UNlVEH3iTV OF ?'

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH

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Uarlington JVi.eniorial Jjibrary

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A9 ESSAT T0Wi.BD9

A CATALOGUE OF THE PHiENOGAMOUS PLANTS^

NATIVE ANB JJ-ATTJllALIZED, GROWING IN THP. VlfilNITY OF THE

BOROUGH OF WESTCHESTER,

IN CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA;

"^ ^ITH BRIEF NOTICES OF THEIR PROPERTIES, AND USES, IN MEDICINE, j

RURAL, ECONOMY, AND THE ARTS,

TO WHICH IS SUBJOINED

OF THE SAME DISTRICT

37 WZLLIAM: DAHLXNaTON, M. D.

Ore trahit quodcunqice potest, atque addit acervo. Hor.

WEST-CHESTER, PENN.

FRINTED TOR THE AUTHOR, BY SIMEON SIEGFRIED, 1826.

ALSO INSCRIBED,

AS A TRIBUTE OF AFFECTION^, TO THE MEMORY OF MY EARLY AND ESTIMABLE FRIEND;

I-ATE SURGEON IN THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES :

A MAN IN WHOJI THE LOVE OF SCIENCE

WAS EQUALLED ONLY BY HIS BENEVOLENCE TOWARDS HIS FELLOW CREATURES.

WHO, TO A MOST AMIABLE SIMPLICITY OF CHARACTER,

UNITED A RARE SAGACITY, AND AN INDEFATIGABLE ACTIVITY.

IN THE PROSECUTION OF BOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE.

HIS ARDOR IN THE PURSUIT,

VZD HIM TO UNDERTAKE AN EXPEDITION TO WHICH HIS DECLINING HEALTH WAS TOTALLY INADEQUATE :

AND, ON THE BANKS OF THE MISSOURI,

FAR FROM THE BOSOM OF HIS FAMILY,

AND THE CIRCLE OF HIS ANXIOUS FRIENDS,

HE FOUND AN UNTIMELY GRAVE;

'• Manibus date Liiia plenis;

Purpureos spargam flores, animamque Jlmici His saltern accumulem donis, et funnar inanj

Mnncrc."

W. D,

PREFACE.

THE followins Catalogue was undertaken a number of years a^o— at a time when the works which prcft'ssed to treat of the plants of this country were few in number, and those few far from being complete.

Having experienced much difficulty from the want of satisfactory aids, when I began to investigate our native vegetables, it very early occurred to me, that if the lovers of Botany throughout the United States were to prepare and publish local Floras^ or Catalogues of the plants of their respective neighborhoods, — carefully describing such as were little known, or had been entirely overlooked,— it would be the readiest mode of obtaining the materials for that great desideratum, a complete American Flora. It was under this impression that I began to collect the plants of this vicinity— with the intention of publishing a list of them, in a form that should exhibit the views which I entertained respecting such local contributions.

In pursuance of this plan, I v/as actually preparing the present catalogue for the press, when the appear- ance of Mr. Pursh's valuable Flora induced me to pause, and revise my humble performance. The subse- quent publication of Mr. Nuttall's e.xceilent work on the North American Genera, and, more especially, of Dr. Barton's Flora Philadelphica,— which comprised the greater portion of the plants of this district,— seemed to supersede the utility of my project; and I relinquished, for a time, all idea of printing. My at- tention, however, to the subject of a local Flora, was not remitted; but, on the contrary, avaihng myself of the assistance afforded by those recent works, (as well as by the admirable Sketch, of Mr. Elliott,) I pro- secuted my investigations with renewed diligence. I had, moreover, the pleasure to communicate a taste for botanical studies to several intelligent gentlemen of the vicinity, who materially aided me in my re- searches,—and who have since embarked, with a laudable zeal, in a more extensive exploration of the Natural History of this region. At the instance of those gentlemen— and with a hope that it might be found somewhat useful, as a sort of Index to the Botany of tiie district,— and perhaps be instrumental in inciting the youth of the County to prosecute such researches— I finally resolved to print a few copies. I was the more readily induced to do so, from having on iny hands the accompanying engravings, which I had procured for the work several years before.

Such is, briefly, the history of the present catalogue. It has no pretensions to any thing more than a faithful endeavor to present a view of the character and distribution of the phaenogamous plants of this vicin- ity. Nevertheless, local and circumscribed as it is, and imperfect as I am sensible it must be,— I am wil- ling to flatter myself that when its original design is considered, the cultivators of Botany, in the United States, will be disposed to regard it with indulgent liberality. To them it is submitted as a mere coup d'essai,— ihe first offering of an ardent admirer of the science, who would be happy to contribute his mite, in any way, towards promoting a more intimate knowledge of American Plants.

The plan of the work is that which I had originally adopted; e.xcept that I finally determined to annex to the authority, cited for each genus and species, a very brief description, drawn from the best sources with- in my reach,— and carefully compared, as far as practicable, with specimens before me. In this way I thought I could render the catalogue more satisfactory, by giving the reader some clue to the characters of the plants enumerated— and perhaps enable him to comprehend more distinctly what it was I intended, where I have been mistaken. I have given a number of the %/io)ii/ms of late writers on American Plants, with a view to the same object. I regret exceedingly that I did not possess the first volume of Dr. Tor- rey 's excellent Flora, until it was too late to avail myself of the instruction it affords. In my estimation, it gives the most clear and satisfactory account of the plants of this region, that has yet appeared, and had I been so fortunate as to have obtained it in time> I should certainly have adopted, to a very great extent, both its arrangement and nomenclature. Taken in conjunction with Mr. Elliott's sketch of the Botany of the South, it will, when completed; laave but little to desire, as to the descriptions of the known plant'; of the United States

52

vi PREFACE.

I have takeii some pains to collect tlie various Common Names by which the plants are designated, in this part of the country; for it seems to me that the very uncertainty which attends them, renders it important that they should be carefully enumerated. The same plants are known by different names, in different neighborhoods,— and the same names are often applied to very different plants. Indeed there is scarcely any tning more vague and confused, than the vulgar botanical nomenclature, — a circumstance which some- times leads to serious mistakes, in relation to plants possessed of active properties: and I apprehend there is no mode so likely to obviate the difficulty— if not to correct the evil — as a complete list of those local appellations.

The time ^f flowering, given in this catalogue, is intended to designate the period when the flowers begin to open. From the observations of twenty years, I find the range in the date of their appearance, —especial- ly in our spring flowers, — is about ten days: and I have accordingly noted the beginning, 7nsiZf?/c, and latter end of each month, with reference to such range. Under the impression that it would be infcresting, and indeed of practic-il utility to the cultivators of plants, I have annexed to the time of flowerinp:, the time at which Ihe fruit is matured, so farasi have had occasion to observe the fact: leaving a blank where the date has escaped notice, to be filled by future observations.

In givinj^the habitat, my object was first to mention the general character of the soil, or situation; and then to refer to some particular locality, in which I had found the plant— unless it were so common as to render such reference superfluous. To these I have subjoined the usual size, or height of the plant, with us; and also the prevailing color of its flowers.

As the knowledge of natural objects is chiefly desirable on account of ibe'ir properties,— vrhether useful or pernicious, — I have briefly noticed such of our plants as are endowed with either character; — more par- ticularly those which are known) or reputed, to possess valuable properties> in medicine, rural economy, and the arts.

To the catalogue of our native and naturalized plants, I have added an vl;)p«wfJ(r, containing a list of thpse which are cultivated, in this vicinity, for the sake of some useful property. My object in this was, in the first place, to afford an idea of the number and character of those plants which engage the attention of our practical farmers, and gardeners, at the present day, as articles of utility. It seemed to me, that by throwing them into a distinct groupe, it would exhibit a somewhat interesting view of the actual extent of our vegetable culture, as well as indicate the plants which are now deemed most valuable, or best adapted to our soil and climate. In the next place, I thought it might be gratifying to some of our young Agricul- turists, who are attending to Natural Science, to have the objects of their annual care and labor presented to them in a botanical point of view; and that it might possibly induce them to acquire sucli additional knowledge of those objects as would lead to beneficial results, in practice. I am i)articularly desirous that our young Farmers should blend a portion of scientific research and observation with the labors of the field. So far from its being idle, or unprofitable, 1 sincerely believe it would promote their most substan- tial interestsp—wliilst I am very sure it would add to their stock of rational pleasures, and elevate the char- acter of their profession.

Having said thus much in relation to the origin and general design of this Catalogue, it remains to add a few words touching a circumstance which will probably subject me to the charge of temerity, if not cl presumption. I allude to the change that I have ventured to suggest, in the name and position of the Lin- nsean Class, Icosandria. I am by no means friendly to idle or wanton innovations in scientific arrange- ments, or language: nor would I have risked the imputation, in this instance, if I had been engaged in an3- thing of more consequence than a mere local Catalogue. But while it still remains in some degree uncer- tain how the Classes of the Sexual System will be finally settled, I thought there could be no great harm in suggesting, in such a performance as this, an alteration which seemed to me to be an improvement.

The Class Icosandria is unquestionably a highly natural one — of which the name, given by LinnEEU?, conveys no accurate idea: and yet his attention to the jjojuc, evidently led him to exclude from it some plants which, in my opinion, ought to belong to it. It is called Icosandria, because the greater number of the Cenera belonging to it have about twenty stamina. But this is by no mean* the essential character of the Class; for Linnspus himself says, "Pro characters tamen non assumendus est numerus, cum omnes ]iolyandri staminibus parieli interno calycis inse7-tis (non vero reccptaculo) htic amandcndi s?nf ." It is the insertion of the staMna upon the calyx which marks the true character of the Class: and I humbly con- ceive that all hermaphrodite plants thus characterized ought to be referred to the same Class, without regard to the number of the stamina. Hence I can perceive no good reason why the genus Ribes, which has but yJtie stamina, may not be introduced into this natural assemblage, as well as £ugenia, Rosa, and some others, in which the stamina are very numerous. Neither of those Genera have any pretension to the ua7ne Icosandria, strictly speaking: j-et they perlainly ail sgrce in the essential characteristic of the

PREFA.CE. vu

Class. The same remark mny be ir.aJe in velation to some other genera, whicb the later Botanists have al- ready transferred thither,— although they have fewer than twenty stamina,— such as Agrimonia, Cuphca, &c. and it might probably be extended with propriety still further; so as to comprehend JVleZastoma, and indeed every other genus in which the stamina (and the petals, when present,) are inserted regularly upon the inner edge, or rim, of a concave monophyllous perianth. It was from this view of the subject, that I was induced to propose the name of Calyca!VDRIA, as being more appropriate, and correct. This term is expressive of the true character of the Class; and is sustained by analogy in the Linnjean name, Gynandria.

Every Botanist will at once perceive the nature of the suggestion,— and will form his own cpinioa whether or not it is worthy to be entertained, or considered. Very probably the old name, having been imposed by the great founder of the Sexual System, and consecrated by long usage, will centinue to be preferred— although, like the name October for the Tsnth month, it does not express what it means. Certain it is, however, that a veneration for high authority has not deterred the Moderns from a&o/js/iiwg whole Linncnan Classes, whatever eflect it may have in preventing the modification of Linnaan Names! But let the decision, in this in.stance, be what it may, it is deemed unnecessary to enlarge upon a proposition so obvious in its character. I shall content myself with having respectfully submitted the idea; and will dis- miss the subject without further remark, — ex'cept merely to observe, that I have placed this Class after Polyandria, for the sake of keeping in an uninterrupted series all the Classes which are founded upon thfc number of the stamina.

I cannot in justice conclude without acknowledging the obligations I am under to a few botanical friends for their kind and liberal aid, during the progress of this Essay. To the Rev. Mr. Schweijtitz, in par- ticular, I am indebted for information, which was of the greatest advantage to me in determining many of our plants. That gentleman was so obliging as to examine the greater portion of my doubtful specimens; and to favor me wiih his opinions, — and many interesting remarks,— of which I have been careful to avail mj'self.

My lamented friend, the late Doctor "Wij.i.ia:m Baldwix, (who was born and educated in this vicin- ity,) afforded me much important assistance during the earlier period of my researches; and indicated the localities of a number of our rarer plants. Had his valuable life been longer spared, my catalogue would doubtless have been less imperfect— »rot to say more worthy of the notice of the cultivators of American Botany. To him I submitted my suggestion, relative to changing the name, and location, of the Linnasan Class, Icosandria; and it was his decided approbation of the proposition, which emboldened me to present it to the votaries of the Science.

To my friends Zaccheus Com.it^s, Esquire, and Mr. D. Steinhauer, of Philadelphia, I am also under many obligations, for their kindness and attention, in examining specimens, and otherwise aiding me in my investigations.

After this catalogue went to press, I had the good fortune to commence an occasional correspondence with that distinguished Naturalist, Professor Totirey, of West Point; which correspondence has, to me, been a source of instruction and pleasure— alloyed only by a regret that I had not earlier enjoyed that advantage. For the information, and speciivians, received from him, I beg leave here to offer my sincere and grateful acknowledgments.

'^ " It may he satisfactory to those at a distance, who may honor this catalogue with a glance at its content?, to state, that the Borough of JVesl-Chestir,— in nnd around which the enumerated plants were collected, — is the County Town, and Seat of Justice of Chester county, Pennsylvania. It is situated about two miles East of the Eastern branch of Brandy wine Creek,— and about three miles. North Easterly, from the junction of the two main branches of that stream; five miles South of the great Limestone Valley, which extends from the Schuylkill to the Susquehanna; sixteen miles North AVesterly from Wilmington, Delaware; and twenty three miles West of the City of Philadelphia. The ground, on which the Village stands, is high,— being, in fact, the dividing ridge between the waters of the Brandy wine, and Chester Creek; and the face of the adjacent country is somewhat hilly, and irregular. The soil is mostly a stiff loam — sometimes quite clayey— and generally in a highly improved state of culture. About two miles North of West-Chester, there is an elevated slaty district, or stripe of land, from two to three miles wide, which runs South of, and parallel with, the Great Valley, — extending from N. E. to S. W. — known by the name of " the Barrens." Immediately South of the Slaty Barrens, is a vein of Serpentine Rock, which occasionally rises in rugged, broken spurs, that are extremely sterile; and upon which are to be found some plants that seem to be peculiar to that kind of soil — such as the Talinum, Scleria, Atheropogon, Arenaria atricta, &c.— One of the largest of those Serpentine banks, or ridges, called " the Barren Ridge,'' occurs about a mile N. E. of the Borough.

ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES.

Bart. Fl. Phil, or Fl. Phil.— Barton's Flora Philadelphica.

Big. ot Big. Fl. £osi.— Bigelow'sFlorula Bostoniensis.

^oer/j. —Hermanni Boerhaave, Historia Plantarum in Horto Academico Lugduni-Batavorum-

Cat. — Calyx. Ca^s. Capsule, or Capsules. Cor. Corolla.

Cyclop, or Sm. C^d.— Smith, in Rees's Cyclopaedia. De T/teis. — Glossaire de Botanique. £at. or Eaton — Manual of Botany.

£/;.— Elliott's Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia.

Fil. or Fj/am.— Filaments. Fl.— Floret; puts forth flowers. Fr. maf .— Fractasmaturus; fruit mature- Gen. P/.— Linnaei Genera Plantarum, curante Schrebero. /?■«&.— Habitat, or Habitatio: the natural or visual place of growth. Sort. A'cw.— Alton's Hortus Kewensis.

Juss. Ocn. PZ.— Antonii Laurentii De Jussieu Genera Plantarum. Marsh- or Mil. — Marshall's Arbustum Americanum. Mx. — Michaux's Flora Boreali- Americana.

Mx. Arb. — Michaux's Arbres Forestiers de L'Amerique Septentrionale. Jiluhl — Muhlenberg's Catalogue; and Graminum Descriptio. H'ect. — Nectary, or Nectaries.

JVutt. Gen- or iV««.— Nuttall's Genera of North American Plants P«r«oon.— Persoon's Synopsis Plantarum. PA.— Pursh's Flora America; Septentrionalis. .Reccpf.— Receptacle.

iScAflJp/.— Schoepf's Materia Medica Americana. Schw. — Schweinitz; Monographs of Viola and Carer. Sm. or Sm. Fl. Brii.— Smith's Flora Britannica. iSiam.— Stamen, or Stamens. Stig. Stigma, or Stigmas. Synon. — Synonyms; other names for the same plants. Tor.— Torrey's Flora of the Northern and Middle States. fFg.- Withering's Arrangement of British Plants. Willd. — Willdenow's Species Plantarum.

SCF" With a view to gratify a curiosity, in others, which I always felt myself, I have attempted to give the Etymology, or derivation of the Generic Names, so far as I could ascertain the same. My authorities are chiefly De Theis, Boerhaave, and Rees's Cyclopadia. Not having Greek types at hand, I have used the Italic Y to represent the Greek Upsilon, in all cases where it is rendered by the letter Y, in the formalioa of the derivative name.

I have also, at the particular request of some of the young cultivators of Botany in this vicinity, annexecl a Glossakv, containing a brief explanation of the principal descriptive terms used iu the Catalogue.

It^BBMVM

OF THE PRIXCIPAL BOTANICAL TERMS USED IN THE DESCRIPTIOXS. I.V THIS CATALOGUE.

Abortive. Not perfecting the fruit. ' Biternate. When the petiole is ternate, and each

Jicerose _L,eat. rveedle-form; or linenr, acute, and divisioa bearing three leaflets. ArZ^'^'^l"" V?f, "' ^^^T^"' Z^''- , t. I ^"'ir "J ^ <-'orolla . The spreading brim of a Co-

^cine. ^ i.oe^lutle globule ot a compound berry. | rolla of more than one petal.

? prickles which are affixed to the , Bracldate. Branches nearly horizontal, opposite.

Aculeate. H

bark only, and not to the wood Acamiiiati>. Ending in a suddenly tapering point. Acute. Terminating in an angle; not rounded. Adnute. Adhfrring, flxed or growing to.

Aggregate. Collected on the same receptacle: or embraced by a common calyx -

Alate. Winged; having a membranous border-

Ament P'lower-bearing scales arranged on a tden- der receptacle.

Amphxic'iul- Embracing or clasping the stem.

Ancipitul. Somewhat flatted, with two opposite edges.

Andrcgynous. Having male and female flowers distinct, but on the same plant, or spike.

Anther. The knob, or capsule, containing the pol- len: usually supported on a filament.

Apetalo7t9. Not having a corolla, or petals.

Aprx. Tiie tin, summit, or end.

Appressed. Pressed to, or squeezed close.

Approximate. Growing near each other.

ArUlatc. Applied to seeds which have outer coat, {or arillus,) that falls ously.

Aristate. Awned: having awns.

Armed. Having thorns, or prickles.

Ascending. Rising gradually between a horizontal and vertical position.

Asturgent. Risiag in a curve from a declined base.

Attenuate. Tapering gradually till it becomes slen- der.

Auriculate. Having rounded appendages at the base, like ears.

Awn. Aslenderprocess, issuing from the chaff, in grassps.

Ari/. The angle formed by a branch with the stem, or by a leaf with the branch.

ArVhiry. Proceeding from, or growing in, the axil.

Banner. The upper petal in a papilionaceous flow- er.

Barb. A straight process armed with one or more teeth, pointing backwards.

and decussate.

Bracie. Floral leaf. A leaf nearer among the flow- ers, and diiFerent from the other leaves.

Bracteate. Furnished with bractes.

Branchlet. A little branch: a sub-division of a branch.

Bristles. Very stiff hairs; simple or hooked

Bulb. The winter receptacle of certain plants, pla- ced for the most part immediately on the root. It is either solid, scaly, coated, or "iointed.

Bulb-bearing. Producing bulbs above ground.

Caducous. Falling off quickly.

Calcarnte. Spurred: having a process resembling a horn, or cock's spur.

Calceifortn. Shaped like a shoe, or slipper.

Cahjcandrous. Bearing the stamens on the calyx.

Calyculate. Having a calyx. A calyculate calyx,

IS a calyx having acalycle, or little additional ca-

ly.\ at its base.

I Calyx. The cup or outer covering of a flower;

loose I mo.stly green, or in botanical language, not colored'

spontane-

Campanulatc. In the form of abeL Canaliculate. Channelled, or grooved. Caneicent. Hoary; covered with a white pubes- cence. Capillaceous, and Capillary. Long and fine, like a

hair. Capitate. Head-form: growing in a head. Capsule. A dry, membranous, hollow seedvessel, mostly opening by valves, in some determinate manner. Carinate. Keeled: having a ridge resembling the

keel of a boat. Carnose. Fleshy: more firm than pulp. Cartilaginous. Hard and somewhat flexible: like i gristle.

; Cauda. A tail. Caudate. Having a tail. , Cauline Belonging to, or growing on the maia ; stem.

! Cernuous. Drooping, or nodding. I Cespitosa. Many stems growing from the same root; forming a turt, or tussock.

i"*- T ^'^[.^'"^"ng by a process m the form ol , Chaff. A thin^ dry membrane: mostly applied to a birUs bill. I the glumes, or seed covers of the grasses.

Beard. Parrallel hairs. \ Chr,ffy. Bearing chaff; or re.sembling chaff

;!i!;?':„u./"JiT.P^"'^*''P ^'^^°"t valves, contain- | C!iannelk(l. Haying longitudinal grooves

ing naked seeds Bibracteate. Having twobractes. Bllentate. Having two teeth. Bifid Two cleft, or split into two segments. Bifurcitc. Forked: dividing by pairs. Bilabicte. Having two lips. Bilocvlar. Having two cells

Ciliate. Fringed; edged wilh parallel hairs, re- sembling eye-lashes. Cirrhose. Terminating in a tendril. Circumseisscd. Cut round; or opening horizontal- ly, like a snuff-bo.\". Class. The highest or primary division of plants, _..„.„...,. ,.„,... a i..^ ^^tii^. or other natural objects, in a sy.«tem

bipinnate. The common petiole having pmnate 1 Clavate. Club-shaped; growing larger towards the leaves on each side of It. end. r '= o t luc

Bipinnntifid. Thp common petiole having pinnati- Clam. The lower narrow part of a petal in a silf-wr °K!tiS."tw^ hP.t. polypetalous corolla, by which it is fi.xed ' to the

mrosivatc- Havmg two beaks receptacle, or calyx.

GLOSSxVRY.

Cleft. Split down in a Jtrsi^ht line towards the DcchnalB. Curved downwards, archwise.

base; but not so de ep as whni it is Xtrm^d parted. Decompound Leaf When the petiole is divided, Clvpeate. Resembling a shield, or tai get. 1 and each division bearing a compound leat.

Voadunate. Joined together, or united at base. Decawhant. When the oase is erect, and the re-

Coated. Co^si^ting of concentric layers, or skins,— main.ier procumbent.

as the bulb of an onion, , Decurrent Le^af. When its two edges are contin-

Coa^taneous. Appearing at the same time with the | ued down the stem, on which it '^.'f e-'led-

leaves i-i » Decussate. Giowing in pairs, which alternately

Cochleaie. Coiled spirally, like a snail-shell. LT'! ^'"''\?"'f; m. ■

Colored. Any other color than green, \ Deflected Bent down archWise. . ^ . „„

Cohimdla. The central pillar ma capsule, to which -^^f^Jf^n^ Opening; the natural opening ot cap.

the seeds are affixed. Common. Including or sustaining several parts

similar among themselves. Compact. Condensed, or pressed together. Complete Flower. Having both calyx and corolla. Compound Flower. Con^isling ot several synge- nesious florets, in a common calyx, and sealed on a common receptacle. Ccympound Leaf. When several leaflets grow on a

common petiole. , , , r

Compound Umbel. When each peduncle ot an urn- |

bel bears an umbellule, or partial umbel. Compressed. Flattened, as if ^quepzed or pressed. Condup/icate Leaf. Shut or folded together like

the leaves of a book. Cone. An anient with woody scales; as in the pine: Also used for the fruit of the hop, &c. and ConiC, or Conoid, indicates the fitiure ot a cone. Conglomerate. Clustered, or heaped together. Connate. Growing together at base. Connivent. Meeting or bending towards each other. Contorted. Twisted: or obliquely overlapping. Contrary. Apiilied to partitions, in a pericarp,

which are not parral'el with the valves. Convolute. Rolled into a cyluidnc form. Coralloid. Resembling coral, in figure. Cordate. Shaped like a heart. It is also compound- ed with other words to designate forms— as Cordate-oblong. Oblong , with a cordate base. Cordate-ovate. Ovate, with the base somewhat

cordate. Coriaceous. Leathery, or parchment-hke. Corolla. The delicate covering, or portion ot the flower, standing next to the stamens, and mostiy colored: often called the Blossom. Corollule. A little corolla ; in a compound flower. Corymb. A mode of flowering resembling an Um- bel, nearly level at top, but with the peduncles of different lengths; as y»rrr>\v, &c. Corymbose. After the manner ot a corymb. Coti'led. The edges meeting below, and expanding

above: like a hood thrown back. Creeping. Running along the ground and putting

forth small roots. Crenaie. Notched on the edge, with the segments circular, and not inclining towards either extremity. Crenulaie. Very finely crenate. Crested. Having an >.,,-. 1 1 ■:-- ik ■ i cr3st,o.- tutt. C.ri$p. Curled; or wavy at the edges. Crowded Thick-set: standing in close order. Croion. The pappuf^, or other appendage, on ihe

top of some seeds. Cacullate. Cowled: which see. _ Culm. The hollow .jointed stem ol the grasses, and

grain-bearing plants. . . Culmiferoiis. Having a jomted stem, or culm. Cuneate, andCutiW/ow.. Wedge shaped; narrow

downwards, or towards the base. ,

Cuf^'-idate. Having the end sharp like tne pomt ot

a ipcnr— or, termin.iting in a bristly point. Cuaihiform. Cup-^baped; widening iipwards. C'(/'.i<'. A mode of flowering where the peduncles 'rise from the same centre, but the subdivisons ot them are irregular. ■C'^mose. Having the flowers m cymes. l}ei:a-'ulrons. _H:.viug J_en stamen

sule Deltoid. Triangular; like the Greek Delta. Dense. Close, or compact. Dentate. Having piojecting teeth, of ilsownsub-

stance. Denticulate. Having very small teeth. Depressed. Fi.'>ttened vertically. Diadelphaiis. Having the filaments united in two

parcels, with a papilionaceous corolla. Diandroiis. Having two stamens. Dichotomous. Continually and regularly dividing I by pairs.

I Didimamous. Having two short, and two long,sta- j mins. Diffuse. Spreading in a loose open manner. I Digitate Leaf. When a simple petiole connects I several distinct leaflets at the end of it. 1 Digynous. Having two styles. I i>totcoi(5 . The male antl female flowers on distinct I plants. Discoid Flower. Having a disk without rays. Disk. The wliole surface of a leaf: or the laces or

central part, of a compound flower. Dissepiment. The partition between the cells oS

seed vessels. Distichous. Two-rowed; flowers or leaves on op- posite sides of a peduncle or stem. Divaricate. Branches spreading so as to form more

than a right angle with the stem above. Divergent. Branches making a right angle with the

stem, or nearly so. Dorsal. Fixed to the back. Dorsully compressed. Compressed or flatted on

the back. Drupe. A pulpy pericarp without valvesj contain- ing a nut, or stone Ecaudate. Destitute of a Cauda, or fail. Echinate. Prickly; like a hedge-hog. Elliptic Longer than wide, and roDndcd at both

ends. Emarginate. Notched at the end. Enncandrous. Having nine stamens. Ensiform Leaf. Sword-shaped: two edged and ta- pering from base to point. Entire Leaf. Undivided; without cleft, notch, or

tooth, on its margin. Equal. Similar parts equal among themselves,— as

the segments of a calyx, &c. Erase. Irregularly notched: as if gnawed. Exsert Stamens. Protruding out of the corolla. Falcate. Sabre-form; or Scythe-form. Fasciculate. Growing in bundles, or bunches, trom the same point. , , . r ,, ,

Fasiigiate. Lerel-topped: the summit of the

branches ri.sing to the same height. Filament. That part ol the stamen which supports

th^i Anther. Filiform. Slender and round like a thread. Fimbriate. Fringed by narrow segments of its OWR

substance. . .

riarcid. Too limber to support its own weight. | rl'-mose. Changing its direction in a curve. Floret. A little flower: one of the number in

gregate, or compound flowers. Fo'ioreous. Resembling a leaf: also leafy, or lur- nished with leaves.

Deciduous. Faiiing'off^aVthcusual time for such Faiicie. A laatlct, or partial lea?, parts to fall : as leaves, SiC

GLOSS AliY

FoUich. A seed-ves-';:el of one valve, Ofening on

one side longitudinally: as in Asclepias, &c. Fructification. A term comprising both flower and

fruit. Frutescent. SliruM'j: stems woody.

Funiculus. The little eoni, or medium, by which seeds are connected with the seed vessel, or recep- tacle.

Funnel-form. Corolla monopetalous, and tubular below, resembling a funnel.

Fusiform Root. Spindle-shaped; tapering down- wards:—as carrot, par^nep, ice. '<

Galea. A helmet: the upper lip of a ringent corolla.

Galeate. Helmet like: resembling a casque, or hel- ; met- '

Geniculate- Forming; an obtuse angle at the joints, like the knee moderately bent.

Genus. A family, or number of plants which agree with one another in the structure of the flower and fruit- The third branch, or bubdivision, in a sys- tematic arrangement.

Germ That part of the pistil wliich afterwards becomes the fruit.

Gibbous- Hump-backed; hunched, or swelled out, on one or both sides. j

Glabrous. Smooth and naked: without any pubes- I cenee, or roughness. i

Gland. A round, or roundish appendage, which '

most'y secri'tes a moisture. j

Glandular. Having glands. Glamlular-piloie. — j

Having hairs with little gland.s on them. j

Glaucous. Silverv; or greenish grey: covered with ; a sea-green mealiness. I

Globose. Spherical: round on all sides. 1

Glomerate. Having flowers or spikelets variously i heaped togethf^r; as in Orchard grass, &c. !

Glomeruhs. Smil! heads, or clusters. j

Gluniarenns. R -•;emhling glumes !

Glume. Chaff or husk. The calyx or corolla of grasses, j

Glumose- Having glumes. i

Granifprons. Rpnring a grain, or grains.

Gynandrniifi. Having the stamens, or anthers in- serted on the style.

Habit of Plants" Their geneial external appear- ance and mode of growth.

Habitat, or Habitaiio- The native place of growth of plants. I

Halved. One-sided; as if one half had been taken off. ;

Hast lie. Halbert-shaped; triangular, wi'h process- es on each side, near the base.

Hfptandrous Having seven stamens,

Herb:tc"ous. Not woody.

Herbarvim. Ago! 'notion of dried plants.

Hcrmapltro'Hte. Having both stamen and piitii perft et in the «anis flower.

Hex^ndrous Having six stamens.

Hir.t><tp. Rough-haired. Covered with stiffish | hairs, but less stifl" than bristles [tl.s. i

Hispid. Bristly: beset with short, stiff hairs, or bris-

Ifoary. Covpred with a white pubescence.

IToni. Sep Spur.

Hybrid. A mule: a plant produced by the mi.vture of two dilT^^renf species. |

Lnhrir.ntc. ficales lying over each other, like .shin- j gles. or tilfs. on a roof. |

I'r'perfcct I'lower. Wanting ei'her s'^iinen or pi'=til. j

Inrifed. Cut in. like a g;)sh with a knife; but not so deep as to be term-d c'rft. I

I'^Hnnte. or Inclined. Bent towards each other; or I towards somf thing difff'rent. I

Ineh'drd. Shut in, or concealed; as stamens in the corolla: onposed toexsprt. 1

fnroriiplete flo.^er Wanting either ealvT ornoroMa. [

Incra^siite Peduncle. Enlarged or thicker toward.- thp flower, or fi nit. i

Incumbent. Tjeaping upon, or resting against, i

/HCrrr-rf. Bent, or curverj inwrrds. |

Indii:e-"oHs: Growing; naturally or orijiinally in a couiitrv. " ' '

Inferior Caly:c. Below the genn, and inclosing it. Inferior Germ. Below the cal3'x. .Yn inferior ca-

ly.x implies a superior germ; and vice versa. Inflated- As if swelled, or blown up, with wind. Ihfl cted, or Inflexcd. Bent suddenly inwards. liijlorescente. Mode of bearing flowers; as Raceme,

Panicle, Spike, Umbel, &c. Intcrnode. The space between knots, or joints. Interrvptcdfi\'i]ie. Having intervals, either of small- er flowers, or leaves, or naked. Interruptedlij-Pinnate- Having smallerlleafletsfbc-

tween each pair of larger ones. Involucel. A small, or partial Involucre; particular- ly applied to the Involucre of a partial umbel, or

subdivision of an umbel. Involucellute. Having Involucels. luvolucrate. H-iving Involucres. Involv.crc. A sort of calyx remote from the flowers-

generally at the base of umbels, and aggregated

flowers. Involule. Rolled inwards. Irreguliir- Ditrering in figure, size, or proportion of

parts among themselv es. Keel. The lower petal of a papilionaceous flower;

inclosing the stamens and pistil. Keeled. Having a ridge resembling the keel of i

boat. Kernel. Seed which is contained in a Nut. Knot. A swelling joint; particularly in the stem of

the grasses. Labiate. A calyx or corolla divided at the top so

as to resemble lips. Lactrate. Divided into irregular segments, as if

torn. Laciniate. Jagged: irregularly divided and subdi- vided, as if cut or torn. Lunate. AVoolly: covered with curly, close, thick

j'ubescence. Lanceolate. Much longer than wide, and gradually

tapering, from near the base to the apex, like the

head of an ancient Lance. Lance-ovjte, L-jncc-lincur. &iC. Partaking of both

forms, but more of the latter: which is the rule in

construing compound terms. Lanuginous. Downy; or clothed with soft hairs. Lateral. On one side. Laterally compressed. Compressed, or flatted on

the sides. Latticed. Crossing each other, like net-v.'ork. Imx. Loose, or limber.

f.e.iflets. The small leaves in a compound leaf. Leaf-like. Resembling a leaf. Le tfy . Furnished, or abounding, with leaves. Lef.':inne. A seed vessel of two valves, with the seeds

atfived to one suture only. /./','"/('. The stipule of the grasses: at the throat, or

base of the leaves. Li^nlate. Stia['-shaped; fl.U and linear: p li^nlatc

corolla eonsists of a single strap-like petal, which _ is tu!.'u!ar at b:-se only, — as in t!ie Dandelion. t/nn'). The upper spreadiii.^ part of a mono] etalous

corolla. Linear. Of the same breadth thrfc.ighout, except at

the very eMreniities. Lireir-hin'jcoh'ie.. Laneeol^tc. inclining to linear. Lini^u' >ie. Like a little tongup. Lip. The division, either upper or lower, of a lal i-

ate corolla, or calyx Lohe. The segment of a deeply divided simple leaf;

frecuentlv rounded. Lob, lie. Divided infolnhes. Low if . .\ jointed pod: or legume with transverse

partitions, Lnn.ilite. Crescent-shaped: resembling the form of

a lie V moon, Lyrite. Pinnatifid. witli the laigest yegments a:

the. apex. .^fi!'' F'owor. FpTving stampp.s onlv. M-i.^l-fc-l.V Ofriiany purls, ov eiiitpii,';; one anctlier

GLOSSAKY.

Marccscent. Shrivelling, or withering, ■without fall- ing off.

Margin. The circumference, or edge.

Margiiiate. Having a margin different in some mea- sure from tile disis.

3Ielliferous. Producing or containing honey.

Membranaceous. Skinny; like parchment. With- out pulp.

Midrib. The main nerve, or middle rib, running from the base to the apex.

31onadelphous . Having the filaments all united in one set.

Moniliform. Resembling a string of beads.

Monogynous. Having but one pistil.

Monoico'is- Having the male and female flowers distinct, on the same plant.

Monopetulous. Consisting of one petal.

Monophyllous. Consisting of one leaf.

Miicronate. Having a dagger-point; vi^hich in leaves, seems to bo an elongation of the midrib.

MiMifid. Many cleft: cleft into many segments.

Muricate. Having subulate points scattered over it: or armed with prickles.

Mutic. Awnless: having no awn.

Nakid. Without the usual covering, or appendage: as a stem without leaves— leaves without pubes- cence— a corolla vvitiiout a calyx, or crown,— seeds without a pericarp— a receptacle without chaff, hairs. &c. a verticil without leaves— or an umbel without an involucre.

Nectary. Tne honey-bearing appendage of a flow- er; of various forms— as a horn, spur, cup. scale, gland, &c. Any appendage to a flower, whicii is neither calyx, corolla, stamen, nor pistil, is called a Nectary.

Nerves of a leaf, &c. Rib like fibres running from the base towards the apex.

Neutral Flower. Having neither stamen nor pistil.

Ob-. In the composition of terms, means inversely, or reversed: as

Obconic. Conic, with the apex downwards.

Ohcordate. Heart-form, with the apex next to the place of insertion.

Ohianceolate. Inversely lanceolate.

Oblique. A position between horizontal and verti- cal. Also applied to leaves. &c. which are as it were cut obliquely— or whose bases are shorter on one side.

Oblong. More than twice as long as broad, with nearly parallel sides, and rounded at both ends.

Obovate. Ovate, with the broadest end outwards.

Obsoletely. Obscurely; as if worn out.

Obtuse. Ending bluntly, or with a rounded apex, but within the segme.-it of a circle.

Octandrous. Having eight stamens.

Opake. or Opaqite. Neither transparent nor shining.

Orbicular. Circular; the length and breadth equal,

and the circuuiference an even circular line. Order. The second division, or branch, in asystem- atic arrangement.

Oval. Longer than broad, with the two ends of equal breadth, and curvature; and the sides cu.^vmg from end to end.

Ovate. Kgg-shaped: the form of a longitudinal sec- tion of an egg. Ouate-tanccolate. Lanceolate, inclining to ovate. Ovnte-oblung. The ovate form lengthened out. Palate- A prominence in the lower lip of a labiate

corolla, which tends to close the throat. Palmnte Leaf A simple b^af deeply divided, and the lobes spreading so as to resemble a hand with the lin,p;prs spread. Pandurrcform Guitar-form, or Fiddle-form. Ob- long, with sides contracted, and broadish at the

. ends.

Panicle. A species of inflorescence in which the flowers are scattered on peduncles variously and irree;uhrly subdividi^d: as Oats, &e. Paniculate. Disposed in the form of a panicle.

Papilionaceous Flower. Eutterfly-shaped; or Pea- bJossom: when complete, consisting of four i)etals —the broad upper one called the banner— the two side ones called the wings— and the lower one, called the keel. Papillate, or Pappillose. Having the sMrface co- vered with fleshy dots, or points; like little teats. Pappus. The crown on the top of some seeds, by which they are dispersed; usually hairy, or feath- ery—sometimes chaffy. Paraaitic. Growing on, or drawing sustenance from,

another plant. Parted. Deeply divided, almost to the base. Partial. Applied to an entire part of a general whole: as a partiallnvolucre, Umbel, &c. which, however, arc also expressed by the words Involu- ' eel, Umbellule, &c. ;

Partition. A wall, or membrane, separating a per- icarp internally into ceils. Pectinate. Finely pinnate, or pinnatifid.so as to re- semble the teeth of a comb. PcdateLeaf. When the segments are narrow, and divided almost to the petiole; resembling a bird's foot. Pedicel. A partial peduncle, the ultimate division,

next to Xh:- flower, or fruit. Pedicellate. Having a pedicel. Peduncle. The footstalk, or stem, which bears the flower and fruit, when it docs not proceed direct- ly from the root of the plant. Pedunculate. Having a peduncle. Peltate Leaf. Like a shield: having the petiole in- serted into the disk, instead oi the edge. Pencil-form. Resembling a hair pencil, or paintbrush. Peniagynous. Having 5 styles Pentandrous. Having 5 stamens. Pentapctalous. Having 5 petals. Perennial. Continuing more than 2 3'ears. Perfect Flower. Having both stamen and pistil;

or, at least, anther and stigma. Perfoliate Leaf, or rather Stem. Having the stem

running through the leaf. Perianth. A flower cup: a species of calyx, em- bracing, or contiguous to, the other parts of the fructification. Peric.rp. Tiie seed vessel: the case or substance,

which encloses or covers the seeds. Persistent. Remaining on: as a ca/i/x that remains on the fruit after the corolla falls oH'—aiipules that remain .nfter the leaves have fallen— or leaves that continue after the season is over. Petal. The delicate flower-leaf. In flowers of one petal, the corolla and petal are the same . In flow- ers of more than one petal, the corolla is the whole, and the petals are the parts. Petal-form. Petal-like, or Petaloid, resembling a

petal: as the stigmas of the Iris. Petiolatc- Having a petiole.

Petiole- The footstalk, or stem which bears the leaf. Phcenogamous- Having the stamens and pistils suf- ficiently apparent for classification. Applied to all plants not included in the Class Cryptognmia. Pilose. Hairy: having distinct straighiish liai'-s: or when applied to a pappus, it means composed of such Pinnate Leaf. Having distinct leaflets on opposite

sidpsof a simple petiole. Pinnatifid Leaf. Cleft so as to resemble a pinnate leaf; but the divisions do not reach to the mid-iib — beins: segments, and not le.iflets. Pistil. The centra! portion of a fertile flower: con- .sisting c^fthe gerra, style, nni] stigma, when com- plete. Sonretimes the style is wanting. Plicit". Plaited: foLlad, or crimped, like a fan, when

nearly full spread Plumose. Ffalhered; or after tlie manner of a fea- ther. A plumose pappus h w]icn a hair has other hairs arranged on opposite sides of it: as in the genus Cnicus, itc.

GLOSSARY,

Pod. A seedrvessel of two valves, with the s^^ecls attached to one or botli sutures- It is applied to either a Legume, or a Silique.

Pollen. The I'arina, or feriiizing dust of ths Anth'?r.

Polliiiia. Masses of Poiiec ; as in gynandrous plants, &c.

Polyadelphous. Having the stainens united below, in three or more sets, or parcels.

Polyandrous. Havinp; more than ten stamens, in- serted on the receptacle.

Polygamous. Having some flowers perfect, and oth- ers either male, f iiiale, or neuter.

Polymorphous. Assuminp; many different forms.

Poiite. A pi'lpy, or fleshy pericarp without valves, containing a capsule; as the apple, &c.

Porous. Full of holes, cen.<s. or tubular opening:s.

Prirmorse. End-bitten. Ending blunt as if bitten off.

Prickle. A sharp process fixed to the bark: only; and not originating in the wood.

Pris7nalic. Linear, with several Hat sides-

Procumbent. Lying on the ground, without putting ojt roots.

Proliferous. Putting forth branches or flowers from the centre of tlie top of a preceding one.

Prostrate. Ijying Hat, or close en the ground: near- ly the same as procumbent.

Pruinose Covered with a mealy substance, like a plum

Pseudo-pinnate. Falsely pinnate: the leaflets con- fluent, or not disti.ictly artiralated at base.

Pahtscence. All sorts of hairy, bristiy, wooly, or velvety covering of a plant.

Pubescent- Having some sort of pubescence, or hairy covering.

Pulp. A soft fleshy, or juicy mass.

Pulverulent. Powdery, or dusty.

Punctaie. Dotted, or sprinkled "with colored specks.

Puijgrnt. Sharf! pointed, or prickly.

Pyramidal. Tapering upwards.

Qundrifarioiis. In 4 directions: facing, or pointing 4 ways.

^UDiate. Having 5 leaflets; or growing in fives.

Raceme. A mode of flowering in which tlie pedun- cle has short lateral p«dicels; as the grape, &c

Racemose. Having the flowers in racemes; or ap- proaching that mode.

Rachis- The receptacle which collects florets lon- gitudinally in a spike; as in wheat, &c.

Radiate. Having rays. Applied to compound flow- ers which have spreading marginal florets.

Radical. Proceeding from the root; as leaves, &c.

Radicnnt, or Radicating. Sending out roots, or striking root.

Radicle. The little fibrous branch of a root.

Ramose. Branching.

Rays. The spreading florets round the mnr;^-in of a compound flower. Also the marginal florets of an umbel.

Receptacle. The hasp which connpcts and supports the other pnrts of the fructification-

Recurved. Curved downwards.

Reflexcd. Bent back so as nearly or quite to touch the stem or [)eduncle

R'gnlar. Having similar parts equal among them- selves.

Remote. Seated or growing at a distanc°.

Reniform- Shaped like a kidney: roundisli and hol- low at base, without angles.

Uepnnd Leaf. Having an angular margin, with sh.il- low sinuses between, as if cut out by segments of circles.

Ri'supincite Turned as it were upsi 'e down.

Reticulate. Npttfd: having veins crossing each oth- er like nnt- work.

Retro-aculeate. Having prickles pointing back- wards.

flch'orsfhj. Pointing backwards.

Refuse. Ending in a blunt, or shallow sinus. Revolvte. Rollu '. backwards, or outwjrls Rhombed Leaf. Having 4 equal siiies, but the an- gles not right angles. Rhomboid. Having opposite sides equal, and the

angles not right one*. Rho'idb-oiHi.te- Ovate, inclining to a rhomb. Rib. The continuation of the petiole along the mid- dle of the leaf. Rigid. Stiff, inflexible, or not pliable. Ringent. Gaping; the lips open. Rostrate, f^psked: hiving a process resembling the

beak of a bird. B.Gtjtei'oro\]A. Wheel shaped- monopetaloiit, and spreading almost fiat, without any, or a very short, tube. Rotund. Roundish, or orbicular; without angles. Rough. Covered with dots which are harsh to the

touch. Round See orbicular, and terete. Rugose. Wrinkled. Runciuate. Pinnntifid, with the segments pointing

backwards; like the teeth of a mill saw. Rurii^er. A shoot producing roots and leaves at the end only; nd from that jilace giving rise to ano- tlier plant. Sagittate. Shaped like the head of an arrow: some- what cordnte, with the side-lobes acute. Salver-form Corolla Monc-ctalous, rismg from a

tube, with a flat limb, or margin. Samara. A winged pericarp not opening by valves;

as in Maple. Ash,&c. Scabrous. Rough.

Scandent. Climbing; mostly by means of tendrils. Scape. A peduncle proceeding directly from the

root; and mostly le.'ifless. Scariose. Dry and skinny, generally transparent. Scattered. Standing without any regular order. Seutellatc. Shaped like a saucer. Srcund. One ranked: all turned towards one side. SegnLcnts. The parts into which a calyx, corolla,

leaf, &c. is cut, or divided. S'em.i- Half.

Semper virent. living through the Vi^inter and re- taining its verduie- Sericeous. Silky: covered with very soft close- pressed hairs. Serrate. Sawed: having shrrp notches in the mar- gin, pointing towards the apex. Doubly-serrate, }ia\ing small serratures on the large ones. Ser<atures. Teeth resembling those of a saw. Serrxdate. Finely serrate; v/ith very small notches.^

orteeth. Sessile. Sitting flose; without any footstalk. Sttacfous, or Seiiform. Bristle form; or resembling

a bristle in size and figure. Setose. Bristly : having the surface set with bristles,

or stiff, straight hairs. Sheath. The prolongation of a leaf down the stem,

which it embraces; as in the grasses, &:c. Sheathed. Knving a sheath. Shining. Glossy, bright. Shrub. A small woody plant, branching near tlie

ground. Silicic. A little Silique; whose length and breadth

are nearlj' equal. Slliq'de. An oblong, membranaceous, two valved (lericarp. having the seeds fixed along both sutures S:mple. Undivided: not branched. .^inimte. Having rounded incisions, or large curved^ breaks in the margin; as in the leaves of many ot the Oaks. Sinuate-serrate. Having serratures hollowed out Sinus. A bay: a rounded incision. Slehdcr. Thin, or narrow; or both. Solitary. Standing alone; one in a place. Spadi.r. A stem-like receptacle proceeding from £ spathc.

sir

GLOSSARY.

SpatJiaocom. Having; a spathe.

Spathe- Asheatli: a kind of calyx which first en- closes the flower, and after it expands, is often left a distance below it. Sometimes it retains the spa- dix in its cavity; as in Synijilocarpus.

Spat'iulate, or Spatulate- Like a tpatula: roundish above, with a Ion?;, narrow, linear base.

Species. The fourth, or lowest permanent division of natural objects in a systematic arrangement.

Specific. Belonging to, or distinguishinj? the species.

Spike. A mode of flowering, in which sessile flow- ers are arranger! along a common, simple peduncle.

Spikelet. A little spike; or one of the subdivisions of a spike.

Spine. A Thorn: a sharp process proceeding from the wood.

Spinescent. Becoming thorny; or inclining to be thorny.

Spinose, or Spinous. Thorny; armed with thorns.

Spur. The hinder part of the nectary in some flow- ers; resembling a Cocks' spur, or a horn.

Spurred. Having a spur.

Squamoie. Covered more or less with scales.

Squarrose. Havin;; scales with the points widely divaricating, or spreading every way.

Stamen. The organ of a flower which prepares the pollen; asually standing next to the germ, withm the corolla.

Staminiferotis. Beari.ig, or supporting the stamens.

Stigma- The top of the pistil.

Stipe. The little stem which supports the pappus, in some plants— sometimes also the fruit, as inCau- lophyllum.

Stipiiute. Having a stipe.

Stipxde. A leaflet, membrane, or scale, at the base of a petiole, or leaf.

Stipular. Belonging to the stipules.

Stoloniferous Putfting forth suckers.

Striate. Marked or scored with lines, or very su- perficial grooves.

Strict. Both stiff and straight.

Strigose. Armed with small, rigid bristles, tapering to the point. ,

Strobile, or Strohihis. An ament with woody scaies.

Style. That portion of the pistil which is between the germ and stigma: sometimes wanting.

Sub- Much used in composition as a diminutive; in lieu of somewhat, or approaching <o— -as sub-cor- date, for somewhat cordate, &c.

Suberose. Resembling Cork.

Subulate. Awl-form: linear below, but tapering above to a sharp point, and often a little curved-

Succuleiit. Juicy, full of juice.

Sucker. A shoot from the root.

Silicate. Furrowed, or grooved.

Sunradecomvound. More ihan decompounu.

Sup-rior Ca'lyx, or Corolla. Seated above, or pro- ceeding from the upper part of. the germ.

Suture. A seam-like junction of two parts; as the valves of a pod. .

Sijngenesious. Having the anthers united; with the flowers compound.

Sipionyms. Dift-erent names for the same thing. _

Tmdril A filiform spiral band, by which a plant is fastened to another body.

Terete. Round, or columnar; like a cyhnder.

Terminal. Proceeding from, or occupying the end .

Ternate. Three fold. In threes. I'hree leaflets on one petiole, as in clover, &c.

Tetradynamous. Having two short, and four long, stamens.

Tetragonoii.i. Having four angles, or corners.

TetrandroHS. Having four stamens.

Tetrnpetalous. Having four petals.

Thorn. A sharp process from the woody part of a plant. .

Throat. The orifice of the tnbp. in a nngent corolla.

Thyrsus. A mod.' of flowe' ing. consisting of a Pan- icle contiL'.ctiid into an ovate form.

T'jmentose. Covered with a fine downy or cottony pubescence, matted together.

Toothed. See dentate.

Torose. .Swelling out in riclges, or knobs.

Torulose. Swelling a little in ridges.

Triandrous. Having three stamens.

Triangular. Having three corners, or points.

Tribracteate- Having three bractes, or floral leaves-

Tricuspidate. Having three points.

Trifariovs. Facing, or pointing, three ways.

Trifid. Three-clett.

Trifoliate. Having three leaves, or the leaves arran* ged in threes.

Trigonou.s. Three cornered.

Trigynous. Having three styles.

Trilobate. Having three lobes.

Tripttalled. Having three petals.

Tiipinnate Leaf. When a petiole has bipinnate leaves ranged on each side of it.

Tripinnutif.d. A pinnatifid leaf with the segments- twice pinnatifid.

Triqttctrous. Three-sided; having three flat side.*.

Tritcrnaie. When a petiole is biternate, and each branch bearing ternate leaves.

Truncate. The end appearing as if cut ofF.

Tube. A hollow pipe; the lower hollow cylinder of a monopetalous corolla.

Tuber. A knob in roots, solid, with the component particles all similar

Tubercle. A little rough point, or pimple.

Tuberculate. Having rough points, or tubercles.

Tuberose, or Tuberous. Consisting of, or produ» cing tubers.

Tubular. Having a tube, or being in the form of a tube.

Ti'ft. Growing in a bunch.

Tunicate. Coated: consisting of concentric coats, la3'ers, or nripmbranes.

Turbinate. Top-shaped. A cone with the point downwards.

Turgid. Swelled; but not inflated.

Turion. The tender shoot of a plant, in the spring; as Asparagus, Hop, &c.

Twin- Two connected, or growing together.

Tunning. Ascending spirally.

Two-ranked. See distichous.

Umbd. A mode of flowering, where severpl flow- er stems diverge from one place, like the braces of an umbrella

TImbelUferouf. Bearing the flowers in umbels.

Umhellules. Partial umbels: the sub-divisions of a compound umbel.

Umbilicate- Having a kind of central hollow; re- sembling n navel.

Unarmed. Having no thorns nor prickles.

Uncinate. Hooked at the end.

Undaiate.- Wavy: rising and falling like wave.'!.

Unequal. The parts not corresponding in size, form, and duration.

Unequally pinnate. Having an odd, terminal leaf- let.

Unguiculate Petal. Having a narrow ba.<^e, or claw.

ifnilat^ral. Growing on one side of a »tcm.

Urceolate. Shaped like a pitcher.

Utriculus- A little bladder, or sac-

Valves- The several pieces of a pericarp, which separate n.nturally on ripening. Also the leaflets composing the calyx and corolla of the grasses: and the scales which close the tube, iu some co- rollas.

Variety- A plant changed by some accidental cause; as soil, culture, climate, &c. but not spe- cifically distinct.

Vaulted. Arched like the roof of the mouth.

Veined. Having the vessels variously branching over the surface.

Vi-ntrirotc. Bellied: swellingoul in the middle.

Verriirnsc. Warty; covered with waxt-like excres- cences.

GLOSS \IIY. XV

VeriicH. A whorl. Flowers, or leaves, surround- I naling on the plant, instead of falling off, as usual.

ins the Mem in a rinR. Voluble. Twining or ascending gpiralJy.

Veriicillate. Grov/ing in verticils, or whorls. \ Wavy . See Undulate.

VWo^e, or Villous, covered with fine soft hairs; TVhorl. S'>e Verticil.

like velvet. ! IVings. The two 'ide-petals of a papilion.Tceous

Vircscent. Inclining to green. 1 flower. Also the membranes afhxet! to ioriie per-

Virp:aie. Like a wand, or slender rod. Vixci'ii. Covered with a tenacious juice. Viviparous. Producing its offspring alive, — either

by bulbs instead of seeds; or by the seeds germi-

icsrps, and on the sides of some petioles. Woolly. Clothed with a pubescence resembling wool.

SUPPLEMENTARY CORRECTIONS, &c. See pages 139-140.

Anxious to rectify as m^ny of my oversights as possible, while opportunity is afforded. I avail myseU" bf a vacant space in this, the last sheet in the printing, to make a few additional corrections. There are doubtless a number more to be made, which have hitherto escaped my notice— notwithstanding consid- erable care was taken with the proofs. The disadvantages under which I have labored, in getting this little work through the press, can only be duly appreciated by those who know to what unlucky interruptions a Country Physician is perpetually subjected.

Next after Leersia Okyzoides, fage 10, insert the reference to ,1Iu/J.— or rather Torrey; which is still better.

FtsTUCA FLUiTAxs. p. 13. Tliis is the Poa fluitans, of iT/a'o/r; and the GL-iCE:aiA fluitaxs, of Toricy.

CAULCPHYLLuai. p. 39. I have just had an opportunity to observe the entire correctness of the ac- count of tne fruit of this jjiant, as given by L)r. Torrey, from K. Brown. The process, soon after the flow- er talis oif, is very remarkable. The young fruit seems to i e a kiod of short, membranous silique, or cap- sule, beaked obliquely with the style, and containing two globular seeds— one of which is generally abor- tive. The cipsule opens laterally, and is pushed to one side by the enlarging, drupe-like seed, which is liupijorted on the erect, clavate funiculus la a ievv instances, I observe botli seeds perfect, at least while young, and protruded side by side, iu the manner statei;.

Heloxias pioica. p. -13. Next line after the Synon. insert

Fl- Latter end of May, and alter. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Crataegus coccinea- p. C2. This is said to be Pcntagynous; but I observe that it has frequently only three styles,— and sometimes only iico. Indeed, the number of styles seems to be variable in all this genus. This species is known here by the name of HLiie Thorn.

C glatvdulosaI p. 62. I have, I think, found the real C. glandulosa, this season (1826). The stipule?, petioles, and calices, are remarkably glandular, and somewhat viscid. The segments of the calyx are ser- rate, with glands on the serratures. The atyles are moaliy 'Aret— sometimes only tico. The leaves are ovate, sub-Iobate, and serrate, smooth and shining — resembling those of C. coccinea, more than any others I have observed. The shiub grows in low grounds— on Jesse Good's land, &c.— 4 to 6',. or H feet high — and flowers about the middle of May. It s called, here. Black Thorns and is not common.

We have also, along Brandy wine, what appears to be the C. punctata, of Elliott, and Torrey ;— with obovate-cuneate, sub-plicate leaves— pubescent corymbs— and the calyx with subulate, entire segments. The styles are generally i/iree— sometimes tivo. It flowers the middle of May.

CvPRiPEnuM nuMiLE. p. 95. I have recently found this plant on the Brandywine bills, just above Downingtovvn: and Dr. W. Worthington informs me he has seen it on the Valiey hills, North of the Ship Tavern.

MoRus ALBA- p. 101. This species seems to be dioiccus, in some instances.

Fagus sYLVATicA. p. 105. In the first line of the Ohs. for "correct," read incorrect- I have examin- ed many trees of t!is species; and find them r.Il Tnonci-.-cus. It mny.. however, hs dioiccut in some ia- stances.

wmmmwmM (isssma©^^

CLASS I. MONANDRIA.

L. CALLITRICHE. jVuU. Am. Gen. 5. [Faiicii''uIIy derived from tlie Gveek,Kallos, beauty, and Thrix, hair; in reference to the floating tufts of leaves ]

Calyx inferior, 2 leaved. Corolla 0. Seeds 4, naked, compressed.

C. HETEROPHYLLA. P/V. Upper leaves spathulate-obovate; lower ones linear, obtuse; emarginate. Synonym. C. verna: cf C autumnalis? TVilld. Fu/go— Water Starwcrt. ' Star Chickweed. JYorci?— Last of April till September. Fi^ucius maiurus—

Jfaii'tai— Standing water of springs and rivulets: frequent: 6 to iS inches long,

Obs. Plerbaceous: continuas green through the winter. This plant varies in size and features, according to the depth of wp,ter in which it grows, and other circumstances: and I entirely concur with Dr. W. P. C; Barton {Flor. Pliilad.) in the opinion, that the C. linearis, of Pursh, is nothing more than a variety.

2. CINNA. Nutt. Gen. 69. [An ancient Greek name, from /ie»j, to heat; a supposed quality of the original plant. De T/ict*.]

Cal. 2 valved, 1 flowered, compressed, nearly equal. Cor. 2 valved, linear, naked at base, shortly stipitatc C AiiuNDi>rACEA. Muhl. Glabrous; panicle large, weak; dorsal valve sub-av/ned below tlie apex. Synon. Agrostis Cinna. Ph. FttZg-o— Reed like Cinna.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. ir.at. Last of September.

Hab. Moist, rich woodlands: Patton's woods; Brandywine: frequent. '

06s. A tall grass, 2 to -5 feet high. Notwithstanding the suggestions of such high authority as Jussieu, Schreber, and Pursh, I incline to agree with Mr. Tsuttall, in keeping this plant distinct from Agrostis; and, with a view to one of the chief advantages of the Sexual System, in the study of ir^otanyj I unite with Dr, Muhlenberg in placing it where that system would lead the student to look for it; viz. in the class Moaandria-

CLASS IL DIANDSIA.

Jk, Flowers inferior, a. Corolla monopetalous, regxdar.

3. LIGUSTRUM. Gen.- PI. 23. [Supposed to be from the Lat. ligare, to tie, or bind; from the use made of the branches 3

Cal. 4 toothed. Cor. 4 parted; divisions ovate. Eers.y2 celled, 4 seeded,

L- VULGARE. P/i. Leaves lanceolate, acute; panicle crowded.

FM/g:o— Privet, or Privy-bush. Prim.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Light, sandy soils: along fences, and road-sides: frequent.

(5&». A shrub, 4. to 6 or 8 feet high: flowers white, berries black. Native of Europe, but has become natiu-alized here. It was formerly tried for heds^ing; but does not answer the purpo.s3. The leaves are stim- ulant, and are often chewed, or used in gargles, as a popular remedv for ulcers in the mouth and throat, .Vhcepf says the berries alTord a purple or black pigment. Mr. Nuttall has omitted this plant.

^ * I have not met with any plant, in this vicinitv, belonging to the order iTfonog-'/n«« of this class: though Jt IS possible, notwithstanding numerous and diligent searches, that the Hiimuri's may have escaped my notice. i^ J *

B

2 DIANDIlfA. MONOGYNIA.

4. CHIONANTHUS. Nutt. Gen. 9. 1

[Frbm the Gr. Chion, snow, and Anthos, a flower; from its snow-white petals.] a

Cal. 4 cleft. Cor. deeply 4 parted; divisions long, linear. Drupe 1 seeded. iV^tif striated.

C viRGiNiCA. Marshall. Peduncles mostly trifid, three flowered; leaves oval, entire.

Vulgo— Fringe tree. Snow-drop tree. White ash.

Ft. Beginning of June. Fr. mat.

Hah. Hilly woodlands: Banks of the Brandy wine, near Worth's mill : rare.

Obs. A small, branching tree, 12 to 20 feet high: much admired for its white, fringe-like flowers. This 1 appears to be the ftroad/M^ed variety, of Alton; or ?rto?!i«nMs, of Puish. Marshall says (Arbust. Ameri- 9 can.) the bark of the root bruised, and applied to fresh wounds, was accounted by the aborigines a specific, 1^ ill curing them without suppuration: but such specifics are pretty much discarded, in modern surgery.

b. Corolla monopetalous, irregular: Fruit capsular.

5. VEHONICA. Nutt. Gen. 11. [Etymology obscure: Boerhaave says, " Nomen habet a Veronice Principe fremina inventrice."] Cal. 4 parted. Cor. rotate, 4 lobed; lower segment narrowest. Caps. 2 celled, obcordate. §1. Flowers in a terminal raceme. V. serpyllifolia. Sm. Cyclopad. Raceme somewhat spiked; leaves ovate, shghtly crenate, smooth. ■FmZ§:o— Smooth Speedwell. Paul's Betony. Thyme-leaved Veronica. Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of June.

Hab. Fields and joadsides: common. 2 to 6 inches high: flowers pale blue, striped.

§2. Flowers in lateral racemes.

V OFFICINALIS. Sm. Cycl. Racemes pedunculate; leaves obovate, hairy;' stem procumbent, rough-haired- Vidgo — Common, or Male Speedwell.

Fl. Last of May, and after. Fr. mat. Last of July, and after.

Hab. Di-y, sandy banks: woodlands, and roadsides: common. About 1 foot long: flowers pale blue, veined. Obs. Linnaeus and Schcepf say it is vulnerary and tonic; but it is probably little worth, as a medicine. V. ANAGALLis. Sm. Cycl. Racemes opposite, long, loose; leaves lanceolate, serrate; stem erect, smooth- Vulgo — Long-leaved Brooklime. Pimpernel. Water Speedwell.

Fl- Beginning of June, and after. Fr. mat. Begjinning of August, and after.

Hab. Ditches and rivulets: frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers blue.

V. BECCABUNGA. Sm. Cycl Plant smooth, lucid green; leaves oval, fiat, crenate; stem creeping. F«?g-o— Brooklime. Wallink.

FL Last of May, and after. Fr. mat. Last of July, and after.

Hab. Spring headsj and rivulets: frequent. 9 to 18 inches long: flowers blue.

Obs. Continnes green through the winter; and is closely alhed, in habit, with the foregoing. The ex- firessed juice is a popular remedy for croup, or cynanche trachealis: and certain Empirics, among the Germans, prescribe the herb, (under the name of JVallink,) in cachectic cases — to be taken in infusion- Its virtues, however, are believed to be very trifling, if any.

§ 3 . Floicers solitary. V. AGRESTis.' Pilose; branches assurgent; stem leaves ovate, crenate; floral leaves lanceolate, entire. Fl: Beginning of May. Fr- mat. Beginning of June.

Hab. Fields, roadsides, and exsiccated swamps: frequent. 2 to 6 inches high: flowers pale blue, caducous.

Obs. I have been a good deal puzzled with this species. Dr. Baldwin and Mr. Schweinitz both pro- nounced it V. agrestis; otherwise I should unhesitatingly have set it down as the V. arvensis of Smith, and Elliott. The lower, or stem leaves are opposite, ovate-cordate, incised-crenate; the floral leaves are sub- sessile, alternate, lanceolate, entire, or sometimes incised near the base; flowers on short peduncles, not one- third the length of the leaves (See Smith); corolla shorter than the calyx, (See £11.) and remarkably cadu- cous: capsule ciliate. There is some confusion and difficulty in the case, which I am unable to elucidate.

V. PEREGRiNA. Sm. Cycl. Flowers sessile; leaves oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, smooth; stem erect.

Vulgo — Knot-grass-leaved, or Purslane^leaved Speedwell. Neckwfeed.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Beginning of June.

Hab- Gardens, and other cultivated grounds: common. 4 to 8 inches high: flowers white, small.

Obs. This species is said to have been found useful in some scrophulous aff'ections; and hence the name, "Neckweed." See Barton's Med- and Pliys. Journal, Vol. 3, part 1. p. 24. A!! the species here enume- rated have been supposed to be naturalized foreignars; (See JVatt. & Elliott.) thoughDl"- J:?i«lth {Oyclopced.} notes them all, except V. agrestisj as natives of ou; country,

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 3

6. LEPTANDRA. Nutt. Gen. 12. [From the Gr. Lcptos, slender, and Ancr,'andi^os, male; in reference to the fructification.] Cal. 5 parted. Cor. tubular- campanulate; border 4 lobed, unequal. Caps, ovate, acuminate/, L. viRGimCA. Bart. Fl. Phil. Stem erect; leaves verticillate; spikes terminal, long. Sunon. Veronica virginiea. Auctorum. Vulgo— Till Veronica. Virginian Speedwell. FL Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hub. Low grounds, and borders of woodlands: frequent. 2 to 5 feet high: flowers white.

Obs Mr Nuttall, who separated this from the foregoing genus, remarks that the leaves are " nev0 sim- ply opposite, or ternate;" but I have several specimens with the leaves altogether ternate.

7. GRATIOLA. Nutt. Gen. 14. [Lat. Gratia, grace, or favor; on account of its supposed medical virtues.]

Cal. 5 parted. Cor. tubular, resupinate. Slam. 4, 2 sterile. Caps, dissepiment contrary to the valves; G. viRGiNiCA. Ell. Stem assurgent, mostly terete; leaves oval-lanceolate, attenuate at base, toothedv FL Beginning of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of June, and after.

Hub. Low, muddy places; ponds, &c. frequent. 4, to 10 or 12 inches high: flowers yellow, or dirty white. Obs. There is considerable variety in the appearance of this plant; and, I think, some confusion and obsnuritv in the descriptions of it. I submitted my specimens to Mr. Schwemitz, who thmks they are all, probably, mere varieties of G. virginiea; although the stems, in some mstances are subtetragonous, and the peduncles nearly as long as the leaves. One specimen from the forks of Brandy wme, flowenng as late as October, {tube yellow, limb white, with a linge of red,) Mr. S. thmks is the G. carolmtana, of Le Conte, but in its general features it resembles the others.

S. LINDERNIA. Nutt. Gen. 15. [So named in honor of F. B. von Lindern, a German Botanist.]

Cal. 5 parted. Cor. tubular, bilabiate. Stam. 4, 2 longer sterile. Caps- dissep. parallel with the valves. L DiL^TA-T V? EH. Leaves oblong-ovate, subamplexicaul; peduncles square, nearly as long as the leaves. &W. L^pyxidaria? P/i. Gratiolaaaugallidca? Jfx. Fu^go-Pimpernel. /? Middle of July till September. Fr. mat. Middle of August, and after.

