakes of various species was tested against fresh water. Sea water (SW) salinities of 39% (100% SW), 17.5% (50% SW), 5.5% (16% SW), and 3.5%. (10% SW) were 4 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 used. Control tests had either fresh water or 100% SW on both sides of the bar- rier. The response to various solutions (0.5 Molal NaCl, 0.5 Molal KCI, 1.0 Molal sucrose) similar to 100% SW in osmotic pressure but not in specific ions was tested. A preliminary analysis of the sense organ(s) used for discrimination be- tween fresh water and 100% SW was made by testing snakes after sectioning of the olfactory tract, blockage of the nares, removal of the tongue, and cauteriza- tion of the oral openings of the vomeronasal organs (Noble, 1937; Wilde, 1938; and Kahmann, 1932). SALINITY PREFERENCE BETWEEN 0) AND 35% .—The results of the first series of salinity preference tests on 3 Nerodia, Cerberus rhynchops, and Laticauda colubrina are in Table 1. Nerodia and L. colubrina preferred fresh water to sea TABLE 1. Snake salinity preference tests between fresh water and sea water (35%o) at 22-24°C. Number Trials Weight Snake Habitat/Species N Snake Range, g Salinities, %o Distribution* Fresh water N. s. sipedon 10 1 8-14 0/35 TOL 22° (3) 10 1 0/0 control 46/53 (1) 10 1 35/35 control 50/41 = (4) N. f. pictiventris 10 1 10-14 0/35 74/8" = (18) 10 ] 0/0 control 45/53 (2) 10 1 35/35 control 44/56 (0) Estuarine-marine N. f. compressicauda 10 1 52-59 0/35 76/14" (10) 10 1 0/0 control 45/51 (4) 10 1 35/35 control 46/52 (2) Cerberus rhynchops 10 1 58-74 0/35 46/48 (6) Laticauda colubrina 2 5 65-79 0/35 90/10" (0) “Number of positions shown in parentheses in which less than two thirds of the anterior body was on one side. Significant non-random distribution (P< 0.05). water. All fresh water and sea water control tests with Nerodia revealed random distributions. Cerberus rhynchops showed a random distribution in the 0/35%b tests. Only 2 L. colubrina were available, and both were kept in fresh water. Nei- ther of them had fed for a considerable time. It is possible that the state of body fluid hydration affects salinity preference. This effect was demonstrated with C. rhynchops, which under normal labora- tory maintenance conditions (slightly dehydrating) shows a random distribution. One specimen was severely dehydrated (about 15% total body weight loss) by submersion in 35% sea water for 109 da and then tested. This snake showed a marked preference for fresh water (10 observation periods in fresh water and none in sea water). It also drank 10.6 g of the fresh water within the initial 1.5 hr of testing, nearly regaining its original body weight. Nerodia s. sipedon subjected to moderate dehydration (about 5% body weight loss) showed essentially no devi- No. 1, 1979] ZUG AND DUNSON—WATER SNAKES 5 ation in 0/35%b salinity preference tests from the results previously obtained with hydrated snakes (80/18 and 80/19 in 2 animals). These data suggest that C. rhynchops, which is a highly specialized marine species with a salt gland (Dunson and Minton, 1978, Dunson and Dunson, in press), does not exhibit a preference for fresh water unless dehydrated. In con- trast, both fresh water N. fasciata and N. sipedon and a less specialized estu- arine form (N. f. compressicauda) do exhibit fresh water preference when “nor- mally” hydrated. Pettus (1956, 1958, and 1963) found that 2 Texas races of N. fasciata also preferred fresh water over sea water without regard to their re- spective habitat salinities. Such a preference may also govern the movements of estuarine N. fasciata in the field. A large aggregation of mangrove snakes (N. f. compressicauda) was found by Dunson (in press, b) in a tiny brackish pool (14% 0) on Chokoloskee Island where the surrounding estuary (22%bo) apparently lacked snakes. Because L. colubrina is a sea snake with a salt gland, its prefer- ence for fresh water seems anomalous. It is more terrestrial than any other sea snakes (Dunson, 1975) and the conditions of captivity (long term fasting in fresh water) may have biased the results. Further studies of other aquatic snakes are needed before an association can be made between salinity preference and habi- tat type. PREFERENCE TESTS IN BRACKISH SALINITIES—Nerodia f. compressicauda showed a significant preference for fresh water even in comparison with salini- ties as low as 3.5% (Table 2). Nerodia f. pictiventris showed a random distribu- TABLE 2. Salinity preference tests between fresh and brackish water for the 2 races of the banded water snake Nerodia fasciata at 22-24°C. In all cases 10 snakes were used for one trial each. Weight Snake Habitat/Species Range, g Salinities, %o Distribution? Fresh water N. f. pictiventris 10-14 0/17.5 77/18" (5) 0/5.5 37/58" (5) 0/3.5 44/54 (2) Estuarine N. f. compressicauda 52-59 0/17.5 78/18" (4) 0/5.5 78/18" (4) 0/3.5 71/29" (0) *Number of positions shown in parentheses in which less than two thirds of the anterior body was on one side. Significant non-random distribution (P < 0.05). tion in the 0/3.5%. comparison, but did show a slight but significant preference for 5.5%. compared to fresh water (Table 2). The sodium concentration of 35%o sea water is about 3 times that of reptilian plasma. Thus, it is rather unexpected to find a continued preference for fresh water by N. f. compressicauda in com- parison with a salinity as low as 3.5%. The observed difference in the apparent lower level of preference of fresh and brackish water between the 2 races is small 6 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 and may be due to an artifact. The N. f. pictiventris used were smaller and prob- ably slightly better hydrated. It would be useful to repeat these experiments with snakes matched in size and states of hydration. It seems clear there would be a tendency for the salinity preferences of these races to cause them to select similar habitats, rather than the observed distribution of N. f. compressicauda mainly in coastal brackish waters and of N. f. pictiventris in inland fresh water lakes. PREFERENCE TESTS IN SOLUTIONS OSMOTICALLY SIMILAR TO SEA WATER— The use of 0.5 Molal NaCl and KCI resulted in the customary strong preference for fresh water (Table 3). However, the chi-square value computed for the su- TaBLeE 3. Salinity preference tests with estuarine N. f. compressicauda using osmotically simi- lar solutions of NaCl, KC] and sucrose at 22-24°C. Four snakes (52-59 g) were used for one trial each. Snake Solutions Distributior® 0/0.5 Molal NaCl 37/1° (2) 0/0.5 Molal KCL 30/4? (6) 0/1.0 Molal Sucrose 26/14 (0) ‘Number of positions shown in parentheses in which less than two thirds of the anterior body was on one side. Significant non-random distribution (P < 0.05). crose test distribution was very close to the critical value; the distribution was considered to be random at the 0.95 confidence level. These results suggest the presence of a “salt’’ receptor which is sensitive to both sodium and potassium and/or chloride. The receptor involved may not be sensitive to osmotic pres- sure. However, these preliminary results are not conclusive. SENSORY PERCEPTION OF SALINE WATER—Physical blockage of the external nares with silicone grease, removal of the tongue, or cauterization of the roof of the mouth at the openings to the vomeronasal organs had no effect on the “nor- mal” salinity preference of N. sipedon (Table 4). An independent method of TABLE 4. Effect of blockage of the olfactory and vomeronasal sensory systems on salinity preference of N. s. sipedon (fresh-water northern water snake). Water 22-24°C. Number Trials Weight Preoperative Postoperative Operation Performed N Snake Range, g Salinities %o Distribution? _ Distribution? External nares blocked 2 1 22-27 0/35 1/22 Sel) 17722 5) Tongue removed 2 2 22-27 0/35 37/0" (3) 29/7" (4) Sham-tongue extended 2 2 22-27 0/35 25/10° (5) 35/4" (1) Cauterization of vomeronasal opening 2 2 22-27 0/35 32/77" ah) 33/6" (1) Sham-cauterization of lateral palatal lining 2 2 22-27 0/35 36/4" (0) 37/3" (0) Transected olfactory tract 2 4 45-52 0/35 33/4° (3) 34/3° (3) *Number of positions shown in parentheses in which less than two thirds of the anterior body was on one side. Significant non-random distribution (P < 0.05). No. 1, 1979] ZUG AND DUNSON—WATER SNAKES If ablating olfaction and vomeronasal function by sectioning the olfactory tract between the eyes of 2 snakes (Willard, 1915; Auen and Langebartel, 1977; and Wilde, 1938) likewise had no effect. It is worth noting that one of these snakes, which was wild caught, subsequently was unable to feed normally, despite show- ing intense interest in live minnows. The other individual, which was lab reared, did continue normal feeding. Burghardt and Pruitt (1975) reported that an ex- perienced snake can successfully feed despite removal of the tongue. Thus, it is likely that in at least one and perhaps in both of these 2 snakes the sectioning of the olfactory tract was complete. Most reptilian chemosensory work to date has dealt with the relative impor- tance of the olfactory and vomeronasal systems in controlling feeding and court- ship behavior in snakes (see Burghardt, 1970 for a comprehensive review of the literature). The dominance of the vomeronasal system over the olfactory system in determining the feeding behavior of snakes is generally agreed upon today (Wilde, 1938; and Burghardt, 1970). It now appears that neither olfaction nor the vomeronasal system is crucial for perception of water salinity by the fresh- water snake N. sipedon. The clear implication is there are taste receptors in the mouth sensitive to salinity. Very little is known about such organs, except that Burns (1969) has described the presence of numerous “oral sensory papillae” in sea snakes. These structures are “prominent villiform elevations of the epider- mis’ which lie in bilaterally symmetric rows parallel to the teeth rows. Oral papillae are quite prominent in N. sipedon (Fig. 1) and in several other aquatic and terrestrial species we examined (C. rhynchops, Malpolon monspessulanus, and Thamnophis sirtalis). There is certainly no firm evidence these structures are chemosensory, but the possibility is intriguing. 7 Fic. 1. Oral sensory (?) papillae of the fresh water snake Nerodia s. sipedon. Views of the roof (left) and the floor (right) of the mouth are shown approximately twice natural size. There are 4 upper and 2 lower rows of papillae (arrows). 8 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS—Supported by NSF grant BMS 75-18548 to W.A.D. We appreciate the assistance of Peter Saber and Glenn Stokes with some of the experiments. We also thank Dr. Emer- son Hibbard for the use of his photographic facilities. LITERATURE CITED AvuEN, E. L., anp D. A. LANGEBARTEL. 1977. The cranial nerves of the colubrid snakes Elaphe and Thamnophis. J. Morph. 154:205-222. BurcuHarpT, G. M. 1970. Chemical perception in reptiles. Pp. 241-308. In Johnston, J. W., Jr., Moulton, D. G., and Turk, A. (eds.). Advances in Chemoreception: Communication by Chem- ical Signals. Vol. 1. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York. BurcHARDT, G. M., AnD C. H. Pruitt. 1975. Role of the tongue and senses in feeding: of naive and experienced garter snakes. Physiol. Behav. 14:185-194. Burns, B. 1969. Oral sensory papillae in sea snakes. Copeia. 1969:617-619. Dunson, W. A. 1975. The Biology of Sea Snakes. Univ. Park Press, Baltimore. . 1978. Role of the skin in sodium and water exchange of aquatic snakes placed in sea water. Am. J. Physiol. 235(3):R151-9. . Water and electrolyte balance in reptiles. In Gilles, R. (ed.). Mechanisms of Osmoregu- lation in Animals. John Wiley, New York. (in press a). . Occurrence of partially striped forms of the mangrove snake Nerodia fasciata compressi- cauda Kennicott and comments on the status of N. f. taeniata Cope. Florida Sci. in press b. . The relation of sodium and water balance to survival in sea water of estuarine and fresh-water races of the snake Nerodia fasciata. Copeia. (submitted). Dunson, W. A., AnD M. K. Dunson. A new salt gland in a marine homalopsid snake. Copeia (in press). Dunson, W. A., ANd S. A. Minton. 1978. Diversity, distribution, and ecology of Philippine marine snakes. J. Herp. 12(3):281-286. KAHMANN, H. 1932. Sinnesphysiologische Studien an Reptilien-I. Experimentalle Untersuchungen uber das Jacobsonische Organ der Eidechsen und Schlangen Zool. Jb. Abt. Allg. Zool. Physiol. 51:173-238. Krakauer, T. 1970. The ecological and physiological control of water loss. Ph.D. dissert. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville. Noste, G. K. 1937. The sense organs involved in the courtship of Storeria, Thamnophis, and other snakes. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 73:673-725. Pettus, D. 1956. Ecological barriers to gene exchange in the common water snake (Natrix sipedon). Ph.D. dissert. Univ. of Texas, Austin. . 1958. Water relationships in Natrix sipedon (fasciata). Copeia. 1958:207-211. . 1963. Salinity and subspeciation in Natrix sipedon (fasciata). Copeia. 1963:499-504. Rossman, D. A., anD W. G. EBERLE. 1977. Partition of the genus Natrix, with preliminary obser- vations on evolutionary trends in Natricine snakes. Herpetologica. 33:34-43. Wivp_, W. S. 1938. The role of Jacobson’s organ in the feeding reaction of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linn.). J. Exp. Zool. 77:445-465. Wixxarp, W. A. 1915. The cranial nerves of Anolis carolinensis. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 59:17-116. Florida Sci. 42(1):1-8. 1979. No. 1, 1979] LAWRENCE AND DEHN—Luidia clathrata 9 Biological Sciences BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LUIDIA CLATHRATA (ECHINODERMATA:ASTEROIDEA) FROM TAMPA BAY AND THE SHALLOW WATERS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO Joun M. LAWRENCE AND PauLa F’. DEHN Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620 Asstract: The population of the primitive platyasteroid starfish, Luidia clathrata (Say) in Tampa Bay differs from those found in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico in lacking regenerating arms, having a better nutritional condition as indicated by higher caecal indices, and having a greater reproductive capacity as indicated by higher gonadal indices. The lack of regenerating arms probably is a result of lower energy water in the bay; the better nutritional condition and reproductive capacity undoubtedly reflects the better food supplies in the bay. For open waters to have localities of equal suitability would require a water depth sufficient to reduce surface water energy and to increase the amount of appropriate infaunal food.* FELL AND Pawson (1966) indicated that “the Platyasterida doubtless rep- resent a basal stock from which all other Asteroidea have evolved... [and that] a study of the physiology and ecology of asteroids such as Luidia .. . can be ex- pected to throw much light on the manner of life of the earliest Paleozoic astero- zoans. In such a study, one should evaluate the characteristics of populations found in different localities to determine the suitability of different environments for the species. Fell (1966), Pawson (1966), and Moore (1966) gave criteria for evaluating the characteristics of various echinoderm classes: rate of growth, maximum size, age at maturity, population density, and gonadal production. In addition to these, we believe that the nutritional condition of the individual is a valid criterion. In species of Luidia, the number of regenerating arms is also of interest. The lack of whole arms may indicate a requirement for nutrients for arm regeneration, a decreased capacity for storage of nutrient reserves in the pyloric caecae and for production of gametes in the gonads, and an adverse effect on the ability of the individual to move and burrow. In an earlier study (Lawrence, 1973), it became apparent that Luidia clath- rata was more abundant in Tampa Bay than in the nearby Gulf of Mexico. Collections in the two localities showed obvious differences in the number of individuals with regenerating arms and in the size of the pyloric caeca and gonads. We have quantified these characteristics of individuals from different populations to evaluate the suitability of the different environments. MATERIALS AND METHOps—Luidia clathrata (Say) were collected at Courtney Campbell Causeway in Tampa Bay, at nearby Mullet Key in the Gulf of Mexico at the mouth of the bay, and at Seahorse Reef 100-200 km N of the bay and approximately 2 km offshore. We collected in November 1971 and 1972, in January 1974, and in September 1975. Collections were made by hand at depths of less than 5 m; all animals seen were collected. The percentage of individuals *The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of charges from funds made available in support of the research which is the subject of this article. In accordance with 18 U.S.C. $1734, this article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” solely to indicate this fact. 10 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 collected with regenerating arms was calculated for each population. The nu- tritional well-being of individuals was estimated by calculating the caecal index (wet weight of the caeca X 100/wet body weight), and the reproductive capacity was estimated by calculating the gonadal index (wet weight of the gonads X 100/wet body weight) as done by Lawrence (1973). These indices were tested using the t-test (a.05). The difference between treatment means was determined by Duncan’s New Multiple Range (DNMR) test (a.05) (Steele and Torrie, 1960). ResuLts—Fig. 1 shows individuals typical of Tampa Bay and the nearby shallow waters of the Gulf. The percentage of individuals having regenerating arms was highest in the population at Seahorse Reef; none collected from Tampa Bay had regenerating arms (Table 1). Table 2 gives the caecal and gonadal indices. Individuals collected from Tampa Bay had significantly higher pyloric Fic. 1. Typical specimens of Luidia clathrata (Say) collected from Seahorse Reef in shallow water, offshore Gulf of Mexico (top) and in Tampa Bay (bottom). Bar is 5 cm. No. 1, 1979] LAWRENCE AND DEHN—Luidia clathrata 1] TaBLeE 1. Ratio of the number of individuals of Luidia clathrata (arm length > 50 nm) with regenerating arms from different localities. Locality Ratio Percentage Tampa Bay 0:45 0 Mullet Key 3:52 6 Seahorse Reef 24:28 86 caecal indices than those collected at the same time from Mullet Key in 1971 (t=2.5), in 1972 (t=5.57), and in 1975 (t= 7.60). In 1974, when collections were made from all 3 localities at the same time, the DNMR test showed a statistically significant difference between the pyloric caecal and gonadal indices of in- TaBLE 2. Pyloric caecal and gonadal indices of Luidia clathrata collected from different lo- calities. Date Organ Tampa Bay Mullet Key Seahorse Reef Nov., 1971 Pyloric caeca IPA ae Pelt (6) 8.5 + 4.3 (8) (t= 2.482°*) Nov., 1972 Pyloric caeca 12.6 + 2.9 (8) 7.2 + 1.2 (10) (t= 4.939*) Jan., 1974 Pylorica caeca 952-3 (9) 4.7 + 2.1 (9) 3.4 + 1.1 (9) Gonads 