3 2044 106 37

990

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Ivl B R A Y

*

OF THE

gray HBRBARIUM

Received

THE

A PICTORIAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE

FLOWEES, FEUITS, AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE.

CONDUCTED BY

THOMAS MOOEE, F.L.S., and WILLIAM PAUL, F.E.H.S,

1874.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED AT THE » JOUENAL OF HOETICULTUEE ” OFFICE,

171 FLEET STEEET.

MDQOCLXXIV,

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LIST OF PLATES,

» Aeundo conspicua .

, Aubicula (Alpine) Napoleon Ilir..

,, Susie Mathams^

Camellia Thomas Moore .

Cherry (Bigareeau) Frogmore Early

f* I

„ „ Noir de Schmidt ...

> „ „ Frogmore Late^ ...

„ (Black Gean) Joc-o-sot^ .

• Citrus japonica .

' Clematis (Spring-flowering) Fair Eosamond*
„ „ Stella^ ...

• Cyclamen persicum Eose Queen..

Eoyal Purple ^ ...
White Perfection .^.

• Delphinium Keteleerii^ .

u

Gooseberry (Dessert) Catherina

Henson’s Seedling
Lord Derby

??

Victory

*-Ieis K^jmpferi Edward George Henderson^

FlUMQUAT ... ... ... ... ...

^ L^lia flammea ... ... ... ...

/ Lilium avenaceum (maculatum) ^ .

^ PlRAMERI ... ... ... ...

t „ Washingtonianum PURPUREUM^ ...

' Peach Barrington .

Eivers’ Early Louise^...

^ Pentstemon Palmerii
« Plum Prince Englebert^...

Bhododendron Duchess of Edinburgh ...

Vauban

4^

» Rose (Hybrid Perpetual) Peach Blossom
j Strawberry Bradley’s Amateur .^.

Facing page Cl

... ... 40

... ... 40

... ... 205

. 121

• •• ... 121

... ... 220

. 220

. 241

... ... 160

. • 160

... ... 131

• ». ... 181

• ... 181

... ... /3

. 100

. 100

• • • ... 1

... ... 1

. 217

... ... 241

1o o
oo

. 103

• •• ••• xo

. 256

... ... 157

... ... 8c)

... ... 37

. 277

. 145

. 265

... ... 07

««• ... 2o

LIST OF WOODCUTS.

Actinidia Kolomikta

... 206

Aloe Bainesii : on rocky hills in Eastern

South Africa ...

... 153

Apple, Barchard’s Seedling

... 41

Aralia Veitchii ...

... 5

Azara microphylla, foliage ^ nat. size

... 220

Azara microphylla, showing the habit

of the plant

... 221

Campsidium filicifolium .

... 280

Cistus ladaniferus

... 160

Codiaeum (Croton) spirals

... 211

Codiseum (Croton) volutum

... 138

Cupressus Macnabiana .

... 88

Cypripedium Dominianum

... 57

Dasylirion glaucum .

... 17

Dendrobium Ainsworthii

... 114

Dracaena amabilis

... 75

Ficus Parcellii .

... 184

Gooseberry, pruning first and second

seasons’ growth, (4 cuts)

246, 247

Grapes, mode of keeping

.. 52

Green’s Patent Wrought-iron Boiler,

Cross and Longitudinal Sections

9

Gymnogramma decomposita

... 148

Idesia polycarpa, foliage of

... 64

Idesia poly carpa, fruit of

... 65

Lilium giganteum .

... 79

Lilium japonicum .

... 194

Lilium longiflorum .

172, 173

Lilium longiflorum oximium ...

... 172

Lilium longiflorum Wilsoni

... 173

Lilium pliilippinense . 172

Lilium Wasliingtonianiim . 25-1:

Lilium Washingtonianiim pui’pureum ... 255

Olearia Haastii . 198

Pea, James’s Prolific . 44

Pea, Laxton’s Fillbasket . 44

Plant-houses, Kendle’s Rustic . 132

Polyanthus J ackanapes-on-Horsehack. . . 105

Polyanthus Pantaloon ...

Potato-beetle, Colorado .

Pseudotsuga Davidiana, branch 1-lOth
nat. size, and portion of branch nat.

104

42

size

... 124

• • • #> • t

» • • • • f

Pseudotsuga Davidiana, cone nat. size...
Robinia Pseud- Acacia pyramidalis
Spray-producer, Bourne and Taylor’s

Improved .

Summer-house, Hexagon

Summer-houses, Rustic . 176,

Vine, young, cut back .

Vine-shoot of the third season, from
improperly pruned spur
Vine-shoot of the third season, from

properly pruned spur .

Vine-stem, young, showing the mode of

pruning .

Vine-stem., young, portion of second
season’s growth

••• ••• •••

Vine-stem, three-year-old, spur-pruned
Vine-stem, ten-year-old, spur-pruned...
Wallichia caryotoides .

125

243

68

177

236

28

225

225

29

225

272

273
161

J . L M&d aalanc Dd ct Zlocc

Goosebemes

l.Lord Derby, 2, Victory.

THE

FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

NEW GOOSEBERRIES.

WITH AN ILLUSTBATION.

HE Gooseberries of tbe Lancashire growers have long been famed for their
great size, but an impression is abroad that they are inferior in quality as
dessert fruit. This, however, is a false conclusion, so far as many of the
varieties are concerned ; and with a view to demonstrate this, we have
selected, from a number of sorts obligingly forwarded to us last season by Mr. C.
Leicester, of Crompton Road, Macclesfield, the two varieties here figured, which
were certainly quite up to the average as regards the important quality of flavour,
while from their size and beauty they rank amongst the choicer sorts grown for
exhibition.

Lobd Debby (fig. 1) is a seedling of Mr. Leicester’s, and is as yet new and little
known. It is a fine showy fruit of the hairy-red class, bright and telling in
colour, and brisk as well as rich in flavour; in every way a first-class fruit.
ViOTOBY (fig. 2) is less novel, but is a first-rate variety amongst the whites. The
former has been grown as heavy as 22 dwt. 11 gr. ; the latter has reached to
17 dwt. 10 gr. — T. Moobe.

CULTURE OF AZALEA INDICA.— I.

HERE are few plants more generally grown or more worthy of cultivation
than the Azalea indica^ and yet how seldom do we meet with it really well
managed, how often with starved stunted growth and small colourless flowers,
that render it a difficult matter to distinguish the variety by the appear¬
ance of the flowers I This is more attributable to the amount of bad treatment
the plants will bear, than to any great diflSculty in their culture. It is true that
they are particularly liable to the attacks of thrips and red-spider, and all who wish
to grow and flower them in anything like a satisfactory manner must make up
their minds to wage a war of extermination on these particular insects, otherwise
success will never crown their labours.

The Azalea being indigenous to the hill regions of India, we are at once
pointed to the necessity of a humid atmosphere, as well as to plenty of light,
during its season of growth. I have seen them grown in loam and sand, but
they never are so fine, nor do the plants last so long, as when grown in good
peat, — not the hard poor material w^ often see them in, but peat that is rich in
the fibre of grass or fern-roots, with 6ne-sixth of clean sand added. The peat
must not be sifted, but broken by hand, into pieces of the size of acorns for small
plants, and as large as pigeons’ eggs for larger plants. Another practice with

3bD SEBIES. — VII. B

2

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Januart,

many growers, and wliicli is fatal to the plants ever producing large highly-
marked flowers, is that of turning the plants out-of-doors during the season of
their growth, or before the wood is fully matured. In truth they are much
better never turned out at all. Plants that are in the hard stunted condition indi¬
cated, can rarely be brought into free growth, and even when they can be induced to
move freely, they generally are short-lived, often going off like a human being
in an apoplectic fit. There is no time better than the present for procuring
plants to grow on, for if got at once, and placed in a temperature of 50° by night
with a little higher by day, they never lose so much leaf, and consequently root,
as plants that are kept cooler during the winter. If the object is to get the
plants up quickly in size, the flowers should be taken out, to throw all the energies
of the plant into the formation of wood. In selecting the plants see that they
are quite free from white or brown scale. Any that are so affected are only fit
for the rubbish-heap, as they are not worth the trouble of cleaning. If there is
a trace of either thrips or red-spider, dip them in strong tobacco-water three
times at intervals of ten days, to destroy both insects and eggs. By the end of
February they will have pushed considerable growth, and be commencing to root.
They should then be potted into pots three inches larger than those they have
previously occupied. — T. Baines, Southgate.

POINSETTIA PULCHEEKIMA.

HIS grand old plant, even now unsurpassed as an autumn and winter
ornament to our stoves, is, from its refractory habit, too often an example
of the term ‘leggy.’ This bad habit, however, may be conquered by
taking it in time. To succeed in growing this plant well, it is absolutely
necessary to begin at the beginning, which stage I set at the fall of the bracts.
At this period the plants are too apt to be thrust into any corner out of the way,
while, on the contrary, they should be fully exposed to all the light they can get ;
and moisture must be gradually reduced, that the wood may become thoroughly
ripened, after which they may be stowed away for a three-months’ rest in a cool
house, free from damp.

About April the plants should be cut back to the old wood, shaken out from
the old soil, and repotted in small pots in good old rotten turfy loam, with a
small portion of leaf -mould and sand. A very gentle warmth soon induces
them to break freely and need more pot-room, when a small proportion of rotten
dung should be added to the compost. As soon as established, the best place
for them is a cold pit, giving an occasional shift as required, allowing full
exposure to the sun, giving plenty of water both overhead and at the root, and
admitting abundance of fresh air as the heat of summer increases. As soon as
the shoots are long enough, they must be constantly tied down, choosing a sunny
day for the operation, as the shoots are then not so liable to snap. If this
operation is neglected at this stage, good-bye to well-formed plants.

An important point in the management now follows. As the summer heat de-

/

1874. ] OECIIARD-HOUSES AND THEIR PRODUCE.

O

O

dines, tlie pit must be kept gradually warmer, until tlie beads begin to show for
bloom, wben tlie plants must be removed to the stove, and still be liberally treated,
to bring the bracts to perfection. The Poimettia is a gross feeder, and should not
be allowed to flag, or the leaves will fall. The beauty of the plant depends in a
great measure on the presence of abundant healthy foliage to set off the
gloriously-coloured bracts.

The so-called white variety is useful as a contrast, and flowers rather later than
the species. It does not appear to be generally known that plants from seed sown in
spring will flower in the autumn by allowing them to run up a single stem with¬
out a check. I find the seedlings vary in shade and foliage, and I anticipate
further improvements. Both Messrs. Veitch and Mr. Bull are sending out dis¬
tinct and useful varieties, one earlier, the other later than the type ; and I see
no reason why we should not produce striped or mottled varieties, by impregnating
the red with the white, and vice versd. — J. W. Laurence, Farnham Castle,

ORCHAKD-HOUSES AND THEIR PRODUCE.

JNE more paper will exhaust my subject, and I will devote it to a detail of
a year’s course of culture and its results.

I will commence with November. Nothing remains in the house but
the late grapes. The trees are again bare, and every wet and uncomfort¬
able day is devoted to their pruning and arrangement. The sap being down,
water is altogether withheld, and everything goes into its winter rest. Then
comes the important process of mulching, which here means a heavy dressing of
the strongest unfermented manure I can command. I use the scrapings of a
large farm-yard where only corn-fed cattle are stalled ; old hot-bed refuse is not
sufficiently effective. Early in January the fruit-buds begin to swell, and with
the starting of the wood-buds into life, I realise the coming advantage of the
mulching, for the surface-roots, by luxuriating in the rich food prepared for
them, occasion such a rapid circulation of sap, that every bud becomes a shoot,
establishing by its rapid growth a health and luxuriance which defy the aphis
tribe, and save all the trials of washing, fumigating, and hand-picking.

I now give the first watering through fine-rosed watering-pots. The quantity
is moderate, and just enough to moisten the surface. A fortnight later the
whole surface of the house must be saturated. At this stage special attention
must be paid to ventilation, and until the young fruit can be pronounced safe,
the front sashes must never be opened ; and when they are, attention is required
to prevent the mischief of the cold draughts which accompany a suddenly over¬
cast sky in the spring months. Daily syringing is indispensable to prevent the
ravages of the red-spider, and to furnish the atmosphere which all trees grown
under a fixed roof require.

And then comes the harvest. From the Strawberries of May to the Victoria
Nectarine (Rivers) of September 29th, I am never without fine .fruit in full
abundance. My crop of 1873 will substantiate this, for besides furnishing

B 2

4

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ January,

daily supplies for the house, and many presents in the village, I packed and sent
away 38 baskets of Peaches and Nectarines. I must not unreasonably attempt
a register of the many extra advantages to both gardener and amateur of a good
Orchard-house, nor speak of pot-culture, but I may supply an omission in my last
hastily-written paper. When speaking of the Grape crop, I had forgotten two
trees trained on bare stems to the top of the house, and not interfering with the
peaches, from which I took about 120 bunches, making my whole crop above 200.

And now, in winding up the matter, I would place these facts against the
assertion of a recent correspondent, “ M. T.,” that orchard-house fruit can be
bought for what its culture in these structures costs. Calculating on a coat of
paint once in three years, I cannot estimate the expense of my house at more
than £3 a year, which the Strawberry crops would discharge or the Grapes pay
three times over. Still I admit that great attention is required before a new
theory can be worked out, which becomes a medium of the two recognised
systems of choice fruit-culture in Peach-houses and on open walls. — G. D.

CARPETING ROSE BEDS.

’ HOULD Standard Rose-beds be carpeted during the summer ? This is a ques¬
tion sometimes asked, and is answered both in the aflSrmative and negative,
each side having its adherents. Then, many rosarians, as they are termed,
inveigh strongly against Standard Roses altogether, as unnatural in appear¬
ance, somewhat contemptuously denominating them “mops,” and asserting that their’
naked straight stems are unsightly objects in the garden. I saw a country flower’
garden not long since with its inevitable lines of Standard Roses planted in the'
turf by the sides of the gravel walk, but with a small circular bed at the base of
each. In these beds had been planted various coloured Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums, ^
which were trained up the stems of the Roses, and so furnished them with pillars?
of leaves and flowers. The association of the Ivy-leaved Pelargonium with the*
Roses in this fashion quite hid the naked stems from view ; and I failed te>
perceive that the Roses suffered in any way from the companionship of the?
Pelargoniums, as the heads were of vigorous growth and blooming freely. The?
Pelargoniums had rooted into the superficial rich soil, and their roots seemed to?
be close to the surface at a higher level than those of the Roses. I was*
informed that this combination is worked out each year, without inflicting aBy
perceptible injury to the Roses. — R. Dean, Ealing.

ARABIA VEITOHII.

jNE of the most charming of stove plants of the ornamental-foliage' dags’,
and one which seems likely to remain somewhat scarce, from being difficuiM
of propagation. It was imported some years since from New Caledonia by
Messrs. Veitch and Sons, and has been frequently exhibited by them,
receiving numerous medals and certificates of merit. As will appear from our
illustration, which has been kindly lent us by Messrs. Veitch, it is a plant of

1874. ]

AEALIA VEITOHII.

5

most elegant character, having a slender-growing erect stem, which is furnished
with handsome digitate leaves composed of about eleven narrow linear elongated
leaflets, which are distinctly wavy at the edge, of a dark glossy green colour on

ARALIA VEITOHII.

the upper surface, and dark red beneath. These, standing out on their long
slender, but rigid petioles, have a remarkably elegant character.

As an exhibition foliage plant, the Messrs. Veitch observe, that there is no
doubt it will always stand in the highest rank ; while as a dinner-table decorative

6

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOOIST.

[January,

plant, it is probably without a rival. Though not a rapid grower, it thrives in a
warm stove temperature under the treatment usually given to the less robust of
choice woody stove plants. — T. Moore.

BEKRY-BEAEING PLANTS.

HERE are few plants more welcome than these for purposes of winter
decoration, and they have the additional attraction to many of being
easily cultivated. We have many hardy trees and shrubs in our gardens
which are strikingly handsome in fruit, and although theirdruit does not,
botanically speaking, come under the term here employed as a heading, still it is
sufficiently precise for all practical and ornamental purposes. As out-door berry-
bearers, I may instance the Arhutus^ a shrub of which, in the Brompton Cemetery,
is now covered with fruit ; and these being of a bright orange, tinged with bright
red or scarlet, are very effective as seen contrasted with the dark glossy foliage.
Hollies^ Snowherries^ and Yews are too well known to need much comment, while
Aucuhas^ if a little care and attention be given them when in flower, may be made
very fruitful even out of doors, while in pots for cool conservatory or drawing-room
decoration they are strikingly beautiful. Even without fruit they are among the
best of all plants for the winter decoration of window-boxes and balconies outside
town houses. If fruit is desired on bushes planted outside, it is necessary either
to place a male plant in flower in close contiguity when the female plants are
blooming, in order that they may be fertilised, or a branch of a male plant can
be grafted on to the female, so as to serve the same purpose. Growing the male
plants in pots is, however, the best plan, as then their season of blooming is more
under control, and can be more readily regulated to suit the blooming season of
the females.

Several species of Berheris fruit freely, and form noble objects on the margins
of lawns or in the shrubbery borders. B. Aquifolium bears dense clusters of
purple berries covered with a beautiful blue bloom ; and its still more effective,
deciduous congener, B. vulgaris^ bears elegantly-drooping clusters of scarlet
berries, useful either for grouping along with autumnal foliage, or for preserving
in syrup for garnishing purposes. Many of the large-fruited species of Cratcegiis^
Pyrus^ and Cydonia japonica are amongst the most effective of out-door decora¬
tive plants, especially during the few bright sunny weeks in autumn, when the
foliage is changing from green to gold. The last-named plant, and the Cotone-
asters, such as C. microphylla and (7. Simonsii, are well adapted for covering the
bare front walls of town houses.

Mr. Barr kindly gave me a hint the other day, the worth of which is simply
invaluable to those who are interested in the culture of plants in towns : —
“ Always choose plants with bright, glossy foliage, as they do not retain the soot
and other mechanical impurities of a city atmosphere, and are washed clean by
every passing shower.” Inattention to this simple rule has been the cause of
disappointment to many town planters, especially with respect to evergreen
shrubs and conifers.

1874. ]

CELERI TUEO AND ITS ALLIES.

7

For indoor winter decoration we have a whole host of bright-berried plants,
including Solanums, as S. Capsicastrum^ S. pseudo-Capsicum^ S. Yellow Gem^ and
one or two others. The cotoneaster-like Pernettyas^ as P. microphijlla and P.
mucronata^ are well adapted for pot-culture, and are highly commended by the
few who cultivate them for conservatory decoration. Rivina Icevis (Jiumilis of
gardens) and the scarlet-fruited Ardisia^ together with its yellow-fruited variety,
are well known as warm greenhouse or stove plants. The pretty little Nertera
depressa^ which in habit reminds one of a plant of Selaginella densa^ covered with
coral beads, spreads rapidly in a cool, genial atmosphere, and does well in a
Wardian case in the sitting-room. Leucocarpus alata^ with white berries, Calli-
caipa purpurea^ and even the ordinary scarlet and yellow-fruited Capsicums, may
be grown for producing an agreeable variety. — F. W. Burbidge.

CELERI TURG AND ITS ALLIES.

HE account of this Celery in the Florist and Pomologist (1873, p. 284,)
is entirely wrong. It is not Tube's Celery, but what I have named it in
the heading, CUe7'i Turc, Forty years ago, and many years subsequently,
it was distributed by the Royal Horticultural Society among their annual
collections of seeds. The English synonym was Lion's Paw^ from the leaf-stems
being flat and fleshy, and very much divided at the top. I knew it full forty
years back as being grown by my late father ; indeed, up to the introduction
of Cole’s superior variety, he grew nothing else, and few men grew Celery better,
both on the single-row and bedding system.

The Incomparable which Mr. Turner of Slough distributed is not Cele^n Turc^
though it is, no doubt, a selection from it, being less flat in the leaf-stalk, with
more heart, and consequently a better keeper. Celei'i Tw'c did not keep well,
being very liable to rot, but in point of crispness, freedom from thread, and rich
nutty flavour, it had and has no superior. For stewing our German chef de cuisine
would take no other, and he cooked it entire, without being cut into lengths, as
is the usual custom.

CarmichaeT s Celei'y^ as shown in November at South Kensington, is the most
like Celeri Turc of anything that I have seen for some years past, except that it
is some three or four inches too tall. Of the very shabby lot shown, this was
certainly the best, and for family use it is, I think, a very promising variety,
about intermediate between Celeri Turc and Cole’s Crystal White.

The Nottingham growers — working-men, I mean — have some varieties of
Celery, and the best of them grow it in a much superior manner to anything we
see at the Metropolitan Shows. The secret of superior Celery-growing is to sow
seed at the right time, and to suffer the plants to know no check until they have
arrived at full maturity. The Nottingham artisan, who wants Celery to show
the first week in October, sows the first week in April, on a slight hot-bed, with
the protection of glass. His plants know no check, and he rarely fails to bring
them up perfectly blanched and weighing from 4 lb. to 7 lb. per head at the

8

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ January,

annual fair on October 3. Hundreds of gardeners sow in January, and buddle tbe
plants together until they are as weak as straws, to their own and the plants*
inconvenience ; these, in point of size and quality, are not so forward as those
sown at a much later period, but allowed to have no rest afterwards.

The Celeri Turc^ for both salad and kitchen purposes, I have dug in good
eatable condition every week in the year. — William P. Ayres, Brochley Iron
Worlcs^ New Cross^ S.E.

|T page 284 of the last volume you remark : — “ A dwarf white Celery, known
as Takers Celery, was growing at Gunnersbury some quarter of a century
since, and since that date has been grown as the Incomparable.” My
object in writing is to call attention to the name “ Tuke,” which is
evidently a corruption of the French name “ Turc” — for as Celeri Turc it was
distributed for many years by the Horticultural Society. One thing is certain,
that Dr. Tuke, who lives near Gunnersbury, had no more to do with its paternity
than I have. This, the finest of all white Celeries, comes to us from France. It
is the favourite variety of the Paris market-gardeners, and is grown under the
names of Celeri Turc^ Celeri Court Hdtif^ Celeri Plein Blanc Court Hdtif, Its
English names are Dwarf White Solid, Dwarf White Solid Self-blanching, Incom¬
parable, and lastly, Sandringham. Of Bed Celeries there are no better than
Major Clarke’s Solid Bed and the Leicester Bed. I have not had an opportunity
of growing these two celeries side by side, so cannot tell if they are distinct, but
I can say that with either you have the best Celery that can be desired. — B.

SUGAR PEAS.

'HEBE are Sweet Peas, but these are not the Sugar Peas,— -one is a
delicious vegetable, and the other an ornamental flower. The pods of
the Sugar Peas are eaten when very young, just as the pods of French
Beans and Scarlet-Bunners are eaten. About the year 1826 I busied
myself to get Sugar Peas forward, and they were forwarded in V-shaped boxes,
and put into the rows out-of-doors as soon as the weather would permit, and they
were fit for table just about the time that French Beans were appearing above
the ground. It will need little ventilation of the subject to start lady house¬
keepers to ask for Sugar Peas early, and not only early, but at any time, for
they are far more palatable than either French Beans or Scarlet-Bunners. In
Dickson and Bobinson’s (Manchester) Catalogue now before me I see they quote
an edible-podded Pea called New Dwarf Wrinkled edihle-podded, — evidently
showing that the thing has not quite died out. One would have expected that
the great Show at Manchester would have brought this fine old vegetable on the
table, but I looked in vain for my old favourite. If the pods are gathered
when quite flat, and before the seeds are formed, they will be indeed sugared, but
if allowed to go to seed, they are useless for table, for they are not of any value
as Green Peas.

1874. ]

qeeen’s patent wkouqht-iron boiler.

9

The talented author of Nicholas Nichlehy ate Pea-pods in Germany, and
recommended the novelty to housekeepers in England, and got heartily laughed
at for supposing that all Pea-pods were eatable. Dr. Lindley quenched the
rising idea, and, therefore, I need not say a word on the subject, for “ what so
tedious as a twice-told tale.” I name it here to show that our Continental
neighbours are in the habit of eating. Sugar Peas, and of offering them to
strangers, and we might do worse that copy such a sensible notion. — Alex,
Forbyth, Salford,

GREENES PATENT WROUGHT-IRON BOILER.

'UOOESS is truly said to be the test of merit ; and this being so, the Boiler
of which we now give an illustration must be noted down as a meritorious
one, since it has certainly proved to be successful. It has now been for
some time in use in the garden of the Eoyal Horticultural Society at
Chiswick, where, if we are not misinformed, it has proved itself to be the best
boiler in the establishment, and has certainly given the fullest satisfaction to
those who have introduced it.

Cross Section.

Longitudinal Section.
Gbeek’s Patent Wrought-iron Boiler.

The principle of the boiler will be at once understood from the accompanying
figures, which show the longitudinal and cross sections. The fuel rests on hollow
water-tubes, which form the fire-bars, and the heat and smoke pass upwards
and backwards, through a narrow, horizontal fine between two thin, overlapping
water-plates or shelves, as they are termed, and again return over the top of the
upper shelf, and beneath the arch of the boiler, to the chimney. The soot-door

10

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[January,

is conveniently placed for keeping tlie flues clean, which, is a matter of no small
importance. The flow is from the crown of the arch, while the returns come in
on each side, close beneath the fire-doors in front. It will thus be seen that
this wrought-iron boiler — a class now in popular favour — ^is simple in principle,
and we can vouch for its successful action in the establishment above referred
to. — T. M.

THE YAEIETIES OF GAEDEN KALE.

’he following is an abstract of Dr. Hogg’s Eeport of the Kales grown in the
Garden of the Eoyal Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the years
1871-72, which was a tolerably complete trial of the varieties now in
cultivation. In reference to the errors of nomenclature discovered, it is
remarked that no blame is attributable to the seedsmen, nor any impeachment of
their good faith, on that account ; for the confusion of nomenclature has existed, not
only for years, but for generations, and however anxious they may have been to
correct it, the task was one most difficult of accomplishment. Now, however,
that something like Older has been attained, it is to be hoped that a more general
concurrence in nomenclature will be maintained.

Aspaeagus Kale. — The original Asparagus Kale of a century and a half
ago was a Sprouting Broccoli- introduced from Italy ; it received its name from
the young shoots, terminated by a “ button,” bearing some resemblance to the
young shoots of Asparagus. In course of time, the name gradually ceased to be
identified with the Sprouting Broccoli, and was applied to a variety of kale also
introduced from Italy, called Milan Kale^ or Chou de Milan^ which has the
property of throwing up in the spring a profusion of long succulent shoots,
resembling the shoots of Asparagus. There are now several other varieties of
Kale to which the name is sometimes erroneously applied by seedsmen, e.g.^ Buda
Kale^ Couve Tronchuda^ and Siberian Kale.

Buda Kale. — This is one of the varieties called Asparagus Kale. It is very
dwarf-growing, the stock being not more than 6 in. high, and very leafy. In
this condition it remains all the winter, and in spring numerous long shoots are
produced, some of which are from 2 ft. to 2|- ft. in length. The leaves are
smooth and very much waved. There are three varieties of this — the Green^
the Pw'ple, and the Lettuce-leaved or Strap-leaved. There is no difference,
except in colour, between the green and the purple varieties, but the lettuce¬
leaved is very distinct, the blade of the leaf being decurrent down the whole
length of the footstalk, resembling in that respect the leaf of a lettuce, or of
Laing’s Swedish turnip. As regards utility and fertility, there is no difference ;
and all are equally hardy. The purple variety was sent in by different seedsmen
as Asparagus Kale, Delaware Kale^ Jerusalem Kale., and Purple Jerusalem Kale.
The green variety was sent in as Lapland Kale., Egyptian Kale., New Winter Kale.,
and Chou-a-faucher. The Lettuce-leaved variety was sent in as Jerusalem Kale.
Cottager’s Kale, — The Cottager’s Kale seems to preserve its undisputed

1874. ]

THE VARIETIES OF GARDEN KALE.

11

individuality, as there were no instances of this excellent variety being received
under any other name.

Curled Kale. — By far the most popular and most extensively cultivated of
all the Kales are the Curled or Scotch Kales, also called Curlies, German Greens,
or Borecole. There are four distinct forms of the Curled Kale — the dwarf and
tall green curled, and the dwarf and tall purple curled. Those which are most
generally cultivated are the green forms ; and the great object of cultivators is to
obtain these with the leaves as finely and as much curled as possible ; and, in
proportion as they are so, the more or less is the stock appreciated. The green
form was received as Prince of Wales, Hearting Kale^ Cabbaging Kale, Tall
Curled^ Sclater’s New Cabbaging^ Feathered Scotch^ Abergeldie^ Superb Parsley
Curled^ William^ s Matchless^ Pontefract Green Curled, Tynningham, Jackson^ s
Late Curled^ Dwarf Green Curled Handsworth, Veitch^s Dwarf Late Curled^
Dwarf Green Curled Canada^ Dickson’s Imperial Dwarf Curled^ and New
Moss Curled. These differed only in the degrees of intensity with which the
leaves were curled, the Neiv Moss Curled being the most remarkable. The
dwarf purple form was sent as Jerusalem Kale and Lapland Kale., and the tall
purple as Brown Borecole.

Jersey Kale. — This is the Cesarean Cow-cabbage., Tree-cabbage, and Jersey
Borecole., a tall-growing plant, 4 ft. or 5 ft. high, the stem clothed with long, broad,
glaucous-green leaves with long foot-stalks ; in spring it throws out numerous
long slender shoots, with which cattle are fed, but it is never grown as a garden
vegetable.

Long Scotch Kale. — This is the normal form of the wild cabbage as it is
found on the Dorsetshire coast. It was also sent under the names of Couve
murciana and Buckman's Hardy Winter Greens.

Marrow Kale. — The Chou moellier of the French is a form of Jersey Kale,
which produces a long thickly-swollen stem like a gigantic cigar, the swollen part
being filled with a mass of tender pith. There are three varieties, the white, the
purple, and the small. The white grows about 4 ft. high, the stem being thickest
in the middle, where it is about a foot in circumference in the largest specimens.

Milan Kale. — This is often called Chou de Milan., which is unfortunate, as
Chou de Milan is the name given by the French to Savoys, between which and
the Milan Kale there is no resemblance. The Milan Kale produces a stock from
18 in. to 2 ft. high, clothed with plane bluntly-toothed leaves, and terminated
by a close rosette of leaves forming a small incipient head. In spring it throws
out a large quantity of fine succulent shoots, which, when cooked, form one of
the most delicious dishes of the winter-green class ; and it is from this circumstance
that the plant has been called Asparagus Kale. There is a purple variety which
was received under the name of Flanders Purple.

Palm Kale. — The stem is 2 ft. to 2J ft. high, clothed with large
oblong-obovate leaves, having the blade decurrent the whole length of the
footstalk, and which are of a dark-green colour, and curve gracefully upwards

12

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Januaet ,

and outwards, giving the plant the aspect of a miniature palm. In the spring
it throws out a profusion of long slender shoots, which are of no value as a
vegetable. It was received under the name of Chou Palmier.

Bagged Jack. — Like the Cottager’s Kale, this seems to have few synonymes.
Its character is sufficiently distinct to render it easy of identification, being very
dwarf, with a stock not more than 4 in. to 6 in. high, and having the leaves deeply
laciniated, the segments trifid or multifid. It is generally of a purple colour, but
occasionally green. In the spring it produces a great quantity of tender shoots,
which are much esteemed as a vegetable. It was received as Camberwell Borecole.

Siberian Kale. — This is one of the hardiest and best of the sprouting kales ;
it is also very distinct, and can never be confounded with any other variety. The
stock is very dwarf, being only 4 in. to 6 in. high. The leaves are always
green, sinuated, coarsely serrated, and plaited on the margin. In spring it
produces a large crop of tender shoots, from 1 ft. to 15 in. in length.
The nomenclature of this variety is very confused. It was sent in as Lapland
Kale., Asparagas Kale^ Buda Kale, Delaware Kale., Jerusalem Kale, Acme Kale.,
and Curled Jerusalem.

Woburn Kale. — This closely resembles the Wild Cabbage and Long Scotch
Kale, but appears to be of a more perennial character. It may be propagated by
cuttings, as, indeed, may all the other varieties ; but it is more woody and shrub¬
like in its growth. It is not worth cultivating for its produce, except in very
northern and exposed situations, but it is very hardy, and will, perhaps, stand
more rigorous winters than any of the other varieties.

TECOMA (BIGNONIA) GRANDIFLOKA.

HIS magnificent Chinese climber is deserving of much more extended
cultivation than it receives. Considering its hardiness, freeness of growth,
and fiowering, and the great beauty of its inflorescence, it cannot be too
highly recommended. It is sufficient to say that it produces the largest
and most effective flowers in one of the most beautiful genera of flowering plants
that we possess. Trained upon a wall or on trellis-work, its flowers are pro¬
gressively produced in immense panicles during the autumn months ; and I have
measured several of its large red blossoms, which were 4 in. across the throat of
the tube. Whether planted against a wall or a trellis, it should, as soon as it
has covered the space allotted to it, be annually spurred back to an eye, before
the growth breaks in spring, and the chances of severe frosts are over. If the
soil is well drained, and of a fertile nature, there needs no preparation for plant¬
ing, as the Tecoma is by no means fastidious in this respect ; but when the
subsoil is at all wet, it must be thoroughly drained, substituting a healthy turfy
loam to plant in. Perfect drainage is one of the chief elements of success with
all such subjects, tending greatly to the insurance of perfect hardiness.

Having so far alluded to the capability of the Tecoma (Bignonia) grandi^
Jiora as an out-door subject, I must not omit to refer to its admirable appro-

1

Liimm Kp.ameri ^

T-i.

1874.]

LILIUM KEAMEEIANUM.

13

priateness for conservatory and greenhouse embellishment when cultivated in
pots, forming as it does a very distinct and most effective object in association
with other plants. If properly fashioned when young, and freely cut back
annually, the plants form very compact and shapely bushes, from 3 ft. to 4 ft.
in height, without the slightest tendency to ramble ; and such plants are often
embellished with from twenty to thirty panicles of its large rich orange-red
tube-shaped flowers, producing a grand and imposing effect. So freely does this
Tecoma produce its blooms, that I have seen hundreds of specimens in 5 -in. and
6-in. pots flowering freely, in the nurseries of Mr. Smith, of Worcester, who
grows the plant extensively. Under glass cultivation it should receive an
abundance of light and air, so as to promote a sturdy habit of growth. There
are two varieties of this species, — T. {Bignonia) grandifiora^ with reddish-saffron
flowers ; and T. {B.) grandijlora ruhra^ which is darker in colour, as the name
implies. — Geo. Westland, Witley Court. [Mr. Waterer, of Knaphill, also grows
a variety of remarkable beauty under the name of Tecoma (Bignonia) grandijlora
prcecox. — Ed.]

LILIUM KRAMERIANUM.

WITH AN ILLUSTEATION.

owe our thanks to Mr. G. F. Wilson for the opportunity of figuring
this, which is the finest form of the new Japanese Lily, Lilium Kra-
merianum. Three varieties of it have been flowered and exhibited in
this country, but not distinguished by name. The finest is that which
we now figure, and which has large flowers, with broad bluntish perianth segments,
of a deep flesh-colour or pale rosy blush. Another, also blush, but much paler in
colour, has narrower perianth segments, wavy at the edge and very much drawn
out at the points ; this has been figured in the Botanical Magazine (t. 6058),
but is there too highly coloured. The third is almost white, and is intermediate
in form between the other two.

This Lily, when examined by Mr. Baker, was regarded by him as a hybrid
between L. japonicum and L. speciosum. We must confess that we do not see the
slightest aflSnity with the latter species, but think it far more likely to have
originated between L. auratum and L. japonicum^ if it be not a mere selection
from L. auratum itself. It is not quite clear whether L. Kramerianum comes
to us from wild habitats, or from the Japanese gardens. All we have been
able to learn on this point is contained in the following memorandum
from Messrs. Teutschel and Co., the agents in this country of Mr. Kramer. They
write : — “ Mr. Kramer sends it to us as a new lily, obtained a long distance from
Yokohama, in the interior of Japan. He speaks of a man as ‘ collecting ’ it,
and sends it in three varieties — white, pink, and a larger form of the same
colour ; but adds, ‘ there are many startling varieties.^ He speaks of it as a
form of L. auratum. For our own parts, we cannot see that speciosum has any¬
thing to do with its parentage ; it seems a seedling form of auratum. It is a

14

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ January,

delicate bulb, and travels badly, scarcely one in ten having reached us in good
condition. All our bulbs have had narrow elongate foliage like L. auratum.”

Our figure is necessarily much foreshortened, but gives a fair notion of the
beauty of the flowers, and of the character of the leaves. Its erect stems grow
from 2 ft. to 3 ft. high, and as yet have borne only solitary flowers. — T. Mooee.

AKEBIA QUINATA.

'HIS is a plant which I am surprised is not more generally planted in
England. No hardy climber I am acquainted with looks so well at all
seasons of the year, and yet it is seldom met with, even in catalogues.
The plant is nearly evergreen, and easily kept within bounds, and if a few
wires are placed for it to run on, it will train itself. No insects trouble it ; the
plants flower abundantly from an early age ; they are very easily propagated, and
grow fast when young. A plant turned out against my dwelling-house in a
south-east corner, about seven years ago, is now a dense mass from ground to
roof, although it is a lofty building ; and it is completely covered with its
curious dark purple flowers in the early spring, the leaves remaining on until
after Christmas. I have never seen a shoot injured by frost, even when quite
exposed in open ground. The plant is, of course, the admiration of all visitors.

The seed-pods are very curious and ornamental, being like large blue bean-
pods ; but I have only seen it in seed once/ and that was on a small plant in a
pot, which had probably been fertilised artificially. As the plant blooms so
early in the season, and is dioecious, it may require artificial impregnation if
seed is expected. As an instance of its free-blooming quality, I have a number
of plants not more than one inch high, flowering in 2-in. pots. — James Taplin,
South Amhoy, New Jersey.

THE MUSCAT ESCHOLATA GKAPE.

^BOM what I hear from growers who have seen the above grape growing
here this autumn, I conclude it is but little known. Some who saw it
said it was the Golden Champion, and in appearance it certainly very much
resembles the Champion, as figured in the Florist and Pomologist in
1868, but I am not aware that there is any resemblance in flavour ; indeed there
cannot be, as the Escholata has a good Muscat flavour, whereas the Champion is
not a Muscat at all. One of the good qualities of the Escholata is that it does
not spot — it has not done so with us during the three years we have fruited it ; and
it ripens quite a fortnight earlier than the Muscat of Alexandria in the same
house, the berries being considerably larger, and of a beautiful amber tint when
ripe. Some of the berries on the last bunch, cut on November 26, were four
inches in circumference.

I have read with great interest the notes on the new Grapes recently
published in the Florist, but I hope some of your readers will give us their
experience with the Grape named at the head of this article, as I fear it has got

1874. ]

APPLICATION OP LIQUID MANUEE.

15

a bad name from not setting so freely as one could wisb. We have only one plant
of it which carried seven bunches, five of which were quite perfect, the others
thin in the middle. Mr. Eivers describes it as the Eyton Muscat ; berries large,
oval, equal in size ; an excellent variety. According to my experience, I should
not recommend it to be planted on a large scale, — the Muscat of Alexandria is the
best for that purpose ; but where a large white Grape is wanted, as a noble com¬
panion for the Black Alicante and Gros Colman, either the Escholata or Mr. W.
Paul’s Waltham Gross (from what I saw of it when exhibited at the Bishop Stort-
ford Autumn Show), may be selected. The fact that the latter is a strong grower
will recommend it, as it does the Escholata, which with us is one of the strongest-
gi’owing grapes that I know of. I believe this is a step in the right direction, as a
vigorous constitution assists the gardener to avoid several of the evils he has to
contend with in Grape-growing, namely, spot and shanking ; even mildew, I have
no doubt arises a great deal from the same cause, namely, a weak constitution. —
William Plester, Elsenham Hall Gardens.

APPLICATION OF LIQUID MANUEE.

'HE beneficial results obtained from manure-water, when judiciously applied
to fruiting and flowering plants, has long been recognised by cultivators,
and its use is by them becoming more general. It is well known that the
roots of plants are usually more healthy when growing in pure soil free
from rank manure, and these roots will draw up more healthy nourishment to
the plants from manure given in a liquid state, than when they are encased in
rank material which they cannot consume. We know that our most successful
grape-growers use very little solid manure in the soil, only a few bones or bone-
meal, or similar material, which cannot give off more stimulant than the plants
can consume, and also remains much longer in the soil as a fertilizer than manure
which dissolves rapidly. Pine-apples are not grown by successful cultivators in that
rich stuff so much prized by some of our forefathers. The successful florist has
more faith in giving stimulants when the plant really needs them, than in keeping
the roots buried in soil made rich and almost offensive by strong manure. When
roots are few, and the plants almost at rest, the purer the soil and the less stimulant
the plants receive, the better will they thrive when their roots come to draw up
larger supplies of nourishment.

It is the application of liquid manure to plants in pots to which I wish more
particularly to direct attention. It is a practice of some growers, when they observe
plants making. slow, unhealthy growth, to give doses of strong manure- water— -
sometimes in a putrid condition, and the result is, that the plants so treated go
from bad to worse ; but if the roots were cleared of the unhealthy soil about
them, and replanted into healthy material, success might then be expected ; and
when abundance of roots are formed, so that the pots are well filled, manure
might bo given at each watering. I strongly object to the advice often seen in
print, to give a strong dose tmee a week or at some other appointed time,

16

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ January,

which has the effect of “ starving and bursting.” Moisture is needed to soften the
soil, and to allow the roots to extract nourishment from it ; but when all the
virtue is out of the earth, and the plant begins to show signs of distress, all the
watering in the world will not give vigour to the exhausted functions ; but let a
portion of guano or any well prepared manure be mixed with the water sufficient
to colour it, and let this be repeated at every watering instead of giving a much
stronger dose at longer intervals, and the result will be most satisfactory. I
have tried a number of experiments this season with liquid manure, and all lead
me to have faith in the application of it, at every watering, in a weakly state.

A number of Fruit Trees in pots — chiefly plums — which had not been shifted
for years have produced heavy crops of fine fruit, and though there was little in
the pots but roots, the frequent doses gave them all they required.

A number of old Fuchsias were stunted and pot-bound, but pressure of more
important matters prevented our potting them into fresh stuff ; but to each
watering a colouring of guano was allowed, and the plants, with their pot-bound
roots, have not only made vigorous growth, but flowered freely from June onwards
till November.

Some Pelargoniums, which were cut down last season and allowed to break
in the usual way, were shaken out of the pots, and placed in smaller ones, but
when they should have been shifted they were allowed to remain in the small
pots, which were crammed with roots ; guano-water was given at all times when
they required moisture ; the plants grew and made fine foliage, and flowered
better than others which were favoured with larger pots and fresh soil.

Many other examples I could give to prove that giving liquid manure
' frequently, and not till roots are in abundance to consume it, is the proper way
to deal with this important assistant of the cultivator. Putrid liquid is a
destroyer of the health of plants ; it should always be used in a fresh and clear
condition, and rather on the homoeopathic than the allopathic principle. This
is an old story, well known to practical men, but young beginners and amateurs
are often led into errors with the advice so often given, — the strong dose “ once
or twice a week.” — M. T,

DASYLIRION GLAUCUM.

«HIS plant, which is also known as Bonapartea glauca^ appears to us,
observes M. Oarriere in Bevue Horticole (1872, 435), to belong to the genus

fDasylii'ion, and not to be a Bonapartea^ the latter having nearly all the
characters of the Agaves* The plant has a solid stem, recalling that of a
Draccena^ stout and very short, the leaves widened and imbricated at the base,
and covering at the top of the stem a sort of subspherical projection, from the
centre of which the inflorescence is developed. The leaves are thick, glaucous,
furnished on the edges with very short, distant, and regular teeth, 28-32 in. long,
withering at the tip, which is broad or subtruncate. The termino-central flower-
stem attains 5 ft, to 6 ft, high, bearing leayes which diminish, so that the upper

1874. ]

DASYLIEION GLAUOUM.

17

ones are almost reduced to bracts or scales, and bearing also for two-tbirds of its
length spiciform erect bunches of flowers, forming a close but ramified inflor¬
escence. The flowers are small, yellowish-white, extremely numerous, with the
p erianth segments united at the base ; the stamens are six in number, with the
white filaments terminated by yellowish anthers. ‘

The D. glaucum^ of which the cut is here reproduced, is a plant of very orna¬
mental aspect. It flowered, probably for the first time at Paris, at the establish¬
ment of M. Eougier-Ohauviere about the beginning of August, 1872. It is culti¬
vated in the greenhouse, of which it is a hardy inhabitant, its culture being
similar to that of the Agaves. The few other species of Dasylirion met with in
our greenhouses are all exceedingly handsome plants of the Yucca or Agave type.
— T. Moore.

0

18

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ January,

GARDEN GOSSIP.

STATEMENT of accounts relating to the exhibition of the Royal Horticul¬
tural Society at Bath has recently been pubhshed, from which it appears that
a profit of £1,248 17s. 3d. was realised, of which sum the Royal Horticul¬
tural Society receive £624 8s. 8d., and the other half is divided amongst

the local institutions. The Royal Literary and Scientific Institution Gardens receives £20 ;
the Royal Victoria Park, £302 4s. 4d. ; and the Hanoverian Band and Floral Fete Committee,
£302 48. 3d. The Prizes and Medals distributed amounted to £1,312 Os. fid.

- Hn reference to Tacsonia insignis^ figured in our last volume, Mr. Ander¬
son, of Sowerby-House Gardens, where it was bloomed, writes : — “ Your artist has
done the Tacsonia well — rather highly coloured. The true colour is a clear

magenta-scarlet. The flowers are from 7^ in. to 8 in. across. After remaining horizontal for
a day or so, the flower-segments turn up like those of a dog-tooth violet, and remain so
for a day or two, when they again resume the horizontal position, and shortly after fall off. It
produces no seed unless carefully impregnated. The fruit is quite round, likje a green orange,
at present (Nov. 5) not ripe, from 7 in. to 8 in. in circumference. When treated the same as
T. Van Volxemi, that is, freely cut back in spring, it flowers a month or six weeks before that
variety, and pi'oduces mostly two flowers from the axil of each leaf, that is, after it begins
flowering.” ^

- 029^e have lately seen in the Knap Hill Nursery what we believe is the

fastest-growing tree in cultivation. It is the Populus canadensis (monilifera)
nova^ a new variety of the Cotton-wood. The rapidity of its growth is extra¬
ordinary, plants only three years old being now upwards of 20 ft. in height, and forming well
made trees. It is a better grower than any other Poplar, has a free healthy habit, and is
well worthy of the attention of planters.

- 0NE of the most important of gardening operations is that of Potting.

Mr, Fish gives the following instructions respecting it : — A stock of clean, dry

pots, turfy loam, fibry peat, clean sharp silver-sand, white sphagnum, potsherds,

and charcoal should be kept always in readiness, and each plant should be potted as it needs
it. I don’t believe in a general potting, any more than a general watering. “ As they need
it,” should be the rule, one or few at a time. Nostrums in the way of soil, I also hate ; those
I have named, simply mixed, will grow anything. The chief point is right mechanical con¬
ditions. Food can always be given to plants in their drink. The state of the old ball and
the mode of potting have more to do with success than the character of the soil ; it should
never be too wet, nor too dry. The outer roots, if possible, should bo made to point into tho
earth, and the latter can hardly be made too firm. Give water, to consolidate and amalga¬
mate tho old with the new, and to home the plant in its new pot, using water always a little
warmer than the temperature of the house in which tho plants grow.

IBr. Hooker communicated to tbe Gardeners^ Chronicle some time since

tbe following remarks on tbe Production of Honey -dew : — “ I have,” he remarks,

‘‘ carefully watched the first formation of honey-dew in the Lime during this and

tho preceding two weeks, and am satisfied that its first appearance is wholly independent of
insect agency. In each week, on the accession of hot and sunny weather, the upper surface of
tho leaves, inclusive of those on the extreme branches, become very uniformly speckled with
honey-dew, the specks appearing on the tumid spaces between the venules, and seldom ex¬
ceeding one-tenth of an inch in diameter. These were washed away by the first shower, and
reappeared with tho returning hot sun. In the first week it was difficult to find an aphis any¬
where on these Limes, and such as I found were solitary, very immature, and confined to the
lower surface of the leaves. On the extreme twigs, the leaves of which projected some feet
beyond tho rest of tho foliage, and which leaves were equally speckled, scarcely an aphis was
to bo seen. During the last week and this, tho aphides have become more numerous, but are
still comparatively rare, and always solitary. That the formation of honey-dew is indepen¬
dent of aphides, and is a function of the plant unstimulated by insect agency, is clear to me ;
but it remains to bo seen whether the aphides may not at a later period induce a more
copious secretion of honey-dew.”

1874. J

GAEDEN GOSSIP.

19

- - ®HOSE wlio know how sedulously Dr. Maclean tried to get flavour

into the Peas, will not be surprised to find that his Best-of-all fully bears out
what has been said in its favour. It is an excellent main-crop Pea, and however

much Veitoli’s Perfection may be valued, this, it is said, exceeds it in point of flavour. It is
of robust growth, about 3 ft. in height, the pods very thickly covering the haulm ; the flavour
very rich and sugary.

- in good bloom, Spircea Lindleyana forms a magnificent bush.

S. arimfoUa is often spoken of as the most beautiful of its class, but S. LindUyana^

with its grand flower-panicles, is a powerful rival to it. The foliage is dark green,

large and pinnate ; the flower-panicles from 2 ft. to 3 ft. long, nearly pure white, and of the
form of a fox-tail, but broader. Imagine a bush with 50 of these spikes, rising 6 ft. to 7 ft.,
and falling gracefully over the foliage !

- Amongst the Bedding Violas^ that called Blue Bell is said to be both

the earliest and latest to bloom of all the blue varieties ; not, perhaps,' quite so

effective for colour in the summer as Magnificent, but having more blue in its

composition, and therefore none the less charming. It is a much more robust grower, and
gives a larger quantity of bloom than Magnificent, coming into flower a month earlier and
blooming two months later ; indeed it continues in bloom from the early spring until the end
of the autumn, unless very severe weather should set in. Blue Bell is very hardy, will pro¬
pagate freely, and is a valuable acquisition either for spring or summer bedding.

- ^HE Clianthus Dampieri is generally considered rather difficult or

uncertain to cultivate, but the following account of the treatment of a plant

grown at the Poles, recently printed in the Gardeners^ Chronicle^ shows at least

that it is worth taking some trouble with. The plant was raised from seed sown early in
February, in an ordinary stove. In due time it was potted in a 4-in. pot, using peat and sand
for compost ; when the plant was well rooted it was pinched back, to encourage it to break,
which it did in three places. At this period the stove was getting too warm for it, and it was
put near the glass in the Odontoglot -house, and ten days after repotted into a 10-in. pot,
using for compost, peat, sand, and a double handful of chopped sphagnum ; this latter article
proved of great value in keeping the compost both porous and moist, thus preventing stagna¬
tion and the too frequent use of the watering-pot. When tolerably established in its largo
pot it was removed to the oast end of a Heath-house, near the glass, where for a week or two
it had the shade and protection of a cloche affordetl it. From the time the cloche was dispensed
with, the Clianthus grew rapidly and sturdily, enjoying occasionally a pinch of Standen’s
manure. Early in July the flowers appeared. On July 21 five trusses of five flowers each,
and one of two wei’e fully expanded. In this state the plant was taken to the conservatory,
where it continued to grow and flower freer than ever, attaining its greatest perfection on
September 25, when it had upon it seven trusses of six flowers each, two of five and two of
three, in all 58 individual flowers. When seen in this condition Clianthus Dampieri cannot
fail to attract attention from the most unobservant of observers.

- T. Simpson bas recently recommended Harrises Hybrid Cucumber

as one of tbe very best varieties for yielding a supply of fruit — a really good

and serviceable kind. It is not particularly valuable for exhibition purposes, but,

what is of infinitely more importance, it is a good and a continuous cropper either in winter
or summer, and is of robust constitution. Its average length is 16 in., occasionally 18 in. and
20 in., and it is of very superior flavour.

- ^HE new Gaillardia amblyodon is a close ally of the old Gaillardia

picta^ a pretty border plant, of easy culture, free-blooming, and showy.

G. amblyodon^ however, has the advantage of being self-coloured, the florets

being entirely of a lich, deep, sanguineous rod. The leaves are oblong and sessile, with
short rounded basal lobes ; the involucral scales are very different from those of G. pictay
being mtich more spreading. It will be a very useful plant for the sake of the variety it will
afford, the colour being by no moans a common one. Wo are indebted for specimens to Mr.
Thompson, with whom it has flowered well.

V 0 2

20

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ January,

- ©NE of the most effective among the hardy shrubs whose leaves assume

a brilliant colour during the autumn season, and one which is much neglected by

planters, is the Vaccinium pennsylvcmicum. The coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate

leaves of this plant tui'n to a brilliant crimson, quite equal in intensity to that assumed by
the lovely Aiapelopsis tricuspidata (Veitchii). A few bushes of this Vaccinium distributed
about the beds of evergreen Rhododendrons, would light them up with a brilliancy which
must be seen to be appreciated, for indeed there is nothing of the same habit which at all
approaches it in colour. The plant is sometimes known as V. tenelliim.

- ^aptainWintour, of Bristol, has invented a new Ventilating Apparatus^

consisting of a metal frame, with glass, at each end of a cylinder of gauze wire.

The cylinder slides backwards and forwards in a metal shield, by means of which

it can be easily fixed in any window, door, or indeed anywhere. The inventor claims for it
that it is specially adapted for the windows of private houses, churches, hospitals, and all
large buildings ; it can also be fixed in carriages, cabins of ships, tents, conservatories, and
greenhouses. Its action is to admit air at the sides of the cylinder only, and remove foul air
simultaneously and imperceptibly, without the least draught or admission of dust or insects.
Such an apparatus seems likely to be useful in early vineries, or even where late Grapes are
hanging in the autumn, being as they are sometimes subject to the attacks of wasps and birds.

- ^MOND the species of Tulip are some which, in bright spring weather,

form exceedingly gay and attractive objects. One of these, a good old garden

plant, is called Tulipa ociilas soils. Mr. Harpur-Crewe remarks of this, that

“when is has opened its great crimson eyelids, and stares up with its gorgeous black-and-
yellow pupil at its namesake in all his meridian splendour, it is a sight which does the heart
of a gardener good. I flowered last spring another closely-allied species, which will form a
formidable rival to its more conspicuous, but not more beautiful congener — Tulipa hceotica.
In colour it most closely resembles T. ocidus solis ; but whilst the latter is apt to grow tall,
and is liable to be broken by wind and rain, T. hceotica is dwarf — scarcely taller than the
little yellow T. ; whilst its narrow and somewhat sharply-pointed petals present a
marked contrast to the broader and blunter ones of T. oculus solis.”

- SSEe may hope soon to regard some of the groups of Begonias as tenants

of our flower-borders, for not only has Mr. Wilson kept through the winter,

virtually without protection, the handsome stemless B. Veitchii., but B. Sedeni,

one of the hybrids bred from B. boliviensis, has during the summer grown vigorously and flowered
freely on the same exposed root-Avork with B. Veitchii, the plants of both being in perfect
health, and decorated with its finely coloured floAvers.

- En the Eupatorium gracile odoratum we have one of the most serviceable

and important of winter-flowering greenhouse shrubs. Its clusters of white

and sweetly fragrant blooms may be had in succession for months ; and as it

flowers freely, even in small pots, it is Avell adapted to the various purposes of embellishment.
It may be grown Avith the greatest facility, and deserves a more general and extended culti¬
vation.

- Mellerstain, Berwickshire, a seat of the Earl of Haddington, the

gardener, Mr. Goodall, has raised a Striped Antirrhinum of some interest, inas¬
much as plants raised from cuttings of the variegated shoots have withstood the
frosts of the last two years, and are now assuming the form of shrubs, while all
the others in a green state have been killed off.

- to Pack Fruits so that they may be conveyed in a green state

through varying temperatures, has long been an unsolved problem. Mr. Carson,

President of the Horticultural Society of Victoria, has, however, suceeded in

sending to the International Exhibition at Vienna fresh apples, poars, &c., grown in Victoria.
They wore carefully gathered, and each fruit was wrapped up in clean unused tissue-paper.

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR JANUARY.

21

A layer of dry cotton-'svool was theu laid iu au ordinary case, and on this a layer of
Apples in paper. More cotton was rammed in between the Apples and the sides of the case,
as well as between the fruits ; another layer of cotton succeeded, followed by fruit as before,
and so on until the case was filled. The lid was then nailed on in the usual manner, and the
packing was complete. The cases were placed in the ice-rooms of the steamers until landed.
The result was that the fruit, when unpacked at Vienna, was in fine condition, and excited
both admiration and astonishment.

- Thomas Dawson, Esq., of Meadow Bank, died on November 21. In him

horticulture has lost one of its most generous and genial patrons. His love for
it extended from the simplest border flower to the choicest exotic, and was both

keen and constant ; he was also particularly attached to members of the gardening fraternity.
The Meadow Bank collection of Orchids was undoubtedly one of the best managed and most
valuable private collections in Great Britain. Mr. Dawson was connected with the Carron
Company, which brought him heavy duties, but his spare time was sacred to his garden.

GARDEN WORK FOR JANUARY.

FLOWERS.

severe frosts we have recently experienced have told with marked effect
(Um upon tender plants that were not protected. It is frequently necessary to
examine the efficiency of the protection afforded, and to remember that
the dryness of the materials employed is of more importance than the
actual thickness, of the covering ; much injury indeed often results from
damping-off, if the plants are enveloped in sodden materials. A material point
to be observed in protecting tender plants is the liability of the roots to suffer.
In highly dressed grounds, it is important that the protection should be as
little objectionable as possible ; the use of bushy evergreen tops stuck neatly
in the ground is to be recommended upon grass. It is requisite that the planting
of deciduous trees and shrubs should be completed as soon as possible, in order
that they may get root-hold, to support fresh growth ; the lifting of large speci¬
men shrubs, and ground-work alterations should also be pushed forward.

If the planting of Boses is not completed, no time is now to be lost. Old
beds should have the greater portion of the soil removed — this will do good in the
shrubbery — replacing it with a strong, healthy turf, well enriched with rotten dung.
Plant Ranunculuses towards the end of the month for a successional bloom. At
this season of the year a feature of the greatest importance, and one that is much
neglected, is the thinning and rearranging of Shrubberies. This neglect must be
looked upon as being in bad taste, and one can hardly understand how, in this age
of refinement, it comes to pass that mixed shrubberies are frequently allowed to
become wild entanglements, without order. This should be corrected, cutting
out the large trees where they are so thick as to destroy the undergrowth, and
rearranging the shrubs, cutting down such as are straggling, and keeping next to
the grass a neat band of evergreens, which always present an orderly appearance.
Presuming that the great majority of the flower-beds are planted with bulbs,
spring-flowers, and evergreens, little can be done in the way of renewing the soil ;
opportunity should, however, be taken advantage of, to stack up a good supply of
the various soils required for the renovation of the beds when the plants are
removed. Let neatness and order pervade every portion of the ground, the grass
and walks being frequently rolled.

Bedding Plants indoors should not have more fire-heat than is necessary to
expel frost, and should be aired freely upon favourable occasions ; and as damp
must be guarded against, no more water should be used than will maintain the
soil in a healthy, moistened state, applying it early in the moraing on fine

r

22 THE ELORIST AND POMOLOGIST. [JANUARY,

days, and ventilating freely to dry up any superfluity. Alternwitlieras^ Coleus^
&c., should be kept in a temperature ranging from 50° to 55° ; towards the
middle of the month, if a large stock is required, the temperature may be
advanced, plunging them in bottom-heat, where they will soon produce an
abundance of cuttings. I do not advocate starting the general stock too early,
as in that case they seldom make such fine growth. The present stock and the
requirements of the grower, must in a great measure be the guide in this matter.
I advise that towards the end of the month the stock should be looked over, when
such as there is a scarcity of should be placed in a growing temperature. Varie^
gated Pelargoniums will require attention in watering and airing, so as to promote
a genial temperature.

Plants in Cold Frames must have attention in covering. Calceolarias and
similar subjects may remain covered during severe frosts, if they are afterwards
carefully inured to the light. Auriculas^ being still in a dormant state, will
require little or no water — merely sufficient to prevent flagging, care being taken
that no water hangs upon the leaves so as to generate damp, and giving air
freely in mild, clear weather. Carnations which were late in being potted will
be liable to damp, and must be freely ventilated when the air is dry.

Greenhouse plants must be kept in a quiescent state, using as little fire-heat
as possible ; more particularly is this necessary during severe frosts, when it is
so difficult to regulate ventilation ; give air freely upon all suitable occasions.
Complete the tying of Azaleas and the training of plants in general. Pelargoniums^
both of the show and scarlet groups, must have every attention as regards water¬
ing, affording them a gentle heat, with careful ventilation, and keeping down
green-fly by timely and repeated fumigations. Cinerarias and Calceolarias should
be shifted on, before they become pot-bound.

Towards the middle of the month the earliest batch of Fuchsias should be
started ; they should be pruned back freely, and if placed in an early vinery, will
come forward progressively with the Vines ; syringe freely, and as soon as the
shoots have pushed an inch in length, shake them out and repot. This is also a
good time to secure a good stock of cuttings for pot-culture ; these make the finest
possible flowering plants the first season, if vigorously grown on ; a good stock of
the finest varieties for planting out should also be secured, both the plain and
the golden-leaved being valuable for garden embellishment.

Stove plants must be kept from growing as long as possible; nothing is
gained by exciting them too soon, or by early potting. Towards the end of the
month a few soft-wooded plants, as Gloxinias^ Caladiums^ Begonias^ Achimenes,
&c., may bo started for early blooming, and various subjects will require cutting
back preparatory to starting. Give attention to the training and pruning of all
plants on rafters and trellises ; wage a war of extermination against all insects,
and forward by every means all operations conducive to a start next month.

Conservatories attached to the mansion are now gay with a mixed assemblage
of stove and greenhouse plants. It is astonishing what a length of time flowers
will stand at this season in a healthy atmosphere of about 50°, if care be taken
about the supply of water at the root. In arranging Orchids and other tender
plants, they should, as far as possible, be placed in the hottest part, giving Heaths
and the hardier portion of the plants the most exposed positions. Camellias must
not suffer for want of water at the root ; they do not develop their flowers kindly
in a temperature exceeding 45° to 50°. It is important to remove the plants, as
they cease flowering, into a temperate house, so that they may be brought to rest,
Poinsettias and Euphorbias being partially dried off. Keep the forcing-house
well supplied with plants for succession, of which there is great variety. Success

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR JANUARY.

23

will in a great measure depend upon the thorough ripeness of the wood.
Examine JBulbs that are plunged in ashes, removing such as have started ; these,
and Lily .of the Valley, are best started in the mushroom-house in their early stages,
so as to draw up the foliage and flower-stems, before exposing them. Loses
require to be forced with caution, and aired carefully ; wash them with soap, or
dust with sulphur, to check mildew. — George Westland, Witley Court.

FRUITS.

Vines : Keep up a steady night temperature of 60° in the early-house, with a
moderately moist atmosphere till they are coming into bloom, when syringing
must cease for a time, and the temperature must be raised 10° by night, and
should range from 80° to 85° during sunshine. Give air every fine day, and
always at other times keep up a circulation in the house through the ventilators.
Commence thinning the berries at an early stage after the fruit is set. In the
succession house the night temperature may be raised to 55°, increasing by degrees
according to the stage of growth. Remove all lateral shoots and useless growth
from pot Vines, and keep them well supplied with liquid manure as soon as the
fruit is set, but use it at the same temperature as the house.

Pines: Keep a steady heat from 65° to 70°, with a moderate bottom-heat,
to the succession plants in dung pits, and guard against any sudden changes in
the weather by regulating the covering at night and attending to the linings.
Give air to all Pines in fine weather, avoiding a draft through the pit. Any plants
now starting into fruit should be watered, maintaining the temperature previously
advised ; and if much fire-heat he used, keep a moist atmosphere. Collect plenty
of leaves (if to be had), to be in readiness for renewing the beds when required,
for there is no better material than a good bed of leaves for the successful
cultivation of the Pine.

Peaches and Nectarines : Maintain, by syringing, a moist atmosphere in the
early house till such time as they come into flower, when it must be discontinued
till the fruit is set. Give abundance of air when the blossoms begin to expand ;
at this stage the night temperature must not exceed 55°, or even a lower tem¬
perature is preferable to so much fire-heat. Fumigate on the first appearance of
green-fly. Bring the succession-house forward as before directed.

Cherries : If any plants were placed under glass last month, they should be
plunged and top-dressed with rotten dung and loam. Syringe on fine mornings,
and, to begin with, keep a moist night temperature of about 45°, with plenty of
air in fine weather.

Plums : If early fruit be desired, these may now be started, but it must be
remembered that Plums will not admit of rapid forcing, especially in the early
stages of the process ; keep a moist atmosphere, and plenty of air in fine weather,
as advised for Cherries.

Strawberries : Place the pots in an airy part of the house on shelves near the
glass ; do not give much water until the fruit-spike is visible, for keeping the
plants dry at first in early forcing is the best means of securing a crop. Give
plenty of air every day, and a little by ventilators at night is very beneficial.
Introduce more plants under glass about twice through the month, and keep all,
plants intended for later work protected from drenching rains.

Melons : Sow a little seed about the middle of the month for an early crop,
and prepare dung and leaves to make beds to receive the plants when ready.

Figs: See previous directions.

Out-Doors. — Proceed with the pruning and nailing of Wall-fruit trees at
every favourable opportunity. All Standard fruit-trees may be pruned, and where
they are infested with moss, &c., scrape or scrub the stems and large branches-

24

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ January,

witli a broom, afterwards dress them with a mixture of soft soap, urine, and soot.
Root-pruning, if not done in October, may be still carried on. Operate on those
trees that are unfruitful or growing too strong ; this is done by cutting a trench
two or three feet from the stem, according to the size of the tree, shortening the
large roots, and placing some rotten manure in the trench. Go on with the
pruning of Small fruits, manuring and forking the ground between the trees.
Pay attention to the Fruit Room ; remove all decayed fruit, and give air if at
all damp. — J. Powell, Frogmore.

VEGETABLES.

There is of necessity a great deal of sameness or repetition in the operations of
the three principal winter months. During mild periods, the chief work possible
consists of hoeing young crops during the dryer periods, removing all decaying
matter, sweeping walks, &c,, and keeping all in neat and workmanlike trim. The
chief or heavier main work, such as digging, trenching, &:c., has of necessity
been greatly in abeyance, owing to the fact that little opportunity had occurred
for wheeling out manures. Should severe weather occur, advantage should im¬
mediately be taken to wheel all the necessary fertilising materials on to the
spaces needing it. Should no frosts visit us, it will soon be absolutely necessary to
make a determined effort for the work’s sake, even under adverse circumstances.
The operation of wheeling during damp, soft, frostless weather may be greatly
aided by means of a good set of planks, and no well-ordered garden should be
without them. Where no such aid exists, the unsightly and disagreeable results
of cutting up walks, and the “ licking up ” of the wheels, may be neutralised
by first laying a row of long straw-litter along those portions of the walks which it
is necessary to traverse ; this is readily removed, when the wheeling is finished.
When once the necessary manure has been distributed, the operations of trench¬
ing and digging should be carried on with all despatch, as somehow or other time
always becomes at a premium with gardeners. The quarters intended for Onions^
Carrots^ Parsnips, and Early Peas should at all times be trenched if possible.

It is always a judicious procedure, should a mild and suitable period occur,
to sow Broad Beans (Mazagan or Dwarf Fan) and Peas (Carter’s First-crop)
about the 20th of the month. Attend to the successional supply of Asparagus^
Seakale, Chicory^ Rhubarh^ Mint^ Tarragon^ &c., by placing fresh batches of
roots or crowns of either, into the necessary warm position for growing, or as in
the case of Seakale, by occasionally shifting the pots of such stools as have been
used, and placing them over fresh stools, covering up with the fermenting
materials. Where convenience exists, make a sowing of Radishes (Wood’s
Early Frame) ; also of Carrots (Short or French Horn). Kidney Potatos may
now be brought from the store-room in the necessary quantities, and be placed
in shallow boxes upon moss or cocoa-nut fibre ; water them occasionally, to
induce the eyes to form young shoots, and subsequently plant them out for an
early crop into the necessary frames or pits. Keep up the successional sowings
of Small Salading.

In regard to the Cucumber house, whilst a maximum of about 68° to 75° be
maintained during the day — the brighter the day the more the heat — be very
careful not to permit excessive heat at night ; for not only will this cause a ■weak
and “ dwindling ” growth, but what is of more immediate importance, it will
cause the plants to become abortive. A temperature of about 60° by night is
far preferable during short days and dull weather than one of 5° or 10° higher.
Air must be given on all proper occasions, and some slight external covering
would lessen the outlay for fuel, to the great benefit of the plants. — William
Earley, Valentines.

1874. ]

ROSE MADAME TRIFLE.

25

THE AMATEUE STEAWBEKEY.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

0 have to thank Mr. Barron, of the Eoyal Horticultural Society’s Garden,

w Chiswick, for the examples of this fine and useful Strawberry which are
here figured. It is another of the triumphs of Mr. Bradley, whom we
have had to thank already for Oscar, Dr. Hogg, and others of our finest
fruits, amongst which this last is not by any means the least. During the past
season abundant evidence has been educed to prove it one of the most useful of
its class. It has been named Amateur by Mr. Bradley, in consideration of its
enormous cropping qualities, its free growth, and general suitability for amateur
cultivators. The appearance of the plant is somewhat like that called Sir 0. Napier,
a stronger grower, however, better constitutioned, and with the leaves larger and
of a deeper green, but somewhat subject to mildew. It is a very heavy cropper ;
and the fruits, which keep well, are very large, obovate, and cockscombed in
shape, of a fine deep red colour, frequently with a heavy coating of glaucous
bloom, like the Hautbois. The seeds are small and prominent. The flesh is
firm and solid, of a deep red colour, and of a fine, rich, sparkling, sub-acid
flavour, exceedingly pleasant to the palate. It is in all respects a very excellent
Strawberry, and well worthy of the First-class Certificate awarded to it by the
Royal Horticultural Society. In reference to this Strawberry, we have received
the following communication from Mr. Earley : —

“ The new seedling Strawberry named the Amateur has proved here to be a
most valuable addition to existing varieties. Black Prince, President (pf two
separate growers). Dr. Hogg, Keens’ Seedling, and British Queen — which does
well on this ground — all ripened in the order here noted, and they were followed
at the nick of time by Amateur, which well filled up the gap existing between
the last named of the older kinds, and the valuable Frogmore Late Pine. The
fruit of the Amateur is firm, and good for travelling. It grows close around its
crown, requiring a lesser amount than usual of net-protection, and possesses a
flavour more brisk and refreshing than Strawberries generally have, and this
without anything approaching to unpleasant acidity. Indeed, to those who think
Strawberries somewhat insipid, the Amateur will prove a boon. Small runner-
crowns dibbled out on to good soil somewhat late in the season, were able to
produce a crop.”

EOSE MADAME TEIFLE.

HY is Bose Madame ^rijie never added by Eosarians to lists of select and
good Roses ? Why iS' it not written up, recommended, and sought after ?
My plant of Madame Trifle has the appearance of being a well-favoured
seedling of that perfection of a rose ” Gloire de Dijon. It has similar
wood and shoots, and particularly resembles it in foliage ; but though it grows
well, it is not such a strong grower as its assumed parent, It blooms very
3rd SERIES, — VII. D

2G

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Febsuaut,

constantly, — well, perhaps more regularly than Gloire de Dijon itself. The
blooms are of a far more delicate yellow-tinted white — that is, at a distance they
appear whiter, and are consequently more showy, a delicate — beautifully delicate
>— creamy-yellow being just discernible upon closer inspection. The half-opened
buds are very beautiful. The full-blown blossoms are globular in shape, seldom
expanding fully to expose the centre. — William Eaeley, Vcdentines.

EDGINGS FOR KITCHEN-GARDEN WALKS.

S the neatness of the Kitchen Garden so much depends on the employment of
proper edgings for the walks, a few remarks upon the various forms now
in use may not bo out of place. They may be classed under two distinct
heads — namely, the living and the dead. Where the kitchen garden is
near the mansion or joined to the pleasure-ground, it should be made as orna¬
mental as jDOssible, and in this caseT would prefer a living edging. A Grass
verge, one foot wide, when well kept, is perhaps the neatest edging that can
be used for the purpose ; but if the saving of labour is an object, then the Small-
, leaved Wood Ivy may be used. Of this a breadth of six inches wide will be sufficient,
and when once properly planted and pegged down, it will only need trimming
twice or thrice in the year. Cotoneaster microphylla will make a good edging of
larger growth, and as it is of very compact growth, will not require much labour
to keep it neat. The above will be found much cheaper than Box^ and to have
a more dressy appearance,'besides which. Box edging, though exceedingly neat
where it does well, is apt to become sickly, if both soil and situation are not
suitable to it.

If a dead edging be preferred, this, of course, when properly laid, will not
require further trouble. The cheapest with which I am acquainted may be made
by placing bricks lengthways either on edge or diagonally, to about half their
depth in the ground, and well fixing them with the soil, taking care to keep the
upper edge perfectly straight and level. There are various cement edgings made
for the purpose of marking out the boundaries of the walks and the beds ; and
amongst these, one known as the cable pattern is the most effective I have seen.
The best and most durable of all edgings, however, is made from chips of Portland
stone and Portland cement, 5 inches square, rounded off on the side next the walk.
This properly set on a firm, concrete bottom, will look the heau ideal of an edging,
will give character to the garden, will last for a great number of years, and, I have
no doubt, would in the end prove the cheapest. — Geoege Eyles, Kensington.

MYOSOTIS IMPERATRICE ELIZABETH.

HIS exquisite Forget-me-not makes a charming pot plant, its growth and
habit well adapting it for this purpose. To my fancy it is one of the best
for pot-culture. It is also one of the best for cutting from for bouquets.
It is readily increased by dividing the young shoots that the plants throAY
out after they have done flowering. I pot the shoots singly in small pots, give

1874. ]

VINES AND VINE-OULTUEE. — CHAPTER IV.

27

them a good watering, and place tliem in a cold frame. Should the weather be
hot and sunny, they should be shaded for a few hours in the middle of the day,
but otherwise they will not require much shading. They should bo kept rather
moist, and in a short time they will be nice little plants. They should have two
or three shifts into larger-sized pots during the winter and spring. Each time
they are shifted they will require more space. They should have abundance of
air in mild weather, but should bo kept closed in frosty weather. Beyond this
they will not require much attention, except being kept well watered during the
spring, and in the early part of summer they will be objects of great beauty,—
M. Saul, Stourton.

VINES AND VINE-CULTUEE.— Chapter IV.

Pruning and Training.

’HE Grape Vine is a very free-growing, long-lived plant. When young and
vigorous, it grows very rapidly, the growths of a single season often attain¬
ing a length of from 30 ft. to 40 ft., or more. In its natural state the
plant is of a climbing character, sustaining itself by its tendrils, so in its
cultivated condition it has to be supported. It requires always, in fact, a certain
amount of training, that is, the fastening-up of the shoots in some particular way,
and the pruning of them to prevent excessive and confused extension.

There are various methods adopted in training the Vine, as being adapted for
some particular place or purpose. Wo have, in the first place, that adopted in
vineyards or vine-growing countries in the open air, where the young or fruit¬
bearing shoots are tied to upright poles, some 6 ft. or 8 ft. in length ; this is
scarcely within our province to enter upon at the present time. In the next
place, we have that adopted and adapted for Vines against walls, either in the
open air or under glass ; and lastly, we have that against trellises under glass.
In the training of Vines against walls, in the open air chiefly, it has generally
been the habit to introduce a more fanciful form than when the Vines are grown
against trellis-work. . There can be no particular reason for this, because the
mode adapted for the one case must be equally so for the other.

In a broad sense, we have only two modes in practice, in the training and
pruning of the Vine, viz., 1, the Long-rod system; 2, the Spur system. Each
of these modes is subject to all sorts of modifications, as fancy may dictate, or
circumstances allow ; but before proceeding fully with their explanation, it is
necessary to say a word or two on pruning generally, apart from training. To
prune is to cut off, or otherwise sever, a shoot or branch of a tree. Now, wo
prune our Vines for various reasons, as follows

Firstly, we prune for the purpose of attaining greater vigour in the plant.
By cutting off a portion of a shoot or branch, the forces that would have been
diffused over the whole are thereby concentrated on the part that is left, and
hence we get a stronger growth.

Secondly, we prune for the purpose of training or securing some desired form.

D 2

28

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ February,

We prune and cut our Vines according as we desire to train them. Be it under¬
stood that the shoots of the one season are produced from the matured buds on
the shoots of the previous year, and that each bud on a Vine is capable of pro¬
ducing a shoot just according to the vigour of the plant, or to the mode or

manner of the pruning.

Thirdly, we prune our Vines to
the end that we may obtain fruit.
This is an obvious reason, though
the mere act of pruning can only
to a very limited extent assist in
the production of the fruit. By
pruning we take away much of
the fruit-producing parts, but we
concentrate force or power on
others. The fruit of the Vine is
produced on the young shoots from
the matured buds of the previous
year. The more complete the
maturity of the buds, the more
likelihood of fruit being produced,
so that in pruning for fruit if the
Vine is badly ripened it is not
advisable to prune too closely.
Well-ripened Vines will, however,
produce fruit from nearly every
bud, so that the danger of losing
a crop by too close pruning is not
very great.

In order that my remarks may
be the more clearly understood, I
shall make use of some illustrations
of the various operations. I begin
therefore with a young Vine (fig. 1)
as about to be planted. It is a
plant that has been grown from
an eye the previous year, and is
therefore about twelve months old
— a long spindly thing of from
3 ft. to 4 ft. long. It may be planted during any of the winter months, but the
earlier the better.

The first question asked by the uninitiated is this, “ To what length shall
I prune my Vines after planting ?” My general answer is, “ Cut them as low
down as you can.” When planted in such a position that the whole plant right

Fig. 1.— Youxg Vink, cut back.

1874. ]

VINES AND VINE-CULTURE. - CHAPTER IV.

29

down to tlio ground is fully exposed to the solar influences, cut it down, as
shown by the figure, to within 3 in. or 4 in. of the ground. It is no matter
what the strength of the plant may be ; the lower it is cut down, the stronger it
will grow, and the better foundation it will make for the future plant. There

are situations, however, where the young Vines cannot be cut down so low as
this, namely, when planted against the low front wall of a house, either outside
or inside, to bo trained up the rafters. Here there is frequently 3 ft. or more of the
stem comparatively in the shade, or in the cold. For this purpose stronger Vines
; are required, and the rule for pruning should be to cut them at from two to three

30

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ February,

eyes above the level of tbo wall-plate, or above the line of light. A very good rule
would be to prune to the lowest point whence the foliage produced could- have
the full influences of light and air. Before pruning at all, however, the subject
of training has to receive some little consideration, z.e., as to the number of stems
it may be desired to have, and to prune to that-number of buds accordingly, that
is to say, if the training can be commenced so soon.

In the Spur system of pruning, to which my remarks shall in the first place
be directed, it being the method now most generally adopted in this country,
the practice has generally been to confine the plant to one single stem ; some,
however, prefer to plant at a wider distance apart, and take up two stems in the
form of the letters u, I, — thus, or even three or more, as the case may be. As this
is, however, a mere matter of training, and the treatment as regards pruning
required for the one kind of stem is exactly the same as that required for the
other, my remarks, although descriptive of the treatmenij of the one stem only,
will be applicable to any number. In fig. 2, which represents a portion of the stem
of a Vine at the end of its second year’s growth, after being planted out, preparatory
to pruning, A represents the upper portion of the stem of fig. 1, left at the first
pruning ; B B is the new wood, the growth of the second year ; 0 is what is termed
a “ heel,” left at the previous pruning, it being always advisable to cut a little in
advance of the eye, rather than close to it ; d is the first side-shoot, and was
produced from the second bud left at the previous pruning. This, when pruned
off as the cross-line incflcates, shows the formation of the first spur ; e is a
summer lateral shoot, i,e., a side-shoot formed from another shoot or stem of
the same season’s growth ; f may be considered as the figurative point to which
the stem b may be cut back.

To give a practical explanation of my meaning, however, I will suppose the
Vine to be cut down, as in fig. 1, to — say 6 in. or 12 in. from the ground, and
that the plant has grown well — that is, it has made a leading shoot of from
15 ft. to 20 ft. long, and of corresponding thickness. In the first place, if a
side-shoot like D has been formed, this should be pruned off, as marked, to form
the first spur, f.e., if it is considered desirable or necessary to have a spur so low.
In the case shown, the plant having been cut so low down, it would not, as a
general rule, be necessary. Far better and stronger spurs are produced from the
stems formed after being planted out ; and this is an additional reason for cutting
so low down ; the stem is stronger, and the buds are larger, and so produce
better shoots, which form better permanent spurs. In the second place, prune
off all summer lateral shoots, such as e, quite close ; and then, in the third
place, we have to consider the length of the main stem B to be left, or where the
point F shall be. This point has chiefly to bo determined by the strength of the
stem or the vigour of the plant. To the amateur Vine-cultivator it appears a
great pity to cut away so much of the fine wood which has been formed ; it
seems a needless waste first to grow it, and then to cut it away, when you know
that in every bud there is a bunch of fruit. The temptation is great to leave a

1874. 3

NEW GOOSEBERRIES.

31

good long rod on tlio young Vino ; and so in many cases may we trace the
commencement of their ‘^road to ruin.”

In the Spur system of training it is of paramount importance that all the
permanent spurs formed should be of equal strength. So in the pruning or
shortening of the main stem, the point to bo kept in view is the ability or
power of the plant to form good shoots from all the buds left. It should be
pruned to this point, neither longer nor shorter, so that a good strong shoot may
be produced from each bud that is retained. If we leave a long rod, say of ten
or twelve buds, the four or five top buds will break or push strongly, and the lower
portion very weakly, or not at all ; and the result will be a Vine full of blanks,
unsightly and unfruitful. Had this been pruned to one-half the length, all the
buds would have broken or put forth shoots of equal strength, regularity, and
fruitfulness. It is difficult to define exactly the length of rod to be left. A
healthy plant with a stem, say the thickness of one’s thumb or finger, may be
allowed some 4 ft. or 5 ft. of new stem, or even more. It is better, however, to
err on the side of severity in pruning the main stems of Vines than the reverse.
The one is overcome in a few seasons ; the other is a permanent loss and dis¬
figurement to the plant. — A. F. Barron, Chiswick.

NEW GOOSEBERKIES.

HE following descriptions, by Mr. Leicester, of the new Gooseberries figured
in our last number, reached us too lato for publication with the plate ;
it will be seen that the original weights as seedlings exceed what has
since been reached, no doubt -owing to the immaturity of the plants : —
Lord Derby (Bradley). — Skin hairy ; colour light red, shaded and mottled
with deep red ; flavour very fine ; berry long and well shouldered, with plump,
nicely-rounded nose, the two-veined ones being a little flat-sided towards the stalk
on the vein sides, and the three-veined ones longer and rounder. It makes short-
jointed wood of medium strength, forms a fine spreading bush, and bears freely.

This is a seedling exhibited by Mr. Bradley Bradley, of Wilmslow, at the
National Gooseberry Show, held at the Sir John Falstaff Inn, Market Place,
Manchester, on August 6, 1870. On this occasion, the following prizes were
awarded to this variety, viz. : — First prize in Seedling show, for the best Bed
Seedling, weighing 28 dwt. 1 gr. ; first steward prize, shown against named
varieties, weighing 28 dwt. 1 gr. ; third prize in class, showing against named
varieties, weighing 26 dwt. 10 gr. ; and first prize, for a plate of twelve fine-
flavoured red Gooseberries, it being tested against the best fine-flavoured kinds
in cultivation, all the twelve berries being beautifully coloured and very fine,
averaging more than 24 dwt. each. It was let out on the second Saturday in
October, 1870, at the George Inn, Wilmslow, in twenty-one lots at 10s. 6d. each.
The plants being young and very small, this variety is not at present in general
cultivation, the whole of the lots being purchased by gooseberry-growers, who, I
may say, endeavour to grow them into fine plants for exhibition purposes, rather

32

THE FLOIilST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Fkbkuahy,

than to increase the stock, -which will prevent its being cultivated so extensively
as it ought to be, for some years to come.

ViCTOEY (Addis). — Skin smooth ; colour greenish-white ; berry long, plump,
and well-formed, with smooth, even surface. It makes strong wood, bears freely,
and forms a spreading bush. This is a seedling, exhibited by Mr. George Addis,
of Gospel End, near Dudley, at the National Gooseberry Show, Manchester, on
August C, 1870, and to which was awarded the first prize for the best White
Seedling, weighing 28 dwt. 21 gr. It was let out on October 15, 1870, in
twenty-one lots, at 8s. 6d. per lot. This variety is a very promising white
berry, not at present in general cultivation. — Charles Leicester, Crompton
Hoad^ Macclesfield.

NEW BEDDING CALCEOLARIAS.

^NE would think it would be scarcely possible to obtain a yellow-flowered
Calceolaria adapted for bedding purposes that could be regarded as a beat
on the old C. aiirea fioribunda.^ and yet this is found in Golden Gem^ a
variety that has gained a great reputation in the North, because so hardy,
free, floriferous, and so little affected by the weather. It has a pure shrubby
habit, is very compact in growth, and the flowers are of a clear golden hue. In
Princess Louise we get the colour of the old C. amplexicaulis^ clear sulphur-yellow,
combined with a dwarf, branching, free-blooming habit. Add to these aurea
doribunda^ and we have before us the three best yellow bedding Calceolarias.

Of amber-coloured flowers. Beauty of Herts stands pre-eminent ; it has a
dense, robust, shrubby growth, blooms with great freedom, and the flowers are
borne on stiff foot-stalks. Another fine variety is Amahilis.^ the colour pleasing
buff, shaded with brown crimson ; this stands wonderfully well in the very
bitterest weather, and flowers with great freedom and continuity. Princess
Alexandra.^ orange-buff, is a new variety that does not appear to equal either of
the foregoing, but this is a statement that will admit of difference of opinion.

Of crimson-flowered varieties there are several candidates for favour.
Crimson Dwarf has flowers of a bright-shaded crimson hue, has a dense compact
habit, is very free, and stands well. Pluto has dark crimson flowers produced
in very large dense trusses, is an excellent grower, making a most effective bed,
and continuing gay all through the summer. These two stand out from all the
rest, because of their capacity to stand exposure, many of the high-coloured
varieties being very defective in constitutional vigour, partaking, as they do, so
largely of the blood of the Herbaceous varieties. — R. Dean, Ealing.

LEICESTER RED CELERY.

^^EICESTER RED CELERY is synonymous with Major Clarke’s Solid Red.
It is very tantalising to have an article of this kind floating about the
country under two names, — a source of confusion to the inexperienced, but
no case can be more decided than the present.

1874. ]

HARDY PRIMROSES.

33

My opinion of this vegetable has already been published in this journal,
and I then thought no further remarks would be necessary ; neither would
there have been, had not the Leicester Bed been rechristened and sent
out as a new variety. In this matter there cannot possibly be any mistake.
During 1872 I was favoured by Messrs. Harrison and Son, of Leicester, with
a sample of seed for trial ; this I grew in company with many more kinds,
and found the quality of first-rate excellence, the best by a long distance I had
ever grown. During 1873 a new competitor, under the name of Major Clarke’s
Solid Bed made its appearance, and this I have grown side by side with the
Leicester Bed, and cannot detect the least difference between them, the habit
and quality being exactly the same. In this matter, I require no support ; still,
competent judges have again and again expressed the same opinion. No doubt
Celery, like other vegetables, may be improved or injured by certain systems of
cultivation, yet we cannot altogether, under the most careless methods, subdue
sterling merit. What has been the experience of your readers generally in
respect to these two varieties? — Alexander Cramb, Tortworth.

This variety was, it appears, grown at Chiswick so long ago as 18G6-7,
and was reported on in the Gardeners^ Chronicle^ 1871, p. 40, as being of the
finest quality, the statement that it was a hybrid of Major Clarke’s being, how¬
ever, incorrect, since the variety was not raised by, but given to him, and by him
brought into notice. Mr. Barron informs us that he once received the same
variety of Celery from Mr. Welch, who, at the time, was gardener to the Arch¬
bishop of Armagh, at Armagh Palace. Whatever its name or origin, there is
no doubt it is one of the best Celeries grown. — Ed.

HARDY PRIMROSES.

HEBE are few more interesting hardy subjects than Primroses — seedling
Primroses in the batch more particularly, the form, colour, and variety
PUSu they exhibit being quite remarkable. It is, however, astonishing how
little the gardening public, till very recently, understood the simple
distinctions between the ordinary type of Primroses, and such permanent sports as
the Polyanthus. So little, indeed, was known, that not long since it was stated
publicly that a Primrose sporting from the Acaulis or single-scape form, at once
became a true Polyanthus in the proper acceptation of the term. I believe I
was the means of demolishing this unwarrantable conclusion. Owing to a
challenge I received from a well-informed gardener who visited me, I last spring
undertook to exhibit half-a-dozen Primroses distinct (keeping well within the
wording of the schedule of the Boyal Horticultural Society), and I maintained
that I would carry off a prize with them as Primroses proper, although they each
had polyanth or umbellate flower-spikes. My friend laughingly told me that the
judges would never give to Polyanthuses a prize offered for Primroses. However, I
gained the prize ; and that the judges had given a proper decision was conflrnied
by our leading newspaper, the Gardeners' Chronicle. Since then many chapters
have been written in most of the garden publications, and amongst them two
excellent illustrated articles in the Journal of Horticulture.

34

THB FLORIST AND POMOLOOIST.

[ February,

My wish in penning these few linos for the pages of the Florist, is to show
that the distinctions between the Acaulis and Polyanth types is of the most
limited character, excepting in so far as the true florists’ Polyanthus is concerned.
Thus, if a Primrose is planted in thoroughly rich so*il, and maintained therein
for a few years, it will not only change the colour of its blooms, but will push
up occasionally the strong clustered flower-stems of the Polyanthus. The seed¬
lings from these same normal cultivated Primroses will, in like manner, yield
permanent Polyanth or umbellate varieties, the produce of the very first sowing.
I maintain that these facts fully confirm the common-sense view of the case. A
Primrose is not a true Polyanthus of the florist’s standard, until it has assumed a
permanent, fixed, non-sportive character. In four years from the original sowing
of seeds of highly- cultivated normal Primroses, it is astonishing what colour and
variety will be found amongst the seedlings. I have had not only orange-
yellows, Indian-yellows, puce and maroon, striped, marmorated or blotched
varieties, but during the last season I was -at Digswell I bloomed one of a lovely
blue c6lour I It was a weak plant, however, and with all my care of it, under a
forced removal I unfortunately lost it.

I have said enough to show how interesting these simple cultivated specialities
are, and what an amount of gratification they are capable of affording the amateur
florist. I would make one more remark about the exhibition of Primroses, which
are included in the Schedule of the Royal Horticultural Society. There are
offered therein, for the spring of 1874, six prizes, for different exhibits, of the
total value of 51s. I scarcely know how to designate such paltry prizes as 10s.
and 7s. for 6 pots of well-grown distinct varieties. Personally I may say that
were I to exhibit, though I live a very short distance from London, the cab-fare
would swallow up ” my prize-money, even if I got the first prize. I am not an
habitual grumbler, but when I contrast this offer, by this Society, with many of
the other prizes offered in the same schedule, I am fain to say, — How can these
things be ? — William Earley, Valentines.

FRUIT-TREES FOR HEDGE-ROWS

BETWEEN FIELDS ON FARMS, AND AS GROUPS IN PARKS AND PLEASUEE-OROUNDS.
R driving through the country in any direction, one cannot but bo struck
with the monotony and comparative worthlessness of Hedge-row Timber,
which is usually pollarded, or cut into mop-headed scarecrows. The same
sorts are repeated, mile after mile. It seems as if the planters had, in many
cases, studied how to provide a maximum of injury to the cultivated fields, with a
minimum of gain from the trees grown. And even where the timber is somewhat
better, the sameness of the trees produces a sense of weariness, and one longs for
a change, as a school-boy for his holidays. That change would be easily effected
by the substitution of fruit-bearing for the usual timber trees used in hedge-rows.
Rows of stately Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Medlars, Mulberries, Quinces,
Damsons would bring relief to the eye, as well as profit to the pocket, and plenty

1874, ]

THE JUDAS TREE.

35

of good fruit into tlio homes of thousands who hardly ever taste it now. Why
should not such a change be at once begun ? This is the time to plant ; and if any
farmer would begin on only one hedge-row this winter, I am sure it would be
followed by scores or hundreds next. Hardly anything could add more to the
richness of our landscapes than the beauty of fruit-trees, in bloom and in fruit, in
our hedge-rows. Even the form of the trees would be an immense improvement on
the unsightly objects which now deform, rather than adorn, these boundary lines.

And then as to groups in parks, and homo-grounds, and plantations, what an
additional charm these would prove to the country I Parks are mostly overdone
with green — green below, green above, green wherever you look or go. The blossoms
or fruits of fruit-bearing trees would add the needed colour, and lighten up the
entire scene, as when a dark summer cloud is rolled off from the face of an April
sun. Nay, if a little extra colour were needed, we have abundance now in our noble
host of variegated trees, ranging through all shades of silver and gold, red and
purple, even into semi-blackness. Hitherto planters of hedge-rows, and even of
parks, seem often to have been guided by mere routine, or the red-tape of every-day
customs. They planted as others did, or for shelter merely, or at best for certain
results of mere mass and shade. The time is surely come for the due use of
colour, running it as a golden or purple or silver thread through all our lines
and massings, to make of the different fields one harmonious whole of outspread¬
ing beauty, and to crown the produce of the far-reaching parks with coronets of
uprising splendour.

And then, how this change would add to our fruit basket ! We spend nearly
£4,000,000 per annum for fruit. Probably this might be reduced one-half, were
Fruit-trees to adorn our hedge-rows, and form clumps, at once of beauty and
plenty, in our parks and pleasure-grounds. — D. T. Fish, Hardimcke.

THE JUDAS TREE.

[LTHOUGH the leguminous or pod-bearing family of plants, to which the
common Judas tree {Cercis Siliquastrum) belongs, is one of the most ex¬
tensive and useful in a commercial way, it is not by any means in the
back-ground from an ornamental point of view, for it is this family of
plants which produces some of the most gaudy colours by which the scenery of
this country is enlivened and enriched. The subject of this paper is a plant that
may well lay claim to a place in the latter category. It is a hardy deciduous tree,
producing a wonderful quantity of red fiowers in the months of May and June,
and that before much of the leaf expands to hide them. So distinct is it in
colour, and so profuse its bloom as compared with any other tree flowering at that
time of the year, that even a shrub of not more than a few feet in height is very
conspicuous _and ornamental. I have seen the plant growing against a wall, and
also as an ornamental shrub on the lawn. In the latter position, it is every season
most lovely ; but with only one exception I have no recollection of ever meeting
with the tree planted where it could develop itself into suitable proportions, so

36

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Februxrt,

as to lend its beauties, among other things, to park scenery. It is said to grow to
the height of from twenty to thirty feet, which no doubt is correct, as it possesses
vigour enough for that ; and it has also a tree-like habit, being quite equal in this
respect to the Catalpa. Though its foliage is small and kidney-shaped, yet it is
quite distinct enough to be ornamental. It is one of a most beautiful genus of
ornamental trees, and I have singled it out in order to arrest in some measure the
growing tendency to forget ^or neglect the merits that many of our old trees and
shrubs possess. Only imagine what an attraction this tree would be, if planted in a
prominent position in the foreground of a landscape, or even as a single specimen
by the side of a carriage-road, and the picture thus realised in the mind’s eye
ought to be enough to induce a trial of it. — Thomas Eecoed, Vinter^s Park,
Maidstone.

THE MUSCAT ESOHOLATA SUPERBA GRAPE.

GREW this grand Grape many years ago, but as with the Black Damascus,
I have discarded it for its bad-setting propensities. I never could see much
difference between the Canon-Hall Muscat and the EscJiolata, both having
very large oval berries, and without great attention to their setting, it was
difficult to get their bunches perfect, in consequence of the many small seedless
berries in them. I have grown the berries of both varieties quite as large as
Golden Chanqnon, and as with Mr. Plester (p. 15), they did not spot like that
variety. I cling to the notion that Mr. Thomson must have made use of the
Canon-Hall l^hiscat or the Esclwlata Superha for the parentage of his grand
seedling grapes, the Golden Champion and the Duke of Buccleuch.

The Escholata, if grown, should be cultivated, as Mr. Plester says, only to a
limited extent, for the old Muscat (of Alexandria) cannot be beaten as a white
Grape, either for show or for flavour. It, however, wants plenty of time and
of heat, and therefore to grow it to perfection, its forcing ought to commence
not later than the beginning of January.

I have grown for the last three years the true Tokay, and found it a first-
rate White Grape, and a good keeper when ripe. The bunch and berries very
much resemble those of the Muscat, but it is without the perfumed flavour. With
me it Las ripened in a late house, and got a fine amber-colour, far deeper than the
Poyal Vineyard and Trehhiano in the same house. The Boyal Vineyard is a late
M^hite Grape, that is not grown so much as it deserves for late keeping. With me it
keeps better than White Lady Downe’s, and although not of first-rate flavour,
it matches Lady Downds Seedling, keeping in good condition, like it, until the
end of May.

I raised some seedling Grapes in 1870 from a cross between Lady Downe’s
Seedling and West’s St. Peter’s, and last year had one of the most promising
inarched in a late vinery on a West’s St. Peter’s ; it has produced three bunches,
and up to this time they are keeping well. The bunches and berries are about
the size of those of Lady Downe’s Seedling, with the vinous flavour and juiciness

c

i

I

i'dntst^mdn Paliiierii;

k

1874. ]

THE NEW VEGETABLES OF 1873.

37

of West’s St. Peter’s, and if it keeps very late, I hope it may turn out an
acquisition. — William Tillery, Welhech.

PENTSTEMON PALMEPII.

WITH AN illustration.

jUR illustration of this choice novelty amongst herbaceous plants, borrowed
from the Gardeners^ Chronicle^ was prepared from specimens kindly
furnished by Mr. W. Thompson, of Ipswich, by whom the plant has been
imported. He writes of it as follows: — Pentstemon Pcdmerii oi Asa
Gray is a well-marked species, allied to P. Cobaea and P. Jamesii. It grows four
feet high or more, developing secondary shoots from the base of the main stem.
One does not often see so distinct a species — some of its more striking features
being the dilated corolla, the elongated lobes of the lower lip, and the bearded
sterile filament. The foliage, moreover, is bold in character and very glaucous,
the stem-leaves, especially those of the main stem, being strikingly connate.”

The tall, stout stems of this fine Pentstemon are terminated by a noble
paniculate glandular-pubescent inflorescence. The young shoots from the base
have opposite, long-stalked, fleshy, glaucous leaves, oblong-ovate in form, with
coarse, distinct, and remarkably prominent marginal teeth, while the leaves on
the flowering-stems are short, broadly ovate, and completely connate. The
flowers are rather more than an inch long, the tube remarkably inflated above,
and contracted just at the base, where it is set into the short inconspicuous
calyx. The colour is a pale rosy-lilac, with a purple stripe running down each
of the lobes of the remarkably elongated and deflexed lower lip, while the upper
lip is projected forwards, and merely revolute at the edge. The bearded sterile
filament is very conspicuous at the mouth of the tube.

This novelty is very ornamental in character, as well as perfectly distinct,
and will be welcomed in every garden where hardy perennials are cared for. It
comes from the Sierra Nevada, in California, at an elevation of 5,000-6,000 ft.
The figure shows at A the stamens and pistil enlarged ; B, the bearded sterile
stamen ; c, one of the hairs of the latter much enlarged ; d, glandular hairs at
the base of the stamens (e), much enlarged. — T. Moore.

THE NEW VEGETABLES OF 1873.

^EW vegetables are, as a rule, extremely rare, although new names are at all
^ times abundant. Our accessions generally are simply selections, which
may be, at the same time, decided improvements, of our existing stocks.
Where such is the case, the credit due is almost as great as that achieved
by the introduction of an entirely new variety by the more laborious process of
hybridisation. The Eoyal Horticultural Society, by its comparative trials of all
the so-called new and improved varieties of vegetables against the approved
standard sorts, renders good service to practical horticulture.