Hub. Low, swampy grounds: Patton's ; Brandy wine : frequent. 4 to 8 inches high: flowers pale blue. nh. This plant closely resembles Gratiola, in habit. The capsules in my specimens are gm/e as long ?h P.lrl ■ f See Parsh ) and in no instance is the peduncle " longer than the leaves." (bee Elltott.) Yet I have the auOiority of Mr. Schweinitz for the above designation.

9. CATALPA. Nutt. Gen. 16. [A name said to have been derived from our Southern Indians.] Cal. 2 parted. Cor. 5 parted, ventricose. Stam. 2, with 2 or 3 sterile filaments. Caps, long, cylindricaT. r roRDiFOLiA. Ell. Leaves cordate, acuminate; flowers in panicles. ^,non C syrt^g^foha. Pk. Bignonia catalpa. JViUd. S.c. Val,o-C^^. Bean tree. J?. Latter eld of June. ^>- -«*• ^''^'"'^ ^^ <^^°^--

Hab. Gravelly soil: Jos. Taylor's; Great-valley hills: not common.

nh. A branching ornamental tree, 12 to 20 feet high: flowers variegated, yellowish white, dotted witk .n?ni;- deeantiy hgurelTn .V^ Arbres Forestiers de L'A^nerique. It ,s rarely to be met wih except ??St old sftUementsrwhere it has evidently been introduced^ I have observed it, occasionally, to be com- pletely Didijnamous.

10. UTRICULARIA. Nutt. Gen. 19. [So named from the Utriculi, or little bladders, attaclwH to its leaves.] Cal. 2 leaved. Cor. ringent, spurred. Caps, globular, 1 celled, many seeded. U. VULGARIS. Bart. FL PhiL Nectary conical; upper lip reflexcd at the sides: scape upright. FttZgo— Bladder wort. Hooded milfoil.

• Fl liatter end of June. ^''- '"«*•

• Hab. Pond, near the forks of Erandywine: rareJ Flowers yellow.

Obs Voout 20 years ^-o, I found another species in this vicinity, which the btc Professor Barton pv*- nouneed to be U. setacea; but I have not met with it since.

i ' blANDRIA.MONOGYNrA.

c. Corolla msnopttalous: Flowers mostly labiate: Foitrnaked seeds.

11. LYCOPUS. Nutt. Gen. 21.

{^t.LyJios, a wolf, and Fous, a foot; '' quia veteres credebant hujus plantce folia pedes Lupi referre." Boerh- J

Cal. 5 toothecL Cor. 4 lobed; upper segment broader, and emarginate. Seeds 4, retuse. h- viRGiOTCUs. Ell Leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, tapering at base; calyx acute, shorter than the seeds. Vut go— W&ier Horehou'nd.

P/. Middle of July, and after. J'r. mai. Middle of October.

ilab. gvvamps, and moist woodlands: common. 12 to 13 mches high: flowers white; in whorls. J Ohs. The variety which Pursh calls qvercifolius (if, indeed, it be not a distinct species,) is also ccrrmon jn this vicHiity. It IS said to be a principal medicine with certain noted Empirics, known here by the name a\ •• Lnir.jfdT Docfors,'' who prescribe the infasion as a soverei.2.-n reruedy for what they call a ''Diy ■^, •' ^"'"' ''-'- - • o'-b:-- rill lice dignus !) an infirmity which, they allege, afflicts a large proportion of those cred- 'Uvm pei'Bcus Wjio resort thither^ — or send their urine.

12. CUNILA. A^iitt. Gen. 22.

[A name borrowed frCm the ancient Roman naturalists; etymology uncertain.] Cal. cylindrical, 5 toothed. Cor. ringent; upper lip erect, flat, emarginate. Slam. 4, 2 sterile.

C. MARIAWA. Ell. Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, slightly serrate, dotted; corymbs axillary and terminal. Ffi.'go— Dittany. , ,'

Pi. Last of July till October. ' Fr- mat. Middle of September, and aft*-.

Mab. Dry hills and woodlands: Barrens, abundant. About 1 foot high: flowers pale purple.

bbs. A pleasant aromatic herb. The infusion is popular, and deservedly so, as an ap-reeable febrifuec^ or diaphoretic draught. ° ■*

13. HEDEOMA. Nutt. Gen. 23.

[Perhaps from the Gr. Hedys, hedeos, sweet, or pleasant ; on account of its fragrance.] Cal. bilabiate, gibbous at base ; dentures subulate. Cor. ringent. &'iam. 4, 2 sterile- H. PtTi^EGioiDEs. Ell. Leaves oblong, serrate ; flowers axillary, verticillate. Smon. Cunila pulegioides. lUuhl. Mx. Willd. &c- Rf/g-o— Pennyroyal. Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Mab. Dry. gravelly soils : Field.s, roadsides, &c. common. 4 to 10 inches high : fio%vers pale blue.

Obs. A grateful and warmly aromatic herb. It is a diaphoretic and carminative •. and is also popular as an emnicriagcgue. - i s -

14. MONARDA. Nutt. Gen. 24.

[So named in honor of Nicholas Monardts, a Spanish Botanist.] . .

Cal. 5 toothed, cylindric. Cor. ringent; tube long; upper lip linear, enclosing the filaments. M. xroTLis. Ph. Hoary-pubescent; exterior bractes cordate-ovate; corolla hairy; apex of the galea bearded. ■^tr-- vl-ailoploln. Mx. M. oblongata.' Muhl. Fw/g-o— Horse mint. Wild Burgamot. F/. I,aUerenrlor.;a'y. -Fr. me?. Middle oif September.

iiub. Sar.dy ;r -ks, end ience-rows; along Brandywine: frequent. About 2 feet high: flowers pale purple.

06s. A species embracing numerous varieties; as Michaux has justly remarked. M FisTULOSA. Ph. Sparsely hirsute; heads prolif* rous; exterior bractes oblong, acute; petioles ciliate. .tl. ?.'.K.ule ot July. p,,. ,.,,,^. Beginning of September.

Hub. I<ence-rows, &c. along Brandywine: frequent. About 2 feet high: flowers greenish .white. EiSi^Jt^'^Thf J\? ^^'■fi'"'"-' a^i^ indiscriminately known by the common names of Horsemint, and Wild f;^r ,H.^^1\ vV„^i • , r' " "^•'" ^"\"«'0-i,' 'n some cases of gravel, with apparent benetit; and are quite popuiai as a , emedy m tnat con-plamt-though I believe the relief afforded is rarely durable. ^

15. SALVIA. Nutt. Gen. 25. [From the Lat. sahare, to save; from its supposed medical powers.] Cal. tubular, bilabiate. Cor. ringent. Stam. 2 fertile; the filaments transversely pedicellate. B. LiHATA. i://. Radical leaves lyrate; stem nearly leafless, retrorsely pubescent. {■«/-o— Meadow S^ge. "'vYiia Siige. Cancer weed.

ifl. Latter end of May, and alter. pr. r.iat. Beginning of July. )

Mab. bteriie meadow banks, and woodlands: frequent. 12 to is" inches liigh: flowers blue. ^U. fiJr. Elliott says the fresh radical leaves bruised and applied to warts, will generally remove them.

i)IANDPJA. MONOGYNIA. 5

16. COLLINSONIA. Nutt. Gen. 26.

[la honor of Pctei^ Colliiison,oi London; a patron of botanical science.]

Cal. bilabiate; upper lip 3 toothed, lower bifid. Cor. unequally 5 lobed; lower lobe fiinged.

C. CAivADEivsis. Ph. Leaves broad, ovate, smooth^ panicle compound, terminal. r»','^o— Knot- root. Hor.seweed. Horsebslm. Richweed.

FL Middle of July till September. Fr. mat. Beginuing of October.

Huh. Borders of rich woodland.s: common. 1 to 3 feet high: fiower.s yellow.

Obs. It rarely Derfects more than one seed, which is !ar?,'e and globular. Schospf enumerates several dis- ease.s in which tliis plant in useful; but it is not much employed. The large soft leaves are sometimes used in dressing blisters.

IB. Flowers superior, a. Complete.

17. CIRC^A. Natl. Gen. 27. [Fancifully named, from Circe, the fabled enchantress of antiquity.] Cal. 2 leaved. Cor. 2 petalled. Caps, ovate, hispid, 2 celled, not opening. C. CAXASEXsis. 3Iuhl. Stem erect; leaves opposite, ovate, toothed, opake, somewhat glabrous. 'Synon. C. lu.tetiana.- TPIM. &cr. l-ii<'»o— Enchanter's Nightshade.

FL Beginning of July. Fi\ mat. Latter end of Augu.st.

Hub. Moist woodlands, and shaded places: common. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers reddish white.

Obs. Schcepf, who seems to have found medical virtues in a great number of our plants, says the leaves of this make a good cataplasm for hceinorrhoidal tumors.

b. Floivcrs incomplete-

13. FRAXINUS. mat. Gen. 781.

[The Latin name of the Ash tree: Etymology obscure.]

Pohj^cmoiis: Cal. 0, or 4 parted. Cor. 0, or 4 petalled. Samara 1 seeded; w"ing lanceolate.

F. Americaxa. Mx. Arb. Folio'espetiolate, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly toothed, glaucous beneath.

Synon. F. discolor. 3tuhl. F. alba. Marshall. F. acuminata. Ph. Vutgo—Wb'iie Ash.

Pi. Beginning of May. Fr. mat.

Hub. Woodlands; low meadow grounds; fence rows, fijc. dommon. 40, to 60 or SO feet higlj.

06s. Tlie leaves in Michaux's plate (Arhrcs Forest.) do not exact!}'- correspond with my specimens. This tree is very valuable for its timber; which is much used by wheelwrights, coach-makers, &c.

F. sAMBUCiFOLiA. Mx.Arb. Folioles sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at base; branches dotied- Synon. F. nigra. Marshall. FwZgo— Black ash. Eklerleaved ash. Water asli.

Fl. Last of April. Fr. mat.

Hob. Wet, low grounds; rivulet'and creek sides: not so common. 20 to 40 feet hi.^h. Oi's. This species is neither so larg-e nor so valuable as the foregoing.

ID. ANTHOXANTHUM. NvM. Gen. 7i.

[Gr. Anthos, a flower, and Xanthos, yellow: the spikes of flowers inchning to that color.]

L'al. 2 valved, 1 flowered. Cor. 2 valved, acuminate, awned from near the base. Stain, much exserted.

A. ODORATUM. Ell. Spike oblong, ovate; flow^srs i^ub-pedunculate, longer th?.n the awn. Fw/go— Sweet-scented vernal grass.

Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of June, and after.

//(i&. Meadows, and borders of woodlands; common. 12 to 18 inches hi?h.

Obs. This grags emits a very grateful odor, when cut, and partly dry. It is a native of Europe : but has become extensively naturalized here. In all botanical works, arranged a(;cording to the Sexual Siiste.m, I think this plant ought to be placed in the class Diav.dria; for it is there, undoubtedlv, the student wcuhK first look lor it.

CLASS III. TRIANDRIA.

ORBER, MONOGYNXA.

A- Flowers superior, a. Complete.

20. FEDIA. Nutt. Gen. 30. [Meaning obscure: supposed to be from Fedus, an ancient Latin word for Ilcedus, a kid.]

Cal. 3 or 4 toothed. Cor. 5 cleft. Caps, crowned with the persistent calyx, 3 celled. P. radiata. Bart. Fl. Phil. Dichotomous; leaves spathulate-oblong, opposite; flowers terminal. Sijnon. Valeriana olitoria. Willd. Fw/g-o— Lamb's lettuce. Corn sallad.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat.

Hab. Meadow bank, at Brinton Darlington's: rare, 4 to 10 inches high: flowers blueish white.

Obs. I have seen this plant in great abundance, and of a la^er size, near Strasburg, in Lancaster county; but it is very rare here. I cannot think, with Dr. W. P. C. Barton, that it is indigenous,— at least in this neighborhood. The radical leaves are used as a sallad, in Europe, and in some of our cities. It has been sup- posed USefulin cases of renal calcuH: and Boerhaave, according to Schoepf, says, "HypochondriaCorum ^umraum est solatium." Certainly a comfort of easy acquisition.

b. Flowers incomplete.

21. IRIS, Nutt. Gen. 34. [From the hues of the flower resembling those of the Rainbow.'S Caii. spathe, 2 valved. Cor. 6 parted; alternate segments reflexed. Stigmas petal-form. I. viRGmiCA. Ph- Flowers beardless; stem ancipital, longer than the leaves; capsules oblong, angles sulcate. Synon. I. versicolor. Torrey; not of Ph. nor of the South, secund. Schweinitz. Fw/go— Wild Flag. Fl. Latter endof May * Fr. mat.

Hab. Low, wet places: Dungeon bottom: rather scarce. 2 to 3 feet high.

Obs. A handsome plant; flowers blueish purple, somewhat variegated— -with the base of the outer petals yellow.

3> Flowers inferior, a. Corolla monopetalous.

22. HETERANTHERA. Beauvois, in Act. Philad. 4. p. 173. [Gr. Heteros, different, and Anthera, an anther; the anthers in tlie same flower being dissimilar.] Cal,. spaWie, 2 to 4 flowered. Cor. tubular; limb 6 parted. Anthers, 2 linear, 1 triangular- Caps. 3 celled- H. RE^-iFORMis. Bart. Fl. Phil. Leaves roundish, reniform; spathe 3 or 4 flowered. Synon. H. acuta. Ph. Leptanthus reniformis. Mx. Nutt. Gen. 40. Fl. Last of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Mob. Swamps, and muddy rivulets: Chester creeTi; Brandy wine: frequent

Obs. A creeping, herbaceous plant, 4, to 6 or 8 inches long; flowers while. On opening the side of the full grown capsule, longitudinally, the columella, or receptacle of the seeds, splits into three parti, so as te present tile appearance of three receptacles, to which the seeds are attached by pedicels.

23. SCHOLLERA. Schreh. Gen. PL 1711. [In honor of Fred. Adam Scholler, a German Botanist.]

Cal. spathe, 1 or 2 flowered. Cor. tube slender, very long; limb 6 parted. Caps. 1 celled. S. GRAMiNEA. Bart. Fl. Phil. Stem slender, floating or creeping; leaves sessile, linear, grass-like. Synon. Leptanthus gramineus. Mx. Heteranthera giaminea. Ph. Fl. Middle of July. fr. mat.

Hab. Shallow waters: Brandy wine- 6 to 18 inches long: flowers bright yellow.

Obs. The Scholler?, of Schreber, seemed to be lost for a time, until Dr. Muhlenberg restored it. f (See Bees' Cyclop. ..4r?. Schollera.) Michaux appears not to have been aware that his Leptanthus gramme- iis was the same plant. It is pretty abuiidant in the Brandy wuic; in some seasons flowering extcnsiveJy- in either?, the flower.'; rarely ts be gee^..

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. f

b- Corolla tripetalous.

24. XYRIS. Nutt Gen. 43.

[From the Gr. Xyros, pointed, or sharp; its leaves terminating in a sharp point.]

Cal. glumaceoLis, 3 valv'd, unequal, the outer coriaceous. Cor. petals equal, crenate. Caps. 1 celled, 3 valv 'd.

X. FLEXUOSA. Ell. Heads closely imbricate, ovate; calyx shorter than the bractes; leaves twisted.

Synon. X. jupicai. Mx. X. caroliniana. Ph. Fw/g-o— Yellow-flowering Rush.

Fi. Middle of Au-ust. Fr mat.

Hob. Wet, gravelly places: rivulet, near Cyrus Barnard's: rare. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers yellow'.

C Flowers glumaceous. a. Carolla 0.

25. SCIRPUS. Nutt. Gen. 47.

[An ancient Latin name for the Bullrush; which belongs to this family.] Cal. Chaffy scales, imbricated on all sides in a spike. Style filiform, deciduous.

§ 1. Spike solitary, terminal.

S. TRiCHODEs.' Mahl. Stem setaceous, slightly furrowed, purple at base, cespitose; ^ike ovate-

Synon. S. capillaceus. Mx. S. pusillus. Ph.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hah. Barrens, near George Vernon's: rare. 1 to 3 inches high.

Ohs. A diminutive and remarkable species, which Mr. Schweinitz thought new to him; but I am inclined to believe it is the plant above referred to.

S. TENUIS. Miihl. Stem 4 angled; Sheath purple, truncate, submucronate; spike elliptic; root horizontal. FL Latter end of June. Fr. mat.

//aft. Wet places: meadows, &c. — frequent. About a span high.

S. cAPiTATrs. Muhl. Stem compressed, cespitose; spike ovate; glumes brown, with white margin.

Fl. Middle of May, and after- Fr- mat.

Hah. Swamps, and wet places: J- H--Brinton's: frequent. 6 to 12 inches high.

Ohs. Dr. Baldwin agreed with Dr. Muhl. in thinking this, and the S. ovatus of Willd. to be the same; byt he assured me it was very distinct from S. tuberculosus, of Mx. See Muhl. Gram, descript.

§ 2. Spikes nvmerons, terminal, t Without leaves.

S. L-ictrsTnis. Muhl. Stem round, tapering; umbels decompound; spikes ovate; scales mucronate;

r«;g-o— Common Bull-rush. Tall club rush.

Fl. Beginning of July. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Hah. Swampy meadows: Joseph Taylor's: somewhat rare. 4 to 5 feet high.

06.5. Dr. Withering says this species is used, in England, in making the seats of rush-bottomed chairs, he but in this country it is not esteemed for that purpose; the S. triqaeter, or americamis, being much prefer* able. This latter grows in the tide-water marshes along the Delaware; but not in this vicinity.

§ 3. Spikes numei'ous, lateral: without leaves,

S. BEBiLis. Muhl. Stemstriate, cespitose, base sheathed, point strict; spikes ovate, sessile-conglomerate.

Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mat. IVIiddle of September.

Hab. Wet, gravelly places: rivulet, near Cyrus Barnard's: not common. 12 to IS inches high,

§ 4. Spikes numerous, subterminal. ft Leaf if at base only.

S- ciLiATiFOLrtrs. Ell. Stemstriate, setiform; leaves Iinear)Channelled,ciliate; spikes ovate-lauccolate'.

Synon. S. capillaris. Muhl.

Fl. Latter end of July. Fr. mat.

Hab. Arid hills: Righter's field, west of the Barren spur: rare. 2 to 6 inches high.

06s. I am pretty well satisfied that my specimen is the S. capillaris of Muhl. Gram, descript. ubej: S. FERRUGiNEusl Muhl. Stem compressedj striate; leaves nearly flat, striate; spikes ovate, acurajnate* " Synon. S. puberulus. BIx? It does not, however, exactly correspond. Fl. Latter end of July. Fr. mat.

Hab' Moist places on the Barren ridge: frequent, 3to9inche»hi§^h-

■& TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

§ 5. Spikes numerous, terminal. 1 1 1 Stem leafy.

S. ATROVIR,E^^"<. Muhl. Stem 3 angled; leaves laiiceolate, keeled; pamcle proliferous: spikelets glomerate jF/. Beginning of July. iPV. m«f. Middle of August.

Hah. Qwamps, and wet places: South of Barren ridgp : frequent. 3 to4 feet high.

26. RHYNCHOSPORA. Nutt. Gen. 49. [Gr. ii/t!/nc/iOS, a beak, and iSjJora, seed: descriptive of the generic character.]

Cal. Scales collected into a spike. Seed beaked with the persistent style, & beset with bristles at the base,

R. GLOMERATA. Ph. Spikes corymbose-fasciculate, distant, by pairs; stem obtusely 3 angled; leaves linear.

Synon- Schffinus glomeratus. Muhl. and IVilld. Vulgo — Brown Bog-rush.

Fl. Last of June, and after. Fr: mat. Beginning of August, and after.

Hah. Swampy ineadows: frequent. About 2 feet high : glumes chesnut brown.

Ohs. Mr. Le Contp, of Georgia, stated to me that this was undoubtedly the R. fasciculai^is of the .southern Botanists. Perhaps they are reallj' not distinct.

27. CYPERUS. Nutt. Gen. 52. [An ancient Greek name, of uncertain etymology.]

Cal. Scales imbricated in two rows, in compressed spikelets. Style decidnous.

C FLAVESCENs. Muhl. Stem 3 angled; involucre 3 leaved; umbels compound; spikelets crowded, lanceolate. F«/g-o— Yellow cyperus. Galingale.

Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mnt. Middle of September.

Hah. Moist, low grounds: common. 6 to 9 inches high: glumes fuscous. Obs. The glumes, in my speciitiens, are not remarkably acute- See Elliott.

C- sTRiGosrs. Ell. Spikes oblong, loose; spikelets subulate, expanding; involucre very long.

Fti/go— Bristle-spiked Galingale.

Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Meadows, and low grounds: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high.

28. DULICHIUM. Nutt. Gen. 53.

[ 3

Cax,. scales subulate, distichally sheathing. St^'Ie long, bifid. Ir.volucellate setm long, retror.<!ely scabrous,

D. SPATHACEUM. Ell. Stem round; leaves pointing in 3 directions; spikelets in axillary racemes. Synon. Cyperi^s spathaceus. 3Iuhl. Scirpus spathaceus. 3Ix. Fit/g-o— Sheathed Galingale. Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Swamps, and low grounds: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high.

29. TRICHOPHORUM. Nutt. Gen. 54. [Gr. Thrix, trichos, hair, and Phero, to bear; the seeds being surrounded with long hairs.]

Cal. scales imbricated in sub-ovate spikelets. Seed beset with hairs, mostly 6, long, slightly curled .

T. CYPERiiv"UM. Ell. Stem obtusely 3 angled, leafj'; panicle supradecompound, somewhat pendulous. Synon. Scirpus eriophorum. Mx. Eriophorum cyperinum . JVilld. P'lt/g-o— Brown Cotton-grass. FL Middle of July. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

ira&. Swamps, and wet places: frequent. 3 to 5 feet high.

Obs. This genus, if it really deserve the distinctioM, seemrs to be the connecting link between Scirpus.- r.nd Eriophorura; but, if rejected, I should incline, with Willdenow, to place it among the species of Eriophorum.

30. ERIOPHORUM. Nutt. Gen. 55. [Gr. Erion, wool, and Phero, to bear; the seeds being girted with tufts of long wopl.]

Cal,. scales imbricated on all sides. Seed in a long, dense, woolly involucrum.

.K Ais'GUSTiFOLnJM. Muhl- Stem 3 angled, leafy jleaves 3 sided, channelled; spikelets briefly pedunculate.

Vulgo — Cotton-grass.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Middle of August.

Hub. Wet meadow grounds: Hayes' bridge, on the Street road: rare. 1 to 2 feet high.

Obs. Remarkable for its white, woolly heads, v^hen in seed. In my specimens the culms are distincth' M°onoiis. See Pursh, and J3art. Fl. PhiUul.

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 9

b. Corolla chaffy.

SI. MARISCUS. Nutt. Gm. 51. [Supposed from the Lat. Mare, the sea; near which some species naturally grow.]

Cal. 2 valved; 3, to 6 or S flowered. Cor. 1 valved. Style trifid. Spikelets aggregated in heads.

M. GLOMERATUs.' Bart. Fl. Phil. Stem triquetrous; head terminal; spikelets terete; involucre 3 or 4 leaved- Synon. M. umbeliatus. PA? Scirpus cyperiformis. Muhl. &S. lupulinus. Sj)renget. secund. Baldwin. Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat.

Hub. Sterile "fields: Barrens: frequent. 6 to 12 inches high.

Obs. Mr. Schweinitz says he always considered this to be the Cyperus kyllingceoides, of Pursh : and the opinions of two such accurate botanical observers, as he and Dr. Baldwin, induce me to believe that all these names are intended for the same plant.

GRASSES. A. Hermaphrodite, a. Calyx I floweired. ■\ Flowen scattered.

32. MUHLENBERGIA. Nutt. Gen. 64.

£Iii honor of the late Rev. Henry Muhlenberg, D. D. of Lancaster, Penn.; one of the most accomplished

Botanists our country has produced.]

Cal- 2 valved, unequal, very minute. Cor. 2 valved, hairy at base, exterior valve awned at the apex.

M. DIFFUSA. Ell. Stem decumbent; leaves linear; panicle slender, appressed; awn as long as the glume.

Synon. Dilepyrum minuliflorum. Mx.* Fit/go — Drop-seed grass.

Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Hab. Woodlands, and pastures: frequent. 12 to 18 inches high.

M ERECTA. Ell. Stem erect; leaves lanceolate; raceme terminal; awa twice as long as the glume .

Synon. M. aristata. Persoon. Dilepyrum aristosum. 3Ix.

Fl. Beginning of July. Fr. mat. Beginning of August.

Hab. Woodlands, near the Brandy wine: not so common as the other. 2 to 3 feet high,

33. TRICHODIUM. Nutt. Gen. 65.

[Gr. Thrixy fricAos, hair, and £ta'os, form; in reference to its hairlike inflorescence.]

Cal. 2 valved, equal, acute. Cor. 1 valved, awnless, shorter than the calyx. Panicies capillary.

T. scABHUM.' Muhl. Stem decumbent, branches erect; sheath smooth; panicle oblong, lax; flowers racemose. Synon. T. decumbens. Mx. T. perennans. Walt, in Ell. Agrostis scabra. IVilld? Fl. Beginning of August, and after. Fr.mat.

Hub. Fields, and v*'ood!ands: frequent, 1 to 2 feet high.

Obs. I have no doubt that my specimen is the T. perennans, described by Elliott; and T think it is the T. scabrum, of Mulil. It is usually about a foot and a half high isesquipedalis)— and not a " half fool," as it is inad vertenily rendered, in this, and some other instances, in Fior. Philad. I am not certain tlial I have met with ths T. la-iiflorum, of Michaux.

34. LEERSIA. Nutt. Gen. 66.

[In honor of John Daniel Leers; a German Botanist]

Cal,. 0. Cor. 2 valvedj closed; valves compressed, boat shaped, awnless.

* It is to be presumed that Michaux gave the above name to this plant without the knowledge that it had been formally dedicated to Dr. .Muhlenberg, by Schreber. Certain it is, however, ihat^ Schreber's eiiition of the Genera Plantarum had been published at least a dozen years before Michaux's Flora appeared; and yet the n.ime of .Mahlenber?,ia is not noticed, evema a Synonym. Th« editor (Michaux the younger.) inercly remarks, in his preface, that he has Aeord some of the plants, enumerated in the Flora Bovf^ah- Americana, had recently been given to the public under different names. A like injustice occurs m the same work, in relation to our worthy countryman, Marshall; in the appropriation of the genus MAKsHAU.i.i. to Dr. Persoon. But Persoon had in the mean time been complimented \vith another family of j lants which, it seems, he preferred: and so, when he published his Synopsis, instead of restoring our Mai shal- lia to its rightful owner, he reiterated the offence in a still more glaring manner, by tiaiisterrmg the genus to a German nf the name of Trattiiinick— notwithstanding jnctn hei-r Tratiinnick ii!<d already been provi- ded for, by Willd^now! It has bnrn too much the praf-tice, in Europe, to evince such disrespect toward* scientific Americans: but it is gratifying to perceive a rising disposition in our Country to resist, and to rec- tify such proceedings,— and that even tiie Literati of tiie olu world have at last vouchsafed to rtcosnue some of out claims to justice.

10 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

I.. vmoiNiCA. Ell. Panicle lax, branches sparse? keel of the glumes spariugly ciliate. Vulgo — White grass.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hub. Woodlands, and moist places : WoUerton's woods: frequent. 1^ to 2 feet high. L. ORYzoiDEs. Panicle diffuse, large; leaves lanceolate; keel of the glumes conspicuously ciliate. Vidgo—C-di grass. Wild Rice.

jP/. Latter end of August. JPr. ma^ Beginning of October.

Hab. Sluggish rivalets, and wet places: frequent. 3 to 5 feet high. Obi. This is a remarkably rough grass; somewhat resembling rice in its habit, as the specific name imports.

35. AGROSTIS. Nutt. Gen. 68. . [Gr. Agros, a field; being eminently an occupant of fields and pastures.] Cal. 2 valved, valves acute. Cor. 2valved. S^hVnias longitudinally hispid, or plumose.

§1. Awned. A. sTRiCTA. MiM. Panicle long, upright; awn at the base of the petal, twisted, longer than the flower. Ft. Middle of Way. Fr. mat.

Hub- Sterile spots: Barrens, at R. gtrode's: frequent. About a foot high*

§ 2. Without awns. A. VULGARIS. MuU. Panicle long, finally diffuse, purplish; branchlets scabrous. Valgo — Herd's grass, lied top.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Hah. Fields and pastures; Patton's fields; frequent. 1 to 3 feet high. A. Ai^BA. MtM. Stem geniculate, assurgent; panicle lax: ligula white, 4 parted. Fit/go— Herd's grass.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Hab. Fields, and low meadow grounds: frequeat. 1 to 2 feet high.

Obs. Both this and the foregoing vary considerably in appearance, especially in the color of the P&r^jcley, and I thnik are confounded, by our farmers, under the conrmon names of Herd s grass, and Ked top. 1 hey have been cultivated occasionally, but are not much esteemed; except m swampy grounds, with a view to render them liroi. This species is said to ai&rd good materials for the manufacture of imitation Leghorn bonnets.

A. LATERIFLORA. Mr. Panicles terminal and lateral, compact; glumes all acuminate ; ligula lacerate, obtuse. Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hub. Woodlands; and borders of fields: frequent. 1 to 2'feet high.

Obs. Thisseem's tobe'the A. mexicana, of Muhlenberg. A. vlRGiNicv. MM. Panicle spike-form; leaves subulate, involute, rigid; mouth of the sheaths pilose. SijnOn. A. pungens. Ph. i

Fl- Middle of x\ugust. Fr. mat. Middle of September. A

Hub- Dry, sterile hills: near the Grove tavern: frequent. About a foot high. |

T!!. CALAMAGROSTIS. Nutt. Gen. 70. ■rCompounded of Calamus, a reed, and Agrostis; embracing plants allied to those.]

Cal. 2 valved, acuminate. Cor. 2 valved, ^^ ith a h:iiry, or woolly involucellum at base. V riNNoroES. Bart Fl Phil- Panicle oblong, appressed; valve of the corolla awned on the back. Synon. C. canadensis. Nutt. Arundo cinnoides. MM. A. canadensis.' Mx. P^u/ffO-Reed-grass. Fl. Begianing of August. Fr. mat.

jrab Borders of rivulets, on the Barrens: rather scarce. 2 to 3 feet high.

0?,s. Compare this with the Jgrostis glauca, of Muhlenberg. I am strongly inclined to the 'opini( that they are really not distiiict.

^ ■^. ARISTIDA. Nutt. Gen, 85.

[Lat. Arista, an awn, or beard, characteristic of the genus.] C 4L 2. valved. CoR. 2 valved; interior valve very small; exterior with 3 terminal awns. A. OTCHOTOMA. Ell. Stem setaceous erect, branching; lateral awns short, middle one contorted. Kii/ffo— P overt v-grass. Beard-grass.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat^ Last of September.

Hah. Sterile, sandy banks, and roadsides: common. 6 to 18 mches higb.

Obs The name, dlchotoma, as Mr. Elliott suggests, is not strictly appropriate.

TRIANDRIA. DIGY^SflA. 11

tt Flowers in spilces. Ct5- For PHLErM, or Timothy, see Appendix of cultivated plants.

38. DIGITARIA. Nutt. Gen. 82.

[Lat. Digitus, a finger; the spikes being digitate, or fin'^er like;] Cal. 2 or 3 valved, unequal. Cor. 2 valved, oblong-ovate, terete, awnless. Styles long; D. sAWGUiNALis. Ml- Spikes expanding; spikelets 2 flowered, one sessile; stem decumbent. Synon. Panicum sanguinale. IVilld. I 'it/g:o— Crab-grass. Finger-grass:

Fl. Latter end of July. Fr- mat. Middle of September, and after.

Hab. Fields, roadsides, &c. common. 12 to 18 inches long; of a purple color. D- FiLiFORMis. Ell- Spikes erect, filiform; spikelets 3 flovpered, all pedicellate; stem erect. Synon. Panicum filiforme. IVitld.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Beginning of October..

Mab. Sandy banks, and roadsides: frequent. 1, to 2 and 3 feet high; slender.

39. PASPALUM. Nutt. Gen. 84.

[Paspalos, an ancient Gr. name for millet; which this plant resembles, in its seeds.]

Cal. 2 valved, equal, orbicular. Cor. 2 valved, same size and figure. iSfig-mas plumose. p. PTJBESCENS- Mahl. Leaves and sheaths villous; spike mostly solitary, terminal, on a long peduncle. _ Synon. P. setaceum. 3Ix. Ell. Ph. &c,

Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Fields, roadsides, &c. common. 1 to 2feet high; slender.

Obs. I incline to prefer Muhlenberg's specific name, as most appropriate.

P. LiEvE. Ph. Glabrous; spikesseveral, 2 to 6, alternate; sheaths compressed; ligula ciliaie. Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Grassy banks, along the Brandy wine: frequent. 2 to 3 feet high.

Obs. Dr. Baldwin thoug;ht this was the P. vir^atum, o( Walter. The description, however) of th* p. Itcve, as given in Pursh, fits my specimen exactly.

b. Calyx 2 valved, 2 or ^ flowered: floioers scattered.

40. TRISETUM. Nutt. Gen. 89.

[A name literally meaning three bristles, or awns; characteristic of the genus.]

Cal. acuminate, and carinate. Cor. outer valve setaceously bifid; with 1 longer straight doreal awa.

T. prateivse. Ph. Panicle somewhat contracted; glumes siiining; sheathslong, striate, smooth.

iS'i/fton. Avena fiavescens. IVilld. Fu/go— Three awned Oat grass.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

Hab. Low meadow grounds; near Jos. Taylor's mill dam: rather scarce. About 2 feet high.

Obs. Although I have followed Mr. Nuttall^in retainins: this genus, I cannot help feeling the force of Dr. Smith's doubts on the subject. (See. Eel's' Cyclop, art. 'A'f*>sF.rvM.) The awns, so called, which termi- nate the outer valve of the corolla, scarcely deserve tliat name: and the dorsal awn, in my specimens, ai>pears to be slightly contorted. To say liie least, the generic character rests on a slender foundation.

41, AIR A. Nutt. Gen. 90. [An ancient Greek name; etymology obscure.}

Cat., shining-. Cor. 2 valved, awnless, or awned from the base. A- FALLENS. Muhl. Panicle contracted, slender, branches 4 or 5; leaves linear-lanceolate; ligula lacerate. Synon. Avcaa palustris? Mr. Ph. Nutt. Sic. Fit^g-o— Hair-grass. Fl. Last of May. Fr. mat.

Ilab. Woodlands: Patton's woods: rare. A very slender grass, about 2 feet high.

Obs. My specimens are entirely awnless; as remarked by Dr. Muhlenberg to be the case with thosw which grow in woodlands.

A. CESPiTOSA. Muhl. Panicle finally ditTuse, pyramidal; leaves setaceous, nerved, scabrous. Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat.

Hab. Sterile, moist places: Barrens, north of E- Worthington's: frequent. 2 to 3 feel high. Obi. A fii-m, wiry grass, growing in a kind of tussock, or turf,— as the specific aame inn)ort».

1Z TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

A. ARisTVLATA. Tor. Leaves subulate; calyx short? outer corolla glume truncate, tricuspidate.. Synon. A. purpurea. Muhl Uralepsis aristulata. Niitt. Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat.

Hab- Low meadow grounds: Jos. Taylor's meadow: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high. —

c. Calyx 2 valved, many-flowered, t Flowers in scattered Spikelets. 42. POA. Nutt. Gen. 96. [Gr. Poa, herbage, or pasture; a name given, by way of eminence, to this valuable family of grasses.!

Cor. 2 valved; valves somewhat acute; margins scariose. Spikelets ovate, awnless. P. PRATENsis, Ph. Panicle spreading; spikelets 4 flowered; glumes 5 nerved; ligula short, obtuse. Valgo — Spear-grass. Smooth stalked Meadow-^rass. Fl. Beginnin?; of June. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

Hab. Fields, and pasture lots, about West Chester: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high.

Obn. nds peems to be nearly allied to P. viridis. It is believed to be a naturalized foreigner; and affords.

j\. valuable pasture.

P. VIRIDIS. 3Iuhl. Spikelets acuminate; glumes compressed, 3 nerved; leaves long, linear, abruptly acute.

Fw/go— Green-grass. Green Meadow-grass.

FL Last of May, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of June, and after.

Mah. Meadows; borders of rich fields, and woodlands: common. 2 to 3 feet high.

Obs. This is esteemed by our farmers as among the best species of pasture. It delights in strong soils, CBpeciahy those which are calcareous; and, although rarely propagated by art, with us, it naturally obtains m our ncntields, when they are not too frequently broken un by culture. This grass ha<5 also, latterly, acquired considerable nnportance, by its culms alibrding the material for the manufacture of imitation- J^egliorn hats, and bonnets-

p. NEAJORALis. PL Panicle, & leaves attenuate; spikelets about 3 flowered; branches slender, verticillate.

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat.

Hab. Woodlands; T- Gibbons's woods, along the Brandy wine: somewhat rare. 12 to 18 inches high.

Obs- A weak stemmed, straggling, or decumbent grass, of a bright yellowish-green color. It is well described m .Smith s Flora Britannica, with the exception of " siipula brevissima erenata." In my spe- cimens, the stipula, or ligula, is quite conspicuous, intire, and acute.

P. ANWUA. Ell. Stems procumbent, compressed, leafy; panicle divaricate ; .spikelets obtuse, about 5 flowered. Fl. Middle of April, till October- Fr. mat. June, and after.

//a6. Gardens, fielda, and woodlands: common. 3 to 8 inches long. Introduced.

P. coMPRESSA. Muhl. Panicle condensed, somewhat second: stem ascending, much compressed.

FuZgo— Blue-grass. Wire -grass.

F.. Middle of June, and after. Fr. mat Latt€rendof July.

Hab. Fields, roadsides, &c. comm.on. About 1 foot high.

Ohs. This well known grass affords a good food for cattle, but is not so much esteemed as the P. viridisi and is sometimes rather troublesome, in the rotation of crops, by its tenacity of life.

p. NERVATA Muhl. Stem round, striate; panicle branched; leaves lanceolate; corolla valves nerved. Synon. P striata. 3Ix.

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Lsst of July.

Ilab. Low wet places: below the Bath: not common. About 3 feet high. (

Obs. Rather a coarse, harsh grass; though Dr. Muhlenberg says '' bonum pabulum." I

P- cuspiDATA. B.Fl. Phil. Stem leaves short, erect, pointed; spikelets crowded at the ends of the branches. Syno7i. P. pungens. Natt. P. autumnalis. Ell. P. flexuosa.' Muhl. Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Middle of May.

Hab. Woodlands: along the Brandywine, abundant. 12 to 18 inches high.

p. CAPiLLARis- Muhl. Stem much branched; panicle loose, capillary, spreading; leaves and sheaths nerved. Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mat. ftliddle of September.

Hab. Light. »andy soils: near the Foot tavern; frequent. 6 to 18 inches high.

Obs. A variable species, as Dr. Muhlonberg remnrks. In my small specimens, the spikelets are mostly 8 flowered; and in the large ones 5 flowered. In none of them are the '' leaves hairy."

P. HfRsuTA. Mx. Panicle expanded; spikelets on long pedicels, 5 to 7 flowered, leaves long; sheaths hirsute. Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Dry, sandy grounds: roadsides, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high.

Ohs. A showy, purple-panicled grass, of no value; having, as Michaux observes, much of the habit of Panic nm capillaie.

TRIANDRTA. DIGYNIA. 13

p. piLOSA. Muhl. Stem oblique ;spikelets linear, S to 10 flowered; axils, and throat of the shesth?, pilose. Synon. P. pectinacea. Mx. "Rachi deflorata valvulis flosculorum interioribus persistenfibus pec/ iiiaYj." Fl- Latter end of July. Fr mat. Middle of August.

Hab. Uplands, and roadsides: near the Friends M. H. West Chester: frequent. 4 to9 inches Ion- p. OBTUsA. MM. Stem erect, striate; panicle dense ; spikelets crowded, 3 to 5 flowered; glimies otiusc? Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. -mat.

Hab. Grassy banks: Race bank at Mill town: freqi'.ent. 12 to 20 inches high. Obs. The name, obtusa, does not appear to be happily selected. 43. BRIZA. Gen. PI. 115. [Gr. Brizo. to nod; in reference to the nodding, or waving spikelets.] Spikelets distichous. Cor. valves ventricose, cordate, obtuse; interior valve minute. B. ERAGRosTis. Miihl. Stem decumbcnt, geniculate; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pedicellate. Synon. Poa raegastachya. Nutt. F^^Zg•o— Quake-grass.

Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Jtab. Gardens, roadsides, &c. frequent. 12 to 18 inches in length.

Obs. A foreigner? Spikelets of a leaden, or blueish green color; as Dr. Barton has well remarked. 44. WINDSORLl. Nutt. Gen. 99. [Dedicated by Mr. Nuttall to his friend Jahn Windsor; an English Botanist.] Cal. valves keeled, cuspidate. Cor. dorsal valve 5 toothed. Seed calcelform, corrugate. W. P0.5*0RMis. Nutt. Stem erect; panicle large, expanding; spikelets oblong, 5 flowered. Synon. Poa sesleroides. Mx- & Muhl. Poa quinquefida. Ph. & Ell. Vulgo—Red top. Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Hilly old tields, and roadsides: Barrens: frequent. 3 to 5 feet high: panicle purple.

Obs. Pursh speaks of this p:rass as being very valuable, and productive: but its culms appear to me to be too much like those of Andropogon (with which it associates,) to be of much value.

45. DANTHONLV. Nutt. Gen. 100.

[ "J

Cal. valves as long as tiie spikelet. Cor. outer valve setaceously bifid, with a central awn, contorted at base.

D. spiCATA. Nutt. Flowers racemose; spikelets alternate, pedunculate, 6 or7 flowered; leaves subulate. Synon. A\ena.syi\c?X?i. IVilld. Muhl. &!. Ph. A. glumosa. Mx? Fu/g-o— Oat-grass. WUd-oats. Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

Hab. Dry, sandy banks; woodlands and roadsides: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high. 46. FESTUCA. Nutt. Gen. 101. [A Latin name for the shoot., or stalk of a tree, or herb; applied to this genus.] SptA-eZeZs oblong, distichous; glumes acuminate. Cor. outer valve entire, sometimes awned,

F. TENELLA. Ell. Panicle simple, rather secund; spikelets 6 to 8 flowered, awned; leaves linear-setaceout.

Synon. F. bromoides. Mx. Smith, Flor. Brit? Fw/g-o— Barren Fescue-grass.

Fl. Last of May, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of June.

Hab. Dry woodlands: Parker's woods; Barrens: frequent. A slender, brown grass: 6 to 12 inches high.

F. ELATioR. 3Tahl. Panicle branched; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, 4 to 8 flow€red, awnless, glabrous-.

Vulgo—TaW l<"e^cue-grass

/Y. Beginning of June. Fr- mat. Beginning of July.

Hab. Fields, and meadows: common. 2 to 3 feet high.

Obs. This grass, which is believed to be a foreigner, affords excellent food for cattle; and might, perhaps, be cultivated to advantage — though it is alleged, (See IVii tiering,) tliat " in a cultivated state, it is nearly incapable of producing perfect seeds;" and is therefore suspected of being a hybrid.

F. FLUiTAivs. Slidil Panicle long, loose; spikelets appressed; outer glumes awnless, nerved, subcrenate.

Vulgo— River Fescue-.<;rass.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr mat. Last of June.

Hib. Ponds, and wet places: Brandywine; Dungeon bottom: frequent. 4 to 5 feet high.

F. NUTANS. Muhl Panicle diffuse, slender; k>wer branches in pairs, upper ones single; spikelets awnless,

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Last of June. [3 to 5 flowered .

Hab, Woodlands, along Br.\ndy>vine: not very commen. About 2feethish.

14 TRIANDIUA. DIGYNIA.

47. BROMUS. Nutt. Gen. 102. [Gr. Broma, food; an ancient name of a species of wild oats, applied to this genus-l

Splkehts oblong, distichous, tumid. Con. outer valve bifid, awned below the apex; inner reflexed, ciliatc

B. sECALTNTTs. MuhL Panicle nodding; spikelets ovate, 8 to 10 flowered; awns, when present, flexuose.

Vulgo— Client. Chess. Rye Biome-grass. Drank.

JFl. Middle of June. Fr. mat- Beginning of July.

Ilab. Wheat, and Rye fields; pastures, &,c. frequent. 3 to 4 feet high.

Obs. This foreign grass is an unwelcome intruder among our winter grain. Some few of our farmers still entertain the old, absurd notion, brought hither by our ancestors, concerning the transformation of plantsr and contend that this grass is, in reahty, nothing but corrupt, or degenerate tt'heat— the change being effect- ed, as they allege, by unfavorable seasons, or soils; excessive portions of certain manures; or being closely eaten down by cattle; and other accidental causes. It is a curious circumstance, in the history of this vulgar error, that in former times, the benighted peasantry of Europe Imagined Wheat was converted into Cheae; in poor soils, by regular gradations: that the first change was into Rye, then from Rye to Barley, from }>arley to Lolium, and from LoiJum to Bromus, or Cheat. They even thought it descended one step low- er, by passin.'j from Bromus to Avena, or oats! It was also supposed, that by'the agency of a fertile soil it could be brought gradually back again toits pristine state. In this Country, however, the disciples of the tloctrme have spiritedly abridged it, by discarding all those intermediate stages of transmutation, as mere Eurjiilasager They insist that the change, from wheat to bromus, is etfected directly and at once. So prev- alent was this strange conceit prior to the time of Linnaeus, that a serious Essay was written under the aus- pices of that great man, and published in the fifth volume of the Amcenitates Acadcmica:. for the express purpose of exploding the absurdity. At the present day, the prejudice is confined almost exclusively to the illiterate, and blindly credulous; who are exceedingly prone to adopt opinions, in such matters, without dii^ examination,— and to maintain tiiem with an obstinacy admirably proportioned to the lack of rational evidence.

B. ciLiATUs. Mahl. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 5 to 10 flowered; glumes ciliate, and hirsute; awns straight- B. canadensis. Mx"? Fu/g-o— Fringed Brome-grass.

Fl Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

Slab. Woodlands; near tl>e Bath: frequent. About 3 feet high.

B. puBEscENs.' Muhl. Spikelets oval-lanceolate, 8 to 10 flowered; glumes pubescent, scariose at margin.

FL Middle of June. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

JIah. Woodlands, and low grounds along Brandy wine: frequent. 3 to 4 feet high.

It Flowerx in Spikes. gc^ For Dactylis, or Orchard-grass, see Appendix of cultivated plants. 48. LOLIUM. Natt. Gen. 122. PAn ancient Latin name, used by Virgil. &c. Boerhaave says, " Lolium vocatur quasi dolion, (Gr.) adv^ terinum, quia ha-c planta dicitur nasci ex Hordeo vel Tritico corrupto."]

Ca.i>. 1 valved, subulate, fixed to the rachis. iSpi/fe simple; soi^eZefs distichousiy imbricated.

T,. PKRENNE. Mahl. Spike awnless; spikelets alternate, longer than the calyx: terminal calyx 2 valved.

Fti','40— Ray-grass. Rye-grass. Darnel.

JUah. Meadows, and grass lots: Job Darlington's: not common. 1 to 2 feet high.

Ohf. This grass affords a tolerably good pasture; and makes a handsome sward for yards and lawns. Thou;;h cultivntf^d to a considerable extent, in Europe, it has been, as yet, but little attended to in this co'jntry; rn 1 not at all, I bnli'?ve. in this vicinity. Timothy and Orchard-grass seem calculated to com- luaiid a prefere:ice, under our mode of farming.

49. ELEUSINE. Nutt. Gen. 107. [From Eleiisis, where Ceres, the goddess of Harvests, was worshipped: A far-fetched name.]

Cal. 2. valved, carinate; dorsal valve larger. Spi,t£s digitate: sjjiAc/efs lateral, awnless-

E indica. E!l. Spikes straight, linear; spikelets lanceolate,. 4 to 6 flowered; stem compressed, decumbent. Sijnon. Cynosurusindicus. JVilld. Vulgo — Dog's-tail-grass. Wire-grass. Crab-grass.

Fl- Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hah. Streets, lanes, and roadsides; common. G to 12 inches long.

OJ-s. Tl;is spreading grass seems to delight in growing where it can be trodden on; and makes a good"] '■oroeiing in muddy times, for lanes, woodyards, and foot paths. Cattle and hogs are fond of it;andMr<.' E.;iott speaks highly of it, for hay. Is it a native ?

TRIANDRiA. DIGYNIA. 15

50. ELYMUS. Nutt. Gen. 118. [An ancient Greek name, of obscure derivation.]

Cal. lateral, 2 valved,9etiform; in pairs, like a 4 leafed involucre. Cor. 2 valved; outer valve awned.

E. viRGiNicus. Muhl. Spike erect; spikelets 3 flowered, awned, by pairs; calyx as long as the spikelets, Fl. Middle of July. Fr. mat. Beginning of Septen-.ber.

Hub. Moist situations; Forks of Brandywine: frequent. 3 to 4 feet high.

Ohs. The spikes of this grass resemble heads of Barlpy, at a little distance. Tlie spikelets, in iny speci- mens, are hispid, and not glabrous, as described in EU. Ph. &c. In all other respects, it agrees perfectly.

E. HYSTRix. Muhl. Spikelets in pairs, divergent, glabrous, 3 flowered; involucre 0, or 2 leaved; awns long. Fl. Beginning of July. Fr. mat. Last of August.

Hab. Rich, moist woodlands: Bath; Dungeon bottom: frequent. 2 to 4 feet high. Obs. The bristly spike of this remarkable species somewhat resembles an Apothecary's bottle-washer.

S. PoLYGAjrous. a. Calyx 1 flowered.

51. ANDROPCGON. JVutt. Gen. 88.

[Gr. literally Man's beard; from a fancied resemblance in the hairs of the involucres.]

Flowers in pairs: /nj)o/i(cr-f, a fasciculate villus. Male, orNEUT. awnlcss, pedicellate. Hermaph. sessile. Cul. 2 valved, awnless. Cor. 2 or 3 valved; awned at base, or at summit.

§1. Panicle terminal.

A. avenacetts. Bart- JFl. Phil. Glabrous; panicle pyramidal-oblong; corolla ciliate; awn contorted Synon. A. ciliatus. Ell. A. nutans. 3Iuhl. ru/g-o— Wood-grass. Indian-grass. Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mitt. Last of September.

Hab. Old, neglected fields: Barrens &c. common. 3 to 5 feet high.

§2. Spikes conjugate, or fasciculate.

A. scoPARius. Ell. Leaves and sheaths pilose; spikes simple, pedunculate, by pairs, lateral and terminal" Synon. A. purjjurascens. Muhl. and IVilld. I w/g-o— Purple Wood-grass. Fl. Latter en.l of August. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab- Sterile, sandy grounds: old fields &c. common. About 3 feet high.

A. MACROURUs. Muhl. Monandrous; spikes terminal, fastigiate: stem leaves crowded, subulate.

Synon. Cinna glomerata. Walter. Fm/^o— Cluster flowered Wood-grass.

FL Beginning of September. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Ha,h. Sterile, wet meadows: Barrens; near the Paoli: not very common. 2 to 3 feet high.

A. FURCATUs. Ell. Spikesdigitate, generally by fours; leaves lanceolate; sheaths glabrous- Fl. .Middle of August. Fr. mat. Last of Septembei .

Hab. Barren ridge: near the Bath, &c. frequent. About 3 feet high.

Obs. We have, perhaps, some other species which I have not been able clearly to ascertain. Thpy are all known by the common n^smes of fFoorf-grass, and i«dt«?i-g-rasi; and are, by their presence, indicative of either a sterile soil, or bad farming— or both.

b. Calyx 2 flowered, t Flowers mostly scattered.

52. HOLCUS. Nutt. Gen. 93. [An ancient Greek name: Etymology obscure.]

Flowers paniculate: Male, pedicellate. Cal. 2 valved. Cor. 0, or 2 valved.

Hermaph. sessile. Cal. 2 valved. Cor. smaller, 2 valved; outer valve awned below the ape v.

H. LANATUS. Bart. Fl. Phil. Panicle contracted; glumes ciliate; leaves lanceolate, soft, woolly.

FuZjo— Feather-Grass. White Timothy. Salem-Grass.

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of July

Hab. Meadows, woodlands, and low grounds: frequent. 12 to 18 inches high.

Obs. The plant has a hoary appearance: the panicle often purple. It is believed to be a foreigner; an^ although Dr. JNIuhlenbers speaks of it as beins good fodder, it is not highly esteemed, here.

16 . TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

53. PANICUM. Nutt. Gen. 79. [Lnt. Panfcu/a, a mode of flowering; or Pants, bread; from the use made of seme species.]

Flowers loosely or densely paniculate: Male, or Neut. sessile; valves unequal, often but 1, minute. Hekjiaph. Cal. 2 valved; outer -/alve very small. Cor. 2 valved, cartilaginous, persistent.

§ 1. Flowers loosely paniculate.

P. CAPiLLARE. Mx. Panicle capillary, much branched; flowers pedicellate; leaves and sheaths hirsute. Fl. Eeginning of August. Ft- mat. Latter end of September.

Ilab. Dry, sandy grounds; pastures, cornfields, &c. common. 1 to 2 feet high.

Obs. In the fall of the year, the dry culms break off, and the panicles are rolled over the fields in great , numbers, by the winds. .''

P. LATiFOLiUM. Ell. Lateral racemes simple; leaves ovnte-lanceolate; sheaths hairy at throat. Fl. Middle of June, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of August and after.

JIab. Meadows, ditch banks, roadsides, &c. common. 9 to 18 inches high.

P. NERVOSUM. Muhl. Panicle-branches flexuose; glumes nerved; leaves lanceolate, ciliate at base.

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

JIab. Dry hills, and woodlands: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high.

P. ciUATUM. EIL Panicle few flowered; leaves short, lanceolate, and, with the sheaths, handsomely ciliate,

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Beginnmg of July.

Eab. Woodlands, &c. frequent. 8 to 15 inches high.

P. PAXTCiFLORUM ? Ell. Paniclc few flowered; leaves narrow-lanceolate; sheaths short, bearded at thraoaf Fl. Latter end of June Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

JIab. Woodlands: Lovell'sSO acre woods: frequent. 12 to IS inches high.

Obs. This is a very slender species, somewhat resembling P. ciliatum in habit; but much less hairy, with' narrower leaves, and the sheaths scarcely half the length of the joints.

P. DiCHOTOMUM. Ell. Stem dichotomous above; branches fasciculate; leaves linear-lanceolate, divaricate

Syiion. p. ramulosum? J\lx.

Fl. flliddle of July. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Hub. Barren ridge, in the borders of the woods; abundant. 1 to 2, and 3 feet high.

Obs. This olant varies very much in size and appearance; and when large, is procumbent. I have no doubt it is the P. dichotomum of Ell. Pursh, and IMuhl.— and probably the P. ramulosum ol Mx.— though Mr. Elliott, I observe, supposes otherwise.

p. sTRiCTUM. Ph. Panicle solitar}-, short; glumes obovate, turgid; leaves crowded, erect, pungent.

Synov. P. setaceum. Muhl.

Fl. Lattprend of July. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

JIab. Sterile spots: R. Strodes; Barrens: frequent. 12 to 18 inches high-

P. iMPAUPERATUM. JMuhl. Stem simple: Upper leaf elongated; sheath pilose; calyx valvcs ncrTcd.

Fl. Beiiip.ning of June. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

JJab. Barren ridge, North of E. Wovthington's; abundant. About a foot high.

^2. Flowers in dense panicles, racemes, or spikes.

p. AGRosToiriES. Mahl, Stem compressed; leaves lanceolate, keeled; panicles terminal and lateral.

jP/. Beginning of August. i'V. 7Maf.- Middle of September.

Jfab. Moist, low grounds: Bath; Patton's low grounds: freqaent. About 2 feet high.

Obs. Dr. Baldwin thought this would prove to be nothing more than a variety of P. rosiratum; though, I confess, to me it seems pretty distinct.

P. RosTRATXTM. 3Iuhl. Stem ancipita! ; leaves long; panicle erect; flowers racemose; glumes rostrate.

Synon. P. anceps. M:v. Ell. and Ph.

Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

Ilab. Fields, and meadows: common. 3 to 4 feet high.

P. CRrs GALLi. Pk. Spikes alternate, and by pairs; glumes hispid, awned; rachis 5 angled-

i^/. Middle of August. f',-. wwi- Last of September.

Hab. Wet, low grounds, and meadows; drains of Barnyrtrds,&c. common; 2 to 5 feet high.

Obs We have al! the varieties notu-.ed by Pursh. This is a coarse, rank grass, and very worthless. Indeed, none of the foregoing species are considered of any value, m an agricultural pomt ol view. CtC|» For P. Mu.iACEL'M, or Millet, see appendix of cultivated plant*.

IIMC I.

H.ZTOneILde.1.

TRIANDRIA. BIGYNIA, 17

tt Flowers in Spikes-

54. PENNISETUM. Nutt. Gen. &). [Lat. Pcnna, a feather, and Seta, a bristle; the bristly involucre being plumose, in soine species.l

JriTO^acreofmanybristleis: Florets sessile. Male, Crarely JVeut.) Coj-. valves scaviose. ' Hermaph. Cal. 2 valved, unequal. Cor. valves cartilaginous.

P. GJ.AUCUM. B. Fl. Phil. Spike terete; involucels bristly-fasciculate; corolla valves transversely rugose. Synon. Panicum glaucum. Mx. Mahl. &c. Fu/go— Fox-tail-grass. Bottle-grass. FL Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of August, and after.

Hub. Stubble fields, meadows, orchards, &c. very common. Is to 3 feet high.

Obs. This well known grass is more abundant than welcome in our cultivated grounds; as cattle are not very fond of it. Poultry, ho-.vever, feed upon the ripe see Js. Is it a native? — Dr. Smith (See Cyclop, ari Pa'vicum) decidedly objects to the grounds on which this genus is erected; and I am by no means sure tliat he is not correct.

55. ATHEROPOGON. Nntf. Gen. 110. [Gr. Ather, or Aither, a bristle, or awn, and Pogon, beard; the beards being bristle-like.]

Spikelets alternate, in a raceme. Cal. 2 valved; inner setiform. Neitt. Cor. 1 valved, with 3 exserted awns. Heiimaph. Cor. 2 valved; exterior tridentate; interior bidentate. Seed naked, oblong.

A. APLUDOiDES. Muhl. Spikelets numerous, reflexed, secund, each 4 to 10 glumes; leaves lanceolate; Synon. Chloris curtipendula. Jilx. Cynosurus secundus.' Ph. Sappl. Fl. Latter end of July. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

Hab Barren ridge, north of E. Worthington's, abundant. 1 to 3 feet high.

Obs. This handsome and remarkable grass, is quite local and circumscribed in its habitat; being only to be seen on the most sterile parts of thii Barren ridge, (in company with Talinum, Arenaria stricta, &c.) where it grows in great abundance. The anthers are of a beautiful cinnabar, or light vermillion-color; and are quite showy when the plant is in bloom. The accompanying plate, iVorna drawing by an ingenious, self-iaught youth, will atibrd a tolerably correct idea of the habit of the jjlant; although the artist had'not the advantage of a botanical eye. The florets composing each spikelet, are arranged in pairs on the under side of a flat, reflected rachis, which looks as if it mignt have been shaved dovvn from the stalk: and the spikelets, (10 to 40 in number,) although their footstalks proceed from opposite sides of the stem, or common rachis, and appear at first in two ranks,— yet they are finally all turned to one side, making the raceme se- cund, or one ranked. Pursh, who did not see this grass, makes Michaux's Chloris curtipendula a distinct flant; as lilcewise does Willdenow. They are undoubtedly the same: and the Cynosurus sscundus, of 'ursh, is probably nothing else. Cattle are pretty fond of it whilst it is young; but ft becomes rather hard and wiry, when old .

56. MOI^LUGO. Nutt. Gen. 125. [Obscure; supposed to be from the Lat. JMollis, soft; because of its soft leaves.] Cal. 5 leaved, colored inside. Cor. 0. Caps. 3 celled, 3 valved. Seeds nujnerous, reciform M. VERTiciLLATA. Ell. Stem prostrate, branching; leaves verticillate, cuneiform; peduncles 1 flowered- l'«/°-o— Carpet-weed. Indian Chickweed.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of August, end after.

Hab. Gardens, fields, &c. common. Branches 3, lotior S inches long, in every direction.

Obs. Some of the seeds are ripe before the plant has put forth all its flowers. I have observed it occa- sionally to be Tetrandraiis, in gardens, and other rich soils.

.57. QTjERIA. Nuii. Gen. 234.

[In honor of Don Jose Qiier y Ulaj^tinez; a Spanish Botanist.]

Cal. -5 parted, connivent, Cor. 0. Stam. 3, rarely 3. Caps, utricular, not opening. Seed 1, sitb-renifoiin .

Q. CANADENSIS. Bart. Fl. Phil. Stem dichotomously branched; leaves cuneate-oblong, giabroi'.?. Syywn. Anychia dichotoma. Mx. znd Ph. A. canadensis. FU. Fr/go— Foiked Chickv.'eed. Fl. Middle of June, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of Aug-."rt, and after.

Hab. Dry, hilly woodlands: common, 4 to 12 inches high.

Obs. I have met with some remarkable vcirkties of this plant; with very small leaves and iarge ttipiil-;?.

D

IS TRIANDRIA. THIGYNIA.

5S. LECHEA. Natt. Gen. 126. flu honor of John Leche; a Swedish Botanist.l Cal. 3 leave-J. CoH. petals 3, linear. Caps. 3 celled, 3 valved, with 3 inner valves. Seecs 1 in each c«li. L. MAJOR. Bart. FL Phil. Stem erect, viilous; leaves oval-lanceolate, mucronate, hairy; flowers clustereci Sitnon. L. villosa. Elliott. Fw/g-o— Pin-weed.

Fl. Latter enJ of .lulv- Pr. mat. Last of September.

■Hub. Dry, sterile! tanks: Barrens, &c. frequent. 1 to 2feet high; semi-frutescent: flowers brown.

L Mi?.-0R. Bart. Fl. Phil. Stem assurgent; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute; flowers diffused, pedicellate.

Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Mab. Dry, sandy banks: borders of woodlands; Barrens: frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: floweribrowR.

•CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA^

J^. Flowers StrPERioR. a. Corolla monopdalouu ■]

59. CEPHALANTHUS. Natt. Gen. 12!). j

[Gr. Kephale, a head, and Anthos, a flower; the flowers being collected in heads, or globes.] '^ Cal. 4 cleft, small, angular. Cor. 4 cleft, tubular, slender. Receptacle globose, hairy.

C- OCCIDENT ALTS. £11. Stem jointed; branches opposite; leaves opposite or ternate, ovate-lanceolate, entire..! Vulgo— Button Bu.'ih. American Button-wood. Pond dog-wood. '■i

JIab. Banks of creeks and rivuleis: Brandy wine, Pokopsin, &c. frequent. 3 to 8 feet high: flowers white.

Obs. This shrub is usually small, and slender; but there is one by a rivulet in the SO acre woods, near Wm. Hawley '.s, wliich is about iO feet high, and 21 inches in circumference, at the base. Mr. Elliott says the inner bark of the root is u red as a remedy in obstinate coughs: and as it is moderately bitter, it may probably be useful in certain cases.

60. DIPSACUS. Nutt. Gen. 130. [Fancifully derived from the Gr. Dipsao, to be thirsty; the stem leaves holding water at their junction.]

Flowers in an ovate head: inoolacre many-leaved. Cal. Heaved. Cor. 4 lobed. Recept. chaify; chaff rigid.

D. sYLVESTRis. Sm. Fl. Brit. Aculeate; leaves opposite, connate; chaff straight, longer than the flowers.

Vulgo— WM Teasel.

Fl. Latter end of July. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

iiu&. Brandywiue; Jefferis' ford; Marshall's mill; Downingtown, &c. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers purple.

Obs. A foreigner; but.becoming naturalized. I am informed by Dr. A. Baily that it was introduced in t« this neighborhood by the late Humphry Marshall.

61. GALIUM. Nutt. Gen. 131. [Said to be from the Gr. Gala, milk; from its property of curdling that fluid.]

Cal. 4 toothed, small. Cor .rotate, 4 cleft, (rarely 3 cleft, & then 3-androus.) Cerm twin. Seeds 2, roundish.

§1. Fruit smooth.

G. TiNCTOj^.ii'M. Ph. Stems diffuse, smooihish; leaves linear, in 6's and 4's; peduncles 2 or 3 flowered.

Vulgo— By er'» Goose-grass. Wild Madder.

7*7. MJ'l'lle of June, and after. Fr. -.nat. Latter end of August.

Hnb. Moi.'.t woodlands, and low grounds; Patton's; Bath, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high; flowers white.

Obs. The ripe berries contain a purple juice; and Pursh informs us that the Indians use this plant, (but v.'hat r?-rt lie does not say,) to dye their feathers, porcupine quills, and other ornaments, of a beautiful red.

C. AsPRELi.Uj/r. Ph. Stem retro-aculeate; leaves lanceolate, in 6's and 4's; flower-branches divaricate.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. INIiddle of September.

Ilab. Swampy thickets; frequent: often climbing over bushes, several feet; flowers white, small.

G. TRiFiDirM:. Ph. Procumbent; leaves linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, in fives and fours; corolla mostly triM

Sijnon. G. Claytoni. Mx. Fu/g-o— Ladies' bed-straw.

Fl. Beginning of July. Fr. mat. Beginning of September;

Mab. Low srouiuig, and mciit places: Bath; Barrens: fre^iuent. 1 to 5 feet long: flowers ■white.

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 19

§2. Fruit hisjnd. e. APARiNB. Ph. Stems flaccid, retro-scabrous; leaves long, linear-oblanceolate, mucrontite, mostly in 3"«. |-/-„/g.o_Common Cleavers, or Clivers. Goose-grass. Catch-weed. Robin-run-the-Hedse. Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Hub. Fence-rows, and ricli, shaded places; often extending 6 or 8 feet: flowers white. G. PILOSXJM. Ell. Stem roughish, erect, or assurgent; leaves in 4's, oval, ciliate; peduncles dichotomous. Synon. G. puncticulosum. IMx?

Fl- Latter end of June, and after. Fr. 'mat. Last of August.

Hub- Dry, iterile banks, among bushes, &c. R. Strode's: li to 2 feet high; flowers reddish brown.

G- LAVCEOLATCJM. Tor. secuncl. Scliiv. Stem erect, smooth; leaves in fours, ovate-lanceolate.

Fl- Last of June, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Woodlands: Patton's; frequent. 12 to 18 inches high; flowers brownish purple, sometimes whitish.

Obs. This approaches near to G. triflorum, of Mx. The leaves are finely ciliate a.t margin; but are pretty constantly in fours, and not mucronate. The whole plant smoothish and erect; the flowar-branches mostly terminal, long, and divaricate.

G. cu.^piDATUM. Ell. Stem flaccid, smoothish; leaves in 6's, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; peduncles trifid.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hub. Woodlands, and moist, shaded grounds: Bath; Bramlywine; frequent: flowers white.

G. BRACHiATUM. Ph. Stem roughish; leaves in 6's, lanceolate, acuminate; margins & ribs bristly-ciliate.

FL Latter end of July. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Mab. Woods, and meadows: Joseph Taylor's meadow, &c. frequent: flowers yellowish, or dirty white.

Obs. This approaches the foregoing; butis» perhaps, sufficiently distinct. G. ciRCJEZANS. Mr. Stem erect, smooth; leaves in fours, ovate; peduncles divaricate; fruit nodding. Syyion. G. brachiatum. Miihl. not of Pursh.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Last of August.

Hab. Woodlands: Bath; Patton's, &c. frequent- 12 to 18 incises high: flowers purplish.