4.5 + 4.0 (10) io + 1810) 0 (10) Sept., 1975 Pylorica caeca 7.4 + 1.3 (10) Bey ap eA Gt) (t=7.70*) Means + 1 S. D. and n (in parentheses) are given. dividuals from Tampa Bay and the other two localities, but not between in- dividuals from Mullet Key and Seahorse Reef (Table 3). Discuss1on—The level of the pyloric caecal and gonadal indices undoubtedly reflects food availability. Feder and Christensen (1966) have discussed the significance of abundance and suitability of food on asteroid nutrition and re- production. Population differences in caecal and gonadal development have been attributed to differences in food for Asterias rubens (Vevers, 1949), Odontaster validus (Pearse, 1965), Pisaster ochraceus (Mauzey, 1967), and Patiriella regularis (Crump, 1971). The caecal index of starving L. clatrata decreases in size (Law- rence, 1973) and inadequate diets result in reduced gonadal development (Dehn and Lawrence, 1975). Luidia clathrata is a non-selective feeder on infauna (Hulins and Hemlay, 1963; Edwards, 1973; Lawrence, Erwin and Turner, 1974). Quiet waters with high nutritional content typically have a large infaunal popu- lation; Tampa Bay is no exception (Bloom, Simon and Hunter, 1972). TABLE 3. Statistical analysis by Duncan’s New Multiple Range test (a.05) of pyloric caecal and gonadal indices of Luidia clathrata clathrata collected from different localities in January 1974. Organ Tampa Bay Mullet Key Seahorse Reef Pyloric caeca 10.7 4.3 3.1 Gonads 5.7 1.0 0 12 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 The higher proportion of regenerating arms in the gulf populations could be due to predation or to breakage as a result of living in an area with high energy water. Recorded observations of predators on Luidia clathrata are lacking, although crabs and fish may eat arm tips. Hunt (1925) stated there were no known predators on Luidia ciliaris. On the other hand, species of Luidia are notorious for fragmentation of their arms (Forbes, 1841); arm loss might be caused by strong waves or currents. Brun (1972) suggested that the absence of L. ciliaris in some areas of the Calf of Man might be due to strong currents which affect the substratum and food sources. Based on the criteria of lacking regenerating arms, having a better nutritional condition as indicated by higher caecal indices, and a greater reproductive capacity as indicated by higher gonadal indices, Tampa Bay is a more suitable environment for Luidia clathrata than the shallow waters of the gulf. Luidia clathrata has the capacity to cope with the reduced and variable salinities found in the bay (Ellington and Lawrence, 1974). One would anticipate that other characteristics of Luidia (i.e., population density, growth rate and age at maturity) would also indicate greater suitability of the bay. For the open gulf to have localities of equal suitability would require a water depth sufficient to reduce surface water energy and to have adequate levels of the appropriate infaunal food. Luidia clathrata is known to occur in deeper waters (to 45 fathoms) where these conditions probably prevail (Bernasconi, 1943; Downey, 1973; Gray, Downey and Cerame-Vivas, 1968). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS— We thank Dr. Steve Stancyk for making possible the collections at Sea- horse Reef. LITERATURE CITED BERNASCONI, I. 1943. Los asteroideos Sudamericanos de la familia Luidiidae. An. Mus. Argent. Cienc. Nat. 41. Invertebrados Marinos. No. 7. Boom, S. A., J. L. Simon, anp V. D. Hunter. 1972. Animal-sediment relations and community analysis of a Florida estuary. Mar. Biol. 13:43-56. Brun, E. 1972. Food and feeding habits of Luidia ciliaris. Echinodermata: Asteroidea. J. Mar. Biol. Assn. U. K. 52:225-236. Crump, R. G. 1971. Annual reproductive cycles in three geographically separated populations of Patiriella regularis (Verrill), a common New Zealand asteroid. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 7:137-162. Denn, P. F., anp J. M. Lawrence. 1975. Laboratory maintenance of Luidia clathrata on a con- trolled diet. Florida Sci. 38:6. Downey, M. E. 1973. Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. No. 126. Epwarps, R. R. C. 1973. Production ecology of two Caribbean marine ecosystems. I. Physical environment and fauna. Estuarine Coastal Mar. Res. 1:303-318. ELLINGTON, W. R., AND J. M. Lawrence. 1974. Coelomic fluid volume regulation and isosmotic intracellular regulation by Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in response to hyposmotic stress. Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab., Woods Hole. 146:20-31. Feber, H. M., anp A. M. CurisTENSEN. 1966. Aspects of Asteroid Biology. Pp. 73-85. In Boolootian, R. (ed.). Physiology of Echinodermata. John Wiley and Sons, New York. FELL, H. B. 1966. The Ecology of Ophiuroids. Pp. 129-143. In Boolootian, R. (ed.). Physiology of Echinodermata. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Feu, H. B., anp D. L. Pawson. 1966. General Biology of Echinoderms. Pp. 1-48. In Boolootian, R. (ed.). Physiology of Echinodermata. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Forses, E. 1841. A History of British Starfishes and Other Animals of the Class Echinodermata. John van Voorst, London. No. 1, 1979] FRANZ AND FRANZ—BLACK CREEK CRAYFISH 13 Gray, I. E.. M. E. Downey, anv M. J. CeRAME-vivas. 1968. Sea stars of North Carolina. Fish. Bull. Fish Wildl. Serv. U.S. 67:127-163. Huincs, N. C., anp D. W. HEMuINGc. 1963. An investigation of the feeding habits of two species of sea stars. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 13:354-359. Hunt, O. D. 1925. The food of the bottom fauna of the Plymouth fishing grounds. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K. 13:560-599. Lawrence, J. M. 1973. Level, content, and caloric equivalents of the lipid, carbohydrate and pro- tein in the body components of Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Platyasteroida) in Tampa Bay. J. Ecp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 11:263-274. LawrENceE, J. M., K. ERWIN, AND R. L. Turner. 1974. Stomach contents of Luidia clathrata. (Aster- oidea). Florida Sci. 37:8. Mauzey, K. P. 1967. The interrelationship of feeding, reproduction and habitat variability in Pisaster ochraceus. Ph.D. dissert. Univ. of Washington, Seattle. Moore, H. B. 1966. Ecology of Echinoids. Pp. 73-85. In Boolootian, R. (ed.). Physiology of Echino- dermata. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pawson, D. 1966. Ecology of Holothurians. Pp. 63-71. In Boolootian, R. (ed.). Physiology of Echinodermata. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pearse, J. S. 1965. Reproductive periodicity in several contrasting populations of Odonaster validus Koehler, a common Antarctic asteroid. Biol. Antarctic Seas II. Antarctic Res. Ser. 5:39-85. STEELE, R., AND J. H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York. Vevers, H. G. 1949. The biology of Asterias rubens L: growth and reproduction. J. Mar. Biol. Assn. U.K. 28:165-187. Florida Sci. 42(1):9-13. 1979. Biological Sciences DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT PREFERENCE AND STATUS OF POPULATIONS OF THE BLACK CREEK CRAYFISH, PROCAMBARUS (ORTMANNICUS) PICTUS (DECAPODA: CAMBARIDAE) RICHARD FRANZ AND LEA M. FRANZ Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 Asstract: The Black Creek Crayfish (Procambarus pictus (Hobbs) ), is endemic to cool, steep- gradient, tannic-stained creeks in the Black Creek drainage in northeast Florida. It appears to be extremely susceptible to human interference, particularly alteration of headwater areas and pollu- tion. Currently, this crayfish is doing well but with additional pressure from urbanization, par- ticularly with its proximity to the Jacksonville metropolitan area, the species might quickly be brought to the brink of extinction. Because of this, we are recommending Procambarus pictus for the Special Concern category, as outlined in the Florida Audubon Society’s Inventory of Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida.* PROCAMBARUS (ORTMANNICUS) PICTUS was described by Hobbs as Cambarus pictus in 1940, based on specimens collected from two small creeks in Clay County in northeast Florida. Later, Hobbs (1958, 1974) stated that this cray- *The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of charges from funds made available in support of the research which is the subject of this article. In accordance with 18 U.S.C. 5 1734, this article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” solely to indicate this fact. 14 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 fish was only known from tributaries of Black Creek, and he recently indicated to us that he believed the species to be endemic to this drainage. Our interest in Procambarus pictus stems from our recent investigation of Florida troglobitic species of Procambarus. Studies by Hobbs (1958) indicated that Procambarus pictus is closely allied to the troglobitic species and in fact may actually be close to the ancestral form that gave rise to several of these cave obligates. If this assertion is correct, we have an exceptional opportunity to study the ecological and behavioral adjustments that a surface crayfish must undergo to become a troglobite. Our stream surveys in Duval, Clay, Putnam, and Marion counties reveal Procambarus pictus only in the Black Creek drainage and not in adjacent streams (with the possible exception of Governor's Creek). Hobbs (1942) listed only two localities for the species (small creeks approximately 2 [type locality] and 4 mi SW Green Cove Springs, along Fla. Hwy. 48 [now Fla. Hwy. 16], Clay County, Florida). According to the Clay County highway map (1971), the type locality is a tributary of Governor’s Creek, an independent drainage flowing into the St. Johns River at Green Cove Springs. The second locality, Peters Creek, is a tribu- tary of the lower portion of Black Creek. Hobbs (pers. comm.) was never certain of the exact place where the original series was taken and suggested that it may have been Peters Creek. Subsequent collecting by Hobbs and by us in Governor’s Creek and several tributaries failed to produce any specimens. However, we found Procambarus pictus at 24 sites in Clay County and one in Duval County including both the North and South Forks of the Black Creek drainage and their tributaries, and tributaries entering the lower, sluggish portions of Black Creek itself (Little Black, Grog, and Peters creeks) (Fig. 1). Essentially popula- tions of this crayfish frequent all cool, tannic-stained, flowing streams in the Black Creek basin; however, it is apparently absent in the sluggish lower parts and from the adjacent St. John’s River. In general, the densest populations were observed in headwater streams. Populations declined downstream, though with certain human modifications large populations can occur in larger tributaries (see below). Three types of streams contain populations—headwater streams, small tribu- taries, and large tributaries (e.g., North and South Forks). Headwater streams flow through bayheads supporting dense growths of Pinus palustris, Magnolia virginiana, Persea borbonia, Myrica cerifera, Vaccinium corymbosum, Cornus formina, and Itea virginica in the overstory and Lyonia lucida, Leucothoe axillaris, and Hypericum galioides bordering the streams. These headwater creeks are usually less than a meter wide and deeply stained from the run-off of surrounding flatwoods. These small creeks flow over frequent debris jams and tree roots. Procambarus pictus occurs in detritus accumulations on the bottoms of pools interspersed between the turbulence areas. Gambusia affinis, Siren intermedia, Amphiuma means, Rana clamitans, Acris gryllus, and an occasional Agkistrodon piscivorus, as well as the more typical pond invertebrates, are associated with the crayfish in this habitat. In small tributaries downstream the water is usually more swift and less colored; bottoms consist of sand (occasionally No. 1, 1979] FRANZ AND FRANZ—BLACK CREEK CRAYFISH 15 : ’ ye — TESS ha a 4 a ia Baldwin ( DY, | ) | ty | ! \ DUVAL COUNTY t ¥ , Heo sss ood) fa ' BAKER CO. pe! Leese SSS @ COUNTY BRADFORD COUNTY ALACHUA CO. Fic. 1. Map showing the collection sites for Procambarus pictus. The large solid dot represents the type locality, based on the mileage from Green Cove Springs as presented in Hobbs, 1942. as shifting sand), submerged and partially buried logs are common, and pooled areas are essentially absent. Here the crayfish occurs most commonly in detritus accumulations behind submerged logs and in dense mats of fibrous tree roots. Farther downstream, large tributaries have in places cut through the sandy terrace deposits, exposing the underlying yellow clays, partly indurated marls, and thinbedded limestones (Choctawhatchee Fm. of Clark, et al. 1964). These streams contain small rapids and clay riffles, with bottoms frequently scoured by the swift current; submerged logs and detritus are quickly covered with sand or washed away. The water appears yellow rather than red. In these large streams, the crayfish inhabits organic accumulations in eddies and the root sys- tems of aquatic and emergent plants, particularly Vallisneria americana, Spar- 16 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 ganium sp., Potamogeton tenuifolius, Orontium aquaticum, Batrachospermum vagum, and Juncus scirpoides. The associated fauna of the smaller and larger tributaries include Etheostoma edwini, Percina nigrofasciata, Noturus insignis, Notropis petersoni, and mayfly, stonefly, and dragonfly nymphs, typical of swift, cool streams. Both stream types are usually entrenched 0.5 to 2.0 m below the surrounding flood plain. The flood plain vegetation, consisting of Acer negundo, Liquidamber styraciflua, Betula sp., Carpinus carolinianum, Clethra alnifolia, Itea virginica, Sambacus simpsoni, Ilex decidua, Ilex opaca, and Ilex cassine, shade these creeks and keep the water cool. Data gathered in March (1976) provide the following physical and chemical profiles of streams inhabited by Procambarus pictus: headwater stream—0.006 cu m/sec, temperature 16°C pH 6.0, oxygen conc 5 ppm; small tributary (Peters Creek)—0.107 cu m/sec, temperature 17°C, pH 7.0, oxygen conc 8 ppm; large tributary (South Fork)—1.101 cu m/sec, temperature 16°C, pH 7.0, oxygen conc 8.0 ppm. The following data gathered during this study shows that Procambarus pictus is extremely susceptible to human alteration of headwater areas and pollution. Because of Black Creek’s promixity to the Jacksonville metropolitan area, the basin is receiving pressure from urbanization. Land developers have cleared large tracts of land for houses and have applied for permits to alter the creeks by damming. Destruction of forests surrounding these unique streams will cer- tainly have an adverse effect on the interesting fauna. A good illustration of this is seen at Mill Creek, a rather large tributary of the lower South Fork approximately 25 km W Green Cove Springs. Thousands of acres of flatwoods have been drained through extensive canal systems and the area laid out in city blocks delimited by raised sand roads. Erosion along road shoulders and canals has caused extensive siltation in headwater streams. Siltation and flooding in these bayheads have killed trees, opening the canopy and producing high light penetration and warm, sluggish creeks, or areas of extensive sheet wash. Super- ficially Mill Creek appears “healthy” downstream, but close inspection shows that the high sand load has obliterated the typical log jams, root mats, and aquatic vegetation. Extensive collecting at various points along Mill Creek pro- duced only 2 crayfish. Runoff from dairy farms and possibly human sewage have created essentially “open sewers’ of several South Fork tributaries originating near the town of Penny Farms. Procambarus pictus does not exist in these polluted streams. Thus, most habitat alteration leads to reduction or extirpation of Procambarus pictus. However, one situation promotes large populations. Tree removal in small sections where creeks cross the roads exposes streams to direct sunlight, pro- ducing luxuriant aquatic plant growth, particularly Orontium aquaticum, Valles- neria americana, and Batrachospermum vagum. Procambarus pictus finds abun- dant hiding places among these plants. It is under these conditions that some of the largest populations occur. However, it is apparently essential that only a small part of the creek receive this direct light, otherwise the water will be- come too warm and the populations will decline markedly or be lost. No. 1, 1979] GILLETTE—LARGEST DIRE WOLF U7. Currently, most populations within the basin are in “good condition” but the effects of urbanization have already destroyed a number of populations in head- water tributaries. That portion of the basin either in public hands or under the control of paper companies is safe for now, and current management policies assure continuance of these unique streams and their interesting fauna. However, the portions not under such control are “in trouble”. It is important that changes (or aiterations) in the Black Creek basin be monitored. For this reason, we recom- mend that Procambarus pictus be included on the list of species of Special Concern, as outlined in the Florida Audubon Society’s Inventory of Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS—We wish to thank Ray Ashton, Pat Ashton, and Sylvia Scudder for help in the field, Walter Auffenberg, Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., and Rhoda Rybak for their helpful criticisms of this manuscript, and M. Glen Rogers and Nancy Halliday for preparation of the map. LITERATURE CITED Criark, WILLIAM E., Rurus H. Muscrove, CLARENCE G. MENKE, AND JOSEPH W. CAGLE, JR. 1964. Water resources of Alachua, Bradford, Clay and Union counties, Florida. Florida. Geol. Survey, Rept. No. 35. Cray County, GENERAL HicHway Map. 1971. State of Florida, Dept. of Transportation. Hoses, Horton H., Jr. 1940. Seven new crayfishes of the genus Cambarus from Florida, with notes on other species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 89:387-423. . 1942. The crayfishes of Florida. Univ. of Florida Publ., Biological Science Series. 3. . 1958. The evolutionary history of the Pictus Group of the crayfish genus Procambarus (Decapoda, Astacidae). Quart. Florida Acad. of Sci. 21:71-91. . 1974. A checklist of the North and Middle American crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidae and Cambaridae). Smithsonian Cont. to Zool. 166. Florida Sci. 42(1):13-17. 1979. THE LARGEST DIRE WOLF: LATE PLEISTOCENE OF NORTHERN FLORIDA— David D. Gillette, Museum of Natural History, College of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho 83605 Agstract: A large skull and associated teeth of the extinct dire wolf (Canis dirus) from the Aucilla River, Jefferson County, Florida, more closely resemble dire wolves from Texas, Missouri, and Kentucky. Canis dirus may have been highly variable ontogenetically; or there may be a chronocline in dire wolf evolution, grading from small to large.