In the Potato the novelties and accessions Tiave been both numerous and

38 THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOHIST. [FEBRUARY,

meritorious. Of late years quite a new and distinct class of Potatos has reached
us from America, and to some extent superseded our old-established favourites.
These American Potatos have certain peculiarities of character that constitute an
almost distinct class. They are early in coming into use, and continue fit for
use for a great length of time ; the tubers are mostly large in size and very hand¬
some ; the varieties may all be termed enormous croppers ; the whiteness of the
flesh is remarkable ; and in most cases they are very floury when cooked, and of
excellent quality. On this point, however, there is some divergence of opinion —
some soils and some seasons appearing to be more favourable for their develop¬
ment than others. The character of the haulm is also quite distinct, the foliage
being large, broad, pale green, and ripening off early. We wish we could say that
they are not subject to disease. Of the naore remarkable of ‘these Potatos, we would
specially mention the American Late Lose, a great improvement on, and not to bo
confounded with, the American Early Eose of earlier introduction ; this is an enor¬
mous cropper, frequently producing tubers from 8 in. to 10 in. and 12 in. in length,
and unlike most other large Potatos, the whole is of usable quality ; the skin is pale
red or rose, the flesh pure white, very dry and floury, and, in our estimation, of excel¬
lent quality. Another Potato of the same character, but much earlier and of dwarfer
habit, is the Extra Early Vermont ; the quality is excellent. Vermont Beauty, or as
it is now called, Brownell! s Beauty, is certainly one of the most beautifully-coloured
red Potatos we have seen ; it is of large size, and fine quality ; a second early, of
fine dwarf habit ; and a heavy cropper, producing all the tubers of fine large
uniform size, quite close to the haulm. Of the white-skinned American varie¬
ties the more noticeable are Bresees Climax and Bresees Prolific, the latter a
very beautiful variety, and both great croppers and of fine quality. We would
also direct attention to the Red-shinned Flourhall — a new name for an old variety
— onejDf the most remarkable and generally useful Potatos we have.

We have, moreover, several English champions in the field who are reaping
laurels fast. Mr. Fenn is again to the front with a host of new seedlings,
all of purely English character, and possessing much of the blood of the fine old
Ashleaf Kidney. In Alice Fenn, Early Gem, and Early White Kidney we have
three very early, handsome, and heavy-cropping kidney Potatos, and one remark¬
able trait they possess over all other early Potatos, is that they are equally as
good for late as early use. In Feni!s Early Market we have a most important
addition to our early round Potatos ; it is very early, of good size, a great cropper,
and of excellent quality. The late firm of Bell and Thorpe has also supplied us
with a gi’oat variety of novelties of the character of the Fluke, the most remark¬
able of which is Model, a large, broad, flat, white tuber ; and Mr. R. Dean comes
forward with Excelsior, a very largo, long, white kidney of the Dawes’ Matchless
type, and of extra fine quality ; and also Bountiful, the most handsome red
kidney Potato we have. So much for Potatos, then, and for English versus
American sorts. In the former wo have no doubt a finer quality, and tubers
more suited for a gentleman’s table ; but in the latter we have undoubtedly far

1874. ]

THE NEW VEGETABLES OF 1873.

39

heavier cropping properties, combined with fair average quality at least, which
will render them very popular wherever crop is an object.

Amongst Peas, we have again to thank Mr. Laxton, who has done so much
towards their improvement. Mr. Laxton has already set his seal upon nearly
every class of Peas, and given us at once the earliest and the latest, the largest-
podded and the most handsome. This season Mr. Laxton has broken into fresh
fields, and in Laxton' s Gem we get a large-podded, prolific, and decided improve¬
ment on Maclean’s Little Gem. In The Shah and Dagmar we get two dwarf and
very early — quite as early as Dillestone’s Early — white wrinkled marrows. In
Marvel we have a large-podded, most prolific, and handsome mid-season dwarf
wrinkled marrow, of very fine quality, which we think is one of the most meri¬
torious of Mr. Laxton’s introductions. In The Baron we have a very handsome
large-podded green marrow, resembling Superlative, but earlier than that
variety. If we go on at this rate, our old varieties of Peas will soon disappear
altogether.

In Kidney Beans we have also many important additions, which we gladly
welcome, such as Carter's White Advancer^ a great improvement on the White
Canterbury ; Osborn's New Early Forcing^ a very fine early and good forcing
variety ; and Cuthush's Giant Dwarf, a very fine variety for a general crop. In
the Dwarf Butter Beans we are to be introduced to a somewhat new class, the
pods being of a pale yellow colour, which they retain from their earliest stages
throughout. The Mont d' Or Butter Bean is also one of the same class, but a
runner ; it is a great and wonderful cropper, and of very excellent quality. These
yellow-podded Beans, although rather novel to us, and not much appreciated
on account of the prejudice against them as to colour, are very common in
Hungary and other parts, and are known under the name of Fleisch, or Fleish
Beans.

In Beocooli we have a very fine and important addition in that called the
Leamington'^ the heads of which are very large, very solid, very white, and well
protected ; whilst among Oauliflowees, the finest is named Dean's Snoivhall, a
very dwarf, very early, and close-headed sort.

In Celeries, the Leicester Bed comes forth as one of the best of the season ;
it is dwarf, and the heads are always very solid, and it is of excellent quality.

In Cucumbers, we are indebted to Messrs. Munro and Wilkinson for their
Dulce of Edinburgh. This is one of the finest of Cucumbers — a free bearer, of
medium length, and a fine deep green colour, bearing a few black spines, and
having scarcely any neck.

In Tomatos, although several new aspirants were brought forward, there were
none equal to Hathaway' s Excelsior., which is undoubtedly a great acquisition ; it
is early and prolific, with the fruits large, smooth, round, and of a fine colour.

From the above, therefore, it will bo seen that the past year has been more
than usually profuse in its additions to our stock of vegetables. This is
extremely gratifying and satisfactory. — Abridged from the Gardeners' Chronicle.

40

THE FLOBIST AND POMOLOGHST.

[ February,

OKCHAKD-HOUSE PEODUCE.

HAVE read witL. interest the remarks by “ G. D.” on tlie profitable and
successful management of Orchard-Houses, but fail to understand that the
results which he quotes are of a very profitable character. The labour of
watering plants in pots, syringing, fumigating, thinning, soil, expense of
pots, &c., does not seem to have been placed on the side of the expenses, to
say nothing of the first cost of trees, erecting the structure, and other items,
which add materially to the outlay. The coat of paint once in three years is
not high-keeping for a glass structure. We valued our returns as a market man
would, and I still believe that, with the best management, the whole thing is
profitless in a money point of view. I made no complaint of deficient crops, as
wo had very heavy crops, and much of the fruit was excellent both as to quality
and appearance. When one knows the returns from well-managed Kentish and
other orchards, and the nominal expense by which these orchards are kept in full
bearing, one is impressed with the idea that orchard-house pot-culture is very
like baby-gardening, or at least something to be adopted chiefly for amusement.

Since writing my paper on this subject, I have planted out one-half of my
trees, used the pots for other purposes, and sent the “ trucks ” where they will be
turned to useful account. I feel sure that from the trees planted out I shall get
good fruit with about one-sixth part of the use of the watering-pot as formerly.
I feel grateful to “ G. D.” for giving us the benefit of his experience and practice
through the pages of the Floeist and Pomologist ; and I freely admit that his
system, so far as economy is concerned, appears to be in advance of that of
practitioners in general. — M. T.

BAECHAED^S SEEDLING APPLE.

Shis is neither a new nor a very old variety. It was raised by Miss Bar-
chard, of Putney, some 40 or 50 years ago, and has been frequently

f brought under notice in one way or another, but has never yet taken that
prominent position its merits so fully entitle it to. Mr. Thompson men¬
tions it in the Catalogue of Fruits of the lioijal Horticultural Society. It was
awarded a Certificate by the Pomological Society some years ago, and now, at
last, it has received the same honour from the Fruit Committee of the Eoyal
Horticultural Society.

We have specially to thank Mr. F. Dancer, of Little Sutton, Chiswick, for
showing us the full merits of this thoroughly excellent Apple. Near Gunnersbury
Station may be seen a group of some 40 or 50 good-sized trees of this variety,
which every autumn present a most beautiful picture, laden as they are with
bright, shining, rosy-cheeked fruit. The trees themselves are of a fine free
style of growth, and form objects of quite an ornamental character.

The fruit is of medium size, of the Nonesuch shape, flattened at each end.
The eye is open, set in a deep plaited basin ; the stalk is about an inch long.

1874. J

GAEDEN GOSSIP.

41

and rather deeply set. The skin is of a clear greenish-yellow on the shaded
side, very much suffused and streaked with red and bright scarlet on the exposed
parts, this high-colouring giving it, especially when hanging on the tree, a very

Baechard’s Seedling Apple.

beautiful appearance. The flesh is Arm, of a pleasant sub-acid flavour, tolerably
good for dessert, but more valued for cooking purposes. It is in season from
October to Christmas, is an almost certain and most abundant cropper, and is
greatly to be recommended as a standard orchard fruit. — A. F. B.

GARDEN GOSSIP.

OME few weeks since we met with, in the Knap Hill Nursery, a variety of
St. Dabeoc’s Heath, Dabeocia polifolia variicolor^ remarkable for the
dissimilarity in the colour of its flowers. The plant, which is perfectly
hardy, forms a cushion-like, low evergreen shrub, suitable, from its habit,

for associating ■with snch plants as hardy Heaths. Its chief peculiarity, however, is that
its flowers are sometimes purple, sometimes white, sometimes of various intermediate
shades of blush-white, pallid purple, or pink. In the majority of cases the spikes bear
flowers uniform in colour, all purple, all blush, or all white, but these are so mixed up on
the plant, that it appears as though two or three varieties were accidentally associated in the
tuft. That they all spring from one source is, however, abundantly proved, by the fact that
from time to time, and not unfrequently, there appears a spike on which both pure purple
and pure white flowers are associated, or even sometimes may be seen flowers in which one-
half the tube is. white and the other half purple. Mr. Waterer has grown it for some years,
with the view of testing the permanency of its character — which does not vary in the least.

IEn the Adiantum ffracillmumwe have one of the most elegant ferns in

E

42

THE ELOEIST AND POMOLOQIST.

[ February,

existence. Mr. B. S. Williams, to whom we are indebted for it, and who

exhibited it at Bath under the garden name of A. elegantissimum, is not able to

give any clue as to its origin, and wo can, therefore, only conclude that it has appeared as a
spore-sport or a spore-hybrid in gardens. Its fronds are about a foot in length, and some 8 in.
or 9 in. across the widest part. They are very distinctly five times pinnate, the ultimate
pinnules standing wide apart on their rachis, and having a distinct stalk, while they measure
from about one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch in length, very few, indeed, being larger,
these and a few of the longer ones being generally cut into about two or three shallow
lobes ; many of them, however, are not lohed, but have at the top a slit or sinus, at the base
of which the orbicular indusium is situated, so that the sinus is completely filled out. The
texture of the frond is very thin and fragile, and its colour is a very pale yellowish-tinted
olive-green. The multiplicity of minute pinnules, and the almost invisible ramifications
of the rachis, give the plant a peculiarly charming appearance.

- ®HE Colorado Potato Beetle has been devastating tbe Potato crops of

North America, and it is to be feared may extend its ravages to other countries.

It is an inhabitant of the Eocky Mountains, where it feeds on a wild Solanum,

but no sooner did the Solanum tuberosum come within its reach, than the insect attacked it
greedily, and soon spread over the country. This beetle propagates with extraordinary
rapidity. The first batch of larvae appears towards the end of May, or, if the weather be mild,
of April. The female loses no time in depositing from 700 to 1,200 eggs, in clusters of twelve
or thirteen, on the under-side of a leaf. Within five or six days, according to the state of the
weather, the larvae escape from the egg, and begin their work of devastation, which goes on

for some seventeen
days, when the little
creatures retire below
the soil, in order to
undergo the pupal
condition. After a
delay of ten or foui*-
toen days, the perfect
insect comes into
being, and the busi¬
ness of egg - laying
commences anew. In
this way, according
to recent observa¬
tions, three broods
follow each other ;
the last wintering
below the surface of
the ground. No des¬
cription can do jus¬
tice to the marvellous
voracity of this insect,
especially in its lar¬
val state. When once
a field of potatos has

been attacked, it is in a few days changed into an arid waste. Moreover, the beetle in its
different stages is so entirely unaffected by the extremes of heat and cold, of wet and dry,
which it has met with in America, that it may be expected to care as little for the changes
of climate which occur in the temperate zone of Europe, and once settled, will quickly be¬
come naturalized. Hand-pieking is the only remedy yet discovered, but even this requires
caution, as the juice of the crushed insect blisters the skin. The eggs are of a deep orange-
yellow ; the larvae are, at first, of a blackish hue, which passes quickly into a dark red, with a
slight orange tint, but on attaining their full size the colour varies between orange, reddish-
yellow, and flesh. We have to thank the publisher of Science Gossip for the use of the woodcut.

- ^ Second Edition of Lindley and Moords Treasury of Botany has

recently been published by Messrs. Longmans, with such emendations as it was
practicable to make in the stereotyped text. A supplement contains articles on
various genera previously omitted, or published since the issue of the first edition, together

Colorado Potato Beetle.

1874. ]

NEW PEAS.

43

■with sundry rectifications of the original text. As the majority of the articles are contributed
by -well-known botanists, we may without egotism say that it is the most useful handy-book
of reference we know, on matters which come within its scope.

- ®HOSE who are at all familiar with the lovely Erica herbacea carnea

will be prepared to appreciate at its full value a new white variety, which bears
the name of Erica herhacea alba. The plant has the true dwarf tufted habit of
E. herbacea, and the flowers are of the purest white. We saw it a short time
since at the Knap Hill Nursery ; as yet, we believe, it is very rare.

- Cn New York the extreme Hardiness of Clematis Jackmanni has been

fully tested. A recent letter from thence states that the writer had a plant of 0.
Jackmanni on a pillar which withstood, entirely unprotected, a temperature of

14° below zero during the winter, and of 110° above during the summer, subject to winds
and storms. Surely, it is added, these plants are hardy enough for any climate Avhich does
not knock the mercury ^out of the bottom of the thermometer.

- EEaEL has recently published an interesting note on the Vines of

North America, China, and Japan, according to which the Cultivated Vine is not
, of pure specific descent, but is a hybrid between Vitis lahrusca and V. vidpina,

both of which are natives of North America, Japan, Mandchouida, and the Himalaya. M.
Regel arrives at his conclusions from the following considerations : — 1, The Vine is not known
in a truly wild state, but only as an escape from cultivation ; 2, the two species, lahrusca and
vulpina, are wild in the district of Asia where the cultivation of the Vkie originated ; .S, the
European Vine introduced into America has never given such good results there as have the
varieties of lahrusca and vulpina.

- - Calluna vulgaris cuprea is a very remarkable hardy Heath, or

Heather, grown by Mr. Waterer, of Knap Hill. It is most effective throughout
the winter season, in consequence of the whole of the young growth changing to
a bright coppery hue, after the manner of Biota orientalis elegantissima.

- - Charles Lawson, Esq., of Borthwickhall, died on December 21,

1873, in his 79th year. He was son of Mr. -Peter Lawson, the founder of the
eminent nursery firm of that name, which, under the style of Peter Lawson and

Son, he raised to a degree of unprecedented success. He was a few years since elected Lord
Provost of Edinburgh, and amongst other distinctions, was a prominent member of the
Highland and Agricultural Society.

- W.R. Mobeis, Esq., Engineer to the Kent Waterworks Co., Deptford,

died on January 11, aged 65, under very distressing circumstances, having been
found lying dead in his own grounds. He was highly esteemed amongst florists

and horticulturists as a most assiduous raiser of novelties. As a hybridiser of Pelargoniums
Ml*. Morris was very successful, his Variegated Zonal Prince of Wales being still one of the
best varieties in cultivation ; he also raised some very fine Bronze Zonals, and was generally
a most accomplished cultivator, excelling, amongst other things, in his management of Pot
Vines, and in his Bedding-out display.

NEW PEAS.

E have already noted (1873, 285) the New Peas certificated, after trial,
during the past year at Chiswick, namely, Gem JDagmar,^ The Shah,
Marvel, The Baron, all seedlings raised by Mr. Laxton ; and we now
give illustrations of two of those of preceding years, which are beginning

E 2

44

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ February,

to find their way into the seed-shops. The descriptions are taken from Dr. Hogg’s
Eeport in the Journal of the 'Royal Horticultural Society : —

Laxton’s Fillbasket. — This is a
cross between Laxton’s Standard and
Supreme. Plant very robust and
vigorous, growung to about 3 ft. in
height. Foliage large, pale green,
of a very distinct character. Stem
branching, producing from 12 to 14
pods on each, generally in pairs.
The pods are very long, curved,
closely filled, rounded in form, of a fine bright green colour, containing from 7
to nine good-sized peas of a fine green colour, Dried seed large, light green,

Laxton’s Fillbasket Pea.

1874. ]

GAEDEN WOEK FOE FEBEUAEY.

45

flattened. A large, very handsome, and prolific pea, wliicli received a First-class
Certificate at Chiswick, where it was in bearing 123 days after being sown; It
belongs to the group of Imperials.

James’s Peolific. — This is a selection from Wonderful. Plant robust,
growing to about 3 ft. in height. Stem strong and succulent, occasionally
branched, producing from eight to ten pods on each, generally in pairs. Foliage
large, pale green, and much blotched. Pods very large, broad, nearly straight
and bluntly-ended, of a very light green colour, similar in that respect to Excel¬
sior Marrow. They contain from six to eight very large peas, of a pale green or
whitish colour, of excellent quality. Eipo seed large, white and pale green,
wrinkled. An extremely handsome pea when growing, of firm and erect growth,
the pods being well sustained from the stem, and nearly all being fit for use at
the same time. This received a First-class Certificate at Chiswick ; and in the
trials there, came into bearing 136 days after being sown. It is one of the White
Wrinkled Marrows. — M.

GARDEN WORK FOR FEBRUARY.

FLOWERS.

rITH a season so favourable to the furtherance of Ground Operations,
these ought now to be in an advanced state, and what may yet remain to
bo done should be prosecuted with vigour. In regard to Laivns, all
levelling and turfing should be seen to, but verges of grass should not be
C§S trimmed until danger of frost is over. So highly is a fresh verdant lawn
to be prized, that no labour or pains should be spared that may tend to promote
the evenness of texture and velvety hue so much coveted. Top-dress such as
are patchy with fine rich soil, preparatory to renovating with seed. Favourite
plants that have become poverty-stricken, even if they are of considerable age,
may be wonderfully resuscitated by rolling back the turf, removing the soil down
to the roots, and filling in with fresh turf and manure.

Any rearranging of Herbaceous Plants that yet remains to be done should
have immediate attention, taking care that the soil is in healthy working con¬
dition, and planting with good balls in fresh soil. Prune and train Climbers
upon walls and trellises. Such Clematises as are grown in masses should now be
pruned, cutting them down closely to the ground, removing the old soil down to
the roots, and dressing with rich rotten manure and fresh turf. During wet,
muggy weather it becomes necessary to examine protecting materials, removing
it from the plants if they show indication of damping.

The hardier sorts of Poses may now be pruned ; such as are grown upon
walls or pillars should have the old wood cut freely out, so as to give place to a
suflSciency of young shoots, but defer the pruning of Roses in general for the
present. Stake such' as are newly planted, mulching the surface. All pot-Roses
that are intended to be forced should now be pruned.

With Bedding Plants studious forethought is the keystone to success. The
actual wants of the establishment must, therefore, now be known. When propaga¬
tion has to be conducted in frames, dung, leaves, hops, and tan, present favour¬
able media for furnishing bottom-heat, provided they are properly prepared.
Though propagation should now be pushed forward rapidly, care must be
taken that stock-plants are not unduly excited by heat, so as to weaken their
growth. Dahlia roots should bo examined, and scarce sorts or such as show

46

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOOTST.

[ February,

signs of decay placed in heat ; it is too eavly for general stock. Centaurea
ragusina compacta, if now started in heat, pinching out the tops of the shoots,
will produce an abundance of side-shoots, which root freely. Accelerate the
growth of Alter nantheras^ Coleuses^ and such plants as are required in quantities,
by placing them in bottom-heat and a growing temperature of from 65°
to 70°. Seeds of various kinds of plants should now be sown, including
such sub-tropical kinds as Acacia lophantha^ Canna^ Centaiireas^ Chamce-
peuce, Cineraria acanthifolia, Ferdinanda, Geranium canarieiise, Melianthus
major^ Pyrethrum^ Solanums^ Lobelias^ Wigandias^ &c. Verbena venosa
should not be overlooked, as it is most effective in mixing and massing. It is
readily propagated from pieces of the roots, cut up and laid upon fine soil, in a
sharp heat. The rooting temperature for bedding plants should range from
65° to 70°, with a bottom-heat of from 80° to 85°. The germination of seeds
will often be accelerated by steeping them in water previous to sowing. Chry¬
santhemums should be propagated from cuttings in a mild heat. The present is
also a good time to propagate by means of cuttings, the varieties of Phlox
decussata which have been started in a greenhouse. Strong cuttings rooted now
and gradually hardened off to be planted out early in May will flower freely the
same season, keep particularly dwarf, and form exquisite groups.

Auriculas should be top-dressed with rich soil, consisting of about equal parts
of mellow loam, leaf-soil, and thoroughly-rotten manure, adding a dash of sharp
sand. Pot off young offsets, using pots according to the quantity of roots ; they
do not do well when over-potted. Seeds may now be sown in light, sandy soil.
Cuttings of Carnations which have been excited in heat will now root freely, and
oome in useful for autumn flowering. Seeds of these should now be sown ; the
plants will come in useful for cutting from, as they generally produce a large
per-centage of doubles.

Proceed with the potting of Heaths^ examining the balls previously, in order
to ascertain if they are in a healthy state as regards moisture. Early-forced
varieties of Azaleas and young stock plants should now be started in gonial
heat. In potting, use a sound, healthy peat, that is rich in vegetable flbre, silver-
sand only being added. Cajnellias that have done blooming should bo pruned
into form, shifting such as require it, and examining the drainage of all. They
should then be placed in a genial heat, and freely syringed. Bouvardias^ which
are so valuable for winter blooming, should be placed in heat to produce cuttings ;
they may also be propagated from pieces of the roots in bottom-heat. Cinerarias
should be repotted as they require it, and insects vigorously kept down. Pelar¬
goniums will, with the increasing light, grow stronger, and will require limited,
but sufficient water, so that it penetrates to the ball ; and give sufficient heat to
admit of air being admitted daily. Finish potting, as they never flower satisfac¬
torily unless the pots are filled with roots. Afford to the general stock full
ventilation, and avoid using fire-heat to induce growth at this season.

The great majority of Stove Plants will require to be examined and shifted
during the month, and to secure successful results it is important that the
proper qualities of soils should be prepared and sufficiently aerated for use. Such
plants as Gardenias^ Ixoras^ Dipladenias^ &c., require peat ; whilst such strong¬
growing subjects as Allamandas^ Bougainvilleas^ &c., succeed best in loam and
rotten manure. The strength and nature of the roots are a sure index to their
requirements. Guard against over-potting, and water sparingly until the roots
get hold of the fresh soil. Advance the temperature by degrees as the days
lengthen, ensuring a genial atmosphere by the use of the syringe, and airing in
accordance with the state of the weather. Orchids should now be potted, using

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR FEBRUARY.

47

the best fibry peat and fresh sphagnum, incorporated with pieces of charcoal
and potsherds, to insure porosity.

Conservatories must be frequently rearranged, removing such plants as show the
least signs of decay. Azaleas^ Camellias^ and flowering Bulbs^ such as Amaryllis^
Eucharis^ &:c., are particularly effective. Keep up a succession in the forcing-
house by introducing progressively such things as Roses^ Lilacs^ Azaleas^ Rhodo¬
dendrons^ Lily of the Valley^ &c., all of which will force easily after this time. —
George Westland, Witley Court.

FRUITS.

Pines: Attend to last month’s directions in regard to succession Pines in
dung-pits ; give more air in good weather as the season advances, and avoid too
much moisture. ' Keep up a moist heat in the fruiting-house, and water those
freely that are starting into fruit ; syringe in the afternoon, if much fire-heat be
necessary ; if fresh tan has been used, see that the bottom-heat is not too violent,
as great injury to the plants is often caused in this way. Prepare good turfy
loam, mixed with one -fourth rotten dung, and keep it moderately dry, to be in
readiness for shifting the plants at the end of the month. This is a good time
to plant out fruiting Pines, either before or after they show fruit ; plant them
on ridges of turfy loam and rotten manure, on a good bed of leaves, which is the
best, as it will retain sufficient bottom-heat for many months.

Vines : If the fruit is set in the early house, use the syringe, and maintain
a moist growing atmosphere ; give a good portion of air in fine weather, in the
early part of the day, but close the house early in the afternoon ; tie-in the
shoots, and stop all laterals down to the last bud ; continue to thin the berries
as they may require it, and do not leave more than one hunch to a shoot. Attend
to previous directions for the management of the succession-houses. Plunge pot
Vines if possible, otherwise stand the pots on turf, and well supply those in fruit
with liquid manure ; thin the bunches to about six or eight for a 12-in. pot, and
remove all useless growth. , Put in Vine-eyes early in the month, place them in
striking-pans, and plunge them in a bed with a bottom-heat of 80°.

Figs : Those being forced in pots should have plenty of water, and if the
pots are full of roots, liquid manure should be given _ once a week ; keep a moist
night temperature of 55° to 60°, and air freely through the day. A night
temperature of 55° in the succession -house, with a rise of 15° degrees by sun-
heat, will suffice. Syringe the trees, and close early.

Peaches and Nectarines : Attend to the disbudding in the early house,
removing or stopping-back all strong shoots not required to furnish the trees.
Watch for the attack of green-fly, and fumigate with tobacco at its first appear¬
ance. As soon as the fruit is properly set, use the syringe freely, and raise the
night temperature 5° or more, according to the state of the weather ; the day
temperature also in like proportion, and air freely in bright weather. See previous
directions for others not so far advanced.

Cherries: Give a night temperature from 50° to 55° till the trees are in
bloom, when abundance of air must be given. The temperature with sun-heat
may range 10° or 15° higher. Plums require similar treatment, but require
more water at the root than Cherries.

Strawberries : Place those in bloom in a situation where they will have the
advantage of plenty of air and light ; and when the fruit is properly set, this
may bo removed to a warmer place ; clip off the small blossoms, and water
occasionally with liquid manure ; bring in more plants for succession.

Melons : Keep up a good growing heat of 65° to 70°, allowing a rise of 10°
during sunshine ; close the frames early ; sow more seed for succession.

48

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST,

[ February,

Out-Dooes. — Owing to the mild weather of last month, the buds of the
Apricot will be in a forward state, therefore no time should be lost in getting the
trees pruned and nailed, and the covering in readiness, in case of sharp frost.
If any covering thicker than a net be used, it should be so arranged that it can
be easily removed in the day-time. Proceed at all favourable opportunities
with all pruning, nailing, fee., and finish planting all small fruit-trees before the
month is out. Make new plantations of Strawberries in well-manured ground.
Clear out and top-dress with rotten manure those that are growing in beds thickly
together. Stake and mulch newly-planted trees. Any glass structures that are
not artificially heated, such as glass-cases, orchard-houses, &c., should have
abundance of air during sunshine, to prevent the trees getting too forward. The
trees should be all pruned, and top-dressed with loam and rotten manure. Give
those in pots a good soaking of liquid manure if they are dry, and plunge the
pots if convenient to do so. — J. Powell, Frogmore.

VEGETABLES

Much will have been done in this department during the previous month
towards the preparation of the ground for the main spring crops, but if any
digging or trenching still requires doing — the ground being vacant — the work
should now be got through with all possible despatch. I referred last month to
a few subjects which ought to be sown as early crops, and again suggest that a
successional batch of seeds be sown of either Peas (main early sorts). Broad Beans,
&:c., towards the middle or end of the month. It is also judicious to make an
early sowing about the end of the month of Spinach^ Radishes^ Lettuces, Endive^
&c., and a planting of Potatos (early kidneys) about tlie third week of the month.
They must be sown, however, upon a warm, sunny aspect, at the foot of a wall
or fence, by which means a valuable early supply may be secured. Make up
the plantations of autumn-planted Cabbages from the store-seed beds where such
exist. If no autumn-sown plants remain, it will be necessary to make a sowing
upon rich soil placed in shallow pans or boxes. It would also be judicious to
sow in like manner a small quantity both of Broccoli (Walcheren and Snow’s)
and of Cauliflower (Early London). The seedlings, if they are transplanted into
other pans or boxes so soon as they are sufficiently large to handle, and are
slightly “ nursed ” on until they are large enough, and the season has
sufficiently advanced, may be planted out very earl}^ and will furnish heads of
valuable produce many weeks before those grown from seeds sown in the open
ground a month or two later. Earth up the rows of all autumn-planted
Cabbages^ and use the hoe freely between all growing crops of Spinach^ young
autumn-sown Carrots (Short Horn), Onions^ fee. These all delight in having the
soil moved freely between them, and it conduces greatly to a free and permanent
growth when this^light attention is accorded them.

Keep up a br^ heat in Cwcw^/jJifr-houses and pits proper, during the lightest
and brightest part of the day — always, however, with some amount of fresh air,
the more the better, so long as the above conditions are maintained. As the
days lengthen, and with them both the duration and intensity of the light,
a little more moisture may be diffused throughout the structure ; a slight
increase of the night air may also be permitted with advantage. Be particular
at this time not to permit too many fruits to swell off, as all the spare resources
of each plant should be harvested, in view of giving the plants as vigorous a
start as possible, preliminary to their abundant early spring fruit production. To
tax their strength too greatly at this time, would be to lessen their fruitfulness
in the future. Sow seeds of Cucumber^ where symptoms of exhaustion are exhibited
by the plants in any structure, — William Eaeley, Valentines,

AL.PiNE’' AUR1CUL^S

F WeO) t

J *l Zinct.

Napokxv,. 1I'l_ 2 Susie Ma.Uiams

1

-i.

1874. ]

ROSES AND ROSE-CULTURE. - CHAPTER XIX.

49

ALPINE AUEICULAS.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

^ ^EW of our popular flowers have, during the last few years, made greater
strides towards perfection than the Alpine Auriculas, of which wonderfully
fine groups have been staged each succeeding spring by Mr. Turner, of
Slough. It is to this well-known successful grower of florists’ flowers
that we are indebted for the opportunity of figuring two of the most distinct
and attractive of these alpine forms, both of which were awarded First-class
Certificates by the Eoyal Horticultural Society in May last.

The variety named Napoleon III. (fig. 1) is remarkable for its dark crimson-
maroon ground-colour, and clear, smooth, golden paste ; it is a richly-coloured
and highly attractive variety, of extra fine quality. Susie Mathams (fig. 2) is
quite distinct, and is also a very pleasing flower ; the ground-colour is a deep
purple, shaded off at the edges to bright lilac, and the paste is smooth and
straw-coloured. Though not considered equal in value to the show Auriculas,
these Alpine varieties are exceedingly pretty objects, and most desirable as
decorative plants from their well-marked colours. — T. Moore.

KOSES AND EOSE-CULTUEE.

Chapter XIX. — Monthly Calendar.

ANUAEY. — Graft new and other Boses in heat under glass. Clean dead and
decaying leaves off pot-Eoses under glass, cleaning and loosening the surface
of the soil at the same time. Place roses in a house, with gentle heat, to
obtain flowers in March. Prune pot-Eoses under glass to flower in May and
June. Finish up any arrears of autumn work during this and the following
two months, as the weather and state of the ground may allow.

February. — Tie-up pruned pot-Eoses. View, smell, and gather (if you wish)
the early forced flowers, which should now be in bloom. Continue grafting pot-
Eoses under glass, if a further supply is wanted. Place a fresh supply of pot-Eoses
in heat to flower in April. Cut wild shoots off Eose-stocks budded last autumn.

March. — Continue tying-out pot-Eoses, after having pruned for the summer
flowering. Prune all unpruned Eoses in pots. Cuttings may be taken from
forced Eoses, and placed four or six round a five-inch pot, rooting them in a
frame or house with bottom-heat. If any Eoses have been layered, take off the
layers now and replant them, watering them in dry weather throughout the
spring and summer. The soil around cuttings planted in the open ground in
autumn should be trodden and hoed. Finish transplanting and pruning this
month ; newly- transplanted Eoses are, in my judgment, better left unpruned till
now. As a general rule, in pruning, thin-out in November, and shorten the
shoots left on early in March.

April. — As the sun gains power, Eoses in pots will require a more liberal
supply of water ; clear and weak liquid manure is best, and the quantity should

3rd series. — VII. p

50

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ March,

be gradually increased until the first flowering is over, and then gradually
diminished until the new or second growth begins. Cuttings may still be made
from plants under glass. Search diligently for insects and destroy them, both
in and out of doors. Tie-up the young shoots of last year’s budded Eoses,
removing suckers from these and all others. Eemove also few or many — few, if
a mass of flowers is preferred to a smaller number of large flowers — of the
bursting buds when about half an inch long, leaving those which occupy the
best positions for developing a regular-shaped and handsome head. Stop any
individual shoots — now and hereafter during the growing season — that may show
excessive vigour. Water newly-transplanted Eoses, if the soil becomes dry.

May. — This is an important month to the exhibitor of cut Eoses, although the
work of no one month should be neglected or done out of order. First prizes are
generally lost and won in this month. Keep down insects. Eradicate wild shoots.
If growing for exhibition, destroy flower-buds unsparingly when not larger than
peas, leaving very few on a plant. Water freely if the soil becomes dry, which it
often does about the end of the month. Cuttings taken from under glass in March
and April may be potted off now, and placed in single pots in heat under glass. -
Manetti stocks maij he budded this month, both in and out of doors. In light soils
a top-dressing of manure may be laid on with advantage about the middle of the
month. Harden-off forced Eoses preparatory to their removal out of doors.
Sulphur freely, dusting it on the leaves both in and out of doors now and at any
other time, if mildew appear. Destroy green-fly by smoking the plants under
glass, and by syringing with quassia-water out-of-doors.

June. — Forced Eoses, which should have been gradually hardened during the
last month, may now be placed out of doors. Eoses in pots yet to bloom should
be freely watered. Eemove superfluous shoots from Eose-stocks out of doors
preparatory to budding. Continue tying-up newly-budded Eoses. Look after
and destroy grubs, caterpillars, &c. Water freely if the weather is hot or the
soil dry. Shade blooms for exhibition slightly ; drive, flog, coax, and wheedle
them by turns, and if you are resolved to “ go in and win,” get some milliner to
“ dress ” them for you. Cross some of the best and earliest flowers.

July. — Eepot young plants and old ones too, when they require it. Layer
Dwarf Eoses of any sorts where an increase of stock is required. Continue tying-
up the plants budded last year, and remove the snags from the centre and sides
of the head. Trim stocks for budding. Commence budding, and do as much of
it as possible this month. Cut back to three or four eyes the principal shoots of
a portion of the plants to strengthen the September bloom, feeding the plants
well afterwards either with a top-dressing of rich manure or by constant supplies
of manure-water. Water freely, if the weather is hot or the soil dry.

August. — Almost all the operations described as necessary during the last
three months may require to be repeated during this month. Budding may be
continued, and the buds put in early in July should now be untied.

Septembeb.-— Turn out of the pots and examine the roots of all pot-Eoses,

1874. ]

WALL ASPECTS SUITABLE FOR FRUIT-TREES.

51

Place in larger pots such as require it, and remove as much of the old soil as
possible without injuring the roots, replacing with fresh soil where larger pots
are not required. If new plantations are to be made, manure and trench the
ground, throwing it up in ridges that it may be mellowed by the influence of sun
and air. Carry on the operations of the preceding summer months. Continue
untying buds.

October. — Pot Eoses from the ground for forcing a year hence. Place under
glass all pot-Eoses that have been out of doors during the summer, Towards the
middle or end of the month, cuttings of the ripened wood may be put in, either
under glass or in the open borders. Eemove from budded stocks all shoots but
the one budded, leaving this intact till February.

November. — Prune pot-Eoses for February flowering. Gather Eose-seed, to
bo cleaned and sown next month. Choose early this month plants to form new
plantations, or to make up old ones. Plant in well trenched and, if wet, well-
drained soil, thoroughly enriched. Stake and tie the plants immediately after
planting. Plant when the ground is in a tolerably dry state ; this is of more
importance than any fancy date. Spread the roots well in planting, and if the
soil be heavy and in lumps, which all good rose-soils are, knock it to pieces, and
place the small particles in immediate contact with the roots, or if this is im¬
practicable, then use a little lighter soil for the purpose. Never let the points
of the roots turn upwards in planting. Towards the middle of the month place
fern-fronds, asparagus haulm, beech boughs, or any evergreen branches, loosely
among tea-scented Eoses. Plant briars and Manetti cuttings for budding next
summer. Prune so far as thinning out all supernumerary shoots, leaving the
shortening of those left to be done in February or March.

December. — Place pot-Eoses in a house with gentle heat, to obtain flowers in
February. Prune pot-Eoses for March and April flowering. Sow Eose-seed in
narrow beds or drills out of doors. Manure freely, and dig in the manure in all
Eose beds. — William Paul, Paul's Nurseries^ Waltham Cross^ Herts.

WALL ASPECTS SUITABLE FOR FRUIT-TREES.

lEEHAPS this subject is not so well attended to as it deserves. The aspect
for some kinds of fruit-trees may be varied with success according to the
locality and soil in which they are planted, for in some situations one sort
may require a south aspect, which in others will do equally well against
either an east or west aspect. Therefore the distribution of the trees depends upon
existing circumstances. It is necessary, however, always to avoid planting a
tender sort of fruit-tree in a cold, bleak situation, where the sun’s influence does
not operate ; for although the soil may be suitable, yet the tree will prove un¬
productive, and the fruit worthless in flavour. The undue attention to aspect
and soil, accounts for so much fruit being of poor quality and inferior in size, for
without the full influence of the sun upon the border and tree, fruit that is at
all tender and good in flavour cannot be expected. Always avoid an east aspect

p 2

52

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ March,

for trees that blossom early in the spring, as in that aspect early blossom is very
liable to be injured by frost and cutting winds.

Where there is a great extent of wall, as is the case at Hatfield, it is advisable
to plant trees of the same kinds against different aspects. This is the better way
to secure a crop, and the fruit will ripen in succession, and thus prolong the
season. It is likewise a good plan to plant the early-blooming kinds together,
for those trees that bloom some three or four weeks in advance of the others, will
require a greater amount of protection ; and if early and late-fiowering kinds are
mixed indiscriminately together, the late sorts that do not require protection so
early, will be injured by excessive covering. — Edward Bennett, Gardener to the
Marquis of Salishurij^ Hatfield House, Herts.

ON KEEPING LATE GRAPES.

bunches, consisting of Muscat of Alexandria, Alicante, and Lady Downe’s

^ Seedling. We put them in bottles filled with clear water, without char¬
coal or anything else put into the water, which, notwithstanding, was perfectly

sweet when emptied out. The Grapes were put in a room over the hall kitchen,
and kept quite dark ; no fire was lighted in the room, as, in consequence of the
heat from the kitchen below, it was all that could be desired for the purpose. The
mean temperature of the room was about 45° — quite enough to exclude frost and
damp, both of which are very damaging to ripe Grapes.

I found that this method of keeping Grapes effected a great saving of fuel, as
we kept some of them nearly two months without any expense, the last of the Lady
Downe’s being used only a few days since (February 14), and they were then as
fresh as when first cut from the vines. The Alicantes kept equally as well, but the

1874. ]

ERICA CODONODES. — THE NEW HOLLYHOCKS OF 1873.

53

Muscats shrivelled a good deal. One other great advantage was, that there was
comparatively speaking, no loss of berries, or hut very few, at the most. They did
not average fifty during the whole time these fifty bunches were cut and in water,
and where there happened to be a mouldy berry, it did not, in the dry room, affect
the others, as is the case in the damper vinery. The bottles were placed on trussels
in a leaning position, so that the Grapes hung over the boards, as shown in the
accompanying sketch.

I hope some of the readers of the Florist and Pomologist will give their
experience as to keeping Muscats, as it is one thing to grow them well and another
to keep them uninjured. — ^William Plester, Elsenham Hall Gardens.

EKICA CODONODES.

®HIS is a very pretty winter-blooming Heath, and well deserves extensive
cultivation, being quite hardy and a profuse bloomer. We have several

f plants which have been in bloom from the end of October last, and which
are now (February 17) objects of great beauty. The habit is stiff and
erect, similar to that of the greenhouse Erica hiemalis^ the flowers white, prettily
tinted with bright pink on part of each flower. The plants have withstood the
last six winters without the least protection, and the flowers seem to bear frost
without injury to them. Altogether it is a very desirable plant for the winter
garden, for which situation it is used here. It would also do well for conservatory
work, as it far surpasses in beauty many of the small-flowered section of green¬
house heaths, such as E. Caffra nana^ and similar kinds. — H. Ohilman, Somerley.

THE NEW HOLLYHOCKS OF 1873.

HEEE is no falling-away in the work of improving the Hollyhock. This
laudable task, which has enlisted the energies and given zeal to the enthu¬
siasm of some of the most accomplished of the florists of these as well as
past days, never falters ; if one worker falls away from the path of progress,
another steps in and takes the vacant place ; and the unbroken march is pre¬
served to the end.

Perhaps it was mainly owing to the accident of the adaptability of time, but
it is a fact, that a greater number of New Hollyhocks than usual found their way
to the meetings of the Eoyal Horticultural Society during the summer of last year ;
and some idea of their high-class quality may be inferred, when it is stated that
not less than eight varieties received First-Class Certificates of Merit. Of these,
the following were raised by the Eev. Lord Hawke : — Catherine., deep flesh, the
flower very full, and of a very pleasing soft hue of colour ; Lilac Queen., bright rosy
lilac, tinted with a pleasing silvery sheen, and forms a fine spike for exhibition
purposes ; Octavia., pale pink, with a deeper tint in the centre, a charming hue of
colour, the flowers of fine quality; Red-Cross Knight., shining maroon-crimson, the
fiowers large and of full substance, and very striking colour ; Vanguard., blood-
maroon, very bright, a noble spike for show purposes ; and Willw'm (7/ta^er, a novel

54

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ March,

and finely-sliaped flower of high-class quality, colour bright yellowish-buff, shaded
with salmon in the centre. Mr. William Ohater is now distributing Octavia and
William Chater ; also Eleanor^ one of Lord Hawke’s seedlings, a greatly improved
Willingham Defiance, of a soft pale rosy hue, and forming a fine spike ; this was
Certificated in 1872.

Mr. Ohater received the same high award for Firt King^ bright pale red,
a fine hue of colour and excellent quality, and most effective when shown as a
spike ; and Mrs. Chater., pale flesh, tinted with salmon in the centre, very bright
and pretty, and fine spike. Both of these are being distributed. Of other new
varieties, Mr. Chater has Goliath, vivid scarlet, a large and bold flower, of fine
quality ; Rosy Morn., clear cerise, large, full, and symmetrical, and a grand spike ;
Talisman., pale creamy flesh, with a dark base, tinted with crimson in the
centre ; and Vesta., clear lively flesh, a novel shade of colour, large, and of
first-class quality.

The intelligence recently given by Professor Thistleton Dyer as to the invasion
of our gardens by the new cryptogamic parasite, Puccinia Malvacearum, which,
it appears, is extremely destructive to the Hollyhock, cannot help causing un¬
easiness to cultivators of this noble flower. Some twenty years ago, a species of
disease, something in the form of dry-rot, which eat its way into the leaves
of the Hollyhock with great rapidity, and worked much mischief, assailed many
plantations of Hollyhocks, and decimated them something after the fashion of
the Potato disease. Beds of seedlings were especially open to its ravages. This
yet lingers among us ; and now to have a second destroying agent appearing, bodes
ill for the future of the Hollyhock. The breed has become so refined, that it is just
possible it is, in consequence, more open to the attacks of the pests in question.
With respect to the new destroyer. Professor Dyer tells us : — “ Unfortunately,
up to the present time, no remedy for it has been found, and the only safe advice
that can be given is to destroy the plants, root and branch, as soon as the
cryptogam makes its appearance, and so do all that is possible in order to stamp
it out.” But what an uncomfortable out-look for raisers of Seedlings ! — R. Dean,
Ealing.

DOUBLE-FLOWERED PORTULACAS.

I AVE these been successfully cultivated in England ? They are wonderfully
showy in this country, and work in admirably for bedding in the best
arranged flower-gardens. Moreover, they are especially appropriate as
flowering-plants where succulents are extensively employed. The colours
being very bright and varied, and the flowers are double as roses, they make a
wonderful show. I have a bed sown in May, which commenced to flower early
in July, and is now (October 14) a mass of flowers, without getting shading or
requiring any attention, except that weeds were kept down until the ground was
covered.

I sow in drills 9 in. apart, and the plants soon form a compact mass of growth

I

1874. ]

GRAPES : THEIR PECULIAR DEFECTS.

5o

and flower. In England it would be necessary to sow in-doors, and transplant
when the outside soil had become warm, but that has to be done with many less

showy plants. Probably it would not make so good a show for as long a period

%

as here, for want of the bright sunshine which we have during most of the
year. — James Taplin, South Amboy ^ New Jersey,

GRAPES: THEIR PECULIAR DEFECTS.

’HERE are but few varieties of Grapes which do not possess some peculiar
defects or imperfections of constitution ; or perhaps more properly speaking,
nearly every variety, through improper culture, appears predisposed to pecu¬
liar faults which materially detract from its value. This is an imputation
from which even the most prized and popular varieties are not exempt.

The Muscat Hamburgh, one of the best of Grapes, is liable to the serious de¬
fect of swelling its berries unequally ; Mrs, Pince’s Blach Muscat is open to the
same objection. The latter kind, as well as the Muscat of Alexandria,, is not
only an indifferent setter, but is seldom seen perfectly coloured. The magnificent
and much abused Golden Champion generally exhibits one or more dark spots in
each berry. The Chasselas Musque,, the Boyal Ascot,, and the Madresfield Court
Muscat,, possess the evil tendency to crack open when nearly ripe ; and even the
old favourite Black Hamburgh is not wholly free from fault, but frequently pre¬
sents unseemly scars and bands of rust on the skin. These defects are not only
produced in some varieties, by certain conditions of climate or cultivation, but at
the same time, the like treatment seems perfectly to agree with other varieties,
it being no uncommon occurrence for these faults to be plainly visible in some
kinds, while others growing beside them in the same house — nay, even on the
same vine, may be seen quite free from any characteristic blemish.

If these imperfections were permanent, it would seem a hopeless task to attempt
to eradicate or ameliorate them ; but it has been proved that they are not only not
permanent, but that they are found to yield and even disappear altogether under
certain special conditions. Should not our aim then be to endeavour by every
possible means to ascertain what are the peculiar requirements of each variety,
and to supply those requirements, in every detail, with the strictest accuracy ?
Some gardeners may perhaps question the propriety of growing certain of the
varieties mentioned, seeing that they are subject to such defects ; but on second
consideration, they will, I think, hesitate to condemn them, for even the worst
possess sufficient good qualities to ensure them a place in our vineries.

The principal and most important questions, and which are deserving of
particular attention, appear to be these — First : What are the especial details of
treatment required by each variety ? Secondly : Which varieties will succeed
perfectly under precisely the same conditions ? Thirdly : Which are the particular
kinds requiring separate or special treatment ?

Having as nearly as possible ascertained these particulars, those kinds only should
be grown together which are found to succeed perfectly, under the same regime ;

56

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ March,

and those which require special treatment should be grown in separate houses.
It may be objected by some, that this system would prevent those persons with
limited space growing many good varieties, but I would ask. Is it not more
satisfactory to see a house well filled with perfect grapes of one or two kinds,
rather than a dozen kinds, a moiety only of which are worth inspection ; and this
arising from circumstances which cannot be rectified, so long as they are indis¬
criminately subjected to the same treatment, regardless of their peculiar wants?

Having ventured to make these few remarks by way of opening a most in¬
teresting subject, I will, in a future paper, give some details of successful as well
as unsuccessful • culture, trusting thereby to induce others to chronicle their
experience, so that, if possible, we may generally arrive at a more perfect theo¬
retical and sounder practical knowledge of this most important branch of horti¬
culture. — T. 0. W.

ULMUS BERARDI.

' ^OTHING more curious and distinct is met with amongst deciduous trees
than this Elm, which in its general appearance has, so to speak, nothing
in common with other Elms. It was found, M. Carriere tells us, in 1865,
at the Nursery of MM. Simon-Louis freres, of Metz, in a seed-bed of com¬
mon Elm. In its foliage U. Berardi recalls that of Comptonia asplenifolia. It
constitutes a very bushy shrub, with excessively slender ramifications ; its leaves
are set on very close together, and are rarely spread in a distichous manner,
excepting sometimes on the vigorous branches ; they are of a very deep green
colour, small and irregularly notched, in the fashion of those of Planera
crenata^ and generally set against the branches, which they hide almost entirely.
It is a shrub but little known, and also one of the prettiest and most curious
of its family, which cannot be too much recommended for ornamental planting.

CYPEIPEDIUM DOMINIANUM.

^^^YBEID Orchids have met with objectors in the persons of those who
3/ have feared or fancied they would upset all our present notions as to
species limitation. They have, on the other hand, been welcomed by
cultivators generally, and many real acquisitions owe their origin to the
mysterious art of the hybridiser. The genus Cypripedium has furnished several
of these novelties, perhaps more than any other family, and these we owe chiefly
to the skilful manipulation of Mr. Dominy, one of the chefs in Messrs. Veitch
and Sons’ establishment at Chelsea. That Mr. Dominy’s name should be attached
to one of these plants is, therefore, most appropriate.

The parents of the beautiful hybrid, of which, thanks to Messrs. Veitch, we
annex a figure, were C. caudatwn and C. Pearcei^ and it is very interesting to
observe that almost every organ is intermediate between those of the two parents.
The leaves are linear-ligulate and arching, broader than in C. Pearcei. The
spike bears three or more flowers, which expand simultaneously, and while the

1874. ]

OYPRIPEDIUM DOMINIANUM

57

CyPRIPBDIUM DOMINIANUM.

colours are nearly those of C. caudatim, including the distinct blotches on the
inner portion of the lip, the size is intermediate, the petals averaging about
six inches in length. From C. caudatam it may, however, be at once known

58

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOQIST.

[ March,

by its acute spatliaceous bracts ; and from C. Pearcei by the transverse staminode,
and the hairy ovary.

It is a plant of remarkably free growth, as well as a free bloomer, throwing
up its flower-spikes well above the mass of graceful foliage. These qualities, no
less than the intrinsic beauty of its flowers, recommend it to the notice of Orchid-
growers. It was awarded a First-class Certificate at South Kensington in June,
1870.— T. M.

SERIOOGRAPHIS GHIESBREGHTIANA.

HIS pretty free-growing soft-wooded stove plant is very valuable for deco¬
rative purposes, on account of its property of flowering during the winter.
It is easily propagated by cuttings, prepared in the usual way, and placed
in a gentle bottom-heat. It grows freely in a compost of equal parts of
loam and peat, with a little sand. Young healthy plants that were struck the
previous autumn should be selected early in spring, and when they begin to grow
they should be shifted into larger pots, and the young shoots when about 3 in.
high stopped. As soon as the plants begin to fill the pots with roots give them
another shift. Keep them steadily growing during the summer months, and tie
out the shoots neatly as they advance in growth. It is rather subject to the
attacks of green-fly ; if any appear, fumigate immediately with tobacco-paper.. As
they are easily grown, and as they flower during the winter, a considerable
quantity of plants should be grown where cut flowers are in daily demand at
that season. — M. Saul, Stourton^ Yorkshire.

THE APPLE : ITS CULTURE & VARIETIES.— Chap. VI.

ITH reference to the distances at which the trees should be planted, I have
already advised, and it may be well to remind the amateur of this, that
Pyramids and Bush-trees should be planted comparatively close together in
the early stages of growth, the distance between them to be increased
by successional liftings as they advance in size. These liftings, if performed at
regular intervals of, say, two years, or at the very farthest, three years, will
answer all the purposes of root-pruning, until the trees arrive at such a develop¬
ment that it becomes necessary to plant them at their permanent distances,
which may range from 12 ft. to 15 ft., according to the vigour of the variety.
It is when they are well established in these positions that root-pruning proper
may commence, its necessity or otherwise being determined by the general
growth of the tree. If the tree bears a suflScient quantity of fruit every year,
and at the same time keeps up a moderate supply of healthy, fruitful wood, let
well alone — root-pruning is not required. If, on the contrary, there are few
fruits, and a strong development of growth, root-prune at once.

The operation may be performed in this way : — In October strike round the
tree a circle, with a radius of 2 ft., or rather less if the tree is small, and another
circle having a radius of 3 ft. 6 in. ; then dig out the soil between these two

1874. ]

THE APPLE : ITS CULTUEE AND VARIETIES. - CHAPTER VI.

59

lines to a deptli of 2 ft., cutting off every root clean to the side of the ball of
earth surrounding the tree. Next try, by carefully pressing against the stem of the
tree in various directions, if there are any strong roots under the ball. If there
are, they must be carefully reached, and divided with a sharp tool ; but if on
applying pressure it would appear easy to heel the ball over, no further cutting
is necessary, and the earth, with a little addition of fresh coinpost, may be
returned to the trench, and the operation is finished.

Trained Espaliers and Cordons, although requiring equal attention with the
above as to root-pruning, ought not to be subjected to periodical liftings, but
should from the first be treated more in the nature of permanent trees ; they
should therefore at once be planted at the full distance of 15 ft. apart, and the
root-pruning, when the growth shows its necessity, must be performed by under¬
mining the tree, on both back and front, and severing the largest roots. If it
appears desirable to occupy for a few years the space between the trees, it may
be done by planting one or more of the slow-growing prolific sorts on the Para¬
dise stock, not training them, but merely fastening them to the trellis, and re¬
moving them as soon as the points of the Espaliers approach them. Perhaps for
the purposes of the amateur gardener the spaces might be more profitably
utilised by planting strong gooseberry bushes, and training the shoots upright,
in a manner which I hope to detail in a future paper on that subject.

I would here observe that my reason for impressing on the mind of the
amateur that lifting and root-pruning should be performed in October, is that he
may not lose the chance of the next season’s crop, which he would certainly run
the risk of doing, if the operation were deferred until the depth of winter or the
early spring. This, again, brings me to another important point in the culture of
this fruit on the restrictive system. The professed object of this system is to obtain
abundance of fruit, but having attained that object, we must beware that we do
not take too great an advantage of the generous produce ; we must not forget
that the production of fruit is the most exhaustive process to which the tree can be
Subjected, and if we do not apply the same principle of restriction to the produc¬
tion of fruit as we do to the production of growth, the constitution of the tree
will suffer, and this would involve the necessity of a season of rest from fruit¬
bearing, to restore the power of producing it. Now the amateur, with only a
limited number of trees to deal with, can so regulate the production of fruit, that
it shall not interfere with the proper functions of the tree with regard to the
future produce. This end is to be attained by timely and severely thinning-out
the clusters of fruit wherever they are too thickly set, retaining only the most
perfect and best-shaped of them, by which means the trees will have the best
chance of exercising those natural functions which are necessary to the formation
of future fruit-bearing growth, and their owner will have the satisfaction of finding
the quality of his fruit greatly improved. In reference to this, it should be
remembered that where every fruit is good and fit for the table, the result is
far more satisfactory than when quality is sacrificed for a greater quantity.—
John Cox, Bedleaf,

60

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ March,

NOTABLE NEW PLANTS AND FLOWEKS.

[f.c.c. First-class Certificate.]

iBIES POLiTA [f.0.0.]. — A very distinct and handsome conifer, of slow
growth, and reported to be quite hardy. — Messrs. Veitch 4' Sons: Ji.H.S.^
Dec. 3.

Alsophila elegantissima [f.c.c.]. — A handsome Brazilian fern, with
a dark scaly caudex, and bold arching bipinnate fronds, the pinnules of
which are oblong, crenately-toothed, and glossy on the surface. — 3/r. W. Bull:
B.H.S., Feb. 18.

ANGB.E0UM citratum [f.c.c.]. — A small-flowcred Madagascar species, having
a slightly arched spike, on the upper side of which are two regularly disposed
parallel rows of small creamy-white blossoms, the spurs of which are conspicuous
beneath.-^ Veitch ^ So)is: R.H.S.., Feb. 18.

Barkbria Lindleyana OENTERiE [f.c.c.]. — A bcautiful and distinct form of
B. Lindleyana.^ with a handsome blotched column. A fine addition to the
winter-blooming Orchids. — Messrs. Veitch ^ Sons: R.H.S.., Dec. 3.

Batemania Burtii [f.c.c.]. — A very distinct Orchid, bearing some resem¬
blance to Odo7itoglossum grande, having large stout reddish-brown yellow-dotted
flowers, yellow at the base, the lip white, tipped with chocolate. — Mr. W. B,
Hume: R.H.S., Nov. 12.

Ohrtbanthemum George Glenny [f.c.c.]. — This was originally called
Golden Mrs. Bundle, and is, as the name implies, a golden sport from the well-
known and fine white variety called Mrs. Bundle, to which it is in all respects
similar in build. — Mr. A. Mongredien : R.H.S. , Nov. 12.

Oypripedium Eoezlii [f.c.c.]. — A fine New Grenadan species, in the way of
C. longifolium, but differing from it in its lemon-yellow lip, rosy-purple sepals,
and deeper coloured rosy petals ; the leaves are bold, lorate, 2 in. broad. —
Messrs. Veitch ^ Sons: R.H.S. , Jan. 21.

Dendrobium Ainsworthii [f.c.c.]. — A beautiful hybrid, whose parents are
D. nobile and D. heterocarpum ; the growth resembles that of the former, while
the form of the flower resembles that of the latter, the sepals and petals being
white, and the lip marked with a large central blotch of rich amaranth or claret-
purple. — Dr. Ainsworth: R.H.S., Feb. 18.

Hippeastrum vittatum Harrisoni.® [f.c.c.]. — A free-blooming Amaryllis
from Lima ; the seapes bear several long-tubed white flowers, which have a double
stripe of deep crimson along each segment of the perianth. Exhibited as
H. picturatum. — Mr. W. Bull : R.H.S., Feb. 18.

Pleocnemia Leuzeana [f.c.c.]. — A fine stove fern from the Philippine
Islands ; it has a short trunk, spreading tripinnate triangular fronds, with
deflexed pinnae, the ultimate divisions oblong, with the sinus recurved, giving
the surface a crispy appearance. — Mr. W. Bull: R.H.S., Feb. 18.

Primula sinensis fimbriata ccerulea [f.c.c.]. — A very distinct variety,
having pale, violet-coloured, well-fringed flowers ; and making an advance towards
a blue Chinese Primrose. — Messrs. W. A. Broivn : R.H.S., Dec. 3.

Primula sinensis flore-pleno magnifica [f.c.c.]. — A vigorous-growing,
free-blooming variety, the flowers opening nearly white, and changing to blush
with age, and also becoming slightly flaked with carmine ; flower-stalks red.—
Mr. J. Tomkins : R.H.S., Nov. 12.

#

* #

2

GonsDiCua.

1874. ]

AEUNDO CONSPIOUA.

61

Primula sinensis Prince Arthur [f.c.o.]. — A good semi-double reddisli-
carmine-coloured variety ; very bright in hue, and effective. — Mr. F. Perkins :
Feb. 18.

Primula vulgaris violacea [f.o.c.]. — A charming variety of the common
Primrose, with bold, well-formed, deep violet flowers, having a finely contrasted
yellow eye. — Mr. P. Dean : P.H.S., Feb, 18.

Rapatea pandanoides [f.c.o.]. — A very curious and distinct stove plant
from the Amazons, having a flattened spirally-twisted stem, spiny-stalked oblong
lanceolate leaves, which are flattened and equitant at the base ; the young leaves
are said to be strongly tinted with crimson ; the flowers are in sub-spherical
heads, surrounded by two spathaceous bracts. — Mr. W. Bull : Feb. 18.

Retinospora obtusa aurea gracilis [f.c.o.]. — A very handsome golden
variety, the branches being quite lighted up with an auriferous sheen ; quite
hardy. — Messrs. Veitch 4' Sons : P.H.S..) Dec. 3.

Toxicophlcea spectabilis [f.c.o.]. — A greenhouse evergreen Cape plant,
with opposite oblong glaucous-tinted leaves, in the axils of which are produced
the clusters of white Ixora-like flowers. — Messrs. Veitch Sons: B.H.S..) Feb. 18.

. ARUNDO CONSPICUA. ' / .

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

are somewhat surprised that this most beautiful of Grasses, the Toe-
;oe of New Zealand, is not met with more frequently in gardens, for
not even the far-famed Pampas grass (Gynerium argenteum)., grand
and massive though it be, can at all compare with it for elegance of
character. It is, moreover, quite as hardy as the Pampas : at least, we notice it to
be so in the sandy soil of SuiTey, our plate being in fact prepared from a photo¬
graph of a plant which has stood out uninjured for years in the garden of G. F.
Wilson, Esq., of Weybridge, and which flowers annually in great perfection
towards the latter end of the summer. Herein lies one of the claims of the
Arundo to rank above the Pampas as an ornamental plant. The Arundo sends
up its culms and expands its feathery panicles by the end of July or the begin¬
ning of August, so that its graceful beauty can, in the average of seasons, be
enjoyed during the suceeeding three months ; whilst with the Gynerium.^ the
inflorescence often only just makes its appearance as bad weather sets in, so that
its beautiful plumes are scarcely developed from the leaf-sheaths before they
become weather-beaten and disfigured.

The Arundo conspicua.^ or Kakaho, or Toe-toe, is found only in the northern
and middle islands of New Zealand, and in Chatham Island. It is the largest of
the New Zealand gi'asses, and grows in dense tussocks, formed of a profusion of
long curving leaves, from amongst w’hicli rise the erect slender culms, 6 ft. to 8 ft.
high, terminating in large drooping panicles of silvery-white flowers, the panicles
themselves being from 1 ft. to 2 ft. long. The specimen represented in our
illustration was 10 ft. high, and measured 8 ft. across, and at the time when we
saw it (August, 1873), had no fewer than forty-two of its slender graceful culms,
each bearing a charming panicle of silvery spikelets. Fig. 1 represents a portion

62

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Mauch,

of the leaf of the Arunclo ; fig. 2, that of the Gynerium^ which is more scabrous
at the edge. — T. Mooee.

DATURA FASTUOSA.

|LL the Daturas are quaint plants, and many of them are extremely orna¬
mental, growing up into minature trees, often wide-spreading, and some¬
times from 8 ft. to 12 ft. high or more. So far as my knowledge goes,
their flowers are generally white, or creamy-white, in colour, with a few
exceptions, one of which is Datura Tatula^ of South American origin. Datura
fastuosa, the subject of these notes, is another kind producing purple flowers — a
dull yet pleasing purple hue. It is not only an unusual colour, being purple, but
it is also a free and kindly-growing plant. Seeds of it procured, sown in pans, and
placed in a moderate artificial heat, early in March, usually germinate in time
to form goodly seedling plants for turning out into the open border early in the
month of June. Seedling plants thus treated and turned out in an open sunny
border, and in a rich ojpen soil, make strong growth and bloom moderately freely
in the coming autumn or late summer months. Following this their habit of
blooming out-of-doors, they may, when the nights become cooler, be potted-up
and removed to a cold frame or the shady parts of a greenhouse until they have
somewhat recovered from the check they have received, when, if they are again
duly exposed to full light and air, gradually and by degrees they may again come
into bloom, and enrich with their peculiar flowers the not abundant display of
blossoms of which such structures can boast during the dreary months of winter.
— William Eaeley, Valentines.

A CHAPTER ON CELERY-CULTURE.

)ANOASHIEE may very well claim to be the head-quarters of the cultivation
of this delicious vegetable, and the present peculiarly favourable season
shows it off to advantage, for on this, the 6th day of January, we are eating
excellent heads of Celery ; and as it is cheap, as well as good, it is clear
that no extra trouble has been taken with it. The young gardener will do well
to note the peculiar circumstances under which this fine crisp Celery is to be had
at this time, unprotected. The winter in the Northern counties has been an open
one, with little frost, and an immense amount of rain. Now, no winter in my
time has ever supplied wet enough for Celery, for its home is in the muddy pool,
and peat- water is its native element. In judging Celery for the table, no notice is
to be taken of large-sized heads, for they are frequently open-grained and coarse,
and yield anything but “ solid ” Celery, while the flavour is generally in keeping
with the rank character of the plant.

All that the most experienced cultivator can expect to accomplish with any
plant is to develop and improve its useful, or rather its serviceable parts. Forcing
is sometimes spoken of in the case of plants and fruits, but coaxing would be a
better word j and although we may appear to have changed the character of a

1874. ]

A CHAPTEE ON CELEEY-CULTUEE.

63

plant by extraordinary treatment, yet it will assert its right very often, “ cry
back ” to the original character, and assume the normal type. Few plants
exhibit this more than the Celery, for although it has been picked out of its
muddy ditch and placed on dry land, and there compelled to behave itself in an
artificial medium, and produce a healthy crop instead of its native poison, still
its green tops are unconverted, and are as deadly as ever if taken in large doses,
whilst its radical leaf-stalks when blanched are a great luxury. It has not, how¬
ever, depend upon it, lost its longing for its native element, and when it can get
water enough and dung enough, it will do well ; but to water Celery at
any time as one would water a Eose-plant, would be like “ a tub to the whale.”
I once had the opportunity of watering Celery by having the trenches on a slope,
a supply of water running down every trench ; and not only did the Celery do
well, but the character of the plants seemed altered ; they grew chubby, and not
so tall as usual, and although complaints were made of their looks, there was no
complaint of their fiavour. In the same way, we find Watercress, when grown' on
dry land, quite changed in flavour from the same plant when grown in water ;
and the Pontederia crassipes^ which has only a plain foot-stalk when grown on
dry land, develops a bladder wherewith to float when grown in water. The Celery
that has been grown in a garden has parted with its green colour and with its
poisonous character. It is therefore evident that plants whose native habitat is
water, behave differently when grown on dry land ; the pressure of the two media
upon the tissues must necessarily be different. Now if the Watercress had been
always grown in dry earth, and some one had just found out that it would be
milder in flavour if grown in water, and lose much of its brown colour, or in
other words, get blanched more or less, what an improvement this would be upon
the bitter herb when it is grown on dry land.

The Celery which I have eaten this winter has been by no means large for
Lancashire Celery, but its flavour and its creamy whiteness I have never seen
surpassed. Whatever progress Celery makes in dry weather is of an unnatural
character, and tending toward the “ sticks ” ; but in hot wet weather the
materials are ready to build up . the natural tissues. Celery may be drawn
(etiolated) just as readily as a Pelargonium, and the eatable portion of the leaves,
although long and white, and even crisp, are then sadly deficient in firmness and
flavour.

Our scientific men bring forward the case of the Pontederia to show that
plants and eke animals are creatures of circumstance, and that they adapt them¬
selves to the situation. Now at the collar of the Celery-plant, there is a core with a
nutty flavour, and above the collar there are the radical leaf-stalks, blanched and
wholesome, in fact, a luxury ; but between the collar and the green leaves pass all
the juices that make the green leaves deadly and their foot-stalks wholesome.
This change in our favour is obtained by skilfully hiding the leaves from the
light by degrees ; and when this can be done without deranging Nature’s plan of
still growing the Celery as nearly as possible as an aquatic, the treatment will

64

THE ELOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ March,

soon tell upon the plant, and there will be no “ sticks,” but tender stalks, high-
flavoured and hard-hearted. Celery ought to be judged by su9h points as these,
and not by length and thickness, as is too often done at exhibitions. — Alex.
Forsyth, Salford.

IDESIA POLYCAKPA.

HIS fine hardy plant comes from Japan, and appears to have been
J) distributed from the Botanic Garden of St. Petersburg. It was exhibited

fin 1867 at the Paris Exhibition, by M. Linden, as a fruit-tree from Japan,
and was afterwards put into commerce under the names of Polycarpa
Maximowiczii and Flacourtia japonica. The generic name Idesia was given
to it by Maximowicz, and is now adopted by all botanists. Our figure, origin¬
ally published in the Pevue Horticole (1872, 174), is drawn from a specimen
bearing only ripe fruits, sent by Maximowicz to the Paris Museum, and which was
described as coming from a cultivated tree, 40 ft. high, growing on the island of
Niphon, in the neighbourhood of Mt. Fusi, while other specimens, probably
wild, bearing only male flowers, were from the forests of Kinosau, in the island of
Kiusiu. Whether or not it is likely to become a useful fruit-bearing tree may
be questioned, but there can be no doubt it is a fine ornamental plant, and

1874. ]

THE POTATO DISEASE.

G5

thoroughly hardy. Its trunk is said to he straight and robust, its branches spread¬
ing, and its leaves caducous. The latter are alternate, cordiform, acuminate, deeply
toothed, having cylindrical red petioles, 8 in. to 12 in. long, and bearing at some
distance from the base two stout projecting glands, two, or often three, others
occurring at the point of insertion of the limb, which is thin, soft, 10 in. long,
8 in. broad, of a glaucous-green, whitish beneath, with reddish venation. The
flowers are dioecious and apetalous, while the fruits are bacciform, about the size
of a large pea, fleshy, of a fawn-red, or reddish-orange colour.

This species, M. Oarriere observes, present a rather rare peculiarity in its
growth, which is also met with in Magnolia grandijlora^ namely, the development
of a lower bud, which takes much larger proportions than the others, and tends
to widen the head, to the damage of the central axis. Hence, if the plants are
wished to grow up, pruning will be necessary. It prefers warm calcareo-siliceous
soils, and is found to propagate freely by means of root-cuttings. — T. Mooee.

THE POTATO DISEASE.

* ^NOTWITHSTANDING the incredulity of certain unbelievers, there can now
b be no reasonable doubt that the Potato Disease — which in some seasons
commits such havoc on our crops, and from which they are seldom quite
free — is caused by the attacks of a parasitic fungus, as was indeed pointed
out many years ago by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley. The scientific name of
fungus is Botrgtis infestans, or according to a more modern nomenclature,
Peronospora infestans. This is found to attack the leaves of the Potato-plant

G

G6

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOQIST.

[ March,

during hot moist summer weather, spreading more or less rapidly over it, and in
some way or other finding its way to the tubers, those which are infected by it
soon becoming putrescent. The Peronospora^ like other fungi, is propagated by
means of spores, which are minute reproductive germs taking the place of seeds.
These spores are of three kinds, called bud-spores, moving-spores, and resting-
spores, the two former being regarded as somewhat analogous to the buds, and the
latter to the seeds, of a flowering plant. The resting-spore is so called because
it does not grow till some time after it is formed ; and when it does grow, it
does not, like the others, produce the mycelium or spawn, but bears new bud-
spores and moving-spores, from either of which the spawn may be developed.

The exact mode in which these different kinds of spores act in the propaga¬
tion of the Potato Disease is not positively known. The observations of Mr. J. M.
Barnes, of Levens, tend to show that the attack is to be traced back to the ger¬
mination of the resting-spores, which takes place as soon as the ground becomes
sufiSciently heated, usually about the middle of July, and from these the bud-
spores and moving-spores are soon evolved.

After many years’ observation, Mr. Barnes finds that in old gardens the
fungus is always first met with on leaves lying flat upon the ground, and from
these as centres of infection it spreads rapidly to the plants round about. In
this way arises the patched appearance which is presented by a plot of Potatos
for a short time after being attacked by the disease. In the case of new ground,
where the patched look is seldom or never seen, he concludes that the spores are
brought by the winds, and scattered indiscriminately over the whole crop. A
few days after the germination of the spores, the fungus arrives at maturity, and
the bud-spores, set free from the filaments, float in immense multitudes through
the atmosphere, or are washed down by the rains till they reach a spot on which
they can undergo development. Wherever they settle, on leaf, stem, or tuber,
they commence at once to germinate, and the infection spreads more or less
rapidly, according to the humidity of the season. Without rain it makes but
slow progress in the haulm, and does not reach the tubers at all ; while, on the
other hand, the more rain there is during the time the fungus is active, the more
is the crop affected.”

The assumption that the disease is communicated to the tuber by the mycelium
descending through the interior of the stem has, in Mr. Barnes’ opinion, done
more than anything else to blind people as to the remedy for the evil. If this
were the case, there would be some moderate degree of regularity in the way in
which its effects presented themselves there, and its track through the Potato
would be permanently marked. But there is not the slightest regularity as to
the part of the tubers attacked ; very frequently they are affected in several
places at once, but in these instances no communication can be discovered between
the various patches, which do not radiate from the point where the tuber is
fastened to the stem, as they would do were the disease to enter that way ; besides
which, until the disease has made great progress, they are always separated from
each other by portions of sound and healthy tuber.

These considerations induced Mr. Barnes, in 1849, to enter upon observations
and experiments which at length convinced him that the disease was carried to the
tuber by the drip from the leaves. As Potatos are generally grown, every shower
of rain carries down the active-spores to the tubers below, and as a natural conse¬
quence, they fall a sure prey to the fungus. Hence, he concluded, it is not to the
mj^'celium in the stem, but to the spore-bearing branches outside, that we owe the
destruction of our crops, and that if by any means the spores could be kept from
reaching the tubers, we should have no disease in them, however virulently it

1874. J

GARDEN GOSSIP.

67

might rage in the stems and leaves ; and subsequent experience has entirely con¬
firmed him in this view.

Mr. Barnes’ remedy is, it will be evident, that of preventing the drip from
the leaves, with the moving-spores it would carry with it, from reaching the
roots, and by this means he has succeeded in obtaining crops with from 90 to 95
per cent, of sound tubers. He argues that there is 'no doubt whatever, were it
possible to prevent the slightest taint from the leaves falling on the tubers, that
there would not be such a thing known as a diseased Potato. One very success¬
ful plan of doing so has been tried, viz., cutting off the haulm immediately the
fungus appears ; but this, though effectual, interferes too much with the produce.

The mode of planting recommended is as follows : — ‘‘ Commencing at one
side, I make trenches from end to end of the plot to be planted, at distances of

3 ft. 6 in. to 4 ft. 6 in., according to the stem-length of the variety I intend to
plant ; each trench is 12 in. wide and about 6 in. deep. The manure is now put
in, if the ground was not manured in the autumn, which I consider preferable,
and two rows of sets are planted, one row close to each side of the trench, thus —
.*.*.*. The mould that was taken out in forming the trenches is now
replaced, and as much more added as will raise the double rows into ridges about

4 in. or 5 in. higher than the intervening furrows. The ridges should be flat-
topped, and not more than 14 in. wide, or they will encroach too much on the
interspaces, which must be broad enough to allow the stems to be bent down
without those from opposite ridges overlapping them. Planted in this way the
crop does not require earthing-up. Not later than July 12 the crop must be
gone over, and the stems gently but firmly bent down by the hand into the
spaces between the rows, and any straggling leaves still lying over the roots should
be stripped off at the same time. One man will easily do from half an acre to
an acre a day, so that the cost is very trifling, especially as a saving of labour
has been effected in planting, &c. The bending-down of the stems, in a proper
manner and at a proper time, is very important, as the whole success of the plan
depends upon this being effectively done. A slight modification of the plan is
necessary in fields where the crops are of great extent, and a good deal of the
work is done by the plough.

I have followed this method for twenty-three years, and constantly with the
same success, no matter how wet the season might be. My garden is composed
of a light open limestone earth, which is one of the worst on which to raise
sound Potatos, the spores readily finding their way to the tubers, so that my
success is solely due to the method of planting, and the practice of bending
down the stemi,”

GAKDEN GOSSIP.

jN the Eeport of the Directors of the Chiswick Garden, it is stated that a
Trial of Grapes will forthwith be instituted there. Many new varieties of the
Grape Vine, it is observed, have been introduced to our gardens within the
last few years, and it has been thought desirable to devote a house to the

growth of these, with a view to a closer observation of their peculiarities and merits. The
small curvilinear vinery in which the different sorts of White Muscats had been brought
together some years since for a like object, which has been accomplished, has been set apart
for this purpose. Such work as this, and the trials of Vegetables and Flowers which are every
year made at Chiswick, well befits a Society like the Royal Horticultural, which was founded
for the advancement of Horticulture. It is to be wished that circumstances permitted more
of this kind of work to be taken in hand, and that the strife and bickerings which have of
late been too notorious might be abandoned, and an united and unanimous effort made to
put the affairs of the Society on a more secure foundation.

G 2

68

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ March,

- tlie Wellington Eoad Nursery, Messrs. E. G. Henderson and Son cul¬
tivate a very fine collection of Double Chinese Primroses^ as well as others. There
may be seen the oldest types of doubles in Alba plena and Rubra plena, which are

so fai’ useful that they show at a glance the vast strides that have been made during the past
few years in the production of fine double forms. .d-Zia a presents a marked

advance on the old variety, but the best is Candidissima, a very fine fringed double flower,
pure white in coloui', and a very free bloomer. Rubra grandijiora is a fine double form,
much superior to the old red. King o f Purples, a very full double flower, rich in colour and
a prodigious grower, is a still greater advance. Magenta plena, Magenta Queen, Glen Eyre
Gem, and Magnifica, all of which have good quality and substance in their flowers, furnish
various shades of carmine-red and magenta-rose. Blushing Beauty and Exquisite have the
white ground charmingly tinted with rose, and are both very beautiful ; so also is Peach
Blossom and Lilac Queen, the colours of which are indicated by their designations. Mrs.
Eyre Crahhe has the perfectly double white flowers, very prettily flaked and spotted with
rosy-cai-niine, and is altogether a superb variety. Emperor has remarkably fine flowers of a
rich purplish-rose, like King of Purples; and Empress is a very fine double white, both
these latter belonging to the fern-leaved group, in which good double-flowered varieties are
as yet scarce. These varieties ai'e highly meritorious, and comprise all the hues of colour and
markings yet found in double Primulas.

- ^0 long as plants continue to have Insect Enemies., so long must tbe cul¬
tivators seek for means to destroy them. The chief remedies resorted to are
fumigation, and careful washing, the latter being effected either with water or

some medicated liquid. Sometimes
these insect-destroying washes are
distributed over the infested plants by
means of spray-producing contrivances,
most of which involve continuous
blowing from the mouth. In Messrs.
Bourne and Taylor's Improved Spray-
producer, we have a real improvement,
since all the fatigue of continuous
blowing is dispensed with, and the
necessary force for the distribution of
the liquid is obtained by pressure -of
the thumb on an india-rubber pouch,
connected with the glass containing the
liquid. The accompanying illustration
will be understood at once. This contrivance was primarily introduced for use in the sick¬
room, as a distributor of perfume or disinfectants, but the greater ease of using it will
especially recommend it to amateurs for garden use, in those cases where a liquid insecticide
has to be distributed over infested plants. These little instruments are to bo obtained of
the makers, Castle Street, Holborn, London.

- substituting willow for thorn, Hedges can be made profitable ; they

are, it is said, more effective as a shelter, quite as strong, reared in a much shorter

time, and at less than half the cost. The Willow has been recommended for hedges

by Linnaeus, Loudon, Miller, and other writers of note ; and the only way in which the neglect
of such advice can be accounted for is simply that the matter has never been sufficiently
brought under notice. A willow hedge, 200 yards long, planted in ground well dug over,
cleaned, and manured — planted with cuttings 12 in. long and 6 in. apart, requiring 1,200
cuttings, value about 253. — became in two years a good strong hedge, capable of resisting any
pressure an ordinary hedge would be subject to. The willows being crossed diagonally, rendered
it almost impossible for anything to break through. The dressings or spray of the first two
years were coarse and worthless, but in the [throe succeeding years the dressing has sold to
basket-makers for 20s. each year, which has paid the entire cost of planting, labour, and rent of
land which the hedge occupies. Another hedge planted upon the same principle has, at the
second year’s dressing, paid the cost of the plants. The above hedges were planted with the
Bitter Willow, which neither cattle, game, nor vermin will often materially injure.

- Egyptian Yarrow, Achillea cegyptiaca., is quite equal to any related

Improved Spray-producer.

1874. ]

GAEDEN GOSSIP.

69

plant in the beauty of its clear yellow flowers, while it has something of the grace of

an elegant fern in its silvery finely-cut leaves. It is a native of Egypt and Greece,

and though not hardy in all soils and positions, is quite so in sheltered borders. It is very
suitable for rockwork, planted in light loam mixed with brick rubbish, in which it would grow
compactly and survive many years, while on chalky or dry warm banks it would probably prove
thoroughly hardy. When grown as a bedding- pi ant, it is best kept over the winter in frames ;
and if the flowers are pinched-off, it forms a dense mass of elegantly-cut, silvery, fern-like
leaves.

— ^ ^Those who value their Asparagus beds, should read Mr. Earley’s little

handbook. How to Grow Asparagus (Bradbury and Co.). The chapters on soil and

situation, and on the formation and planting of the beds, give briefly but clearly

all the information necessary for out^door culture, while chapters are added on the subject of
forcing, and on a special mode of culture, where produce of the finest possible character is the
aim of the grower.” As a practical trustworthy guide, this little brochm’e may be strongly
recommended to those who desire to grow Asparagus as it should be grown.

- ®HE following mode of Planting Specimen Conifers has been recom¬
mended : — When it is determined where a permanent specimen is to be placed,
the ordinary trees of the plantation are cleared away, the ground is trenched 20 in.

deep, and formed into an elevated circular platform one foot higher than the surrounding
surface, with a slight rim a little elevated to prevent the rain which falls on the surface from
running off, and in diameter according to the vigour or nature of the kind to be planted. A plat¬
form 6 ft. across is sufficient at first for the moderate-growing kinds, but for the more vigorous
and robust-growing kinds a table of at least 10 ft. is requisite, leaving the trench open round
the outside to receive the fallen leaves. Afterwards, as the roots are found to reach the out¬
side, which genei'ally takes place in from two to three years, another addition is made of from
3 ft. to 4 ft. all round. Thus treated most of the trees planted at Leighton Buzzard, in the
arboretum of .1. D. Bassett, Esq., by Mr. Mannock, have made extraordinary growths.

- Cn the growth of the Gladiolus^ it is often found that when two flower-

stems grow up from one corm, the spikes are not so fine as when a single one
comes from a smaller corm. Aware of this fact, Mr. Tillery tells us, that having last

year some strong corms of the variety named Shakespeare, with two eyes in each, he cut the
corms through the centre, and planted them with a little sand round each, and they not only
flowered well, but produced good corms for the present year’s planting. This experiment,
therefore, seems, in his case, to have answered the purpose.

- ^iiosE who are fond of Ancectocliili may be glad to know that they have

been successfully cultured at Kew under bell-glasses, one-half of which is green,
the other half white — the green-coloured portion of the glass affording the neces¬
sary shade, while through the transparent portion the beauties of the plants can
be seen. This mode of treatment has proved extremely satisfactory.

- ^NDER the title of The Potato Disease and its Prevention (Houlston

and Sons), Mr. Dimmick, nurseryman, of Eyde, gives us a very good general

treatise on Potato-culture. In the author’s opinion, “ the primary cause of the

disease is a weakened constitution, and not a parasite,” in which conclusion we cannot agree
with him. Many useful hints may, however, be gleaned from the other portions of the book
devoted to details of cultivation, the two main points of which may be thus stated, — Take care
of the seed-tubers, and Plant early in spring.

- ^HE Salvia gesnerceflora figured in the Florist for 1851, though now

rarely seen, is one of the finest of decorative plants for the conservatory during

the winter and early spring months. It was raised at Syon, from Columbian

seeds, and largo bushes of it, more than 3 ft. high, were grown in that establishment, and
were a blaze of scarlet from November till April. As a species it is allied to S. fulgens
(cardinalis) ; but S. gesnerseflora flowers through the autumn and winter, and holds its flowers

70

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ MARCH,

well, while S. fulgens is a summer species, and the blossoms soon fall. It is one of the very-
best of the Salvias for decorative purposes during the winter period.

- planter should forget Zenobia speciosa^ better known perhaps as

Andromeda speciosa, whose flowers grow in clusters, and are of the same shape as

those of the Lily of the Valley, but much larger, and of the purest transparent

waxy- white. There are several varieties, differing in the shape of the leaves, and in the size
of the flowers. One variety, called pulveruUnta, from the glaucous under-surface of the
leaves, perhaps surpasses the others in beauty.

GAKDEN V\^OKK FOR MARCH.

FLOWERS.

^^WINQ- to the geniality of the winter, many of the spring-flowering plants
are in an advanced state, amongst them fragrant Violets in abundance,
The Czar and Single Russian being the earliest. Frequently examine, and
cautiously and gradually reduce protecting materials used for covering
such plants as Cannas^ Arundos^ Melianthus^ &c. Ornamental Shrubs
upon lawns should now be pruned, so as to regulate their growth, whilst standards
and plants of formal habit must have their proportions scrupulously preserved.
Roses may now be pruned ; the vigorous growers should be left a foot or so
in length, while moderate growers may be cut in close. Finish digging flower
borders, and frequently stir the surface of the ground amongst spring-flowering
plants, making good any vacancies. Lay Box-edging^ and turn and surface-dress
walks with* fresh gravel. Edge grass-verges ; push forward ground-work arrears
of every description ; sweep and roll grass preparatory to mowing. Plant out
Carnations^ Hollyhocks^ Pinks^ and Pansies in beds or borders with prepared
soil. Gladiolus may also be planted, not allowing manure to come in contact
with the corms, since it is apt to generate decay. Annuals may be got in
towards the end of the month, if the weather is favourable ; nothing is gained
by sowing too early. Sow Sweet Peas and Mignonette at intervals.

In-Doors. — All soft-wooded stove-plants which make root freely should be
potted on, before the roots become matted in the pots, for when they are allowed
to become entangled, much injury is inflicted and time lost in unloosing them.
Winter-flowering plants, such as Justicias^ Eranthemums, Euphorbias, &c., should
have attention, and be started into growth. Thyrsacanthus rutilans is one of the
most graceful of this group. Aphelandra aurantiaca Roezlii^ which is so bright
and effective in winter, makes the finest plants from seed sown annually. The
charming Scutellaria Moccipiana is so free and effective, that cuttings rooted
now, will produce its brilliant flowers within three months. Specimen plants of
Allamandas^ potted early, will now be growing freely, and should for the present
be allowed to ramble somewhat at will, merely stopping and regulating over¬
gross shoots ; they always flower more freely when stopped regularly at a more
advanced stage, and tied down. Successional batches of Achimenes and other
dried tuberous roots may be started. Advance the temperature with the lengthen¬
ing of the days, and allow a proportionate degree of humidity. Admit air
cautiously, and chiefly at the top of the houses. Towards the end of the
month, a slight shading must be provided for stoves during bright sunshine.

Conservatories must be kept gay with successional batches of flowering plants,
and the duration of these may be prolonged by shading and maintaining a mild,
healthy temperature, and keeping everything scrupulously clean. Introduce a
good supply of Roses into the forcing-house ; they force freely from this time in
a temperature of 65° to 60°. Daphne indica rubra and alba^ so much prized
for their scent, grow most freely in a fresh friable loam, to which may be added

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR MARCH.

71

one-third of leaf-soil. Winter-flowering Eupatoriums and Lihonias should be
cut back, and propagated from young wood. Cinerarias and Primulas must be
shifted for late flowering, and more seed sown for a supply of early-blooming
plants. Cyclamens that were sown in autumn must be shifted, and grown on in
a temperature of about 50'^ to 55°. Camellias that are planted out must be
watered freely at the root, and such as are thoroughly established will derive
benefit from applications of liquid manure.

Push forward the propagation of Bedding-plants^ and pot off Pelargoniums
and such as are rooted. Many of the fibrous-rooted plants do best in shallow,
handy-sized boxes, into which they may be planted from the cutting-pots. The
variegated varieties of Pelargoniums will now root freely from cuttings. Sow
seeds of Amaranthus^ Perilla^ &c. Start Daldia-roots in a brisk heat. Plant
out Calceolarias at 6 in. apart in cold frames or turf-pits ; towards the end of
the month they may be planted in trenches in light soil. Divide Violas^ and
start them in frames. — G-. Westland, Witley Court.

FRUITS.

Peaches and Nectarinet : Water the inside border of the early house if the
crop is swelling ; thin the fruit, but be careful to leave sufficient to allow for
dropping during the process of stoning. Attend to previous directions in regard
to temperature, but toward the end of the month, as heat and light increase, the
temperature may range a little higher, especially during sunshine ; use the syringe
at closing-time, and fumigate whenever green-fly appears.

Cherries and Plums : Use the syringe to keep up the necessary moisture till
the trees come into flower ; at that time the atmosphere must be less humid, and
abundance of air must be admitted ; give a night temperature of 60°, rising from
10° to 15° through the day, during sun-heat. Plums will require plenty of
water at the root if growing in pots.

Straivherries : The plants should be liberally supplied with liquid manure
during the time the fruit is swelling ; be careful at this stage not to let the plants
suffer at any time from drought ; use the syringe to keep the foliage clean and
healthy. Give plenty of air to those in flower, and place more plants inside for
succession. If the stock of plants in pots be limited, it is a very good plan to lift
some strong young plants from the open ground, with balls of earth, slip them
into pots, and place them under glass at once ; they usually produce a good crop.

Melons : Attend to the linings of those in frames by adding fresh stable-litter,
and turning the whole together, so that a top-heat of about 70° be maintained.
Pinch out the points of the leading shoots as soon as they begin to spread ; earth-
up and water sparingly. Plant out those sown last month, and sow again.

Pines : Keep up a moist atmosphere in the case of those to which fire-heat is
applied, and give the fruiting plants a good soaking of water so soon as the fruit-
spike is visible ; all other plants that are dry will also require water. Such of
the succession plants as require a shift and were not potted last month, should
be seen to at once ; use free turfy loam, mixed with a fourth-part rotten manure ;
turn or renew the beds before replacing the plants ; keep them a little close till
they begin to grow, when more air should be given.

Vines : Muscats require a high temperature, with air when in flower, to
ensure their setting properly. The temperature in the succession-houses may
range a little higher, now that we have more solar heat and light ; from 65° to
70° is a good average night temperature. Keep up a moist heat in the early
house till the fruit begins to colour. See last month’s directions for Vines in
pots ; those intended for fruiting next season should now have every attention,
and the pots should be kept plunged in bottom-heat, if possible.

72

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ March,

Hardy Fruit : The seasonable check of last month has fortunately kept these
in their place. Apricots and Peaches were getting too forward ; these should be
protected, and if no better material be at hand, spruce fir branches may be used
with advantage, removing them occasionally in the day-time, when the trees
are in blossom. Bring all pruning, nailing, planting, &c., to a close as
speedily as possible. Filberts should be pruned as soon as the blossoms are
visible, cutting back all small shoots that do not show fruit, and keeping the
main branches tbin. Plant Strawberries^ and use the hoe among the plants in
the fruiting beds. Orchard-houses will be benefited by plenty of air, but it is
necessary to be sparing of moisture at night during the time the trees are in
flower, for dampness coincident with a low temperature is most injurious to the
blossoms. — J. Powell, Frogmore.

VEGETABLES.

With the advent of March commences the most busy season of the year, in
so far as the kitchen garden is concerned. All digging and trenching operations
should have been completed, and the final preparation of the ground should
engage a large share of attention. Heavy, rough, tenacious soils, where they
have been thoughtfully laid up in ridges, should be levelled and knocked about,
with the view of modifying in some degree their excessive harshness ; fine dry
weather must be chosen for doing this, as to attempt it when they are moist will
but increase the evil. Many kinds of seeds must now be sown for the more per¬
manent crops. It is judicious to get in seeds earlier on light, stony, well-drained
soils than upon such as are cold and clammy. Sow small seeds, such as the
following : — Cabbage (early, and 'red for pickling). Broccoli (Walcheren and
Snow’s), and Lettuce on warm, sheltered aspects ; and in warm situations trans¬
plant a few of the forwardest autumn-sown Ijettuces out of the seed-beds on to
a favourable site. Sow also Cress (American and Australian), Chervil^ Carrots,^
Parsnips^ Onions (silver-skinned), and get in successional crops of Broad Beans^
Peas of the mid-season kinds, &c. Cardoons 'should also be sown in pans or
boxes, where this vegetable is esteemed, and an early supply is in demand.
Prick out the early spring-sown Celery on to a warm bed under shelter. Pot-off
Tomatos into small-sized pots, to prepare them for final planting-out so soon as
safety from frosts is enjoyed. Make a main and final planting of Potatos, of early
sorts, intended as such, to precede the main crops in the field.

Eemove the covering off SeaJcale plantations immediately the crop has been
taken, to obviate their being drawn prematurely into growth the second time.
Earth-up the early sowings of Peas and Broad Beaiis, so soon as they are well
through the ground, or require this aid in a secondary stage. The spring dress¬
ing of Aspai'agus plantations should be carried out forthwith, with good decom¬
posed manure, if not already done. All prepared and blanched Celery, which
exhibit a tendency to run, should be taken up forthwith and lain in by the heels ;
the check thus given will tend to deter too sudden growth. Transplant Cabbages
from the autumn-sown beds, and attend to the earthing-up of such as need it.

Add fresh soil to the roots of Cucumbers as they advance in growth ; and give
an occasional watering in instances where a goodly growth is being made. Sow
Cucumber-seeds for a successional crop ; and particularly attend to providing
a supply of heating material in cases where fermentive materials alone are
employed to maintain the necessary heat. In all instances where proper heat¬
ing media exist, it will now be advisable to add a few degrees’ more heat both by
night and day. An advance of 8° by day and 4° to 5° by night, with as much
more fresh air allowed as will enable them to grow strongly, will conduce to
their abundant prolificacy besides. — William Earley, Valentines.

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DELPHINIUM KETELEERII

1874. ]

AQUATICS. — CHAPTER XIII.

73

DELPHINIUM KETELEERII.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

5 ^OR the specimen of this fine hardy perennial Larkspur represented in the
gHuT accompanying plate, we are indebted to Mr. A. Waterer, of Knaphill.
With him it grows three feet high, having bold deeply seven-parted leaves,
ten inches across, with broad inciso-lobate segments ; and flowers in dense
spikes, nearly a foot long, having several short branches at the base. The blossoms
are double, about an inch and a half across, cerulean-blue, the centre and base
of the petals tinted with rose, a tuft of small white petals forming a white eye.

This is a very desirable acquisition among the double-flowered hardy
Delphiniums^ which are plants of a remarkably effective character. Of these
double sorts we may just mention Madame Jacatot^ large, soft blue, or amethyst ;
Dr. Edwards, dark blue, a noble spike Princess of Wales^ sky-blue, with white
centre ; Madame le blue, shading off to pinkish violet. The most brilliant

of them all, however, is D. sinense Jlore-pleno. which we were glad to see Mr.
Waterer had taken in hand, as the Knaphill soil and situation may probably suit
it well. It is perfectly hardy, a true herbaceous perennial, which may be readily
increased in the spring, either by division or from cuttings, the latter, taken off
when a few inches high, rooting freely. The colour is an intensely bright
dazzling metallic blue.

There are also some very fine single-flowered sorts of the type of D. formosum,
deep blue, with white centre ; and a very effective new one, raised by Mr. Ware,
called Cambridge., of a pale grey-blue, with black centre, which is distinct in
character, and really attractive. — T. M.

AQUATICS.— Chapter XIH.

jN the Limnocharis Humboldtii we have a very beautiful tender or stove Aquatic
which has the great recommendation that it is evergreen ; the foliage is of the
brightest green, with the veins running longitudinally through the broadly-
oval blade, which is generally from 2 in. to 3 in. long, and from in. to 2 in.
broad. The leaves float upon the surface, and to this end the mid-rib is very much
thickened on the under-side, and appears filled with a network of air-cells. The
leaf-stalks are usually about 6 in. or 8 in. long, but if the plant is placed in deeper
water, their length will be increased accordingly. In its flowering this plant is
remarkable, as it continues to blossom abundantly through most of the summer
months ; the individual flowers, it is true, do but last one day, but to make up for
this there is always a numerous succession on the morrow. The flowers are tri-
petalous, of a beautiful yellow colour, having a transparent delicacy about them
which it is difficult to describe ; they bear some resemblance to those of the
lovely Calochortus hiteus., but as many may not have seen this flower, I will name
one other which everybody must have seen, viz., the Eschscholtzia californica., to
which it has a marked likeness. The purple fringe of brown barren stamens
which surrounds the fertile ones is most lovely.

3rd SERIES, — VII. ' H

r

74

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[April,

A tank or pan one foot deep will be sufficient for the plant, which may either
be planted out, or kept in a pot, if the surface of the soil is kept 6 in. below the
water. It is of no use attempting to grow it in a greenhouse temperature, except
during the heat of the summer. It has been found by Humboldt in the marshes
west of Caraccas, in British Guiana, &c. The plant increases very rapidly by
suckers. — W. Buckley, Tooting.

HAEDY HIGH-COLOUEED EHODODENDEONS.

HOUGH the Bhododendron may now be considered capable of bearing all
'^j) the vicissitudes of our climate, yet increased hardiness of constitution is a

f point which may well be constantly aimed at ; for experience has shown
that varieties in which the blood of B. ponticum is freely mingled, suffer
in extreme winters from the destruction or deterioration of their dormant blos¬
soms, though the plants themselves, so far as regards their vegetative organs, are
quite uninjured; while among the high-coloured sorts, where the blood of J?.
arhoreum is present, even though filtered down by subsequent crosses with hardy
kinds, there is a degree of tenderness both in leaf and flower which leaves little
chance of a fine bloom after a moderately severe winter.

Hence the importance of selecting for breeding purposes a hardier race than
either of the species just referred to ; and such a race is fortunately at hand in
the varieties of the North American B. catawhiense — varieties which suffer
scarcely at all in their flower-buds, even from severe winter frosts, and which,
moreover, have the immense superiority of carrying broad, bold, enduring foliage,
such as not only sets off the flowers to better advantage, but during the greater
portion of the year, when they are not in bloom, marks out the plants as ever¬
green shrubs of the first order. We have seen these catawhiense varieties with
the buds fresh and full of life, while those of varieties bred from ponticum.^ when
cut across, showed many of the embryo flowers blackened and lifeless, and those
with appreciable arhoreum blood were hopelessly destroyed.

Fortunately for the American garden, there are some sorts which seem able
to withstand the utmost severity of our winters — for example, the variety called
B. roseum elegans^ one of the early removes from the typical B. catawhiense.^ and
which is unquestionably the best of all Ehododendrons for growing on into the
tree form, since, under fit conditions, it always maintains a densely leafy head,
and is annually smothered with perfectly-developed trusses of its delicate rosy
blossoms. The following half-dozen sorts rank amongst modern varieties of the
highest excellence both as to leaf and flower, and appear to be unaffected by the
weather, as we have seen them uninjured after the severest winters, namely : —

Edward S. Band : Immense trusses of splendid crimson flowers, combined
with fine catawhiense habit.

James Bateman : Flowers of a clear rosy- scarlet, of the most perfect shape ;
the habit excellent.

Mrs. Milner : Flowers rich crimson, of first-rate quality ; habit of growth
and foliage very fine.

1874. ]

DEAOJENA AMABILIS.

75

H. W. Saegent : Enormous trusses of crimson flowers, with fine catawbiense
habit ; a magnificent hardy variety.

Old Poet : Eich and very deep plum-colour, fine habit ; distinct and good.
Caeactacus : Splendid trusses of purplish-crimson flowers ; habit and foliage
first-rate.

These are a few that may be depended on, not only as giving the highest
quality of flower, but boldness of habit and foliage, and extreme hardiness. Sorts
like these should be planted in masses of one colour, not dotted as single
specimens, and would then be richly effective, — T. Mooee.

DEACON A AMABILIS.

^ ^EW amongst our ordinary decorative plants can compare with the coloured-
diijr leaved Draccenas of the ferrea and terminalis types, a group of ornamental
plants which has been very greatly augmented by the acquisition of new
forms from the Pacific Islands, and by home efforts at intercrossing. The

n 2

76

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ April,

ricli deep bronzy tints of their foliage, lit up, as it is, here and there, by flashes
of red or rose-colour of a more or less brilliant hue, is so unlike that of most
other plants, that they never seem to come amiss in the composition of pictures
of decorative effect, the variation in form and habit being also remarkable, and
adding greatly to their utility. The advent of the forms "with white variegation
furnished additional materials of much value from the ornamental point of view ;
and now subsequently, the blending of the rosy and white tints on the same
plants, leaves little to be desired.

It is to this last group that D. amdbilis^ the subject of the accompanying
woodcut — which has been kindly lent to us by Messrs. Veitch and Sons — belongs ;
and it is one of the most distinct and handsome 'which has yet been obtained. It
is of robust habit, the leaves, which are of a narrow linear lance-shaped figure,
averaging from 2 ft. to 2|- ft. in length, and from 4 in. to 5 in. in breadth. It
is, however, as the Messrs. Veitch observe, from the character of its variegations
that it will form so fine an addition to this splendid group of decorative plants.
The ground-colour of the leaf is of a bright glossy green, which, as the plant
grows, becomes marked and suffused with pink and creamy-white, the young
leaves in large specimens being quite rosy — a charming combination of colouring,
attractive not less for its intrinsic beauty, than for its distinctness and novelty. «
As a test of the merit of the plant, it may be mentioned that it has been freely
certificated in England, and it has also been awarded the first prize, as the best
new foliage-plant in the show, at the recent International Exhibition in Ghent. —
T. Moore.

THE COLOKADO POTATO BEETLE.

®HE natural home of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Doryphora decemlineata^
[for figure of which see p. 42] is the Rocky Mountains, where it feeds upon

f various species of Solanujn, principally the wild S. cornutum. In other
parts of the States, it feeds on S. rostratwn^ and is especially partial to S.
carolinense. When, however, the settlers planted the Potato {S. tuberosum)^
the Doryphora attacked it greedily, and, rapidly increasing, in a comparatively
few years spread over nearly the whole width of the continent. It has been seen
in New York and Pennsylvania, and although it has perhaps scarcely yet gained
a footing in the Atlantic States, that is probably only a matter of time ; and
when it happens, there is only too much reason to fear that the beetle may find
its way across the Atlantic to the rich feeding-grounds of Ireland and England.