Obs. This species may be readily known by the fact, (first mentioned to me by Dr. Baldwin,) that th« leaves, when chewed, are remarkably swee^— resembling the taste of liquorice root

62. SPERMACOCE., Nutt. Gen. 133. [Gr. Sperma, seed, and Akoke, a sharp point; the fruit being beaked, or pointed.] Cal. 4 toothed, Cor. funnel-form, 4 cleft. Capsules 2, connate, each 2 horned. S. movisA. Ell. Hirsute; leave* liaear-laiiceolate; stipules long-brist!ed, flowers opposite, axillary, sessile, Vulgo — Button weed. . Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Dry, sandy banks: roadside, from Strode's mill to Brandy wine. 4 to 12 inches high: branching.

Obs. This plant is very abundant along the Street-road, towards Londongrove; but rather scarce in thiit immediate vicinity, except along the road from Strode's Mill to Wistar's Badge, where U is plentiful 1 he flowers, with us, are uniformly pale red; and not u^'kite, as Pursh has it. I h-ivc little doubt but it is the «. injsiojii folia, of Rees' Cyclopaedia; as the Editor of that work seems inclined to suspect.

63. HOUSTONIA. Nutt. Gen. 136.

[In honor of Dr. JVilliam Hbrufotm; an English Botanist.] Cal. 4 toothed. Cor. funnel-form, 4 cleft. Caps. 2 celled, half superior, opening transversely. H. ciERULEA. Ph. Stem erect, setaceous, dichotomous; radical leaves spaUiuIats; peduncles long, 1 flowered- Fa/go— Dwarf Pink. Bluets- Innocence.

Fl. Middle of April, till autumn. Fr. mat. Middle of June, and after.

Hab. Meadows, thia woods, and old fields: common. 2 to 4 inches high: flowers blue; sometimes white.

64. I^^TCHELLA. Nutt. Gen. 138.

[In honor of Dr. John Mitchell; a Botanist of Virginia.] Cal. 4 toothed. Cor. in pairs on the same germ, funnel-form, 4 parted. Berry twin, 4 seeded. M. REPEXS. Ell. Stem prostrate; leaves opposite, peliolate, cordate-ovate; peduncles axillary, solitary. j^jj/go—Pai-tridge-berry. Tutkey-berry. Chequer-berry. Ground Ivy. Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Last of September

Hab. Moist woodlands: Patton's and Matlack's woods, abundant- 6 to 12 inches long: flowers ^ hit..

Obs. This beautiful little evergreen often retains its red berries t^ntil the fl«\^,^;,%«f ']'f„ff^f,^f;|,rii hare appeared. It thrives well when removed with a sod; ajid makes a luiudsome covenn& lor tlie earifl, i« pots, or bo:iieSj coataining green-house shrubbery-

20 TETRANDRIA. MONOGINIA,

b. Corolla tetrapetalous; or none. 65. LUDWIGIA. Nuit Gen. 141. [In honor of Christian Gottlieb Ludwig; a German Botanist.]

Cal. 4 parteJ, persistent. Cor. 4 petalled, or 0. Caps. 4 angled, 4 celled, many seeded. li. MACROCARPA- ill-c. Stem crect, branching; leaves alternate, lanceolate; flowers 4 petalled. Synon. L. alternifolia. JVilld. Ell. and Mu/il. FuZg-o— Bastard Loose-strife. Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Swampy meadows, and along rivulets; frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers yellow. Li. palustris. Ell. Stem creeping; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, tapering at base; flowers apetalous, Synon. L. nitida. Mx. and Ph. Isnardia palustris. IVilld. Nutt. Muhl. &c. Fl. Beginning of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Low, muddy grounds, ditches, &c. frequent. 4 to 10 inches long: smooth and succulent. Obs. I am satisfied that this plant is a true Ludwigia-

6G. CORNUS. Nutt. Gen. 143. [Lat. Cornu, horn; in allusion to the horny tougliness of its wood.]

Cal. small, 4 toothed. Cor. petals small, broader at the base. Drupe containing a 2 celled nut.

§1. Flowers involucrate: in Heads.

C. FLORIDA. Fll. Arborescent; leaves ovate, acuminate, involucre large, obcordate; drupes ovate.

F«'/g:o— Dog-wood. Large flowered Cornel. Male Virginian Dog-wood.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Ilcib. Woodlands; everywhere common. 10 to 20, and sometimes, though rarely, 30 or 40 feet high.

Obs. This well-known small tree, (so much admired, when in flower, for its showy white involucres,) possesses some valuable properties. The bark is an excellent tonic; approaching the Cinchona in etScacy. See Dr- Walker's Inaugural Thesis, 1808. Philad. The straight stems of the young trees atiord hoop-poles for the coopers; and the slender, regularly-disposed branches, distafis for spinsters. The wood is very firm, and is used by wood-choj^pers, for making wooden wedges. We might even quote classical authority for its fitness for warlike implements; as Virgil says " bona, bello cornus" — though he certainly had refer- ence to another, and probably totally distinct plant. Our observing Farmers say, that the proper time tO' plant Indi(j,n corn, (Zea mays) is when the involucres of the Dog-wood make their appearance. I have never seen the other American involucrate species (C. canadensis,) on this side of the Pokono raoun- tain, in this state; and believe it is exclusively confined to such regions.

§ 2. Flowers naked: in Cymes.

C SERicEA. FU. Leaves oval, acuminate, silky beneath, with a russet pubescence on the ribs.

Synon. C. lanuginosa. Mx. C. sanguinea .' JV/ars/ia//. Fw/go— Red-rod. Red-willow. Swamp Dog-wood'.

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Ilab. Swamps, springheads, and rivulets: Brandywine: frequent. 5 to S feet high: flowers white,

Obs. This shrub also possesses tonic virtues. Sec as above. The young branches are of a handsome red color; and the ripe berries a brigit blue.

C ALTERNA. Mar. Leaves ovrte, often obovate, acuminate, hoary beneath; cymes depressed, expanding,. Synon. C. alternifolia. Fh. Ell. &;c. I- a/g-o— Alternate branched, or Female Virginian Dog-wood. Fl. Latter end of May. Pr. mat. Last of July.

Hab. Fence-rows, and thickets: frequent. 10 to 15 feet high: flowers white: berries globose, dark blue.

Obs. The name alternifolia, latterly applied to this species, is by no means a happy one. Marshall's jname, m reference to the branches, is perhaps better.

C. PANICULATA. Ph. Branches erect; leaves oval-lanceolate, acuminate, hoary beneath; cymes paniculate. Synon. C candidissima. Marshall. F«/go— White Dog-wood. Swamp American Dog-wood. Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hub. Flat, moist grounds: Roadside, west of Strode's Mill: rare. 4, to 6*or S feet high: flowers white. _ Obs. This appears to be the variety, marked albida, of Pursh. I have only met with it in the abovemen- tioned place, a lew rods west of Joseph Strode's Mill. The ripe berries are white, and. globose.

!B. Flowers Interior, a. Corolla monopetaloxis-

67. PLANTAGQ. Nutt. Gen. 145.

[Etymology obscure: Bocrhaave suggests, " quiaplantis pedum juxta vias conculcatur.'']

Flowers on spiked scapes. Cal. 4 clef t. Cos. 4 cleft. iSfam. very long. Caps. 2 celled, circumscissed"-

riate

"i

KlfamJl del

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 21

p. MAJOR. Ell- Leaves ovp.te,sraoothish; scape tereto; spike long, -with the flowers imbricated. Fm/jo— Common, or Great Plantain. Way-bread.

Fl. Beginning of June till autumn. Fr. mat. August, and after.

Hab. Moist, rich grounds; along foot paths, and about houses; very common. Scapes 6 to IS inches high. Obs. A naturalized foreigner. The scape frequently bears one or two leaves, near the spike of flow- er":, and is then flattened, or dilated. The leaves are often used for dressing blisters ami oth.;r sores. It is said ournative India.is call this plant " f/ie w/Wfe ?n./«'s /oof, "—from the circumstance of its dolightmg to grow in travelled pathways, and advancing into the country pai-i passu with the whites.

P. LANCEOLATA. Ell. Lcaves lanceolate, hairy; spike cylindric, or subovate, naked; scape angled, hairy.

Fw/go— English Plantain. Ripple-grass. Ribwort. Buck-horn Plantain.

Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

Hab. Meadows, fields, and grass lots: common. Scapes 1 to 2 feet high.

Obs. This species is also a naturalized foreigner. It is not much esteemed by the farmers of this vicinity —though in some nei;?-hborhoods it has been occasionally cuhivated; and horses, horned- cattle, and shee>fl are all fond of it. Ithas become so common, that it is difficult to procure the seed of red clover entirely clear of it; and it bids fair to prevail still more extensively.

P. viRGixroA. Ph. Covered with whitish pubescence; leaves oval-oblanceolate; flowers rather remote.

Fii/g-o— White Plantain. Virginian Plantaiu.

Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of June, and after,

Hab. Sterile old fields, and stony hills: frequent. Scapes 3 to 8 inches high.

68. ANDREWSIA. Bart. Fl. Philad. 82. [Dedicated by Sprengel to Mr. Andrews, an English Florist; author of a work on Roses.]

Cal. 4 parted, appressed. Cor. subcampanulate, 4 parted. S'h'g-Tna thick, sub-bihd. Caps. 1 celled, 2 valved. A. paniculata. Fl. Phil. Stem somewhat branched: peduncles opposite; corolla the length of the calyx. Synon. Bartonia paniculata. 3Iuhl. Sagina virginica. TVilld. Ceiitaurella paniculata. Mx. Nutt.^'- Ell. Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat.

Hab. Sterilclields, and woodlands; Barren ridge; Geo. Darlington's: rather scarce. 3 to 9 inches high.

Obs. I have adopted the above name, in the hope thai it may prove more fortunate than its numerous predecessors; though, I confess, I always thought Muhlenberg's name? Bartonia, altogether unexcep- tionable, until it was superseded by the Bartonia of Nuttall and Pursh.

69. OBOLARIA. JVuft. Gen. 152.

[Gr. Obolosi a small Athenian coin; which the leaves of this plant are supposed to resemble.]

Cal. 0, but 2 bractes. Cor. campanulate, 4 cleft; bearing a Stc:mm m each cleft. Caps, ovate, 1 celled.

O. VIRGINICA. Nutt. Leaves opposite, sessile, cuneiform, and sub-rhomboid; flowers axillary, sessile.

Vulgo — Penny- wort. Money- wort.

Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Middle of June.

Hab. Rich woodlands: Bath; Forks of Brandywine: frequent. 3 to 6 inches high: flowers pale'.blue

0&.5. This is an interesting little plant, but apt to be overlooked by all but botanical observers, — as it is usually pretty much buried among the dead leaves, which cover the gvounr! in rich woodlands, where it grows. The whole plant is of a fleshy texture, the root somewhat coralloid; tre stem 4 angled, inclining to be wavy, or flexuose, occasionally branched, with two or three remote pairs of small, opposite, scale-like leaves upon the lower part; the upper leaves are also opposite, rather crow 'ed. cuneiform, or oblong-truu- cate, and often nearly rhomboidal, sessile, and slightly decurrent. The flowers are axillary, and sessile in the bosom of the bractes; the latter standing cross-wise with the leaves. From the upper pair of leave* proceed </^r^e flowers, the central one terminating the stem. Both leaves and bractes, are of a greenish purple, or dingy copper color; and the flowers vary from whitish, to pale blue, or purple. The seeds are nurnerous, very minute, of a pale straw color, shining and diaphanous. Te.e accmipanying plate gives a tol- erable representation of the outlines of the plant, from a medium specimen-* Wlien I flrst met with it, I was convinced it w?s strictly Tcfrf/MfZcous, and so stated my opinion to the hte Professor Barton; but he received the suggestion with his wonted caution, and expressed his doubts. I however ventured to arrange It in my catalogue according to my own opinion; and when I learnt that INIr. Nuttall was about preparing for the press his excellent work on the American Genera, I took the liberty of communicating to him my viev.'s on the subject, — which I was gratified lo find, on the appearance of his book, were contirmed by that able and accurate Botanist.

It may be proper here to remark, that this plate (together with the others) was engraved several yev ago,— prior to the commencement of Dr. W. P. C. Barton's American Flora, wiiich coataias a li jure ( this plant— othervrise I should not have taken the .superfluous trouble to procure it.

22 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA..

70. SANGUISORBA. Nidt. Gen. 161.

[Lat. Slanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb; from its supposed efficacy in stanching li^morrhage. J

Cal. inferior, 2 leaved, resembling bractes. Cor. superior, rotate, 4 cleft. Caps. 4 angled, 2 celled.

S. CANABEivsis. Ell. Spilccs cjlindric, long; stamens very long; leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets serrate. Viilgo—Bumet Saxifrage.

JR. Latter end of August. Fr. mat- Beginning of October.

Hab. Low, wet meadows: Chester creek; Brandywine: not common. About 2 feet high: flowers white. 05s. I am not fully satisfied of the propriety of removing this genus into the order Bigynia, as has beeS' done by Mx. Pursh, Nuttall, &c.— and have therefore followed Mr. Elliott, in retaining it here.

b. Corolla none.

71. STMPLOCARPUS. Nntt. Gen. 157.

[Gr. Sympl»ke, connexion, and A^cr^jos, fruit; descriptive of that portion of the fructification-]

' Spathe cucullate. Spadix covered with flowers. Cal- deeply 4 parted, persistent, becoming thick & spongy.

S. FcETiDA. Bart. Fl. Phil. Leaves ovate-cordate, enlarging; spadix pedunculate, oblong-oval.

Synon. Dracontium fcstidum. IVilld. Pothos fcetida. Mx. k. Ph. Vulgo — Swamp-cabbage. Skunk-weed.

Fl- Beginning of March. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Ilab. Swamps; shaded springs, and rivulets; common. No stem: full grown leaves near 2 feet high.

Ohs. This plant is notorious for the pole-cat-like odor which it emits, when wounded. The fleshy root, when chewed, causes a severe tingling, or pricking sensation, in the tongue and lips. It is a curious circum- stance that this plant, which seems so obviously Tetrandrous, should have been arranged by Willdenow ia Heptandria; by Michaux in Alonwcia; and by Pursh in Polyandria.

72. HAMAMELIS. Nutt. Gen. 160. [The derivation of this name is obscure, and unsatisfactory. See De Theis.^

Invob'xre 3 leaved. Cal. 4 cleft, persistent. Cor. petals 4, long, Unear. Aru< 2 horned, 2'celled- S. viRGiNicA. Bart. Fl- Phil. Leaves obovate and oval, rather unequal at base, sinuate-dentate. Vulgo — Witch-Haale.

Fl. JNiiddie of October, and after. Fr. mat. September, the succeeding year!

Hab. Borders of moist woodlands; banks of rivulets, &c. frequent- 8 to 12 feet high: flowers greenigh yellovr.

Obs. The flowers of this singular shrub appear after it has shed its leaves in autumn; and continue through the greater part of winter, apparently unaffected by the cold. Possibly this anomaly may have givim rise to some of the absurd notions, respecting: its magical virtues, which still infest a few of the cred- aioiis.

§5> For CubCUTA> or dodder,— See class Pentandvia.

73. ILEX. Nutt. Gen. 163. fEtymo'io^y obscure: Boerhaave says, "a voce hebraica, Elon, quod significat quercum.^-]

Po.'!/g-amoMs: Cal. minute, 4 or 5 toothed. Con. rotate, 4 parted. Style 0. Stigmas i. Berry 4 ecedeal.

I. OFACA. JM:i.\ Arb. Leaves oval, with rigid, spreading, spinous teeth; fruit ovate, bright red.

Synon. I. aquifolium. Marshall. Vulgo — American Holly.

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat.

Mub. Woodlands: Barrens; Forks of Brandywine: rare. 10 to 20 feet high: flowers whitish.

Obs. This handsome evergreen tree is of small growth with us, very rare, and v.'hen found, is usually transpl.inted about houses, as an ornament. It is said that Birdlime may b§ extracted from the bark; for tiie mode of preparing whlcii, See 3'Ix. arbns. forest, vol. 2, ^j. 193.

74. POTAMOGETON. Nutt. Gen. 166. [Gr. Polamos, rivers and Gciton, neighbor; from its usual place of growth.]

Cal. 4 leaved. Cor. 0. Slyle 0. Stigmas 4. Seeds 4, naked.

P. xArATvs. Mr. Leaves sublanceolate-oval, floating, on Ici-o" petioles: spikes assurgeat. F«7;fo— Floating Pond-weed.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hub. Ponds, creeks, and rivulets: common. 9 to IS inches long: flowers dull green. Obs. Like matt aquatics, it accomiajedateu itself to the depth of water in Tvliich it grows.

TETRANDRIA. TETilAGYNIA. zs

P. LUCENS. Mr. Leaves Ions-lanceolate, tapering to a, petiole at base; spikes Imj, cylindrical.-

Synon. P. ocuminatum, of the German Botanists, according to Mr. Sciweinitz.

Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mat.

Hub. Rapid waters of the Brandy wine; frequent. 2 to 4 feet long: flowers greenish brown.

P. CRISPUM.' Ph. Leaves mostly alternate, sub-amplexicaiil, oblong-ovate, undulate; spikes faw-flowered.

Fl. Middle of August. iV. mat.

Hab. Hapid waters of the Brandywine: frequent- 1 to 3 feet long: flowers reddish brown.

Obs. This species s»ems to lie on the bottom, totally submersed in swift runnln:; %vater. The leaves are very obscurf ly if at all serrate, but are undulate and curled; and the spikes are'mostly lateral. I at first siippoi-ed It to be P. perfoliatum, of .-!fr. and PA.— but Mr. Schweinitz pronounces it. with more probabil'tv y. crisjmm. It certainly, however, does not well suit the description of ei<Aer, in Pursh.

CLASS V. PENTANDPJA.

OHDER, MOSfOCS-rifSA. A,. Flowers Inferior, a. Corolla monopctaloua. f Seeds nahed.

75. PULMONARIA. Natt. Gen. 173.

[Lat. pKtao.plur. Pulmones, the Lungs; from its supposed virtue in pu!monary diseases.] Cal. 5 toothed, prismatic-pentagonal. Cor. funnel-form, somewhat 5 lobed; orifice open.

P. viRGiNiCA. Ell. Glabrous; leaves lanceolate-ovate, and oval; flowers fasciculate, terminal; corolla long,

'F«/g-o— Virginian Cowslip. Lung-wort.

Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Beginning of June.

Hab. Rich, moist, low grounds: along Brandywine: frequent. About2 feet high: flowers purplish blue.

Obs. Rather a handsome plant, and often introduced into our gardens. The leaves finally become a broad oval, in form; and some of lliem ahnost orbicular.

76. LITHOSPERMUM. Nult. Gen. 170.

[Gr. Litkos, a stone, and Sperma, seed; from the stony hardness of its seeds.]

Cal. 5 parted; divisions subulate. Cor. funnel-form, 5Iobsd; orifice open, naked. Stignmhind.

L. ARVENSE. Ph. Plant hispi<I; seeds rugose; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx; leaves lingulata. Pw/g-o— Stone-weed. Corn Gromwell.

Fl. Beginning of IMay. Fr. mat. Beginning of June.

Hab. Grain and pasture fields: frequent. 12 to ISinches high: Rowers milk-white. Obs. This rigid, flinty-skinned plant, is beheved to be a foreigner.

77. CYNOGLOSSUM. mat. Gen. 172. [Gr. Kyon, kynos, a dog, and Ghssa, a tongue; from a fancied resemblauce i:i iis leave*.]

Cal. 5 parted. Cor. funnel-form; orifice closed by 5 connivent processes. Seeps nin.Ted to the sty!*- C OFFiciiVALE. Sm. Fl. Brit. Covered with soft pubescence; leaves lanceolate, sessile; racemes paniculate Fu/g-o— Common Hound's-tongue.

Fl. Latter end of May, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Hab. Roadsides, and about houses: Cheyney Jefferis's; Jno. Taylor's mill: rather scarce. About 2 feet high- Obs. A foreigner, but becoming naturalized. The flowers are usually reddi.^h brown; but T found specinen-^ at John Taylor s mill, with milk white flowers, as noticed by fVilld. The fresh plant has a peculiarly di^-' agreeable smell resembling that of mice-nests; remarked by Dr. Smith— who says, "tota planta odor/ mn- rino tetens. 1 he circumstance of this odor may have given rise to an opinion, ('which I believe i« unfotind- ed,) that the plant will expel rats. It dissipates as the phmt dri.es. The medical virtues of this s'n-ries ar^ 'i)eiievedtobe very trifling; though it has been reconmieuded in scrophulous ulcers, to be u«ed in the fonr «1 cataplasm. "'

C. ABiPLEXicAULE. BIx- Hirsute; leaves oval-cblor,;r, upper ones amplexicau!: corymb tprminal, leafless, Synon. C. virginicum. IVilld. and Ell. f w/go— Wild Comfrey. Virginian Hounds-tongue"

F/. Last of May. Fr. wa!. Beginning of August.

Hab. Rich woodlands: very common. 13 inches t.T 2 feet high: flowers bluish wiiitf;.

Obs. The root of this species is mucilaginous; and is somewhat rocuiar as a r<ectora' modioi^e. itfe sometimes, also, used in cataplasms, tor sprains.. &c.

S4 FENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

78. MYOSOTIS. Nntt. Gen. 169.

[Gr. M'js, myos, a mouse, and Oiis, otos, an ear; from a fancied resemblance in its leave*.]

Cal. 5 cleft. Cos. Salver-fonr, tube short; borJei 51obedj emarginate; orifice closed with 5 convex scales,"

M. PALUSTRis. Ph. Seeds smooth; leaves elliptic-lanceolate; racemes without bractes. Sfynon. M. scorpioides. Willd. Muhl. &c. Vuigo — Marsh Scorpion-grass.

Fl. Last of May till October. Fr- mat. August, and after.

ilab. Sprin.ss, swamps, rivulets, &c. common. 6 to 24 inches high: flowers sky blue.

Obs. Perennial; the radical leaves continuing vigorously green through the winter,— especially about swampy springs. Some of the seeds ripen long before it has done flowering.

5M. viRGirriAN-A.Pft. Hairy; seeds barb-prickled; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; racemes divaricate.

Ft(/go— Virginian Scorpion-grass.

n. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

jllah. Woodlands, and fence-rows: common. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers bluish white.

Obs. Tills obnoxious weed is well known to our farmers, in consequence of its racemes of bur like seeds entangling and matiing themaaes of their horses, and fleeces of their sheep.

1 1 Seeds covered.

ITO. HYDROPHYLLUM. Nutt. Gen. 178. [Gr. Hydor, hydros, water, and Phyllon, leaf; the cavities of the leaves holding water. De Theis— or, ac- cordmg to Botrhaave, '' Hydor, aqua, et Fkilos, amicus; quia ad aquub ciescere amat."

Cal. 5 parted. Cor. campanulate, 5 cleft; 5 longitudinal grooves within. Caps. 1 celled, 2 valved.

H. viiiGuncvM. Ph. Smoothish; leaves pinnatifid, and pinnate; segments oval-lanceolate, incised-serrata

Vulgo — Virginian V»''ater-leaf.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat Middle of June.

Hub. Brandywine: John Taylor's: Wistar's bridge: frequent. About 1 foot high; flowers white, or purplish.

SO. ANAGALLIS. laitt. Gen. 183. [Gr. Anagelao, to laugh; from its supposed exhilarating virtues.]

Cal 5 cleft. Cors. rotate, 5 lobed. Filaments hirsute. Caps, g-lobular, circumscLssed, many seeded.

A. AEVENSis. Sm. Fl. Brit. Stem procumbent, 4 angied; leaves opposite, ovate, entire, dotted beneath.

VvJgo — Red Ciackweed. Scarlet Pimpernel.

FL Liitter end of June till September. Fr. mat. Beginntng of August, and after.

Tiab. Field^, and roadsides; Wilmington roaa, frequent. 4 to 12 inches long: flowers orange-scarlet.

Obs. This noted little foreigner is becoming naturalized in this vicinity. A few years ago, it was not to be seen nearer than about the Deluware state line, towards Wilmington; but ithas been gradually and stead- ily working its way up country, and is now frequently to be met with around the Borough. The idle sto- ries concerning its etlicacy in curing Ilydrcphobia, though occasionally revived by ignorant or designing Empirics, are now pretty correctly appreciated by the public.^ About twenty years since, the pretended remedy was disclosed to the Ijegiblatirre of thi*; State, by way of special favor, as though it were a great se- cmt, and a nf.f and importr nt discovery: yet Boerhaaoe in his Historia Plaiitarum, publislred as long- ago as 1731, says ■*• morsiu canis rahidi subvenire anonnullis dicitur."

81. LYSIMACHIA. Nutt. Gen. 1S7. [Said to be so named after Lysimachus, a King of Sicily. Literally Loose-strife. See Be Thcis.^

Cal. 5 cleft. Cor. rotate, 5 cleft. Cats- globular, mucronate, 5 or 10 valved, few or many seeded. L. "QTrADRiFOLiA. Fh. Leavcs subsessilc, in 4's and o's; peduncles in 4's; corolla-segments oval, entire. Synon. L. hirsuta. Mx. Ftt/g-o— Loose-strife.

JF7. Be:,inningof June, and after. Fr. mat.

Ilab. y/oodlands, and low grounds: common: 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellow;

Obs. Some Empirics highly recomniend the infusion of this plant in Hcsniorrhoids, or piles; but its virtvre)S> if ar.y, are unknown to me.

L. ciLiATA. Ph. Leaves petiolata. opposite; petioles ciliate; corolla-segments acuminate, creliate.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. mat.

Kiib. Sr>rder5 of wocdlanus and tiuckete; Bath: freqiieat. 2 to Sleet ]:i^h: flowers yellow.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 25

82. SABBATIA. Nutt. Gen. 206. [Dedicated to two Italian Botanists, of the name of Sabbati.}

Gal. 5 to 12 parted. Cor. 5 to 12 parted. Stigmas 2, spn&l. ^jifAcrs finally revolute. Caps. 1 celled.

S. ANGULARis. Bait. Fl. Phil. Stem 4 angled, winged ; leaves ovate, amplexicaul; flowers corymbose.

Synon. Chironia angularis. Mukl. Mx. IVilld. Fu/gfo— Centaury.

Fl. Beginning of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hah. Sterile old fields; Barrens: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high : flowers palish red; often Hcxandrous.

Obs. This handsome herb is an intense bitter; and deservedly popular as a tonic medicine. It is niuoh more abundant some years than others. Dr. Smith {in Cyclop.) does not approve of this genus; but hav- ing received the sanction of such Botmists as Pursli, Elliott, and Nuttall, I have thought ii best to retain ii.

83. DATURA. Nutt. Gen. 200,

[Obscure; supposed to be from Datora {ox tatorah,) the Arabic name of the plant. De Theis.]

Cal. tubular, angular, deciduous. Cor. funnel-form, plicate. Caps. 1 celled, 4 valved, spiiiose, or smooth.

D. straiviontum. Ell. Peiicarps spinose, erect, ovate; leaves ovate, sinuate, glabrous.

rw/g'o— James-town (or corruptlj', Jimson,) weed. Thorn-apple. French Chesnut.

Fl. Beginning of July till September. />. mat. Beginning of October.

Ilah. About houses; lanes, barn-yards, roadsides, he. common. 2 to 5 feet high; flowers pale purple.

Obs. This plant is said to be a native of America; but it has every appearance of having been introtUi- ced, and merely naturalized, in this region. It possesses powerful medical propeilies; for an account of which see Dr. S. Cooper's Inaugural Thesis, 1797— and some later works. The root, smoked like tobac- co, is a popular remedy for asthmatic affections, in this neighborhood; and I have never known any mis- chievous consequences to result from it— though Mr. Elliott states that bad effects have en.sued the practice. It certamly is a plant possessed of such active properties as to require prudence and .skill in the use of it. Boerhaave, in his ^isiorta P/ania?-M?n, gives the following account of it — ''hacutuntur nieretrices Javan.- enses, dum a primariis sunt conduct*, turn banc plantam maritissuis dant et delirii species subseiiuitur, itnde coram maritis lascivia utuutur, et si haec planta in majori copia detur; stupidi maaent, langaeut et tan- •emmoriuntur."

84. VERBASCUM. Nitft. Gen. 203.

IQu&si Barbascum; from the Lat. Barba, beard— on account of its bearded, hajry, or woolly leaves.] Cal. 5 parted. Cor. rotate, 3 lobed, unequal. Stam. declined, bearded. Caps. 2 celled; valves inflected. V, THAPsus. Ell. Whole plant very tomentose; leaves lanceolate, decurrent; stem simplet Vulgo — Common IMullein.

Fl. Middle of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

Hab. Fields, and roadsides; every where common. 3 to 6 feet high: flowers yellow.

Obs. Native of Europe; but superabundantly naturalized. An infusion of the leaves is somewhat pop- Ular as a remedy in Dysentery, but is probably little worth. Piirsh says this plant sometimes makes its ap- pearance, in a sudden and mysterious manner, in remote parts of the country, where the grounds have been newiy cleared and burnt: but similar mysteries attend the propagation of several other plaiU3,-and mo-;t orve et' t ^^^ solved by a little more attention to, and a better acquaintance with, the economy

y . BLATTARiA. Ell. Lcavcs amplexicaul, oblong, serrate, glabrous; peduncles 1 flowered, solitary.

Vulgo— Moth Mullein.

.H. Middle of June, and after. F,-. mat. Middle of August, and after.

Mab. Pasture fields, and fence-rows; frequent. 1 to 3 feet high: flowers whitish, with tinges of red.

We 'ohtifv.^^'^^'^K^''" , ^^^ ■'■^"^'y "^'"^ 2''^''"" ^o^^^^ -^as not yet been seen iu this vicinitv; though I fta\ e ob»er\ ed it m abundance on the vacant lots in Philadelphia. - > 6

85. CONVOLVULUS. Nutt. Gen. 190. [Lat. Convolve, to wrap, intwine, or wind about: descriptive of the plant.] Cal. 5 parted. Cor. campanulate, plicate. Stigmas 2, oblong, or globose. Caps. 2 or 3 celled.

C. PANDURATUs. Ell. Stem voluble, often prostrate; leaves cordate, entire or lobed, aud panduntform.

FM/g:o— Bind-weed. Wild Potato-vine.

h. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. IMiddle of September.

ILib. Old fields, feuce-rows, &c. frequent. 3 to C feel long: flowers white, olten red at the bottom.

Obs. This species embraces several txiricijfs, or else the descriptions are much confused. I have also specimens with leaves uniformly cordate, and acumisate; peduncles shortfr than tlie ]ietiolf^, flow.-is White, and biigmas globose; marked by Mr. Schweinitz "C. Si2>iiun amerka!Uua."-UK/!ii>[bh a vafiety of C. revais, uescnbed by Mr. Elliott. i j j

26 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

C. spiTHAMiEUs. Ell. Erect; leaves oval, pubescent; peduncles 1 flowered, nearly as long as the leaves.

Syiion. C. stans? Mx. Calystegia tomentosa. Phi and yet the stigmas are o&/ongr !

11. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Ilab. Woodlands: Eachus's, and Parker's woods: frequent. 9 to 12 inches high: flowers white.

Obs. A number of years ago, I found this plant in Parker's woods, whence I transplanted it into my garden; where it grew luxuriantly, and threatened to become a nuisance. In the course of three or four years it totally disappeared, and I could not find it in all the neighborhood. It however made its appear- ance ae;ain in three or four years more, in considerable quantities; not only in the woodlands,— but also ia the garden where it had formerly grovyn, so as to be quite troublesome.

85. PHLOX. Nult. Gen. 193. [Gr. Phlox, &Te, or flame; in allusion to the color of the flowers.]

Cai.. 5 cleft, prismatic. Cor. salverform; tube curved, Pitonejifs unequal. StigmairiM. Cats. 3 celled. P. MACTJLATA. Ph. Stem rough, spotted; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute; panicle oblong; flowers crowded. Vulgo—YiM Sweet-William. Spotted-stalked Lychnidea.

Fl. Beginning of June, and after. Fr. mat. Eeginnin- of A\jgust.

Mab. Meadows, low grounds, and borders of rivulets: frequent. About 2 feet high : flowers bright purple- Obs. A beautiful, showy plant; worthy to be introduced into flower gardens-

P. PiLOSA. JEll. Pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate: corymbs subfastigiate; calyx teeth long, subulate.

FL Latter end of May, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Mab. Borders of woodlands; Bath woods: frequent. 10 to 20 inches high: flowers pale red.

P. suBULATA. Ell. Procumbent; hirsute; leaves subulate, ciliate; corymbs few flowered.

Fm/?o— Mountain Pink. Ground Pink.

Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Middle of June.

Hab. Barren Ridge; very abundant. 6 to 12 inches long: flowers bright purple.

06s. This handsome little species is exclusively confined to the most sterile parts of tire Barren Ridge; larg.; tracts of which are covered, and highly ornamented by its flame-colored flowers, about the last ot April.

87. POLEMONIUM. Nutt. Gen. W5. IBoerh. says " s. Poly, (Gr.) multum, & ?nonon, solum, quasi multa folia unicum folium componentia."}

Cai.. 5 cleft. CoR. 5 lobed; tube short, closed at base by 5 staminifei'ous valves. Stig. trifid. Caps. 3 celled'

p. REPTAivs. Fll. Stem weak; leavespinnate, by 7's,9's, and ll's; flowers terminal, nodding.

F«/,To— Jacob's Ladder. Greek Valerian.

F/. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Beginning of June.

Hab. Moist grounds; meadaws, and woodlands: frequent. 12 to IS inches high: flowers sky blue-

83. AZALEA. Nutt. Gen- 207. [Gr. -<4««?cos, arid, or dry; because it usually grows in dry soils. De Thcis.'i

Cat.. 5 parted. Cor. funnel-form, or campanulate, 5 cleft, unequal. Stam. & Style declined. Caps. 5 ciellet?.

A. m.Tmyi,oRA. Ell. Flowers rather naked; leaves lanceolate-oblong; stamens much exserted.

Synon. A. pericjymenoides. Mx. and Ph. Vulgo—WM Honeysuckle- Rosebay.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Beginning of June.

Nab. Woodlands: very common. 2 to 6 feet high: flowers mostly red,— sometimes nearly white,

Obs. The vmiitira of this beautiful flowering shrub, are very numerous here; but I am not certain that I have met with any distinct species.

89. SOLANUM. Nutt. Gen. 196. „

, [Obscure: perhaps from the Lat. Solar i, to solace, or assuage; from its .supposed medical virtues.7 Cal. 5 c'f-ft. CoR. sub-rotate, phcate. ^?ii/i«rs partly united, opening at point by double psres.

S- NJGRUJvi. Ell. Stem unarmed, herbaceous; leaves ovate, angled; flowers in umbels, nodding.

fH?,£:o— Night-shade.

Fl. Beginning of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Mab. About houses j gardens; and among rubbish: frequent. 13 to 20 inches high: floveers white.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 27

S. CAROLINENSE. Ell Stem aculeate, annual; leaves hastate-angled, prickly on both sides; racemes loose Tm/^o— Horse Nettle. Carohna Nightshade. => ^^^^c.

Ft. Middle of July. JV. ^„^

Hub. Roadside, near Marshalton; near Squire Graves's barn: rare. 1 to 2 feethigh: flowers bluish white

90. PHYSALIS. Nutt. Gen. 19S. [Gr. Physa, an inflated bladder, or bag; in allusion to the bladdery calyx, enclosing the fruit.l Cor. campanulate-rotate. Stamens connivent. Berry 2 celled, inclosed in the inflated Calyx- ^. viscosA. Ell? Leaves subcordate, repand; stem paniculate above; fruit-bearing calyx pubescent Vulgo- Clammy Ground-Cherry.

ri. Beginning of July, and after. Fr. mat. September, and after.

Hab. Fence-rows, roadsides &c. common. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers yellow.

lhA^^n;Z*^t/''"'S°*^J^'^ ^P^'^'-'^? '^ ^'^'"■'''''y ?'""-"'^"*- If 't be the same described by Mr Elliott unde^-- that name. It rarely if ever, with us, attains the height he mentions; viz. 2 to 3 feet. -C^'HO", unaes

P. PENXsYLVAmcA. Ell. Lcaves ovate, sub-rcpand; pedunclcs solitary, hairy, as long as the petioles

Fu^go— Esculent Ground-Cherry.

FL Latter end of June, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of August, and after.

Hab. Cultivated grounds; fence-rows, &c. frequent. About 1 foot high: flowers yellow.

^S^^'J^^^^T^- "^ l^'^ species is considerably more pulpy than the preceding, and when fully ripe is

rorJAtuo\X'.^^^

p. OBscuRA. Tor? Divaricately branched; leaves cordate-suborbiculate, acuminate, unequa]!/ dentate.

i>ynon. F. pruinosa.? Ell.

Ft. Middle of July. p^^ ,^^_

Hab. Stony banks: near Wm. Hawley's: not common. 9 to 12 inches high: flowers greenish yellow.

^?it'-: ,^'-,.fch"'einitz, who examined my specimen, thinks it is the P. obscura.of Torrev but savs it is materially diflerent from the P. obscura, as found at Salem, N. Carolina. i-orrey, out sajsit is

b. Corolla mostly pentapetalous.

91. CEANOTHUS. A^utt. Gen. 229. [A name derived from the ancient Greek writers, and applied to tliis genus.] Cal. turbinate, 5 cleft. Cor. petals squamiform; claws long. Caps. 3 angled, 3 celled, 3 seeded. G. AMERiCANus. Ell. Leavcs ovate, acuminatc, sciratc; panicles axillary, on long peduncles. Fw^g-o— New Jersey Tea. Red-root.

Fl. Latter end of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Woodlands, borders of thickets, &c. common. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers white.

M?sLlSsl!hffiKvTff^ bark of its roots; and may be useful, .3

ivjarsnaii anu ftcnoept say it is, in g;onorrh=eas, and other cases where astr ngents are indicated It is sairi th^

fe'^'f 7h'/Frr ^l,r'^.'7.5?^%^^^'S^' ^""\e '^« American Revolution, as a substitute '^ the poscribed Tea of the Eng ish East-fndia Company: which circumstance alone, judging from the seusib e cronertCs of tlie plant, might be taken as pretty good evidence of their zeal in the caule ! properties oi

92. CELASTRUS. Nutt. Gen. 231. [A name borrowed from the ancient Greek writers.} Cal. 5 lobed. Style thick, perforate. Caps. 3 valved; valves septiferous in the centre. Skeds semi-arillate

C. scandens. Marshall. Unarmed; leaves oblong, and obovate, acuminate, serrate; racemes terminal

Fu/g-o— Climbing Staff-tree. Wax-work.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

Hab. Woodlands, and fence-rows; Bath, &c. frequent- 10 to 15 feet high: flowers greenish yellow.

&P^tfn'^»' climbing, shrubby vine, though frequently to be met witi), of a small size, along feace^-OT, «c. is nyw very rarely found i^roducing fruit, yr flowers. j h «'

28 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

93. EUONYMUS. Nutt. Gen. 230. [Gr. literally good name; by way of antiphrasis; the plant being reputed infamous for its properties.] Cal,. 4 or 5 cleft, with a flat peltate disk at base, within. Caps. 3 to 5 angled, 3 to 5 valved, colored.

E. ATROPURPURKUs. Ph. licaves petiolate, oblong-laHceolate; pedunclcs divaricatej fruit smoothv

Fu/g-o— Spindle-tree. Wild Burning-bush.

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hub. Puch woodlands: forks of Brandy wine: rare. 6 to 8 feet high: flowers dark, or brownish purpl«; Obs. I have only met with this shrub on the right bank of the Brandy wine, just below the forks; where

it is pretty abundant. It is constantly Tetrandraas, and tetrapetalous, with the calyx 4 cleit, and capsule

mosdy 4 angled.

94. VITIS. Nutt. Gen. 219.

[Obscure: Boerh. says, "a rieo, flecto, quia vitiscapreoli apprehendunt plantasvicinas."]

Polygamous: Cor. petals cohering above, coming off at base. Berry mostly 5 seeded, globose.

V. LABRTTsCA. Ph. Leaves broad-cordate, hoary-tomentose beneath^ fertile racemes small; fruit large.

Synon. V. vulpiiia. Bartram, and Marshall. Vnlgo— Fox Grape.

FL Middle of June. Fr. mat. Begmning of September.

Hub. Rich, moist thickets; banks of creeks and rivulets; frequent. 15 to 25 feet long; berries mostly black.

Obs. There are several varieties o( this well known grape; some with berries reddish, or purple, and others producint; a fiuit nearly white, which is rather scarce here. Pursh considers the valuable Bland's grape as a variety of this; though Bartram with more probability, I think, supposes it to be a hybrid. Tha Schuylkill grape, (called also Alexa.nder's,!<nd Tusker's grape,) is likewise supposed to be a hybrid, allied j to this species. For an interesting notice of some American Vines, by the late Mr. W. Bartrami see Med. Repository, Hexade2,vol.l. p. 20.

V. ^sTivALTs. Ph. LeavesS to 5 lobed, dentate, russet tomentumbeneathjracemes oblong; fruit small. Synon. Y. sylvestris, & occidentalis. Bartr. V. intermedia. MuhU Fttigo— Little Grape. Summer Grape. Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat- Last of September:

JIah. ThicketSj fence-rows, and woodlands; common. 20, to 60 or 80 feet high; berries dark blue.

Obs. There are a"Iso many, and valuable varieties of this species. That marked sjmtate, by Pursh, ^ frequent here. In some instances, in rich woodlands, this species ascends to the top of the loftiest trees, — j 4he naked vines extending from tlie ground to the upper limbs, somewhat resembling the halyards of a 1 maintopgallant sail. It is believed that the better sorts of this grape will be found well worthy of culture, ih this country, for the purpose of making wine A complete description of our native Vines is quite a de- sideratum at this time, when tlie spirit of planting vineyards isbecomiag so prevalent.

V. coRDiFOLiA. Ph. Leaves cordate, acuminate, incised-dentate, glabrous; racemes loose; fruit small. Synon. V. vulpina. Willd. sec. Sm. Cyclop. V. serotina? jBarir. Vnlgo — Chicken Grape. Winter Grape. /7. Middle of June. Fr- mat. Beginning of October.

Hah. Fencs-rows, and borders of woods: frequent. 10 to 20 feet long: berries am jer color-

Obs. The fruit of this species is very acerb, and scarcely eatable, even when frosted. A large proportion >; of the American vines are Males, (or at least have abortive germs,) and are consequently sterile. This is ' particularly the case with V. jestivalis.

95. CISSUS. Nutt. Gen. 220.

[From the Greek, Kissos, ivy; applied to this genus, from its resemblance to that plant.] fC'oR. petals unconnected above, spreading. ATecf. girding the germ. Berry 2 celled, 1 to 4 seeded. C HEDERACEA. Ph- Stem radicant, climbing; leaves quinate-digitate; racemes cymose, dichotomous. |

Synon. Ampelopsis quinquefolia. JIx. Vitis hederacea. TVilld. Fm/jJo— Virginian Creeper. American Ivy. 1 FL Middle of July. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Mab. Woodlands, fence-rows, and hedges: common. 10, to 30 or 40 feet high: flowers yellowish green.

Ob.i. This shrubby vine is sometimes cultivated as a covering to the walls of bouses, to which it readily attaches itself; but the leaves being deciduous, it is not very ornam.ental in wiater, and is somewhat injuri- ous to the wall. The berries are black, when ripe— at which time the peduncles are a pretty bright red. I.>r. femith (Cyclopad.) insists that this plant is a real Vitis, ana consequently disapproves of its arrangement here. I have, however, concluded to follow the late writers on American Botany.

93. IMPATIENS. Nutt. Gen. 224. [A metaphorical name; given on account of the Impatience, or elasticity of the seed-vessels, v/hen touched-}

Cal. 2 leaved. Cor. irregular, spurred. ^jifAers at first cohering. Caps. 1 celled, 5 valved, elastic. I. PALLIDA. Nutt. Leaves rhombic-ovate, rather acute; nectary obtusely conic, shorter than the petals. Synon. I. nolitangere. IVilld. Ph. EU. &c. Fu/j^o— Snap-weed. Touch-me-not.

FL Beginning of July till October. Fr. mat. Middle of August, and after.

Iia,b. Moist, shaded grounds; thickets &c. frequent. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers palish yelloiv.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 29

r. FiTLVA. Xult. Leavesrhombic-ovate, obtuse; nectary acutely conic, longer than tlie petals.

Synon. I biflora. P$. and Ell. Fu/g-o— Snap-weed. Night-shade. Touch-me-not.

Fl. Latter end of June till October. Fr. mat. Beginning of August, and after.

Jfab. Wet, low grounds; rivulets, fence-rows, &c. common. 2 to 5 feet high: flovrers deep yellow, spotted.

Obs- These two species, if they be really such, closely resemble each other in general appearance; and are more readily distinguishable by their flowers, than any thing else. Their succulent, and almost pellucid stems, are sometimes bruised and applied externally, as refrigerant cataplasms, in cases of phlegmons, Lc.

97. VIOLA. IVutt. Gen. 225.

[A latin name of obscure derivation. See De Thels.'\

Cai.. 5 leaved. Cor. irregular; lower petal cornute behind. Anthers connivent. Caps. 1 ceiled, 3 valved,

§1. Without Stems. V PED VTA Schweinifz. Leaves pedate, about 7 parted; segments linear-lanceolate, entire, or dentate. Fl. Latter end of April. F^- ^^at. Middle of June.

Hab. Slaty, barren hills; north of West-Chester: frequent: flowers handsome blue.

O&.t. For a highly interesting monography of this family of plants, by the Rev. L. D. v. Schweinitz, See SiUiman's Journal of Science, Vol. 5. p. 48.

V. PALMATA. Schw. Leaves cordate, or hastate-lobed, and palmate; lobes polymorphous, crcnate -dentate, Fl. Beginning of May. ^r. mat. Latter end of June.

Hab. Woods, and low grounds: Patton^s woods: frequent: flowers blue.

Obs. There is an almost endless variety in the forms of the leaves of this species. I'laj^Jf ,™?"^' however, very regularly digitate, ^vhich Mr. Schwemitz says he has latterly begun to consider a distmct species; and may be called V. digitata.

V. ASARiFOLiA. Schw. Leaves dilated-reniform, acute, crenate-dentate; petioles densely pilose; scape short. Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat- Beginning of June.

Hab. Rich woodlands: Batli woods: frequent: flowers bluish purple.

V. sAGiTTATA. Schw . Lcavcs oblong, cordate-sagittate, and incised at base; scapes as long as the leaves- Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Beginning of June.

Hab. Dry, sterile hills r Barren ridge: frequent: flowers pale blue.

V. OVATA. Schw. Leavesovate,subcGrdate,crenate;petiolesmarginate; scapes longer than the leaves. Synon. V. ciliata. rtluhl. V. primulifolia. Ph. not of Ell. nor IVilld. Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat.

Hub. Dry sterile hills: north of Joseph Taylor's: frequent: flowers bright blue.

V. cucrLLATA. Schw. Leaves cordate, cowled, veined; scape terete; lower petal rounded, bearded.

Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat.

Hab. Along rivulets, and shaded low grounds: frequent: flowers blue.

V. OBLIQUA. Schio. Leaves cordate, acute, smooth; scape channelled, long; lower petal acute, beardleSg,

Fl- Middle of May. Fr. mat.

Hab. Moist, shaded grounds; swampy springs, &c. Bath woods: frequent: flowers deep blue:

V. PRIMULIFOLIA. Schw. Lcavcs erect, mostly oblong, obtuse, and abruptly decurrent on the petioles.

Fl- Latter end of M?y. Fr. mat.

Hab. Moist woodlands, and low grounds; Patton's woods: frequent: flowers white.

Obs. Some of the younger leaves of this species are completely orbicular; others ovate, or cordate, an* acute.

V. BLAXDA. Schi!}. Leaves flat, broad-cordate, of ten rather acute, sometimes orbicular; sinus nearly closed, F/. Latter end of April, and after. Fr. mat.

Hab. Swamps, borders of shaded rivulets, &c. frequent: flowers small, white, or cream-colored.

§2. Producing Stems. V. OCHEOLEUCA. Scho. Stem erect; leaves cordate; stipules ciliate-dentate; lateral petalsdensely bearded, Synon. V. striata. Nutt. Persoon. Ph? tVilldl not of Muhl Fl. Beginning of IVIay. Fr. mat.

Oab. Biandywjne, below Wistar's bridge; rare. 5 to 10 iaches high: flowers }ars.e, ochre, or cream-colored.

so PENTAx^[DEIA. MONOGYNIA.

V. BEfiiLts. Schw. Stem decumbent; leaves reniform-cordates and suborbicular, crcnate; peduacles lon«^.

Eifnon- V. striata. Muhl. and Elll

Fl. Beginning of May, and after. Fr. mat.

Nab. Woodlands; WoIIertoa's and Patton's: frequent. 3 to 6 inches high: flowers pale blue, or purplish,

V. piTBEscENs. Schtv. Villous-pubescent; stem ercct, leafy abovc; leaves broad-cordate, acuminate. Synon. V. pennsjivanica. Mx.

I'l. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

Hab. Borders of Woodlands: Bath: frequent, 6 to 12 inches high: flowers yellow- Obs. The variety, eriocarpon, of Nuttall, is also frequent here; more common, I think, than the other.

v. scABRirscULA. ScJiio. Stem dccumbcnt, leafy ; leaves reniform-cordate, acute; stipules large, ciliate.

Syno7i. V. eriocarpa. Schw- in Sill. Jour. Vol. 5. p. 75. V. nondescripta. secund. Le Conte.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat.

Hab. Moist low grounds: forks of Brandywine: frequent. 3 to 6 inches high: flowers yellow.

Obs. Mr. Schweinitz pronounced this to be his V. eriocarpa, described in Silliman's Journal; and re- Jnarked that he wished to abandon that name, and restore the one he first gave it; viz. V. scabriuscula. Mr. Le Coiite, to whom I showed a specimen in 1817, called it V. non descripta.

I have never been so fortunate as to meet with V. concoZor, iij this vicinity; though I have always sup- posed it must occur along the Brandywine.

98. CLAYTONIA. Nutt. Gen. 226.

[In honor of John Clayton; an eminent Botanist of Virginia.]

Cal. 2 leaved. Stigma trifld. Caps. 1 celled, 3 valved, 3 to 5 seeded. Seeds sub-reniform, smooth, shining.

C. viEGiNicA. Ell. Leaves two, mostly opposite, linear-lanceolate; raceme simple; root tuberous.

Fl. Middle of April, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of May.

Bab. Meadows, and low grounds: common. 6 to 10 inches high: flowers pale red, striped.

S. Flowers Supekior: Carolla monopetalous.

95. CAMPANULA. Nutt. Gen. 209. [Lat. Campanula, a litde bell; the flowers being bell-shaped.] Cor. closed at bottom with 5 staminiferous valves. Caps. 3, rarely 5 celled, opening by lateral poresJ C AivcEHiCANA. Ph. Branching; leaves cordate, and lanceolate, serrate; style longer than the corolla. Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Shaded grounds; Forks of Brandywine: not common. About 2 feet high: flowers pale blue. C- APARiNoiDEs. Ph. Retro-acuIeatc; slender: leaves linear-lanceolate; peduncles filiform, 1 flowered . Synon. C. erinoides. Ell. Willd.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat.

Hab. Swamps, and margins of rivulets: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers pale purple.

C. AMPLEXicAULis. Ell Stem simple, erect; leaves amplesicaul; flowers axillary, sessile, glomerate- Syrton. C. perfoliata. Willd. Muhl. and Ph.

Fl. Middle of June. p,.. mat. Latter end of July.

M.%b. Cultivated grounds, particularly wheat-fields: common. About 1 foot high: flowers purpl

100. DIERVILLA. Natt. Gen. 215. [Dedicated to Jil. I/ierville; a French Surgeon, who first introduced it into Europe.] Cal. oblong, 5 deft, bracteate at base. Cok. long, funnel-form, 5 cleft. Caps, oblong, acute, 4 celled.

D. CAjvADEKSis. Ell. Peduncles axillary, and terminal, dichotomous; leaves ovate, serrate, acuminate. .Synon. D. lutea. Ph. D. Tournefortii. Mx. Lonicera Diervilla. fVilld.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat.

Hal/. Patton's woodi; Brandy v/ine, near Worth's Mill: rare. 1^ to 2 feet high: flowers pale yellow.

101. TRIOSTEUM. Nutt. Gen. 216. [Gr. Trcis, three, and Osteon, a bone; in reference to its three bony seeds.]

Cax.. t> cleft, persistent; segnaeats long, linear, acute. GoR. tubular, 5 lobsd. Berry 3 celled, 3 seede'S.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYiNIA. 51

T. PERFOLIATUM. Ell Leaves oval, acuminate, abruptly narrowed at base, co!iaat«; flowers axiliary- Synoh. .T- majus. Mr- Fii/g-o— Gentian . Horse-Gentian. Dr. Tinker's weed. Wild Coffee.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fi\ mat. Beginning of September.

JIab. Rich, hilly grounds; along: fence-rows, &c. frequent. 3 to 4 feet high: flowers dark purple.

Obs. This plant is reputed medicinal, as an emetic, and cathartic; and, in small do'=;es, ns a toui.-- It was a favorite medicine with the Aborigines of this part of the country. I well recollect the la:-t Li(li:iii Doctress, of the Delaware tribe, in this vifinity,— who seemed to consider it as a sort of Panacea, and prescribed it in all cases of disease, without distinction. Mc'.srs. Pursh and Elliott speak of the Berry as beins dark purple; but I have always found it, when ripe, to be of a bright orange colo-r. The llower^ considerably resemble those of the Calycanthus, or sweet-scented shrub, in appearance.

C. Flowers Incomplete. 315* For QuERiA, See class Triandria.

102. NYSSA. Nutt. Gen. 7SS. [Obscure: Linnitus says he so named it, "because it grows in the waters.'"]

Polygamous: Male— Stamens 5, sometimes 8, 10, and 12, seated around a peltate gland. Hermaph. Cal. 5 parted. Cor. 0. Drupe inferior. Nut 1 seeded.

N. SYLVATICA. Marshall. Leaves obovate, entire, acute at both ends; petioles, mid-rib.';, & margins villous.

Sgnon. N villosa. 3Ix. Ph. &c. Fu^S:o— Gum. Sour Gum. Black Gum.

FL LaUar end of May. Fr. mat. Last of September-

Hab. Woodlands generally — especially in low, moist grounds: common. 30 to 60 feet higli: flowers greenisiJ,

Ob.t. The woody fibres of this tree are remarkably interlocked, so as to render it very difficult to be split; on which account it is much used in making naves, (or /i??6s, as they are termed,) for carriage- wheels, and also hatter's blocks. The younger trees afibrd a fine shade, when growing solitary; and, ia the fall of the year, the leaves add much to the picturesque appearance of tlie country, by changing to a bright crimson color.

ORDER, DIGYNXA.

A. Flowers Ijvierior. a. Corolla monopctalous.

103. APOCYNUM. Nutt. Gen. 23S.

[Gr. Apo, far from, or distant, and Kyoi^, Kynos, a dog; it being thought destructive of that anirnal.J

Cal. 5 cleft. Cor. half 5 cleft. .^nf/i«rs cohering to the stigma. FcZ/ic/es 2, Ion?, linear. .Seeds comose>

A. ANDROsiEMiFOLUTM. Ph. Leavesovate; cymes mostly terminal; limb of the corolla spreading.

ru/go— Dog's-bane. Tutson-leaved Dog's-bane.

Fl. Latter end ot June, -Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Borders of woods, fields, and meadows: frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers pale red, striped.

A. CANNABiNUM. Ph. Leavcs oblong-oval, acute at each end; cymes paniculate; limb of the corolla erecl-

Sxjnon. A. pubescens.' Ell. r«/g-o— Indian Hemp.

Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat.

Hab. Borders of woods; Barrens: somewhat rare. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers greenish white.

Obs. There is some variety in the leaves of my specimens; some being oblong-oval, and others lanceo- late and tapering at base: or, possibly, I may have blended the two -species (A. cannabinuin, and A. pu- bescens,) which Mr. Elliott remarks have hitherto been confounded. But if they be really distinct, they closely resemble each other in liabit. The pubescence is but slig^ht in any of those which 1 possess.

104. ASCLEPIAS. Nutt. GeP. 213.

[The Greek name of JEsculapius; to whom this genus is dedicated.]

Cor. mostly reflected- Nectary 5 parted; segments ovate, cucullate, a\ ith a little horn projecting from eacli

§ 1. Leaves opposite.

A. SYRiAfA. Ph. Stem simple; leaves lanceolate-oblonj, tomentose beneath; umbels somewhat noddiiig.

l?-M;go_Silk-weed. Wild Cotton. Milk-weed. Swailow-wort.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr- mat: Beginning of September.

Hab- Fence-rows, &c. frequent. 3 to 4 feet high: flowers dingy purple; follicles muricate.

06s. Schoepf says the young shoots, cooked like asparagus, may be eaten without injury; and that the Canadians prepare a brown sugar from the expressed juice of the flowers, which is not ungrateful to tiic taste.

32 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNLV

A. PHYTOLACcoiDKs. Ell. Leaves broad-lanceoIate,subacuininate; umbels lateral, on long peduacleSc

Synon. A. exaltata (acuminata.) Muhl. . Vulgo — Poke-leaved Swallow- wort.

Ft. Latter end of June. Fr. mat-

Hah. Borders of shaded rivulets: Ed. Darlington's: rare. About 4 feet high: flowers greenish white.

Ohs. This is not a common species here, and is still more rarely to be found flowering. I have, howev- er, some very fine specimens, collected in full bloom, in 1823, the flowers of which agree better with the description given by Nuttall, than with that of Elliott, and Pursh. The petals are pcde green, and the nec- taries whitish, tinged withpurple at base; nearly scentless. The leaves are very large, somewhat acuminate, and remarkably resembling those of Phytolacca. I have not had an opportunity to observe the fruit.

A. iNCARNATA. Ell. Branching above; tomcntosc; Icavcs lanceolate; umbels in pairs; horns exserted. Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr, mat. Last of September, and after.

Jiab. Low, Swampy grounds; common. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers flesh colored; follicles smooth. Obs. The more hairy variety, marked pulchra, by Pursh, is also frequent here.

A. PURPURAscENS. Ph. Stem Simple; leaves ovate, villous beneath; umbels erect; nectaries lesupinate-

Fl. Last of June. Fr. mat.

Hab. Roadside, below Cheyney Jefieris's: rare. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers dingy purple.

A. vARiEGATA. Ell. Leaves broad-oval, glaucous beneath; umbels terminal; peduncles tomentose.

Synon. A. hybrida. Mx.

FL Latter end of June. Fr. mat.

Hah. Dry hills, and woodlands: Barrens &c. frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers white, purple within.

Ohs. Thfe leaves of this handsome species vary considerably in form. They are mostly a broad oval; but sometimes ovate, obovate, and not unfrequently almost orbicular.

A. OBTTJsiFOLiA. Mx. Leavcs sessile, obtuse, waved, glabrous; umbel terminal, on a long peduncle.

Fl- Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

Ilab. Dry hills: Barrens, &c. not common. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers greenish purple; follicles smooth.

A. QUADRiFOLiA. Ph. Lcavcs ovate-acuminate, in 4's on the middle of the stem; umbels terminal.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Middle of August.

Hah. Rich woodlands, and fence -rows: frequent. Ij to 3 feet high: flowers white; follicles smooth.

§ 2. Leaves vertleillate, or scattered. A. VERTiciLLATA. Mx. Stem simple, pubescent in lines: leaves narrow-linear? upright, mostly verticillate. FL Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

JTab. Sterile hills: Barren ridge: frequent, li to2feet high: flowers greenish white; follicles smooth.

Obs. This species is almost exclusively confined to the sterile banks of serpentine rock; where it grows plentifully along with Talinum, and some other plants equally local in their habitat.

A- TUBEROSA. Ph. Hirsute; divaricately branching above; leaves oblong-lanceolaje; umbels corymbose.

Fu/g:o— Pleurisy-root. Flux-root. Butterfly -weed.

Fl. Beginning of July, and after. Fr. mat.

Hab. Fence-rows, and old fields: frequent. About 2 feet high: flowers bright orange color.

(yhs. The A. decumbens, of Wilid. which Pursh has very properly; I think, reduced to a variety of this, is also frequent here. The stem is decumbent, and more hirsute; the leaves sublinear; and the flow- ers of a rather deeper orange than the other. The common names of this species indicate medicinal pro- ptnties; and it has het-n very popular, as a remedy in Dysentery, Pleurisy, &c. It is, however, but little at- tended to of late; though the root is known to possess some cathartic powers,— and the powder is said to be escharotic. See B-!rton''s collections for a MlU. Med. U. S. Some species of this genus afford a kind of Flax, (from the fibrous coating of the stem.) of a very soft, silky texture; of which I have seen beautiful samples, in the possession of Mr. Whitlow, the popular Lecturer on Botany.

105. GENTIAN A. Nutt. Gen. 248. [So named after Gentius, a king of lUyria; who is said to have first used it as a medicine- ] Cal. half 5, or 4 cleft. Oor. base tubular, without pores. Stam. 5, or 4. Caps. 1 celled, 2valved. G. CRiNiTA. Ph. Tetrandrous; branches elongated,! flowered; corolla 4 cleft, segments fimbriate. I 'it/^'o— Fringed Gentian.

Ft. I^ast of September, and after. Fr.mat. Middle of November.

Hab- Hilly woodlands, and old fields: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers sky-blue.

Ohs. This elogant plant seems to be in the rear of Flora's train — being, in many instances, overtaken by the iVosl, and destroyed, hfrlore it ripens its seeds. It diflers from its congeners in several respects, and pre- s-'^nts one of those irregularities which embarrass the student of the Sexual System. It is consjtantly Tei- 3 «;i(iro«s; the, calyx is 4 cleft, 4 angled, the angles alated; and the seeds, as remarked by that accurate ob- .,tterver, Wr. NuUall, are curiously echinate, or hispid. Dr. Baldwin was of opinion that it ought to be M:parated from Geniiana; and Jussieu asks "an genus dividendum?" But as there are other irregular spe- tics,, and cUf i'ai.nly, on the whole, seems lo be a pretty natiiral ono- 1 have thought it best to retain it here.

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. S3

G. SA?0VAH1A. £11. Flowers fasciculate, sessile, terminal and axillary; corolla ventricose, border connivent.

Vulgo — Soap-wort Gentian.

Fl. Middle of Septenaber. Fr. mat Beginning of November.

Hab. Low grounds; borders of swampy rivulets: Pattsn's: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers blue.

Obs. This is also a hands»me plant; the large blue flowers being clustered together at the top,— and sometimes in the axils of the leaves. The root is pretty bitter; and is occasionally used as a tonic.

106. CUSCUTA. Nutt. Gen. Append. [A name of obscure derivation, and uncertain meaning.] Cal. 5 or 4 ckft; fleshy at base. Cor. 5 or 4 cleft. Caps- 2 celled, circumcissed near the base.

C AMERicAXA. Ell. Flowcrs pcduuculate, 5 clcft, Ift alternate and remote clusters. Fu/g-o— Love-vine. Dodder.

F/. Middle of August, and after. Fr- ?na?. Beginning of October.

Hab. Moist grounds: along rivulets, &c. frequent. 2 to 6 feet long-: flowers yellowish white.

Obs. This remarkable plant is a slender, twining, leafless, fleshy, orange-colored vine; not very unlike brass, or copper wire, in appearance. It soon becomes parasitic,— losing its connection with the c-artli, and deriving its support from the vegetables to which it attaches itself. Although it embraces variouis pkiUs, its favorites seem to be the Mentha viridis, and our two species of Impatiens.

C. Euiiop.aEA. Sm. Cycl. Flowers subsessilcj often 4 cleft, and tetrandrous; stigmas acute.

F«/g-o— Flax-vine. Dodder. Devil's guts.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Hub. Cultivated grounds, chiefly among Flax: frequent. 2 to 4 feet long: flowers yellowish white.

Oba. Resembles the foregoing, but smaller. It is a foreigner; and a very pernicious plant among flax, — often entangling and spoiling whole lots of it Tlie Farmers know it by the name oi " f/je vine,'" in the fiar. The German name is " Flachsaeide," or flax-silk.

b. Corolla pentapetalous. 107. IIEUCHERA. Nutt. Gen. 252. [Tn honor of John Henry Heucher; a German Botanist.] Cal. 5 cleft. Cor. petals inserted on the calyx. Caps, birostrate, bilocular, many-seeded.

II. AMERICANA. Ell. Viucid & pubescent; scapes naked, thyrsus elongated; leaves radical, on long petioles.

Synon. H. cortusa. Mx. H. viscida. Ph. Fw/go— Alum root. American Sanicle.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

//a6. Rich woodlands, fence-rows, &c. frequent. Scapes 2 to 4 feet high: flowers dusky red.

Obs. The root of this is highly astringent; and is one of the Indian remedies which have enjoyed some repute in the cure of ill conditioned ulcers. It is applied in the form of powder. There is no doubt but it Kiay be uteful in some cases. See Barton^s collections for a Mat. Med. U. S.

S> Flowers Superior: umbellate. Corolla pentapetaloui. Seeds mostly 2.

a. Jnvolucrate. t fnvolucellate .

lOS. SANICULA. Nutt. Gen. 253.

[Lat. sanare, to heal; from its supposed vulnerary qualities.]

Umbels subcapitate. Flowers of the disk abortive. Fruit muricate, with uncinate setae.

S. MARiLANDicA. Ell. Leaves digitate; leaflets oblong, incised: fertile flowers sessile, sterile pedicellate.

Fw/go— Maryland Sanicle. Black Snakeroot.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

Mab. Woodlands: every where frequent. About 2 feet high: flowers greenish white.

109. DAUCUS. Nult. Gen. 2-59. [Etymology obscure: perhaps from the Gr. daro^ to afford a meal, or food; being esculent.] /nvoZuc?-e pinnatifid. Umbels many-rayed. jPnni oblong, ribbed; ribs ciliate with barbed bristles. D- CA-ROTA. Sm. Fl. Brit. Fruit hispid; petioles nerved beneath; umbels concave, when in seed. Vulgo— WM Carrot

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of September, and after.

Hab. Pastures and roadsides; frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers white.

06s. This naturalized foreigner is extending rapidly through the country, and threatf^ns to become a seri- ous nuisance to our farmers. Being a biennial, however, itmay be subdued, by vigilance and perseverance 'Pheesctdcnt carrot, of the gardens, is believed to the same plant, improved by culture. The wild carrot is said to be actively divrdic; and is quite popular as a remedy in calculouB complaints. An infuiicm of the scrds isprffcvred; but wh?n they cannot be had, the root is used.

^ TENTANBRIA. DIGYNIA.

110. SIUM. Nutt. Gen. 271.

[An ancient name, of obscure and uncertain etymology. See De Theh!^ Involucre and invoZtice^s many-leaved. Petals cordately inflected. Fruit subovate, laterally compiriEsaed.

iS. LATiFOLiuM. Sm. Stem angular, sulcate; leaves pinnate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, equally serrate. Fii/go— Broad-leaved Water Parsnep.

Fl- Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

IJab. Borders of creeks, and swamps: along Brandywine: frequent. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers white.-

Obs. We have two distinct varieties of this: one of which, Mr. Schweinitz says, approaches near the European p!»«t. The other, and more common variety, is larger, — the stem more strongly channelled, tlie leaves composed of larger and more numerous leaflets, the terminal one often incised, and sometimes thrte lobed, or rather tricuspidate. Mr. S. calls this variety S. \AxUo\i\im americanvm. The name {suU catam.) suggested by Dr. Pcrsoon, seems to me to be belter adapted to the species, than that of latifoliuBU

S. LOXGiFOLiUM. Phi Umbels nearly naked; leaflets linear-lanceolate, often falcate, mostly entire. Fi. Middle of August. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

JIab. Low, moist grounds: near Hiester'sTannery: frequent. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers white.

(.^'s. There seems to be some little confusion respecting this species. Mr. Schweinitz informs me it is *' the plant so variously named,— by Nuttall, (Enanthe ambigua; by Torrey, Pastinaca ambigua; and by PitrsA, Siumlongifoiium." If so, Mr. Nuttall must be in error, with respect to his S. lineare. The stem, in my specimensyis striate, and not grooved. Both this and the foregoing are said to be poisonous,— espe-c cialiy to horned cattle.