* THE EXTINCT dire wolf (Canis dirus) ranged throughout southern and central United States from coast to coast during the late Pleistocene Rancholabrean Land Mammal Age (Martin, 1974; Guilday, Hamilton and McCrady, 1971; Lundelius, 1972; Galbreath, 1964; Merriam, 1912; Young and Goldman, 1944). Apparently contemporaneous in the Late Pleistocene with the living timber *The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of charges from funds made available in support of the research which is the subject of this article. In accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 1734, this article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” solely to indicate this fact. 18 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 | wolf (C. lupus) (Martin, 1974), the dire wolf was larger and the jaw and dentition were hypertrophied (Guilday, Hamilton and McCrady, 1971). Dire wolf remains from the Aucilla River, Jefferson County, Florida (Florida State Museum, Vertebrate Paleontology Specimen Nos. 19329-19344) possess some highly unusual traits potentially important in elucidating this species’ evolutionary history. Geographically, the Rancholabrean Aucilla River local fauna is in an intermediate position along with Gulf Coast dispersal corridor (Guilday, Hamilton and McCrady, 1971; and Webb, 1974). Unexpectedly, the Aucilla River dire wolf exhibits greater affinity to representatives from the Texas Gulf Coast (Lundelius, 1972) and farther inland, in Kentucky (Guilday, Hamilton and McCrady, 1971) and Missouri (Galbreath, 1964), than with those recorded from peninsular Florida (Martin, 1974). Dimensions (in mm) of the Aucilla River cranial fragment are: Length from a line across posterior ends of glenoid gossae to posterior extremity occipital condyle:61.8. Oblique diameter, glenoid fossa to posterior extremity occipital condyle:67.3. Maximum width occipital condyle:57.8. Transverse diameter squa- mosal constriction:ca. 100.0. Minimum vertical diameter, basioccipital to su- perior extremity of sagittal crest:100.0. Vertical diameter, superior border foramen magnum to posterior extremity inion (junction of sagittal and lamb- doidal crests):60.8. Minimum transverse diameter between glenoid foramina: 50.4. Transverse diameter between lambdoidal-zygomatic protuberances:101.4. Crown length-width dimensions of the Aucilla River isolated teeth are: P: 13.6-9.5; 11.6-9.2; 10.1-8.3; ca. 10.5-8.2 P?: 13.5-6.3; 16.3-6.6 P*: 24.1-7.4. Pt: 19.0-13.4; 35.0-16.7. M?: 22.0-28.8. dP,: 24.3-10.2. P,: 16.9-7.7. M,: trigonid width 13.2. These measurements compare favorably with those from large in- dividuals from the Ingleside, Texas fauna (Lundelius, 1972) and the Welsh Cave, Kentucky fauna (Guilday, Hamilton and McCrady, 1971). The dimensions for the Aucilla, Ingleside, and Welsh Cave individuals are clearly much greater than similar measurements for the representatives from peninsular Florida (Martin, 1974; Martin and Webb, 1974) and Rancho La Brea, California (Guilday, Hamilton and McCrady, 1971; and Merriam, 1912). The dentition also possesses a set of characters and proportions hitherto unrecognized in the species. The two anterior upper premolars (P’) from the Aucilla River are excep- tionally narrow in proportion to length. The length of the larger premolar is considerably greater than that of the two large individuals from Ingleside (14.8- 7.1) and Welsh Cave (14.9-7.7), while the width for the Aucilla River pre- molars is considerably less. Similarly, P® is extremely long and narrow, propor- tionally distinct from all other known dire wolves (Fig. 1). Although less pronounced, the upper fourth premolars (P*) from the Aucilla River also exhibit narrow proportions (Fig. 2). The smaller premolar represents a small individual, while the larger one is longer than any P* hitherto reported. Identification as C. dirus is based on the vestigial antero-internal cusp, which is always present and well-developed in wolves (Merriam, 1912; Young and Goldman, 1944) and is always reduced in dire wolves (Martin, 1974; Lundelius, - 1972; Merriam, 1912; Young and Goldman, 1944). The anterior width of the No. 1, 1979] GILLETTE—LARGEST DIRE WOLF 19 6 l6 I8 20 22 24 26 LENGTH Fic. 1. Dimensions, in mm, of the P* of Canis dirus, various localities; data and legend as for Fig. 3. ANTERIOR WIDTH 28 29 30 3| 32 S)5) 34 SIs) 36 LENGTH Fic. 2. Dimensions, in mm, of the P* of Canis dirus, various localities, data and legend as for Fig. 3. 20 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 largest P* is narrower than in the Ingleside specimen; this condition is attributed to the weak cusp. Dimensions for the Aucilla River first upper molar (M?’) are the largest re- ported for C. dirus in North America (Fig. 3). These measurements are sub- 30 ! Me + 28 5 i 26 ° sw A re o 24 + Aucilla River, northern Florida @ C. ayersi type (=C. dirus) = peninsular Florida Q 22 © maximum peninsular = 6 minimum ‘~" Florida © Texas 20 a Indiana, type C.dirus OG Kentucky @ Missouri maximum Pasa: 13 4 minimum &© Brea, California \7 I8 IS) 20 2| 22 23 LENGTH Fic. 3. Dimensions, in mm, of the M' of Canis dirus, various localities; John E. Guilday (pers. comm.) kindly provided corrected measurements for the type specimen (ANSP 11614); Merriam’s (1912) published measurements apparently were in error. stantially greater than those provided by Martin (1974) from peninsular Florida; they are close to the dimensions of large individuals at Ingleside, Texas (Lund- elius, 1972) and Welsh Cave, Kentucky (Guilday, Hamilton and McCrady, 1971). Similar comparisons can be made for the second and third upper premolars (P? and P*) and the lower deciduous carnassial tooth (dP,) from the Aucilla River. A dire wolf skull with partial upper dentition from an unpublished cave fauna near the Aucilla River locality (80 kilo. W. near Marianna, Florida) com- pares favorably with the small specimens to the east in peninsular Florida, and far to the west with the Rancho La Brea specimens. The cave fauna (so-called Peccary-tooth Cave fauna) includes the extinct bog lemming (Synaptomys aus- No. 1, 1979] GILLETTE—LARGEST DIRE WOLF 2) tralis), extinct quail, opossum, several species of bats, turtle, and salamander. The age is indeterminate at present, but may be reasonably assigned to the Late Pleistocene. Thus, the Aucilla River dire wolf is anomalous for its large size. The dire wolf population along the Gulf Coast may have been much more ontogenetically variable than hitherto supposed. Alternatively, there may have been a chrono- cline in dire wolf evolution with trend from small to large, but occurring over only a short timespan rather than for the full history of the species. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS—A Gerald L. Beadle Scholarship from Tall Timbers Research Station, and a research grant from the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund, American Museum of Natural History provided necessary field and laboratory expenses for completion of this study as a part of a larger project on the Aucilla River fossil vertebrates. I am grateful to D. Bruce Means and Richard Ohmes for collecting the new specimens and generously donating them to the Florida State Mu- seum. I am also grateful to John E. Guilday for reviewing the manuscript, and for graciously providing corrected measurements for the M’ of the type specimen Canis dirus. Sheilah R. Starkey and Lenis A. Hazlett assisted in research culminating in this report. LITERATURE CITED GaLBREATH, E. C. 1964. A dire wolf skeleton and Powder Mill Creek Cave, Missouri. Trans. Illinois State Acad. of Sci. 47:224-242. Guitpay, J. E., H. W. Hamitton, anp A. D. McCrapy. 1971. The Welsh Cave peccaries (Platy- gonus) and associated fauna, Kentucky Pleistocene. Annals of the Carnegie Mus. 43:249-320. Lunve.ius, E. L. 1972. Fossil vertebrates from the late Pleistocene Ingleside fauna, San Patricio County, Texas. Bureau of Economic Geol., Rept. of Investigations. 77:1-74. Makrtin, R. A. 1974. Fossil Mammals from the Coleman IIA Fauna, Sumter County. Pp. 114-145. In: Webb, S. D. (ed.). Pleistocene Mammals of Florida. Univ. Presses of Florida, Gainesville. Martin, R. A., AND S. D. Wess. 1974. Late Pleistocene Mammals from the Devil’s Den Fauna, Levy County. Pp. 5-31. In: Webb, S. D. (ed.). Pleistocene Mammals of Florida. Univ. Presses of Florida, Gainesville. MeERRIAM, J. C. 1912. The Fauna of Rancho La Brea. Vol. I and II. Univ. of California, Berkeley. Wess, S. D. 1974. Chronology of Florida Pleistocene Mammals. Pp. 5-31. In: Webb, S. D. (ed.). Pleistocene Mammals of Florida. Univ. Presses of Florida, Gainesville. Youne, S. P., AND E. A. GotpMaAN. 1944. The Wolves of North America. Reprint (1964), Dover Publ., Inc., New York. Florida Sci. 42(1):17-21. 1979. 22 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 Education THE WISC-R COMPARED WITH THE WISC AND IMPLICATIONS AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR SCHOOL PLACEMENT?! ANITA N. GRIFFITHS 1520 Commercial Park Drive, Lakeland, Florida 33801 Apstract: Twenty-one children from a second grade class were given the WISC in the spring of 1976. In December of that year they were again given a WISC, a ‘WISC-R and a Stanford-Binet. The children scored significantly lower on the WISC-R than on either of the two WISC examinations or the Stanford-Binet. This has implications for the place- ment of children in academically handicapped or gifted programs. It appears that use of the WISC-R will result in more academically handicapped and fewer gifted children in a given sample than would be the case if the WISC had been used.* THE wisc-R (Wechsler, 1974) test is being substituted for the WISC as the primary diagnostic tool for determining academic potential. The Full Scale score is commonly used as a cutoff point for the placement of children in special classes for the handicapped or special classes for the academically gifted. Swerdlik (1977) has reviewed 12 studies, both published and unpublished, which compared the results obtained on the WISC with those obtained on the WISC-R. Of these 12, only 2 were not primarily associated with EMR, SES, or some other potentially handicapped group of children. Larrabee and Holroyd (1976) compared 38 high ability children in California and Schwarting (1976) compared 58 randomly selected children ages 6-15 in Omaha, Nebraska. In addi- tion to the studies reviewed by Swerdlik (1977), Gironda (1977), and Kaufman and Van Hagen (1977) have reported similar results on EMR children. All such studies appear to indicate a reduction in the IQ score on the WISC-R as com- pared with the WISC regardless of the nature of the population sampled. SupyjEcTs—In the spring of 1976, the WISC had been administered to 26 children in a second grade class in a public school in Polk County, Florida. In December, 1976, 21 of these children were still enrolled in the same school and were retested. None of the children came from Black or Spanish-American families, but the class did include a wide range of socio-economic backgrounds. The group was composed of 11 boys and 10 girls. The ages varied from 6 yr, 3 mo to 8 yr, 11 mo at the time of the second testing in December, 1976. PRocEDURE—Although some new items have been added in the WISC-R and some of the original WISC items have been deleted, a high percentage of the items are essentially identical in the WISC to those found in the WISC-R. ‘Presented at the 1977 Annual Meeting of the Florida Psychological Association. *The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of charges from funds made available in support of the research which is the subject of this article. In accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 1734, this article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” solely to indicate this fact. No. 1, 1979] GRIFFITHS—SCHOOL PLACEMENT 23 This offers an opportunity to administer both tests simultaneously. By such administration any bias caused by counter-balancing the order of testing, or any bias as the result of growth effects due to the time interval between the two testings was eliminated. To do the simultaneous testing, where WISC items had been dropped in the WISC-R or where a new item had been added, both sets of items were included. The sequence of test items followed that prescribed for the WISC-R. Thus, it was possible to complete the testing of a child within 75 min, and if for any reason the child exhibited distress or fatigue, an opportunity to walk about the room or to pause for a few minutes was created. At the conclusion of the testing, the items were separated and were scored according to the procedure described for the WISC and then separately according to the procedure prescribed for the WISC-R. Thus, two separate results were obtained without raising the problem of a practice effect by the necessity for repeating the entire test. I administered all of the tests. Each test was given at one sitting and all were given in the morning, before lunch. Each child was given the Stanford-Binet, Form LM, at some time after the WISC and the WISC-R testing. Data Ana.ysis—Differences between the scores for the three testings for Verbal IQ (VIQ), Performance IQ (PIQ), and Full Scale IQ (FIQ) as well as the scores of the 10 subtests were determined by analysis of variance. The differences between the individual testings were further analyzed by the Duncan (1955) Multiple Range Test. The latter test was applied even though a significant difference was not found on a given subtest by analysis of variance. To compare these data with those of Schwarting (1976), a t-test analysis was made for the WISC and WISC-R tests given in the fall of 1976. ResuLts—Table 1 shows the mean scaled score, VIQ, PIQ and FIQ for each of the three tests. In addition, the mean FIQ for the Stanford-Binet is included. TaBLE 1. Comparison of WISC, Stanford-Binet and WISC-R in a second grade class. WISC WISC Spring Fall Stanford Subtest orIO_ __ 1976 1976 WISC-R Binet Information 9.6a 9.4a 8.8a Comprehension’* * 12.4a 12.6a 11.0 b Arithmetic* 10.7a 10.5a 9.4 b Similarities* ° 12.4a 12.7a 10.9 b Vocabulary** 13.8a 12.4 b elec Picture Completion 9.9ab 10.6a 9.4 b Picture Arrangement? * 11.3ab 13.la 10.8 b Block Design 10.3ab ll.la SE) 15) Object Assembly 12.1la 12.2a 11.9a Coding* * 12.4a 12.5a 10.6 b Verbal IQ** 111.9a 109.6a 100.5 b Performance IQ’ * 108.4a 113.8 b 103.5 c Full Scale 1Q°* 111.3a 112.7a 101.8 b 111.0a ° Significant at 5% level. °* Significant at 1% level. 24 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 Asterisks are used to indicate significant differences between testings as de- termined by analysis of variance. Letter designations (a, b, and c) indicate whether or not the two WISC tests and the WISC-R differed from each other for each of the subtests and for the IQs. The Stanford-Binet was included in this analysis on FIQ. Items with the same letter designation are not significantly different from each other. At the 5% level of confidence, as measured by the Duncan Multiple Range Test, the subtests for Information and Object Assembly showed no difference between the WISC-R and the two WISC tests. Picture Completion, Picture Arrangement, and Block Design were significantly lower on the WISC-R than only the latter of the two WISC tests. On the WISC-R, Comprehension, Arith- metic, Vocabulary, and Coding were significantly lower than either of the two WISC administrations. On all 10 subtests, the WISC-R average score was lower than the average score on either of the two WISC administrations. When the IQ averages were compared, the WISC-R scores were significantly lower, at the 1% level of confi- dence than the scores on either of the two WISC administrations or on the Stanford-Binet. Although FIQs between the two WISC administrations did not differ, there was a difference on PIQ for the two different application dates for the WISC. When all the individual subtest scores were compared for each child at each of the three testings, only 29% of the scores on the first WISC administration and 10% of the scores on the second WISC administration were lower than the scores on the comparable subtest for the WISC-R. In this study, 5 children on the two WISC tests and the Stanford-Binet had FIQs above 120; none scored below 90. On the WISC-R, no children scored above 120 and two scored below 90. Thus, the bell curve peak plotted from tne WISC or Stanford-Binet results is skewed above 100 to about 111, while the curve for the WISC-R peaks at about 101. Discussion—If one deemed it desirable to place a child in a program or a school for the intellectually gifted, the chances of such placement would be enhanced by giving the WISC or the Stanford-Binet rather than the WISC-R. Conversely, if it were considered desirable to increase the size of a program for the academically handicapped, administration of the WISC-R would probably increase the numbers. Schwarting (1976) was the only author found in a review of literature who apparently worked with a randomly selected normal population of children. The differences for subtests between the WISC-R and the last WISC administra- tion in this study are compared with his differences and t-values in Table 2. Schwarting’s data differ in that on the WISC-R he reported a higher average scaled score on Comprehension than was received on the WISC, and he had no significant difference on the Vocabulary subtest. In this study Object Assembly and Picture Completion were lower, but not significantly so. On the basis of his data, Schwarting formulated a procedure for predicting the WISC score from the WISC-R score. Swerdlik (1977) also reviewed some No. 1, 1979] GRIFFITHS—SCHOOL PLACEMENT DD TaBLeE 2. Comparison of the results from Schwarting’s sample of 58 children and Griffiths’ sample of 21 children. Difference in average t-value for _Score on WISC-R _ paired differences Schwarting Griffiths Schwarting Griffiths Information -0.74°° - 0.62° 2.80 2.13 Comprehension + 1.02°° - 1.67°° - 3.06 3.31 Arithmetic -0.77° - 1.09°° 2.22 3.06 Similarities -2.71°° Sli Venn 10.04 3.49 Vocabulary -0.27 — 1.28°° 1.07 3.30 VIQ -4,84°° — 9.10°° 5.01 4.09 Picture Completion =():9ilS - 1.15 2.88 1.81 Picture Arrangement -0.75° — 2.24°° 1.94 3.04 Block Design -1.38°* ll Oe 4.58 2.78 Object Assembly -0.89° - 0.38 2.36 1.31 Coding -2.23°° - 1.95°° old 3.86 PIQ -8.74°° -10.30°*° 6.47 3.79 FIQ -7.49°* -10.90°° flO 4.14 ° 5% Confidence level. °° 1% Confidence level. efforts to draw specific conclusions on relationships between the WISC and the WISC-R. However, these reports differ in both detail and magnitude from the study reported here as well as from each other, but a lower IQ with the WISC-R is a constant result. The differences between these studies suggest that manipula- tions to predict WISC-R from WISC results are premature and unjustified at this time. While the present results indicate an opportunity for manipulation of test scores if someone is so inclined, there is also an opportunity for honest confusion. Teachers and parents have put their trust in the WISC as being the most re- liable measurement for prediction of academic achievement. It is important that everyone be knowledgeable about the fact that the WISC-R cannot be used interchangeably with the WISC. These results suggest possible complications in comparing results from the WPPSI and the WAIS. Wechsler (1974) suggested a good relationship between the WPPSI and the WISC-R, but differences between the WAIS and the WISC-R. The WISC was developed in 1949, the WAIS in 1955, and the WPPSI between 1963-1976. Thus, the WISC and the WAIS were standardized in a dif- ferent time period from the WISC-R and the WPPSI. This time differential is probably the major factor in the differences. Children today are exposed to much more manipulative material and mass media than in 1955, and the WISC-R has attempted to compensate for the bias due to ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Conc usions—In general, the present findings, coupled with other reported studies, appear to indicate that children will score significantly lower for FIQ on the WISC-R than on the WISC or Stanford-Binet. All subtests will tend to be scored lower on the WISC than on the WISC-R for any individual child. If school administrators are to use the IQ as a criterion for pupil placement, it seems necessary to specify the test from which the IQ determination is to be made, and probably to use different cutoff numbers for each test. Thus, the 26 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 cutoff levels for scores on the WISC-R should be lowered from those currently in use for either the WISC or the Stanford-Binet, but additional research is needed to properly determine how much lower. LITERATURE CITED Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics. 11:1-42. Gironpa, R. J. 1977. A comparison of WISC and WISC-R results of urban educable mentally retarded students. Psychology in the Schools. 