This enemy is all the more to be dreaded because it propagates itself with

amazing rapidity, three broods following each other in quick succession during
the growing season of the potato.

The Doryphora hibernates in the perfect state, and in the early days of spring,
if the weather is moist and warm, it is seen sailing through the air in search of
its food-plant. As soon as the potato is through the ground the female com¬
mences to deposit her eggs on the under-side of the leaves, each female producing
in round numbers about 1,000 eggs. In a few days the larvae appear and begin

1874. ]

THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE.

77

their work of destruction, which they continue for about three weeks, when they
retire beneath the ground and pass through the pupa stage, to appear again in a
fortnight as perfect insects, and soon multiply their species a thousandfold. How
long the parent beetles exist we have no authentic information, but we think it
may be assumed that having accomplished the act of reproduction, they speedily
die ; but at any rate there is little doubt that the members of the last brood of
the season having reached the perfect state, hibernate in the soil, and possess the
ability to penetrate to such depths that frost and ploughing have little or no
effect upon them, specimens having been found eight and ten feet below the
surface, though the more general distance is from 18 in. to 2 ft., while some do
not enter the ground at all, but secrete themselves beneath suitable substances
in favourable localities. The worst of the matter is, that when once the beetle
obtains a footing in any locality, there it will probably remain for all
time ; for it travels by spreading, not by migrating from one district to
another; and although in some seasons it may be less disastrous in its
operations than in others, it will always be ready to take advantage of favourable
opportunities.

It may be asked in what state the beetle may be expected to arrive, and by
what means it may be distinguished. The answer to the first part of the ques¬
tion may be surmised from the brief life-history above given, for it does not
appear possible that the insect can reach this country save in the perfect state.
The advice has been tendered that those seedsmen who import American tubers
should be careful to see that they do not also import the Doryphora ; but it is
difficult to see how it should be packed with the seed unless placed there inten¬
tionally, and even then it would probably perish, and would invariably be dis¬
covered in the warehouses here. It is tolerably certain that it cannot reach this
country in the egg state, and as there is ample reason to believe that it never
hibernates in the pupa stage, which is, too, of short duration, the only way it can
possibly reach this country is by alighting on vessels lying in the ports on the
Atlantic coast of America. Stowed away in the hundred and one nooks of the
numerous traders between the States and Europe, the beetle would experience
little difficulty in surviving the voyage, and as we have shown, one female safely
landed would speedily found a colony.

The perfect insect is about half an inch in length, and 5-16ths in breadth,
the ground-colour of the elytra being of a creamy -yellow, marked, as the specific
name implies, with ten longitudinal black stripes, five on each wing-case, the third
and fourth of which unite at the base. It might be doubted whether the
Doryphora would find our climate suited to its constitution, but the experience
of the Americans negatives all hope of that kind, for as a matter of fact, the
beetle has spread more rapidly northwards than southwards. In April and the
sunnier weeks of spring, it delights in warm and comparative dryness, and if
tempted too early from its winter quarters, speedily returns to them, if the
weather becomes cold and wet. A hot dry summer, however, is fatal to large
numbers of the larvae and even the perfect beetles, which cannot enter the hard-
baked earth, and consequently die. Such summers as those, however, are not
the rule here ; so that, as far as we can judge with our present knowledge of
Doryphora^ it would probably flourish amazingly in this country. The remedies
found most effectual in America are dusting the plants with a mixture of Paris
green and flour or plaster, a very small quantity of which will kill any larva or
perfect insect with which it comes in contact ; but this powder is highly
poisonous, and requires to be used with care. The best time for performing the
operation is in the cool of the morning, when the dew is still on the leaves and

78

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ April,

stems. Hand-picking is still resorted to by many, while in hot dry weather it is
often found sufficient to knock the insects on to the ground, where the “ hills ’’
are sufficiently wide apart to expose the ground between to the sun.

The ravages of the Potato Beetle, though they are spread over a wider
territory, are not so extensive as they were a few years ago, for as the beetles
multiplied year by year, so their natural enemies increased pari and Mr.

Riley, the State Entomologist of Missouri, tells us that in 1871 he found inmost
of the potato patches through which he passed scarcely a larva of Dorypliora
that had not one or more eggs of its deadly parasite Lydella doryphorce firmly
attached to it. Altogether he has now ascertained that about 22 insects attack
the Potato Beetle in one stage of its development or another ; and in 1872, so
successful had been the operations of the farmers, aided by its natural enemies,
that in Mr. Riley’s own locality little damage was done. Toads, crows, and
ducks eat both larva and perfect insect, and by a little management, chickens
have in some places been induced to acquire a taste for them, while the much-
disliked skunk is in many parts unmolested, because he is now known to be an
enemy of Dorypliora.

The success which has thus so far attended the efforts of students of natural
history to combat a most terrible insect scourge is another proof of the advantages
that such knowledge confers upon the agriculturist. It is but one instance out
of scores where a little knowledge is not a dangerous thing, and the necessity for
the dissemination of this little knowledge is all we contend for. As to the Colorado
Potato Beetle, we do not think it will easily reach this country — if it ever does ;
but if to be forewarned is really to be forearmed, then on its first appearance every
cultivator of potatos in this country will be interested in exterminating it, and
we do not doubt that where there is the will a way will soon be found. We there¬
fore do not look with alarm upon the threatened invasion. — (Abridged from the
“ English Mechanic.'’)

GAEDEN LILIES.— Chapter IV.

ESUMING from p. 182 (1873), our chapters on Lilies, we come next, in
the Eulirion group, to L. giganteum.^ a remarkable Indian species, more
or less closely related to the Japanese L. cordifolium., both these forms,
whether species or varieties, differing widely from all other true Lilies
which are known, in the large size and heart-shaped form of their root-leaves.

5. Lilium giganteum (Bot. Mag..^ t. 4673). — This noble Lily, as just re¬
marked, is distinguished from all known species except L. cordifolium by its broad,
heart-shaped leaves. From that species, which it closely approaches botanically,
it is known as a garden plant by its considerably larger growth, and its broader
perianth segments. Sir W. J. Hooker describes it as the Prince of Lilies, and
Dr, Wallich, its discoverer, calls it a “ majestic Lily,” which it truly is,
“growing sometimes to a size which is quite astonishing,” a fruit-bearing
specimen measuring fully 10 ft. from its base to its apex. L. giganteum ap¬
pears to have been first flowered in this country by Messrs. Cunningham, of
Comely Bank, Edinburgh, in 1852, the plant having attained a height of 10 ft.,
with the flowering portion 20 in. long. The bulbs are as large as an apple,
and are made up of fleshy ovate scales. The stem, as already stated, often
reaches to a height of 10 ft. ; it is erect, glabrous, rounded, from 1 in. to 2 in. in

1874. ]

GARDEN LILIES. - CHAPTER IV.

79

diameter in the lower part, and gi'adually^ tapered upwards. The leaves have a
cordate ovate blade 12 in. to 18 in. long, with a rounded sinus at the base, and
' an acute or acuminate apex ; they are deep green, coriaceous, copiously net-veined,
the lower ones on channeled stalks a foot long ; the upper ones smaller, and with
gradually decreasing stalks, the uppermost of which are under an inch in length.
The flowers grow from six to twelve together, in a raceme 12 in. to 20 in. long,
the lower ones drooping ; they have a funnel-shaped perianth 5 in. to 6 in. long,
white, streaked with blood-red in the throat, the segments oblanceolate bluntish,
spreading at the top, the inner ones broadest, without hairs or papillse on the
claws. In the fruiting state the pedicels are all erect.

Lilium giganteum.

This plant is stated by Major Madden to be common in the damp thick forests
of the Himalaya, growing in rich black mould, the bulb close to the surface, at
from 7,500 ft. to 9,000 ft. above the level of the sea, where it is covered with
snow from November to April, or thereabouts. It is a grand Lily, the general
aspect of which is well shown in our small engraving. There is a fine figure of
this plant in Wallich’s noble work, Tentamen Florce Nepalensis, tt. 12-13.

6. Lilium oordifolium. — This is sometimes regarded by botanists as not
being specifically distinct from L. giganteum^ but without entering into this
scientific question, we may regard the two plants as sufficiently distinct for
garden purposes, though having a general resemblance in aspect. The present
plant grows from 3 ft. to 4 ft. high, and has broadly ovate leaves, which are deeply
cordate at the base, the angle of the sinus being described as cuneate-truncate,
acute at the apex, and petiolate. The flowers vary from two or three up to
eight on a stem, the perianth being from 4 in. to 6 in. long, with the segments con¬
siderably narrower than in Z. giganteum. It is said to differ further in having
the valves of the capsule three-keeled.

80 '

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Apeil,

L. cordifolmm is recorded as an inhabitant of the whole of the Japanese
Islands, extending northwards to the Kurile group. It is found in shaded
woods, at an elevation of 400 ft. to 600 ft. above the sea-level, growing, according
to Walford, in moist situations. We believe Mr, Noble, by whom this plant is
cultivated, from bulbs introduced by M. Fortune, finds it equally hardy as L.
giganteum^ and permanently distinct. It is figured in Siehold’s Flora Japonica^
tt. 13-14. — T. Moore.

PROTECTING TREES FROM FROST

BY THE PERFUMES OF SWEET FLOWERS.

I AS any one ever proved the potency of the odour of Violets or Wallflowers
as to the protection against frost of the early blossoms of Peaches and
Apricots ? I have often been much' struck with the safety of fruit-trees in
old-fashioned gardens and on the fronts of cottages. In both positions the
trees generally had the close proximity of sweet-scented flowers. How far was
their odour a canopy of safety ? Shelter has mostly the credit of saving the
blossoms under such circumstances, and no doubt its influence is great. But
perhaps the direct result of scent is still greater. I have observed some curious
effects resulting to a ChimonantJius on a wall, with a bank of violets under it ; as
also — to go from scent to pollen which is almost without odour — I believe, other
instances where the pollen-dust of yews in the air seems to have sufficed to pro¬
tect tender plants and blossoms from the frost. It would be interesting to note
whether trees with borders of violets at their feet escape better than those which
' have none. Many gardeners grow violets on fruit-tree borders, and even south-wall
borders, for early work, — and data on this matter could be easily collected. My
experience points to the usefulness of perfume as a protecting agent. But of
course in a delicate matter of this kind, one likes to be backed by a multitude of
examples. An accumulation of facts is needed, and if they point in the way I
expect, then we might add to their potency by growing more odoriferous plants
on purpose. Instead, for instance, of unrolling canvas at night, suppose we roll
a border of Golden Thyme at the feet of our trees, or beds of Winter Savory, or
line the bottoms of our walls with Sweet Brier, Honeysuckles, Berberries, Rose¬
mary, Allspice, Daphnes, &c.

There may be more in these suggestions than there seems. I cannot but
think that a good deal of the immunity from frosts in the old gardens arose
from their intermixture of spring flowers with their trees. Whole hosts of early
bulbs, shrubs, and other flowers came forth in the spring, and mingled their
sweetness with the harshness of March winds, and probably so took some of their
stinging coldness out of them. Tyndall’s latest researches on heat seem to give
such views a scientific basis. He found perfume the most powerful absorber of
radiant heat. Taking the atmosphere at nil or unity, he gives (Heat as a Mode
of Motion^ p. 368) the following table of the absorptive power of the following
perfumes

1874. ]

ON KEEPINO LATE MUSCAT GRAPES.

81

Perfume.

Absorption.

Perfume.

Absorption,

Perfume.

Absorption.

Patchouli .

. 30

Neroli .

. 47

Oil of Laurel .

. 80

Sandal- wood .

. 32

Lavender .

. 60

Camomile-flowers. .

. 87

Geranium .

. 33

Lemon .

. 65

Cassia .

. 20-9

Oil of Cloves .

. 33'5

Portugal .

. 67

Spikenard . .

. 35-5

Otto of Roses .

. 36-5

Thyme .

. 68

Aniseed .

. 37-2

Bergamot .

. 44

Rosemary .

. 74

A number of dried herbs from Covent Garden Market were also tried, with the
following results : — Thyme gave a ratio of 33 times that of the air ; Peppermint,
34 times ; Spearmint, 38 times ; Lavender, 32 times ; Horehound, 41 times ;
Cinnamon, 53 times that of the air. It would be idle, the author says, to
speculate on the quantities of matter implicated in these results. Probably they
would have to be multiplied by millions to bring them up to the pressure of
ordinary air. Thus, — '

The sweet South
That breathes upon a bank of violets,

Stealing and giving odour,”

owes its sweetness to an agent which, though almost infinitely attenuated, may
be more potent as an interruption of terrestrial radiation than the entire
atmosphere from “ bank to sky.”

If so, the advice to plant out the cold with sweet-scented flowers may really
prove practical, after all. Why not ? Does not the fact that scents are most
freely liberated at night point this way. May they not be Nature’s antidote to
the energy of terrestrial radiation, when the sun has sunk to rest, and left the
earth, for cold to do its worst? — to put the matter popularly rather than
correctly. May I invite the thought of your readers to this matter, which is one
of great practical moment. In the war with climate, no weapon is too weak or
too insignificant, and none too strong to use, for climate year by year seems to
become more erratic, and hence more dangerous. — D. T. Fish, Hardwiche.

Two facts in connection with this subject may be noted. It is well
known that in some instances, which have been made the subject of experiment, the
discharge of the pollen is accompanied by a considerable emission of heat. It is
also, we believe, considered that at least in many flowers the pollen is the source
of their odour. There does', therefore, seem to be some connection between
odour and warmth, enough to justify further observation and inquiry. — ^Ed.

ON KEEPING LATE MUSCAT GKAPES.
j S your correspondent, Mr. Plester (p. 52), wishes for the experience of other
growers in respect to keeping Muscat Grapes late, in bottles of water,
I will explain to him the way in which they keep well with me. I gene¬
rally manage to have them in good condition up to the end of February,
and this year up to this date (March 10) I have still a few bunches left, with
the berries plump and good. They were cut from a vinery about the middle of
December, and put into bottles of water, which were tied to the wires in a late
house of Lady Downe’s seedling. The bottles I use here are made of clear glass,
BO that the state of the water can be seen, and more added when rendered neces-

82

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

L Al'lUL,

sary through evaporation ; a few pieces of charcoal put into the bottom of the
bottles keep it sweet and clear as long as required.

I find I can keep ripe Grapes best and longest in bottles of water, by hanging
them in a late vinery, where plenty of ventilation can be given, as well as a little
artificial heat in damp, cold weather, some shading being likewise required on
bright sunny days in April and May. Three years ago I had a dark room fitted
up with shelves to suspend the bottled grapes on, and although the room was
well ventilated, the grapes damped, and did not keep so well as in the late vinery.
When they are kept in such a vinery the growing vines in the house begin to get
into full foliage by the middle of May, when all the Grapes then left in bottles
may be removed and put into a fruit-room, where they will keep the supply up
for a few weeks longer, should they be required to do so.

To have Muscat Grapes well coloured and finished for late keeping, they
ought to be forced in January or the beginning of February, for I find the best
ripened bunches always keep the best. No varieties of Grapes require more time
for ripening than the Muscat, even when there is a good command of artificial
heat ; and to have them very fine, the best time to start them is about Christmas.
—William Tilleey, Welhech

NOTABLE NEW PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

fr.c.o. = First-class Certificate.]

S5^ATTLEYA Veitchiana [f.c.c.]. — One of Mr. Dominy’s hybrids, raised be-
^ tween C. Icibiata and C. crispa ; the sepals and petals are of a pale violet-
pink, and the lip tipped with rich purplish-crimson, and handsomely
fringed. — Messrs. Veitcli ^ Sons: H.H.S., March 18.

^ Chysis Chelsoni [f.c.c.]. — A hybrid raised at the Chelsea Nurseries
between C. Limminghii and C. hractescens.^ in which the flowers are large, the
sepals and petals broad and flat, of a clear buff-colour, with a patch of orange-
red near the end. Being very distinct in character, it is a decided acquisition. —
Messrs. Veitch ^ Sons : R.H.S., March 18.

Clematis Lucie Lemoine [f.c.c.]. — A charming, pure white, double-flowered
variety, belonging to the C. Fortunei section, and well adapted for conservatory
work. — Messrs. Veitch^ Sons: B.H.S..^ March

Cypripedium Argus [f.c.c.]. — A new importation in the way of C. harhatum^
and partaking also of the character of C. purpuratum. Its name alludes to the
numerous eye-like dark bearded spots on the petals ; it has been introduced from
the Philippines. — Mess7's. Veitch 4’ Sons: R.H.S..^ March 18.

Epidendrum Catillus [f.c.c.]. — This was shown as E. hnperator.^ and is a
somewhat tall-growing species, bearing terminal spikes of bright red flowers, with
a fringed lip. This was said to be the first time this species had flowered in Europe.
— Mr. Denning : R.H.S.^ March 4.

Hyacinth Anna (s.w.) [f.c.c,]. — A fine bold creamy-white variety, with
very large, handsome bells, and forming a noble spike. — Messrs. Veitch 4' So7is :
R.II.S., March 18.

Hyacinth Cavaignac (s.b.) [f.c.c.]. — Silvery-grey, tipped on the segments
with pale blue ; pips large and stout ; short-tubed, forming a symmetrical hand¬
some spike. — Mr. W,Paul: R.H.S..^ Mai'ch

1S74. ]

LUCULIA GEATISSIMA.

Hyacinth Quieinb Oheistine (s.r.) [f.c.c.]. — -White, striped with delicate
pink, fine spike and bells. — Messrs. W. Cutbush 4' Son : B.H.S.^ March 18.

Hyacinth Sie Gaenet Wolseley (s.b.) [f.c.c.]. — Shaded violet, with pale
centre, very 'fine shape, and close spike. In the style of Lord Palmerston. —
Messrs. Veitch 4" Sons: R.H.S.., March 18.

Hyacinth Me. Plimsoll (s.w.) [f.c.c.]. — Pure waxy-white, large bells, and
fine spike. — Mr. W. Paul: R.H.S., March 18.

Naecissus oeientalis floee pleno [f.c.c.]. — A very old double form, the
flower white, the base of the centre petals yellow. It is quite distinct from what
is now imported as the double Roman Hyacinth. — Messrs. Veitch 4 Son: R.H.S. ,
March 18.

Polyanthus The Bride [f.c.c.]. — A charming pure white bedding variety ;
the centre rayed with orange; flower of good form, in large symmetrical trusses.
— Mr. R. Dean : R.H.S. , March 18.

Primeose Splendoue [f.c.c.]. — An exceedingly fine variety of the true
Primrose type, with very large rosy-crimson flowers of fine form. — Mr. R. Dean :
R.H.S. , March 18.

Rhododendron Duchess of Edineurgh [f.c.c.]. — A hybrid raised between
R. Lobhii and the pale-fiowered R. Princess Royal, and bearing trusses of
trumpet-shaped orange-scarlet ^flowers, which are very bright and showy. — '
Messrs. Veitch 4 Sons : R.H.S., March 4.

Rhododendron Early Gem [f.c.c.]. — A dwarf-growing and very free and
early-flowering type, very hardy, and admirably adapted for forcing ; the flower^
of a bright rose-colour. — Messrs. Veitch 4 Sons : R.H.S., March 4.

Rose (h.p.) Madame Lacharme [f.c.c.]. — A fine pale rose, with a deep*
blush centre ; flowers large and full, and a capital forcing variety. — Mr. H.-
Bennett: R.H.S., March 18.

Rose (tea) Madame Francois Janin [f.c.c.]. — Bright buff-orange, ver;f
distinct in character, and most charming in the bud. — Mr. H, Bennett : R.H.S.
March 18.

Rose (tea) Pbrlb de Lyon [f.c.c.]. — Very bright buff-yellow, a pleasing huo*
of colour. — Mr. H. Bennett: R.H.S., March 18.

LUCULIA GRATISSIMA.

BELIEVE that the mild temperature of the Oamellia-house is the best'
possible medium in which to grow to perfection the Luculia gratissima.
This deliciously fragrant plant is one of those neglected subjects'
which, notwithstanding their great merits as winter decorative plants,
are now seldom met with in cultivation. Most assuredly, it has but few rivals,-
producing, as it does, its clusters of richly fragrant flowers in the greatest-
profusion at the dullest season of the year.

There is a grand example of the Luculia, planted out in the bed of a
Camellia-house, at Spring Grove, Bewdley, which confirms me in this opinion.
The house is 96 ft. in length, 24 ft. wide, and 20 ft. high, span-roofed, with glass
front, the back wall being clothed with Camellias planted out. The main path¬
way is near the front, where there is a narrow stage, supporting a collection of

84

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Apeil,

/flowering plants. In tliis house, the Luculia thrives luxuriantly. The plant is
14 ft. high and about the same in diameter, and the trusses of bloom measure over
10 in. in diameter. It commences to flower the first week in November, and the
greatest number of expanded heads of bloom at one time, in January last, was
about 200.

The Luculia, no doubt, is impatient of root-restriction, and somewhat difficult
to manage in pots ; neither is it to be extensively recommended for this purpose,
as the foliage and inflorescence are under these circumstances alike poor, as com¬
posed with those of plants that are planted out. In most establishments there is
to be found a suitable position for the growth of the Luculia. The Camellia-
house recommends itself as the best possible position, but it is in comparatively
few places that this is attainable ; the next best position would be the cool fernery
or conservatory. The Luculia is well suited to plant against a pillar or wall,
provided it is not subjected to cutting draughts, of which it is peculiarly sus¬
ceptible. It grows freely in a sound sandy loam, such as the surface of an old
pasture, cut thin, and this will not be benefited by any admixture unless it is
deficient in sand, which is necessary to maintain porosity.

When plants of this description are permanently planted out, manures and
leaf-soil should not be added to the loam, for in the first place they are apt
to produce an undue luxuriance of growth at a time when it is least required ;
and in the next place, they are liable to cause it to become inert and sour. This
has heen frequently demonstrated by the health and abundance of roots met with
in plants which have grown for years in simple soil, as compared with the root-
condition of such as are planted in rich compounds. When the plants become
thoroughly established, and show signs of poverty and exhaustion, nourishment
is more beneficially administered in the shape of top-dressing and liquids. The
system of gorging to satiety in youth, when the soil is full of vegetable fibre, is
barbarous in the extreme, and only calculated to produce debility of constitution
and premature exhaustion. In the case of the Luculia., this is not required,, as,
when planted out, it grows very rapidly, requiring repeated pinchings-in of the
young shoots, particularly when the plants are young, in order to secure uniformity
of growth ; while it must also be freely cut back every spring after blooming.
Thus, the somewhat straggling habit of the Luculia is successfully combated,
and a free and healthy growth promoted. — George Westland, Witley Court.

BEKBERIS DARWINII FOR HEDGES AND POT-CULTURE.

^f-^OT very many years ago I looked upon the \ovQ\y Berheris Darwinii as
being somewhat tender, as a plant which might require coaxing and
codling, and which was never likely to be of any great use ; perhaps here
and there a gardener or an amateur may think the same now. Yet what
are the real facts ? It is one of the hardiest of shrubs — the freest grower and
flowerer that any one could wish for or desire. It adapts itself to wall-fronts, by
the very smallness of its foliage, and the freedom of its floral display. It grows

b

1874. ]

EIVERS’ EARLY LOUISE PEACH.

85

freely in tlie open and most exposed shrubberies — so freely as to make shoots five
feet high in the season, strong, stiffly erect, and robust. And for a hedge, what
a plant ! Dense to a degree, and furnished with a base such as all Barberries
have that are allowed sufflcient room, by the incessant division of short-jointed,
thick shoots, which is its habit of growth, — added to which it has the habit of
pushing young shoots from around its base. I do not hesitate to say that in
poor, stony, light soil, or in dry soil, where, perhaps, the laurel would not do
^fJQ\\,’Berhens Darwinii would succeed to perfection.

A hedge formed with the Barberry, especially if moderately elevated at the
ground-line above the ordinary level, as hedge-rows are, would display a golden
sheen inconceivably beautiful, as the blooms were set off amidst its shining dark
foliage, backed up by the dark background of the hedge centre. Of course such
a hedge would be selected as a boundary-line only when supported by an outer
aid, or for a division within protected grounds. I am not so certain, however,
that its dense, extremely prickly leaves would hot prove a bitter enemy even to
the harder mouths of cattle, nor do I think they would like its ’ peculiar, bitter
flavour. Again, as a pot plant, to be grown in pots, freely shifted annually,
plunged out of doors during summer, and brought gradually into bloom in the
month of March, it is excellent. My plants bloomed freely in the open in
December, and are again bud-laden en masse. — William Earley.

EIVEKS’ EAELY LOUISE PEACH.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

iJUR readers will, we are sure, join with us in thanking the Rev. W. F.
Radclyffe, of Okeford-Fitzpaine, for sending examples of this excellent
early Peach for illustration in the Florist and Pomologist ; and no less
hearty must be our thanks to Mr. Thomas Rivers, for having originated this
and many other useful novelties, in so indispensable and favourite a class of hardy
fruits. Our note of the examples submitted to ns reads thus : — ^Fruit medium
size, rather oblate, with a deep and rather broad suture, ending in a depression at
the top of the fruit. Skin pale straw-yellow where shaded, mottled with crimson
on the sunny side, the colouring thinly flushed with crimson dots, which extend,
though more sparsely scattered, over most of the surface. Flesh whitish, without
any tint of red near the free-stone, very tender and melting, with abundant juice,
and a sweet and remarkably pleasant flavour. Good.

Mr. Radclyffe remarks, in a note which accompanied the fruits : — I send
two specimens of River’s Early Louise Peach. It is sweet, early, and delicious.
They were grown on a severe East-aspect wall, where all perished after setting,
except the Royal Georges, which are good on all walls, indoors and out. Early
Louise has small flowers, and kidney-shaped glands. It is a long way earlier on
a severe east-wall than any other early ones, such as Early York, Early Victoria,
and Early Alfred are, on a warm south wall. I consider it a great ‘gain,’ and
that it adds another gem to Mr. Rivers’ already radiant crown. They were ripe
on August 1.”

86

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ April,

In a subsequent communication, Mr. Radclyffe writes : — “ This Peach does
Mr. Rivers great credit, and from its earliness is a great Pomological gain. It is
of excellent flavour, a good setter, of fair size, and hardy in its nature. The
specimen sent was not so well coloured as it would have been had it grown on a
south wall. It was grown on a severe east wall, where nothing but the Royal
Georges set their fruit. The fruit was ripe on August 1, which was three weeks
earlier than the earliest Peaches on the south wall. Had it been on the south
wall, I believe it would have been ripe by July 14 or 16. It is a seedling from
Rivers’s Early Albert Peach. The flowers are small, and the glands reniform.
I have not yet fruited Early Beatrice or Early Rivers, but hope this summer to
be able to compare the three together, both as to earliness and general excellence.
The leaf -buds and fruit-buds are numerous and near together, which are great
points. Between two fruit-buds there is a leaf-bud. Some good Peaches lack
this attribute.” — T. M.

TRITELEIA UNIFLORA IN POTS.

' OME persons have said that it is difiicult to flower this charming hardy
spring plant in pots. My experience of it is just the opposite to this, and
so thoroughly successful, that I feel I should only be doing bare justice to a
very useful flower by stating as much. In the spring of 1873 I put into
32-pots some bulbs of Triteleia unijiora that I had been compelled to lift from
the open ground through change of residence. I did not expect flowers that
season, and only a few blossoms appeared ; the bulbs made a fair growth, and
when the foliage began to decay, the pots were put by on a shelf in my green¬
house, and allowed to take care of themselves. In September last I noticed that
the new growth was appearing. The plants were then sparingly but sufiSciently
watered, and all through the winter they yielded charming tufts of fresh green
foliage. The flowers began to put in an appearance about the end of February, and
for several weeks past they have been most numerously produced, and they now
contain from 20 to 25 flowers each, with succession flowers coming on. That is
one great feature of the Triteleia — its successional-blooming character. People
who see it for the first time are much charmed with it, and no wonder, when its
chaste white flowers, tinted with azure-blue, are so profusely furnished. What if
it is a Garlic ? It is a beautiful Garlic, and it emits no disagreeable odour,
unless the leaves or flowers are handled. I have found it to be a most acceptable
pleasure-giving, because early-flowering, plant, and I cherish and recommend it
accordingly.

As soon as the bulbs begin to show signs of going to rest, I shall allow them
to dry off, and then repot about eight or ten of the largest in 32-pots, using a
mixture of light loam and leaf-soil ; and the pots I shall plunge in coal-ashes
under a cool, shady wall, where they will take care of themselves till autumn
comes round. Then I shall remove them to a cold greenhouse, where they will
soon begin to make their growth. The smaller bulbs will be placed in store-pits

1874. ]

BEGONIAS FOR BASKETS.

87

and treated in a similar way. Henceforth the bulbs will not be disturbed for
two years, that is to say, they will yield two seasons, blooming perhaps three
before they are again shifted.

Associated with the beautiful Triteleia^ I have Priimda denticulata^ P.
nivalis^ with its snowy-white blossoms, P. intermedia^ Myosotis dissitijlora, Litho~
spermum prostratum^ Viola pedata^ Leucojum vernum, Scilla hifolia^ S. sibirica^
Dog-tooth violets, sweet-scented jonquils, and white and blue grape hyacinths.
Where such a glorious procession of vernal beauties can be had in bloom in a
cold greenhouse during March and April, what is the use of worrying oneself
over a few scarlet geraniums and their preservation during winter ? All that I
have named can be grown in a cold house during the hardest winter, and in such
bright flowerets we can see and enjoy something of that wealth of forms and
flush of hues, which open-handed spring lays so freely and lavishly at the feet of
the children of men. — R. Dean, Ealing.

BEGONIAS FOR BASKETS.

EG ONIAS generally recommend themselves to the cultivator for several
reasons. They are readily propagated by division, while cuttings of the
stem or leaves root freely in a slight bottom-heat ; they are, moreover,
easily grown, are profuse flowerers, and their flowers and sprays come in
very useful for cutting, especially as one or two of the species are perpetual
bloomers. B. Dregei^ when well grown, is one of the prettiest of decorative
plants ; B. weltoniensis is still more showy ; the scarlet-flowered B. fuchsioides
and the large rosy-flowered B. nitida flower all the year round, if trained up the
wall of a warm, sunny stove ; and among the new hybrids we may expect some
sufiiciently hardy and distinct to make their way as first-class bedding-plants, not
to mention their adaptability for pot-culture. It is, however, of their use as
basket plants that I would here speak more fully. A Begonia in a hanging-
basket looks like a fish in water — ^e., quite at home. If the foliage is coloured
or variegated, its tints look richer when seen between the eye and the light, while
some of the dwarf and scandent species make the most elegant of all basket-
plants. Mr. Speed has taught us much with respect to the growth of plants in
hanging-baskets, as exemplified in the great conservatory at Ohatsworth. Still, I
do not remember that he uses Begonias in his little but veritable hanging gardens.

Some naturalist, wishing to express the microcosm of the animal world, wrote
the following : —

“ Tho little fleas that do so tease
Have lesser fleas that bite ’em,

And these, again, have other fleas.

And so ad infinitum."

And so at Ohatsworth, first we have a magnificent out-door garden ; then
the grand tropical garden, covered with glass ; and within this, again, are dozens
of lesser hanging gardens, remarkable for their freshness, brightness, and beauty.

As to the kinds most suitable for basket-work, nearly all may be used except

88

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ April,

the very tallest growers, and the best way is to begin with small plants, rooted
cuttings, in fact, which can then be trained as required. B. fuchsioides, B.
hyhrida multijiora^ B. insigms, B. Baviesit, B. foliosa, B. Dregei^ B. Satindersii,
B, Sedeni^ and its numerous sub-varieties, are all good, while, as above mentioned,
all the ornamental-leaved varieties look better in baskets than elsewhere.

It is but right to add that the above remarks have been suggested by the
specimens now to be seen in the Begonia-house at Kew. — F. W. Bubbidge.

CUPRESSUS MACNABIANA.

have in this conifer a densely-branched evergreen shrub, of pyramidal
outline, and one which, coming from an elevation of 5,000 ft. on the
Shasta mountains in the north of California, is perfectly hardy. It is
of compact habit, growing from 6 ft. to 10 ft. in height, with brownish-
red bark, and short mostly opposite branches, curving upwards at the points, and
thickly set with short dense somewhat tetragonal branchlets, which bear in
opposite pairs, distant glaucous spreading leaves, decurrent at the base,
keeled, and tapered to a sharp point in the young plants, but blunter, shorter,*
and loosely imbricated in adults ; there is a hollow gland on the outer or under-

1874. ]

^SOULUS INTERMEDIA.

89

surface of each. The male catkins are excessively numerous, and discharge
copiously a beautiful yellow pollen. The cones are of a deep shining brown, very
firmly attached by means of a woody peduncle, and composed of about six more
or less quadrangular scales, each bearing about its centre, or more frequently
towards the tip, a rounded blunt protuberance which is sometimes more elongated
and attenuated.

This species of Cypress, M. Carriere notes, is remarkable for the apple-like
scent which it gives off, so that the branches cut and put into water in an apart¬
ment purify the air in it. In a hygienic point of view, it would be a good thing
to place some of it in apartments, especially in those which are little ventilated,
or the air of which is more or less tainted by the presence of unhealthy matters.
When one rubs the branches, especially the younger and more herbaceous ones,
this odour remains on the hands long after. Our figure is from the Revue
Horticole. — T. Moore.

^SOULUS INTERMEDIA.

the nurseries of M. Scipion-Cochet, at Suisnes, is a Chestnut-tree of unusual
aspect, presenting characters intermediate between those of the common

? Horse Chestnut {jEscuIus Hippocastanum) and the Red Horse Chestnut (^.

rubicunda)^ but so mixed up that it is difficult to say to which of these the
tree is most nearly related. M. Andre consequently, in the Revue Horticole,
proposes to call it jiE. intermedia. The tree is of medium size, and of erect,
pyramidal form, like the Horse Chestnut, but has shorter wood. The leaves are
like those of the Red Chestnut, with five oval-cuneiform, acuminate, coarsely
dentate lobes, having sharp teeth. The flowers form a compact irregular thyrse,
the calyx being rose and green, the petals yellowish white, the two upper ones
spotted with yellow at the base, passing to salmony rose, and the stamens having
bearded rosy filaments. The capsules are sometimes quite smooth, sometimes,
and more frequently, bristling with projecting points.

This curious tree came from a seed of the Red Chestnut, sown about 1843.
As it is well known that the seedlings of this tree are very variable, M. Andre
inquires whether in this we can trace the result of a fertilisation with the
widely spread White Chestnut, or the first stages of a reversion from the Red
Chestnut to the Horse Chestnut, and hints that his opinions as to the limits of
species have undergone change since he has seen in the nurseries of the Paris
Museum some trees of the White Walnut {Juglans regia) give birth to specimens
almost identical with the American Walnut (Juglans nigra). — T. M.

GARDEN GOSSIP.

TARTLING have been the advances made during the last few years, both
in the quality and the culture of the Cyclamen as a Decorative Plant., and
as one of the most successful pioneers of progress the name of Mr. H.
Little, of Cambridge Park, Twickenham, may be mentioned. Amazing

I

90

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ APBII/,

improvements, both in point of form and colour, have been worked out, in the course of two
generations, by means of patient and judicious intercrossings by Mr. Little, whose collection
immeasurably surpasses anything of the kind we have elsewhere seen. Mr. Little has been
particularly fortunate in his choice of a pet flower, for there is perhaps no other ])lant, which,
blooming as it does from autumn onwards till spring, could have given him such a continuous
display of charming flowers. The brilliancy, too, which has been thrown into their colours is
something really astonishing, as the following statement will show: — In 1870 Mr. Little
gained a certificate for a purple variety called Purpureum, and in 1871 for another called
Queen of Crimsons, both being decided advances upon the varieties in the same class of colours
at that not very remote date. From these, crossed in various ways, a batch has been obtained
which, with increased perfection of form, has, in very many instances, thrown marvellous
depth and richness of hue. In one named the Prince of Purples, the colour is a solid violet-
crimson, the purple flush rich and full-toned to the very tips of the petals, which are intense
purple at the base ; in others, named respectively Meteor and Rose Queen, it is a carmine-
crimson, with the base of the richest blood-crimson, the latter being the larger flower, but
the former remarkably high-coloured at the base. These two under sun-light show up with a
dazzling brilliancy which must be seen to be appreciated. Mr. Little’s Snowflake was another
certificated variety, of the purest white ; and in this direction and among the pale-coloured
sorts generally there are flowers of wonderful merit from the florist’s point of view. One
variety which we noticed had the mouth very deep purple, and the lower portion of the
reflected petals of a lilac-purple, passing to white in the upper part ; this is quite a
novelty. Mr. Little very wisely breeds for quality as well as other desirable properties,
and will have none of the coarse ribby flowers with which growers are liable to be led away
from their mere size ; his aim is to secure refinement of texture and marking ; the surface must
be as smooth as if the blossoms had been carved, and the colour in seifs dense, solid-looking, and
uniform to the very tips of the petals. Amongst other features, breadth and rotundity of
petals are insisted on, and with these a symmetrical imbrication of tho twisting petals, purity
of tint, and when any marking is present, a definite ring of colour at the mouth, not a confused
blotch running unequally up tho limb. To the above characters robust growth and a stiff,
stocky habit have to be added. These qualities all realised, there are few choicer flowers than
a nicely-grown Cyclamen.

- fJtESSBS. Oeosse and Blackwell furnisli to the Gardeners^ Chronicle

the following interesting particulars as to the Consumption of Fruit for making

Preserves by their firm : — “ The total quantity of all kinds of fruits for tho

season 1873 is 1,100 tons, consisting of the following proportions : 300 tons of Raspberries,
200 tons of Strawberries, 100 tons of Red Currants, 100 tons of Black Currants, and 400 tons
of other kinds. These fruits are mostly grown within 20 miles of London, chiefly about
Bexley Heath and its neighbourhood ; they are gathered during the day-time, and travel by
road in the night, arriving at our factory very early in the morning, and are principally used
for making jam, with the addition of pure refined white sugar. In order to retain the distinc¬
tive flavour and freshness of the fruit, every appliance is adopted to boil the fruit the same
day as it arrives. The kinds of fruit for bottling and jam are Gisborne’s and Orleans Plums,
Damsons, Greengages, and green Warrington Gooseberries, for bottling ; ripe Warrington
Gooseberries for jam. Although,” they say, “ our consumption is probably tho largest of any
single manufactory, still it only bears a small proportion to the total quantity annually
supplied to the general public.”

- ^he Thuja occidentalis lutea^ called in America, George Peabody, was

awarded a First-class Certificate when shown at South Kensington in February,

1873, by Mr. G. Jackman. Its habit is dwarfer and more compact than that of

its parent, the common American type ; and Messrs. Maxwell Brothers, of Genova, N.Y., claim
for it the richest golden-yellow colour of any evergreen, not merely the tips of the leaves, but
from 1 in. to 3 in. of the current year’s growth being covered with this brilliant hue, which is
afar more decided golden colour, they say, than that of Biota elegantissima, and the colour being
reliable, as neither tho sunshine of hot summers nor the frosts and winds of winter have injured
it* From what wo have seen of this variety, we believe it will prove a good garden plant,
distinct in character from the equally good golden Cupressus Lawsoniana Intea, and the Thuja
(Biota) semper aurea.

— m ^ Loeenz, a gardener at Bunzlau, in Silesia, has accidentally succeeded
in Cultivating the Morel hy means of Tan, in the following manner, as quoted in

1874. J

GAEDEN GOSSIP.

91

tlio Field : — A short time since lie had occasion to make a hot-bed for wintering

roses, verbenas, &c. — the lower lining of it, 14 in. to 15 in. in depth, consisting of leaves of the
lime-tree; the upper one, 9|- in. thick, of tanner’s spent-bark (fir mixed with a little oak
bark). Over the two linings was spread a thin covering of the same kind of leaves, and upon
this came the frame. Into the bed thus formed the pots were plunged up to the rim, and
according to the state of the weather, the frame was either shaded and protected against the
frost, or so arranged as to admit light and air. On taking up some of the pots at the end of
March, the tan in the bed was found to be overrun with a network of fibres and threads
resembling mushroom-spawn, and a tnonth or six weeks later a fine crop of morels sprang
up. As the fungus is frequently met with in the neighbourhood of Bunzlau, some spores of
the same had doubtless found their Way into the tan of the original hot-bed, and thus been
placed under circumstances favourable for their development. M. Schollmayr, of Laybach,
in Carniola, with a view to check the ravages of snails and slugs which year after year de¬
stroyed the buds put forth by young seedling fruit-trees in his nursery, covered the ground
in the autumn of one year and the spring of the next a foot deep with spent-tan, chiefly con¬
sisting of fir bark and gall-nut meal. For a twelvemonth or more the ground was freed from
the snails, and the young trees grew vigorously ; great quantities of fine, delicately-flavoured
morels also appeared, shooting up most abundantly wherever the top-dressing was thickest
and consisted of bigger pieces of the bark.

- 23archaed’s Seedling Apple was raised about thirty years ago at

Putney Heath, by Mr. M. Higgs, then gardener to Joseph Henry Barchard, Esq. ; in

about five years it produced an abundance of fruit. Mr. Eobert Thomson pro¬
nounced it a first-class apple, and Mr. Dancer, of Fulham, also thought it a first-class variety,
and had cuttings for grafting. In Mr. Dancer’s collection will also be found Higgs’s Seedling,
a large, pale-coloured, beautiful kitchen apple, of a brisk flavour much wanted in culinary
apples. Barchard’s Seedling was named after Mr. Higgs’s much-respected employer.

- ®HE first number of a new work entitled Orchids^ and How to Grow

Tliem^ by S. Jennings, Esq. (Eeeve & Co.), bas just made its appearance. Its

object is to afford information to residents in tropical climates, such as will

enable them to grow these beautiful plants successfully, instead of allowing them to perish from
neglect ; while the author’s experience of a tropical climate may, it is hoped, furnish some hints
to English cultivators. The four subjects selected for illustration are first-class plants, but we
can scarcely say as much of the drawings, which are coarse and rough, and very indifferently
coloured. The text is written rather for the use of Indian than for home cultivators. We
shall look with interest for the future revelations of the author’s Indian experience.

- ®^HE pbenomenon of Gumming in Fruit Trees bas lately been studied

by M. Soraner, wbo confirms the observations of his predecessors in referring the

change in question to the conversion into gum of the secondary layers in the

cells and vessels. Not only are the cellular ’membranes transformed into gum, but new gum
is foimed from the sap, which is thus diverted from its proper use. The gummy exudation
is produced in consequence of the transformation of the secondary layer of the vessels into
gum, and from the formation in the woody tissue (as happens normally in the bark) of an
abnormal cellular tissue, which speedily becomes converted into gum. The bark cracks, and
hence the justification of the practice of incising the bark. The cause of the disease, however
— that which disturbs the balance — remains unknown.

— Boussingault has communicated to the French Academy of
Sciences some observations on the Cracking of Fruits^ which are of much interest
to the horticulturist. The phenomenon is unfortunately too well known, and

is undoubtedly attributable to an accumulation of water in the tissues, but as this cannot bo
due to an arrest of evaporation alone, M. Boussingault concludes — and his conclusions were
confirmed by experiment — that the cracking which occurs after or during continuous heavy
rain is the consequence of an increase of volume occasioned by the introduction of water
through the skin by moans of ondosmose.

- ®HE Eevue Horticole strongly recommends Fuchsia syringceflora^ con¬
sidered by some as a variety of F, arborescens, as a fine decorative and market

I 2

92

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ April,

plant. It is of vigorous habit, attaining 6 ft. or 7 ft. in height, with sub-elliptic

leaves from 3 in. to 6 in. in length, and very numerous flowers, of a beautiful soft rosy tint,
arranged in a paniculate bunch, which recalls the inflorescence of the Lilac. F. syringseflora
flowers from October till February. The culture is most easy. To have flne plants, it is
recommended to plant them out in prepared soil early in the season ; to pinch-in freely, so
as to obtain well-furnished plants, the last pinching taking place in July or August; and on
the approach of frosts to take up the plants, pot them, and place them in a greenhouse, where
they will flower about the time stated.

- H. 0. SoEBY, the President of the Sheffield Naturalists’ Club,

stated at a recent conversazione that he had studied the Changes that had occurred

in the Colouring Matters of Leaves and Flowers during their development from a

rudimentary to a perfect state, and the connection between them and the action of light,
and had found that there was, apparently, a most remarkable correlation. When more and
more developed under the influence of light, coloured compounds were found more and more
easily decomposed by the action of light and air, when they were no longer parts of living
plants, but dissolved out from them. There was thus, apparently, some condition in living
plants which actually reversed these reactions. He had also found that in the more rudi¬
mentary state of the leaves of the highest classes, the coloui'ing matters correspond with
those found in lower classes, and in the case of the petals of flowers, their more rudimentary
condition often corresponded with some other variety, which thus appeared as if due to a
naturally arrested development of a particular kind. This principle would perhaps serve to
explain the greater prevalence of flowers of particular colours in tropical, or colder regions,
and at different elevations. Mr. Sorby is about to extend his inquiries, to determine (what
he at present only infers from the indications of his previous experiments) whether light, with
a relatively greater amount of the blue rays, might not be relatively more favourable to the
cryptogamia than to the flowering plants.

- ^OME improvements in Flower-pot Covers^ Blinds^ Mats^ ^c., which

require to be rolled, have been introduced by Mr. Spear, of Bury Street, London.

He takes strips, fillets, or laths of wood, metal, or other suitable material, and

drills a series of small holes through the same to receive the cord or string, which is by
preference elastic ; while, between every fillet or lath and that next adjoining it, he places
beads, balls, or other separating pieces with corresponding holes. Cords or strings are then
passed through the holes in the strips, fillets, or laths, and in the beads, balls, or other
separating pieces, and an article of ornamental appearance which can be rolled up or curved
into any desired form is thus obtained at a small cost. For flower-pot covers, the rows of
beads should get gradually smaller as they approach the part that is to come near the bottom
of the pot, so that the cover when folded round the pot may partake of a conical form corre¬
sponding with that of the pot. Hooks or other fastenings are added at the ends of the cover,
to allow of its being fastened round the pot.

- ®HE Douhle-flowered Chinese Larkspur (^Delphinium sinehse flore-pleno)

is specially referred to by a correspondent of the Irish Gardeners' Record^ who

says : — “ A bed of it, during the past summer, was one of the most beautiful

objects imaginable, as if a patch of purer and deeper ether than the far-famed Italian skies
can boast, were transferred to earth awhile. It is perfectly unaccountable why this plant is
not more extensively grown, as it is perfectly hardy, and its cultivation of the easiest. It is a
true herbaceous perennial, and may be readily increased in the spring by division ; or cuttings
taken off when the shoots are but a few inches high will root freely. It also comes very freely
from seed, which should be sown in boxes or pans, and kept in a cold pit or frame during
the winter. In procuring seed, be careful that the true variety is obtained, and that it has
nothing of the ‘ candelabrum ’ strain in it. The height of this double-flow.ered Delphinium
is usually from nine to twelve inches.”

- <By tbe following Italian Method of Preserving Grapes^ it is said that tlie

clusters can be preserved until Easter, as fresh and palatable as when cut. They
are gathered in small quantities on clear, dry days, removing any decayed berries ;
they are then fumed with benzine, and laid (not in contact) between fine corn-
leaves, in drawers or trays, carefully closed against air and dust.

1874. ]

OBITUARY. - GARDEN WORK FOR APRIL.

93

- ^HE Vitis cestivalis is strongly recommended by the French gardeners as

a suitable plant for covering arbours or walls, it being especially recommended

on account of its vigorous habit, growing freely in all soils and in all exposures,

■while its very lai'ge, deep, shining green leaves are useful for the packing of fruits. There
are few Vinos whoso leaves are broader, consequently more fit for packing purposes, than those
of V. cestivalis, which, besides being broad, are almost entire.

- ®^HE Americans have introduced a Silver Occidental Arhor-vitce (Thuja

occidentalis argentea)^ which they name Victoria, and which is described as a
curious and beautiful dwarf plant, wholly unlike any hitherto described, being
of a fresh green colour, with the branchlets distinctly tipped with white, entirely
hardy, and most attractive and pleasing in appearance.

- En the Populus angulata tortuosa, grown by M. Barthere, of Toulouse,

the French gardens possess a novelty which, though scarcely to be regarded as an

ornamental tree, is one of the most curious and remarkable forms of its species

yet known. Its habit is similar to that of Rohinia tortuosa, thus forming a densely branched,
bushy shrub, with angular crooked or flexuous zigzag branches, having the petiolate glabrous
leaves rolled in the direction of the mid-rib, and forming a sort of hood or cowl, with an
acuminate point.

©bitttarg*

- John Delany died at Brennanstown, Oabinteely, on March 17,

aged 44 years. For twenty years he had occupied the position of steward and
gardener to George Pirn, Esq., and was well known as a most successful grower

of pot-roses, azaleas, pine-apples, and vegetables. The records of the Royal Horticultural
Society of Ireland bear testimony to his excellent worth as a practical horticulturist, and
the Council of the Society proved their appreciation of his worth by invariably appointing
him as Judge, when not himself an exhibitor.

GAEDEN IVOEK FOE APEIL.

FLOWERS.

'PRING-flowering plants, which will soon be in great beauty, are well worth
every care. A judiciously arranged Spring garden is unquestionably
the most satisfactory and interesting amongst the many phases of flower-
garden embellishment. Stir the surface of the ground amongst plants
that are coming forward, and support Hyacinth blooms, &c., with neat
stakes, keeping the grass trim by frequent mowings. Should any planting of
evergreens yet remain to be done, they should be seen to at once. Hollies^
Rhododendrons^ and the various sorts of American plants^ may be planted during
the Spring months ; and all recently planted trees and shrubs must be watered.
Replant Cerastiuin^ and after planting in damp soils and situations, strew the
surface of the ground with some dry material, such as broken tiles, which prevents
fogging off ; when well done, this is one of the most effective band plants we
possess. The Variegated Honeysuckle is also a most effective edging plant,
which should now be planted, as well as Veronica incana^ Dactylis^ and many
others. Plant out all hardy Perennial plants, wintered in frames. Sow seeds of
Annual^ Biennial^ and Perennial plants^ including ornamental Beet. Weeds
must be kept under, and neatness and order everywhere maintained.

Hardy Ferns and Rock plants should now be rearranged, filling up vacancies,
and surface-dressing with fresh compost, removing also all decayed fronds and
protecting litter. The present is the best time to plant Hardy Yuccas ; a few
judiciously disposed groups of these picturesque plants would proYO most
acceptable in most gardens,

94

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ April,

In-Dooes. — The Conservatory is liable to become overcrowded, what with
the great variety of hard-wooded plants that are now in bloom, and the
choicer flowering bulbs. This should always be guarded against, as it not only
damages the plants, but vastly impairs the general effect ; place the flowers
moderately thin, so as to admit of a free interspersion of the nobler foliage
plants, which will give a pleasing relief. The permanent plants must have
every attention as to watering, surface-dressing with fresh soil, and encouraging
such as are thoroughly established with manure-water ; while those which have
finished blooming require pruning and starting into growth. It frequently happens
in the press of work at this season, that they are put aside and overlooked until
damaged, or so much retarded as to flower unsatisfactorily. The following season’s
winter-flowering plants must now be pushed forward, so as to admit of perfect
maturation. Ferns will bo starting, and should be encouraged by syringing the
stronger-growing sorts overhead, and sprinkling the floors ; but with such as
Cheilanthes^ Gymnogramma^ N othochlcena, &c., a proper state of humidity must
be promoted without syringing overhead, which so completely spoils their
appearance, that from this cause alone we very rarely see the real beauty
of these chaj’ming plants. Shade against hot sun, ventilating freely at the
roofs, but avoiding cutting draughts.

Of Orchids the potting must be finished as soon as possible. Many sorts will
now be growing freely, and mnst have an increase of heat and moisture both
at the root and in the atmosphere. Ccdanthes^ those most useful Autumn
decorative plants, should now be potted in thoroughly drained pots, using fibry
loam, peat, equal parts of dried cow-dung and leaf-soil, and adding charcoal
and sand ; these ingredients, mixed in about equal proportions, will grow them
admirably.

The growth of Hard-wooded plants must be encouraged by shutting up
early, and damping every available surface. Epacrises and soft-wooded Heaths
which have been cut back start more freely in a genially warm temperature ; at
the same time, a sturdy habit of growth must be secured, by free ventilation ; all
recently potted plants must be cautiously watered at the root. Begulate the
form of growing plants by pinching back wayward shoots.

Stove plants must now be afforded a brisk moist temperature, admitting air
in accordance with the external temperature. Gardenias that were forced early
will derive benefit from being placed in a brisk heat. Attend to the potting
and stopping-back of quick-growing plants ; stop back Achimenes and plant into
baskets. Hoya hella^ yEschynanthus^ Torenias^ &c., are also very graceful when
grown in baskets. Embrace every opportunity in keeping down insect pests.

In the pits and frames the propagation of bedding plants must be completed
as soon as possible, gradually inuring the hardier kinds to full exposure, so as
to make room for the more tender occupants ; such as are not planted out of the
pots, under temporary protection, should have the pots plunged in light material,
which will save a vast amount of labour in watering. Guard against cold cutting
winds. Prick off seedlings of all kinds, as soon as they are fit to handle. Sow
seeds of Stoclcs and Asters^ and divide and start Ganna roots. Proceed with the
propagation of Coleus Verschaffeltii and C, Verschaffeltii splendens^ which are the
best sorts. Alternantheras should also be got forward with the utmost despatch,
as well as all tender plants required to be increased. — Geoege Westland, Witley
Court.

FRUITS.

Pines : Plants in fruit require a temperature of about 80°, with an increase
of 10° by sun-heat ; water freely, and syringe the plants when the house is closed

1874. ]

GABDEN WOBK FOB APBIL.

95

in the afternoon, to keep up the requisite moisture. Water the succession stock
if dry, and if all were not shifted last month, no time should be lost in getting
them done in the manner before advised ; keep the plants close for a few days after
potting ; syringe them occasionally, but do not give much water at the root till
they begin to grow. Avoid at all times a current of air through the pit ; the
giving back and front air at the same time is most injurious. Attend to the
linings of those in dung-pits, and be careful to moderate the bottom-heat, if Tan
be used.

Melons : Keep the linings turned or renewed, so that the bottom-heat does
not d'Ocline. They will now require more air and water in proportion as heat
and light increase. Still continue to cover the frames at night, except fire-heat
be used. Thin and stop the shoots, so that the foliage may have full exposure to
air and light ; avoid shading if possible.

Teaches and Nectarines : Keep a steady night temperature of 60° in the
•early house during the stoning process ; proceed with the thinning of the fruit
as they may require it ; this of course must depend on the condition of the tree,
a healthy, vigorous tree being capable of bringing double the quantity of fruit to
anaturity which could be allotted to one in a weakly condition. Every assistance
»hould be given to the trees at this stage, in the way of watering, top-dressing,
swBid liquid manuring. Tie in and regulate the shoots in the early house, selecting
f®r next season shoots of moderate growth ; stop the leading shoot above the
f raiit, 'and encourage one from the base, with the exception of the leading branches.
Use tthe syringe frequently to keep the foliage clean. Continue the disbudding
and 'tihimaing in the later houses, and air all at every favourable occasion.

Vines:: Proceed with the thinning of the berries in the succession-house,
commesncang .at an early stage after the fruit is set. Keep the shoots tied in and
the laterals -©'topped. Water the inside borders, and maintain a moist atmosphere
•while the frmt is swelling. See previous directions in regard to airing, &c.
5)iscontinue .syringing the early house as soon as the fruit begins to colour.
Vines in Patts^ where the fruit is swelling, should on no account suffer from
•drought ; water liberally with liquid manure, and clear away all useless growth.
^®ung Vines should be pushed on, and now potted into their fruiting pots ; use
ifree, fim.rfy loam, mixed with sheep-droppings or cow-dung.

<Oheri^ : Use the syringe freely while the fruit is swelling ; give also plenty
^of water at the root, but as soon as the fruit is ripening less moisture is needed,
except at the root. At this stage the temperature may be increased. Keep
black -fly in cheek by dipping the shoots in tobacco -water. Give plenty of air
; and moisture to Plums, keep the foliage clean and healthy, and thin the fruit to
: a moderate crop.

Strawhernes in Pots : See previous directions. If the foliage is too abun-
< dant, it is advisable to thin out some of the leaves, also to clip off the small
J flowers as soon as the best blossoms have set, leaving eight or ten fruits to a pot.
<Give plenty of water, and bring more plants under glass for the last crop.

Figs : Give plenty of water, especially to those growing in pots, and other-
".wise assist them with liquid manure. Mulch with rotten manure, and water
Uhe inside borders where old-established trees are growing. Keep the night
temperature from 60° to 65°, and syringe the trees till the fruit begins to
ripen.

Hardy Fruits: If previous directions have been carried out, very little
■remains to be done at present in this department. Still it is a most anxious
time for the fruit-grower, and a watchful eye is required to guard the blossoms
-as far as possible from spring frost. Large trees in the open of course must

96

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ April,

take their chance, but bush trees, cordons, &c., may be protected by shaking a
little Fern or litter among the branches. Hexagon netting or Shaw’s Tiffany
afford a good protection, and may remain on the trees without injury till the
crop is safe. It is now a good time to make new plantations of Strawberries ;
keep the hoe moving among fruiting plants, and prepare for mulching them next
month. Watch the first appearance of fly on Peaches^ and dust with snuff and
sulphur, or Pooley’s Tobacco-powder ; do not disbud at present. — J. Powell,
Frogrnore.

VEGETABLES.

Many kinds of seeds will require sowing during this month, either as a first
crop or by way of succession. These include such subjects as Ridge Cucumbers^
Vegetable Marrows^ Celery for the latest supply. Pot Herbs, such as Sweet and
Bush Easily Summer Savory^ Ice Plants Egg Plants &c. All such, and other
similar tender annuals, must be sown in pans or boxes, and maintained in a frame,
or under some kind of structure where a little artificial warmth can be maintained.
Sow also in the open border, some time during the earlier part of the month,
such subjects as the following, of which successional supplies are requisite
Radishes^ Turnips^ Beans (both Broad and Dwarf Kidney), Peas (both dwarf and
some of the more permanent midsummer kinds, such as Laxton’s Alpha, Victoria
Marrow, Ne Plus Ultra, and James’s Marrow), Broccolis (of the Penzance, Grange’s,
Leamington, Alexandra, and Osborn’s late white types). Kales or Borecole (of the
Dwarf Curly, Cottager’s, and Asparagus types). Cabbages (of the Rosette or Little
Pixie types), and Sprouting Kales (of the Roseberry, Dalmeny, and Albert types).
Permanent sowings must also be made, during the third week of the month, of
Beet^ Parsnip (where delayed so late), Scorzonera^ Salsafy, Aspa7rtgus, Sea Kale,
Onions (for a late crop). Chicory, Dandelion (Vilmorin’s large-leaved). Lettuce
(of the Paris or Brighton Cos kinds), &c. Beans, Peas, and late Cabbages must
be well earthed-up as they grow, and the second well staked, almost by anticipa¬
tion. Scaidet-Runner Beans may be sown for a permanent crop about the 28th ;
those inclined may do well to make a chance sowing early, as the vegetable is
rather a late one, yet such a valuable one withal that we should be well able to
afford some little risk in regard to it, in the hopes of reaping a supply a few weeks
earlier, the crop being, as is well known, an inexhaustible one, when once it comes
into bearing. In cutting Aspai'agus, do so indiscriminately, leaving none of the
young weak shoots to remain ; give the beds a moderate dressing with salt, if
convenient.

Those who possess very limited means may, if they have a frame, now
make up a bed with a moderate quantity of fermenting materials, and plant
Cucumbers thereon, so soon as it has become moderately sweet, which it will do
quickly at this advanced season, if abundance of fresh air be permitted to pervade
the inside until the necessary results are assured. In a general way, a very
limited supply of bottom-heat, say 60°, will be sufficient, provided all the ad¬
vantage possible be taken of sun-heat when it exists ; and save in very ungenial
weather, there will now be few days without some little sun. Box up and secure
the warm rays when they do prevail therefore, even to allowing the heat within
the closed frame — perfectly closed, bear in mind, as this is important — to
run up as high as 90°, placing a mat, or a couple of mats, or their equivalent,
over the frame during the night, always allowing the least crack for air at one
corner of the back of the light, if steam exist within, or a too dense moisture
adheres to the leaves in the morning. By so doing the excess of moistures obtains
egress, and much injury, or possible injury, is avoided.— William Earlet,
Valentines.

L , Macfarlane , del

Ckrorao . G. Severeyris Brussel;

I

Rose Peacli blossom

1874. ]

THE APPLE : ITS CULTURE AND VARIETIES. - CHAP. VII.

97

HYBKID PERPETUAL ROSE PEACH BLOSSOM.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

HIS new Hybrid Perpetual Rose is, as our plate shows, a large, full, and
exquisitely shaped flower, the tint being that of a delicate peach-blossom,
a colour which we have not hitherto obtained amongst Hybrid Perpetual
Boses. The growth of the plant is vigorous, and the constitution hardy ;
and while from its size, symmetry, and fullness it is a desirable variety for the
exhibitor, it is, on account of its colour, hardiness, and freedom of growth and
flowering, of undoubted value as a decorative Bose for the garden.

It is, moreover, a veritable English Bose, having been raised by Mr. William
Paul, of the Nurseries, Waltham Cross, from English seed, and being one of a
very few selected by him from some thousands of seedlings. It has, we are
informed, been three years under trial, and proves constant both in character
and colour. — T. Moore.

THE APPLE : ITS CULTURE & VARIETIES.— Chap. VH.

HAVE now only to make a few remarks on a very important point in the
culture of this fruit, and conclude with a selected list of varieties suitable
for the purposes of the amateur.

Whatever amount of care we may bestow upon the manipulation of
the roots and branches, our work cannot be said to be finished. The Apple is
peculiarly liable to various insect depredations, which must be guarded against, if
the tree is to be preserved healthy and the fruit sound. For the furtherance of these
objects, the amateur will do well to give the trees, when in a dormant state,
periodical dressings of a solution of Gishurst Compound, six or eight ounces to
the gallon of water, or to give it consistency, the solution may have an addition
of lime and clay to thicken it, the principal use of which thickening is to indicate,
as it dries, any places which may have been passed over without a coating of the
compound. Or it may be more convenient to the amateur to make his own
composition, which he may do in the following manner : — Mix intimately
together 1 lb. of soft-soap and 1 lb. of flowers of sulphur, upon which pour
two gallons of boiling water ; afterwards add sufficient lime, clay, and soot, in
equal quantities, to make it of the consistency of thick whitewash ; this will
dry of a pleasant neutral tint, and not be unsightly.

The trees should be painted over with one of these compositions from base to
apex, taking care to insert the brush well into all crevices between the forks of
the branches. In the case of trees infested with American blight, the parts im¬
mediately affected should have soft-soap alone, well scrubbed in with a hard
brush. This dressing will act as a general preventive against most of the insect
enemies of this fruit, and will tend to lessen, but will not wholly prevent, the
ravages of those winged depredators, the Apple Moths, as they may come from
other parts ; they may, however, be very much kept under by a timely removal

of all fruits which show signs of having been pierced in a very young state ; sucli
3rd series. - VII. K

98

[Mat,

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOQIST.

fruits are generally deformed, and should be removed at the time of thinning.
Early windfalls also should invariably be removed at once, as a preventive, how¬
ever, rather than a cure, for so long as there are large orchards, so long will
there be Apple Moths to pester small growers, however carBful they may be in
taking precautionary measures. I now proceed to append a short list of proved
varieties of apples suitable to meet the amateur’s requirements

Six Early Dessert Apples.

1. Devonshire Quarrenden : A very handsome apple, of a rich crimson
colour, ripens early in August, is a great bearer, and is well adapted for a pyramid.

2. Early Harvest : Bather below medium size ; colour yellow ; ripens end
of July or beginning of August.

3. Early Oroeton : A very excellent dessert apple, ripens in August ; medium
size ; colour pale green, streaked and spotted with red on sunny side.

4. Kerry Pippin : A brisk-flavoured, excellent dessert apple, below medium
size ; colour pale yellow, marbled with red ; ripe in September.

5. Bed Astraohan : Another handsome dessert apple, of a rich crimson
colour, and with a delicate bloom ; ripens end of August.

6. Summer Golden Pippin ; Bather small, but a fine-flavoured dessert apple ;
ripens end of August.

Six Good Early Kitchen Apples.

1. Brown’s Codlin. 4. Manks Codlin.

2. Dutch Codlin. 5. Lord Suefield.

3. Hawthornden. 6. Frogmore Prolific.

«

The above are all proved good sorts of Early Kitchen Apples, too well known
to need description. They are all prolific bearers, and well adapted for pyramids.

Six Good Mid-season Dessert Apples.

1. Adams’ Pearmain : A medium-sized, handsome-shaped, conical apple, in
season from November to February.

2. Cox’s Orange Pippin ; One of the best dessert apples grown ; is very
handsome, a great bearer, and of fine flavour ; October to February.

3. Blenheim Orange : Another very handsome and popular apple, having a
richly-perfumed flavour ; above medium size ; in season from November to end
of March.

4. Golden Beinette : Bather below medium size, but a handsome, fine-
flavoured, dessert Apple ; a great bearer ; October to February.

5. Bibston Pippin : No collection would be complete without this old
favourite ; it is well adapted for espaliers ; October to end of April.

G. Margil : Another good old prolific dessert apple, well adapted for pyra¬
mid culture ; November to March.

Six Good Mid-season Culinary Apples.

1. Cellini. 4. Waltham Abbey Seedling.

2. Alexander. 5. Cox’s Pomona.

3. New Hawthornden. 6. Yorkshire Greening,

1874.] EIVEES’ EAELY BEATEIOE PEACH. — SEASON FOB PLANTINO EVEEOEEENS. 99

Six Good Late Desseet Apples.

1. CouET of Wick. 4. Soaelet Nonpaeeil.

2. Golden Knob. 5. Lodgmoee Nonpaeeil.

3. Loed Bueghley. 6. Mannington’s Peaemain.

The above are all good late Dessert Apples, in season from January to the end
of May ; they are very well adapted for espaliers and pyramids.

Six Good Late Culinaey Apples.

1. Dumelow’s Seedling. 4. To wee of Glammis.

2. Noetheen Geeening. 5. Waenee’s King.

3. White Oalville. 6. Noefolk Beefing.

In all the above lists I have striven to secure variety, but not sought after
novelty. My aim has been to supply a reliable list of sorts, from which the
amateur may select such as he requires, without the risk of disappointment in
the sorts, some one or other of which may be available for use the whole year
round. — John Cox, Eedleaf.

EIVERS^ EARLY BEATRICE PEACH.

HAVE this day, April 8, tasted a ripe fruit of this early Peach, grown
by Captain Ashby, in the county of Lincoln. The fruit was for the season

? highly-coloured, and the flavour good. Though small, it is certainly a great
addition to the dessert-table at this early period. I cannot say when the
house was started, but as a proof of the early properties of this peach, I may add
that in the same house, when this was ripe, Eoyal Georges were only just beginning
to take their second swelling. The flrst dish of one dozen was gathered on
March 31. I hear, but I have no authority for stating that Early Beatrice was
gathered at Frogmore some time before — it would be highly interesting to know
on what date. Perhaps Mr. Jones would oblige the public with this information.
— R. Gilbeet, Burghley^ Stamford.

THE SEASON FOR PLANTING EVERGREENS.

SEE from the letters of various correspondents in the gardening papers, that
the best time for planting Evergreens is still a subject of doubt. After all
that has been written on the subject, we still find many persons planting
large masses of mixed trees, deciduous and evergreen, during the winter and
early spring. I have seen immense losses, especially in the case of Evergreens,
when the planting was done during February and March, and have my eye upon
a piece that has been planted this year during March. Of course it is right and
proper that the planting of deciduous trees should be finished before the season of
active growth commences, but in the case of evergreens it is very different. After
twenty-five years’ experience in planting Evergreens, I have come to the conclusion
that the six weeks after the first of April are the best for general planting ; and
if the trees are in a good state at the roots, scarcely a plant will be lost, if the
work is properly done. The great diflSculty is to prevent evaporation from exhaust-

K 2

100

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ MAT,

ing the, moisture of the plant before new roots are formed to supply the
deficiency; and although we have sometimes very trying winds in April, yet
upon the whole the root-action seems to be brought about more quickly in
spring and early summer. In the case of large trees, I find it much better to
ply the engine over the leaves than to deluge the roots, which retards instead
of accelerating root-action. Still there may be instances where a good soaking
of water at the root will be beneficial.

When there is much planting to be done, I find it a good plan to have all the
trees in from the nursery the previous year — providing there is ground to ac¬
commodate them — as one can then proceed with the work at the most convenient
time ; otherwise, it may sometimes happen that large quantities of trees will
arrive from the nurseries in the most unfavourable weather for planting. Ground
that has been trenched during winter, if at all heavy, does not work well in wet
weather ; and all ground for fresh plantations should be well broken up some
time previous to planting. This, I think, is best done in ' autumn, when the
ground is usually drier than in the winter or spring. If deciduous trees are to
be planted, it should, if possible, be done in October and November, and if the
weather is favourable, during December, preparation being then made for the
Evergreens in late spring, finishing with the Hollies in May. I am aware that
September is a safe month for planting Evergreens, but few of us can break up
our pleasure-grounds at that season ; and in the case of larger plantations, it is not
often that the labour can just then be spared, on account of the harvest. I may
add that we have been planting trees for the last fortnight, from 12 ft. to
15 ft. high, and have still a considerable quantity to plant during this month
and the early part of May. — John Claek, Studley Royal.

ON POTTING STRAWBEREIES FOR FORCING.

I n ANY years back I had the privilege of being foreman to Mr. G. McEwen,
at Arundel. Now I am sure your readers will agree with me when I say
that Mr. McEwen was a great authority on all matters horticultural, but
more particularly in Strawberry-culture. I well remember that, in his
visits to the young hands at the potting-bench, he used to impress on our minds
the desirability of ramming the soil into the pots, and that he was never tired of
putting in the dung. But time works wonders, and even while at Arundel, I
felt half inclined to think we used too much dung, and grew the plants too gross
and big. Then, again, we must bear in mind the differences of climate. Arundel
is far in the south, with a fine climate, and the plants generally ripened off well.

I must now for one moment invite attention to McEwen’s treatise on the
Strawberry, in which he mentions that plants put into heat in November and the
early part of December, are precarious, so that the cultivator must always be pre¬
pared to lose half of them by their going blind ; and in making this statement
Mr. McEwen only spoke the truth, as I can bear testimony.

Last season, when potting my forcing Strawberries, I put into execution the

1874.] APONOGETON DISTAOHYON. - ^DOUBLE DAISIES FOE SPEING BEDDING. 101

idea I had, in this way, long since formed, and potted 800 Keens' Seedlings for
the early batch, without any dung whatever. Our first lot, consisting of eight
dozen, was put into the Peach-house on December 2, and the first fruit was
gathered on March 3, and we have gathered daily since that date till now
(April 9) ; but instead of half the plants going blind, we had only eight out of the
eight dozen — which appears to me to be a step in the right direction. I should,
therefore, advise to pot the early kinds without dung ; but with the later kinds,
for May and J une, to use larger pots and richer soil. — ^Kichaed Gilbbet, BurgUey,

APONOGETON DISTAOHYON.

(^THIS is a pretty little Aquatic from the Cape of Good Hope, whence it was
introduced nearly a century ago ; still it has never met with general

f culture. It is hardy enough to grow in a tank outside, but as a plant for
the sitting-room window it has few equals. All that it requires is a
handful of fibrous loam and sand in the bottom of an inverted bell-glass, and it
will grow and flower freely for months together, if it has a change of water
weekly. Its pearly wax-like bracts are borne on forked spikes, the whole being
covered with an extinguisher-shaped covering when young. The inflorescence is
most gratefully perfumed like hawthorn. — ^F. W. Buebidge.

DOUBLE DAISIES FOR SPRING BEDDING.

fN the following notes, condensed from the Gardener's Record^ we have the
experience of Mr. W. E. Gumbleton as regards the relative merits of the

f different varieties of Double Daisy, when used with a view to their effective¬
ness in the decoration of spring beds or borders. The plants were grown
along with choice bulbs in lines and circles, in a border fronting Mr. Gumbleton’s
conservatory, at Belgrove, Queenstown, Cork

Dickson’s Crimson Quilled (supplied by Mr. R. Dickson, Erdington, near Birmingham)
has proved itself most effective and of first-rate quality for general bedding purposes, the
colour being bright and clear, and abundance of bloom being continuously produced.

Little Dandy : An exceedingly freo-grovring and pretty pink Daisy, making a pleasing
contrast with the larger-flowered varieties.

Hen and Chickens : Unfit for this kind of work, as it is one of the latest-flowering of
all the Daisies, and does not produce its flowers with any freedom till the middle of April or
the beginning of May ; it is also too pale and imdecided in colour to bo effective.

White Queen : A variety which was strongly recommended, but which has proved
utterly worthless, showing a large yellow centre.

Crimson King : A very double red Daisy, free-blooming, and producing flowers of good
size and substance, of lighter shade than, and distinct from, Dickson’s Crimson Quilled. This
variety can be purchased in any quantity outside Covent Garden Market at the moderate
price of one shilling the dozen plants, and should be in every collection of Daisies.

Henderson’s Snowball : Certainly one of the best and most fully and evenly double, if
not the best, white Daisy in cultivation, as well as by far the earliest to come into blow ; its
flowers are of medium size, but produced in great abundance and in regular succession,
and are well raised above the foliage, which is not by any means of so vigorous or robust a
habit of growth as that of daisies in general ; in fact, I should say that, unless in soils and
aspects that specially suited it, this variety might prove of a delicate and unsatisfactory
constitution, but where it thrives, it would be hard indeed to beat it.

102

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[May,

Double Red-flowered AucuBjEFOLiA ; An exceedingly effective and ornamental Daisy,
bnt, unfortunately, one for which the voracious and night-crawling slug has a peculiar
partiality, it being the only variety touched by these animals, while, strange to say, they did
not touch the equally conspicuously variegated white-flowered variety growing in the very
next clump.

Whitb-flowered Aucub^folia, Flower of Spring : This fine novelty, raised by an
amateur florist at Reading, and sent out by Messrs Henderson, of St. John’s Wood, is a great
and decided acquisition to this class of plants, being of exceedingly free and vigorous habit of
growth, and producing in great profusion its pure, white, quilled flowers, which form a veiy
pleasing contrast to the brilliant golden variegation of the foliage.

Bellis roseo-tincta, sometimes known as Pink Beauty : A most delicate and lovely
variety, resembling when the flowers are not quite fully developed, a beautiful Persian Ranun¬
culus, the ground-colour being blush-pink, all the petals being clearly and distinctly tipped with
deep rose. Unfortunately, the flower is not quite as fully double as could be wished, many
of the flowers, when fully expanded, showing a more or less hollow centre and deficiency of
petals. This, I should think, might be remedied by judicious culture or hybridization, by
which means the flower might be made to come more evenly, and fully double, while pre¬
serving its exquisite delicacy of tint. Still, even though unimproved, it will, on account
of its unique and delicate beauty, always commend itself to amateurs who are not very
particular.

Bellis grandiflora bicolor : A handsome parti-coloured daisy, with alternate petals
white and deep crimson, and of immense size and substance when it comes out really well, but
unfortunately, not to be relied on for early or regular blooming, for which reason I do not
think I should include it in a choice border another year, but should substitute for it an
exceedingly pretty deep crimson variety of the Little Dandy recently received.

Bellis ranunculiflora : The latest-blooming of all the Daisies known to me, and unfit
for use in an early spring border. In colour, this variety is almost exactly similar to the last-
named, but the flowers are rather smaller in size, and the habit of growth is by no means so
vigorous ; it may be useful for later work, either as edgings or clumps.

I have also recently received a single plant of an apparently perfectly distinct and fully-
double white Daisy, received by the friend who sent it to mo for trial from Messrs. Poulton
and Sons, of Edmonton, and named Queen of the Whites. If this turns out as good as it at
present promises to be, I shall, in all probability, substitute it in my next pattern border for
the worthless White Queen. Some of the new Victoria Daisies raised by Mr. B. W. Knight,
of Battle, Sussex, are very fine indeed, but only a few of these are yet in flower.

FEENS FOE THE MILLION.

'ANY of our beautiful native Ferns will feel quite at home in situations
where flowering plants could not live. Therefore, what is blank space
in many gardens may be used to grow Ferns, which would in this way
embellish many a dull comer.

The way in which Ferns are staged is everything. If they are grown on a
flat stage or platform they had better not be grown at all, for as a general rule,
they are a one-sided race, and hang out their handsome fronds from the upright
face of a rock, or from the chink between stones in a wall. Fortunately, their
localities are widely different, some rioting in the burning sun on a limestone
rock, others on the mossy trunk of a tree, whilst others, again, as the Osmunda^
delight in a peat bog with plenty of stagnant moss-water. The great body of
the tribe, however, seems to seek shelter, and they may often be found with a
veil of Bramble between them and the sun, and some deep ditch or steep hedge-
bank between them and the wind. Now, unless we keep this shade and shelter
before our eyes, we shall not succeed well with Fern-culture. I am not now going
into details as to what kinds should be planted, but only to show what kind of a
situation would best suit the plants, and be most enjoyed by the owners at a very
trifling cost.

1874.]

FEENS FOB THE MILLION.

103

Supposing, then, that we take our plan for the Fernery from the frying-pan.
The late Bishop of Exeter took the pattern on his fire-shovel for the plan of his
flower-garden, and it was praised, or rather, the Bishop got praised for his good
taste ; and reckoning the handle of our frying-pan to represent the stair or steep
pathway from the level of the garden down to the pit of the Fernery, and the
oval or circular pan to be the chief platform, some 8 ft. or 9 ft. below its surround¬
ings, we shall have a very good model to start with. Of course the earth, sand,
gravel, or stones excavated will raise the surroundings more than half, and the
whole affair is simply the digging of a large pit, and carefully placing the out¬
come in the form of a steep stage for plants, adding a garden-seat for visitors,
one or two small pools for Osmunda^ and a rustic bridge of very narrow span over
the water, but still leaving a large portion of the area covered with clean, dry
gravel, so that several persons could meet there, and rest under shelter from the
wind in this well-hole of wild (native) plants.

The secret of planting Ferns is to do it in mud or puddle. If you dig'up
grown Ferns in the woods, &c., and plant them in rich mud, they will scarcely
feel the change ; but it is not only the plants that want wet clay, the building of
the Fernery itself needs it as well, for if there be no stones to be had, nor any
cheap substitute, the stage must be made of puddled earth or clay, and just made
steep enough not to require support, say at an angle of 45°, or 2 ft. flat and 1 ft.
rise. Where, however, the materials will admit of steep building, so much the
better, as the plants will accommodate themselves to the locality, and hang out
from this rubble wall just as they hang out from a ditch-bank in the
uncultivated state.

All our native Ferns, with the exception of the common Bracken, may find a
place in such a cellar-dwelling as is here described ; and it would be good prac¬
tice for a beginner to try his powers on strong native plants, before he goes to any
great expense with rare ones. An old stone quarry, a gravel pit, a cairn of stones,
or the like, would be a treasure in this way for manufacture into a Fernery,
where the calm, the shade, and the moisture could be secured. A tent made of
cheese-cloth, and pitched over a Fern-pit, is a great luxury. The late Bishop
Philpott had a bunting-house at Bishopstowe, and the late Mr. Veitch had
bunting-houses or tents over his specimens for exhibition. Perhaps the hand¬
somest article in this way that I have ever seen, was the awning over a Tulip bed
in the priest’s garden at Isleworth ; and I had it from hear-say evidence that it
was the property of George Glenny, of floricultural fame. Most flowering plants
suffer from want of light when shaded, but Ferns seem to long for this dreamy,
sunset sort of life ; and the yellowish colour of the unbleached cheese-cloth is
better than any white tent to show off shades of green. Let no one think lightly
of our native Ferns until he has seen them at home in their native quarters, and
be it known that they are not like Byron’s Palm-tree,—

“ That could not leave its place of birth,

That would not live in other earth.”

104

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[May,

I have taken some hundreds away from a locality a few miles from Manchester,
and they have done well treated as here directed. — A. Forsyth, Salford.

PANTALOON POLYANTHUSES.

N" a very interesting illustrated pamphlet just published, “ Philanthos ”
has given a most interesting, but much too brief, account of the different
forms into which the Primrose varies. Some of these varieties are normal,
and are generally recognised as distinct plants, e.y., the Cowslip, the

1874. ]

PANTALOON POLYANTHUSES.

105

Oxlip, and the Polyanthus ; others are abnormal, and bear the curious names of
Hose-in-Hose, Pantaloon, and Galligaskin, a variation of the latter being called
Jackanapes-on-Horseback. The Hose-in-Hose are those which appear to have two

corollas, one springing out of the other, and no calyx— -the calyx, in fact, having
become corolloid. The Pantaloons are those which have the calyx enlarged
and leaf-like, instead of being so changed as to resemble the corolla ; and the
Galligaskins, are those in which the calyx-segments become developed into larger

106

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOHIST.

[ Mat,

foliaceous bodies, crisped and curled on the margins. The Jackanapes-on-
Horseback is an exaggerated form of this latter, in which the bracts at the base
of the umbel also become large and foliaceous. By the courtesy of the author
we are enabled to add figures of some of these forms, with which we quote the
explanatory remarks on the Pantaloons : —

4

“ This is a term applied by the old florists of two centuries ago to a form of
the Hose-in-Hose, ^ having green leaves about their blossoms, which are some¬
times variegated with the same colours as the flowers they encompass.’ This in
modern language signifies that the calyx is not an exact fac-simile of the corolla,
as in the Hose-in-Hose, but is enlarged, so as to become funnel-shaped, and while
partaking of the colour of the corolla, it is variegated with green stripes. They
are sometimes called by country people JacJc-in~the-Box. Of these I have a great
variety, ranging in colour from pale lemon-yellow to deep rich yellow, and from
yellow stained with red, through all shades of red to dark maroon.

“My original plants of the Pantaloon form I got from Mr. Webb, of Oalcot,
near Beading, under the name of Garibaldi. This gentleman is well known as a
great cultivator of the Polyanthus, the Primrose, and the Cowslip, and very kindly
presented me with all the varieties of Pantaloon in his collection. These were
yellow of various shades, brownish-red, and dark red. Since then I have, by
careful crossing, succeeded in raising a great variety with much larger flowers,
and embracing a great range of colour, from pale lemon to deep yellow, and from
pale brick to the richest maroon. Last year I raised a very fine variety produced
by a cross from one of the large-flowered Polyanthus, as the corolla is of unusually
large size, and the calyx equally so.

“ There is a curious variety of Pantaloon, raised by Mr. I. Anderson-Henry,
which has large foliaceous bracts, the same as in old Parkinson’s Jackanapes-on-
Horseback.

“ A bed of Pantaloons is one of the gayest sights in the spring and early-
summer flower-garden, and their fragrance is so powerful it may be scented at
a distance. There is no doubt that the Pantaloons come originally from the
Cowslip, for when the seed is sown, a considerable per-centage of the plants pro¬
duced are the common Cowslip, differing only in colour. I have, however, a fine
form of the Pantaloon which is a large-flowered deep crimson Primrose, and is
very gay in the flower-border in spring. This is met with in the cottage gardens
of East Sussex and some parts of Kent, and as it is a luxuriant grower and free
bloomer, it is pretty widely distributed.”

PAKASITIC FUNGI ON SYCAMORE LEAVES, Etc.

'INCE my paper on this subject (1873, p. 228) was written, I have observed
that the young leaves of the Sycamore become more or less blotched with
the Bhytisma acerinum., according to the quantity of old spotted ones which
lie beneath the trees in winter ; likewise, that the spots begin to appear
about the middle of May, each of them consisting of several dark specks, which
grow together and form the larger blotches. The Eev. M. J. Berkeley in his note
observes “ that the black spots may still be found in quantities on the leaves in
spring ; the waved lines then open, and clouds of spores are given out from the
leaves.” This is noteworthy, because it shows clearly how those parasitic fungi
are propagated which affect the leaves of plants, and are erroneously called blights.

1874. ]

EARLY PEACHES.

107

For instance, the dark spots common on Eose-leaves are due to a parasitic fungus
called Asteroma rosce^ wliicli often causes them to fall off at Midsummer. The
spores seem to be preserved in the spots on the membranes of the decayed leaves
until spring, when they open and give out the spores in the same way as those of
the Sycamore blotches. Perhaps the best remedy for all such pests is to remove
and burn the decayed leaves, and also a little of the surface-soil from under the
trees and bushes.

In the case of the Vine mildew, the spores lie torpid during winter in the
dark spots or marks on the previous season’s shoots which have been affected,
and then renew the pest. When the leaves and tender shoots are attacked, the
prescribed remedies [sulphur excepted] are of little avail, especially when applied
by unskilful hands ; the safest and best remedy is that of painting the vines after
they are pruned with a strong mixture of nearly equal proportions of lime, soot,
sulphur, and soap ; after pruning, it is desirable to pick up even the smallest twigs
and burn them, because they may contain spores which may vegetate in spring, and
thus affect the vines afresh. I have, however, no faith in the opinion that the kind
of mildew in question will grow on dead wood, nor even on the roots of trees, as
some other kinds of fungus do. Lately when renewing an old vine border, I
found the roots partly decayed, and covered with fungus-spawn, which brought
to my mind the erroneous belief that mildew on vines proceeds from the roots.
To test this, I put some of the spawn into a box among fresh soil, and from it I
had a crop of toadstools ! — J. Wighton, Cossey Parle.

EAELY PEACHES.

fT is very interesting to read the remarks of Mr. Eadcliffe, on both the early
and late Peaches which were raised by Mr. Eivers, because his experience

f gained at Okeford-Fitzpaine is totally different from that of the veteran
grower at Sawbridgeworth. I have not grown Early Louise., but Early
Beatrice and Early Rivers have borne crops of fruit at Loxford Hall for at least
five seasons. They are both acquisitions for their earliness, the fruit is only of
medium size, but ripens at least three weeks before Early York. Early Beatrice
is a few days earlier than Early Eivers, and is hardier withal, and the fruit keeps
better after it is ripe than does that of Early Eivers.

I can testify from experience that these early Peaches are very valuable for
Orchard-house culture, and no doubt they will be equally valuable for walls.
One desirable quality which pertains to the seedlings raised by Mr. Eivers is
that they nearly all set their fruit freely, which is a very important consideration.
What would be very desirable now, would be an Early Peach to ripen with
Early Beatrice, and with fruit of the same quality and size as Eoyal George. We
also require an early Nectarine. Hunt’s Tawny is of fair size, but not quite second-
rate as regards flavour. A much better Nectarine, larger and of superior flavour,
is a seedling, or rather, I believe, a sport, from one of Mr. Eivers’ Early Peaches,
named Lord Napier. I had a good crop of this from a pot-tree last season, and

108

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOOIST.

[Mat,

except that fine late Nectarine, Victoria^ and that best of orange-fleshed Nec¬
tarines, Pine-apple^ it is certainly the best of the Sawbridgeworth selection.

The Peaches and Nectarines seem to have set freely in the orchard-house this
year, as -usual. We have not had to bewail the loss of a full crop since the house
was built. The house is warmed with four rows of hot- water pipes, and the

I

heat can be turned on at any time, but this is seldom necessary except when the
trees are in blossom, and then it is necessary should there be a prospect of
severe frost, or continued dull cold weather, which is the worst condition of things.
At such a time, the pipes ought to bo warmed in the day-time, to raise the tempera¬
ture. These Early Peaches and Lord Napier Nectarine are also to be recommended
to be grown in pots, and placed in any suitable forcing-house, where they can receive
a fair share of sunshine. I have had good crops from trees placed against
the back wall of a Pine-house. They could be placed in a Peach-house if the
permanent trees did not overshadow them too much, and would give a few
dishes before the trained trees were ready. The quality of the fruit is not criticised
very severely, if it is the first dish of the season. — J. Douglas, Loxford Hall
Gardens^ Ilford.

LILAC DR. LINDLEY.

®HIS is by far the best addition which has been made of late years to our
hardy forcing shrubs. ' We hear and see a good deal of the French pro-

f Auctions in the way of white Lilac, but their plants are large before they
are fit for their method of forcing. Here, however, we have a sort that
will in a short time supersede that, with all persons who require to force, since it
sets its buds on small plants, and opens freely. We have some plants 18 in.
high, with a dozen clusters of bloom, and if forced in a shady house, it comes a
good white. When it is more plentiful, and the plants get up to, say, 3 ft. or so
in height, there will be no more showy plant for a greenhouse.

A good deal more has been made of the French practice of forcing white
Lilac than it deserves. In fact, if a demand were to spring up for it in our
markets, a good supply would soon follow, because if the tops are cut off, and
put in with bloom-buds well set and ripened, they will push their bloom as fine
and as good as whole plants, supposing always that they are forced in some sort
of dark house, say a cellar-like mushroom-house. — ^J. F., Cliveden.

NEW PRIMROSES.

OULD we but get the details of crosses made with a view of reaching certain
results frequently recorded, the information thus obtained would, in all
probability, throw considerable light on the interesting question of the
relative influence of the pollen and seed-bearing parents, as seen in the
progeny obtained from them. I have been very successful in a cross made
between what we have now in cultivation as Primula altaica^ which is said not to
be the true altaica, but simply a lilac-coloured common primrose, and the fine

■V

I'

' il

,

i| • JU .:faiiaLne del,

«»- _ _ _ , _ '

gooseberries,

1. CATHERINA. 2, HENSON’S SEEDLING,

1874. ]

DESSERT GOOSEBERRIES. - ROSES AND ROSE-CULTURE.

.109

crimson variety known as P. vulgaris auriculosjiora. P. altaica was the seed-
parent, and it is a large and rather loose, unattractive flower. What I have may
be a seedling only, and it is pin-eyed. P. auriculcejlora is of fine form, has a thrum
eye, and is of a brilliant hue of maroon-crimson. This was the pollen-parent.
About six of the seedlings bloomed this season ; all have the foliage of the seed-
parent, but all are much deeper in colour, varying from soft mauve to a fine hue
of rosy-purple. The colour of the pollen-parent here manifests itself. The
flowers are all large in size, stout, and with one exception, thrum-eyed. Here,
again, the fine quality of the pollen-parent asserts itself. It is a remarkable
break, and by crossing on these again some of the finer types, I hope to get even
more satisfactory results. The seed-parent is seen in the foliage, the influence
of the pollen-parent most unmistakably in the flowers. — Dean, Ealing.

DESSERT GOOSEBERRIES.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

[NE of the varieties of Gooseberry represented in the accompanying plate,
Catherina (fig. 1), was obligingly sent to us last season, with many others of
excellent quality, by Mr. 0. Leicester, of Macclesfield. It will be seen from
our figure, which is a true portrait, that it is of large size and very hand¬
some appearance ; it belongs to the class of hairy yellows, and being possessed of
a good flavour, it is in every way deserving of cultivation for its quality as
a dessert fruit, as well as for its merits as a favourite exhibition kind.

Henson’s Seedling (fig. 2) is a novelty brought before the Royal Horticultural
Society last year, by Mr. Henson, of Newark, near Peterborough, when it was
found to be of exceedingly good quality, and was awarded a First-class Certificate
as a new and distinct variety. It is stated to be a chance seedling, having been
originally taken from a hedge in the neighbourhood of Peterborough, and not a
garden-raised sort. However this may be, it is a finely-flavoured variety, well
worthy of cultivation as a dessert fruit, and though not large enough to rank
amongst the show kinds, is quite large enough for general purposes. It belongs
to the hairy-red section.

ROSES AND ROSE-CJULTURE.

Chapter XX. — Selections of Varieties Suitable for Various Purposes.
HERE is a diflSculty in making selections of Roses even for special purposes,
because so many gardens have their peculiarities of soil and climate
which require to be taken into account, in order that the best possible
selection may be made. With those who are not well acquainted with
Roses and the conditions of their successful cultivation, it is the best plan to
appeal to some one who is well informed on the subject, stating all the conditions
of soil and climate, and the special objects the cultivator has in view. By this
means the end desiderated may be surely and completely attained.

The following lists, then, should be taken, as of a general character, as the
best only for such gardens— which are numerous — where no special conditions

110

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST

[MAT,

of soil and climate exist.
1871, page 244, and 1872.

One Hundred
Moss.

Crested.

Hybrid Chinese,

Charles Lawson.

Hybrid Perpetuals.

Abel Grand.

Alfred Colomb.

Andrd Dnnand.

Antoine Ducher.

Baron Chanrand.

Beauty of Waltham.

Bessie Johnson.

Black Prince.

Camille Bemardin.

Caroline de Sansal.

Centifolia rosea.

Charles Lefebvre.

Claude Levet.

Comte Raimbaud.

Comtesse de Chabrillant. .
Countess of Oxford.

Devienne Lamy.

Dr. Andry.

Due de Rohan.

Duchesse de Oaylus.

Duke of Edinburgh.

Dupuy Jamain.

Edward Morren.

Elio Morel.

'Emilie Hausburg.

Etienne Levet.

Exposition de Brie.

Felix Genero.

Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Fisher Holmes.

Fran9ois Michelon.

One Hundred
Provence.

Cabbage or Common.

White Provence.

Moss.

Baron de Wassenaer.

Crested.

Common.

Gloire des Mousseuses.

Lanei.

Reine Blanche.

White Bath.

jDamash.

Madame Soetmans.

Alba.

F^licit^ Pannentier.

French or Gallica.
(Eillet Parfait.

Perlo des Panaches.

Hybrid Chinese.
Charles Lawson.

Coupe d’H^bd.

Madame Plantier.

Paul Ricaut.

For lists of the best Tea-
page 28 : —

Good Show Roses, Dwarfs
Fran9ois Treyve.

General Jacqueminot.

Horace Vernet.

Jean Lambert.

John Hopper.

John Keynes.

La Duchesse de Momy.

La France.

Lselia.

Lord Macaulay.

Louis Van Houtte.

Lyonnais.

Madame Alice Dureau.
Madame C. Crapelet.

Madame Chas. Wood.

Madame Chirard.

Madame C. Joigneaux.
Madame Creyton.

Madame Fillion.

Madame Geo. Schwartz.
Madame Lacharme.

Madame la Baronne de
Rothschild.

Madame Victor Verdier.
Madame Vidot.

Madlle. Annie Wood.

Madlle. Bonnaire.

Madlle. Eugenie Verdier.
Madlle. Marie Rady.

Madlle. Thdr^se Levet.
Marguerite de St. Amand.
Marie Baumann.

Marquise de Castellano.
Maurice Bernardin.

Monsieur Noman.

Paul Neron.

xOOD Garden Roses, Dwarfs

Austrian.

Persian Yellow.

Perpetual Moss.
Madame Moreau.

Madame William Paul.
Perpetual White Moss.

Salet.

Hybrid Peipetuals.

Abb^ Brammerel.

Alfred Colomb.

Anna Alexieff.

Antoine Ducher.

Auguste Rigotard.

Baron de Bonstetten.

Beauty of Waltham.

Boule de Neige.

Centifolia rosea.

Charles Lefebvre.

Comtesse de Chabrillant.
Countess of Oxford.

Dr. Andry.

Duchesse de Caylus.

Duke of Edinburgh.

scented Eoses see Florist,

•R Standards^

Pierre Netting.

Prince Camille de Rohan.
Princess Beatrice.

Richard Wallace.

Senateur Vaisse.

Souvenir de Mens. Boll.
Victor Verdier.

Xavier Olibo.

Bourbon.

Souvenir de Malmaison.

Noisette.

Celine Forestier.

Cloth of Gold.

Madame Caroline Kuster.

Tea-scented.

Alba rosea.

Belle Lyonnaise.

Catherine Mermet.

Climbing Devoniensis.

Gloire de Dijon.

Jean Pernet.

Madame Margottin.

Madame Villermoz.

Madlle. Marie Amaud.
Mardchal Niel.

Marie Ducher.

Marie Van Houtte.

Niphetos.

Perfection do Monplaisir.
Perle de Lyon.

Rubens.

Souvenir de Paul Neron.
Souvenir d’Elise Vardon.
Souvenir d’un Ami.
Triomphe de Guillot fils.

OR Standards.

Duke of Wellington.

Dupuy Jamain.

Elie Morel.

Elizabeth Vigneron.

Felix Genero.

Firebrand.

Fisher Holmes.

General Jacqueminot.

Jean Goujon.

Jean Lambert.

John Hopper.

Jules Margottin.

Lady Suffield.

La Brillante.

La France.

Lord Macaulay.

Louis Van Houtte.

Louise Darzens.

Mme. Alfred de Rougemont.
Madame Boutin.

Madame Chas. Wood.
Madame C. Joigneaux.
Madame Emile Boyau.

1874. ]

EOSES AND EOSE-OULTUEE

111

Madame la Baronne de Eoths-
Madame Rivers. [child.

Madame Victor Veidier.
Madlle. Annie Wood.

Madlle. Eng4nie Verdier.
Madlle. Marie Rady.

Madlle. Th^r^se Lovet.

Marie Baumann.

Marquise de Castellano.
Maurice Bemardin.

Paul Neron.

President Thiers.

Prince Camille de Rohan.
Xavier Olibo.

Prince de Portia.

*

Princess Beatrice.
Princess Christian.
Princess of Wales.
Senateur Vaisse.

Thorin.

Victor Verdier.

Bourhon Perpetual.
Baron Gonella.

Comtesse Barbantanne.
Madame Gustave Bonnet.
Michel Bonnet.

Bourhon.

Souvenir de Malmaison.

Noisette.
Celine Forestier.

China.

Mrs. Bosanquet. •
Tea-scented.
Adrienne Christophle.
Alba Rosea.

Belle Lyonnaise.
Gloire de Dijon.
Homer.

Madame Falcot.
Madame Margottin.
Madame Villermoz.
Marie Van Houtte.
Safrano.

Sombreuil.

Souvenir d’lm Ami.

Thirty-two Roses for Town Gardens.

Madame Hardy.

Madame Soetmans.

Brennus.

Charles Duval.

Charles Lawson.

Chenedol^.

Coupe d’H^bd.

Madame Plantier.

Alphonse Damaizin.

Anna Alexieff.

Beauty of Waltham.

Fulgens.

General Jacqueminot (Hybrid
Madame Plantier. [Chinese).
Vivid.

Charles Lefebvre.

Dr. Andry.

Duchess of Sutherland.

Duke of Edinburgh.

Elizabeth Vigneron.

General Jacqueminot.

Glory of Waltham.

Horace Vernet.

John Hopper.

Jules Margottin.

Madame Clemence Joigneaux.

Twelve Weeping Roses.
Ruga.

F^licite perpdtu^.

Laure Davoust.

Cdline Forestier.

Madame Victor Verdier.
Marechal Vaillant.

Prince Camille de Rohan.
Prince de Joinville.

Princess of Wales.

Souvenir de la Reine d’ Angle'
terre.

Aimde Vibert.

Mrs. Bosanquet.

Sombreuil.

Gloire de Dijon.

Desprez a fleur jaune
Ophirie.

Gloire de Dijon.

Marechal Niel.

Twenty-four Pillar Roses suitable for forming Pillars from 8 ft. to 10 ft. high.

Princess Adelaide (Moss).
Lanei.

Madame Soetmans.
Brennus.

Charles Lawson.
Chenedole.

Madame Plantier.

Paul Verdier.

Vivid.

Anna Alexieff.

Baron Chaurand.

Duke of Edinburgh.
Elizabeth Vigneron.
General de Lamartini^re.
Glory of Waltham.
Madame C. Crapelet.
Madame Jacquier.

Marquise de Gibot.

Marquise de Ligneris.
Perfection de Lyon.

Princess Louise Victoria.
Souvenir de la Reine d’ Angle
terre.

Climbing Aimde Vibert.
Gloire de Dijon.

Roses for Trellises, Arcades, and Walls, the Plants growing
from 20 FT. TO 40 FT. IN HEIGHT.

Twenty-four Climbing

Laure Davoust.

Fdlicit4 perp^tue.
Myrianthes renoncule.
Ruga.

White Banksia (Wall).
Yellow Banksia (Wall).
Blairii No. 2.

Celine Forestier.

Hybrid Chinese.
Charles Lawson.

Paul Ricaut.

Hybrid Perpetuals.
Alba mutabilis.

Alfred Colomb.
Alphonse Damaizin.
Anna Alexieff.

Desprez ^ fleur jaune.

Cloth of Gold (Wall).

Ophirie.

Solfaterre (Wall).

Belle de Bordeaux.

Belle Lyonnaise.

Climbing Devonienis.

Gloire de Dijon.

One Hundred Pot-Roses.

Antoine Ducher.

Auguste Rigotard.

Baron Adolphe de Rothschild.
Beauty of Waltham.

Bessie Johnson.

Camille Bemardin.

Caroline de Sansal.

Centifolia rosea.

Madame Levet.

Madame Trifle.

Mardchal Niel (Wall).
Triomphe de Guillot fils.
Brennus.

Charles Lawson.
Chenedold.

Vivid.

Charles Lefebvre.

Claude Levet.

Coeur de Lion.

Comte Raimbaud.
Comtesse de Chabrillant.
Countess of Oxford.
Devienne Lamy.

Dr. Andry.

112

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOQIST.

[ May,

Duchesse de Caylus.

Duke of Edinburgh.