111. CONIUM. Niiit. Gen. 261. [Etymology obscure : See Reea' Cyclopcedia. Art. Conktm.]

fTit'o/ucf/s halved, mostly 3 leaved. Cal. entire. Frai; ovate, gibbous. 5efds 5 ribbed; intervals flat. C. MACULATL'M. Cyclop. Stem muchbranched, grooved, smooth, spotted; leaves supradecompound. i'ulgo — Common Hemlock.

Fi. Last of June, and after. Fr. mai. Beginning of September.

Hab. Rich, shaded grounds: H. Fawcett's, &c. not common. 2 to 4 feet high: ilowers white:

Obs. This is a foreigner; and only to be met with about old settlements. It is an active poison; and al- though nauseous to the taste, is not altogether a safe plant to have about houses. Its reputation, as a med- icine, is well known to Physicians. The green herb is sometimes employed, in popular practice, in the form of cataplasnijfor painful, ill conditioned ulcers.

tt Involucels 0: Umbels simple.

112. HYDROCOTYLE. Nutt. Gen. 2.55.

JGr. Hydor, water, and Kotyle, a cup, or cavity; in allusion, perhaps, to the fijrm of its leaves.]

Cal. 0. Petals entire, spreading. Fruit sub-orbicular, or reniform, laterally compressed.

TI. AAiERiGAwA. Ell. Lcaves reniform-orbicular, slightly 7 lobed, crenate; umbels few flowered, sessik.

7'!//g-o— American Marsh-Penny-wort.

Fl. Beginning of July, and after. Fr. mat.

Mab. Swamps, a.nd moist, shaded grounds: frequent. 6 to 12 inches long: flowers greenish white-

113. PANAX. Nutt. Gen. 254. [Gr. Pan, all, and .JAos a remedy; an imaginary Panacco, or universal medicine.]

Polygamov.a.- t'/ube/ pedunculate, globose. Malk, C«/. turbinate, entire, colored. Hermaph. Cal. 5 toothed, small, persistent. Berry reniform-cordate, sometimes 3 seeded.

p. TRiFOLiuM. PA. Root round-tuberous; leaves in threes, t^rnate and quinate ; leaflets oblon§,-lanceolat« .

Vvli^o — Dwarf Ginseng.

Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Last of May.

Hub. Moist, low, shaded grounds; along rivulets: frequent. 6 to 9 inches high: flowers white.

Ohs- This delicate little snecies is frenerally, if "ot constantly, Dioicovs; and therefore apt to puzzle young Botanists. The fruit is triangular-ovate, and crowned with three spreading, persistent styles.

p. QuiA'QUEFoiiujM. Ph- Root fusiform; leaves in threes, quinate; leaflets oboval, acuminate, petiolate.

Vrdiro — Ginseng.

Fl. Beginning of July. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab- Rich woodlands: "Forks of Brandywine; Great Vallej': rare. 1 to2feethigh: flowers greenish white.

Oh». Tn some of my Inrger, rank specimens, the leaves are in fours, with folioles by sevens; the latter rfi!itfd. so as to he r.Imostrhomhoicial. The fruit of this species, when ripe, is a handsome, smooth, bright red berry. It in described as being cordate; but the perfect onesj so fax as I have observed, are exactly

rENTAlSDRIA. DIGYNIA. 35

r«m^m,—resemblmg; a red kidney-bean attached transversely to the pedicels. The root i^ freouentlv forked The celebnty of this plant, and the extensive commerce which was formerly earned on with it* root, show how much more depends upon prejudice and fashion, in such matters, than upon intHn^ic wor h Its virtues of any kind, are certainly very triv.ul-though it is slightly stimulant, and not unpleasantly art' maOc to the taste. Some years ago, this species occurred frequently in the rich woodlands about the fo.Ts of Brandywme, and m the Great Va ley ; but itis now becoming rather scarce,~and, together wih some o? ©ill- other coy native vegetables^ will doubtless ere long totally disappear from this vkiniiy

b. Involucre mostly 0. -f Involucellate.

114. HERACLEUM. Mitt. Gen. 264.

[Dedicated to Hercules; who is said to have added a knowledge of Botany to his other exploits.]

Petals emarginately inflected. Fruit dcrsally compressed, flat, striaj 3; margin membranaceous-

H. LA^ATUM. Mx. Villous; leaves trifoliate; folioles petiolate, large, subpalmate-lobed; seeds orbicular

Valgo — Cow Parsnep.

Fl. Latter end of May: Fr. mat. Last ot July.

Jlab- Bottom lands, along creeks: Brandywine: frequent. 4, to 6 or 8 feet high: flowers white.

Obs. This is rather the largest of our umbelliferous plants; though the Angelica atropurpurea closely ap- proaches it, in magnitude. The common petioles (as occurs also in Angelica, Ligusticuni, and some othersA are connected, at bases with reauirkabiy large, membranaceous, ventricose stipules.

115. ANGELICA. Nutt. Gen. 270,

[Lat. "ab ang«/ica virtute;" from its supposed extraordinary virtues.]

Fruit elliptic, dorsally compressed; ridges 3, dorsal acute; intervals grooved; marg-in alated,

A. ATROPURPUREA. JFi7Zd Leaflets sublobed, subsessile, outmost pair coadunate; terminal often 3 lobed..

Synon. A- triquinata. Big. Fl. Bost? Vulgo—Commoa Angelica.

Fl- Latrer end of May. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

Hab- Rich, low grounds: Forks of Brandywine: frequent. 4 to 6 feet high: flowers greenish white.

Obs. A powerfully aromatic plant; with very large decompound leaves, and large globose umbels. The iiollow stem is often nearly the size of a man's arm, at base. Schajpf speaks of the root as bein^ poisonous.

A. TRIQUINATA. Nutt. Lateral leaflets oblong-ovate, sharply serrate; terminal subrhomboid, subsessile. Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. J^atter end of September.

Sab. Rich woodlands; and low meadow grounds: frequent. 2 to 5 feet high: flowers white.

Obs. This is undoubtedly Mr- Nuttall's A. triquinata; and as certainly, I think, Jioi Dr. Rigelow's Whether it be Michaux's plant of that name,— or the Ferula villosa, of Pursh, (which the Editors of th^ New York catalogue suppose to be synonymous,) I am unable to determine. It is usuaily'^aboiit three feet high— sometimes four or live; the stem rather slender, and villous above,— as are the peduncles and umbels. The terminal leaflets can scarcely be called rhomboidal; but are rather oval, aad tapering at baser and often petiolate-

116. CICUTA. Nutt. Gen. 276. [A Latin name for the hollow stem, or internode of plants; applied to this Genus.]

F;-uit subovate, laterally compressed, scored with 5 obtuse ridges, and 4 intermediate tuberculate grooves.

C. MACUi,ATA. Nutt. Petioles membranaceous, 2 lobedattop; leaflets lanceolate; serratures mucronatej ' Vulgo-—WM Parsnep. Spotted Cow-baije. Water Hemlock. Fl- Last of June, and after- Fr. mat. Middle of September.

ffab. Low meadow grounds, and bordersof rivulets: frequent. 4 to&feet high: flowers white.

Obs. The whole plant, in open grounds, is purplish and spotted; not so much so in the shade: the ripi* seeds are highly aromatic. It is an active poison; and children have been destiov^^d by eating the root, ft Hiistake, for that of Uraspermum, or Sweet Cicely.

117. MYRRHIS. Nutt. Gen. 277. [An ancient Greek name; perhaps from .''/i/JTAa, an odoriferous gum.]

J>-uit sublinear, solid and angular; ridges rather acute; apex attenuated, or crowned witk the styla M. CANADENSIS. Nutt. Leaves ternate; leaflets ovate, incisely and doubly serrate; peduncle? by pj. Synon. Sison Canadense. Aluhl. Mx: Willd- Chaerophyllum canadense. Vh. fy Ell. Tu/go— Hone-w Fl. Last of May, til! October. Fr. mat. Beginning of Scjitember, and after

Mab. Woodlands; and shaded spots about houses: common. About 2 feet high: flowers while. Obs- The coromoB petioles are channelled; the chanasls scariosely marginate.

36 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

118. URASPERMUM. Nutt. Gen. 278. [Gr. Dura, a tail, and Sperma, seed; the seeds being caudate.] Fruit sublinear, solid, acutely angular, caudate, and without striae; angles hispid; style subulate, persistent. IJ. CLAYTONi. Nutt. Pubescent; leaves mostly biternate; terminal leaflets rhomboidal, acute. Synmi. Scandix dulcis. Muhl. Myrrhis claytoni. Mr. Chsrophyllum claytoni. Ph. ^ Ell. V. Sweet Cicely. Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of August.

Hab. Rich woodlands: Bath; Forks of Brandywine, abundanU 2 to 3 feet high: flowers white.

Ohs. This is a remarkably aromatic plant, of a sweet, anisate odor; and, while young:, thickly covered with, soft canescent liairs. Children are fond of collecting the roots to chew, and sometimes commit serious mistakes, by ^erting those of Cicuta, and perhaps some other poisonous plants, m lieu ot them. 1 have followed Mr. Nuttall, in separating this from the preceding; but, in my opinion, they are almost too cloaeiy allied to constitute distinct genera.

tt Involucels fnosMy G; or incomplete.

119. SMYRNIUM. Nutt. Gen. 281.

[Gr. Smyrna, myrrh; from a fancied resemblance in the qualities of the plant.] Petals acuminate, incurved. Fruit oblong, gibbous, angularly ribbed, subcompressed laterally. S coRDATUM.P/i.Root-leaveson long petioles, roundish-cordate, crenate;stem-leaves.31obed, or trifoliata.- Synon. S. trifoliatum. Muhl and Nutt. Thapsia trifohata. IVilld. FuZgo-HearHeaved Alexanders. Fl. Beginning of May. f"'- «»a^

Hab. Woodlands: every where common. About 1 foot high: fiowers yellow.

S. AtTRELTM. Ph. Leaves biternate; leafiets oval-lanceolate, incised serrate; intermediate one mostly Slobed^ Synon. Thaspium aureum. Nuti. Vulgo-Goldea Alexanders.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat.

Sab. Woodlands, and meadows: Bath woods: frequent, li to 2 feet high: flowers deep ye.lovT. Obs. I cannot perceive the necessity of separatins this from the preceding species.

C Flowers Incomplete.

120. CHENOPODIUM. Nutt. Gen. 2S4.

[Gr. Chen, cJisnon, a Goose,. and Pous, podos, a foot; from a fancied resemblance iti the form of its leaves,]

Cal. inferior, 5 parted, 5 angled- Cor. 0. Seed 1, lenticular, covered by the closing calyx- C. ALBUM. Ell. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, erose,.entire at base; upper ones lanceolate-oblong, eatire. Fit^gfo— Lamb's Quarters. Goose-foot.

Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

JIa&. About houses, gardens, and heaps of rubbish: common. 3 to 5 feet high. ^

Obs. A naturalized foreigner; and ralher a trwblesome weed in our L\^f«J»„V,„ T\f;;f,*|f/^^^^^^^^ viride. Mukl.) with deeper green leaves; but not specitically distinct. The young plants are bometimes boiled and eatpa as '' greens," &o called.

121. ULMUS. Natt. Gen. 287. [An old Latin name, of obscure Etymology ■] Cal. 4 or 5 cleft. Cor. 0. Sfom . sometimes 4, and 8. S^anmra compressed, membranaceously alated. IJ AMERICAN ' Ux Arb. Leaves unequal at base; serratures uncinate-acuminate: flowers pedicellate. Synon. V.moWmi^. Marshall. F«/ffo-Vv^hite Elm. American soft-leaved Elm. Weeping Elm. JP/. Beginning of April. Fr. mat. ^_

Hab. Low grounds, along Brandywinc: John Taylor's: not common. 40 to .0 feet high.

O&s. I have rarely met with this stately and handsome tree, except on the moist flat lands near Joha, Taylor's Mill, on Brandywine.

U FULVA. Mc. Leaves M.beqv.il at base, very scabrous above, with a long acumination: flowers subsessile. Synon. U- rubra- Mx. Arb. U- aspera. Muhl. U. americana. Marshall. Vulgo-SMvpery Elm. Red Elm. H. Beginning of April. Fr. mat.

Hab. Rich, low grounds: fence-rows; Brandywine: Irequent. 20 to 40 feet higti.

Ob^. A more branching species than the foregoing; and readily distinguished by the roughness on flie up- Tier surface of the leaves The inner bark of this contains a large portion of mucilage, which has been oc- lllMrSed\nT^^^^ and i.« probably as good as any other mucilage During the late

walTi^said thrmtlkLy on the fi-onticr found it to be a .nutritious and grateful food tor their hordes, m. tisies of scarcity of forage^

PENTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. S7

OBDER, TRXaYNZA.

122. VIBURNUM. JSFutt. Gm. 290. [A name borrowed from the Latin classics: eitymology obscure.]

Ca-l. Eupevior, small, 5 parted. Cor. campanulate, 5 cleft. Drupe 1 seeded. V. pRtTNiFOLiLTM. AIll. Leaves roimdisli-oval, acute, serrulate; cymes 4 parted; fruit oblong, compressed. Ftt^g-o— Black Haw. Sloe,

Fi. Middle of May- Fr. mat. Middle of October.

J£ab. Fence-rows, and thickets: frequent. S, to 12 or 15 feet high: flowers white; fruit bluish black.

Obs. The fruit of this shrub becomes esculent by the action of frost. If the V. pyrifolhm grows in thii vicinity, I have not been fortunate enough to distinguish it from the above.

V. DEiVTATUM- Marshall. Leaves roundish-ovate, acute, dentate-serrate, plicate; fnilt subglobose.

Vulgo — Arrow-wood .

Fl- Middle of June. Fr. mat Middle of September.

Hab. Moist, low grounds; along rivulets: frequent. 8 to 12 feet high: flowers white; fruit dark blue.

V. ACERiFOLiUM. Marshall. Leaves 3 lobed, acuminate; cymes sub-umbellate; fruit oval, compressed,

I/it/g-o— Arrow-wood. Maple-leaved Viburnum.

Fl- Last of May. Fr. mat. Middle of September,

ffab. Woodlands, every where common. 2 to 5 feet high: flowers white; fruit black.

Obs. The stems of this slender shrub, when the pith is removed, afford good fuse-sticks, for blowing- roeks; and are much used for tliat purpose.

123. SAMBUCUS. JVutt. Gen. 291.. [Gr. Sambuke, an ancient instrument of music; supposed to have been made of this shrub.]

Cal. superior, small, 5 cleft. Cor. rotate-concave, 5 lobed. Berry roundish, 3 seeded.

S. CANADENSIS. Ell. Leaves pinnate; leaflets oval, acuminate, sliarply serrate; cymes S parted.

Sy 71071. S. nigra. Marshall. Fw/g-o— Elder-bush.

Fl. Beginning of Juae. Fr. mat. Middle of August.

Mab. Fence-rows, thickets, &c . common. 6 to 10 feet high: flowers white; fruit dark purple? or black.

06s. The flowers are frequently 6 and 7-androus. The inner bark of this shrub is much used by the peo- ' pie, as an ingredient in making ointments for dressing ulcers. An infusion of the leaves is also considered efficacious in expelling insects from cucumber, and other vines; and in destroying skippers in bacon. &c- — how correctly I am unable to say. It is rather a troublesome plant on our farms; the roots being very te- nacious of life, and spreading rapidly along fence-rows,— unless extirpated with great care and vigi- lance.

124. RHUS. Nutt. Gen. 292. [Supposed from the Gr. Rhaos, or rAoj<s,— originally from the Celtic, Rhudd, red; in reference to the color of the fruit. Be Theis. "Seu Rheo (.Gr.) fluo, quia fluxus alvi dysentericos et muliebres sistat." Boerh.'H

Cal- inferior, 5 parted. Cor. petals 5. Berry small, with 1 nuciform seed.

§ L Leaves unequally pinnate.

R. GtABRUM. Marsh. Glabrous; leaflets 8 to 10 pairs, lanceolate-oblong, serrate, glaucous beneath,

FiJgo— Common Sumach. Smooth Sumach. Shumake-

Fl. Last of June. Fr. mat. Last of September,

Jiab. Sterile old fields, fence-rows, &c. common. 3 to 10 feet high: flowers yellowish green; fruit red,

Obs. Mr. Elliott says the flowers are "aK fertile;" and Michaux and others describe them'as being " dioi- cous" — but so far as 1 have observed, Marshall is more correct in saying "the flowers are hermaphrodits and female on separate plants." The hermaphrodite flowers, however, as Marshall correctly adds. ar& barren; .although, when they first open, they appear to have perfect germs. The thyrsus of female flow- ers is smaller and more compact than that of the infertile plant. This is a very lactescent species; the ripe berries are covered with a grey pounce, which is highly acid. The branches are extensively used in tan- ning morocco leather.

R. coPALLTNiTM. Marsh. Dioicous; leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, nearly entire; common petiole winged, jointea.

Fu/go— Mountain Sumach. Lentiscus-leaved Sumacli.

Fl. Middle of July: Fr. mat. Beginning of October-

ilub. Baxv^^oh- weBt (?f the Grove tavern: frequent. 3 to 8 feet hish: flowers yellowish greexv

S8 PENTANDRIA. TRTGYNIA.

R. vEUTcix. Ph. Dioicous; very glabrous; leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, oA:al» entire, abruptly acuminate. %HO)i. Jl- toxicodendron vernix. 3Tarsh- Vulgo—Pohon Sumacli. Swamp Sumach. Poison Asb» J't. Bpf inning of June. Fr. viat.

Hab. Along rivulets: Barrens: not common, 8 to 15 feet high: flo%vers greenish; fruit white, smooth.

Ofi.s. This was formerly supposed to be the true Varnish-tree, of .Japan; but its identity with that is doubt- ed, at pre»ent It is reputed poisonous— though I have often handled it freely, and always with impunity. I may, however, make the same remark relative to the R. radicans; which is notoriously poisonous to some persons.

§2. Leaves ternate.

R. radicans; Ell- Dioicous; leaflets petiolate, ovate, glabrous, entire, or tooth-angled; stem radicant.

Etjnon. R. toxicodendron. Var- a. Mx. Var. vulgare. Ph. Fu?go— Poison-vine. Poison-oak.

Fl Beginning' of June. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Woodlands, and old fence-rows: frequent. Climbing 10 to 40 feet high: flowers greenish; fruit brown.

Obs. This is very poisonous to some persons; but not generally. For an account of its effects, and med - ical properties, See Barton's collections. Dr. W". P. C. Barton, in i'7. Phil, gives the R. toxicodendron, of Ell. as growing common near the City: but Dr. Baldwin expressed the opinion to me that it was not ta be found in Pennsylvania.

125. STAPHYLEA. Nutt. Gen. 293.

[Gr. Staphyie, a bunch, or cluster: alluding to the manner of growth of the fruit.]

Cal. inferior, 5 parted. Cor. 5 petalled. Caps. 2 or 3, inflatedj connate. Nuts mostly 2, globose..

S. TRiFOLiA. EIL Leaves trifoliate; racem.es penjiulous; petals cihate below.

Fu/go— Bladder-nut.

FL Middle of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Rich woodlands; Plance's, near Brandy wine: not common. 5 to 12 feet high: flowers wiiUe..

126. SAROTHRA. Nutt. Gen. 295.

[•Gr. Sarofkron, a broom, or besom; from a fancied resemblance in the habit of this plant.]

Cal. 5 parted, connivent. Cor. petals 5, linear-oblong. Caps, oblong, acute, colored, 1 celled, 3 valvecii.

S. HYPfiRicoiDE?. Nutt. Branches setaceous, erect, subtrichotomous; leaves acerose, minute, appressed. Synon. S. gentianoides. IVilld. Muhl. and Eli. Hypericum sarothra. ilfx. and P/j. Fw/g-o— Ground Pine .. J7. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat.

Hab. Dry, sandy fields, and roadsides: Barrens: common. 4 to 8 inches high: flowers yellow., Obs. The number «f stamina is not constant in this plant; varying from 5 to 6, 8, or 10.

127. ARALL\. Nutt. Gen. 297. [A name of URcertain derivation; supposed, by Ue Theis, to be of Canadian origin.] I/mbellulate, with involucels : Cal. superior, 5 toothed. Cor. 5 petalled. Berry 5 celled, 5 seeded..,

A. NtrricAULis. P/t. Nearly stemless, one-leafed; leaf triquinate; scape naked, about 3 umbelled.

Vidgo—WM Spikenard. Sarsaparilla .

17. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

}Iab. Rich, rocky woodlands: Bath; Brandywine: frequent. About 2 feet high: flowers greenish whitet

Of)?. The root of this is a popular medicine; used as a detergent, in diet-drinks, &c.— but it is questiona- ble whether it really possess much virtue.

A. KACEMCSA- Ph. Divaricately branching; leaves decompound; peduncles axillary, branching, umbellate^

F-^u/g-o— Spikenard. Wild Liquorice.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

JIab. Rich woodlands: along the Brandywine: not common. 3 to 6 feet high: flowers greenish white.

05s. This appears to be native in our woods; but is not common. It is cultivated, in gardens, for the 'Sake of the root and berries— which are often used in tincture as a stomachic: but the principal »irfwe of the medicine probably lies in the alcohol !

128. LINUM. Nutt. Gen. 299.

[Gr. Linon, or Celtic Llin; the name for flax, or thread, in those languages.]

Cal. 5 parted, persistent. Cor. petals 5, unguiculate. Caps, globose, 10 valved, 10 celled. Seeds solitary.

X*- vnHGiNJAPfUM. IVilld. Panicle filiform; llo\vers remote; leaves scattered, lanceolate, radical ones ovai.

PENTANDRIA. PENTAGINIA. $^

^i^mn- L- virginicum. Ph. Vulgo— Wild Flax. Virginian Elax.

Fl. Beginning of July, and after. Fr. mat. Last of August.

Hub. Old fields, and thin woodlands: Barrens, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yeliovr,

GLASS VI. HEXANDRIA.

dflL. Flowers calyculate-

129. FLOERKEA. iVm«. Gen. 337. [Dedicated to a German Botanist, of the name of Floerke.} Gal. 3 leaved. Cor. petals 3, small. Style bifid. Uti-iculus mostly twin, roundish, verrucose, F. tTLiGiNOSA. Muhl. Leaves alternate, pseudo-pinnate; peduncles axillary, long, 1 flowered. Sy7}on. F. palustris. Nutt. F. lacustris. P«rsoow. F. proserpinacoides. Willd. Nectris pinnata. Ph. FL Beginning of May. Fr- mat. Beginning of June.

Hab. Miry, shaded places; Forks of Brandy wine: frequent. 8 to 12 inches high: flowers white.

.^ .^i^.-f^^lf l^ % '^fy ^e"'?^''' succulent plant, and disappears early in the season. By the latter end of June ,t IS difficult to find a vestige of ,t When I first detected it (May, 1818,) I made out a pretty full descrj! tion of it,-as I co«ld find none that was satisfactory in my books. Mr. Nuttall, however, soon afterwards iurnished a very good one; which supersedes the necessity of giving mine. There was. al=o abo-it that ti«?e, a tolerable account of it (thoug-h couched in a strange jargon,) published by M. Raiine'sque, in the first volume of Silhman's Journal of Science. i c, m uic

130. TRADESCANTIA. Nutt. Gen. 303. [In honor of two English Botanists, Father and Son, nsiXned John Tradescant.^

Cal. 3 leaved. Cor. 3 petalled. .Fi/amenfs villous, with jointed hair. Caps. 3 ceHed, S valved. T, viRGiNiCA. Ell. Erect; leaves long, lanceolate, channelled; flowers terminal, umbellate-clustered. Fu/go— Virginian Spider-wort.

Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of June.

Hab. Moist, low grounds; meadows, &c. frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers purplish blue.

Obs. A succulent plant, and full of slimy mucilage: probably worthy of notice, as an emollient. After flowering, the pedicels are cunous^ly parted into two ranks, and deflected, or recurved on each side, over the base of the two involucres. It appears frequently to fail in perfecting its fruit.

131. CAULOPHYLLUM. JVutt. Oen. 305. [Gr. ITaulos, a stem, and Phyllon, a leaf; the stem resembling- a petiole, or leaf-stalk.] Cat.. 3 to 6 leaved. Cor. 6 petalled; with a sub-reniforra Nectary on each claw. Drupe stipitate, 1 seede.1. C. THAiJCTRoiDEs Mx. Glabrous; leaves supradecompound; leaflets oval, terminal one 3 lobed ^jnon. Leontice thalictroides. mild. Valso-B\uo Cohosh. Pappoose-root. '

W. Last of April. j,,.. „^„,_ ^jj^jj^ ^^ ^^^^^^

Hab. Ogden s woods, near Ezra Cope's: rare. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellowish green; fruit deep bli- i^t^'^'^^S^P^ butllookedin vam

132. PRINOS. Nutt. Gen. 308. [Supposed to be from the Gr. prio, to saw; in allusion to its serrated leaves ] Ca.. mostly 6 deft. Cor. monopetalous, sub-rotate, mostly 6 parted. Bekrv 6 seeded; seed, nuciform- P. vKRTTCiLi,ATUs. Ph. Polygamous; leaves oval, acuminate, serrate; flowers axillary, aggregated .V.o«. P. Gronovii. M.. T./^o-Elack Alder Winter-berry. " ' '

F/. Latter end of June. jr,, „,„,. Beginning of October.

Hab. Low, swampy grounds: thickets, &c. frequent. 6 to 8 feet high: flowers greenish white; berries red

40 HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

corolla corresponding. The bark of this plant is a celebratpcl popular remedy for ulcers, &c. used in de- coction, externally and intenialiy. I cannot, however, help questioning much of its reputed excellence ; though it may, occasionally, be found useful.

B. Flowers spathaceous.

13,5. ALLIUM. Nutt. Gen. 312. [Etymology obscure: Be TJieis says, from the Celtic, J//,— which signifies hot, acrid, burning.]

Spathe many-flowered. Umbel clustered. Cor. 6 parted, spreading. Caps, superior, 3 celled, 3 valved.

A. viNEALE- Sm. Fl. Brit. Stem with round leaves, bulbiferous; stamens tricuspidate.

Ffiij^o— Common Garlic. Wild Garlic. Field Garlic. Crow-Garlic.

FL Latter end of June. ^ Fr. mat. Middle of August.

Hah. Grain-fields, pastures, &c. common. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers purple.

Ohs. The umbels are often proliferous. This is a naturalized foreigner; and was formerly so abundant in : this vicinity as to be quite a nuisance. It not only spoiled the taste of our milk, butter, cheese, &c. but seriously injured our flour, and rendered the manufacture of it difficult. Our best farmers, however,have ■ now nearly subdued it, by the improvement cf their land, and a judicious rotation of crops.

A. CANADENSE. Willd. Scapc uaked, terete; leaves flat, linear; head bearing bulbs-

FwZg-o— Meadow Garlic.

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat.

Hah. Moist meadows; woodlands: frequent. About 1 foot high; flowers pale red.

134. HYPOXIS. Nutt. Gen. 314.

[Gr. Hiipo, underneath, and Oxys, sharp; the base of the capsule being pointed.]

SpafAe, 2 valved. Cor. superior, 6 parted. Caps, long, narrowed at base, 3 celled. SeetZs roundish.

H. ERECTA. Ell. Hairy; scape 1 to 4 flowered, shorter than the grass-like, subulate leaves; root bulbous. Synon. H. carolinensis. Mx. H. graminea? PA. Fw/go— Upright Star of Bethlehem. Fl. Middle of May till October. Fr. mat. Latter end of June, and after. j

Hah. Open, grassy woodlands: very common. 4 to 8, or 10 inches high: flowers yellow.

Ohs. Pursh has probably made two species out of the varieties of this plant ; and has noticed a medical' virtue in the root, which had even escaped the credulous industry of Schojpf.

O- Flowers naked; Inferior.

135. ORNITHOGALUM. Nutt. Gen. 323.

[Gr. Ornis, ornithos, a bird, and Gala, milk; an ancient, whimsical name.] j

Cor. 6 petalled, persistent. Filaments dilated at base. Caps, roundish, angled, 3 celled.

O. UMBELLATUM. Ph. Corymb few flowered; peduncles longer than the bractes; filaments subulate.' f 'jj/go_Ten-o'clock. Twelve-o'clock. Star of Bethlehem. Dajne d'onze hcurcs, of the French. Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of June.

Ilab. Cultivated grounds: Green-tree Farm, &c. frequent. Scapes 6 or Sincheshigh: flowers white.

Obs. This forei;;ner has escaped from our Gardens, and has become a grievous nuisance on some farms. The Green-tree farm, in this Borough,~that at West-town School,— and several around Bnminghara Meeting; house, are much iniured by Jit. It is wonderfully tenacious of life ; and although it perfects but few see'ds, the bulbous roots propaj^ate laterally with great rapidity. In many places it seems to have ex- clusive possession of the soil, during the spring season— though the leaves die in the latter end ot June, and a crop of grass will then succeed it. Some farmers sow salt on it, to induce cattle to eat it; but they are not fond of it. Others have ploughed up the bulbs, in autumn, and turned sheep on them, to eat them, diiring- th.e winter. But all these remedies fall short of their object. The plant continues to increase and multiply. Trench ploughing has been proposed, I think, by that venerable agriculturist, Judge Peters; but I know not ■ whether it has yet been tried. An effectual and practicable mode of extirpating this pest, is certainly a great dssideratuia, and will entitle the discoverer to the gratitude ot the tarming community.

13«. LILIUM. Niflt. Gen. 324. [Celtic ii, white. JDe Theis. Seu " a I.dos (Gr.) IjEvis k politus, quia ejus folia sunt polita." Boerh.]

CcR. campanulate; petals 6, with a longitudinal nectariferous line. Caps, valves connected by latticed hair-

I- PHiLArKLyHTCUM. Ph. Leaves verticillate, lanceolate-linear; flowers erect; petals unguiculate,

J'.;/ff.7--\yild Lily. Philadelphia Lily.

i'7. Latter end of June. Fr. mat.

Hub. Woodlands, and borders of t'nickets; Bath: frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers reddish orans*^-

HEXANDlllA. MONOGY^IA. 41

L. CANADENSE. Ph. Leaves remotely verticillatc; peduncles long; flowejs nodding; petals lanceolate.

Vulgo— Wild Lily. Canadian Lily.

Fl. Beginning of July. Fr. mat.

Hob. Woodlands and meadows: frequent. About 2 feet high: flowe-.s yellowish orange.

Ohs. This is a handsome species; the flowers are generally by two's or three's; but I have seen as many as seven on -a single plant.

L. sirPERBUM- Ph. Glabrous; lower leaves verticillate, the rest scattered; flowers in a pyramidal raceme*

r^/g-o— Superb Lily. Turk's Cap.

Fl. Latter end of July. Fr. mat.

Hab. Moist clay grounds: Wilmington road. 3 to 5 feet hig-h: flowers orange-scarlet.

Obs. This truly Superb Lily is not strictly a plant of this immediate vicinity; as I have not met with it nearer than the alluvial land, towards Wihnington,— about 10 or 13 miles south of West-Chester. It would be very desirable to have this splendid plant introduced into our gardens; but it is said to dwindle into com- parative insignificance, when removed into an ungenial soil.

137. ERYTHRONIUM. IVutt. Gen. 326. [Gr. Erythros, red; in allusion to the purple stains, or spots, on the leaves.] Cor. campanulate; petals 6, the 3 inner ones with a callous denture on each side, near the base.

E. AMEUiCANUM. Ell- Style clavRte, 3 angled; leaves 2, oblong-lanceolate, spotted, involute at point. Synon. E. lanceolatum. Ph. E. Dens canis. Mx. Fu/^o— Do-s-tooth Violet. Adder's tongue. fl. Middle of April. Pr. mat. Latter end of May.

Hab. Meadows, and low shaded grounds: frequent. 6 to 9 inches high: flowers yellow-

Ohs. The seeds are ovate, and acuminate; but are incurved, so as to appear somewhat /um'./a««. This plant IS a frequent companion ot the Panax trifolmm, in shaded places.

138. UVULARIA. Nutt. Gen. 327.

[Lat. l7ou/a, diminutive of Uoa, a grape; from a fancied resemblance in the inflorescence. De Theis.J Cor. petals 6, erect, a cavity iii the claw of each. Fil- short. Stig. 3, long. Caps. 3 angled, 3 celled.

U. perfoliata. Ell. Leavespeifoliate, elliptic, acute; petals tuberculate within; anthers awned.

Vulgo — Perfoliate Eell-wort .

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of August.

Hab. Woodlands, and meadov.'s: common. 9 to 18 inches high: flowers pale yellow.

Obg. The leaves, so far as I have observed, are acute; and not o&tuse, as stated by Pursh, & otliers Capsule turbinate, trigonous, truncate, the angles sulcate.

U- sEssiLiFOLiA. Ell. Leaves sessile, lanccolate-ova!, glaucous beneath; capsule oval, sub-stipitate.

Vulgo — Sessile-leaved Bell-wort.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of August.

Hab. Rich woodlands: frequent. About I foot high: flowers pale yellow.

Obs. The stem of this species is pretty constantly bifid at summit— one of the branches bearing one flow- er, and the other none; as is well remark-jd by Michaux and Elliott. Can^isle oval, tn.^uetjous, acute at «achend; angles prominent and shai p.

139. SMII-ACTNA. Nutt. Gen. 330.

[Fabricated i:rom the generic name, &,nilax; and decidedly condemned by Dr. Smith, Ciichpcecl.]

CoR. (i parted, spreading. FUam. divergent, inserted at the base of the corolla-segments. Berry globose,

S. R.\CEAiosA. Ell. Leaves sessile, oblong-oval, acuminate; flowers in a terminal racemose p.^nicle Synon. Convallaria raceniosa. mUd. Muhl. Mx. Sic. T'a/g-o— Wild Spikenard. Fl. Middle of May. Fr. uiat. Middle of September.

Jlah. Fence-rows, meadow bar.k=. wooillands.icc. fiequr^nt. J to 2 feet high: ilowtrs Tellowish white. Ohs. Ti\t berries arc handsomely speckled with red, when ripe; and are not urigratufal to tlie taste,

S. eAX.A.DENSis. Ph. Tatrandrous; leaves 2, rarely !'., toidi.te- oblong, subsessile; raceme simple, terminal-

flynnn. Convallaria bifoiia. tViUd. Muhl. M.c. ice.

^Y. Latter end ci Maj'. Fr. r,iat.

ITab. Along a shaded rivulet >y. W. of Geo. Vernon".s; rare. 4 toG inchesLi^h: flowers wl.!tc.

OJ.5. This liule plant grow^ plnUiiully along a rivr.Iet bf low George Vernon's mfadow, on the Bairpns— Where !t was dete.'.tpd by tbf* laie Dr. V.-rnon, whilst » student with me: but 1 have n..-ver met with u clse- WlK-rc , ill nH tl'i* region ni Penns'lvinia.

4-2 HEXANJDRIA. MONOGYNfA.

140. POLYGONATUM. Nuit. Gen. SSI. iGu Poly, much, and Gojiu, a joint; in reference to the numerous joints, or knots, of the root.l Cor. 6 cleft, cylintliic. Filam. inserted near the summit of the tube. Berry 3 celled; cells 2 seeded. P. BTFi.oRUM. Ell Lfiavesalternate, sessile, elliptic-lanceolate; peduncles mostly 2 flowered. Siinon. P. an-ustifolium. Fh. f'liZg-o— Two-flowered Solomon's Seal.

ri. Latter end of May. Fr. mat.

Hah. Rich woodlands: Bath. Sec. frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers greenish white.

Ohs. The name, Solomon's seul, has been given to tiiis, and the other species, in allusion to the scars oa the roots, (left by the stems of successive years,) which somewhat resemble the impressions of a seal.

P. MUi,riFL0RUM. Ell. Leaves alternate, amplexir.aul, oblong-oval; peduncles many flowered. .V!/no)i.,Cunvallaria multiflora. Willd. Fu/g-o— Many-flowered Solomon's Seal. Wild Asparagus. Fl^ Bepiinning of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Hah- Rich fence-ro'.vs, and ditch banks: frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers greenish whhe.

Ofi.t. T have no doubt this is specifically distinct from the foregoing. See Elliott. The young shoots are said to be a tolerable substitute for Asparagus.

D. Flowers l3fcoi,i?iiETE.

141. ORO?^"TIUM. Nutt. Gen. 333. [An ancient name; supposed, by Be Theis, to be derived from the rivev Orontes.'] Spadix cylindric, covered with florets. Cor. 6 petalled, naked. Style 0. Utriculus globose, 1 seeded. a. AQUATicuM. Ell. Leavesradical,lanceolate-ovate, very entire; spadix on a long scape. Viil^o—GoUen club. Never-wet. Floating Arum-

Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Last of July.

Hal. Pond, near the Forks of Brandy wine : rare. 12 to 20 inches high: flowers yellow.

142. ACORUS. Nuit. Gen. 334. IGr. a, privative, and Kore, the pupil of the eye; being once supposed good for diseased 6yes.j &i>adix subcylindric, covered with florets. Cor. 6 petalled, naked. Style 0. Caps. 3 celled. A. CALAMUS. Ell. The spadix seated laterally on a long, en'jiform, leaf-like scape. Vulgo~CnliMn\us. Sweet Flag.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

JIab. Swamps, and wet places, in meadows: frequent. About 3 feet high: flowers greenish yellow.

06s. The whole plant, but especially ^^e root Js an aromatic stimulant-popular as a r^^^ &c. and deservedly so. i am convinced it is not mdigenou^ in this vicmity; whatever it may be m otHei parts of the United States.

143. JUNCUS. Nuti. Gen. 335. [Lat. iungo, to join; from ils use in tying, lor binding things together.] Cal. inferior, 6 parted, equal, persistent. CoR- 0. Stig- 3. Caps. I celled,3 valved. Seed. numerous .

§ 1. Stevi naJicd. J y.^^^,,,,, EH. Cesnitose; stem upright, terete; panicle lateral, efTused; flowers oblong; triandrous. V'u/go-Oommon Rush. Rush grass. Soft Rush. Small Bog, or Bull-Rush. FL MKldle of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

JJab. Swamps; and moist, low grounds: common- 2 to 3 feet high.

Obs. Rather a troublesome plan^forming numerous f«ssocAs in all our low moist grounds, if neglecteri for a few years.

§2. Stem leafy. J TEXu:s. Ell. Leaves linear-subulate, channelled; corymb terminal, dichotomous, shorter than the bractes- Simon. J. b;coniis. Mx. and P/i . ,

Fl. Bcdnnnn: of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of Ju,y.

Hab. Low grounds, around ponds; Wollerton's, &c. frequent. About 1 foot high.

Ohs. I have specimens, from the Barrens, apparently of this species, of small gi-owth, in which the :g\\% brttctes are wanting

HEXAJsDRfA. MONOGYNIA. 4S

J. DiCKOTOMtis. Ell. Leaves i5ub-terete, channelled inside; panicle dichotomous; flowers sesiife.

Synon. J. bufonius. Mx^

Fl. Beginning of July, and after, Fr. mat.

Hub. Moist, low grounds; along pathways, &c. frequent. 12 to 18 inches higl>.

Obs. This approaches the foregoing, in habit; but is clearly distinct. J. BUFONIUS. Ell. Stem dichotomous; leaves angled) subulate; flowers solitary> sessile. Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. mat.

Hab. Low grounds: around Wollerton's pond: frequent. 2 to 6 inches high. J. sYLVATicus. Muhl. Leavcs with knot-ljke joints; panicle decompound; flowers triandious. Synon. J. acuminatus. Mx. and EU?

Fl. Beginning of June, and after. Fr. mat.

Hab. Meadows, and moist, low grounds: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high.

Obs. This species seems to be subiect to a sort of monstrosity in the fructification, which gives it the appearance of being viviparous. Perhaps it is really so.

J. MARGiNATUs. j\[uhl. Stem compressed; leaves flat; corymb longer than the bractes; triandious.

Synon. J. aristulatus.' Mx.

Fl. Latter end of July. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab^ Moist, shaded grounds: Patton's woods: frequent. 1^ to 2 feet high.

J. BULBOstrs. Muhl. Stem undivided; leaves linear, channelled; corymb shorter than the bractes.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Last of August.

Hab. Dry, sterile hills; Barrens, &c. frequent. 12 to 18 inches high-

J. CAMPEsTRis. Ell. Leaves gras.s-Iike, hairy; spikelets pedunculate, intermediate one sessile,

F«/go— Field Rush.

Fl. Middle of April. Fr. mat. Middle of June.

Nab- Open, dry woodlands, and fields: common- fi to 12, or 13 iuchea high.

144. MELANTHIUM. Mitt. Gen. 343.

[Gr. Mclas, black, and u4«i/jos, a flower; the flowers being dark colored.]

Polygamous: Cal. 0. Cor. rotate; petals 6, unguiculate. Caps. 3 celled, trifid. Seeds flat, wir.get^,

M. viRGiNicuM. Ell. Leaves linear-lanceolate; panicle pyramidal; petals oval, subbastate, flat. Fl. JMiddle of July. Fr. mat.

Hab. Borders of swamps; Bath woods: frequent. 3 to 4 feet high: flowers yellowish white, finally dark. Vbs. The lower flowers are mostly males, with abortive germs; the upper ones hermaphrodite,

145. VERATRUM. Nutt. Gen. 345.

[•■Quasi Vei-e airum; quia habet radicem nigram, vel quia humorem atrum oxpiirgat." Bocrli.] Polygamous: Cal. 0. Cor. deeply 6 parted, spreading; segments sessile. Caps. 3, united. V. viRiDE. Ell. Leaves broaJ-oval, plicale; racemes paniculate; corolla-segments oval, acute. S y von. Y . A\h\\m. Mx.. Fu/g-o— Hellebore. White Hellebore. Indian Poke

17. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

Hab- Swamps, and lov/ grounds: frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers yellowish g-rcen.

Obs. This plant is sometimes used, in infusion, as a w.ixh foi- cutaneous affections; and is considered to be otlifirwi.se medicinal— but 1 am unacquainted with its virtues. The fresh root has been recommended for destroying cockroacliLS.

146. IIELONL\S. Nutt. Gen. S4G.

[Etymolojy obscure: Da Theis supposes from the Gr. iit/os, a rxwrsh; where some species grow.] Cal. 0. Con. petals 6, sessile, flat. Caps- 3 horned, 3 celied; cells.few-seeded. H. dioica. Ell. Rootpra^morse; leaves lanceolate, radical ones spathulate; raceme spiked, dioicoiis. Synon. Veratrum luteum. JVilhl. Muhl- Nutt. ViJ-o-Ehzms Star. Devil's bit.

Hab. Rich woodlands, and meadows: frequent. 1 to 2, (Females 6 or4) feet high: flowers white.

Obs. I have occasionally found perfectly J/ermaplirodite flowers on the male racemes- Indeed, I aaK pretty well satisiied from my observations, that thtre W- a constant eftbrt. or tendency m the flowers of a .^an a, wliich arc not heimaphrcdite, to bccuxae so. The :ooi of ibis is considerably bitter; and is a pop

44 HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA.

I-I. ASTfirsTiFouA. Eil Leavcs Ipfigj linear? acutc; raceme oblong, lax; capsules oblong; seeds linear.

Fl. Beginning; of Ai!g.u?t: F^-. mat.

Hah. Dry hills: Buck Run: rsrc. About 2 feet high: flowers gi-eenish white.

Obs- I have not met with this species in the immediate vicinity of West-Chester- I am indebted for mj specimen to Dr. Seal, who collected it on a dry, laurel hill, near Abishai CJlark's— about ten miles from this place.

147. GYROMIA. NuU. Gen. S51. [Gr. Gyros, a circle; in reference to its verticillate Iea%'es.]

Cat,. 0, Cor. deeply 6parted, revolute. Stig. 3, sessile, long, recurved. Berry 3 celkd; cells 5 or 6 seeded.

G. viRGTNifA. Nxitt. Leav-es in a verticil on the stem, 5 to 9; at summ.it mostly in S's; flowers terminal. Synon. Jledeola virginica. IVilld. Mx- MvJil. Ell. &c. Fu/go— Cucumber root. Indian Cucumber. Fl. Latter end of May. F>. mat. Beginning of September.

Ilab. Shndec', moist grounds: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers greenish yellow; berries dark purple.

Obs. The root is a delicate, white, oblong tuber, somewhat resembling the cuenmber, in flavor; and said to be diureiic in its properties. The flowers are nodding; but when in fruit, the peduncles become erect.

14S. TRILLIUM. Ntiit. Gen. 332. [Lat. Trilix, triple; alluding to the prevalence of the number ihree, in the leaves, and other parts.]

Cal. 3 leaved, spreading. Cor. 3 petalled. S'fig-jnas 3, sessile, recurved Berry 3 celled. T. PENDULtTM. Niitt. Leaves rhomboidal, acuminate, subsessile; flower pendulous; petals flat, ovata. Synon. T. cernuum. Ph. Bigelow. Bart. Fl. Phil. &c. FuZgo— Three-leaved Night-shade. Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of August.

Hab- Moist, shaded grounds; Bath, Stc. frequent. About 1 foot high: flowerswhite; berries pnrple-

Obs. Our northern botanists seem to have been led into a mistake, relative to this plant, by adopting Pursh's error: and even IVIr. Elliott has not altogether escaped its influence— as appears by the following Bote of my lamented friend, Dr. Baldwin; wliich note he left in ray copy of Elliott's Sketch, during hi» last visit to me, in 1818.

" The Trillium ccrnuvm, of Pursh. and other modern botanists, is entirely distinct from Catesby's plant; which has only been found in the Southern Stales. The Pennsylvanian plant is the T. pendulum, of the late Dr. Muhlenberg. That sagacious botanist had never seen the true cerjiuMm, until sent to him by me, jn 1S12. Mr. Elliott has, unfortunately, by copying the error of Pursh, rendered confusion worse confound- ed. The cerw.um of Pursh, is the pendulum, oi Elliott, — wliich, I suspect, is not found in the southern states, at all. The cernuum, of Elliott, is probably a new species; (or it may be a variety of the pendulum, ("xtending toCafolina— compare the fruit, &c.) while he has unfortunately given the name of Catesbai to. the true one. Mr. Tvuttall appears to be correct. "

149. RUMEX. NuU. Gen. 353. [I^?.t. Rw.Fx, a pike, or spear; from the shape of the leaves of some species.]

Cal. 3 leaved. Cor. 3 petalled, conniTcnt, persistent. iS/igmas raultifid. 5efd 1, tiiqiielrous. R. CRI.SPI-IS. Ell. Petals entire, all dorsally granifcrous; leaves lanceolate, curled,, acute. FK'go— Sour Dock. C-iricd Dock.

Fl Latter end of IMay, and after. Fr- mat- .Tuly, and after.

Mab. Pastures, and meadows; common. 2 to T. feet high: flowers green.

Ohs. A naturalized foreigner: and a troublesome plant, in our meadows, &c. The radical leaves are often collected, in the sprinf; of the year, and boiled for " greens;" aflfordini; a wholesome vegetable dish for the tnlile. The root is sr.id to have "been found an useful application to cancerous sores; but I have no knowledge of its eflicacy.

K oETUsiFOLir." . Sm. Fl. Brif- Outer petal chiefly dentate, and graniferous; radical leaves cordate, obtuse. Vulgo — Commfi broad-leaved Dock. Bitter Dock.

Fl. Latter end of June, end after. Fr. mat. Aus;".';!, and after.

Hab. Gra-ss lots, gardens, and meadows: frequent. 2 to feet 4 high. Obs. An obnoxious and troublesome foreign weed; but not so common as R. crispus.

R. ACKT05ELI..A. EH. Dioicous; petals not graniierous; leaves lanceolate-hastate.

Vulgo — Sheep Sorrel. Field Sorrel.

Fl. Middle of May, and after; Fr. mat. August, and after.

Hab. Sandy, sterile fields; about old stim^ps, ^vc. common. 6 to 12 inciies high: flowers yellowish green.

Obs. The raccmff. after flowering, often as?un^o a red color. The whole plant is highly acid; and may be uscfulj as is taidj in scurvy, and Boniu oihev forms of distate.

IIEXANDRIA. I'OLYGYNIA. #5

150. ALISMA. Nuit. Gen. 356. [Etj-mology obscure: De T/iets says, from the Celtic ^/is, water; its usual place of growth.] Cai.. 3 leaved. Con. 3 petalled. Caps, numerous. 1 seeded, not opening. A. PLANT AGO- Big. Leaves oval, subcordatc, abruptly Ecuminate; flowers in verticillate panicles. Synon. A parviflora. Ph. and Ell. Viilgo — Water Plantain.

Fl- Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Muddy rivulets, and miry grounds: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers while.

Ohs. I have no doubt this is the A. plantago, of Muhlenberg, and Bigelow; and probebly of Michaus, and the Flora Philadelphica: yet it is unquestionably, I think, the plant described in Pursh, and Elliott, under' the name of A. parviflora. A few years ago, there was much idle gossiping, in the newspapers, about iis virtues as a cure for hydrophobia; but it soou experienced the fate of all such pretended remedies.

CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA.

i5L TRIENTALIS. Nutt. Gen. 357. [Lat. T/-i£ns^ the third part of any thing; being about the third of a foot in height- Be Tlieis.l Cal. 7 leaved. Cor. 7 parted, equal, flat Sta^n. sometimes 5, 6, or 8. Berry 1 celled, dry. Seeds md.ny- T. AMERICANA. Ph. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 5 to 10, in a tuft at summit. Synon. T. europxa. Muhl. Mx. &cy Fu/ffo— Chick weed Winter-greeo.

Hab- Moist, shaded places; George Vernon's: rare. 4 to 8 inches high: flowers white.

Obs. This is the only plant, of this class, indigenous here; and is verv scarce. It v^as first detected ' by the late IJr. yernon, on his father's farm, about three miles north of West Chester. I have not met with- it eisewhere, m this vicinity.

*t*A^.S V^II. OCTANDRIA.

OHSIER, M02TOGYNIA,

JL. Flowers Superior.

152. RHEXIA. JVatt. Gen. 359.

[Gr. Rhexis, arupture; from r-Acsso, to break, or burst— being supposed remedialin that disorder. J*

Cal. urceolate, 4 or 5 cleft. Cor. petals 4, inse/tedon the calyx. Caps. 4 celled, in the ventricose calyr.

R. viRGiNiCA. Ell. Stem 4 angled, winged; leaves sessile, bristly-dentate; corymbs dichotomous. Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mat.

Hab. Wet, low grounds: Barrens, at George Vernon's: rare. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers purple, large Ohs. This is one of our plants which is annually becoming more rare.

1.53. EPILORIUM. Natt. Ccn. 26?,. [Gr. Epi h>bou ion,— a. violet on apod; in reference to the fructification.] Cal. 4 cleft, tubular. Cor . 4 petalled. Caps, very long, linear, 1 celled, 4 vaived. Sce<ls comoic. K. squaaiatum. A\ft. Root squamose; leaves linear, entire, margins revolute: peduncles long. Stinon. E. lineare. Muhl. E. rosmariiiifolium. PA. E. oliganthum. M.c. fu/g-o— Kerb Willow. Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. -mat. Reginpirg cf October.

Hub. Low, swampy grounds; Fatten 'i, &.c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: fiower.s v/L:C?, or pale red. E. COLORATTXM. Pa. Loaves lanceolate, scrrnlatc, petiolatc, with red veins. Fl. Last of July, and after. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Moist, lc>v grou.iis: along dilclicr, f;c,. .0-oqucnt. About 2.f-ct h^;.,. n>',Te:-s.niic otvi^e

46 OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

E. pAi.-jrTRE. Ph. Leaves lanceolate, denticulate, subsesslle; stig-ma undivided. Fl. Beginning of August, and after. Fr. mat. Last of September.

JLib. Low grounds; along rivulets, &c. frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers pale red.

Ob?. This species (whi<-h Mr. Schweinitz remarks " is unaccountably omitted bj' Torrey,") seexns to? Gcmprize several pretty striking varieties.

154. (i:?."OTHERA. JS^ti. Gen. 360. iGr. Olnos. wine, ann Thcr., a wild beabt, or thera, catching— meaning obscure. See De Theis, ^- Cydop.\ Cal. tubular, 4 cleft; segments deflected. Con. 4 petalled. Slisma 1 cleft. Caps. 4 celled, 4 valved. § 1. Fruit elongated; scssik.

CE. BTEN-?«-is . Pk Stem villous, scabrous; leaves ovate-Ianccolate , dentate ; stamens shorter than the corolla.

Tti-'so— Evening Tree Primrose. Night Willow-herb.

Ft. Last of June till September. F?-- mat. Beginning of October.

JIab. Fieldi-, fence-rowts, and open woodlands: frequent. 3 to 6 feet high, flowers pale yellow.

Ohs Pursh informs u?, that in a dark night the flowers have " a bright white appearance"— which he ascribes to phosohoric properties. It is a beautiful and interesting sight, to witness the suddea expaasion ci -<he tlowers, abo"ui suBset, in tiiis spejiies; and also in the CE. grandiSora.

iE. MimiCATA. Ph. Stem purplish, muricate; leaves lanceolate; stamens as long as the corolla. FL Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

JIab. Fence-rows, fields, &c. near the Bath: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellow.

§ 2. Fruit vcntricose, angular; mostly pcdteellate. CE. FRT.TTIC0SA. Ell. Pubescent; branching from the base; leaves sessile, lanceolate, subdcntate, acute ._ Fii/g-o— Shrubby Oenothera. Sun-dropv.

Fl. Beginning of June, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of August, and after.

JIab. Pastures, fence-rows, fiic. Bath woods: frequent. 1 to 3 feet high: flowers yellow. (E. AMBiGUA. Nutt. Pilose: stem simple; leaves lance-ovate, denticulate: fruit subsessile- Jl. Beginning of July, and after. . Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

IJab. Fields, and dry open woodlands: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellow.

Obs. Allied to the foregoing; but supposed by Messrs. Nuttall and Barton to be sufficiently distinct. (E. KYERiDA. Ell. Stem villous; leaves pubescent on both sides, oblong-lanceolate,^ob''scurely denticulate. | Fl. Middle of J(me, and after. Fr. siai. Middle of Sep^^es.

Bab. Stcjileold fields: Barrens: frequent. 9 to IS inches high-tflowers pale yellow.

Oh.'s. Most of th? species of (Enothrra vary considerably in size, and appearance, so as often lo make it, ditficu.it loueteirijine them ^satisfactorily.

153. OXYCOCCUS. Null. Gen. 3R4. [Gr. Onjs, sharp, or acid, and Kolkos, a berry; from its highly acid fruit]

Ca.l. 4 toothed. CoK. 4iiartcd; segments Eub;ir.ear,revolute. Filaments connivcnt. Berry many seeded.

G. BfACKocAitrrrs. Nutt. Repent; stems assurgent; leaves oval-oblong, entire, glaucous beneath. S'jiwn. Vacciniiim macrocarpon. IVilld. & Mulil.Y. oxycoccu.s, y«r. oblongifolius. Mx. Vulgo — Cranberry. Fl. Lnttf-r end of Mny. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

'I{ab. Low .swampy groa.ius: nenr Unionvillf : rare. I to 2 feet long: flowers white; fruit red, large. Ct,f. This slender little vine-like tbrub, the fruit of '.vhich is so well known and so valuable, is very rara in tliis vicinil.y. It grows ]n n swjiuip S. K. of, rmd near to, trie village of Unionville. In 1823, a speci- men was brought to me v.-hicti was found iii William Bennett's meadow, in this Borough; but whether it ijnd been plannd there, or was indigenous I could not learn. David Townsend Esqr. informs me tliat it grows pretty abundantly in vome pl.ices Jiear Pughtown, on the north side of this county. It is well worthy Ci culture: if suitable spots for its introduction were selected.

3. Flowers iNr^iiiop..

I'l. DIOSPYROS. Xutt. Gen. 797. CPerhaps from tlie Gr. Dls, dloa, J upiter, and Pyros, grain, or fruit; meaning obscure. See De Thds.J

Polygamous: Mai.e, Cal- 4 cleft, small. Cw. urceolate, 4 cleft. Stmn. sometimes 16, or more. IlERiMAPn. Cal. 4 clei't, large. Cor. urceolate, 4 cleft. Sli-j,m'ds -i, ox 5. Berry globose, S to 12 seeded."

D. viRGiNiA-vA. A'x. Arh. Leaves ovate-obLj:!^; acunilnatO; e.'itirf, glabrous: petioles pubescent. Fa/£-o— Periimuiou. Virgiiiian La'.e Plr.m.

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNiA 47

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Middle of November,

Hab. Bottom laads: N. II- Sharples's; Erandyvvine : frequent. 20 to 10 feet high: flowers yollowish white-

Obs- The ripe fruit is sweet and luscious, and rather af!:reeable to eat, after it has been subjected to the action of frost; but remarkably harsh and astringent, while green, l^'or rm interesting account of the pro- perties of the tree, and its fruit, see the Inaugural Thesis of the late Prottssor Woodhouse, of tlie Uiiivev- sity of Pennsylvania.

157. ACER. Nutt. Gen. GOG. [A Latin name, signifying hard, or sharp; pikes and lances having been made of the wood.] Polijgammis: Male, Cal- about 5 cleft, colored. Cor. petals 5, or 0. Stam. sometimes 5, or 6. Hermaph. Cal. Cor. and Stam. as in the Male. Samara: mostly two, alated, united at base.

A. RUBRUM. Mx- Arb. Leaves mostly 3 lobed, acute, serrate, glaucous beneath; flowers in umbels, erect-

Vulgo — Red Maple. Swamp Maple.

Fl. Beginning of April. Fj\ mat. Latter end of September

Hab. Moist, low grounds: swampy woodlands: common. 30 to 60 feet high : flowers red, ci- yellowish.

'<3bs. The variety, with ydlotvhh flowers, noticed by Marshall, is very frequent here. The wood b much used by Chairmakers, Cabinetmakers? &c.

A. sAccHAKiNUM. Mx. Arb- Leaves palmate-5 lobed, acuminate; flowers pedunculate, pendulous.

Fu/go— Sugar Maple.

Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Rich woodlands: Jno. Taylor's, Brandywine : rare. SO to CO, or 70 feet high: flowers pale yellow.

Obs- This handsome and valuable tree occurs pretty frequently along the Brandywine. from Jno. Tay- lor's islands down to the fork of that stream; but is rare elsewhere. It is often transplanted about houses, for tfee sake of its shade; but it does not exist in sufficient quantity here to induce the attempt to obtaia Sugar from it.

A. NEGUNDO. Mx. Arb. Dioicous: leaves ternate, or pinnate by 5's; flowers in pendulous racemes.

Vulga — Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder.

Fl. Middle of April. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Low grounds, along Brandywine, frequent. 15 to 30 feet high: flowers pale green.

06s. This species is pretty abundant along Brandywine; but I have rarely seen it elsewhere. It is rather a small, branching tree, here; and the leaves are frequently trifoliate.

158. DIRCA. Nult. Gen. 367. [Gr. Dirha, a fountain, or wet place; from its usual place of growth-]

Cal. 0. CoR- tubular, border obsolete. Sfam- unequal) exserted- Sfy/e filiform. Berry 1 seeded- D. pALUSTRis- Ell. Slender and branching; leaves alternate, oblong-oval; buds tomentose. Vulgo — Leather-wood.

Fl. Beginning of April. Fr. mat.

Hub- Wet, low grounds: Brandywine: rare- 2 to 4 feet high: flowers greenish yellow.

Obs. This little shrub has become very rare, here; but the late Dr- M. Marshall informed me he hai^ found it growing along the Brandy wiae. It also grew, formerly, on the farms of Brinton Darlington, and Jonathan Parke.

ORDER, BSGYNIA.

JS9. CHRYSOSPLENIUI^.I. Nutt. Gen. 369. [Gr- Chrxjsos, gold, and .S^p/en, the spleen; figuratively, a golden remedy for the Spleen- Dc Thcis-} Cal. i?uperior,4 or 5 cleft, colored. Cor. 0. Caps, birostrate, 1 celled, many seeded-

C- opposiTiFOLiuM- Ell. Leavesopposite.subrotund, tapering to a petiole at base, slightly crenate-

Vtil go— Golden Saxifrage. Water Carpet.

Fl. Beginning of April, and after. Fr. mat.

Hah. Shaded springs, and rivulets: Bath: frequent- 610 12 inches long: anthers orange-colored-

Obs. This prostrate, succulent herb, is often gathered and used throuj^h mistake, as I have observed, in- stead of Brooklime (Veronica beccahttnga.^ in rn:<-^ (.' CvnanrWo tracHpaH^.; b'!' I presum-; they-.are aboiit fqurlhj pfticaciou*; aj me'JicinfK

48 OCTANDRU. TRIGIISIA.

160. POLYGONUil. Nuit. Gen. 370. Itjrr. Polij, Eaucb, and Genu, akaee, or joint; the stem being much jointed.]

Cal 0. Cor. 5 or 1 parted, persistent. S^eed 1, mostly 3 angled^ covered. Stam. &. .Sf^te variable.

§ 1. Flowers axillary.

P. Avictu..iRE. Ell- Procumbent; flowers subaessile; leaves small, lance-oblong; stipules short, lacerate-

T''«/go— Kr.ot-^rass.

Fl- Last of June till October. Fr. mat. September, and after-

Jlctb- About houses, gardens, footways, &c. common. 6 to 12 inches long: flowers green and white-

p. EPECTUM. Mahl. IMostly erect; flowers 5-androus; leaves broad-oval, rather acute.

Si/non. p. avicuiare.w/r- latifolium. Mx. Fwig-o— Upright Knot-grass.

Fl. lja.il of August, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hub. About hous:cs, yards, gardens, &c. common. 1 to 2, and 3 feet high: flowers greenish-

Obs. I am clearly of opinion that Dr. Muhlenberg was correct, in making this a distinct species frOBJ the foregoing; and have therefore followed him-

P- TKTJUE- Ell. Stem erect, angular, fiexuose; leaves linear, strict; flowers alternate, remote.

Siinon. P. linifolium. 3Iu!d. Bart. Fl. Phil-

Fl. Beginning- of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hub. Dry, sterile soils: Barrens, &c. frequent. 9 to IS inches high: flowers white, small.

§ 2. Flowers in terminal spilies-

P. riRGiNiAis'UJi- Ell. Spike virgate; flowers 5-androus, 2-gynous; seed rostrate; leaves lance-ovatc. Fl. Last of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab Rich woodlands: frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers white, small.

P. PtJNCTATU.M. Ell. Spike slender, subnutant; style 3 parted; leaves lanceolate, pellucid-punctate. Synon. hydropiper. Mukl. and Mx. P. hydropiperoides. Ph. Fi</go— Arse-smart. Water pepper. Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hub. Barnyards, lanes, along ditches, &c. common. 12 to IS inches high; flowers green and white.

Obs. Thisisa very hot, acrid species; and sometimes causes obstinate, painful ulcerative inflammation, when applied to th« skin.

P. MITE. Ph. Style 3 cleft; leaves narrow-lanceolate, acuminate; .stipules hirsute, long-ciliate- Sijnon. p. hydropiperoides. Mx.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Moist, sterile soils: Barrens, &;c. frequent. About 2 feet high: flowers pale purple.

p. PERsicAFiA- Ph. Flowers 6-androus, style 2 cleft; spikes oblong; leaves lanceolate; stipules ciliate- Fl- IMiddle of Aupust, and after- Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hub. Gardens, yards, roadsides, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers pale rose-red-

Obs. The leaves are genernlly marked, in the centre, with dark lunate, or heart-shaped spots- The seeds of this species, though generally triquetrous, are sometimes ovate, and compressed.

p. PENTvsYLVANicuir. Pk. Flowers crowdsd ; style2 cleft; peduncles hispid; stipules truncate. Fl. Last of July, ar.d after. Fr. m.it- Beginning of October.

Sab. Moist, low giounds: frequent- 2 to 3 feet hijih: flowers rose-red, large-

Obs. The seeds of this species are ovate, compressed, and briefly acuminate; the flowers often 6-androUE. § 3. Flowers suh-raccined: leaves sagittate, cordate, or hastate. P- sAGiTTATiTit. Ell- Flowers subcapitate; style 3 cleft; stem flaccid, retrorsely aculeate; leaves sagittate- Vulgo — Arrow-ieaved Tear- thumb.

Fl. Beginning of August, and nfler- Fr. mat. Beginning of October-

Hab. Swaniny thickets, and wet, shaded grounds: common. 2 to 4 feet long: flowers pale red.

p. ARiFOLiUM. Eil. FIowersdistinct,G-:iudr<jua, Style 2 cleft; stem retrorsely aculeate; leaves hastate, Vul^o — Halbert-leavcd Tear-thumb-

Fl. Beginning of August, and after- 7^/- mat. ?vliddle of October.

Hab- Swampy meadows; along rivulet«, oic common. 3 to i3 feet long: flowers pale red. s

Ohs. The seed* are large, roundish, or ovate, and somewhat coruprcssod- I tliink ha.iiaium would have been a more £>[ ri'-'i-::''!'" «l ecific m»tte-

OCTANDRIA. TIIIGTI^IA. 49

p. scA]N"DEN3- Ph. Leaves broad-conlate; racemes axillary, erect; seeJ-cover 3-vvingcd. Fa/go— American climbing Buck-wlieat.

Fl- Last of August, and after. Fr- mat. Beginning of October.

Hub. Tliickets,fenpe-rows, and moist places: frequent. 8 to 12 feet long: flowers white.

p. coNvoLVXTLUs. Ph. Leaves oblons;;, hastate-cordate; stem roughish; seed-cover without wings.

Vulgo—W'iid Buck -wheat. Black Bind- weed.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

Hah. Cultivated grounds; fence-rows, &c. frequent. 4 to G feet long: flowers white.

Obs. This is believed to be a foreigner. It often occurs in wheat fields, twining round the stalks of wheat. Although this and the foregoing species have cojisideiable resemblance to each other, yet they a^e readily distinguished by comparing the fruit, and leaves.

CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA.

161. LAURUS. Nutt. Gen. 374. tThe ancient Latin name for the Bay tree: origin obscure]

Trreguiarlg polygamous: C'al. 0. Cok. 4 to 6 parted. Nectaries d, each a 2 bristled or 2 lohed gland, surrounding the germ. Slam, variable, 3 to 14. Drupe 1 seeded.

L. BEXZOiN. Ell- Leaves cuneate-oboval; flowers in clustered umbels, on the leafless branches. Synon. L. pseudo-benzoin. Mx. Vulgo-Spke-v/ood. Wild Allspice. Fever Bush. Benjauiui tree. Fl. Beginning of April. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Shaded rivulets, and fence-rows: frequent. G to 8 feet high: flovi-ers greenish yellow; fruit red.

06.9. An aromatic stimulant . A decoction of the branches of this shrub is much used, as a medicinal drmk lor cattle, &c. in the spring of the year.

L. SASSAFRAS. Mx. Arh. Mostly dioicous; leaves, some oval and entire, others 2 or Slobed.

Fn?g-o— Sas.s3fras. Sassufrack.

Fl. Last of April. />. mat. Last of August. /

Hab. Woodlands, fence-rows, &c. common. 15, to 30 or 48 feet high: flowers yellow; fruit blue.

Oh^. This a powerful, aromatic stimulant, and possesses valuable medical properties: for an accopnt o<" which as well as those ot the foregoing species, >■?& Dr. Brockenbrovgh's Inaugural Thesis^ 1604. Philad. Also, Barton's Collections for a Mat. Med- U. S.

CLASS X. DECANDRL\.

JH, Flowers Monopetalous.

102. GAULTIIEPJA. N-.M. Gm. 37S. [In honor of M. Gaulthier; a PVench Physician and Botanist, of Quebec, in Canada.]

Cal. 5 cleft, bibracteate at base. Cor. ovate. Caps, superior, 5 celled, invested by the hcrrkd calyx. G. PRocrTviBENs. Ell. Leaves crowded at .summit, oboval, cilipte-denticulate; flowers terminal, nodding. Fm//xo— Tea-berry. Mountain tea. Ginger-berry. Spicy Winter-green. Farlridge-berry. Ft. Middle of July. /,>. mat. Last of September.

Hah. Woodlands: Patton's: rare. 4 to 6 inches high: flov/ers white; fruit red.