14:271-275. KaurMan, A. S., AND J. VAN HacEN. 1977. Investigation of the WISC-R for use with retarded children: Correlation with the 1972 Stanford-Binet and comparison of WISC and WISC-R profiles. Psychology in the Schools. 14:10-18. LARRABEE, G. J., AND R. G. Hotroyp. 1976. Comparison of WISC and WISC-R using a sample of highly intelligent children. Psychological Reports. 38:1077-1080. SCHWARTING, F. G. 1976. A Comparison of the WISC and WISC-R. Psychology in the Schools. 13:139-141. SWERDLIK, M. E. 1977. The question of comparability of the WISC and WISC-R: Review of the research and implications for school psychologists. Psychology in the Schools. 14:260-270. WEcHSLER, D. 1974. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (Revised). Psychological Corporation, New York. Florida Sci. 42(1):22-26. 1979. Physical Sciences LOW FREQUENCY NEARSHORE CURRENT FLUCTUATIONS ON FLORIDA’S CENTRAL EAST COAST ORTWIN VON ZWECK AND Davip A. HALE Department of Oceanography, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901’ Asstract: Nearshore current measurements in 10 m of water off Hutchinson Island on Florida’s central east coast were obtained over 40 da. Data analyses reveal independent alongshore and cros- shelf systems of subinertial waves superimposed on a weak southward, essentially alongshore mean current. The crosshelf current fluctuations appear to be wind driven, while only the 2-2.8 da along- shore current fluctuations are coherent with windstress.° NEARSHORE currents encountered on the continental shelf are characterized by a high degree of variability which spans several orders of magnitude in time and spatial scales. The low frequency fluctuations of these currents and their relation to windstress and atmospheric pressure over the inner shelf are of interest here. Lee and Mayer (1977) observed the currents over the inner shelf (< 6 m water depth) off Miami, Florida to consist of essentially alongshore fluctuations, ‘Present Address: U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Bay St. Louis, Mississippi 39522. °*The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of charges from funds made available in support of the research which is the subject of this article. In accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 1734, this article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” solely to indicate this fact. No. 1, 1979] ZWECK AND HALE—WATER CURRENTS 27 with low frequency oscillations (periods 40 > hr) accounting for 50-60% of the total observed variance. Alongshore fluctuations with periods greater than 3.5 da were highly coherent with the N-S component of the local wind, suggesting an essentially wind driven nearshore circulation. The currents near the shelfbreak off Miami are largely influenced by “spin- off’ eddies and wave-like meanders of the Florida Current. These eddies re- appear weekly, have dia between 10 and 30 km and a lifetime of 2-3 wk. Ob- servations by Lee (1975) indicate that the nearshore currents off Miami are, however, somewhat isolated from the current fluctuations at the shelfbreak. Because the shelf increases in width along the central Florida east coast northward from Miami, a reduction of the influence of the “spin-off” eddies and wave-like meanders on the circulation over the wider inner shelf may be expected, thus resulting in a predominantly wind driven circulation on the inner shelf on Florida’s central east coast. MEASUREMENT AND Data Anataysis—A 40 da record of half-hourly average current speed and direction measurements was acquired between 25 July and 3 September 1975 using an impeller driven current meter (Endeco Model 105). The meter was set at a depth of 8 m on a taut subsurface mooring located in 10 m of water 1 km offshore. The bathymetry of the area and the location of the current meter site are shown in Fig. 1. Hourly meteorological data for Miami, Vero Beach, Daytona Beach, and Jacksonville were obtained from the National Climatic Center. The meteorologi- cal data obtained from the Vero Beach Airport, about 30 km NW of the current meter site and 4 km inland, were used to represent local atmospheric conditions. Prior to time series analysis, the wind and current vectors were resolved into alongshore (340 T) and crosshelf components. Auto and cross spectrum estimates of 6 degrees of freedom were obtained by averaging over 3 adjoining raw fre- quency estimates. REsuLTs—Statistical analyses of the current meter data indicate periodic flow reversals from essentially alongshore northward to alongshore southward, superimposed on a weak, mostly southward but onshore mean current. The mean velocity is 1.5 cm/sec at 195T; the nearby coastline is oriented 160 to 340T. The diagram of 2 hourly current vectors (Fig. 2) and rotary spectral analysis of the current (not shown) reveal little rotary motion. The coefficients of varia- tion for the u (offshore) and v (alongshore northward) current components are 9.5 and 11.4%, respectively; the alongshore current component being about 17 times more energetic than the offshore component (Hale, 1976). Tidally driven currents account for 30% of the variance of the v-component, the K,, M,, O,, P,, and N, tidal constituents, in decreasing order of magnitude, being the most important components. The low frequency portion of the v-spectrum of the current (Fig. 3) exhibits 3 broad band subinertial spectrum peaks centered at 0.14, 0.45, and 0.77 cpd (periods of 7.1, 2.2, and 1.3 da, respectively). Less energetic broad band peaks in the u-spectrum occur at periods of 3.5, 1.8, and 1.2 da. Alongshore 28 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 27°40" 27°30' 27°20' 80°20! 80°10' 80° OO' Fic. 1. Site map of current meter. and crosshelf current oscillations are mutually coherent (at the 95% significance level) in 3 bands with periods of 1.3-1.6, 2.4-2.8, and 4.7-14 da. Estimates of squared coherence between the alongshore and cross shore components of windstress (7, and 7,, respectively), alongshore components of atmospheric pressure gradients, and both components of the current were ob- tained. Fig. 4 shows the coherence estimates between the u and v current com- ponents and 7, and 7, together with the 90 and 95% significance levels. The only subinertial, alongshore current fluctuations significantly coherent (> 95% significance) with both components of the windstress have a period of 2.8 da. At this period small peaks are found in the 7, and 7, spectra. Oscillations No. 1, 1979] ZWECK AND HALE—WATER CURRENTS 29 in the 2-2.8 da band, which include the peak in the v-spectrum, are also significantly coherent with r,. The spectrum of the local sea level pressure shows no distinct peaks. Spec- trum peaks were found in the alongshore component of the atmospheric pressure gradient at 1.1 cpd for the Miami-Jacksonville gradient and a 0.8 cpd for the Miami-Vero Beach gradient. Significant squared coherence between the along- shore currents and the longshore component of both the Miami-Jacksonville N 50 § “2 ~ TTT IN - A WY \ XS Nie TIME (Days) \ \ > -50 50 3 ami ih \ \ \ b- \\\ WN TY / NS a 2 ‘KY IME : LW 20 #2 (Days) : | > -50 50 € \ <— \ 8 \" W \ WINS 30 TIME (Days) ‘a \ g > -50 50 é <2 y \ A \\ N WN N! — : \N : 28 \ AIK 40 TIME (Days) 8 \) > -50 Fic. 2. Stick diagram of 2 hourly current vectors 25 July-3 September 1975. ey) i) FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 1) . (72) fa] = > IE Y) za LJ oO — 05 0.5 SQUARED SQUARED ie) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 FREQUENCY (Cpd) FREQUENCY (Cpd) (o) COHERENCE o a e COHERENCE wo a x 05 0.5 \ 0.2 0.4 0.6 08 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 08 1.0 FREQUENCY (Cpd) FREQUENCY (Cpd) SQUARED SQUARED {o) (o) Fic. 4. Squared coherence estimates between components of the windstress and current. and the Miami-Vero Beach atmospheric pressure gradient were found only at 0.77 cpd. At that frequency the coherence between Miami-Vero Beach pressure gradient and the v-component is approximately twice the coherence between the same component and the Miami-Jacksonville pressure gradient. The only significant ( > 95%) coherence between the crosshelf current and the wind is found with 7, for motions with a period of 1.2 da. If the 90% significance limit were acceptable, all oscillations corresponding to peaks in the u-spectrum would be coherent with both components of the windstress. Discusston—None of the peaks of the u and v current spectra are found to occur at the same frequency, suggesting an alongshore system of subinertial waves which is independent of a system of crosshelf subinertial current fluctua- tions. The significant coherences which are observed between the u and v com- ponents probably result from the deflection into the crosshelf direction, of the more energetic, basically alongshore but onshore subinertial oscillations, by the nearby coast. The coherence (if a 90% significance level is accepted) of the crosshelf cur- rents with both components of the windstress suggest wind forced crosshelf low frequency current oscillations. The peaks of the u-spectrums do not align with any energetic components of the windstress. The generating mechanism of the crosshelf system of current fluctuations appears to be frequency selective. The high observed coherence between v and 7, and to a lesser, but still significant, degree with 7, in the 2-2.8 da period band suggests wind forced alongshore subinertial waves, such as continental shelf waves. The available data 32 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 are, however, insufficient to determine the nature of these waves. Brooks (1975), found no evidence for the presence of shelf waves from tidal height measure- ments along the Florida east coast north of Boynton Beach. The nature and forcing of the 1.3-1.6 and 4.7-14 da period alongshore current fluctuations is also not clear. Coherent oscillations between the alongshore current and along- shore components of the atmospheric pressure gradient similar to the ones de- scribed here for the 1.3-1.6 da motions have been reported by Kielman and Diing (1974) in deeper water in the straits of Florida. A longer data record will be required to determine whether the observed 4.7-14 da current oscillations are wind induced or a result of the forcing of the inner shelf waters by meanders or spin-off eddies of the Florida Current. ACKNOWLEDGMENT-— The support of this work by the Harbor Branch Founda- tion, Inc., Fort Pierce, Florida is gratefully acknowledged. LITERATURE CITED Brooks, D. A. 1975. Wind-forced continental shelf waves in the Florida current. Ph.D. dissert. Univ. Miami. Coral Gables. Hae, D. A. 1976. Observations of the nearshore current off Hutchinson Island, East Central Florida. M.S. Thesis. Florida Inst. Tech. Melbourne, Florida. KIELMAN, J., AND W. Dwinc. 1974. Tidal and sub-inertial fluctuations in the Florida current. J. Phys. Ocean. 4:227-236. Leg, T. N. 1975. Florida current spin-off eddies. Deep-Sea Res. 22:753-765. , AND D. A. Mayer. 1977. Low-frequency current variability and spin-off eddies along the shelf of south east Florida. J. Mar. Res. 35:193-219. Florida Sci. 42(1):26-32. 1979. No. 1, 1979] GRIZZLE—MACROBENTHOS 23 Environmental Sciences A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ENRICHMENT ON THE MACROBENTHOS IN AN EAST-CENTRAL FLORIDA LAGOON R. E. Gr1IZZLE Brevard County Health Department, Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control Section, 2575 N. Courtenay Parkway, Merritt Island, Florida 32952 Asstract: A preliminary investigation was made of the macrobenthos in an enriched (by sec- ondary sewage effluents and urban runoff) east-central Florida lagoon, Sykes Creek, and in other less-enriched parts of the same system. Peterson grab samples were taken at 6 stations in Sykes Creek and at 2 control stations in the Indian and Banana Rivers, once during the summer and once during winter. Sykes Creek stations showed greater temporal variability than did the controls in almost all macrobenthic parameters measured (i.e., species diversity, density, biomass, and species ratio dif fer- ences). Sykes Creek stations also had decreased species numbers and diversity values and a pre- dominance of opportunistic species.° MACROBENTHIC INVESTIGATIONS in the Indian River region have been ongoing for several years by the Harbor Branch Foundation, Ft. Pierce, Florida. Published macrobenthic investigations of this area include Young et al. (1976), and Young and Young (1977). However, there have been no such studies in Sykes Creek. Sykes Creek is relatively enriched as a result of discharges of secondarily-treated sewage effluents and urban runoff. Consequently, it exhibits heavy phytoplank- ton concentrations, with sporadic blooms resulting in widely fluctuating dis- solved oxygen (D.O.) levels (unpublished data, Brevard County Health Dept). This study was initiated as a preliminary investigation of the macrobenthos of the enriched Creek in conjunction with other macrobenthic monitoring pro- grams related to lagoonal water quality in Brevard County. I compare prelim- inary macrobenthic and physical-chemical data collected from the enriched Creek with 2 less-enriched control areas, and discuss the relationship between opportunistic species in the macrobenthos of Sykes Creek and environmental predictability and disturbance. Stupy ArEAs—The primary study area is in the southern part of Sykes Creek, Brevard County, in east-central Florida adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean (Fig. 1). The climate of Brevard is humid and subtropical, with an annual air temperature range of —2 - 36°C, and a yearly rainfall of approximately 132 cm, occurring mainly between May and October (Brown et al., 1962). Sykes Creek is part of a lagoon complex consisting of the Indian River, Ba- nana River, and Newfound Harbor. The nearest direct connection to the Atlantic Ocean is Sebastian Inlet, about 60 km S of Sykes Creek. Historically, the southern °The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of charges from funds made available in support of the research which is the subject of this article. In accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 1734, this article must therefore be hereby marked ‘advertisement’ solely to indicate this fact. 34 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 BREVARD COUNTY NV300 QINVILY Nooo Aer | Km —————— es Fic. 1. Study Area. Sykes Creek sampling stations numbered 1-6. Banana and Indian River con- trol stations listed A and B. part of the Creek in most areas was shallow with water depths not exceeding 1 m. Presently, water depths range from approximately 1 m in the undredged areas to greater than 7 m in the dredged portions. Most of the Creek and its marshes have been altered by either dikes and canals for mosquito control, or dredge and fill projects in the form of finger-fill canals for housing developments. Residential communities along Sykes Creek are now mainly served by sani- tary sewers, but the final effluent from the sewage treatment plants, as well as urban runoff, goes into the Creek. Approximately 1.4 million gallons per day of secondary sewage effluents from 3 treatment plants enter Sykes Creek. No pol- lutants with serious toxic effects on the invertebrates are known to enter Sykes Creek. Monthly samples taken from laboratory records of Brevard County Health Dept for 1972 through 1975 show a mean nitrate (NO,) level for the Creek of 0.146 mg/1 and a mean total phosphate (PO,) level of 0.983 mg/1. Adjacent con- No. 1, 1979] GRIZZLE—MACROBENTHOS 35 trol areas in the Indian and Banana River lagoons have similar NO, concentra- tions, but PO, levels are about half as those of the Creek. Heavy phytoplankton concentrations occur in Sykes Creek during the summer. Chlorophyll a levels in the Creek generally average about 2-3 times the levels in the control areas (C. Down, pers. comm.). Occasional blooms, mostly during the summer and gen- erally of dinoflagellate species, result in widely fluctuating D.O. levels in the Creek. The Environmental Engineering Section of the Brevard County Health Dept has investigated numerous fish kills in Sykes Creek and its upland canals. In most cases the kills have resulted from low D.O. concentrations, occasionally below 1 mg/1. No such fish kills or low D.O. levels have been observed in the control areas. There have been no hydrological studies in Sykes Creek. Astronomical tides are not evident and observed currents are probably wind driven; currents in the adjacent Indian and Banana River lagoons are wind-dependent (Carter and Okubo, 1965; Schneider et al., 1974). MATERIALS AND METHODs—Macroinvertebrate collections were made at 6 stations in lower Sykes Creek and 1 station each in the Indian and Banana River lagoons, (Fig. 1) using a 0.1 m? Peterson grab. Three to 5 grabs were taken at each station per sampling occasion and pooled for a composite sample. Each sample was sieved through a 0.42 mm mesh (U.S. Standard No. 40) and the residue fixed in a 5% formalin solution with rose bengal added. Animals were sorted in the laboratory and preserved in 80% EtOh. All specimens were identified, generally to species, and enumerated. Wet weights were made of all specimens by group from each sorted sample by blotting the specimens dry on paper then weighing on a Mettler balance. Molluscs were not removed from their shells before weigh- ing. In those cases where a taxon was extremely abundant (i.e., greater than ap- proximately 5,000 per m’) a 1/10 to 1/2 aliquot of the sorted sample was taken of that particular taxon to facilitate counting. Sykes Creek was sampled in July 1975 and in February 1976. Samples were taken in January and July 1975 from Station A, and in September 1975 and March 1976 from Station B. The winter Station A sample was taken 1 yr. previous to the other winter samples; all stations were sampled at an approximate 6-mo inter- val and during the winter and summer seasons. Sediment samples were taken from the contents of one of the replicate samples on one sampling occasion and analyzed for grain-size distribution and organic content (% volatile). Grain-size analysis procedures were carried out, with silt-clay (particles <62 microns), sand (particles >62m) and shell (all caught on a 1.00 or 2.00 mm mesh) fractions determined (Holme and McIntyre, 1971). An estimate of the sediment organic content was made by the technique of Weber (1973). Water samples were also taken at the time of benthic sampling, and analyzed in the laboratory for D.O., biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D., 3-da), and salinity. D. O. content was determined with a Beckman D.O. analyzer, and salinity was measured with a hydrometer. Water temperatures, at surface and approximately 0.3m above the sediment-water interface, were measured with a mercury thermometer. 