Duke of Wellington.

Dupuy Jamain.

Edward Morren.

Elie Morel.

Etienne Levet.

Felix Genero.

Ferdinand de Lesseps.
Fisher Holmes.

Fran9ois Fontaine.

Fran9ois Michelon.

Fran9oi8 Treyve.

General Jacqueminot.

Glory of Waltham.

Horace Veraet.

John Hopper.

Jules Margottin.

La France.

Laelia.

Louis Van Houtte.

Lyonnais.

Mme. Alfred de Rougemont.
Mme. Alice Dureau.

Madame Chas. Wood.
Madame C. Joigneaux.
Madame Fillion.

New Roses

Ad^le Bourdeau (Boui-bon).
Albert Paye (H.P.).

Antoine Castel (H.P.).

Aureus (Tea).

Baronne de Vittat (H.P.).
Bouquet de Vierge (Bourbon).
Captain Christy (H.P.).
Catinat (H.P.).

C^lestine Pourreaux (H.P.).
Claire Carnot (Noisette).
Comtesse de Brosson (H.P.).
Comtesse de Maussac (H.P.).
Deuil de Paul Fontaine (P.M.).
Docteur Brechemier (H.P.).
Docteur Wilhelm Neubert
(H.P.).

Due de Nassau (H.P.).
Duchesse d’Harcourt (H.P.).
Ernest Herger (H.P.).

Etienne Dubois (H.P.).
Etienne Dupuy (H.P.).
Eugfene Delamare (Bourbon).
Eugenie Wilhelm (H.P.).
Francisque Barillot (H.P.).
Fran9oisCourtin(H.P.). [bon).
Fran9ois Dugommier (Bour-

Mme. la Baronne de Roths¬
child.

Madame Lacharme.

Madame Victor Verdier.
Madlle. Annie Wood.

Madlle. Eugenie Verdier.
'Madlle. Marie Rady.

Madlle. Marguerite Dombrain.
Madlle. Th^r^se Levet.
Marguerite de St. Amand.
Marie Baumann.

Marquise de Castellano.
Marquise de Mortemarte.
Maurice Bemardin.

Paul Neron.

Paul Verdier.

Pierre Netting.

Princess Beatrice.

Princess Christian.

Princess Louise Victoria.
Princess Mary of Cambridge.
Richard Wallace.

Senateur Vaisse.

Souvenir de Mens. Boll.
Victor Verdier.

Xavier Olibo.

Bourbon Perpetual.
Michel Bonnet.

Bourbon.

Souvenir de Malmaison.

Noisette.

Celine Forestier.

Tea-scented.

Alba rosea.

Catherine Mermet.
Devoniensis.

Gloire de Dijon.

Jean Pernet.

Madame Camille.

Madame Falcot.

Madame do St. Joseph.
Madame Jules Margottin.
Madame Margottin.

Madame Villermoz.

Madlle. Cecil Berthed.
Mar^chal Niel.

Marie Duchei-.

Marie Van Houtte.

Monsieur Furtado.

Niphetos.

Perfection de Montplaisir.
President.

Rubens.

Souvenir d’Elise Vardon.
Souvenir de Paul Neron.
Souvenir d’un Ami.

SIGHT OF.

Crimson Boursault.

Single Macartney.

Scarlet Four Seasons.
OldChina or Monthly. [Jaune).
Yellow Tea - scented (Th4
Lawrenceana or Miniature
China.

Old Roses that should not be lost

Cabbage or Common Provence.
Crested Provence.

White Provence.

De Maaux Miniature Provence.
Old or Common Moss.
Pompon Moss.

White Moss.

Maiden’s Blush (Alba).
Painted Damask.

Tuscany.

Rosa Mundi.

Village Maid.

Yellow Austrian.

Copper Austrian.

FROM France not yet proved

Gabrielle Martel (Tea).
Gdn^ral Dumouriez (H.P.).
Helvetia (Tea).

Hortense Mignard, or Lucie
Baltet (H.P.).

James W'att (H.P.).

Jean Dalmais (H.P.).

John Harrison (H.P.).

Kleber (H.P.).

La Florif^re (H.P.).

La Liberation (Bourbon).

Le Bignonia (Tea).

Louis Brassac (H.P.).

Madame Albert Fitler (H.P.).
Madame Bernutz (H.P.).
Madame Delaville (Tea).
Madame Desbordeaux (H.P.).
Madame Deseilligny (Tea).
Madame Guyot de Villeneuve
(H.P.).

Madame Hunebelle (H.P.).
Madame Landeau (P. Moss).
Madame Louis L4veque(H.P.).
Madame Marie Finger (H.P.).
Madame Nachury (H.P.).
Madame Rival Verne (H.P.).

sr England.

Madame SaisonLierval(H.P.).
Madame Thiers (Bourbon).
Mdlle. Antonia Decarli (Tea).
Mademoiselle Dumaine (H.P.).
Marguerite Jamain (H.P.).
Marguerite Lartay (Bourbon).
Maria Theresa (H.P.).

Marie Duncan (H.P.).
Miller-Hayes (H.P.).

Olga Marix (H.P.).

Ophelia (Tea).

Panachde Langroise (H.P.).
Pauline Talabot (H.P.).
Perfection des Blanches
(Hybrid Noisette).
Philiberte Pellet (H.P.).
President Hardy (H.P.).
Prince Paul Demidoff (H.P.).
Sanglant (China).

Souvenir de Madame Alexis
Michaut (H.P.).

Souvenir de Spa (H.P.).
Theodore Buchetet (H.P.).
Thomas Mills (H.P.). [H.P.).
Triomphe des Rosom^nes
Triomphe de Toulouse (H.P.).

1874. ]

DENDEOBIUM AINSWOETHII.

•113

Twenty-four Seed-bearing H.P. Roses.

Alfred Colomb.

Antonine Verdier.

Baron do Bonstetten,

Beauty of Waltham,

Dr. Andry.

Duke of Edinburgh,

Dupuy Jamain.

Fisher Holmes,

Roses raised
Mr. William Paul.
Beauty of Waltham.

Black Prince.

Coem’ de Lion.

Diana.

Dr. Lindley.

Elizabeth Vigneron.

Firebrand.

Glory of Waltham.

Lady Suffiold.

Lord Herbert.

Lord Macaulay.

Madame Emile Boyau.

Peach Blossom.

President.

Prince Albei’t.

Prince Leopold.

Princess Alice.

Princess Beatrice.

Princess Christian.

Princess of Wales.

Queen Victoria.

Queen of Waltham.

Red Rover.

St. George.

Star of Waltham.

Virgil,

Vivid, •

General Jacqueminot,

Glory of Waltham.

John Hopper.

Jules Margottin.

Lady Suffield.

Madame Chas. Ci apelet.
Madame Victor Verdier.
Madlle. Annie Wood.

or introduced by English !

Messrs. Paul & Son.
Cheshunt Hybrid.

Climbing Victor Verdier.
Duke of Edinburgh.

Earl of Eldon.

Lord Clyde.

Prince of Wales.

Princess Mary of Cambridge.
Reynolds Hole.

Strong i’ th’ Arm.

Mr. Cranston.

King’s Acre.

Mr. Curtis.

Bessie Johnson.

Climbing Aimee Vibert.
Climbing Devoniensis.

Mr. Standish.

Andrd Leroy.

Eugene Appert.

Rev. H. Dombrain.

Reynolds Hole.

Messrs. Wood & Son.
Duchess of Norfolk,

Mr. Walker.

Beauty of Thame.

Madlle. Eugenie Verdier.
Madlle. Th^rfese Levet.

Marie Baumann.

Prince Camille de Rohan.
Souvenir de Dr, Jamain,
Thorin.

Victor Verdier.

William Jesse,

3SE-GROWER8.

Messrs. Lucombe & Co.
Devoniensis.

Mr. T. Laxton.

Annie Laxton.

Empress of India.

Princess Louise.

Mr. Ward.

Ipswich Gem.

John Hopper.

Mrs. Berners.

Mrs. Ward,

Mr. Dickson.
Alexander Dickson.

Mr, Turner.

Floreat Etona,

Lord Napier,

Miss Poole.

. Miss Ingram.

Mr. Knight.
Princess Louise Victoria.

Messrs. Bell & Sons.
General von Moltke.

Mr. Bennett.

Duchess of Edinburgh (H.P.),

Messrs. Veitch & Sons.
Duchess of Edinburgh (H,T,),

DENDEOBIUM AINSWOETHII.

jYBRID Orchids are coming thickly upon us. It is well known that
numerous beautiful subjects have been raised in Messrs. Veitch’s establish¬
ments, a very marked degree of success having attended their efforts in
hybridising Cattleyas, Leelias, and Cypripediums. In the plant here
figured, for the woodcut of which we are indebted to the Gardeners^ Chronicle^
we have another first-class novelty from another source — the collection of Dr.
Ainsworth, of Broughton, Manchester. It is a very distinct and attractive plant,
well worthy to bear the name of one of the liberal patrons of the Orchid
family who have made Manchester famous as a centre of Orchid-culture.

Mr. Mitchell, Dr. Ainsworth’s very successful gardener, informs us that
Dendrohnm Ainswortldi is a hybrid between D. heterocarpum and D. nobile.
The seed was sown in March, 1867, on a block of wood, and on February 1,
1874, the plant opened its first flowers. During its earlier stages the plant grew
very slowly, but last year its progress was more rapid, its pseudobulbs increasing
from 4 in. to 1 ft. in length, From this fact Mr, Mitchell draws the inference

114

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST

[May,

that it will prove to be a plant of free growth, as it already proves to be one of
free-flowering habit. The illustration of the plant is from a photograph, while
the detached flowers are of the natural size, as shown at South Kensington on
February 18, when it received the award of a First-class Certificate. The colour-

Dendrobium Ainsworthii, the Seedling Plant, from a Photograph.

ing of the flower is very pleasing, the ground-colour being white, with a large
blotch of rich amaranth, feathered at the edge, occupying a conspicuous position
on the lip. When it becomes well established, Dendrohium Ainsworthii will be
^ decorative Orchid of the first rank, — T. Moore.

1874. ]

NOTABLE NEW PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

115

NOTABLE NEW PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

[r.c.O. = First-class Certificate ; b.c. = Botanical Certificate i f.c. = Floricultural

Certificate."!

I GAVE Taylori [b.c.]. — A hybrid between A. fje77iiniJlom md A . densi^
flora^ with dark green leaves, a foot in length, bordered with white, and
having long white filaments. — Mr. B. S. Williams: March 25.

Anthurium hybridum [b.c.]. — A stove perennial of distinct char¬
acter, with broad, bluntly-hastate green leaves, on brown terete stalks.—
Mr. B. S. Williams : E.B.S.^ March 25.

Boronia megastigma [f.o.c.]. — A slender-growing species, bearing numerous
small flowers, pendent, bell-shaped, and of a dark maroon-colour, yellow in the
interior, and very fragrant. — Messrs. Veitch 4' Sons : B.B.S.^ April 25 ; B.H.S.,
April 1.

Cattleya gigas [F.c.c.].-r-An extremely fine imported form of the lahiata
type, the flowers having a very large broad fringed lip of a rich violet-crimson hue,
with two yellow spots. — Messi's. Veitch 4' Sons : R.H.S..) Apinl 15.

Cattleya Veitohiana [b.c.]. — A fine hybrid raised between C. lahiata and
crispa. It is remarkable for its solitary dark-stained leaf, and its large rosy
flowers, the lip richly tipped with purple and yellow in the centre. — Messrs.
Veitch 4' Sons : B.B.S.^ March 25.

Ceterach aureum [f.c.c.]. — A grand evergreen greenhouse fern, from
Teneriffe, resembling a giant form of our common Scaly Spleenwort, the fronds
being a foot long and three or four inches broad. — Mr. B. S. Williams : R.H.S..,
April 15.

Chysis Chelsoni [b.c.]. — A fine hybrid form,- with terete pseudobulbs, and
yellow flowers, the upper half red-brown, the lip spotted with crimson. — Messrs.
Veitch 4' Sons : R.B.S., Ma^'ch 25.

Cineraria Countess of Derby [f.c.]. — Broadly margined with deep violet-
blue on a white ground, grey disc, fine form. — Mr. J. James : R.B.S., March 25.

Cineraria Lord Derby [f.c.c.]. — Pale disc, white ground, and broad
margin of deep rose; fine form. — Mr. J. James: R.B.S., March 25.

Cineraria Right Hon. B. Disraeli [f.c.]. — Broad margin of purple-
crimson; grey disc, white ground; very fine form. — Mr. J. James: R.B.S.,
March 25.

Clematis Countess of Lovelace [f.c.c.]. — A charming double -flowered
variety in the way of John Gould Veitch., but larger and deeper in colour, which
is of a pleasing soft blue-mauve. It differs in having large guard sepals, and
in being coloured to the centre. — Messrs. Jackman 4' Son: R.B.S.., March 25 ;
R.H.S., April 15.

Clematis Lord Gifford [f.c.c.]. — A spring-flowering variety, with eight-
sepaled medium-sized flowers of a rosy-lilac hue ; novel and pleasing, the sepals
oblong-acuminate in outline. — Mr. C. Nolle: R.H.S., April 15.

Clematis Marquis of Salisbury [f.c.c.]. — A very fine addition to the
spring-flowering section, having rich bright maroon-purple six-sepaled flowers,
with a flame of claret-red along each segment. — Messi's. Jackman 4' Son:
R.H.S., April 15.

Clematis Vesta [f.c.]. — A large pure satin-white variety of the spring¬
flowering type, the flowers eight-sepaled, and massive, with dark anthers. — Messrs.
Jackman 4‘ Son: R,B,S,-) March 25.

L 2

116

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[MAY,

OuRMERiA piOTUEATA [b.c.]. — A Maranta-like plant, with ovate-cordate leaves,
along the centre of which is a broad band of silver-grey. — Messrs. Veitcli ^ Sons :
R.B.S.^ March 25.

Cyclamen Meteor [f.o.]. — Blood-crimson, very bright and striking. — Mr.
H. Little : E.B.S., March 25.

Cyclamen Prince of Purples [f.o.]. — Crimson, dashed with a fine hue of
purple ; fine and distinct. — Mr. H. Little : B.B.S.^ March 25.

Cyclamen Eose Queen [f.c.o.]. — Bright crimson-rose, a charming and
distinct hue of colour. — Mr. H. Little : B.B.S.., March, 25 ; E.H.S., Aiwil 1.

Cyclamen Eoyal Purple [f.c.o.].— Eich glowing purple ; large and very fine.
— ilfr. H. Little: E.H.S., April 1.

Cypripedium Argus [b.c.]. — A Philippine-Islands species of the harlatum
type, with leaves handsomely tesselated with grey, and dark purple-spotted
petals. — Messrs. Veitch 4' Sons : E.B.S,, March 25.

Cypripedium Eoezlii [b.c.]. — A vigorous-habited New-Granada stove
epiphyte, with long ligulate acute leaves, and narrow-petaled flowers, purple
at the tip; the lip yellow. — Messrs. Veitch ^ Sons: E.B.S., March 25;’ also
Mr. B. S. Williams.

Drao-Ena Baptistei [b.c.].— a distinct and striking form, having the leaves
of a purplish-bronze colour, with a rosy edge, and marked with rosy stripes.
^Messrs. Veitch 4" Sons : E.B.S., March 2h.

Eranthemum reticulatum aureum [b.c.]. — A sub-shrubby stove plant, the
oblong lanceolate leaves of which are closely belted with yellow veins, which
pass to crimson as they become older. — Messrs. Veitch 4' Sons : E.B.S., March 25.

Ficus Parcelii [f.c.c.].— An extremely handsome variegated shrubby plant,
the large bold herbaceous leaves being finely blotched with cream on a dark
green ground ; a great acquisition. — 3Iess?'s. Veitch 4' Sons : E.H.S., April 15.

Gymnogramma decomposita [b.c.]. — A fine stove golden fern, remarkable
for its finely-cut decompound fronds, resembling pulchella.— J/?'. B. S. Williams :
E.B.S., 3Iarch 25.

HippeastruM Oriflamme [f.c.o.]. — A fine Amaryllis, very bright scarlet, an
intense and very telling hue of colour. — 3Ir. B. S. Williams: E.H.S., April 1.

Hyacinth (s. w.) Anna and (s. b.) Sir Garnet Wolseley [f.o.]. — ^Fine
novelties, described at p. 82. — Messrs. Veitch 4' Sons : E.B.S., 31arch 25.

Hyacinth (s. w.) Minister Thorbeck [f.c.]. — Grey, dashed with pale
mauve on the reverse of the petals ; very fine bells and spike. — Messrs. Veitch 4'
Son : E.B.S., 3Iarch 25.

Hyacinth (s. mauve) Von Schiller [f.c.]. — Mauve-claret, with dark
stripes ; good bell and close spike ; in the way of Haydn, but said to be darker.
— 3Iessrs. Veitch 4‘ Sons: E.B.S., March 25.

Lzglia flammea [b.c.].— a hybrid raised between Tj. Pilcheri and L. cinna-
barina, shown provisionally as L. Veitchii ; the flowers large, and of a distinct
orange-colour ; the lower part of the lip deep crimson, an& handsomely fringed.
— 3Iessrs. Veitch 4' Sons: E.B.S., 3Iarch 25.

Passiflora quadrangularis VARiEGATA [b.c,]. — -A Variety of the square¬
stemmed Passion-flower, in which the leaves are freely blotched like the Aucuba*
— 3Iessrs. Veitch 4" Sons : E.B.S.,3Iarch2b.

Eose (h.p.) Duchess of Edinburgh [f.c.c.].— A charming Boscj of a clear

1874. ]

GARDEN GOSSIP. — GARDEN WORK FOR MAY.

117

soft pink hue, of full substance, and with a reflexed character like La France,^
Mr. H. Bennett: April 1,

Saxo-Friderioia subcord ata [b.o.]. — The correct name of the plant noted
as Rapatea p)andanoides^ at p. Cl. It is a very singular plant, of the Xyridaceous
order, and closely related to the rushes. — Messrs. Veitch ^ Sons: R.B.S.^Marck 25.

Vanda ccerulesoens [b.o.]. — An Indian species, of small stature, with large
blue flowers, having the anterior part of the lip very dark blue.— iliessrs. Veitch -
Som : R.B.S.-i March 25.

GAKDEN GOSSIP.

E have previously, in these pages, directed attention to M. Alphand^s

splendid work on the Parks and Gardens of Paris, entitled Les Promenades

de Paris (published by Eothschild, 13 Eue des Saints Peres, Paris ;

Barthes and Lowell, Great Marlborough Street, London), and we have

now the satisfaction to announce that the work has been completed. It is so full of informa¬
tion, so abounding in plans, in sketches of scenery, in figures showing the habit and character
of all kinds of decorative plants, that it ought to be in all public libraries and in all garden .
libraries. It is produced with so much artistic taste and merit, that it ought on that ground
to find a place in the library of every country mansion. We shall endeavom* next month to
give an analysis of its contents.

- ^ WRITER in Notes and Queries states that the origin of the name

Green Gage is simply that the Plum was brought into England, about the
middle of the last century, by the Eev. John Gage, Eoman Catholic priest,

in some way connected with a monastery or conventual establishment in France.
The laws of that time against Roman Catholic priests were so severe that Mr. Gage
lived abroad, but frequently visited his brother, Sir Thomas Gage, of Hengrave Hall, near
Coldham, in the county of Suffolk, fifth baronet. In one of these visits he brought over, from
the garden of the monastery, grafts of this excellent fruit-tree, which were cultivated in the
garden at Hengrave Hall, and soon were spread throughout England.

- ^ NEW tuberous-rooted Begonia called Begonia octopetala.^ has lately

been introduced by Messrs. Froebel, of Zurich. It has large rounded leaves, and

very large 8-petaled flowers, white on the inner surface, rose-pink beneath, almost

as in Anemone japonica alba. The plant is a native of the highlands of Peru, and may be
considered as hardy as B. boliviensis. Amongst the hybrids of this latter some double-
flowered forms have appeared, both in the establishment of Messrs. E. G. Henderson and Son
and in that of M. Lemoine. It is the male flowers only which are double, and they are doubled
by the substitution of petals for stamens.

GAEDEN WOEK FOE MAY.

FLOWERS.

PEING-FLO WEEING plants must soon give place to the summer occupants
of the flower-garden, and a stock for another year must be provided for
by dividing and replanting a sufficiency in the reserve ground. Having,
therefore, devised and sketched out the arrangements for summer planting,
proceed with the renovation of the soil, the exigencies of cultivation as to
manuring being iniled by the crop the beds are to carry. Such plants as are
prized for the magnitude of their foliage must have an abundance of rotten
manure, and the soil deeply worked up ; in fact deep cultivation is most desirable
with all plants. Calceolarias, Variegated Pelargoniums^ Lobelias., Violas., &c.,
luxuriate in a fresh, turfy soil, well enriched ; while flowering Pelargoniums.,
Tropceolums., &c., bloom most satisfactorily in a poor soil. Coleus^ AlUrnanthera^

118

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[May,

and tlie majority of plants used for carpet-bedding delight in a light, rich soil, and
stiff and formal as this style is, it is highly fashionable. Simplicity of arrange¬
ment is the most effective, while intricacy of design often results in a muddle.
Edgings of Echeverias and other hardy subjects may be planted at once, and
towards the middle of the month. Calceolarias^ Verbenas^ and others of the
hardier plants, the state of the weather being the best index by which to rule
these operations. Defer the planting-out of tender plants until June. Roses must
have attention, so as to keep down the insects. Clip Box edgings. Plant out
spring-struck Phloxes and other hardy perennials, and propagate for stock.

In the Conservatory it will be desirable to prolong as much as possible the
flowering period of such plants as are in bloom ; therefore a slight shading will be
necessary during the heat of the day, securing meanwhile a healthy circulation of
air, as the blossoms quickly fade in a close, humid atmosphere. Camellias and
other plants, which are moisture-loving plants during their season of growth, are
not unfrequently planted out in such structures. It will be necessary to syringe
these freely early in the afternoon, so that the atmosphere may become somewhat
dry before night, leaving on a chink of air at the highest point to prevent excess
of condensation. Pillar and roof-climbers will require regular attention.

In the Stove constant attention must be directed to the repotting of plants
before they become pot-bound, and the potting-on of all cuttings that are rooted.
Poinsettias should be propagated and kept growing in a brisk temperature, keeping
such as are cut hard back for potting on, near to the glass. Achimenes^ Gloxinias^
&c., do best with an abundance of light, and should be kept near to the glass;
whilst under-growth plants, especially such as delight in shade, must be screened
from the sun. Staking, training, and stopping back quick-growing subjects
must have prompt attention.

Orchids should now be encouraged to make a vigorous growth, watering
them freely, and maintaining a humid, moist atmosphere ; shade from direct sun,
and ventilate freely. Ferns must also have an abundance of water at the root,
with a moist atmosphere. Shift on seedlings and such as are pot-bound.

Greenhouse plants, such as Epacrises^ Heaths^ &c., which are now in an active
state, will require a liberal supply of water, with abundance of air, and must be
guarded against overcrowding. Plants of Cytisus^ which have done flowering, should
be cut back. Regulate the growth of Acacias^ by cutting back straggling shoots ;
syringe freely, and encourage in a genial temperature. Azaleas that are starting
into growth delight in a brisk, growing temperature. Lantanas^ Boiivardias.
Salvia splendens^ and all soft-wooded plants will require frequent shifts, pinching
back the shoots to promote well-furnished specimens. Calceolarias^ Cinerarias^
and Pelargoniums that are coming into flower should be encouraged with weak
manure-water, shading in the day during bright weather. The finest sorts of
Cinerarias^ when they have done blooming, should be fumigated, and planted out
in light soil under a north wall to produce suckers. Fuchsias should be shifted,
pinching back side-shoots upon young plants, and such as are required for late
flowering. Chrysanthemums should be potted on, using turfy loam, with one-
third rotten manure and sand, pinching back the shoots. Cinerarias^ Cochscombs^
Balsams^ and Primulas should be potted on, pricking off the small plants in pans.
A good batch of Scarlet Pelargoniums should be potted on, and placed out-of-doors
for autumn blooming. Tender bedding-out plants, such as the Coleus^ may still
be propagated ; and freely expose such as are established, preparatory to planting
out. — George Westland, Witley Court.

FRUITS.

Pines : Give plenty of air on warm, quiet days, but do not create a draught

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR MAY.

119

by giving front and back air at the same time ; this is the principal cause of
the plants at times assuming a brown and unhealthy appearance. Shift the
succession plants as they may require it, and keep up a moist growing heat,
ranging about 70° at night, and from that to 90° during sunshine. By all means
avoid a burning bottom-heat ; keep up a moist heat in the fruiting pit ; syringe
and close early in the afternoon. The night temperature should range from 75°
to 80°, and that in the day-time from 80° to 90°. Give those plants that are
intended for winter fruiting their final shift.

Vines: Clear out all plants, such as Strawberries, French Beans, &c., from
the vineries, otherwise red-spider may be troublesome on the Vines, Artificial
heat should be still applied to all, except the late houses, so that the temperature
does not fall below that previously maintained. When the fruit is perfectly ripe,
the house should be kept cool, to prevent the fruit shrivelling. Keep the latest
Vines retarded as much as possible (with the exception of Muscats) until they
are showing their fruit, when the usual treatment must be given. Water inside
borders copiously, and occasionally with liquid manure. Pot-Vines should have
every assistance, by giving frequent waterings with manure-water, and mulching
the surface of the pots with strong manure. Cut away all useless growth, and
reduce the crop to reasonable limits.

Peaches and Nectarines : Tie in the shoots, and expose the fruit in the early
house as much as possible by cutting away all useless growth. Still continue to
syringe the trees, watering at the root till the fruit is ripening, and giving air at
all times. At this stage the temperature may be raised with safety. Attend to
previous directions for later houses ; use the syringe freely, keep down insects, and
do not neglect watering the borders.

Cherries : Reduce the moisture when the fruit begins to colour, at the same
time the temperature may be increased, to hasten maturity. If growing in pots,
the supply of water at the root must be continued when the crop is gathered ;
the trees should then be removed to a shady situation, and well syringed.

Strawberries : Introduce the last lot of plants under glass at the beginning of
the month ; these will keep up a supply of forced fruit till the middle of June,
when in all probability the early kinds outside will be ripe. Towards the end of
the month it will be as well to remove the pots to cooler quarters, such as a cold
frame or under a canvas screen.

Melons : Stop the shoots at every joint where there is a show for fruit, and
cut away all useless growth. Give plenty of air while the fruit is setting, and a
good soaking of water after it has set.

Figs : Withhold liquid manure from any trees that are growing too rankly.
Syringe frequently, except where the fruit is ripening, and do not allow any of
the plants in pots to suffer at any time for want of water at the roots.

Hardy Fruit : Up to the time we write the weather has been most favourable,
and at present the prospect of a plentiful crop of hardy fruit is most cheering.
Apricots alone seem to have suffered from the effect of frost, and that only in
some localities. The disbudding of Peaches and Nectarines may now be com¬
menced ; remove at first a few of the strongest shoots from the vigorous branches,
but all the foliage on the weaker members should be encouraged for the present,
and at all times retain sufficient foliage to shade the main branches from the
scorching sun. Green-fly will now perhaps be troublesome ; use a wash of
tobacco, soft-soap, and sulphur ; 2 lbs. of each will make 25 gallons, which should
be used with a syringe in the evening. Go over Apricot trees, and remove all
strong shoots that are not required to fill space. Keep a sharp watch for cater¬
pillars — the curling of the leaf will indicate where they are ; go on thinning the

J20

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ May,

fruit, but not too severely at present, leaving the final thinning to a later
period. Give the Straivherr7j-\)Q^s a good hoeing ; then mulch with litter or short
grass.

Orchard-houses will require plenty of air, and syringing every day. Keep the
fruit well thiimed, aud let there be no stint of water at the roots. — J. Powell,
Frogmore,

VEGETABLES.

Make successional sowings about the third week in the month of all the more
free-growing subjects of the Borecole^ Broccoli, and Summer-Callage types, and
continue to transplant into nursery beds all young seedling plants of such as are
large enough to undergo that process. Successional sowings must also be made
of Beans (Broad), Peas^ and Spinach^ as soon as the last-sown seeds show well
through the ground ; that is, where a constant successional supply is in demand.
Where this is not desired or intended, of course, late successional sowings may be
made, allowing a period, devoid of pickings, between. Asparagus plantations
must be kept free from weeds ; it is better to cut all the growth freely away at
the ground-line than to cut the finest alone, leaving the weaker stems to grow.
A slight dressing with salt in some form or other will prove beneficial about this
time. Tie up early Lettuces and Endive freely, make other successional sowings
of the Brighton or Paris Cos and Cabbage kinds, and thin all out, hoeing freely
amongst all young plantations. A permanent or full crop of Kidney Beans may
now be sown. Pot off Capsmims, Tomatos, &c., and keep them in a compara¬
tively cool temperature. Sow Eidge Marroivs^ GherJcins^ &c., about the second
or third day, and as they germinate and grow freely, pot them off as soon as they
show the second rough leaf, and before they receive a check in the seed-pot, which
they very quickly do.

Towards the end of the month thin out young crops of Onions^ Carrots^
Parsnips,, Turnips,, &c., and ply the hoe freely amongst them. Do not hesitate
to thin them freely, for many vegetables are irretrievably spoilt through over¬
thick cropping. Caidijlowers should be freely hoed, and watered with moderately
strong manure-water. The hand-lights and other kind of protection should be
moved away from them, that the air may gain free ingress between and around
them. Caidifioiver-s,QediS, should also now be sown for the Christmas crop ;
Veitch’s Autumn Giant is the best variety for this purpose. Broad Beans,, im¬
mediately they have done blooming, should have their shoots pinched back at
the points, which will throw more strength into the plants.

Sow Herbs generally, such, for instance, as Parsley, Coriander, Thyme,, Savory,,
Hyssop,, Marjoram,, Fennel, Burnet, Purslane, Basil, &c., upon a warm, sunny
border, and transplant them as soon as they become large enough. Prick out
Celery on to a previously-prepared hot-bed of moderate depth only. Thin out
Cardoons.

When means exist, plant out Cucumbers into another or successional frame.
Less bottom-heat will suffice now, consequently less materials will be required in
making up the bed. Give also more natural warmth, by damping the frame
down, and shutting it up close about 3 p.m. daily ; subsequently, should the
night prove moderately warm, give a small amount of fresh air at the back, by
slightly tilting a light, taking care, however, not to allow the temperature to fall
below a minimum of 58° or 60°.

Particularly attend to the root-watering of all freshly planted plants, of what¬
ever kind, should the weather prove at all dry, which it sometimes does even
during this month. In regard to ordinary routine, the hoe should be kept
constantly in use during all fine, dry weather,— William Earley, Valentines,

Chromo . G. Severeyris Brussel

J. L . Macfarlane , del .

Cherries.

1. Frogmore

arreau.

2. Noir

de ScFinidt.

1874.]

FOECING CHERRIES IN POTS.

121

BIGAEREAU CHERRIES.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

[UB readers will, we think, agree with us that the Cherries represented in
the accompanying plate are really handsome fruit. For the opportunity
of figuring the Frogmore Early Bigarreau, a variety which will be
found well deserving of cultivation wherever Cherries are cared for, we
are indebted to Mr. Jones, gardener to Her Majesty at Frogmore, who was good
enough to forward to us the specimens which Mr. Macfarlane has very cleverly de¬
picted in the accompanying plate. It is really a tempting-looking fruit, the sample
represented being, in fact, rather below the actual size, in consequence of the tree
having been recently root-pruned. It has also the merit of high quality, being a
delicious fruit, and it is both early and an abundant bearer.

We add Dr. Hogg’s description : — Fruit large obtuse heart-shaped, compressed
on the side, and with a faint suture. Skin pale waxen-yellow in the, shade,
suffused with deep red next the sun. Stalk two inches long, with a very small
receptacle. Flesh reniarkably tender and melting, as much so as in a Gean ; very
juicy, and with an excellent flavour.

The Bigarreau Noie de Schmidt was obligingly sent to us by Mr. Eivers, of
Sawbridgeworth, being one of the kinds which were so finely cultivated by him
last year. It, too, is a very handsome Cherry of the very highest quality. Our
note of the sample from which the drawing was made runs thus : — Fruit large,
bluntly heart-shaped, the stalk set in a moderate cavity. Skin dark shining
blood-red. Flesh red, tender, juicy, and of excellent flavour.

No one who cares for first-class Cherries could do wrong to add these varieties
to his collection. — T. Moore.

FORCING CHERRIES IN POTS.

fLTHOUGH the forcing of Cherries in pots is old in practice, there are but
few places in England where it is carried out to any extent. This is the
more surprising, when we consider the increase of glass accommodation
everywhere, and the ease with which they can be managed, by shifting
them, as they progress through the different stages, to a proper temperature. It
is not in every place that the gardener can afford to give up a whole house to
permanent trees ; and although we ban accommodate a pot cherry by shifting it
about, it is not so easy to find other suitable plants for the cherry-house, without
bringing in troublesome insects, &c.

There is also this advantage attendant upon potted Cherry-trees, that when
in bloom there are few plants more sweet and effective. A dozen half-standard
Cherries in full bloom make as good a display as a dozen white Azaleas, and
stand equally as long in bloom. Then, again, a conservatory or greenhouse,
where plenty of air can be given, is the very best place for them while setting
their fruit — by far 'the most difficult process. There must be bad management

3rd series. — VII. M

122

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOOIST.

[ June,

indeed, if they do not stone and thin themselves. When set they can be moved
to a higher temperature, under Peach-trees, or to a Vinery just started. By the
end of April they will come on in any house, and the last batch may be set out
of doors. Although some persons would be inclined to count as ridiculous the
idea of putting plants in the centre of a dining-table, they might perhaps change
their minds if they saw the effect of a neat-headed Cherry-tree, covered with its
pure white blossom, or with from ten to twelve dozen of fine ripe fruit hanging
down to meet the eye.

Some people say, “ Oh I they are a great deal of trouble, requiring to be
shifted about backwards and forwards.” This may be so, but my experience is
that there is nothing got without trouble, and if we compare the labour attending
the culture of any ordinary greenhouse plant with that of such as these, there is
only this difference, that here we get a second return for our trouble ; for instead
of simply obtaining the fiowers, there is the fruit to follow ; and then the only
attention necessary until the next season is to look to the watering of the roots.
The trees are not much troubled with insects, the caterpillars and black-fly being
their chief enemies, and both these are easily stopped either by smoking or
picking.

They force these trees very successfully in Germany, and mostly in low pits,
often getting a nice lot of fruit in January. At the Eoyal Garden at Potsdam
whole ranges are set aside for them. I do not remember having seen any in
France. With gentle forcing the trees last for a good many years ; and when
planted closely in the form of hedges they can easily be protected by a covering of
nets in the summer and autumn. Where birds are as plentiful as they are here,
no sort of fruit can be got without protection is afforded both to buds and
fruit. The May Duke is the only sort fit for pots, and of this the fruit with
good feeding get to be very fine. We generally arrange for the second lot of one
year to come first the next. — J. F., Cliveden.

THE KOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

’HE first phase of the recent movement in the Eoyal Horticultural Society
may be said to be fairly passed ; the newly elected Council is in undis¬
puted possession of power, and it is only just to say that they are applying
themselves to their *work with an assiduity and earnestness that should
, commend their efforts to all who wish well to Horticulture.

On looking back, one cannot help wishing that the personalities and acri¬
mony which here and there cropped up during the discussion could be obliterated
and forgotten. No doubt, words were uttered in the heat of conflict which the
judgment on calm reflection would hardly approve ; and if this view could be
taken — and I think it may justly be taken — the bitter feeling which they have
left behind might be moderated or assuaged. Present at all or nearly all the
meetings, it struck me throughout that due allowance was not made for the posi¬
tion of things when the late Council accepted oflSce, They were — as the new

1874. ]

THE CEACKING OF FRUITS.

123

Council will assuredly find themselves — so much in the hands of Her Majesty’s
Commissioners, that they were hardly free agents. Now, if you bring forward a
man with his hands tied and tell him to fight, or hold your hand before his mouth
and tell him to talk, if he be a wise man, he will use his hands and his tongue
only so far as he sees the cause he has at heart will benefit by their use.

The attacks on the late Secretary were, in my judgment, in bad taste, and
much to be lamented on higher grounds ; they were not only personal, but un¬
merited and unjust. I do not hesitate to express the opinion that no living man
has done so much as General Scott to obtain the higher and wider recognition of
Horticulture which it deserves. If it should* be said that the rising importance of
Horticulture offered him the opportunity which did not exist before, and that even
more might have been done in this direction, I readily grant both propositions. But
to do the right thing at the right time, is surely the highest evidence of admin¬
istrative wisdom, and if “ more might have been done,” I would ask who else
has done so much ? While free to admit that, considering the position in which
the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society stand to Her Majesty’s Commissioners,
it would have been better that both secretaryships should not have been in the
hands of one and the same individual, yet I maintain that the Royal Horti¬
cultural Society benefited largely by the Secretary’s administration. Gratitude
is not looked for as a reward for public services, but justice should be done,
irrespective of private or party views, and honour should be given where honour
is due.

Believing, as I do, that Horticulture is now fairly entitled to take a higher
position than it actually takes among the arts and sciences, I deplore the fact
that our Horticulturists do not show more public spirit with a view to this end.
Every well-wisher of the Royal Horticultural Society should endeavour to promote
a good understanding between the Council and Her Majesty’s Commissioners.
The Royal Horticultural Society may he useful as a local institution, and to
this I fear things are tending ; but let us remember it has been national in the
pcust, and to denationalize it now, though it might serve the interests of a few,
would certainly prove a loss to the community at large. — W. P.

THE CRACKING OF FRUITS.

one values more than I do the results of the unwearying researches made
72^ by physiologists, whether in regard to objects connected with my own imme¬
diate pursuits, or in fields of less importance to the gardener. I cannot,
however, help thinking that their decisions are occasionally arrived at
or based upon data which are erroneous, or to say the least, fallacious and mis¬
leading. For instance, M. Boussingault attributes the cracking of fruits to an
accumulation of water in the tissues, the increased volume resulting from the
introduction of water through the skins during rainy periods, by means of endos-
mose. With us here in England, the cracking of fruits is too general to admit of
this explanation alone, as, for example, in the case of Josling’s St, Alban’s Grape,

M 2

124

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[June,

or that of certain other kinds of fruit on certain trees, which persist in cracking
annually. I have one Pear-tree here, which bears two kinds of fruit ; one, the Beurre
Diel, is always of remarkably fine quality and development ; the other is so small,
so inferior, and so much cracked, that I have been unable hitherto to determine
what it is. If, then, some kinds of fruit crack annually, on certain trees, whilst
other kinds, on the same trees^ enlarge and ripen off of superior quality, I fail to
see the applicability of M. BoussingaulPs conclusions. The variety above referred
to, which always cracks, must have either a constitutional weakness, or, as may be
inferred by reference to its pigmy size, is totally denied the necessary aids to
the attainment of perfection. — William Earley, Valentines.

PSEUDOTSUGA DAVIDIANA.

‘E have here what appears to be a novelty amongst Conifers. It has been
introduced to the French Gardens from China, and has engaged the
attention of M. Carriere, a gentleman who has made this class of plants
his special study, and from his account of it in the Revue Horticole
(1873, 37), we extract the following particulars, along with the accompanying

PsEUDOTSuaA DAVIDIANA: A, branch, one-tenth nat. size ; b, portion of branch, nat, size.

illustrations. If, writes M. Carriere, through insufficiency of materials we cannot
absolutely say what position this plant ought to occupy, we can at least affirm
that it is new, and that till now we had no knowledge that any similar kind
existed in Europe. It is so rare in China, whence it comes, that only one indi¬
vidual of it has been found, The discoverer is the Abbd David. This species is

1874. ]

PSEUDOTSUGA DAVIDIANA.

125

so different from all we know, that, not being able to place it in any established
genus, we had created that of Pseudo-Ahies for it, because of the similarity of
several of its characters with those of Ahies^ from which, however, it is clearly
separated by certain others. We had arrived at this conclusion, when we found
that M. Bertrand, a learned young botanist, had made a particular study of this
plant, which showed him that it belonged to the genus Pseudotsuga^ *nd proved
a new species, to which he proposed to give the name of Davidiana : —

PSEUDOTSUGA DAVIDIANA, cone : nat. Bize.

P. Davidiana, C.E.B., in Herh. Mus. Paris (sine descriptione). — A largo tree, whose figure,
says the Abb4 David, resembles that of an Araucaria when seen from afar ; the branches
spread horizontally, and ramify laterally like those of Abies. The leaves are subdistichous
by reversement, ]-^-2 in. long, and about |in. broad, thick, coriaceous, strongly keeled
below, broadly canaliculate above, with edges folded, and constituting to the lower part, on
each side of the keel, a broad rut. The cones have a rather long peduncle and are pendent,
5-6 in. long, and about 2^ in. in diameter when open ; its scales persistent, not gibbous, wanting
the apohpysis, slightly recurved at the tip ; the seeds remain in the cone even after the opening

126

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ June,

of the scales. The scales are of a fawn-red, exactly recalling those of Pinus Strohus in their
aspect as to form, nature, and dimensions. The bracts are laciniately divided, attaining about
half the length of the scale, with a longer acuminate mucronate central division. Seeds
irregularly triangular, cuneiform, with a persistent yellowish- white, shiny, rather consistent
wing, 4 in. long, ^ in. broad in its greatest diameter.

P. Davidiana is one of the most curious of known species ; it came originally
from China, where it seems to be rare, since the Abbe David, who has travelled
much in divers parts of the empire, has met with only a ’single individual in the
environs of Pekin. He describes the tree as presenting from a distance a very pretty
aspect, like that of an Araucaria. In so vast a country, however, where so many
parts have not yet been visited by Europeans, it may be hoped to find some further
representatives of the species, and that then seeds may be introduced which will
permit of its multiplication in Europe. — M.

GAKDEN LITER ATUKE.

{NE of the grandest and most elaborate of gardening books which has ever
issued from the press is Les Promenades de Paris,* a publication to
which we have previously alluded as the several parts came to hand, and
of which we briefly announced the completion at p. 117, when we pro¬

mised to give an analysis of its contents. The book is of large folio size,-
admirably printed on paper of the finest quality, and profusely illustrated with
coloured plates, steel engravings, and woodcuts. The contents are arranged

under three principal divisions, relating to the Bois de Boulogne, Bois des Vin¬
cennes, and what are called the Promenades inte'rieures of Paris, these being
preceded by an Introduction, and followed by tabular descriptions of the plants
employed for the decoration of the city.

The Introduction is a most elaborate and interesting essay on the various
styles of gardening, from the earliest historic times down to the present day,
including the gardens of Asia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, and Japan ; the
gardens of the middle ages ; and of the renaissance in Italy and in France ; the
jardins re'gidiei's^ representing the French style ; and the jardins irreguliers^
representing what is called the English style. This portion is illustrated by 105
woodcuts, showing plans and bird’s-eye views illustrative of the several styles.
The portion devoted to the Bois de Boulogne comprises ten chapters, devoted in
order to (i.-ii.) a general description of the place, and of the earthworks ; (iii.)
roads and pathways ; (iv.) general distribution of the water supply, and
description of the arrangements for watering ; (v.) lakes, brooks, and

cascades ; (vi.) forests, plantations, lawns, and garden works ; (vii.) archi¬
tectural works ; (viii.) establishments conceded, as the Pre Catalan, Hippo¬
drome, acclimatization gardens, skating-grounds, and ice-houses ; (ix.)

Artesian well ; (x.) the gardens of La Muette. These chapters are illustrated
by 215 woodcuts, 21 steel engravings, and 22 chromolithographs. The section
devoted to the Bois des Vincennes comprises the following five chapters : — (i.)
general description ; (ii.) works of embellishment ; (iii.) waterworks ; (iv.) cost
of keeping, &c. ; (v.) the various establishments existing, as the Imperial farm,
establishments for fish-culture, ice-houses, cafe restaurants. Hippodromes, and

* Le$ Promenades de Paris: Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes, Parcs, Squares, Boulevards. Par A. Alphand.
Paris : J. Rothschild, 13 Rue des Saints Pbres. London: Barthes & Lowell, Great Marlborough Street.

GAEDEN LITER AT GEE.

1874. ]

127

Jardin d’ Arboriculture, the whole illustrated by 91 woodcuts and nine steel
engravings. The Inner Promenades of Paris are dealt with in five chapters,
namely : — (i.) The Parks of Monceaux, Buttes-Chaumont, Montsouris, and the
Champs Ely sees ; (ii.) the Squares of the Tour St. Jacques, the Arts-et-Theatres,
the Innocents, the Temple, Montholon, Ste. Clotilde, the Trinite, the Batignolles,
Louvois, the Chapelle Expiatoire, Oharonne, Laborde, Montrouge, Monge, Vinti-
mille, the Archeveche, the Places Ste. Grenevieve a Belleville, Victor, La Chapelle,
and the Invalides ; (iii.) the Places Malesherbes, de Crenelles, du Eoi deRome ; (iv.)
the Planted Public ways, as the Avenue de I’Observatoire et Jardin du Luxembourg,
Avenue de ITmperatrice, Avenue de I’Empereur, Boulevard Richard Lenoir, &c. ;
(v.) the Plantations. In this section are given 73 woodcuts, 45 steel engravings,
and one chromolithograph. The concluding section, entitled “ Arboretum et
Fleuriste de la Ville de Paris,” contains a descriptive tabular list of the plants
employed, under separate heads, as Deciduous and Evergreen trees, Deciduous
and Evergreen shrubs, American shrubs, and Herbaceous and Frutescent plants
with decorative foliage or flowers. Good indices and tables of contents complete a
work which is altogether unrivalled amongst garden publications ; one which
should be added to every public library, and should find a place in the study of the
landscape gardener and the country gentleman.

In Mr. Burbidge’s Domestic Florioultuee* we have, in a companion-
volume to Mr. Thompson’s Handy Booh of the Flower Garden, and Mr. Suther¬
land’s Hardy Herbaceous and Alpine Plants, a very complete and exhaustive
essay on what may be called indoor or parlour gardening. It is divided into
three parts, cultural, ornamental, and descriptive. The text is full of useful
hints. Thus the cultural portion abounds in such passages as these : — “ One of

the most fertile causes of failure results from a bad selection “ it is always
best to commence with young plants, either seedlings or rooted cuttings, as these
gradually become inured to the fresh conditions in which they are placed, form¬
ing sturdy little specimens, full of vigorous health “ one of the most common
and fatal errors into which the inexperienced fall, is that of making choice of
inert and finely-pulverised soil for potting “ never use cold water.” The
whole course of instruction is thoroughly practical and to the point, and is
clearly and intelligibly written. The second part is devoted to the question of
arranging plants and flowers as domestic adornments, including bouquets and
dinner-table decorations. The third or descriptive part introduces to us the
plants which the author thinks best suited for indoor culture, with such special
hints on their treatment as it has been thought would prove useful. This book may
be described as a good idea well carried out, and will assuredly commend itself
to the amateur class for whose use it is provided.

As a popular, lightly-written, and gossipy account of our native plants. Miss
Pratt’s Flowering-Plants op Great Britain| may be recommended to those
who do not take up their study from a scientific point of view. The descriptive
matter is brief, and seems to be fairly accurate, while the general remarks are
copious and interesting. The authoress does not, however, appear to possess the

* Domestic Floinculture, Window Gardening^ and Floral Decorations; being Practical Directions for the
Propagation, Culture, and Arrangement of Plants and Flowers as Domestic Ornaments. By F. W. Burbidge,
Author of “Cool Orchids and How to Grow them,” &c. With 200 Illustrations on wood. William Blackwood
& Sons, Edinburgh and London.

t Ftowering-Plants, Grasses, Sedges, and Feims of Great Britain. By Anne Pratt. Reissued in 12 Divisions.
Division I., with 23 pages of plates printed in colours, embodying 160 subjects. Loudon: F. Warne& Co.

128

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[June,

latest information as to the connection between the Barberry and the rust on com,
and argues that the idea of the JEcidium of the barberry originating the rust on
wheat must be erroneous, since the Puccinia of the latter is a totally different
plant. It is, however, now found the Puccinia does not reproduce itself when sown,
but gives rise to the JEcidium^ and vice versd^ so that there is good reason to believe
that the connection is a very close one, the jplcidium being a mere form of the Puc¬
cinia. The text is clearly printed in a bold type, but the lettering to the plates would
have been better if more legible, the more especially as they are not referred to
in the text. The figures, which consist of from four to six allied subjects grouped
together on one plate, are unequal in merit, but generally fairly characteristic ;
there is, moreover, some practical advantage in getting similar species brought
together into one view. From the popular side of the question, the book may be
commended as a useful one, and the reissue will afford to many a favourable
opportunity of acquiring it.

The cultivation of Orchids, requiring a comparatively low temperature, has
become so wide-spread, that Mr. Burbidge’s book on Cool Orchids,* as they are
called, will no doubt find, as it deserves to find, many readers. After a few in¬
troductory pages we have chapters on Purchasing Orchids, Potting and Watering,
Besting Orchids, Specific Variation, Orchid-houses, Importing Orchids, Orchids

for the Sitting-room, Hybridising Orchids, Propagation of Orchids, Noxious
Insects, and finally, a Descriptive List of numerous species and varieties adapted
for this mode of cultivation. The general instructions given under the various
chapters are full and trustworthy, while in the course of the descriptive list a
plentiful sprinkling of special information on nice points of cultivation is inter¬
spersed. Altogether it is a very good book on a very popular subject.

CULTUKE OF AZALEA INDICA.— II.

[FTEB this early potting (see p. 2) the young plants should be placed in a
moderate heat, — say 55° by night, with a rise of 10° or 15° by day. The
syringe should be used every afternoon, and the house closed early whilst
the sun has yet considerable power ; this not only economises fire-heat,
but is much more genial to the plants. If the plants have been affected with
their usual visitors — thrips — during the season previous, in all probability the
eggs deposited in the autumn will now come to life, and the insects will commence
their attacks, breeding on the young leaves. When they are found, the plants
should be well washed with tobacco-water ; this is safer than fumigation, which
often injures the young foliage. By the end of May the points of the shoots
should be pinched out, to induce them to break. Keep the atmosphere moist, and
continue the use of the syringe, which will cause them to push a second growth,
and this will result in a considerable gain in size by the end of September, when
the plants will most likely set flower, and should then have the atmosphere kept
drier, withholding the syringe, and gradually giving more air, to ripen them
fully before the advent of short winter days. The temperature should now be
reduced, so as to allow them a slight rest, but they should never be allowed to

* Cool Orchids, and How to Grow Them. With a descriptive list of all the best species in cultivation.
F. W. Burbidge. London : R. Hardwicke.

By

PRIMULA CORTUSOIDES AMCENA AND ITS VARIETIES.

1874. ]

129

remain where it is lower than 45° in the night, for if such occurs, as already
stated, they receive a check that materially interferes with their progress the
ensuing year.

As soon as the new year comes in, give them, as recommended last season, a
little more heat to induce early growth. Again, at the end of February, repot,
giving them 3 in. more room, treating as before in respect to heat and moisture.
Again stop the points of the shoots, after which treat them in every way as
recommended for the preceding summer. In the autumn, when the plants set
their buds, and get their growth well matured, it should be determined what
they are intended for. If the object is to get up large specimens as quickly as
possible, then the preceding year’s practice must be repeated. If the plants are
required for decoration, which, if all has gone on well, they will be well adapted for,
they must now be kept back as required, introducing a few at a time into heat ;
but whilst they are comparatively young, no severe retarding should be employed,
as it has a tendency to induce a stunted condition, which it is difficult to get
them out of. The plants should receive 3-in. larger pots each year until they get
into such as are 15 in. or 16 in. across, when by the use of a little manure-water
they can be kept in good condition. All through the existence of these plants,
an immunity from insects is the first consideration, as, if ever allowed to suffer
from thrips or red-spider, it has the effect of producing a stunted condition that
prevents their making any satisfactory progress. — -T. Baines, Southgate,

PRIMULA CORTUSOIDES AMCENA AND ITS VARIETIES.

E find that Primula cortusoides amoena* as well as amcena alha,^ and amcsna
lilacina^ grown in pots, are great acquisitions, coming into bloom early,
and enlivening the front lines of conservatories, when mixed with Tulips,
Lily of the Valley, &:o. The large trusses are also in demand for cut
flowers, for which they are well adapted. When they have done flowering, let
all the pots be got to the potting-bench and the plants examined and repotted,
using good rich loam, with leaf -mould and sand. When potted, plunge them in
a shady comer where the mid-day sun will not strike them. Let them be well
attended to with water throughout the summer when dry, giving manure after
the pots become full of roots, but withholding it when there are signs of the
foliage getting yellow. They should at this stage be lifted and stood in a cold
frame if convenient, but this is not really necessary, and if very sharp frost should
come a good sprinkling of litter may be thrown over them. If in a frame, never
let them get dry ; and when they begin to grow give more water, raise them close
to the glass, and give plenty of air to keep the foliage strong and dwarf. If they
are allowed to get partially into bloom in the frame before they are taken to the
conservator}’’, they last longer than when excited into flower with a little heat.
There are several forms of Dianthus hyhridus which are useful at the same time.

* ProfeBBor Morren Beparates this Primula and itB varieties fronx P. cortusoides under the name of P.Sieboldii.

130

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ June,

both for cutting and decoration. I can speak highly of D. hyhridus Iliglidere^
which, treated like the above, has been much used for button-holes. — A. H.,
Thoreshy.

CATTEL’S ECLIPSE BROCCOLI.

gardeners know the importance of having a good late Broccoli to
JlJJJJj shake hands with the earliest Cauliflowers, but I am not sure whether
this variety is sufficiently well known, as it should be, for this special
^ object. It is certainly the latest I know of, and late enough for this
part ; not one of them is as yet (April 23) showing signs of flowering. It is a
very hardy, robust sort, and one which it is in every way desirable to have where
a good Broccoli is at all appreciated. — H. Knight, Floors.

STRAWBERRY-FORCING.

fCAN endorse what Mr. Gilbert says (p. 100) in regard to his earlier crops
of Strawberries in Pots, having seen them some weeks ago. They were

fthen in excellent condition, and all the successions promised to do equally
well. It might be profitable to the readers of the Pomologist if Mr-
Gilbert would give us a little more of his experience in Strawberry-forcing —
for example, what kinds he finds the most productive, the time they take from
the starting to the picking of the fruit, the best-flavoured, &c. Such informa¬
tion might appear superfluous to some, but coming from the pen of one who
decidedly stands in the first rank of cultivators, it cannot but be acceptable to
readers in general.

Not only is Strawberry-growing done well at Burghley, but all the produce
there is managed in the same high-class style. One thing which particularly
struck me under glass was the quantities of French Beans, so long and tender,
growing in small pots. They appeared to be a speciality with Mr. Gilbert.
[Will he kindly also explain his treatment of these ? — Ed.] I should be
glad to learn what is his opinion of the plan of growing Strawberries in
pits or houses, plunged in a gentle bottom-heat, compared with the common
method of growing them on shelves. In my own case, the former system has
proved at least to be equal to the latter, with a great reduction of labour, and
finely-flavoured, high-coloured fruit have been produced. We have grown over a
thousand so plunged, and I am encouraged to continue the practice, so far as pits
can be spared. Mr. Speed, in his Strawberry-house at Ohatsworth, grows a large
proportion of his stock in this way, with great success.

This season we had a few lights to spare after the Strawberry-pots were in
their quarters, and a quantity of (old) plants of President were lifted from the open
ground, brought on gently in the pits till they were set, and afterwards driven at a
rapid pace till colouring began. The result was, that great quantities of fair-sized
fruit have been gathered : more than three times the weight of fruit has been
ripened, as compared with those in pots in the same space. I think for late crops

1874. ]

HARDY FRUIT CROPS IN NORTH NOTTS.

131

much of our labour might he lightened by preparing plants in the open ground,
running the spade round them in September, lifting them, and placing nice soil
compactly round their roots in the pits or frames ; while in February, manure-
water applied after the fruit is formed, does much to secure large fruit. Though
there may be nothing new in this, the practice is sound. — M. Temple, Blenheim,

HAEDY FEUIT CKOPS IN NOETH NOTTS.

SELDOM have the uncertainty and irregularity of our climate been more
remarkably experienced than within the last three weeks. In the last week
in April, the weather was as warm as in June or July, but a change of
^ , wind to the north-east on the 29th, brought down the temperature so that
we had slight frosts in the mornings. On the 2nd of May the thermometer here
in the morning was as low as 27°, or 5° of frost, and at Ollerton and Budby, near
this, 10° and 12° of frost are reported to have occurred on the same morning. The
thermometers of the observers in these localities may, however, want correcting
at Kew or Greenwich before this low temperature can be taken as strictly accurate.
Up till this date in May (the 11th) the wind still keeps easterly, with slight frosts
in the mornings, and with some hail-showers on the 8th and 10th.

I have never before seen the trees of Plums, Cherries, and Pears in gardens and
orchards so abundantly clothed with bloom as they were this year ; and the fine,
warm, forcing weather in April was favourable for the setting of the fruit.
Legions of aphides and grubs are, however, now busy preying on the foliage and
young fruit set, and in such weather these pests seem more ravenous, and multiply
faster than when it is warmer. The Apple-trees are now in full flower, and the
cold, frosty mornings must have injured the bloom to a certain extent ;.but there
is abundance of it, and a good crop of this invaluable fruit may yet be grown.
The small, hardy bush-fruit, such as Gooseberries and Currants, have only been
injured on the tops of the bushes, for the fruits set below were well protected by
the foliage. The keen frosts in the beginning of May turned all the flowers
opened on the early Strawberries quite black in the centre, and of course made
the fruit abortive, but the later-flowering varieties are not quite out in bloom
yet, and will stand a better chance, should a change of weather come soon.

The severe frost on the morning of March 11 did not injure the blossoms of
Apricots, Peaches, and Nectarines so much as was expected, even on walls not
protected. This must have been owing to the dry weather which prevailed in
the first portion of the month, making the walls, trees, and ground below them
so dry and warm that the 15° of frost had less power to injure any of the
blooms close to the wall. I have been thinning lately the fruit off the trees
of Apricots and Peaches on a wall not at all protected, and have left a full crop
on. The Kaisha Apricot, especially on this wall, has set its fruit more plentifully
than any of the other varieties, and I have observed this before in other years
with frosty springs, so that I reckon this variety one of the hardiest of Apricots.
On the Plum-walls, Elvers’ Early Favourite, Dovebank, Mimms, and Kirke’s have

132

THE FLORIST ANP FOMOLOGIST.

[Junk,

Bet their fruit in abundance, but other later sorts have likewise plenty of fruit
set. Of Cherries on the walls, the Early Heart is covered with fruit now of a
good size ; and two American kinds, Ohio Prince and Governor Wood, are like¬
wise well-cropped. Pears on the walls are all set very thickly, and the grubs
now swarming on the foliage will help to thin some of the fruit, and save the
thinning by hand. — William Tillery, WeXbeclc.

EENDLE’S EUSTIC PLANT-HOUSES.

various occasions we have made allusion to some one or other of Mr.
Rendle’s structures, which have appeared to us deserving of notice. Just
at this season, the rustic house of which we introduce a figure commends
itself as highly useful for a variety of purposes, as a cool summer house. It
was originally intended for fruit-culture, and is called an orchard-house, but the
abundant light and free ventilation which can be provided, suggest that it might
be turned to a variety of uses. Such a house could easily be fixed up against
any existing wall. Mr. Rendle himself recommends them as the best Peach-
houses ever introduced, because besides their cheapness and durability, the trellis-
work base could, while the trees were in bloom, be covered in with canvas if
necessary, while the canvas could be as readily removed, and a full supply of air
admitted during the swelling of the fruit.

A low house of this description, not too large, would be most convenient for
growing green-house specimens requiring protection from the rains and storms of

1874. ]

TRITELEIA (mILLA) UNIFLORA IN POTS. — L.aELIA FLAMMEA.

133

our fickle climate, but also requiring as free a circulation of air as possible during
the warm season. It would, in fact, provide all the advantages of cold pits,
while it would be much more convenient. In winter, such a structure would bo
certain to find its use as a mere shelter for hardy things which it is not desirable
to leave exposed, such as shrubby plants in preparation for being forced. In a
north aspect, such a house would be one of the best that could be contrived for
retarding or prolonging the duration of exhibition plants. — T. M.

TRITELEIA (MILLA) UNIFLORA IN POTS.

jAVING grown this plant in pots for several years, I can fully endorse all
that your correspondent Mr. Dean says (p. 86) respecting its adaptability for
decorative uses ; I may add that the blooms are much prized amongst cut
flowers. When used along with Poinsettia pulcherrima and a few sprays
of fern-fronds, they make a cheerful mixture in glasses about February, and as
they continue to bloom freely for a considerable time, a succession may be had for
a long time by retarding a few pots. We find that if it is too much forced, the foliage
gets drawn, and the blooms are neither so fine, nor do they last so long as when
allowed to grow in a cool house. — A. H., Thoreshy.

L^LIA FLAMMEA.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

SMAGINE a flower of LcbUci dnnabarina increased three times, with its
brightest vermilion ; give it a splendid yellow lip, with an amethyst-purplish

fwavy anterior lacinia, and a small white column washed under the stigma
with purple : thus you have the first-rank beauty, raised by Mr. Seden, at the
Royal Exotic Nursery of Messrs. Veitch. Such is Professor Reichenbach’s word-
painting of this strikingly beautiful hybrid orchid, which, on account of its
uncommon and effective colouring, is one of the most welcome amongst the new
acquisitions. We have to thank the Messrs. Veitch and Sons for the specimen
which Mr. Fitch has sketched in the accompanying very faithful portrait. It was
raised between Loelia cinndbarina and L. Pilcheri^ the former being in all pro¬
bability the seed-parent ; and it was awarded a Botanical Certificate equivalent to
one of the First-class, at the Royal Botanic Society’s Spring show on the 25th of
March last.

The plant, as will be seen from our illustration, is of moderate stature, and
has slender cylindrical stems, each terminating in a solitary ligulate oblong
fleshy leaf. The peduncles are terminal, somewhat elongated, and bear one or
two flowers, possibly more ; the individual flowers are some four inches across,
with ligulate acute sepals and petals of a brilliant cinnabar-orange colour;
while the lip, which is oblong and trifld in front, has the yellow side-lobes
folded over the column, and the intermediate one rounded, denticulate,
somewhat crisped, and of a rich crimson hue, passing into crimson veins on
the disk.

134

THE ELOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ June,

It will HO doubt be as easy to cultivate as its progenitor L. cinnaharina^
while from its brilliant beauty it will no doubt be much sought after. — T. Moobe.

PLUMBAGO KOSEA.

’his beautiful plant is not met with so often as it should be, as it is one of
^ the finest winter-blooming stove plants in cultivation. If a young plant
is started into growth in May, in a temperature of from G0° to 65° at
night, and from 70° to 75° by day, a nice plant may be grown in one
season. In potting, let plenty of drainage be placed in the pot, and over this
vput some rough fibry peat, to prevent the drainage getting choked. For soil
break up some fibry peat in pieces about the size of Hazel-nuts ; to this add about
one-fourth its bulk of good loam, and sufficient silver-sand to keep the whole
porous. Use a pot two sizes larger than the one the plant is taken from ; pot
moderately firm, and be rather sparing with water at the root until the plant
shows signs of growth, but syringe well night and morning.

When the young shoots have grown to four or five joints in length, stop them
at either the fourth or fifth joint, according to their strength. Use the syringe
freely, and do not let the plant suffer for want of water at the root. As soon as
the second growth is starting from the eyes to which they were pinched back,
give another shift, using soil as before advised, and treat the plant, as to
temperature and syringing, in every respect as before. As soon as the roots have
well got into the new soil, use a little weak manure-water once a .week until
the flower-spikes begin to form. When the flowers begin to open, remove the
plant to a rather drier atmosphere, and by gradually reducing the temperature,
the plant will become sufficiently hardened to stand in a warm conservatory for
some time whilst in bloom. After blooming is over, cut off the old flower-
spikes, and start the plant as before. The thrips is a great pest to this plant,
and must be kept down by fumigating or washing the foliage by hand. — Henry
Chilman, Somerley,

t . . ' ' ■ '

NOTABLE NEW PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

[p.c.C. = Firat-clasB Certificate ; b.c. = Botanical Certificate ; r.c.

Certificate."]

Floricultural

UEB JAPONicuM VITIFOLIUM [b.c.]. — A distinct variety, with broad-lobed
leaves (nine lobes) of a light green colour. — 3fessrs. Veitch 4' Sons:
April 22.

Acer pictum bicolor [b.c.]. — A broad-leaved hardy tree ; the leaves
handsomely blotched and flaked with white, and cut into seven shallow
acuminate lobes. — Mr. R. Smith: R.B.S., 3Iay 20.

Acer polymorphum flavescens [b.c.]. — A neat variety with seven-lobed
leaves, and oblong-obovate acuminate yellowish leaflets with green ribs. — Alessrs.
Veitch ^ Sons : R.B.S.., April 22.

Acer septemlobum bicolor [b.c.], — A handsome Japanese Maple, the broad-
lobed leaves being coloured bronzy-purple and pale rose-red.-r-J/r. 11. Smith:
B'.B.S., Alay 20.

1874. ]

NOTABLE NEW PLANTS AND FLOAVERS.

135

Acer septemlobum elegans [b.c.]. — In this variety, the narrow-lobed leaves
are green, slightly tipped red. — Mr. B. Smith: JR..B.S., May 20.

Acer septemlobum marginatum [b.c.]. — This has leaves margined with white
reticulation ; elegant habit of growth. — Mr. R. Smitlu R.B.S..^ May 20.

Adiantum gracillimum [f.o.c.]. — A very elegant stove fern, related to A.
cuneatum., of somewhat dwarf growth, the minute divisions making it very useful
for cut purposes. — Mr. B. S. Williams : R.H.S., May 13 ; R.B.S.., May 20.

Agave filifera supbrba [f.o.c.]. — The finest of the thread-leaved Agaves,
with remarkably stout, short leaves, nearly two inches in breadth, bearing white
threads on the margin. — Mr. J. Croucher : R.H.S.., May 13; R.B.S., May 20.

Agave micracantha picta [f.c.c.]. — A distinct plant, having finely serrated
glaucous leaves, up the centre of which is a broad white band. — Mr. J. Croucher :
R.H.S.., May 13 ; R.B.S.^ May 20.

Agave Leopoldii [b.c]. — A dwarf variety of the Verschaffeltii type, with
the long brown terminal spines twisted. — Messrs. Veitch Sons: R.B.S.., April 22.

Agave marmorata [b.c.]. — A very interesting species, in which the stoutish
spined leaves are cross-banded with grey. — Mr. J. Croucher : R.B.S. , May 20.

Amaryllis (Hippeastrum) Moore ana [f.c.]. — A fine variety, with the flowers
deep blood-red; very striking, and of fine form. — Mr. B. S. Williams: R.B.S..,
April 22.

Amaryllis (Hippeastrum) virqinalis [f.c.]. — In this, the flowers are creamy
white, the throat tinted with green, a valuable addition as a white variety, though
wanting in form. — Mr. B. S. Williams : R.B.S., May 20.

Anthurium floribundum. — A neat, free-growing stove herb, possibly a Spathic
phyllum. The leaves are oblong, apiculate, and the spathes white and reflexed. —
Mr. B. S. Williams : R.B.S., May 20, 1873.

Aquilegia (chrysantha) leptoceras lutea [f.o.c.]. — A beautiful and ex¬
tremely showy hardy perennial from North America, its large golden-yellow long-
spurred erect flowers produced in great abundance, from densely tufted plants,
which maintain a long succession of bloom. — Mr. J. Douglas : R.H.S., May 13.

Athyrium Filix-fgemina curtum cristatum [b.c.]. — A pretty and distinct
Lastrea-like fern, with the pinnules and pinnae short and blunt, and the pinnae
and frond densely but bluntly tufted. — Messrs Ivery 4' Son : R.B.S., May 20.

Azalea Duke of Edinburgh [f.c]. — A very striking salmon-red, spotted
slightly on the segments ; smooth, very large, stout and bold, free, and of the finest
form. — Mr. A. Parsons: R.B.S., April 22.

Azalea mollis Alphonse Lavallee [f.c.c.]. — A, fine orange - salmon
coloured variety of a fine hardy shrub, with well-formed flowers, in large, showy
trusses ; a fine decorative plant for pots or borders. — Messrs. Lane ^ Son : R.H.S. ,
May 13.

Betula alba purpurea [b.c.]. — A variety of the common Birch, in which the
leaves are of a dark purplish hue. — Mr. W. Paul: R.B.S., April 22.

Boronia elatior [b.c.]. — A greenhouse shrub of distinct aspect, having an
upright spare growth, pinnate leaves, and convergent flowers of a lively rosy-red
hue. — Messrs. Veitch ^ Sons : R.B.S., May 20.

Clematis Duchess of Edinburgh [f.c.]. — A pure white double-flowered
variety, with flowers of medium size and immense depth, very free, and of
vigorous habit. — Messrs, G, Jackman ^ Son : R.B.S., April 22.

136

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[June,

Clematis Mrs. Moore [f.c.]. — A fine variety of tiie early-fiowering lanuginosa
type, with large satiny-white fiowers, slightly tinted with mauve. — Messrs. G.
Jackman ^ Son: E.B.S.^ April 22.

Clematis Morikata Oke [f.c.]. — Remarkable for its fine form ; very delicate
mauve, the fiowers large, and eight-petaled, of the early-fiowering lanuginosa
section. — Messrs. G. Jackman ^ Son : R.B.S.., April 22.

Clematis Robert Hanbury [f.c.o.]. — A grand variety of the early-flowering
lanuginosa section, with massive lustrous blue-mauve flowers of large size, fine
shape, and great beauty. — Messrs. G. Jackman 4' Son: B.H.S..) May 13.

Clematis Sir Garnet Wolseley [f.c.]. — A showy variety of the patens
type, pale blue, with a plain red bar along each segment ; good form and very
free. — Messrs. G. Jackman 4" Son: R.B.S.., April 22.

Croton ovalifolium [b.c.]. — A distinct and handsome variety, with oblong-
oval leaves, with blunt rounded ends, marked with yellow veins. — Messrs. Veitch
4" Sons : R.B.S.., April 22. ■ '

Cypripbdium Harrisianum [b.c.]. — A fine hybrid between C. harhatum and
villosum., with tesselated leaves, and handsome flowers, having a port- wine coloured
lip. — Messrs. Veitch 4" Sons: R.B.S.., March 25.

Drac^na Hendersoni [b.c.]. — A pretty variety,'^ with the leaves marked
with streaks of pink and crimson. — Messrs. Veitch 4' Sons: R.B.S.., April 22,

Echeveria eximia [b.c.]. — A pretty^ dwarf half-hardy succulent, like a
magnified form of E. glauca. . The glaucous obtuse apiculate rosulate leaves are
an inch and a half broad. — Messrs. E. G. Henderson 4' Son : R.B.S.., May 20.

Echeveria Peacockii [b.c.]. — A handsome Californian pulverulent species,
with a pleasing rosette-like growth of obovate erect leaves. — Mr. J. Croucher :
R.B.S.., May 20.

Gymnogramma triangularis [b.c.]. — A beautiful Californian greenhouse
Fern, of tufted habit, attaining a height of from 6 to 12 inches, with triangular
fronds, clothed with yellow beneath. — Mr. B. S. Williams: R.H.S.., May 13.

H.EMANTHUS Rooperi [f.c.c.]. — A tall-growing greenhouse bulb, with deep
heads of reddish orange-coloured flowers, and prominent yellow anthers ; a
variety of H. insignis. -^Messrs. E. G. Henderson 4" Son: R.H.S.., May 13.

Hypolepis Bergiana [b.c.]. — An elegant, erect-growing, and distinct S.
African fern, with finely-cut triangular hairy fronds ; promising to be very useful,
both for exhibition and decorative purposes.— Rollisson : R.H.S.., May 13.

Mammillaria Roezliana longispina [f.c.c.]. — A distinct dwarf Cactus,
covered with peculiar grey spines fully 2^ in. in length. — Mr. J. Croucher :
R.H.S.., May 13 ; R.B.S.., May 20.

Pelargonium (show) Archduchess [f.c.]. — A large bold painted flower;
the lower petals stained and pencilled with dark ; dark top petals, and large
white throat. — Mr. Nye: R.B.S.., May 20.

Pelargonium (show) Duchess of Edinburgh [f.c.c.]. — An invaluable decora¬
tive and forcing variety, wonderfully dense and free, producing large trusses of
crispy-petaled white flowers, blotched with purple. — Mr. Braid: R.H.S., May 13.

Pelargonium (show) Presbyter [f.c.].- — Orange-red lower petals, with
slight maroon blotch on each ; dark top-petals, margined with pale rose ; con¬
spicuous white throat. — Mr. C. Turner: R.B.S., May 20.

Pelargonium (fancy) Mrs. Hart [f.c.]. — Bright rose, with large white
throat; paler towards the edges, fine quality. — Mr. C. Turner : R.B.S., May 20.

1874.]

THE GARDEN LYCOPODIUM DENTICULATUM HARDY.

137

Pelargonium (fancy) Rosy Morn [f.o.]. — Pink, shaded with rose, and wire-
edge of white, striking white throat ; fine form. — Mr. C. Turner : May 20.

Pelargonium (fancy) The Shah [f.c.]. — Rose-shaded maroon, and wire-edge
of pinkish white ; form, extra fine. — Mr. G. Turner : R.B.S., May 20.

Polyanthus purpureus [f.o.c.]. — A fine large crimson-purple fancy or
bedding variety ; the pips of great size, and forming a bold truss. — Mr, li. Dean:
B.II.S.^ April 1.

Rose (h. p.) Perle des Blanches [f.c.]. — A very free-flowering pure white
variety, producing its flowers in large clusters, and well adapted for garden
decoration. — Mr. W. Paul: R.B.S.^ April 22.

Rose (h. p.) St. George [f.c.]. — Shaded crimson, a fine full globular flower
of excellent quality. — Mr. W. Paul : R.B.S.^ April 25.

. Rose (tea) Duchess of Edinburgh [f.o.c.]. — A fine high-coloured variety
in the way of Cheshunt Hybrid, with large globular flowers of a rosy lilac-purple
hue, and very fragrant. — Messrs. Veitch 4' Sons : P.H.S.yMay 13.

Rose (tea) Mdlle. Marie Arnaud [f.c.]. — A charming pale-yellow flowered
variety, of the build of Marechal Niel, and of a soft and pleasing glow of colour.
— 3fr. W. Paul: R.B.S..^ April 22.

Viola White Swan [f.o.c.]. — A large-flowered pure white variety of the
lutea-grandiflora section, very free, remarkably early, and continuing in blooming ;
will be of great value in spring gardens. — Mr. R. Dean : R.IT.S., 13.

THE GARDEN LYCOPODIUM DENTICULATUM HARDY.

^JiHIS plant, now so common in our stoves and greenhouses [known also as
Selaginella denticulata., but more correctly as S. Kraussiana, the true S.

fdenticulata being quite different], is, I presume, very much hardier
than many cultivators of it are aware of. In the summer of 1870, a
large plant of Agave americana variegata was turned out into a subtropical
bed in the flower garden. Round the edge of the pot, which was about two-
thirds sunk into the bed, was -growing a healthy batch of this Lycopod, covering
the upper portion of the pot so as nearly to render it invisible. While in this
open-air position it had established itself on the ground adjoining, where it
remained undisturbed until the following spring, when I was astonished to find,
while the men were digging over the bed, some plants fresh and green, which
had lived through about six weeks’ frost of such severity, that it had penetrated
freely a foot deep into the ground. This severe test of its hardiness induced me
to make a trial of it as a hardy edging plant. The place chosen was round
some stone-work forming a margin to a hardy fernery. In case of its not suc¬
ceeding, it was mixed alternately with a hardy dwarf Sedum. The situation has,
however, suited it so well, that it has remained undisturbed for the last three
years. The growth through the summer months is very dense and compact ; and
it forms a pretty and interesting edging for the fernery, in connection with the
Sedum. The beds are well drained by stones and brick-bats, and the soil light and
open. The situation is well sheltered, but with full exposure to the mid-day sun. —
J. Webster, Gordon Castle,

N

4

138

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST

[ JUNH,

CKOTON VOLUTUM.

HIS is one of the finest and most distinct of the many new Crotons which
have during recent years been added to our gardens. It is, as will be seen
from the annexed figure, borrowed from Mr. Bull’s Catalogue, a variety of
rigorous habit, with handsome golden variegation, its peculiarly curved

1874. ]

GARDEN GOSSIP.

139

leaves being twisted in a way wMcb gives them the appearance of a ram’s horn.
Mr. Bull describes it thus : — A very distinct-looking and beautiful form of the
multifarious Croton or Codiceum^ihe great peculiarity of which consists in the leaves
being rolled up from the end in a volute, after the manner of the curving of a ram’s
horn. The leaves are six inches long, and an inch and a half or more in breadth,
and beautifully coloured. The ground-colour is a deep green ; a golden bar of
a quarter of an inch wide runs down the centre, from which yellow veins diverge
at about half-inch intervals, and meet near to and so as to coalesce with the
golden margin, in which occur irregularly scattered green spots. The markings
are very regular, a little pink sometimes appearing in the midrib. The curving
of the leaf-blade is also very constant, causing the edges to be elevated so as to
form a kind of channel. The bark of the young shoots is also variegated with
yellow. This will prove one of the most beautiful and effective amongst the
many fine forms, which have come to us from the islands of the South Seas. It
has received a First-class Certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society, under
the temporary name of cornigerum^ which is not properly applicable to it. — T. M.

GAEDEN GOSSIP.

HE event of the month has been the International Exhibition at Florence^
which was held in the New Market, a building admirably adapted for the
purpose for which it is ultimately destined, but too large for the exhibi¬
tion, since, like our own Crystal Palace, it had the effect of dwarfing the

plants. To some extent this impression was removed by the central fountain, a single simple
jet, which, rising from a white marble basin three-fourths of the height of the building,
produced a really imposing effect. The general grouping of the plants was simple and
effective. The most remarkable exhibits were the gorgeous Crotons of Prince Demidoff,
the stove plants of Marquis Torrigiani and Marquis Corsi-Salviati, the Agaves and the noble
Bamboos of Signor Fenzi, the collections of MM. Linden and Dalli6re, and the New Plants of
Messrs. Veitch. The Orchids and Specimen Greenhouse Plants were not equal to what we
see at our own shows. Florists’ flowers in general were very poor, but Roses were good, and
Fancy Pansies unusually excellent. Art and taste in design were, as might be expected,
everywhere manifest in the fountains, garden ornaments, flower-pots, and the like. The
form of the building is nearly square, and the arrangement of the contents may best be
described by stating that there is a central nave and two side aisles connected by transepts
at either end. The arrangement was effective, and a happy compromise between the severe
utilitarianism of our English system, with its abrupt grouping, and the pictural arrange¬
ments often met with on the Continent. At the far end, opposite the entrance, was a lofty
rockwork, rising from a subalpine forest of Azaleas, and formed of tufa, over which poured a
cascade. In among the blocks fell double Banksian Roses, both buff and white, in graceful
masses ; Conifers and other shrubs sprung from between the projecting bluffs, and the whole
formed a most pleasing group. The separation between the nave and aisles was formed by fine
beds of Palms, Cycads, Pandanads, Tree Ferns, &c., these being edged for the most part with
Ixia crocata, grown in pots and plunged ; this plant giving an effective fringe of colour.
Outside the main building was an open space planted as an ornamental garden, and containing
also some remarkable exhibits. It was perhaps to be regretted that some of the grand objects,
such as the noble masses of hardy Bamboos, were not utilised in the interior. We hear
that proposals have been made to hold an International Exhibition in London in 1876 ; and
there is no doubt that such a gathering would be well supported in this country, if carried
out in the same catholic spirit as was that of 1866.

- Specimens of Coleus The Czar^ sent to us by Mr. Cannell, show it to be

a new and very distinct type of Coleus, of great beauty. Tbe leaves have the
rich colouring of the green and golden varieties exquisitely blended in a varying

N 2

140

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Junk,

manner. Sometimes the loaf is mainly of an intense velvety maroon, flushed with bright
rose, giving a kind of shot-crimson hue, the edge being just banded with green. In other
cases, half the leaf is of a deep rosy crimson, with golden beaded edge, and sometimes the rosy
and the maroon-crimson tints are variously streaked and blended. The flush of rosy crimson
appearing in the maroon gives a remarkable velvety richness, which must he seen to bo
appreciated ; but the colouring is so rich and varied, that, if constant, the plant must bo
exceedingly effective.

- 3In the garden of the Villa Ada, on Lake Maggiore, the Chinese and

Japanese Bamboos form a group of plants of remarkable beauty. Their real

decorative value, observes Professor Koch, in some notes on this beautiful Italian

garden published in the Gardeners' Chronicle^ can only bo realised when soon out-of-doors in
such luxuriance as they present here, which causes me to regret that they will not bear our
winters in Germany. But I should think they would stand out in England very w'ell, and
they should therefore be more extensively employed than I have observed, at least, in the
public gardens and parks of London. The rapid growth of these grasses may be illustrated
by a four-year-old plant of Bambusa mitis, which measures 12 ft. through by 20 ft. high,
whilst a plant of Arundinaria falcata has reached a height of 12 ft. in the same period.

- following is one mode of preparing Dried Cherries : — The fruit

should be put into a slow oven and thoroughly dried ; then before they begin

to change colour, they should be taken out of the oven, tied in bunches, and

stored away in a dry place. In the winter they may be cooked with sugar for dessert, the
same as Normandy Pippins. Particular care must be taken that the oven be not too hot.
Another method of drying Cherries is to stone them, and to put them in a preserving-pan,
with plenty of loaf-sugar strewed amongst them. They shohld be simmered till the fruit
shrivels, when they should be strained from the juice. The Cherries should then be placed
in an oven, cool enough to dry without baking them. About 5 oz. of sugar would bo
required for 1 lb. of Cherries, and the same syrup may be used again to do another quantity
of fruit.

- ^MONG Tea jRoses, some desirable novelties bave been seen at the Shows

during the present season. One such was Madame Franqois Janin^ which obtained

a First-class Certificate, and which is a free-growing, free-flowering, medium-sized

or small flower, a most beautiful Kose in the bud, deep yellow in colour, and of the very first
class for cutting for button-holes and bouquets, in which respect it will probably bo found
without a rival. It proves also to be a capital pot Rose. There have been some other new,
or comparatively new, Roses shown at South Kensington this spring. Catherine Mermet, a com¬
paratively new variety, has been shown in splendid form ; and looking at it from all points, there
js, perhaps, no other Tea Rose equal to it. It is exquisite in form, apparently very constant,
and a good healthy grower. Another charming Tea Rose is Messrs. Veitch’s Duchess of
Edinburgh, which has been shown in very fine form indeed, and was most deservedly awarded
a First-class Certificate ; a dark red Tea Rose, large in size, well-shaped, robust in habit,
and most floriferous, is certainly a gem of the first water.

- John Saltee, formerly of the Versailles Nursery, Hammersmith,

died on May 10, at the good old age of 76. Mr. Salter, whose name is a house¬
hold word amongst the cultivators of Chrysanthemums and hardy variegated

plants, was one of the founders of the Metropolitan Society of Florists and Amateurs, which
was established in 1832 ; and at the Dahlia show of this Society held in that year he gained
his first medal. In the year 1838 he went to reside at Versailles, France, and there applied
himself to the improvement of the Chrysanthemum, Annie Salter and Madame Poggi, raised
in 1844, being the most remarkable in his first batch of seedlings ; Queen of England, and
other fine sorts quickly followed. The little Chusan Daisy, sent from China by Mr. Fortune,
was introdnced into France by him, and from it sprang all the Pompon varieties now culti¬
vated. The troubles of the French Revolution in 1848 having compelled him to leave
Versailles, he settled at Hammersmith, and there he continued the cultivation of the Chry¬
santhemum. In 18G5 Mr. Salter published his experience, in an illustrated volume entitled
The Chrysantheimm, its History and Cidture. The Pyrethrum (roseum) was another of his

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR JUNE.

141

favourite flowers. JIany of the fine double varieties now cultivated are the result of his per¬
severance. In 1869 Mr. Salter, already in failing health, retired from business. An attack
of paralysis in February, 1873, greatly enfeebled him, and a second stroke in May, 1874,
proved fatal. Thus peacefully passed away one of the kindest and most amiable of men ; and
one of the most renowned of our old florists.

- IMe. George Glenny, of floricultural fame, died on May 17 at Gipsy

Hill, Norwood, aged 81, after a week’s illness. From his earliest years he was
a great lover and a good cultivator of flowers, and he soon gave up business, and

devoted himself to literature and floriculture, amongst which he passed a most active life.
He was the founder of the original garden newspaper, the Gardener's Gazette, which for
several years he conducted. He was one of the founders, in 1832, of the Metropolitan Society
of Florists and Amateurs, a society to which is to be attributed much of the advance which
has been made in the improvement of flowers during the last forty years ; he was also ono of
the founders (Mr. John Keynes, of Salisbury, being another), in 1839, of the Gardeners’
Royal Benevolent Institution. Though a voluminous writer in various periodicals, it was on
the authorship of the Properties of Flowers and Plants that he most prided himself. Mr.
Glenny, who was also the author of various small popular works, was an original and
powerful, but too often acrimonious, writer. During the last few years of his life his literary
work has been chiefly confined to the preparation of his Almanac, and his contribution to
Lloyd's Newspaper,

GAEDEN WOEK FOE JUNE.

FLOWERS.

to the time at which I write (May 12), the severity of the weather con-
■) tijiues. This has told perceptibly upon vegetation, which being in such
an advanced state, now presents a seared and weather-beaten aspect. With-
6^ out an immediate change in the weather, the planting-out of half-hardy
^ plants must be delayed. The ground must be frequently forked up in the
beds for the reception of subtropical and other tender plants, which may be
planted out towards the middle of the month. As regards the disposition of
these plants in the flower garden, much will depend upon the shelter they re¬
ceive ; this should always be borne in mind, and such subjects as are somewhat
hardy and resist wind should be put in the most exposed positions. In planting
Alternantheras, more particularly the highly-coloured A. amcenafii is necessary to
have a prepared free soil, and to plant sufficiently thick to secure immediate
effect. Coleus Verschaffeltii splenclens also requires to be planted thickly, as it
grows but sparingly out-of-doors, but it is a most charming variety. After plant¬
ing, water freely to settle the soil, and when somewhat dry, stir the surface and
mulch with partially decayed dung and leaf-soil, which will save much labour in
watering. This mulching may be extended to various subjects, such as Calceo¬
larias,, Variegated Pelargoniums, &c., with beneficial results. Unremitting atten¬
tion must be given to the training of climbers, and the pegging-down and pinch-
ing-back of such plants as may require it ; also to the timely staking of all kinds
of border plants requiring support. Take up the roots of Anemones and Ranun¬
culuses as soon as the leaves die down, and dry and store them.

Eecently planted trees and shrubs must have attention in watering,
mulching the surface over the roots. Roses are at this season liable to become
infested with green-fly, which must be kept under by means of the syringe ;
assist them with good soakings of manure-water, which will vastly improve both
growth and bloom. Pick off the seed-pods from Azaleas, Kalmias, and Rhodo¬
dendrons as the blooms decay. Make successional sowings of Mignonette, Sweet
Peas, and other choice Annuals for autumn flowering, freely thinning-out such as
may require it, as Annuals are most generally spoiled by being crowded. Sow
seeds of Brompton and (.lueen Stocks, which are worthy of a more extended

142

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ J UNE,

culture, as tliey are so valuable for cutting from during the spring months. Eock-
work, ferns, and Alpine plants will be benefited by repeated waterings during dry
weather, and several of the strong-growing varieties, such as Scolopendrums and
OsmimdaSj cannot well be overdone with water. Lawns must be regularly mown,
and the edgings of the walks clipped, so as to preserve neatness and order.

Greenhouse soft-wooded plants, such as Cinerarias and Primulas^ which
were raised early, should be shifted on, and placed in a frame under a north
wall. Chrysanthemums should be potted on, the plants stopped-back, and the
shoots tied down. Such stopping as may be required to secure a furnished habit
should be now seen to, as they do not flower so satisfactorily if stopped after this
time. The late-flowering varieties and the Pompons may be stopped a few
weeks later, if necessary. Plunge the pots out-doors where they may be fully
exposed, watering freely at the root, and damping over the foliage nightly.
Salvia splendens must receive a free system of culture when grown in pots, and
placed outside in a sheltered position ; a portion of the stock should be planted
out of pots, when they will make rapid progress, and require to be potted up in
autumn. Hybrid Solanums make the best plants when turned out of their pots
during the summer months, and are so far hardy that they resist from 8° to 10° of
frost with impunity. Celosias^ Balsams^ and Coxcombs that are grown for con¬
servatory decoration must receive liberal treatment, with abundance of ventilation,
to insure a stocky habit.

The early-blooming Heaths will have made the greater portion of their
growth, and the soft-wooded varieties will benefit by full exposure to sun out-of-
doors, standing them on a bed of ashes or other material impervious to worms ;
such as are grown under glass must have free ventilation both night and day.
Camellias that were started early will now be in an advanced state, and setting
their bloom-buds, so that a freer system of ventilation must be given, avoiding
any sudden check, which is liable to induce second growth. The same remarks
are applicable to the early-forced Azaleas^ such as are starting into growth
being kept in a brisk growing moist temperature. Lachenalias and Tuberous
Tropceolums that have perfected their growth should have water gradually
withheld until they are perfectly dried off.

Stove plants such as Hedychiums^ Allamandas^ Clerodendrons^ &c., that are
established in their pots will be improved by applications of weak liquid manure
at each watering. Begonias, which are grown for the beauty of their flowers,
thrive best in an unshaded, freely-ventilated structure. As many of the Palms
are so largely grown in small pots for decorative purposes, they will be greatly
improved by feeding with manure-water. With the increased amount of root and
atmospheric moisture now necessary to perfect the growth of East Indian orchids,
air must be more freely given, as a stagnant state of the atmosphere, with such
a heat, is mostly productive of blotching and decay. The plants of Phajus
grandifolius^ which forms one of the grandest specimens for conservatory embel¬
lishment, will now require potting as they cease blooming, and growing in a brisk
heat ; equal parts of turfy loam, peat, and dried cow-dung, with charcoal and
sand, will grow them luxuriantly. — Q. Westland, Witley Court.

FRUITS.

Peaches and Nectarines : Keep the trees well syringed up to the time the
fruit is ripening ; then expose the crop as much as possible to the sun, and admit
plenty of air to give colour and flavour. Later houses may have the day tem¬
perature increased. Thin and tie-in the shoots in the latest house, and treat them
as before advised. Use plenty of moisture.

Plums : These will require plenty of air and moisture till such time as the

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR JUNE.

143

fruit begins to ripen, when syringing must cease, but continue to water freely at
the root, more especially if they are growing in pots.

Cherries in pots should be plunged outside as soon as the crop is gathered, or
taken out of the pots and planted ; these will still require attention, as well as
those intended for forcing next season. Keep them well syringed, and watered in
dry weather, and clear them from black-fly.

Pines : Attend to last month’s directions respecting airing, temperature, &c.
Tie up the fruit to keep them upright when they are swelling off ; maintain a
moist atmosphere, and give a liberal supply of water at the root. Shift the suc¬
cession plants, as they may require pot-room, and shade for a few days after
potting. Syringe daily in the afternoon, and do not let any of the plants want
for water at the root.

Vinei'y : Muscat grapes should be assisted with a little fire-heat except in
hot weather, so that the night temperature may range from 65° to 70°, and with
air and moisture it may rise to 90° in the day-time. Late vineries should also
have a little fire-heat in chilly weather. Keep up the requisite moisture when
the fruit is set ; then go on with the thinning of the fruit, regulating the shoots,
tying, &c. If mildew makes its appearance, dust with dry sulphur. Keep the
early houses well aired where the fruit is perfectly ripe. Plunge pot vines or
otherwise shade the pots from the sun, give them every assistance by mulching,
and manure-water two or three times a week, but be careful not to give it too
strong or it may kill the young feeders, and spoil the crop as regards colour.

Melons ; We may yet experience some chilly weather, therefore do not let
the heat decline in the beds, but attend well to the linings by turning and add¬
ing fresh stable-litter ; this will guard them from injury should sudden changes
in the weather occur ; give the plants a good soaking of water, except where the
fruit is approaching maturity ; air freely, syringe and close the frames early in
the afternoon ; avoid shading if possible.

Hardy Fruit: The present is a busy month in this department. Every attention
should now be given to trained fruit-trees ; wall-trees especially should be gone
over in time, and the shoots thinned and stopped, to admit air and light among
the young fruit. Pears ^ Plums ^ Cherries should be subjected to this treat¬
ment. Peaches and Nectarines should be gone over often, and the thinning of the
fruit and shoots carried on in moderation, bearing in mind to retain sufficient foliage
to shade the larger branches from the scorching sun ; keep the trees free from fly
by the means before stated, and dust with sulphur if mildew appears. Use the
garden-engine to wash the trees in the afternoon of fine days. Give the final
thinning to Apricots ; thin and nail-in the shoots, and a good soaking of water
at the root would be beneficial if the weather be dry. Pinch out the points of
the young shoots of Currants to check green-fly, and look out for caterpillars —
also on Gooseberries ; hand-picking is the best means of clearing the trees of this
pest. Finish mulching Strawberries with litter or short grass at once, and water
in dry weather ; plant out the forced plants, as these will produce heavy crops of
fruit next year. Orchard-houses should have plenty of air and water ; in fact,
neither can well be over-done at this time of the year, more especially if the trees
are in pots. — J. Powell, Frogmore.

VEGETABLES.

Look through all the spring crops, to ascertain whether they are likely to afford
such a supply as will suffice or not. It is. to be feared in many instances some
of the tenderer kinds of vegetables may have missed altogether, either through
frosts, which, owing to their prevalence, have materially injured many things, or
by insect pests, which, owing to the very slow growth of the plants, have this

144

THE ELOEIST and POMOLOGIST.

[ June,

season had more than ordinary power over them. In the case of any failures
of such kinds as are wanted other sowings should be made immediately. If the
weather proves more favourable during the two last weeks of May, some progress
may possibly be made in thinning - out superfluous seedlings from all crops.
Indeed, this is an operation which should be done as early as possible, and
hence will require full attention during the current month. All such crops
as Onions^ Carrots of the intermediate and long kinds. Parsnips^ &c., should
be thinned out freely ; not only is the produce finer, but the aggregate bulk
is increased, by a free system of culture. Onions should not be less than
six inches apart, in all cases where fine examples are intended to be grown.
Those for pickling, and such other quantity as are required for use whole and of
moderate size, require no thinning at all. Immediately following the thinning
process, give the ground a thorough good and deep hoeing between the crops,
which not only tends to destroy weeds, but loosens the soil after the necessary
treading upon it, and aids the young crops to grow freely.

Asparagus-heds or plantations would be much benefited by a moderate dress¬
ing with coarse or other salt at this season ; scatter it broad-cast across the beds.
Though it will be possible to cut Asparagus for use later -this season than
ordinarily, owing to continued cold weather, and the moderate supply previously
produced, yet is it desirable to cease cutting as early as possible, both in view of
taxing the roots as little as possible, and also to give the young shoots that are
permitted to grow away freely more time to perfect and ripen their growth.

Plants of spring-sown Caidijlowers that have attained to a moderately good
size in the seed or nursery beds, should be planted out at the earliest time possible
in a good rich permanent bed previously prepared for them. All other seedling
plants of the Broccoli^ Borecole, or Cahhage tribes must have direct attention in
the matter of thinning them out, and transplanting such as are drawn — being
generally the strongest — on to nicely sheltered nursery beds. This operation
should always be attended to, when practicable, upon a dull showery day,, or during
the latter part of the day, when a hot arid period has set in. Make other sowings
of such as these and kindred subjects, according to the home wants, and the success
or failure that has attended the first sowings. Place the requisite sticks to Pnnner
Beans^ by anticipation rather than following an apparent need of required support.
Immediately the last sowings of Peas^ Broad Beans, Dwarf French Beans, &c.,
show through the ground, make successional sowings with any remaining stock of
such kinds as were previouly sown, or other late kinds. Make a good permanent
sowing of Parsley early in the month, as the crops produced from such a sowing
will furnish a supply throughout winter and early spring. Sow, also, a succes¬
sional batch of such herbs as Siveet Basil, Purslane, &c., to produce a supply of
green young leaves for late autumnal use. Turnips should be sown during any
showery weather at the latter end of the month. Many subjects will require to
be planted out definitively, comprising such things as the early-sown Siveet Basil,
Chilis or Capsicums, Tomatos, Vegetable Marrows, and the customary Ridge
Cucimhers, Gherkins, &c. The latter may be planted out in a variety of ways.
Either make a bed of fermenting materials in the ordinary way, using stable-yard
manure, old leaves, or any kind of litter, so as to cause a moderate heat ; upon
this a foot or two of soil should be placed, and into this plant out the plants
previously prepared in pots, or sow the seeds therein forthwith. One other
efficient and easy method is to dig a trench in the sheltered part of the garden,
to place short grass-mowings or litter of the kind above named, &c., therein ;
place over this rich soil, plant out the plants, and cover in both cases with
hand-lights. — William IIaeley, Valentines,

CKromol- G. Severeyn^ Brasseli:

- ’ . L - M acfari arie , 'lei

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Rhodo dendron Ducliess

1874.]

CHOICE CONSBEVATORY CLIMBERS.

145

KHODODENDEON DUCHESS OF EDINBUEGH.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

HE beautiful varieties of the jasminijlorum type of Rhododendron rank
amongst the choicest of conservatory ornaments, being distinct in character,
moderate in size, varied in colour, and withal possessing a fragrance which
is no small recommendation. The variation in colour is now extended, for
to the white-flowered type, and Princess Alexandra, and the pink-flowered Princess
Royal and Princess Helena, we have to add the striking novelty now represented,
in which the blossoms are of a glowing orange-scarlet. This fine plant was
raised by Messrs. Veitch and Sons, of Chelsea, and was shown at South Ken¬
sington early in March of the present year, when it was awarded a First-class
Certificate.

The plant, which was raised between Princess Royal and Lohhii^ is of the neat
habit peculiar to this race. The leaves are elliptic, glossy, and coriaceous^ about
two inches long. The flowers grow in terminal umbels of from nine to twelve
together, and have a comparatively slender curved tube two inches long, with an
expanded limb of nearly equal obtuse segments, of a rich orange-scarlet colour.
It is indeed a gem of the first water, and thrives under the treatment usually
given to R, jasminijlorum^ that of a warm greenhouse. — T. Moore,

CHOICE CONSEEVATOEY CLIMBERS.

’HE interiors of our stoves, greenhouses, and conservatories are necessarily
of such a cramped and artificial character, of a style so much at variance
with everything we are apt to associate with the highest type of vegetable
beauty, that it becomes very desirable to drape them with vegetation, and
to beautify them as much as possible without injury to the contents of the house,
by placing the best climbers on such pillars, supports, or positions in the house
as may be most suitable to them. Nothing can tend more to the embellishment
of the indoor department than the introduction of a good selection of well-
grown climbers, kept clean, and in graceful training.

Some climbing plants, like the Lapagbria, are so well known and appreciated
as scarcely to require mention. My object is to add the names of a few subjects
of first-rate merit not so generally cultivated. This remark, perhaps, hardly
applies to Plumbago capensis, which is grown in nearly every garden. But
how ? In many old stoves it may be seen treated as a pot plant, with very trifling
success, compared with what may be attained by planting it out in the conserva¬
tory. It is unquestionably the finest autumnal plant we have for a pillar in a con¬
servatory or any large cool house, and the masses of lovely light blue it produces
when in that position are unequalled. With this Plumbago against a tall pillar there
can be no mistake I The large class of gardeners who have to specially provide
for an autumnal effect would do well to plant it, and after taking it up the tallest
pillars, to train it along the roof in wreath-fashion, if possible. In addition to
3bd series. — yii. o

146

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ July,

the highest beauty and abundance of prolonged bloom, it has the great merit of
being a clean plant, not a nuisance to keep clear of green-fly, like the Mande~
villa^ or of scale and mealy-bug, like some of the Tacsontas, and others. The
treatment, too, is quite simple : cut in close in winter, and allow it to take its
own way in the growing season, and thus will be secured a mass of pleasant
green through the summer, and in autumn every shoot will bend down with its
lovely crest of blue. It may be planted anywhere in the floor of a conservatory,
or in a bed of any kind, and should be cut in with a free hand in winter.

Cantua dependens is magnificent when planted against the back wall of a
conservatory, or in any suitable position in the conservatory, and allowed to make
a free full growth there. It has a fine effect trained up a pillar. It should be
planted in a good free loam, but it is not particular as to soil. In South Devon
•it flowers splendidly on the open walls.

From the great fragrance and value in winter of the flowers of Jabminum
GRANDiFLORUM — the Catalonian Jasmine — this plant is well worth planting out
in an intermediate house or warm greenhouse, there to afford a profusion of its
flowers — of so much importance for bouquet-making or indoor decoration, or
in fact, for any of the purposes of the decorating horticulturist.