Ohs. This spicy little evergreen i3 very rare in this vicinitv. I have only met with it in one spot, near lh» >vesiern border of Patton's v.oods. Dr. Baldwin informed me it grew on the Braiulywine h.ills, near J.»oxyni'igtown; and I ujidorrland it has also bseu found in the hilly woodlands south of George Darling-

fO DECAKDRIA. MONOGYISIA.

163. VACCINIUM. Niitt. Gen. 379. tAn ancient, classical name; of obscure etymology.]

Cal. superior, 5 toothed. Cor. iirceolate, or campanulate, 5 cleft. Berry 4 or 5 celled, many seeded.

V. ALBUM. Ph. Leaves oval, acute, entire; flowers campanulate, axillary, nodding; anthers exsert, awned.

Tuigo— Deer-berry. Squaw Whortleberry.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

JIab. Woodlands: Patton's: frequent. About 2 feet high: flowers white: fruit bluish green.

Gbs. This is a showy species, when in flower; and bears large globose berries, which generally continue of a greenish color until ripe, and are not eatable. The V. sfa?»uHf!tfli, of Pursh, and other Botanists, ap- pears to be only a variety of this. Indeed the whole genus, so far as I have observed, seems to be highly po- I vmorphous, and ditficult to define satisfactorily- I have seen flowers of this species which had 20 stamina.

V. REsiNOsuM. Ph. Leaves oblong-oval, sprinkled with resinous dots beneath; corolla ovate-conjc

Fh//.;o— Black Whortleberry. Huckleberry.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Last of July.

JJab. Sterile woodlands; Barrens, &c. frequent, l^ to 3 feet high: flowers reddish; fruit black,

Obs. The fruit is pleasant, but not so much esteemed as the following, on account of its larger seeds. V. FRONDOsuM- Ell. Leavcs oval-lanceolate, sub-glaucous and pubescent ; corolla globose-campanulate- Synon. V. glaucum. Mx. Fu/g-o— Blue Huckleberry. Blue-tangle.s.

n. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

jJab. Low, moist grounds: Matlack's, &c. not common. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers white; fruit bUiish black-

Obs. This species produces the most agreeable fruit; and is more rare, here, than the others, y. coRYMBOSUM. Fll. Lcavcs lanccoIatc, ficute, joung oncs silky-pubesccnt; corolla oblong. iiynon. V. disomorphum. JiLc. Vulgo— Swamp Whortleberry. Bilberry.

PI. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

Hab. Wet places, near Geo. Vernon's, &c. not common. 5 to 12 feet high: flowers reddish; fruit black.

Obs We hav3, probably, some varieties of this species. Although I have consulted several distinguish- ed botanical friends, respecting our Vacciniums, I am by no means satisfied that my list is either complete, or entirely to be relied on . My difficulties have been enhanced, also, by the apparent discrepancy among ihe authors whom 1 have consulted.

164. ATN'DROMEDA. Nutt. Gen- 3S0-1. [A poetical name; borrowed from the ancieilt Classics]

Cai.- inferior, 5 parted. Cor. ovate, or subcylindric; border 5 cleft, reflected- Caps. 5 celled, 5 valved.

A. LiGCETRiNA. Ell- Leavcs obovate-lanceolate, acutc; panicles terminal, naked; corolla globose.

Sijnon. A. paniculata. Ph. IiLr. Marshall. Lyonia paniculata. Nutt.

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of October-

JIab. Low, moist woodlands: frequent. 3 to 5 feet high; flowers white, small.

05s. This, though subject to some varieties, is, I think, the only species of Andromeda which I have ob- served in this vicinity.

165. KALINIIA. Nutt. Gen. 332. [In honor of Peter Kalm; a Swedish Botanibt]

Cal- 5 parted. Cor- salverform; 10 horns beneath, and 10 cavities within, for the anthers. Caps. 5 celled.

K- LATiFOLiA. Mc Arb- Leaves oval, entire, coriaceous, smooth; corymbs terminal, viscid.

f'i(/go--Laurel. Calico-bush. Ivy-bush.

Fi. 'Letter end of May. . Jf-V. mat. Beginning of October-

Hab Shaded, rocky hills: Brandywine: frequent. 3 to 8 feethigh: flowers rose-red; sometimes white.

Obs. A highly ornamental evergreen, when in flower; and, if it were more rare, would doubtless be nincli t-oueht after. It possesses active medicinal properties; (for an account of which. See Barton's Col- lections, and Dr. G. G. Thomas's Inaugural Thesis, 1802, Philad.) but I believe it has seldom been employed. The wood is very hard, and is often used in making handles for knives, and other small imnle- ments-

{trf- The E- angnstifolia has not been found in this vicinity- I have not seen it nearer than the Octoia- \o Creek; wliich divides this county from Lancabter-

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, 5i

166; EPIG^A. Nutt. Oen. 385. fGr. Epi, upon, and Ge.the earth; from its prostrate habit-]

Cal. Spartedjtiibracteateat base. Cor. salverform. Caps. 5 celled: Recept:ich 5 parted,

E. REFEXs. Ell. Hirsute; leaves cordate-ovate, entire, reticulate; corolla cylindrical.

P'u/g-o— Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus-

Fl. Middle of April, and after. Fr. mat.

Hub. Hilly woodlands, of r.orthern exposure: frequent. « to 12 inchas long: flowers pale red; fragrant.

Obs. This prostrate little evergreen has been supposed, lately, lo be injurior.s to cattle, when eaten by them: (See American Farmer, Vol. 7. p. lo9.) but further observation will probably be requisite to de- termine the lact. ^

OCf- The Rhododexdron maximum, or Mountain Laurel, grows along the Schuylkill, on the north- eastern boundary of this county; but, I believe, not nearer to this place.

5. Flovvers Polypetalous. a. Regular-.

167. PYROLA. Nutt. Gen. 3S9. [A diminutive of Pyrus, a Pear; the leaves resembling those of the pear-tree.]' Cal. 5 parted. Cor. 5 petalled. Style exserted. Caps. 5 celled, opening at the angles. p. rotundifolia. JSTuft. Leaves orbicular, obsoletely crenulate; bractes ovate, acute; pistil declined FuZgo— Round-leaved Winter-green. Shin-leaf.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of August,

ifofe. Woodlands: common. 5 to 9 inches high: flowers white.

P- ELLIPTIC a. Nutt. Leaves oblong-oval, obtuse, plicately crenate: bractes linear, subulate- Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. J^atter end of August-

Hub. Woodlands: common. 4 to 6 inches high: flowers white.

Ohs. Very nearly allied to, and easily confounded with, the preceding; but perhaps sufficiently distinct.

p. SECUNDA. Ph. Leaves roundish-ovate, acute, serrulate; flowers secund; pistil straight-

FL Last of Jul3'. Pr. mat.

Hab. Woodlands: Wollerton's: rare. 4 to 6 inches high: flowers greenish white-

Obs- The root of this species is stoloniferous, long, and slender,— often reaching two feet or more. It is very rare in this immediate vicinity; but I have seen it in abundance, in John Jackson's woodlands, ia Londongrove township, about 15 miles from West-Chester-

16S- CHIMAPHILA.- Nutt. Gen. 390.

[Gr- C//ema,- "Winter, and Philos, a Friend, or liOver; from its sempervirent character;]

i^AL- 5 parted- Cor- 5 petalled- Stigma sessile, orbicular. Cape. 5 celled, opening from the summit:

C. MACULATA. Ph- Lcaves ovate-lanceolate> incisely serrate, discolored; peduncle 2 or 3 flowered. <S'^)io?i- Pyrola maculata- IVitld. Mx. &c- FM/°-o—.Si)Otted Winter-green.

Fl. liatter end of June- Fr. nutt. I jast of September.

Huh. Woodlands: frequent. About 6 inches high: flowers wlnlc

Obs. Dr- Smith (.Cjclopo'd.) condenms the establishment of this Genus; but as it has received the sanc- tion of several of our most eminent Botanists, I have thought it expedient to adopt it- This species is con- sidered poisonous by many per-^ons; but it is a mere prejudice, arising probably from tlie circumstance of its having spotted loaves- Its medical virtues, however, are inferior lo those of the following; and' Sohcepf and Pursh are undoubtedly mistaken in saying that thi.^i is the jilant called Pipsti>suwu, among the Nativei. Ttiat name, so far as I can learn, is exclusively applied to the subsequent species.

C. UMBELLATA Nutt. lieavcs cuneate-lanceolate,.serrate, of one color; peduncle corymbed- Synon- C- corymbosa- Ph. Pyrola umbellata- Ifilld. Mx. &c. Fu/go— Pipsissawa. Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab- Hilly woodlands: common. 6 to8 inrheshigh: flowers reddish white-

05s. This is the little evergreen so noted, as an IndiiUi medicine, under the name of Pipnisxawa, or Pldp- sessawa- It has been much e.Molied, in the Ga/fttcs, as a nniedy lor malignant fevers, and cancerous sores It is moderately bitter and astrini^eut; and is, doubiK^^s, wonhv'of notice: but I am convinced, from, many liiitls of i':, that its virtues (as is usual iu such ca^es,) have been greatly overrated.

1C9. MONOTROPA- Nnlt. Gen. 383- [Gr. Monos, one, and trepo, to turn; iis flowers tuining chiefly to one side ] Cal. 0. CoR. pseudo-poly petalous, persistent; 5 exterior gibbous at base- Cap.-. 5 valved- S'scc/s numerous- M- XJyiFUQRX Ni.t!- Stems mcsl^r c!'.'.stereJ,l flcwered: flower nodding, fmrdly erect

62 DECANDRIA. MONOGYNiA.

Vulgo—JVird-s neft- Indian pipe.

Fi. Last of June, till September. Fr. mat. Last of July, anci after-

Hub- Woodlands: frequent. 4 to 3 iaches liigh: whole plant white, succulent. M. LANUGINOSA. 3lc. Octandrons; stem Epike-flowercd; flowers and scales pubescent. - <S'/;?7j:.t. Hypopithj-s lanuginosa. Nutt. Fa/go— Pine-sap. False Beech-drops,

FL Beginning of July, and after. F7\ mat. Beginning of August, and after.

Hab. Woodland.^: Patton's: not common. 3 to 6 inches high: whole plant reddish orange.

Of'.'. T':ese two plants seem so nearly a'lied that I have concluded to keep them together: T)ut if the ge- nus Hypopithys should finally be re-established, it ought probably to be transferred to the.class Ootandria.

b. Flov-iers h-regtilar.

170. CASSIA. Nutt. Gen . 59S. [An ancient name, of obscure etyKology.] C»-L. 5 leaved- Con- petals 5. Anthers, 3 lowest rostrate, on longer filaments. Legume membvanaceous. C. MABii.ANDiCA- rh- Leaflets in about 3 pairs, lance-oblong; racemes manyflowered; legumes curved. J^iilgo— Wild Senna.

FL Latter end of July. - Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Jiab. Low grounds: Brandywine, &c. frequent. About 4 feet high: flowers yellow.

Obs. The leaves are said to be a tolerable substitute for the Senna of the shops. Previous to flowering itis often mistaken for a young locust tree, by careless observers.

C. NICTITAN3. Ph. Leaflets in many pairs, linear; peduncles clustered, few-flowered; flowers pentandrous Fi/?g-o— Wild Sensitive plant.

Fl. Beginning of Auj;ust, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Ilab- Dry, sandy banks: roadsides, &c. very common. 6 to 12 inches high: flowers yellow.

0&'. The leaves of this species are somewhat irritable, like those of the Mimosa, or sensitive plant. The C chamcscrisici grows about Wilmnigton, Del. but I have not met with it nearer to this place, except in gardens.

. fTl. BAPTI81A. Nuft. Gen. 400. C 3

Cal. half 4 or .5 cleft, bilabiate. Cor. papilionaceous. Stam. caducous. Legume ventricose, pedicellate

S. t:wctcria. FH. Ghbrous; leaves fernate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, sub-sessile; racemes terminal-

S>jnon. Podalyria tinctoria. IVUld- Ttlx. Ph. &c- Fu/'go— Wild Indigo.

FL Middle of June. Fr. mat. ]Middle of September.

Uab. Dry, hilly woodlands: very commcn. About 2 feet hijih, very bushy, or branching: flowers yellov/-

172. SAXIFRAGA. Nxdt. Gen. 405.

[Lat- Saxum. a rock, and frangot to break; from its often growing in clefts of rocks-]

Ca.t.. 5 parted, persistent. Cor.. 5 petalled. Caps, birostrate, opening between the beaks, many seeded;

S. viHGimCA. FL PhU. Leaves spathulate, crenate; panicle corymbose; flowers subsessile, crowded.

£'j(!it'i!. S. nivalis. WUld.MvM. S. virginiensis. Mx. Ph. EU. S. vernalis, Big. Fu/go— Early Saxifrage.

Fi- Middi-? of April. Fr. mat. Latter end of May.

Kerb. Dry, stony banks; woodlands &c. frequent. 4 to 12 inches high: flowers white.

►S. PENXSYLVANiCA. PA. Leaves oblong-lanceclate, denticulate; peduncles alternate, corymbose-capitate.

Vvlgo — Large Saxifrage. Pennsylvanian Saxifrage.

FL Middle of May. Fr. mat. Beginning- of July.

Hub. Swamps, and low ground.":-: frequent. 1 to 3 feet high: flowers yellowish green.

Ohs. This species is usually about 2 feet high; but I have occasionally met with it upwards of 5 feet high.

173. ftllTF.LLA. Nnft. Gen. 407.

[Lat, diminutive of Mitra, a cap; the ripe seedvessel resembling a cap, or little mitre-l f^'AT.. 5 cleft, persistent. CoR. petals 5, pinnatifid, inserted on the calyx. Caps. 1 celled , semibivalved. LI. DiPHYLLA. Willd. Leaves cordate, sub-lobate, acute, dentate; scape 2 leaved, leaves opposite. Fu/fro— Bishop's cap. Bast.ird American Sanicle. Currant-leaf. Fl. Lattc-vend of April, and after. Fr- mat. Beginning- of June.

Jiuh. Rich, moist woo Jlands: Brandywine: frequent. 1 to2feethi:h: tiowcrs white, delicate.

DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 53

174. SAPONARIA. Nutt. Gen. 403. [Lat. Sapo, soap; hs mucilage affording a sort of substitute for that article.]

Cal. tubular, 5 toothed, naked at base. Cor. petals 5, unguiculate. Caps, superior, 1 ceiled. S- OFFICINALIS. Ell Calyx cylindrical; leaves opposite, subconnate, ovate-lanceolate, entire. Fif/.jfj— Soap-wort. Bruise-vyort. Bouncini;- Bet.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

■Mub. Gardens, and among,- rubbish.- frequent. 12 to IS inches high: flowers reddish white.

Ohs. This is a foreigner, and rather troublesome in our gardens. Dr. Withering snys that when " bruispa and agitated with water, it raises a lather like soap, which washes greasy spots out of clothes. A decoc- tion of it, applied externally, cures the itch." Ke also notices othermedica! properties (See his Systema- tic Arrangement of Brifish Plaids, fifiu Edition, Vol- 2. p. 503) : liut I iucliiie to doubt them.

17o. CUCUBALUS. Nutt. Gen. 411.

[Altered from Cacobole—Gr. Kakos, evil, and Bole, shoot, or plant; from its supposed character. De TJicis-l

Cal. inflated, 5 toothed. Con. petals 5, unguiculate, not crowned at throat. Caps. 3 celled.

C- STELLATUS. EH. Leaves verticillate by 4'S; oval-lanceolate, acuminate; petals fimbriate. ' Fu/gfo— Four-leaved Campion.

Fl- Be<;inni!ig of July, and after. Fr- mat. Middle of August, and after.

Hal'. Woodlands: E.Uh, &c. frequent. ?. to 4feethi-h: flowers white.

176. SILENE. Andf. Gen. 412.

[Supposed from the Gr. S/ii?on.. saliva; in allusion to the frothy, viscid moisture on the stalks.]

Cal- cylindric, or conic. Cor. petals 5, unguiculate, mostly crowned at throat. Caps. 3 celled-

S. ANTiRRir»N'.\. Eil- Leaves narrow-lanceoiate; peduncles dichotomons. or trifid; capsules inflated-

!Ftt/g-o— Catch-fly.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. mat- Middle of July.

jHizt. Wheat lields, fence-rows, &c. frequent, li to 2 feet high: flowers v^hite, small.

Ohi. Remarkable for having portions of the stem, and peduncles, covered v>'ith a dark red viscid matter, very adhesive.

177. STELLARIA. Nuff. Gen. 41.:^.

[Ij;it. S/t/Zft, a star; the corolla, of bifid petals, reserr.bling a star.]

Cal. 5 leaved, spreading. Cor., petals 5, deeply 2 cleft. Caps, ovate, 1 celled, many seeded-

S. MEDIA. Ph. Stems procumbent, with an alternating, lateral, hairy line; leaves ovate, smooth.

Viilgo — Common Chickweed.

Fl. All summer. Fr. mat. May, and after.

Mab. Gardens, and cultivated grounds: very common. About 1 foot long: flowers white.

Ohs. Probably a foreigner. The stamens vary, in number, from 3 to 5, or 10. Sometimes it continues green tlwoughout the winter; and I have seen it in flower in the mo;ith of Februaij'.

S. LA.NCEOLATA. Tor? Glabrous; leaves oval-lanceolate, ciliate at base; petals shorter than the calyx. Synon. S. uliginosa. Bart. Fl. P/iil? Ivlicropetalam lanceolatum. Ph? Spergulastrum lanceolatum. 3Lr' Fl. Middle of Ma}', and after. Fr. mat- Beginning of July, and after.

Hah. Swampy springs, on the Barrens: frequent. 0 to 15 inches high: flowers white, delicate-

Obs. I have some doubts respecting t'.iis species. On the authority of Mr. Schweinitz, I have referred 'it to the S. lauceolata. of Torrey. It is a .smooth, succulent plant, with flaccid 4 cornered stems; leaves opposite, sub-amplexicaul, oval-lanceolate, narrow at base, and slightly ciliate; flowers sub-paniculate.

S. LONCiFOLiA. Tor. Leaves opposite, lance-linear, entire, .smooth: panicle terminal: caly.x 3 nerved. Synon. S. graminca. Bi^. St. Bart. Fl. Phil. 3IicropctaIum gramineum. Ph. Spergulastrum gramineuui. 3Ir. Fl. Middle of May. ' Fr. mat. Eoftinning of Jnly.

Hab. Swampy ground.?: Bath, ficc frequent. 22 to 20 inches high: flowcis while.

Ohs. Stem sub-decumbent, slender, acutely 1 angler*, or sub-alate; theiuimbc:- cT stvles varvi.igficm 3, to -1 '>r -5.

54 DECANDRIA. TRIGYN!A»

178. ARENARIA. Nutt. Gen. 414. [Lat. Arena, sand; in reference to the favorite soil of some species.] Cal. 5 leaved, spreading. Cor. petals 5, ovate, entire. Caps, ovate, 1 celled, many seedecT. A. LATEHiFLORA. Ph? Stem fiUform; pedicels lateral, long, 2 or 3 cleft, 1 bibracteate in the middle. Fl. Latter end of June , and after. Fr. mat. Middle of July, and after.

Kab. Barrens: shaded rivulet, above S. Stringfellow's: rare. 9 to IS inches long: flowers white, small.

Chs. Mr. Schweiiiitz, to whom I submitted this plant, says " there is no doubt that this is A. lateriflora:^ anrl yet it doe.s not well accord with the description given by Willdenow and Pursh. The leaves are lan- ceolate-oval, and aciitc: the petals are shorter than the calyx,— and, what is more remarkable, are deeply two-ncirted ! In other respects, however, it seems to suit the description. Can it be, that the plant intend- ed by Pursh, &c. isreally a SW/arml My specimens certainly, iu my view, have more of the habit, and locality of a Stellaria, than of an Arenaria.

A. sERpyLLiFcxTA. Ell. Stem dichotomous^ diffuse; leaves ovate, acute: calyx longer than the petals-

Fu/5-o— Thrme-leaved Sand-wort.

Fl. Latter end of May, and after. Fr. mat. Last of June, and after.

Il'jb. Dry, sandy fields; gardens, &c. frequent. 3 to 1) inches long: flowers white, small.

A. STRiCTA. EH. Stems aumerous; leaves subulate-linear, erect; calyx much shorter than the petals.

Fl. Last of May, till August. -fV. mat. Latter end of June, and after.

Hcb. Barren ridge, north of West-Chester: not common. 4 to 10 inches high: flowers white.

Ob^. Thisplant is remarkably local in its habitat. It abounds among the perpentine rocks, on the most sterile parts of the Barren ridge: but I have never met with it elsewhere. Tiie capsule is about the length of the calyx. Ste Elliott.

173. CERASTIUM. Nutt. Gen. 417.

[Gr. A'i'raiion, a little horn; in allusion to the form of the capsules.]

Cai.. 5 leaved. Cor. petals 5, bifid, or emarginate. Caps. 1 celled, opening at the 10 toothed summit.

C. VUI.GATTJM. Ph. Cespitose; hirsute; leaves ovate; petals oblong, about as long as the calyx.

Vtilgo — Mouse-ear Chickwccd. JMouse-ear.

Fl. Middle of May, and af»r. Fr- mat- June, and after.

J/a&. Pastures, and open wcodlanJs: frequent. 6 to iO inches high: flowers white.

C viscosriiT. Ph. Diffuse; hirsute; viscous; leaves lance-oblcng; petals obovate, as long as the calyx-

Vulgo — Clammy Mouse-ear.

Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat. June, and after.

Hab. Woodlands, &c. near Hatch's factory: fyequent. 4 to 6 inches high: flowers white.

C- SEMiDECAfJDRtTM. Ph. Pentandrous; decunfibcnt; leaves ovate, acute; petals shorter than the calyx -

F!. Beginning of May, and after. Fr. mat. June, and after.

Hab. Pastures, &.c. Green tree farm: frequent. 6 to 12 inches long: flowerswhite.

Obs. My specimens seern to Lp a V3)i>?w,— being somewhat glabrous; the leaves strictly ovate, loAver ones petiolate. This and the two preceding species are supposed to be foreigners.

C. LONGEPEDiJ?:c:uLATLrM. Fl. Phil. Viscid-pubescent; leaves oblong-linear, acute; peduncles long.

Synon. C glutinosura. Nutt. C nutans. Torrey.

Fl. Eegiimjng of May, and after. Fr. mat- Lastof May, and after-

Hah. Woodlands; shaded rivulets, Sic. freq>ae;it. G to 12 inches high: flowerswhite.

C. HiRsuTUM? Ell. Hirsute; leaves ovai-lanceolate, connate, rather obtuse; flowers clustered, large.

Fl. Latter end of April, and after. Fr. mat. La^t of May, and after.

Hab. Stony banks: Barrens; Strode's Mill: frequent. 4 to 8 inches long: flowers white.

Obi. Mr. Schweinitz, in a note to me. says "this exactly resernhles C hirmtmn, Ell. and Muhl- as communicated to me by Mr. Elliott." Indeed Mr. Elliott's description suits it very well, except that bomc of the leaves, above, are rather lanceolate, and somewhat acute-

C. oELONGiFOi.iUM? Tor. Tomentose; dichotomous; leaves lance-ohlong, narrow; peduncles by 3's. Fl. Middle of May, and after- Fr. mat. Beginning of June, and after.

Hab- Barren Ridge, frequent: rare clsewliere. 6 to 12 inches high: flcv/ers white.

Obs Of this species Mr. SchweinitT: remarks, that it '' comes nearest to the C. obloitf;ifolium,TorT^ji but at the same time is a very remarkable one.— which perhaps on closer examination, and comparison, may |>rove new-" Dr- Muhlenberg was most probably acquainted with it; and I am ineimed to think it must ^ be the C. dichutoiriU!:^ of his catalogue. -

DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. 55

180. AGROSTEMMA. Nutt. Gen. 41S.

[Gr. Agros, a field, and Stemma, a crown, or garland; from the beauty of some of tl.e species.] CAL. 1 leaved, coriaceous, tubular, summit 5 cleft. Cor. petals 5, unguiculate; limb obtuse. Caps- 1 celled.

A. GiTKAGo. Ph. Hirsute; calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate, longer than the corolla; petals entire, naked.

Vulgo—Cockle. Corn Cockle.

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

ffab. Grain fields; chiefly among wheat and rye: frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers purple.

Obs. This unwelcome foreigner is diligently rooted out of our grain fields every year- but it still maintains its ground. When abundant among wheat, its black seeds injure the quality of the 'fiour.

181. PENTHORUM. Nutt. Gen. 421.

[Gr. Pente, five, and Ot^os, a column; alluding to the five conic beaks of the capsule.]

Cal. 5 to 10 cleft. CoR. petals 5, or 0. Caps. 5-cuspiJate, 5 celled. Seeds numerous, minute.

p. SEDOiDEs. Ell. Stem branching, angled; leaves lanceolate, subsessile, serrate; spikes secund,

lu/g-o— Virginian Stone-crop. Virginian Orpine.

FL 'Lnst of July till September. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

2Jab. Swampy rivulets, ditches, kc frequent. 12 to 18 inches high; flowers yellowish green.

ORDER, DECAGYNIA.

182. PHYTOLACCA. Nutt. Gen. 421.

£Gr. Phyion, a plant, and Lacca, a barbarous word meaning lakej a substance the color of its berries. 1 Cal. 0. Cor. petals 5, calycine- Berry superior, 10 celled, 10 seeded.

p. DECATSTDRA. EH. Branching; glabrous; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end- F((/g-o— Poke. Poke-berry bush. Pigeon-berry.

Fl. I^ast of June till September. Fr. mat. Beginning of September, and after.

Hub. Rich banks; by fences, rotten logs, &c. common. 4 to 6feet high: flowers white; fruit dark purple. Obs. The young shoots are much use 1, in tlie spring, as a substitute for asparagus. The root is endo^-ed with active medical properties; but is seldom employed, here. See Barton's Collections^ Bi-e'oiirs Mer' ieal Botany, kc. The ripe berries artord a handsome purple coloring matter; and have been ^ ■-•'•c' n''inr ture, as a remedy in chronic rheumatism. ""'■ " '

CLASS XL POLYANDEIA.

ORDBR, M02fOa*^HIA.

Flowers mostly Interior.

183. TILIA. Nutt. Gen. 454. fEtymology obscure: fortasse "a <c/am, quia ejus lignum telis faciendis inservit.'' Bocrh.'[ Cal. 5 parted, deciduous. Cor. petals 5. Caps, globose, coriaceous, or horny, 1 seeded, opening at base .

T. GLABRA. Ell. Leaves roundish-cordate, acutely serrate, abruptly acuminate, glabrous- nut ova!. Hymn. T. americana. IVilld. Ms. Arb. T. canadensis. Mx. Fl. Am. J a/go— Linn, or Linden. Eass wocl r/. Latter end of Jimc. i>. ma^ Beginning of October.

Bab. Along Brandywinc, frequent: rare daewhere. 40, to GO and SO feet high: flowers yellowish white. Oi^. The Tiliainay be easily reco.n.ized by its singular mode of inflorescence,-the peduncle beinj: ^ODlewhat gemculatdy attaciied to the m.Mle ot an oblong, membranaceous bracte; and tlu r.re toir- La«<^ apparently adnate to or lailicr con.stitutm?-. the Kuddle rib of the same. Tlie leaves of thi. 'species are olten obhq.iely truncate at base. It IS a ha.uUome,stuidy tree, and much sought after to plant in front of hmises.-especially m towiis^ 1 he wood is white und soU, and is oft-n wrought into ludles, snoons, and other utensils. Mic h.ux (A,h. Forest.) infouns us th.a the iibrous bark of "the trunk, wh.n 'mace .rt" and p ep.ued, is used in .^ome part.s of the IT S. ,n making a coarse cordage for domestic rurr.oses. The ^aHs teT, r'^rnSr^'V-/^^^^^ '^^^^' Avaler,'lor' burns Ld

53 POLYANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

ISi. HELIANTHExMUM. Nutt. Gen. 455. [Gr. Hdios, the siiiij and Anthemon, a flower; the flowers opening, as is said, only in the sunshine.]

Cal. 5 leaveil, the two exteriornarrower. Cos.. petals 5. Caps. 1 celled, 3 valved, opening at top.

ii- CArfADENSE. FJl. Leaves oblong-lanc^olate, flat; racemes terminal, few-flowered; stumens inclined.

Synon. Cistus canadensis. IVilld. Big- Lc. F-'ii/(,-o— Frost weed. Sock rose.

F(. Middift of Jane. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

JIab. Sterile lii!!.?: Barrens: rare elsewhere. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers yellow, large.

IT. R4.MTTLiFi.o7it-M. 3fe. Leaves laace-oval, margins revolute; flowers crowded on short branches.

Fl. Beginning of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beg;inn!ng of August, and after.

Hub- Barren ridge, frequent: rare elsewhere. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellow, inconspicuous.

Ohf- This species has much of the habit of Lechea major, except that the fruit is larger, and in more crowded glomerules.

185. TALINUM. Nuit. Gen. 458. [Perhaps from the Gr. iAaWo, to be green; alluding to the verdant habit of the genusv]

C'AL- 2 leaved. Cor. petals 5, spreading. Caps. 1 celled, 3 valved, many seeded.. Re cept- globose.

T. TERETiFOLiuM. Nutt. Leaves terete, subulate, carnose; peduncles elongatedj naked, cymose.

I'l. Latter end of June till September. Fr. mat. September, and October-

JIab. Serpentine rocks, exclusively: Barren ridge, abundant. 4 to 10 inches high: flowers reddish purple.

Obs. Tills handsome little plant is remarkably circumscribed in its habitat. I have never met with it except where the Serpentine rock rises to the surface of the earth; and even there it is confined to the most naked and sterile sjiOts. In such places, however, it may almost invariably be found in great abun-' daiice. The root is perennial, and hardy,— of a firm, fleshy consi.stence ; generally much exposed, and of a reddish brown color, externally. The leaves are cylindrical, mostly incurved, and acute, one to tv.'o in- ches in length, and about a line in diameter, rather crowded, and often patting forth in fascicles from the root. The pedtmcks (for they are not strictly seape^, — being generally inserted on short, fleshy stems.) are .slender, naked, elongated, and cjmosely branched above; the pedicels clavate, somewhat resembling (he htjpeti of the Caulophyllum,— and subtended by small membranaceous bractes, mostly opposite, — often,, in threes at the branches, forming a sort of involucre. The flowers appear in succession, opening in the?.) mfddle of the day. and closing in the evenmg, not to expand agaia; the petals, shriveliiug, and apparently!;, twisting together, remain a considerable time on the germ. The style is the length of the stamens; thef stigma triftd, spreading, and minutely pubescent. The capsule is triangular-ovate, — or often trigonous-tur-:'^ l,ji,j'ate— of three valves, v.-iih a little ridge in the middle of each vaive, within, like the rudiment of a dis- " Sicpiir.rnt. The seeds are sub-reniform, or rather somewhat cochleate; and not arillatc, — therefore not exactly agreeing with the generic character, as given by Nutlall, and Willdenow. The annexed plate will afford a pretty good idea of the habit of the plant.

ISa. PORTULACA. Nutt. Gen. 467. [An ancient name, of obscure etymology.]

Cal. half superior, Lilid, compressed, persistent. Cor. petals 5. Caps, circumscissed, many seeded.

P. oleracea. E!l. Stem prostrate, branching, terete, glabrous; leaves cuneiform-obovate; flowers sessilC'

FcZ^o— Purslane. Garden Purslane.

17. Last of July, and after. Fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

Ilah. Gardens, and cultivated lots: common. 6 to 15 inches long: flowers yellow.

'O&s. The seeds are punc.tately indented; and, in figure, somewhat resemble those of Talinum._ Although a common piaiitj t doubt its beiu-- a native here. It is sometimes used as a pot-herb: but is not much esteemed.

1S7. CHELIDONIUM. Nutt. Gen. 459. [Gr. Chdidon, a swallow; fiov/ering about the time that bird makes its appearance.]

Cat.. 2 leaved, caducous. Cor. petals 4. -St/iqufi linear, 2 valved, 1 celled. Si^tZs crested, numerous-

C MAjrs. Sm. Fl. Brii. Leaves alternate, pinnate, lobed, lobes crenate; umbels axillary, pedunculate.

T';:' ',0— Oelandine.

Fl. Begianiug of '-vlay. Fr. inat. M\M]c of July.

liab. Fence-rows; among rubbish, &c. frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers j'cilow.

OJ:s. Tills foveisiiier has pscaj>ed from our gardens, and is bpcovning extensively naturalized. The deep yeilov,- jtuce of this phiit U a well known 'popular cure for warts, tetters, &c. but is scarcely worthy of

Flute 3.

Fuac- 56.

^yf^r////// /// . y< , ////r////

POLYANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 57

188. ARGEMONE. Nutt. Gen. 462.

[Gr. ^/-g-^jna, a disease of the eye; supposed to be cured by the plant.]

Cal. 3 leaved, caducous. Cor. petals 6. Stigma sessilcj capitate, lobed- Cap.'s. semi-valveu.

A. MEXicANA. Ell. Leaves pinnatifid-lobate, spinose; flowers axillary; capsules 5 valved. f^u/g-o— Prickly Poppy. Horned Poppy.

Fl. Beginning of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of August, and after.

Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: not common. 1 to 3 feet high: flowers yellow, large.

Obs. This is a stranger here j but is becoming gradually naturalized, although some pains are taken to root it out.

189. SANGUINARIA. Nutt. Gen. 464. [Lat. Sanguis, blood; alluding to the color of the juice of the plant.] Cal- 2 leaved, caducous. Cor. petals about 8. Stig. sessile, 2 grooved. Caps, oblong, tapering at each end,

S. canadensis. Ell. Leaves subreniform, sinuate-lobed, glaucous beneath; scape 1 flowered.

Fu/gfo— Red-root. Blood-root. Turmeric. Puccoon. Indian Paint. Blood-wort.

Fl. Beginning of April. Fr. mat. Middle of June.

Bab. Rich woodlands; meadows, &c. very common. 6 to 10 inches high: flowers white.

Obs. The capsules burst and disappear suddenly, when the seeds are ripe. The root is emetic, and otherwise medicinal. See Dr. Doioney's Inaugural Thesis, 1S03, Philad. Barton's Collections, &c.

IDO. PODOPHYLLUM. Nutt. Gen. 4S5. [Gr. Pons, podos, a foot, and P/ti//Zo7i,aleaf; its leaf resembling the web-foot of a duck.]

Cal. 3 leaved. Cor. petals about 9. Stig. sessile, plicate, crenate. Berry oval, 1 celled, many seeded.

P. PELTATUM. Ell. I..eaves peltate-palmate, single, or two on a forked stem; flower solitary.

f'^u/go— Hog-apple. May-apple. Wild Mandrake. Duck's-foot

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Hab. Rich woodlands; meadow banks, in patches: common. 12 to IS inches high: flowers white.

Obs. The stem is often simple, bearing but one leaf,— and then produces no flower. The flower is only to be found on the two leavr.i planXs, situated in the fork, on a short, slightly curved peduncle. The fruit is about the size and shape of a Lime; and when ripe, is esculent— but is not esteemed. The root affords a good substitute for Jalap, as a cathartic— (expertus loquor— ) and not " as Ipecacuanha,''— as Pursh erroneously states.

191- ISUPHAR. Nutt. Gen. 468. [Gr. Nouphar; a name of obscure meaning.]

Cal. 5 or6 leaved. Cor. petals numerous; dorsally nectariferous. Stig. sessile, radiated. Caps, carnosc

N. ADVENA. Ph. Leaves erect, cordate, lobes divaricate; calyx 6 leaved; stigma 13 rayed; capsule sulcate . Synon. Nymphaja advena. Willd-Mx. Muhl. Fu/g-o- Spatter-dock, or Splatter-dock. Yellow Pond-lily. Fl Middle of May till October. Fr. mat. September, and after.

Hab. Ponds, and still waters; Brandywine: frequent 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellow.

Obs. The root is creeping— the old ones sometimes very large— with numerous radicles on the under side, and bearing the marks of the petioles of former years on the upper side.

192. ASARUM. Nutt. Gen. 724,

["Vocatur ab a (Gr.) privative, et sau-o, orno; quasi planta nulli ornamento isserviens." Boerh.'i

Cal. S or 4 cleft, superior, persistent. Cor. 0. -dsfficrsadnate to the sides of the filaments. Caps. 6 cel'eu.

A. canadense. Ell. Leaves broad-reniform, in pairs; calyx woolly, deeply 3 parted, reflexed.

Vvlgo— Wild Ginger. Colt's-foot. Asarabacca. White Snake-root.

Fl. Middle of May. F: mat. Middle of June.

Hab. Rich woodlands: frequent. 8 to 12 inches high: flowers dmgy purple.

06s. The flower is solitary, on a short peduncle in the fork of the leaves; and usually buried under old decayed leaves, &c. so as to escape common observation. The root is strongly aromatic, and may perhaps possess medical virtues. Professor Barton, in his Coilecdons for a Materia Mcdicn, says "the expressed .iuice of the fresh leaves is a powerful emetic." — I cannot see the propriety of transferring this genus to th» i'liss Gitnandria, as Messrs. Pursh and Nultall have done. It is so distinct in habit from plants of thu"; rlass. that I am confident a student would never think of lookins for it there.

1

58 POLYANDRIA. DI-PENTAGYNIA.

193. CIMICIFUGA. Nutt. Gen. 474. [Lat. Cimer, a bug, and fugio, to expel; from its supposed virtues ]

Cal. 4 or 5 leaved. Cor. petals 4. Caps. 1 to 5, oblong, opening along a lateral suture, many seeded

C. RACEMosA- Ell. Monogynous; leaves decompound; racemes virgateJy paniculate; capsule ovate. Synon. C. serpentaria. Ph. Actea racemosa. IVilld. Muhl. Mr. F«Zgo— Black Snake-root. 11. Latter end of June- Fr. mat. Middle of September.

ifa6. Rich woodlands: common. 4 to 6 feet high: flowers white.

Ohs. The root is sorne^yllat mucilaginous and astringent; and is a very popular medicine, both for man and beast. It is used, in infusion, or decoction, chiefly as a pectoral medicine: and it is said to have beeC found useful in the disease of cattle, called the murrain. Its virtues, however, are probably over-rated— as is usually the case with popular remedies, from the want of a due degree of discrimination, as lo their, effects, and the diseases in which they are employed.

194. AQUILEGIA. Nutt. Gen. 473.

[Lat. Aquila, an Eagle; its nectaries having a fancied resemblance to eagle's claws.]

Cal- 0. CoR. petals 5. A'iecfaHes 5, corniculate, situate between the petals. Caps. 5> distinct

A. CANADENSIS. EH. Spurs Straight ; stamens exscrted; leaves biternate, and lernate, glaucous beneath^

Viilgo — Wild Columbine.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr- mat. Latter end of July.

Hob- Rocky banks, along Brandywine: frequent. 12 to 13 inches high; flowers red, tinged with yellow.

195. HYPERICUM. Nutt. Gen. 476.

[A name of obscure meaning: Boerh. says, " Hypereikon, (Gr.) quasi herba,cujus imago eminet."1

Cai,. 5 parted, equal. CoR. petals 5. Filam. slightly united at base. Caps, ovate, as many cells as styles.

Flowers Trigynous.

H. PERFORATiTM. Ph. Stem ancipital; leaves oblong, pellucid-punctate; petals twice as long as the calyx, F?//go— Saint John's wort.

Fl' Beginning of June, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September-

Mab. Fields, and pastures; common. 1 to 3 feet high: flowers yellow.

Obs. This is a foreigner, and a pernicious weed in our pastures: often prod'jcing troublesome scabby sores upon horses and horned cattle, where it comes in contact with them — especially those which are whiter or have white feet and noses. It would seem that the dew which collects on the plant, becomes active in this way. I have seen the backs of white cows covered with sores, wherever the bushy ends of their tails had been applied, after draggling through the St. John's wort. — The tincture of the flowers and upper leaves is said to be useful in some complaints »f the stomach and bowels. See Barton's Med- and Phys. Journal, Vol. 1. part 2. p. 54.

IJ. coRYMBosuM. Pk. Stem terete, black-punctate; leaves amplexicaul, oblong-oval, obtuse.

Synon. H. maculatum. Ell. Mx.

Fl- Beginning of July, and after. Fr- mat. Last of September.

Jiiab- Woodlands, and fields: Bath, &c. frequent. 1^ to 2 feet high: flowers yellow, smallish.

H. PARViFi.oRUM. Ell. Stem 4 angled; leaves ovate-oblong, sub-cordate ;petals shorter than the calyx.

Synon. H. quinquenervium- M.v. H. mutilum? WiUd.

Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hah. Wet, low grounds; along rivulets: Barrens, &c. frequent. 6 to 12 inches high: flowers yellow.

H. CANABENSE. r/7. Stem 4 angled; leaves linear, tapering at base; flowers solitary; capsules long, conic

Fl- Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

JIab. Moist, gravelly places: Thomas Hoopcs's: frequent. 9 to 18 high: flowers yellow, capsules red.

19G. LTRIODENDRON. Nutt. Gen. 480. [Gr. Lc'irion, a lily, and Dendron, a tree; the flowers resembling the lily, in form. 3

Cal. 3 leaved. CoR- petals mostly 0". 5'fi!7??arfc sublanceolate, 1 or 2 seeded, imbricated in a cejis

POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 59

Iv. TCLiPiFERA. Mx. arh. Leaves 4 lobed; or angularly truncate at the end, with nro side lobes.

Fu/g-o— Poplar. Tulip poplar, or Tulip tree. AVhite wood. Canoe wood.

Fl. Last of May. p,,, ^^t Last of Ociober.

Hub- Rich woodlands, &:c. common. 80 to 120 feet high: flowers greenish yellow, tinged with red.

Obs. This magnificent tiee is justly considered one of the greatest ornaments of o'Jr North American forests. The s-peeies comprises two vanelie.s, called yrlloii', and lohite poplar; which are scarcely fo be distmguished by any external marks-the difference bein;- chiefly in the color and texture ot the wood. Ihe i/c//o!o poplar is deemed the more valuable of the two, for most purposes,— keiiit; more mellow to work, and also more durable, when exposed to the weather. The wood of both is extensively wrought, by cabinet-makers, and others; and is converted to a variety of uses— though its hygrometrical proper- ties render it rather inconvenient, m many instances, during damp weather- The bark of this tree is a valuaole tonic: for an account of which. See Ur. P. K. Rogers' Inaugural Thesis, Philad. lS02,-ana the Mat«rm Medtca of the Bartons. The leaves, also, are said to atFord relief, when applied externalh-, meases 01 gout and rheumatism. See Barton's Med. and Phys. Jownal Vol. 1. part 1. v. S2.— I have fulT bloom ''■^'^ ° ^yild Stiawbenj {Frasarlavirsiniana,) is always ripe when this tree is1k

1?7. CLEMATIS. Xatt. Gen. 4S3. [Gr. Klema, a twig ,or runner; from its pliant, climbing .stem.] Cal. 0. CoR. petals mostly 4. Seeds compressed, caudate; cauda mostly plumose- €. viRGixiANA. Ell. Dioicous; climbing; leaves ternate; leaflets ovate, incisad-dentate, aruminate- 5^no«. C. virginica. Ph. .\ut:. K»/go-Virgin's Bower. Traveller's Joy.

Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

JIab. Fence-rows; and thickets, in low grounds: frequent. 10 to 15 feet long: male flowers white, cr^wnthefrurt'"''^^ ^'^'"^^^ ^""^ remarkable for the silken appearance of the long, plumose styles, which

198. ANEMONE. A^nit. Gen. 484.

fGr- Anemos, wind; the flower being supposed to open only when the wind blows.]

Cai.. 0. Cor. petals 5 to 9, or more. Seeds numerous, mucronate, rarely caudate.

A.- NEMOROSA.^//. Stem I flowered; stem leaves biternate; leaflets cuneate, incised-lobate, dentate.

Ku/^'o— Wind-flower. Wood Anemone.

Fl. Middle of April, and after. j.y. mat Latter end of JNIav.

Hub. Moist woodlands; about roots of trees: frequent. 6 to 10 inches high: flowers reddish white. pS Wfte'r Willd'tn.^' ^.?')'^M-^hr','^''^ '^^ '^'■'?'""^ leaflets deeply two parted; which Barton, (in Flor.

A. THALiCTROiDES. Ph. Umbel involucrate; involucre 6 leaved; radical leaves biternate. Synon. Thalictrum anemonoides. Mx. Ell. Tu/g-o— Hue Anemone.

Fl. Latter end of April. p,., ^nat. Middle of June.

Hab. Woodlands: very common. 6 to 10 inches high: flowers white.

^vhJ'thJ}ilu°l'l'^}''^^ character of this plant is so equivocal, that our best botanists are divided in ot.inion wnether it ought to be ranked with Anemone, or Thalictrum.

A viRGi.-vrAXA. Ell. Dichotomous; leaves biternate, upper ones opposite; peduncles virgate, 1 flowered. ^/.Latter end ol June, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of September, and after.

Hob i'ence-rows, and roadsides; frequent. About 2 feet high: flowers greenish white; seeds woolly.

199. TPLILICTRUM. Nutt. Gen. 435.

[Supposed to be derived from the Gr. thallo, to be green; alluding to its verdant habit.]

Mostly DiqiQous: Cal. 0. Cor. petals 4 or 5. .SVawejis long. Seeds ecaudate, striate, terete.

T. DioictJivr. Ph. Leaves supra-decompound; leaflets roundish-cordate, obtuse-lobate, glaucous beneath

Synon. T. hpvigatum. Mx. r»/-o-Meadow Rue.

Fl. Latter end of April, and after, Fr. mal.

Hab. Woodlands: Bath woods: frequent. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers pale purple.

^o?!n' ^ ^'r?i7^ experienced all the dilTtculties remarked by Michaux, in determining the species of Tha- ..ictrum. This. I have little doubt is his T. lavigatum; and yet it agrees, in some respects, so well witli th-? A- purparasc.ns, ot Pursh, that I atone time supposed it to be that species.

T. RUGOsur.1? Ph. Stem striate; leaflets veined, sub-trilobate, or entire, cuneate, and oval, FL Latter end of June, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

•fc'*- "-V'-odla.id', anuswrvmps: Bath: frequent. 3 lo of^cl hi-h: flowers white.

60 POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA.

T. PUBESCENS? Ph. Stem Striate; leaflets ovate, or subcordate, mostly 3 lobed ; lobes raucronate. Synon. T. polygamuml Muhl. T. revolutum? Ell-

FL Beginning of July, and after. Fr- mat. Middle of September, and after.

Hah- Swamps, and shaded rivulets: Wollerton's: frequent. 4to 6 feet high: flowers white.

Obs. This resembles the preceding; but the leaflets are more regularly three lobed, and the lobes, Of segments, are mucronate,— or rather terminate in a small, abrupt acuminatiofi-

200. CALTHA. Nutt. Gen. 487. [Gr. Kalathos, a basket; from a fancied resemblance of the corolla to a golden basket.] Cal. 0. CoR petals 5 to 9. Nectary 0. Capsules several, many seeded. C. PALUSTRis. Ph. Erect; corymbose; leaves cordate-reniform, acutely crenate, lobes spreading Fm/^o— Marsh Marygold. Colt's-foot. Meadow Cowslip.

Fl. Middle of April Fr. mat. Beginning of June.

Hob. Wet meadows, swampy springs, &c. frequent- 5 to 10 inches high: flowers deep yellow.

Ohs. I have specimens, from Patten's low grounds, in this Borough, which appear to be the C_m<«g_fT^ rima of Pursh^-with leaves entire, or obsoletely crenate, and the smus closed; but I doubt their bemg

'"itSp?!>"ept^"dTrrhifprant, i^a popular remedy for coughs; but I am uaacquainted with it,

virtues.

201. HEPATICA. Nutt. Gen. 490. [Gr. Hepar, the liver; the lobes of its leaves being supposed to resemble those of the liver.] Cal. 3 leaved, somewhat involucre-like, Cor- petals 6 to 9. Seeds naked. H. TRILOBA. Ell. Leaves 3 lobed, lobes roundish, entire; scapes 1 flowered, often clustered. Synon. Anemone hepatica. Willd- sp. pi. Mx. &c. FuZgro— Liver-wort. Liver-leaf. Fl- Beginning of April. Fr. mat.

Hab. Woodlands: very common. About 6 inches high: flowers blue,— sometimes purple, or white.

202. RANUNCULUS, Nutt. Gen. 491. [Lat. diminutive of Rana, a frog; a name, says Dr. Smith, whose origin is as obvious as its sense is obscure- 3 Cal. 5 leaved. Cor. petals 5, each with a melliferous scale, or pore, on the claw. Seeds naked, numerous.^

R. flammula. Ph. Glabrous; declinate; lower leaves petiolate, oval-lanceolate; upper lance. linear.

Fw/g-o— Spear-wort.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hah. Wet, miry places: forks of Brandy wine: not common. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellow, small.

Oha. This plant does not precisely agree with the descriptions of the European species; but perhaps it is not specifically distinct. It is remarkably acrid,when chewed, and probably worthy of notice, in a medical point of view. Dr. Withering asserts, from his own experience, that the distilled water of the European plant is preferable to any other medicine yet known in cases where instantaneous vomiting is desirable,— as where poisons have "been swallowed, &c

R. abortivus. Ell. Glabrous; radical leaves cordate-reniform, crenate; cauline cleft into linear lobes.

Fl. Latter end of April, and after. Fr. mat. July, and after.

Hab. Woodlands, and moist grounds: frequent. 9 to 15 inches high: flowersyellow, petals minute.

R. SCELER.A.TUS Ell. Glabrous; radical leaves palmate-lobed; cauline 3 parted, segments cuneate

Vu/gro— Celery-leaved Crow-foot.

Ft. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat.

Hab. Moist places; along rivulets, &c. frequent. 12 to 18 inches high; flowers yello\y.

R. PENNSYLVANicus? Ell Hirsute; radical leaves lernate, trifid, incised; cauline lanceolate.

PZ. Latter end of April, and after. Fr. mat.

Evb. Woodlands: Patton's; Bath, &e. frequent. 9 to 15 inches high: flowersyellow.

065. I have several specimens which approach the descriptions given of this species, and yet none of them exactly accord.

R. BULBosus. Ph. Hirsute; leaves compound, ternate, trifid, incised; calyx reflexed; root bulbous. Fa/^o— 3 itier-cup. Bulbous Crow-foot.

Fl Middle of May. Fr. mat Beginni:ig of July.

Hab Pastures; N. H. Sharples's; Brandywine; frequent. 12 to IS inches high: flowers deep yelloi?.

Obs. This 13 a foreigner. The root is highly acrid, and has been recommended ac a rubefacient.

POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA, 61

E- HisPiDUs. Eli. Very hirsute; leaves deeply 3 parted, segments acutely lobed; calyx appressed.

JFV. Latter end of May. Fr. mat.

Jfab. Creek banks: near Hatch's factory: frequent. 1 foot high; flowers greenish yellow, small.

R. FLUvrATiLis. Big. Fl. Bost. Leaves all dichotomously capillaceous; stem swimming.

Synon. R. pantothrix. Ell Fw/go— River Crow-foot.

Fl- Middle of June till August. Fr. mat.

Sab. Running waters; Brandywine: frequent. About 1 foot long: flowers yellowish white :

CLxiSS XIL CALYCANDRIA. *

203. RIBES. Nutt. Gen. 217. [An ancient Arabian name, of uncertain meaning]

Cal. superior, 5 cleft. Cor. petals 5, small. Stam. 5. Style bifid- Berry many seeded. B- FLORiDUM. Ph. Leaves punctate both sides; racemes pendulous; bractes longer than the pedicels. Fw/g'o— Pennsylvania Black Currant.

Fl- Beginning of May. F?. mat. Latter end of July.

Ilab. Roadsides: near Job Darlington's: not common. 2 to4 feet high: flowers greenish yellow; fruit black

Ohs. As the genus Ribes accords with the essential characto- of this class, I have taken the liberty to transfer it hither, from Pentandria. T cannot help thinking that this is the natural and proper location of the genus, in the Se.vual System; and that nothing but the name, Icosandria, prevented Linnaius himself from arranging it in that class, with its kindred genera. I am strengthened in this opinion by the circumstance, that he did place the genus in his natural orda' of Pomacea;, — which consists exclusively of calycandi ous plants. Names, undoubtedly, have considerable influence on the mind: and when their obvious meaning not only tends to mislead, but produces an actual violation of fundamental principles, in the arrangement of ob- jects, the interests of science would seem to justify an attempt to introduce a more appropriate nomen- clature.

201. CERASUS. Juss. Gen. PI p. 340. [Lat . CerasuS} a Cherry; the name of a town of Natolia, whence that fruit was derived. ]

Cal- inferior, 5 cleft, deciduous. Cor. petals 5. Drupe globose. Nut roundish, smooth.

C. viRGiNiANA. Mr- Arb. Leaves oval-oblong, acuminate, serrate; racemes elongated, erect

Synon. Prunus virginiana. Nutt- Willd. Ph. Ell. &c. Fu^g-o— Wild Cherry.

Fl. Middle of May. jFr. mat. Middle of August.

Hab. Fence-rows; Creek banks, &c, frequent. 30 to 60 feet high; flowers white, fruit purplish black-

Obs. The wood of this tree is handsomcj and is much used by C;tbinet makers, in the manufacture of household furniture. An infusion of the bark is a valuable tonic— especiiiHy in those cases of debility which often succeed catarrhal affections — as I have abundantl}- experienced, in my practice. Although but few botani.sts have followed Jussieu, in making a generic dislmction between the Cherry and Plum, I incline to think there is quite as much ground for it, in nature, as there is for separating the Hickory from the Walnut, Chimaphila from Pyrola, Castanea from Fagus, and many other instances. The most super- ficial observer cannot fail to be struck with the natural grouping, and family difference, of the Plum and Cherry tribes.

205. PRUNUS. Nntt. Gen. 431.

[The latin name for a Plum; very ancient, and of unknown origin.]

Cal. inferior, 5 cleft, deciduous- Cor. petals5. Drupe mostly oval, large. Nut ovate, subcompressed, acute.

P. AMERICANA. Marsh. Leaves oblong-oval, acuminate, sharply serrate, veined; umbels 2 to 4 flowered.

.St/non. P. nigra.' M(f/i?. Ft(/g:o— Red Plum. Yellow Plum. Brandywine Plum-

Fl. Middle of April. Fr. mat. Last of August.

Hab. Creek banks, and fence-rows: frequent. 8 to 13 feet high: flowers white; fruit reddish yellow.

Ohs. This is a rugged, branching little tree. In its wild state, it is frequently sterile, and when it does bear, the fruit is rather small and acerb. But under proper culture, the fruit islarge and lu.scious— though

* ^j°r^ Kalyx, the flower cup, and Jjier, andros, male; Stamens inserted on the Caly-r.—a name sug- gested for this cfass, (IcosAWDRiA, it«!i.) which seems properly to comprise all plants with hermaphro- dite flowers, ia which the calyx is a one-leavGd staminiferous perianth. See the Preface to this c'a'.alogae.

62 CALYCANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

coated with a thick coriaceous skin. I have never met with the tree out of this vicinity; and have beea, under the impression that it was not described by any one, except Marshall I certainly should not have expected to fand it under the specific name nigra, if Dr. Muhlenberg's catalogue had not directed my attention to that species, by the subjoined English name, "-yellow plum-" I still think it cannot be thV, p. nigra, of Aiton, Willdencw, Persoon, &,c. for they seem evidently to refer to a species of Cherry, properly so called. This species, though clearly distiact, approaches nearer to the C/ucasa vlum, than to any other which I have seen-

206. CUPHEA. Nutt. Gen. 434. [Gr. Kuphos, crooked, or gibbous: in reference to the capsule.]

Cal. tubular-ventricose. Cor. petals 6. Caps. 1 celled, opening lengthwise with the calyx. Seeds lenticular, C viscosissiMA. Ell. Viscid; leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate-oblong; peduncles short: calyx striate. Ft. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat Middle of September, and after.

Nab. Gravelly soils: frequent: abundant near Paoli Monument. 9 to 18 inches high: flowers deep purple. Obs. The whole plant is remarkably clammy. The seeds burst out before maturity, through a longitu- Qinal opening in the cajisuie and calyx, and stand exposed on a columnar receptacle, on short pedicels,— where the early ones ripen before the plant has done flowering.

207. COMANDRA. Nutt. Gen. 233. [Gr. J^ome, a head of hair, and -dner, male ; alluding to the structure of the anthers.] Cal. tubular-campanulate. Cor. petals 5, calycine, persistent. Stam. 5. Caps, valveless, 1 seeded. C umbei.lata. Nutt. Leaves oblong; umbels axillary, 3 to 5 flowered; common peduncles long. Synmi. Thesium umbellatum. Willd. Ph. Ell. &c. Fi//go— Bastard Toad-flax. Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Last of August.

Hah- Sterile banks: E. Strodes; Barrens: not common: 9 to 15 inches high: flowers white.

Obs. It will readily he perceived that the principle assumed, relative to this class, has induced the transfer of this genus hither, from Pentandria. It is done with much diffidence : though I confess it seems HO me to nave as tnuch claim to be arranged here, as the genus Cuphea.

ORDER, DI-PENTAGYNIA.

208. AGRIMONIA. Nutt. Gen. 436. [Etymology obscure: supposed to be corrupted from ^rg:e??Jo>ie— which see.]

Cal. inferior, 5 cleft, calyculate. Cor. petals 5. Styles 2. Seeds 2, enclosed in the base of the calys.

A. EUPATORiA. Ell. Hirsute; leaves interruptedly pinnate, terminal leaflet petiolate; spike virgate,

Vulgo — A gri mony .

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat Last of September.

Mab. Borders of woods; and moist, low grounds: frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers yellow, small.

209. CRAT^GUS.. Nutt. Gen. 437. [Gr. Kratos, strength: from the strength, or firmness of the wood. De Theis.} Cal. superior, 5 cleft. Cor. petals 5. Styles 1 to 5. Berry farinaceous. Seeds 1 to 5, bony.

C oxvACANTHA. IVg. Leavc's obtuse, incised-lobate, or trifid, and cuneate; lobes serrate; calyxhairy. Synon. Mespilus oxyacantha. Sm. Fl. Brit. Fu/go— Haw-thorn- Quick-set. English Thorn.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of October.

Hab. Roadside, 1 mile below Dilworth-town : rare. 10 to 15 feet high: flowers white; fruit red, small.

Obs. This is a foreigner; and is rare in this vicinity. Those specimens which I have examined, are the monogynoiis variety, noticed by Dr. Withering. This thorn is preferred in England, for hedging; but has rarely been used for that purpose, in our country,— or, at least, in this part of it. Our farmers generai- iy prefer the C- pcpulifolia, or Washington Thorn; and the C crxis galH—the Cock spur, or New C-astle Thorn. All the species here enumerated, are spi7iose.

C cocciXEA. Ell. Pentagyncus; leaves ovate, lobed, acutely serrate; petioles and calyx glandular.

Fl. Middle of May. Pr. mat. Middle of September.

JIab. Moist woodlands, and thickets: Bath: frequent. C to 8 feet high: flowers white; fruit red, large.

C- GLANDULOsA? PA. Sub 3-gynous; leaves obovate-cuneiform, serrate, shining; calyx glandular-

i^ijnon. Mespilus cuneiformis? 3Iarshall.

Fl. Beginning of May. F,-. mat. Middle of September.

JIab. Br^ndyvvine, below Wistar's Bridge; frequent. 10 to 15 feet high; Howert \vhite; :rultre^>

CALYCANDRIA. DI-PENTAGYNIA. C-3

C. cntis GALLT. Ph. Sub 2-gynous; leaves oblong-cuneate, serrate, subsessile.stining, coriaceous. Synon. Mespilus crus galli. Marshall FA(/go— Cock-spur Thorn. New-Castle Thorn.

Fl- Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hub- Fence-rovTs, &c. R. Strodeu: frequent. 10 to 15 feel high: flowers -(vhite; fruit reddish brown.

Obs. I find this species often monogynous. It is extensively used, in New-Castle county, (Del.) for hedging; and, when properly managed, makes a very substantial hedge. In this immediate vicinity, how- ever, the C- populifolia is most generally used. I think it probable we have some other species ov Crataegus indigenous here; but I have not ascertained them salisfactorilj'.

(tCf^For C. POPULIFOLIA, or Washington Thorn,— See appendix of cultivated plants

210. ARONIA. Nutt. Gen. 410. t J

Cal. superior, 5 toothed. Cor. petals 5. Berry 5 to 10 celled; cells 1 or 2 seeded. Seeds cariUaginovis. A. ARBUTiFOLiA. £11. Lcaves obovate, crenate-dentate, midrib glandular above; flowers corymbose- Synon. Pyrusarbutifolia. IVilld. Ph. Mespilus arbutifolia. Mx. Vidgo—Choke-heny. Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Hab. Moist woodlands: Patton's: frequent. About 2 feet high: flowers reddish white; fruit dark red, A. BOTRYAPiUM. Ell. Leaves subcordate-oval, cuspidate; racemes lax, elongated; petals linear-oblon-, Synon. Pyrus botryapium. fnild. Ph. Mespilus canadensis. 3[x. Vulgo—Seixice berry. Shad bush*^^ 17. Middle of April. Fr. mat. Latter end of June.

Hab. Rich, moist woodlands: frequent. 8 to 15, or 20 feet high: flowers white; fruitdark purple. Obs. This plant has had many diflFerent names imposed upon it, by the Botanists. The vulvar nanle «'' ^^ Shad bush, arose from the circumstance of its being always in flower, at the season of taking that fish. It IS a showy little tree, when in bloom; and the truit is esteemed by some.

A. ovALis. Fll. Leaves oblong-ova], acute; racemes erect; petals obovate; calyx-segments pubescen^ Synon. Pyrus ovalis. IVilld. Ph. Tii/go— Medlar-bush.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. nwf. Middle of July.

J£ab. Fence-rows, &c. Seth Evenson's: not common. 2 to 4feet high: flowers white; fruit dark purple: Obs. Michaux makes this a variety of the preceding (var. obovalis); but it seems to be specifical.V

211. MALUS. Jttss Gen. PL p. ^134.

[The Latin name for an apple tree]

Cal. superior, 5 cleft. Cor. petals 5. Styles connate at base. Pome spheroid, umbilicate at each end.

M. coronaria. Mx. arh. Leaves broad-oval, rounded at base, sub-angled; peduncles corymbot".

Synon. Pyrus Coronaria. Nutt. IVUld. Ph. Ell. &.c. r«,'g-o— Crab Apple.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Fence-rows; borders of thickets, &c. frequent. 10 to 15 feet high: flowers pale rose red.

Obs. The flowers, and ripe fruit, are remarkably fragrant. The fruit is frequentiv collected, and used bv our house-wives, m making prf^rr.s. There seems to me to be a sufficient distinction between ihV Apple, and Pear, to warrant their separation. °^" "^'

212. SPIR^A. Kutt. Gen. 442.

[Supposed to be from the Gr. Speira, a cord; in allusion toils flexible branches.]

Cal. inferior, 5 cleft. Cor. petals 5, roundish, equal. Slam. e-xstxi^Ci. Caps. 3 tol2,2-vaIved,l cellcc

S. saltcifolia. Ph. Leavesovate-oblong, or obovate, sharply serrate; racemes paniculate termiiia- Synon. S. tomentosa alba. Marshall- S. alba. l\Inhl. Fk/^o— Pipe-shank. Meadow Sweet. FL Latter end of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hah. Moist thickets, and low grounds: frequent. 4 to S feet high: flowers pale red, or reddish white. OJn. This is the variety, latifoUa, of Pursh. The leaves have but a remote reseuiblance to tho«.-> of }^r

S. OPULIFOLIA. Ph- Trigynous; leaves subovate, lobate; corymbs crowded; capsules inflated.

r(«?fi:o— Nine-bark. Snow-ball leaved Spira;a. Hard-hack.

FL Beginning of June. Fr. mv.i. Latter end of August.

Hab. Biandjwine: Amos Brioton's dam; rare- " to."- 'V^thigh: flowers reddish white

64 CALYCANDRIA. DI-PENTAGYNIA.

213. GILLENIA. Xutt. Gen. 443.

Gal. 5 toothed. Cor. petals 5, lanceolate, tapering at base. Stam. few, included. Caps- 5, connate; G. TRiFOLiATA. Ell. Leaves temate, lanceolate, serrate; stipules linear, entire; panicles loose, terminal. Synon. Spira;a trifoliata. Willd. Mx- Ph. &c. Fw/g-o— Indian Physic Bowman's root. Ipecac.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Beginning ot August.

Hab. Woodlands: Patton's; Bath, &c. frequent. 2 to 4feethigh: flowers white.

Obs. This plant has considerable reputation for its medical properties, — particularly as an emetic. It is also said to be cathartic, and Ionic, according to the dose, or mode of exhibition. See Schcepf,\.he Bartons, and other writers on American Materia Medica.

214. ROSA. Nutt. Gen. 441. [Supposed to be from the Celtic, Rhos, or rhudd, red; the prevailing color of the flowers. See De Theis.'i

Cal. urceolate; neck contracted; border 5 cleft. Cor. petals 5. Seeds hispid, lodged in the berried calyx.

R. pARviFLORA. EIL Germs and peduncles hispid; stipular prickles straight; flowers mostly in pairs.

Synon. R. humilis. Marsh- R. careliniana. Mx. Fu/g-o-Dwarf Wild Rose.

Fl. Beginning of July. ^r. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Borders of woods; fence-rows, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers pale red; fruit globose.

R. coRYMBOSA. Fl. Phil. Germs & peduncles subhispid; stipular prickles subuncinate; flowers corymbose

Synon. R. Carolina. TVilld. Ph. Ell. R. pennsylvanica. Mx. Fw/go-Swamp Rose.

Fl. Beginning of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of September-

Hab. Low, swampy grounds, and thickets: frequent, 4 to 6 feet high: flowers red; fruit globose.

Obs The stipular prickles, in this species, are slightly hooked, and not "near an inch long,"— as ren- dered in F/or- Philad. There appear to be some varieties of both the forpgomg species, in this vicinity— and possibly there may be otiier native species; but I have not ascertained any, to satisfaction.

R STJAVEOLENS. Ell Germs, pcduncles aiid petioles glandular-hispid; prickles recurved; leaflets elliptif, Synon. R. rubiginosa. Willd. Mahl. Nutt. R. suavifolia. Lightf. Fw/go-Sweet Briar. Eglantine. Fl. Middle of June. -^''- ^^^- Last of September.

Mab. Sandy banks; roadsides, &c. frequent. 5 to S feet high: flowers pale red; fruit ovate.

Ob^ This well known rose, so much admired for its fragrant leaves, is pretty frequent here; though Mr Nuttall says it is " certainly not native." It usually attains the height above mentioned; but where pains are taken to train its slender stems, it often reaches to twice or thrice that height.

215. RUBUS. Nutt. Gen. 445. [Lat. jR«6er,— or Celtic, i;u&, red; from the color of the fruit, or branches of the plant.] Cal. inferior, 5 cleft. Cor. petals 5. Berry compound; acines mostly juicy, 1 seeded. E. viLLOsrs. Ell. Stemangkd; leaves digitate, in 3'sor5's; leaflets ovate, acuminate, hairy both sides. Synon. R. fruticosus. 3Iarsh. Vulgo-Common Black-berry bush. Briar.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

Hab. Old fields, fence-rows, &f. common 4 to 8 feet high: flowers white; fruit black.

Obs. The root is somewhat astringent; and the infusion is a popular remedy in diarrhsas, and mild dv^ent-riev. The berries afford a pleasant jam, which is also considered sautary, in such cas2s. The plant' is rather troublesome on our farms, and is diligently rooted out of tne fields, by neat farmers.

R. OCCIDENT alts. Ell. Stem terete, glaucous; leaves ternate, hoaiy-tomentose beneath; racemes terminal.

FwZgo-American Raspberry. Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry.

FL Latter end of May. Fr- mai. Middle of July. _ , ,

JIab. Fence-rows; borders of woo.'.s, kc frequent. 4 to 8 feet long; flowers white; fruit dark purple.

Obs. The slender stems are often so much curved, that the top descends to the earth, and takes root. Thft fruit of this species, though not very sprightly, has a pleasant flavor, and is generally admired. R TRiviiLis Ell. Procumbent; prickles recurved; leaves mostly ternate; nedicels solitary, axillary, long- Sijnon. R. procumbens. Muhl. Bart. Fl. Phil. Fu/go-Dew-Eerry. Running Briar. i.7. Latter end of May. Fr. 77ia<. Latter end of .July.