36 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 Data ANALYsES—Shannon-Weaver diversity index (Pielou, 1975) was mea- sured where H’ = -2 p, log; p;. Equitability (Weber, 1973) was determined where e aS : S A faunal affinity index (Sanders, 1960) was obtained by determining the per- cent of the total abundance that each species represents within each sample, and then summing the lower percentage values for all species common to the 2 samples being compared. The summer and winter data from each station were compared to determine the seasonal changes in species composition. The lower the value, the greater the amount of change at the species level. The index value range is 0-100%. REsuLts—Stations A and B are included as controls only for Sykes Creek sta- tions 1, 2,5 and 6. All these stations are considered similar enough to compare the macrobenthos from each based on the following. The sediment of all is greater than 85% sand, with some shell and less than 3% organic (Table 3). Salinity at these stations ranged 20.3-29.1 ppt. Monthly samples for January 1975 through September 1976 from areas near the sampling stations for this study in Sykes Creek, Indian River, and Banana River were 20.3-31.1, 23.9-31.4, and 22.7-34.7, respectively (unpublished Brevard County Health Dept records). Qualitative personal observations of the vegetation made at the time of each benthic sam- pling effort resulted in none present at stations 1 and 6 during either season, and only sparse algal cover at 2 and 5 during both seasons. Controls A and B had sparse algal cover during the winter and no vegetation during the summer. All these stations seem to be influenced primarily by drift algae, and none were covered with dense vegetation. Stations 3 and 4 are excluded from comparisons with the control stations for the following reasons. Station 3 was densely covered during both seasons with the red alga Gracilaria foliifera. This cover provided additional substrate support for the bivalve Mytilopsis leucophaeata. Additionally, there is apparently a posi- tive correlation between densities of some macroinvertebrates and macroalgae biomass present in a given area (George Kulczycki, pers. comm.; pers. obs.). Sta- tion 4 was in a deep dredged area, and no other stations were sampled that even nearly approached its depth (~ 7m), sediment characteristics (97% silt-clay, 16% organic), or D.O. values (1 mg/1 or less). Also, temperature stratification was evident (Table 3). No macroinvertebrates were present at this station in either sample. These data indicate that the deep dredged areas act as traps for organic matter and probably have little water exchange near the bottom. The same gen- eral observations have been reported in dredged saline canal systems in other parts of Florida (Sykes and Hall, 1970; Barada and Partington, 1972; Lindall, et al., 1973). Due to the extreme dissimilarity of stations 3 and 4 any further mention of “the Sykes Creek stations” is a reference to stations 1, 2, 5, and 6. COMPARISONS WITH CONTROL STATIONS—The 7 samples from stations 1, 2, 5 and 6 yielded 65 species. The 4 control samples yielded at least 83 species. For the present study a species was considered numerically dominant in a sample if it represented 35% or more of the total number of specimens present in No. 1, 1979] GRIZZLE—MACROBENTHOS of the sample, and occurred at a density of greater than 2,000/m’. One main dif- ference between the control stations and Sykes Creek stations was the frequent dominance of one or more species in most samples from the Creek. The 7 Sykes Creek samples had 6 instances of dominance. In the 4 samples from the control stations there was only one instance of dominance. As Table 1 shows, only 4 spe- cies represent 74.51% of all specimens collected from the Creek, as opposed to 10 species representing 74.52% of the specimens collected from the control sta- tions. Station 2 was numerically dominated by the amphipod Grandidierella bon- nieroides (50.1%) and the tanaid Leptochelia rapax (41.3%) during the summer; the bivalve Parastarte triquetra (51.6%) was dominant in the winter. Station 5 was dominated by the amphipod Ampelisca abdita (39.0%) during the summer, and by L. rapax (55.4%) during the winter. Station 6 was sampled only during the summer; the amphipod Corophium ellisi (39.0%) was dominant. These numerical dominants include 5 species; only one, L. rapax, was dominant at 2 stations. In most cases the Sykes Creek dominants were present at high densities (8,000 to 30,000 per m’) in the sample where they were dominant. The control sample containing a numerical dominant was from station B during winter, where a small ( <7 mm total length) unidentified capitellid polychaete made up 40% of the sample, occurring at a density of 2,245/m’. In addition to the relatively frequent occurrences of numerical dominants in the Creek, a striking difference between the Sykes Creek macrobenthos and the control areas was the greater temporal variability of the Sykes Creek macroben- thos. Station 1 showed the greatest changes in time for every biological param- eter measured (Table 2). Stations 2 and 5 had less temporal changes, but still in- dicated relatively high variability as compared to the control station data (Table 2). The degree of temporal change in the species composition of the macroben- thos at each station from summer to winter was also greater at the Sykes Creek stations than at the controls, with mean faunal affinity values of 22% and 45%, respectively. Discussion—Some of the concepts put forth in MacArthur and Wilson (1967), Margalef (1968), Sanders (1968, 1969), and Slobodkin and Sanders (1969) are part of a developing theory relating environmental variability to various population and community properties. Some literature is available directly testing and sup- porting some of the generalizations in these reports (Randolph, 1973). An “un- predictable” environment is defined by Slobodkin and Sanders (1969) as one where the variations of environmental properties around their mean values are relatively high and unpredictable. The unpredictability refers to the occurrence of harsh conditions, such as low D.O. I suggest that Sykes Creek is such an en- vironment primarily because of the previously discussed sporadic and extreme fluctuations in D.O. concentrations. Salinity and temperature also fluctuate somewhat and contribute to the unpredictability of the environment, but they probably do not have nearly the impact on the macrobenthos that the D.O. fluc- tuations have, as their ranges in the Creek are very similar to ranges in the con- trol areas. The enriched condition and resulting unpredictable environment in 38 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 TABLE 1. List of the most numerically-important species collected from Sykes Creek and the control stations in the Indian and Banana River lagoons. Sykes Creek Station-Season Neher Occurrence of % of Summer Winter Species Specimens Total 1 2 5 6 92s Leptochelia rapax (?) (T)! 19503 25.14 X XXX XXKX Grandidierella bonnieroides (A) 15413 19.86 - XXX XK XX Corophium ellisi (A) 12450 16.05 - | Xi - KO Kaas Apseudes (?) sp. (T) 10444 13.46 - XXX X -- Anomalocardia auberiana (B) 7034 9.06 X XXX XXX Parastarte triquetra (B) 3329 4,29 - X -X XXX Ampelisca abdita (A) 2169 2.79 XX XK XEN Gammarus mucronatus (A) 2053 2.64 - K = Xe = kex Acteocina canaliculata (G) 1175 1.51 - XXX XXX Eteone heteropoda (Po) 676 0.87 - XXX XXX Pectinaria gouldii (Po) 600 0.77 - XXX X- X Haploscoloplos foliosus (Po) 562 0.72 - X X>-./> Xam unidentified actinarian 430 0.55 - X° XK, 2) eee unidentified rhynchocoel(s) 350 0.45 - XXX XKXX Amygdalum papyrium (B) 229 0.29 - XXX XXX Cymadusa compta (A) 160 0.20 "S25 o/c co) Ophiophragmus filograneus (O) 107 0.13 = X XM Xe Tagelus plebeius (B) 104 0.13 - XXX XXX CONTROL AREAS Summer Winter A_B A_B Pectinaria gouldii (Po) 926 16.62 X X X X unidentified polychaete 650 11.67 - - - X Ophiophragmus filograneus (O) 525 9.42 X X X X unidentified ascidian 478 8.58 X X X X Diopatra cuprea (Po) 376 6.75 X X X X Glycinde solitaria (Po) 278 4.99 X X X X Melinna maculata (Po) 264 4.74 4 X X Tharyx sp. (Po) 240 4.30 X X X X Amygdalum papyrium (B) 220 3.95 X X X X Paraprionospio pinnata (Po) 195 3.50 X X X X Gyptis vittata (Po) 135 2.42 X X X - Phascolion sp. (S) 124 222 X X X X Nereis (Neanthes) succinea (Po) 101 1.81 X X X X Brachidontes exustus (B) 76 1.36 X X - X Armandia maculata (Po) 74 1.32 - - - X Branchioasychis americana (Po) 70 1.25 - X X X Glycera americana (Po) 55 0.98 X X X X Ophiophragmus pulcher (O) 40 0.77 X X xX Phoronis sp. (Ph) 35 0.62 X - Ox Sabella microphthalma (Po) 33 0.59 - X X X Marginella apicina (G) 32 0.57 - X X X 'The following abbreviations are used and appear in parenthesis after each species listing. A-amphipod, B- bivalve, G-gastropod, O-ophiuroid, Ph-phoronid, Po-polychaete, S-sipunculid, T-tanaid. An X denotes presence at that station, and an - denotes absence. No. 1, 1979] GRIZZLE—MACROBENTHOS 39 TaBLe 2. Biological data and analyses by station for summer and winter samples from Sykes Creek and from the control stations in the Indian and Banana Rivers. Station Number & of Specimens Wet Weight Faunal Season Species Per m? (g/m?) H’ e Affinity (%) l Summer 5 25 3.8 2.05 1.10 35 Winter 34 1303 22.4 3.48 0.47 9 Summer 25 39755 42.9 1.54 0.15 9 Winter 30 15030 SS 2.36 0.23 3 Summer 28 2055 13.9 3.24 0.49 13 Winter 45 12860 1602.5 2.16 0.13 4 Summer 0 0 0 0 > Winter 0 0 0 0 5 Summer 32 8427 61.4 ONTO 0.28 99 Winter 35 54065 142.8 1.83 0.13 6 Summer 31 75050 112.5 1.81 0.14 as Winter == -- -- -- -- Summer 46 3320 176.8 3.89 0.48 59 Winter 4] 3658 210.8 3.37 0.36 Summer 50 Soe, 220.3 4.42 0.63 38 Winter 57 5357 116.5 3.64 0.32 ‘Station 6 was not sampled in the winter due to low water levels and inaccessibility. the Creek are the major physical differences, and probably the major influences producing the macrobenthic differences in Sykes Creek and the control areas. It should be noted that Stirn et al. (1975) pointed out the similarities of some or- ganically—polluted systems and Margalef’s (1968) “immature ecosystems ’’. Slobodkin and Sanders (1969) suggest that unpredictable environments will generally have total species numbers and species diversity depressed below levels found in comparable more predictable environments. The results in this present report support this generalization. The mean species per station is 27 from the Creek and 48 from the controls (Table 2). A total of 65 species was collected from the Creek and at least 83 from the controls. H’ values ranged 1.54-3.48 from the Creek and 3.37-4.42 from the controls, with respective means of 2.25 and 3.83 (Table 2). Slobodkin and Sanders (1969) state there should be more opportunistic spe- cies in unpredictable environments than in more predictable environments. Data sufficient to determine the degree of opportunism of many species collected in the present study are not available. McCall (1977) considered opportunistic spe- cies as related to disturbances; he defined opportunists based on abundance, and invasion and mortality rates. The definition of opportunist in the present report follows the criteria given in Mozley (1960) for invaders or pest species and in- cludes the following characteristics: the ability to readily invade a newly-avail- 40 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 TaBLe 3. Physical-chemical data by station for summer and winter sampling efforts. Water Analyses Sediment Analyses (%) Station Water & Depth Sal. D.O.' B.O.D.! Temp. (°C) Silt- Season (m) (ppt) (mg/1) (mg/l) Surf. Bott.’ Sand Clay Shell Organic Summer 2.5 20.3 3.4 3.0 29.0 28.0 88.3 8.6 3.1 1.1 Winter 2.0 26.9 8.6 SEU 15.0 14.5 - - - - Summer 1.0 21.4 He 7.0 30.0 30.0 94.9 3.08 16 0.7 Winter 0.5 25.6 10.0 1.0 15:5, 15:5 - - - - Summer 1.0 21.3 4.8 46 29.0 29.0 77.1 17.20 5a. eee Winter 0.6 27.2 10.0 ell 15.0 15.0 - - - - Summer ~7 = 22.7 0.5 48.0 30.0 28.0 3.0 97.0 0.0 16.7 Winter ~7 30.2 1.0 0.6 18.0 15.0 - - - : Summer 1.3 21.4 2.4 0.2 Palas, PATA: 93.6 5.0° . 1.4 0.9 Winter 0.6 26.7 10.0 oo 17.0" ies - - - : Summer 0.7 20.9 3.4 2.8 27.0.. 27.0 89.1 9.25), alked 5 Winter? - - - - - - - - - - Summer 2.5 24.0 - - 29.0 28.5 - - - 2.5 Winter 2.3 Zoe - - 19.5 19.0 86.9 116 15 1.7 Summer 2.0 25.2 - - 29.0 29.0 - - - - Winter 2.0 29.1 6.4 0.7 20.0 20.0 85.2 12.4 2.4 - ‘Sample taken from approximately 0.3 m above the sediment surface. *No winter sample was taken because of low water levels and inaccessibility. able habitat, a high reproductive rate leading to predominance in the area, and being temporary or transient dominants in the newly-invaded habitat. To the author’s knowledge no species collected during the present study, except the 6 species discussed below, are defined as opportunists by these criteria in other literature. Grassle and Grassle (1974) and McCall (1977) listed 4 opportunists, Am- pelisca abdita, Capitella capitata (which consists of at least 6 sibling species, Grassle and Grassle, 1977), Polydora ligni, and Streblospio benedicti, that were also collected in the present study. These were collected from all study areas, but were present in low numbers, except A. abdita which represented 2.79% of the specimens from Sykes Creek and was a numerical dominant at station 5. Also, sampling data from the present study suggest at least 2 additional species, G. bon- nieroides and L. rapax, collected from Sykes Creek are opportunistic. Because the samples were taken at a 6-mo interval, it would not be possible to detect rapid invasion rates. This fact precluded considering the species dominant in only the winter samples (P. triquetra and the unidentified capitellid) from being considered to possess any opportunistic characteristics except high reproductive rates associated with their dominance. A high reproductive rate and numerical dominance may be associated with species that are not opportunistic. Station 6 No. 1, 1979] GRIZZLE—MACROBENTHOS 4] summer dominant, C. ellisi, could only be considered to have a high reproduc- tive rate as winter samples were not taken at that station. However, the 3 re- maining numerical dominants from Sykes Creek, A. abdita (also listed as an op- portunist by McCall, 1977), G. bonnieroides, and L. rapax, possessed at least 2 of the 3 opportunist characteristics given. These species were numerical domi- nants in their respective samples and were also temporary dominants; none domi- nated the following winter samples. They are then considered to be opportunists of some degree. Thus, 6 opportunistic species represented approximately 50% of the total specimens collected from Sykes Creek, as compared to 4 opportunists which represented less than 4% of the specimens from the Indian and Banana River samples. The dynamic nature of the macrobenthos in many marine and estuarine areas is well-documented (Thorson, 1957; Johnson, 1970; Tenore, 1972; Boesch, 1973; and Boesch et al., 1976), and it is generally recognized that data from short-term studies are often of limited use. Also, many reports list “indicator species’ or “indicator communities’ for sewage or other polluted areas (Filice, 1959; Reish, 1959; Wass, 1967; Henriksson, 1968, 1969; and Bagge, 1969). Sev- eral such indicator species (e.g., Capitella capitata, Streblospio benedicti, and Polydora ligni) have been shown to be opportunistic by Grassle and Grassle (1974) and McCall (1977). The present report is then additional documentation of a predominance of opportunistic species in an enriched sewage-polluted la- goon, with the suggestion that the polluted system is comparable to other unpre- dictable, chronically—disturbed environments. Based on these data further in- vestigations concerned with more accurately assessing aspects of environmental predictability, defining opportunistic species, and describing colonization se- quences (as per the methods in McCall, 1977) are ongoing in Sykes Creek and the Banana River. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS—I thank Dr. Robert W. Virnstein, Dr. David K. Young, Mrs. Martha Young, and Mr. James D. Stevenson for their helpful suggestions in review of the manuscript. The following people identified or confirmed the identification of organisms in their respective fields: Mrs. Cherie Down (algae), Mr. Richard S. Fox (amphipods), Mrs. Martha Young (polychaetes), and Dr. David K. Young (molluscs). LITERATURE CITED Bacce, P. 1969. The succession of the bottom fauna communities in polluted estuarine habitats. Limnologica (Berlin). 9:87-94. Barapa, W., anp W. M. ParrtincTon, Jr. 1972. Report on the investigation of the environmental effects of private waterfront canals. Enviro. Info. Cent., Winter Park, Florida. Borscu, D. F. 1973. Classification and community structure of macrobenthos in the Hampton Roads area, Virginia. Mar. Biol. 21:226-244. M. L. Wass, anp R. W. VirnsTEIN. 1976. The dynamics of estuarine benthic commu- nities. Pp. 177-196. In Wiley, M. L. (ed.). Estuarine Processes, Vol. I., Academic Press, New York. Brown, D. W., W. E. Kenner, J. W. Crooks, Anp J. B. Foster. 1962. Water resources of Brevard County, Florida. Florida Geol. Sur., Rept. of Invest. 28. Carter, H. H., ano A. Oxuso. 1965. A Study of the physical processes of movement and dispersion in the Cape Kennedy area. Chesapeake Bay Institute, Johns Hopkins Univ. Rept. No. NYO- 2973-1. 