Ehynohospermum jasminoides, so often shown well in pots, is a fine thing to
plant out in the warm greenhouse or intermediate house. It should have a nice
position near the glass, and requires very little more care as to choice of position
and attention, than Cobea scandens oxPassijlora ccerulea^vjiih. which some embellish
their conservatories. One can fancy nothing more beautiful than wreaths of this
Ehynohospermum in a rather low position near the glass towards the front of a
house, of a temperature suited to its wants. It is a sweet and beautiful thing
grown in any way.

Wherever there are conservatory walls or large wall-spaces in conservatories,
a place should be found for the Datura, or Brugmansia suaveolens, a noble
plant when planted in such a position, and whose large white pendent flowers,
popularly called Angels’ Trumpets, would diffuse their sweetness through the
house, even though it were as large as the conservatory at Ohatsworth. A fine
flower like this, which opens and breathes fragrance when animated nature is
drowsy or asleep, is certain to command admiration. — T. M.

CYCLAMEN EEPANDUM.

fMADE a very useful discovery during a late visit to some very interest¬
ing “ trial grounds,” belonging to Messrs. Barr and Sugden. It is, that

? Cyclamen repandum is a perfect gem of a plant for planting upon con¬
spicuously bare places, under overhanging trees of the evergreen type.
Independently of its flowers, which are pushed up much in the way of our Persian
species, Cyclamen persicum, and are of a bright magenta-colour, this very distinct
species is a foliage-plant of the first water. Not only are the leaves beautiful,
as all Cyclamen-leaves are, in regard to their characteristic markings, but those of

1874.] OHELONE BABBATA ANTWBBPENSIS. — GYMNOGBAMMA DECOMPOSITA. 147

C, repandum are of comparatively large size, being when well grown, larger
than the largest circle one can draw upon the human hand. Of course it
will be understood I write of it as seen under good cultivation. I quite
anticipate the inquiry — Is it really hardy ? Mr. Barr assured me, it could be
maintained in such a position — maintained of course by a resort to the customary
simple means of laying a few inches of cocoa-nut refuse over the corms during the
frosts of winter. All are aware that it is a native of Greece, and though Greece
is the most southern part of Europe, the thermometer is known to fall below 40'’.
That we can maintain beneath such trees as are here referred to, and with the
aid of a mulching of some such open materials as I have named, such a degree of
ground-heat, there can be no doubt ; and once this is admitted, the fact becomes
patent to all, that Cyclamen repandum may defy our climate thereiq.

Indeed, upon consideration, I do not see why C. repandum should not be called
hardy, along with such other South-European species as C. neapolitanum, C.
vemum^ G. latifolium^ and C. ibericum^ even though we admit that its natural
home, Greece, extends a degree further south than South Europe does generally.
Should any one contemplate trying a small patch or bed of this large-leaved
species upon any bare patch of herbless ground, or otherwise, under any evergreen
trees, it were perhaps hardly needful to dwell upon the necessary preparation
of a limited space for their reception. It would be requisite to excavate a border
purposely for them ; a layer of cocoa-nut refuse or decomposed leaves should be
placed at the bottom, and upon this should be added a good rich compost, formed
of fibrous loam, peat, cow-dung, soot, and well-rotted leaf-mould. The cow-dung,
too, should be thoroughly decomposed, the soot moderate in quantity only, and
the leaf-mould in abundance. Press the compost firmly before planting, and
water freely during dry summer weather. — ^William Eably, Valentines.

CHELONE BARBATA ANTWERPENSIS.

’HIS fine old herbaceous plant is now seldom or never seen, but it is one that
would give satisfaction everywhere. It is a summer-flowering plant of
long duration, and has fine handsome spikes of scarlet flowers, which are
produced in abundance in a good heavy soil. The plant requires dividing
and replanting every other year in fresh soil, like most other hardy plants. —
H. Knight, Floors.

GYMNOGRAMMA DECOMPOSITA.

I S a garden plant, this new golden fern will take the position of a companion
to the silvery G. pulchella.^ the size, fine cutting, and triangular outline of
the fronds, producing a certain amount of similarity, though botanically
the two are , perfectly distinct. It was introduced from the Andes of
South America, by John Gair, Esq., of Falkirk, by whom it was sent to Kew,
and from thence it has been distributed. We are indebted to Mr. Bull for the
use of the annexed illustration.

o 2

148

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ July,

The fronds of this elegant fern are nearly deltoid in outline, membranous in
texture, and quadripinnatifid in division, supported on dark chestnut-brown

GYMNOQEAMMi. DKCOMPOSITA.

shining stipes more than a foot long, clothed with sulphury meal at the base,
and furnished with a few scattered pale brown scales. The pinnae are set on
tolerably close, of a clear green colour, the pinnules close lanceolate-deltoid, the

1874.]

ROUGH PLATE GLASS. — HARDY FRUIT CROPS.

149

tertiary segments palmatifidly cut down into linear-acute segments, and bearing
the sulpbur-yellow sori through the whole length of the vein. It is a fine stove
species, the large triangular fronds having a peculiarly elegant appearance from
their fine cutting, while the minute finger-like divisions into which the lobes are
split up give it a distinctive character. — T. Moore.

KOUGH PLATE GLASS.

@HE use of this material for horticultural purposes has not become so
common as it bade fair to do twenty years ago. My experience of it

fthen (though the work was done badly, and in such a manner as to turn
anyone against the use of rough plate glass,) was such as to lead me to
believe, as I still do, that it could be made very serviceable and economical
for many garden purposes.

Though I have specially advocated its use for late vineries, experience has
this season taught me, that rough plate glass answers well for early forcing.
During cold nights much is saved in the way of fuel ; and in changeable weather
the foliage of the vines is not liable to be scorched. Moreover, hail-storms, such
as we experienced two months ago, do not crack the glass.

Having during the last eight or nine years been successful in keeping several
kinds of Grapes till May and June in as good condition as that in which they were
in September with ordinary glass structures, I now find that I can keep the fruit
more easily under rough plate glass. We have lost none from damping-off, and
the fruit has been less liable to shrivel before being cut and hung up with pieces
of wood attached, and placed in bottles of water.

Bough plate glass seems very unsuitable for houses or pits which are sunk in
the ground ; the damp seems to be drawn up, and drip is ready to form. For
camellia-houses, fern-houses, and houses to hold plants when in flower only,
rough plate glass seems to be an advantage ; and for cucumber-pits and frames
for summer work, I would use it gladly. I have known Melons grown under
lights of which one-half has been of each kind of glass, and the difference of the
produce was imperceptible, but shading in the case of rough plate glass is
unnecessary at any time. — M. Temple.

HAKDY FRUIT CROPS AT BURGHLEY AND IN THE

MIDLAND COUNTIES.

®HE present season, irrespective of the sudden fluctuations of temperature
and catching frosts, promises to be a very good one for the fruit crops.

fAt Burghley, I found bush fruits, as Gooseberries, Currants, and Rasp¬
berries, especially good, as compared with what one might have supposed,
after reading the meteorological reports of the spring and early summer months.
Of the last named-fruit, Mr. Gilbert has some fine plantations, aU trained on the
bow or arching system, and these promise an abundant supply of fruit. The
Prince of Wales Pasphrry is largely grown hercj and is found a most prolific

150

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ July,

and richly-flavoured variety, well worth adding to every collection. Strawberries
are here grown in quantity. Planted on well-manured ground, that has been
trenched to a depth of three feet, these are in splendid condition and promise
full crops. The old Grove-End Scarlet is grown here for preserving, and Mr.
Gilbert speaks of it as the very best for the purpose, being of a fine sprightly
flavour, and of an excellent colour throughout. At present this appears very
limited in its distribution, but deserves the attention of all Strawberry-growers.
Cherries, especially Morellos, are a full crop, and I noticed a very nice sprinkling
of fruit on the Burghley Park variety, which was described and figured in a
former volume of the Florist,

I notice that insect pests are especially abundant in many gardens in the
Midland Counties, doing serious damage to both Plums and Cherries on walls,
notwithstanding that in many cases they have been dusted with tobacco-powder,
and repeatedly washed with the garden engine. Pears and the finer Apples on
walls seem to be abundant and of excellent quality. Apricots are looking
remarkably well, fruit being plentiful, while in one or two gardens Figs are
bearing well, the fruit being already nearly full-sized, so that there is plenty of
time for it to be ripened by the hot suns of July and August.-— F. W. B.

FEUIT CROPS IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

®HE spring of 1874 will long be remembered for its severity. Our fruit crops
have suffered, but not to the same extent as those of many of our neighbours.

fThis circumstance may be owing partly, if not exclusively, to the high
situation of our garden, where the atmosphere is always drier than in
low localities. There may be the same amount of cold at a higher elevation,
but it is not so destructive as where the air is saturated with moisture. The
following is a slight sketch of our condition during the past spring— a statement
of results, after one of the most promising seasons I can remember, even although
the summer of 1873 was cold and wet, by no means calculated to ripen the wood;
indeed, we could hardly have anticipated such a profusion of blossom as we had.
On to the 11th of March we had nothing to complain of in the way of frost, but
on the 12th and 13th there were respectively 9° and 12°, accompanied by a bleak,
drying north wind ; it so happened that several of our peach-trees were then in
flower, and strange to say, although they were fully exposed, they escaped with¬
out damage. Throughout the early part of April the weather was all that could
be desired, favouring the idea that there would be an abundance of fruit. The
crucial trial was yet to come, for on the 17th the wind changed from the south
and south-west to the north and north-east, blowing bitterly cold and dry, rob¬
bing the tender foliage of its moisture, while the roots were yielding but a scanty
supply. No apparent injury was done, nor have I found the damage of any
consequence. According to the reading of Negretti and Zambra’s maximum and
minimum thermometers, the 27th was a day of extremes ; the heat rose to 85°
in the shade — the warmest day in April during the past 20 years — and sank the
preceding night to 42°,

1874.]

SELAGINELLA KBAUBSIANA.

151

The month of May brought us no relief ; the wind continued to blow keenly
from the north and north-east, with bright sunshine and frosty mornings. On
two occasions only during the month did the thermometer register more than
59°. On the 9th the frost was, for the season, unusually severe throughout the
country. In many cases, I am told there were 10°, 12°, or 13°, which made sad
havoc among fruit crops of every description, to such an extent, in fact, that the
apple crop on the banks of the river Severn has been completely destroyed ; not there
alone, but in aU low-lying districts. This is the report which has reached me,
and may to some extent be exaggerated, yet, in the main, I fear it is too true.
With ourselves, in the low situations of our park, the frost has considerably
nipped the foliage of the common Oak, Tulip-tree, Juglans nigra^ and mandschurica ;
the latter we can hardly select as a test tree, as it suffers almost yearly, less or
more, unless planted on high ground.

Here, bush fruit is abundant ; also Apples and Cherries ; but owing to the
Continued drought, a large portion of the crop is dropping off. Strawberries are
plentiful, but unless we have rain at once, the fruit will be small, and the suc¬
cession short. A substitute may be found by the use of the water-pot — a
process involving great labour, and by no means quite satisfactory in its results.
Peaches have set so thickly as to require thinning. Our Apricots are under glass,
hence beyond casualties. Plums are deficient, little more than a third part of a
crop ; and the same may be said of Pears. We are suffering severely from
drought ; we have only had two days’ rain since the beginning of April — about
the 7th of the month. — Alexander Cramb, Tortworth.

SELAGINELLA KRAUSSIANA.

fN one of the recent numbers of the Florist [p. 137], I observe a notice of
this plant as being hardy in some situations, and consider this a most im-

fportant fact. It is generally known in gardens as S. denticulaia^ a name it
is in no way entitled to ; and more rarely as S. hortensis^ but S. Kraussiana
ought to be adopted as the more correct specific title. I here especially allude to
this Club Moss with a view of advocating its use as a carpet-plant for flower¬
beds during the summer months, a purpose for which it is largely used in
Paris, more especially in the attractive little Parc Monceaux. If planted
in any rich, sandy compost, and sheltered from rough winds, it would doubt¬
less succeed well in this country, and prove a most valuable addition to the
flower garden. It requires a copious supply of water, and in France, where it
forms dense, turf-like carpets, it is sprinkled every morning ; the system of
watering with movable hose, there generally adopted, rendering this a very
expeditious and simple operation. As a carpet or surfaciag plant for a cool con¬
servatory, or the beds of a winter garden, this has, I believe, no equal, and it
deserves to become popularly used for this purpose, even if it fails to succeed
outside. One of the beautiful ferneries at Manley Hall used to be carpeted with
this verdant, turf-like Lycopod, and during the early spring months a charmingly

152

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ July,

natural effect was obtained by plunging pots containing Hyacinths, Crocuses, and
Narcissi near the margins of the walks. Glimpses of these were obtained from
different points of sight, and as seen beneath the gracefully arching fem-fronds
they told well, and were much admired by the few favoured visitors who were
allowed to see them. This plant is to the floor of a conservatory or fernery
what Ficus stipulata {F, repens of gardens) is to the rockwork and walls ; and
with these two plants judiciously used, any bare place in plant-houses may be
made fresh and interesting in a comparatively short time and at little expense. —
F. W. Burbidge.

ALOE BAINESIL

^BOM a very interesting account of the Tree Aloes of South Africa,
recently published by Professor Dyer, in the Gardeners' Chronicle^ 1874,
567 (whence, also, our figure, reduced from a much larger illustration, is
derived), it appears that at least four species occur on that continent,
n2i-mQ\y, Aloe dichotoma ; an undetermined species from Damaraland ; the Aloe
Bainesiiy represented in our figure ; and the Oaffrarian Aloe Barheroe. These
attain from 30 ft. to 60 ft. in height, and all have much the habit and aspect of
that here represented.

Aloe Bainesii is now growing at Kew, and is a most remarkable “-plant. It
has tufts of glaucous-green distantly spiny leaves, a foot long, and two inches
broad, crowded at the ends of its branches, and was discovered by Mr. Baines,
after whom it is named, in the northern part of Natal. From Mr. Baines’s
letter to Dr. Hooker, quoted in the article referred to, we learn that this
arborescent Aloe was growing on the slope of a rugged hill, overlooking the
sources of the Inada or Inanda rivulet, a tributary of the Tugela river, and
perhaps nineteen or twenty miles north-east of Greytown. Early in June, 1873,
while proceeding to examine a hill near the Tugela, reported to be auriferous,
Mr. Baines first met with these aborescent Aloes, and remarked their similarity to
the great Tree Aloe of Damaraland, and also noticed that they were different.
The men of his party being heavily laden, and the way exceedingly rough, he did
not detain them, resolving to make a sketch on his return, but when he again
passed the locality, he had no opportunity of doing so ; he believes, however, that
he saw a flower of a bright orange or scarlet colour on one of the trees. On July 2,
when returning from the Inyemba hill, where they had been prospecting with
just suflScient success to ascertain that gold was actually there, the rugged slope
was again crossed, and this being the only place where the Aloe had been
observed, Mr. Baines let the men go on, and halted to make a sketch, sending a
Kaffir up the tree to gather a branch, and to search for flowers. The tree
sketched was estimated at 20 ft. high, and the spread of its crown about 15 ft.
The trunk seemed about 2 ft. thick, and at 5 ft. or 6 ft. from the ground divided
into half-a-dozen branches, and these again were subdivided into many more.
The bark was white and smootl^ as in the Tree Aloe of Damaraland, but the

187i. ]

ALOE BAINESII,

153

leaves were long and slender, with small hooked thorns along the edges, and
curved downwards, and the flower, he believes, was scarlet and orange, though

Alok Bainesii : on rocky hills in Eastern South Africa.

Qone could, on this occasion, be found. In these points it differs from thev
Damara species, the leaves of which curl upward, while the flowers are of a

T

154

THE FLOBIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[July,

bright yellow. Mr. Baines adds, that since bis arrival in Durban, he has heard
that Aloes similar, or nearly so, have been found in the Noodsberg.

Another of the South- African species. Aloe Barharce^ is also growing in the
fine collection of succulents in the Boyal Garden at Kew. — T. M.

EENOVATING OLD STRAWBERRY -BEDS.

tS I was allowed space for three articles in the Florist recently, I had
determined on leaving its future pages to contributors more conversant
with the higher walks of gardening ; but an interesting paper on the
X culture of this useful fruit, at p. 130, impels me to disclose a course of
cultivation by which heavy crops may be taken from the same plants for many
successive years.

Three seasons ago, I purposed forming new beds, but the summer had been
so dry that my plants were weak and insufficient in number. I desired my man
to trim the old plants and remove all runners (this was in the September month),
and hired a boy to collect from the cow-meadow barrows of the fresh droppings.
This substance was applied very unsparingly, filling up even all the channels
between the rows, and making all the bed a perfect level. The winter rains
dissolved and washed the whole into the ground. The result was such a bloom¬
ing as I had never before seen, and the promise given by its beauty was realised
by a wonderful produce.

Last September I repeated the process, and now, while Strawberries are very
scarce in the neighbouring gardens, mine are destroying each other by pressure
and crowding, although we gather daily for dessert and presents, and every third
day for the kitchen. It is well known that old strawberry-plants are sustained
by their surface-roots ; and these are profusely produced and fed by this cooling
and harmless stimulant, and hence my success and the saving of trouble. The
plants are now a foot high, in full health, and with dark and gross foliage. I
shall take another crop by the same process. — G. D.

LATE BROCCOLI.

’ ATTELL’S Eclipse Broccoli is worthy of all Mr. Knight says of it, as being
the best late sort to grow, to meet the first crop of spring cauliflowers.
In fact, I think it is now the only sort that can be procured to meet the
above desideratum. All so-called late sorts that were sent out to the
public previous to this one of Mr. Cattell’s, have lost all their characteristics for
lateness, and appear to have merged into those sorts adapted for March and
April cutting. One sort in particular was, in my estimation, a good and desirable
sort ; that was Macfarlane’s, or, as it was sometimes called, Leslie’s Late White,
a sort I hear nothing of now, because, I presume, its distinct character is gone.

I am sorry to say that I find Oattell’s Eclipse is likely to follow in the same
track, for I have grown it consecutively since 1866, and I find its tendency is to
come earlier every season, as the major part of the crop was ready for use when

1874. ]

WHO IS RIGHT ?

155

other earlier sorts were in, and the proportion of late-flowering plants proved
to be very small indeed, compared with that of a year or two after it was sent out.
If, therefore, care be not taken, by those who grow the seed for the public, to
weed out the earlier produce, and save seed only from the very latest heads, it
will follow after others, and we shall lose it altogether, which all who grow it
know we can ill afford to do.

Of course, the seasons have a great influence on the lateness of Broccoli, but as
it is scarcely possible to grow them too late, every effort should be made to retain
that qualification in a vegetable that is so serviceable as a good late Broccoli. I
generally make about three sowings of Cattell’s Eclipse, at intervals of about
three weeks, and plant each on different aspects. The latest I cut this season
was from a northern aspect, on a border under a wall, on Saturday, June 6 ; and
from hand-lights cauliflowers were cut the last week in May. — Thomas Record,
Vinter's Park^ Maidstone.

WHO IS EIGHT?

fHAVE often found a difficulty in the difference of opinion expressed by com¬
petent judges as to the merits of certain plants and flowers, and in no case is
this more remarkable than among Zonal Pelargoniums. As a practical cultiva-
tor, I can make due allowances for circumstances, soil, and climate, but these
put together hardly amount to a solution of the difficulty. I think the anomalies
must arise from the want of a clearly defined and acknowledged standard to judge
by. In the case of Pelargoniums, for example, one grower or class of growers
will be influenced principally by the flower, another by the truss, a third will be
swayed by the habit of the plant, and a fourth will weigh all these points in
combination, giving to each his estimate of their respective value, and pronouncing
accordingly. Certainly, when dealing with a plant which is used for such various
purposes, it would seem to help to an accurate estimate of value if the plant
were looked at from one or other of two points of view, — (1) as a florist’s
flower, in which shape, size, and substance are the chief requisites ; and (2) as a
decorative or bedding plant, in which colour, habit of growth, freedom and
duration of flowering, should be placed in the ascendant. This, I am aware, has
been done in the Report of the Royal Horticultural Society, so far as to classify
them as “bedding plants” and “pot-plants,” but the “ doctors” still differ widely,
which I will proceed to show, by placing side by side the opinions of the Floral
Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society of London, and those of two or
three of the largest growers of this plant in the vicinity of London ; —

Golden Tricolors.

Allan-X-Dale : Discarded as a bedding sort, recommended as superior for

bedding, E. G. Henderson ^ Son.

Hong Kong : Discarded as a bedding sort, R.H.S.} recommended as superior for bedding,
E. G. Henderson ^ Son.

Miss Batters : Discarded as a bedding sort, R.H.S. ; recommended as a bedding sort,
H. Cannell.

Mrs. Dunnett : Discarded as a bedding sort, R,H.S. ; recommended as superior for
bedding, E. G, Henderson ^ Son.

156

THE ELOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ July,

Saragossa : Discarded as a bedding sort, R.H.S. ; recommended as a bedding sort, E. G,
Henderson ^ Son.

Silver Tricolors.

Caroline Lonofield : Discarded as a bedding sort, R.H.S. ; proved fine for bedding,
E. G. Henderson ^ Son.

Clarinda: Discarded as a bedding sort, R.H.S.i proved fine for bedding, E. G.
Henderson ^ Son.

Mrs. Masters : Discarded as a bedding sort, R.H.S. ; proved fine for bedding, E. G.
Henderson ^ Son.

Mysterious Night : Discarded as a bedding sort, R.H.S. ; proved fine for bedding. First-
class Certificate, E. G. Henderson ^ Son.

Miss Farren : Discarded as a bedding sort, R.H.S. ; a fine bedding soi-t, of first-rate
quality, W. Paul.

Silver-Margined.

Alma : Discarded, R.H.S. ; recommended for bedding, !Tohn Fraser.

Princess Alexandra : Discarded, R.H.S. ; one of the best for any purpose, H. Gannett ;
the best white-leaved bedding variety, E. G. Henderson ^ Son ; an excellent bedder, John
Fraser.

Mountain of Snow : Discarded, R.H.S. ; recommended for bedding, John Fraser,
Variegated Stella : Discarded, R.H.S. ; recommended for bedding, John Fraser.

Bronze Zonals.

Beauty Op Wolverstonb : Discarded, R.H.S. ; fine bedder, Downie ^ Co.

Criterion i Discarded, R.H.S. ; very good, Downie ^ Co.

Kentish Hero ; Discarded, R.H.S. ; the finest bedder, Downie ^ Co.

Midas : Discarded, R.H.S. ; probably the best of all the Bronze Zonals, W. Paul.

W. R. Morris : Discarded, R.H.S. ; extra fine, E. G. Henderson ^ Son.

Plutus ; Discarded, R.H.S. ; a first-class variety in every way, H. Gannett.

This brings me to the end of Zonal Pelargoniums judged for the beauty of their
leaves. In my next paper I will deal with the varieties judged for the beauty of
their flowers. — W. P.

GOOSEBERRIES FOR GARDEN FENCES.'

HY not ? and also for hedges between arable fields on farms ? There can
be no question that a thorn hedge forms a good fence, but it is no
more than a fence ; it needs good land and free exposure to light and air
to grow it, and a great deal of labour to keep it in order, but it yields
no profit. Perhaps nothing could be better for external fences or for boundary
lines between meadows, where a strong fence is needed to prevent the passage of
stock ; but in such positions as those indicated above, an impenetrable barrier is of
less moment. A certain amount of shelter, and a clear sharp line of division are
all that is necessary, and these paay readily be found in Gooseberry plants of
various sorts. In fact, many varieties, such as the Ironmonger, Warrington, &c.,
with their long sharp spines, would make a fence almost as impenetrable as
Quickset itself ; and almost any sort of Gooseberry has spines enough to consti¬
tute it a good hedge plant. Of course a great deal depends upon the modes of
planting and training. It would not, however, be difficult by a little manipulation
to make a fence of Gooseberry-bushes quite as impenetrable as most of those
formed of White-thorn ; but with even ordinary attention, they would form a fence
sufficient for the positions thus indicated.

BARRINGTON , PRAGll

1874. ]

THE BARBINGTON PEACH.

157

Supposing them only to be used as dividing lines between gardens, wbat an
immense gain to cottagers and small holders would result from it. Why, many
persons might gather almost enough gooseberries, green and ripe, to pay their rent,
and would still have plenty left for their own consumption. Once make fences of
them between fields, and there would hardly be any limit to the quantity of this
wholesome fruit. For this purpose, the plants should be planted a foot apart,
and pruned into a sharp-pointed pyramid, say 2 ft. or 3 ft. wide at the bottom,
and to a point at the top, the height ranging from 3 ft. to 5 ft., according to
circumstances. Lines of this sort would not grow fruit of an ounce weight, but
they would grow any quantity of useful fruit of medium size and of fine quality.
It is to be hoped that many persons may decide to stub up their old thorn hedges,
and substitute Gooseberries at the earliest opportunity. — D. T. Fish, Hardwicke,

THE BARKINGTON PEACH.

WITH AN ILLUSTBATION.

’HEBE can be no apology necessary for calling attention to this old, well-
known, and magnificent Peach. It is the one variety that is almost in¬
dispensable in the smallest collection. After the glut of the mid-season
varieties, such as Noblesse, Boyal George, and Bellegarde is past, then we
find out the merits of this grand Peach, for were it not for the Barrington, a blank
would almost ensue ; with it, however, the supply is kept up till the Late
Admirable and others come in. Moreover, as regards our exhibition-tables, the
most magnificent dish of Peaches to bo generally seen there is the Barrington,
The illustration here given, [and drawn from samples of the Markly Admirable,
then supposed to be new], does this variety but scant justice, the fruits being much
larger than those represented. We have frequently gathered specimens varying
from 8 oz. to 12 oz. in weight each. The-fruit may be described as very large, of
a roundish-ovate form, terminating at the apex in a very prominent nipple. The
skin is very downy, very thick, of a greenish-yellow colour, marbled and flushed
with red on the exposed side. The flesh is greenish-yellow, tinged with deep
red next the stone, of a brisk richly vinous flavour, and quite first-rate quality.
The flowers are large ; thereby it is distinguished from the Late Admirable, which
has small flowers. The glands are round. The tree is of a hardy, vigorous
constitution, an excellent bearer, and forces well.

Like all other good fruits, the Barrington Peach has many synonyms. It is
known as the Buckingham Mignonne^ also as Colonel Ansley^s. A few years ago
it received another, having been exhibited before the Fruit Committee of the
Eoyal Horticultural Society by Mr. Knight, of Hailsham, Sussex, under the
name of Markly Admirable^ when from the wonderful excellence of its quality,
and its fine appearance, it was awarded a First-class Certificate as a new variety.
This notion was, however, upon closer investigation dispelled by Dr. Hogg, who
proved beyond question that it was nothing more than the true^ Barrington.—
A. F. B.

158

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ JuLT,

NOTABLE NEW PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

[f.c.O. = First-class Certificate ; B.c. =: Botanical Certificate ; r.c. = Floricultural

Certificate.]

I DIANTUM Zahnii [b.c.]. — A distinct stove fern, with light green pinnate
fronds, and broad pinnae of a thick, leathery substance. — Messrs. Veitch
^ Sons: R.B.S.^ June 13.

Ageratum Little Gem [f.o.]. — A reproduction of the well-known
Imperial Dwarf, as originally shown by Mr. Chater. — Mr. C. Turner :
RB.S., June 13.

Areca nobilis [b.c.]. — A highly ornamental and graceful palm, with large
bright green pinnate leaves.— A/?’. W. Bull : B.B.S., June 13.

Calamus ciliaris [b.c.]. — A very elegant, slender-growing, pinnate palm,
highly valuable for decorative purposes. — Mr. W. Bull: B.B.S., June 13.

Croton volutum [b.c.]. — This was formerly shown as C. cornigerum ; the
deep green leaves have golden-yellow blotches and streaks, and are curled in¬
wardly in a very curious manner. — Mr. W. Bull: B.B.S.^ June 13.

Cypripedium Parishii [b.c.]. — Sepals and petals yellowish-green, marked
with purple ; the lip green ; stems bearing several flowers at one time. — Mr. B.
S. Willia7ns : B.B.S., June 13.

Clematis purpurea elegans [f.c.c.]. — A rich purple-blue variety of the
lanuginosa type, with well-formed flowers. — Messrs. Cripps ^ Son: R.H.S.,
June 4.

Dendrobium amcenum [f.c.c., b.c.]. — In the way of D. transparens ; the
white petals are tipped with rosy-purple, the lip yellow, and the flowers perfumed
like violets. — Mr. W. Bull: R.H.S., June 4 ; R.B.S., June 13.

Drac^ena Goldieana [b.c.]. — A most distinct and curious W. African species,
the dark green leaves being handsomely banded with greyish-white. — Mr. W.
Bull: R.B.S., June 13.

Drac^na hybrida [b.c.]. — A bold-growing stove shrub, the broad, deep
green erect leaves having creamy-white and deep rose streaks and margins. — Mr.
W. Bull: R.B.S..) June 13.

Erythrina Parcellii [b.c.]. — A vigorous-growing, variegated stove shrub,
the green leaves veined with bright yellow, and having a handsome appearance.—
Mr. W. Bull: R.B.S., June 13.

Gloxinia Queen of England [f.c.c.].— A drooping variety, with very
large white flowers, having a deep crimson blotch on the throat. — Mr. J. Gee :
R.H.S. , June 4.

Lilium phillippense [b.c.]. — A species with large white trumpet-shaped
flowers, like L. longijlorum, but with narrower leaves, and quite distinct in
character. — Messrs. Veitch ^ Sons: R.B.S..^ June 13.

Macrozamia plumosa [f.c.c., b.c.]. — Said to be nearly or quite identical with
tenuifolia., with handsome arched fronds, having numerous narrow leaflets. — Mr.
W. Bull: R.H.S.., June 4 ; R.B.S., June 13.

Nephrolepis davalloides furcans [b.c.]. — A variety having bright green
fronds and forked pinnae. — Messrs. Veitch 4" Sons : R.B.S.., June 13.

Odontoqlossum Roezlii [b.c.]. — A handsome white-flowered species, with
purple blotches at the base of the petals. — Mr. W. Bull: R.B.S., June 13.

Pelargonium (show) Crown Prince [f.c.]. — Orange lower petals, with

1874. ]

THE GUM CISTUS.

159

slight dark stains; dark top petals; fine form. — Mr. W» Nye: B.B.S.,
June 13.

Pelaegonium (show) Gipsy [f.o], — A very dark and distinct painted flower ;
white throat, and fine quality. — Mr. W. Nye : B.B.S., June 13.

Pelargonium (show) Lord Nelson [f.o.]. — Pale purple lower petals,
dashed with orange, dark top petals, and white throat ; novel and distinct. —
Mr. W. Nye: B.B.S.^ June 13.

Pelargonium (show) Mrs. Andrew Matthews [f.o.]. — Soft salmon-pink,
dark blotch on top petals, and large white throat ; fine form. — Rev. H. Matthews :
R.B.S., June 13.

Pelargonium (show) Sybil [f.o.] — Delicate salmon- rose, dark blotch on the
upper petals ; good form. — Mr. W. Nye: R.B.S., June 13.

Pelargonium (fancy) Atlantic [f.o.]. — ^Rosy-purple lower petals ; reddish-
maroon upper petals ; white throat, and good form. — Mr. G. Turner : R.B.S.^
June 13.

Pelargonium (fancy) Countess of Dudley [f.o.]. — Pale lower petals,
pencilled and blotched with rosy-maroon ; upper petals rosy-maroon ; distinct,
but a little rough. — Mr. C. Turner: R.B.S.^ June 13.

PELL.a!A muoronata [f.c.o.]. — A beautiful small bipinnate fern, with
glaucous fronds ; sometimes referred to Platyloma, and thought to be hardy ;
quite distinct-looking among ferns. — Messrs. Backhouse ^ Son : R.H.S., June 4.

PHYLLOT.ajNiUM LiNDENi [b.o.]. — A Very handsomely variegated aroid, with
large bold leaves of a green colour, handsomely veined and marked with ivory-
white. — Mr. W. Bull: R.B.S., June 13.

Pleoonemia Leuzeana [b.o.] — A bold-growing stove semi-tree fern, with
handsome, ample spreading triangular much-divided fronds of a bright deep
green hue. — Mr. W. Bull : R.B.S.^ June 13.

Rose (h.p.) Rev. J. B. Oamm [f.o.]. — Pale rose-pink, a very pleasing hue of
colour ; full, and of good form. — Mr. G. Turner : R.B.S.^ June 13.

Sarraoenia Stevensii [f.o.o., b.o.]. — A hybrid, raised between S. purpurea
and S. flava major., by Mr. Stevens, of Trentham, but quite distinct in character.
— Messrs. Veitch ^ Sons: R.H.S.^ June 4; R.B.S., June 13.

Sarraoenia Williamsii [b.o.]. — Another hybrid, having the same parentage
as the preceding, but quite distinct in character. — Mr. B. S. Williams: R.B.S.,
June 13.

ScoLOPENDEiuM vuLGARE CEiSTATUM viviPARUM [b.c.]. — A distinctly crestcd
form of the Hartstongue fern.— ATr. B. S. Williams : R.B.S.^ June 13.

Vanda limbata [b.c.]. — A pretty species, intermediate in character between
V. tricolor and the old V. Roxburghii ; the sepals and petals deep chocolate-
brown, slightly spotted ; the lip bright rosy-lilac. — Mr. B. S. Williams : R.B.S..,
June 13. _ _

THE GUM CISTUS.

' this season of the year, when its lovely blossoms are being produced, the
Gum Oistus will stand little in need of encomiums to draw attention to its
beauty. In dry, warm soils, in which it thrives best, it is indeed a most
charming and attractive plant, and it is one of the easiest of hardy shrubs
to cultivate, requiring practically no attention whatever after planting, except

]60

THE FLOBIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ JULT,

CiSTUS LADANIFBEUS.

sucli as may serye to regulate its growth,
and direct its progressing branches into
a symmetrical form of development. On
a sunny rock-bank it is perfectly at home,
and in such a situation, which secures a
profusion of blossoms, it is a most telling
shrub. The accompanying figure, from
Mr. Hemsley’s Handbook of Hardy Trees
and Shrubs, one-third the natural size,
scarcely does justice to it, the pure
white and strongly contrasting dark
spots, one on each petal, being more
conspicuous.

The Gum Oistus, Cistus ladantferus of
botanists, is a native of Portugal, and
produces its flowers during the present
month. There are several varieties of it,
no doubt of seedling origin. The pre¬
sent is known from its near ally C.
Cyprius by its sessile leaves and clustered
flowers. — T. Moobe.

WALLICHIA CAEYOTOIDES.

fN the Wallichia caryotoides we have a dwarf stemless stove Palm of a dis¬
tinct and ornamental character. It is 'a native of Assam and Chittagong.

fThe inflorescence is terminal, and the stem perishes after flowering, young
suckers being developed from the base. The species appears to be monoe¬
cious, since the plant represented in our figure, taken from the Mevue Horticole,
only boro male flowers. It is, as already mentioned, stemless, producing leaves
from 6 ft. to 8 ft. long ; these are pinnate, with a pulverulent rachis ; the leaflets
are about a foot in length, and four or five inches broad, cuneate at the base,
sometimes dentately lobed on the edges, sometimes erosely toothed, deep green
above, and silvery beneath. The inflorescence is ovoid, at least a foot in diameter,
encompassed by foliaceous reddish-coloured spathes, and consisting of numerous
branchlets (about 300), bearing tubular yellowish or purplish flowers, numbering
some 70,000 to 80,000. The allied W. densiflora when in flower is a con¬
spicuous plant, on account of the colour of its spathes, which are dark purple
streaked with yellow ; these separate, and then a dense cluster of nearly white
spadices appears, as shown in our figure *, its female spadix is a compound spike,
with divaricate branches, thickly covered with violet-coloured ovaries.

These Wallichias, being of dwarf habit, are well suited for those who have but
little hothouse accommodation. Like other palms, they delight in strong, moist

1874. ]

THE FANCY POLYANTHUS.

161

heat, but may be introduced during summer to the greenhouse. They are
increased by seeds, when obtainable ; also by suckers, which should be removed
with caution, in order to get them fairly established. — M.

WALLICHIA CAEYOTOIDES.

THE FANCY POLYANTHUS.

*FEEL that in using the term ‘ Fancy ’ I am adopting one of a somewhat
indefinite character, but yet one which is necessary for convenience’ sake.

fl employ it to distinguish from the gold-laced Polyanthus of the florists
quite a new race, remarkable for the brilliant colour they possess, their
enormous trusses of flowers, their vigorous growth, and remarkable strength
of constitution. About six years ago I received some seed of Polyanthus
from Germany, in the belief that I was getting a fine strain of the gold-
laced type. I was struck with the vigour of growth shown in the seed-

p

162

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOQIST.

[ July,

lings, and when they bloomed, even more so with their size and the beauty
of the hues of colour. I saw that by means of intelligent selection there
could be attained a race of border Polyanthuses of great value for decorative
purposes, and the result of the intervening year’s work has been in every way most
satisfactory, as shown in flowers ranging in hue from white to rich maroon-
crimson, including lilac, violet, mauve, and purple shades, flowers of enormous
size and fine shape, a strong plant throwing as many as 8 or 10 trusses, which
form an immense bouquet. They are the admiration of every one who sees them,
and they afford spring gardeners what has hitherto been much required in their
vernal displays, striking dark hues of colour.

I ought to have said that the pollen of some beautiful high-coloured single
Primroses was also used in the strain, and the result is seen in that many of the
plants throw up in the first instance very early in the season flowers on single stems,
in the way of the common Primrose, and after that their trusses of bloom. I am
too sensible of the beauty of the gold-laced strain of Polyanthus, to wish to
depreciate it in any way ; but for decorative value in borders in early spring,
the Fancy Polyanthus is far superior to the original type.

The seed from which I shall obtain next year’s seedling plants has now been
sown some six weeks, in a shallow box filled with a light free soil, and placed on
a shelf in a cold greenhouse. Already the surface of the soil is dotted with many
plants making their third leaves. Polyanthus-seed should always be sown early,
so as to secure strong plants ; if sown in July and August, few of the plants will
flower, and one has to wait another season to see what floral beauties they will
unfold. My soil is a deep, moist, and somewhat heavy sandy loam, and previously
to planting out the seedlings this is deeply dug, and a good dressing of decayed
leaves and a little dung applied. The Polyanthus loves a deep soil on a cool
bottom, where it can root deeply ; a shallow soil on a dry bottom is death to
many of the plants. As far as possible I have tried to secure large circular, stout,
flat pips, and thrum-eyes, allied with striking definite colours. I get fine flowers
with pin-eyes, but unless there is something of value to breed from, they are all
thrown away. The seedling plants flower very early, and I need scarcely say how
much pleasure I derive from watching the opening blossoms ; it is a source of
gratification so peculiar that it cannot be expressed in words, and it can only be
understood by those who are interested in raising flowers.— E. Dean, Ealing.

GARDEN GOSSIP.

T the Florence International Exhibition, Dr. Moore, of Glasnevin, produced
in blossom a new hybrid Sarracenia, which it has been suggested should
have the name of Sarracenia Moorei. This, it is believed, was the first
hybrid Sarracenia which had ever been flowered. It was described to

be the offspring of Sarracenia flava, fertilised with the pollen of Sarracenia Drummondii.
The plant is as nearly as possible intermediate between those two noble species. Those who
have cultivated Sarracenias successfully, know that during the months of April and May
most of the species flower and produce young leaves, which after perfecting the plants rest

1874, ]

GARDEN GOSSIP.

163

six weeks or more, when some of the kinds produce a second crop of leaves, which are more
beautiful than those of the first crop, and remain fresh during the winter. This is especially
the case with Sarracenia Drummondii, the richly coloured purplo and white pitchers of which
prove to be never-failing objects of interest. Sarracenia flava does not make the second
growth of leaves in so marked a manner, but rather inclines to rest during the winter months.
Now it is in the mixture of the leaves that the intermediate state of the hybrid is so strikingly
exemplified. It makes its second growth of winter pitchers similar to S. Drummondii, and
they are nearly as highly coloured, but they decay much sooner than those of the parent
species, and thus more closely resemble those of the female parent, S. flava. Further, the
large stature of the plant, which is nearly 2 ft. high, the purple colour of the flowers, and, indeed,
everything connected with it, show that it holds an exactly intermediate rank between the
parent plants.

- ^INCE the exhibition at Florence of Dr. Moore’s hybrid Sarracenia, two

others have been made known, namely, Sarracenia Stevensii^ raised by Mr.
Stevens, of Trentham, and Sarracenia Williamsii^ raised by Mr. Williams, of

Holloway. These two plants have the same parents, namely, S. purpurea and S. flava, but
they are so different in aspect, that we have little doubt the crosses were made the reverse way.
Mr. Stevens’s plant more nearly resembles S. purpurea, though it has an erect habit, since it
combines the bulging form and purple veining and coloration of that species. Mr. Williams’
plant, on the other hand, has a greater resemblance to IS. flava, being larger and erect, less
coloured, with a large lid, but having the pitcher more broadly winged, and in this respect
approaching its other parent. These hybrids are plants of very great horticultural
interest.

- ®HE Eriocaulons^ represented in tbis country by tbe diminutive E.

septangulare^ become in Brazil tall branching objects of great interest and beauty.
One of these, a noble specimen, is now, we learn, growing at the garden of the

Luxembourg in Paris, where it was lately in bloom. The plant appears to have been raised
from seed derived from South Brazil. The seeds were sown on moist sphagnum by M.
Riviere, and soon germinated. In 1870, during the siege of Paris by the Giermans, M. Rividre,
from the scarcity of fuel, was obliged to crowd all his more valuable plants into the Orchid-
house, and to abandon the rest. But on January 5, 1871, a shell fell into the house, and though
it buried itself in the ground without bursting, the wind produced by its passage upset and
dispersed the plants in all directions. Next day, in seeking to collect and save the plants
which were yet not destroyed, two young Eriocaulons were found, which, since that time, have
been kept in sphagnum in a greenhouse. One began to show flower last winter, and was
transferred to a stove, where it has flowered perfectly well. Great difficulty has hitherto
been experienced in the cultivation of these plants, which naturally inhabit tropical bogs.

- Amongst Ornamental Hardy Shrubs, which are at present neglected by

planters, we must name the Genista virgata of Madeira, a plant which appears to

be quite hardy, since it stands uninjured in the low damp climate of the Knap

Hill Nurseries, where we saw it in great beauty a short time singe, and where the exquisite
fragrance of the flowers, which resembles that of Genista canariensis, was pointed out to us
by Mr. Waterer. It is a slender-growing plant, of a gracefully spreading or arching habit,
very twiggy, simple-leaved, and at this season of the year profusely covered with the deep
golden-yellow pleasantly fragrant flowers, while it is quite distinct in aspect from any of the
other Leguminosae commonly cultivated. We shall shortly publish a figure of this plant.

- ^HE Gardeners' Chronicle informs us that a favourite edging plant in

Italy is Ophiopogon japonicum^ and judging from the situations in which it was
met with, it stands the ill-effects of shade and drought. In the Cascine at
Florence it is used largely under the avenues of trees, and near Genoa it is
employed for similar purposes.

- ©NE of the most conspicuously attractive of summer trees is the

Golden Variegated Chestnut (Castanea vesca aureo-variegata), the bold, regularly-
formed leaves of which are broadly and distinctly, though unequally, bordered

p 2

164

THE ELORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

L July,

with a rich creamy yellow. A fine tree in the Knap Hill Nnrseiy is just now a most telling
object. Those who wish for effective colours, to light up their pleasure-grounds or park
scenery, should not fail to introduce this free-growing tree to appropriate positions. Though '
by no means a golden tree as to its cost, it is certain to win golden opinions from all who see
it well developed in suitable situations.

- She Choisya ternata is a remarkable evergreen Eutaceons sbnib, "witb

ternate fragrant leaves of a deep green colour, and dotted like a Myrtle, and
bearing white flowers in handsome axillary clusters. This plant is a native of

Mexico, and during the investment of Paris by the Germans, though considered a stove plant,
had to take its chance amongst hardy ones. Quite unexpectedly the plant flourished, and
in the latitude of Paris has proved itself one of the hardiest and most ornamental of shrubs.
Probably it would also prove hardy in the south of England and Ireland, and specially by the
sea. If so, we have in Choisya ternata a most desirable addition to our hardy shrubs.

— Duval-Jouve, at a recent meeting of the Botanical Society of
France, recommended the use of \hQpith of the Virgin! s Thistle^ Silybum Marianum,
as a good material for use, instead of Cork or Elder-pith, for making sections of

leaves or other thin substances for microscopic purposes; and next in value to the pith of this
Thistle, he recommends that of Ailantus glandulosa. In any case, the pith should not be
used fresh, but should be taken from old dry shoots. This hint will be useful to those who
have experienced the difiBculty of getting flat sections with the aid of cork, and the certainty
of blunting the razor.

- J3e. Farlow, an American botanist, has lately published the results of

an observation, according to which the fronds of Pteris serrulata may be produced

directly from the prothallus, which is formed when the spore germinates, without

the agency of archegonia. The general rule is that the spore in germination produces a
prothallus, on which are developed both antheridia and archegonia. The former contain
speimatozoids analogous to pollen, which latter, making their way to the archegonium, fertilise
a cell contained within it, and as a result of this fronds are formed. If Dr. Farlow’s obser¬
vations be conflrmed, the case will be analogous to the formation of adventitious buds on
leaves. Usually the prothallus has no vessels, but in the case in question, a number of
scalariform vessels were developed.

- ^HE Algerian Viola Munbyana is a well-marked species, growing on

the summits of the whole range of the Atlas Mountains in Algeria. In Munby’s

Flora of Algeria^ published in 1847, it was mistaken for V. calcarata^ and in

Desfontaines’ Flora Atlantica, 1808, it was confounded with V. cornuta. Messrs. Boissier
and Reuter first described it as a new species in their Pugillus Plantarum Novarum in 1852.
Although sufficiently distinct from either F. cornuta or calcarata, it comes very near V. lutea^
and the length of the spur of the flower appears to be the only well-marked distinction.
Like V. lutea, its flowers are both entirely violet and entirely yellow, and clumps of it will
have as many violet as yellow flowers. In cultivation it has withstood the hardest winters,
generally beginning to flower about the end of February,' and attaining its greatest beauty
in May.

- ®^HE correct name of the plant called in gardens Eh3aichospermum

jasminoides is Trachelospermumjasminoides^ a name given byLemaire,in \hQjardm
Fleunste^ vol. i., 1851, t. 61. It has also been called Parechites Thunhergii by
Asa Gray.

- ^EOFESSOB Meisnee, of Basle, a most accomplished botanist, and a

genial, amiable man, died on May 2, in his 64th year. Professor Meisner is well
known as the author of several accurate monographs in De Candolle’s Prodt'ornus,
and other publications, and of a most laborious and useful conspectus of the Genera
of PlanU,

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR JULY.

165

- il®^R. Charles Rae, gardener to Sir Or. H. and Lady Boswell, at Black-

adder, Berwickshire, died on May 11, aged 59. Mr. Rae, when a yonng man,

was for some years employed under Mr. Toward, at Bagshot Park, and Mr. Charles

McIntosh, at Claremont. He was afterwards gardener to the late J. Jackson Blandy, Esq., at
High Grove, near Reading; and for several years, commencing in 1846, he was a frequent
exhibitor of Orchids, and the winner of many Banksian and Knightian medals at the meet¬
ings of the Horticultural Society in Regent Street. He subsequently became gardener to
Niel Malcolm, Esq., Calton Moor, Argyleshire, whom he left to take charge of the gardens at
Blackadder.

— m- Antoine Laurent Apollinaire F^e died on May 21, in his 85th

year. In his early days, M. Fee served in a medical capacity in the French Army,

and in 1832 became the principal professor and pharmaceutist at Strasbourg,

holding amongst other offices that of Director of the Strasbourg Botanic Gardens, and
Professor of Natural History to the Faculty of Medicine of that city. M. Fde published
several memoirs on Ferns, many of them illustrated ; the figures being exceedingly charac¬
teristic, indeed, they are amongst the best figures of Ferns extant. At the time of the Franco-
German war he left Strasbourg, and has since lived in retirement; until, at a ripe old age, he
passes from us to his well-earned rest.

- i^R. William Beattie Booth died on June 18, aged 70. Mr. Booth’s

name has been familiar amongst gardeners for the last half-century. He com¬
menced his horticultural career in the gardens of Scone Palace, Perth, under his

uncle, Mr. Beattie, and from thence removed, in 1824, to the Horticultural Society’s Garden
at Chiswick. In 1825 he was appointed garden clerk there. In 1830 he went as gardener to
Sir C. Lemon, of Carclew, where he remained till 1863. In 1868 he became assistant-secretary
to the Horticultural Society, but after the removal of the Society to South Kensington the busi¬
ness became too much for his failing health, and he resigned this office, retiring into private life.
Mr. Booth was a most estimable man, thoroughly conversant with the science and practice of
gardening, and especially remarkable for his kindly and gentlemanly bearing towards all
who came in contact with him.

GAKDEN WOKK FOR JULY.

FLOWERS.

LOWER-GARDENS will soon be at their best, and in order to render them
thoroughly enjoyable and satisfactory, assiduous attention must be directed
^ to insure perfect order and neatness, both as regards the general keeping,
^ and the exactitude with which the training of the plants is conducted.

^ Clematis and other hardy climbers must have timely attention as to training,
as when they are allowed to become entangled, it is almost impossible to unravel
them ; the pegging-down of Verbenas and trailing plants in beds must also be
proceeded with. In the herbaceous borders many things will require tying-up,
and otherwise training ; the fastenings upon Dahlias and Hollyhocks should be
examined from time to time. Frequent stirrings of the soil, so as to loosen the
surface, will greatly expedite the growth of the plants, and save labour in watering.

When watering is necessary, let it be given in sufiScient quantity to
thoroughly moisten the soil. Avoid surface-sprinklings amongst flowering-plants,
which has a deleterious effect ; but foliage-plants will benefit in bright sunny
weather by being sprinkled overhead in the evenings, as it both refreshes and
cleanses the leaves from dust. Carnations should be layered as soon as the shoots
are sufficiently advanced ; and pipings put under hand-glasses, with the slightest
bottom-heat, root freely. Pinks also propagate from pipings under hand-glasses,
in light sandy soil.

Hoses : As soon as the first fiush of bloom is over upon the autumn-blooming

166

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[July,

sorts, I should have the strongest shoots shortened back and thoroughly cleansed
from fly, encouraging growth by liberal applications of manure-water, which will
go far towards preventing mildew and prolonging the flowering season. Proceed
with budding and removal of suckers. Roses that bloomed in pots must now be
examined and re-potted, using a sound fibrous turf enriched with rotten cow-dung,
with a dash of sand or charcoal, to insure porosity. It is important in potting
that the soil is rammed firmly about the roots. For Tea, and the more delicate-
growing sorts, use a more friable compost ; after potting place them in a shady
situation until established, frequently sprinkling overhead, and inuring them to
full exposure as soon as they are established. Clip all kinds of hedges, using the
knife upon large-leaved subjects.

Conservatory : This should now be kept shaded, and as cool as possible by
frequently sprinkling the surface of the beds, so as to counteract excess of atmo¬
spheric dryness, which will greatly prolong the blooming of such plants as Fuchsias^
Acliimenes^ Liliums^ Tydeas, Gloxinias^ Balsams, Pelargoniums, and Campanula
pyramidalis^ &c. This lastj with which the houses are now gay, is one of the
most effective flowering-plants we possess, producing its stately masses of blue and
white flowers in such grand profusion, that it ought to be grown in every garden
where summer decorative plants are valued.

Orchids: Look diligently after insects, and promote maturation in such as
have perfected their growth, by airing more freely, and slightly reducing the
supply of water at the root. If any require shifting, they should be seen to at once,
and guard against over-shading.

Stoves : Small plants must have attention as to shifting. Gardenias^ Ixoras^
&c., which were potted early in the season, will now require a shift, or they will
soon show signs of exhaustion. Poinsettias^ Euphorbias^ and such quick-growing
subjects, must have timely attention as to shifting, being careful to promote a
sturdy habit of growth. Such specimen plants as are now growing in moist
stoves, and completing their growth, should be gradually inured by exposure, so
as to be induced to stand the more airy and drier temperature, which is necessary
to thoroughly ripen the wood of flowering-plants.

Greenhouse : Plants that are in an advanced state of growth, such as Acacia^
Cytisus^ &c., may now be placed out-of-doors, in a position where they are slightly
shaded from the sun. Any specimen plants that are in an unsatisfactory state
should be examined at once and shifted, as also may young stock requiring a
shift, afterwards carefully watering at the root and shading from bright sun
until re-established. Lapagerias^ whether grown in pots or planted out, must
have an abundant supply of moisture whilst they are making growth. Azaleas :
As these are never benefited by being placed out-of-doors during the summer
months, where but one structure is allotted to their use, it becomes somewhat
perplexing to divide the early forced section, which, have now finished their
growth, from those that are in an active state. I have known the old white
and amcena to flower freely, when placed in a sheltered situation to harden their
growth, for a month or two in the open air ; and where a north airy house can¬
not be afforded them after this stage of development, such a situation is to be
preferred to keeping them in a humid temperature.

Soft-wooded Plants should be potted on before they become pot-bound.
Cinerarias and Primulas should be shifted on, and seed sown for successional
blooming. Keep under insect pests by means of fumigation,, and guard against
checks from neglect in watering or ventilating. Pelargoniums that are past
blooming should be fully exposed, so as to ripen their wood, previously to
cutting them down.— Geo. Westland, Witley Court.

1874. ]

GAEDEN WOEK FOE JULY.

167

FRUITS.

Pines : Where tan is used for bottom-heat, care should be taken that the heat
is not too violent, or it may greatly damage the young roots, and from the effects
of this they would not soon recover. All plants intended for fruiting early next
season should now be shifted into their fruiting-pots ; also shift succession plants
as they may require pot-room, but do not reduce the ball, merely remove the
drainage. Use free turfy loam, with a third part rotten manure ; do not press the
soil too firmly in the pots ; water freely, and air according to the state of the
weather ; keep up a moist warm temperature in the fruiting-pit at night.

Peaches and Nectarines : As soon as the crop is gathered in the early houses,
go over the trees, and cut away all useless shoots, such as are not required for
fruiting next season, or for filling vacant spaces. When this is done, give the
trees a good washing, and water the borders if dry. If the trees show signs of
weakness, a good soaking of liquid manure would greatly help them for another
season. Keep the late houses well syringed and watered up to the time the fruit
is ripening ; expose the fruit to the sun, and give air at all times.

Vines : Eipe Grapes should be kept cool by admitting plenty of air, and as
soon as the crop is cleared, give the Vines a good washing with the garden
engine. Allow the laterals to grow on, so that the foliage will remain in a healthy
state for some time to come. In the late houses, where the fruit is swelling, a
moist growing heat should be maintained. Use a little fire-heat in chilly
weather to these as well as late Muscats. Tie-in the shoots, and thin the berries
in the latest house ; air freely in the early part of the day, but syringe and close
as soon as the sun is off the house in the afternoon. On no occasion should
Vines in pots be allowed to get dry. The growing stock should be assisted with
liquid manure : also those on which fruit is swelling.

Melons : Plant out the last crop early in the month. Keep the advancing
crops well-sjrringed and watered till they approach maturity ; give plenty of air,
and in hot days the lights may be drawn off altogether till closing time.

Figs : Give abundance of air and moisture, especially in the case of those
where the second crop is swelling.

Hardy Fruit : We advised in last-month’s calendar the thinning and stopping
of the shoots of all trained fruit-trees ; if any should remain undone, they should
be proceeded with at once, and at the same time make the final thinning of
Apricots and Peaches, Plums and Pears should also be thinned where the crop
is heavy. Young Peach and Apricot trees that are very vigorous should be
stopped, to induce them to make growth of a fruitful character. Thin and stop
the shoots of Figs as soon as they have made a growth of about six inches.

Strawberries : The late sorts should be well watered if the weather be hot
and dry ; tie up the heavy fruit, and place nets over them. Layer runners for
new plantations, and for forcing.

Orchard-houses will now require plenty of air night and day, when the
weather is warm. Assist the trees occasionally with liquid manure, and at no
time should they be allowed to suffer from want of water. — J. Powell, Frogmore.

VEGETABLES.

In a too general way kitchen-garden crops will be unusually late in perfecting
themselves this season, and this will doubtless militate greatly against the per¬
fection to which they should attain. If the successional sowings of Peas and
Beans (both Broad and Kidney), have been continued without break, there will
not fail to be a moderate successional supply of each. It is difficult to deter¬
mine what kind of weather we are likely to experience, although judging from

168

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ July,

Bucli signs as we generally go by, we cannot expect a wet season. Should those
views prove correct, the free and constant use of the watering-pot cannot be too
strongly advocated. By its constant use, we do not, however, intend to convey
the idea that the culturist is to be continuously slopping water about and
around the same kind of plant or the same plants collectively ; its
constant use will be requisite to assure to all at least a modicum.
Proceed upon a basis of sound judgment and forethought, so as not
to waste either valuable water, or neutralize in any degree the value
of such labour as may be expended on it. All water given to vegetables
(growing vegetables not being like permanent trees or shrubs), should be pro¬
jected as directly down to the roots as possible. Every drop that is per¬
mitted to run about the surface of the soil and above-ground, is literally wasted.
In watering, therefore, amongst or between vegetables, make where possible a
drill, or so open the soil as to admit the water more readily down to the roots,
and immediately the water is given, either return the soil on to its -previous site,
or place a mulching of litter, manure, cocoa-nut fibre, spent hops, or other materials
which may be in possession.

As I have already stated, properly cultivated ground, or such as has within
itself the necessary stamina, will need less attention than such as has been,
owing to whatever cause, neglected. Soils that have been indifferently done,
therefore, may be aided very materially by surface-mulchings, and the aid would
be very greatly enhanced if the surface were first watered over and the mulching
immediately applied, as by so doing the natural or latent moisture in the ground
below would gradually rise to meet this fresh superficial watering, and the inter¬
mediate soil wherein the roots subsist, become more softened thereby, so as to yield
food in greater quantity, and such as the delicate root spongioles can more
readily assimilate. Vegetable Marrows and Ridge Cucumbers should, now that
they may be supposed to be growing freely, have particular attention paid to
them. A good mulching of rotten manure may be advantageously applied to
them in either case. Pinch back the stronger-growing shoots upon both, and so
arrange the leaves and shoots that they do not unduly shade each other, or grow
too thickly together. Cucumbers in frames would well repay similar attention,
and if the haulm and foliage become at all strong, and such as to fill the space
densely and rise too closely up to the glass, let the frame be elevated upon bricks,
and the interstices so formed be afterwards filled in with manure.

Sow seeds of the following during the third week of the month : — Cabbages
of the Enfield Market type. Peas of a medium season kind, and an early pod¬
ding sort. Lettuce^ Endive^ Turnips, Radishes^ perennial or Flanders Spinach^
Onions of the Giant Eocca kind, &c. Prepare a good breadth of ground
during any rainy period that may exist, for sowing with Spinach during the early
part of next month, as we hope to advise ; if the ground be dug up during rainy
weather at this period, it will become in a far better state for the crop than if
left until the last moment, and it then happens to be an arid period, with perhaps
the soil very dry below also. Thin-out young crops of Turnips^ and hoe freely
amongst all growing crops where practicable, frequently, to keep down weeds, &c.
Continue to transplant Celery into permanent trenches, removing them from the
seed-beds with all the soil possible attached, and watering them well subse¬
quently, nor permit them to get even slightly dry at the root at any time during
the remainder of the summer.

Those who delight in possessing young Carrots and Potatos at any or all
seasons, may now plant the latter and sow a few seeds of the former, of the
French or Short Horn kinds. — William Eaeley.

f

i ••

'nr /’ ’ ■

V

X

I

\y'

y

Atfik

i, Stella. 2. Fair Rosamo.nd .

1874. j

NEW SPRING-FLOWERINa CLEMATIS.

169

NEW SPRING-FLOWERING CLEMATIS.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

are indebted to Messrs. George Jackman and Son, of the Woking
Nursery, who have done so much to popularise the Clematis as a garden

f flower, for the present opportunity of publishing figures of two of their
splendid varieties of the spring-flowering section of the family represent¬
ing Clematis iKitens. Nothing approaching these, as they have been exhibited
by Messrs. Jackman for the last two seasons, has yet appeared ; the size and
substance of the flowers, together with the free-blooming habit and vigour of
the plants, being most remarkable. These have both won certificates, and
several other varieties of the same patens section, and of very great merit, have
also been exhibited and certificated, especially those named The Queen^ a delicate
mauve, Vesta, a satiny-white, 3fiss Grawshay, a soft Solferino-rose, Samuel
Moulson, a mauve, with reddish bars, and Mrs. George Jaohnan, a superb white,
with extraordinarily large flowers.

The varieties now figured are Stella (fig 1), and Fair Rosamond (fig 2).
They were both awarded First-class Certificates by the Royal Horticultural
Society in 1873, and certainly both well deserved that mark of distinction.
They belong, as already mentioned, to the patens section, distinguished by its
spring-flowering habit and its ternate foliage, and they both have flowers which
are very perceptibly fragrant. Stella, as will be seen from the figure, is an eight-
sepaled variety, the sepals elliptic, oblong and stalkless, so that they form a full,
solid-looking flower close up to the richly-coloured stamens. The colour is a
deep bluish mauve, with a conspicuous bar of reddish plum-colour down the
centre of each sepal ; the filaments are white, and the anthers of a chocolate-
purple, forming a conspicuous central tuft. Fair Rosamond has also eight-sepaled
flowers of the same form and imbricating character as those of Stella, but they
are of a blush- white colour, and have a more or less distinct wine-red bar extend¬
ing from the base of the sepals nearly to the apex, but becoming paler upwards ;
the beauty of this variety is much enhanced by the tuft of deep-coloured stamens,
which occupies the centre, and which have the filaments purplish-red, white at the
very base only, the anthers being of a darker purple. The scent in a warm close
atmosphere is intermediate between that of primroses and violets, and is almost
equal to that of the latter flower. Some idea of its free-blooming character
may be formed from the fact that a plant grown over a balloon-shaped trellis,
2 ft. high, and 1 ft. 3 in. through, bore at one time sixty-five of its fine showy
blossoms. There can be no doubt that we have here two of the very best of the
early-flowering sorts.

These varieties of the patens group prove to be exceedingly ornamental when
properly cultivated, either as permanent indoor hardy green-house creepers, or
grown in pots on balloon-shaped or cylindrical trellises for removal to the
Conservatory whilst in blossom. — T, Moore.

3rd series. — Yii. q

170

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ August,

THE FEUIT CEOPS OF 1874.

^^JWaRIABLENESS or change is their chief characteristic. Throughout the
LV-i country we find — here a crop taken, there one left. It seems almost as
if the very spirit of caprice had regulated the distribution and destruction
of the Fruit Crops of the season. We seem to know as yet comparatively
little of the extremely subtle influences on which hang our chances of a crop of fruit
in the open air. Neither heat nor cold, shelter nor exposure, elevation nor depres¬
sion, geological formation nor atmospheric conditions, skill nor the lack of it,
will explain half the facts in the actual state of the fruit crop, and its extreme
variation within a circuit of a few miles. Within the most limited area, the
whole of the differences, from extreme fertility to no fruit at all, may be found ;
while the same varieties run from abundance to nil^ within eye-shot each other.

Great, indeed, are the mysteries of fruit-growing in the open air, and with
many of the more tender varieties it is becoming more of a mere lottery year by
year. Nor is this greatly to be wondered at, for what two destroyers can be
more subtle or erratic in their course than the cold trail of spring frosts creeping
into summer, and the destructive bills of hosts of ravenous law-protected birds.
These two, between them, have done their work with 'more than their usual
effectiveness this season, and it would be almost impossible to say which have
done the most mischief, or which has worked with the greater lawlessness. Both
alike are sprites of destruction mounted on steeds of caprice, and the results of
their combined operations are traceable in zig-zag lines throughout almost every
garden in the country. Of two Apple trees standing side by side, the crop of the
one is taken and that of the other left, and so of others. Hence the difficulty of
giving any general report of the fruit crops of the season. Each garden would
almost need to be visited separately, and a general estimate of the aggregate
taken. As no one writer can be expected to do this, it is the more needful
for him to furnish a few notes of the state of things in his own garden and of
those around him.

One thing that reveals at once the cause of the destruction of so much fruit,
and points the way to safety in later-flowering varieties, is the marvellous
fertility this season of such late-flowering and late-growing fruits as Figs, Vines,
Mulberries, Medlars, Ac., in the open air. A fact in the opposite direction
teaches the importance of the same truth. Apricots flower first of all our fruit-
trees, and in general terms it may be stated that unless where protected, the
crop is a failure. Under glass copings we have a good half-crop. Peaches and
Nectarines flower later, and they are a fair crop. Plums on north and east walls
are likewise a better crop than on south and west walls. Pears are very variable ;
perhaps a third of a crop, or in some cases a half-crop. Apples are a full crop
in some gardens, almost an entire failure in others ; about a half-crop here.
Gooseberries and Currants are a fine full crop here, an entire failure in many
gardens ; Raspberries, a fine show, suffering from late frosts and drought.

1874.]

GARDEN LILIES. — CHAPTER V.

171

Of Strawberries all the early blooms of many sorts were destroyed ; the entire crop
cut down and dug in in many gardens ; in others, a first-rate crop ; here a medium
crop ; good of Eleanor and Elton Pine on a north border. Most of the earliest
varieties, such as Black Prince, are failures ; Keens’ Seedling also poor ; President
a medium crop.

Cordon Apples seem still the most fruitful. They are within eighteen inches
of the ground, and were protected when in flower by a few boughs. The trees
were much infested by insects in the spring, but a dose of tobacco-water killed
the pest, and a heavy shower from the garden-engine in the afternoons of hot days
has kept the wood of Peaches, Nectarines, &c., clean and healthy since. The
roots have also been mulched and watered with manure-water, and notwithstand¬
ing the intense heat, the wall-trees are clean and healthy, and the fruits are
swelling well. — D. T. Fish, HardwicJce.

GAEDEN LILIES.— Ohaptee V.

HE group of Eulirion, the consideration of which we now resume, comprises
several handsome, long-tubed species, represented by the chaste-looking
L. longijlorum^ a species which, according to Mr. Baker, includes several
Indian as well as Chinese and Japanese forms.

7. Lilium longiflorum {Bot. Beg.^ t. 500 ; Flore des Serves^ t. 270). — This
handsome and fragrant Lily produces stiff, erect, glabrous stems, of from 1 ft. to
2 ft. high, furnished with numerous leaves (20-30 at the flowering period) ; the
lower ones of which are crowded, erectly-spreading, linear acute, 3 in. to 5 in.
long, narrowed to the base, and of a deep shining green ; the upper leaves are
shorter and less crowded. The flowers — of which one or two are produced on
the stem — stand obliquely on the stalk, the perianth being funnel-shaped,- or
elongately campanulate, 5 in. to 7 in. long, pure white on both surfaces, the
segments oblanceolate-spathulate, bluntish, and recurted at the tip, the claw
grooved, but not hairy or papillose. The anthers are of a deep yellow. It is
a native of Japan, whence it was introduced to this country in 1819, and
subsequently reimported by Mr. Fortune and others.

When grown as a pot plant under glass, the height is considerably increased,
a specimen grown by Mr. Wilson, and represented in the annexed woodcut from
the Journcd of Ilortioulture^ being 3 ft. 9 in. high and 3 ft. 8 in. wide, with
twenty-two flowers and two buds. Grown in this way, it forms a beautiful
decorative object for a cool conservatory. It, however, grows well in the borders,
but is early in its growth, and liable to suffer from frosts, unless planted under
the protection of shrubs, the best positions being sheltered corners with a northern
aspect.

Lilium longiflorum Wilsoni. — This is a remarkably fine variety, which
has appeared in the collection of Mr. G. F. Wilson, of Wey bridge. Its distin¬
guishing features are, a stronger habit of growth, a taller stem, and much longer
flower-tubes than in the typical longiflonm. The specimen represented in the

Q 2

172

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ August,

annexed figure was a little over 3 ft. in height, and bore two fiowers to each
stem, but stronger examples bear as many as five flowers on a stem, and have
flower-tubes measuring 8 in. long from the base to the reflexed part. It is a very
beautiful Lily, having flowers rather more delicate in texture than those of L,
longiflorum itself. It is, no doubt, of Japanese origin.

Lilium longiflorum eximium {Flore des Serves^ t. 283-4). — According to Mr.
Baker, this is the same plant as the Lilium Jama-juri of Siebold and De Vriese
{Tuinbow Flora^ t. 319, t. 11.) and the Lilium Talccsima of Duchartre, but this
latter synonym is doubtful, as Duchartre distinguishes Takesima by the violet tint
on the exterior surface of the bud and flower, while eximium is pure white.

L. eximium grows from 3 ft. to 4 ft. high, but is compact in habit, and has the
general aspect of A. longiflorum^ though the leaves are shorter and more nearly
sessile {Leichtlin). The flowers are horizontal, elongately campanulate, with
a narrow tube, slightly dilated above, 8 in. to 9 in. long, and a wide oblique limb,
with oblong-revolute lobes, uniformly pure white. All the parts of the flower,
including the style, unequal filaments and anthers, are longer than in the type, the
latter, it is said, being sometimes an inch long. The plant has a strong and
agreeable perfume, like that of orange-blossoms.

Lilium longiflorum Takesima {Duchartre). — A Japanese variety, which in
habit and foliage bears a general resemblance to the type. The leaves are, how-

Lilium longiflorum.

Lilium philippinensk. Lilium longiflorum eximium.

1874. ]

GARDEN LILIES. - CHAPTER V.

173

ever, longer and narrower tlian in longifiorim^ and are usually tliree-nerved. The
flowers are obliquely inserted, from 6 in. to 7 in. long, the lobes wide-spreading,
but not revolute, and the flowers more or less tinged with violet externally. As
to size and form of flower, it comes intermediate between eximium and longijiorum.

, Lilium longiflorum albo-marginatum. — An interesting variety of recent

Lilium longiflokum Wilsoni. Lilium longifloeum.

introduction from Japan, agreeing with L. longijiorum in its general characteristics,
but differing in having the leaves distinctly bordered with white.

8. Lilium neilgiierrense /co/i. Plant. Lid. Or., t. 2031-2). — This

fine Indian Lily has a stoutish stem, 2 ft. to 3 ft. high, supporting numerous
(20-10) erecto-patent lance-shaped, or linear-oblong leaves, the lower ones 3 in.
to 5 in. long, narrowed below to a broadish base, and upwards to an acute point,

174

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ August,

and marked on the lower side by from five to seven distinct nerves. The flowers are
ascending or horizontal, from one to three in number, with a narrowly funnel-
shaped perianth, 6 in. to 8 in. in length, and the limb spreading out to about

6 in. in breadth. They are very fragrant, and are said to be white, but Lemaire
describes and figures them as of a honey-yellow. The anthers are long, with
pollen of a deep yellow colour.

The plant was introduced to English gardens in 1862 by Messrs. Veitch and
Sons, having been gathered by Mr. Lobb on the Mysore territory ; and it has also
been met with at Ootacamund, at an elevation of 8,000 ft. It is somewhat variable
in character, as will appear from its having been represented by three several
figures in Dr. Wight’s work above quoted, the plant figured at t. 2033-4 under
the name of L. tuhijlorum^ and that at 2035 under that of L. Wallicliiamm (not
the true Wallichianum) being regarded as identical with the L. neilgherrense of
the previous figure ; to which also Mr. Baker, no doubt correctly, adds the L.
neilgherricum of Lemaire (Illiist. Hort., t. 253) and the L, Metzii of Steudel.

9. Lilium Wallichianum (Schultes Jll. ; Bot. Mag.^ t. 4561). — This species
is described by Mr. Baker as “ the prince of the forms of the longijlorum series.”
It grows from 4 ft. to 6 ft. high, with a stem half an inch thick at the* base, and
clothed with numerous (30-40) narrow linear ascending leaves, the lower ones
8 in. to 9 in. long, broadest below the middle, gradually narrowed to an acuminate
point, and marked beneath with from three to five nerves. The flowers are usually
solitary, sometimes two or three on a stem, ascending or horizontal ; the perianth

7 in. to 9 in. long, with a long narrow tube, and spreading limb, of a delicate
creamy white, the external parts of the sepaline divisions tinged with yellow and
green. The anthers are an inch and a quarter long, with yellow pollen. The
flowers are delightfully fragrant, and from their size and beauty they render
this a most desirable species for general cultivation.

This plant is found in Nepal and Kumaon, at elevations of from 3,000 ft. to
4,000 ft. above the sea. In Nepal its vernacular name is Batisua. Like the
preceding, it has been misunderstood, and Wallich published a good figure and
description of it under the name of L, longijlorim in his Tentamen FI. Nepotensis
(t. 29). The figure above quoted from the Botanical Magazine has been copied
inio Jardin Fleuriste (t. 105-6), and the Flore des Sevres (i. 612). The
present is the only Himalayan form of the longiflorum type, L, neilgherrense
being confined to Southern India.

10. Lilium philippinense (Balcer, Gard. Chron. 1873, 1141, fig. 243).—
This is the most distinct and remarkable of the narrow funnel-shaped Lilies,
having flowers longer and narrower than in any other known species. It grows
from 1-|- ft. to 2 ft. in height, the stem being very slender, terete, and glabrous,
with the numerous (30-40) leaves scattered along its whole length to within
a short distance of the flower, and being nearly uniform in size ; these leaves are
narrow, linear, falcately spreading, and tapered to a point, 3 in. to 4 in. long,
bright green, and glabrous. The flowers are pure white, solitary in the specimens

1874. ]

SOHIZOPETALON WALKERI. - RUSTIC SUMMER-HOUSES.

175

yet seen, horizontal, and with a faint and pleasant fragrance ; they are 7 in. to 8 in.
long, very narrowly funnel-shaped, the tubes being only | in. thick at the base,
the lobes oblanceolate, spreading only near the tip. The filaments are greenish-
white, scarcely decimate, bearing linear-oblong anthers a quarter of an inch long,
and filled with yellow pollen.

A very distinct species, from the Philippine Islands, introduced in 1873 by
Messrs. Veitch and Sons, of Chelsea, by whom it has been exhibited, and to whom
the award of a First-class Certificate for its production was made. We borrow our
diminished figure of the plant from the Gardeners' Chronicle^ where a full-sized
representation, too large for our page,' has been published. Its beauty and
fragrance will ensure for it a favourable reception with the flower-loving public.
— T. Moore.

SOHIZOPETALON WALKERI.

Uj- WHEN flowers are again loved for ‘‘sweet flowers’” sake, and the fashion
for colour-displays and ribbon-borders — grown for the purpose of beating
one’s neighbours at the “ Grange,” and at the “ Hall,” — has passed away,
then will many of our “ old loves” return, and not before. We are
wearied, satiated, and overdone with the everlasting ‘ Christines,’ ' Golden
Feathers,’ ‘ House-leeks,’ ‘ Scarlets,’ and ‘ Yellows,’ which, common as gingerbread
at a country fair, are so persistently spread before our eyes. On the other hand,
what pleasure will be experienced when we may anticipate meeting some old
acquaintance in every visit to a fresh garden I ’ Some, however, may say I have
gone out of the way, amidst the sheen of a sun-bound season, to throw a cold
mantle upon this draper’s-shop gardening. To return, then, let me commend the
singular cut-petaled Schizopetalon Walkeri, as a lovely annual to all who
delight in flowers for their own sake. It is not large-blossomed nor remarkably
showy, the flowers being pure white internally, and of a rich brown on the outer
surface, but it has the singular habit of expanding these flowers towards evening,
when they diffuse a very powerful fragrance. As a native of Chili, it needs a
warm site when sown in the open ground, and it may be successfully cultivated
in pots. — William Earley, Valentines.

RUSTIC SUMMER-HOUSES.

jT is at this season of the year especially, that one can fully appreciate the
luxury of a Summer-house. The possibility which it affords of enjoying
the free air with shelter from the sun, at a time when the dwelling-house is
either too hot or too draughty to be endured, gives it a value which is most
thoroughly appreciated. A Summer-house is, in fact, one of the real luxuries of
a home-garden, and no apology need be offered for here introducing one or two
sketches of Rustic-houses, such as might be introduced with advantage when the
surroundings are appropriate.

Rustic Summer-houses are various in design and construction. Those we

]76

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ August,

here figure are, in fact, wooden houses, ornamented by the tasteful introduction
of contorted branches of trees, selected and fitted together so as to bring out a
pattern or design. Such houses are very durable if fairly treated as to staining
and varnishing, which are preferable to painting, as giving them a less artificial
appearance. Such houses are, of course, cooler, if set in a shady position, but if
necessarily set in an exposed place where the sun strikes on them,'the roof should
be double and packed with some non-conducting material, so as to avoid all

nUSXlC bUMMEK-TiOUSiS.

possible over-heating of the interior. Summer-houses of similar character may
be made with a frame-work of wood, with the walls constructed of reeds, or of
moss, or of heather, the latter being a very suitable material in those parts of the
country where heather alDounds. The roof, instead of being formed of wood, may
be thatched with reeds or heather, or even straw, though this is much less
durable, and a roof of this kind is in some respects preferable, as counteracting in
a greater degree the effect of sun-heat. Fir-cones are sometimes tastefully used
in decorating rustic houses of this kind, and sometimes unbarked wood may b®

1874. ]

WHO IS EiailT ?

177

used witli advantage, but as tlie bark is liable to decay and to harbour and attract
insects, it is preferable to use wood from which the bark has been removed,
either oak or fir being suitable, but the wood of the yew-tree being more durable.

We have to thank Mr. J. 0. Fox, of the Eoyal Horticultural Gardens, South
Kensington, for the accompanying illustrations. The Eustic Summer-house,
constructed about G ft. wide, costs about £15, and other sizes in proportion. The

Hexagon Summer-house.

Hexagon Summer-house is a more elaborate structure, and more expensive. Both
these have wooden roofs. We shall take an early opportunity to publish a figure of
a similar structure with a thatched roof. — T. Moobe.

WHO IS RIGHT?

«N my last paper I pointed out the difference of opinion formed by the Floral
Committee of the Eoyal Horticultural Society and some of the largest
^ growers of Pelargoniums as to the merits of the different varieties valued for
^ their leaves. In the present I shall proceed to place side by side the opinions
of the same authorities as to the value of varieties judged by their flowers : —

178

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ August,

SuRPASSE Beaute DU SuRESNES : Discarded for bedding, R.H.S.; recommended for
bedding, John Fraser.

Memnon : Discarded for bedding, R.H.S. ; one of the best bedders, H. Cannell.

Commissioner: Not equal to others of similar character, R.H.S. ; recommended for
bedding, John Fraser.

Claude Lorraine : Not equal to others of similar character, 72. TT./S. ; novel, distinct,
and beautiful, W. Paul.

David Garrick : Not equal to others of similar character, 72. ; recommended for
bedding, John Fraser.

Douglas Pearson : Not equal to others of similar character, 72.77.5. ; one of the best
dark bedding varieties, 77. Cannell ; first-class bedder, C. Turner.

Mdllb. Nillson : Not equal to others of similar character, R.H.S. ; a great acquisition
for bedding, John Fraser.

Diana: Not equal to others of similar character, 72.77.5. ; recommended for bedding,
W. Paul.

White Perfection : Discarded as a pot-plant, R.H.S. ; fine for pot-culture, J ohn Fraser
fine shape and very free, H. Cannell.

George Peabody : Not equal to others of similar chai*actor, R.H.S. ; extra, Downie
Laird, ^ Laing.

Sydney Turner: Not equal to others of similar character, R.H.S.; a novo and
distinct variety, Downie, Laird, ^ Laing.

The following are also given as not equal to others of similar character by the
Floral Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society, and are offered by Messrs.
E. G-. Henderson and Son as of proved quality : — Deuil de la Lorraine., C. Fox.,
Margaret, Miss Saunders, Mons. Charles Rouillard, Mr. Gladstone, Afrs. Good-
ford, Sir Charles Napier, Sir Thomas More, Thomas Speed, Troubadour, Veloci¬
pede. To the last-named variety Messrs. Henderson attach the description,
“ Beautiful scarlet, splendid bedder, and winter bloomer.” — W. Paul, PauVs
Nurseries, Waltham Cross.

GAHDEN LITERATURE.

HE arrangement of our gardens and pleasure-grounds is a subject of such
importance, affecting as it does so intimately their beauty and utility, that
Mr. Johnson’s new work on Landscape Gardening* may be welcomed for any
useful hints or information which it may contain. It is divided into three
books, as follows : — I., Beauty ; II., Laws of Order ; III., Principal Effects and
Styles of Scenery ; and is illustrated by several plates, showing various outlines

for grouping and massing, and for water-scenery, and the habits of various
ornamental trees. The first book, on Beauty, opens with the inculcation of this
truth, that man’s work in the production of real beauty can only be effectively
compassed by strict obedience to natural laws. In countries where the surface is
level, no attempt should be made to imitate mountain scenery. A level country
has a beauty 'of its own, and this demands a character of treatment very
different indeed from that which we should think it expedient to adopt
in a district of rocks and hills. In regard to lines, we read : Hogarth’s
line of beauty has been adopted with advantage in a variety of instances.
The line, however, which is best suited for beautifying land is a natural line.

* The Natural Principles of Landscape Gardening; or, the Adornment of Land for Perpetual Beauty. By
Joseph Forsyth Johnson, Curator of the Royal Botanic Garden, Belfast ; and Landscape Gardener. Belfast:
Printed for the Author, and sold by C. Aitchison, 12 Castle Place, Belfast.

1874. ]

GARDEN LITERATURE.

179

and this, of course, should vary according to circumstances ; the lines
of beauty, in fact, being always in accordance with the local circumstances
and situation of the ground. To gain the most desirable results in a landscape,
we must have recourse to curved lines. In roads for conveyance it is otherwise,
for the lines should not be so curved as much to increase the distance, but only
enough to impart a pleasing diversity of outline, and thus make the most of the
land. Lines of decoration in regard of planting trees and otherwise must be
boldly curved, for the more numerous the outlines in proportion to the length
with which we have to deal, the more beautiful will be the results, and the
greater will be the permanent satisfaction. Drives which are frequently made to
run along the side of a wood may, with much advantage, be carried through it,
thus creating bold and striking outlines. A road made for the convenience of a
dwelling-house ought not to be carried far out of the proper curve of convenience.
In regard to Colour, we are taught that we may produce an excellent effect by
making use of Rhododendrons as a base or ground for the display of strong
colours or dark-foliaged plants, aided by golden-hued, the latter being mostly
employed in indicating the more prominent outlines. Where the scene is extensive,
we may have recourse to more than one well-defined tint, in addition to others
kept subordinate. Still, it is necessary to rely upon one leading colour, in order
to assure the desired effect. Golden shades impart rich effects, but each and
every line exerts an influence proper to itself. Silver, for example, brings
out a sense of lightness and grace, dark shades import meditation, scarlet gives
brilliancy, and grey rest ; brown indicates a subdued richness ; purple, a refined
awe. In short, the several vegetable hues originate results of varying character,
according to their arrangement. Colour in a landscape may well be compared to
the eye in the animal framework,- or the diamond which glitters in a lady’s dress,
imparting light and brilliancy to the whole.

As regards Comparison, plants should always preserve their individual char¬
acter in due subordination to the general arrangement, and not be jumbled up
unmeaningly together, to the ruin of all true effect. If, indeed, plants had less
beauty than they actually possess, still it must wound the soul of the observer to
witness the harshness and inconsequence with which they are too often treated.
Contrast, when rightly used, is, in truth, the source of developing great beauty.

The second book is devoted to the Laws of Order. Here we come to deal
with lines of sight, lines of distances, sites, outlines, &c. As regards the lines of
sight, to impart a due sense of satisfaction in scenery, three sizes of vegetable
growths will prove desirable. First come the plants which are to carpet the soil,
occupying, as it were, the first line ; secondly, shrubs holding a sort of inter¬
mediate position rising out of the ground-line ; and thirdly, trees, imparting the
greatest effects, rising above all. These lines of sight must be accommodated to
the lines of distance — not the placing of subjects to be seen from some particular
site, but the placing of objects so that satisfaction is felt in viewing the scene
from any distance — since objects vary extremely as we approach or recede from
them. The lovely outlines of leaves and flowers, for instance, are not visible
from a distance ; but in that case, mass and outline impress us most. As regards
the character of plants, form is undoubtedly the basis of arrangement, but colour
gives life to form. Colour may sometimes have prominence for its own sake, but
still it should embellish and set off form. Lights and shades are also attendants
on colour, and must have due consideration. The lines of vegetation vary, im¬
parting suitable features in accordance with the period of the year. These
features may be summed up under the following heads : — Outline, massing,
young leafage, perfect leafage, fall of the leaf, flowers, fruit, stem, dimensions. In

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

180

[ August,

many trees, all these characteristics are more or less specially developed, — as, for
example, in the genera ^sculus and Salix. A catalogue of plants to enumerate
the above effects in detail would be most useful as a reference in all arrangements
of arboreal vegetable growths.

The third book is devoted to the principal effects and styles of scenery, and
sets forth in a general way a few of the practical bearings of the subject. Though
here and there a little ambiguous in diction, yet it is an earnest, well-meant
volume, and for the many grains of sound sense which may be gathered out of
it, we have much pleasure in recommending its perusal.

The subject of Eose-culture never grows old, and Mr. Paul’s Shilling Book
ON Eoses,* though its text was originally printed in these pages, reads as fresh
as though we had never before seen it. It is the best compendium of Eose-
culture we have ever fallen in with.

Carter’s Practical Gardener (sixth edition) is an elaborate calendar of
garden operations, with short chapters on the most popular flowers, and numerous
coloured designs, intended as suggestions for bedding-out. It is a capital
shilling’s-worth .

M. Eothschild sends us a little volume on Medical Plants,']' which is brief
and reliable, and is, moreover, illustrated by 117 excellent small woodcuts of the
plants referred to. As a handbook or pocket-companion on the subject of
medical plants, it must be very useful to students.

From the same publisher comes the Microscopic World of Waters,^ a
well-illustrated, succinct, and trustworthy account of the animal life to be dis¬
covered in water by the aid of the microscope. There are 68 neat and well-
executed woodcuts illustrative of the text.

EOUGH PLATE-GLASS.

erecting the ranges of hothouses in the Kitchen Garden here, I had
two small Conservatories glazed with rough plate-glass of the best
quality, and it has answered perfectly, no shading being required for
the plants in hot summers. One of these Conservatories is for growing
Camellias and late-flowering Indian Azaleas, and the plants always flowered
well, and the foliage is of the size and hue denoting health. The roof of this
erection is likewise covered with greenhouse climbers, such as the variegated
Cobaea scandens. Passion-flowers, Tecomas, Clematises, Kennedyas, and Plumbago
capensis, and they all thrive well under this glass. The other Conservatory is
for growing stove plants, including a good collection of dwarf Palms, some
large tree and other Ferns, and a plant of Cycas revoluta which has flowered
and fruited two years in succession ; all these plants seem to grow well in this
house, although there is a considerable drip from the rafters at times. I have

* Roses and Rose-culture. By William Paul, F.R.H.S. London : Kent and Co.

t Les Plantes Medicinales et Usuelles de nos Champs, Jardins, et Forets. Par H. Rodin. Paris : Rothschild,
13 Rue des Saints Peres.

X Le Monde ilkroscopiquc des Eaux, Par Jules Girard. Paris: Rothschild.

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1874. ]

NEW VAEIETIES OF PERSIAN CYCLAMEN.

181

never had any experience with rough plate-glass in forcing-houses, but should be
inclined to back Mr. Temple’s opinion (see p. 149), that it would be very useful
in late vineries, especially where many plants of Lady Downe’s Seedling are grown,
for we know that that variety often gets scorched at the colouring-time unless
shaded. For keeping late grapes in bottles of water in a vinery thus glazed
no shading would be required in April and May, as it would be with ordinary
glazing, for then the fruit shrivels if exposed to the full sun.

In very early forcing-houses glazed with rough plate -glass, I should fear that
there would not be light enough in the dull winter months for the fruit to
prosper well, although there would be less danger from scorching, and from
hail-showers cracking the glass. — ^William Tillery, Welhech.

NEW VAEIETIES OF PERSIAN CYCLAMEN,

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

)ROBABLY no flower has advanced towards perfection, both as respects form
and colour, and also in regard to cultivation, more rapidly than the Persian
Cyclamen, of which we now figure three of the most advanced varieties,
from the superb collection of Henry Little, Esq., of Twickenham. Mr.
Little has made a specialty of the Cyclamen, and cultivates it in very large
numbers, and in a style which, we believe, has always ensured him the first prize
wherever he has entered into competition. From early autumn, through the
winter, and well on into spring, the earlier months of the year being the height
of the blooming-season, Mr. Little’s Cyclamen-houses are brilliant with flowers,
and possibly there is no other subject which would yield so abundant and so
choice a return for the very moderate amount of cultural attention required.
There are, of course, some points in their treatment which it is important to
observe, and perhaps Mr. Little will be good enough, at his leisure, to indicate
what these are. One, we believe, of very great importance is to prevent injury
to the leaves from aphides, which are very prone to prey upon them, especially
^vhile young, to the great injury of both the flowers and the plant itself.

The origin of Mr. Little’s fine strain of high-coloured varieties has been
already referred to at p. 90. The varieties we now figure are : — Royal Purple
(fig. 1), a remarkably rich deep violet-purple, with a blood-purple base, the form
all that can be desired, and the colour many shades deeper, denser, and richer
than anything which has hitherto been seen ; Rose Queen (fig. 2), a carmine-
crimson, with the base of the richest blood-crimson, large and fine, but not quite
so perfect in shape as the former ; and White Perfection (fig. 3), pure white, of
the most exquisite shape, and of large size. The two high-coloured varieties are
exceedingly difficult to reproduce by art, but making due allowance for this, our
figures give a correct idea of their general character, there being no exaggeration
in either size or colouring, as in some figures of these flowers which have appeared
— indeed, as far as regards richness of hue, the picture falls far short of the
reality, as the colouring, especially of the crimson variety and its fellow-seedlings,

I

182

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ August,

is SO intense under sunlight as to be almost dazzling. White Perfection was
certificated by the Eoyal Horticultural Society in 1873, and Eoyal Purple and
Eose Queen in 1874, the latter having also gained a similar award when exhibited
at the Eoyal Botanic Society. Eoyal Purple, which is remarkable for its solidity
of colouring, was bred between Queen of Crimsons and Purpureum, two fine
varieties referred to at p. 90 ; and Eose Queen, which is remarkable for its
brilliancy, originated from a light rose-coloured seedling crossed with Queen of
Crimsons. Mr. Little keeps a pedigree of all his high-class seedlings, and the
publication of the results of some of his principal crosses would be extremely
interesting. — T. Mooee.

ISOLEPIS GKACILIS [PYGM^A].

'HIS is a pretty little grass-like plant, easily grown either in a room-window
or in the conservatory ; and being of a most refreshing green colour all
the year round, it deserves more general culture as an effective decorative
plant than it at present receives from amateur gardeners. It is readily
multiplied by dividing established tufts, and grows well in any moderately rich
sandy soil, if supplied with water liberally. A plant has stood in my sitting-room
window for the last six months, treated as a sub-aquatic, the base of the pot being
set in a flat pan filled with water and constantly replenished. Grown in small pots it
is valuable to the decorative florist for forming borders and margins to flower
boxes and stands, its permanent character being a great advantage. — F. W,
Buebidge. — [The proper name of this plant is Isolepis pygm(Fa.~\

FUNGI ON TKEES.

rHEN fungi grow on the roots and stems of trees close to the ground, it is
a sure sign the trees are decaying. If the roots of such trees were to be
examined, they would doubtless be found to be affected by fungus- spawn.
This, however, is not the origin or cause of the decay, which may arise
from various causes, but the decayed roots and tops afford proper nutriment
for the fungi, which are either attracted to them from the soil, or from spores
floating in the air. In corroboration of this view, I may instance the fact of toad¬
stools growing on decayed flower-stakes close to the ground ; these acting as con¬
ductors for the spawn to ascend to the surface, and thus complete the last stages
of its growth in a similar way to that noted of toad-stools growing on the stems
of trees.

If the trees are not too far gone towards decay, the best remedy is to remove
the soil, to carefully cut off the decayed roots, to rub off the spawn which adheres
to the healthy ones, and to cover them with fresh soil, free from rotten leaves,
commonly called leaf -mould,” because all such materials are conducive to the
growth of fungi. Formerly, like many others, I used “ leaf-mould ” when plant¬
ing young fruit trees, but now I prefer fresh soil, even though rather poor, for the
reason above referred to.

1874. ]

ODONTOGLOSSUM PULCHBLLUM. — FICUS PAECELLII.

183

The fungus grows on the stems or branches of trees, and seems to be bred from
spores floating in the air, and which adhere to the decayed bark, and work their
spores under it among the rotten wood. All such rotten wood should be shaved
off close into the quick or live wood, in order to prevent the spawn affecting a
lodgment, and thus destroying the whole of the stem. I have known instances
of Birch trees being so affected with fungus-spawn, that the annual rings of wood
were separated by the silvery-whitish spawn, somewhat like tissue-paper. Upon
such trees large fungi have been produced of the same kind as Badham recom¬
mends for razor-strops. Such are of slow growth, nay, sometimes years before
they come to perfection, and are porous underneath, where are situated the
receptacles of the spores or seed. — J. Wighton, Cossey Park,

ODONTOGLOSSUM PULCHELLUM.

®HIS modest and lovely white Odontoglot has a perfume so delicate as to
warrant our designating it the orchidaceous “Lily of the Valley.” Doubt-
less, it would be far more common than it is, were it not for the very
“ practical drawback, that a somewhat large price is required for the
purchase of even a small plant of it. The very nomQ pulchellum indicates its
prettiness, and the rich yellow marking upon the lip materially enhances the
beauty of the chaste and fragrant flower. For a wedding bouquet no more
lovely or appropriate flower could be used, while for any kind of bouquet or
floral decoration its charming flowers come in most usefully, and with good effect.
The flowers, moreover, are very durable, which is another great recommendation,
materially enhancing their value for use in the cut state. Those who do not
possess the plant, and boast a collection of exotic orchids, should, where the
price is no obstacle, possess themselves of it. — William Eaeley, Valentines.

FICUS PARCELLII.

(^^NE of the most effective variegated plants introduced to our gardens of late
years is the Fimis Parcellii.^ represented in the accompanying reduced figure,
fS for the use of which we have to thank Messrs. Veitch and Sons, of Ohel-
sea. The plant, which is a native of the South Sea Islands, was discovered,
by Mr. Parcell, the enterprising collector to the Messrs. Baptist and Son, of
Sydney, and was by them sent to Messrs. Veitch. It is of remarkably free
growth, and strikingly bold and distinct in its variegation, so that it will become
a most effective and useful plant for general cultivation.

The accompanying woodcut gives a general idea of the manner of growth
and marking of the plant, which is of shrubby habit. The leaves are from 9 in.
to 10 in. or more in length, of an oblong-obovate figure, cordate at the base,
serrated on the margin, acuminate at the apex, of a thin, soft, herbaceous texture,
very freely mottled and blotched with creamy- white, on a ground-colour of bright
deep green. The marking is said to be very constant, and has certainly been so
in all the many plants which have been exhibited freely during the past spring,

184

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGHST,

[ August,

and wliicli have gained for it the award of a First-class Certificate from the Eoyal
Horticultural Society, and of a Botanical Certificate, equivalent to the former in

FiCUi PARCELLII.

value, from the Eoyal Botanic Society, — so true is the remark of its intro¬
ducers, that “ it has excited the greatest admiration at all the recent exhibitions.”
It requires to be cultivated in a stove temperature, and in the form of young

C

I

1874. ]

GARDEN GOSSIP.

185

single-stemmed plants should be a most effective subject for table decoration, as
well as for the ornamentation of plant-liouses. — T. Moore.

GARDEN GOSSIP.

®he principal Horticultural event of the past month has been the Midland
Counties^ Horticultural Exhibition^ which took place at the Lower Grounds,
Aston, Birmingham, on the 7th of July and following days. The weather
during the whole period was glorious, and the show being exceedingly

good, large numbers of visitors, both professionals and pleasure-seekers, were drawn together
on each successive day. The show was got up entirely by Mr. Quilter, at a risk of some
' £2,500 for prizes and expenses, the whole of which we should hope, with a handsome margin
of profit, was recouped, and we believe that such was the case. It was, however, a heavy
undertaking for one person, being so entirely dependent upon fine weather for success, and
Mr. Quilter will probably hesitate to incur the risk another season, unless supported by a
considerable fund, subscribed by the townspeople. Perhaps it is not even desirable to hold
so large a show annually, as the interest is apt to flag unless the display is extended year
after year, and in this way such matters are apt to grow into unmanageable dimensions. It
would probably be better to have, perhaps, a couple of smaller summer or autumn shows,
just largo enough to keep up the general interest, and then to hold the larger show at inter¬
vals of three or five years, as may be thought best. In this way more variety would bo
obtainable. On the present occasion, there was a grand display of the usual foliage and
flowering plants to be seen at this season, including the summer-flowering varieties of
Clematis in all their splendour; a magnificent show of Eoses, probably the best that had been
held this year ; a good exhibition of fruit, including a grand array of pine-apples, and some
marvellous grapes from Eastnor ; and a very excellent show of vegetables. It was really a
monster show, and good in most of its departments.

- ®HE following Bedding Pansies, from tlie collection grown at Chis¬
wick, were approved by the Floral Committee of the Eoyal Horticultural Society,
on the 15th ult., all excepting Chieftain (which received marks equal to a Second-

class), receiving the equivalent of a First-class Certificate : — Dicksons’ Golden Gem, bright
yellow with radiating eye ; Dicksons’ King, lilac -purple with dark eye ; Dicksons’ Queen,
white with dark eye ; the Tory, dark purple, with rich dark eye ; and Chieftain, lilac-purple,
with rich dark eye, all from Messrs. Dicksons and Co., of Edinburgh. Tyrian Prince, purple
self ; Imperial Blue Perfection, deep bluish-lilac ; Blue Bell, small bluish-lilac, but very free ;
Lily White Tom Thumb, white with radiating eye ; Miss Maitland, white with radiating eye ;
and Mulberry, mulberry-pm-ple self, all from Mr. R. Dean, Ealing.

- ®wo particularly effective beds of Evergreen Shrubs^ amongst many

others planted a couple of years ago by Mr. Standish, in the very interesting
Lower Grounds, Aston Park, Birmingham — a public garden, where Mr. Quilter’s

most successful essay in spring gardening finds its tens of thousands of admirers — were the
Retinospora Jilifera and Retinospora leptoclada. Like all the other Retinosporas, both these
plants are perfectly hardy ; the first, with its thong-like branches arching out on all sides,
and the latter, with its dense little cones of the deepest green, produced two of the most
charmingly effective groups we have ever seen. They are evidently capital subjects for a
garden or parterre of evergreens, and in situations where they will thrive as well as they do
in this suburb of Birmingham are much to be recommended.

- ^HE Red Valerian, Centranthus ruber^ is at this season an object of

great beauty along tbe cbalk cuttings of tbe North Kent Railway, near Greenhithe
and Northfleet. The growth is very dense, and the patches of colour remarkably

striking, the old rosy-red fonn having mingled with it a bright crimson variety, much darker
in hue than is generally seen in gardens, and well worthy of being cultivated as a border
plant.

- ®HE so-called Double-Jloivered Poinsettia may shortly be expected to

be seen in this country. The dried specimens show this to be a very splendid

R

186

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ August,

addition to our stores. The term “ double ” as applied to flowers has in garden

parlance a very wide meaning, and includes all sorts of conditions of very different nature.
In the case of this Poinsettia, the doubleness consists in a repeated branching or subdivision
of the top of the flower-stalk, and a corresponding multiplication of the coloured leaves or
bracts on which the beauty of the plant depends.

- ^T a recent meeting of the Scientific Committee of the Eoyal Horticul¬
tural Society, Dr. Gilbert entered intp some explanations as to the growth of
Fairy Rings^ as observed by Mr. Lawes and himself at Eothamsted. Mr. Lawes

had chained analyses of samples of the soil from the ring itself, from the space within the ring,
and from the earth outside it, with the general result that the quantity of nitrogen in the soil
outside the ring was greater than in the soil beneath the ring itself, while in the centre -within
the ring the amount of nitrogen was least. Under the green ring a quantity of mycelium
was found.

- Eoyal Horticultural Society’s Fruit Committee, at a meeting held

, at Chiswick on the 10th ult., awarded to Messrs. Vilmorin et Cie., Paris, a First-

class Certificate for Seville Long-pod Bean^ a variety which produces pods 8 in.

to 10 in. long, of great size, and coming in four or five days before the earliest of the Broad
Beans. Messrs. Carter and Co., High Holhom, also received a First-class Certificate for
Carter's Mammoth Long-pod, which proved a superior selection of the best old long-pod kinds.

- SLadies will find the Patent Siphonic Watering-Pot^ invented by

Messrs. A. Smith and Co., of Bath, a very clean and useful implement for water¬
ing the plants in their greenhouses. The special advantage claimed over the

older kinds is that the principle of the siphon is applied in such a manner that it can be used
underhand, or elevated overhead by means of a handle. Gardeners, having their customary
daily work to get through, can scarcely be expected, to appreciate these refinements, hut
ladies who take a personal interest in plant-culture, and delight in watering their plants for
themselves, will find the contrivance a very handy one for the purpose, irrespective of the
advantage it offers of avoiding the necessity for mounting steps. The special advantages
claimed for it are : — A steady and uniform flow of water, which may be regulated at pleasure ;
its adaptability for watering plants on the upper shelves of a greenhouse, as the pot. can be
used without being tilted or inclined, at a higher elevation than can conveniently be reached
by anyone using an ordinary watering-pot ; and its adaptability to be used underhand, by
simply pressing a spring above the handle.