Hab. Sterile, neglected fields, &c. frequent. 4 to 6, or 8 feet long: flowers white; fiuU black, large.

Obs. The stiDules, in my specimens, are lanceolate, and not " subulate." There are, however, probably some «arirJsof thi^ sprceis"^ The fruit is very fine. The root of this ?s also a.trmgent: and is often used in sjmilarcases with !hif, of R. v)l!''.'?'-'S-

CALYCANDRTA. POLYGYNIA. 65

B. FLAGELLAras. Ph. Procumbent; leavesternate; middle one cuneale at base; flowers terminal.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of JTuly.

ffab- Woodlands; and along shaded rivulets; frequent. 2 to 4 feet long: flowers white; fruit black.

Obf. This is made a variety of the foregoing, by some botanists; but it seems to be pretty distinct. The T7hole plant is more delicate, and rather more glabrous. The ripe berries, as remarked by Dr. W P C Barton, are rarely perfect— a few only of the acines arriving at maturity. It is possible, however, that all thisdiflference may re.sult fioin its growing in the woods— where I have most commonly observed it.

H. OBovALis.!' Ph. Procumbent; stem very hispid; leaves tcrnate, obovate, ovate, and rhomboidal.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. jnat.

ffab. Woodlands: Barrens, above S. Stringfellow's: not common. 2 to 4 feet long: flowers white.

Obs. I was inclined to refer this to the R. hispidus, of Willd. and Pursh; but Mr. Schweinit?, to whom Isubmitted my specimen, supposed it to be II. obovalis. Perhaps they are really not distinct.

{)Cf= The R. oDORATUs, I have not found giowing native in this vicinity; but Dr. Bajdwin informed He he had seen it on the Brandy wine, near the factories of the Messrs- Dupontfi.

216'. GEUM. Nutt. Gen. 448. [Gr. gaio, to be splendid; or gcwo, to relish, ar give a good taste; from its appearance, or properties.]

Cal- inferior, 10 cleft, alternate segments smaller. Cor. petals 5. Seeds awned; awns mostly geniculate.

G. ALBLTM. Ell. Radical leaves pinnate; cauline 3 lobcd; stipules incised; petals as long as the calyx. Vulgo — Avens. Herb Bennet (a corruption of the French, herb" benite). Fl. Beginning of July. Fr. mat. Latter end of September-

Hab. Rich Woodlands; thickets, &,c- frequent. About two feet high: flowers white. Obs. The three-lobed stem-leares considerably resemble those of the currant bush.

G viRGiKiANUM.^ £//. Radical and lower leaves ternate, upper lanceolate; petals shorter than the calyx. Fl. Middle of June, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of September, and after.

Hab. Roadsides; fence-rows, &c. frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flov.'ers white, or yelloiv.

Obs. Some of my specimens are quite hirsute,— the radical leaves often quinate— the flowers small, and yelloif: nossibly only varieties.

fK' T have otht^r specimens, (both hirsute, and nearly glabrous,) with the leaves all ternate, except the sm'ili upper ones.- the yietals as long as the calyx, and white. Mr. Schweinitz, who examined them, be- Jiev-sthem to be "a n^w species, not a« all described," which "might .tustly be called G- ternatitm.'/ They seem to be intermediate between the two foregoing; but not suiting the descriptions of either.

217. POTENTILLA. Natt. Gen. 449. [Lat. Potentia, power; from its imaginary medical powers.] Cai.. inferior, 10 cleft, spreading. Cor. petals 5. Seeds roundi^^h, naked, attached to a dry receptacle.

P. N-onwEGiCA. Ell. Hirsute; erect; dichotomously branching; leaves ternate; peduncles axillary. Ft. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September, and after.

Hab. Pasture fields; along Brandywine: frequent. About two feet high: flowers yeliow.

06s. I should judge this to be a stranger here. It may have strayed hither from Canada,— where Will- denow says it is a native.

p. CANADENSIS. Ell. prccumbent; silky; leaves quinate, cun-^ate-obovate, incised-dentale. Vulgo — Common Cinque-foil.

Fl. Last of April, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of June, and after.

Jfab. Old fields; and sterile pastures: very comnjon. 6 to 12 inches long: flowers yellow.

P- SIMPLEX- Ell. Erect; hirsute; leaves quinate, upper ones sessile; leaflets oblong-oval, coarsely serrate. Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat. Last of June, and after.

Hab. Woodlands; roadsides, &c. common- 9 to 15 inches high: flowers yellow.

06s. This spe_cies, when it first flowers, is usually about a foot high; but it often extends, afterwards, to .:^ or 3 tect, and becomes almost procumbent.

213. FRAGARIA. Nutt. Gen. 431. [Lat. fragrans, smelling sweetly; in reference to its fragrant fruit.]

Cal- inferior, 10 cleft. Cor. petals 5. Receptacle of the seed ovate, berried, deciduous. F. viRGiNiANA. Ell. Calyx of the fruit spreading; hairs on the petioles erect, ojithe peduncles a^regsed.. Fi(/go— V/ild Strawberry.

Ff. J/ttterendof April. Fr. mat. Last of May-

liab Neglected old fields; fence-rows, &c. frequent- 6 to 12 inches long: flowers white; fruit red.

0;V?. Improved agriculture, and ihe rotation r.f crops, have cuused thi* Jcliciouif.'ujt to be more rare it! our fields than it was former) v.

66

CLASS XIII. DIDYNAMIA,

a. Calyx nearly equally 5 cleft.

' 219. TEUCRIUM. Niitt. Gen. 495. [Said to be dedicated to Teucer; a Trojan Prince, who first introduced the plant to notice.] Cor. upper lip none; or deeply cleft, with the Stamens in the fissure: lower lip trifid. T. CANADENSE- Ell. Leaves lancc-ovate, serrate; Spike terminal, crowded; bractes as long as the calyx. J^«/o^o— Nettle-leaved Germander. "Wood Sage.

Fl. Middle of July. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

Ilab. Fence rows; and along Brandywiue: frequent. 1 to 3 feet high: flowers pale purple.

Obs. I have specimens which fit the descriptions given of both T. canadensc, fend T. inrginicwn; except that the bractes are, in all of them, about as lojig as the calyx: but I incline to think they are nothing more than varieties. That which answers to T. virginicum, grows on the rich, moist grounds along Brandy wine, near John Taylor's Mill; and is often 3 feet high, or more.

220. VERBENA. Nutt. Gen. 521. [From the Celtics /er/ac'rt, meaning to remove, or cure the stone; one of its supposed virtues. De Tkeis.}

CoR. funnel-form; tube incurved; limb51obed, unequal. Seeds 4 or 2, finally naked. V. HAST AT A. Ell. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, incised-serrate, rarely hastate; spikes paniculate. Ft. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Mab. j^wampy meadows; and creek sides: Brandywine: frequent. 3 to 5ieet high: flowers bluish purple!

Obs. I suspect our plant is the variety, oblongifolia, of Nuttall. I have preferred placing this genus iig Gymnospermia, because the evanescent capsule, or tunic of the seeds, which is spoken of, is rarely to be observed: and therefore the student will be most likely to look for it in this order.

V. URTICJEFOLTA. Ell. Leavcs ovate, acute, serrate; spikes filiform, terminal and axillary ; flowers distinct.

FitZg-o— Common, or Nettle-leaved Vervain.

Fl. Beginning of July, and after. Fr- mat. Last of September.

Hab. Pastures and roadsides: not common. 2 to4 feet high: flowers white, small.

Obs. This species is pretty abundant in our pasture fields; and, towards autumn, becomes covered with a bluish pulverulent matter, resembling mould. SchcEpf says, the decoction of the root, together with the inner bark of white oak, in milk and water, has been used with happy success in cases of poisonous erup- tion caused by the poison Sumach. The virtues of the remedy, probably, were derived from the oak b^rk.

223. MENTHA. Nutt Gen. 496. IMinthe, a daughter of Cocytus; fabled to have been changed into this herb, by Proserpine.] Cor. 4 cleft, subequal; the broadest segment emarginate. Stamens erect, distant. M- BOREALis. Ph. Pubescent; leaves petiolate, lance-oval, acute at each end; flowers verticillate. Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Along Brandy wine : Jefferis' ford, &c. frequent. 9 to 18 inches high: flowers purplish white,

M. ARVENsis. Fl- Brit. Hairy; branching; leaves ovate; flowers verticillate; calj'x campanulate.

Vulgo— Corn Mint. Field Mint.

J'/. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat.

Hab. Roadside, near Jos. Townsend's farmhouse: rare. About 1 foot high: flowers bluish purple.

Obs. This foreigner is rare here; and has probably escaped from the gardens, or been accidentally in- troduced. The plant, when bruised, has a remarkable odor; not unaptly compared, by Withering, to that of mouldy cheese.

M. viRiDis. Fl. Brit. Leaves lanceolate, sessile; spikes elongated, interrupted; stamens long.

Vulgo — Spear Mint. Common Mint.

Fl. Latter end of July, and after- Fr. mat. Last of September-

Hab. About houses: along rivulets,&c. frequent. 1 to 2feet high: flowers pale purple.

Obs. A forcignnr.but becoming extensively naturalized. It is well known for its warm, aromatic quali' ties; and its much employed iu domestic medicine, in cases of nauseaj &c

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. 67

M. PIPERITA. Fl. Brit. Leaves subovate,petiolate; spikes obtuse, interrupted below; stamens included.

Fjt/g^o— Pepper Mint.

Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hitb. Along rivulets: low moist grounds: frequent. About two feet high: flowers purple.

Obs. This, also, is a foreigner; but is gradually becoming naturalized. It is too well known, for its grateful and valuable properties, to require a specification of them here. I may remark, however, that tiie infusion of this, and also of the preceding species, administered cold, in small portions,— say a table spoonful at a time,— is admirably adapted to relieve distressing nausea, and vomiting.

222. HYSSOPUS. Nutt. Oen. 498.

[A very ancient name, adopted for this genus: " a voce hebraica Ezob.^' Boerh-1

CoR. lower lip 3 parted; mtermediate segment subcrenate. Stamens straight, distant.

H. NEPETOiDEs. Pk. Stem acutely 4 angled, sub- alate: leaves ovate, acutely dentate; petioles smooth Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hub. Fence-rows; borders of woods, &c. frequent. 4 to 6 feet high: Howers pale, or greenish yellow- Obs- The styles are often longer than the corolla, in this species, as well as in the following.

H. scROPHULARiFOLius. Ph. Stem obtusely 4 angled; leaves cordate-ovate, obtusely dentate; petioles Fl. Beginning of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October, [ciliate-pubescent-

Hab. Fence-rows; thickets, &c. frequent. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers, and stalks, purple.

223. NEPETA. Nutt. Gen. 499.

[Etymology obscure: supposed from Nepete, a city of Etruria; near which it was originally found ]

Cal. arid, striate. Cor- lower lip crenate; margin of the throat reflected. Stam. approximate.

N. CAT ARIA. Ell. Hoary-pubescent; leaves cordate, petiolate, dentate-serrate; flowers in whorled spikes.

Fw/g-o— Cat-mint. Cat-nep.

Fl. Latter end of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

Hab About houses, gardens, fence-rows, &c. common. 2 to 3 feethigh: flowers reddish white.

Obs. A naturalized foreigner. The infusion of the herb is highly popular, as a remedy for irregularities of the catamenia; and is probably useful.

224. STACHTS. Nutt. Gen. 503.

[Gr. Stachys, a spike; in reference to its mode of flowering.]

Cor. upper lip vaulted; lower lip reflected at the sides, middle segment largCs emarginate.

S. ASPERA ? Mx. Stem square, angles retrorsely hispid; leaves lance-oblong, obtusely serrate, subpetiolate-.

Synon. S. hispidal Ell. F«/go— Hedge-nettle. Clown-heal.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr- mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Erandywine: Jno. Taylor's; Wistar's Bridge: rare. 1 to 2 feethigh: flowers pale reddish purple.

OhK. I take this to be the S. aspera, of Michaux; and yef it agrees temarkahlj^. in several respects, with theS. /!i«pitZ«, of Pursh and Elliott. The calyx, however, is hispidly pilose, in my specimens. I am sat- isfied it is not the S. aspera, of Mr. Elliott.

225. LEONURUS. Nutt. Gen. 504. [Gr. Leon, a lion, and Oura, a tail; from a strangely fancied resemblance.]

Cor. upperlip villous, flat, entire; lower lip 3 parted, middle segment undivided. L. CARDTACA. Ell. Lcavcs 3 lobcd, dentate, cuneate at base; corolla longer than the pungent calyx. Vulgo — Mother-wort.

Fl. Middle of June, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of August, and after.

Jlab. About houses; farm-yards; fence-rows, &c. frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers pale purple.

Obs. An unwelcome foreign weed, now completely naturalized. L. MARRUBiASTnuM. JViUd. Lcaves lancc-ovate, dentate ; corolla as long as the subpungent calyx.' Ft. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Fence-rows, &c. about Marshallton: rare. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers pale red.

Obs. This foreign plant was introduced by the late Humphry Marshall, into his botanic garden,— whcnc'j it has spread around the neighborhood, and bids fair to become extersively naturalized: though it %Till n^« be any more welcome than the preceding

68 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA.

226. MARRUBIU.u. Nutt. Gen- 507.

t" A voce hebraioa Mar rob, quod amaruni succum significat " Boerh-1

Cal. salverform, 10 striate, rigid. Cor. upper lip bifid, linear, straight.

M. VL'LGARE. EU. Leaves roundish-ovate, crenate-dentate, rugose-veined; calyx teeth setaceous, undnatdi« J-^u/g-o— Hoar-hound.

Fl. Beginning of July, and after. Fr- mat. Middle of August^ and after.

Uab- Dry, stony banks, about houses. Sec. frequent. 9 to 18 inches high: flowers white.

Obs. Tliis foreign plant, though naturalized in many localities, does not seem to extend itself very fast. It IS a well icnown, and deservedly esteemed tonic; and when preoared in the form of a syrup, is an ex- cellent pectoral medicine. ^

227. LAMIUM. NulL Gen. 500. [Obscure: BocrJi. says, " a Lamia pisce, quia hujus piscis horrendum vultum refert."] Cor. upper lip entire, vaulted; loWer lip 2 lobed; margin of the throat toothed on each side- L. AMn.ExiCAtTLE. U'g. Lower leaves petiolatc; floralleavessessilcj amplexicaul, obtuse. Fu/g-o— Dead-nettle. Hen-bit. Archangel.

.Fl. Middle of April, and after. Fr. mat. June, and aftef.

Jlab- Gardens; grain fields, &c. common. 9 to 15 inches long: flowers purple.

Obs- This is a naturalized foreigner; and often continues green through our wintel-?- I have observed the small flowers, mentioned in Withering, putting forth in the month of February.

22S. GLECHOMA. Nutt. Gen. 506. CAn ancient name, perhaps from the Gr- Gkikus, sweet, or pleasant; in reference to its odor. See De Theis"]

Cor. upper lip bifid, lower trifid, middle segment emarginate: each pair of ^?iZ/j«-s forming a cross. G. HEDERACEA. IVg. Stem procumbent, radicating; leaves cordate-reniform, crenste- Fit/g-o— Ground Ivy. Ale-hoof. Gill.

Fl. Latter end of April, and after. Fr. mat.

Uab. Fence-rows; orchards, and shaded places: frequent. 6" to 18 inches long: flowers mostly blue.

063. Mr. JSTuttall supposes it to be indigenous, along the Ohio, Potomac, &c. but it is evidently OKlv naturahzeci in this vicmity . Withering says it was generally used to clarify, and give ajlavor to Ale, till thereignol Henry the iuighth; about which peiiod Hops were substituted. The plant is reputed to pos- sess tonic, and other medical properties. See tVithering, Scliapf, &c.

229. PYCNANTHEMUM. Nutt. Gen. 509. [Gr. Pijknos:, dense, and Antkemon, a flower; the flor/ers being collected in dense heads]

Heads with many-leaved, bract-like involucres. Cor. upper lip subentire, lower trifid. Stam. distant. § 1. Stamens exserted. P. LiNiFOLiUM. Natt. Glabrous; branches fastigiate; leaves linear, acute; bractes subulate-aristate Gynon. Thymus virginicus. IVilld. Brachystemum virginicum. Mx. fw/g-o— Virginian Thyme. Fl. Latter end of July. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Ilab. Sterile banks: exsicated swamps: Barrens, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers white.

Obs. A pleasant, aromatic herb; and reputed medicinal, ii^fevers, &c. by someof our dealers insirnpks

P. LANCEOLATUM.P/j. Stem hairy-pubescent; branches erect; leaves lance-linear; calyx-teeth villous.

>Synon. P. virginicum. A\tt. Ell. Brachystcmon lanceolatus. JMuhl.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. vmt. Beginning of October.

Hab. Moist, low grounds: Patton's: not common. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers white.

Obs. This bears considerable resemblance to the foregoing, and was confounded with it by Michaux, &c- but it 13 readily distinguished on comparing them. It is much less common here, than the other speciej.

§ 2. Stamens included.

p. MtJTiCL'M. Ell. Leaves lance-ovate, sparingly toothed; bractes lanceolate, acute; calyx teeth ciliate

Synon. Brachystemum inuticum. Mx. Fu/go— Mountain Mint.

Fl. Latter end of July. Fr- mat.

/lab. Dry banks; borders of woods: Wm. Brinton's: rare. About 2fecthigh: flowers pale reddish white.

Oi?. This plant is pretty well figured in Michaux's Flora Boreali- Americana {tab. 32.). It has a £r.9

arcniatje odyr, und vrarm taste,

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. 69

b. Calyx bilabiate.

230. CLINOPODIUM. A'-idt. Gen. 510.

IQt. Kline, a bed, and Pons, podos, a foot; the verticils resembling: the feet, or wheels, of a truckle bed.]

Verticils with bract-like, setaceous involucres. Cor. upper lip flat, obcordate, straight.

C. vuLG.\RE. Ph. Heads verticillate; bractes setaceous, divaricately hispid; leaves remotely dentate

F((/g-o— Wild Basil. Field Thyme.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

i/aZ». Dry, sandy banks; borders of woods; roadsides, Sic frequent. 12 to IS inches high: flowers purple,

^ OaiG AiNf cjM vuLGARE grows ou the roadside towards Philadelphia, between the 6 and 7 mile stones- out 1 have not seen it nearer to this place. oiuucd,

231. PRUNELLA. Nutt. Gen. 515.

[Altered from Brunella, and derived from the German, die Breune; a disease, said to be cured by it.] Cal. upper lip flat, dilated. i'''i7a;nmis bifurcate; one point antheriferous. StigmahiM. P. VULGARIS. Ell. Leaves petiolate, oblong-ovate; lips of the calyx unequal, upper one truncate, 3 awned. Synon. P. Pcnnsylvanica? J.Iahl. i^«/sro— Heal-all, or All-heal. Self-heal.

Fl. Middle of July till November. Fr. mat. August, and after.

Hab. "Woodlands; roadsides, &c. very common. 6 to 12 inches high: flowers violet purple, rarely whit«,

06s. Mr. Nuttall says this is "certainly an introduced plant." It appears to be subject to «ome twiV- Ues; but it may be doubted whether we have more than one species. The plant is mucilaginous and w^ lormerly a popular ingredient in ointments, kc. as the common name indicates: but it is wholly neelected at present. Lven Scha-pf says, '' exoleta, supcrflua." v "<^S'CLi,t.u

232. SCUTELLARIA. Nutt. Gen. 516. ILat. SciUella, a small dish; or Scutelhm, a little shield; from the shape of the appendage of the calyx.]

Cal. margin entire, after flovrering closed with a galeate lid. Cor. tube elongated. S. LATERIFLORA. Ell. Branching; gl.ibrous; leaves ovate, dentate, petioles long; racemes lateral leafy. Tu/go— Mad-dog Scull-cap. Side-flowering Scull-cap. Hood-wort. '

Fl. Beginning of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of September, and after.

Hab. Moist, low grounds: along ditches, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers purplish blue, small.

Obs. This is the plant which has recently made so much noise, among Newspaper b'o<;sips, as a remedy fov Hydrophobia. The absurd tales, however, which were propagated with so much yea and indltv Zu^ 'f't "„^''"'°"^^^^ -t length become rather .tale, even'for the medical deparrmetit of fo^z ttj^ and the lately vaunted specific is now very properly permitted to repose in peace with its kindred medil raments, Anag.dhs and Ahsma. For a sensible and judicious exposition of this matter, by Dr W PC Barton, see the first volume of Chapman's Medical and Physical Journal. ^ vv . r. C,

S iNTEGRiFOLiA. Ell. Pubescent; leaves subsessile, oblong, entire, tapering at base; racemes loose-

Fu/o-o— -Large-flowered Scull-cap.

Ft. Latter end of June, and after. p,.. mat. Last of July, and after.

Hab. Woodlands; and meadows: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers pale blue, large.

«n^i'. h^^ ^' fl}'^'°P'f ?!'''' '"''th linear leaves, which Pursh considers as only a variety of this is frenuent

S. PiLOSA. -C// Hairy; leaves distant, oval, crenate, petiolate; racemes terminal, loose; calyx hispid- Syncn.S ovalifolia. Muhl. Bart. Fl. Phil, probably not of P.rsvon. FW.o-Common Scull-cap.

^ . w .f 7'' '. u'^f • ^'- '"""■ ^'^Sinn.ng of August, and after.

Hab. Woodlands; and thickets: common. 12 to 20 inches high: flowers bluish purple.

n»?c';.'^''^''^'^^T^°^'''°"'?'!"'^'^°"*"'"^'°" respecting this common species: and the riant if-elf an- Ederablvtroader tT ^,"'^''-~b-i=^S -""eh less hairy in some insta^nces than o£sS the ieav^. conMaerabJy broader, &c. It is, however, pretty well described by Mr. Elliott.

2S3. THYMUS. Nutt. Gen. 517. [Perhaps from the Gr. Thymes, courage; in allusion to its cordial qualities.] Cal. subcampanulate, orifice closed with villous hairs. Cor. upper lip flat, eroarginatc.

T- SERPYLLUM. IFg. Stem Creeping; leaves oblong-ovate, entire, ciliate at base; flowers in head" Fti^g-o— Thyme. IMother of Thyme.

Fl. Last of June till October. Fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

Hab. Sandy banks: Roadside S. of Birmingham M. H. rare. 4 to 6 inches long: flowers purple: Oii. This delightful little, aromatic herb oeciir? occas'oRallr : bv,t it is believed to be only nat-iralise'i T^i

TD DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA

USPS ill domestic economy, &c. are well known, It was one o! the vulgar notions of the age gone by, thatt^spl^ntspranrupsp^^^ spots where human blood had been spilled by any casualty, or

violence.

234. TRICHOSTEMA. Nutt. Gen. 519. [Gr. Thrix, triclios, a hair, and Simc, a stamen; alluding to its long, hair-like stamens.] Cal. re^upinate. Cor. upper lip falcate. Stamens very long, incurved. T. DiCHOTOMA. Ell. Leaves rhomboid-lanceolate, pubescent; flowers in dichotomous panicles. F«/go— Bastard Pennyroyal. Blue Curls.

Fl Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat I^ast of September.

Ilab. Sandy grounds; old fields, &c. frequent. 8 to 15 inches high: flowers bright blue.

Ohs. This plant, when slightly bruised, emits an odor remarkably similar to that of the ripe kernels of the Juglans nigra, or black walnut.

OUBSa, ANGIOSFBIIMIA.

a. Calyx mostly S-clcft.

235. PHRYMA. Nutt. Gen. 520. tA Linniean name; whose origin, orderivation, has not even been conjectured.]

Cal. cylindric; upper lip longer, trifid; lower bidentate. Cor. upper lip emarginate; lower large. Seed 1 T leptostachya Ell. Leaves ovate, coarsely serrate: spikes slender; flowers opposite; fruit reflexe^ Fl. Beginning of July- Fr. mat. Mddle of September-

Hab. Borders of woodlands; fence-rows, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers pale purple, small.

Ohs The thin membranaceous Capsule, is liable to be overlooked by the student; and, indeed, the plani h^Theen %ce!-mGymno..permia by very able botanists who have only seen dried specimens: but tbef geed-vessel is quite obvious in the fresh plant-especially before the fruit is fully mature.

236. SCROPBULARIA. Nutt. Gen. 528. [Said to have been so named, from its supposed virtues in curing Scrophula.^ Cor. sub-globose, resupinate, middle segment of the lower lip reflexed. Caps. 2 celled. S. KARiLANDicA. Ell. Stem square: leaves ovate, doubly serrate; panicle terminal, compound, loose Fit/g-o— Carpenter's Square. Maryland Fig-wort.

Fl. Last of May till September. Fr. mat. August, and after.

Hah. Fence-rows; woodlands, &c. frequent. 3 to 6 feet high: flowers dingy greenish purple-

Ohs. This plant may be readily reco?;nized by " a small spathulate purple appendage attached to the tube of the corolla, just below the base of the upper segment." The root, bruised, is a popular application to phlegmons, &c. with a view to promote suppuration. What the real virtues of the plant are, I am unable to say.

237. BUCHNERA. Nutt. Gen. 531. [In honor of Jo/jrt Gottfried Buchner; a German Botanist.]

Cor. tube slender, long, border 5 lobed, lobes nearly equal, obcordate. Stam. short. Caps. 5 celled, B. AMERICANA. Ell. Scabrous; hairy; leaves lanceolate, opposite, sessile; spike remote-flowered. Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat.

Hah. Wet meadow, at Hayes' bridge. Street road: rare. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers puj-ple-

06s. I have only met with this in the above mentioned locality. The flowers, at first view, considerably resemble those of Phlox-

238. ANTIRRHINUM. Nutt. Gen. 532. [Gr. Anti, equal, or like, and Rhin, a nose; the flowers resembling the snout of some animals.]

CoR. spurred, or gibbous at base; ringent, throat closed by the prominent palate. Caps, ovate, 2 valved-

A. LIN ARIA. Ph. Glabrous; leaves scattered, lance-linear; spike terminal, dense-flowered; spur long;

F«/go— Toad-flax. Ransted weed. Devil's flax. Wild Snap-dragon.

Fl. Last of May till October. Fr. mat. A'lgust, and after.

Hab. Fence-rows: fields, &.c. common. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellow.

06s. This is a foreigner, but very extensively naturalized; and a most unwelcome intruder upon our farm-?;— being utterly worthless, and monopolizing much ground.

BIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. H

239. GERARDIA. Nutt. Om. bU [In honor of 7oAn Gerarrf; an English Herbalist of some celebrity in his day.]

Cor. subcampanulate, unequally 5 lobed, lobes mostly rounded. Caps. 2 celled, opening at top.

G. PURPUREA. Ell. Stem branched, scabrouB; leaves linear, scabrous; peduncles short; Sowers large,

Fl. Latter end of August. F>-. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Moist woodlands: Patton's, &c. frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers purple.

G. TENUiFoi.iA. Ell Stem branched, smoothish, 4 angled ; leaves linear, smoothish; peduncles long, slender.

Fl. Latter end ot August. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

JIab. Dry, sterile soils: Barrens, &c. frequent. 6 to 12 inches high: flowers purple-

Obs. This resembles the foregoing species, but is more delicate; and may be readily distinguished by its long peduncles.

G. AURicuLATA. Mr- Rough; leaves lance-ovate, entire, auriculate, sessile; flowers axillary, sessile.

Sijnon. Erinus africanus? Muhl.

Fl. Tiatter end of August. Fr. mat.

Hab. Patton's low grounds: very rare. 6 to 9 inches high: flowers purple.

Obs. A han Isome specimen of this plant was brought to me, in 1S16, by Joel C. Eaily, Esqr. who found it in the above localitv: but I have sought in vain for it ever since. The solitary occurrence of thespecies, in this place, is somewhat remarkable: though Mr. Schweinitz informs me, that the same plant suddenly made its appearanoe in great abundance, in 1823, near Nazareth, Penn. where it had never been seen before.

G. FI.AVA. Ph. Pubescent; leaves subsessile, lanceolate! flowers axillary, opposite, subsessile. Fl- Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Hilly woodlands: common. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers yellow, large.

G. QUERCiFOLTA. Ph. Glabrous; branching; leaves petiolate, pinnati.fid; flowers on short peduncles.

Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mat. Beg:inning of October.

Hab- Rich woodlands: below Wm. Bennett's; Brandywine: not common- 3 to 5 feet high: flowers yellow-

G. PKDicrji,ARiA. Ell. Villous; branching; leaves oblong, pinnatifid, lobes serrate; calyxsegmeuts leaflike Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Dry, slaty woodlands: Barrens, &c. frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers yellow.

240. PEDICULARIS. JVutt. Gen. 535- [Lati Pediculus, a Louse; but the reason of the name is undetermined.]

CoR. ringeut, upper lip emarginate, compressed. Caps. 2 celled, oblique, mucronate. Seeds coated- p. PALLIDA. Ph. Branching; leaves opposite, lanceolate, crenate-dentate; spike leafy, glabrous; galea obtuse Synon. P. sceptrum? (serotina). Muhl FuZgo— Late-flowering Louse-wort.

Fl Beginning of September. Fr mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Low grounds, and thickets: Patton's: frequent- 1 to 2 feet high: flowers greenish yellow- P- GLADiATA- P;j. Simple; leavcs lanceolatc, pinnatifid; flowers alternate; capsules ensiform-mucronate. J'/- Beginning of May- Fr. mat Middle of June.

Hab. Grassy banks, in swamps, &c- Amos Darlington's: rare. 9 to 15 inches high, flowers brownish yellow.

P. CANADENSIS. Ell Leaves pinnatifid; heads ieafy at base, hirsute; galea with two bristly teeth.

Vulgo — Wood Betony. Louse-wort.

Fl. Beginning of May, and after. Fr. mat. Jjatter end of June.

Hab. Woodlands, thickets, and sandy banks: frequent. 6 to 12 inches high: flowers yellow.

Obs. The stems of this species are often somewhat procumbent: and when it grows on sterile banks, exposed to the sun, the flowers are apt to be of a reddish brown color"- The prepii hr-ibis one of the Vi(iany which enter into the composition of poultices, for phlegmons, Sic. in popular practice.

241. MIMULUS. Nutt. Gen. 537. [Lat. Mimus, a masked actor; from a supposed resemblance of the flower to a mask.] Cal. prismatic. CoR. ringent; sides of the upper lip reflected, palate of the lower prominent- M. RiNGENs. Ell Leaves sessile; peduncles longer than the flowers; calyx teeth oblong, acuminata. r»i'^o— Monkey -flower.

Fl. Beginning of August, and after. Fr. mat. T>ast of September-

flab. Meadows; and lev moi=:t gra-Jads- common. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers bluisb purpk

7SL DID YN AMI A. ANGIOF^PERMIA.

M- ALATUS. Ell. Stem alatc; leaves petiolate, lance-ovate ; peduncles short; calyx teeth round, vnucronate> Fl- Last of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Iiab. Low grounds; borders of rivulets: frequent 1 to 3 feet high: flowers bluish purple.

242. CHELONE. Nutt. Gen. 538. [Gr. Chclone, a tortoise; the flower resembling the head of that animal.]

Cal. tribracteate. Cor. ringent, ventricose. Sterile filament short. Anthers vroolly. 5'eeds marginate'

C. GLABRA. Ell. Leavesopposite, lance-oblong, acuminate, serrate; spike terminal, dense-flowered.

F«/go— Snake-head. Shell-flower.

Fl. Latter end of August, and afcer. Fr. mat. Middle of October-

Hub. Borders of Swamps, and rivulets: frequent 2 to 3 fset hign: floweis white.

Oi5= Pentstemon pubescens grows in the northern part of this county, near the Schuylkill; but I have not found it in this immediate vicinity.

243. EPIPHEGUS. Nutt. Gen. 549. [Gr. Epi, upon, and PAeg-os, abeech; alluding to its parasitic connection with that tree.]

Polygamous: Sterile flowers above: Cor. ring;ent, compressed, 4 cleft, lower lip flat.

Ferti/e flowers below: CoR. minute, 4 toothed, caducous. Caps, rounaish, oblique, gibbous, 1 celled, (

E. AMERiCAiTOs. Nutt. Branching; naked; flowcrs alternate, distant, bracteate; root tuberous, squamose.( Synon. Orobanche virginiana. Auctorum. Fw?g:o-Beech-drops. Cancer root. Squaw-root.

ri. Beginning of September. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Woodlands, exclusively under Beech trecz: frequent. 6 to 15 inches high: flowers yellowish purple.

Ob$. This singular plant,— which, in the words of Michaux, is always to be found "in radice Faot, mc alicp plantce,"— possesses considerable astringency; and has been reputed a remedy m cancerous aflfections, dysentery, &c. See Barton's collectiom.

244. OROBANCHE, Nutt. Gen. 548.

[Gr. Orohos, a vetch, and anchein, to strangle; being supposed injurious to leguminous plants.] Cor. eubringent, tube recurved. Germ with a gland at the base. Caps, ovate, acute, 1 celled, 2 valved, O- BiFLORA- Natt. Stems very short, squamose, often clustered; peduncles 2, or 3, scapeform, 1 flowered, •Synon. O. uniflora. TVilld. Ph. Ell. &c. Fu/g-o-Broom-rape.

Fl. Latter end of May. Pr. mat. Beginning of July.

Hab. Hilly woodlands: along Brandywine: frequent. 3 to 6 inches high: flowers purplish white.

Obs The whole of this delicate little plant is of a yellowish dirty white, or pale tan color; and irt it? habit, or manner of growth, somewhat resembles the Monotropa,- except that the scape-hke peduncles are plender and naked.

b. Calyx i-clcft: rarely bifid.

245. MELAMPYRUM. Nutt. Gen. 547.

[Gr. JVfe/cs, black, and Pi/ros, wheit; its dark seeds somewhat resembling grains of wheat.]

Cor. upper lip compressed, margin folded back; lower grooved, trifid. Caps 2 celled, oblique. Seeds oblong,

M. LiNEARE. Ell. Lower leaves linear, entire; upper ones lancfolate, toothed at base; flowers axillary.

Synon. M. americanum. Mx. Fw/go— Cow-wheat.

Fl- Latter end of June. Fr- mat. Middle of August, and after.

JIab. Barrens: abundant. 6 to 18 inches high: flowers greenish yellow, tingec] with purple.

Obs. This plant seemtto be entirely restricted, in its habitat, to our slaty barrens,— where it is very abuB dant.

246. EUCHROMA. Nutt. Gen. 54? [Gr. Eu, ^rell, or handsomely, and CAroma, color; in allusion to its showy, scarlet bractes.]

Cal. spatheform, bifid, or 4 cleft. Cor. upper lip long, linear; lower short, trifid. Anthers linear, coherin

E. cocciNEA. Ell. Stemleaveslinear.incised-pinnatifid, segments linear; bractes trifid; calyx bifid.

Synon. Bartsia coccinea. Auctorum. F'^tf/g-o— Painted Cup. Red Robin.

Fl. Last of April, and after. Fr. v.ct. Last of June, and cfier.

Hah- Old meadows: borders of a>y&mps: frequent, 9 to 18 inchee high; flowers yellowish green; bractes red.

7$

CLASS XIV. TETRADYNAMIA,

ORDER; S1Im1CTJ1,OBA.

a. Siiicles mostly entire.

247. DRABA. Nittt. Gen 551. [An ancient Greek name; of uncertain meaning.]

S'dicle oval-oblong; valves flaftish, parallel with the dissepiment. Style scarcely any. D. VERN-A. Ph. Leaves oblong, acute, subserrate, rough-haired; scape naked; petals bifid; stigma sessile. Synon. D. hispidula.' Mx- Fii/g-'o— "Whitlow-grass. April flower. Shad blossom.

Fl. Beginning of April. ^r. mat. Beginning of June.

JIab. Sandy banks: roadsides, &c. common. 1 to 4 inches hi-h: flowers white. Obs. This delicate little plant, in mild seasons, often blooms in February and March.

248. ALYSSUM. JVutt. Gen. 552. [Gr. c, privative, and Lyssa, madness; being supposed to cure that malady.] Siltde subentire, marginate, mucronate with the style; valves concave. Filam. 2 shortest sometimes toothed. A. SATIVUM. JVg. Leaveslanceolate, sagittate, amplexicaul; siiicles obovate, inflated. Syiwn. Myagrum sativum. Willd. Sac. Camelina saliva. Persooi}. F«/g-o— Wild Flax'. Mad-wort. Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. vwt. Beginning of July.

Jlab. Cultivated grounds: chiefly among Flax, sometimes Wheat: frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowersyellow. 06s This foreigner is an unwelcome intruder in our Flax crops; where it is sometimes pretty abundant. Some few of our farmers are so deplorably ignorant of the botanical branch of their profes.4n as to believV that this plant is a sort of degenerate Flax; and that the melnmorphosis is the result of sowing ilax-«eed iii a burnt soil-as where brush-heaps, &c. have been burnt! This is worse, if possible, than the transforma- tion of wheat into cheat. But, happily lor the dignity of the agricultural character, the extension of natural ^lence among our young farmers is rapidly exploding all such disreputable ab^urditie'^ ^▼hichfts'seedJ JffSd*°°*' ''"'^ ^'^"^^""2' ^^at this plant is cultivated, in Germany, for the sake of the oil

b. Siiicles emarginate.

249. LEPIDIU.M. Nidt. Gen. 554.

[Supposed from the Or. Lepis, lepidos, a scale, or shell; from the form of the seed-vessels.]

Silicle orbicular, 2 celled; cells 1 seeded; valves keeled; dissepiment contrary.

L. viRGiNicuM. EU. Sub-diandrous; t&dical leaves pinnatifld; cauline lance-linear, sub-incised-serratc

Vulgo— Wild Pepper-grass.

Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat. Last of July, and after.

Hab. Lanes, fields, and roadsides: common. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers white, minute.

250. THLASPI. Nutt-.-Gen. 55-5.

[An ancient Greek pame: " a thlao, comprimo, quia* ejus siliqua est valde compressa." Bocrh.l

SilicU obcordate, 2 celled; seeds numerous; valves boat-form, with the keels outward.

T. BURSA PASTORis. Ell. Hairy; radical leaves pinnalind, cauline lanceolate; pods deltoid-obcordate.

f«/g-o— Shepherd's Purse.

Fl. Middle of April, and after. Fr. mat. Last of June, snd aft-r.

Hab. Gardens, fields, and roadsides: very common. C to 20 inches high: flowers white, smnll-

Ob«. This foreign weed has become so extensively naturalize 1 as to be rather troublesome in our gardens and grain fields It is subject to many rarieti>s. psfticubrly in itsrsdiml leaver: somo h»in- nonrlv rnlirp- ana oiheTspseudo-pinnat*-.

j^4 TETSADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA,

a. Calyx closed; Uajlds longitudinally conniving.

251. ERYSIMUM. Nutt. Gen. 561. [Gi. '■' ab cr'jo, cxtralia, quiaob suam calliditatem habet vim eruendi extra corpus quid latet." BQerh.} Siliquc straight, linear, exactly 4 sided. Stigina capitate- }:. oFFicNAJ.E. lOU. Lower leaves ruiicinate, upper ones sub-hastate; pods appressed to the stem. Kfi/c-o— Hedge Mustard. , ^ ■, , , r

Fl. Last of Mpy till autumn. />■ '"«'• L3.t of July, and after.

JIab. About houses; gardens, roadsides, &c. frequent. 1 to 3 feet high: flowers greenish yellow, small.

0'„ A naturalized foreigner. Like the generality of Tetradynareous plants, it is w-arm and acrid to the »^i and aSinStoV^n^^ i" W.tl>erin|, the j.uTc has been found "beyond any lungmu'f"? f '^^ liTroat.-when aSice of Doctors and Surgeon, availed nothing." I am unacquainted with its virtues-

252. BARBAREA. Nult. Gen. 559.

[ ^

,%-ilique -Isided-ancipital; sccd.^ in a single series. C«Z. erect. GVands between the short stamens and germ. B VULG4.RIS Nutt. Radical leaves lyrale-pinnatifid, terminal lobe large, rounded; caulineobovate, dentate. Siinon Erysimum barbarea. JVilld. Muhl. he FtJffo-Scurvy grass. Winter Cress. Yellow Rocket. Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Beginning of August.

Hah. Low, muddy shores of the BrandywiOe; frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellow.

Of,, It seems to be doubted whether this is a native. It is, however, pretty common in the low grounds .nlong our creeks. The radical leaves are frequently collected, early in the spring, and eaten as a sallad, unde'r the name of "Seurvy grass."

253. ARABIS. Nutt. Gen. 561. [An ancient greek name of a plant; supposed to be a native of Arabia.'} Suique linear, compressed, crowned with the stigma. Glands 4, squamiform, 1 within each calyx-leaflet. A LYRATA. Nutt. Radical leaves lyrate, pilose; cauline linear, glabrous; pedicels spreading, pods erect. Fl. Latter end of April, and after. Fr. mat. Last of May, and after-

tiab. Sterile, stony hills; Barren ridge: frequent. 6 to 15 inches high: flowers white, conspicuous. \ F ^LC.VT A. Ms. Leaves lanceolate, narrow at each end, obsoletely dentate; pods pendulous, falcate &ynon. A. canadensis. Willd. Ell. Nutt. Fw/g;o— Sickle-pod . Turkey-pod. Wall-cress.

Fl Beginning of June . Fr. mat. Last of August.

Hah. Hilly woodlands; along Brandy wine: frequent. About 2 feet high: flowers white, smallish.

Obs. The seeds of this species are encircled by a membranaceous border, the margins overlapping. A. rvHOMBOiDEA. Ell. Root tuberous; leaves glabrous, sub-rhomboid, repand-dentate, lower ones roundish. .^1/7! wi. A. bulbosa. Mv.hl. A. tuberosa? and rhomboidea. Persoon. F?(/g-d— Spring cress. Fl. Middle of April, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of June, and after.

Hub. Springs, and along muddy rivulets: common. 9 to IS inches high: flowers white, large.

Obs The fleshy root of this species is quite pungent to the taste; and Pursh thought it worthy to be intrd- duced into garden^s, to be used as cresses.' Dr. ivfuhlenberg seemed to doubt whether tl^ns was not the Cardamine rotundifolia, of Michr,ux,-and his dbnbt has been adopted by ISlessrs. ^ "ttall W. RC Bar on, and Elliott: but I am satistied that tlie plants are clearly distinct,— as 1 have lound both, in this vicinity. iS'ce Cardamine rotundifolia.

2.54. DENTARIA. Nutt. Ge7i. 5-57. [Lat. J)en::, dcniis, a tooth; from the tooth-like processes of the root.]

Siliq\(c opening ela.stically; valves nerveless, revolute. Dissepiment sub-fungose. Stigma emarginate. D. LACirviATA. Ell. Leaves in 3's,ternate; leaflets linear-oblonu;, incised-dentate; root moniliford. Sipwn. D. concntenata. Mr. Fw^-o-Toolli-wort.

FL Middle of April. Fr. mat. Beginning of June.

Hib Rich TTooulan Is: frequent- 9 to 1.' inches high; flowers r^rplish wnite.

TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. 75

b. Catyx gaping; Icajlcts distant above.

255. CARD AMINE. JVutt. Gen. 55S.

[Gr. '"■ a Aa?'j (vel Kear,) cor, et damao, domo, quasi planta cordis deficientes vires restaurans." JBoerh-}

Silique ojjening elasticallj'; valves mostly revolute, same length as the dissepiment. Stigma entire

C ROTUNDiFOLiA. J^/x. Branching; slender; glabroiis; leavcs simple, suborbicular,pet!olate; pods Spreading.

' Fi. Middle of May. /•>. victt. Middle of June.

Hab. Shaded, swampy spring, at the Brandy wine: rare. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers white, smalli.sh.

Obs- I have met with this plant in one spot only,— in a shaded, muddy spring, ct the foot of the hill, on the •west side of Brandy wine, nearly opposite Jolm Taylor's Mill — whure it is pretty abundant. It would appear that Dr. Muhlenberg had never seen it; as he seemed to think Michau:c'i description was intended for tlie Arabis rhomboidea. But they are undoubtediy distinct plants. The roots of the Cardamine are constantly tibrous; tiie stems mostly branching, somewhat procumbent, branches slender and weak; the leaves are all petiolate, and nearly orbicular; the lower ones often two inches in diameter, and on pretty long petioles, the upper ones gradually diminish in size, as they asx^end, the top ones not being more than one third, or one half of an inch in diameter, and the petioles becoming shorter in the same in;umer. The peduncles are spreading, almost divaricate; the petals are not more than half the size of those of A- rhom- boidea; the stigma is simple, and very small, on a tapering stjie nearly aline in length. The plant is not so acrid as the Arabis; but is rather bitter to the taste. In tine, I am well satisfied that this is Michaux's C rotundifolia; in which opinion I am fortified by Dr. Torrey, to whom I sent specimens.

C- PE]VNSYi.vANiCA. Ell- Glabrous; leaves pscudo-pinnate, segmentsroundish-oblong, obtuse; pods erect- Synon. C. virginica.' Mx. ru/g-o—A.-nerican Water-cress. Lady's smock.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Beginning of June.

Jlab- Spring heads, rivulets, swamps, &c. frequent. 12 to IS inches high: flowers white.

Obs- The silique is terminated by a short tapering style, or beak, as in the fore!?:oing; and, when matur'O, the valves burst open with great elasticity, and roll up spirally. The leaves of the young plants are often gathered, m the spring, and eaten, under the common name of '' water cresses."

CLASS XV. MONADELPHIA.

ORDER, TRIANDPcSA.

256. SISYRINCHIU.M. Nntt. Gen. 26. [Gr. Stjs, a hog, and Rhynchos, a snout; hogs being supposed to be fond of rooting it up. J

Cal. spathe, 2 leaved. Cor. superior, 6 cleft, tube short. Caps. 3 celled, pedicellate beyond the spath. . S. MUCRONATUM. Ell. Stem simple, setaccous; leavesnarrow; spathe colored; outer valve loug-mucronatc, F"'oO~Sword-pointed Blue-eyed Grass.

Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr- mat. Last of June, and after-

Hub. Low grounds, and meadows : frequent. 9 to 12 inches high: flowers blue.

S. BERMUDiANU.M. Ell Stem ancipital, alate, leafy; leaves grass-like; spathe shorter than the flowers. Synon. S. anceps.'PA. Bart. Fl. Phil. &c. Fit/go— Blue-eyed grass.

Fl. Beginning of June, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

Hub. Woodlands; thickets, &c. frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers blue-

Obs. I can perceive no sufficient reason to remove this genus into the Class Triandria, so long as that o! Monadelphia shali be deemed xyortby of a place in the Sexual Syslc:.;.

257. LOBELIA. Nutt. Gen. .168. llnhonoToi Matthias de. Label; a Flemish Botanist. J Cal. 5 cleft. Cor. 1 petalled, irregular, upper side deeply clef'. Anthers cohering. C.ii's. 2 or 2 celle J

L. ci.AYTONiANA. Ph. Simple; pubescent; leavcs oblong, obtuse; raceme virgate; bracfes subulate-

il. Beginning of June till September. Fr. mat. Beginning of August, and after.

Hak: Ficlds.nxeadows. and woodlands; frequent. 1 tn 3 fy-et high, slf-nd^r: flowers pale blue; small

76 MONADELPHIA. PENTANDRIA.

Jj. INFI.ATA. EU. Branching; hirsute; leaves lance-ovate, serrate; racemes leaf j; capsules inflated.

Fu/go— Eye-bright. Indian Tobacco. Puke-weed.

Fl- Middle of July till October. Fr. mat. September, and after.

Jlab- Pastures; roadsides, &c. common. 12 to 16 inches high: flowers palfe blue, smajl-

Ohs. The lactescent juice of this species is highly acrid; and the plant is said to possess very active pro- perties— being cathartic? emetic, and narcotic, according to the dose. The tincture of the leaves has been found servicenble in cases of asthma, &c. in the northern States; but I believe it has rarely been used in this part of the country .

Li. syphilitica. Ell Simple; sub-hirsute; leaves lance-oval, serrulate; calyx hispid, sinuses reflexcd. Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hob. Swamps, and low grounds: frequent. 1 to4 feet high: flowers bnt;ht blue, large.

Ohs. A handsome, showy species; — the flowers are sometimes tinged with purple, and occasionally, though rarely, are milk white. This plant was one of the Indian nostrums, which formerly attracted so much notice; and was reputed to be a remedy for syphilis — whence its specific name:— but, like most of the In- dian remedies, it lost its character as soon as reason and observation were substituted for blind faith.

Li. caedinalis. Ell. Simple; leaves lanceolate, denticulate; raceme lub-secund; stamens long.

FuZg-o— Cardinal flower.

Fl. Last of July till October. Fr- mat. Middle of October.

Hub. Low grounds: along rivulets, &c. frequent. 1^ to 3 feet high: flowers bright crimson-

Obs. This truly superb plant would doubtless be cultivated in our flower gardens with great care, if it ■were less common. It is said to be endued with vermifuge properties; but I believe it is only on Indian authority.

The genus Lobelia does not exactlj' accord with the prevailing character of the Class Monadelphia; but it is, perhaps, arranged here with as much propriety as it could be in any othey class.

OBBEH, DECANDI^IA.

258. GERANIUM. Nutt. Gen. 574. [Gr. Geranos, a crane; the persistent style resembling the beak of that bird-]

Cal. 5 leaved. Cor. petals 5, regular. Stigmas 5. Ai^ils 5, 1 seeded, mucronate.

Q. maculatum. Ell. Erect; leaves 5 parted, segments cuneate-obovate; petals twice aslong as the calj'x.

Fw/go— Crow-''oot. Spotted Crane's-bill. Wild Geranium. Alum-roct.

J=7. Beginning of May, and after. Fr- mat. Middle of June, and after.

Hab- Woodlands; field-sides, Sac common. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers reddish purple, large.

Obs. The root of this plant is a pretty valuable astringent; and has been much used in diarrhoeas, hemor- rhage, &c. See Barton's Collections; Coxe's Medical Musemn, &c.

G. cakolinianum. EU. Diffuse; leaves 7 parted; peduncles sub fascicled; petals the length of the calyx.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Last of June.

Hab. Brandy wine; west side, above Painter's bridge: rare- 12 to IS inches long: flowers white, small.

05s. This species is very rare, and apparently a stranger, jn this vicinity. The variety with red-veined flowers, grows in great abundance about Danville, Columbia county. I have not seen \t here.

Ocj^ G. DiSKECTtTM, P/i. (G- PUsitLUM, Muhl ?) is abundant along the Susquehansa, near M'Call'sferrj; but has not been found hereabouts 8c|=Pursh is mistaken in saying that the G. robertianx^m, of this country, does notposseFS the heavy scent which belonss to the European plant. I observed that peculiar odor in a very high dtgree, in specimens which I collected at West Point, N. Y. I have not met with the plant in this State.

259. OXALIS. Nutt. Gen. 420. [Gr. Oxysi sharp, cr sour; in reference to the acid quality of the plant.] Oal. 5 leaved. CoH. petals 5, claws connected. .Sfam. alternately shorter. Caps. 5 celled, 5 angled.

O. viOLACEA. Ell. Rootbulbous; scape umbelliferous; flowers nodding; styles shorter than the stapiens|

Fu/ffo— Violet Wood Sorrel.

Fl- Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

Hab. Rich, shaded grounds: woodlands: frequent. 5 to 9 inches high: flowers purple.

O. C0RN1CUI.ATA. Ell- Pubcscent; stems sub'-procumbent, radicating; umbels the length of the petioles.

Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of June, and after.

Hab. Fields; and woodlands: common. 3 to 6 inches long: flowers yellow.

O; sTUiCTA. Ell. Hairy; stem erect, branching; umbels longer than the petioles, Fu/sTP— Common Wood Sorrr !.

MONADELPHIA. POLYANDRIA. 77

Fl- Middle of June till September. Fa mat August, and after.

Hah- Borders of woods; fields, &c. common. 6 to 13 inches high: flowers yellow.

06.?. I have some small, erect specimens, with hirsute stems, and umbels longer than the leaves,— which Mr. Schweinitz thought might be the O DiUcnii, of Pursh (O. furcatal Elliott) . Mr. Nuttall, however, Beems to consider that species scarcely distinct from the O. strlcta.

I have followed Michaux, in arranging thiagpnusin Monadelphia; to which place it appears to havequite as much pretension, at least, as the genus Lobelia.

ORDEH, POLYANDRIA.

260. SIDA. Ntdt. Gen. 577. [An ancient Greek name; of uncertain etymology.]

Cal. simple, an&ular, 6 cleft. Cor. petals 5. S-^i/Ze many parted. Caps, many; each 1 or 3 seeded.

S- spmosA. Ell. Leaves lance-ovate, or sub-cordate, dentate-serrate; axils subspinose; capsules 2 horned. Fl. Beginning of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of September, and after.

Hub. Dry banks; roadsides, Sec. frequent- 9 to 15 inches high: flowers yellow.

Obs. Spmosa is not a good name; as there are, in fact, no re al spines,— but mere minute points, or pro- tuberances, ju.st below the axils, which can scarcely be considered as even the rudiments of spines. Is the plant really spinosem its native regions.? It is a stranger here: and was somewhat rare when this catalogue was commenced, in 1813— but it is now (1825) becoming quite common.

S. ABUTiLOTf. Ell. Silky-tomentcse;leavesround-cordate, acuminate ; capsules 2 awned, truncate. FuZg-o— Indian I\I.»llow. De Witt weed. Velvet-leaf.

Fl. Middle of July till October- Fr. mat. Middle of August, and after.

Hub. Gardens, lanes, fields, &c. common. 2 to 5 feet high: flowers yellow.

Obs. A naturalized foreigner; and becoming troublesome in our cultivated grounds.

261. MALVA. Nutt. Gen. 578.

[An ancient Latin name; of obscure derivation.]

Cal. double; outer one Sleaved, inner 5 cleft. Con. petalso. Caps, many, 1 seeded, arranged orbicularly.

M. ROTUXDiroLiA. Ell. Stem prostrate; leaves cordate-oibicular; peduncles of the fruit declinate.

Vulgo—Runn'ins: Mallows. Low Mallows.

Fl. Middle of May till October . Fr. mat. August, and after-

Hah. Gardens, yards, and grass-lots: common- 12 to 20 inches long: flowers reddish white.

Obs. A naturalized foreigner; and rather troublesome in plardens, &;c. It contains considerable mucil- age; and is much used, in popular practice, as an ingredient in emollient cataplasms— also in infusion, as ii

ISI. MoscHATA. IVg. Erect; radical leaves reniform, incised; cauline 5 parted, segments pinnatifid.

Vulgo—Mosk Mallows.

Fl. Middle of June, and after- Fr. mat.

Uab. Brandywine, near John Taylor's mill: rare- About 2 feet high; flowers pale red, or nearly white.

se?b*y iS musky odor^"'^'""^'' ^"'^ ^^^'"'' '° ^''^'^ escaped from the garden-:. It may be readily recogni^

sefcuocaHtkr'^''^^ ^^^ ^'^'^ e.'stended itself beyond our gardens, and is becoming almost naturalized in

262. HIBISCUS. Nuft. Gen. 580.

[An ancient Greek name; of unknown derivation.]

Cal. double; outer one many leaved, inner 5 cleft. Cor. petals 5. Stig. 5. Caps. 5 ceiled, many seeded .

H. TRioxuM. JVilld. Upper leaves ternate, or 3 parted, dentate, middle lobe long; inner calyx inflated. Fu/;;,'o— Bladder Ketmia. Flower of an hour.

/v. IMiddle of July, and alter. Fr. mat. Beginning of September, and after.

Hah. Gardens; Indian torn-fields, &c. not common. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellowish white.

Obs. This foreigner is frequent about our gardens; and is bsgianing to extend itself into cultivated fields, it appears to be the variety B (.ternatus.) of Willdenow-.

rs

CLASS XVL DIADELPHIA.

OHSER, KEXANDHXA.

2eS. CORYDALIS. Nutt. Gen. 587. [Gr. Korydalos, a lark; Larkspurj— in reference to the calcarate nectaries. J

Cal. 2 leaved. Cou. ringent. Fi/. 2, membranaceous, each with 3 aniAcrs. Caps, siliquose, many seeded. C. cucuLLARiA. Ph. Root bulbous; scape naked; raceme simple, sub-secund; spurs 2, divaricate. jS^non. Fumaria cucullaria. Willd. Mx. he- Valgo — Dutchman's Breechea. Breeches flower.

Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat.

Hah. Low grounds, along Brandywine: not common. 6 to 10 inches high: flowers white, mouth yellow.

Ohs. This curious little plant occurs in a few places, along the margm of the Brandywine, near the forks; but I incline to doi^bt its being native there.

ORDER, OCTANDRZA.

264. POLYGALA. Nutt. Gen. 589. [Gr. Poly, much, and Gala, milk; from its supposed influence on the secretion'of milk.] Cal. 5 leaved, 2 of them larger, wing-like, colored- Cor. irregular. Caps, obcordate, 2 celled, 2 valved. p. SENEGA. Ell. Stem simple, weak, leafy ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, subsessile; spike terminal, filiform. FuZffo— Seneka Snake-root. Milk-wort. Mountain Flax. Fl. Middle of May. f'r- ^nat.

Hah. Hilly woodlands: Bath; Brandywine: frequent. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers white.

Ohs. The active medical properties of the root of this plant are extensively known. It is particular]^ valuable as a stimulating expectorant.

p. PURPLTREA. Nutt. Leaves oblong-linear; spikes cylindric, obtuse; calyx wings twice as long as the cap-

^ynon. P. sanguinea. Ph. Mx. Muhll [sule.

Fl. Last of July, till October. Fr. mat.

JIah. Sterile, low ;jrounds; Patton's, &c. frequent. 5 to 10 inches high: flowers purple.

p. VERTICII.LATA. Nutt. Leaves linear, verticillate and scattered; calyx wings shorter than the capsulej

Ft. Middle of July, and alter. Fr. mat^

Hah. Woods, old fields, &c. frequent. 6 to 12 inches high: flowers greenish white, sometimes purpli

p. 4.5rBiGUA. Ndtt. First leaves verticillate, the rest alternate; calyx wings equal with the capsule.

JV. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat.

Hah. Sterile soils: Barrens, &c. frequent- 9 to 15 inches: flowers purple and white.

06t This and the preceding species are nearly allied to each qther. They are both .^lender plants, most" 'y br*nching!^with filiform spikes of small flowers; buc the flowers aje rather larger m this than in the J foregoing, and the spikes supported on longer peduncles. j

ORDER, DSGANDRXA,

A. Filaments mostly all united: or Monad elphous, 265. LUPINUS. Nutt. Gen. 592. [Derivation obscure: supposed from the Lat. Lvpus, a wolf; because it was thought to injure the soil, j Cal. bilabiate. Anthers 5 oblong, and 5 roundish. Legume coriaceous, torulose. L PERENm". Ell. Smoothish; flowers subverticillate;calyxnotappendr.ged; banner emarginate. Ju..a-Wild Lupin^ Perennial Lupin. ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^_^^

1^5 £3^-11: Valleyhills: not common. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers purpli.h blue, or violet.

Ohs. This ornamental plant is --ewhat rare in this vi^^^^^^^ m the field.

-Bcar the Boot tavern; but H is more frequent en the Great ^ alley hil ,.

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA; n

* 266. CROTALARIA. Nutt. Gen. 593.

IGi- Krotalon, a rattle; alluding to the ripe seeds which become loose, aad rattle in the pods.] Cor. banner obcordate, large; keel acuminate. Filaments with a dorsal fissure. Legume pedicellate, turgid.

C. sAGiTTALis. Ell- Hirsute; erect; leaves lance-oblong; stipules sagittatCj acuminate, decurrent- Fit/g-o— Rattle-box.

Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of August, and after.

Hub- Sterile, sandy soils: N. of Dilworthtown: not common. 4 to 12 inches high: flowers yellow.

Ohs. In 1818, I observed this plant to be quite abundant in a small old field, of Jacob Bennett, onthe bigb ground b. L. of Birmingham meeting-house: but have rarely met with it since.

267. TEPHROSIA. Nutt. Gen. 622.

[Gr. Tepliros, ash-colored; alluding to the cinereous, or hoary aspect of the plant.] Cal. 5 cleft; segments subulate, nearly equal. Legume compressed, subcoriaceous. T. viRGiNiANA. Ell. Hoary-villous; leaflets oval-oblong, mucronatc; raceme terminal, subsessile. Synon. Galega virginiana. IVilld- Mahl. Mx. Fu/g-o— Cat-gut. Goats-Rue. Ft. Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Barrens; and Valley hilis: frequent. About 1 foot high: flowers yellowish white, tinged with purple. Obs. This plant is almost exclusively confined to our slatv, barren woodlands, and the Gr^^at Valley hills —where it is pretty frequent, growing in bunchps,or clusters. The flowers are large, and handsome The filaments are sub-monadclphous—one being partially separated from the others, near the base- An inf"- 51011 of the long slender roots is a popular remedy for worms, in children.

B. Filaments m 2 sets: mostly 9 together, and I separated. a. Legume ma^iy-sccded. f Stigma pubescnit.

268. PHASEOLUS. Nntt. Gen. 612.

[Lat. Phaselus, a boat; in reference to the figure of the le:;ume.] CoR. keel, with the stamens and style, spirally twisted. Legume compressed, falcate- Seeds renifortt;. p. peren-nis. Ell. Voluble; leaves ternate, ovate,3 nerved; racemes in pairs, longer than the leaves. Synon. P. paniculatus. M.t. F'//g-o— Wild Kidney Bean.

F/. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latier end of September.

Uab. Rocky vi-oodland, South of JlilUown: rare. 4, toG or 8 feet long: flowers purple.

Obs. The leaves are remarkably tenacious, on the under surface, by means of hooked hairs. I have only met with this on the side of the road leading from Milltowa to West-town School.

239. ROEINLi. Nutt. Gen. 620.

[Dedicated to Joh7i and Vespasian Robin, father and son; French Botanist?.]

Cal. small, 4 cleft; upper segment 2 parted. Cor. banner large, reflexed, roundish. Legume compressed,

R. PSEUDACACiA. Ell. Leaves unequally pinnate; stipules spinescent; racemes pendulous; legumes smooth.

Fu/g:o— Locust tree. False Acacia.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr- mat. Middle of September.

H&b- Meadows; fence-row.s, &.c. frequent. 20 to 50 feet high: flowers white.

Obs. A handsome and valuable tree, celebrated for the durability of its wood. The culture of it has been much recommended, for posts of post*and-iaii iences, in preference to live hedrres; but this is stiil a moot point among some of our best farmers. (See Memoirs Ptnn. A'^ric. Societij.) For inv own part,I incline to prefer hedges —Although this tree is quite frequent here, it has never appeared to me to be decidedly mdigeuous to this vicinity.

i^ Stigma u'iihotit puhesccna.

270. AFiOS. Nuit. Gen. 614. tGr. Apios, a pear-tree; its tuberous root resembling the fruit of that tree.] Cal. upper lip truncate, lower 1 toothed. Cor. keel falcate, reflecting the banner. Legume sub-teiete= A. TUBERosA Ell. Voluble; leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets ovate-lanceol.ite; root tuberous. Synon. Glycine apios. IFmd. 3Ix. .Miihl. Vulgo-Giomi nut. Wild Bean.

Fl. Latter end of July. p,.. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Woodlands, and thickets: Patton's: not common. 5 to Sfeet Ion?: flowers purplish brown. Ohs. The tuberous root of this plant, it is sv.-S, formed an article of food t© tVr Vjo;--'n?5 of this couiUry.'

80 DiADELPHIA. DECANDRIA.

271. AMPHICARPA. Nutt. Gen. 615.

[Gr . Antphi, both, or about, and Karpos, fruit; producing fruit both above and at the surface of the earth.]

Cal. 4 toothed. Cor. petals oblong, equal ; banner with the sides appressed. Legume compressed, stipitate. A. MowoicA. Ell Racemes of the stem clustered, mostly sterile; peduncles below apetalous, fertile. Synon. Glycine mouoica. Willd. Mx- Muhl Ph. Vulgo— Wild Bean-vine.

Fl- Middle of August. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Woods, thickets, fence-rows, &c- common. 4, to 6 or 8 feet long: flowers white, or pale purple.

Obs. This slender vineis mostly found twinin?; round shrubs: the racemes of the stem in pendulous clus- ters, and generally sterile— though I have several specimens bearing short falcate pods, about an inch longy and each for the most part containing three dark purple, or nearly black, compressed, subreniform seeds. The fruit, produced at the surface of the earth, I have not satisfactorily examined.

A. sARMETiTOSA? Ell. Leaves rhomb-ovate; racemes sub-terminal, filiform; flowers few, incomplete-

Synon. Glycine sarmentosa? fVilld. Muhl. Ph.

Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. viat.

Hab. Woodlands, along Brandywine; C. Brinton's, jr: rare. 2 to4 feet high: flowers white.

Obs. I have met with this plant but once, in the ^yoods above Brinton's ford, near the forks of the Bran- dywine. The whole plant is pilose — the leaves sprinkled with hairs on both sides, and ciliate on the mar- gms,— rhomboid- ovate in figure, and acute. The racemes filiform, subterminal, and few flowered, (3 to 6) — the flowers small and incomplete, there being no carina; — but there is a partial corolla — viz. banner and wings, — which are spreading and white. The germ is villous— the mature fruit I have not seen.

b. Legume mostly 1 seeded.

272. TRIFOLIUM. Nutt. Gen. 604.

[Lat. literally meaning three leaves; a feature characteristic of the genus.]

Flowers sub-capitate: Legume valveless, included in the calyx, 1 to 4 seeded-

T. REPENS. Ell. Creeping; leaflets obovate, emarginate, serrulate; heads sub-globose; pods 3 or 4 seeded-

FwZgo— White Clover. Dutch Clover. Shamrock, of the Irish.

Fl. Latter end of May, and after. Fr. mat. July, and after.

Hab. Pastures: woodlands, &c. common. 6 to 12 inches long; flowers white.

Obs. It has been doubted, by some, whether this species of clover is a native. If not, it is certainly most comoletely naturalized. Mr. Pursh, who by the way seem?! to have been tinctured with the doctrine of equivocal generation, remarks that this is one of the plants "whose dissemination is really problematical:" -— meanin"-, that it often makes its appearance in situations, and under circumstances, which he could not explain— for Want of facts and observation ! Mr. Elliott says it is eaten but sparingly by stock of any kind; and often produces salivation. In this region, however, it is esteemed as excellent pasture. It if rarely, if ever cultivated artificially; but comes in, as the farmers term it, in good soils which are permitted to repose a few years. Honey-bees are remarkably fond of extracting the nectar from its flowers.

T ARVENSE. Ell. Erect; villous; leaflets linear-oblanceolate; heads cylindric; calyx teeth long, plumosely Fu/°-o— Stone Clover. Welsh Clover. Hare's foot Trefoil. Rabbit foot- [villous.

Fl. Last of June, till September. Fr. mat. Middle of August, and after.

Hab. Sterile, gravelly old fields, and roadsides: frequent. 6 to 12 inches high: flowers white, small.

Obs. A worthless species; generally indicative of poor land, and bad farming. T. PROCUMBENS. Ph. Stems difi"use, hairy, leaflets cuneate-obovate, emarginate: heads oval, imbricate- . Vulg:o—Ye\\o\v Clover. Small Hop Trefoil Hop clover.

jF/. Last of May, and after Fr. mat. „ ,. ^ ,

JIab. Gravelly soil: Wilmington road, 4 miles below Dilworthtown: rare. 3to6mcheslong: flowersyellow.

Obs This humb'e species is believed to be a foreigner; and has not yet extended itself into this immedi- ate vfcinity ■ though it is gradually approaching. Mr. Schweinite, m a note to me, remarks that " it ought to b^ noticed m your publication, on account of the curious steadmess;^of Us peregnna ions. I have been assured by the fa?e Rev. S. Kramsch, that when he came to Salem, N. C about ITOO, no trace of it was ^P^n there It is at this dav (1825,) by far the most common plant in all old fields &c. I myself noticed Us r4''^''^dvJnces deeper into the western country, for 10 years. Here, at Bethlehem, I have nolob- fservedit." ,. ,, ,..,,,

gcF-For T. PRATENSE,or Red Clover, See Appendix of cultivated plants.