42 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 Fizice, F. P. 1959. The effects of wastes on the distribution of bottom invertebrates in the San Fran- cisco Bay estuary. Wasmann J. Biol. 17:1-17. GRASSLE, J. F., AND J. P. Grasste. 1974. Opportunistic life histories and genetic systems in marine benthic polychaetes. J. Mar. Res. 32:253-284. . 1977. Faunal adaptations in sibling species of Capitella. Pp. 177-190. In Coull, B. C. (ed.). Ecology of Marine Benthos. Univ. South Carolina Press, Columbia. Henrixsson, R. 1968. The bottom fauna in polluted areas of the sound. Oikos 19:111-125. . 1969. Influence of pollution on the bottom fauna of the sound (Oresund). Oikos. 20:507- 523. Home, N. A., AND A. D. McIntyre. 1971. Methods for the study of marine benthos. IBP Hand- book No. 16. Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford. Jounson, R. G. 1970. Variations in diversity within benthic marine communities. Amer. Nat. 104:285- 300. LinpaLi, W.N., Jr., J. R. HALL, AND C. H. SALoman. 1973. Fishes, macroinvertebrates, and hydro- logical conditions of upland canals in Tampa Bay, Florida. Fish. Bull. 71:155-163. McCa.t, P. L. 1977. Community patterns and adaptive strategies of the infaunal benthos of Long Island Sound. J. Mar. Res. 35:221-266. MacArtuor, R. H., AnD E. O. Wixson. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton U. Press, Princeton, New Jersey. MarcGate_rF, R. 1968. Perspectives in Ecological Theory. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. Moztey, A. 1960. Consequences of Disturbance. H. K. Lewis and Co., London. PieLou, E. C. 1975. Ecological Diversity. Wiley-Interscience, Somerset, New Jersey. Ranpvo pu, P. A. 1973. Influence of environmental variability on land snail population properties. Ecology. 54:933-955. ReisH, D. J. 1959. An ecological study of pollution in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors, California. Allan Hancock Found. Publs., Occas. Paper, No. 22. SANDERS, H. L. 1960. Benthic studies in Buzzard’s Bay. No. IJ. The structure of the soft-bottom community. Limnol. Oceanogr. 5:138-153. . 1968. Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. Amer. Nat. 102:243-282. . 1969. Benthic marine diversity and the stability-time hypothesis. Pp. 71-81. In Wood- well, G. M., and H. H. Smith (eds.). Diversity and Stability in Ecological Systems. Brook- haven Symposia in Biol., No. 22. SCHNEIDER, W. K., P. S. DuBBELDAy, AND T. A. NEviN. 1974. Measurement of wind-driven currents in a lagoon. Florida Sci. 37:72-78. SLOBODKIN, L. B., AND H. L. SanpErs. 1969. On the contribution of environmental predictability to species diversity. Pp. 82-95. In Woodwell, G. M., and H. H. Smith (eds.). Diversity and Sta- bility in Ecological Systems. Brookhaven Symposia in Biol. No. 22. STIRN, J., A. Avcin, I. Kerzan, B. M. Marcotte, N. MEITH-AVCIN, B. VRISER, AND S. Vukovic. 1975. Selected biological methods for assessment of marine pollution. Pp. 307-327. In Pearson, E. A. (ed.). Proceedings of the First International Conference on Waste Disposal in the Marine Environment. Pergamon Press, New York. SYKES, J. E., AnD J. R. HALL. 1970. Comparative distribution of mollusks in dredged and undredged portions of an estuary, with a systematic list of species. Fish. Bull. 68:299-306. Tenore, K. R. 1972. Macrobenthos of the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina. Ecol. Monogr. 42:51-69. Tuorson, G. 1957. Bottom communities. Pp. 461-535. In Hedgepeth, J. W. (ed.). Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology. Vol. I Ecology. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 67. Wass, M. L. 1967. Biological and physiological basis of indicator organisms and communities. Pp. 271-283. In Burgess, T. A., and F. J. Olson (eds.). Pollution and Marine Ecology. Interscience Publ., New York. Weer, C. I. (Ep.). 1973. Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents. NERC U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio. Younc, D. K., M. A. Buzas, AND M. W. Younc. 1976. Species densities of macrobenthos associated with seagrass: a field experimental study of predation. J. Mar. Res. 34:577-592. , AND M. W. Youne. 1977. Community structure of the macrobenthos associated with seagrass of the Indian River estuary, Florida. Pp. 359-382. In Coull, B. C. (ed.). Ecology of Marine Benthos. Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia. Florida Sci. 42(1):33-42. 1979. No. 1, 1979] CSIZINSZKY—SEED GERMINATION 43 Agricultural Sciences EFFECT OF SALT ON SEED GERMINATION AND TRANSPLANT SURVIVAL OF VEGETABLE CROPS! ALEXANDER A. CSIZINSZKY Agricultural Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Bradenton, Florida 33508 Asstract: Following a fall tomato crop, 9 vegetable crops were grown with or without additional fertilizer. The fall tomato crops received 283 kg/ha N, 112 kg/ha P,O,, 393 kg/ha K,O, and minor elements. The vegetable crops were fertilized at a rate of 220 kg/ha N, 112 kg/ha P,O,, and 112 kg/ha K,O, or were grown on residual nutrients alone. Additional fertilizer restricted or prevented to a greater degree the germination of carrot, green onion, lettuce and radish seeds, whereas residual fer- tilizer did not. The survival and growth of broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and kohlrabi transplants were also affected by additional or residual fertilizers. Zucchini squash was not significantly affected by excess salts. * TuHE utilization of residual nutrients of the highly fertilized tomato fields in Florida by planting a second crop without additional fertilizers would be de- sirable for environmental and economic reasons. Marlowe and Geraldson (1976) reported a total soluble salt (TSS) content of 29,700 ppm in the fertilizer band, 20,100 ppm in the mid band, and 16,000 ppm in the plant row region of the 0-20 cm soil depth in a Hillsborough County tomato field after harvest. They found similarly high TSS content in harvested tomato fields in other counties in southwest Florida. The usual practice after the tomato harvest is to leach out the residual fertilizers from the soil to reduce or prevent salt buildup. Thus, the excess fertilizer from the cultivated lands ends up in the runoff waters contributing to their salt content (Baker and Chesnin, 1975). In- creasing salinity of the irrigated lands in Florida and in the western United States is not a new problem (Spencer, 1945; Westgate, 1950; Geraldson, 1966; Hay- ward and Wadleigh, 1948; Bernstein, 1964). Researchers recommended balanced nutrition (Tucker et al., 1968) and crop rotation (Kretschmer et al., 1963; Hay- slip et al., 1964) to prevent or to reduce the accumulation of salts in soils caused by excessive amounts of fertilizers. The utilization of residual fertilizers by a second vegetable crop would also help to reduce production costs. Otte (1976) calculated a sum of $1396 as the growing cost per net acre for 1 crop of full bed plastic mulch staked tomatoes, without harvest costs. In his data, $476 per acre (34%) were spent for plastic mulch and fertilizers. This amount could partially be saved if the tomato fields were used after the harvest of the fall crop for vegetable production without re- ‘Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 1172. °The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of charges from funds made available in support of the research which is the subject of this article. In accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 1734, this article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” solely to indicate this fact. 44 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 moving the plastic mulch cover from the beds and without applying additional fertilizers. I report the results of experiments conducted to utilize the residual fertilizers of a fall tomato crop by growing vegetables in the spring season, and on the ef- fect of the residual and added fertilizers on seed germination and seedling sur- vival of the vegetable crops. MATERIALS AND MeETHOops—In the spring of 1976 nine different vegetable crops were planted in a randomized split-plot design after a staked full bed plastic mulch fall tomato crop was harvested. The tomatoes received 283 kg N, 112 kg P,O,, 393 kg K,O per ha, and minor elements. Stakes and plastic mulch were removed from the field and the beds reformed before planting. Each of the 4 replications were divided into nine, 7.60 m long plots. One-half of each plot received fertilizer at a rate of 220 kg N, 112 kg P,O,, and 112 kg K,O per ha, and minor elements. Superphosphate was applied in a broadcast form on the top of the beds; the rest of the fertilizer was worked into the top 5 cm of the soil. Total soluble salt contents were determined by the saturated paste procedure (USDA Handbook No. 60, 1954; Geraldson, 1957) in both treated and nontreated halves of each plot before and after fertilizer placement. Seeds of radish (Raphanus sativus L., cv. Scarlet Globe), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., cv. Bibb), green onions (Allium cepa L., cv. Evergreen White Bunch- ing), and carrots (Daucus carota L., cv. Danvers Half Long), were sown in rows after cutting a narrow slit in the plastic. Green onions and lettuce were sown in double rows; carrots and radish in triple rows. Seedlings of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica, cv. Green Comet Hybrid), cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata, cv. Golden Acre), cauliflower (B. oleracea var. TaBLe 1. Changes in total soluble salt (TSS) content of soil in nonfertilized split-plots from plant- ing to harvest, ppm, 0-15 cm soil depth.° Cauli- Green Crop: Broccoli Cabbage Carrots flower onions Kohlrabi Lettuce Radish Zucchini TSS, at planting 15,054 15,775 12,513 14,287 13,576 12,702 13,154 14,893 14,080 TSS, after harvest 7,380 7,120 8,078 7,207 95253) i205) revi M°* 10,050 * Average of 4 replications. °°M = missing. botrytis, cv. Snow King Hybrid), kohlrabi (B. oleracea var. caulorapa, cv. Early White Vienna), and zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L., cv. Fordhook) were transplanted in the first week of March. Within row planting distance between plants were 46 cm for broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower, 15 cm for kohlrabi, and 76 cm for zucchini. Water was provided by seep irrigation throughout the growing season. Plants were sprayed twice weekly with approved pesticides against plant pests. Data were analyzed by calculating correlation coefficient and t test (Little and Jack- son Hills, 1975). No. 1, 1979] CSIZINSZKY—SEED GERMINATION 45 ResuLts—Residual TSS contents were high in nonfertilized treatments even after the second crop had been harvested (Table 1). In the fertilized split-plots the TSS content of the soil after the spring harvest was as high or higher than the soil TSS content after the harvest of the fall tomato crop (Table 2). Seeds of carrot, green onion, and lettuce failed to germinate in the fertilized split-plots (Table 3). Radish seeds germinated very poorly at the high soil TSS levels. The ¥, values in bars for soil moisture content (Salisbury and Ross, 1969) for the fertilizer treated plots were -6.81 for carrot, -7.96 for green onion, -7.26 for lettuce, and -6.23 for radish. The residual salt in the nontreated plots almost totally prevented the germi- nation of carrot and reduced the germination of lettuce seeds. The ¥. values TaBLE 2. Changes in total soluble salt (TSS) content of soil in fertilized split-plots from plant- ing to harvest, ppm, 0-15 cm soil depth.° Cauli- Green Crop: Broccoli Cabbage Carrots flower onions Kohlrabi Lettuce Radish Zucchini TSS, at planting 23,880 27,867 26,173 23,667 30,590 26,910 27,912 23,943 22,806 TSS, after harvest 16,666 9,637 16,350 13,466 17,307 13,008 M°** M** 11,828 ° Average of 4 replications. °°M = missing. in these plots were —3.24 bars for carrot and -3.4 bars for lettuce. Germination of seed and yield of green onion and radish were influenced to a smaller degree by the residual soluble salts. Both vegetables gave a satisfactory per hectare yield at —3.53 bars and -3.88 bars compared to average Florida yields (Brooke, 1978). With the exception of zucchini, seedling survival of the 5 transplanted vege- table crops was poor in the fertilized split-plots (Table 4; Figs. 1-4). Kohlrabi had the least tolerance to the high TSS content; only 21% of the transplants sur- vived at —7.01 bars ¥,. Cabbage had a transplant survival of 65% at -7.25 bars, cauliflower 55% at -6.16 bars, and broccoli 45% at -6.22 bars. Shortly after transplanting, seedlings started to show stress symptoms in the fertilized plots. Many of the plants wilted, leaves turned yellow and developed tip burn. On the stems, at just below the soil level, lesions developed and in windy weather these plants broke easily and died. Surviving plants of the cole crops had stunted growth and had a dark green color of leaves and stems. Plants often wilted during the warmest part of the day. Zucchini squash transplants survived the high soil TSS content of -5.94 bars. However, in the early stages of development the squash were stunted and often wilted during the daytime. Plants grown on residual fertilizer also showed signs of salt injury. None of the cole crops had a 100% survival of the seedlings (Table 4). Cabbage seedlings had the highest tolerance for soil salt; 92% survival at —-4.10 bars. Broccoli had a survival of 85% at —3.92 bars, cauliflower 77% at -3.72 bars, and kohlrabi 79% at —3.30 bars. All the zucchini seedlings survived at —3.66 bars. FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 46 ‘sanTeA } 10F [Ag] AyIqeqosd ow] ayy ye yUROTTUBIS, ,, PUB [PAI] %G oY} Je JUROTIUBIC, , ‘ey sad suo]. ‘BY, ‘younq sod syueyd g ‘young, ‘yord-yyds poziyiysey = J ‘ouoye Jeztp19j [enpisel = yf :yUowyeelL,, ‘suotqyeordal fF JO aseIOAV, PES EL GLOLL €8 68P 2 00G6 £3 006'FI 0 cLO'G 0 eLLL PP 0 eLGL'T ereyooy Jod pjarx 0 P'S 0 LLG 0 II oid -yds 10d poysoarey syueyd jo 1oquinu osei9Ay 2200626 \. OST El oeGLG 0€ CLOT ee0S1 9G = GLF'ST sunued ye wydap [res jo Wo cL OMESS.L A ud ,JUdUT}eALL, Ystpey A YW A Wd A YW 2JUDUT}VOLT, ,JUdU}BAI |, ,JUdTHzeI YT, 90n}o'T] UOTUO U9dI15) youIey) dOYO ‘sdo19 a[qeje8ea papas JIIP JO ,SP[atA pue [IOs JO JUa}UOD (SS J) eS 9TqnOs [BIO], “"¢ ATAV 47 GERMINATION CSIZINSZKY—SEED No. 1, 1979] ‘SanpeA } 10J Jaag] Aypiqeqoid oT ayy ye JURdTFTUBIS, ,, pure ‘[EAZ] %C oY) Ie JUBOTTUTIS, , ‘JPAIT %OT 9y) 3e URdYTUBIS , syo[d-yr[ds pazqpysi9y = of ‘19Z1[14197 [enpisol = y :yuauIyRaLy, ‘suoneordar fF Jo adeiday, GOFS 6E'89 89'S oo8F OL Ie Pp oeSl OL F66 2098 'ST 69'T Pris) 2 suo} a1e}0y Jed plat 899°C GEIL 8L¢0 6860 G6F'0 1680 6560 CLOT 9€C'0 LOO 8 quel sad pyary OOT OOT 1G aacOL cc Ce c9 20009 CO cP 0e0G8 P2ATAINS SBUI[PIaS JO 0% g G ¥G Zo 8 8 8 8 8 8 yojd-a1]ds iad pajurdsuesy SSUI[Pses Jo 1aquINN 908°6S 080'FI 200016 9G COL CI 2 oL 99S L8G FI 000L98 LZ ccL'cl o 0088 63 FSO ST wdd aur Ssunueyd 78 S][BS aTquyos [BIO], A YW A Y A YW A YW A YW zJUDUWIT}eOLT, ,JUDUWI}eO1T, zJUDUI} COI J, ,JUOUI}ROI ,JUDUTeOL TL, TUIyOONZ Iqel[ yoy JaMmopiney) aseqqe’) TO.00.1g dOYO ‘sdo1o 91qe1930A pajuefdsuesy Jo ,spfard pue [Ios Jo yua}UOD (Sof) Wes a[quOs [BIOL “P ATAV], 48 % OF SEEDLING SURVIVAL % OF SEEDLING SURVIVAL 100 80 0 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 100 : e AFERTILIZED e @ NON- FERTILIZED 80 60 40 20 r= -0.7437+t+ y = - 178.57 x +31,032 % 10 15 20 25 30 SOIL TSS x 10°PPM. 0-15CM Fic. 1. Seedling survival of broccoli at various soil TSS content. ** “significant at the 0.1% probability level. @@ A FERTILIZED @ NON- FERTILIZED r = -0.6639*+t y = -301.85 x +45,596 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SOIL TSS x 10° PPM. 0-15 CM DEPTH Fic. 2. Seedling survival of cabbage at various soil TSS content. ** significant at the 1% probability level. No. 1, 1979] CSIZINSZKY—SEED GERMINATION 100 AFERTILIZED e @NON-FERTILIZED ol < => 80 FS e A =] ” 60 O = 5 40 ae wl wy i 20 = r= - 0.57187 ae y = - 182.61x +31,111 O SOIL TSS x 10° PPM. 0-15 CM Fic. 3. Seedling survival of cauliflower at various soil TSS content. *significant at the 5% probability level. 100 A FERTILIZED @ NON-FERTILIZED 40 20 n= = 057942" 1° y = - 187.32 x +29,085 A % OF SEEDLING SURVIVAL O 10 15 20 25 30 SOIL TSSx 10°PPM. 0-15 CM Fic. 4. Seedling survival of kohlrabi at various soil TSS content. °° *significant at the 0.1% probability level. O 10 15 20 25 30 49 50 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 Yield per plant of the surviving seedlings in the fertilized plots was smaller than in the nonfertilized plots. The smaller per plant yield, combined with the reduced transplant survival, resulted in significantly higher per hectare yields in crops grown on residual fertilizers alone (Table 4). Discuss1on—High concentration of salt in the soil or in the irrigation water may cause injury to plants by reducing the VY value of the soil (i-e., increasing osmotic pressure, and causing an imbalance of the specific ion supply) (Bern- stein and Hayward, 1958; Bernstein, 1964). The effect of high salt levels in the irrigation water on the yield and on the changes in the mineral composition of several vegetable crops were reported earlier (Ayers et al., 1951; Bernstein and Ayers, 1953a and b). Salt levels tend to increase in the top 2-3 cm of the soil be- cause of evaporation and capillary rise of the soil water to the surface (Spencer, 1945; Bernstein and Hayward, 1958). Salt concentration is even greater in raised beds. Seeds planted in the top layer of the soil therefore are in an environment where the ¥, of soil prevents the germination of seeds. In the experiments re- ported here the extra fertilizer applied to the soil increased soil TSS to such an extent that carrot, green onion, and lettuce seeds failed to germinate and only a few of the radish seeds germinated (Table 3). In the split-plots which received no additional fertilizers, germination of carrot seeds was practically reduced to nil at -3.24 bars. Vegetable crops are known to have different degrees of sensi- tivity to salt concentration in soils (Bernstein, 1964). I found carrots to be the most sensitive to soil salinity among the direct seeded crops, followed by lettuce, green onion, and radish, respectively. Salt tolerance of cole crops varied with the subspecies. Cabbage was least affected by high TSS levels. Regression lines of broccoli and cauliflower for % of seedling survival at various TSS levels are almost identical (Figs. 1 and 3), and kohlrabi seedlings were the most sensitive to salinity. Seedlings are usually trans- planted 6-7 cm deep in the soil and their roots are in a less saline environment than are seeds in the upper 2 cm of the soil. Young plants often show salt injury on their stems at soil surface level, or just below, where soil , values greatly ex- ceed the Y, values of plant cells and cause plasmolysis. The high soil TSS content found by Marlowe and Geraldson (1976) in the upper 0-5 cm soil depth of the harvested tomato fields would cause reduction in field stand of some transplanted vegetable crops and would prevent seed germination of others. High rate of fer- tilizer application is not restricted to the production of tomatoes. Tucker et al. (1968) found high fertilizer use in the Sanford area of central Florida for cabbage and celery crops. The present works tends to support the results found by re- searchers earlier (Hayslip et al., 1964); Kretschmer et al., 1963) which show that residual fertilizers remaining in the soil after a fall tomato crop are sufficiently high for the production of a spring crop. Thus, the possibility exists of utilizing the residual nutrients by planting a second crop without the application of addi- tional fertilizers. A survey of the land for soil TSS content should be made, how- ever, in every case when planting of a second vegetable crop is attempted after a fall crop, to determine the intensity and balance of residual plant nutrients. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS— This work was supported by a grant-in-aid from the Florida Tomato Ex- change which is gratefully acknowledged. No. 1, 1979] CSIZINSZKY—SEED GERMINATION 51 LITERATURE CITED Ayers, A. D., C. H. WADLEIGH, AND L. BERNSTEIN. 1951. Salt tolerance of six varieties of lettuce. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 57:237-242. Baker, D. E., AnD L. CHESNIN. 1975. Chemical monitoring of soils for environmental quality and animal and human health. Adv. in Agron. 27:305-374. BERNSTEIN, L. 1964. Salt tolerance of plants. USDA Infor. Bull. No. 283. , AND A. D. Ayers. 1953a. Salt tolerance of five varieties of carrots. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 61:360-365. . 1953b. Salt tolerance of five varieties of onions. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 62:367-370. , AND H. E. Haywarp. 1958. Physiology of salt tolerance. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 9:1958. Brooke, D. L. 1978. Costs and returns from vegetable crops in Florida, season 1976-77 with com- parisons. Univ. of Florida, IFAS Economic Infor. Rept. 85. GeraLpson, C. M. 1957. Soil soluble salts-determination of an association with plant growth. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. 70:121-126. . 1966. Effect of salt accumulation in sandy spodosols on tomato production. Proc. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. of Florida 26:6-12. Hays.ip, N. C., E. M. Hopces, D. W. Jones, anp A. E. KRETSCHMER, JR. 1964. Tomato and pango- lagrass rotation for sandy soils of south Florida. Univ. of Florida Agri. Exp. Sta. Circ. S-153. KRETSCHMER, A. E., JR., N. C. Haysuip, AnD W. T. Forse, JR. 1963. Spring field corn and sorghum production after fall vegetables. Univ. of Florida Agri. Exp. Sta. Circ. S-145. LittLe, T. M., anp F. Jackson Hits. 1975. Statistical Methods in Agricultural Research. ed. 2., Univ. of California, Davis. MarLowE, G. A., JR., AND C. M. Gerapson. 1976. Results of a soluble salt survey of commercial tomato fields in southwest Florida. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. 89:132-135. Orrte, J. A. 1976. Calculating costs and breakeven prices for full bed plastic mulch staked tomatoes. Univ. of Florida, IFAS Economic Infor. Rept. 59. SaLisBuRY, F. B., AND C. Ross. 1969. Plant Physiology. Wadsworth Publ. Co., Inc., Belmont, Cali- fornia. SPENCER, E. L. 1945. Vertical movement of salts in soils as affected by irrigation practices. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. 58:246-249. Tucker, C. A., W. R. LLEWELLYN, AND J. NESmMiTH. 1968. Balance fertilization of vegetable crops through computerized intensity and balanced soil testing. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. 81:201-208. Unrtep States Satinity Laporatory StTaFF. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Handbook 60. WesteateE, P. J. 1950. Effects of soluble soil salts on vegetable production at Sanford. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. 63:116-123. Florida Sci. 42(1):43-51. 1979. 52 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 Biological Sciences FIRST NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENTAL RECORD OF THE LONGFIN MAKO (ISURUS PAUCUS GUITART MANDAY) Jon W. DopriLt (1) AND R. GRANT GILMORE (2)! Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557 (1); Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc., RR 1, Box 196, Fort Pierce, Florida 33450 (2) AsstractT: A female longfin mako (Isurus paucus) was found in the surf at Melbourne Beach, Brevard County, Florida, 28 December 1975. This is the first North American record for this circum- tropical species and is the first account of a specimen from continental shelf waters anywhere. Pig- mentation pattern, pectoral fin length, and comparative jaw examinations with I. oxyrinchus of similar size were used to verify the identification. * THE LONGFIN MAKO (Isurus paucus) Guitart Manday 1966 is a little known pelagic mackerel shark (family Lamnidae) reported from tropical—-subtropical oceanic regions of the Indian, Pacific, and western north Atlantic Oceans (Gui- tart Manday, 1966 and 1975; Garrick, 1967). Isurus paucus records in the west- ern Atlantic have been restricted to short range pelagic fishery longline landings from the NW coast of Cuba. In this Cuban fishery, the longfin mako was the sixth most common shark of the 11 shark species reported in the 1972-1973 landings (Guitart Manday, 1975). Longfin makos were caught as solitary individuals and have never accounted for more than 7% of the Cuban shark fishery landings. In the Cuban fishery most longfin makos were hooked at depths of 60-120 fathoms, infrequently at 10-50 fathoms, with all captures occurring seaward of the shelf edge. The few stomachs examined contained squid and unspecified pelagic fishes (Guitart Manday, pers. comm.). The only reproductive data documented have been 2 embryos taken from a Cuban female of unspecified length (Guitart Man- day, 1975). The single embryo measured (920 mm TL) had a greatly swollen stomach, suggesting possible oviphagy, which occurs in other lamnids (e.g., Lamna nasus, Bigelow and Schroeder, 1948). The longfin mako embryo is larger than those of the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) which appear in larger litters and become free-swimming as small as 68 cm TL (Garrick, 1967). A live adult female I. paucus with a missing left eye was discovered partially grounded in the surf at Melbourne Beach, Brevard County, Florida (28° 00’ 05’’N, 80° 31’ 20’ W) at dawn on 28 December 1975 (Fig. 1). Several colored photographs were taken within an hour of its discovery; the jaws were removed, ‘Contribution no. 109 from the Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc., Fort Pierce, Florida. °The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of charges from funds made available in support of the research which is the subject of this article. In accordance with 18 U. S. C. § 1734, this article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” solely to indicate this fact. No. 1, 1979] DODRILL AND GILMORE—LONGFIN MAKO 53 YW My j Fig. 1. (A) Right lateral view of 268 cm SL Isurus paucus from Melbourne Beach, Florida, 28 December 1975 (B) Ventral view of same. cleaned, and photographed. Unfortunately, it was too large to move and an in- coming tide swept the carcass away before additional examinations could be made. The shark was estimated to be between 312-334 cm TL, based upon a lat- eral view photo of the shark with an individual of known height standing immedi- ately behind the specimen. The visual estimates of the several surf fishermen who discovered the shark also fall into this size range. The characters used to distinguish this specimen from the shortfin mako were the nearly black dorsal coloration, the extensive blue-grey ventral pigmentation, the large eye, the relatively long rounded pectorals, tapering only slightly toward the tip, and the anterior teeth characters in both jaws. This longfin mako ob- servation represents the first continental shelf record for this species anywhere in the world and the first record for the North American coast. On the evening 54 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 preceding the I. paucus stranding (27 December 1975), a shark sportfisherman fishing from the beach 3.0 km S of the stranding site caught a large eye. The eye, impaled on one of the hooks, was reeled in after a brief run obviously made by a large fish. The I. paucus specimen exhibited several external features which prior to this record were only hypothesized for large longfin makos. The dusky color- ation on the ventral surface of the Melbourne Beach longfin mako is much more extensive than previously reported for the smaller specimens. The entire ventral surface is a dusky blue-grey with two exceptions. The pectoral under- sides are white except for the proximal and distal margins which have a narrow band of dark pigmentation along the edges. The center of the belly area from the axil of the pectorals slightly more than half way back to the pelvics remains white as do the ventral posterior tips of the pelvics. A photograph provided by John G. Casey, National Marine Fisheries Service, of a fresh I. oxyrinchus (367.5 cm TL) taken off Montauk, Long Island shows that large shortfin makos lack the narrow band of black pigment around the ventral proximal and distal pectoral edges. In large fresh I. oxyrinchus, the throat area from a point even with the corners of the mouth to a point even with the second gill slit as well as the ven- tral body surface from the pelvics to the lower caudal pit are creamy white. In large I. paucus this area has a dusky hue. Use of a dark ventral snout coloration, a major feature used by Garrick (1967) to separate I. paucus and I. oxyrinchus at sizes below 220 cm TL may be insufficient to distinguish large I. paucus from large I. oxyrinchus. The ventral surface of the snout and around the upper por- tion of the mouth appear dark in the photos of 336.5 and 350.7 cm southern Cali- fornia I. oxyrinchus (Applegate, 1966 and 1977) and the 367.5 cm Montauk short- fin mako. However, because the photos were black and white it could not be de- termined if this dark area were actual pigmentation or an artifact due to blood accumulation in the dermal surface capillaries, causing a discolored appearance. Although relatively longer than the pectoral length of large shortfin makos, the large longfin mako pectoral length may not increase in proportion with the head length. Due to the slightly oblique nature of Fig. 1, a precise pectoral length as a percent of the head length in this specimen could not be made except that it exceeded 82%, but almost certainly did not approach 100% as was noted by Garrick (1967) for smaller I. paucus. Pectoral length as a percent of head length for a 357.5 cm and a 367.5 cm shortfin mako were 70.7 and 76.8%, respec- tively (John G. Casey, pers. comm.). A detailed comparative examination was made between the preserved jaws of the Melbourne I. paucus (312-334 cm TL) and a large I. oxyrinchus (350.7 cm TL; LACMNH 32667) of comparable size from the California coast. For com- parative purposes tooth measurements were made as shown in Fig. 2. The tooth base width (Fig. 2, BW) was measured from points on either side of the tooth base where the enamel was first exposed from under the basal cartilage cover- ing. This measurement was made at this location because cartilage over the re- mainder of the basal portion of the tooth in intact jaws did not reveal a definite No. 1, 1979] DODRILL AND GILMORE—LONGFIN MAKO 55 Fig. 2. Tooth measurements were made as shown in this diagram. (A) BW =base width; CL= cusp length; CW = cusp width always at point Z, the halfway mark along CL. (B) CT = tooth thick- ness at point Z. tooth base border and therefore did not allow an accurate measurement (to 0.1 mm). Cusp length (CL) was measured from a distinct basal depression on the tooth front to the tip of the cusp. The cusp width (CW) and thickness (CT) meas- urements were made at point Z at one half of the cusp length (Fig. 2). Tooth cusp lengths were comparable in both jaw specimens examined for the first 5 teeth on either side of the upper and lower jaws, I. paucus (mean cusp length: 23.1 mm; range: 13.1-30.7 mm) and I. oxyrinchus (mean cusp length: 24.2 mm; range: 12.2- 32.8 mm). Relative size of the tooth base width, cusp thickness and cusp width to the cusp length differed between both species (Fig. 3). The tooth base width, rela- tive to the tooth cusp length, for the first 5 teeth on either side in both the upper and lower jaws is greater in I. paucus (mean: 102%; range: 75-125%) than in I. oxyrinchus (mean: 86%; range: 51-120%). In I. oxyrinchus the tooth base width in the fourth upper jaw teeth is considerably narrower (relative to the tooth cusp length) than the third or fifth teeth. This character is lacking in I. paucus. The tooth cusp thickness (CT), relative to the cusp length, at point Z (Fig. 2B) for the first 5 teeth on either side in both the upper and lower jaws is wider in I. paucus (mean: 34%; range: 32-37%) than in I. oxyrinchus (mean: 30%; range: 26-35%). The greatest difference in cusp width between both species was in the second lower jaw teeth; this tooth width made up 28% of the cusp length in I. oxyrin- chus, and 36-37% in I. paucus. Besides these measured differences, the third an- terior tooth on both sides of the upper jaw differs in shape as described by Gar- rick (1967) (Fig. 4). The third upper tooth in I. oxyrinchus is asymmetrical and oblique in shape. The characteristic gape between the third and fourth upper jaw teeth is seen in I. oxyrinchus but not in our I. paucus jaw although it is present 56 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 130 TOOTH BASE WIDTH 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 * CUSP LENGTH CUSP WIDTH PT. z CUSP THICKNESS PT. z eos b—.-4- --0-. 4” S 5, 5, 4, 4. 3, 3, 2. 2. 1, 1, 5, 5, 4. 4 3, 3, 2. 2. 1, 1, UPPER JAW LOWER JAW Fig. 3. Tooth proportion measurements expressed as a percentage of cusp length for Isurus paucus (—) and I. oxyrinchus (.—.—). Teeth are numbered from the symphysis and subscripts in- dicate left (L) or right (R) side. No. 1, 1979] DODRILL AND GILMORE—LONGFIN MAKO 57 in smaller specimens of I. paucus (Garrick, 1967). The length of the cutting edge on the cusp is nearly identical in both I. paucus and I. oxyrinchus teeth exam- ined. This character was predicted to be similar in larger isurid specimens (Gar- rick, 1967; Applegate, 1977). There are 4-6 rows of functional and nonfunctional teeth in the I. paucus jaw examined, while the I. oxyrinchus jaw examined (LACMNH 32667) had 3-4 rows. The tooth count for our I. paucus is 12 + 12, and 12 + 12 for I. oxyrinchus (LACMNH 32667). 25 ae 2 iS + 13 _ Fig. 4. Photo of the upper right jaw of (A) Isurus oxyrinchus and (B) I. paucus. Teeth 2 through 4 can be seen in both jaws. Garrick (1967) states that there is a change with growth in the shape of the first dorsal fin in J. oxyrinchus and probably in I. paucus. The juvenile makos possess broadly rounded first dorsal fins which become increasingly angular with growth. The larger shortfin makos possess a first dorsal with a pointed apex (Applegate 1966 and 1977). The Melbourne Beach I. paucus illustrates that it is possible for very large Isurus paucus to have a broadly rounded first dorsal fin. Garrick (1967) noted that the smaller I. paucus tend to be more slender and lighter than I. oxyrinchus of similar total length. This does not appear to hold true for larger specimens where there may be some weight variation. Although the Melbourne Beach I. paucus appeared somewhat slender, Guitart Manday (pers. comm.) reports an unmeasured I. paucus from the Cuban fishery coopera- tive which weighed 473 kg comparable in weight to the largest shortfin makos taken in the Pacific, Atlantic, or Gulf of Mexico (Applegate, 1977; Casey, pers. comm.; Bigelow and Schroeder, 1948). 58 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS—We thank Clarence Reimer of Floodwood, Minnesota and Frank Long for I. paucus jaw and photo loans. Camm Swift of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural His- tory kindly loaned the comparative material for I. oxyrinchus. George Kulczycki of the Harbor Branch Foundation Laboratory painstakingly made over 400 detailed photos of jaws examined. We would like to acknowledge helpful correspondence with John G. Casey of the National Marine Fisheries Service, and Senor Dario Guitart Manday of the Instituto de Oceanologia, Havana, Cuba. ADDENDUM After the preparation of this manuscript, 2 additional I. paucus specimens from the Florida east coast have been examined. Both were collected on drifting longlines set for swordfish (Xiphias gladius) over depths of 200 to 400 m near the western edge of the Florida straits between Jupiter Inlet, Palm Beach County and Sebastian Inlet, Brevard County. One specimen caught by William Minuth of Fort Pierce on 20 April 1978 was identified from the severed head. A second specimen caught 19 May 1978 by George Giannikopoulos of Fort Pierce is the largest I. paucus on record to date measuring 417 cm in total length. LITERATURE CITED APPLEGATE, S. P. 1966. A possible record-sized bonito shark, Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque from Southern California Waters. Calif. Fish Game. 52:204-207. . 1977. A new record sized bonito shark Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque from Southern California. Calif. Fish Game. 63:126-129. BicELow, H. B., anp W. C. SCHROEDER. 1948. Fishes of the western north Atlantic. Part I. Lance- lets, cyclostomes, and sharks. Mem. Sears Fdn. Mar. Res.:1-576. Garrick, J. A. 1967. Revision of sharks of genus Isurus with description of a new species (Galeoi- dea, Lamnidae). Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 118:663-690. Gurrart Manpay, D. 1966. Nueva nombre para una especie de tiburon del genus Isurus (Elasmo- branch: Isuridae) de aguas Cubanas. Poeyana, ser. A.:1-9. . 1975. Las pesquerias pelagico-oceanicas de corto radio de accion en la region norocci- dental de Cuba. Oceanogr. Inst., Acad. of Sci., Havana, Cuba. Seria Oceanologica.:1-41. Florida Sci. 42(1):52-58. 1979. No. 1, 1979] WILKINS ET AL.