- ;f^ESSES. Standish and Co., of Ascot, wbo have raised a very promising

batch of New Peas^ have just adopted the name of The Criterion^ for that which
has been set apart as the best of the series. It is in every way an excellent

Pea. Being one of the wrinkled marrows, it has a fine, sweet flavour. In ordinary seasons it
grows about 3 ft. in height. It is in use a fortnight earlier than Ne Plus Ultra, and is a good
bearer, with fine well-filled pods, resembling those of Laxton’s Supreme, and having thick
fleshy husks. When cooked it is of a fine grass-green colour ; and being of a delicate
texture, it will, it is said, keep longer in use than any other Pea, partaking in this and in
other respects of the character of Ne Plus Ultra, which was one of its parents. We look upon
the Criterion as one of the most valuable of the New Peas.

- ^The Libocedrus decurrens^ as is well known, has erroneously borne in

our gardens the name of Thuja gigantea, the true T. gigantea being called T.

Lobbii, an error which appears to have originated with French writers on Coni-

feree. The complicated synonymy of the two plants is as follows: — Lihocednis decurrens
(Torrey), otherwise Thuja Craigana (Murray), T. gigantea (Carriere, Gordon, and others),
not of Nuttall. Thuja gigantea, Nuttall, otherwise T. Menziesii (Douglas, Gordon, and others),
T. Lobbii (gardens), Thujopsis Standishii (Gordon), and T. japonica (Maximowicz), not of
our gardens, which is a form of Biota orientalis. Professor Koch now tells us that Libocedrus
decurrens cannot bo retained iii the genus, because it differs from the other species of
Libocedrus in having an erect strobile consisting of six scales, whereof the two inner are
grown together, fonning a central column, the two intermediate larger, with one or two

1874. ]

GAEDEN GOSSIP.

187

winged seeds at the base of each, and the two outer much smaller. In the other species of
Libocedrus the two central consolidated scales are wanting, or very much reduced. On these
and other ground^ he erects it into a separate genus, and names it Heyderia decurrens, in
honour of a German horticulturist. Koch also considers the habit and the characters afforded
by the leaves to be of importance. We doubt, says the Gardeners' Chronicle, whether this change
will meet with general acceptance, the distinctive characters of the new genus being too slender,
though we are bound to say that it is perhaps as distinct as some other genera of this family,
commonly recognised as such. The peltate stamens are said by Koch to be three-celled, but
they are usually four-celled, as in most of the Cupressineao.

- 3In Smeaton and Oo.’s combined Heating and Fire-Extinguishing

Apparatus^ wbicb bas recently been patented, tbe apparatus intended for heating
purposes seems to be very usefully turned to account in other ways. Thus, by

means of certain combinations, supplies of hot and cold water can be brought into operation
simultaneously, and rendered available for the extinction of fire, a larger quantity of water
being thus obtained, and with greater certainty in case of sudden emergency, than by any of the
arrangements hitherto in use. This is effected by means of hot and cold water reservoirs, and a
properly regulated system of main-pipes, valves, and hydrants. In some cases, such chemical
substances as are capable when brought into a gaseous or vapourised state of extinguishing
fire may be placed in the hot- water reservoir, and thus most usefully employed ; but even
when such substances are not so employed, the steam and vapour resulting from the use of
heated water materially assist in the effectual working of the apparatus, which is applicable
to every description of building, and can be readily added and adapted to apparatus already
erected for the supply of hot and cold water.

- 3In the Anthurium Scherzerianum Williamsii we have a fine companion

plant to the bright scarlet-spathed type, which is now so well-known and so
highly appreciated. When first introduced, this plant, as to size and colour, was

very inferior to what it has subsequently become, under the fostering care of our cultivators.
The white-bracted variety which was shown at a recent meeting of the Royal Horticultural
Society, Mr. Williams, of Holloway, is perfectly distinct, and though not equalling in size
what the scarlet bracted form has become, it was sufldciently developed to show what a fine
plant it will become. The leaf and habit are quite the same, but the spathe is pure white,
and the spadix clear yellow. The same plant appears to be grown in some establishments as
A. Scherzerianum album.

- JTew private gardeners, probably, have heard of Edmund's Surprise

Broccoli., though it seems to be exceedingly popular for market purposes, as it is
undoubtedly one of the finest and most compact kinds in cultivation. It appears

to possess all the peculiar protecting qualities of the old Knight’s Protecting, as the head,
even after it has attained a great size, is still covered with leaves, whilst when as big as the
mouth of a bucket it is still solid and firm, and as white as can be desired. The true stock of this
variety is, no doubt, in the hands of a limited circle of growers. One grower from the dis¬
trict of the Medway in Kent is reported to have sent about 1,000 dozens of heads into the
London markets on each week-day for nearly four weeks, and but for the extremely forcing
weather of April the cutting would have lasted for a longer period.

- ®HE French System of Keeping Grapes in bottles of water after being

cut from the Vine, instead of allowing them to hang through the winter, has now

become quite popular ; but an improvement has been adopted by Mr. Wildsmith,

of Heckfield, which consists in leaving the entire length of wood beyond the bunch, instead of
cutting it off just above, when cutting the Grapes for bottling. The advantages which result
are that the stalks of the bunch are kept green and firm for a much longer period, and the berries
remain plumper. The water absorbed by the wood, instead of being carried into the fruit,
to the detriment of its flavour, is diverted into the branch beyond, and, as there is no fresh-
made cut in the wood, there is not the slightest amount of bleeding.

- ^NDEE the name of the British Pteridological Society., a number of

amateurs, who are Fern-fanciers, have agreed to found a society whose principal
object will be to secure a “ more correct classification and nomenclature of British

R 2

188

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ August,

Ferns,” and indirectly to discourage, or prevent as far as possible, the destruction
of rare species or varieties in their wild habitats.

- ®HE little Dianthus glacialis is a gem amongst Alpine plants. It forms

complete hillocks, composed of the brightest rose-coloured flowers, 1 to IJ in.
across, and the whole plant is not more than 2 to 3 in. high. The flowers are

produced in such abundance, that as many as twelve to fifteen may be counted on plants not
more than 1 in. in diameter. It flowers earlier than most other Pinks, and is easily dis¬
tinguished from D. alpims and D. negUctus by its more csespitose and compact habit, not
forming running shoots under the surface of tho soil, as those two species do. The foliage
is of a much darker green, and blunter than that of D. neglectus. The plant is of very
easy culture, thriving well in rich garden loam, planted on any well-drained spot either on
the rock garden or ordinary flower border.

- Professor Kooh mentions in the Gardener s Chronicle a handsome

Variegated Lime^ which he met with in the collection of M. Rosenthal, of Vienna.

This Lime, according to the statement of the owner, belongs to Tilia platyphyllos,

but Professor Koch doubts this, and believes rather that it is a variegated form of an
American species, probably of Tilia pubescens. The leaves, instead of being clothed with
soft hairs, as is the case in the large-leaved Lime, are furnished with scattered bristly hairs.
We already possess a variegated variety of T. platyphyllos, but it cannot be compared
with Rosenthal’s for beauty. The variegation of this new variety is of an orange tint,
occupying the greater portion of the surface of the leaf.

— Another variegated plant which attracted Professor Koch’s attention
in M. Rosenthal’s nursery was a tricoloured Variegated Sweet Cherry {Prunus
Avimii). The rather large leaves were speckled and spotted with white, yellow,
and red, resembling, in some respects, the variegated form of Prunus Padus, found in gardens
under the name Padus aucuhoefolia. Cerasus Avium pulverulenta tricolor is the name given
by Rosenthal to his variety.

- ®HE showy, orange-coloured, Gazania-like Mutisia decurrens is found

to be hardy at Floors Castle, growing on a south-west wall, where it has flowered
every season for the last four years. Mr. Knight recommends that this hand¬
some evergreen climber should bo planted more freely, especially where conservative walls
have to be furnished. Mr. Coleman, of Eastnor, advises to plant it in the open ground. Some
years ago he procured a plant which was trained against a south wall, but finding the situa¬
tion too hot and dry, he removed it to an open space in the grounds, where it grew vigorously,
flowered profusely, and ripened seeds from which young plants were raised. Against a wall,
with him, the old leaves and stems assume a rusty appearance ; but planted out in the open,
in a compost of peat and loam on a cool bottom, where it can ramble over rootwork or an old
bush, it forms a striking object. It is impatient of close training, and well repays being left
alone. A good figure of it will be found in our volume for 1862.

- ®^HE Galvanised Wire Netting^ now in vogue, is an article that finds

many a ready use about gardens and country-houses. We understand that at the

late Bremen International Exhibition, Messrs. J. B. Brown and Co., of London,

were awarded a medal of merit for their exhibit of this article, the award being made for
cheapness and excellence of workmanship.

- 1®[R. Robert Godfrey, of Homelands, Ryde, died from the effect of

sunstroke, on the 20th ult., aged 62 years. He was a nephew of the Waterers,
founders of the Knap Hill and Bagshot Nurseries, and after the death of his uncle,

Mr. Hosea Waterer, carried on and extended the Knap Hill business, in conjunction with
Mr. Antony Waterer, under the style of “ Waterer and Godfrey.” On account of failing health,
he some years since retired, and went to reside in the Isle of Wight, where his health became
re-established. He was one of our best nurserymen, and a kind, warm-hearted man, whoso
Joss will be deeply regretted by a wide circle of friends.

1874. ]

GAEPEN WOEK FOE AUGUST.

189

GAKDEN WOKK FOR AUGUST.

FLOWERS.

®HE continued dryness of the weather, with the sudden fluctations of
temperature during June, has considerably retarded the growth in our
flower-gardens, yet with from 3° to 4° of frost in the middle of the
month, when most tender plants were planted out, it is surprising that
the actual damage is so slight. The only plant that we have had to
replace was Coleus Verschaffeltii splendens, in a low-lying pannel ; this splendid
variety is somewhat tender, while Alternantheras were but very slightly seared,
A. amcena sustaining no apparent injury.

The watering both of the flower-beds and of the grass-lawns has now become
so important a matter, that every opportunity of an obscured sun should be
taken advantage of to apply water, or else the sun should be allowed to decline
before using it, as water should never be applied during bright sunshine, particu¬
larly over the foliage. The turf must be kept fresh, if possible, as a verdant
sward is one of the greatest charms of the flower-garden. The training of all
plants in patterns and lines must be carried out with exactitude, for without trimness
and order are maintained perfect satisfaction is not to be had. Shrubberies should
be seen to, and the growth regulated so that the more delicate subjects do not get
overcrowded or overgrown.

After the middle of the month, a sowing of annuals for spring, blooming, such
as Alyssum calycinum, Collinsia bicolor ^ and C. verna^ Lasthenia calif ornica^
Limnanihes Douglasii^ Saponaria^ &c., should be made. Finish the layering of
Carnations^ and transplant or pot when sufficiently rooted. Plant out early-
rooted Pinks into prepared beds. Continue to propagate perennial and biennial
plants ; transplant seedlings of Wallflower^ Myosotis^ &c.

Roses : Frequently look over stocks that are budded, to remove suckers, and
loosen the tying material when necessary. Cuttings of Tea-scented, China, and
in fact, all sorts of roses, will now root freely, if slipped off with a heel — e.e., with
a small portion of the old wood attached, and inserted firmly in pots, or placed
in beds of soil in cold frames. I find Eoses most serviceable for cutting from
when grown upon their own roots, the perpetuals producing a lengthened succes¬
sion of famous buds. Give every encouragement in the way of applications of
manure-water to tire autumn-blooming varieties.

Conservatory : The supply of flowering plants in these structures for the next
month or two will be somewhat limited, but the deficiency may be compensated
for by a liberal admixture of foliage plants. Crotons^ Dracaenas, Coleus^ and
many other plants remarkable for their coloured foliage, will stand for months
in such a structure at this season. Pay every attention to Fuchsias^ as to watering
and encouraging such as are placed out-of-doors with manure-water.

Lantanas are useful blooming plants for this time of the year, as are also the
Plumbago capensis and P. rosea^ which, when freely cultivated, produce a pro¬
fusion of their charming blossoms. Globe Amaranths^ Celosias^ (fee., are very
effective greenhouse annuals. Chrysanthemums will now require attention in
training, as all will have had their final shift, and must have an efficient supply
of water at the root, damping the foliage with the syringe morning and evening ;
they are gross feeders, and must have a supply in accordance. Cinerarias for early
blooming will now be in their flowering-pots, and should be encouraged with
manure -water, keeping them in a situation shaded from the direct action of the
sun, with free exposure. Primulas must be shifted on as necessary. The double
varieties should now be divided, and propagated in a gentle heat, in small pots,

190

[ August,

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

using a healthy compost of equal parts of loam, peat, and leaf-soil, *with a free
admixture of silver-sand. Shift on the smallest-sized plants for specimens,
using the compost in a rougher state. The double varieties are not grown
nearly so much as .they deserve to be, as they are so free in flowering, 'and far
superior to the single ones for cutting from.

Stove: Attend to the training of climbing plants, more particularly upon the roof,
as they soon become a confused mass, and if not kept under subordination, they
obscure the light, and retard the ripening of the growth upon plants under¬
neath, which should now have more exposure, with more air, and less water at
the root, in order to thoroughly mature their growth. This ripening process
should also be assisted by setting the plants thinly, and elevating them near to
the glass. As a general rule, flowering plants in stoves are over-shaded, and in
consequence their blooming qualities are impaired. Poinsettias that are placed
in their blooming pots should be fully exposed to the atmosphere, so as to ensure
a sturdy habit of growth, so desirable in these effective plants ; keep successional
plants freely stopped back, and guard against drawing. Euphorbias^ and such
plants as are being got forward for winter blooming, must have attention.

Greenhouse : The hardiest portion of hard-wooded plants that have made
some growth will be now benefited by being placed out-of-doors, choosing a
situation which is slightly shaded from the mid-day sun — for example, under
a north wall, or in the shade of a hedge, or of trees where they are not over-hung.
The pots must stand upon a bed of ashes or on slates, so that they may be secure
against worfns. They will require attention in watering, and lightly syringing
overhead in the evenings of bright days.

Plants of Laburnum^ Thorn^ Lilac^ &c., that are grown in pots, and plunged
in soil, should be frequently twisted round, so as to prevent their rooting through,
which will check grossness of growth, and promote thorough maturation.

Camellias : Now is the best time to graft, and propagate the single red for
stocks. Care in watering is necessary at this period of development, more par¬
ticularly with such as are planted-out, as the strong-growing varieties, such as
Marchioness of Exeter, when too freely supplied with moisture, are apt to make
secondary growth in place of flower-buds. Less water at the root and
atmospherically, with a free circulation of air, will be conducive to bud-formation.

Ferns: In most establishments, quantities of small plants are in demand
during the winter months for the various purposes of embellishment, and these
should now have attention, potting on a quantity of seedlings in small pots, and
if necessary, dividing Adian turns, &c., for this purpose ; these, if shaded and
encouraged for a few weeks, soon make famous plants. Lycopods are also very
serviceable for this purpose.

Pelargoniums : Cut down the show varieties, keeping them dry until they
show signs of breaking. Plants that were cut down early, and have broken suffi¬
ciently strong, should be shaken out of the soil, the roots being reduced, and the
plants repotted into sizes according to their strength ; start them in a frame or
pit, and shade during the day, paying strict attention to watering until they
are fairly started. The fancy varieties require a lighter soil than the show
sorts. — Geoege Westland, Witley Court.

FRUITS.

Vines : Keep the houses containing ripe Grapes well aired and free from
moisture ; and as soon as the crop is cleared, the sashes may be removed, if the
wood is properly matured. Vines in pots should be watered often with liquid
manure, and those intended for forcing next season should be stopped as soon as
they are of the desired length ; cut out all lateral shoots close to the fniiting bud

1874. ]

GAEDEN WORK FOB AUGUST.

191

as the wood ripens. Keep a moist growing heat in the late houses, and economise
sun-heat by closing early in the afternoon. Should the weather set in dull and
chilly, a little fire-heat should -be applied to late Muscats. If mildew makes its
appearance on any of the Vines, dust the fruit and leaves all over with sulphur,
and keep the house a little warmer for a few days. It can readily be washed off
again with the syringe after the mildew has disappeared.

Pines : All plants intended for fruiting next summer should be shifted this
month, as well as the young stock ; use free turfy loam, with a mixture of sheep
or pig-manure. Those planted out on ridges will now require plenty of water,
and growth should be encouraged by keeping up a moist atmosphere ; close early
in the afternoon, at a temperature of 90°. Give liquid manure occasionally, and
use the syringe to all, except where the fruit is ripening.

Peaches and Nectarines : Syringe the trees daily, and give a liberal supply of
water at the root in the latest house. Continue this up to the time the fruit is
approaching maturity, with abundance of air through the day, also a little at
other times, if the nights are warm. When other houses are clear of the
crop, go over the trees as before advised, wash the trees with the engine,
water the borders, and remove the lights if the wood is ripe and growth finished.

Figs : Plenty of air and moisture is all that the second crop of Figs under
glass will require at present.

Melons : These will need plenty of air and water ; indeed, if the weather is
hot, the lights may be drawn off altogether, closing the frames again at night.
Continue to cut away useless gi^owth, so that the plants do not get matted
together. Withhold water where the fruit is ripening. If wood-lice are trouble¬
some in the frames, it is a good plan to set the fruit on pieces of brick, placed
in a shallow pan of water.

Strawberries : Continue to layer in small pots for forcing, and as soon as any
are well rooted, pot them at once ; stand the pots on ashes or a dusting of lime
to prevent worms entering. Attend well to the watering in dry weather. Choose
a fully exposed situation for growing the plants. A few Black Prince may be
useful for the earliest forcing, butXa Grosse Sucree^ Keens’ Seedling^ and Vicomtesse
Hericart de Thury are among the best varieties for early icork^ for although
not so early ^s the Prince by a week, the fruit is superior in all ways.

Hardy Fruit : It is now time the thinning, stopping, and nailing-in of the
young shoots of all wall-trees was finished. Peaches and Nectarines in particular
should not be neglected ; they should now be kept closely nailed-in, to get the
wood ripened, and to give the fruit every advantage of air and light. Eemove a
portion of the leaves from the fruit where it is too much shaded, and at the same
time see that none of the nails come in contact with the fruit. Water the borders
in dry weather, and use the engine or syringe to sprinkle the trees on the even¬
ings of hot days up to the time the fruit is ripening. Trap earwigs on their first
appearance ; perhaps the simplest way to rid the trees of them is to place short
pieces of bean-stalk, or other hollow tubes, in different parts of the tree, and to look
them over every other day, and blow the contents into a bottle, placing the tubes
as before. Secure all ripe fruit with nets, &c., and mat up Currants and Goose-"
berries for late use. . ■

As soon as the crop of Strawberries is gathered, cut away all runners that are
not wanted for layering. Stir the surface of the soil, and give the plants a soak¬
ing of liquid manure, to encourage them before the growing season is past. Layer
runners for new plantations ; plant them as soon as they are rooted in well-
prepared soil ; if planted out at once, a good crop of fruit may be expected from
them next season. — J. PoWfiLL, Frogmore.

192

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ August,

VEGETABLES.

The chief consideration in this department will now be to encourage by every
possible means the growth of the many crops under cultivation ; and should the
weather continue as dry as we anticipate it may do, this will pi'ove no small tax.
Artificial waterings will be in request constantly, and in instances where the
water is laid on at a high pressure, and a hose is provided, as it is in some
establishments, this will prove no great trouble. Where water is not so ready to
hand, this operation involves much heavy labour. Artificial waterings should always
be given with a method. Whenever water is given to any garden crop, owing
to the natural drought, let it always be a most thorough root-soaking. To damp
plants overhead, wetting an inch or two of the ground-surface only, is, to say the
least, a false aid, and I may add, an injury. Do well whatever is done.

Push on with the necessary transplanting of Celery^ choosing, if possible,
a showery day in which to do this ; • or in the absence of the shower, always
transplant at as late an hour in the day as possible, well soaking
the soil around at night, and giving another moderate watering in the early
morning. Cauliflowers will need, perhaps, more direct and constant artificial
waterings than any other crop, because if they are not attended to in this wise,
they quickly ‘ button,’ or run to flower, whilst in a very young state, and before
they get at all useful. Ground must now be prepared for winter crops of Spinach^
Onions, Lettuces^ Cabbage, Endive^ &:c. ; prepare all alike, well trenching that for
the former, where practicable, and taking advantage of a damp period upon which
to make a sowing of each, to insure as early a supply as possible. Make a special
sowing of Spinach (Prickly) as near to August 1 1 as possible ; this for the mid¬
winter and very early spring crop. Sow Chervil (Turnip-rooted), insuring the
seeds being always new, or of the current season’s growth. Make also further
small sowings of the kinds of Saladings mentioned above about the 23rd of the
month ; also of Cabbages^ the seedling plants from which may remain in the seed¬
beds during the winter, to insure a successional spring supply, and perhaps, to
fill up gaps in the earlier and more permanent beds or plantations. Make another
sowing of Carrots (Short Horn) about the second week in the month, for early
spring drawing. Mould up Brussels Sprouts^ Broccoli^ and all winter green crops,
and proceed with the earthing-up of the first Celery rows.

Procure the customary materials for Mushroom-beds, keeping them dry until a
sufiScient quantity has been got together, and then making up the beds forthwith.
It is not necessary to have so much heat in the materials at this early date,
and the beds may, therefore, be spawned more quickly, always bearing in mind
that spawn works or runs more readily in moderately dry materials.

As the season advances, give fresh and increasing bottom-heat to Cucumbers
and Melons, affording air nightly, and as the heat becomes felt, the more liberally.
Cut over, or thin-out, all the older vines of those Cucumber-plants which have
become somewhat exhausted by bearing, removing therewith also many of the
older leaves, and with the room gained encouraging the younger shoots, and parti¬
cularly the young leaves, to occupy and fill up the spaces. Encourage, in fact,
a growing period, independently of any thought of fruit for a week or two, and the
supply will be forthcoming more abundantly in consequence for some time after¬
wards. A thorough good soaking should be given to the bed just at the “ nick ”
of time, at which the renewed bottom-heat is likely to make itself felt.
Encourage young (7wcw??i5er-plants to form sturdy growth for the early autumn
planting in houses intended for the midwinter and very early spring supply of
fruit. Give all Cucumber-houses a thorough cleansing, whitewashing, &c., forth¬
with. — ^WiLLiAM Eablhy, Valentines. , ^

1874. ]

GARDEN LILIES. — CHAPTER VI.

193

LILIUM AVENACEUM.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

HIS remarkably distinct Lily was shown at a recent meeting of the Eoyal
Horticultural Society, by G. F. Wilson, Esq., of Weybridge, wbo kindly
^ supplied the specimens from which our drawing was made. In his recent
notes on Garden Lilies, Mr. Baker regarded this plant as synonymous with
L. maculatuiu, and the same opinion was expressed at the meeting at which the
plant was shown, by Dr. Hooker ; hence our plate has been lettered Lilium macu-
latum. M. Leichtlin, however, who is an authority on all that concerns the genus to
which this plant belongs, considers the name of L. maculatum as being synonym¬
ous with L. medeoloidcs, a figure of Thunberg’s published in the Memoirs of the
Academy of St. Petersburg being the authority for this opinion ; this figure is
looked on by Mr. Baker as in some degree supporting M. Leichtlin’s opinion,
without, however, fully proving it. Hence he has, in his notes on Liliums,
published in the Linnean Society’s Journal., adopted for the present plant the
name we have placed at the head of this article. Thunberg’s description of a
bell-shaped perianth certainly by no means agrees with the present species.

The plant from which our figure was taken was about 2 ft. high, with distant
whorls of lanceolate leaves an inch wide on the lower part of the stem, near the
top of which the leaves became alternate, a rather loose corymbose umbel of 5-6
flowers crowning the whole. The flowers, as will be seen from the figure, are
very distinct in form, having scarcely any tube, so that the perianth segments
spread out immediately above the base ; they are elliptic-lanceolate, nearly an
inch and a half long, so that the blossoms are fully 3 in. across ; and they are of
a deep tawny-orange colour, with a thickish cluster of black spots towards the
base. The flowers are somewhat nodding, but the style makes an angle with the
top of the ovary, so as to assume an upward direction. The ovary itself is very
deeply six-winged. This Lily is perfectly hardy, being a native of Kamtschatka,
Mandchuria,,the Kurile Islands, and Japan. It was exhibited in flower about
the middle of June. — T. Moore.

GARDEN LILIES.— Chapter VI.

’HERE still remain some species of the Eulirion group which we have not
yet considered, and to some of which we now invite attention.

11. Lilium japonioum {Bot. Mag.., t. 1591). — This species, like L.
longijlorum., is somewhat tender in this country, needing slight pro¬
tection against frost, and shelter from extreme wet. In this group it is known by
its scattered leaves, and its gradually narrowed funnel-shaped flowers, the leaves,
morever, being fewer, and the perianth segments broader than in the allied L.
nepalense. It grows from 1 ft. to 2 ft. high, and has stiff erect stems of a shining
green colour, spotted with purple. The leaves are scattered, from 12 to 20 in
number, dark green, lanceolate acute, with several (5 to 7) distinct nerves, the
3rd series. — VII. s

194

THE FLOBIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Sbptekbbs,

lower leaves being 4 in. to 6 in. long, the upper shorter and broader, often an inch in
breadth. The flowers, which are very sweet-scented, are usually solitary on the
wild plant, but the garden plants sometimes bear two or three, the perianth being
4 in. to 6 in. long, more or less ascending, very gradually widening into a funnel-
shaped form, white internally, and on the outer side more or less flushed or mottled
with purple, the segments being obversely lanceolate, often as much as 2 in.
broad, and moderately recurved at the tip. The anthers are thick, oblong, with
reddish-chocolate pollen.

This species, as its name indicates, is a native of Japan, and was introduced
to this country through the East India Company in 1804. It has subsequently
been gathered by Maximowicz in Japan, and by Oldham in the Korea. It was

LILIUM JJIPONIOUM.

figured by Planchon in the Flore des Serves (t. 876-7), with the name of
Lilium, odorum^ imder the impression that the true L. japonicum of Thunberg
was a scentless plant, with linear-oblong anthers, and yellow pollen, but more
recent writers have not adopted M. Planchon’s views.

L. JAPONIOUM Beownii (Bury^ Hexand.^ t. 2), the L. Broivnii of Meillez, is
a taller plant, the stems of which grow 3 ft. high, or upwards, and are marked
with purple spots and lines near the base ; the leaves (lower) are also 8 in. to 9 in.
long, linear-lanceolate, and more numerous (25-30), while the flowers, sometimes
three or four in number, are 7 in. to 8 in. long, more drooping, white, more heavily
stained with purple on the outer side. M. Leichtlin and M. Duchartre state that
it is a native of China, and probably of Japan also. It is a magnificent Lily,
differing from L. japonicum^ according to Messrs. Teutschel, by the form of the
bulbs and the colour of the scales, as well as in the foliage and habit, and in the
appearance of the bud, the fully expanded flowers having a closer resemblance
to those of L, japonicum^ like which it blooms in July.

1874. ]

GARDEN LILIES. — CHAPTER VI.

195

%

12. Lilium nepalense ( PL Asiat. Ear. iii., 67, t. 291). — This Indian Lily
has more numerous leaves than L. japonicum., and shorter funnel-shaped flowers.
The stems are erect, slender, glabrous, from 1^ ft. to 3 ft. high. The leaves are
scattered and numerous (30-50), linear-lanceolate, the lower ones 4 in. to 5 in.
long, comparatively thin in texture, and distinctly five-nerved. The flowers are
solitary, or in few-flowered umbels, or loose racemes of five or six in number, sub¬
tended by rather large linear, leafy bracts. The flowers are broadly funnel-shaped,
4 in. to 5 in. long, white or ochroleucous, suffused more or less freely towards the
base with purple, the segments being oblanceolate, and considerably reflexed
when fully developed. The anthers are linear-oblong, half an inch long, and
furnished with yellow pollen.

This well-marked species appears to have been introduced to England in
1855, but to have been since lost. It is found in the temperate regions of the Western
and Central Himalayas, at an elevation of 7,000 ft. to 9,000 ft., and should prove
amenable to culture. Mr. Baker suggests that its affinities are with L. japonicum
on the one hand, and L. candidum on the other.

13. Lilium Krameri (Bot. Mag., t. 6058 ; Florist and Pomologist, 1874, 13,
with tab.) — This splendid Lily flowered last year for the first time in this country,
three forms having been observed, namely, — that figured in the Florist, which
was the finest, having rosy-blush flowers with very broad bluntish segments ; that
figured in the Botanical Magazine, which was very pale blush, with the perianth
segments wavy and much acuminated ; and another almost white. The stems
are from 2 ft. to 4 ft. high, erect, smooth, and comparatively slender, glaucous-
green, spotted with purple. The leaves are scattered, distant (15-16), linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, five-nerved, and from 8 in. to 10 in. long. The flowers are
very fragrant, white or blush, horizontal, solitary ; the segments obovate-oblong,
bluntish, or considerably acuminated, the inner ones nearly or quite 2 in. broad,
spreading at the tip, or in some forms recurved in the upper third, and forming
a broadly funnel-shaped perianth 6 in. to 7 in. long. The anthers are linear-
oblong, three-quarters of an inch long, on filaments half the length of the
perianth, the pollen being bright chocolate-red. The flowers are produced in July.

Lilium Krameri was introduced from Japan, but whether it was there
obtained from -wild habitats or from gardens is not quite certain. Messrs. Teutschel,
through whom it was introduced, state that it was sent to them by Mr. Kramer,
after whom it is named, as “ a new Lily, obtained a long distance from Yokohama,
in the interior of Japan and Mr. Kramer, moreover, who speaks of it as a form
of L. auratum, mentions that his collector sends three different forms, and adds,
“ there are many startling varieties.” Mr. Baker, whose opinion, as having well
studied the genus Lilium, deserves full consideration, regards it as a hybrid
between L. speciosum and L. japonicum, with the leaves of the former, and the
perianth and anthers of the latter. We cannot detect in it any. sufficiently close
resemblance to L. speciosum ; and if it be not a mere selection from L. auratum
itself — a plant which is most varied in form and colouring — we think that it has

s 2

196

THE FLOBIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ September,

more the aspect of a hybrid between L. auratum and L.japonicum^ than between
the two just named. In Messrs. Teutschel’s view, “ it seems a seedling form
of L. auratum.’’ They add, “ It is a delicate bulb, and travels badly, scarcely one
in ten having reached us in good condition ; all our bulbs have had narrow
elongate foliage like L. auratum.”

L. Kbamebi Baeeianum. — This is a smaller and more slender form, with the
leaves more numerous and more crowded. The flowers are also smaller, the white
perianth measuring four inches, and the anthers half-an-inch long. It is described
by Mr. Baker, in a paper on the Tulipece.^ read before the Linnean Society. —
T. Moore.

NE PLUS ULTEA PEA.

[ S a late summer Pea I have not as yet found any other kind to excel this.
I have it now (Aug. 15), and have had it for some weeks in very flne condi-
tion, notwithstanding the long-continued dry weather. It is a most abundant
bearer, of superior flavour, and remains a long time fit for use — all great
recommendations in its favour. Those who wish to have it flne I would advise
to save their own seed, and in doing so to pay attention to the matter by selecting
only the finest pods. By this means they will secure good, genuine seed, and by
sowing thinly in rows about 6 ft. apart on deeply-dug ground, they will get good
crops of Peas of the finest quality, well repaying any little pains or labour bestowed
on them. — M. Saul, Stourton.

LAGEESTEOMIA INDICA.

have had this magnificent flowering shrub in this country for over one
J hundred years, but seldom has it been seen in flower in any great degree
of perfection, and in consequence its merits as a flowering acquisition
amongst our stove-plants is but little known. The plant appears easy to
grow, and as easy to flower, but in the want of knowing that easy method lies the
difficulty. The Lagerstromia in question has been about this place for the last
thirteen years. It was always grown in a pot, and once only did I ever see a
flower upon it ; this might possibly have served the purpose of a prying botanist,
but as an ornamental plant for the stove it appeared to be of little use, and
it was certainly of less use as a flowering-plant.

Lately I have been adopting, both in our stove and greenhouse, a general
planting-out system in every available space. The plants, when turned out of
pots into a deep, well-prepared body of soil, grow away amazingly, and assume
such proportions as to size, health, and vigour as can only be arrived at in pot-
culture by the greatest amount of labour and pains. Into one of those prepared
beds, situate at the end of a plant-stove — in February last — we turned out of pot
and planted our Lagerstrdmia, feeling inwardly so far satisfied, that even if it did
not flower any better in its new quarters than it did when confined to a pot, it at
all events stood a better chance of being preserved in our collection than when

1874. ]

NEW BEDDING VIOLAS. - OLEARIA HAA8TII.

197

being tossed about in a pot almost uncared for, and I fear, too, many times, but
very poorly provided for.

For some time the bush gave but little symptoms of growth, but towards the
end of June I observed a general breaking into bud all over the plant. I could
not at first at all satisfy myself whether they were flower-buds or leaf-buds. I
had, however, not long to wait, for toward the second week in July, the plant
showed decidedly that it meant to flower, and that liberally. We had now for
about three weeks the pleasure of beholding 500 spikes of the most lovely pink
infloresence, such as certainly must satisfy the most hypercritical. The flower-
spikes varied in length from 4 in. to 12 in., and the number of florets on the
flowering-spikes amounted collectively to 2,000. The plant altogether is only
5 ft. high, by 4 ft. through. How it will comport itself after this severe flower¬
ing remains to be seen. Of one thing I feel satisfied, and that is, that the turning
the plant out into its cool bed of soil was the means of inducing it to flower so
abundantly, and to any one who may have a Lagerstromia in a pot I would say —
by all means plant it out. — Wm. Miller, Combe Abbey Gardens.

NEW BEDDING VIOLAS.'

HERE may be some amongst the readers of the Florist who may not
have made a direct personal acquaintance with either of the new forms of
Viola, which have originated from the V. cornuta. To such I heartily
recommend the three forms named, Viola cornuta Sensation., Viola cornuta
Admiration., Viola cornuta Purple Prince. The former is perhaps the earliest of
these examples of “new blood,” the second and third, the former especially, being
among the most telling of all summer bedding plants, especially when mixed with
any of the white variegated-leaved Pelargoniums, such as Bijou, Flower of Spring,
&c. As even a preferable companion to these, I may instance the old Mangles
Variegated Pelargonium, amongst which I have some of these Violas growing,
and the effect is certainly heightened, as the Violas seem to show up better from
amidst the more procumbent stems and the smaller blooms of the latter kind.

Then, again, as early spring plants, for blooming along with the Daisies,
Yellow Cliveden Pansies, Silenes, Primroses, Polyanthuses, and Tulips, they are
unapproachable. I have also seen them introduced in circular masses in front
of young shrubberies, thus forming a continuous link in the chain of display,
brilliant in their effect, of which similarly-coloured Crocuses give the foretaste,
but which these Violas certainly beat, both in respect of colour and of distant
effect. — William Earley, Valentines.

OLEAHIA HAASTII.

HIS New Zealand shrub proves to be hardy in the neighbourhood of
London, having grown without injury for several years at Messrs. Veitch’s
nursery at Coombe Wood, in Surrey. It belongs to the Composite order,
and is most attractive as a flowering shrub, being literally covered with

198

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOQIST,

[ Sbptbmbek,

masses of its white blossoms, which last for a considerable period. This florifer-
ous habit, as well as the neat character of the foliage, are well shown in the
accompanying figure from Messrs. Veitch’s Catalogue.

Dr. Hooker, in his Handbook of the New Zealand Flora^ describes this
Olearia as a small shrubby tree, with ovate or oblong or linear-oblong very
coriaceous loaves, which are green and shining above, smooth beneath, and there

1874. ]

CULTURE OF THE GOOSEBERRY. - 1.

199

white with closely-appressed down. The flower-heads are in loose pedunoled
corymbs, the ray-florets being few and broad, and the involucres cylindric, with
imbricated scales. It is no doubt a very desirable hardy shrub, and has received
at the hands of the Eoyal Horticultural Society a First-class Oertificate.— T. M.

CULTUKE OF THE GOOSEBERRY.— I.

HE extremely variable nature of the growth of the different varieties of
Gooseberry, and the difficulty often experienced in getting at the fruit on
some of the strong-spined, close-growing sorts, has led me to believe that
a few remarks on an improved mode of culture which, although by no
means new, is not often adopted, may be acceptable to amateur growers, to whom
also any system which economises space, as this purposes to do, will, no doubt,
be acceptable.

To all such I recommend the adoption of the Espalier mode of growth, as in
every respect far more suitable for their purpose than the common mode of bush
training, as it has a very neat and pleasing appearance, and the trees are far
more easily manipulated and pruned than when sprawling over the ground. The
system of pruning also is so very much simplified, that the veriest tyro could
hardly make a mistake when the trees are fairly started on the right system.

We often find, in the common mode of bush-culture, that it is a difficult
matter to prevent many sorts, such as the Warrington, for example, from growing
as it were downwards, almost like weeping-trees ; and being thickly set with
spines, pointing mostly inwards, the operations of thinning-out the young fruit and
gathering the ripe fruit are thereby rendered rather unpleasant ; besides which, the
weight of fruit often bends down the branches so much, that on the occurrence
of heavy rains all that on the lower branches is rendered comparatively useless
for delicate purposes. By the system of training to Espaliers, all these trouble¬
some matters are reduced to a minimum. Of course, there are ways and means
of circumventing these and other inconveniences, even on the bush system of
training, as, for instance, by securing much longer stems free of wood, and
systematically thinning-out the branches, as only good practical hands know
how ; but these are more complicated in their management, and I claim for the
Espalier system a perfect simplicity of management, and therefore, hold it to
be the best adapted for the purposes of the amateur, to whom also it should
further recommend itself as leaving a greater space for cultural operations, as
well as from its general neatness of appearance.

The amateur may obtain at the Nurseries young bushes fit to commence
training at once, but if he prefers it, and time is not an object, he will do well to
prepare his own plants, by selecting in October the strongest shoots he can
obtain of such varieties as he may prefer (of which a list for guidance will be
hereafter given), shortening them to six inches, and removing carefully every bud
except the two at the top. The reason for this is to prevent the future tree from
throwing up suckers, which are very detrimental. The bottom of the cuttings

200

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Sbptembhk,

should be cut through horizontally close to the joint, and they should then be
planted in an open space, in good ground, inserting four inches of the cutting,
and leaving the two buds well above the surface. The object to be aimed at is
to get a good stout stem a clear foot above the surface, and therefore, as soon as
the shoots show signs of vitality, and probable growth in the spring, the
healthiest shoot from the two buds must be retained and encouraged to grow
up straight and strong, by training it to a stake as it advances in growth. With
erect-growing sorts this is not much trouble, but with varieties of a drooping
habit, constant care must be taken to fasten them to the stake whilst the shoots
are young and pliable. This is all the care the}’- will require the first year.

At any time during the dormant season these shoots should be shortened, so
as to form a good stem one foot from the ground, at which point the future
head, for training purposes, will start. Most of the buds, except four or five at
the top, may be rubbed off. In the spring, as soon as growth commences, pre¬
paration must at once be made for training, but as they will not make any very
great growth the first year, a few straight stakes, from two to three feet in length,
Avill be all that will be necessary to keep the young shoots in position.

There are two methods or forms of training, either of which may be adopted
with advantage. One is to train up a strong centre stem, and from this lead
out the side-shoots horizontally at equal distances. The other is to train out
two strong shoots horizontally, one each way, from the centre, but no centre
shoot, these two side-shoots being trained Cordon fashion, about one foot from
the ground, and the bearing shoots trained upright from these to the top of the
trellis at equal distances, so as to cover the whole of it. The shoots may also be
trained in the shape of a fan, that is, diverging in all directions from a common
centre ; but I do not recommend this as the most economical mode of training,
the growth being more unmanageable from the tendency, which all fruit-trees
trained in that manner have, to concentrate the growth in the centre of the tree.

It will thus be seen that the young shoots of the second year’s growth must
be trained in accordance with the mode selected, but as I purpose to enter
rather minutely into the first few years of training, I must reserve that for
another paper. — John Cox, Redleaf.

PACHYPHYTUM BRACTEOSUM :

An Easy Method of Propagating.

^ff^OLIAGE plants are now so generally grown in gardens for decorative
qSP purposes during the summer months, that any information respecting the
best means to increase the stock of some of the more choice of them,
cannot fail to prove interesting to readers of the Florist.

The propagation of the handsome succulent whose name heads this paper can
be most rapidly managed by seed, and it is comparatively easy of accomplishment,
to those who have a stove in which to raise it. But with those who love and grow
foliage plants, and have nothing better than a cold frame or cool house in which

1874. ]

NOTABLE NEW PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

201

to winter their plants, seeding is out of the question. But there is a means of
propagating this succulent that is easily worked out. Last winter, I kept through
the season eight fine plants of the Pachyphytum in a cold house without fire-heat.
I kept them in the warmest position and perfectly dry, and notwithstanding that
the frost got into the house, the plants were uninjured. In May I broke away
from the stem of each plant a few of the lowermost leaves, and laid them on a
shelf in the greenhouse for three days to get callused. I then filled some 32-
pots half-full of drainage, filling up with a light, sandy soil, and on this I laid
the leaves of the Pachyphytum, so that the base of each could come into contact
with the soil. In this way I covered the* surface of each pot, and shook some
fine soil in among them, but only enough to partially cover them. They were
placed on a dry shelf, and when engaged in syringing the house, I would occa¬
sionally allow the spray to fall on them. A good proportion of the leaves have
already thrown out small plants at the base, and by this means I have acquired
a good accession to my stock. I have tried the same experiment with Echeveria
rosea^ and have been equally successful. • [Echeverias generally may be increased
freely in this way.] There are many succulent plants of this character that can be
kept through the winter in a cold house, if also kept perfectly dry. Damp is their
great enemy ; it -slays far more plants than frost during winter. — R. Dean, Ealing.

NOTABLE NEW PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

[p.C.C. = First-class Certificate ; b.c. = Botanical Certificate ; r.c. Floriciiltural

Certificate.!

lERIDES VIRENS Ellisii [b.c.]. — A handsome variety, with short bright
green leaves, and white purple-spotted flowers, in the way of Dayanum. —
Mr. B. S. Willliams : B.B.S., June 24.

Begonia Vesuvius [f.c.]. — ^A fine new hybrid of the bulbous group,
having dark glossy foliage, and a profusion of large vivid vermilion-scarlet
flowers. — Messrs. Veitch ^ Sons : B.B.S.^ June 24.

Betula alba foliis purpureis [f.c.o.]. — A variety with striking-looking
dark purplish-red leaves, and very promising as a pictorial tree. — Mr. W. Paul :

July 15.

Cattleya Mossi,e majestica [b.c.]. — A variety with large flowers of a fine
rosy-blush, the lip finely frilled, and having in front of the usual orange blotch
a short central bar of crimson, from which a few forked crimson veins diverge. —
Mr. B. S. Williams: B.B.S.., June 24.

Campanula Smithii [f.c.c.]. — A very pretty dwarf hardy perennial, an
accidental hybrid raised between C. frayiiis and C. pumila alba., with stems
about six inches high, and bearing a profusion of semi-erect delicate greyish-blue
bell-shaped flowers. — Mr. Smith : B.Ii.S.., July 15.

Cerasus Mahaleb pendula [f.c.c.].'; — A beautiful free-growing hardy
deciduous tree, with long slender weeping branches, clothed with neat ovate
leaves. A most elegant weeping tree of the smaller series. — Messrs. Paul ^ Son :
P.H.S.., Aug. 19.

Coleus Duchess of Edinburgh [f.c.c.]. — A novel and striking variety, the
leaves being variously mottled, in some parts maroon with green margin, in others

202

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ SSPTEHBBB,

rose-colour with creamy margin, the colours being grotesquely intermixed. —
Mr. W. Chitty ; Ji.H.S., June 17; June 24,

CoRNUS ALBA MARGiNATA [f.o.c.]. — A Variety of the handsome red-barked
Dogwood, in which the leaves are conspicuously margined with white. — Messrs.
Paul 4' Son: E.H.S.., Aug. 19.

Croton Ooopbri [b.o.]. — A distinct form, with large oblong, spirally acuminate,
slightly wavy, red-stalked leaves, freely veined and blotched with yellow, the
markings changing more or less to red. — Messrs. Veitch 4" Sons : B.B.S., June 24.

Echeveria Peacockii [f.o.c.]. — A robust-habited, rosette-formed species,
from Mexico ; the handsome obovate-spathulate subcarinate leaves being covered
with a very dense glaucous bloom ; the flowers are bright red, in scorpioid spikes.
— Mr. J. Croucher : R.H.S..^ July 1.

Fuchsia prooumbens [b.o.]. — This, which was shown under the name of
F. Richei.^ is a very distinct species, of slender, creeping habit, from New Zealand ;
it has small ovate or orbicular leaves, and erect, apetalous flowers, with an
orange tube, and green and maroon much reflexed segments ; it is likely to be
somewhat hardy, and adapted for rockwork. — Mr. Kinghorn: R.H.S., Aug. 5.

Gloxinia Marquis of Lorne [f.o.c.]. — White throat, shaded with lilac at
the tip of the segments, and with pink exterior ; large in size, and fine in form. —
Messrs. Veitch 4' Sons : R.B.S.^ June 21.

Gloxinia Mr. Haines [f.o.c.]. — An erect-flowering variety of a shaded pink
tint, the throat being broad, open, and of a deep crimson colour. — Messrs. Veitch
4" Sons : R.B.S., June 24.

Gloxinia Miss Hannah de Eothsohild [f.o.c.]. — ^Eosy-lilac, with a well-
defined purple throat ; large and very fine. — Messrs. Veitch 4' Sons : R.B.S..,
June 24.

Hypolepis Bergiana [f.o.c.]. — A beautiful greenhouse Cape fern, shown
under the synonym of Cheilanthes Bergiana ; it has a chestnut-brown tomentose
stipe 2 ft. long, and a deltoid quadripinnate frond l-l-j ft. long, finely cut into
small herbaceous hairy segments. — Messrs. Rollisson : R.B.S., April 22 ;
R.H.S.^ Aug. 19.

Iris KiEMPFERi Edward George Henderson [f.o.c.]. — A magnificent variety
of this fine Japanese Iris, with large flat shaded purple ‘double’ flowers, with bright
golden streaks at the base of the six broad spreading segments. — Messrs. E. G.
Henderson 4" Son : R.H.S.^ July 1.

IxoRA Fraseri [f.o.c.] — A grand variety, with remarkable bright orange-red
flowers, in large clusters ; and having bold, free, and healthy leaves, of an oblong-
elliptic form ; it is said to possess a good degree of hardihood of constitution.—
Mr. J. Fraser: R.H.S.., July Ih.

Lobelia (pumila) Duchess of Edinburgh [f.c.o.]. — A dwarf, compact,
white-flowered variety of the pumila section, and promising as a bedder. — Mr.
C. Lidgard: R.H.S., June 17.

Lobelia (pumila) magnifica [f.c.c.]. — A variety of the pumila section, with
large deep violet-blue flowers, and very free and effective. — Mr. J. Bester : R.B.S.^
June 24 ; R.H.S., July 1.

Lilium speciobum ATROSANGUINEUM [f.c.c.]. — A fine variety of the welL
known L. speciosum., with the segments of a deep blood-red, richly spotted, and
evenly margined with white. — Mr. G. F. Wilson : R.H.S.^ Aug. 5.

Lilium Washingtonianum purpubeum [f.c.c.], — A pretty Californian Lily,

1874. ]

ON BEDDING-OUT.

203

ft. high, with whorled leaves, and a cluster of about eight small purplish-white
flowers, with small maroon spots. — Messrs. Veitch 4" Sons: E.H.S., June 17.

Meteoxylon filare [f.c.o.]. — A very elegant Palm, with a tall smooth stem,
and pinnate spreading fronds, the petioles of which have distinct slender spines,
and the narrow pinnae terminate in a long awn. It comes from Ceram. — Mr. W»
Bull: B.H.S., Aug. h.

Pelabgonium (double) Jean Alegatiere [f.g.c.]. — A large-flowered double
variety, the flowers lilac, with pink on the edges of the petals. — Mr. W. Paul :
B.H.S., July 15.

Pelargonium (tricolor) Dr. Masters [p.c.c.]. — A very bright-looking
variety, of vigorous growth, the leaves being handsomely marked with green, clear
yellow, and bronzy-scarlet. — Messrs. E. G. Henderson 4" Son: B.H.S. , July 1.

Pelargonium (zonal) Sir Q-aenet Wolbeley [f.c.o.]. — A zonal variety
with large bright scarlet flowers of fine quality. — Mr. J. George : B.H.S. , July 15.

Eose (h.p.) John Stuart Mill [f.c.c.]. — A fine, full, rounded flower, of a
dark rose-colour ; very promising. — Mr. C. Turner : B.B.S., June 24.

Eose (h.p.) William Ingle [f.c.c.]. — A somewhat remarkable and novel
flower, the pale lilac ground-colour being striped and blotched with white. — Mr.
W. Ingle : B.B.S., June 24.

Eose (h.p.) Sir Garnet Wolbeley [f.c.c.]. — A reputed seedling from
Prince Camille de Bohan, with large, full, and finely formed deep rosy-crimson
flowers. — Mr. J. Cranston: B.H.S., July 1.

Eose (h.p.) Eoyal Standard [f.c.c.]. — A good, full, compact rose, of fine
globular shape, and of a pleasing hue of a pinkish-rose. — Mr. C. Turner : B.H.S. ,
July 15.

SiLENE pendula floee-pleno [f.c.c.]. — A good double-flowered form of the
well-known annual, with the flowers large and full, and of the brightest rose-
colour. — Mr. B. Dean: B.H.S., July 1.

SoNERiLA Hendersoni AND S. Hendersoni argentea [f.c.c.]. — Two forms,
distinct in character, of a pretty dwarf stove Melastomaceous plant — the one
having the leaves red beneath, and blotched with silvery-grey ; the other with
the surface of the leaf more freely, though not entirely, covered with silvery-
grey. — Messrs. E. G. Henderson 4" Son, B.H.S., July 15.

Tillandsia Zahnii [b.o.]. — A pallid, almost transparent-leaved Bromeliad,
the leaves when young being deep amber veined with red, and afterwards of a rich
scarlet, which becomes deeper with age ; the flowers are panicled, rich golden-
yellow. — Messrs. Veitch 4" Sons: B.B.S., June 24.

Viola cobnuta Admiration [f.c.o.]. — A fine variety, with large, well-formed
purple-blue flowers. — Mr. B. S. Williams : B.B.S., June 24.

ON BEDDING-OUT.

HAVE somewhere read, in what is called in the North a song-ballad, as
follows : —

“ There was an old woman toasod up in a blanket.

‘Old woman, old woman, old woman ! ’ says I,

‘ What are you doing up there bo high ? ’

To sweep the cobwebs out of the sky ; '

But ril be down again by and by.*^

Now, on seeing a large bed of the Mrs, Pollock Pel^gonlum of a bluntly coni-

204

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGHST.

[ September,

cal shape, like a well-formed potato-hog, I could not help calling to mind the
above ballad, and would calmly inquire ‘ what was she doing up there so high.’
In beds of ordinary dimensions, it is a good rule to have the centre of the bed of
exactly the same height as the edges, so that if a line were drawn across the bed
it would touch both the grass edges and the centre of the bed, the grass verge
being always one inch higher than the soil of the bed ; this will give the bed
apparently an inch of rise, whilst all the while it is perfectly flat. Now, such a
bed can be seen, and its character taken in at a glance, but when the conical form
is used, there is always a portion of the bed hidden. A bed of Scarlet Verbena,
or one of Scarlet Ranunculus, when seen at a glance, gives one the genuine ideal
of an English garden flower.-bed. It is not only the individual beauty of the
plant, but it is enriched by the social character, the bond of union, and its being
but only one, and that without any break ; ' and as it has no rise, it is being flat,
at ease, and at rest. There are, moreover, practical difficulties attending the
management of raised beds : for instance, they cannot conveniently be watered
either by rain or by hand.

A certain painter said to his pupil who had painted the portrait of a lady,
that he had failed to paint her /afr, and had therefore made her fine. Now, in
trying to make summer beds more conspicuous by mounding, the earth which
should be hidden is brought into notice, and we get back to the days when our
shrubberies were carefully hoed and raked, instead of being carpeted with lawn
grass, as we see them in all good gardens. Succulent plants, such as the
Echeverias.) whpse homes, like those of the Houseleek of thatched-house celebrity,
are on the house-tops, seem always degraded when seen on level ground. There
is a line to be drawn between the succulent bedding plants, and such as Pelar-
gonimns of all hues, beautiful though they be ; and the favour with which
Echeverias are received seems a guarantee that better days may dawn, when the
glories of Mesemhryanthemums (mid-day flowers), now little known, shall come
upon the carpet. Then, indeed, one might raise the beds, and when the props
have raised the flowers as high as those of a rose-tree, the line of beauty will
be nearly on a level with the lady’s eye that comes to admire. — Alex. Forsyth,
Salford.

THE GUELDER ROSE.

’HE Guelder Rose, as represented by the type, Vihurnum Opulus^ which is
a true Britisher, is to be met with growing wild in many a moist
marsh-land or damp and swampy copse athwart the country. Its
frequent associates during the winter are known to many a keen sports¬
man to be the woodcock and the snipe. Very handsome and striking withal
is this plant, with its three-lobed leaves, and its flattened bloom-heads of
pearly white, variable in size and shape, and extremely bright shining and
showy are the heavy bunches of cherry-red berries which hang pendent
after the falling of the leaves. There are three or four distinct forms of

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CAMELLIA -THOMAS MOORE

Macfarlane del,

1874. ]

CAMELLIA THOMAS MOORE.

205

F. Opulus^ reputed garden varieties, or “ sports,” namely, the sterile “ snow¬
ball ” variety, a dwarf form named V. 0. nana, and one with variegated foliage,
V. 0. foliis variegatis.

The true Guelder Eose, or Rose de Gueldres, with us commonly called Snowball-
tree, is a sterile-flowered variety, the blossom-heads of which form large globular-
shaped masses of white florets, and contrast strongly with the flattened heads of the
t3’’pe form of the species. V. Opulus must not be confounded with a commoner
native species, known generally as the Way faring- tree, F. Lantana, whose leaves
are white on the under-side, and which has no such showy blossoms as F. Opulus.
The poet Oowper refers to the sterile form as, —

“ Throwing up into the darkest gloom
Of neighbouring cypress, or more sable yew,

Her silver globes, light as the foamy surf

and few persons can behold a tree laden heavily with these quaint huge white
globes of inflorescence, without being struck with a feeling of admiration.

The Messrs. Veitch and Son have lately exhibited upon two different occasions
a Chinese species, with peculiarly crimped ovate leaves, V. plicaium.^ the heads of
blooms upon which are of even a purer white than those of our common Guelder
Rose, whilst the individual florets or petaloid formations are much larger, making
up a plant altogether superior to our own older favourite. [Another Chinese
ovate-leaved species, F. macrocephaluin.^ produces a similar snowball-like inflor¬
escence, but larger (often eight inches across) and more pyramidal in outline ;
this is of an equally ornamental character.]

The growth of the Guelder Rose varies very considerably in different counties
and situations. Here, in Essex, it does better than I have ever seen it do before
in an;^ place ; the blossoms are extremely large and numerous, and finely developed
upon every part of the growth made during the current season. There can be no
doubt a moist site suits the more ornamental forms, in the same degree as it does
the original species, — a fact that should never be lost sight of when planting.—
William Earley, Valentines.

CAMELLIA THOMAS MOORE.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

^fjf^OR the opportunity of figuring this fine variety of Camellia, we are indebted
(lUp to Mr. Williams, of the Victoria Nursery, Upper Holloway, who holds the
stock. As will be seen by the figure, the foliage is bold, and the flowers
are large, regularly imbricated with thick, fleshy, evenly-edged petals,
and of a rich deep showy crimson colour, the deepest of any variety in
cultivation. These qualities are such as to place it in the front rank amongst
modem varieties. We have not yet learned the particulars of its origin,
but these Mr. Williams will, no doubt, make public in due time. Meanwhile
the variety should be made a note of, as one to be procured as soon as possible.
-J-T. M.

206

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIBT.

[ Sbpthmbhb,

ACTINIDIA KOLOMIKTA.

’his hardy Japanese shrub produces long slender flexuose or climbing
branches, which are covered with smooth brown shining bark, and
furnished with thin alternate glabrous elongate-ovate acuminate, sharply
but shallowly-toothed leaves. The flowers, which are four or five-petaled,
are white, and of a subglobular form in consequence of their not fully expanding ;
they are axillary, pedunculate and solitary, and appear about the end of May.

Without any pretensions to the rank of a showy plant, the Actinidia is distinct
in character, and worth growing as a hardy deciduous flowering shrub, suitable
for walls or pillars. It is not very particular as to soil, but peat-earth is found
to be congenial to it in the earlier stages of growth. The genus has usually been
referred to Ternstromiacece^ in which it is placed by Bentham and Hooker ; but
Baillon regards it as belonging to DilleniacecE^ and as being distinguishable from
the true Dillenias by its small flowers with versatile anthers. Our figure is that
published in the Bevue Horticole. — T. M.

LISIANTHUS KUSSELLIANUS.

HIS is a plant very seldom seen in cultivation, either in public or private
gardens, nevertheless, it is not difficult to grow, and when in full beauty,
it is most distinct in character. Moreover, the flowers, which do not fade
quickly, are produced in great profusion. One reason why it is not often
seen may be that it is difficult to procure. I do not know any nursery where

1874.]

GREENHOUSE DAPHNES.

207

plants are to be obtained. Most of the seedsmen can supply seeds, but I would
warn would-be purchasers not to be too sanguine that the seeds will grow. I
have bought it many times, and have always, in such cases, failed to produce
plants, though the utmost care had been taken with the seeds.

The seeds are very small, similar to those of the Calceolaria, and a successful
grower of Calceolarias would not fail to raise a batch of seedling Lisianthus ;
the latter, however, requires heat, whereas the Calceolaria would vegetate and
thrive best in a cool house. The seeds should be sown in sandy peat, scarcely
covering them with silver-sand, and placing the pot on a shelf near the glass, in
a cool stove or intermediate house. A square of glass should be laid over the
pot, which should also be shaded from the sun, and when water is required the
pot should be dipped in a pail three parts of its depth for half a minute, not long
enough to soak the mould, but merely to wet it, for if the mould is made too
wet, the seeds will perish. When the plants appear they must be attentively
watched, and when water is required, it must be applied according to the
previous instructions. When the plants can be handled, pot them off, three in a
small pot, again using sandy peat, which is the best potting material all through,
using it fine when the plants are small, and only the tough, fibry portion at the
last shift. Nine-inch pots are sufficiently large to flower the plants in.

I have read somewhere that cold pits are the best structures wherein to grow
this Lisianthus^ but in practice I have not found that they succeed best there.
The plants under my care that have been in flower this season were grown on
shelves near the glass in the Cucumber-house, where the temperature is seldom
below 65® in winter. It is also absolutely necessary to protect the plants from
the sun. Early in March they showed signs of distress when the sun shone out
brightly, and had to be shaded. However, the plants in flower will well repay
any attention that they may require, and the more difficult our pets are to grow,
the more are they esteemed. I may say that the flowers are of a lilac-purple
colour, and resemble a well-shaped, small tulip ; they are also produced in great
profusion. — J. Douglas, Loxford Hall Gardens.

GKEENHOUSE DAPHNES.

}F these odoriferous evergreen shrubs there are two varieties that have
become especial favourites, on account of their delicious fragrance —
Daphne indica alba.^ and D. indica rubra. Flowering as they do during the
dreary months of winter, they are alike prized for cutting, or for placing
in the conservatory or sitting-room. The variety a/6a, being the strongest-scented,
is to be preferred on that account, although it by no means possesses the best
habit of growth, being somewhat stubborn and lax, a defect which may be
successfully combated by a little careful attention in cultivation. From the
miserable examples, however, which we are accustomed to meet with, it may be
doubted whether the requirements of these charming plants, simple as they are,
are generally understood.

208

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ September,

We have these Daphnes grafted upon various stocks, one of them being the
Mezereon (D. Mezereum\ a deciduous species, upon which it is found to grow very
compactly and to flower freely ; in fact, some of our most extensive propagators
of this class of plants believe that D. indica alha flowers best upon this stock.
Others graft them upon D. Laureola and D. pontica, both of which are well-
known free-growing plants, and by no means particular as to soil, since we find
them growing luxuriantly upon a healthy texture of peat, as well as upon simple
loams. As these ingredients vary so materially in texture, I should be right in
recommending a compost of two parts of fibrous sandy loam to one of fibrous
peat, adding sand to insure porosity. Clean pots and thorough 'drainage
are important considerations, and so is the circumstance of potting quite firmly,
so as to insure the soil keeping healthy. If the compost about the roots is at
any time allowed to become sodden, the plant must be shaken out and repotted.
This soil will do equally well for plants established upon their own roots, on
which I find them to grow quite as freely as when grafted. They are more
quickly got up in private places by means of cuttings, as seed is two years in
vegetating, and should be kept for twelve months in sand previously to its being
sown. Firm, half-ripened wood will root freely if inserted in light soil in
.autumn ; and plants thus obtained must be potted on as they attain strength.

Early in the season, or so soon as the plants show signs of breaking, they
must be examined and repotted, using pots rather small in proportion to the
roots, as they must by no means be at any time over-potted. Train them into
form, using the knife sparingly, as they do not improve by being much pruned.
Place them near to the glass in a mild, genial heat of from 50° to 55°, and
frequently syringe them, watering carefully at the root, until they become
established. If all goes well, they will soon begin to make free growth, and then
the points of the shoots should be pinched out, which will tend to furnish the
plant more fully. As soon as they again show signs of breaking, shift them into
larger pots, if necessary, and encourage fresh growth.

After this stage, stopping, excepting in the case of small-sized plants, must
be discontinued ; and as they attain full growth, the thorough maturation of the
wood must be promoted by fully exposing them in a thoroughly ventilated
structure, for without the wood is well ripened, the flowering will not be satis¬
factory. As the wood becomes consolidated, they will be benefited by full
exposure for a short time.

It is my opinion that this plant sustains the greatest injury after blooming
by being thrust on one side, and overlooked until it has made a portion of its
growth in a weak, sickly state — at least, I have often seen the plant in this
neglected condition, which should be guarded against, especially on account of
its disposition to start early into growth. The cultivation of these Daphnes is so
simple, and their blossoms so delightfully sweet, that it surprises one to find how
seldom they are to be seen satisfactorily grown. — Geo. Westland, Witley
Court.

1874. ]

GARDEN GOSSIP.

209

GARDEN GOSSIP.

T the Royal Botanic Society’’ s Evening Fete^ on July 8, Mr. W. Paul supplied
a novel exhibition of Cut Boses, which may possibly be utilised at future
exhibitions. The idea, which was successfully carried out, was to show
the effect of groups of beds of Roses on grass, with due attention to

harmony of colours. In most cases each bed was occupied with one variety only, but beds of
mixed colours were occasionally introduced for the sake of variety. In some groups strong
contrasts were arrived at, in others harmony of colouring, shade softening into shade. The
flowers were placed in short stone bottles, in which the flowers were loosely arranged with
buds and leaves as they grow naturally on the bushes. The extent and completeness of the
arrangement may be .surmised from the fact that about 6,000 trusses of flowers were used.
The varieties employed were those best suited for planting in masses, such as General
Jacqueminot, Firebrand, Madame Victor Verdier, crimson; Marquise de Castellano, Peach
Blossom, Mademoiselle Th^r^se Levet, ro.se-coloured ; Madame Plantier, and Mrs. Bosanquet,
white ; Madame Falcot, yellow ; and most of the leading Roses, new and old, of every colour
and shade. The plan, we understand, was furnished by Mr. .John Gibsou, juu.

- ®HE Gardeners’ Chronicle gives its usual reports on the Condition of the

Fruit Crops, from which we learn that Apricots have yielded generally an average
crop, though the fruit has been small ; Apples have furnished a moderate and partial

crop, good in sheltered places ; Pears are, generally speaking, plentiful ; Plums have yielded
a good average crop ; Strawberries were plentiful, but owing to the hot weather at the time
they were in season, they were soon over ; (7Ae?'rtes furnished an average supply, and Morellos
a plentiful one ; Peaches and Nectarines, speaking generally, have ripened fairly well, and in
places are abundant ; Figs are generally scanty ; Small Fruits, including Raspberries and
White and Red Currants, have been plentiful ; but Black Currants have been deficient, and
the bushes have suffered severely from insects. Nuts of all kinds are below the average.
The cold weather in March was followed by a period of unwonted heat, during which fruit-
trees made great progress ; but in May, and even in June, late frosts occurred, which did
much damage to some things, leaving others unaffected, probably because the fruit was well set.

- ^HE returns of the Potato Crop, published in the same paper, show that

there is a good average crop, and very little disease. The tubers are often small
and in some cases are grown out or ‘ super-tuberated,’ but taken as a whole the
crop is a good one, especially in Ireland.

- ^ purple variety of Clematis Flammula, which it is proposed to dis¬
tinguish by the name of C. Flammula roseo-purpurea, has been raised by Mr. G.
Jackman. Several plants have been observed in a bed of transplanted seedlings

of the sweet-scented Clematis, which had been raised from seeds ripened in contiguity to
plants of some of the pm*ple-flowered forms of C. Viticella. The novelty has, indeed,
quite the appearance of being an accidental hybrid between C. Flanmmla and C. Viticella,
though in regard to free vigorous habit of growth, abundance of flowering, and strongly-
marked Hawthorn-like fragrance, it partakes moskstrongly of its mother-parent, flowering
also at the same season — from the middle of July onwards. This will be a fine acquisition
amongst hardy climbers, and will be welcomed, not only for its well-marked purple colour,
but also for its delicious perfume. It is quite unlike the fragrant C. coerulea odorata both
in habit and flowers, being a true Flammula in its growth and leafage.

- JTew annuals are better worth growing than the beautiful hardy Chilian

Salpiglossis, a plant which is unquestionably in the front rank of the aristocracy

of hardy annuals, the large, handsomely-marked flowers, representing hues quite

fantastic in character, from a creamy- white to a black-blue and purple. A large bed of this
fine annual is always one of the features of Chiswick during summer. The seed is sown in
March in the open ground, and all that is needed is a little thinning-out where the plants are
thick, and the pulling out of inferior types if they present themselves. During August the
bed is a mass of bloom.

T

210

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ September,

- ®HE old shrubby Mimulus {Diplacus) glutinosus^ well-grown, is a fine

plant for conservatory or greenhouse decoration. We recently saw, at the Birming¬
ham Botanic Garden, some dense bushes, 3 ft. through or more, which were literally

masses of flower. The plants had received nothing beyond ordinary greenhouse treatment,
and were turned out-of-doors with other greenhouse plants as early as possible in the summer,
being again brought into the positions required when they reached the flowering stage. The Rev.
H. N. Ellacombe, of Bitton, states that with him this plant is as hardy as a Fuchsia — i.e., it dies
down in the winter and comes up strongly in the spring ; plants that have certainly stood out
more than ten years have this season flowered well. “ I am sure,” he adds, “ that there are
many plants of the same sort that would do very well treated in this way — i.e., as herbaceous
plants. Datura sanguinea is now in flower ; it has stood out a dozen or fifteen years ; it
dies down every winter, and comes up early, and does not seem to be affected by the spring
frosts ; treated in this way the flowers and foliage are far finer than usually seen in green¬
houses.”

- ^HE Ilolli/hock Disease^ produced by the attacks of Piiccinia malvacea-

Tum^ bas, it appears, been successfully grappled with by Messrs. Downie and Co.,
of Forest Hill Nursery, by alternate applications of Gishurst Compound and

flowers of sulphur. The Gishurst was first applied at the strength of a shilling box to 12
gallons of water, followed the next day or so by a good syringing, and subsequent application
of sulphur, through one of Pooley’s distributors. These two distinct operations were per¬
formed twice a week, the Gishurst being gradually increased in strength to a three-shilling box
to 12 gallons of water, which is a very strong dose, and perhaps more powerful than is necessary.
In this way a cure was effected, and the plants are now clean and free from the disease, and
growing away well, considering the heat and absence of rain.

- find, in the Eevue Horticole^ the following notes on the Duration

of the Germinating Power of Seeds. The figures indicate the number of years in
each case, in which the seeds may be depended upon as preserving their vitalit}’-

or power of growth, although in most cases they must not be considered a minimum of limi¬
tation. They represent the periods of time after which the various seeds mentioned have
been found perfectly good, and may be of some use as a guide to those who are uncertain
whether to throw away or sow old packets of seeds : —

Artichoke (globe), 5.
Asparagus, 4.

Basil, 6.

Beans (garden), 6.
Beans (French) 2 to 3.
Beet, 5.

Burnet, 2.

Cabbage, 5.

Cardoon, 7.

Carrot, 4.
Cauliflower, 5.
Celery, 7.

Chervil, 2.

Chicory, 8.

Corn Salad, 4.
Cress (garden), 5.
Cress (water), 4.
Cucumber, 5.
Dandelion, 1.

Egg Plant, 7.
Endive, 8.

Fennel, 6.

Gourd, 5.

Leek, 2.

Lettuce, 5.

Maize, 2.

Melon, 5.
Mustard, 5.
Nasturtium, 5.
Onion, 2 to 3.
Onion (Welsh), 2.
Orach, 1.

Parsnip, 1.
Parsley, 3.

Peas, 4 to 5.
Pepper (long), 4.
Potato, 4.
Purslane, 8.
Radish, 5.

Rampion, 5.
Rhubarb, 3.
Salsify, 2.

Savory, 3.
Scorzonera, 2.
Sorrel, 2.

Spinach, 5.

Spinach (New Zea¬
land), 5.
Strawberry, 8.
Thyme, 2 to 3.
Tomato, 5.

Turnip, 5.

- ®HE Mare'chal Niel Pose is so chary of producing its lovely blossoms,

except under the conditions of vigorous growth, that any device which can be
generally adopted to insure this vigour may be welcomed. Mr. Dunn has effected
this at Dalkeith, by budding the plants low on seedling Briers.

- ®HE beautiful Orchis maculata is, it appears, amenable to forcing like

the Hyacinth. Messrs. Cocker and Sons, of Aberdeen, obtain annually fair-sized

samples of its tuberous roots from Holland ; they are potted as soon as they

arrive, generally about New Year’s Day, and when potted, are put under the stage of a cool
greenhouse, where they remain until growth commences, the subsequent treatment being in
all respects the same as for Hyacinths. In this way, the Gardeners* Chronicle tells us, they
grow and flower quite freely.

1874, J

CEOTOM SPIEALE.

211

- ®HE Golden Chiclcweed^ a yellow form of the common Stellaria

graminea^ named aurea^ is likely to prove a useful bedding plant. It is perfectly

hardy, makes a close, low growth, and is very soft in colour. The Golden

Feather Pyrethrum has obtained a large share of popularity, especially as a bedding plant ;
but the Golden Chickweed is held in high favour at some places, and at Battersea, for
instance, is considered a more elegant plant than the Pyrethrum for ribbon borders, and is
largely used accordingly.

CKOTON SPIEALE.

^HIS is one of the New Crotons introduced by Mr. W. Bull, of Chelsea, and
was put into commerce in the early part of the present year. It comes
from the South-Sea Islands, and is both distinct and effective amongst
stove shrubs. The cut, from Mr. Bull’s Catalogue, is a very faithful re-
Dresentation of the plant. The spiral twisting, which has suggested the name,

T 2

212

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Skptembkr,

is well marked and constant. The leaves are from 9 in. to 12 in. long, and about
an inch wide, deep green, with a broad golden bar up the centre, the green margin
twisting spirally round the golden bar, and some leaves being partially spiral,
partially undulate. When old, the leaves are of a deep bronzy or purplish-
green, and the midrib a deep crimson. It is one of the very best of the Crotons
for decorative purposes, and was awarded a certificate of the First-class by the
Royal Horticultural Society. — T. M.

DOUBLE PKIMKOSES.

E have seen so little of late years of any other than the White, Lilac, and
Sulphur varieties of the double Primula acaulis, that it was excusable
if the belief prevailed that other kinds existed only in the imagination
of enthusiastic florists of the old school, or if they had ever possessed a
tangible shape, that they had become defunct ; but now that a special effort
has been made, I am rewarded by a species of floral revival, having obtained a
dozen varieties, including some old friends again brought to life, and also some
new faces. The members of this family ever were, and ever will be, favourites
with those who truly love the lowly denizens of our spring gardens.

In classifying these twelve kinds, I begin at the lightest colour, as presenting a proper
starting-point. This is the old Double White, one of the purest of all white flowers, and
perhaps the best known of all the double Primroses. In good soil the foliage is large and
rounded, and of a light-green colour, the surface being rather uneven. Ordinarily in the open
grounds it begins to flower early in March ; it is very free, and a robust gi'ower.

The Double Blush is in all respects a duplicate of the White except in coloui', as the
flowers are deeply tinted with lilac. It is evidently a sport from the White, and is intermediate
between that and the following.

The Double Lilac is again almost a duplicate of the White, as there is abundant
evidence of its origin as a sport from that kind at some remote period ; perhaps' it is a trifle
less robust in growth, but the characteristic of lessened strength of growth in proportion to
depth of colour seems to run all through these Primroses.

The Double Sulphur, or, as it is sometimes termed, the Early Sulphur, is undoubtedly
the earliest to bloom of the entire number ; it is quite distinct in character, having foliage
that is long, narrow, rather glossy, smooth, and somewhat reflexed ; the flowers are of a pale
sulphur-colour, and are borne very freely.

The yellows, so called, are misnomers — they are rather straw-coloured, or at the best
but very pale yellows, but they differ materially from the Sulphur in all respects. Of these
there are three distinct kinds. The Late Yellow is a robust-gi’owing kind, having dark
green foliage, rough and uneven in appearance ; the flowers are extra large and distinct, and
have an orange-buff base to each petal. This variety is easily distinguished by the stout
rounded form of its flower-buds.

The Giant Yellow has flowers of the same size as the preceding, but just a shade
lighter in colour; foliage narrow and pointed, and of moderate growth; blooms freely.

The Giantess Yellow, which w-as received from Ireland so named, gives the richest
yellow hue, and seems to be a sport from the Giant Yellow, to -which in all other repects it
bears a close resemblance. These three kinds are late bloomers.

Somewhat more rare than the preceding is the Double Salmon, or, as it is called,
the Rose. This is a second early bloomer; the flowers are large, full, and freely produced.
The colour is really a brownish red, but is quite distinct ; the foliage is long and narrow,
and rather smooth, and of a distinctive character.

Of a similar type of foliage and habit is the Double Purple, and I believe that these two
differ only in colour of flower, that of the latter being, -^dien in full vigour, of a deep rich
purple hue, and of a close compact form. It is a very showy variety.

The Scotch Red, like the Sulphur, forms a section by itself, being quite distinct ; it
blooms very early and freely, and is one of the most acceptable varieties. The foliage is
large, rounded, and vigorous, and of a deep green hue, rather rough and uneven. The

1874.]

GARDEN WORK FOR SEPTEMBER.

213

flowers are purplish red in colour, not ao full as those of the preceding kinds, and having an
orange-buff base to the centre petals. Occasionally it throws up a short polyanth stem, but
this in no way detracts from its beauty and usefulness.

Last, but not least, are the double crimson kinds, of which there appear to be two
distinct forms. One I call the Bright Crimson ; the flowers are of moderate size, full, and
richly coloured ; the foliage is long rounded at the top, but having long narrow stalks. This
kind is well known as “ miffy,” and requires more than ordinary attention in its cultivation.

The remaining one I call the Deep Crimson, as the flowers are of a deep velvety hue,
and the edges of the petals are distinctly marked with minute white specks. My first acquaint¬
ance with this beautiful kind was at South Kensington on April 15th last, when a handful of
large richly-coloured blooms were shown by Mr. Watered, of the Knap Hill Nursery, and
excited much attention. Since then I have been enabled to secure plants of it from Scotland,
and having thus been able to compare it with the Bright Crimson, have concluded that they
are two distinct kinds. .

Percliance the publication of these notes will lead to the discovery of other
kinds not here mentioned, but which may be in the possession of patient, careful
collectors in divers parts of the country. Ireland seems to be the most favoured
home of the double Primroses, and after that Scotland and the North of Eng¬
land. No doubt the comparatively cool and humid atmosphere that largely per¬
vades those parts of the kingdom, favours their growth, whilst the warm dry
summers of the sunny South prove tjie reverse of encouraging. Under these
latter conditions it behoves the possessors of double Primroses to secure for them
during the summer months a little shade during the heat of the day, but especially
a deeply-stirred and moderately rich soil, into which the roots can descend freely
in search of moisture. Specially rare or “ miffy ” kinds deserve special care, and
I find that these are best preserved in pots, which should be plunged in ashes
under a north wall or fence. With the common kinds, such as the White or
Lilac, I find no difficulty in growdng them in the open ground exposed to the
full glare of the sun. How far in a deep clayey loam, such as is the soil here,
the choicer kinds would thrive under the same conditions jemains to be seen, but
whilst stocks of them are to be counted by dozens only, instead of by hundreds,
I must be discreet, and grow them only where I find for them the conditions
apparently most favourable for cultivation. — Alex. Dean, Bedfont.^

GAEDEN WORK FOE SEPTEMBER.

FLOWERS. \

>HE recent rains have greatly improved the appearance of our parched flower-
gardens, both as regards the growth of the plants, and the verdure of the
turf. Flower-gardens being now at their best, the greatest vigilance is
necessary to insure the requisite high keeping ; for without perfect neatness
and order are attained, there always lacks that refinement of aspect which is
so pleasing to the cultivated mind, and for which no amount of glitter can compen¬
sate. Frequently look over the beds, removing fading blooms, as well as every appear¬
ance of decay, and keeping the growth so regulated as to preserve proper proportions
and regularity in the outlines of pattern designs. Clematis Jachnanni is now
flowering in the greatest perfection, presenting masses of rich purple, unapproached
in gorgeousness by any other plant, and should have the season of blooming pro¬
longed to the utmost, by repeated soakings of liquid manure ; this watering may
be also beneficially extended to the roots of all plants that show signs of exhaus-

* Abridged from the Gardeners' Chronicle.

214

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOQIST.

[ September,

tion, as well as to foliage plants generally. Divide and replant Rockets and other
perennials which have been cut back, and are now making fresh growth. Plant
in beds, Caimations^ Pinks^ Pansies^ and when sufiSciently rooted, potting

up a portion to be wintered in frames. Hardy Annuals should now be sown,
in a sheltered situation, upon a piece of poor ground made pretty solid. These
much neglected and brilliant subjects merit a far greater share of attention
than they receive, flowering as they do so early in the season. In addition to
those named at p. 189, I would add Eucharidium grandijlorum^ Silene, Godetia,
Eutoca^ Whitlavia^ and Nemophila, which are most effective. Transplant Ever¬
greens towards the end of the month, and proceed with the propagation of
Laurels, and of evergreens in general.

Conservatory : At present the display here will be kept up with such flower¬
ing plants as Lilium^ Vallota^ Fuchsia^ Lantana^ Begonia (of which there are
many charming sorts, adapted to his purpose), Statice, Tritonia, Pelar¬
gonium, Celosia, &c. Judiciously intermixed with handsome foliage, these
are sufficient to make an effective show. Be careful in watering, and moderate
in the use of shading, more particularly when many permanent plants are grown
in these structures.

Fuchsias that have been grown out-of-doors, with the blooms pinched off,
should now be placed under cover, and encouraged with manure-water ; the
blossoms they now make will stand a long time, and grown thus they are amongst
the most effective autumn-blooming plants we have. Marie Cornelissen^ an old
variety, with white corolla, stands remarkably well for late work.

Chrysanthemums that are planted out and intended for pots should be lifted
during the month, and placed under a north wall, or otherwise shaded for a few
days until they get fresh hold, frequently sprinkling with the syringe overhead.
Established plants, having filled their pots with roots, should have manure-water
at each watering.

Greenhouses of all descriptions should have a thorough cleansing, previous to
their being refilled with plants, washing the glass and wood-work, so that light
is not by any means excluded. Towards the middle of the month everything
should be in readiness for placing the great majority of plants under cover,
previous to which the pots should be washed, and the plants themselves cleansed
from insect-pests. They must be freely ventilated night and day, after they are
placed under glass.

Camellias that have been standing out should be examined, repotting any
plants that are found in a soured condition at the root. The plants generally
should have as much air as possible, both night and day, taking care that they
are not subjected to sudden checks, which would affect the swelling of the buds.
A healthy state of moisture must be maintained at the root, and the foliage
kept clean by sponging.

Stoves : Plants that have completed their growth should have less water at
the root, and be more fully exposed to light and air, so that the wood may be
thoroughly hardened. Winter-blooming plants that are now in active growth
must be encouraged ; shading will be no longer required for this class of plants,
in general. Poinsettias^ that are fully exposed in pits, must be protected from
cold, cutting winds, which would damage the foliage, but otherwise may be ex¬
posed until the end of the month. Thin-out superfluous wood upon Stephanotis
and other climbers that have perfected their growth, keeping them moderately
dry at the root.

Orchids : All plants that are finishing their growth should be kept drier at
the root, reducing atmospheric moisture, lowering the night temperature, and

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR SEPTEMBER.

215

ventilating more fully to induce thorougli maturation, for upon this, in a great
measure, will depend the soundness of the plants. Dendrohium nohile^ and D.
moniliforme^ with such as are intended for winter-blooming, should be fully
exposed to the sun, so as to induce early maturation ; reduce the amount of
shading used by degrees.

No time should now be lost in finishing the propagation of Bedding Plants in
general. Pelargoniums that have been rooted in the open ground should be
potted, and fully exposed for a few weeks, as hardy stiff plants are much to be
preferred to gross sappy stuff for standing the winter ; therefore all cuttings that
are rooted should be freely exposed so as to engender a sound constitution before
winter. Alternantheras and other tender plants must be propagated in heat. Such
border-plants as Pentstemons should now be propagated, as they are most effective
subjects for borders, and not nearly enough grown. Put in a good supply of
cuttings of Hydrangeas for blooming in small pots. Lift and pot Carnations that
have been grown for early forcing, sprinkling over-head, and shading until re¬
established. Place a good supply of Violets in frames, planting them firmly and
rather closely, but not crowding them ; also pot a portion, which will come in
handy ; after planting, water freely, and shade for a day or two until established,
but otherwise keep them fully exposed. Eoman, and early single Hyacinths^ &:c.,
should be potted as early as possible ; the Eoman should be planted in groups
according to the size of the pots, an inch apart, as they are only effective when
seen in masses ; and as a general rule I would recommend all other early sorts to
be potted in threes. Ee-pot Lachenalias^ &c. — Geo. Westland, Witley Court.

FRUITS.

Pines : Keep a moist night temperature of from 70° to 75° when the fruit
is swelling ; the day temperature may rise to 90° during sunshine. No growing
plants nor those in fruit should at any time suffer from drought. Plants intended
for fruiting next season should be potted at once, if not already done (see previous
directions). Those intended for fruiting in the spring should have a moderate
supply of water and a steady temperature. Pot crowns and suckers, place them
in a moist, close pit, and when rooted give them the usual treatment.

Vines: A dry atmosphere is requisite for keeping ripe grapes, therefore if
there is any damp in the house, a little fire-heat through the day would be bene¬
ficial, admitting at the same time plenty of air ; cut out all decayed berries, and
nail gauze over the openings if wasps are troublesome. Eemove the sashes, as
soon as any of the houses are clear of the crop and the wood is well matured.
Pot-vines intended for early forcing next season should now be taken out of the
house, and nailed to a warm wall, the pots being covered with litter. They can
remain thus till required for forcing.

Peaches and Nectarines : Presuming that the trees have all been gone over,
and the useless shoots cut out, the lights may now be taken off, if the growth is
finished and the wood is ripe ; water the borders if dry.

Strawberries : These may yet be potted for late forcing ; clear away all weeds
and runners from those potted last month, and attend to the watering, giving
liquid manure occasionally, and placing the pots in a fully exposed situation.

Melons : The late crop will not require much water after this time, but a
little fire-heat would be beneficial, if it can be conveniently applied, otherwise,
make the best use of sun -heat.

Hardy Fruit : Late Peaches should have a good soaking of water at the root,
if the weather continues dry ; and the trees should be syringed occasionally till
the fruit is ripening ; remove a portion of the leaves that cover the fruit, so that
it may have full exposure to the sun. As soon as any of the trees of the earher

216

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[September,

kinds are clear of the crop, remove the dead leaves and cut away useless shoots,
which will help to ripen the wood and mature the fruit-buds for another season.
Protect late Plums with tiffany, or other light material, to preserve them from
wasps and flies, also Morello and late Duke Cherries^ for use through the autumn.
Continue to trap all kinds of insects that are likely to be troublesome to the wall-
fruit. Cut out the old canes of llaspherries^ and tie up the bearing shoots of the
autumn-bearing varieties ; water with liquid manure in dry weather. Continue
to clear Strawherry-hQdi.^ from weeds and runners, dress with rotten manure, and
fork the ground between the plants. This is a good time to make new planta¬
tions. Look over early Pears^ and watch their ripening. The generality of early
Pears require gathering before they are ripe, for if allowed to ripen on the tree
the flavour will be greatly deteriorated, and the flesh become dry and spongy.
Early dessert Apples are best gathered from the tree as they are required for use.
— J. Powell, Frog more.

VEGETABLES.'

There will not be much to do in this department this month, besides harvest¬
ing the crops, and a resort to the usual means for the destruction of weeds,
which grow so freely at this season, and which, owing to the longer damp nights,
the somewhat less sun, and perhaps more rain, are more difficult to keep down
between growing crops. Spinach.^ which should now be well up, and commencing
to leaf freely, must be thinned out where too thick, and be well hoed through
occasionally ; few crops prosper better with the soil freely moved around them
than this. Harvest Onions.^ taking care that they are thoroughly dry before
being placed in their winter quarters. Where proper convenience exists, there
is no better plan than that of taking the crop bodily, and laying it in basketfuls,
upon the floor of an open airy shed, as when once they are taken up, they are
the better for not having the more rain fall on them. Caulijioiver plants., the
produce of seeds, sown during the past month, should be pricked out into
nursery-beds, as soon as large enough, that they may be imbued with hardihood, the
better to withstand the winter cold. We particularly advise that all Potatos
still remaining in the ground should be taken up at once, for it is an absolute
loss to leave them too long in the ground. Tomatos that are late, and
now show little signs of colouring, should have every young shoot
pinched back, and a few of the older leaves which unduly shade or over¬
hang the fruits removed. Another crop of Herhs might be harvested, by
cutting down the young growths which are made, and drying them carefully in
an 9pen shed, and not too quickly. Even where it may not be desirable to dry
any more, it will be judicious to cut down again to the ground-line such herbs
as Balm, Sorrel, Fennel, and the like, that a shorter stiff growth be formed,
one more likely to afford a supply later in the winter than such growth as now
exists will do. Continue the earthing-up of Celery., according to the stage at
which it has arrived ; always choose a dry day for doing this, and do not bank
up too much soil at one time, but rather carry out the process gradually, so that
each row may have about four or five earthings-up. Transplant winter Lettuces
and Endives as often as plants raised from successional sowings become large
enough for the purpose ; in transplanting them, dibble them somewhat deeper
into the ground than is customary for spring or summer crops ; they will the
better withstand the ill-effects of frost in consequence. The permanent planta¬
tion of Cabbages must be made, for the earlier spring supply, as soon as the plants
sown last month are large enough. Upon light soil, the old Onion-bed used
without digging it up will, if well hoed and cleaned, be the best possible place
for them. — ^William Earley, Valentines.

* )i-f

. W.H Fitch del,

Ik TO r:AA7AP:

14 f4 M

1874. J

IRIS KiEMPFERI EDWARD GEORGE HENDERSON.

217

IRIS K^MPFERI EDWARD GEORGE HENDERSON.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

^ c. Undoubtedly in tHs so-called double form of Japanese Iris, we have
one of the most remarkable flowers to be found in our gardens. Iris
Kcempferi is a Japanese plant, introduced by Siebold, and is so closely
allied to I. Umigata^ that it may be regarded as either identical with or a
variety of that species. Many fine varieties exist, both in the Dutch nurseries
and in those of this country, but ordinarily the flowers have the usual ternary
composition which is familiar in other species of the genus. In the present form,
which bears the name of Edward George Henderson, and in some others to
which the term “ double ” is applied, the broad spreading floral segments are
duplicated, so that, being six instead of three, a large round full flower is produced,
which is scarcely at first recognisable as that of an Iris. The rich purple colour,
too, makes 'it in this case very striking in appearance, and remarkably showy in
character.

We are indebted to Messrs. E. G. Henderson and Son, of the Wellington-Road
Nursery, St. John’s Wood, for the opportunity of figuring this plant, which was
shown in fine condition at the meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society, held
on July 1st, when a First-class Certificate was awarded to it. As a garden flower,
few plants can vie with this novel form of Iris, which, in the size of its blossoms
and their deep purple colour, may be compared (as was actually the case) with
the well-known Clematis Jackmanni ; but instead of being -wholly purple, each of
the segments is lighted up towards the base with a bold flame of rich golden
yellow. This combination of deep violet-purple and gold gives a remarkably
rich appearance to the flowers. The plant is rather tall and spare, and the usual
sword-shaped leaves somewhat narrow, but these peculiarities are abundantly
compensated by the size and individual beauty of the blossoms.

In reference to the structure of this remarkable flower, we quote the following
passages from an article in the Gardeners' Chronicle (1874, ii., 45), where a
woodcut illustration is given : —

“ It is surprising to see how many persons are capable of recognising beauty
of form and colour, and yet do not perceive that higher beauty — beauty of pur¬
pose and adaptation. They see a botanist picking a flower to pieces, and they
think it little less than sacrilege. They laugh at his ‘ barbarous binomials ’ and
uncouth expressions, but they do not realise all the time that he has, what they
have not, a keen sense of delight in reverently tracing, so far as his faculties
permit, the purpose and plan of the Creator, as manifested in the humblest weed.

“ To the arrangement of the floral segments in the variety of Iris called by
the name of Edward George Henderson^ we may, therefore, briefly allude, as it
is of considerable interest, both from the florist’s and from the botanist’s point of

view.

“ In Irises in general we have the flower composed of six coloured segments,
3rd series. - VII. u

t

218

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST. [OCTOBER,

three outer ones bent downwards, three inner ones somewhat smaller, often
different in colour, and ascending to arch over the central organs of the flowers.
Within these segments of the perianth are three stamens, concealed by three
large petal-like styles, and generally not visible till these are turned aside or
removed. The ovary, or young seed-vessel, is below the flower segments, as in
Narcissus, Orchids, &c.

“ In the Iris of which we are now speaking the arrangement is different —
the three outer segments are flat and spread horizontally, and the three inner ones
are of similar form, colour, and direction. The result of this is, a flat flower of
nearly circular outline, such as rejoices the eye of the lover of the so-called
‘ florist’s flowers.’ More than this, the three stamens concealed between the
outer floral segments and the petal-like styles, show a tendency to emulate the
styles, and themselves become petal-like, and the way in which they do this is
also noteworthy. An ordinary Iris stamen consists of a filament or stalk, on the
upper part of which is, on either side, an anther-cell containing the pollen ; the
two anther-cells are separated one from the other by what is called the con¬
nective, which is in this case nothing but the direct continuation of the filament.
In the flowers before us the summit of the anther is surmounted by a trumpet¬
like tube, coloured purple, and divided into three lobes at the free edge.
Tracing these lobes downwards, it may be seen that two of the three are directly
continuous with the anther-lobes, while the third is similarly a petal-like pro¬
longation of the ‘ connective.’ In addition to these three stamens, which (apart
from their slight tendency to assume a petal-like condition) perfectly represent
the ordinary stamens of an Iris, there are, in the variety before us, three addi¬
tional stamens opposite to the petals, but these supernumerary organs are almost
entirely petal-like, and correspondingly unlike anthers. The styles and ovary
present nothing materially different from the usual structure of Iris flowers.

“ To sum up, then, we may say in brief that while an ordinary Iris has an
irregular flower, this variety has a 'regular one; an ordinary Iris has three
stamens, not petal-like, this variety has six stamens, in two • rows, and all are
more or less petal-like. Technically speaking, this flower affords an example
of that form of peloria called regular peloria, and of the increased number and
petal-like development of the stamens. Florists, however, will be more concerned
with the fact that they have here a flower of circular outline, regularity of
proportion, and marked tendency to become double.” — T. M.

NECTAEINE PKINCE OF WALES.

HE finest September Nectarine I have gathered, or seen, this season, is the
variety known as Prince of Wales. The crop is heavy, and the fruit
large, averaging about 7 in. in circumference, but many of the fruit being
quite 8 in. round. In the matter of growth, robustness, and free-cropping,
the young tree here, as compared with others planted three years since, has
greatly the advantage ; whilst as to quality, the fruit are, for the season, to be

I

1874. ]

THE GOLDEN CHAMPION GRAPE. - AZAEA MICROPHYLLA.

219

very favourably compared with the best of tbe standard kinds, being of a re¬
freshingly sweet and vinous flavour. It has one other peculiarity— the wasps, &c.,
do not seem to attack it as they have done all other kinds, with unwonted con¬
stancy this season. Altogether I must heartily recommend this variety to all
intending purchasers. — William Earley, Valentines.

THE GOLDEN CHAMPION GEAPE.

’HE prospects of this fine grape seem to be looking brighter of late, a goodly
number of samples having been exhibited during the present season. One
lot, however, particularly worthy of notice, consisted of three bunches ex¬
hibited lately at Banbury, by Mr. Finlay, gardener to Colonel North, of
Wroxton Abbey. The bunches were large and handsome, and the berries very
fine ; there was not a single spot observable. The heaviest bunch weighed 51 lb.,
and the three together could not be less than 14 lb. Three berries which were
plucked off were found to weigh oz.

The remarks of a contemporary last year showed that the examples then shown
by Mr. Finlay, at Banbury, were of excellent quality, and judging from the vigour
and fimmess of the growth of the vines, I have no doubt but fine grapes will be
produced for some time to come.

When Mr. Finlay started to grow this vine, his success was of but a moderate
character ; it was then cultivated on its own roots, but it was afterwards inarched
on a Black Hamburg, and the result has been thoroughly satisfactory, since it has
produced crops fine in appearance, as well as of excellent quality. I also observed
at Banbury, among other creditable productions, excellent bunches of that well-
abused grape, Madresfield Court. The berries were large, and black as jet, with
a dense coating of bloom on them. These also were from Wroxton Abbey. — M.
Temple, Blenheim.

[A correspondent of the Gardeners' Chronicle has stated recently that the
Golden Champion Grape is being done well this season by Mr. Vickery, Woodend,
near Chichester. This gentleman has fifteen bunches upon a rod, all of moderate
size, ripened to a good golden colour, and free from “ spot.” To assist them in
ripening off, Mr. Vickery keeps the house very dry, and has half-severed each
fruiting lateral, to, as he says, limit the flow of sap to the bunches. The result
is good, to whatever cause attributable. — Ed.]

AZAEA MICEOPHYLLA.

[NE of the neatest of evergreen shrubs known, and one which will be most
welcome in our gardens, as it is nearly or quite hardy in our climate, is
the above-named Azara. It has, in fact, stood out unharmed ior the
past five years at Coombe Wood, in Surrey, where it is cultivated by the
Messrs. Veitch and Sons, of Chelsea, to whom we are indebted for the figures.

The Azara microphylla is a native of Valdivia, where it is found at an elevation
of 3,000 ft. It has received a First-class Certificate from the Koyal Horticultural

u2

220

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ October,

Society, and is undoubtedly one of tlie best plants of the hardy class which has
been introduced of late years. It is of shrubby habit, growing 8 ft. or 10 ft. high,
with spreading and drooping branches, which have a peculiar fan-shaped mode of
development, exactly adapting them for training against walls. The foliage is

A ZARA MICROrilYLLA.

exceedingly neat, Imt dense, of a dark shining green, and a bluntly ovate figure,
the margins being toothed. The flowers are inconspicuous, so that the beauty
of the plant must be sought in its densely-set glossy foliage.

We know of no plant which could be more appropriately introduced to
cover a wall, where a neat clothing is required, than this Azdva^ and there is

1874.

HAUSSMANNIA JUCUNDA.

221

little doubt, from, the experience gained at Coombo Wood, that in such sheltered
positions it would prove hardy in most parts of the country. — T. M.

/

AzAEA MiCEOPUYLLA, showing tho habit of tho plant.

ILVUSSjMANNIA JUCUNDA.

fJ?ERY appropriately this plant, which was named by Dr. von Mueller, in
honour of INI. le Baron Ilaussmann, the renovator of Paris, flowered for tho
first time in Europe, in one of the plant-houses of tho Fleuriste de la Ville
de Paris, at La Muette, an establishment which, in great measure, owes its
fame to his couptenance and material support,

222

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[October,

This plant, which is one of the Bignoniacece^ is a native of Australia, where
it would appear to be extremely rare. It is a climber, of vigorous habit, with
persistent trifoliate leaves, having very broad coriaceous subelliptic leaflets. The
flowers grow in small subumbellate heads, and are tubular, wine-red in the lower,
yellow in the upper part, the slightly projecting stamens being terminated by
roundish anthers. According to the French cultivators, the plant is increased
with the greatest facility by means of cuttings. — M.

LISIANTHUS EUSSELLIANUS.

HAVE read with much interest Mr. Douglas’s remarks on this beautiful
and useful autumn-flowering plant, one which is not often seen ; and I trust

fthey may lead to its more general cultivation. May I be allowed to explain
a mode of culture most successfully followed out for the last twenty -five
years, to my knowledge, by an amateur cultivator named Webber, at Exmouth,
and who has about as well kept a garden for every day in the year as I have
ever seen, being gay inside and out at all seasons. He has a greenhouse and a
two-light pit only for propagation and growing on his stock for all purposes,
and nowhere is there to be seen a dead leaf or decayed flower. In this garden
there may have been seen, since the middle of July, and there may be seen now
(September 16), numbers of the lovely Lisianthus Russellianus in the greatest
beauty and perfection, with hundreds of dark purple or mauve-coloured tulip¬
shaped flowers, and which are the admiration and surprise of hundreds of passing
people, — for every one who walks or rides along the public road can see them
through his garden pallisading. The unusual colour at this season, and the
thicket of flowers, seem to catch the eye of all passers-by. My object is to
explain Mr. Webber’s successful practice in the culture of this plant, by the means
he has at hand, for the benefit of those who have not the command of heated
structures and better conveniences.

To begin with, Mr. Webber clears his little two-light pit of all plants in
spring, turns out the decayed materials, and places inside again about 2 ft. or
2 ft. 6 in. of well-wrought fermenting material, in order to command a little
bottom-heat, to strike his cuttings, and to raise his tender annuals. On to this
gentle heat is placed the Lisianthus seed, sown on light, open, sweet soil, and
very lightly covered with sand, a bell-glass or piece of glass being put over the
pot. As soon as the plants are up, and can be handled, they are taken up with
a little flat bit of stick, and pricked out in the same sweet, open kind of soil,
being kept in the same pit to be grown on. Others are pricked out as they
appear, and are treated likewise. As soon as the plants have grown a bit, they
are potted into GO-sized pots, each having been taken up with a little flat
sharp stick, and conveyed to the pot with its little ball of earth carefully — for it is
the attention to little matters throughout that commands success in the end. The
fermenting materials have by this time become exhausted and sunk down. A
temporary stage was formed close to the glass with a few bricks and slips of boards,

1874. ]

HOT-WATER TREATMENT FOR CACTI.

223

and on this they are now placed in saucers, the reason being that they are never
watered on the surface of the soil, but tepid water is always applied to the saucers.
If the surface of the soil late in autumn and through the winter is watered, the
plants are very liable to shrink off or canker at the surface, and that, too, very
suddenly.

By the end of September the greenhouse is cleared out, and re-arranged with
winter plants, when the warmest, lightest, and most sheltered place on the front
shelf is chosen for the Lisianthus plants, which are there placed in pans until the
following spring, when they get a good shift, and are replaced on the prepared
cutting-bed, now again got in readiness with its fermenting materials. By the
time most of the cuttings, &c., are removed, the young plants are ready for their
final shift, and get more room till they begin to show bloom-buds, when they are
again placed on the front greenhouse shelf to bloom.

Clean pots are always chosen, and the pots are at all times kept clean. They
are drained fully one-quarter of their depth with broken sherds ; and the soil is
healthy, sweet, well-pulverised, tolerably light and rich, being composed of such
as well-decomposed leaf-mould, heath-soil, or light turfy loam, adding a por¬
tion of well-decomposed cow-dung, and always making use of clean, well-washed,
sharp sand, enough to keep .all open, sweet, and porous. In their full growing
season, the plants may be watered with good clear liquid manure — never applying
the water cold, or from autumn to spring, on the surface of the soil.