273. STYLOSANTKES. Nv.tt. Gen. 605. [Gr. Stylos, a column, and Anihos, a flower; the corolla being supported on a pillar in the calyx.] Cal. tubular, long, bearing the corolla above the germ. Pod 1 or 2 jointed, hooked at the apex.

S. EL4.TI0R. Ell. Stem erect, pubescent on one side; leaflets lanceolate; bracte-:. ciliate with loivgbristle?-

Synon.. S. hispida,t-ar. erecta- Ph. Mx. r.(?so-Pencil flower

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRLi. 81

Pi. Latter end of July, and after. Fr mat. Middle of September.

Hob- North hills of the Great Valley; rare elsewhere. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers yellow.

274. LESPEDEZA. Nidi- Gen. 607. [In honor of GovernoT Lespedez, of Florida; '' erga me peregrinatorem officiosissimus." Mr]

Cal. bibracteate, 5 parted, segments subequal. Cor. keel transversely obtuse. Pod lenticular, unarmed.

Li. sEssiLirLORA. Ell. Erect; leaflets oblong-oval; fascicles of flowers subsessile; pods mucronate.

Synon. Hedysarum reticulatum. IVilld. Muhl- Fd/g-o— Bush Clover.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hub. Dry, hilly woodlands: Barrens&c frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers purple.

L. vioi.ACEA. Ell. Leaflets elliptic; racemes subumbellate, as long as the petioles; pods rhomboid, hairy.

Synon. Hedysarum violaceum. IVilld. Muhl.

Fl. Last of August. Fr. mat. Middle of Octsber.

Huh. Borders of woodlands: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers violet purple.

L. DivERGENS. Ph. Branching; leaflets oblong, obtuse; racemes longer than the petioles; pods ovate.

Synon. Hedysarum divergens. IVilld- Muhl.

Fl- Last of August. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hah. Dry woodlands: Barrens, near G. Vernon's: not common. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers purple.

Ohs. Nearly allied to the preceding; but, as Mr. Elliott remarko, it is more diffusely branching; the leaflets are longer and larger— the inflorescence more racemose— and the pods less hairy.

L. ANGtrsTiFOLtA..' Ell. Branching; leaflets linear-oblong, pubescent beneath; racemes capitate.

Synon. L. capitata. var- angustifolia- P/t?

Fl. Last of August. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Sandy bank, near Ed. Darlington's: not common. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers pale purple.

Obs. Mr. Schweinitz pronounced this to be L. angustifolia, Ell. and in some respects it answers pretty well; but not entirely to my saiisfaciion. I have never seen it half the size mentioned by Mr. Elliott— the pod protrudes considerably beyond thecalyx— is rhomboid-ovaiej acuminate, prominently veined, or ner- ved, and nearly glabrous.

L. STUVEi. Nutt. Erect; villous; leaflets oval; racemes on peduncles as long as the leaves-

Fl. Last of August. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

hab. Woodlands: Barrens: not common. 2to Sfeethigh: flowers purple.

L. HiRTA. Ell. Erect; branching; very villous; leaflets roundish-oval; spikes on long peduncles.

Synon. L. polystachya. Mx. Ph. Autt. &c. Hedysarum hirtum. IVilld. Muhl.

Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hub. Woodlands: Barrens: frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers yellowish white.

L. PROcuMBE^js. Ell. Procumbent; slender; leaflets oval; peduncles long; pods orbicular, pubescent.

Synon. Hedysarum prostratum. Willd- Muhl.

FL Middle ot August. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Sandy bank, near Ed. Darlington's; rare. 1 to 2 feet long, flowers bright purple.

Obs. I am inclined to think the L. prottrata, of Pursh, is the same plant—although I perceive Mr Elliott continues it as a distinct species.

c. Legumes jointed; or inlomcnts.

275. HEDYSARUM. Nutt. Gen. 608, [Gr. Hedys, sweet, and Aroma, perfume; in reference to the flowers of some of the species.] Cal. 4 or 5 cleft. Cor. keel transversely obtuse. Loment truncately jointed, compressed, mostly hispid. H. NtrpiFLORUM. Ell. Leaflets broad-oval, acuminate; scape naked, paniculate, taller than the leaf-stem. Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September,

iiafi. Woodlands: common. Leaf-stem abouil foot,— scape Ij^ to 3 feet high: flowers purple.

06s. Ihavespecimens which closely resemble this, and yet the scape has three leaflets, or one ternate leaf, just below the panicle. Can they be the H. glutinosim, of WiUdenow, and Pursh? H.AcuMiNATUM. £//. Leaves crowdcd at sutnmit; leaflets round-ovafe, acuminate; pcdunclc terminal, Ion£. /•'/. Beginning of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hah. Rich woodlands: common. 1 to2feet high: flowers purple; pod2to4 jointed.

Ohs. This has been supposed to be the H. glutinosum, of WilUenow; but It by no means accord* witt\ his description, with respect to the scape.

M

83 DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA:

H. PANICULATUM. Ell Leaflets Imear-bnceolate, smoothish, margins revolute; lower calyx segment long:

Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Open woodlands: frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers purple; pod 2 to 4 jointed, tenacious.

Obs. With great defeience to Mr- Elliott's judgment, I think thia is Willdeiiow's H. paniculatum. See Ell. Vol. 2. p. 211. tnH. glabellum.

H. OBTUSUM ? £'/Z. Leaflets ovate, obtuse, lateral ones subcordate; joints of the pod suborbicular, reticulate. Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

iJiib. Dry woodlands: Barrens: not common. 1 to 2 feethigh: flowers violet; pod about 2 jointed.

i^bs. Mr. Schweinitz thought this was the H. glabellum, oi MichAux, and Elliott; but on a careful re- examination, lincline to believe it is the H- obtusum— and such was the opinion of Dr. Baldwin, who saw my specimens.

H. BRACTEOsuM. Ell. Glabrousf; leaflets ovate, acuminate and acute; bractes large, ovate, acuminate, ji

Synon. H. cuspidatum. JVilld. Muhl.

Fl. Middle of August. Fr- mat. Beginning of October.

Hub. "Woodlands, below the Bath: not common. 4 to 5 feet high: flowers purple; pod about 6 jointed.

H. CANADENSE. Ell Stem angular-striate; leaflets lance-ovate, rather obtuse; racemes axillary & terminal.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Woodlands: near Job Darhngton's, Stc. frequent. About 2 feet high: flowers purple; pod 4 jointed."

H. viRiDiFLORUM. Ph. Pubescent; leaflets ovate, sub-acute, scabrous beneath; racemes very hairy.

Fl. Last of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. ThickeTs: T- Bennett's: not common. 3 to 4 feet high: flowers greenish purple; pod 3 to 5 jointed.

Obs. This appears to be distinct from Mr. Elliott's H. viridiflorum; the leaves being remarkably scab- rous and tenacious on the under surface. The flowers, on shrivelling, become greeni^h, and often of ac indigo blue. The peduncles are frequently quite viscid, as remarked by Mr. Elliott of his plant.

H. ROTUNDTFOLimi. Ell. Stem prostrate, hirsute; leaflets orbicular; stipules cordate, acuminate.

Synon. H. canescens? IVilld.

Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Rocky woodlands: near Ed. Darlington'*: not common. 2 to 4 feet long: flowers bright purple.

Obs. The flowers of this are showy and handsome— always of a deep, bright purple, so far as I have ob- served—the pod 3 to 5 jointed.

It is very probnble there may be other species of this difficult genus, in this vicinity; but the foregoing are all that I have been able to determine with any degree of satisfaction.

CLASS XVII. SYNGENESIA.

OI&DSS, FOLYeAMIA AEQUAI.ZS. jj^. Florets all ligulate : Receptacle mostly naked.

276. LEONTODON. Nutt. Gen- 627. [Gr. Leon, /eonios, a lion, & Odous, odontos, a tooth; from a fancied resemblance in the teeth of the leaves.]

Cal. oblong, double; outer one loose. Pappus stipitate, pilose, radiate. Recept. punctate. L- TARAXACUM. EX Outer calyx reflexed; scapes 1 flowered; leaves runcinate, dentate. Vulgo — Dandelion) — from the French, Dent de lion.

Fl. Middle of April till autumn. Fr. mat- June, and after.

Hab Pastures; meadows, &c. very common. Scapes 6 to 12 inches high: flowers yellow.

Obs. This well-known plant is a foreigner; but completely naturahzed, and rather moie common tban*^; welcome, in our fields and gardens. It is said to be esteemed as a salad, by some; and to possess diuretic properties,— as one of its vulgar names would indicate.

I 277. KRIGIA. Nutt. Gen. 633. |

[In honor of David Krieg; a German Physician and Botanist.]

Cal. simple, many leaved. Pappus double; the outer 5 membranaceous scales, the inner 5 bristles. K. viRGiNic.A. Ell. Glaucous: early leaves roundish-spathulate, later ones lyrate; scapes finally lODff. Synon- Hyoseris virginica. Mx. Ftt/ffo— Dwarf Dandelion.

SYNGRNESTA. ^QUALIS. 83

Fl. Midd'e of May, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of June, and after-

Mab. Sandy, old fields; roadsides, &c. frequent. Scapes 3 to 9 inches high: flowers yellow.

Ohs The K- dichotoma, of Nuttall, is frequent here; though I incline to think, with Dr. W. P. C. Bar- ton, that it is scarcely more than a variety. This seems to be a polymorphous plant, varymg considerably in habit during its progress to maturity.

278. PRENANTHES. Nutt. Qen. 628.

[Gr. Prenes, drooping, or nodding, and Anthos, a flower; in reference to its nodding flowers.]

Florets 5 to 20, in a simple series: Cal. cylindric, calyculate. Pappus subsessile, pilose.

p. ALTissiMA? Ell. Leaves 3 lobed, angled, denticulate,-upper ones lance-ovate, acute; racemes axillary

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hub. Open woodlands, &c. frequent. 3 to 6 feet high: flowers purplish yellow.

Ohs. Nothing is more easy than to recognise the genus Prenanthes; but the leaves assume such a vari- ety of shapes that it is by no means an easy matter to determme the species, satisfactorily. This comes- nearertotiie description of P. altissima, in Elliott's Sketch, than to any other; but the upper leaves are lance-ovate, and attenuated at base— which circumstance he does not mention.

p. coRDATA. Ell. Leaves cordate-ovate,denticulate,ciliate, upper ones lanceolate; panicle loose.

Fl. Last of August. Fr- mat. Beginnmg of October.

Hab. Woodlands: Patton's, &c. frequent. U to 3 feet high: flowers pale yellow.

p. DELTOiDEA. Ell. Leavcs denticulate, lower ones deltoid, upper lance-ovate; racemes axillary, small.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hub. Woodlands: Bath, &c. frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers purplish white.

p. •EXPENTARiA? Ph. Lower leaves palmate and pinnatifid, decurrent on the petioles; panicles terminal.

FuZ;,'0-Rattle-snake root. Lion's foot. Dr. Witt's S.nake root.

Fl. Latter end of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Borders of moist woodlands; thickets, &c. frequent. 3 to 5 feat high: flowers yellowish purple.

Obs Thi'; a pretty stout, vigorous species, with purple stems and calyces-the lowest leaves mostly pin- nahfi i the uSpermosrianceolate, and the intermediate sub-palmate-lobed. It agrees partly with the deSt.onsgivenbothof P. serpentaria, and F._alba._ If they are , really^ distmct,, I am unable to dete_^r^^ mine to which this belon by Pursh, and Schaspf, ,_._ ., enough of such vaunted remedies to iaduce me to receive reports ^

de^cript^ns given bom^i:'.^.^na.^« -^ -.—;„-„-- ^^ {^(.i^ii;:'^^^^^:^ announced r? rs" and'sch^rf ort^Xth?^^^^^^^^^ the sa^me plant,) I know nothing: but I know

.LIk"/ r.h v^nntPd ;^me.dies to induce me to receive reports of that description with caution.

2T9. LACTUCA. Nutt. Gen. 629. [Lat. Lac, lactis, milk; in reference to the milky juice of the plant] Cal. cylindric, imbricate, margins membranaceous. Pappus stipitate, pilose. Seed compressed. L. ELONGATA. Ell. Glabrous; lower leaves runcinate, upper long-lanceolate; panicle corymbose. Synon. L. longifolia. Mx. r'«/go-WiId Lettuce.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of August, and after

Hab. Fence-rows; cultivated grounds, &c. frequent. 2 to 5 feet high: flowers yellow. Obs. The leaves of this plant are subject to much variety in their form

280. SONCHUS. Nutt. Gen. 6,W. [An ancient Greek name; of obscure meaning.] Cal. ventricose, acuminate, imbricate. Pappus sessile, pilose. Sent somewhat oblong S. OLERACEUs. Ell. Leaves amplexicaul, sinuate-dentate, and pinnatifid; flowers in umbels. Fu/g:o— Common Sow-thistle.

Fl. Latter end of August- Fr- mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: frequent. 2 to 3 feet high, flowers palish yellow.

Obs. A foreigner; and rather an unwelcome intruder in our gardens, and other cultivated grounds. Ths flowers are about half the size of those of the Dandelion.

S. LEUCOPH Eus. Ph. Leaves runcinate, acuminate; panicle virgate; flowers racemose; peduncles squamose. Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of September and alter-

mi- Fence-r«ws, and tluckets: frequent . 3 to 5 feet high- flowers pale blue. «ma!h»h.

84 SYNGENESIA. iEQUAI.TS.

S. FLORiDANus. £IL Lcaves lyrate-runcinate, petiolate; flowers paniculate; peduncles sub-squamosc- JFl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat- Beginning of September, and after.

Hub. Fence-rows, &c. frequent. S to 6 feet high; flowers blue, larger than the preceding.

Ohs. This is another of the plants, which, according to Pursh, is reputed to cure the bite of the Rattle- snake. He says it is known by the name of Gall of the Earth: but Mr. Elliott refers that name to the Prenanthes alba— the root of which he says is excessively bitter.

I have specimens, also, which agree pretty well with the S. acuminatus, of Willdenow. and Elliott; with the pappus certainly sessile. See- Elliott-

281. HIERACIUM. Nutt. Oen. 631. [Gr. flttrax, a hawk ; from an ancient notion, that hawks sharpened their sight with its juice. The absurd- ity of the idea, says Dr. Smith, proves the venerable antiquity of the name.]

Cal. ovate, imbricate- Pajipus sessile, pilose. iJece^i. nearly naked. .Seerf oblong, sulcate.

H. VENOSUM. Ell- Leaves lance-obovate, ciliate, vpins purple; scape naked, corymbose-paniculate. Vulgo — Veiny-leaved Hawk-weed. Adder's tongue. Poor Robin's Plantain. Fl- Latter end of May, and after. Fr. mat. Last of June, and after.

J£ab. Dry, open woodlands: commop. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellow.

H. scABRUM. Ph. Hirsute; leaves elliptic-obovate, sessile; panicle compact; pedicels divaricate.

Synon. H. marianum. Willd. Muhl- Ell-

Fl- Middle of August, and after. Fr. map Latter end of Septen^ber.

Hab- Woodlands: Patton's &;c. frequent. I to 2 feet high: flowers yellow.

H. GRONOvii. Ell. Leaves oblanceolate, long-haired; stem naked above; peduncles glandular-pilose- Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Woodlands; and sterile meadow banks: frequent. Ig to 3 feet high: flowers yellow.

H- PANICULA.TUM. ZJ^/.^Glabrous; stems leafy, paniculate; pedicels slender; leaves lanceolate, denticulate.- J'V. Middle of August, and after. /V. ma?. Last of September.

Hab- Woodlands, and old meadows: frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers yellow, smallish.

B. Florets all tubular, a. Flowers capitate.

282. LIATRIS. Nxdt. Gen. 639. ['A name of uncertain origin.]

Cal. oblong, imbricate. Papjiuspersistent, plumose, colored. iSfcd pubescent, obconic. Becepf. naked. L. spicata. eh. Leaves lance-linear, acute; spike long; flowers sessile; calyx scales oblong, obtuse. Synon. L. macrostachya. Mx- Ph. Vulgo— B\\ie Blazing Star. Button Snake-root.

Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Borders of moist woodlands: Bath, &c- frequent. 2 to 5 feet high: flowers purple.

Ohs. This handsome plant is a popular medicine; the infusion and tincture, of the root, being often used sa cases of chronic debility, rheumatism, &c. How efficacious it may be, I know not.

283. VERNQNIA. Nutt, Gen. 640. [In honor of IVilliam Vernon; an English Botaijist.] Cal. cvate, imbricate. Papjjus double; the outer chaffy, short, the inner pilose. Ilecept. subcellular V. NOVEBORACENsis. Ell. Leaves long-lanceolatc, ticabrous; calyx scales filiform at apex. FM?g-o— Iron weed.

Fl- Beginning of August, and after. Fr- mat. Beginning of September, and after.

Hab. Meadows, and low grounds: common. 3 to6 feet high: flowers deep purple.

Obs- A well known, obnoxious weed in our meadows; which neat farmers are careful to eradicate.

v. PR^ALTA. Ph. Leaves oval-lanceolate, pubescent beneath; calyx scales ovate, acuminate.

Fl- Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September, and after. \

Hab- Woodlands, thickets, and low grounds: frequent. 4 to 7 feet high: flowers deep purple.

Obs- This so closely resembles the preceding, that I am .'sometimes ready to doubt wbctlier they are spe- eifically distinct. ......

SYNGENESIA. .^QUALIS. 85

284. ARCTIUM. Nutt. Gen. 686. [Gr. Ai-ktos, a bear; its bristly burs resembling the rough hairs of a bearskin. De T/ieJs]

Cal. globose; scales hooked inwards at the points. Pappus bristly, scabrous. Recept. chaffy.

A. LAPPA. Fl.Brit. Leaves oblong-cordate, petiolate; flowers panjculats; calyxsmooth, Kit/ffo— Bur-dock.

Fl- Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

Huh. About houses, gardens, fence-rpws, &c. common. 2 to 5 feet high: flowers purple.

Obs- A naturalized foreigner, known to every body; and an unwelcome intruder. Its burs are particu- larly troublesome in tfie fleeces of sheep, horses' manes, &c. and neat farmers are careful to keep the plant in subjection. It is, however, a popular article in domestic medicine. The root and seeds are often usedj in infusion, in cases of cholic; and the leaves are a favorite external application in fevers, head -aches, &c.

285. CNICUS. mtt. Gen. 638, [An ancient Greek name, from knizo, to sting; alluding to its prickles.]

Cal. ventricose; scales mostly spinose. Pappus sessile, plumose. Recept. villous. 5 1. Leaves all pinnatifid. C. LAN'CEOLATUS. Pk- Leaves decurrent, hispid; calyx ovate; scales lanceolate, spreading. Synon. Carduus lanceolatus. /'.'- Brit .&c. Fu/g-o— Common Thistle.

Fl. Last of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of July, and after.

Hab. Rich pastures; fence-rows, &c. common. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers purple.

Obs. This is believed to be a foreigner; and an obnoxious v/eed it is.:— but being biennial, it may be kept tinder, by means of vigilance, and industry.

C. DISCOLOR. Ell. Leaves sessile, hoary-tomentose beneath; calyx globose; scales ovate> appressed. Fl. Beginning of August, and afcer. Fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

Hab. Moist, low grounds: Patton's, &c. frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers purple.

0. ODORATUS. Muhl. Woolly; leaves sub-arnplexicaul; calyx sub-globose; scales lanceolate, appressed. Synon. C. pumilus. Nutt. Vulgo— Sweet scented Thistle.

Fl- Middle of July. Fr. mat. MiJddle of August.

Hub. Old fields: Barrens, &c. frequent. 1^ to 2 feet high: flowers reddish purple, large.

Obs. In my specimens the stems, and ribs of the leaves, are densely covered with long lanuginous hairs- tie segments of the leaves armed with very long spines— auJ the calyx frequently subtended by puinatifid, spinose bractes.

C MUTicus. Ell. Branching; leaves woolly beneath, segments spinulous; calyx globose: scales unarmed'

Synon. Cirsium muticum. 3I.c.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. viat. Last of September.

Hab Low grounds, and borders of swamps: common. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers deep purple.

Obs. The calyx scales of this species are lanuginous, and usually viscid. It is rather a troublesome plant in our low meadow grounds.

§ 2. Radical leaves only pinnatifid.

C ALTissiMVs. Ell Stem leaves sessile, lance-oblong, scabrous above, downy beneath; calyx ovate, brae Fi. Middle of August, and after. Fr. vuit. Last of September. [teate.

Hab. Sandy banks, along fences; Barrens, &c. frequent. 4 to 8 feet high: flowers pale purple.

06s. I have frequently met with a plant much resembling this, but of smaller .size, (2 to 3 feet high,) an3 7ione of the leaves pinnatifid. I have always supposed it to be a mere variety :— but it may po.?sibly be the C. virgimahus, of Elliott,— if, indeed, that be a distinct species,- which 1 perceive Mr. Eaton does not admit. See Eaton's Manual, p. 265.

-/•P^The C. HORRiDULUs, I have not seen on this side of New Jersey: and the C- arvensis, or'Canada lUistle, happily tor us, has not yet made its appearance in this region.

\). Floivers discoid: Receptacle naked.

28(>. MIKANIA. Xutt. Gen. 643. [In honor of Joseph Mikan; a Botanist of Prague.] Cal. 4 or C leaved, equal, 4 or 6 flowered. Style long, bifid. Pappus pilose- M. 8CANDENS. Ell. Stem twining, glabrous; leaves opposite, petiolate, sub-hastate-cordate, acuminate Synon. Eupatorium scandens. AIx.

Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mat.

Hab. Swamps; along rivulets, kc rare. 8 to 5 feet long: flowers white, or bluish white.

Vo?in*;, ^t '''^•^ not yet found this plant in the immediate vicinity of West-Chester; but I have seen it at thk Yellow .vprmgs, 10 miles north: and at Mr -Wm. Jack.on's, in Londongrove.

86 SYNGENESIA. iEQUALIS.

287. EUPATORIUM. Nutt. Gen. 642; [Dedicated to Eupator, king of Pontus; who, it is alleged, first used it as a medicine.]

Cal. oblong> mostly imbricate. Style ]on^,h\M. Pc^pws pilose, scabrous. jScerf 5-8triate, or angkd. § 1. Calyx with not jnore than 5 florets. E. sEssiLiFOLiUM. Ell- Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, serrate, glabrous. jF/. Beginning of August, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Borders of woodlands: Bath. &c. frequent. 2 to 3 feel high: flowers white.

E. MELissoiDEs. Ph. Leavcs pctiolate, ovatCj rather obtusc, obtuselj Serrate, Veined, sub-glabrous. Fl. Middle of August. Fr- mat. Last of September-

Uab. Dry, sterile soils; R. Strode's: frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers white.

§2. Calyx with more than 5 florets. E. PERFOLiATrM. Ell. Leaves connate-perfoliate, rugose, tomentose beneath; stem villous. Synon. E. connatum. Mx. Fw/gro-Thorough-stem. Thorough-wort. Indian Sage. Bone-set

Fl. Latter end of July, and after- Fr. mat. Middle of September, and after.

Hab- Low, swampy grounds: common. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers white.

Obs This plant is well known as possessing valuable medical properties. The cold infusion of the flowers and leaves is an excellent tonic, in proper doses; and may often be given when peruvian bark is madmissi- ble When administered warm, it is diaphoretic; and, in large quantities, is actively emetic and cathar- tic- I have used it extensively, and with much satisfaction .

E. AGERAToiDEs. Ell. Glabrous; leaves pctiolatc, lance-ovate, acuminatc, coarsely serrate; ^calyx scales Synon. E. urticsefolium. Mx. [equal.

Fl. Last of August, and after- Er. mat. Last of September,

Hab. Woodlands: Brandywine, &c. frequent. 2 to Sfeethigh: flowers very white. E. AROMATicuM. Ell. Leavcs petiolate, cordate, obtusely serrate; flowers corymbose, branches oppositev Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Woodlands: R. Strode's, &c. frequent. 1^ to 2 feet high: flowers white, fragrant.

§3. Calyx scales scariose: Leaves mostly verticillatc E. THiFOLTATUM. Ph. Stem solid; leaves petiolate, mostly in threes, ovate, tapering at each end, serrate. Synon. E. ternifolium? Ell.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr- mat Beginning of October.

Hab. Woodlands: Bath, &c. frequent. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers pale reddjsh purple.

Obs Mv specimens agree pretty well with Mr. Elliott's E. ternifolium, except in the leaves,— which arg disVinctly attenuate at each end. The upper leaves are frequently opposite. I have the authority of Mr, gchweinitz for my plant.

E PURPUREUM. Ell. Stem hollow, purple; leaves petiolate, in 3's,4's or 5's, lance-oval, rugose-veined Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Low meadows, and swampy grounds: frequent. 3 to 6 feet high: flowers deep purple. E verticillatum; Ph. Stem solid; leaves petiolate, in 3's or 4's, lance-ovate, cuneate at base, serrate- Fl. Beginning of August, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Woodlands, and low grounds: frequent. 4 to 6 feet high: flowers purple.

Obs Thi'^ is certainlv nearly allied to E. trifoliatum, above mentioned. 1 have several other specimens ofihAdilM frmU?, which^I have not been able to ascertain satistactor.ly, from the books,-although they are doubtless all comprised in Dr. Muhlenberg's catalogue-

288. C AC ALIA. Nutt. Gen. 645. [An ancient Greek name; etymology obscure.] Cal. oblong, cylindric, squamose, or sub-calyculate at base. Pappus pilose. C ATRiPLTCiroLiA. Ell. Herbaccous; Icavcs petiolate, glaucous beneath; cauline rhomboid, sinuate-lobed. Fu/ffo-Indian Plantain. Heal-all. Orach-kaved Caraway , ^ , , ,

„, % ,. ^ .f T,,,^ Fr. mat. Middle of October.

S;»Woodb;;d° and low, shaded grounJ.: frequent. 3,«5 tee.Mtl.: flowe,. sreenbh whUe.

hend the medical virtues are very tnfimg-

SYNGENESIA. SUFERFLUA. W

ORBER, POLYGAMIA SUPERrtUA.

A. Flowers discoid: i?ec<'j3fac/« mostly naked.

2S9. GNAPHALIUM. Nutt. Gen. 656. [Gr. Gnaphalon, soft down, or wool; alluding to the prevailing habit of the genus.] Cal. imbricate; marginal scales rounded, scariose, shining, colored- Pappus pilose, scabrous. G. poLYCEPHALUM. Ell. Stem paniculate, woolly; leaves lance-linear, woolly beneath; corymbs terminal, Si/non. G. obtusifolium. Willd. FtJgo— Sweet scented Life-everlasting. Cud-weed.

Fl. Latter end of August- Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Thin soils: old fields, and pastures: common. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers white, odorous.

Obs. The infusion of this is a popular medicine in dysenteries; but probably not very valuable. I strong:- ly suspect that this is the plant referred to by Barton, in Flor. Philad. under G- margaritaceum, as bem^ " every where abundant" in old fields, &c- It is, however, certainly distinct from G- margaritaceum, as I have received it, from New England.

G. PLANTAGi?rEUM- Ell- Dioicous; shoots procumbent; radicaljeaves spathulate; corymb clustered- Ftt/q-o— White Plantain- Mouse-ear. Early Life-everlasting. Plaintain -leaved Cud-weed. Fl. Latter end of April- Fr. mat. Latter end of May.

Hab. Sterile meadow banks; woodlands, &c. common. 6 to 12 inches high: whole plant b'.uish white. G- PURPUREUM. Ell. Stem simple; leaves linear-spathulate; flowers glomerate, axillary and terminal. Fl. Latter end of July. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Hab. Dry, sandy banks: frequent. 4 to 12 inches high: flowers dingy purple. G. GERMAfsricuM. PA. Stem dichotomous above; leaves lance-linear; flowers globose-capitate. Fl. Beginning of July. Fr. mat. Beginning of August.

Hab. Borders of woodlands: Jas. Huey's old farm: not common. 5 to 9 inches high: flowers straw-coloredi G. ULiGiNOsuM- Ph. Diffusely branched; leaves lance-linearj narrow at each end; flowers crowded. Fl. Latter end of July- Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Hab. Low grounds: exsiccated ponds, &c- frequent. 4 to 6, or 8 inches high: flowers yellowish brown.

290. TANACETUAL JVutt. Gen. 652. [Altered from the Gr Alhanasia; a, not, and 27ianaios, death; because its flowers do not decay. De Thds.']

Cal. hemispherical, imbricate, scales acuminate. Cor. rays obsolete, tnfid. Pajipus sub-margiuate-

T. vuLGARE. Fl. Brit. Leaves bipinnatifid.incised-serrate, naked; corymbs terminal. Vulgo — Tansey.

Fl- Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Gardens; fence-rows; roadsides, &c- frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers deep yellow.

Obs. This foreigner is gradually becoming naturalized. The infusion is highly popular among the good ladies, as an emmenagoguc; and it certainly possesses some tonic virtues,— combined with pretty strong arc- malic properties.

B. Flowers mostly radiate, a. Receptacle naked.

291. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Kutt. Gen. 671. [Gr- Chrysos, gold, and Anthemon, flower; from the golden color of the disk.] Cal. hemispherical, imbricate; inner scales scariose. Pappus 0, ormarginate.

C- leucanthemum- Ell. Erect, sparingly branched; leaves amplexicaul, oblong, incised-dentate-

Vulgo-— Daisy. Ox-eye Daisy. White weed. Richardson's Clover.

Fl. Beginning of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of June, and after.

Hab. Fields, meadows, and borders of woods: frequent. 12 to 20 inches high: rays white, disk yellow.

Obt. This foreigner is perhaps the vilest weed which has yet invaded our farms; and is spreading itself in a manner calculated to excite the serious concern of reflecting Agriculturists. It is a plant which cattle generally refuse to eat: it takes almost exclusive possession of the soil,— is difficult to eradicate, complete- ly'—and produces seeds in great abundance. It has not, as yet, become so prevalent in this immediate vicinity, as it is in several other districts,— especially to the northward and eastward of us; but there can be little doubt tliat it will speedily pervade every part of our country, — unless resisted by the vigilant and ac- tive co-operation of the whole agricultural community. It i? in vain for one, or a ie'w, to contend agains; suchapest, whilst Others supiaely or nesligently permit itto flgurish on their premises.

«S SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA.

292. SENECIO. Nutt. Gen. 664.

[Lat. Senex, an old man; from its pappus resembling a grey beard,— or its receptacle a bald head.]

Cal. cylindric, stib-calyculate; scales sphacelate at point. Pappus pilose, copious.

§ 1 . Rays none-

S. HiER AciFOLius. Ell- Stem virgaie-paniculate; leaves oblong, amplexicaul, acute, dentate; calyx smooth. Ftt/g-o— Fire-weed. Hawk-weed. Groundsel.

Fl. Beginning of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of September, and after-

Hob. Newly cleared grounds; and moist places: frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: florets white.

Obs. The name, "fire.weed," by which this plant is usually known, originated from the circumstance of its generally making its appearance on spots \vh( re fire has recently been. It is, however, always abundant in new clearings of rich woodland, whether there has been fire or not. I know not why it should haVo been called hieracifolius; for, in its general aspect, it resembles a Sonchus, more than a Hieracium-

§ 2. Radiate. S. BALSAMiTJE. Ell- Radical Icavcs oblong, crenate; cauHne lyrate-pinnatifid; flowers sub-umbellate. Fw/g-o— Balsam Groundsel.

Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat Middle of June, and after.

Hub. Meado^Vs, fields, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellow.

Obs. I have specimens with radical leaves orbicular, obovate, and spathulate; but there is such a close general resemblance among them, that I am not certain of having other species. I have the authority both of Mr. Schweinitz, and Dr. Torrey, for this.

293. INULA. Nutt. Gen. 658.

[Etymology obscure: supposed to be corrupted from Helenium—whlch see.1 Cal. squatrose, or imbricate. Cor. rays numerous, linear. Anthers bisetose at base. Pappus pilose.

I. HEJ.ENIUM. Fl. Brit. Leaves amplexicaul, ovate, rugose, woolly beneath; calyx scales ovate.

Pu/g-o— Elecampane.

F/. Middle of July. F?-. mat Latter end of August

Hub. About houses, gardens, fence-rovrs, &c. frequent. 3 to 5 feet high- flowers yellow.

06s. This foreigner has strayed from the gardens, and is becoming naturalized. The root is mucilaglA- ou«!, and is a very popular ingredient in the preparation ot pectoral syrups. It is also said to have been a principle article in the composition of a specific, whilom of some notoriety among the credulous, for the prevention and cure of hiidrophobia. The nostrum is still, probably, manufactured and sold for the benefit of the proprietor, if not of the public,— and is, doubtless, about as efficacious as Scull-cap, Water plantain, Or Chick-weed.

294. ERIGERON. Nutt. Gen. 657. [Gr. Er, spring, and Geron, an old man; the plant being hoary in the spring.] Cal. imbricate. Cor. rays linear, narrow. Pappus mostly double; outer chaffy, minute; inner pilose. E. BELLiDiFOLiuM. Ell- Hirsute; radical Icaves spathulate-obovatc, dentate; cauline lanceolate, entire. fi>jnbn. E. pulchellum. 3fx. Vulgo—Foor Robert's Plantain.

Fl. Middle of May, and after- -PV- mat. Last of June, and after.

Hab. Borders of woods, &c. frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers about 3, rays pale purple, long.

06s. This is said to have been one of the Indian remedies, for the bite of the rattlesnake. It is rarely, if ever, used as a medicine, in this vicinity.

E. PHiLADEj.PHrcuM? Plh Pubescent; leaves cuneate-oblong, cauline semi-amplexicaul; rays capillary. j^;. Beginning of June. Pr. mat. Latter end of July.

Hab. Woodlands, along Brandywine : frequent. 2 to 3 feet high : rays pale purple.

Obs I have always taken this for the E. philadelphicum: and yet on a careful re-examination, it agrees

in seveial characteristics with the E. purpureuw, of Willdenow, and Pursh. The upper leaves are entire, -the peduncles are considerably thickene^d, or enlarged, next the calyx, and the lower ones elongated. Not havinr«een both species,' I cannot determine to which ours belongs. I think however, i « the E.

phtladelphfcur^ of Mr. Elliott's Sketch; and am pretty confident it » that of Barton's Flora Ph.ladelphjca,

E. sTRiGosiTM. Ph. Strigose-pilose; leaves lanceolate, tapering at base, coarsely dentate, or entire. Fw/go— Flea-bane. Daisey.

FL Latter end of May, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of July, and after.

Hab. Pastures, and upland meadows, &c. very common. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers smallish. ray« w.ite- Ois. This weed is so abundant as to be rather a nu:sance on our farms.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. 89

S-. KETEROPHYLLiTM. Ph. radical leaves round-ovate, deeply toothed, petiolate; cauline lanceolatej acute- ]Fl. Middle of June, and after- Fr- mat. Beginning of August, and after.

Hal). Pastures, &c. Patton's: frequent. About 3 feet high: rays pale purple, or white.

-E. CANADENSE. Ell. Stem hispid, paniculate; leaves lance-linear, ciliate; c.ilyx cylindric. F((/gro— Horse-weed- Bulter-weed. Hog-weed. Piide-weed- Canadian Flea-bane. .Fl. Beginning of Angust, and after. Fr mat. Middle of September, and after.

Hah- Fields, &c. every where common. 6 inches, to4feethigh: flowers white, small, numerous.

Obs. This troublesome weed is reputed to possess medical virtues; as, indeed, are all th; preceding,— except perhaps E- strigosum. This species is often bruised, and applied to fresh incised wounds, in pop- ular practice— when a simple bandage, of clean rag, v.'ould probably be quite as beneficial.

295. SOLIDAGO. Nutt. Gen. 660. [Lat. solido, to make firm, or to heal; from its supposed vulnerary properties.] Cal- imbricate; scales appressed. Radial florets about 5. Pappus simple, pilose- Reccpt. punctate. § 1. Racemes secund, recurved.

S. RUGOSA? Ell. Stem hispid; leaves lanceolate, scabrous, rugose, serrate; panicle spreading. Fl. Latter end of August, and after- Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

JIab. Low grounds: Patton's, &c. frequent. 3 to 6 feet high: flowers yellow.

Obs. There seems to be two or three varieties of this species. S. scABRA- Ph. Stemsulcate; leaves oblong, tapering at each end, glabrous ahove, scabrous beneath, Fl- Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Borders of thickets; Bath, &c. frequent. 2 to 5 feet high: flowers yellow. S- PYRAMiDATAl Ell- Stem subterete, striate; leaves lance-oblong, subenlire, margin ciliate. Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Sterile old fields, &c. frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers yellow.

06s- I have the authority of Mr. Schweinitz for this species; but IVom its prevalence here, I incline to think it must have been known to Dr. Muhlenberg, and other botanists, under another name.

S. NEMOHAi.T=. Ell. Stem tomentose; leaves lanceolate, tapering at base, lower ones subcuneate. Fl. Middle of September. Fr- mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Low grounds: Patton's, &c. frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flo .vers yellow.

S. ULMiFOLiA. Ell. Stem villous; leaves lance-oval, serrate, hairy beneath; peduncles villous.

FJ- Middle of September. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Swamps, and low woodlands: Patton's: frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers yellow.

§ 2. Racemes erect.

S- BicoLOR. Ell- Hairy-pubescent; leaves elliptic, acute, tapering at base, lower ones serrate.

Fl- Latter end of August- Fr. mat- Last of Septem-bcr.

Hab- Woodlands, and low grounds: frequent. 1 to 3 feet high : flowers yellowish white.

S. ERECTA? Ell. Stem and peduncles roughish-pubescent; leaves lance-oval, acute at each end- Fl- Latter end of August- Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Woodlands: Bath, &c- frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers pale yellow.

Obs. Mr. Schweinitz pronounced tiiis to be S- erecta. Some of the lower leaves are a very broad Ov«l, tapering abruptly, at base, to a marginate petiole. To me it seems to approach the preceding, in habit.

S- LANCE0L.4.TA. Pk. Stem branching; leaves lance-linear, entire; corymbs terminal, fastigiate-

Synon. S- graminifolia. Ell. Euthamia graminifolia. Nutt.

Fl- Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

bab. Low grounds; borders of woods, &c- frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers yellow.

S- ciEsiA- Ph- Stem smooth, glaucous; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; racemes axillary.

Pw/g-o— Golden rod-

Fl. Beginning of September, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

J^ab. Woodlands: common. 1 to 3 feet high: llowers yellow.

Obs- All the species are known by the common name of Golden rod; but this one is so called by way of eminence, in this vicinity. It is reputed rnedicin.Tl, by some dealers in simples, who allege that it is a rem- edy tor the bite of snakes, &c. but I apprehend its virtues are unimportant.

We have, doubtless, other species of this difficult genus; but the foregoing are all that I have been able, r.s yef, td determine with any degree of satisfaction,— even with the assistance of my botanical friends-

90 SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA.

29s. ASTER. Xutt. Gen. 659.

[Gr. AsUr, a Star; from the appearance of its radiated flowers.}

Cal- imbricate, lower scales spreading. Radial florets generally more than 10. Pappus pilose.

§1. Leaves entire-

A. LiNAHiiFOLius. EN- Leaves numerous, linear, snucronate, margiiw scabrous; corymb umbellate.

Synon. Chrysopsis linariifolia. Nutt.

Fl Middle of September. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hah. Dry, hilly woodlands: Barrens, &c. frequent. 9 to 18 inches high: rays purple, disk yellow.

A. TENiriFOLius .' Ell. Much branched; leaves lance-linear; flowers racemose on the main branches. Fl- Latter end of August, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.,

Hab. Old fields; roadsides, &c- very common. 1 to 3 feet high: flowerssmall; ray.s white.

Obs. This is a very abundant, and rather troublesome weed, in all our old fields, and pastures. The flow- ers are about the size of a half dime, very numerous, and wliite. I have other specunens, which approacli it very nearly, with pale purple rays. Indeed, I think we have what might be enumerated as the A. encoi- des, A. multijlorus, and A- dumosus, of the books; but not being able to determine them satisfactorily, I shall pass them over for the present.

A. HUMiLis. Ell. Leaves lance-oval, acuminate at each end, margins hispid; corymb sub-dichotomous Synon. A. cornifolius. IVilld. Muhl. A. iiifirmus. Mx- Chrysopsis humilis. Nntt. Fl- Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Ilab- Woodlands: Patton's; Barrens, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high; flowers large; rays white. A. sALiCiFOLius? Ph. Stemsimple,corymbose above; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, tapering at base. Fl- Beginning of September. Fr- mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Moist woodlands: Patton's &c. frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: rays white, rarely purplish.

Obs. Mr. Schweinilz considered this the A. salicifolius; but it fits the description of A. amyf^dalinus 80 well that I cannot help entertaining some doubts on ihe subject. The margins of the leaves ore scab- rous; the stem coiymbose at summit; and the flowers mostly with long, narrow, white rays— rarely of a pale blush color.

A. PHLOGiFOLius. Ph- Leaves lance-oblong, base cordate,amplexicaul; panicle lax, few-flowcved , Synon. A. amplexicauhs. 3Ix- A- undulatus? Ell-

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat- Last of September.

Hob- Woodlands: Bath; Patton's, Stc frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: rays violet-purple.

§2. Leaves serrate: cordate, and ovate. A. DivERSiFOLius. Ell Lowcr leaves with winged petioles, upper sessile; panicle lax, branches racemose. Synon. A. undulatus. Willd- Ph.

Fl- Middle of September. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab- Woodlands, and fence-rows: frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: rays pale blue, or violet-

A. coRDiFOLius. Ell. Lower leaves cordate, acute, upper spathulate-ovate; petioles winged , hairy. Fl- Middle of September- Fr- mat. Middle of October.

Ilab- Woodlands: Patton's, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: rays pale purple, long.

A. coRYMBOsus. Ell- Leaves ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, petioles naked; corymb sub-fastigiate. Fl- Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September, and after.

Hab. Borders of woodlands; roadsides, &c. frequent. 1 to2feethigh; rays white.

A. MACROPHTLLrs. Ph. Lower leaves petiolate, oblong-cordate, serrate, large, upper ones sessile, ovate. Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Woodlands: Bath, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high : rays white, sometimes pale blue.

§ 3. Leaves lanceolate, and ovate : lower ones serrate. A. s^JEviGATVa? Ell. Branching; glabrous; leaves lanceolate, sub-amplexicaul, upper ones nearly entire. Fl. Beginning of September. Fr- mat. Middle of October.

Hub- Woodlands: Bath, Sec. frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: rays reddish blue, long.

Oft.-!- Mr. Schweinitz called this A. Isvigatus; but if the A. lavis, of Willdenow, is really a distinct spe- cies, I should incline to refer my specimens to the latter.

A. VERSICDI.OR? Ell. Much branched; leaves sub-amplexicaul, broad-lanceolate, upper ones entire'.

Fl- ISIiddle of September. Fr- mat- Middle of October.

//a&. Hilly fields, and uplands: frequent- 1 to 2 feet high: flowers small, numerous, rays white.

Obs. The branches are 'crowded with flowers, and thickly 5et wilh small, oval, entire leaves.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. 8i

A. cowciNNUS. Pk. Stem simple J paniculate at summit; leaves lanceolate, sub-amplexicau!, glabrous. Fl. Beginning of October- ' Fr. mat. Last of October.

Hab. Woodlands: near Wm. Brinton's Lime quarry: rare- 1 to 2 feet high: rays pale purple, long. A. PuviCEUs. Ph. Stem hispid; leaves amplexicaulj lanceolate, serrate, rough; branches paniculate Fl. Middle of September. Fr- mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Borders of swamps; thickets, &c. frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: rays blue, long, disk yellow. A- sEROTiTrtTs? Ph. Glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile; branches corymbose. Fl. Beginning of October. Fr. mat. Beginning of November.

Hah. Moist, shaded grounds: forks of Brandywine: not common. 3 to 5 feet high: rays pale purple, long, Obi. This agrees pretty well with the A. serotinus, of Willdenow, and Puvsh,— except that the rays of the flowers are often nearly white, or very slightly tinged with reddish purple.

A. coNYZoiDEs- Ell. Leaves lance-oval, lower ones tapering at base to a petiole, upper ones sessile,

Synon. A. marilandicus. Mx.

Fl. Last of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September, and after.

Hab. Woodlands: Patten's; Barrens, &;c. frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: rays white-

A. LANCEOLATUs.' JVilld. Glabrous; lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, upper lanceolate, sessile.

Fl- Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Woodlands; Wm. Osborn's: not common- About 2 feet high: rays white, large.

Obs. I nm by no means confident of this species. The lower stem-leaves are ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, sub-cordate at base, on marginate petioles about 2 inches in length; the upper leaves are narrow-lan- ceolate, sessile, and nearly entire. The flowers are beautifully white; and crowded on the branches, ia somewhat racemose panicles.

I have several other specimens of this formidable genus, which I have not yet been able to deteimine sufficiently, to warrant the attempt to enumerate them; and I have no doubt there may be a number more, in this vicinity, which have hitherto escaped my notice. I fully concur, however, with Mr. Nuttall, [in the opinion, that many species have been created out of our numerous polymorphous varietia.

b. Receptacle mostly chaffy.

29rf HELENIUM. Nutt. Gen. 684. [An ancient name; said to have been derived from Helen, the Greek beauty. See De Theit.} Cal. simple, many parted. Cor. rai/s semi-trifid. Pap;;us chaffy, 5 leaved, awned. iJccepi. globose H AUTUMN^ALE. Ell. Leaves lanceolate. Serrate, sub-decurrcnt; flowers corymbose; rays flat, reflextd- Vulgo — False Sun-flower. Sneeze-weed.

Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Creek banks: Brandywine, abundant. 2to 5 feet high: flowers yellow- Obs. The powdered receptacle, and calyx, possess active errhine properties-

298. ANTHEMIS. Nutt. Gen. 679. [Gr. Anthemon, a flower; from the great number which it produces-]

Cal. hemispherical, sub-equal. Cor. rfl?/s more than 5. Piv/ijjhsO, or a membranaceous margin. A- ARVEi^sis. IVg. Receptacle conic; chafTlanceoIate; seed crowned with a margin. Vulgo—Fidd Chamomile- Corn Chamomile.

Fl- Beginning of June. Fr- mat. Latter end of July.

Hab. Cultivated grounds; and pastures: Patton's, &c. frequent. About 1 foot high; rnys white.

Ob». A foreigner; but becoming naturalized. This species is htodormts. A- COTULA. Ell. Receptacle conic; chaff setaceous; seed naked; leaflets subulate, Sparted- Fu/g-o— May weed. Slinking Chamomile. Richardson's Pink. Dog's Fennell. Fl. Last of June till autumn. Fr- viat. August, and after-

Hab. Roadsides; farmyards, &c. common. 6 to B inches high: rayswiiite.

Obs. A disagreeable, fetid little foreign weed; which has become extensively naturalized.

293. ACHILLEA. Nutt. Gen. 680. [In honor of Achilli's, adis,ciple of Chiron; who first introduced it to notice] Cai.. ovate, imbricate. Con. rays 5 to 10, roundish. Pappus 0. A. MILLEFOLIUM. Ell- Stemsulcate; leaves bipinnatifid, hairy, segments linear, dentate, mucronate. Fu/go— Yarrow. Milfoil- Nose-bleed. Sneeze-Wort.

Fl. Beginning of June till September. Fr. mat August, and after.

Hab- Fence-rows; pastures, &c. common. 2 to 3 feet liigb: flowers wlufe- Obs A naturalized foreigner It is a pleasant; aromatic bitter; and popular as atonic— used in infusion

92 SYNGENESIA. FRUSTRANEA,

I. Receptacle chaffy.

300. RUDBECKIA. Nutt. Gen. 690. [In honor of Olaus Budbeck, Father and ISon; Swedish Eotasists.]

Cal- sub-equal; scales in a double series- Paj3j)«5 a 4 toothed margin. Recept. conic.

B- lACiNiATA. Ph. Stem glabrous; lower leaves pinnate, leaflets 3 lobed, upper ones ovate; pappus crcnale=

J^w/go^Cone-flower. Cone-disk Sunflower.

JFl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab- Moist, low grounds: Brandywine: frequent. 4, to 6 or 8 feet high: rays yellow, large, drooping

R HiRTA. Ell. Hirsute; stem virgate, sub-ramose; peduncles naked; leaves lance-ovate.

Fl. Beginning of July. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Thicket, below B. Ogden's: not common. 3 to 5 feet high : rays yellow, disk dark purple

301. HELIANTHUS. Nutt. Gen. 689. [Gr. Helios, the sun, and Antkos, a flower; from the resemblance of its flower.]

Cal- imbricate, sub-squarrose, foliaceous. Pappus chaffy, 2 leaved, caducous. Recept. flat. §1. Leaves opposite. H. DivARiCATUS? Ell. Stem glabrous, branching ; leaves lance-ovate, scabrous above, sessile. Fl- Latter end of July, and after. Fi-. mat. Middle of September.

JIab. Borders of woods; and thickets: frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers yellow.

H. FRONDOSus? Ph. Leaves ovate, sharply serrate, petiolate; peduncles scabrous- Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Dry woodlands; fence-rows, &c. frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers yellow.

H. MOLLIS. Ell. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, scabrous above, hoary -pubescent and soft beneath. FL Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

i/a6. Woodlands: Bath, &c. frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers yellow.

Obs. In my specimens the leaves are all opposite, and tapering at base to short petioles. I li.^ve not been able fully to satisfy myself, from the books, relative to the foregoing species of Helianthus; though I have but little doubt as to this last.

§2. Leaves alternate. H. GiGANTSUs. JVilld. Scabrous; branching; leaves lanceolate, obsoletely serrate, subsessile Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat- Beginning of October.

Hab. Borders of thickets, &c. frequent. 5 to 8 feet high: flowers yellow.

302. BIDENS- Nutt. Gen. 691. [Lat. Bidcns, ha.\ing two teeth; alluding to the awns, or teeth, crowning the seeds.]

Cal. sub-equal, calyculate. Cor- rays often wanting . Pappus 2, or 4 scabrous awns. Seed 4 sidea- B. CERNUA. Ph. Flowers sub-radiate, shorter than the outer calyx; leaves lanceolate, sub-connate. Fl. Beginning of September, and after Fr- mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Ditches; and low swampy grounds: frequent. 1^ to 3 feet high: flowers yellow; awns 2.

Obs. Pursh was certainly safe in asserting, of the gpecies of thjs genus, that " the most of them are either without or with raya^'.'

B. CHRYSANTHEMOiDEs. Ph. Flowers radiate, rays long; leaves oblong, tapering at each end, connate.

Fl- Last of August, and after. Fr- mat. Beginning of October.

ffab. Along rivulets; swamps, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers yellow, showy; awns 2.

06s. There ssems to be some varieties of this; or perhaps, as Mr. Elliott suggests, there may be distinct species passing under this name.

B. FRoxEosA. Ell. Flowers discoid; outer cj^lyx very long; lower leaves pinnate, upper ones ternate.

Vulgo— Bur Marygold. Beggar-ticks.

Fl. Beginning of August, and after. Fr. mat- Beginning of October.

Hab. Gardens; fence-rows. &c. common. 2 to 4 feet high: floaers yellowish, inconspicuous; awns 2.

Obs. This is an obnoxiou:^- weed in our gardens, and cultivated lots — especially Tvhea i;i seed; as these stdhere by their awns, to cjotbing, &c. in great pumbers.

SYNGENESIA. FRTJSTRANEA. 9S

B. BIPINNATA. Ell. Flowers subradiate; leaves bipinnate; leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid, Fw/g-o— Spanish Needles. Hemlock Beggar-ticks.

Fl. Beginning of August, and after. Fr- mat. Beginning of October.

ffab. Gardens; fields, &c. common. 2 to 4 feethigh: flowers yellow; seed long; awns 3, or 4. Obs. This, also, is a well known, troublesome weed, in the fall of the year.

303. POLYMNIA. Niitt. Gen. G97.

[Supposed to be dedicated to one of the Alusf.s; on account of its beauty.]

Cai.. double; outer 4 or 5 leaved, inner 10 leaved; leaflets concave. Pappus 0. Reccpt. chaffy

P. CANADENSIS. EJl. Viscid; villous; lower leaves pinnatifid, upper ones 3 lobed, or entire.

Fl- Middle of August. Fr. mat.

Hub- Brandy wine, near M. Batten's: very rare. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers yellow.

Obs. I have not met with this plant growing wild, myself; but my amiable and venerable friend, the late Mr. John Jackson, who was an excellent practical botanist, and paid much attention to the plants of this region, informed me he had seen it growing native in the above locality.

CLASS XVIII. GYNANDRIA.

304. ORCHIS. Nutt. Gen. 706. [A whimsical Greek name; and more tolerable in Greek than English.]

L'oR. ringcnt, upper leaflet vaulted. Lip dilated, base spurred beneath. Pollinia 2, terminal, adnate.

O. ciLiARis. Ell. Lip lance-oblong, pinnate-ciliate; spur longer than the germ.

Ft. Middle of July. Fr. mat.

Hub. Low, moist grounds: rare. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers deep yellow.

Oba. This species grows in the alluvial district towards Wilmington, Del.— also in the Great Valley, ani on the farm of Mr. John D. Steele, in West-Bradford: but has not yet been found in this immediaVe vicinity.

O. LACEHA. 3T.C. Lip long, 3 parted, segments capillaceous-multifid; spur the length of the germ.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr- mat.

Hab. Moist woodlands: Jesse Good's: rare. 1 to2 feethigh: flowers greenish white.

Obs The O. psycodes, of Pur.ih, Willdenow, &c. is probably distinct from this; as they speak of the flowers being yelloio. In other respects, however, it seems to approach it.

O. TRIDENT ATA. IVilld. Lip lanceolate, 3 toothed at apex; spur filiform at apex, longer than the germ-

Synon. O. clavellata.' i>/x. Ell. iV'uK. &.c.

Fl. Latter end of July. Fr. mat-

Hab. Moist thickets: Geo. Vernon's: not common. 6 to 12inches high: flowers pale green:

O. sPECTABiLis. Ell. Lip obovate, crenate; spur clavate, shorter than the germ; biactes lajge .

%no;i. O. humilis. ZIx. Fo^g^o— Priest in the Pulpit.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr- mat.

Hab. Rich woodlands: Bath, &c. frequent. G to 9 inches high: flov/ers purple and wliite,

O. HER3i0L.\. Ph. Lip oblong, obtuse, toothed at base on each side; palate 1 toothed; spur shorter than tho

Synon. Habenaria herbicla. Brown in Ait. Kew. ed.'l. secund- Ph- [germ.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mot.

Hab. Moist thickets: onmyiarm: rare. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers 3'e;iowish green.

Obs. The existence of this rare species seems to have been doubted by our later wviters on American plants; as it is not noticed, either by Muhlenber.;-. Nuttall, or Elliott. Even Pursh himself did not see it. But the description given in his Supplement, p. 743, tits my plant precisely, so f.ir as it goes; and 1 am fur- ilier confirmed, as to the species, by Dr. Torrey, to whom 1 sent a specimen- The stem is angular, flexu- ose, leafy; leaves 3, or 4, oblong-lanceolate,"acute, 1 to 2 inches wir'r. rvnd 4 to 6 inches long; bractes lanceolate, twice as long a« the flowers; root fasciculate.

34 GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA.

O. FiMBRiATA. IVilld. Lip 3 parted, segments cuneate.ciliate-fimbriate; spur longer than the gertt.

JF7. Latter end of July. Fr. mat.

Hah. Wet.low grounds: Bath; Ed. Darlington's: rare. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers purple, showy.

Oht- This is a rare, and very beautiful plant. I have only found two or three specimens in all this vicinity.

305. GOODYERA. Nutt. Gen. 708.

E ]

CoR. ringent; the 2 lower petals placed under the gibbous, undivided lip. Style free. Pollen angular. G. ptfBEscENS. Ell. Leaves radical, ovate, petiolate.reticulately veined; scape and flowers pubescent. -&i/non. Satyrium repens. Mx. Neottia pubescens. Willd. Muhl. Ph. Fw/go— Rattle Snake Plantain.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr- mat. Beginning of October.

Hah- Woodlands: frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: flowers greenish white.

306. NEOTTIA. Nutt. Gtn. 709.

[Gr. Neottia, a bird's nest; from a fancied resemblance in its fibrous roots. 1

Cor. ringent; the 2 lower petals placed under the beardless lip. Style apterous. Pollen farinaceous

N. TORTiLis. Ell. Radical leaves linear; flowers spirally secund; lip trifid, crisped, crenulate. Synon. Ophrys ffistivalis. Mx. Kw/g-o— Ladies traces, or tresses.

Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Borders of fields; meadows, &c. frequent. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers white.

N. CERNUA. Ell. Leaves lanceolate; flowers in a dense spike, recur ve-nodding; lip oblong, entire, acute. Synon. Ophrys cernua. Mx.

J!'l. Latter end of August, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab- Moist thickets: Patton's; Barrens. &c. frequent. 6 to 15 inches high: flowers greenish white. Obs. Ihavespecimens which vary somewhat in appearance; but perhaps are not specifically distinct.

307. POGONL\. Nutt. Gen. 712. [Gr. Pogon, a beard; the lip of the flower being crested, or bearded.]

Petals 5, distinct, without glands, i?^ sessile? cucullate, internally crested. Po//en farinaceous.

p. vERTiciLLATA. Ell. Lcavcs 5, verticillate, lancc-oval; stem 1 flowered; outer petals very long, linear.

Synon. Arethusa verticillata. IVilld. Muhl. Ph.

Fl- Middle of May. Fr. mat.

Ilab. Moist woodlands: Patton's,&c. frequent. 9 to 15 inches high.- flowers brownish purple.

Ohs. The whorled leaves of this plant give it much of the habit of Gyromia. The long outer petals somewhat resemble the beards of a Cat-fish.

308. TRIPHORA. Nutt. Gen. 713. [Abbreviated from the Gr. Trianthophoros; literally, bearing 3 flowers.]

Petals 5) distinct, equal, connivent. Lip unguiculate, cucuUate. Style spathulate? apteroul. T. PENDULA. £//. Root tuberous; stem leafy; leaves ovate; flowers 1 to 3, pedunculate. Synon. Arethusa parviflora. Mx. A- pendula. Willd. Muhl. Ph. Ft- Latter end of August, and after. Fr. mat.

Hab. Rich woodlands: Ed. Darlington's: not common. 4 to 6 inches high: flowers pnle purple.

Obs. This delicate little plant is remarkable for the oblong, fleshy tubers, connected with its roots, after the manner of potatoes.

309. MALAXIS. Nutt. Gen. 719. [Gr. 3Ialaxis, softness; in reference to the delicate texture of the plant.]

Petals 5, narrow, spreading. 7<tj) flattened, undivided. Style extended. Po//tnia 4, affixed to the stignia.

M. LiLiiFOLiA. Ell. Leaves 2, oval; scape triquetrous; inner petals filiform, reflexed; lip obovate.

F«?g:o— Tway-blade .

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hcib. Moist woodlands: Patton's, &c. frequent. 4to6 inches high: flowers yellowish brown.

GYNANDRIA. MONANDRlA. 9d

SIO. MICROSTYLIS. Nutt. Gen. 719. [Gr. JMici'03 Bm&ll, and Stylos, a style; in reference to the minute column, or style •]

Petals 5, 1 deflected^ 2 inner ones filiform- Z.ip concave, erect, truncate, bidentate. S^^^e minute M. oPHioGLOssoiDES. Nutt. Leaf One, ovate, amplexicaul; scape angled, sulcate; flowers small. Synon- Maiaxis unifolia. Mx. M. ophioglossoides. Willd. Ell. &c. Vulgo — Adder's tongue. Fl. Middle of July. Fr. mat.

Hab. Wet, low grounds: Wollerton's: not common. 6 to 9 inches high: flowers greenish white:

311. CORALLORHIZA. Nutt. Gen. 720.

[Gr. Korallion, coral, and i?Ai.:a, a root; the roots resembling coral, inform.]

Petals equal, connivent. Lip mostly produced at base. Siylt free. Pollinia 4, oblique.

C. oDONTORHizA? Elh Root branched; scape sheathed, leafless; flowers pedicellate; capsule obovate.

Synon. Cynibidium odontorhizon.' IVilld. Ph. Ophrys corallorbiza.' Mx.

Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hah. Woodlands: Wollerton's, &c. frequent. 9 to 12 inches high: flowers brownish.

Obs. I have not examined the recent plant lately, and am unable to determine, from my specimens, whether this is the C odontorluza, or C- innata.

C? HYEMALis. Ell. Leaf one, radical, lance-oval, many nerved; lip 3 cleft, not produced at base.

6'i/iion. Cymbidium hyemale. Wilid. Muhl Ph. F«/g-o— Adam and Eve. Winter Green.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hah. Rich woodlands: along Brandywine: not common. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers greenish brown.

Obs. I think it may well be doubted whether this plant properly belongs to this genus. Pursh says the root affords a cement for broken china, &c. which is "exceedingly durable;" but from the trials which I have made of it, I cannot confirm his statement.

312. CYPRIPEDIUM. Nutt. Gen. 722. [Gr. Kypris, venus, and Podio«, a shoe; the inflated nectary, or lip, resembling a slipper.] Petals 4, spreading, under one bifid. Lip ventricose, inflated. Style terminating in a petaloid lobe.

C- PCBESCENs. Ell. Stem leafy; outer petals ovate-oblong, acuminate, inner ones long, linear, contorted.

Synon. C- calceolus.' 31x. Vulgo — Noah's Ark. Yellow Mocasin flower.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Middle of August.

Hab. Rich woodlands, and low grounds: frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: petals purplish green, lip yellow.

C. HiTMiLE. Ell Leaves radical, in pairs, oblong, obtuse; scape 1 flov/ered , with 1 bracteal leaf.

Synon. C acaule. Mx. Fw.'g-o— Purple Mocasin flower. Lady's Slippex.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat.

Hab. Woodlands: Great Valley hills: rare. 9 to 12 inches high: lip deep purple, large.

Obs. I have not found this species in this immedi-ite vicinity; but some very fine specimens we?e brought to me, in May last, (1825) by D. Meconkey, Esqr. who collected them near the Diamond Eock io Tredyflfrin township; about 2 miles north of the Paoli. '

©aDER, HEXiiHBHXA.

313 ARISTOLOCHIA. Nutt. Gen. 723. £A Greek name; given on account of the medicinal virtues of the piaut-J

Gal- 0. Cor. superior, 1 petalled, tubular; base ventricose; border dilated, Ungulate. Caps. 6 celletl. A- sERPE-VTARiA- Ell- Stemflexuose; leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate; peduncles radical. Vulgo— Virginia. Snake-root. Little Snake-root. Birth-wort. Fl- Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Last of July.

Hab. Rich woodlands: frequent. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers purpliah brown.

Ohs. The valuable medicinal properties of the root of this plant are well known.

Mr. Wm. Jackson sent me specimens from Londongrove township, in this county, which appear to be the A. m^ittata, of Muhlenberg, or A. hastata, of Nuttall, and Elliott. The ieavM are sublanceolate, acute, auriculatc at base, and oubescent. '

96

CLASS XIX. MONOECIA,

ORDER, BZANDRZA.

S14. LEMNA. Nuit. Gen. 2S. [Supposed from the Gr. ichina, or Lemma, a husk, shell, or skin; from the form of its leaves 1

Male, Cal. 1 leavedi roundish, entire, openmg on one side- Cor. 0. Female, Cal. as in the male. Cor. 0. Style 1. Utriculus 1 or 2 seeded.

L. MINOR. Ell. Fronds elliptic, or subovate, flat, cohering at base; roots solitary.

Fn/g:o— Duck-meat.

Fl. Beginning of June? J^r- mat.

Hob- Stagnant waters: along Brandywine: frequent. Very minute; floating on the surface.

Ohs. I have but rarely detected th" flov^ers on this diminutive plant; and am unable to determine, to my own satisfaction, whether it properly belongs to this class, ornot: though I observe Mr. Elliott retains it here.

ORBER, TRSAlfBRSA.

315. CAREX. Nutt. Gen. 733. [Supposed from the Lat. carere, to lack, or want; because the male spikes are destitute of fruit.]

Flowers glumaceous, imbricated in an Ament: Male, Cal. a single scale. Cor. 0.

Fem. Cu/. a scale. Cor. 1 glumed, ventricose, inclosing the triquetrous Secrf Stigmas 2 ox ^

§ 1. Spikes all androgynous.

a. Spike inostly solitary. Male flowers at base. Stigmas 3.

C. s«iTTARROsA. Schw. Spike Simple, oblong-oval; fruit imbricate, horizontal, beaked. Synon. C. typhina. Mx. C. cephalophora .' Eatmi. Fu/go— Sedge. Sedge-grass.

JFl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Hab. Low, wet woodlands: frequent. 1 to2 feet high: spikes rarely 2, or 3.

Obs For an excellent account of the North American Carices, see the Monograph of Mr. Schweiriitzi, edited by Dr. Torrey, in the 1st Volitme of the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, of New York.

b. Spikelets several, aggregated into a head- Male flowers at summit.

C- CEPHALOPHORA. Schw. Splkelcts crowded 111 an elliptic head; fruit ovate, compressed, marginate.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Hab. Hilly woodlands: Jos. Osborne's, &c. frequent. About 2 feet high: spikelets 3 to 6, clustered,

c. Spikelets distinct. Stigmas 2. t Male flowers at summit. C BROMOiDES. Schw. Spikelets linear- oblong, alternate, remote, erect; fruit oblong, beaked. Fl. Latter end of April. Fr mat. Middle of July.

Hab. Swamp*., forming tuisocJts: frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: spikelets about 4. r ROSEA Schw Spikelets remote, few flowered, a long bracteatthe base of the lower one; fruit ovate CT "R "" ■ of Mav ^'"' ■"*"*■ ^'^'^'*' ^^ '^"'y-

Hab. Moist woodlands: Bath,&c. frequent. 9 to IS inches high: spikelets 3 to 6, small. '

C. MuHLENBERGii. Schw. Spikelets ovate, alternate, approximate, bracteate at base; fruit ovate, marginate

Fl. Middle of May.

Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Hab. Dry, stony hills: Barrens, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: spik.-leU about 5.

05... In genera) appearance this resembles C cephalophora; and might be readily confounded with it. by a careless observer.

MONOECIA. TRIANDRIA. 97

C. STiPATA. Sclno. Spikeoblong, compound, aggregate; fruit oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading.

Sijnon. C. viilpinoidea. jMx-

Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Latter end of June.

Hub. Swamps; and moist, low grounds: frequent. H to 3 feet high: spikelets 10 to 20.

C. MULTiFLORA. Scliio. Spike oblong, dccompound ; spikelets conglomerate, ovate-oblong, bracteate.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

Hab. Swamps; and low grounds: common. 1 to 2 feet high: spikelets numerous, in clusters.

1 1 Female floivers at summit.

C. scoPARiA. Schio. Spikelets ovate, sessile, aggregate; fruit ovate-lanceolate, marginate-

Synon. C leporina. Mx.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

JIab. Swamps; and wet meadows: common. 1 to 2 feet high: spikelets 5 to 7, tawney when mature.

C. FESTUCACEA. Scliw. Spikelets obovate, sub-approximate ; fruit roundish-ovate, rostrate, alate. Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Hab. Low grounds; woodlands, &c. frequent. About 2 feet high: spikelets 5 to S, greenish. Obs- This species bears considerable resemblance to the preceding.

§2. Spikes, some only androgynol-s.

Terminal spike only androgynous- Stigmas 3.

C. viREScENS. Schti". Spikelets oblong, erect; terminal one male below, pedunculate; fruit ovate, obtuse.

Fl. Latter end of May. -F>- ^nat. Beginning of August.

Hal. Killy woodlands: barrens, &c. frequent. 1 to 2 feet high: spikelets 3, rarely 4, greenish.

C. hirsuta. Schiv. Spikelets ovate-oblong; terminal one on a short peduncle; fruit roundish-ovate.

Fl. Latter end of May. -F''-- mat. Latter end of July.

Hab- Low grounds; woodlands: common. 12 to 18 inches high: spikelets mostly 3.