—TEXAS MAMMALS 59 RECORDS FOR EIGHT TEXAS MAMMALS-— Kenneth T. Wilkins', William J. Boeer, Duke S. Rogers, and William S. Modi, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843. Asstract: Range extensions and county records are reported for 8 species of small mammals in Texas. Durinc recent field studies in Texas, 6 species of mammals were collected in areas outside their previously reported ranges (Davis, 1974). County records for the silver-haired and hoary bats are also reported herein. Specimens are listed below by species with appropriate catalogue numbers and museum acronyms: TCWC, Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection, Texas A&M University; UTAVC, Collection of Vertebrates, University of Texas at Arlington; MWU, Midwestern University; and KU, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. Lasionycteris noctivagans—On April 1976, 2 males (UTAVC M-1661; UTAVC uncat.) were netted over Gorman Creek about 1/4 mi from its con- fluence with the Colorado River approximately 4 mi SSE Bend, San Saba County. Tall pecans and sycamores are the predominant trees occurring along the lime- stone rimrock bounding this sprinted creek. Davis (1974) reported silver-haired bats from Culberson County in Trans- Pecos Texas and from Hockley and Lubbock counties in the Panhandle. This species also is known from the Texas Gulf Coast in Galveston County (Martin, 1977). The specimens from Bend represent the second record from the Edwards Plateau; the first was from Medina County (Blair, 1952). This migratory species is distributed throughout most of North America but is not common anywhere in Texas; all known specimens probably were migrants. Lasiurus cinereus—On 4 October 1976, a hoary bat (UTAVC uncat.) was found hanging in a backyard shed in a residential section of Arlington, Tarrant County. Although within the range Davis (1974) described for the species, this is the second locality of record in north-central Texas. The nearest reported specimens are from Wichita Falls, Wichita County, approximately 100 mi NW of Arlington (Dalquest, 1968), and on the Edwards Plateau in Blanco County more than 150 mi SSW of Arlington (Davis, 1974). Nycticeius humeralis—Four female evening bats (UTAVC uncat.) netted 4 mi SSE Bend, San Saba County, on 10 April 1976 showed no signs of reproductive activity. On 27 May 1976, 3 additional specimens (2 females, TC WC 30340-41; 1 male, TCWC 30342) were collected; on the evening of capture 1 female gave birth to 2 young, whereas the other carried 2 embryos. Davis (1974) reported records of occurrence of Nycticeius nearest this locality to be 90 mi SE in Kerr County and 140 mi E in Brazos County. Perognathus flavus—The capture of a male Merriam’s pocket mouse (TC WC 26125) on 16 October 1971 at a locality 1 mi E Francitas, Jackson County, con- stitutes the species’ easternmost occurrence in Texas. Davis (1974) reported the eastern boundary of its range to be in Bee County, about 90 mi W of Francitas. Oryzomys palustris—One female (TC WC 30656) with 4 embryos was taken on 20 May 1976 in a low-lying, intermittently marshy, old field in Bryan, Brazos County, at a locality 1/2 mi N of the intersection of Highway 6 bypass and FM 158. A male rice rat was collected on 29 January 1977 in a similar situation 7 mi S and 4 mi W College Station, Brazos County. The nearest reported locali- ties are 50 mi E in Walker County and 65 mi S in Colorado County (Davis, 1974). ’ Present address of Wilkins: Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. 60 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 Reithrodontomys montanus—Two specimens taken in early May 1976 near Madisonville, Madison County (TC WC 30336female, 1 mi S intersection High- way 21 and Interstate 45; TCWC 30337male, 1/2 mi S same intersection), represent extensions of the known range for this species 30 mi eastward and 40 mi northeastward from previously known localities in Robertson and Brazos counties, respectively (Davis, 1974). The male was taken in the median of Inter- state 45 and the female in a moderately grazed pasture adjacent to the same highway. Both areas supported sparse to moderate stands of little bluestem and paspalum. Neither individual showed signs of reproductive activity. Reithrodontomys humulis—Two male harvest mice were collected in the vicinity of Fairfield, Freestone County, on 19 January 1974 (TC WC 27652) and 1 March 1975 (TCWC 30137). Waggoner (1975) noted that this species prefers habitats in abandoned fields characterized by sparse stands of three-awn and bluestem grasses. The only reported occurrences of this species in Texas are in Nacogdoches County and Brazoria and Fort Bend counties at distances 85 mi E and 170 mi S Fairfield, respectively (Davis, 1974). Neotomoa albigula—Between October 1976 and May 1977, 12 white-throated woodrats (TC WC 30860-61, others uncat.) were collected by us 12 mi SE Com- stock, Val Verde County, at the base of a limestone bluff where the predominant vegetation was guajillo and mesquite. Seven additional specimens housed in other collections also represent noteworthy records. One male (MWU 9098) was cap- tured 3 mi W Comstock, Val Verde County. The Val Verde County specimens represent a range extension of about 110 mi from the documented records in Brewster and Kimble counties (Davis, 1974). One female (MWU 7472) and 2 male (MWU 6025, 7471) rats of this species were collected 16 mi NW Seymour, Baylor County, approximately 50 mi SE of the nearest recorded locality in Cottle County (Davis, 1974). Three specimens (KU 68421-22, 68426) were trapped 2 mi S and 11 mi E Pringle, Hutchinson County, about 90 mi N of the nearest record in Armstrong County (Davis, 1974). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS— We are indebted to the following individuals for allowing us to examine specimens housed in collections under their direction: David J. Schmidly (TC WO), John L. Darling (UTAVC), Walter W. Dalquest (MWU), and Robert S. Hoffmann and E. Raymond Hall (KU). Thanks are due to Dr. Schmidly for reviewing earlier drafts of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Biair, W. F. 1952. Bats of the Edwards Plateau in central Texas. Tex. J. Sci. 4:95-98. Da.oquest, W. W. 1968. Mammals of north-central Texas. S.W. Nat. 13:13-21. Davis, W. B. 1974. The Mammals of Texas. Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept., Austin. Martin, C. O. 1977. A noteworthy record of the silver-haired bat in Texas. Tex. J. Sci. 28-356. Wacconer, K. V. 1975. The effect of strip-mining and reclamation on small mammal communities. M.S. Thesis. Texas A&M Univ. College Station. Florida Sci. 42(1):59-60. 1979. Nos 1, 1979) STARNES AND STARNES—Ammocrypta 6] DISCOVERY OF THE PERCID GENUS AMMOCRYPTA (PISCES) IN THE APALACHICOLA DRAINAGE, FLORIDA— Wayne C. Starnes and Lynn B. Starnes, Department of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916; and Division of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife Development, Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, Tennessee 37828. Asstract: The collection of Ammocrypta bifascia from the Apalachicola River below Woodruff Dam, Florida, represents the first recorded occurrence of the genus Ammocrypta in this major drainage and constitutes an important eastward range extension for sand darters in the Gulf coastal region. WituiaMs (1975) illustrated the range of the sand darter genus Ammocrypta as extending eastward in the Gulf coastal tributaries of Florida through the Choctawhatchee drainage. He described the form which occurs therein, and in other systems east of the Mobile drainage, as a new species, A. bifascia, the Florida sand darter, a form closely allied to the more westerly naked sand darter, A. beani Jordan. Ammocrypta does not appear on the list of Apalachicola River fishes prepared by Yerger (1977). On 24 June 1977, the authors collected a 48.7 mm standard length female specimen of A. bifascia near the east bank of the Apalachicola River approximately 400 m below Woodruff Dam, Gadsden County, Florida (Florida State Museum UF 24415). This constituted one of the first records of Ammocrypta in this major and more easterly system which drains a great portion of western Georgia and smaller portions of Alabama and Florida. The sand darter was collected from an area of sand-gravel substrate with mod- erate current from a depth of about 1 m. Flow from Woodruff Dam at the time was 336 cms, river stage 13.6 m (Corps of Engineers data). The only associated darter species was Percina nigrofasciata. Subsequent to our collection of Ammocrypta from the Apalachicola River, we have learned of a prior unreported specimen collected 11 August 1974, by H. A. and 3. H. Beecher (Florida State Univ.) from a more downstream locality, a steep sandbank along the east shore of the river approximately 0.4 km N of Florida Highway 20, Liberty County (53.8 mm SL Male, FSU 23263). The follow- ing meristic data for both Apalachicola specimens closely approximate that of western Florida A. bifascia with the exception of higher lateral line counts: dorsal fin elements, IX-11; anal fin elements, I-10; left pectoral fin rays, 12; lateral line scales, 73 and 75; transverse scale rows, 3 and 5 (methods of Williams, 1975). The caudal peduncles are unscaled midventrally. The collection of two temporally and geographically separated specimens of A. bifascia from the Apalachicola River suggests that their presence was not due to bait introductions. Darters are seldom, if ever, used as bait by local fisher- men. It seems more plausible that Florida sand darters occur naturally in this drainage as a result of coastwise dispersal during sea level reductions in the late Pleistocene or possibly were introduced through lateral stream captures or common flooding between tributaries of the Apalachicola drainage and the ad- jacent Choctawhatchee drainage to the west. Bailey, Winn, and Smith (1954) and Yerger and Suttkus (1962) discuss the apparent faunal break which exists be- tween the Choctawhatchee and Apalachicola drainages. Ammocrypta can no longer be regarded as a constituent of this distribution pattern. 62 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 A. bifascia is rare in the Apalachicola River as evidenced by its total absence from many prior collections taken at the Woodruff Dam locality and elsewhere in the lower river. It may take many years and tremendous effort to develop a complete faunal list for a large river. In the Tennessee drainage for example, Ammocrypta was rediscovered at a heavily collected locality 85 yr after its initial discovery, constituting only the second record for the system (Starnes, et al. 1977). Perhaps similar population levels exist in the Apalachicola River ap- proaching densities conducive to collecting only following years of extraordinary reproductive success. Moreover, considerable specialized effort is often necessary to collect Ammocrypta which burrow into the sandy substrate; the presence of collectable densities and specialized efforts may seldom coincide. Perhaps con- centrated collecting efforts in suitable habitats will yield further specimens from the Woodruff Dam locality and/or from other portions of the drainage, such as the Chipola River or unimpounded stretches of the Flint River in Georgia. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS—We thank H. A. Beecher and R. W. Yerger (Florida State Univ.) for providing their specimen and data, C. R. Gilbert (Florida State Mus.) for depositing our specimen and comments on the manuscript, D. A. Etnier (Univ. of Tennessee) for additional comments, and Debbie Barton (Tennessee Valley Authority) for typing. William Alley, Army Corps of En- gineers, Jacksonville, provided Woodruff Dam discharge data. LITERATURE CITED BaiLtey R. M., H. E. Winn, anp C. L. Smitu. 1954. Fishes from the Escambia River, Alabama and Florida, with ecologic and taxonomic notes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 106:109-164. STaRNES, W. C., D. A. Ernier, L. B. StaRNEs, AND N. H. Douctas. 1977. Zoogeographical im- plications of the rediscovery of the percid genus Ammocrypta in the Tennessee River drain- age. Copeia. 1977:783-786. Wi.uiaMs, J. D. 1975. Systematics of the percid fishes of the subgenus Ammocrypta, genus Ammo- crypta, with descriptions of two new species. Bull. Alabama Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 1. YERGER, R. W. 1977. Fishes of the Apalachicola River. Pp. 22-33. In Proc. of Conf. on Apalachicola Drainage System. Florida Mar. Res. Pub. No. 26. YeERGER, R. W., ano R. D. Sutrxus. 1962. Records of freshwater fishes in Florida. Tulane Stud. Zool. 9:323-330. Florida Sci. 42(1):61-62. 1979. ANOMALOUS OCCURRENCE OF LIP PROJECTION ON CARPIODES CYPRINUS—Hal A. Beecher, Department of Biological Science, Florida State Univer- sity, Tallahassee, Florida 32306" Asstract: A median lip projection was found on 2 Carpiodes cyprinus from the Apalachicola River, Florida. One of the most apparent external distinctions between Carpiodes cyprinus and its congeners, C. carpio and C. velifer, is the presence of a small median knob or nipple-like projection on the lower lip of C. carpio and C. velifer and its ab- sence in C. cyprinus (Hubbs and Lagler, 1958). I report the anomalous occur- ‘Present address: Oregon Natural Heritage Program, 1234 N.W. 25th, Portland, Oregon 97210. No. 1, 1979] BROLMANN—Stylosanthes hamata 63 rence of such a median projection on the lower lip of 2 C. cyprinus from the Apa- lachicola River, Florida. From April 1976 through April 1977, 137 adult C. cyprinus were captured in 18 collections with a boat-mounted electric shocker (230 V, AC) at 2 sites on the Apalachicola River. Most specimens (116 in 11] collections) were collected within 2 km downstream from Jim Woodruff Dam at Chattahoochee, Florida (30 40’N, 84 52’W), while 21 specimens were from 7 collections made in a 9 km stretch of the river upstream from State Road 20 bridge between Bristol and Blountstown, Florida (30 25’N, 85 00’W). A 28.5 cm SL female (FSU 27024) bearing a small nipple-like projection on the lower lip was 1 of 12 specimens of C. cyprinus collected on 9 December 1976 at the Chattahoochee site. A 31.5 cm SL female, also bearing a projection on its lower lip, was 1 of 3 specimens collected on 2 April 1977 at the Bristol site. The latter specimen was destroyed in the course of another study. Respective gill raker counts (52, 54), relative body depths (.386, .368), relative snout lengths (.109, .100) of the two specimens, and a lateral line scale count of 38 for the for- mer specimen confirm the identifications of these specimens as C. cyprinus. No other species of Carpiodes are known from the Apalachicola drainage, although other species occur in adjacent drainages (Dahlberg and Scott, 1971; Smith- Vaniz, 1968). Thus, it is unlikely that these specimens represent hybrids. The presence or absence of the median projection on the lower lip is widely used as a taxonomic character, but should be used in conjunction with other char- acters in the identification of the species of Carpiodes. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS—I thank Tom Lewis, Graham Lewis, Gordon Cherr, Clay Small, Chuck Duggins, and Brooke Beecher for collecting assistance. Tom Lewis and Brooke Beecher made help- ful suggestions on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Dan ser, M. D., anv D. C. Scorr. 1971. The freshwater fishes of Georgia. Bull. Georgia Acad. Sci. 29:1-64. Husss, C. L., anp K. F. Lacier. 1958. Fishes of the Great Lakes Region. Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. SmiTH-Vaniz, W. F. 1968. Freshwater fishes of Alabama. Auburn Univ., Agr. Exp. Sta.: 1-211. Florida Sci. 42(1):62-63. 1979. DISTRIBUTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STYLOSANTHES HAMATA (L.) TAUB. IN SOUTH FLORIDA—John B. Brolmann, University of Florida, A.R.C., Fort Pierce, Florida 33450! ABSTRACT: Ecotypes of Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. were collected from along the east coast of south Florida. Among these, tetraploid types grew more vigorously than did diploid types. Some of the ecotypes of this native legume have a potential for use as a forage plant in south Florida pas- tures. STYLOSANTHES has received much attention recently because of its increased use as a forage and pasture legume in the tropics and subtropics (Edye et al., ‘Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 1177. 64 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 42 1977). Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub., S. calcicola Small, and S. biflora (L.) BSP. are the only known species of Stylosanthes indigenous to Florida (Small, 1933). Most of the other 27 known species are indigenous to South America; a few spe- cies occur in Africa (Mohlenbrock, 1957). Stylosanthes hamata is more wide- spread in Florida than are the 2 other species. Its natural habitat includes the Florida Keys and a narrow strip (10 km wide) along the coast from Jupiter inlet southward to the Keys. Stylosanthes hamata grows best on calcareous soils derived from shell debris with pH 7.0-8.5. It has invaded parks, lawns, and median strips on superhighways in south Florida. Its persistence can be accredited to prolific year-round seed production and a deep taproot, which help it to survive in periods of drought. When frost kills the shoots, the plants regenerate from the crown. Our findings indicate that Stylosanthes hamata is predominantly self-polli- nated. Growth habit of the various ecotypes ranges from creeping-prostrate to erect. In general, flowers are yellow, but some white blooming accessions have been selected. The seed, which is usually no more than 5 mm long, has a curved beak, a remnant of the persistent style. Ecotypes can be identified by seed form and shape. Forms with short curved beaks have been found at 2 sites only (Ocean Drive and West Way, Riviera Beach; and in the median strip of U. S. 1, 1 mis of Jupiter). These types are tetraploid (2n=40). Other native S. hamata are diploid. The tetraploid types are adapted to a greater range of soil pH and are more vigorous than are the diploid types. Although S. hamata has not been found north of Jupiter inlet, it is conceiv- able that earthmoving operations in road construction will carry seed further north. Plants of certain accessions have survived at Fort Pierce and regenerated from seeds in test plots at Gainesville after the severe 1976-77 winter. Observa- tions in field plots and collection sites indicate this legume is readily eaten by rabbits. S. hamata also grows naturally throughout the Caribbean Islands where it is highly valued as a forage plant for cattle. Recently, nearly 50 ecotypes have been collected in south Florida. This col- lection is currently being evaluated for pasture use. Studies have been carried out on in vitro digestibility, chromosome number, yield, persistence and disease resistance of these native ecotypes at the Agricultural Research Center, Fort Pierce (Brolmann, 1974). Due to the great salt-tolerance of certain ecotypes, S. hamata could also be used for replanting sand dune areas which are subject to erosion. Its value as a ground cover and as lawns should be investigated. LITERATURE CITED BROLMANN, JOHN B. 1974. Growth studies in some new Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. selections. Fort Pierce ARC Research Rept. RL-1974-6. Epye, L. A., W. T. WituraMs, R. L. Burt, B. Gror, S. L. StrLLMAN, AND W. H. WInTER. 1977. The assessment of seasonal yield using some Stylosanthes guyanensis accessions in humid tropical and sub-tropical environments. Australian J. Exp. Agr. and Anim. Husb. 17:425-434. MoHLENBROCK, RoBerT H. 1963. Further considerations in Stylosanthes (Leguminosae). Rhodora. 65:245-258. SMALL, J. K. 1933. Manual of the Southeastern Flora. Univ. North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. Florida Sci. 42(1):63-64. 1979. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS Individuals who publish in the Florida Scientist must be active members in the Florida Academy of Sciences. 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