If these simple instructions are attended to, success will be the reward, and a
glorious sight the result. The plants may be grown to any desired size, with
the convenience of heat and room and large shifts. Mr. Webber’s are finished
off in 10-in. and 12-in. pots, and are noble, healthy plants, with from three score
to four score or more open flowers on each plant, — a lovely sight. — James Barnes,
Exmouth.

HOT-WATER TREATMENT FOR CACTI.

0 you are really going to do it,” I exclaimed, as she came in with the tea¬
kettle. “ I should think you would be afraid ; I know you’ll kill them,
and it’s too bad, after having them so long. Let me see, it must be ten
years since you started the slips.” “ Yes, almost eleven, and I’m tired of
seeing them around. I’yo threatened these three years to throw them out, and
now I’ll give them just one more trial. If it kills them, I don’t care and the
steaming kettle seemed to sing the words after her in a spiteful way, “ I don’t
care ! I don’t care !”

It was all about two inoffensive plants, standing in pots on the window-shelf.
They were species of Cacti,' one a Snake Cactus, and the other a beautiful largo
pink flower ; but Aunt Euth did not know. Neither of the plants had ever
blossomed, and after these many years she had resolved to give them up as not
worth the room they occupied.

“ I’ve tried everything but this,” Aunt Ruth went on, still holding the kettle

224

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[October,

with the spout resting on the sitting-room stove. “ I’ve let them get as dry as
ashes in the winter, never putting on a drop of water from fall to spring, I’ve
changed and changed them to smaller pots, till I’m tired of it, ‘and not a flower
have I had for my pains. I’ll try this last thing, and if that don’t do ” — she finished
the sentence by taking the tea-kettle to the window, and pouring the smoking
contents in the pots. A neighbour had been in an hour before, and said she knew
of a Cactus that flowered immediately after being treated in this way. Let the
earth get perfectly dry, then pour on boiling water, and the plants will throw out
buds in a few days.

We watched our scalded friends, to see them wilt down, but we were dis¬
appointed in our expectations. After a good many days we discovered — what do
you think ? Little red dots all over the Snake Cactus, and round buds occasionally
scattered over the other. And now — well, I’ve only one more thing to say — you
should see the glory with which our little shelf is filled. — F. A. B.

The above curious dialogue, from the American Horticulturist^ appeared
originally in the Rural New Yorker.

VINES AND VINE-CULTUEE.— CiiArTEii V. *

Pruning and Training.

continuation of my remarks on the winter pruning and training of the
3 Vine — that is, of the ripened wood of the plant — let me suppose the
Vine to have completed its second season’s growth, and to be in good order
‘ij) for pruning. If it has grown well, there should now be some four or five
shoots on either side of the main rod or stem left at the j)revious pruning, with a
corresponding continuation of the main stem itself, to 10 ft. or 20 ft. or more, as
might be allowed. These side-shoots have then to be pruned ; by doing this we
form the first spurs, and according as we do this, do we lay the foundation of
good or bad spurs for all time to come. It is well, therefore, for the sake of
future appearances, to give a little care and attention to the matter at this stage.
As already stated, with well-ripened wood there need be little fear of losing a
crop of fruit through too close pruning. The bud or eye situate close to the stem,
although not so large and conspicuous as the others further off, will produce as
strong a shoot as they, and as good a bunch of fruit, or nearly so. Besides, close
pruning has the advantage, especially in the present case of first pruning, of keeping
the spurs close at home. Fig. 3 may be taken to represent a portion of the main stem
of the second season’s growth, showing the formation of the first spur, a is a
spur properly pruned and formed ; b is a spur of far more pretending appearance,
such as the timid and uninitiated always leave. It is, however, wrong, and should
be cut off as shown by the cross line a h. Some cultivators recommend leaving
long spurs at pruning-time, so as to have a choice of buds at disbudding-time,
intending then to rub off the front one ; but this system is pernicious, as the
upper bud is sure to break the strongest, and to allow it to break, and then to
rub it off, is a sheer waste of force,

1874. J

VINES AND VINE-CULTURE. - CHAPTER V.

225

FiG. 3. _ Young Vine Stem, portion of second season’s growth. 4, — Vine Shoot of the Third Season,

from properly pruned spur. 3.— Vine Shoot of the Third Season, from improperly pruned spur.

As regards the main stem or rod, the same considerations as to its pruning
have to be applied as in the previous season. Cut off all the side summer laterals ;

226

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ October,

do not depend on any of tliem for permanent work. Then head the stem back
to, say 4 ft. or 6 ft. of new wood, according to its strength. A good stem should
be about the thickness of one’s thumb, and a weak one of the thickness of an
ordinary black-lead pencil. If the main stem resembles the latter, it should be
headed back quite close, as it would be too weak to produce good side-spurs, or
to bear good fruit.

Fig. 4 represents the growth from spur A of Fig. 3 ; and Fig. 5 that of the
spur B, at the end of the third season. The properly pruned spur a has produced
the properly placed shoot Z>, which should be now pruned as shown by the cross
line, thus forming a close compact spur, which may subsequently be pruned for
years after the same manner, with little apparent enlargement. The improperly
pruned spur b of the previous season, it will be observed, is infinitely worse now.
The shoot produced is equal to that of A, but the point bud having been left,
the spur is now, not only unsightly, but permanently weakened. It should have
been pruned at the lower cross line, but now that cannot well be -done. .To
continue the same system of pruning, the cut would have to be made at the cross
line c d. This shows clearly to what an indefinite lehgth the spurs pruned in
this manner would attain in a few years’ time. In the course of eight or ten
years each spur would be from 4 in. to G in. in length, and this on each side of
the vine, which would give 12 in. of wasted empty space, besides the extra
amount of energy expended by the plant in producing sap to annually clothe these
long ragged spurs. For the well-being of the plant, therefore, in an economical
point of view, no less than for its neater appearance, it is better to prune so as to
have short close spurs. — A. F. Barron.

TASTING FKUIT AT SHOWS.

®HIS practice is still very common, when judging fruits at provincial shows,
and tt is really done more to please exhibitors, than to arrive at the true

f merits of the produce. To say which lot has the finest flavour out of
twenty dishes of Plums, or as many dishes of Peaches, after trying to
arrive at just conclusions by tasting, is simply absurd. Then, suppose a dozen
fruits to be shown in each dish, how -could the merits be amved at by simply
tasting one ? I never find that one or two represents the quality of the whole dish ;
some being dead-ripe, while others are unfit to eat. Yet the system of making the
exhibition-tables look disgusting by a mass of mutilated fruit is quite common at
provincial exhibitions. Often before the day is at a close, it is a putrid mass, and
instead of showing what first-rate examples should be, the whole character of the
fruit is destroyed. Surely, if exhibitors in general knew how little they gain by
the practice, and how much they lose, such a rule as cutting stone-fruit would
never be tolerated. It is, moreover, common for judges to cut up lots of the fruit
after the decision has been made, simply to please exhibitors, and to let them feel
assured that their produce has been noticed.

Another argument may be urged against this absurd practice. We seldom

1874. ]

CHOICE HOTHOUSE CLIMBERS.

227

meet two judges whose opinions are alike in regard to flavour. Some prefer
everything to be sugary, whether it may be the correct flavour or not. Sugar is
only one portion of the substance of any fruit, and where that predominates to a
very great extent, the fruit becomes nauseating to experienced palates. The same
may be said of Grape-tasting. We observe that the custom is in full force at
many country shows still. By experienced judges a berry is judiciously ” picTed
from the portion of the bunch next the ‘‘ board ” on which it lies. If the
bunch has shoulders of any size, it will be found that at the points of the
shoulders the fruit invariably is more acid and altogether different from
the top of the bunch. Such has always been my experience, especially during
the past season. It always has appeared to me that Melons are the only fruit
which one can judge of with anything like correctness by flavour. At a
recent exhibition, we tried to give an opinion by colour, fine smell, and a
handsome exterior, before we cut any of the fruit. The result was that we fell
lamentably short of the mark. When the fruits were cut, it was found that
handsome Melons, with what might be called a “ delicious perfume,” were totally
unfit to eat, while others which had a plain exterior, were deep in the flesh, thin
in the skin, and had scarcely any smell, were excellent. Among that class were
Golden Perfection and Tilly’s Queen. An argument for cutting Melons is that
we often find green-fleshed kinds exhibited among scarlet-fleshed varieties, and
vice versa. — M. Temple, Blenheim.

CHOICE HOTHOUSE CLIMBERS.

<J^2^LIMBEES stand somewhat in the same relation to a plant-house, as the
trappings of an upholsterer to a drawing-room ; they are each necessary as
^ a means of covering bare surfaces^ and in fact, of imparting a furnished
appearance to the apartment. We mention here a few which are well
suited for Hothouse-culture : —

The magnificent Passiflora princeps, though so free to afford its racemes of
finely-coloured flowers, and so much better than any other Passion-flower, from
its long continuity of bloom, is scarce, compared with what it ought to be. The
flowers are splendid for indoor decoration on a large scale, and drooping over the
edge of vases, large baskets, &:c., have a fine effect. It enjoys a brisk heat, and
to be trained rather near the light. Planted carefully, in good soil, under the
front bench of a stove, with a front passage, and trained along in graceful
wreaths, so that the flowers hang down over the front bench, it has an exquisite
and original effect. It might also be trained in the form of larger wreaths
higher up, but with their points as near the glass as could well be managed.

Bignonia venusta is also a magnificent stove-plant when grown firmly but
freely near the light, and allowed to descend from wires a foot or two above the
walking-spaces of the passages in the stove. Its rich dark orange flowers are of
a high order of beauty. Like the preceding, it is most easily obtained, but not
half so often seen as it should be.

228

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ October,

Ipomcea Hoespalli^ is a grand old plant, now seldom seen in a good condition
in gardens, but of the highest value from the exquisite richness of its colour, and
the great facility with which it produces its blossoms at nearly all seasons,
flowering freely at Christmas on the roof of the stove. It only requires to be
kept clean, and cut back here and there occasionally, to induce the production of
flowers near the old wood, and is fond of a nice brisk and moist heat. Nothing
will better repay attention. It may sometimes be seen in a very wretched
condition from being kept in too dry a heat, and from being devoured with red-
spider. It sliould be kept in a pot or planted in a nice little compartment in the
stove.

Ipomcea bona-nox is a plant of marvellous beauty when well and cleanly
grown in a stove, and that may be done without trouble, and even without the
choice of a good position. Plant it out and train it along a wire in any part of the
stove ; keep it clean by gentle and repeated syringings, the best of all methods for
keeping stove plants nice and fresh, and wait for the resul* , which will appear in
the form of very large white flowers banded with pale gr( n outside, and of the
most exquisite fragrance. It is especially valuable to the gardener from opening
at night, as he can then cut it and send it into the drawing-room, where a single
flower placed in a slender glass will diffuse the most exquisite perfume through the
room. An occasional rarity such as this could not but be appreciated. — T. M.

- 4

THE CENOTIIEKA.

^^HIS is a very showy family of plants, well adapted for the embellishment of
rockeries, borders, &c., since they will grow in any ordiiur garden soil.

f Among the hardy perennial species (E. macrocarjhi is a well-known
kind ; it was formerly to be seen in most of the old-fashioned flower-
gardens, and not unfrequently occupying the centre of a round bed, ])ut latterly
this and many of the other kinds have become scarce in gardens. Now that the
taste for plants of this description is reviving, the GiJiotlieras should be more sought
after, and receive that attention and cultivation which so many of the species are
deserving of. The perennial species are readily increased by dividing the roots,
by cuttings, and by seeds. The annual and biennial kinds merely require to be
sown in the open border. — M. Saul, Stoinion.

BEDDING VIOLAS.

Permit me to give, by way of addenda to my previous remarks, the name
^ of a late introduction in the way of bedding Violas, which has, during the
latter part of this summer, proved itself one of rare excellence. I refer
to the variety named Blue Bell. The depth of colour, the effect of which
is most telling far and near, and the constancy wntli wdiich it blooms, will make
this one of the most popular of its class, and one that may be trusted not
to disappoint the purchaser. At Chiswick, in the hands of Mr. Barron, this
variety has been quite a feature this season. — William Eaeley, Valentines.

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1874, ]

FRANCISCEA EXIMIA.

229

DESSEET CHEEEIES.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

jN the accompanying plate, we give illustrations of two fine varieties of Dessert
Cherries, which are not so widely known as their merits deserve. The
Frogmore Late Bigarreau (fig. 1.) is represented from specimens obligingly
communicated by Mr. Jones, from the Royal Gardens. It is a seedling
raised at Frogmore by the late Mr. T. Ingram, and like the Early Frogmore
Bigarreau, figured on a former occasion, is a fruit of great excellence. Mr.
Powell, in a note dated July 9, writes : — We find it a very useful variet}^ It
is not yet- ripe, and will hang a long time on the tree without cracking, — a great
fault in the old variety.” The fruit is large, bluntly heart-shaped, with a slight
suture. Skin pale waxy-yellow, covered with bright red on the sunny side.
Stalk two to two and a half inches long. Flesh tender. and juicy. Quality quite
first-rate. • ’

The Joc-o-soT (fig. 2) was obligingly communicated by Messrs. Rivers and
Son, of Sawbridgeworth, during thOj past summer. It is a very rich-looking,
luscious fruit, and the quality is equal to its appearance. The fruit is full-sized,
bluntly heart-shaped, compressed at the sides, and indented at the apex. The
stalk is about an inch and a half long, or according to Hogg, two inches. The
skin is shiny, and very dark purple,, almost black. The rich, sweet flesh is dark-
coloured, very tender and juicy. The variety is in season about the middle of
July. The Joc-o-sot, according to Dr. Hogg’s classification, belongs to the group
of Black Geans. — T. M.

FEANOISCEA EXIMIA.

®HIS Franciscea is a valuable plant for decorative purposes, as it may be had
in bloom at any time from January till May, and though it is not odoriferous,

fyet its pretty mauve-coloured flowers and elliptic foliage give it a very
pleasing character. As it will withstand the temperature of an ordinary
conservatory for any length of time, it cannot properly be considered a stove-
plant, but when it is required to be had in bloom early, it must be subjected to
a stove temperature to bring it into flower.

To grow this 'fine Franciscea to perfection, pot it in a compost of
two-thirds fibry peat, and one-third of loam ; add sufficient sand to make
the whole porous. The peat should be broken up into small lumps, and
the loam rubbed moderately fine between the hands ; it will consequently be
necessary that the soil used should be in a proper state as to moisture, in order
that it may be worked without clinging to the hands. In potting, fill about one-
sixth of the depth of the pot with broken crocks for drainage, and place a layer
of fibry peat over the crocks, to prevent this drainage from becoming choked.
Pot moderately firm. To form specimens, the plants should be started into
growth in February, in a temperature of from 00° to 05°, syringing them over-

230

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ October,

head night and morning, and keeping the soil in a proper state as to moisture.
When the young shoots have each made three or four leaves, take off the
points, and encourage a second growth. By the end of August let the plant be
placed in a cooler temperature, and be kept rather short of water. After resting
a few weeks they may again be placed in the stove, and syringing and watering
attended to, as before directed.

When it is desired to have the plants in bloom early, they should be placed in
the stove from eight to nine weeks previous to the time they are required to be
in bloom. Later in the season, from six to seven weeks will be sufficient time to
allow to bring them into bloom. As soon as the flowers begin to open, place the
plants for a few days in a temperature of about 50°, and they may then be taken
to the conservatory, where they will give a succession of flowers for several weeks.
When the blooming is over, remove all decayed flowers, repot the plants, and
proceed as before directed. In two^or three years nice specimens may be grown.
Some branches may perhaps show a tendency to take a decided lead, but by
bringing down the tops of any such, and tying them so as to keep the point lower
than the rest of the branch, the growth of the plant will be equalised, and growths
of this kind will be prevented from taking an undue lead. — Henry Ghilman,
Somerley.

UTILISATION OF ORANGE-PEEL.

l^pHEEE have been so many deaths from accidents caused by Orange-peel
flung on the pavement, that stringent rules have been enforced to stop

fsuch a dangerous practice. One of the best means of stopping this thought¬
less scattering of Orange-peel is to employ it in some useful way, so as to
take it quite out of the highways, and turn it to some beneficial purpose. In
cider-making places, the apple-skins and straw, after pressing, are used for fuel ;
and however odd it might seem at Newcastle, it is quite natural at Hereford and
Exeter, not only to burn the apple-skins, but likewise to save the ashes, and put
them through the turnip-drill like guano, for which purpose they are carefully
housed from rain. Again, the hard rind of the cocoa-nut burns with a flame
like that of an oil-lamp, and when it is broken in small pieces it is superior to
most articles for kindling a fire.

I have named these apple-skins and nut-shells to prepare the reader for the
using of orange-peel for the same end. Whoever has studied plants, must have
remarked that the natural order Myrtacece has every leaf neatly larded with oil-
bottles. The leaf of the Orange, and those of the Aurantiaceos^ to which it
belongs, are also studded with minute oil-vessels, and if you hold up a leaf to the
light, the oil-cysts will be seen from their being transparent. Now, the rind of
the Orange-fruit — f.e.. Orange-peel — is, like the foliage, also studded with oil-
bottles, and if the peel is strung on a thread and dried, the oily parts will, as
soon as the watery part is evaporated, burn brightly and kindle other fuel. The
Orange-flowers have au honoured place at nuptials ; the sweet juice is a luxury ;

/

1874.] GARDEN GOSSIP. 231

the seeds are eaten by poultry, — and now we may light the fire with the rind,
and it is, perhaps, the sweetest fuel we could find. — A. Forsyth.

GAEDEN GOSSIP.

®HE Horticultural Exhhition at Dundee^ the busy capital of the jute trade,

which opened on September 3, proved a first-class show, extending over

three days, and being attended by 17,000 visitors. It was opened by the

Earl of Strathmore, Lord-Lieutenant of the county, and was attended by

a large assemblage of ladies and gentlemen, the elite of the town and surrounding districts.
The encampment, pitched in the high-school grounds in the centre of the town, consisted
of three immense marquees, supplied by Fusey, of Hull. The chief one, devoted to
flowers, was 230 ft. in length by 47 ft. wide ; the one occupied with fruit was 100 ft. in length
by 47 ft. wide ; while that set apart for vegetables was of equal dimensions. The leading
feature was the magnificent collection of stove and green-house plants ; while plants for table
decoration were unexampled for number and beauty. Fruits were rich and abundant, the »
merchant princes excelling in grapes and pine-apples; while Mr. James Ferguson, a working¬
man, noted for beating professionals in the rearing of the Lilium auratum, was again first in
his class. Alpines — never absent from Dundee shows — were there in profusion, rare, compact,
and healthy, the best coming from E. Moir, Esq., a noted amateur in ferns. The general
public paid £300 at the gates. The Society contemplates holding an International Exhibition
in 1870.

- ®HE most remarkable feature at the Belfast International Exhibition

was the bunch of Black Hamhurgli Grapes shown by Mr. Hunter, gardener to the

Earl of Durham, at Lambton Castle. This monster bunch weighed 21 lb. 12 oz.

Wo believe nothing approaching this has been exhibited, or as far as we know, produced, in
the case of a black Grape, although in the case of white Grapes, Syrian or White Nice have
been shown of the respective weights of 171b., 181b., 19 lb. 5 oz., and 19^ lb. In reference to
this matter the Gardeners' Chronicle gives the following details relating to black Grapes.
There ai’o several instances of 5 lb. bunches of Black Hamburgh Grapes recorded. In 1858 it is
recorded that Mr. Davis, gardener at Oakhill, East Barnet, exhibited the finest bunch of Black
Hamburgh that had up to that time over been produced in the coirntry ; this bunch weighed
8|-lb., and was a symmetrical, well-shaped bunch, with the individual berries measuring 4|-in.
round. In 1800 Mr. Payne, gardener to J. B. Bedell, Esq., of Chelmsford, showed a bunch of
the same variety weighing 8 lb. 14 oz., but this was a conglomerate of four bunches all from
one eye. In 1805 Mr. Meredith showed a bunch of Black Hamburgh weighing 9^ lb., and in
1873 Mr. Hunter showed at Manchester one bunch of Black Hamburgh weighing dk lb., and
another weighing 13 lb. 2 oz. — a weight now thoroughly eclipsed by the specimen shown at
Belfast. The Manchester show in September of last year was, it may be remembered, specially
remarkable for the exhibits of Grapes, the weights being in many cases quite extraordinary.

- ®HEEE lias recently been established in London, a Pelargonium Society^

the object of which is, in the first instance, to encourage the cultivation and

improve the quality of what is known as the Zonal Pelargonium, including under

this general term the varieties which have resulted from the inter-breeding of P. zonale and
P. inquinans ; and for this object funds are being collected, with a view to offer prizes at one
of the exhibitions of the Royal Horticultural Society, to bo held in July, 1875. Dr. Denny is
Hon. Treasurer, and Mr. T. Moore Hon. Secretary of this now Society.

- iWit. CuLVERWELL I’ccommends that the beautiful Tropccolinn speciosunh

a plant which is rather fastidious as to position, but which grows well on the walls

of cottages in Scotland, should be planted amongst rough clumps of Ehododendrons

or other plants growing in a peaty soil. The effect of a scarlet topping on the dull green
foliage during the autumn seasons would bo very beautiful, and once planted in the Rhodo¬
dendron soil, they will make a homo of their own in the same way as the common Convolvulus
does whore it gets a hold. Ho has some plants at Thorpe Perrow growing in the Rhododen¬
drons and in the Holly, which are very effective.

V

232

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ October,

- ^MONG tlie finer Douhle-Jioioered Clematis^ wliicli are now becoming

ratlier numerous, we have had an opportunity of seeing one called Duke of Con¬
naught, a seedling from lanuginosa, having the same broad foliage, but with com¬
pact semi-doublo flowers of a delicate mauve colour, which on the starved seedling plant
measured about 5 in. across. The structure of the flowers in this variety is somewhat novel.
There is first the outer whorl of six ovate sepals, and then within this, diminishing in size
inwards so as to form a flattish bloom, ai'e four or five other whorls of sepals of the same
colour, the centre being occupied by a tuft of whity-brown stamens on white filaments. If con¬
stant to this form, and there is no reason to doubt it, since several flowers have been produced
this season, we have here a new type, of distinct character, and of great beauty, the flowers
being spread out as in the single form, yet compactly filled with petaloid sepals in the centre,
so as to form a stiff, firm, solid-looking flower. It bloomed last June with Mr. G. Jackman,
of Woking. There is a manifest improvement in the new double forms of Clematis, the
stalked sepaled sorts, -which produce loose, open flowers such as can be seen through near the
centre, being replaced by others in which the centre is filled up compactlj^ in consequence of
the sepals being stalkless. This character is well shown in Duchess of Edinburgh, the best
of the whites ; in Countess of Lovelace, which has been shown exceedingly fine this season ;
and in the Duke of Connaught, above cited.

- M Decaisne writes to the Gardeners' Chronicle that the Xanthoceras

sorhifo/ia introduced to the Paris Museum has just produced twenty fruits, which
have furnished more than 190 seeds for the propagation of this charming

shrub. “ I was surprised,” he -writes, “ to see the Xanthocei'as classed in the Chinese works
among the edible trees ; but the French Minister at Pekin, M. Geofroy, to whom I applied to
obtain some information on this subject, told me that the Chinese eat the seeds of Xanthoceras
as nuts, of which they have somewhat the taste. M. Geofroy has iuti'oduced to us, by the
Chinese name, a large tree similar to the Ailantxrs in the general shape and foliage, the
Cedrela sinensis, of Avhich the Chinese eat the young shoots either raAV or cooked; prepared
in the latter way, these shoots, it is said, resemble Asparagus. But we knoAV that the in¬
habitants of the Celestial empire are not very particular, inasmuch as that they make a
delicacy of the young stalks of the Lucerne (JSledicago sativa'), which they eat as Ave do
Spinach. Without mentioning the culinary use of Cedrela sinensis, the principal use of it to
us is to haAm it in our plantations — a large tree, moreover, and belonging to an exotic family
of which the Melia is at present the only representative in our southern gardens.”

- She Journal of Chemistry publishes a recipe for tlie Destruction of

Insects^ which, if it be one-half as efficacious as it is stated to be, Avill prove in¬
valuable. Hot alum- water is this recent suggestion for an insecticide. It will, it is

said, destroy red and black ants, cockroaches, spiders, bugs, and all the craAvliug pests Avhich
infest our houses. Take tAVO pounds of alum and dissolve it in three or four quarts of boiling
Avater; let it stand on the fire till the alum disappears; apply it Avith a brush, while nearly
boiling-hot, to every joint and crevice in your closets, bedsteads, pantry-shelves, and the like.
Brush the creAUces in the floor of the skirting or mop-boards, if you suspectihat they harbour*
vermin. If, in AA’hiteAvashing a ceiling, plenty of alum is added to the lime, it Avill also serve
to keep insects at a distance. Cockroaches Avill flee the paint which has been Avashed in
cool alum-AA’ater.

- ^ NEW 0«7, obtained from the seeds of the Ochro {Hibiscus esculentus),

is being intoduced into commerce. The seeds have been used roasted as a coffee

substitute. The plant is well known in most tropical countries as a vegetable

much esteemed for imparting mucilaginous thickening to soups. The seeds may be boiled
like barley, and the mucilage they contain is both emollient and demulcent. The yield of
oil from the seeds is not stated, but the oil is stated to be of good quality, and fitted to
compete wdth olive, nut, and other oils for comestible purposes.

- ®HOSE who want a fine and effective hardy herbaceous plant for any

permanent position in the shrubbery or flower borders, should not overlook the
old but not half-known Spircea Aruncus. When grown in a rather peaty soil, on
a cool bottom, which is Avhat suits it best, its inflorescence rivals if it does not excel that of

1874.

GARDEN GOSSIP.

233

the famous Astrlbe {Hoteia) japonica, while its handsome tripinnato foliage completes the
picture of one of the most elegant hardy perennials grown in our gardens. F or cutting, it is
quite equal to the plant just named ; while in the growing state, under favourable circum¬
stances, since it reaches at least a height of 3 ft. to 4 ft., it maybe employed to occupy
positions where that would be altogether ineffective.

- ®HE charming Begonia ]\lartiana^ with some other species, are bloom¬
ing freely out-doors on Mr. Wilson’s rootery at Wey bridge. This is a plant to be
much recommended for a similar purpose in other gardens ; and being tuberous-

rooted, it may be a useful subject for intercrossing with the new race which has sprung up
from B. boliviensis— which, by-the-by, is likely to be of some importance in out-door decora¬
tive gardening. One of these, B. Sedeni, which has been blooming most charmingly at
Weybridge, has been in the same position on the rootery for a couple of years, the tops being
reduced to pulp by the first frost, but the root springing up again in spring. The brilliant
Begonia Veitchii, which has also stood out for two or three winters, is growing in the finest
health, and blooms successionally through the summer and autumn months. All these are
planted in a somewhat sunny situation. We learn that these tuberous-rooted Begonias are also
flowering beautifully on the rockwork at Kew, and are a great attraction. The finest there
are B. Sedeni, B. carminata, B. intermedia, B. Anacreon, and B. Stella.

- ®^iiE Blue Daisy {Beilis rotundifolia^ var. ccerulescens\ now flowering on

the rockwork at Kew, is one of the valuable additions to our collections brought
home three years ago by the expedition to Morocco of Dr. Hooker, Messrs. Maw

and Ball. It was figured in the Botanical Magazine last year, where we are informed that
‘‘the Blue Daisy is one of the commonest spring flowers in various parts of Morocco, abounding
in fields with a rich soil on the hills near Tangier, and occurring in great profusion by the
w'atercourses of the valleys of the Greater Atlas in latitude 31°, at elevations of 4,000 ft. to
11,000 ft.” It flowers very profusely, and continues for a considerable time. The colour is
rather pale, but with some of the few who possess it the colour has been bright. It does the
best when planted on rockwork, and is increased by careful division, preferably of plants in pots.

- ®HE southern Nertera depressa^ with its tiny stems and leaves forming

a dense cushion, and covered with orange-red berries about the size of Sweet

Peas, is one of the prettiest plants that can be used for rock\Vork. If placed in a

warm house in spring, it will grow freely, and can be divided at will. Lange, supposing it
distinct, in 1838 gave it the name N. scapanioides. There is, however, no sufficient charac¬
ter by which it can be distinguished. It has a wide geographical distribution, and appears to
vary. It grows on the mountains of New Zealand and Tasmania, on the Island of Tristan
d’Acunha, and on the Andos from Capo Horn to Now Grenada.

- ^ PURE white variety of Campanula isophylla^ a very choice species, is

flowering on the rockwork at Kew. It was raised from seed some time ago in the

Royal Gardens, and is a welcome addition for rockwork cultivation with the

original. It may be increased from cuttings. 0. isophyllais “ native of the ancient Liguria,”
and is extremely limited as a wild plant; it has boon said to grow only on one rocky promon¬
tory in the whole world, in this respect somewhat resembling its ally Campanula Vidalii.

- 3In the Journal of Botany^ Dr. Ilance records, in a list of plants found

at Kinkang, a city of China, in lat. 29° 54' N., and long. 116° E., on the south
bank of the river Yangtze, a district hitherto unknown to botanists, the dis¬
covery there of Lilium speriostun, var. Kcempferi, of which ho remarks : — ‘‘ I am not aware
that this beautiful plant, which Siebold believed to have been introduced into Japan from
Korea, has heretofore been met with wild in China. It is a great favourite in Europe.”

- Amongst the Orchard-house Trees.^ in Mr. Wilson’s garden, is a pot-tree

of Coe’s Golden Drop Plum which is quite remarkable. The entire crop brought
to maturity was 212 fruits. It should bo added that these are not dry, starveling
fruits, but full-sized, succulent, high-flavoured examples of the variety, which is
well known to be one of the best Plums in cultivation. • ,

w

234

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ October,

- Some of tlie finest examples of Lilium axiratum we have yet seen were

growing in the garden of James McIntosh, Esq., of Oatlands Park, Wey bridge.

These plants are planted at intervals near the margin of beds of Ehododendrons,

which occur on sloping ground, near the foot of the hill-side on which Mr. McIntosh’s garden
stands, in a sheltered situation, and where there must be a moist atmosphere from the con¬
tiguity of a sheet of water ; and they are, of course, in peat soil. The roots have, wo learned,
been planted four years, and now have, in many cases, divided so as to produce two stems.
They range from 6 ft. to 9 ft. in height, many being of the latter stature, and in some cases
the stems are 3 in. in circumference at the base. Many of the finest were gone out of bloom
when wo saw them, a few days since, but several still remained in full beauty, with from
twenty to two dozen flowers, forming a noble head of blossoms from 1 ft. to 2 ft. in depth, and
iipwards of a foot in diameter. Being selected bulbs, with finely-shaped and richly-coloured
flowers, some idea may bo formed of their magnificent appearance ; and the fact that they are
so much fit homo in such a situation may furnish a useful hint to others in growing them.

learn ft’om Mr. Tyerman that the beautiful little Oxalis lohata is

now flowering finely in bis garden, in Cornwall. The bright yellow flowers of 0*

lobata, which are large compared with. ’the leaves and short stature of the whole

plant, which is barely a couple of inches high, make a really pretty and pleasing feature,
such as is sure to arrest the attention of the most casual observer. When planted in masses, the
ground looks studded with golden stars. Mr. Tyerman suggests that this very interesting
genus of plants would do much to make our gardens more interesting at this season of the
year, since they are all of the easiest possible cultivation, and in dry soils perfectly hardy, or at
the utmost a slight protection from heavy rains during the dormant season would make them
quite secure. 0. elegans is, as its name implies, beautifully elegant ; the leaves, which are
of groat substance and smooth, grow 3 in. to 4 in. high, and the flowers rise fi in. or 8 in.
above the leaves, of a pleasing rich 'purple-lake, with dark centre. 0. Deppei is well known,
its reddish flowers being produced well above the neat foliage for several months in succession,
and like the beautiful rose-pink 0. Bowioi, would make excellent variety in the modern
flower garden. 0. floribunda, with its numerous varieties, are hardy perennials, and are
almost perpetual-flowering. Where the soil and situation are at all genial, all the summer-
flowering kinds will prove much more satisfactory when grown in the open borders “ than
as they usually are, cramped in pots even that weedy species, 0. lacta3flora, is much more
interesting in the open ground.

- ^ WRITER in the Gardeners^ Becord mentions having seen, during the

past season, a patch of Double Primroses^ growing in an open and somewhat light

soil, that generally suffered severely during the hot dry summer months. Some

clay, in the form of a thin layer, which could but bo termed a top-dressing of clay, was laid
over the bod to the extent of one-half, and the effect was remarkable. The plants growing
amid the dressing of clay were of quite a vigorous character, while the others, not so treated,
had a deplorable appearance. No doubt the Primrose requires to be kept cool about the
roots, and the beneficial effects of this practice were quite evident in this instance.

- ^HE Dracceuopsis australis^ after proving its power of enduring many

a vicissitude of weather, has come into flower for the first time in Ireland, and
for the first time out-of-doors in the United Kingdom, in the Botanic Gardens at

Glasnevin. Dracsonopsis is a genus of Liliaceous plant separated from Dracaena, and includes
D. australis and D. indivisa. The stem of the Glasnevin plant is 9 ft. high, from the top of
which springs a head of yucca-like leaves, and from the centre of those has grown up a mass of
flower above 2 ft. long, and nearly as broad at its base. The colour of the flowers is creamy-
white ; each spike which goes to compose the mass seems much to resemble, as seen from the
ground, the bloom of the beautiful half-hardy shrub, Veronica Andersoni, and others of
the same genus. The plant has flowered at Oxford, but indoors.

- S)OME remarkable plants of Disa grandifiora have been flowered this

season at Doun House, Dorset, the 'seat of Sir William Marriott, where may
have been seen specimens with more than eighty flowers in bloom at once. A pan
of a finely-coloured variety, named superba, had thirty most brilliantly-coloured flowers. The

1874. ]

RUSTIC SUMMER-HOUSE.

235

Disa is met with occasionally in gardens, and is always most attractive, but the successful
mode of cultivating it does not seem to be generally understood. It can never become “ every¬
body’s plant,” but in all probability it might bo more frequently seen, if its cultivation were
attentively taken up.

- ^HE Canada Pojdar (Populus canadensis) has been largely planted

about Munich, and other places in Germany, in avenues and public promenades.
This tree grows quickly, and in almost any kind of soil ; its only defect, as a

shading tree, is, that it sometimes, if left to itself, shoots up into too spiral a form to be of
service in that way. This, however, is easily guarded against, by heading-down the young
trees to the height of from 12 ft. to 15 ft., and paying some attention to tho pruning of the
branches for some time, so as to secure the formation of handsome crowns. Treated in this '
w'ay tho trees are quite as effective, at some distance, as well-grown specimens of Horse
Chestnuts.

- 23unches of White Lily-jiowers are brought for sale to the French

markets by the countrywomen, and a great number of these are purchased, not to

make bouquets, but to preserve in brandy. The petals are pulled off one by one,

and put into wide-mouthed pickle-bottles containing ordinary eau-de-vie, and are kept in
this way from year to year. When any one receives a cut or wound, a brandied Lily-petal is
produced, applied to the place, and fastened there with a bandage. Very powerful healing
virtue is attributed; to this floral plaister ; and so general is the belief, that many grocers’
shops keep in stock a glass jar of Lily-petals, which they retail at a sou a-piece.

- ®HE commercial Insect Powder is very liable to failure, but a powder

prepared as follows from the same plant (Pyrethrum roseum) is most effective

against moths, fleas, bed-bugs, and poultry vermin, and when administered in

a^weak infusion, is also a useful internal remedy against worms. Seeds of the Pyrethrum,
which are obtainable from large seed-dealers, are to be sown in May, not too thickly, in a
well-cultivated bed, and, if the weeds are kept down, will develop into strong plants by tho
autumn, although they seldom bloom before the next May or June. The flowers are to be
plucked as they become fully developed, and the yellow disc-flowers separated from the red
ray-florets, thoroughly dried in the shade, and finely pulverized. Flowers can bo plucked
even in the autumn, so that a few plants will produce a considerable quantity of the powder. As
the plant is perennial, it can be propagated by division, and since it is indigenous to the Caucasus,
it is not damaged by a low winter temperature.

- 0ENISTA polygaloefolia^ a native of Spain, is a very pretty flowering-

shrub, and during summer is a mass of bright yellow flowers. G. ovata^ a native
of Hungary, is similar, 'but has smaller leaves, and is not such a free flowerer.
Both are small shrubs, suitable for borders, and like the G. viryata^ mentioned
at page 163, are not so well known as they should be.

RUSTIC SUMMER-HOUSE.

E gave at pp. 176- 7, illustrations of two elegant forms of Rustic Summer¬
houses, introduced by Mr. J. 0. Fox, and which may be seen in the garden
of the Royal Horticultural Society, at South Kensington. The examples
we have previously given were constructed with ordinary wooden roofs.
We now introduce a design equally meritorious with those already submitted,
but in which the roof is thatched. This, whatever the material employed for
thatching, whether straw, or reeds, or heath, will have the advantage of being
cooler in summer and warmer in winter than any other form of roof. The design
fonns an elegant retiring-house, alike adapted, by its warmth and coolness, for
whiter and summer use respectively. When thatched with heath or reeds, the

w 2

23G

THE FLOEIST AND TOMOLOGIST

[October,

roof is practicall}^ proof against being destroyed by rats, and in this form the
model above given would cost from £20 to £40. — T. M.

a:

Ecstic Summer-house.

WIRING versus NAILING.

lEES stretched over the surface of walls for the purpose of training trees
upon, and also for the important object of saving the walls from being
constantly defaced by the drawing and replacement of nails, have long
been in use in different gardens throughout the kingdom. It, however,
appears somewhat remarkable that so little has been said or written regarding
the sj’^stem by those who have had the means of testing the results upon different
aspects and with different kinds of fruit. This silence looks rather ominous,
and I should fear certain sorts of fruit, such as Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, &:c.,
have not set their fruit so well, or come through periods of adverse spring weather
so well, as those managed under the old system of nailing, and keeping the
branches close to the wall.

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR OCTOBER.

237

My own views are very strong in favour of close-training. I have generally
observed fruits ripen earlier and of larger size when touching the walls. But
the most important feature in recommending close-training is, that of warding off
late spring frosts. , Walls absorb a considerable amount of heat through the day,
whenever the sun shines upon them, and are consequently giving it off at night,
so that the surface of a wall is at a higher temperature than is the atmosphere
at an inch from it, where we will suppose tlie trained shoots upon wires to be.
From the rarilied condition of the air, the heat, as it becomes free from the solid
surface, radiates quickly upwards through the space between the branches and
the wall, which acts as a channel for the current of air to have free egress.

As some gardens are much more favourably situated than others, it is no fair
criterion, when we hear of a crop of fruit being saved in certain places by
adopting this or that means, while in others within a small radius of the same
locality the crop has been lost through not adopting the same plan. The one
place may be under the hoar-frost level, while the other was above it. There¬
fore, the only sure and certain way of arriving at clear and decided results,
would be to test the two systems upon a wall having the same aspect, with
the soil and everything else corresponding, and on the same sort and variety
of fruit.

This is an experiment that the walls of the Royal Horticultural Society’s
Gardens at Chiswick would be well adapted for, and where, also, an impartial
record of the result would be given. The spring is the trying season for British
gardeners, and with such frequent disappointments, it is well to know the paths
to success. — J. Webster, Gordon Castle.

GAKDEN WOKK FOR OCTOBER.

FLOWERS.

Cj|''^LOWER-G ARDENS will now. be past their best, more particularly the
A , flowering portion of the occupants, and before they suffer from frost,
all the choice half-hardy plants should be lifted and placed under pro-
tection. The scarce sorts of Pelargoniums and the variegated-leaved
varieties, if potted up singly, removing a portion of the foliage, and
trimming them into form, will be found to establish themselves soonest if plunged
in bottom-heat for a short time ; and where this convenience will admit of starting
the plants in heat, it is certainly the best plan. As most amateurs with but little
convenience are desirous of wintering Pelargoniums., &c., in cold frames, I would
remark that thorough dryness in the interior, which must be promoted through
perfect drainage, must be ensured to obtain anything like success, and the plants
and cuttings must be thoroughly hardened by free exposure as long as it can be
done with safety. Pelargoniums may be wintered successfully in boxes, maintained
in a dry and dormant state, in situations from which frost is excluded, removing
the foliage, and packing the soil firmly about the roots.

As soon as the flower-beds become unsightly, they should be cleared at once,
and planted with bulbs and other spring-flowering plants ; and as all bulbs delight
in a generous treatment, it is important that the manure should be thoroughly
decomposed and incorporated with the soil, for when the roots are placed in con-

238

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ October,

tact with raw dung it is apt to engender decay. Flower-gardens during winter
and spring may be made exceedingly effective, with the great variety of materials
applicable for their embellishment which we possess. We have Evergreens in
great variety, with graceful and picturesque forms, which may be introduced in
masses, and should be freely used in winter adornment, as they not only give
relief, but tone down the gorgeous brilliancy of the bulbs and hardy perennials
when in bloom. Lawns and gravel-walks at this season of the year will require
daily sweeping and rolling to keep them in good condition, and the grass must be
kept closely mown.

Evergreens should now be transplanted as soon as possible, as the stored-up
heat in the ground will promote the formation of fresh roots, an advantage not
to be lost sight of. Deciduous trees and shrubs may be transplanted as soon as
the leaves have fallen.

Conservatory : Any paucity of flowers which may occur here at the present
time, through the sc'arcity of flowering-plants, must be compensated for by the
introduction of foliage-plants. Camellias that have acquired the habit of early
flowering by usage to forcing, will soon be in bloom, and may be assisted by a
slight increase of temperature, airing freely at the same time, as a close, humid
atmosphere is conducive to bud-dropping. Pelargoniums which have been pre¬
pared for autumn display will now form an important feature, and if watered
with care, and kept in a healthy atmosphere, will stand for a length of time in
bloom. Salvia splendens grown in pots will now be in bloom, and prove very
effective in these short days. Chrysanthemums will now require every attention
and encouragement. See that they are tied securely, and placed under protection
in case of severe frosts. When size of bloom is the desideratum, thin-out the
buds as soon as they can be handled, and keep the suckers under. Cinerarias
which were struck early should be now shifted on into a rich, fibrous compost,
being careful to thoroughly drain the pots ; keep them near to the glass, and air
freely, fumigating occasionally to prevent the green-fly.

Greenhouses : No tender plant should now remain out-of-doors, but at once
be got into its winter quarters ; avoid, however, anything in the shape of crowd¬
ing, and attend carefully to watering and ventilating. Soft-wooded plants such
as Cyclamens^ Statices^ Epiphyllums^ Bouvardias^ Monochcetums^ &c., should now
be brought forward in a mild genial temperature, where they will soon come into
bloom ; when these plants are starved at this season of the year, they seldom
bloom satisfactorily.

Stoves : Of the lovely Eucharis amazonica^ a portion of the plants that have
been rested should now be encouraged in a brisk heat ; also Poinsettias. They
should be hberally supplied with manure-water, and freely syringed, which will
greatly promote their vigour of inflorescence. Attend well to Gesneras of the
resplendens type, which are now growing freely, keeping them near to the glass,
and free from insects ; they are, when well grown, most effective subjects for
embellishment. Promote the ripening of Achimenes^ Caladiums^ and Gloxinias
in a dry, warm house, withholding water as the leaves decay, when they may be
stored away in a dry temperature, not under 50°. Small-foliage plants that are
grown for decoration must have just sufficient heat to keep the foliage healthy,
but otherwise be so inured as to stand exposure without flagging. Plants from
close, swampy stoves are useless for this purpose. Pelargoniums required to
bloom in May should now be shifted into their blooming pots ; a sound turfy
loam, with one-third well-decayed manure and sand, with a free drainage, will
grow them well, potting firmly and watering sparingly until established, and
keeping them in a light, airy pit, near to the glass»

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR OCTOBER.

239

Orchids : Discontinue over-head syringing, although many plants will yet
be making growth. It will be necessary to lower the night temperature a
few degrees, ventilating more freely, so as to induce thorough maturation ; and
although it is advantageous to keep Aerides and Odontoglossums, &c., always
moist at the root, anything approaching excess will be injurious after this period.
Water moderately Calanthes which are now pushing up their flower-spikes, and
take every means to keep the leaves fresh as long as possible.

Forcing-house : Successional batches of Bulbs must be introduced from time
to time ; these may be grown in comparatively small pots for very early forcing.
Pot up a good supply of Lily of the Valley^ either strong clumps from beds, or
imported ones will answer best, if the others are not particularly strong. Asiilbe
{SpircecL) japonica is also a plant that should be grown in quantity ; although it
does not force well early, or before the new year, it is one of our most valuable
plants ; I find English-grown roots to force quite as well as imported ones.
Introduce by degrees the various subjects to be brought forward.

Keep Bedding Stock fully exposed as long as the weather will permit, and
prepare frames for the protection of all but hardy plants. Have everything in
readiness to afford protection from frost. Propagate in cold frames CcUceolariw-^
Viokis^ &c. Pot Solanums and Campanulas that have been planted out. A
supply of root-cuttings of the fleshy roots of C. pyramidalis should be put in for
planting out next spring. — Geo. Westland, Willey Court.

FRUITS.

Pines: A steady bottom-heat of from 75° to 80° should be kept to the suc¬
cession-plants, and the top-heat from 70° to 75°, according to the state of the
weather. Admit air at every favourable opportunity, closing early in the after¬
noon. Pot suckers as they are taken from the stools. See previous directions
for the fruiting-pits.

Peach-house : When the trees are entirely clear of leaves in the early house,
they may be pruned, the borders forked over, and a liberal dressing of rotten
manure and loam placed on. If the trees are in a weakly state, either from over¬
cropping or other causes, the borders should have a good soaking of liquid
manure.

Vinery : Keep a dry airy atmosphere about ripe Grapes, applying a little fire-
heat in the day-time in damp weather, but giving air at the same time. Look
frequently over the bunches, and cut out all decayed berries. If very early grapes
are desired, the Vines in the early house may now be pruned, and preparations
made for closing the house by the end of the month. If Pot-Vines are used for
early work, the first lot should be placed in a gentle, moist heat, about the same
time.

Melons : If the melon-pits are heated, and any fruit remains unripe, a little
fire-heat should be used. Very little can be done with them in dung-beds, after
this time.

Strawberries in pots should be kept in the open and moderately dry, which
will check their growth, and help to ripen their crowns. If heavy rains should
prevail at the end of the month, turn the pots over on their sides.

Hardy Fmit : 'The prevalence of dry weather in many parts during the latter
part of the summer will tend to hasten the maturity of the winter fruit, and
many varieties may consequently require gathering earlier than usual. Keep,
therefore, a watchful eye on all autumnal varieties. The long-keeping Apjfies
and Pears should be allowed to remain on the trees as long as they will hang with¬
out dropping, or as the weather appears to favour their maturity. Indeed, it is pre-

240

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ OCTOBEE,

ferable to lose a few by dropping than to gather too early. In gathering, great
care should be taken not to bruise the fruit, especially the finer varieties of Pears,
which should be laid singly on the shelves, and not be again moved till they are
ready for table. Air and light should be admitted to the fruit store for a month
or so after the fruit is .gathered, to allow the moisture given out by it to pass
away ; but after that time, it is best to close the store, taking care at all times to
remove quickly the decaying fruit. Expose late Peaches wholly to the sun, by
removing the leaves from the fruit ; cover them at night with canvas if frosty,
or it is a good plan to place spare lights over the trees.

Finish clearing out runners, &c., from Strawhemj-hQdi^^ and get the ground
forked over between the plants at once ; new plantations may still be made. All
kinds of young fruit-trees may be planted as soon as the leaves have partially or
wholly fallen, but it is not advisable to remove them before this, especially in the
case of large trees. Plant Raspherry-cdJies,^ and propagate Gooseberries and
Currants. Gather Filberts and Walnuts ; dry -them well, before storing them in
boxes or jars for winter use. — J. Powell, Frogmore.

VEGETABLES.

A point should be made during the early part of this month to give to all
Winter crops a thorough hoeing and weeding, always, if possible, choosing dry
weather for the work. If this is not done, the chances are that all such crops
will become foul, and exhibit a weedy and untidy appearance throughout the
whole winter. More particularly should such a hoeing be given to Winter
Spinach., which thrives and does far better after surface-stirring than when the
ground is , allowed to remain firm and hard beaten. Vacant spaces should be
ridged up for the winter at the earliest possible moment. All light grounds which
have not been trenched during the past three or four years may be so operated
upon with much advantage ; at the same time, any garden refuse of whatever
description may be wheeled thereon and worked in. We are too apt to deal with
green refuse as if it were valueless, often burning it to ashes, the fact being that
it is one of the most powerful fertilisers we possess, if it can but be buried in
sufficient quantities. Take up the main crops of Parsnips and Carrots., more
especially the latter, as soon as their green tops show signs of ripening off. We
are, however, much opposed to the practice of taking up Parsnips, except as they
are required for use, for they are not nearly so good when so treated, but become
dry, tough, and stringy, whereas if left in the ground until required for use, they
remain tender, and as we should surmise, far more nutritious. The young seedling
Caulifloivers intended for the earlier spring crops must be carefully looked to,
for slugs and a variety of insect pests often play great havoc amongst them at
this time of year, unless their ravages are guarded against. Transplant young
Lettuces., the produce of seeds sown during August, as suggested. This will be
found a useful crop for the very early spring supply. Those who possess the
necessary frames or pits should fill them with any larger-sized Lettuces and
Endive., so that they may be protected from inclement weather, s^iould it set in
a month or two hence ; but when they are so planted, always take off the lights
bodily and treat the crop as if it were an out-door one, only making use of the
sashes by and by, and when it becomes absolutely necessary. Towards the end,
or third week in the month, the late July or early August-sown plants should
also be transplanted to their permanent quarters. Always plant these out freely
and abundantly, as it rarely, if ever, occurs that too many are planted, or too large
a supply of these very tender and highly-appreciated spring vegetables is provided.
— William Earley, Valentines,

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1874. ]

THE KUMQUAT, CITRUS JAPONICA.

241

THE KUMQUAT, CITKUS JAPONICA.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

have here a plant which may certainly be said to combine the ornamental
with the useful ; for while a bush of the Citrus japonica in flower and
fruit is an object remarkable for its beauty, and the fruits themselves,
when cut with a leaf or two attached, form one of the prettiest orna¬
ments of the dessert, they are also excellent as a preserve.

The plant has been known since the days of Thunberg, who named it and
figured it in his leones Japonicce about the close of the last century. It remained
unknown in our gardens, however, until introduced from China by Mr. Fortune,
about 1845, the first account of it being published in 1848 {Journ. Hort. Soc.,
iii., 239, with woodcut). Mr. Fortune states that in the south of China, about
Canton, it is much grown in pots, but on the island of Chusan, and elsewhere in the
more northern parts of China, he met with it cultivated in groves on the sides of
the lower hills, the plants, which do not attain to a larger size than about 6 ft. in
height, being arranged in rows about 4 ft. apart. The fruit ripens late in the
autumn, and is about the size of a large oval gooseberry, having a sweet rind,
and a sharp acid pulp. It is largely employed in China in making a preserve
with sugar, and when manipulated according to the Chinese method, is excellent.
This preserve finds its way to this country in considerable quantities. The plant
is also cultivated in Japan.

The cultivated plant resembles a dwarf small-flowered Orange-tree, but with
thinner, smaller, and narrower leaves. It varies with spiny and with unarmed
branches, and also with oblong and globular fruits. The fruits, with their bright
orange rind, are not very fragrant until cut or scraped, when their perfume is
highly agreeable. The skin is thin, and the five cells are filled with a very acid
pulp. Samples of the fruits from the Chiswick Garden were first exhibited in
April, 1854, at one of the Eegent-Street meetings, the plant having then “just
begun to bear in the garden.” It was again scarcely heard of till 1867, when
Mr. Bateman showed some fine specimens from his garden at Knypersley, the
plant being there “ trained over the back wall of a stove, or; rather, warm
greenhouse,” and when covered with its golden fruits, having a lovely appearance.
It was again exhibited from the same place in 1874, and we have to thank Mr.
Sherratt, by whom the Knypersley Gardens are now held, for the specimens,
both of the flowering and fruiting branches, from which the .ompanying
characteristic figure has been prepared.

Mr. Fortune remarks {Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc.^ n.s. ii., 47) that, from a horti¬
cultural point of view, we must in this country regard the Kumquat as an
ornamental plant only, the cold winters and warm summers of the north of China
indicating the conditions under which it thrives. In winter it will bear, without
^injury, from 10° to 15° of frost, but a hot summer temperature is necessary to
ripen its wood. “ There ought to be no difficulty,” Mr. Fortune continues, “ in
3rd series. — ^VII. X.

242

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ November,

cultivating tlie Kumquat in England. If we wish to have it in high health and
vigour, we must keep it cold and rather dry in winter. During its season of
growth in summer it ought to have a liberal supply of water, and a temperature
of from 80° to 100°, and this heat should be kept well up even in autumn, in
order that the young wood may be well ripened. If properly cultivated, so as
to be kept in high health, and induced to bear its annual crop of shining little
oranges, it would make an admirable plant for table-decoration, and would remain
covered with its fruit for several months. Graft on Limonia trifoliata ; do not
graft on a more tender plant. It does best when planted in a border, but the
Chinese can manage it in pots, and we may do so as well.”

The tree at Knypersley, which is trained against the greenhouse wall, is now
about 15 ft. high, and the spread of the branches nearly the same. Mr. Sherratt
finds that it does not do well if kept in a pot, and, moreover, that it will not
graft upon the common Orange — the latter a pretty sure indication of its specific
distinctness. The plant comes into bloom soon after midsummer, and the fruit
begins to ripen shortly before Christmas, and constitutes a beautiful ornament, if
nothing besides, all through the spring, and on into the summer. — T. M.

VIBURNUM PLICATUM.

PERCEIVE that Mr. Earley, at p. 205, mentions with commendation the
Viburnum plicatum ; but he has not said so much in its favour as it really

f deserves. I had it some years ago from Mr. Veitch, and am therefore able
to speak of it as one of the most useful and ornamental of plants, either for
shrubbery borders, or for growing against a wall. In the latter case, it should
be allowed to ramble about amongst the other tenants of the wall in a desultory
manner, not formally trained ; and in the flowering season it will be a complete
mass of flowers, first of a very pale, yellowish green, but changing eventually to large
balls of the purest white, and lasting comparatively a long time. When planted
in the open border, it must be occasionally pinched back during the growing
season, to reduce it to a compact shape. Under these conditions, it flowers most
profusely and is a very striking object indeed. My experience of V. macro~
cephalum is, that it has a tendency to flower too early for the climate, but when it
escapes spring frosts, it bears indeed a grand mass of flowers, the heads being as
large as the largest Hydrangeas. — John Cox, Redleaf,

ROBIN I A PSEUD-ACACIA PYRAMID ALIS.

E have to thank Messrs. Transon Brothers, of Orleans, for the photograph
of the oldest existing tree of this remarkably ornamental variety, from
which the accompanying woodcut has been prepared. The figure was
taken in winter, when the tree was devoid of foliage, in order the better
to show the unmistakably fastigiate habit which it possesses, and which renders
it a most desirable tree for the planter, who is desirous of Working out picturesq^ue

1874. ]

EOBINIA PSEUD-ACACIA PYRAMIDALIS.

243

effects, its character and leafage being so strikingly different from those of the
Lombardy Poplar, while the outline of the tree is very similar.

We learn from the Messrs. Transon that the parent tree was found by their
grandfather in 1829, growing near the gate of a fanii, some few leagues distant

Robinia Pseud-acacia pyramidalis.

from Orleans, the plant being then fully ten years old, and having up to that time
passed unnoticed by any horticulturist. M. Transon procured grafts of the tree,
which were worked in due course, and one of them being planted in his grounds,
has grown into the noble specimen, now about G2 ft. in height, which is repre-

X 2

244

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[November,

sented in our figure. A young tree in the Waltham Cross Nursery fully accords
as to habit with the subjoined figure. The tree was, it appears, at once put into
commerce, and when 'M'. Transon went the following year to obtain more grafts,
he found that the original tree had been accidentally broken down, and that the
proprietor had uprooted it.

Irrespective of its remarkable habit, and its consequent value as a pictorial
tree, this Pyramidal Acacia is further interesting on account of its strongly marked
deviation from the natural habit of the species. How it originated can, under
the circumstances, only be inferred, but it was most probably a seedling, and if
so, only furnishes another example of the power to develop new forms which
seems to be inherent in plants. — T. Moore.

COVERING VINE-BORDERS.

lERHAPS there is no class of men having a daily occupation who are more
completely obliged to take “ thought for to-morrow ” than gardeners. They
have to look ahead for months, nay, for years, in nearly all that is done in
the garden ; and this brings me to my subject — that of how the early Vine-
borders are to be protected during winter.

Some twenty years ago, many writers recommended the chambering and heat¬
ing of the Vine-borders. Now, there is a reaction, and many cultivators recommend
that six inches or a foot of litter should be thrown over the surface of the border,
and believe that all will then be well. I do not quite agree with the former, and
certainly not with the latter. Nothing, surely, can be more unnatural than that
a Vine started, say, in November, should in the following February, when in full
vigour of growth, be exposed to a downfall of snow or cold rain, which, finding its
way into the border, would effectually chill the roots — these, it must be supposed,
being then in a state of active growth. In localities where the rainfall is usually
low, and the subsoil is porous, the non-covering principle may succeed ; but not
in wet localities, for under such circumstances, the Vine-border would be in a
miserable plight during the dark cold days of winter.

Various plans are resorted to for the purpose of keeping the Vine-border
dry — and I believe that is all which is necessary. When the border has sufficient
fall, a good covering of one or two feet of litter or fern, and the whole thatched,
answers very well. The plan which I adopted here some ten years ago was to
cover the border about the middle of October, and then to cover that again all
over with wooden shutters made for the purpose. These, when taken off, are
truly invaluable in hardening off the bedding plants, some six or eight weeks
previous to their being turned out in the flower garden.

More than twice ten years ago, I became a head-gardener near London, and
as litter and wood were both very scarce in the locality where I was placed, I covered
the border of the early house with a lot of roof-tiles, of which we happened to
have plenty ; this was to keep the border dry. On the top of the tiles I put a
foot of stable-manure. The result was satisfactoiy, for on the 1st of April I cut

1874. ]

CULTURE OF THE GOOSEBERRY. - II.

245

three bunches as black as sloes, and carried them up to the Regent-Street rooms.
Did not my heart beat high, when Dr. Lindley praised the young gardener’s first
attempt at exhibiting ! — J. Rust, Eridge Castle^ Tunbridge Wells.

FUCHSIAS FOR FLOWER-GAKDEN DECORATION.

jP to the present time, the Fuchsia has not become a popular flower-garden
favourite, yet there are no plants which are more deserving of out-door
culture than the different varieties of the Fuchsia. Their neatness of
growth, and the gracefulness of their pendent blossoms, together with their
varied colours, all unite to render them highly ornamental and full of interest.
A group of Fuchsias, nicely arranged either in a circular or square bed, placing
the tallest in the centre, and diminishing in size towards the edge of the bed, so
that its appearance is that of a cone or pyramid, forms an object worthy of con¬
siderable notice ; and the effect is rendered still more beautiful by the regularity
and uniformity of the mass of colour, either self or varied. Such a bed would be
more attractive and would command more attention than a bed of Mrs. Pollock
Pelargonium. The spot selected should be protected from rough winds ; water
should be copiously used in dry weather, and a slight mulching of rotten manure
will be found very beneficial. — Ed. Bennett, Gardener to the Marquis of Salisbury.,
Hatfield., Herts.

The Fuchsias planted out by Mr. Sage, near his residence, and which
chiefly consist of old plants, flower beautifully every year, and fully bear out Mr.
Bennett’s recommendation. They are taken up in winter, so that the old stems
are preserved, and are prepared and replanted in spring. — Ed.

CULTURE OF THE GOOSEBERRY.— H.

training-out the young wood of the second year’s growth, the operator
will have to be guided by the mode selected. If he adopts the horizontal,

fhe will permit the three extreme shoots to develop as strong a growth as
he can induce by extra feeding ; the centre one to be trained quite upright,
and the two side-shoots horizontally, as in fig. 1. After making about a foot or
so in growth, the centre shoot may be stopped, in order to divert more sap into
the side-shoots, which latter may be allowed to develop as much growth as they
will without being stopped. Each tree will therefore require five small stakes,
one upright for the centre, and two on each side, which latter may be shifted as
the growth advances, always remembering that the training must be commenced
as soon as there are about three inches of growth, and be followed up as growth
advances. If, on the other hand, the vertical mode is selected, the foundation
must be laid by training-out the two-side shoots, as in fig. 3 ; but no centre
stakes will be required for training, as in the former case.

At the end of the season, these plants may be said to be prepared for planting
in their final positions, and if convenience be studied, there can be none better
than in a line parallel with the pathways, and at a distance of not less than 2 ft.

246

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOQIST.

[November,

from them. The narrow border thus formed will be found useful in a variety of
ways ; though nothing which grows large, especially any of the Brassica tribe,
should be introduced. It may be planted with Strawberries, or Lettuces, or
Parsley, or any such-like light crop, or, if preferred, may be made ornamental
and attractive with small, low-growing, sweet-scented flowers.

The ground should be trenched and prepared for planting by the addition of
a little fresh compost, and if very poor, some good decayed hot-bed manure should
be added. Plant early in October, and the trees will not miss the moving. The
distance apart must not be less than 6 ft., and need not be more, and by adopting
this distance, the trellis may soon be completely fllled with bearing-wood.

Fig. 2.

In the second year, the training required by fig. 1 will consist in leading up
the centre shoot as before, and in laying in two more shoots on each side, if the
tree is strong, but if weakly one only should be taken on each side. The tree
will then have the form of fig. 2, and the same principle must be carried on in
succeeding years, until the trellis is furnished.

The training of fig. 3 is very simple, and is the form I should always recom¬
mend. Continue to train out the extreme shoot on each side horizontally, and
select two good shoots at equal distances on each side, and train them vertically.
The shape will then be as shown in fig. 4 ; and as in the other case, the future
training must be carried out on the same principle until the trellis is full.

1874. ]

CULTURE OF THE GOOSEBERRY. — II.

247

The foundation being thus laid, the manipulation of the surplus branches
becomes the most important part of the treatment. For a few years there will
be no occasion to remove any shoots entirely, but all except the leaders must be
pinched back at about 1 in. from the stem, taking care not to damage the leaves
on the part retained. Any future growth must also, in like manner, be pinched

back, as in this constant pinching-back lies the secret of success. As years
advance it will be found that these side-shoots, which will then form what are
called spurs, become too numerous, and for the good of the fruit they must be
carefully thinned out during the dormant season, when the most fruitful spurs
can be retained. If at any time one of the leading shoots should become naked

or damaged, cut it back to the main stem, and train in a new one in its place.
In this manner the whole of the bearing-shoots may be renovated with young
wood.

The trellis may either be formed of strained wire, set up in the usual way,
and 4 ft. 6 in. high, or it may be formed of upright posts G ft. apart, with
horizontal bars nailed on ; but whether wires or bars are used, they should not
be more than G in. apart. That part of the post which is inserted into the
ground should bo previously well covered with boiling gas-tar, and all the wood¬
work should be painted a neutral colour.

The following are good sorts for general useful purposes, for the kitchen

248

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGHST.

[ November,

and dessert : — Ironmonger^ hairy red ; Red Warrington^ hairy red ; Whitesmith^
downy white ; Green Walnut^ smooth green ; Red Champagne^ hairy red ; Yellow
Champagne^ hairy yellow ; RocJcwood^ hairy yellow ; Heart of Oak^ smooth green.

Some amateurs may desire to cultivate the large Lancashire varieties. These
will require to have the fruit very severely thinned, but in other respects the
treatment is identical. The following are eligible sorts : — London^ smooth red ;
Conquering Hero^ smooth red ; Freedom^ smooth white ; Queen of Trumps^ smooth
white ; Leader^ smooth yellow ; Catherina^ hairy yellow ; Thumper^ smooth green ;
General^ smooth green. — John Cox, Redleaf

CULTUKE OF THE OLEANDER.

SHE Nerium Oleander splendens and its allies are undoubtedly very magnifi¬
cent objects when well grown and full of flower, and yet how seldom are

fthey seen in a luxuriant condition, or even seen at all in any shape, except
in very few gardens ! In France, as well as in other countries, they are
grown in large numbers, and in great perfection, not only in large tubs to a great
size, as we find them at Versailles and at other places, but in a small and port¬
able shape — quite little plants, a foot or fifteen inches high or so, covered with
flowers. Of course in such a small state the flowers are not so large as when
grown in a planted-out manner, or cultivated in large pots ; nevertheless they are
very handsome, and they last a long while in bloom in healthy rooms or bal¬
conies, provided care in watering with nice tepid water, and washing overhead
occasionally, be persevered in. The Oleander, like every other plant, compara¬
tively speaking, is easily grown and flowered when one knows how ; but many
know how to do a thing, and many more know how not to do it. Therefore a
few curt instructions to those who do not know may be acceptable.

The propagation of this very showy plant may be effected in this wise. At
this season (September), when growth is matured, select cuttings 8 in. or
10 in. in length ; insert each in a small bottle of water, with a pinch of wood-
charcoal in each bottle, and place the bottles in a warm house, such as a plant-
stove, or any other place, where the heat is not less than 60° or 70°. In a
month or six weeks these will be rooted, when they may be potted in as small
pots as possible, without injuring the roots, using loam and river-sand in equal
proportions ; but they do not seem particular as to soil, provided it is whole¬
some, and the pots are well-drained. If kept in a warmish place, with moisture in
the atmosphere, they soon get established in their second progressive state. In
early spring, as the days lengthen and growth commences, give them more mois¬
ture and heat, and towards April they may be shifted into a size-larger pot. By
no means give them too large a shift. A lively heat and an abundance of mois¬
ture will be all they need till they show signs of flowering, which they will do
about August. The admission of plenty of air, and partially withholding water for
a month at this period (September), will be a rest to them ; they may then be put
into a warm moist heat as before, and their flowers will open in abundance in

1874. ]

IXIOLIRION PALLASII.

249

October, and on to Christmas. Some of course will not show signs of flowering
the first season ; these may continue on in a cool resting temperature during the
winter, when in early spring they may be started into growth ; and these will
mature their shoots and flower in summer and early autumn.

It must be borne in mind that the Oleander requires a liberal supply of
moisture, both at root and branch, when growing ; and on the other hand, it
must not get into a stagnant state, so that caution must be exercised in giving a
very liberal drainage in all- cases. In a planted-out state, the Oleander makes a
splendid bush, and throws out great shoots 4 ft. or 5 ft. long, which throw splendid
large trusses of flowers, some of the individual flowers measuring 4 in. in diameter.
Of course, the Oleander requires no shade, but every ray of sun must be given
the plants at all times. The variegated-leaved form is very pretty, but its
flowers are not nearly so fine as those of the green kinds ; this does not strike
well, and it is better grafted on the green.

There seem to be only two or three kinds known in this country to any extent,
and it is pleasing to learn that the Messrs. E. Gr. Henderson and Son have some
beautiful single varieties, with large improved flowers, which may prove great
acquisitions to the flower-forcing gardener. The white one will be a valuable
addition ; and though not new, Messrs. Henderson deserve universal thanks for
bringing it before the public. — H. Knight, Floors.

IXIOLIRION PALLASU.

'ijr this beautiful bulbous plant, a good figure has recently appeared in the Gar~
tenflora (t. 775). It grows naturally in the steppes of Southern Russia,
extending to the Caucasus and South Altai, and from thence to Turkestan.
It is a slender-growing Amaryllid, with small bulbs about the size of nuts,
and a tallish leafy stem, from which numerous blue flowers are evolved. This plant
is said to be a synonym of I. montanum., but the flowers are very different in form
as represented in the published figures. The flowers of /. montanum are much
larger and more expanded, and the anthers as represented are quite dissimilar,
while the colour is a dull purple instead of bright blue. I. Pallasii produces a
pair of linear channeled leaves, and some five or six funnel-shaped fiowers, with
the outer side of the tube pale-coloured, and the limb segments closely recurved, and
bright blue, the fiowers being rather less than an inch in expansion. I. montanum.,
which has more numerous flowers, one to three-flowered branches appearing in
the axils of the upper leaves and bracts, is represented to have much larger
flowers, with more spreading segments, so that the perianth measures two inches
across or more. I. tataricum (or Ledehouri) has still more expanded white flowers.
These are all hardy plants, and, in the case of I. Pallasii, grow much better in
open beds, even in Russia, than in pots. I. montanum., though in full leaf, with¬
stood the severe frosts of winter, and flowered beautifully in Dean Herbert’s
garden in the May and June following, perfecting good seed in July. The bulbs
being small, the greatest risk would probably be from accidental disturbance
during the resting period. — T. Mooee.

250

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[Novembee,

NOTABLE NEW PLANTS AND FLOWEKS.

[f.c.o. = First-class Certificate ; b.c. = Botanical Certificate ; f.c.

^ Certificate.]

Floricultural

EGONIA Model [f.o.c.]. — A fine hybrid variety, strong in growth ; the
flowers large, very profuse, and of a rosy-crimson colour ; a valuable
decorative plant. — Messrs. Veitcli Sons : H.H.S..) Sept. 2.

Begonia Eoyaltt [f.o.c.]. — A dwarf-habited free-blooming hybrid,
the leaves showing faint silvery ribs ; the flowers very large, brick-red, the
females as large, or nearly so, as the males. — M?\ J. Chambers : R.H.S..^ Oct. 7.

Cattleta fausta [f.o.c.]. — A fine hybrid between C. Lodcligesii and C. €x~
omensis, with two-leaved stems a foot high ; the flowers broad- petaled, purplish-
rose, the lip purple, yellow at the base. — Messrs. Veitch Sons : R.H.S.^ Oct. 7.

Dahlia Countess of Pembroke [f.o.c.]. — Primrose-buff, a very pleasing and
novel flower, full-sized, of great substance, and excellent form. — Mr. J. Keynes :
K.H.S., Sept. 2.

Dahlia John McPherson [f.o.c.]. — Very bright purple, shaded in the centre ;
large and full, with finely shaped florets. — Mr. J. Keynes : R.H.S.^ Sept 2.

Dahlia Sarah McMillan [f.c.o.]. — A nicely-formed full and well-built
flower, of a very pretty tint of lilac-rose. — Mr. Raidings : R.H.S., Oct. 7.

Decabelone elegans [b.o.]. — A curious Angolan succulent plant, nearly
allied to Stapelia., having spiny erect angular stems, and drooping narrowly
campanulate flowers, of a lurid greenish-yellow colour, dotted and streaked with
reddish-brown. — 3fr. J. Cjvucher : R.H.S.^ Aug. 19.

Dendrobium ertthroxanthum [f.c.o.]. — A singular species, bearing numerous
clusters of small buff-orange flowers, in shape like those of Lapageria, and grow¬
ing in numerous fascicles on naked stems. — Mi'. Denning: R.H.S., Aug. 5.

Drosera glanduligera [b.c.]. — A white-flowered rosulate Australian species,
with obovate leaves, and large solitary blossoms ; neat in growth, and free-flower¬
ing. — Mr. W. Bull: R.H.S., Sept. 2.

Drosera Menziesii [b.c.]. — A small upright-growing species, very curious
and interesting, with small peltate orbicular leaves, and rather large pink or red
flowers. — Air. W. Bull: R.H.S.^ Sept. 2.

Gladiolus Duchess of Edinburgh [f.c.c.]. — Carmine-pink, with a purplish
flame on the white throat ; large flowers, and massive spike. — Alessrs. Kelivay ^
Son: R.H.S., Sept. 2.

Gladiolus James Kelway [f.c.c.]. — Carmine-red, with white throat,
striking in hue, of fine form, and very effective. — Messrs. Kelway Son: R.II.S.^
Sept. 2.

Hollyhock Mulberry Gem [f.c.c.]. — A bright glossy mulberry-coloured
variety ; a good addition to the group of dark-coloured flowers. — Mr. W. Chater:
R.H.S., Aug. 19.

Hollyhock Eose Supreme [f.c.c.]. — Bright rose, large and full in outline,
and also striking in colour. — Air. W. Ch-ater : Aug. 19.

Kniphofia McOwanii [f.c.c.]. — A pretty dwarf-growing species, not much
exceeding a foot in height, the leaves channeled, the flowers orange-red, on short
spikes ; the plant had been in flower for three months ; useful as a dwarf grower.
— Mr. Green: R.H.S.^ Oct. 7.

Nerium Oleander, New Eed [f.c.c.]. — A fine deep rosy-red-flowered variety.

1874. ]

PHILADELPHUS GOEDONIANUS.

251

large in size, and likely to make a fine decorative plant for the conservatory.-—
Messrs. E. G. Henderson Son : R.H.S.., Sept. 2.

Odontoglossum maxillare [f.c.o.]. — A dwarf-growing species with pearly-
white flowers, having reddish-brown spots on the base of all the segments, the
lip being entire and stained v^ith yellow. — 3fr. Shields : R.H.S..^ Sept. 2.

CEceoclades guineensis [r.c.G.]. — A pretty and distinct terrestrial tropical
orchid, the flowers having narrow sepals and petals, and a large, broad, rosy-lilac
lip.— d/r. W. Bull : R.H.S., Sept. 2.

Selaginella lepidophylla [f.o.c.]. — The Eesurrection plant — a species of
Club-moss, with flat branches of a deep bright green colour ; remarkable for
rolling into a ball when dry, and opening again on the application of moisture. —
Messrs. E. G. Henderson Son : R.H.S., Sept. 2.

SoLANUM QuiTOENSE [f.c.c.]. — A large-leaved handsome species, the leaves of
a bright velvety green, with hairy purple-tinted veins ; fine for conservatory or
sub-tropical work. — Messrs. Veitch Sons : R.H.S.., Sept. 2.

Zygopetalum Sedeni [f.c.c.]. — A pretty hybrid, bred from Z. maxillare
crossed with Z. MacJcayi ; the petals being dark brown, and the lip bluish-
purple, with a curiously plaited crest. — Messrs. Veitch ^ Sons : RH.S.^ Aug. 5.

PHILADELPHUS GOEDONIANUS.

HE names of Syringa and Mock Orange are as familiar to one’s ear, as the
plants represented by them are beautiful and fragrant. The genus,
^ moreover, is perhaps as universally known by the general public, as are many
genera which include in their number some one or more native species,
which the Mock Orange genus does not. By reference to the Mock Orange genus, lie
it understood, I do not mean the Syringa of science, though Syringa is one of its
popular names ; for the Mock Orange, technically speaking, is no Syringa at all ;
it is not a Lilac, and it is the Lilacs that constitute the genus Syringa. Whence
the popular error of calling the Philadelphus a Syringa comes, I know not, though
I can aver that it is of long standing. I readily admit that the name, derived
from syrinx.^ a pipe, given originally to the Lilac in reference to its hollow pithy
stem, would apply with even greater force to the wood of the Mock Orange. As,
however. Botanists have long claimed for the latter the name of Philadelphus,
more need not be said than to express a hope that in time we may see the popular
error dispelled. Even the commoner varieties of the Mock Orange are extremely
beautiful. In regard to their fragrance. Mason said : —

, “ Tho sweet Syi’inga, yielding but in scent

To the rich Orange.”

And referring to the purity of their showy white flowers, I perceive, by a quota¬
tion beside me, that Cowper describes them as “ ivory pure.” Againj referring to
old gardening lore, we are told, “ The leaves taste like fresh cucumbers, and are
thence sometimes used to flavour spring salads !”

The plant to which I would especially draw attention by these few notes, is
the species known as Gordon’s Mock Orange, or Philadelphus Gordonianus.^ the
flowers of which are double the size of the ordinary kind, while the shrub itself

252 '

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[November,

is a very much stronger grower, besides possessing the merit of blooming quite
a month later, and thus affording a very pleasing succession. The blossoms of
this species, in consequence of their greater size, afford a very beautiful illustration
of Cowper’s allusion to “ ivory ” whiteness. — ^William Eaeley, Valentines.

NEW HYACINTHS.

JNE very natural result of the granting of Certificates to New Hyacinths, and
one, in fact, which was mainly in view when the practice was established, has
been the introduction of many new varieties, and amongst these there have
been several which are exceedingly promising, both on the score of dis¬
tinctness and merit. True, the practice has also another effect, that of increasing
the price of novelties beyond the level which might have been fixed had there
been no special demand for them ; but this is in the very nature of things —
novelties must be paid for as novelties till they find their commercial level, and
this they are some years in doing in the case of Hyacinths.

That the gains of the past few years, some portion of which we must owe to
the stimulus ot Certificates, have been considerable, will be at once seen when we
glance at a few of the names of the novelties which have been^ selected for
reward. They may be divided into two groups, — those in which the vigour of the
plant and the size of the bells have been increased, and those which show
improvement or novelty of colour. Of the former. Princess Louise., Mary., Anna.,
and Mr. Plimsoll., single whites, and Minister ThorhecJc., Cavaignac, Mazzini, and
Prince of Wales., single blues, are examples ; while of the latter. Von Schiller
and Marquis of Lome, single mauves. Lord Mayo, single violet, Lord Melville,
single dark blue ; and Sir Garnet Wolseley, single blue, the latter three with white
eyes ; and Quirine Christine, Lady Tuyll, and L' Ornement de Rosa, all pale rosy
tints marked with pink stripes, are illustrations.

Messrs. E. H. Krelage and Son, of Haarlem, who are well known as extensive
growers of Hyacinths and other Dutch bulbs, have issued a list of New Hyacinths
for the current season, their production being, no doubt, the result of the practice
of granting Certificates, to which we have alluded. As regards their quality, they
state that though they do not venture to say they surpass all the old varieties,
yet they think they may honourably take rank by the side of those already known.
“ Their value as articles of commerce cannot be fixed before further trials
have been made.” The novelties thus offered are, as usual, composed mainly
of single flowers, but it would seem that attention is also being directed towards
the improvement of the double-flowered class.

It is somewhat remarkable that amongst the single-flowered new sorts offered
in this list, there are no Whites, but as the class has been well replenished during
the last year or two, they can the more readily be dispensed with. The Single Beds
comprise Max Nisson, bright red, with pale eye ; Van Ilnysum, bright red, with
dark lines ; Rachel Ruysch, dark rose, with bright red lines ; and Daniel Seghers,
light red, with darker lines. The Single Blues are more numerous, and consist

I IMIVPI

H.Fitcli del

(^Ki'ornc G. Severeyits Brussels

L ilium

onianum. purpureum

1374. ]

GARDEN LILIES. - CHAPTER VII.

253

of General Molthe^ briglit porcelain, and forming a beautiful spike ; Karl
Immerman^ clear blue, with dark lines and shading ; Sieraad van Flora^ blue,
with broad dark violet lines and light eye ; Justus von Liehig^ black-blue ;
General van Swieten^ black-blue, with black shading ; Emilia Ingham^ dark
purple-violet, with black lines ; Bourgueinaitre de Gand^ very dark violet-blue,
with black stripe on each segment. The Single Yellows consist of General
Kohlei\ clear bright yellow ; Gustave Dore^ bright yellow, and a beautiful spike,
late ; Alma Tadema^ bright yellow, with darker lines.

Amongst the new double-flowered varieties, the class of Double Yellows
would appear to have obtained the greatest acquisition in William //., a deep
yellow, striped with orange, and with very double bells. The varieties we
already possess in this group are of a very inferior character, and it is to be
hoped that the high price set upon this novelty indicates quality rather than a
limited stock. The Double Blues comprise President Grants dark blue, with
dark, almost black, lines on the. segments ; President MacMahon^ very double,
dark blue, marked with violet lines, and paler margins ; and Bloemhof^ very
double light blue, marked with dark lines. The Double Reds are augmented
by a semi-double variety, called General Verspyck^ which has pale rose-coloured
bells, marked with dark sLxx^ This is a large number to emanate in one
season from one establishment ; let us hope they may contain at least some that
will prove to be permanent acquisitions. — T. M.

GARDEN LILIES.— Chapter VII.

ESUMING our enumeration of the Lilies belonging to the group of Eulirion,
we have still one or two extremely interesting species to notice — namely,
L. Belladonna^ and L. W ashing tonianum and its Ydineiy jmrpureum.

•14. Lilium Belladonna.— This Lily is known to us only from the
account given 'by Mr. Baker in the Journal of the Linnean Society (xiv., 232),
where it is mentioned as being cultivated by M. Leichtlin. It is described as
probably a garden hybrid between L. speciosum and L. longiflormn^ having the
habit of the former, but flowers resembling L. candidum^ only of a reddish colour
(rubellum), instead of white. It grows a foot high, or more, with slender terete
smooth green stems ; the leaves, about twenty in number, being smooth, lanceolate
acuminate, 1^ in. to 2 in. long, shortly stalked, and somewhat distant. The
flowers are from one to three in number, the upper erect, the lateral ones hori¬
zontal ; the perianth is broadly funnel-shaped, 3 in. long, stained with red through¬
out, except at the exterior base, where it is tinted with green, the segments
oblanceolate, unspotted, the inner ones broadest. The stamens are four times
shorter than the perianth, with narrow reddish anthers ; and the style is slightly
declinate, longer than the stamens, and tern^iinated by a small stigma.

15. Lilium Washingtonianum {Flore des Serres^ tt. 1975-76 ; Gartenflora^
t. 710). — A beautiful sweet-scented Lily, with erect terete stems 3 ft. to 5 ft.
high, and which are glabrous like the rest of the plant. The leaves are nar-

254

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ November,

rowly oblanceolate, undulated, one-nerved, 4 in. to 5 in. long, and from ^ in. to
in. broad, in whorls of from ten to twelve, the upper whorls consisting of fewer

Lilium Washikgtonianum.

and smaller leaves, the uppermost leaves becoming scattered. The flowers have
as yet in the cultivated plants been confined to umbels of three or four together,
but in the wild plant not unfrequently are from twelve to eighteen in number,

1S74. ]

GAEDEN LILIES. - CHAPTER VII.

255

and form a dense raceme a foot in length, with lanceolate bracts half as
long as the erecto-patent peduncles ; the perianth is funnel-bell-shaped,

becoming freely expanded, the segments obversely lance-shaped, spreading and
recurved at the tip, while, dotted with red (according to the figure and de-

256

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[November,

scription published by Eegel), or rosy-pink and scarcely at all spotted (according
to Van Houtte’s figure), the inner ones somewhat broadest, narrowed gradually to
the base, and entirely without hairs or papillae on the face of the claw. The
stamens are very much shorter than the perianth, and terminated by yellow
anthers, five to six lines long. The style is in. to 2 in. long, a good deal
curved upwards towards the point. The flowers are produced in July.

This fine and very distinct Lily inhabits the western slope of the Californian
Sierra Nevada, along the watershed of the streams that run into the Sacramento.
According to Professor Wood, it is found in woods here and there from the
Yosemite to the Columbia, and is well known to the miners, who recognise its
superior qualities, and call it the Washington Lily. Our woodcut, from a draw¬
ing by Mr. Fitch, is borrowed from the Gardeners* Chronicle. The credit of
introducing the plant into Europe belongs to M. Eoezl, by whom it was sent to
M. Leichtlin.

L. Washingtonianum purpureum, of which a coloured figure is annexed,
prepared from specimens bloomed by G. F. Wilson, Esq., of Weybridge, is a
beautifully tinted variety of the foregoing, described as being smaller in stature
and more slender in habit, with a stem of 1 ft. to ft. high, furnished with
oblanceolate leaves from 1 in. to 1-4 in. long, and crowned by a raceme of from
four to eight or more very handsome flowers. The perianth is bell-funnel-shaped,
with the segments very much reflexed, white stained (more deeply in the older
flowers) with wine-purple, and dotted all over with minute spots of blackish-
purple. It also flowers in Juljr.

The introduction of this variety is due to Mr. W. Bull, by whom it was im¬
ported, and distributed in some quantity at Stevens’ Auction Eooms, in the latter
part of last year, under the name of L. ’purpnreum^ which was attached to it, in
accordance with the descriptions received from California, where it is found in
the Yosemite Valley. Mr. Bull observes that he has “never found L. Washing-
toniamim to bloom in the precocious way that this variety does ; the bulbs,
moreover, are different. Another distinction is, that L. Washingtonianum grows
6,000 ft. above the level of the sea, where the ground is covered in winter with
from 15 ft. to 20 ft. of snow ; whereas L. Washingtonianum purpureum is found
in Humboldt county, in a climate of perpetual spring. The flowers are fragrant,
and from twelve to sixteen are produced on a stem.” The accompanying wood-
cut, from the Gardeners* Chronicle., represents a small specimen bloomed, and
exhibited at South Kensington, by Messrs. Veitch and Sons, and shows the
symmetiical habit of the plant. — T. Moore.

EVIL EFFECTS OF TREES IN HEDGE-ROWS.

OWEVEE ornamental trees in hedge-rows may be, they are not only
injurious to agricultural crops, but are often ruinous to the fences. This
is sufiBciently proved by the gape seen in hawthorn fences under trees,
especially where the trees are numerous and not pruned up. The effect

1874. ]

EVIL EFFECTS OF TREES IN HEDGE-ROWS.

257

produced by some kinds of trees is, however, more detrimental than that of others,
as in the case of the dense shade of Beech and broad-leaved Elm, while the lighter
shade of Oak and Ash does less damage. The searching and spreading roots of
the Ash, however, not only affect the growth of the fences, but that of the
adjacent crops ; while the more directly descending roots of the Oak seem to do
less harm than those of any other deciduous tree.

Doubtless the barbarous plan of pollarding trees in hedge-rows arose from
the circumstances just mentioned, in connection with the utility of their tops as
fire-wood. In any case, however, whether in hedges or in park scenery, they are
most unsightly, especially to lovers of trees in their natural state of growth. I trust
that this remark will be enough to free me from the blame of being like too
many farmers — having no taste for the beauty of trees. If not, I instance another.
I once inquired of a Shetland man what objects took his attention the most on
his first arrival in this country. He said, the beautiful trees ; and this, no doubt,
because they were new to him, since there are no trees worth notice in his native
isles. How diJBferent were his views of trees from that of a Fen man, who told me
that trees and undulated land only obstructed one’s sight!

As regards the fences introduced to divide land under tillage into fields, depend
upon it there are none equal to Hawthorn kept shorn or clipped, for thus treated
they become thick and close, and afford better shelter for cattle, as well as for
checking the progress of the sweeping blasts across the fields. In this part of
the country, except in few instances, it is often otherwise, both large and small
fields being enclosed by rough, unshorn hedges, studded with deformed trees.

Now, respecting the damage done to the crops by the shade and roots of such
trees, I believe I shall not be far out if I say that it extends 6 ft. beyond the
fences — at least, fully that space of land hardly pays for culture and seed,
especially in small fields. I once knew a good landlord who was fond of trees on
his farms. After his decease, the tenants complained to their new landlord of the
losses occasioned by the shade of so many trees ; some estimated it at five pounds
yfearly, others ten pounds, and so on. But he, being a shrewd man, took notes
of what they said, cut down the trees, sold the timber, and added to their rents
the amount of estimated losses. This they did not expect, but after a while,
they found themselves gainers by the change.

I am well aware of what has been said, and truly said, respecting the beauty
of our country scenery, when compared with the fenceless fields in some parts of
France and Spain. This epithet, however, may apply in some measure to large
tracts of land under tillage even in this country. Take, for instance, some open
fields in West Norfolk, some of which are upwards of a hundred acres in extent.
Now if there had been a few round clumps of trees planted in them, according to
Brown’s plan of adornment, to break the monotonous scenery, they would when
aged have required no fencing-in, but they would have afforded shade for cattle in
summer, as well as shelter from cold blasts in winter, and perhaps have taken up
less space of ground than the deformed trees in the hedge-rows.

Y

258

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Novembeb,

I wish it to be clearly understood that what I have said on this subject does
not apply to trees in parks, because there they are their chief ornaments;
nor to trees in grass pastures, neither to a few trees in nooks or corners about
farmsteads, because these afford shelter. In fact, it is considered that the de¬
struction of the natural forests in this country, as in other cases, has rendered our
climate more bleak and the land more barren. — J. Wighton, Cossey Park.

GAKDEN GOSSIP.

WOODCUT figure of the Lambton bunch of Black Hamburgh Grapes.,
mentioned at p. 231, with various particulars of the Vine, has been pub¬
lished in the Gardener. The weight of the bunch was 21 lb. 12 oz., and
our contemporary remarks that this is the most extraordinary production

in the way of any fruit that has been recorded in the annals of horticulture.” The Vine
which produced this compound cluster was struck from an eye in 1869. It bore six bunches
the second year after planting, one of which Mr. Hunter staged in his Ist-prize collection in
1872. It bore eight bunches in 1873, one of these being the heaviest black grape shown at
Manchester, whicli weighed 13 lb. 4 oz., while the smallest of the other seven weighed 4 lb.
This year it has home five bunches — that mentioned above, which is compound, and one of
111b. 2 oz., of faultless symmetry, the remaining four weighing 131b. 13 oz. In the same
house grew a Vine of Raisin de Calabre, or Calabrian Raisin, which bore a cluster weighing
15 lb., and five others scarcely less ; and there were also immense Trebbianos of from 10 lb.
to 12 lb., Gros Guillaume of from 141b. to 16 lb., very large Muscats, and Foster’s Seedling
of immense size and splendid quality. The soil, we are told, is a strong holding soil.

- ^HE autumn Shows of Fungi keep up with unabated interest. At

that of the Woolhope Club, held in Hereford, which was very successful, a
handsome presentation was made to Mr. Worthington G. Smith, “ in pleasant

memory of fungus forays, assisted by his experience, illustrated by his pencil, and chronicled
by his pen.” The show at South Kensington was a smaller exhibition, but excited a good deal
of interest amongst the visitors.

- She Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury Strawberry may be especially

recommended as a most prolific bearer, either forced or in the open ground. It

ought to be more extensively grown, for those who have tried it report that none

are equal to it as a general good cropper ; while it remains longer in bearing than many
other sorts, will also keep longer when ripe, and, as the flesh is Ann, is well-adapted for
travelling. The flavour, too, is most refreshing, having a slight acidity. As a forcing
Strawberry it cannot be too highly recommended, being a sure setter, and that in a tempera¬
ture which would prove fatal to Keens’ Seedling, and many others. The plants after forcing
may be beneficially used for making fresh plantations in the open garden.

- ®HE handsome variegated-leaved plant, known as Erythrina Parcellii.,

is said to be the E. picta of Linnaeus, a variegated variety of E. indica., of which

there is a plate in Eumphius’ Herbarium Amhoinense (ii., t. 77). It is rare in

Amboina, but occurs in several places in the eastern part of the Moluccas and Celebes. The
custom of planting it near houses or temples, as mentioned by Rumphius, is general in the
Fijian islands, according to Seemann, who says: — “The flowering of the Drala (Erythrinu
indica), which takes place about the end of July or the beginning of Augiist, is the general
sign for planting the yams, and one of the natural phenomena upon which the Fijian Calendar
is based. For this reason the tree is found near almost every village, either wild or planted.
The seeds aie used by children for toys, and by the heathen priests to cover the so-called
oracle boxes.” This species is commonly cultivated throughout India.

- ^The Pascalia glauca is a fine herbaceous plant, somewhat resembling

a Sunflower, but having an elegance of character in the stem and leaves, a grace-

1874. ]

GARDEN GOSSIP.

259

fulness and length in the flower-stalk, and a certain style of beauty about the

buds and flowers not to be met with in any of the sunflowers. It was introduced from Chili
many years ago, and is not a very robust plant, but has one or more stems a few inches high,
from which four or five branches are protruded, each surmounted by a flower. These begin
to open about the end of June, and frequently remain till September. It has a tendency to
throw undergi'ound runners, and to come up at a distance from tho parent stem, which often
leads to its accidental destruction ; these young shoots make good flowering plants.

- the International Show at Belfast, a new Double-flowered Pansy^

Lord Waveney^ which is highly spoken of, was shown by Messrs. Allan and Son,
of Ballymena. It is a fine deep purple flower, perfectly globular in shape, and

judging from the plant shown, a very abundant bloomer, the flowers large in size, and well
thrown up above the foliage. Messrs. Allan state that they believe it came in a batch of
seedlings some three years ago, and, finding it much superior in richness of colour, abundance
of bloom, size of flower, doubleness, and duration of time in flower, to tho old double variety,
they at once commenced to propagate it.

- ^HE Variegated Pine-ag)ple {Ananassa sativa variegata) is a beautiful

plant, not only for exhibition purposes, but also for the decoration of the dinner-

table. Mr. Sage; at Ashridge, grows it rather largely for this purpose, the plants

being especially handsome when in fruit, since, in addition to the fine white and green varie¬
gation, the bracts and all the central parts of the plant acquire a strong tint of bright red,
which renders them exceedingly effective.

- Amongst the free-flowering varieties of Canna^ one of .the best is that

named M. Celler^ which has been flowering in great beauty with Messrs. Stan-
dish and Oo. during the past summer. It appears to have been raised from

C. Bihorelli by M. Chretien, and was sent out by M. Lemoine. It grows about 2 ft. high ,
has green leaves, and bears fine bold compact spikes of large deep crimson flowers of a very
showy character. These two Gannas are most desirable varieties for general cultivation,
either in beds or in the borders.

- '^The Pyracaniha {Cratcegus Pyracanthd) is beyond question the most

brilliant of all evergreen shrubs for a wall in winter, when covered with its rich

clusters of orange-scarlet berries. Fire Thorn, the meaning of its specific name,

very well expresses the glowing colour of its fruit. The ordinary South European form is,
however, said to be far surpassed by the variety crenulata, from the mountains of India, which
has larger glossy leaves and vermilion-coloured berries. It is quite hardy in Britain, as it
grows at an altitude of between 5,000 and 7,000 ft. on the Himalayan Mountains. It was
introduced in 1818, and may be found in most nurseries.

- noticed lately, at Messrs. Lane’s Nursery at Berkhamstead, some

of the Shrubby Ivies, grown in pots, both as dwarf bushes and as standards, and

which formed exceedingly interesting objects, very useful for many decorative

purposes, such as the furnishing of halls or corridors, or for mixing with other plants in cold
conservatories and greenhouses. Neatly grown into compact symmetrical specimens, they
have a much more tasteful and pictural appearance than might at first be supposed, and are,
in fact, remarkably effective.

- ^ FINE specimen of Arundo conspicua, one of the finest of ornamental

grasses, the largest, and perhaps the most beautiful of the natives of New Zealand,
has lately been flowering freely in the succulent house at Kew. Though suitable for

planting in the open ground, it is also desirable in pots for the conservatory, as the graceful
plumes last for months in the best condition. It would be a striking subject for exhibition.
It seeds freely, and in this way plants may be produced in quantity. For its culture, rich
loam is preferable ; and while growing, especially when the flower-stems are rising, a shallow
pan of water in which to stand the pot is of great benefit.

- ^IpHE Florence International Exhibition is said to haye proved a

Y 2

260

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOOIST.

[November,

financial success, tlie nett profit being £1,000. The disposal of this sum, to the
best advantage for horticulture, is under consideration,

— m. Hooibrenk’s process for facilitating the Fertilisation of Plants

has, according to the report of M. Beer, been successfully tried in the Botanic

Garden, Vienna. The process consists in touching the stigma of the flower,

just before it blooms, with a pencil dipped in honey, or, better still, wiOi honey mingled with
the pollen of the plant which is being operated on. The process has succeeded admirably,
it is stated, on fruit-trees, and even on certain particular branches of trees which had never
borne ; on the portions thus treated, fruit formed in natural course, while other parts re¬
mained in their normal condition. The effect may be explained by supposing that the honey
retains the pollen-grains on the stigma, and thus favours the formation of the indispensable
pollen-tubes.

- ®HE Eclieveria secunda glauca^ so useful as a decorative bedding-plant,

tliough comparatively hardy, will only last through an exceptionally mild winter.

A continuous rain, especially when the plants occupy a low wet position, does

them much hai*m ; and when frost succeeds rain, they become completely destroyed. The
best way to winter it is to take off the side-shoots and off-sets in August, and plant them
closely in shallow boxes, placing them in any out-of-the-way place where they can be kept
free from frost, and pretty dry. Now that succulent plants are becoming to be so generally
employed in decorative gardening, this valuable Echeveria has come to play a most important
part, and it is in some cases necessary to winter it in large quantities. At Heckfield Place,
Hants, the seat of Viscount Eversley, an ingenious method of wintering the Echeveria has
been resorted to. On the south front of some of his greenhouses a lean-to pyramid of soil was
thrown up, 9 in. to 12 in. deep at the base, tapering at the top, and about 3 ft. in width. The
chief part of this bank was made up of cinder-ashes, with a covering of soil, and the exterior
was built up of Echeveria secunda glauca, laid on their sides, in rows close together, the roots
covered with the soil next the ashes. In this way a large number can be stowed away and
wintered with safety. In rainy weather the water falls away from the leaves and does not
rest on them ; the plants are always comparatively dry, and thus the injury from frost is
reduced to a minimum.

- J®[edical autborities ascribe to the Tomato the following very important

qualities : — 1. The Tomato is one of the most powerful aperients of the liver and

other organs ; where calomel is indicated, it is one of the most effective and the

least hurtful medical agents known. 2. A chemical extract will be obtained from it that will
supersede the use of calomel in the cure of disease. 3. Diarrhoea has been successfully
treated with this article alone. 4. When used as an article of diet, it is almost sovereign for
dyspepsia and indigestion. 5. It should be constantly used for daily food ; either cooked or
raw, or in the form of catsup, it is the most healthy article now in use. Tomatos may bo
preserved by slightly scalding and skinning them and putting them into bottles ; these being
set in boiling water for a few minutes, and corked and sealed, the fruit will keep as long as
desired, and if eaten when first opened will have the same taste as when just picked from the
vines. A better way, perhaps, is to peel the Tomatos, boil them slightly so as to expel the air,
and then put them in heated bottles and cork at once. All depends on the exclusion of the
air. The more perfectly this is done, the longer the fruit may be preserved.

- ®wo kinds of Poplar, very common on the Continent, Populus nigra

and P. canadensis^ the latter the most prevalent, are easily distinguished at the

early leafing period, a fact which maybe turned to account by planters. P. nigra

has dark green foliage, w'hile its confrere P. canadensis has the leaves of a pale yellow-green,
with a russet tinge. In groups of the latter, where specimens of the former happen to be
dotted with it, the effect is described as striking. The same contrast is observable between
P. canadensis and the Lombardy Poplar, which is by some regarded as a variety of P. nigra.

- - - Kf, after flowering, the decayed remnants of the Double White Pocket

are cut away, leaving the flower-stalks intact, and these are then carefully bent
down, and layered in some fine soil, they root readily. The consequence is, that
very flowering-stem becomes a very strong plant by the autumn. The general rule is to

1874,]

GARDEN WORK FOR NOVEMBER.

261

cut the stems away, so as to strengthen the growth from the roots, in order to divide them
in the autumn, but this plan is not unlikely to bo useful to many who grow this fine siimmer-
tiowering perennial, and who would like to improve, or at least increase their stock.

0bttuavi2*

— William Masters^ of Canterbuiy, died on September 26, aged

78. He succeeded to the long-established nursery business of his father, which

he carried on with as keen an interest from the scientifie and artistic as from the

commercial point of view. He acquired considerable reputation and an extensive practice in
landscape gardening. The Canterbury Nurseries were at one time famous for their groups
and collections of ornamental hardy trees and shrubs, for herbaceous and alpine plants, and
for succulents. Mr. Masters was an occasional contributor to horticultural literature from
the time of Loudon downwards ; as a hybridisor and raiser of seedlings, his experiments were
mainly devoted to Elms— of which an account is given in Loudon’s — to the Altluea

frutex, Sweet Peas, Hollyhocks, and Hyacinths ; and amongst vegetables, especially to Peas.
He was formerly an alderman of the city, and served the office of mayor, but latterly, on
account of infirmity, he withdrew from public affairs, retaining, however, the commission of
the peace and the trusteeship of the city charities. In private life Mr. Masters was highly
esteemed by those who knew' him, not loss for his talents than for his kind and amiable
temperament. ^

GAKDEN WORK FOR NOVEMBER.

FLOWERS.

(n/'j^LOWER-GARDENS will now require a thorough clearing, if not already
nllg done, and tender foliage-plants, which have attained unimpaired vigour
and effectiveness throughout the autumn months in such a remarkable

o

degree, must now give place to the hardier types of embellishment. No
favourable opportunity of planting the beds with Shrubs, Bulbs, and other
spring-blooming plants should therefore be lost. Vases may also be very taste¬
fully planted with Evergreens, and at little expense, for the great majority of these
will now propagate freely from cuttings in the open ground ; and as small plants
in numbers are the most serviceable, a batch should be put in every autumn.

Herbaceous borders should be cleared and dug, planting out Perennials and
Biennials. Those most effective of border-plants, the Lilies., should have imme¬
diate attention, dividing and replanting exhausted groups. They delight in a deep
friable loam, thoroughly drained, which may be enriched with leaf-soil and rotten
manure, adding sand if deficient ; these gorgeous flowers are worthy of every
attention in planting, and will stand for years undisturbed when once favourably
established. The same remarks as to replanting apply equally to other kinds of
roots, most of which are now out of sight, and liable to be forgotten ; but by
dividing entangled masses, we greatly increase their vigour and effectiveness.

Dahlias should be lifted as soon as the tops are destroyed by frost, cutting off
the stems, and placing them, crown downwards, for a few days in an airy shed to
dry ; afterwards store them under the greenhouse stage, or in a dry cool place,
where they will not be likely to shrivel. The loss of gaiety in our parterres at
this season should, as far as possible, be compensated for by extreme order,
keeping the walks free from weeds, removing falling leaves, and frequently rolling
both gi’ass and gravel.

Shrnhheries : This is the most favourable season of the year for transplanting
Evergreens. In carrying out premeditated alterations, strive to introduce telling
masses of colour at various points, as well as effectively to distribute groups of
the various forms available ; both aid greatly in giving a distinctive character to
the planting. A free intermixture of flowering shrubs is indispensable. What is
more charmingly pretty than a mass of Berberis Darwinii., with its rich orange-

262

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[November,

yellow blossoms ; or the snowy purity of the double Cerasns^ contrasting with the
fresh verdure of renewed vegetation ? Timely attention must be given to the
covering of all tender plants, bearing in mind that much damage often results
from accumulated damp in the protecting materials. A slight covering of spruce
or other branches is all that is necessary for most things, but whatever the nature
of the materials employed, dryness must be secured.

Roses must have the ground for them thoroughly prepared, by trenching and
working-in a good proportion of cow-manure. If the soil is light, a good dressing
of heavy loam should also be given, as the Bose delights in a firm heavy soil.
Boses should never be lifted until the leaves have fallen ; thousands of -them an¬
nually are weakened or killed outright through evaporation, and the consequent
shrivelling of the bark, often aided by exposure in transit. The Bose delights in
a firm soil, and consequently must be planted firmly ; yet nothing is more in¬
jurious than placing their roots in heavy soil, and treading it into a puddle ; the
ground must be in good working order at the time of planting. Brier stocks
should now be planted ; also cuttings of Manetti for budding. Cuttings of Boses
will now root freely, choosing firm pieces about 6 in. in length, and inserting
them in a piece of ground of a sandy nature ; if they can be afforded the
protection of a spare frame, so much the better ; if not, mulch the surface.

Conservatory : As winter approaches bright colours in-doors are most desirable,
and merit special attention. Early forced Camellias now coming into bloom must
have the soil kept in a healthy state of moisture, more particularly plants that
are pot-bound will be much improved when the buds are swelling by applications
of manure-water ; that from cow, sheep, or deer-dung, with soot mixed in, being
excellent for the purpose. The general stock of these should be comparatively
at rest. Chrysanthemums will now be in bloom, and must have attention in
watering, giving free ventilation, for they quickly succumb in a close murky
atmosphere. Effective as these are, they should at all times be used in modera¬
tion in conservatory arrangements, as there is no lack of more elegant subjects.
Use fire-heat in these structures moderately at present, as the majority of plants
now in them do not benefit by fire-heat.

Greenhouse Plants : Heaths must be afforded a free ventilation and strict
attention in watering ; the soft-wooded varieties, which are now coming into
bloom, must be freely watered and encouraged in a genial temperature. Con¬
tinue to stake and tie Azaleas and other plants that require it. Cinerarias and
Calceolarias dislike dry heat, and must be afforded a cool temperature near to
the glass, taking care to keep them free from mildew by sulphuring, and from
green-fly by fumigating, and shifting them before they become pot-bound.
Pelargoniums will now occasionally require fire-heat to ward off frost and damp ;
water carefully, not allowing the plants to suffer, and shift on such as may
require it, keeping under all insect pests. Lilies should be potted at once,
using a sound fibrous loam, and thoroughly-drained pots.

Stove : Keep Palms that are now making growth freely well supplied with
water ; those that are intended for decorative purposes must be kept so far hardy
as not to suffer by exposure, as must also Ferns intended for this purpose.
Encourage all plants in a growing state ; keep creepers under subjection ; wage
a persevering war of extermination upon all insect pests.

Forcing-house : Some of the most forward plants of Azaleas^ such as amoena^
indica^ alha^ Fielder\s White^ vitfata^ and the varieties of jmnctulata, &c., which
have a disposition to bloom carl}^ should now be placed in heat, if not already
done. A batch of the earliest Jitdbs may now be introduced ; and such subjects
as Lily of the Valley^ SpirceaSy early blooming Rhododendrons, LilacSy DeutziaSy

1874.]

GARDEN WORK FOR NOVEMBER.

263

Hoses, &c., bearing in mind that the successful forcing of sucb subjects mainly
depends on the previous preparation and maturation of the wood and crowns ;
the buds must be thoroughly ripe to insure success.

Bedding-plants must have free ventilation during fine weather, as they suffer
more from confined damp than any other cause. Hardy subjects, such as Carna¬
tions, Hollyhocks, &c., should have abundance of air during fine weather, while
protecting materials should be at hand in case of frost. — G. Westland, Witley.

FRUITS.

Vinery : If the early house was closed at the end of last month, a little
fire-heat may now be given, should the weather be cold and the nights frosty,
in order that the night temperature may not fall below 45°, and the day
temperature may range about 60°. Keep up a moist atmosphere by sprinkling the
pipes and floor of the house frequently, the Vines being syringed every day as
well ; give air in bright weather, and raise the temperature 5° by the end of the
month. Prune and clean the succession Vines as soon as the leaves have fallen.

Cherries and Plums : All Pot Plants intended for forcing should be looked
over, to see that the drainage is perfect, and any that may require more pot-room
should now be shifted. This is the best time to pot young trees, in preparation
for forcing another season ; after potting, plunge them in a bed of leaves, to pro¬
tect them from frost and to excite root-action.

Peach-house : Finish tying the trees in the early house ; put on the sashes,
and surface the borders with a mixture of fresh loam and dung. If early
peaches are required, the house should be closed at night ; but do not apply fire-
heat for the present, except the nights are cold and frosty, when a little heat
may be given towards the end of the month.

Strawberries : Those intended for early forcing had better be placed under
glass in a cold frame, or the pots laid on their sides at the foot of a wall — either
plan will answer, the object being to secure the plants against heavy rains, so
that they may dry before the forcing time arrives. All others should be placed
in their winter quarters, either stacking them sideways in coal-ashes, or packing
fern or litter round the pots, to protect them from frost.

Pines : Keep a steady bottom-heat of from 75° to 80° to the succession plants,
and a night temperature of 65°, with a rise of 10° to 15° during sunshine. Give
air at every favourable opportunity, but close early in the afternoon. Less water
will now be needed. Plants swelling their fruit should be kept a little warmer
than the succession plants. Keep the atmosphere moist, and give air every mild
quiet day. Bear in mind to have plenty of leaves in readiness, for use by and by.

Hardy Fruit: During this month is, perhaps, the best time to Poot-prune any
fruit-trees that are growing too rank or are otherwise unfruitful. If large trees
are to be operated on, only one side should be done at a time, by cutting a trench
half way round the tree, reserving the other side till another time. In filling up
this trench, use some fresh loam and dung with the old soil. Root-pruning young
trees is a simple matter, and consists in merely running the spade round the
trees, about 2 ft. from the stem. All Fruit-trees may now be planted, or large
trees shifted. In the renewal of Wall-trees, where the borders are old, the ground
should be well trenched to the full width of the border, and fresh loam and
manure mixed with the old soil as the work proceeds ; mulch the trees after
planting with rotten manure, to encourage them to make roots at once. Go over
Peach and Nectarine trees with a soft broom, to remove a portion of the leaves,
that the wood may get well ripened. Any other fruit-trees that have shed their
leaves may be pruned. Air will still be required to the late fruit store till the

264

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ November,

sweating process is over. Look over the fruit frequently, and remove all those
which are going to decay. If any late Ajiples or Fears remain on the trees, they
should be gathered at once. — John Powell, Frogmore.

VEGETABLES.

Speculative crops, such as Peas and Broad Beans^ should be sown in this
department about the 12th or 15th of the month. We call them speculative or
chance-crops because, in many soils, such as over-tenacious or moist ones, there is
a probability that, though seeds are sown now, the crop will be cut off by severe
weather, should it ensue. Nevertheless, it is customary for all good gardeners to
accept this risk. The sorts most to be relied on are such as Carter'' s First-crop
Peas and the Early Long-pod Beans, both being planted somewhat thickly.

Finish storing all kinds of roots, such as Carrots, Beet, Salsafy, &c., taking
all up carefully, and especially the Beet, without injuring the roots. Store the
former away in clamps in the open ground, in a similar way to that in which
Potatos are treated. The latter should be packed neatly into sand, with the
natural apices outwards, and so exposed that the air can get at and around
them freely. We repeat our advice to leave Parsnips in the ground in the
position in which they grow until required for use, as they keep so much bet¬
ter and are so much tenderer. As ground becomes vacant, it may be advisable
to make up other beds of Cabbages, to succeed such as have been planted pre¬
viously for the more permanent spring crop.

Well mould-up all Cabbages, also late Broccoli, and Kales, by drawing two or
three inches of soil up around the stems on either side, as a protection against
severe frosts, should they visit us, and to keep them from Avind-waving and
rocking during hard frosty Aveather. Lettuces and Endives in frames and under
all kinds of protectors should have all the air possible given daily, and indeed
nightly during all mild Aveather. The soil should be occasionally stirred between
them, and all kinds of litter or ^ decay removed periodically. As many require
Sea Kale for u^e at the earliest possible moment, it will be necessary to remove
all the old leaves from the croAvns during the earlier days of the month. Sub¬
sequently, after the croAvns have had time to ripen off and rest awhile, they may
be taken up and planted either in baskets, boxes, or the spare spaces in a
mushroom-house, and where they can be kept dark and aAvay from the
outer air. Here the young blanched shoots Avill form quickly, if an average
Avarmth of 65° to 80° can be maintained. Otherwise, the usual forcing-pots
may be placed over the croAvns, and a sufficient coat of fermenting material,
Avhether of tree-leaves or stable-litter, packed upon them to maintain such a
necessary degree of heat. Spinach crops should be carefully hoed through, and
all large gross leaves gathered for use. Turnip Padishes may be again sown
during a mild period. Place a thin layer of straAv over the seeds subsequently,
and maintain it there until the plants have formed, Avhen it Avill be necessary to
remove about half, so as to give them more air, and to harden them. So soon as
the roots become large enough for use, should a sharp period ensue, more litter
may again be placed upon them for protection. During frosts, or while the soil
is so frozen as to bear the Aveight of a wheelbarrow, do not miss the opportunity
to wheel manure upon all vacant ground, that it may be Avorked in Avhen such
spaces are dug or trenched, as the case may be. All kinds of borderings, such as
Box, &c., may be transplanted or renovated at this season. In a Avord, the chief
object before the cultivator, who Avould succeed the year throughout, should be,
at this, the dullest and least busy season, to get all his jobs as far advanced as
possible. — William Earley, Valentines.

^vT.H.Fitcli del

Rl'io do dexidroiT Vaubaii .

Chrorao G Seveieyiis BrusaeU

1874, ]

EHODODENDBON VAUBAN.

2G5

KHODODENDEON VAUBAN.

WITH AN ILLUSTEATION.

have at various times alluded to the fine varieties of Hardy Rhodo¬
dendrons to be met with in the Knap Hill Nurseries of Mr. Anthony
Waterer, which have a world- wide reputation for American plants.
These' grand varieties are of a peculiarly hardy race, the outcome of
careful cross fertilisation through a long series of years, some of the results being,
perhaps, brought about by the exigencies of the situation. The grounds at Knap
Hill devoted to these American plants — a natural peat-bed — are low-lying, and
hence much exposed to damage from spring frost, which so tells upon the growth
of tenderer breeds of Rhododendrons, that Mr. Waterer has in self-defence, so to
speak, been compelled to look to the production of a hardy race. It is also a
standing axiom at Knap Hill that a Rhododendron, being a hardy evergreen
shrub, should carry bold healthy-looking foliage throughout the year ; and this, in
fact, is regarded as of more importance to the planter of ornamental American
gardens, than the acquisition of a few shades more of depth or brightness in the
colour of the flowers, — ^not that this is despised or neglected, but it is not
allowed to have undue preponderance in the breeding and selection of seedlings.

Rhododendrons are plants of slow increase, and consequently it is not every
year that a conscientious grower, who will let out nothing but what satisfies
such rigid laws as those we have hinted at, will have a batch of new Rhododen¬
drons to put forth. The present year is, however, marked by the sending-out of
a set of Knap Hill Rhododendrons, among which occurs the variety Vauban which
we now figure. It is a fine, showy, telling variety, with good foliage, and grand
trusses of distinct rosy-lilac flowers, of a peculiar and very pleasing tint, which
is set off by a finely blotched upper segment. It is one of the well-proved
hardy forms, and a late bloomer, so that there is comparatively little risk of its
flowers being cut off by spring frosts, which no doubt sometimes commit great
havoc amongst the early-flowering varieties.

With this will be sent out some other sorts of equal merit, and showing con¬
siderable diversity of colour. Their names are : — James Marshall Brooks^ per¬
haps one of the most effective yet raised — a rich scarlet, spotted with bronze on
the upper segments, very fine in colour, and distinct in character. Lady Annette
de Trafford^ cream-coloured, with a patch of distinct chocolate blotches ; a very
pleasing variety. Mrs. Frederick Hankey.^ salmon, richly spotted, and of a
charming hue. Mrs. Shuttleworth.^ rosy scarlet, white in the centre, the upper
segments much spotted with black dots ; a very beautiful and distinct variety.
Vauban., the variety we now figure, is remarkable for its soft reddish-lilac hue,
and the bold patch of yellow spots, as well as for its very fine truss, and excellent
habit. The hardiness of the Knap Hill Rhododendrons may be traced back to
the considerable amount of the blood of B. catawbiense which has been infused
into the breed, this species affording not only a vigorous habit, but bold foliage,
and grand trusses of flowers. — T. Mooee.

3ed seeies. — VII.

z

266

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Decembbb,

THE SPEING TEEATMENT OF WALL FEUIT-TEEES.

N the following observations I have endeavoured to set forth, by a practical
illustration, the ideas that are sometinaes entertained regarding the “ assist¬
ing ” of nature, more especially in reference to the protection and judicious
management of Wall Fruit-trees. The winter of 1873-4 may be said to
have been mild and open, but as the days lengthened we were visited by the
usual cold, cutting east and north-east winds, and towards the end of April, ex¬
tending thence into May, the weather was very cold and bleak, but usually
dry. Cold storms of hail and sleet, followed by frosty mornings, were, however,
flying about in some localities ; and when vegetation came to be caught by such
a storm late in the afternoon or evening, and left for the night wet and unpro¬
tected, it was, as usual, very much in danger of being destroyed or greatly
checked or injured by the morning’s frost. I have myself had many a long night’s
work over this, looking up old stores placed in readiness for such an emergency, and
never fearing very much about the cold or its injurious effects on vegetation so
long as the atmosphere continued dry. When these storms occurred in the day¬
time, so that the sun and wind sprang up in the afternoon, and left vegetation dry
by sunset, there was but little fear of any extensive damage being done to fruit
or tender vegetation. Nevertheless, the facts do not seem to be considered such
by some gardeners, or if so, they do not follow the idea out in practice. Every¬
body remembers that last spring we had a long continuance of cold, ungenial,
cutting winds, and many severe frosty mornings occurred even so late as May. I
was confined indoors with a very severe illness from January till May ; still, by
reading the horticultural publications, I could not help being posted up in the
facts, and as usual, not only interested in the matter, but fearful as to the results.

In May last, an old friend, and a gardener, too, of some note, from the
vicinity of London, who had also been ill for some months, came down to stay in
Exmouth, as recommended, for the benefit of his health. On Mav 5 he came to
US with his wife, in a close comfortable fly, to take us for a drive through the
well-protected Devonshire lanes, where the banks were covered with violets,
primroses, jacinths, orchids, and numerous other lovely wild flowers — where the
cuckoo, song-thrush, blackbird, sky-lark, wood-lark, and various finches and other
warblers were wonderfully joyous and merry ; while the rooks were cawing and
feeding their squealing young, the carrion crow was croaking near the wood, and
the magpie, jay, and jackdaw were chattering according to their wont. We much
enjoyed ourselves, the sun shone gloriously, all nature seemed jubilant, but when
we came to high ground, the wind was biting, and let us know from what
direction it blew.

About half-past 3 p.m. we came to a somewhat noted garden. The gardener we
all knew, and we went in to see him. “ Ah 1” he says, “ glad to see you out again ;
a terribly cold, cutting, blighting wind, though, not much fit for you two invalids
to be out in, I should think.” We remarked that we were well protected, and

1874. ]

THE SPRING TREATMENT OF WALL FRUll'-TREES.

267

took advantage only of two or three hours during the balmiest part of the day.
“ Well,” I said, “how do the fruit-crops stand this long, late period of ungenial
weather ? It has been pretty dry, that’s greatly in their favour.” “ Well, so it
has,” he replied ; “ and at present we have a good setting of wall-fruit ; but the
trees are terribly infested with aphis, curl, blister, &c.” It was very true
indeed ; I saw that they were so, and I observed that under the trees the ground
was very web, and covered with curled and blistered leaves, and that the
young shoots or branches on the trees were set full of fruit, from the size of
a pea to that of a filbert, but getting very naked. “ Yes,” he said, “ we are obliged
to keep the engine at work to drive off the aphis. What a severe frost we had
this morning, the severest we have yet had I it has cut down some of our
potatos, French beans, ^c., and some it has not at all touched.” “ Just so,” I
remarked, “ it’s always the case ; and this fact we have observed in
many places as we have passed on in our ride to - day ; indeed, all
my lifetime I have observed the same effects. This only shows the difference
of a drying harsh wind passing over dry dusty ground, and that which is
sheltered from wind in a damper, lower-lying locality. If a hasty storm had
passed over the whole after sunset last evening, and then the clouds clearing off,
a severe morning’s frost equal in intensity to that of this morning had followed
it, you could have expected no fruit or tender vegetables to be left alive.” “ Just
so,” was the reply. We walked about and around the gardens till half-past
4 p.m., and we heard the garden-engine working away the whole time against
and over the wall-trees ; and when we came to the last door to pass out, there was
the engine with three men, two pumping and guiding the nozzle, and the
other bringing water from an open garden-tank, cold as nature allowed it to
be. The men did not spare the water as to quantity, or their main force in
supplying it, for the border under them was covered with crumpled, curled,
and distorted leaves, and the ground underneath was soddened’with moisture.
I noticed that the foot-stalks of the leaves and young shoots were a good deal
spotted with brown canker-spots. The air was then getting cold and keen, so we
jumped into our fly, and returned home to tea in a warm room with a good fire,
very much delighted with our little change. The weather continued cold and
ungenial, with cutting east and north-east winds, and severe morning frosts for
the next fortnight.

On May 19, a nice sunny, but dry cold windy day, we again started at 3 p.m.
for a little ride ; but though taking another direction, we came home by way of
the same garden, as my companion had some business matters to attend to in the
locality. I saw my old friend the gardener, who at once said, “ Look round, and
go where you like.” It was very cold and searching, and I was glad to walk
about well wrapped up to keep myself warm. Here, however, was the
engine still at work by the three men, with water fetched from the open tank, and
the poor trees were sadly crippled and cut up, with scarcely a perfect healthy
leaf or young shoot ^remaining. The foliage that was left was badly curled
and contorted, bulged and blistered, and so were the young shoots, as well as

z 2

268

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ December,

being full of brown canker-spots and pimples, bursting with gum. “Well,” I
observed, “ I perceive you have but little fruit or foliage left on your wall-trees at
this time.” “No,” was the reply, “since you were here last, the weather, the cutting
winds and severe frosty mornings have indeed been terribly against the prospect
of a fruit crop. I question if there will be any fruit left this season. We have
kept the trees almost daily washed, to drive off the vermin, &c., but you see how
they have suffered.” “ I fear,” I said, “ you rather encourage the enemy,
instead of eradicating it. I never did or would allow any wall-trees under my care
to be washed down after 10 or 11 a.m. till the month of June, and then never
with cold, but always with tepid water, choosing genial mornings, in order to
afford an opportunity for the trees, walls, and the surrounding soil to get entirely
dry before sunset ; and my general success for such a number of years is some
proof that my ideas in this respect were not far wrong.” I was always grieved
to see late afternoon and evening storms come on in April and May, and was
immediately on the look-out to provide some means of averting their serious after¬
effects. My friend, too, seemed to dislike late evening storms followed by clear, cold
nights and severe white frosty mornings, but still he did not seem to realise the
fact that washing down his wall-trees late in the day had much to do with their
bad appearance, for how were the vermin to be got rid of, fee. ? I found my simple
reasoning had produced no very favourable effect, but I made a memorandum of
it, knowing full well that this was not the only place where such a practice was
carried out ; and resolving that before another season came round, I would, if
spared, just state these simple facts as a hint to other gardeners now in practice,
and in the hope of inducing some of them to give us their candid ideas on the
subject. — James Barnes, Exmouth.

DEYMONIA TUKIALV-®.

Shis is a very desirable addition to collections of foliage plants, and being
easily grown, should be in every collection ; but being a plant requiring liberal

f treatment and abundance of water when growing, it did not attract much
attention when first introduced, for unless well grown, it has a soft, washy
look. The plant seldom grows more than 15 in. or 18 in. in height, and when well
grown, the large metallic leaves droop round the sides of the pot. The foliage is
usually from 1 ft. to 15 in. in length, and about 9 in, in width ; but the collector
informed me he had seen it with much larger leaves, and that the plants varied
much in character, some of them being much more silvery in the foliage than
others.

The flowers are a dirty white, set on short stalks in the axils of the leaves,
and although something like a small fringed Gloxinia, are not very showy,
so that we have removed them ; but the seed-pods, which are produced very freely
in their native country, are said to be very ornamental.

This plant roots very freely from cuttings of young shoots which are formed
round the base of good-sized plants, and as the full beauty of the plant is deve-

1874. ]

DEVELOPMENT OP LILY-BULBS.

269

loped in one season, it is best to throw away the old plants at the end of the
season, and grow on young ones.

The plant being a native of the hot and moist river-banks near the Equator,
does best in a hot-house, with a little bottom-heat, and requires a large quantity
of water during the growing season, and also to be shaded from the direct rays of
the sun. The soil which will grow a good Gloxinia will suit this plant. I use about
one-third loam, one-third peat, and a third rotten manure, with enough sharp
sand to keep the soil open, and generally give the plant two or three shifts from
the cutting-pot. A 7-in. pot, with frequent watering, and an occasional watering
with manure-water, will grow this plant to its full size, but by giving it a shift
into a 9 -in. pot, it will be grown a better colour, with less trouble. In the
autumn the plant is liable to decay at the surface of the pot, if kept too wet over¬
head, in a low temperature. Like most other foliage plants, it is subject to bug,
but is easily cleaned. — James Taplin, South Amhoij^ New Jersey^ U.S.A.

DEVELOPMENT OF LILY-BULBS.

fT is a fact familiar to growers of Lilies, though scarcely known to cultivators
generally, that there are different types of bulb amongst the various species

fof Lilium^ while the Lilies themselves differ in respect to bulb-development
from some of their nearest allies. It may be useful to make this fact more
widely known, and in order to do so, we avail ourselves of some remarks on the sub¬
ject by Mr. J. G. Baker, in a memoir on the Tulipese, published not long since in
the Journal of the Linnean Society. In this most useful memoir, which deals with
the nomenclature of so many of our garden favourites, including Lilium^ Tulipa^
and Fritillaria., Mr. Baker observes : —

“ All the plants of the tribe are able, in a state of nature or under cultivation,
to hold their ground, and increase more or less, by means of bulb-reproduction,
independent of being multiplied by means of seeds.

“ The squamose perennial bulb, as exemplified in all the Old-World species of
Lilium^ consists, in its mature form, of a large number of thin flat lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate scales tightly pressed against one another face to back, and
spirally arranged round a central axis which is not produced either vertically or
horizontally. From the under-side of the central axis proceeds downwards a
dense tuft of fleshy fibres, and from the upper-side is produced the flower-stem
of the year, its lower part, between the summit of the bulb and the surface
of the soil, giving off copious radicular fibres, which assist greatly in
procuring the nourishment and strengthening the hold upon the ground
of the developed flower-bearing stem. This underground root-bearing
portion of the stem above the bulb is often vertical, but in some species,
as, for instance, Lilium Leichtlinii^ will creep for the length of half a foot, so
that, if grown in a pot and the bulb planted in its centre, the stem will spring
up from the side of the pot. All these numerous flattened scales of the bulb
possess potentially the power of developing new bulbs in their axils, and will do
this, in some species, at any rate, under cultivation, if a bulb be broken up and
properly treated ; so that what with bulb-reproduction and seed-reproduc¬
tion, a skilful operator may in three or four years multiply fifty-fold his
stock of a desirable species or variety. But in a state of nature there is

270

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Deceuber,

only one new flower-bearing stem developed each season from the centre of
the bulb, and a few from the axils of the decaying outer scales. A
new bulb, whether grown from seed, or from bulblets developed in the axils of
the above-ground leaves of the floriferous stem, or produced in the axil of one of
the bulb-scales, takes not less than three years under the most favourable cir¬
cumstances before it develops a flower-bearing stem. The first season we get an
ovoid mass, perhaps a quarter of an inch in thickness, composed of half a dozen
tightly imbricated scales, which sends out three or four slender radicular fibres
from its base. At the end of the next summer we have a bulb as large as a Hazel¬
nut, with a copious development of strong radicular fibres from its under-side, and
the half-dozen scales prolonged above the soil into a rosette of oblanceolate leaves.
Next year, if circumstances be favourable, the flower-bearing stem is developed ;
and then, if nothing untoward happens, the bulb goes on living for an indefinite
period, sending out each year a flower-stem from its centre, and shredding off old
scales with buds in their axils, more copiously in some kinds, less copiously in
others, from the circumference all round.

“ In two of the Californian Lilies, L. Washingtonianum and L. Humholdtii^
this type of structure is modified by the central axis of the bulb being prolonged
horizontally, so that the scales are thrown out of a regular spiral, and the mature
bulb is irregular in shape and more or less flattened laterally. Here, then, we
get a squamose bulb taking the first step to pass off in the direction of a true
rhizome ; but the fleshy scales are quite similar to those of the typical form.
The direction of the rhizome is vertically oblique, the new scales being formed at
the deepest end.

“ A second modification of this typo of structure I cannot do better than
describe in the words of Duchartre (Obsei'vations sur le genre Lis^ p. 28) : — ‘To
give an idea of this development, allow me to report what I have seen in Lilium
canadense^ as examined at the commencement of the month of March, and in
consequence at a time when only the first indications of the vegetation of the year
were observable. At the base of the stem which had flowered the preceding
year, and of which there remained only a small portion hidden in the ground,
was found the bulb from which that stem had issued forth, a bulb formed of
short scales, still fleshy and fresh for the most part, pointed and laxly imbricated,
which, taken as a whole, was about twice as broad as deep. Immediately above
this bulb was the remainder of the old stem, bearing a ring of root-fibres now
dead and dried up. Finally, the extreme base of this same old stem was pro¬
longed below the bulb with a diameter nearly double that which it had above it ;
and after half-an-inch or more it ended by a broad truncation. It is from this
old stem which has flowered in the preceding year, immediately below the old
bulb, and very likely from the axil of a scale that has fallen, that the horizontal
branch is originated, which at its extremity bears the new bulb from which
the conical summit of the shoot which will soon develop into the
flower-stem of the year, is already seen to rise. This rhizome does not
reach a length of more than an inch or an inch and a half. From its points
of origin it descends a little into the soil, then raises itself to become horizontal,
and finally rises at its extremity to form the axis of the new bulb, and to be
finally continued as the new flower-stem. In its underground progress it bears
small spiral scales, thick and fleshy, of which the first are slightly spaced, but
those at the end of this subterranean branch growing closer and larger and
forming thus the new bulb. From the anterior portion of this rhizome, especially
from the part that bears the lower part of the young bulb, arise numerous
thickish rootlets, on the healthy action of which the vitality of the new vegeta-

1874. 3

AMAEYLLIS FORMOSISSIMA, OR JACOBEA LILY.

271

tion evidently depends. Later on in the year the old bulb disappears, the
horizontal rhizome thus becoming free. Then the rhizome dies in the part
which does not produce rootlets ; and at the same time a new rhizome arises
from the base of the bulb of the year, to form in its turn at its extremity
another bulb to yield the flower-stem of the year following. There are pro¬
duced, then, in these Lilies a succession of subterranean bulb-bearing branches,
or a series of successive generations, each of which has an annual bulb for its
fundamental basis.’

“ In parting from this squamose type of structure, I wish to point out that
there are three different kinds of ‘ rhizome ’ in different species, developed in
connection with it, all of which are spoken of in books under the general term
‘ rhizome,’ but which are not homologous, namely : — 1st, the produced oblique
central axis of the Californian Lilies ; 2nd, the lower part of the horizontal
branch, originating from a bud developed in the axis of a leaf-scale, which
branch at its extremity bears a new bulb, as in Lilium canadense ; 3rd, the
lowest part of the flower-bearing stem above the bulb when it creeps below the
surface of the soil, as in L. Leichtlinii.”

To these remarks of Mr. Baker’s, we may add that Lilium Wilsoni^ figured in
our volume for 1868, p. 121, and referred by him and others to L. Thunhergianum^
as a variety, has a mode of development unlike what is met with in that or in
any other known cultivated species. This plant produces from the outer scales
of the matured bulbs a kind of underground runner, which terminates in a flower-
stem ; but its chief peculiarity is that it bears, at intervals of two or three inches
as it progresses, young equal-sized bulbs, which afford an excellent means for the
rapid increase of the plant. The bulbs of the original plant propagated themselves
in this way, and seedlings from it, which have reached the flowering stage, and
which may consequently be safely identified, possess, in a full degree, this re¬
markable habit, which, as we learn from Mr. Wilson, is not found in any other
species, the horizontal portion of the flowering-stem of L. Leichtlinii not being
(at least normally) bulbiferous, and, moreover, proceeding from the crown of the
mature bulb.

AMARYLLIS FORMOSISSIMA, OR JACOBEA LILY. -

HIS beautiful plant is an old inhabitant of our gardens, but is not so much
grown as it deserves to be. Its deep red flowers, when fully expanded,
have a very striking and beautiful appearance. The flower-stems are pro¬
duced from the sides of the bulbs, so that after the flower produced on one
side is decayed, another stalk arises from the other side of the bulb ; but there
is usually only one flower produced from the same stalk. They will flower two or
three times in a year, and are not regular to any season ; but from March to the
beginning of September the flowers wiU be produced when the roots are in vigour.
It will grow and flower pretty well in a greenhouse, but will not flower so often,
nor send out so many offsets as when grown in a stove. It delights in a rich,
sandy soil, with plenty of heat and moisture during the growing season. The
great art in cultivating this and all other bulbs is to secure vigorous leaves, as on
these depend the quantity of organised matter prepared and stored in the bulb.

272

. THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ December,

arid consequently its ability to flower another season. When the plants are in a
growing state, they should be well attended to in watering, but when the roots
are not in a growing state, very little or no water should be given, but the pots
should be placed on a shelf in the stove, where they may remain until February,
when they should be started into growth. It is freely -propagated by offsets,
which may be taken off every year. They should be put into pots of middhng
size, and if they are kept in a moderate degree of heat and carefully watered,
they will soon increase in size and produce plenty of flowers. — M. Saul, Stourton.

VINES AND VINE-CULTUKE.— Chapter VI.

Pruning and Training (continued).

ESUMING the thread of the sub-
I ject at the point where it was
broken off, at p. 226, the con¬
dition of the pruned Vine in suc¬
ceeding years may now be briefly noticed.
Fig. 6 may be taken to represent properly
pruned spurs of three years’ formation ;
and fig. 7 similarly well-pruned spurs at
the end of ten years. Either may, indeed,
by careful and rigid pruning, be kept
within much less compass ; but the
figures we have given may be taken to
represent ordinarily well-formed spurs.

The stem of a well-grown Vine at
ten years of age should be from 1 in. to
1^ in. or even 2 in. in diameter, more or
less, according to the length of the rod ;
and a Vine of this age would have for
some time attained its full limits as to
length, so that the pruning to be practised
would be simply a repetition of what has
been explained.

One important point, however, in re¬
gard to the spur system of pruning is
that of the distance apart or between the
spurs. As a rule, they are retained too
closely. This is chiefly owing to the
situation of the buds, each bud being
allowed to form a spur irrespective of its
distance from the adjoining buds. It
is desirable to sacrifice some of the buds,
in order the better to develop the others.

1874. 3

VINES AND VINE-CULTURE. — CHAPTER VI.

273

The leaves of a Vine are large, so that the side-shoots should not be less than from
18 in. to 24 in. apart. This will allow of a greater and better leaf-development

on each particular shoot that may be left. It is only by allowing space and full
exposure that leaves can be properly developed ; and assuredly, without good
leaves, we can never get good Grapes. — A. F. Barron.

274

THE PLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ December,

GEAPES : THEIE PECULIAE DEFECTS.

SOME time ago (p. 55) I sent you a short paper on this subject, in which I
ventured to deprecate the too frequent practice of planting several varieties

¥of Grapes in the same house, without any, or at least without due regard
to their characteristic defects, and in many instances without a thought
whether the like treatment would be equally suited to each kind. The result,
as might reasonably be expected, is often partial, and too frequently complete
failure ; whereas, if only one kind, or only those kinds had been planted which
are known to succeed under precisely the same treatment, the result would have
been, in all probability, perfectly satisfactory. My experience has induced me to
believe that the more closely these (to some persons minor) details are attended
to at the commencement, so, in proportion, will be our success. Especially do
these remarks apply to those varieties of Grapes which possess peculiar tendencies,
such, for instance, as the Madresjield Court Black Muscat, Mrs. Pincds Black
Muscat., and Chasselas Musque.

Two years ago I visited one of the best fruit establishments in the kingdom,
where, in a very large new vinery, hung some of the finest fruit of the Madresjield

I

Court and the Black Hamburgh that I ever saw. They were not quite ripe, but
were magnificent, both in bunch and berry. Three weeks after the time of my
visit nearly every berry of the Madresfield Court was cracked and worthless, and
the flavour quite insipid ; but not so with the Hamburghs, which were perfect
in every respect. If I had not previously seen and tasted the former variety in
the most splendid condition, I should have been tempted to concur with the freely-
expressed and decided opinion of my friend, the gardener, that it was a washy,
deceptive, worthless grape. One thing was, however, quite evident, that the
conditions which suited the Hamburghs admirably, were not at all suited to the
Madresfield Court. But those persons who have grown the latter variety in a
cool vinery, where the roots are thoroughly under subjection, and can be kept
moderately dry just previous to the commencement of, and during the process of,
colouring, and where a brisk, dry atmosphere can be maintained through the
period of ripening, believe it to be one of the most superb grapes in cultivation.
The characteristic defect or peculiarity of this magnificent grape therefore
appears to be to absorb too much moisture during the ripening process, conse¬
quently, if a close, moist atmosphere is maintained the berries are particularly
liable to crack. If, in addition to this, the roots are in a wet border, the evil is
increased, and the flavour is perfectly insipid. The only grape which I have
proved will succeed under the same method of treatment as this is the Golden
Champion, when it not only loses its defective speck in the berry, but shows and
sets its fruit as freely as the Hamburgh ; it also finishes with exquisite colour and
and flavour.

The peculiar defects of Mrs. Pined s Black Muscat appear to be, that of not
setting freely or swelling its berries regularly, and also of not colouring perfectly.

1874. ]

NOTABLE NEW PLANTS, FRUITS, ETC.

275

and yet when grown under certain conditions these imperfections totally dis¬
appear. Some persons say it requires a high temperature, and should be grown
with the Muscat of Alexandria. To test the truth of this assertion, I planted
part of a house with it at the time it was sent out, and the other part with
Muscat of Alexandria. At the same time, I also planted one vine in a cool house
with Hamburghs. The annual results have been as follows’: — In the hotter
house, where I may observe the Muscat of Alexandria has been excellent in every
respect, and has ripened in July, the Mrs. Pince has failed to set, swell, or
colour well, although the flavour of those berries which were perfect was good.
In the cool house the berries have not only set well, but have swelled and
coloured to perfection, and the crop has been double that in the warmer house.
The flavour, however, was not at first equal to those in the Muscat house.
Believing this to be for want of more powerful sun-heat at the time of ripening,
I determined to start the house somewhat earlier, so as not to delay the ripening
period so late into the autumn, since which I have found the flavour quite equal,
if not superior, to those in the hotter house. These Grapes have, for the last
two years, hung on the vines till May, at which date it has proved with me the
empress of all Grapes.

My experience with this excellent Grape, therefore, induces me to believe
that its peculiar defects may be counteracted by a course of treatment which
must be quite in accordance with the wishes of every cultivator, because it is the
reverse of expensive, — viz., cool treatment throughout ; at the same time, the
Vines should be started not later than the beginning of March, so that they may
have a long period of growth and powerful solar heat when ripening. The
Black Alicante also succeeds under precisely the same treatment, and may with
safety be planted in the same house. — T. 0. W.

NOTABLE NEW PLANTS, FBUITS, Etc.

fF.c.c. = First-class Certificate.]

iNTHERICUM Williamsii [f.o.O.]. — A handsomely variegated cool green¬
house plant, from the Cape of Good Hope, the broad grass-like green
foliage distinctly margined and striped with yellowish-white. — Mr, B. S.
Williams: R.H.S.^ Nov. 11.

Chrysanthemum (Japanese) Duchess of Edinburgh [f.o.o.]. — A
variety with white ray florets, and a pale rose-coloured quilled disc, being the
first of the anemone-flowered type seen in this section ; a showy variety for
conservatory decoration. — Messrs. J. Veitch ^ Sons: R.H.S.^ Nov. 11.

Chrysanthemum (Japanese) Gold Thread [f.c.o.]. — Having stout thread¬
like florets of a bright orange-brown colour. — Mess7's. J. VeitcJi^ Sons : B.H.S.^
Nov. 11.

Chrysanthemum (Japanese) The Cossack [f.c.c.]. — This variety has large
flowers, very full of broad ribbon-like florets, of a red-and-gold colour ; very
showy. — Messrs. J. Veitch cj- Sons: B.H.S., Nov. 11.

ViTis heterophylla humulifolia [f.c.c.]. — A charming variety of the
various-leaved Vine, having hop-like foliage, and bearing clusters of pretty deep

276

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ Deoembee,

blue berries ; a fine hardy decorative climber for autumn. — Mr, J. Woodhridge :
Oct. 7.

Grape Mrs. Pearson [f.o.o.]. — A seedling white grape of the Frontignan
type, the bunch of fair size and compact, with roundish-oval berries of a pale
yellow colour, and fine flavour. Promises to make a useful late white Grape. —
Mr. J. H. Pearson: R.H.S.i~Nov. 11.

Grape Venn’s Seedling Black Muscat [f.c.c.] — An early-ripening variety
of the Muscat section, with handsome oval berries of a good colour, and a very
agreeable flavour, produced on large well-shouldered bunches. — Mr. Sweeting :
It.H.S..f Aug. 19.

Pear Lucy Grieve [f.c.c.]. — A fine handsome variety, ripening in October,
of juicy and delicious flavour. It is of ovate outline, of a fine yellow colour,
and with a tender, melting flesh. — Mr. P. Grieve: P.H.S.^ Nov. 11.

Pear Pitmaston Duchess d’Angouleme [f.c.c.]. — A richly flavoured and
fine variety ; delicious and melting ; and beginning to find its way into the most
select collections. — Rev. Geo. Kemp: R.H.S., Nov. 11.

FKUIT-CULTUKE versus CKEMATION.

EFOEE Cremation has taken firm footing with the masses, let me beg a
comer of the Florist and Pomologist to enable me to set down one or
two facts which bear at least indirectly, if not directly, on the subject of
this new style of sepulture. I had occasion, only the other day, to visit a
gentleman at his business office, and on a baize-covered table there lay two very
fine samples of Pears. Some thirty or forty of the larger sample were the finest
of that variety I had ever seen. I naturally asked if they had not been grown
on a wall, and learned that they had. Again, I questioned if this feat had been
accomplished in Lancashire, and was told it had been. We both agreed that
great credit was due to the grower, whoever he might be, for such splendid pro¬
ductions. I tasted one fmit, and found it melting and luscious. On further
inquiry, I found that the gentleman was an amateur fruit-grower, and sold what
he did not need for his own use, or for the use of his friends ; and that he had
sold the stock of which these were the sample at 6s. per peck of 1 6 lb.— say, 4Jd.
per lb. — to a fruiterer to sell again. This item tells the quality of the fmit, that
would thus cost 6d. per lb. to the retail buyer. The other sample consisted of
Pears of small size, but they made amends for that by their numbers and their
quality ; indeed, large Pears and Apples, unless their characters stand high, are
looked upon with some suspicion as dessert fruits.

But some one will think, if he does not say. What have these Pears to do with
Cremation ? I answer. Nothing ! Certainly nothing whatever ! But when I tell
the reader that these clusters of small Pears and those delicious large Pears were
grown upon a wall dividing the garden of this amateur from the churchyard — I
had rather not name the parish, but it is not a hundred miles from Manchester —
and that the foundation of the wall is favourable to the extension of the roots to
both sides, he will see the bearing these fruits have on the subject.

!

j

PRINCE ENGLEBEKT F'LNM

Mactarl-uie del,

1874. J

PRINCE ENQLEBEBT PLUM. - PINK LORD LYONS.

277

I have elsewhere shown farmers, butchers, knackers, &c., the value of flesh
and blood as a manure for Apples and Pears ; and a great amateur Eose-grower
speaks of the Dundee Eambler as running wild about the church, and eke the
churchyard. Therefore I conclude that where fuel is scarce and fruit is dear, it
will be better to hold on to the cold-earth system of sepulture, out of which some
good may arise and much beauty. If some of the Climbing Eoses once got pos¬
session of an old churchyard, they would hold their own against aught but fire
and faggot, and form a handsome screen, “ hiding the ruin that they feed upon
but what could be expected from the handful of animal charcoal of the burnt
bones, and the ashes of the vegetable charcoal of the coffin ? Whatever gain,
then. Cremation may be to other parties, those that live by the earth, from the
grave-digger upwards, must grieve to see Mother Earth robbed of her rights, and
some simple Christians might boggle at the idea of rising again, if so be that they
were never to be buried. — A. Forsyth, Salford.

PRINCE ENGLEBERT PLUM.

WITH AN ILLUSTRATION.

'E offer an illustration of this variety, not as a novelty, for it is now
extensively grown around London for market purposes, but as one of the
best sorts where annual and remunerative crops are a consideration.
Its bearing qualities are something remarkable, and its quality by no
means to be despised, even for dessert, while in the culinary department it has
very few superiors. Dr. Hogg describes it as having “ Fruit very large, oval,
and marked with a shallow suture. Skin of a uniform deep purple, covered with
minute russet dots, the whole thickly covered with a pale gray bloom. Stalk
half an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh yellow, rather firm,
sweet, juicy, with a brisk and rich flavour, and adhering to the stone. Shoots
smooth.” To this he adds the remark, which we can fully endorse, that it is “ an
excellent plum, either for the dessert or for culinary purposes, and delicious when
preserved. Eipe in September. The tree is a great bearer, and in this respect is
one of the most valuable for large culture.” Our specimens were obtained from
Mr. Dancer, of Chiswick. — T. Moore.

PINK LORD LYONS.

HIS very fine Pink, valuable alike for forcing or border purposes, was raised
a few years ago from seed by Mr. James Clarke, of Bury St. Edmund’s,
and it is altogether so fine and distinct, as to be most deserving of cultiva¬
tion. The flowers are large in size, of full substance, of a deep rosy-
purple hue, with indistinct maroon blotches, and the petals slightly fringed.
The peculiar glow of the colour, and the individual beauty of the flowers, places
it in the very front rank of border Pinks.

I was somewhat astonished a short time since, to hear one of our leading
florists say that Pink Lord Lyons was a bad doer# With mS, the character is

278

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ December,

altogether the opposite of that, and I have the variety true, because the plants
came to me direct from Mr. J. Clarke. My soil is a dark loam, on the gravel,
inclined to get close and sticky in wet weather, and to bake a little in dry weather,
but the Pink grows with great vigour, branching freely, and flowering porfusely.
The last-named quality is one of its chief charms, and established tufts of it
throw a great number of flowers.

Everyone who sees it begs a plant, and I find it easy to propagate in two ways—
by cuttings put in in July, when it has done flowering, and by division of the
roots in autumn. When it is in flower, I draw some fine soil up round the stem,
and this induces the side-shoots to send forth roots, and so fine young plants are
formed by the autumn. In July, I put some pipings into an ordinary cutting-
bed, and there they strike freely, without the necessity for putting hand-lights
over them. Mr. Clarke did good service to floriculture when he raised and sent
out this superb Pink. — E. Dean, Ealing.

THE EOOT-PRUNING OF FKUIT-TEEES.

^P^ISAPPEEHENSION in regard to operating on the roots of fruit-trees,
when in an unfruitful condition, is notoriously prevalent. The general
cause of barrenness is that too much sap is drawn up by the roots into
the branches, preventing the fruit-buds, if any are formed at all, from
going to rest at the proper time, so that they do not get matured and otherwise
prepared to produce a crop of fruit.

This is what generally leads to cutting the roots. Some of the other causes of
failure are found in the want of root-action, or in the absence of sufficient warmth.
.We sometimes read that a trench should be taken out all round the roots, and every
one cut clean off within a few feet of the trunk of the tree, the trench being then
filled up with loam and manure well mixed. Such a practice is inconsistent with
common-sense. Though the cutting may in some cases give a check to the trees,
sufficient to cover long watery growths with short fruit-bearing spurs, the consti¬
tution of the whole tree is materially affected, even if it does not become bark-
bound or acquire the germs of canker. Whenever the roots recover themselves
after the severe shock of being thus rudely cut, they ramify freely into the rich
mixture, and away they go right through it, again drawing more sap into the
trees than can be turned to fruitful account. Though practical men are in general
acquainted with these facts, somehow or other the knowledge does not extend
far among the inexperienced, as the mutilating practice has many supporters.

When a tree is making undesirable growth, the first thing to ascertain is, if
there are any tap-roots, and to see if these are growing away do^vn into subsoil
far from the influence of sun and air. If so, and if the tree is a young one, it
• may be taken up carefully and replanted in fresh loam, or at least in soil in which
no tree-roots have previously grown. Any roots which have run far out of bounds,
and are free from fibres, may 'be shortened ; a quantity of stones or lime-rubbish
may be rammed firmly under the ball, with a few inches of soil next' the roots,

1874. ]

COTONEASTER SIMONSII. — OAMPSIDIUM FILICIFOLIUM.

279

and six inclies of the soil placed over them. A mulching over the whole is a
good preventive against frost or drought. Older trees are better managed by
examining the roots on one side of the tree before the leaves drop, but cutting
should be avoided as far as possible, seeing that it may be termed a necessary evil.
A quantity of hard material mixed with the soil will cause a lot of fibres to grow,
instead of “ tap ” roots. A firm soil beyond the feeders is of vital importance ; it
increases the number of fibres and acts as a preventive to the formation of long,
bare, thong-like roots, which are always scarce when trees are healthy, and in a
full fruit-bearing condition.

When there is a want of vigour shown by an absence of growth, and by the
fruit-buds crumbling off or decaying, a good dressing of rich material put over
the surface of the roots, after the old soil has been removed, will do much to give
new life. It often happens that the best roots of old trees are growing into
unhealthy subsoil, and to save the trees the only remedy is to reach these roots
and relieve them, and replace the sour soil by healthy material.

If cutting the roots cannot be avoided, let the knife be used, and make the
cuts clean. When the locality is cold, the roots may be lifted well above the
surrounding soil ; and if means are adopted to prevent them from growing down
into the cold subsoil, success will be all the more likely to follow. I have seen
Pears which produced small insipid fruit, and which always cracked, lifted up and
kept high and comparatively dry, grow excellent produce, both as regards size
and quality. The effect on Figs and Pears when kept high at the roots, so
that the sun can do its work, is often astounding. — M. T.

COTONEASTER SIMONSII.

®HIS is an exceedingly ornamental shrub, and is well adapted for game
coverts and underwood planting. When grown singly, as a specimen, it

fis very beautiful at this season, and for several weeks to come, until the birds
strip the bushes of their bright orange-red berries, of which they are fond.
When grown as a specimen, it should be kept well cut back to form a handsome
bush, otherwise they will grow loose and straggling. It will grow in any common
soil, and is not particular as to situation, provided it is not wet. It may be in¬
creased by layers, but as it seeds freely, it is more readily increased in quantity in
that way. — M. Saul, Stourton.

CAMPSIDIUM FILICIFOLIUM.

’HIS is a provisional name for a very elegant, slender-habited climber, the
flowers of which are as yet unknown. It is, however, referred to Camp-'
sidium^ from the resemblance borne by its foliage to that of known species
of the genus. The present plant, of which a woodcut from Mr. Bull’s
catalogue is annexed, has been raised from seeds received from the Feejee Islands.
It has a slight, woody stem, furnished with opposite imparipinnate leaves, which,
including a petiole of about an inch, measure five inches long, and consist of

280

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST,

[ December,

from nine to twelve pairs of small ovate leaflets, whicli are deeply cut into two or
three lobes on each side, the^ larger lobes being sometimes also toothed. These

CAMPSIDIUM FILICIFOLIDM.

leaves, from their small size, narrow linear outline, and the size and arrangement
of the leaflets, bear very considerable resemblance to the fronds of some of the
small, slender, pinnate ferns, whence the name which has been given to it.

1874.]

FRUIT NOTES. - OYDONIA MAULEI.

281

Whetlier planted out as a stove climber in situations appropriate to subjects
of tbis slender babit, or grown in pots and trained over a suitable trellis, it bas
a most elegant and pleasing cbaracter. Tbe merit of tbe plant, as one of tbe
ornamental-foliaged class, bas been well attested by tbe award of a First-class
Certificate botb from tbe Eoyal Horticultural and tbe Eoyal Botanic Societies. It
bas been introduced by Mr. Bull, and was sent out by bim in tbe early part of
tbe present year. — T. M.

FEUIT NOTES.

[UR experience here enables me to endorse all that Mr. Earley says (p. 218)
in favour of Prince of Wales Nectarine. We bave bad a fine crop of it in
an unbeated bouse, large in size, witb a ricb refreshing fiavour. We never
saw either wasps or flies near tbe fruit. Being a strong grower, we find
that if too liberally supplied witb manure in tbe soil in winter, tbe fruit is apt to
crack in tbe following season.

We bave recently gathered from a small plant of tbe Negro Largo Fig
several good fruits, large for tbe size of tbe pot in which tbe plant is growing.
Tbe flavour is all that can be desired in a Fig. When better known, tbis variety
will be largely grown. — A. Henderson, Thoresby.

OYDONIA MAULEI.

®HIS new kind of fruit, introduced by Messrs. Maule and Son, from Japan, and
named Pyrus (Cydonici) Maulei^on tbe authority of tbe Gardener^ Chronicle^

fis likely to prove a very useful acquisition to tbe realms botb of Flora and
Pomona. Tbe flowers, though not so large as those of tbe older species, intro¬
duced about tbe year of Waterloo (1815), and known to us uniformly, years ago, as
Cydonia japonica^ are nevertheless very pleasing and showy, being of a striking
light orange-red colour. Tbe fruits, which are borne abundantly in clusters, are less
in size than those of C. japonica^ irregular in form, deeply corrugated, possess¬
ing deep “ eyes,” and of a bright waxy colour when ripe. Tbe flavour of tbe fruits
is singularly raw and astringent, and such as to give birth to a notion of their
worthlessness, but a conserve or marmalade made from them bas an original
flavour, and it is not at all improbable that it may be turned to account in tbis
manner, and that used as an addition to apple-jelly,it maybe found extremely useful.

We possess here, then, at once an ornamental deciduous shrub, of tbe very
first order — ornamental, that is, in regard to its peculiar, lucid green foliage, its
scarlet blossoms, and its autumnal clusters of yellow fruits. Few, if any, plants
are better adapted for planting alongside wilderness-walks, or to grow amongst
or in association witb rock-work or artificial ruins. Tbe blooms borne amidst
such foliage, and on tbe characteristic wiry wood, witb its striking thorny appur¬
tenances, would serve to light up any scene of which they formed part ; while
possessing tbe aspect of a bastard apple or pear, a running-back from tbe original
pome, like a forbidden fruit, it would seem to be a remnant of Paradise. But

. BB

282

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ December,

seriously, for elevated sites, to hang and grow amongst prominent boulders or
projections of rock-work, having such characteristics as I describe, no better
subject exists.

There is something very unsatisfactory about the name of this plant, and the
Gardeners’ Chronicle^ to which we look as an authority, has but thickened this
modern mist. Why put it, Pyrus Cydonia Maulei ”? The plant has either a
legitimate right to the name Cydonia, or it has not. Cannot the subject be
further discussed and settled once for all? — ^William Earley, Valentines.

Our correspondent does not quite realise the facts. Our best botanists
now put all these plants in the genus Pyrus. Of this, Cydonia is scarcely regarded
as a section by some, but is admitted to this rank by others. Hence the formula
Pyrus (Cydonia) Maulei, which means genus Pyrus, section Cydonia, species
Maulei. As the sectional name indicates the more exact affinity of the plant,
doubtless the garden name will, for brevity’s sake, be found to lapse into Cydonia
Maulei. We shall publish a plate of this fine novelty shortly, illustrating both
flowers and fruit. — Ed.

GAEDEN GOSSIP.

HE Pelargonium Society., which has just been established for promoting the
culture of this flower, and in the hope of bringing forward some novelties
by means of hybridisation, has announced the following prizes to be com¬
peted for at the Zonal Pelargonium Show of the Eoyal Horticultural

Society, to be held at South Kensington on Wednesday, July 21st, 1875 ; while its First
Annual Meeting is to be held on the day following, at Chiswick. Some 40 members have
joined. The competition will take place at South Kensington, by permission of the Royal
Horticultural Society. The following are the Prizes : —

Class I.— 12 Distinct Varieties of ZONAL Pelargoniums, “Florists’ Class,” in pots of Sin. in diameter.

(Open.) £8, £5. (For varieties with finely-shaped fiowers, after the florists’ model.)

Class II.— 12 Distinct Varieties of ZONAL Pelargoniums, “ Decorative Class,” in pots of 8-in. in diameter.

(Open.) £8, £5. (For the profuse-flowering showy varieties, known as Hybrid Nosegays.)
Class III.— 30 Distinct Varieties of ZONAL Pelargoniums, “ irrespective of Class,” in pots not exceeding
6 in. in diameter. (Open.) £6, £4.

Class IV.— 6 Ornamental Cape Pelargoniums, dissimilar. (Open.) £3, £2.

Class V.— Best Hybrid Pelargonium, of distinct character. (Open.) £2, £1.

Class VI. — 24 Pelargoniums, cut blooms, single trusses, dissimilar. (Open.) £2, £1.

Class VII. — 12 Pelargoniums, cut blooms, single trusses, dissimilar. (Amateurs.) £2, £1.

The Judges may also in their discretion, and subject to the approval of the Committee, award a prize
to any exhibit worthy of particular notice, which may not be provided for in the Schedule. It is an impera¬
tive condition that every Variety exhibited shall have conspicuously appended to it its own Name, together
with that of the Raiser, such names to be either printed or distinctly written on a card ; and the “ Chiswick
standard” is to be adopted in regulating the sizes of the pots.

- ®HE specimens of Uvedalds St. Germain Pears wbicb were exhibited at

South Kensington on the 11th ult., by the Eev. T. 0. Brehaut, constitute something
like an epoch in Pear-culture. They were all grown on one single tree, and that

tree, a single cordon, occupying a w;all-spaco of under 40 square feet, produced in 1872 six
first-prize Pears. “ The six 1874 Pears,” writes Mr. Brdhaut to the Gardeners' Chronicle, “to¬
gether weighed an ounce or so under 20 lb. when gathered from the tree ; but being voiy wot,
some one or other induced mo to dry them up in a warm greenhouse, by which absurd pro¬
ceeding they lost 2 oz. very rapidly. It is worthy of remark that it was the largest Pear of
all, which weighed all but 5 lb. when fresh gathered, which diminished the most, so that
now it weighs 2 oz. less than 5 lb. As it is nearly 20 in. round (one measurement gave 20 in.
and another 19^ in.), I submit to the judges of English fruit whether they have ever seen
such a Pear or not ? I intend writing to ask some who know in Franco and Belgium, but I
myself think it unapproachable as to size. Of course, the Pear required much care to grow

1874. ]

GARDEN GOSSIP.

283

to this size. One matter I may mention here ; they always ‘ slept in blankets ’ — i.e., wore
kept together a little at times. They were also fed on good matter, but every skill would
have been useless but for the style of training. Also I must hero say there are Uvedalo St.
Gonnain and Bello Angevino, and also Belle de Jersey. You must got the true sorts.”

- ^HE following letter, communicated to the Gardeners' Chronicle^

respecting the famous Lamhton Castle Grapes^ about which there have been some

unwarranted statements made, clears up the matter. Mr. Smith, gardener at

the Vice-Regal Lodge, writes : — “ The large bunches of Grapes that were exhibited at the
Belfast Show on August 20 were presented by the Earl of Durham to His Grace the Duke of
Aborcorn, and brought here immediately after the show. His Grace being dosiroiis to show
them to the company at dinner, I had arches of round iron fixed to the ends of oblong silver
baskets, and covered with Vine leaves and spray. The bunches were suspended from these,
high enough to clear the surface of the basket. In doing this, I had ample opportunity of
examining the bunch that has been the subject of discussion, and had there been any attempt
at amalgamation, I should certainly have seen it. From the eye from which the bunch started
to the point where ramification commenced, there was about 4 in. of true stem, perfectly round,
and no sign of flattening throughout the remainder of the bunch. The immense size of the
bunch gave the berries a small appearance, but on comparing them individually with others
of moderate dimensions, there was little difference ; and though they were not well coloured,
many of the berries had the hammered surface. The eating qualities of the Grapes were very
good, the pulp being remarkably firm and sweet. There need be no doubt whatever enter¬
tained regarding the bunch in question being one genuine bunch.”

- Samples of Veitclis Self-protecting Caulifloiver wMch we have seen

prove it to be both late and protecting. It is being brought forward as a really
valuable variety for use in November and the beginning of December, and so

thoroughly protected by the foliage as likely to resist several degrees of frost. In the trial
the Protecting was sown April 8 ; Veitch’s Autumn Giant, April 18 ; Walcheren, April 29,
with the result that the two latter were off, while the Protecting was only just coming in. The
heads we have seen were not large, about 13 in. in circumference, very close and white, with a
dense mass of incurving foliage, but the plants seem to have been fully long on the ground.

— m* Otto Feoebel, of Zurich, gives the following as the authicent

history of the origin of the Anemone Honorine Johert : — ‘‘ The plant is not a garden

hybrid between A. vitifolia and A. japonica, but originated at Verdun-sur-Meuse

about sixteen years ago, in the garden of M. Jobert, banker. From there the plant came
into our hands in 1860, through my grand-uncle, M. Gustav Memminger, of Verdun, a great
amateur of plants, after whom the .ffisculus Memmingeri is named. M. J obert obtained the
Anemone Honorine Jobert from a large tuft of the old A. japonica, with red flowers, from
which plant a root-branch flowered with pure white flowers. M. Jobert successively cut
down all the red-flowering branches, and so raised the white variety. Our Nursery was the
first to introduce the plant in commerce, under the original name given by M. Jobert, A.
japonica Honorine Jobert. I have often seen at M. Jobert’s the original plant from which the
Avhite variety Avas fixed, and therefore I guarantee the exactness of my assertion.

- ®HE trials instituted by the Eoyal Agricultural Society respecting the

Potato Disease have resulted, as was to be expected, in showing that not one of

the so-called disease-proof sorts has, in reality, resisted the disease. During the

period of vigorous growth, in all the varieties, in five out of the twenty localities the disease
was virulent, and by the end of the season it was found that in almost all these places more
or less disease was apparent ; so that the question of disease-proof potatos, as far as these
trials are concerned, has been practically decided in the first year. Some most important
communications have, however, been received from Professor De Bary, who has ascertained,
by recent experiments, that the potato disease is not propagated by infected tubers ; and that
although the mycelium of the fungus (Peronospora iiffestans) was distinctly apparent in the
stalks of plants raised directly from diseased tubers, no gonidia, or germs, Avere evolved. In
a later communication. Professor De Bary expresses sanguine hopes that ho has at last dis¬
covered the certain nidi, or resting-places, of the oospores, or active primary goims of tho
fungus, Avhich, as he says, would essentially complete its life-history. The groat practical
resiRts of these discoveries, if perfected, will obviously bo that measures may bo taken to
destroy in situ the oospores of the fungus.

BB 2

284

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOaiST.

[ Decembbb

- Stevens* Garden Edging Bricky which we recently saw in use in the

kitchen garden at Trentham, is by far the best and neatest of any we have met

with. It is represented in the accompanying figure. Mr. Stevens is doing away

■with live edgings, such as Box and Ivy, which have been foi’merly used, and after two years’
experience is preparing to replace them by this brick, a light stone-coloured brick of
his own design, remarkable for its neatness and durability. Its form admits of its being
laid so firmly as to be practically immovable ; its colour gives it the appearance of stone edging ;
and its outline is so simple and neat as to be thoroughly unobtrusive, though perfectly effi¬
cient. With an edging of this sort the walks can be kept clean with the least possible trouble
by adopting the system of dressing them with salt, which is always a risky experiment when
live edgings are made use of. This edging brick is 18 in. long, 5 in. high, and 5 in. wide
at the sole, in. being set above ground. Its great merit is the combinafion of elegance
with durability and efficiency which it presents. This durability of course is due to the par¬
ticular material of which it is made. The annexed woodcut is from the Gardeners’ Chronicle.

- ^ LAEGE amount of information respecting tbe Phylloxera is being

got together in France. Amongst other matters, M. Lichtenstein sums up the

life-history of the insect, so far as at present known, thus : — (1) Colonising

females begin to appear probably in August and September ; (2) small uniform hybemating
progeny; (3) oval pyriform testudiniform types, reproducing by parthenogenesis all the
Bummer ; (4) pupae of two forms, oval and narrow at the waist, specially found on the
nodosities of the rootlets in June and July ; (5) swarming takes place in August, the insects
emerging from the earth in myriads, exactly as in a formicary, when the winged insects
escape ; (6) laying of eggs on the leaves of Quercus coccifera end of August ; (7) birth of
sexual apterous individuals, copulation and production of colonising females. M. Maurice Girard
has made some laboratory experiments concerning the action of toxic gases on the insects. The
sulphocarbonates suggested by M. Dumas for their destruction are said to give certain results.
Experiments made first on the plants and then on the insects themselves showed that plants
did not in any way suffer from being syringed with weak solutions of these salts, while the
insects which were placed near the substances impregnated with the solution invariably
perished. M. Girard made experiments at Cognac with sulphocarbonate of potassium, pre¬
pared by the old costly method, and found that when some of this salt was placed at the
bottom of a jar, and the insects introduced into the air in the upper part of the vessel, they
soon died. As an insect-powder ho considers this salt as at least as effective as cyanide of
potassium. The next step was to procure it by a less costly method, and M. Dumas found
that without the use of alcohol, hitherto believed to be necessary, the sulphide of potassium
dissolved in water and the sulphide of carbon would mix when certain pains were taken. A
wholesale manufacture of the salt was undertaken on this principle by M. Dorvault, and the
necessary cheap materials procured for fm'the* experiments, which were carried foiward by
M. Monillifert, who found that Vines in pots boro for a long time the effect of the solution
without any injury, while the Phylloxera, if present, were all dead in a few days ; and that in
the open ground, from 30 to 40 grammes (1 oz. — 1^ oz.) of dry sulphocarbonate of potassium,
dissolved in water, and poured into holes around the stem of the Vine, destroyed the insects
without in the least degree injuring the Vinos. M. Balbiani believes that the species seen by
M. Lichtenstein on Quercus coccifera is not identical with Phylloxera vastatrix, and proposes
to name it P. Lichtensteinii.

- ^ VALUABLE series of experiments as to the Movement of Water in

Plants has been carried out by Dr. McNab, whose general results we quote. As

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR DECEMBER.

285

to tlie rapidity of ascent of water in the stem, Sachs observed a rate of 9 in. in

the hour in the case of the White Poplar, and Dr. McNab, formerly one of 24 in. per hour,
and now of 39 in. and 40 in. per hour. Dr. McNab’s conclusions are: — (1) That under
favourable circumstances, a rate of ascent of 40 in. per hour can be obtained. (2) That,
contrary to the generally received opinion, direct experiment has shown that the upward
rapid current of water does not cease in the evening. (3) That checking the transpiration
for a short time, by placing the branch in darkness, does not materially retard the rapid
current of water. (4) That the removal of the cortical tissues does not impede the rapid
current in the stem, which moves only through the wood portion of the fibro-vascular
bundles. (5) That a well-marked rapid flow of fluid will take place in a ‘stem after the
removal of the leaves. (6) That fluid will rapidly flow downwards as well as upwards in the
wood portion of the fibro-vascular bundles, as seen in a branch in which lithium solution
was applied at the top. (7) That pressure of mercury does not exert any very marked
influence on the rapidity of the flow, in the one experiment made with a pressure of 110-53
grammes ef mercury.

- ®HE regime adopted at Trentbam for Growing Cool Orchids^ such as

Odontoglots, is to give them water most profusely — the cold rain-water which
falls from the roof being used summer and winter ; and to allow fresh air to

circulate freely amongst them at all times, night and day, except in very severe weather. The
natural water at Trentham, as does any other water containing lime, kills the Sphagnum used
for potting these plants, and this is most inimical to the plants ; which never thrive so well
as when the Sphagnum keeps fresh and in a growing state. In respect to the Sphagnum used
for Orchid-growing, it does not appear to bo generally known that amongst the different
species the best for potting Odontoglots and similar plants is a dense-growing compact kind,
whoso very compactness gives it a sponge-like consistency, and enables it to suck up and
retain water freely. This is what the Odontoglots like. This same kind of Moss, however,
when used for blocking Phalaenopsis is fatal to them, apparently from its holding too much
water ; and therefore for these the coarser, looser kind, which can only be packed more openly
about the roots, should be used.

GAEDEN WOEK FOE DECEMBEE.

FLOWERS.

|REAEY, dark December is not the time to expect much gaiety in the
Flower-garden. It becomes us, therefore, to make up as far as possible for
the loss, by extreme neatness and order, and by having the beds filled with
glossy evergreens, and the infinite variety of spring-blooming plants. They
at once assume a warm and cheerful appearance, and cannot fail to be
appreciated by all, more particularly by those who, from their migratory habits,
only enjoy their country seats for a month or two during winter. During open
weather, levelling and turfing repairs, and the laying of Box-edgings should be
seen to. Keep the grass free from worm-casts, and smooth by constant rolling,
and the walks firm, for dry solid walks are indispensable to comfort. If severe
frost sets in, see to the efficiency of the protecting materials employed ; Magnolias^
Standard Bays^ Laurustinus^ &c., should have their stems protected. Remember
also that the roots of tender plants are as liable to suffer as the tops. Prune and
nail Hardy Creepers^ tying-in such as are upon pillars or lattice- work.

Shrubberies : The weather having hitherto been so favourable, planting should
be in an advanced state, and what may yet remain to be done should be pushed
forward without delay, bearing in mind that the draining and preparation of
the ground is important to insure anything like satisfactory results. More par¬
ticularly in the renovation of old Shrubberies, does deep cultivation, adding
materials likely to produce a rich and fertile element, become essential to insure
luxuriance of growth ; but it should be remembered that the tracing-out and
retaining unmutilated as many of the fibrous roots as possible, is important in
facilitating re-establishment. When established, shrubberies should never be dug,

286

THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOGIST.

[ December,

as no digging or forking will benefit tbern ; moreover, when once the foreground
is judiciously furnished, the soil should be entirely hidden from view.

Roses : The sooner these are now got and planted the better. Standards must
be staked as planted, mulching the surface with rotten dung. Tea and Bourbon
Boses must be protected ; dwarfs may be pegged down and covered with fern.
Tender sorts upon walls or pillars should have a slight covering, perhaps for
appearance’ sake. Spruce branches or yew, which answer well, are the least
objectionable, as everything that is unsightly in the shape of protecting materials
must be avoided.

Conservatory : Flowering plants are at this season of the year more highly
cherished than at any other time, as there is a scarcity of out-door blossoms, and
to meet successfully the large and growing demand for flowering-plants and cut-
flowers. Previous preparation and forethought are necessary, since we have an
abundance of plants of the most varied and effective description applicable to
this purpose. Camellias^ such as the Double White, Comte de Paris, Imbricata,
&c., will now be in bloom without forcing, and will stand in a healthy atmo¬
sphere free from damp for a far longer period than they will do at a more advanced
season. The general stock should be kept as quiet as possible for the present,
being carefully looked over and cleansed of scale, should it exist upon them ;
while just sufficient water is given to keep the soil in a healthy state, with
free circulation of air. A genial temperature must be afforded to the great
majority of plants in bloom, so that the conservatory night temperature should
be kept at 50°, rising 5° or so during the day ; if it is allowed to drop below
that, the beauty of any tender plants will be of short duration.

Forcing-house : This important structure must now be kept in good working
order ; and to lessen the necessity for so much fire-heat, it will be found more
congenial to the majority of the plants to depend as far as possible upon ferment¬
ing material, which will avoid the scorching influence of the hot-water pipes,
and promote the genial character of the temperature. Examine Bulbs that are
buried in ashes, and remove such as are rooted. The Narcissus is apt to push its
roots to the surface when not removed in time, and thus experiences a severe
check when removed ; introduce fresh batches in succession,* and keep such as
are showing flower near to the glass. Bring forward a good supply of Lily of the
Valley ; one can never have too many of these. I do not know that imported
clumps are at all or much superior to well-grown and ripened English roots. In
lifting, cut them into squares to fit into boxes a foot or so in width, and a yard
in length, disturbing the roots as little as possible, packing them firmly in the
boxes with light soil, and bringing them forward in a dark cellar, or mushroom-
house, as they start more freely when kept dark. Previous to starting, Amaryllises
should be carefully shaken out of the old soil, and potted in ample drained
pots, in equal parts of sandy loam and leaf-soil, and afterwards plunged in a mild
bottom-heat, near to the glass, withholding water until they are well started,
when they will require watering freely as they develop themselves. These much
neglected and showy subjects are well worthy of a more extended cultivation.

Greenhouses : Large specimen-plants must have frequent attention, to guard
against their becoming unnaturally dry at the root, which they are apt to do
when surface-sprinkling is adopted — a most unsafe practice, often resulting in
serious loss. It is well to bear in mind that, under natural conditions, but very
few plants are parched at the root when at rest. Vegetation is not, as one might
be led to suppose by the treatment pursued, brought to comparative rest so
much by extreme drought as by decline of temperature. The earliest batch of
Herbaceous Calceolarias should now have the final shift, using a rather heavy

1874. ]

GARDEN WORK FOR DECEMBER.

287

loam, enriclied with rotted cow-dung and sand. After potting, place them in a
cool airy pit near to the glass, and when the roots take fresh hold of the soil they
will require strict attention as to watering, for if they become dry at any time,
they will most assuredly become the prey of insects, and worthless. Green-fly must
be kept under by timely fumigations, or by dipping the foliage in tobacco-water.

Bedding Plants : Keep such as are wintered in cold pits as dry as possible,
watering very sparingly at the root, and airing freely when the atmosphere is dry,
the object being as far as possible to preserve a dry state of atmosphere. Protect
Auriculas from frost, giving air freely in accordance with the state of the weather.
For general stock, see previous directions. — George Westland, Witley Court.

FRUITS.

Vinery : The temperature of the early house started last month should be
gradually increased ; at present it may range from 60° to 55°, and 60° by the
end of the month — in the day 15° higher during bright weather, at the same time
giving air ; do not hurry them in dull, cloudy weather. Syringe and tie-in the shoots
as they advance, and stop one joint above the show for fruit. Prepare the second
house for starting. Fruiting Vines in Pots will admit of more rapid forcing than
established Vines, in consequence of both root and branch being in the same
temperature ; therefore for these 5° may be added to the temperature above stated.

Cherries and Plums : If early fruit is required, the trees should be placed in
the early house by the end of the month. Top-dress the pots with loam and
dung, if not done as advised. last month. Begin with a night temperature of
45°, and keep a moist atmosphere by syringing the trees every night and morning.
Very little water at the root will be needed at the commencement of forcing.

Strawberries : About the end of the month, some plants of the early varieties,
such as Black Prince and Vicomtesse Uericai't de Thury^ may be placed in the
forcing-house, where the heat is moderate ; do not water them at first, except
they are very dry. Protect those in pots outside from frost and wet by the
means formerly advised.

Peaches and Nectarines : Cover the outside borders with leaves or litter, for
the purpose of excluding frost and heavy rains. If the early house was started
last month, take care that the night temperature does not rise over 50°, for it
must be remembered that these fruits will not admit of rapid forcing in the
early stages of the process ; therefore fire-heat should be applied with caution,
otherwise the blossoms will be weakly, and apt to drop. The day temperature
may range 10° to 15° higher, according to the state of the weather. Give air
at every favourable opportunity ; syringe the trees, and close the house early in
the afternoon. When the bloom begins to expand, less moisture and more air
should be admitted. Prune and tie-in the trees in the next house, and prepare
for starting it by the end of the month.

Pines: All succession plants in dung-pits that are not otherwise heated
should have the linings renewed, so that the top-heat may not fall below 65°,
with a bottom-heat of about 75°; no syringing should be permitted, nor very
little water given -at the root during the dark winter months. Give air in mild
weather, more especially if the pits are damp ; cover with mats every night. In
the fruiting-pit, where the fruit is swelling, the plants should not be allowed to
get dry, and a high, moist temperature must be maintained ; syringe and close the
pits early in the afternoon. Collect plenty of leaves, to be in readiness for use by
and by.

Hardy Fruit : Proceed with the pruning and nailing of all hardy Fruit-trees
at all times when the weather permits, beginning with Pears^ Plums^ and Cherries.

288 THE FLOEIST AND POMOLOHIST. [ Decembee, 1874.

If any scale or moss infest the trees, they should be dressed with a mixture of
soft-soap, urine, and soot. Prune Currants and Baspherries^ and when finished,
give them a good dressing of rotten manure, which is to be forked in between
the trees. Trench and manure ground for new plantations, as well as for Straw-
berries to be planted in spring. Protect Figs from frost by covering the branches
with fern or mats. See last month’s directions in regard to planting all kinds of
Fruit-trees ; this still may be done in mild open weather, but if much wet or
frost should set in, the operation had .better be deferred until the spring.

The Fruit Boom will require looking over often, and all decayed or spotty
fruits should be removed. No air or light need be admitted after this time,
except the store-room is damp, when air should be admitted on dry days. — J,
Powell, Frogmore.

VEGETABLES,

Little can be added to the suggestions of the past two months, in reference to
kitchen-garden work. It may, however, be said that no department in any garden
should present through the dull winter months, a more neat or tidy appearance.
Good sound clean walks, adapted for free a:nd unobstructed pedestrianism, being of
the first importance, these should be secured at all cost, as it is impossible to
enjoy the garden without them. Happily associated as it is with the fruit de¬
partment, there is in connection with this latter much to impart interest, and
render a garden interesting, irrespective of vegetable and salading crops. Any con¬
templated alterations, whether in regard to Walk-making, Fence-fixing, or Hedge¬
planting, should be pushed forward with the utmost despatch. So also, and I say
it without wishing to encroach on the province of my estimable fellow-workman
Mr. Powell, must attention be given to all fruit-tree removal and planting. As,
however, I shall anticipate a visit from Mr. Powell, spade or fork in hand, intent
on planting some kinds of trees, I shall leave the subject, with the friendly hint
that I would see him as quickly through all his probable pruning and nailing
operations, &c., as possible, in order that I may suggest that all wall-borders, &c.,
be dug up immediately after his suggestions have been acted on ; and that
Lettuce or Endive (planted in more exposed sites, but which in consequence of
the mild autumn have grown unduly large and succulent) may again, should the
weather prove mild, be taken up carefully and transferred to the foot of sunny-
aspect walls. Plant the Lettuce moderately deep, and the Endive^ should it be
of moderate size, with its crown well down in the soil, by which means a nice
white heart will form without any additional covering.

Look carefully through the crop of Onions, as amongst the stock at this
season, following the sweating they always have to undergo at storing, some few
are certain to decay, and so prove a source of injury to the others.

The necessary fermenting materials placed upon Seakale must be watched,
to see that the heat does not exceed a moderate mean of about 80°, or the crowns
will be liable to injury by scalding, owing to undue heat. Other crowns should
be covered with duplicate pots and materials, to insure a successional supply at
the proper season. Those who make a rule of forcing the crowns by taking them
up and placing them in a darkened corner of a mushroom-house or other similarly
warm place will, it is not necessary to add, dispense with this latter practice ;
but it may not be unnecessary to suggest in their case that a successional batch
of crowns must be brought in to maintain a constant supply. Be careful not to
keep up too high a night-temperature in Cucumber-houses proper, as nothing
tends to enervate the plants or destroy their continued robustness more than this.
If a little air be given at the apex of the house on all mild nights, it will prove
of great benefit to them.— William Eaeley, Valentines.

INDEX.

Abies polita, 60.

Acer japonicuni vitifolium, 134 ; A. pictiim
bicolor, 134; A. polymorphum flavescens,
134 ; A. septemlobum bicolor, 134 ; A.
soptenilobuni elegans, 135 ; A. septemlobum
marginatum, 135.

Achillea aegyptiaca, 68.

Actinidia Kolomikta, (woodcut) 206.

Adiantum gracillimum, 41, 135 ; A. Zalmii,

Aerides virens Ellisii, 201. [158.

Ailsculus intennedia, 89.

Agave filifera superba, 135 ; A. Leopoldii, 135 ;
A. marmorata, 135 ; A. micracantha picta,
135; A. Tayloi'i, 115.

Ageratum, new, 158.

Akebia quinata, 14.

Aloe Bainesii, (woodcut) 152.

Alsopbila elegantissima, 60.

Amai-yllis formosissima, 271 ; A. (Hippeas-
trum) Mooreana, 135 ; A. (H.J virginalis,
135 ; A. (H.) vittatum Harrisoniao, 60.

Ana3ctochili, culture of, at Kew, 69.

Anemone Honorino Jobert, origin of, 283.

Angraecum citratum, 60.

Antliericum Williamsii, 275.

Anthurium floribundum, 135 ; A. hybridum,
115 ; A. Scherzerianum Williamsii, 187.

Antinliinum, striped, 20.

Aponogeton distachyon, 101.

Apparatus, Smeaton’s Heating and Fire¬
extinguishing, 187 ; Ventilating, 20.

Apple, its Culture and Varieties : lifting and
root-pruning, 58 ; insect depredations, 97 ;
list of proved sorts, 98.

Apple, Barchard’s Seedling, (woodcut) 40, 91.

Aquatics, 73, lOi.

Aquilegia leptoceras lutea, 135.

Aralia Veitchii, (woodcut) 4.

Arbor-vitsc, golden occidental, 90 ; silver
occidental, 93.

Areca nobilis, 158.

Arundo conspicua, (plate) 61, 259. [135.

Athyrium Filix-foemina curtum cristatum,

Auriculas, Alpine : Napoleon III., (col. plate)
49 ; Susie Mathams, (col. plate) 49.

Azalea indica, culture of, 1, 128 ; now, 135.

Azara microphylla, (woodcuts) 219.

Bamboos, Chinese and Japanese, 140.

Barkoria Bindley ana Centerse, 60.

Batomania Burtii, 60.

Bath, Royal Horticultural Society at, 18.

Beans, Kidney, new, 39 ; Carter’s Mammoth
Long-pod. 186 ; Vilmorin’s Seville Long-
pod, 186.

Bedding-out, 203.

Begonias for baskets, 87 ; luirdiness of, 20 ;
new, 201, 250 ; B. Martiana, hardiness of,
233; B. octopotala, 117.

Beilis rotundifolia coorulescens, 233.

Berberis Darwinii for hedges and pot-culture,

Beny-bearing Plants, 6. [84.

Betula alba purpurea, 135, 201.

Bignonia grandifiora, 12 ; B. vonusta as a
climber, 227.

Blinds, wooden, 92.

Boiler, Green’s Patent Wrought-iron, (wood-
cuts) 9.

Boronia elatior, 135 ; B. megastigma, 115.

Botany, Treasury of, Bindley and Moore’s, 42.

Broccoli, Cattell’s Eclipse, 130 ; Edmunds*
Surprise, 187 ; late, 154 ; new, 39.

Cacti, hot- water treatment for, 223.

Calamus ciliaris, 158.

Calceolarias, new bedding, 32.

Calluna vulgaris cuprea, 43.

Camellia Thomas Moore, (col. plate) 205.

Campanula isophylla, 233 ; C. Smithii, 201.

Campsidium filicifolium, (woodcut) 279.

Canna M. Celler, 259.

Cantua dependens as a climber, 146.

Castanea vesca aureo-variegata, 163.

Cattleya fausta, 250 ; C. gigas, 115 ; C. Mossiso
majestica, 201 ; C. Veitchiana, 82, 115.

Cauliflowers, new, 39 ; Veitch’s Self-protect¬
ing, 283.

Cedrela sinensis, edible, 232.

Celeri Turc and its allies, 7. »

Celery, Leicester Red, 32 ; now, 39.

Celery-culture, 62.

Centranthus ruber, 185.

Cerasus Mahaleb pendula, 201.

Cei'cis Siliquastrum, 35.

Ceterach aureum, 115.

Chelone barbata antwerpensis, 147.

Cherries : Frogmoro Early Bigarroau, (col.
plate) 121 ; B. Noir de Schmidt, (col. plate)
121 ; Frogmoro Late Bigarreau, (col. plate)
229 ; Joc-o-sot, (col. plate) 229 ; dried, 140 ;
forcing, in pots, 121.

Cherry, variegated sweet, 188.

Chestnut, golden variegated, 163.

Chickweed, golden, 211.

Choisya ternata, 164.

Chrysanthemums, new, 60 ; now Japanese,

Chysis Chelsoni, 82, 115. [275.

Cinerarias, new, 115.

Cistus ladanifeiTis, (woodcut) 159.

Citrus japonica, (col. plate) 241.

Clematis, now, 82, 115, 135, 136, 169, 232 ;
C. Duke of Connaught, now double-flowered,
232 ; C. Fair Rosamond, (col. plate) 169 ; C.
Stella, (col. plate) 169 ; C. Flammula roseo-
purpurea, 209 ; 0. J ackmanni, hardiness of,
43 ; C. purpurea elegans, 158.

Clianthus Dampieri, 19.

Climbers, choice conservatory, 145 ; choice
hot-house, 227.

Coleus, new, 201 ; the Czar, 139.

Conifers, planting specimen, 69.

Cornus alba marginata, 202.

Cotoneaster microphylla, 26 ; C. Simonsii, 279.

Crata3gus Pyracantha, 259.

Croton or Codioeum Cooperi, 202 ; C. ovali-
folium, 136; C. spiralo, (woodcut) 211 ; C.
volutum, (woodcut) 138, 158.

Cucumber, Harris’s Hybrid, 19 ; new, 39.

Cupressus Macnabiana, (woodcut) 88.

Curmoria picturata, 116.

290

INDEX.

Cyclamen as a decorative plant, 89 ; new, 116 ;

C. persicum Rose Queen, (col. plate) 181 ; 0.
IDersicum Royal Purple, (col. plate) 181 ; 0.
persicum Wliite Perfection, (col. plate) 181.

Cyclamen repandum, 146.

Cydonia Maulei, 281.

Cypripedium Argus, 82, 115 ; C. Dominianum,
(woodcut) 66 ; C. HaiTisianum, 136 ; C.
Parishii, 158 ; C. Roezlii, 60, 115.

Dabeocia polifolia variicolor, 41.

Dahlias, new, 260.

Daisy, Blue, 233.

Daisies, double, for spring bedding, 101.
Daphne indica alba, 207, 208 ; D. indica rubra,
culture of, 207.

Dasylirion glaucum, (woodcut) 16.

Datura fastuosa, 62 ; D. (Brugmansia) san-
guinea, 210; D. (Brugmansia) suaveolens,
Decabelone elegans, 250. [146.

Delphinium Keteleerii, (col. plate) 73 ;
sinense flore-pleno, 92.

Dendi-obium Ainswortbii, 60; (woodcut), 113;

D. amoonum, 158; D. eiythroxantbum, 250.
Diantbus glacialis, 188.

Disa grandiflora, specimen of, 234.

Dracaena amabilis, (woodcut) 75 ; D. Baptistii,
116 ; D. Goldieana, 158 ; D. Hendersoni, 136 ;
D. bybrida, 158.

Dracaenopsis australis, 234.

Drosera glanduligera, 250 ; D. Menziesii, 250.'
Drymonia Turialvao, 268.

Echeveria eximia, 136 ; E. Peacockii, 136,
202 ; E. secunda glauca, 260.

Edgings, for kitchen - garden walks, 26 ;

Stevens’ Brick, (woodcut) 284.

Epidendrum Catillus, 82.

Erantbemum reticulatum aureum, 116.

Erica codonodes, 53 ; E. berbacea alba, 43.
Eriocaulons, flowering of, 163.

Erytbrina indica picta (Parcellii), 158, 258.
Eupatorium gracile odoratum, 20. [185.

Evergreens, season for planting, 99 ; desirable.
Exhibitions : Autumn Fungi, 258 ; Dundee
Horticultural, 231 ; Florence International,
139,259; Midland Counties’ Horticultural,
185; Royal Horticultural Society’s, at
Bath, 18.

Fairy Rings, 186.

Ferns for the million, 102.

Fertilisation of plants, tiooibrcnk’s process for
facilitating, 260.

Ficus Parcellii, 116, (woodcut) 183.

Fig, Negro Largo, 281.

Flowers, changes in colouring matters of, 92.
FloAver-pot covers, 92.

Franciscea eximia, 229.

Frost, protecting fruit-trees from, by per¬
fumes, 80.

Fruits, cracking of, 91, 123; consumption of,
by Messi’s. Crosse and Blackwell, foi* making
pieserves, 90 ; bow to pack, 20 ; new, 275 ;
tasting, at shows, 226.

Friut Crops of 1874, 170, 209; in Gloucester-
shii’o, 150 ; hardy, at Burglaley and in tbo

Midland Counties, 149 ; hardy, in North
Notts, 131.

Fruit-culture v. Cremation, 276.

Fruit-trees, root-pruning of, 278 ; wall aspects
suitable for, 51 ; spring treatment of, on
walls, 266 ; for hedge-rows, 34.

Fuchsia procumbens, 202 ; F. syringac flora, 91.

Fuchsias for flower-garden decoration, 245.

Fungi, autumn shoAvs of, 258 ; parasitic, on
sycamore leaves, &c., 106 ; on trees, 182.

Gaillarpia amblyodon, 19.

Garden Gossip, 18, 41, 67, 89, 117, 139, 162,
185, 209, 231, 258, 282.

Garden Literature : Asparagus, How to groAV,
69 ; Orch'ds, and How to grow them, 91 ;
Potato Disease and its Prevention, 69 ; Les
Promenades de Paris, 117,126; Domestic
Floriculture, 127 ; Pratt’s FloAvering Plants,
&c., of Great Britain, 127 ; Cool Orchids, and
How to grow them, 128; Natural Principles
of Landscape Gardening, 178 ; Roses and
Rose-culture, 180 ; Practical Gardener,
180; Los Plantes Medicinales et Usuelles
de nos Champs, Jardins, et Forets, 180 ; Lo
Monde Microscopiquo des Eaux, 180.

Garden Work : January, 21 ; February, 45 ;
March, 70; April, 93; May, 117; Juno,
141 ; July, 165 ; August, 189 ; September,
213; October, 237; November, 261; De¬
cember, 285.

Genista ovata, 235 ; G. polygalsefolia, 235 ;
G. virgata, 163, 235.

Gladiolus, double-croAvned, 69 ; neAV, 250.

Glass, rough plate, 149, 180.

Gloxinias, noAv, 158, 202.

Gooseberries : Catherina, (col. plate) 109 ;
Henson’s Seedling, (col. plate) 109 ; Lord
Derby, (col. plate) 1, 31 ; Victory, (col.
plate) 1, 32 ; for garden fences, 156.

Gooseberry-culture, 199 ; (woodcuts) 245.

Grape, Black Hamburgh, large, groAvn at
Lambton, 231, 258, 283 ; Madresfield Court
Black Muscat, 274; Mrs. Pince’s Black
Muscat, 274; Venn’s Seedling Black Mus¬
cat, 276; Golden Champion, 219; Mrs.
Pearson, 276; Muscat Escholata, 14; Mus¬
cat Escholata Suporba, 36 ; Muscat Ham¬
burgh, 55.

Grapes, French system of keeping, 187 ;
Italian method of preserving, 92 ; late
keeping, (Avoodcut) 52, 81 ; their peculiar
defects, 55, 274 ; trial of, at ChisAvick, 67 ;
Aveights of large hunches, 231.

Green Gage, origin of the name, 117.

Guelder Rose, 204.

Gum Cistus, (Avoodcut) 159.

Gumming in Fruit Trees, 91.

Gymnogramma decomposita, 116; (AVOodcut)
147 ; G. triangularis, 136.

H.a:MAXTiius Rooj^eri, 136.

Haussmannia jucunda, 221.

Hedges, substitution of AvilloAV for thorn in, 68.

Hibiscus esculentus, noAv oil from seeds of, 232.

Hippeastrum, ucaa^, 60, 116, 135.

Hollyhocks, noAv, 53, 250.

T

INDEX. 291

Hollyhock diseaso, 210.

Honey-dow, production of, 18.

Hyacinths, new, 82, 83, IIG, 252.

Hypolopis Bergiana, 130, 202.

Idesia polycarpa, (woodcuts) Gl.

Insects, destruction of, 232.

Insect Powder, 235.

Ipomoea bona-nox, 228 ; I. Horsfalliro, 228.

Iris Kscnipferi E. G. Henderson, 202 ; (col.

Isolepis pygma3a (gracilis), 182. [plate) 217.

Ivies, shrubby, at Messrs. Lane’s Nursery, 259.

Ixiolirion Pallasii, 249.

Ixora Fraseri, 202.

JacobEx\. Lily, 271.

Jasminum grandillorum, the Catalonian Jas¬
mine, 14G.

Judas-tree, 35.

Kale, garden varieties of, 10.

Kniphofia McOwanii, 250.

Kumquat, (col. plate) 241.

L.elia flammoa, 11 G ; (col. plate) 133.

Lagerstrbmia indica, 19G.

Leaves, changes in the colouring matters of,

Libocedrus decurrens, 18G. [92.

Lilac Dr. Lindley, 108.

Lilies, Garden, 78, 171, 193, 253.

Lilium auratum, fine specimens of, 234 ; L.
avonaceum, (col. plate) 193; L. Belladonna,
253 ; L. cordifolium, 79 ; L. giganteum,
(woodcut) 78 ; L. japonicum, (woodcut)
193; L. japoniemn Brownii, 194; L.
Krameri, (col. plate) 13, 195 ; L. Krameri
Barrianum, 19G ; L. longillorum, (woodcuts)
171 ; L. longiflorum albo-marginatum, 173 ;
L. longiflorum eximium, (woodcut) 172 : L.
longiflorum Takesima, 172 ; L. longiflorum
Wilsoni, (woodcut) 171 ; L. neilgherrense,
173 ; L. nepalense, 195 ; L. philippinense,
158; (woodcut) 174; L. spociosum atrosan-
guineum, 202 ; L. speciosum K^empferi, 233 ;
L. Wallichianum, 174; L.Washingtonianum,
(woodcut) 253 ; L. Washingtonianum
pui’pureum, 202 ; (col. plato and woodcut),

Lily-bulbs, development of, 2G9. [256.

Lily-flowers, white, use of, in France, 235.

Lime, Variegated, 188.

Limnocharis Humboldtii, 73.

Lisianthus Russellianus, 206, 222.

Lobelias, dwarf, new, 202.

Luculia gratissima, 83.

Lycopodium denticulatum, hardy, 137.

Macrozaaiia plumosa, 158.

Manimillaria Roezliana longispina, 13G.

]\Ianuro, liquid, application of, 15.

Mats, Wood, &c., 92.

Metroxylon filare, 203.

Mimulus (Diplacus) glutinosus, 210.

Mock Orange, 251.

Morel, cultivating the, by means of Tan, 90.

Mutisia decurrens, 188.

Myosotis Imperatrice Elizabeth, 2G.

Narcissus orientnlis flore-pleno, 83.

Nectarine Prince of Wales, 218, 281.

Nephrolopis davalloides furcans, 158.

Norium Oleander, new red, 250 ; N. 0.
splendens, culture of, 248.

Nertera dopressa, 233.

Netting, Brown’s Galvanised Wire, 188.

New Plants and Flowers, notable, GO, 82,
115, 134, 158, 201, 250, 275.

Obituary: Dawson, Thomas, 21; Lawson,
Charles, 43 ; Morris, W. R., 43 ; Delany,
John, 93; Salter, John, 140; Glenny, George,
141 ; Meisner, Professor, 164 ; Rae, Charles,
165 ; F^e, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire,
165 ; Booth, William Beattie, 165 ; Godfrey,
Robert, 188 ; Masters, William, 261.

Odontoglossum maxillare, 251 ; 0. pulchellum,
183 ; O. Roezlii, 158.

(Eceoclades guineensis, 251.

CEnotheras, adaptations of, 228.

Oil, now, from seeds of Ochro, 232.

Oleander, culture of, 248.

Olearia Haastii, (woodcut) 197.

Ophiopogon japonicum, 163.

Orange-peel, utilisation of, 230.

Orchard-houses and their product, 3, 40.

Orchids, cool, growing at Ti’entham, 285.

Orchis maculata, 210.

Oxalis lobata, and others in Cornwall, 234.

Paciiypiiytum bracteosum, easy method of
propagating, 200.

Pansies, bedding, 185.

Pansy, double-flowered. Lord Waveney, 259.

Parechites Thunbergii, 164.

Pascalia glauca, 258.

Passifiora princeps, 227 ; P. quadrangularis
variegata, 116.

Pea, Best-of-all, 19; James’s Prolific, (wood-
cut) 44 ; Laxton’s Fillbasket, (woodcut)
44 ; No plus ultra, 196 ; the Criterion, 186.

Peas, new, 39, (woodcuts) 43 ; Sugar, 8.

Peach, Barrington, (col. plate) 157 ; Rivers’
Early Beatrice, 99 ; Rivers’ Early Louise,
(col. plate) 85.

Peaches, early, 107.

Pear, Lucy Grieve, 276 ; Pitmaston Duchesse
d’Angouleme, 276; Uvedale’s St. Germain,
huge specimens of, exhibited, 282.

Pelargoniums, judgment of, as to beauty of
flowers, 177 ; new double, 203 ; now fancy,
136,137, 159; new show, 136, 158, 159;
new tricolor, 203 ; new zonal, 203 ; zonal,
judgment of, as to beauty of leaves, 155.

Pellsea mucronata, 159.

Pentstemon Palmeri, (plato) 37.

Philadolphus Gordonianus, 251.

Phyllotajnium Lindeni, 159.

Phylloxera, life-history of, 284 ; how to de¬
stroy, 284.

Pine-apple, variegated, 259.

Pink Lord Lyons, 277.

Plants, movement of water in, 284.

Plant-houses, Rondle’s rustic, (woodcut) 132.

Pleocnemia Leuzeana, GO, 159.

Plum, Coe’s Golden Drop, 233 ; Prince Eugle-
bort, (col. plato) 277.

/

292

INDEX.

Plumbago capensis as a climber, 145 ; P.
rosea, 134. [185.

Poinsettia pulclierrima, 2 ; double-flowered,

Polyanthus, fancy, 161; new, 83; Pantaloon,
(woodcut) 104 ; Jackanapes, (woodcut) 105 ;
P. purpureus, 137.

Populus angulata tortuosa, 93 ; P. canadensis,
235, 260 ; P. canadensis nova, 18 ; P. nigra,

Portulacas, double-flowered, 54. [260.

Potatos, new, 37.

Potato Beetle, Colorado, (woodcut) 42, 76.

Potato crop, returns of, 209.

Potato disease, 65 ; De Bary’s observations on.

Potting, 18. [283.

Primroses, double, 212, 234 ; double Chinese,
68 ; hardy, 33 ; new, 83, 108.

Primula acaulis, double vaiueties of, 212 ; P.
Sieboldii (cortusoides amoena) and its
varieties, 129 ; P. sinensis, new, 60, 68 ;
P. vulgaris violacea, 61.

Primus Avium, 188.

Pseudotsuga Davidiana, (woodcuts) 124.

Pteris serrulata, production of fronds fi'om the
prothallus of, 164.

Pyrus (Cydonia) Maulei, 281. ^

Rapatea pandanoides, 61.

Retinospora filifera, effectiveness of, 185 ; R.
leptoclada, do., 185 ; R. obtusa aurea gracilis,
61.

Rhododendi’on (jasminiflorum) Duchess of
Edinburgh, "SS* ; (col. plate) 145 ; (hardy)
Vauban, (col. plate) 265.

Rhododendrons, hardy, high-coloured, 74 ;
new, 83.

Rhynchospermum jasminoides, 146 ; rectifi¬
cation of name, 164.

Robinia Pseud-Acacia pyramid^lis, (woodcut)
242.

Rocket, double white, quick mode of rooting,
260.

Rose, Madame Trifle, 25 ; Marechal Niel, 210 ;
(H. P.) Peach Blossom, (col. plate) 97 ;
New H.P., 83, 116, 137, 159, 203; new
Tea, 83, 137, 140.

Roses, novel exhibition of, at Royal Botanic
Society’s Evening F6te, 209.

Rose Bods, carpeting, 4.

Roses and Rose-culture : Monthly Calendar,'
49 ; selections of varieties, 109.

Salpiglossis, Chilian, 209.

Salvia gesneracflora, 69.

Sarracenia Moorei, 162 ; S. Stevensii, 159,
163 ; S. Williamsii, 159, 163.

Saxo-Fridericia subcordata, 117.

Schizopotalon Walkeri, 175.

Scolopendrium vulgare cristatum viviparum,
159.

Seeds, duration of the germinating power of,

210.

Selaginella Kraussiana, 151 ; S. lepidophylla,

Sericographis Ghiesbreghtiana, 68. [251.

Sileno pondula floro-pleno, 203.

Societies : British Pteridological, 187 ; Pelar¬
gonium, establishment of, 231 ; prizes

offered by, 282 ; Royal Botanic, evening
f@te of, 209 ; Royal Horticultural, 122,

Solanum quitoense, 251.

Sonerila Hendersoni, 203; S. Hendersoni
argentea, 203.

Spiraja Aruucus, 232 ; S. Lindleyana, 19.

Spray-producer, impi'oved, (woodcut) 68.

Stollaria graminea aurea, 211.

Stevens’ Garden-edging Brick, (woodcut) 283.

Strawberry, the Amateur, (col. plate) 25 ;
Vicomtesse Hdricart de Thury, 258.

Strawberry-beds, renovating old, 154.

Strawberries, potting, for forcing, 100 ; forcing,
130.

Summer-houses, rustic, (woodcuts) 175 ;
(wood-cut) 236.

Syringa, 251.

Tacsonia insignis, 18.

Tecoma grandiflora, 12.

Thistle, Virgin’s, use of pith of, 164.

Thuja occidentalis lutea, 90 ; T. occidentalis
argentea, 93.

Tilia platyphyllos, 188 ; T. joubescens, 188.

Tillandsia Zahnii, 203.

Tomato, 260 ; new, 39.

Toxicophloea spectabilis, 61.

Trachelospermum (Rhynchospermum) jas¬
minoides, 164.

Trees, evil effects of, in hedge-rows, 256.

Triteleia uniflora in pots, 86, 133.

Ti'opasolum speciosum, 231.

Tulipa boetica, 20; T. oculus soils, 20; T.
persica, 20.

Ulmus Berardi, 56.

Vaccinium pennsylvanioum, 20.

Valerian, red, 185.

Vanda ccerulescens, 117 ; V. limbata, 159.

Vegetables^ new, 37.

Viburnum macrocephalum, 205, 242 ; V.
Opulus, 204, 205 ; V. plicatum, 205, 242.

Vine, cultivated, descent of the, 43.

Vines and Vine-culture : Pruning and Train¬
ing, (woodcuts) 27, (woodcuts) 224, (wood-
cuts) 272.

Vino Borders, covering, 244.

Violas, new, 137, 203 ; bedding, 228; bedding,
Blue Bell, 19 ; now bedding, 197 ; V. cornuta,
new, 203 ; V. cornuta Admiration, Purple
Prince, and Sensation, 197 ; V. Munbyana,
164.

Vitis aestivalis, 93 ; V. heterophylla humuli-
folia, 275.

■Wall aspects suitable for Fniit-trees, 61.

Wall Fruit-trees, spring treatment of, 266.

Wallichia caryotoides, (woodcut) 160.

Watering-pot, Smith’s patent siphonic, 186.

Who is right ? 1 5 5, . 1 77.

Wiring v. Nailing, 236.

Xantiioceras sorbifolia, fruiting of, 232.

Zenobia spociosa, 70.

2>ygopotalum Sedoni, 251.

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