Obs. This approaches the preceding very nearly, and may readily be confounded with it. C. DIGITALIS. Schiv. Spikelets linear, slender, distant, pedunculate; fruit oblong, sub-triquetrous. Fl. Latter end of May. ^'-- '««^- Latter end of July.

Hab. AVoodlands: Bath; Patton's, &c. frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: spikelets mostly 4, rarely 5.

§3. Spikes, Male and Female distinct. a. Male spike mostly solitary. Stigmas 3. t Female spikes sessile; or the peduncles inclosed- C. VARTA. Schio. Female spikelets ovate, subapproximate, few-flowered, sessile; male oblong, subsessile. Fl. Middle of April. ^>- mat. Middle of June.

Hab. Dry, stony banks; woodlands, &c. frequent. 5to 8 inches high: female spikelets about 3.

Obs. I'have specimens much resembling this, with long, creeping roots, which Mr Schweinitz marked C stolonifera. Perhaps they are not specifically distinct; as Dr. Muhlenberg says of this, ' radtx repens. I think it quite probable we have also C. marginata, here; but I do not find any, m my collection, which exactly suit the description.

C puBEscENs. Scktu. Female spikekts oblong, lowest on a short peduncle; culm and leaves pubescent. J'/. Beginning of May. i-^r. maf. Middle of July.

Hab. Woodlands: forks of Brandy wine: frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: female spikelets about 3. C. TENTACULATA. Schw. Female spikes ovate-cylindric, sessile; fruit ovate, ventricose, long-beaked. Synon. C rostrata. Mx.

Fl. Latter end of xMay. Fr. mat. Beginning of August.

Hab. Swamps; and wet places; very common. 12 to IS inches high: female spikes 2, or 3. Obs. This is perhaps our most common species: the whole plant yellowfsh green.

C. LTJPULiNA. Schto. Female spikes ovate-oblong, approximate; fruit ovate, ventricose, long-beaked. Fl. Middle of June. -f>- mat. Latter end of August. ^

Hab. Wet, low grounds; Jos TBylovV; Brandywir.e; frequent. 2 to 3 feet high; female mxes 2 to 5.

O

98 M0N6ECIA. TRIANDRIA.

Gi FOLLictTLATA. Schw. Female spikes roundish, few-flowered: fruit inflated, acuminafe . Fl- Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Middle of August.

TIab. Low, swampy grounds: frequent. Ijto 2 feethigb: female spikes 2, often but 1.

1 1 Female spikes on exsert peduncles, partly sheathed at base.

e. XAWTIIOPHVSA. Schw. Female spikes ovate, remote, pedunculate; fruit oblong-conoid, beaked-

JY. Middle of June. /">-. maf. Last of August.

Ilab. Wet, low grounds: Patton's; Brandywine: frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: female spikes 2 to 4.

Obs. Mr. Schweinitz remirked to me that this was no< the C. xanthophysa, ol Muhlenberf;; the latter plant being the C striata, of Mr. S. This species seems to resemble C- lujiulina more than C folliculata; but ;i readily distinguished by its distant, pedunculate female spikes.

C. ANCEPS. Schii\ Female spikes cylrndric, remote, lax- flowered; leaves broad, striate, glaucous.

Synon. C. plantaginea. Muhl. IVilld? Mx. Ph^ Ell-

Fl. Last of April. Fr- mat. Beginning of July.

Jlab- Woodlands: Bath, &c. frequent. 9 to 15 inches high: female spikes 2 to4.

06s. The broad radical leaves continue green through the winter; and Dr. Muhlenberg says the youn- ger ones afford good food for cattle,— which is not usually ihe case with this genus.

C. scABRATA. Schio. Female spikes cylindric, lower one on a long peduncle; fruit ovate, scabrous.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Last of August.

Hab. Wet places: Ed. Darlington's meadow: not common. 1 to 2 feet high: female spikes 3 to 5.

Obs. The leaves, and indeed the whole plant, remarkably scabrous. Mr. Schweinitz observed that this was "a very rare species" to him.

C. CONOIDEA. Schw. Female spikes sLender, loose-flowered; lower peduncle long; fruit oblong-conic Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Latter end of June.

Hab. Woodlands: Bath, &c. frequent. 6 to 12 inches high: female spikes mostly 2.

C. LAxiFLORA. Schw- Female spikes oblong, the lowcst remote; fruit ovate-oblong, ventricose, obtuse.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

Hab. Low grounds: Patton's; Brandywine: frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: female spikes 3 or4.

C FLEXtJosA. Schic. Female spikes filiform, distant, pendulous; fruit alternate, oblong, beaked.

Synon. C. debilis. Mr.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of August.

Hab. Woodlands: Patton's, &c. frequent. 12 to 18 inches high, slender: female spikes about 4.

ttt Female spikes on long peduncles, nearly naked.

P,. MiLiACEA. Schiv. Female spikes filiform, upper peduncle short; fruit ovate, triquetj-ous.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

Hab. Low grounds: Patton's, Sec frequent. 1 to 2 feet high, slender; female spikes about a.

b. Male spikes several. Stigmas 2.

C. cRimTA. Schw. Female spikes cylindric, long, pendulous; calyx linear, long, margins hispid. Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Jlab. Wet places: Bath, &c. common. 2 to 3 feet high: female spikes2 to 4; male about 3. Obs. The terminal spikes of this species are often androgynous.

C. ^CUTV. Schw. Female spikes cylindric, subnutant, subpedunculate, remote; fruit oblong, beak short Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

Hab. Swamps: frequent. U to 2 fee* high: female spikes2, or 3; male 1 to 3.

Ob^ Thi« and some of the other species grow in large turfy bunches ''\«"'«mP^ -^o''")'"? ^„^?* ^""^ ^f " mers call r,mo<-'«. In reclaiming those swamps, it has been found that the best mode of disposing of th« roots of he Carices, is to cut them'^ut. and. when dry, put them n heaps, and burn them. The burnt earth and ashes of the roots, are nearlv as valuable as an equal bulk of barnyard manure. .,,„.„:„<, „, -

' We have doubtless several oth.r species of this numerous ^"'l^difhcult family ; but ♦h«£^^^°'"gj^7 all that I have vet collected, in this vicinity. They arc all sanctioned by the hisU authority oi jyir. Schweinitz, and" Dr. Torrey.

MONOECIA. TRIANDRIA. J9S

316. SCLERIA. Nutt. Gen. 734. [Gr. Skleros, hard; in reference to its hard, polished seeds.]

Male, C'al. 2 to 6 valved, many flowered. Cor. glumes awnless.

Fem. Cal. 2 to 6 valved, 1 flowered. Cor. 0. Stigmas 1 to 3. Nut colored, subglobose.

S. TRiGLOMERATA. Ell. Stem acutely triquetrous; leaves lance-linear; nut smooth. F«/g-o— Whip-grass.

Fl. Beginning of June. Pr. mat. Middle of July.

Hab. Barren ridge, frequent: rare elsewhere. 2 to 3 feet high. Nut white.

Obs. This is not the S. triglomerata, of Pursh. I have a specimen from Georgia, which seems to b« iden- tical with ours.

S. PAUCiFLORA. Ell. Stem triquetrous; leaves linear; nut rugose, or papillate. Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

Hab. Barren ridge, abundant: rare elsewhere. About 1 foot high. Nut white, small-

06s. Dr. Torrey, to whom I sent specimens, avers that this is not the S. pauciflora, of Pursh.

317. SPARGANIUM. iXutt. Gen. 731. [Gr. Sparg-anoji, a fillet, or bandage; from its riband-like leaves.]

Male, ^/noU globose. Ca/. 3 to 6 leaved. Cor. 0.

Fem. Jmcnt globose. Ca/. 3 to Cleaved. Cor. 0. (Sfigwia simple, or bifid. Drt(;?e dry, 1 seede'd

S. americanum.' IVutt. Lower leaves carinate at base, as long as the stem; stigma simple, oblique. Synon. S. simplex. ^ IVWd. Ph. Mahl- Vulgo—Bm-reed.

Fl. Middle of July, and after- Fr. mat. Middle of September, and after.

Hub- Sluggish rivulets, ditches, &c. frequent. 12 to 18 inches high: heads yellowish green.

318. TYPHA. Nutt. Gen. 730. [Gr. Tiphos, a bog, or marsh; from its usual place of growth.]

^?ne)2i cylindric, dense. Male, above. Ca?. obsolete, 3 leaved. Cor. 0.

Fem. Cal. 0. Cor. 0. .S'eed 1, pedicellate, surrounded with a hsiiry pappus, at base

T. latifolia. Ell. Leaves linear, flat; male and female aments approximate.

Ft(/g-o— Cat-tail. Reed-mace. Cooper's Reed.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr- mat. Beginning of September.

Hab. Pools, swampy springs, &c. frequent. 4 to 5 feet high; aments brown.

Obs. The leaves .ire used by coopers to secure the joints of caf^ks, &c. from leaking. Poor people sometimes collect the pappus, or hairy involucols of the miUirt" aments, for the purpose of filling beds; but, as Dr. W. P. C. B.Trton justly remarks, it is bodi unhealtliy and unpleasant— and much inferior to ^t^aw, or even to clean oats chalf.

T. ANGUSTiFOLiA. Ph. Leaves linear. Canaliculate ; male and femfde aments remote. Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Last of August.

lictb. Ponds, and wet places: Unionville: rare. 3 to 5 feet high: aments brown.

Obs. This species is very rare in this vicinity. I am indebted for my Pennsylvania specimenp to Dr. Seah— who collected it in a pond near Unionville, about S miles t'lom West-Chester. I have seen it fre- quently in New Jersey.

319. Ce]MPT0NL4. Nntl. Gen. 735. [Dedicated to ife?iri/ Coviplon, Bisliop of London; who was a collector of Plants]

Male, amoi* cylindrio. Cal. a scale. Cor. 2petal!ed.' Filaments 3 or 4, bifurcate? Fem. amcjif ovate. Cal. a scale. Cor. 6 petalled. Styles 2. Nut oval.

C ASPLENiFOLiA . £//. Leaves lance-linear-oblong, irregularly crenate-pinnatifid. Sijnon. Liquidambar asplenifolia. JMurshall. I'l/go— Sweet Fern.

Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Beginning of September,

llab. Slaty hills: Barrens, abundant. About 2 feet high; bushy.

Obs. An aromatic little shrub, emitting a resinous odor when bruised. It is reputed astringent, and prob- ably possesses some medicinal properties. Th'.; infusion is occasionally used, in popular practice; in mild dysenteric cases, and as a diet drink.

lOOi MONOECIA. TETRANDIA.

©RDEH, TETBANBIA.

320. BOEHMERIA. Nutt. Gen. 740. [In honor of George Rudolph Boehmer; a German Botanist.]

Male. Cal. 4 parted. Cor. 0. Nectary 0.

Fem. Cal- 0. Cor- 0. Style 1. Seed 1, roundish, compressed, margiaate.

E. CYLiNDRicA. EIL Sub-dioicous; leaves opposite; male spikes glomerate, interrupted; female cylindric. Synon- Urtica cylindrica. Mr. Fu/g-o— False Nettle.

■ Fl- Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Latter end of i^eptember.

Hab Moist, shaded grounds; Brandywine: frequent. About 2 feet high.

B. LATBRiFLORA? Ell. Leaves alternate, on long petioles; flowers glomerate, lateral.

Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Woodlands, along Brandywine: not common. 1 to 2 feet high.

321. URTICA. JVutt. Gen. 741. [Lat. ttro, to burn, or sting, and tactus, ihe touch; from the effect of the plant, when touched. D« Theis.'}

Male, Cal. 4 leaved. Cor. 0. Nectary central, mostly cyathiform.

Fem. Cal. 2 valved, persistent. Cor. 0. Seed I, ovate, shining. U- PUMiLA. Ell. Triandrous, stem shining, siib-peJIucid; leaves opposite; corymbs short. Fu/g-o— Rich-weed. Smooth Nettle.

Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Moist, shaded spots: about houses; rivulets, &;c. common. 9 lo 18 inches high.

U. cioiCA. Ell- Dioicous.' hispid; leaves opposite, lance-cordate, coarsely serrate: spikes clustered, long.

Ftt/g-o— Common Stinging Nettle.

Fl- Middle of June, and after. Fr- mat. August, and after.

Hab. About houses; roadsides, &c. frequent. U lo 3 feet high.

Ohs. A naturalized foreigner; well known to all who have ever handled it. It is so abundant about some houses as to be very troublesome.

U- PROCEEA? Ell. Dioicous; leaves opposite, lance -ovate, serrate; petioles ciliate; spikes subramose. /";. Beginning of August. ' Fr. j?iaf. Latter end of September.

Hab- Low, moist grounds: Patton's: frequent. 2 to 3 feet high: somewhat glabrous.

U. DivARicATA. Ell. Leaves alternate, ovatc, sub-glabrous; panicles axillary, divaricately branched. Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Moist, shaded grounds: along rivulets, &c. frequent. 2 to 3 feet high.

Obs. Nearly allied to the following; but smaller, and not so hispid. U. CANADENSIS. Ell. Hispid; leaves alternate, cordate-ovate; panicles divaricately branched. Fl. Beginning of August, awd after. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Miry, shaded grounds: forks of Brandywine, &c. frequent. 3 to 6 feet high.

Obs. I have not yet made myself sufficiently familiar with this repulsive genus, to he confident that I have enumerated all our species,— or that I have determined them all correctly: but I incline to think the foregoing may be relied upon.

S22. ALNUS. Nutt. Gen. 737. [Obscure: See Be Tkeis. " Vocatur ab^lmne, quiain fluminealitur." Boerh.']

Male, Ament with receptacles cuneiform, truncate, 3 flowered. Cal. a scale. Cor. 4 parted. Fem. -<4ment sub-ovate. Cai. scales 2 flowered. Cor. 0. 5'eed compressed, ovate, naked.

A. SEKRULATA. Mx. Arb. Leaves obovate, acuminate, doubly serrulate; stipules oval, obtuse.' Siynon. Betuja serrulata. Mx. Fl Am. Fw/g-o— Common Alder. Candle Alder-

Fl. Latter end of March. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hah. Swamps; and along rivulets: common, 6 to 10 feet high.

Oba. This is one of our earliest flowering shrubs. The male aments are formed during the preceding au- tnmn, and a few warm days in Marcli are sufficient to develope them. This is sometimes called Black Al- der:, but that name properly belongs to the Prinos verticillatus.

MONOECIA. TETRANDRIA. 101

323. MORUS. Nutt. Gen. 743. [Gr. Amauros, dark; or from the Celtic, Mor, black; the color of the fruit- De Tlteis.]

Sometimes Dioicous: MAi,r., Ament loose. Ca/. 4 parted. Cor. 0.

FsM- Ament deme. Ca/. 4 leaved, becoming a 6erry. Cor. 0. Styks2. Seed 1. M. RUBRA. ALc. Arb. Dioicous; leaves cordate, or lobate, scabrous; female ament cylindric. Vufgo—Red Mulberry.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of June.

Hab- Rich woodlands: fence rows, &c. frequent. 1.5, to 20 or 30 feet high: fruit dark purple.

Obs. The fruit of this well known tree is much admired by some; though it is rarely cultivated for that object. The wood is remarkably durable, and valuable for posts, &c.

M. ALBA. Ell. Monoicous; leaves cordate, oblique at base, ovate, or lobate, glabrous. J'M/g-o— White Mulberry,

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of June.

Hab. Fence-rows: Jos. Townsend's farm: not common. 15 to 20 feet high: fruit white.

Obs. This foreign tree occurs about some old settlements, where it was formerly introduced, with a view to raise Silk-worms: but the business has been abandoned for many j'ears, in this vicinity. I have speci- mens, from near Birmingham Meeting-house, which fit Willdenow's description of M. tatarica precisely; which species, however, he seems to think is only a variety of the M- alba.

324. XANTHIUM. Nidi. Gen. 704. [Gr. Xanthos, yellow; a color said to be produced by the unripe fruit of the plant.] Male, Cal. many leaved, imbricate. Cor- 5 cleft, funnel-form. Recept. chaffy. Fem. /nuo/itcrc 2 leaved, 1 flowered. Cor. 0. Z>rM;je dry, muricate, bifid. i\"t/f 2 celled. X. STRUMARiUM. Ell. Stem branched, Unarmed; leaves cordate, rough; fruit elliptic, bristles hooked. r((/g-o— Clot-bur. Clot-weed. Lesser Burdock. Cockle-bur. Fl. Latter end of August, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hah. Farm yards, lanes, roadsides, &c. frequent. 1 to 3 feet high: flowers greenish.

Obs. This is an obnoxious weed— the burs often matting, and injuring the fleeces of sheep, &c. Mr. Xuttall says it is "indigenous to the remotest parts of upper Louisiana:" but it has very much the appear- .-ince of a naturalized stranger here. The X. fpinosum, a still viler weed, has not reached this region yet. 1 hn\ e not met with it nearer than the District of Columbia.

With great deference to the superior judgment of those able botanists who have removed this, and the following genus, to Si/ngenesia, I cannot help thinking that Monoecia is the proper class for them.

325. AMBROSIA. JVutt. Gen. 703. [A poetical ii::me: the food of the Gods; but certainly indiilerent food for vwrtals.1 M ALE, in spikes. C.;/. 1 leaved, many flowered. Cor. 1 petalled, funnel-form, 5 cleft. Recept. naked. Fem. clustered. Cal. 1 leaved, entire, belly 5 toothed. Cor. 0. A'ni from the indurated calyx, 1 seeded, A- TRiFiDA. Ell. Hirsute; scabrous; leaves mostly opposite, deeply 3 lobed, serrate; fruit 6 toothed, F/. Middle of August. Fr wai:. Beginning of October-

Hab. Fence-rows; thickets, &c. frequent. 3, to C or S feet high: male spikes greenish yellow.

A. ARTEMISIFOLIA-' Ell. Stempilosc; leaves bipinnatifid, upper ones pinnatifid; racemes in 3's, terminal. .S'vdon. A. absynthifolia.' M.v. Ftt/g:o— Bitter-weed. Rag-weed. Wild Wormwood. Hog-weed.

Fl. Latter end of August, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab- Pastures; stubble fields, &c. very common. 1, to 3 or 4 feet high-

Obx. This abundant, and worthless weed, I take to be t!i.- A. artemisifolia of the books; and yet the peti- oles are conspicuously ciliate. If we have the A. tlalior, I have not yet distinguished it from this.

326. AMARANTHUS. Ahtlt. Gen. 746. [Gr. a, not, maraino, to wither, and Anthos, a flower; the flowers remaining unchanged, in drying] Male, Cal. 3 or 5 leaved, persistent, mostly colored. Cor. 0. Stamens 5, or 3. Fem. Cal. as in the male. Co*-. 0. Styles about 3. Caps. 1 celled, circumsci.ssed. Seed 1.

A. Ai^Bus. Ph. Glomerules axillary, triandrous: Ieave= obovate, reiusp, with a small bristle in the sinus- ri(/go~Wliite Amaranth. Careless.

102 MONOECIA. PENTANDRIA.

Fl. Middle of August. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hah. Gardens; barn-yards; Indian cornfields, &c: common. 1 to 3 feet high: plant pale green.

Ohs. I have never had any doubts of this species; and yet our plant is usually very much branched- Th'e stems break off near the ground in the beginning of winter, and the plants roll about before the winds.

A. HYBRiDus. EIL Racemes pentandrous, decompound, clustered, erect; leaves lance ovate. Fl- Latter end of August. Fr. mat- Beginning of October.

Hab. Gardens; cultivated lots, &c. common. 2, to 4 or 5 feet high.

Ohs- A homely, unwelcome weed, in our gardens, &c.— I think it probable we have some other species of this geni^, which are not cultivated — though I have not ascertained them.

ORBlSIl, KSXANDRZA.

327. ZIZANIA. Niitt. Gen- 747. [An ancient Greek name, of obscure etymology.]

Male, Cah 0. Cor. glume 2 valved, awnless; sometimes intermixed with the female flowers.

Fem. Cal. 0. Coj-. glume 2 valved, cucullate, awned. &7i//£ 2 parted. .Setd 1, invested by the corolla.

Z. AQUATiCA. Ell- Panicle pyramidal; male flowers below, spreading; female above, spiked; awns long. Synon. Z- clavulosa. Mx. Vulgo—WM Rice. Indian Rice. Water Oats. Reed.

Fl- Latter end of August. Fr- mat. Latter end of September.

Jfab- Rivulet, near Marshall's Mill, on Brandywine: rare. 4 to 6 feet high.

Ohs- The male flov/ers, and fruit, caducous: the pedicels of the female flowers enlarged, or clavate. I have only met with this plant in one spot, a few rods west of Marshall's Mill, south side of Brandywine

328. SAGITTARIA. Nutt. Gen- 750. [Lat. Sagitta, an arrow; the leaves resembling the head of an arrow.] Male, CaZ. 3 leaved. Cor. 3 petalled- iSiamens numerous, 20 to 30. F£M. Cal. 3 leaved. Cor. 3 petalled. Capsules many, aggregate, 1 seeded.

S, sAGiTTiFOLiA. Ell- Leavcs ovate, sagittate, lobes lance-ovate; bractes acuminate, glabrous.

Synon. S- latifolia. JFllld- Ftt^ffo— Arrow-head.

Fl- Beginning of August, and after. Fr. mat- Beginning of October.

Hab. Swamps; and spring heads: frequent. Scape 9 to IS inches high: flowers white.

Obs. This is a large-leaved, glabrous species; and, I think, quite distinct from the following. 1 have foun.d a number of fleshy tubers attached to the roots,— some of them the size of a goose-egg,— which were mild to the taste, and I have no doubt would be esculent, and nutritious, if properly cooked. Hogs are v$ry iond of rooting after those tubers, in the spring of the year.

S. PUBEscEvs. Ell- Leaves lance-oblong, lobes lanceolate; bractes ovate, obtuse, pubescent. Fl- Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat- Latter end of September.

Hub. Swamps; ditches, &c. frequent. Scape 6 to 12 inches high: flowers white.

Obs. Mr. NTuttall thinks this is nothing more than a variety of the preceding: if so, it is certainly a •jfrongly marked one. The plant is constantly smaller,— the leaves narrower, with long, narrow, lanceo- late lobes— the bractes roundish-ovate, and, with the scape, quite pubescent; whereas thq bractes ot the other have a long acumination, and are glabrous.

329. EUPHORBIA. Nutt- Gen. IIZ. [Dedicated to £M2)/jor6t(s; an ancient Greek Physician.]

Involucre caliciform, segments often petaloid: Male florets attached to the involucre. Fem. central, solitary, pedicellate. Cal. 0. Cor- 0. Styles 3, bifid. Caps- 3 grained.

E. HVPERiciFOLTA. Ell Glabrous; divaricately branching; leaves oval-oblong, serrate, sub-falcate.

Fti/^o— Eye-bright. Spurge.

Fl- Latter end of July, and after. Fr- mat- Beginning of October.

Hab- Fields; roadsides, &c. common. 9 to 18 inches high: flowers %vhite, small.

Obs- It seems difficult to determine to M'hichC/ass and Orrf«r, of the Sexual System, this genus jno.-Jt appropriately belongs, I have, however, concluded to arrange it here, tor the present.

MONOECIA. POLYANDRIA. 103

E- DEPRESS A. Ell- Stem prostrate, brandling, hairy; leaves oval, serrulate, base uuequal-

Synon. E. Ihymifolia? Ph. E- maculata. FL Phil. Fu/go- Spotted Spurge.

Fl. Middle of July till September. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Indian Corn-fields; pastures, &c. frequent. G to 12 inches long: flowers white, minute.

E. coROLLATA. Ell. Erect; leaves alternate, oblong, obtuse; umbel 5 cleft, 3 cleft, and dichotomous.

Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Ilab. Fence-rows, &c. frequent. 1 to 3 feet high: flowers white, conspicuous-

Obs. In addition to the foregoing, I have some specimens which I cellected in the beginning of July, 1819 along a shaded rivulet, on the barrens, N W. of S. Stringfellow's; and which, m the opmion of Dr. Torrey, come nearer to the E. sijlvatiaa, of Europe, than to any other. It is possible they may have strayed from a garden,— although found in a very retired spot I have only met rt'ith the plant in that place. It is from 2 to 3 feet high, nearly glabrous, leaves scattered, oblong, or oblanceolate, entire, about 1 inch Wide, and 4 inches iu length— the involucels diphyllous, subcordate, large.

330. ARUM. Nutt. Gen. 7G2. [An ancient name; of obscure etymology.]

Spai/je cucullate. S^Jat^i'x naked at summit. Male, above. S'fajn. naked, crowded.

Fem. below, on the same spadix. Cat. 0. Cor. 0. Berry 1 or many seeded.

A. DRACONTiuM. Ell SteiTiIcss; leaves pedate; spadix subulate, longer than the spathe.

Valgo— Green Dragon. Dragon-root.

Fl. Latter end of May- Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Rich, moist woodlands: Brandywine: frequent. 12 to 18 inches high.

A. TRiPHYLTXTM. Ell- Often dioicous; sub-caulescent; leaves ternate; spadix clavate.

Fu/g-o— Indian Turnip. Wake-robin.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Last of August.

Hab. Rich, shaded grounds: fence-rows, &c. common. 1 to 2 feet high.

Obs. The tuberous root, which is considerably acrid, is a popular remedy in coughs,, and pulmonary complaints. It is prepared by boiling it in milk. A species of Sago has been obtained from it, as we leain from Barton's Journal, Vol. 2. part 1. p. 84.

331. QUERCUS. Nutt. Gen. 751. [Etymology obscure; De T/jeis says, from the Celtic, Qtter, handsome, and Cuci, tree.]

Male, Ament naked, linear. Cal. slightly 5 cleft. Cor. 0. Stamens 4 to 10. Fem. Cal. 1 leaved, entire, scabrous. Cor. 0. Nut. coriaceous, seated in the calyx.

a. Leaves lobed. t Lobes setaceously mucronate. O TiNCTORiA Mx ^r&. Leaves obovate, pubescent beneath; cup scutellate; nut depressed-globose. Svuon.Cl.m%r^. Marsh. F,//^o-Black Oak. Dyer's Oak. Quercitron.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Rich, upland woods: very common. 60 to 90 feet high.

Obs. Though the ivood of tliis is not so durable as some other species, if is a very valuable tree. Besides rails fuel &c it is much used for making shingles. The bark\'i used in tanning; and forms an article of extensive'commerce, for the purpose of dying yellow, under the name of quercitron. It is sometimes em- ployed for medical purposes, as an astringent, and tonic.

Q RUBRA Mx. Arb. Leaves obtusely sinuate, lobes often uilid, cup soutellate; nut subovate. Synon. Q. rubra montana. Marsh. Tu/go-Upland Red Oak. Spanish Oak.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Hilly woodlands: frequent. 50 to 70 feet high.

Oh, The bark of this species is much e.steemed for tanning. The U'ood is not very valuable.-being fr^.. qu?ntly unsound at heart.^l is distinct from the true Spanish Oak; but is generally known here by that name.

O PALUSTRT" Mr. Arb. Leavesdeeply sinuate, glabrous; cup scutellate; nut subglobose, Synon. Q. rubra ramosissima- Marsh. Ku/ffo-Pin Oak. Water Oak.

Fl. Middle of May. F'- '"«'• ^f ^^ <^^ O'""'^"

Hab. Wet, low grounds: along rivulets: frequent. 40 to 60 feet high.

Obs. Th« wood of this i.9 very firm; and is much used by mechanics.

104 MONOECIA. POLYANDRIA.

Q. BANisTERi- Mx. ArJ). Leaves obovate-cuneiform, SorSlobed: cup sub-turbinate; nut sub-globose. Synon. Q. ilicifolia. Ell. Eaton, &c. T'^w/g-o- Black Scrub Oak. Bear Oak. Barren Oak.

Fl- Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hob. Dry, sterile hills: Barrens: frequent. 4 to 6 feet high, much branched. Obs. A worthless little species; which I take to be the Q. nigra pumila, of Marshall. 1 1 Lobes not mucronaie.

Q. 0BTUSIL0I3A. Mx. Arb . Leaves cuneate at base, lobes obtuse, dilated; cup hemispheric; nut oval. Syno-n. Q. alba minor. Marsh. Q. stellata. Eaton. Fwigo— Barren White Oak. Post Oak. Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Sterile hills: Barren ridge: frequent. 20 to 40 feet high.

Obs- The wood of this is very durable ; and is much valued for posts, &c. It is also esteemed for fuel.

Q. ALBA. .Mx. Arb. Leaves pinnatifid-sinuate, lobes oblong, obtuse; cup craterate; nut ovate.

Fm/°-o— White Oak.

Ft. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Woodlands: every where common. 60 to 100 feet high.

Obs. This is one of our finest, and most valuable forest trees; and often grovi^s to an immense size. The timber is firm and durable — serving for many important purposes in the mechanic arts. The keels of some of our largest national ships were procured from trees of this species, in this vicinity. The bark is astringent, and tonic; and is frequently employed in the treatment of diseases. The acorns afford a nutri- tious food for hogs.

b. Leaves coarsely dentate— not lobed.

Q. BicoLOR. Ph- Leaves oblong-obovate, white-tomentose beneath; cup hemispheric; nut oblong-ovate. Sy7wn. Q- prinus discolor. Mx. Arb. Vulgo — Swamp White Oak.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Uab. Low grounds: along creeks: frequent. 40 to 60 feet high.

Obs. There are, apparently, some varieties of this tree. It is not held in such high estimation as some of the other species-

Q. montAjVA. Ph. Leaves broad-obovate, downy beneath; cup turbinate; nut oblong. Sft/non. Q- prinus monticola. M.r. ^ir&. Fy/g-o— Chesnut Oak. Rock Chesnut Oak.

Fl- Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Hilly, rocky woodlands: frequent. 50 to 70 feet high. Obs. The timber and bark of this species are much esteemed.

Q. CHINQUAPIN. Ph. Leaves obovate, and oblong, glabrous; cup hemispheric; nut ovate. Syncn. Q. prinus chincapin. Mi: Arb. Q. prinoides. Willd. Eaton. Fw/gfo— Dwarf Chesnut Oak. Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Dry, sterile hills: Barrens: frequent. 2 to 6 feet high.

Obs. I am sensible that my catalogue of our Oaks cannot be complete; but the foregoing are all that I have ascertained with any degree of satisfaction.

{^The Q. PHELLOs I have not found nearer to this place than the alluvial lands, in the neighborhood of the river Delaware. Indeed, I have never observed it, growing native, in any other kind of soil.

332. JUGLANS. Nutt. Gen. 760. [Lat. formed iroraJovis Glans, the nut of Jove; on account of its excellence.] Male, jflment imbricate. Ca/. a scale. Cor. 5 or 6 parted. S^amfji.s 18 to 36. Fem. Cat. superior, 4 cleft. Cor. 4 parted. Styles 1 or 2. Drupe coriaceous, or spongy. Nut rugose

J. NIGRA. Mx. Arb. Leaflets lance-ovate, serrate, narrowed above; fruit globose, scabrous-punctate-

Fu/g-o— Black Walnut-

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Jiab. Rich woodlands; fence-rows, fcc. common. 30 to 60 feet high.

Obs. The woodo'i this tree is valuable, and much used by cabinet makers, &c. The fruit is esteemed; and the spongy pericarp is often employed as a domestic dye atuif- The tree exevts an unfriendly influence upon many other plants, growing in its immediate vicinity.

J. ciN£REA. Ell. Leaflets lanceolate, serrulate, pubescent; petioles villous; fruit oblong-ovate- iSynon. J. cathartica. Mx. Arb- Fj</so~White Walnut. Butter-nut.

MONOECIA. POLYANDRIA. 105

Fl- Beginning of May, Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Rich, bottom lands: Brandywine: frequent. 15 to 30 feet high.

Obs. This is generally a small, branching tree, and the wood is not highly valued. The extract of the bark, used in the form of pills, is a convenient and deservedly popular cathartic. The young /r«t<, which is viscid and villous, is prepared, by our housewives, as a condiment, or pickle, which is much esteemed. It ie in the proper state for this purpose, about the last of June, or beginning of July. The kernel of the ripe fruit is rarely eaten,— being very oily and rancid.

333. CARTA. Nutt. Gen. 761. [Gr. KaryOj the ancient name of the Juglans regia, or Walnut tree- Nutt-]

Male, -i47neM« imbricate, compound. CaA a scale, 3 parted. Cor. 0. Stavicns i to S.

Fem. Ca/. superior, 4 cleft. Cor. 0. Style 0. S'tigma 4 lobed. Pericarp 4 valved. A^iit 4 angled, smooth

C. SULCATA. Ell- Leaflets about 9, oblanceolate; fruit 4 angled; nut long-mucronate.

Synon. Juglans laciniosa. Mx- arb. J. mucronata. Mx. Fl. Am- Fit/g-o— Thick Shell-bark Hickory.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

4Iab. Rich woodlands: frequent. 60 to 80 feet high.

Obs. The wood of most of the species of Hickory is highly valuable for fuel,— though not very durable Tvhen exposed to the weather, and much subject to be worm-eaten The whole genus is believed to be pe- culiar to this continent.

C. SQUAMOSA. Eat. Leaflets about 5, long-petiolate, lance-oblong; fruit depressed-globose; nut compressed- Synon. C. alba. Ell- Juglans squamosa- Mx. arb. Fu/g:o— Shell -bark Hickory, Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Rich bottom land; creek banks, kc frequent. 60 to 80 feet high.

Obs. This tree is well known, on account of its nuts, which are so highly esteemed for the table. They are much superior to those of any other species, in this region .

C. TOMENTOSA. Ell Leaflets about 9, oblanceolate; aments tomentose; nut thick-shelled, hard. Synon. Juglans tomentosa. Mx. Arb- J. alba. IVilld- Muhl- Fu/g-o— White-heart Hickory- FL Middle of May. Ft. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Woodlands: common. 60 to 80 feet high,

Obs- The white hickory is considered as aflfording the best fuel; as well as being the toughest, and most suitable for axe-hanules, &c.

C. AM.VRA. Ell. Leaflets about 9, lance-oblong, glabrous; fruit subglobose ; nut mucronate. Syno7i Juglans amara. Mx. Arb- FM/g-o-BitterNut. Swamp Hickory.

Fl. Middle of May. f r- mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Woodlands; and low grounds: frequent. 40 tobOfept high. Obs. The nufs of this species are bitter and astringent.

C. poRciNA. Ell- Leaflets about 7, lanceolate, glabrous; fruit pyriform, or globose.

Synon. Juglans porcina. Mr. Arb. Vulgo— Broom Hickory. Pig-nut Hickory.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

Hab. Woodlands: frequent. 40 to CO feet high.

Obs. The young saplings of this species were much used, formerly, for making splint-brooms,— the wood being very tough.

334. FAGUS. Nutt. Gen. 753. [Lat.— originally from the Gr- phago, to eat; the fruit being esculent.]

Male, .<4fflenf roundish. CaZ. 5 cleft, campanulate. Cor. 0. Stamens Sihout 12.

Fem. Cal. 4 toothed, setose. Cor. 0. Nuts 2, triquetrous, included in the muricate, 4 cleft calyx

F. SYLVATiCA. Ell. Leaveslance-ovaI,acuminate, slightly dentate, glabrous, margin ciliate.

Synon. F. sylvestris, Mx. Arb. F. sylvatica atro-punicea. Marsh. Vulgo— Beech tree. White Beech.

Fl- Beginning of May. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Hab. Moist, low grounds: woodlands: common. 80 to 50 feethigh.

Obs. As far as I have observed, I think Mr. Nuttall is correct in the suggestion that this epecies is dimcous. The leaves in 3Iichaux's plate do not exactly correspond with our pLint. With us, the leaves, though tapering, are not acute, at base,— but are somewhat oblique, and slightly cordate; and on jjetioles scarcely one fourth of an inch long. In other respects they accord witii the plate. The ?Pood is very close-grained; and ranch used for making plane-stocks, shoemaker's lasts, &c. The nuts afford food to.-

106 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA.

335. CASTANEA. Nutt. Gen. 754. [Castanea, a city of Thessaly; where the tree grew in great abundance.] Male, ^mc72/ naked, linear, Ions, interruptedly glomerate. Cal. 0. Cor. 5 or 6 parted- Stam- 5 to 20 Fem- Cal. 5 or 6 leave<?, muricate. Cor. 0. Stigmas pencil-foriA. Nuts 3, in the echinate calyx.

C. VESCA Mr. Arb- Leaves glabrous, lance-oblong, sinuate-serrate; serratures mucronate. Sijnon. Fagus-Castanea dentata. Marsh. F«/g-o— Chesnut tree.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Mab. Hilly, gravelly lands; woodlands: common. 60 to 90 feet high.

Obx. Our A.nsrican Chesnut is generally considered to be only a variety oi the European,— though it is made a distinct species, under the name of C americana, by some botanists. It setms to flourish most naturally in a dry, gravelly, or slaty, and thin soil. The irood is very durable, and highly valued for making- fences. It is also extensively convertfd into charcoal, by our blacksmiths; but i.s not esteemed . for onllnary fuel. The treat which the nuts afford, for our tables, is familiarly known to every one.

ft^ The C. puMii^A, or Chinqiiapin, grows in the South Western extremity of this County, — and is very abundant in the neighboring districts, still further to the South and West; but I believe it is not to be found, native, vvithm 15 or 20 miles of this Borough.

336. BETULA. Nutt. Gen. 755. [Etymology obscure: Boerh- says, "a.batuendo, id est, csdendo, ex hac arbore fasces conficiebant Romani qui Magiscratibus solebant prseferri."]

Male, Ament imbricate, scales peltate, 3 flowered. C«/. a scale. Cor. 0. Stam. 10 to 12.

Fem. ^mcnf imbricate. Ca/. a scale, 2 flowered. Cor-O. Seerfl, alate.

B. RUBRA. Mx. Arb. Leaves subrhomboid-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, base entire.

Synon. B. nigra Willd. Ph. Ell- &c. B. lanulosa. Mx. Fl. Am. Vulgo—Red Birch. Black Birch.

Fl. MidJ e of April. Fr. mat.

Hab. Low grounds: Black Horse Run, Strasburgh road: rare. 40 to 60 feet high.

Obs. Tiiis tree is remarkable for its outer bark peeling off spontaneously in large, thin, smooth scales, er laminae. I have not observed it any where in this vicinity, except in the above locality.

B. i.ENTA. Mx. Arb. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate.

jStjnon. B. Carpinifolia. 3Ix. Fl Am. Vulgo— Sweet Birch. Cherry Bjrch. Mahogany Birch.

Fl. Middle of April. Fr. mat.

Hab. Barrens: rivulet below Geo. Vernon's, rare. 30 to GO feet high.

Obs- The bark and young twigs, are pleasantly aromatic, — somewhat resembling, in taste, the Gaulthe- ria procumbens — and are sometimes added as an ingredient indomestic brewings of beer, indiet drinks, &c.

337. CARPINUS. Nutt. Gen. 756. [Celtic. Car, wood, and pin, head; i.e. wood suitable for making yokes for cattle. De Tftcjs.]

Male, Ament irpbricate. Cal. a scale, ciliate. Cor. 0. Stamens about 10.

Fem. Ament lax, finally racemose. Cal. a scale, 2 flowered. Cor. trifid. Nut ovate, nerved.

C AMERTCANA. 3Tx. Arb. Leaves oblong-ovate; scales of the female ament enlarging, foliaceous.

^ynon. C. betulus virginiana. Marsh. Vvlgo— Common Hornbeam. Water Beech,

Fl. Middle of April. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Banks of rivulets; low grounds, &c. common. 10 to 20 feet high.

338. OSTRYA. Nutt. Gen. 757. [An ancient Gr. name: Ostreon,A shell, or scale; from the resemblance of its capsules, De Theis.} Male, ^wer.* imbricate. Cal. a scale. Cor. 0. Filaments branching. Fem. Ament naked. Cal 0. Cor. 0. Capsules inflated, imbricate, 1 seeded.

O. viEGiNiCA. Ell. Leaves ovate-oblong; cones oblong-ovate; capsules hairy at base. Synon- Carpinus ostrya. Mx. Arb- Marsh, fyc. Kw/go— Hop Hornbeam. Iron wood.

Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Woodlands; forks of Brandy wine: not common. 20 to 40 feet high.

Ob^. This tree is pretty frequent in the woodlands near the forks of Brandywine; but I have rarely met ■with if elsewhere. The mature cones liave a striking resemblance to those of the common /iop. They f)ri; (Irsi-ribed by Pursli, Elliott, and others, as being erect, and generally in pairs; but in all my specimens fand I have a number,) they are constantly soliiary, and rather pendulous— nearly as represented in

,Iblicl.?ux'B platf.

MONOECIA. POLYANDRIA. XQ7

339. CORYLUS. Nutt. Gen. 752. [Gr. ITorys, a helmet, or cap; the fruit being invested by the calyx. Be Thds.'i

Male, Ament imbricate- Cal. a scale. Cor. 0. Stamens about 8.

Feu. Cal. 2 parted, lacerate. Cor 0. Styles 2. A^'ut ovate, embraced by the persistent calyx. C. AMERICANA. EU- Lcavcs corchte, apuminate; calyx of the fruit large, border dilated, many cleft. Fu/g-o— Hazel-nut.

Ft. Last of March. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

ilab. Borders of thickets: 11. Strodes; Barren ridge, &c. frequent. 4 to (3 feet high. Obs. This jhrub is well known for its agreeable fruit.

310. PI.ATANUS. Xutt. Gen. 75S. [Gr. P/afys, broad; in reference (o its broad leaves,— or wide spreading brrnche.<».]

Male, Anient globose. Cal. 0. Co;-, scarcely manifest Anthers growing round the filament. Fem. -4m£n« globose. Cn/. many leaved. Cor. 0. Cajis. 1 seeded, mutronate, pappose at base.

P. occipentalis. Mx. Arb. Tipaves roundi.>-h, angular, sublobate, dentate; branches whitish.

Fm/^o— Button-wood. Sycamore. Plane tree.

Fl. Last of April. Fr. mat. Last of October.

Ilab. Creek bankft: fence-rows, &c. frequent. COto 100 feet high.

Ob.^. Thisstately tree is ensily recognized; yet the botanical characters of the fnictificnfion arc vrry obscure. The timber is often sawed into scantling, and used for various purposes,— but it is mt duvabje when exposed to the wenther. The spreading branches afford a fine shade* in summer, and the tree is often planted in front of farm-houses, for that object.

341. LIQUID AMD A R. Nutt. Gen. 759. [A name given on account of the aromatic gum which distils from this tree.]

IMale, Ament conic, with a 4 leaved involucre. Cal. 0. Cor. 0. Stamens numerous.

Fem. Anient globose, involucre 4 leaved. Cal. 1 leaved, urceolate. Cor- 0. Ca|)s. 1 celled, many seeded.

L. STYRACiFLUA. Mx. Arb. Leaves palmate-Iobed; lobes acuminate, serrate.

Fa/g:o— Sweet Gum. Bilsted.

Fl Beginning of May. Fr. mat.

Hub. Low, clay grounds: Wilmington road: not common. 40 to60 feet high.

Obs. The leaves when slightly bruised are remarkably fragrant. This tree is not strictly a plnnt of ^this immediate vicinity. It grows pretty abundantly near the Wilmington road, 10 or 12 miles south of Wes-t- Cliester,— and may be f^een also along the Philadelphia road, near the 3 mile stone; but I have never met with it hereabouts. Indeed, as far as I have observed, it is exclusively limited lo that tract of the middle states which is marked as alluvial depositc, in Mr. Maclure's Geolog'ical map of the United States. In the lower parts of New-Jersey, it is very abundant- V/hetherit is as much circumsciibed,in its range, ia other poi lionis of the Union, as it seems to be in this region, I am not informed.

342. PINUS. Nutt. Gen. 7C5. [An ancient name, of obscure derivation.]

Male, Cal. 4 leaved. Cor. 0. Stamens numerous; anthers naked.

Fem. Cu/. a strobilus, or cone; scales 2 flowered. Cor. 0. Pisiill. Nut ahte.

§1. Leaves soUtai~y, distinct at base. P. c.4.NADEifSis. Ell. Leaves flat, denticulate, sub'distichous; cones ovate, terminal, small. Synon. Abies canadensis. BIx. Arb. Vulgo— Spruce Pine. Hemlock Spruce.

Fl. Beginning of May. /•>. mat.

Ilab. Rocky hills, along Brandy wine: not common. 30 to 50 feet high.

Ohs. I have only met with this along the Brandywine, at .los. Painlpr'.«i and from Sugar's ford to Down- ingtown. The timber is not valuable —although frequentlj- found in lumber yards, in form of boarils, and scantling. The bark is said to answer for tanning leather; and Marshall informs us that the Aborigines used it to dye their splints, for baskets, of a red color.

§2. Leaves in^'s, thebases bound foseihcr by sheaths. P. RIGID.*.- Mi: Arb. Sheaths of the leaves short; cones ovate; spines of the scal.'s ref^e^p-i. r'«/g:o— Pitch Pine. Yellow Pine.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat.

Kab. Brandywine hi!'?--, near T'^'-. Hawlcv's- nn* eoT'.Tron. 20 to 40 r?'^' high.

10^ MONOECiA. MONADELPHIA.

§3, Leaves in 5's, the bales bound together by sheaths.

P. sTJioars. J^Jj:. Arb. Leaves slender; sheaths sliort; cones pendant, cylindric, scales las. F(i/go— White Pine Weymouth Pine. New England Pine. Fl. Beginning of May. i-V. mat.

Hah. Woodlands: fields, &c. rare. 30 to 60 feet high.

Ohs. This is a handsome tree; and, when met witli, is generally transjilanted about houses, as an erfia' mont. The value of its timber, in supplying uh with boards, &c. is well known.

1 1 is po.ss.ib'e tliat (htie may be one or two other species, which I have overlooked; but the Pines of this V!':inity are few in number, and of very moderate growth.

313. AGALYPJIA. Nutt. Gen. 768. [Gr. a, not, E'uloc, handsome, or agreeable, and Jpke, touch; disagreeable to handle. De Theis'l

Male, CaZ. 3 or 4 leaved. Cor. 0. Stamens 8 lo 16.

Fjbm. Cat. 3 leaved. Cor. 0. Styles d, bifid. Caps. 3 celled, 3 seeded.

A. vihginica. Ell. Leaves lance-oblong, remotely and obtusely serrate, petioles short. Fii/g-o— Three-seeded Mercury.

FL Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Pastures; fence-rows, £ic. frequent. 6 to 19 inches high.

A. CAROL.INIANA. Ph. Leaves rhomb-ovate, serrate, entire at base, petioles long. Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Na'j. Gardens; fields; woods, &.c. common. 9 to 18 inches high.

CLASS XX. DIOECIA.

ORDER, BZAHBRZA.

344. VALLISNERIA. Nutt. Gen. 7l9. [In honor of -4nt/iony Vallisneri; an Italian Botanist. 1 aVIale, Spnf/ic ovate, 2 parted. 5i/)arZi.t covered with florets. Ca/. 3 parted. Siflwi. 2and6. Febi. Sputhch'Ad, 1 flowered, t'u/. superior, 3 parted. Cor. 3 petalled. Ca^s. valveless. Seeds numerotts. V. AMEnicANA. Nutt. Leaves radical, linear, obtuse; male peduncles very short, female long. Fu/go— Eel-grass. Tape-grass. Duck-grass. Channel-weed. Fl. IBcsinniiiK of August. Fr. mat.

Hah. Slow flowing waters, submersed: Brandy wine: frequent. Flowers whitish.

Ohs. I have not yet detected the male flowers- The peduncles of the female are from 1 to 2 feet long, '-^lender, and, so far as I have observed, rather^cTUOse than spiral. The leaves with us, are from 1 to 2 teet ionr, and numerous.-affording retreats for Eels.-whence one of its common names. It is said that this plant (the .SCM/.V.?) constitutes the principal food of the celebrated canfass-ftacA Duck; and is suppose u to impart to the flesh of that bird its peculiarly delicate flavor.

345. SALIX. Nutt. Oen. 780.

[Celtic, Sal, near, and Lis, water; from its place of growth. J)e Theis. Or from the Lat. salio, to leap, Or

spring up—'" quia ha;c arbor quasi saltando, id est, tain cito crescit. Boerh.\

Male, Ament cylindric. Cal. n sf ale. Cor. 0. Stam. 1 to 6, with nectariferous glands at base. Fem. ^meni cylindric Ca/. a scale. Cor. 0. StyleUM. Caps. 1 celled, 2 valved. Seeds woolly.

§1. Leaves entire, or obsoletdy serrate. S. MunLFtfJiERniATJA? mihl Leaves lanceolate, acutish, hoary-pubescent, rugose-veined beneath. Simon. R. tristis.> MuhL S. incana? Mr. F-^ti^.-o-Dwarf Willow. Speckled Willow.

Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Latter end of May.

Hab. Bordeis of thickets: Patton's; R- Sirodes, &c. frequent. 3 to 5 feet high.

0?)s. The leaves, in my sppcimen."'. are rather obinnceolate. I have others which approach this species, n-ith the !"nYf s brcudor, .ind hinve-obfvate. - r ol!nc".pd near the Bath •

DIOECIA. mANDRU; 1§9

§2. Leaves atutely serrate-

S. GRisEA. IJ^iltd. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, glabrous above, silky beneath. Fl. Latter end of April. Fr. mat. Latter end of May.

Hab. Low grounds, in thickets: Patton's, &c. frequent. 5 to 8 feet high.

S. FALCATA. Ph. Leaves long, lance-linear, subfalcate, acute at base, glabrous-

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat.

Hab. Banks of streams: Strode 's dam, &c. frequent. 8 to 15 feet high: branches slender.

S. NIGRA. IVilld. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, petioles pubescent; germs pedicellate.

Vulgo-Bhck Willow.

Ft. Beginning of May. Fr. mat.

Hab. Banks of creeks: Rrandywine: frequent. 15 to 20 feet high: branches brittle at base.

Obs. I am sensible that tiiere must probab^^ be some other native species of Willow in this vicinitr- bo* I have not yet ascertamed their character sufficiently to insert them- ' •

ORDER; TETRANDRXA.

346. VISCUM. Niitt. Gen. 786. [An ancient Latin name: so called, says Boerh. "quia ejus fructus glutine estplenus."] Male, Cal. 4 parted. Cor. 0. lilaments 0. Anthers adnate to the calyx. Fem. Ca/. superior, 4 leaved. Cor.O. Style 0. Berry Iseed&d. Seed cordate

V. vERTiciLLATUM. E!h Branches Opposite; leavcs cuneate-obovate, 3 nervcd; spikes axillary.

SynoH' "V. flavescens. Ph. V. album? Muhl. Fitigo— Misscltoe.

FL Fr. mat.

Hab. Parasitic, chiefly on the Sour Gum ( Nyssa) : very rare. Stem 9 to 18 inches high; berries white.

Obs. This singular little evergreen was formerly to be met with in several places, in this vicinity; but t do not now know of one. The last one within my knowledge, was procured by some credulous persons as a sort of amulet, or remedy against Epilepsy- My specimens are from Maryland, and New Jersey, — where I have seen U in great abundance, — and invariably upon the Sour Gum (Nyssa sylvatica, of this Cat" alogue). I have not met with the plant in flower; but collected it in fruit, in the month of January.

ORDER, PENTANDRXA.

i3ci* For HuMULTTs lupulus, or Hop, which belongs to this Order,— and is undoubtedly indigenous along the Brandywine,— See Appendix of Cultivated Plants.

347. SMIL AX. Nutt. Gen. 793. [Gr. Smile, a scraper, or scratcher; in reference to its prickles. De Theis.} Male, Ca/. 6 leaved. Cor.O. Jnffters adnate to the filaments.

Fem. CoZ- 6 leaved. Co;-. 0. Style ininule. Stigmas o. 2?err»/ 3 celled, 1,2, or 3 seeded. §1. Stem shrubby, terete, and prickly.

S. ROTUNTtFOLiA. Ell- Leavcs round-ovatc, briefly acuminate, slightly cordate, 5 nerved.

Vulc^o— Green Briar. Hough Bind-Weed.

Fl. Beginning of June- Fr- mat. Mi idle of October.

Hab. Moist thickets; and woodlands: common. 10 to 50 or more feel high: berries .lark blue.

• *'^:'-'^'^'sslen'ler, but rugged bramble, sometimes climbs to a great height among the branches of tr^C? in thickets; and is very annoying to wood-men, when at work in such places.

S. CADUCA. Ell. Leavesovate,mucronate, 5 nerved; prickles few on the branches. Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Be-inningof October

Hab- Thickets: Barrens, &c. frequent. C to 10 feethish: berries dark blue

110 DIOECIA. HEXANDRIA.

§2. Stem herbaceous, unarmed. g. HERBACEA. Ell. Stem angular, erect, simple; leaves cordate-ovate; umbelson long pedunciea FM'g-o— Carrion flower Stinking Bind-weed.

Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Borders of woods; fence-rows, &c. frequent. 2 to 4 feet high: berries black.

Obs This plant is noted for the abominable foetor of its flowers,— resembling that of carrion so strongly as to attract the flies. The oflfensive odor, however, is completely dissipated as the flower dries in an Her- barium.

348. DIOSCOREA. Mdt. Gen. 794. [Dedicated to the ancient Greek Naturalist, Dioscorides.^

Male, Cal. 6 parted, segments lanceolate, spreading. Cor. 0.

Fem Car 6 parted. Cor. 0. StylesS. Caj>s 3 celled, 3 angled, compressed- SeetZs marginate.

D. VILLOSA. Ell. Leavescordate, acuminate, pubescent beneath; male flowers paniculate, female racemose.

Suno7i. D. paniculata Mx- Fti/g:o-Wild Yam.

Fl. Middle of June, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab. Feace-rows; thickets. &c. frequent. Climbing, 6 to 10, or 12 feet: capsules winged.

OnBEH, 0€JTA2?3JRIA.

349. POPULUS. Niitt. Gen. 79G.

[Lat. Populus, the people-Tree of the people; the public walks, in Rome, being shaded by it. De Theis-l Male ^w-enicylindric. Ca/. a lacerate scale. Cor. turbinate, oblique, entire. Fem. Vower as in the male. Stigma 4 or 6 lobed. Caps. 2 celled. Seeds beset with long woo!- p. TREMULOiDEs. Mx. Arb. Leaves suborbicukr, abruptly acuminate, dentate-serfulate, glabrous. Synon. P. trepida. iVilld. Ph. Fu/^o-Quaking Asp. American Aspen.

F/. Middle of April. Fr. mat. ^^r »vi

Hab. Low grounds: Ed Darlington's; Jas. Gibbons's: not common. 20 to 40 feet high.

Obs. A handsome tree. The bark is a popular and pretty valuable tonic. P GR 4.1VDIDENTATA. Mx. Arb. Leaves round-ovate, acute, coarsely and sinuately dentate. Synon. P. trepida, grandidentata. Muhl. F«/g:o-Large Aspen. Black Poplar.

Fl Beginning of April. Fr. mat.

Hab Woodlands: roadside. North of Wm. Hawley's: rare. 30 to 40 feet high

Hawley's.

P. HETEROPHYLLA.' Ph. Leaves ovate, slightly cordatc, rather obtuse, uncinate-dentate. Fl. Latter end of April. ^'•- '»°'- ,„ ^ _ . . ...

Hab. Woods, west of Brandy wine, near the Red Lion Tavern: rare. 30 to 50 feet high.

Obs 1 have the anthoritv of Dr Baldwin for this species; but it does not exactly agree with any plate..

These are all tiie native poplars that I have met with.

ORBEB., POLYAN3SS12A.

350. MENISPERMUM. Nutt. Gen. 804. [Gr Mene, the moon, and Sperma, seed; from the lunate, or crescent form of Us seeds.]

- - ■ Stam. 12 to 24

Male C«; sub-bibracteate, about 6 leaved, caducous. Cor. petals 6 to 9, minute. Stam- V. Fem Flower as in the male. Germs and Styles 3 to 6. Drupes like berries, lunate,! seeded . M. CANADENSE. EH. Scaudcut; leaves subcordate,anglfed, peltate, petiole inserted near the base Vulgo— Moon seed.

Fl. Beginning of June. F'- »'«*' ^ ■ i. ii ^

Hab. Rich woodland.; and thickets: fr^iueut. 8 to 15 feet long: flowers gretn«hye!lo^^.

DIOECIA. MONADELPHIA. Ill

ORDIiR; MONABELPHZA.

351. JUNIPERUS. Nutt. Gen. 806. iCeliic, Jeneprus, rough, or harsh. De T/(cis:— Or, according to .Boer/i. " a junior et|)ano, quia haec arbor novos fruclus parit, duin alix bacci; maturescunt."]

M.\LEi Ament ovale. Cal. a scale. Co?-. 0. Stamens 3.

Fem. Cal. 3 parted, adnata to the germ. Cor. petals 3.' Styles 3. Berry tuberculate, 1 or 2 seeded.

J. viRGiNiANA. Mx. Arb. Leaves ternate, or opposite and decussate, spreading, or appressed and imbricate-

Fit/iro— Cedar tree. Red Cudar.

Fl. Beginning of April. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

Hab. Fence-rows; woodlands, &c. frequent. 15 to 30 feet high: berries dark blue.

Obs. The wood of this tree is much esteemed for its durability; but it is not often to be met with, at pre- sent, of a size to give it any ^reat value. It is said to be pernicious to young Thorn hedges, when growing in their immediate vicinity.

Mr. Elliott's description of the leaves does not agree with that of Willdenow, and others. He says the younger leaves are exjianded, and the old ones appressed, and imbricate;— whereas Willdenow describes the younger ones as being imbricate, and the old ones expanded. As far as I have observed, I think the truth has betioeen them. The leaves of one year old are mostly appressed and imbricate; but those which are older, and those upon the young growing shoots, I find to be spreading. There is a pretty distinct variety oi this tree, noticed by Michaux the elder, in which a// the leaves are expanding, long, and very acute. They are also frequently tfrnatc in this variety: but in the other and most common sort, they ap- pear to be quadri furiously arranged— or rather, they are opposite, and decussating. This is particularly the case in the small branches of one year old; which are rendered distinctly 4 angled, by the short, appressed, imbricate leaves.

APPENDIX.

WHICH ARE CULTIVATED

JN THE VICINITY OF WEST-CHESTER, PENN,

ON ACCOUNT OF THEIR USEFUL PROPERTIES.

CLASS II. DIANDRIA.^

1. SALVIA. Genera Plantarim. 50. [Lat. salvare, to save; from its supposed medical powers.] Cal. tubular, bilabiate. Cor. ringent. Sfant. 2 fertile; the filaments transversely pedicellate. IS- OFFICINALIS. IViild. Leaveslance-ovatCjCrenulate; verticils few flowered; calyx mucronate. F«/go— Sagfe. Garden Sage.

Fl- Middle of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of July.

jHa6. Gardens. Perennial. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers blue. iVaiiuc of Southern Europe.

Ohs. Used as a condiment, in domestic economy. The infusion makes a good gargle, and is otherwise moderately medicinal; but the plant is by no means entitled to the character which, it would appear by the following lines, it once possessed —

«' Cur moriatur homo, cui Salvia crescit in horto?

Contra vim mortis, non est inedicamen in hortis.

Salvia salvatrix, natural conciliatiix.

Salvia cum Ruta faciunt tibi pocula tuta."

CLASS III. TRIANDRIA.

OJlSEa, SISYNIA.

C!i3" For Agrostis, or Herd's Gr^ss,— which is not much esteemed by our farmers, and very little tu!- livatedj here— See jsoge 10, of this Catalogue: and for a good description, See Torrey's Flora.

JL. Hermaphrodite, a. Calyx 1 flotoercd. Flowers in Spikes,

2. PHLEUM. Gen. PI. 109. [An ancient name, derived from the Greek: meaning obscure.]

Cal. 2 valved; valves sessile, compressed, linear, carinate, truncate, mucronate. Con. includci!.

* I propose, in this Appendix, to omit all plants which are merely ornamental, or objects of t.iste.— and to notice those only which are cultivated amongst us, at the present day, for the sake of some valuable jto- perty;— either affording ar'icles of food, or raiment,— or otherwise coi ducing to health and comfort. Of these, there are none; within my knowledge, belonging to the class Monanski a..

114 . APPENDIX.

P. pRATE?;sE. Muhl. Culm terete, erect; spike cylindric, very long; calyx dorsally ciliate. Fu/g-o— Timothy, Timothy Grass. Cat's-tail Grass.

Fl- Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Ilab. Fields J and me»dow». Perennial. 2 to 4 feet high. iVat. Europe.

Obs. This valuable grass has become extensively naturalized; but it is also a primary object of culture; with our best farmers. Mixed with red clover, (Trifolium pratense,) it constitutes, perhaps, the most sub- stantial hay we have. It is considered severe and exhausting to the soil, where it predominates. Th« seed is usually sown in autumn, among, and immediately after, wheat and rye — though it answers very well when sown in the spring.

3. HORDEUM. Gen. PI. 129. [An ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.]

Cal. lateral, 2 valved; florets in 3's, the lateral ones often sterile. Cor. 2 valved, outer one awned.

H. VULGAHE. IVUld. Florets all perfect? awned, arranged in double rows, erect. Fjf/go— Common Barley. Four-rowed Barley.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Last of June.

H:tb. Fields. Annual. 2 to 3 feet high. Nat. Sicily.

05s. This is extensively cultivated in this vicinii}', and almost exclusively for the purpose of maki.r;s Beer;— being rarely used for bread, or even fed to stock. The seed is sown tbe latter end of March.

There is a variett/ of this, (H. caleste,) called Naked Barley, which has been occasionally tried, by some of our larmers; but it does not succeed well, in this region.

H. DisTiCHON. Willd- Lateral florets imperfect, awnless; seeds angular, imbricate ; F;(.'g-o— Two-rowed Barley.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

Eah. P'ields. Annual. 2 to 3 feet higli. Nat. Tartary.

Ohs. It is doubted by some whether this is more than a varietv of the preceding:. It is pretty extensive- ly cuhivated of late, on accotmt of its standing better than the otlier, and being later in ripening. The grain, also, is heavier, and commands a better price. It is preferred for hulling, and making Pearl Barley. Seed sown the latter end of March, or beginning of April.

h. Calyx,2or SJloivertd. Flowers in Spikes.

4. SECALE. Gen. PI. 127.

(Etymology obscure: Boerh. says " a secare, quia seminibus maturis hsec planta secatur."]

Cal. 2 valved; valves opposite, linear, small. Cor. 2 valved, outer one ending in a long awn«

S. CEREALE- TVilld. Glumes scabrous-ciliate; awns retrorsely scabrous.

Vulgo-Hje.

Fl Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

ifa&. Fields. Annual. 4 to 6 feet high. iVaf. Crete.

Obs. Cultivated to a considerable extent; but not so much as Wheat, in this vicinity — being: far inferior for bread. Large quantities of the grain are used in distillation,— and where the process is conducted with intpgrity, and competent skill, a spirit of good quality may be obtained: But, unfortunately, the country is inundated with a vile, fetid liquor, under the name of Whiskey, procured from a mixture of Rye and Indian Corn, or Buckwheat, and these frequently in a damaged state; — which poisonous liquor, by reason of its cheapness, and intoxicating character, has become the cause of more evil to the community than any other agent. The seed of Rye is sown in all the month of October.

5. TRITICUM. Gen. PI. 130. [liat- Tritum^ rubbed, or ground; its grain being so prepared, for food.] Cal. 2 valved, about 3 flowered. Cor. outer valve obtuse, with a point; inner flat.

T. HYBERNUM. IVllld. Calyx-glumes 4 flowered, ventricose, smooth, imbricate, submutic.

Kit/g-o— Wheat. Winter Wheat.

Fl. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

Hub Fields. Annual. 2 to 4, or 5 feet high. A'afire country uncertain.

Obs. Several varietie.^ of this most valuable plant are cultivated here, both awned, and awnless. The »/i,';j7f. awnless variety, is preferred by some, as making superior flour, and resisting the ravages of the Hes- tian Fbj most effectually: ndiilst others ^ive the preference to an awned variety, called Red-chaff Beard- ed wheat. The seed is sown from the latter end of SeiJtember till the middle of October, Late sowing has been found to obviate, in .some degree, the depredations of the Fly.

T- fZiivMm, Summer Wheat, or Spring Wheat, is rarely cultivated here.

APPENDIX. - 115

C. Calyx many floioered. t floivers in 'oost Panicles.

6. AVENA. Geii. PI- 122. tLat. av^Oj to desire : "quia eqiii quaiido avenam sentiunt, illam comedera desiderant." Boerh.}

C AL. 2 valved, mtoibrauaceous. Cor. outer valve with a dorsal, contorted, awn.

A. sATivA. Willd. Calyx 2 seeded; seeds smooth, one of them awned. Vulgo—Osits. Common 0»ts.

Fl- Middle of July. Fi-. mat. Beginning of August.

Uab Fields- Annual. 2 to 4 feet high. _Va{. Island of Juan Fernandez.

Ofcj This grain is cultivated chiefly as food for horses. It succeeds better than Barley in a poor loil; an' is there i'oie frequently sown when the faimer would have preferred Barley, had his land been good. The »eed is usualiy aown tlie latter end of April.

tt Flotcert in clustered Panicles; or Spikes.

7. DACTYLIS. Gen. PI. 117. ' [Gr. Dakty'iOS, a finger; in reference to the form of its spikes.]

Cal. 2 valved, compressed, carinate, subawned, one smaller. Cor. 2 valved, awnless.

D. GLOMER.VTA. Muhl. f cabrous; leaves lanceolatc, glaucous , panicle secund, glomerate, F'/cro— Orchard Grass. Cock's-foot Grass.

Fl Beginning of June. /■..■. w«/. Peginning of July.

JTa& Field?; Orchards, &c. Perennial. 2 to 8 feet high. A^a^ Europe.

Ohs. Our farmers are much divided in otiinion on the merits of this grass. Some condemn it as unworthy of cnllurfi, either for pasture or hay; whilst others set a high value on it, for both. I think, myself, it is in- ferior to Timothv, (ox hay; yet it has the advant.ige of the latter, in b.-ing mature at the same time the Clover is. with which th»:-v generally grow. It is also less exhausting to the soil. But its great value is as » pasture, when sown suScientlv thick,— which it rarely is. It is of quick growth, and is speedily reprodu- ced after being cut, or eaten down— so much so, that we may almost literally apply to it the words of Virsil-

" Et qunntum longis csrpent armenta diebus

Exigua tantum gelidus ros nocte ref>oBet."— Gforg-. lib- 2. 201.

This grass also possesses the additional advantage of thriving well in the shade; and answerp a very good purpose in orchards, &c. The seed is usually sown in autumn, immediately after Wheat, or Rye.

B. Polygamous, a . Calyx 1 flowered. Flowers mostly in Panicles.

8 SORGHUM. CyclopfPd. [An ancient, barbarous name; borrowed from the East.] Flowers by pairs: Male, or Neut. pedicellate, smaller. Cal 2 valved. Cor. 2 valved, awnleis, Herjiaph. sessile- Cal. 2 valved. Cor. 2 valved, inner valve cleft, and awned. Nect. villous. S. sacciiaratum. Cyclop. Panicle erect, subverticillate, spreading; seeds oval; glumes hairy. Syrwn. Holcus saccharatus. Willd. Vulgo-Biooxn Corn.

Fl. Middle of August. ^''- '"^'^- IJeginning of October.

j^a6. Fields; and gardens. Annual. 6 to 8 feet high: fiov/ers greenish, seeds yellowish. Nat. India.

Obs. This is cultivated chietly for the sake of its panicles; which are made into brooms. Some person* carry on the business extensively.

S rERm-rtTM. Cyclop. Panicle compact, oval, finally nodding; seeds globose; glumes villous. Synori. HoIcuB cernuus. mild. I'ti/gro-Guinea Corn. Indian Millet.

Fl. Latter end of August. Fr. mat. Middle of October.

J?«&. Fields; and gardens. Annu«l. 5 to 7 feet high: seeds white. iVa«. India.'

Ohs This is but rsrelv cultivated here— and chiefly as feed for poultry. .

S BicoLOR commonly called C/ioco?aff-forn, is somciimes cultivated, as a matter of curmsitj', and has been used as a sort of substitute for chocolate,-which, like rye-coffee, may answer for those who cannot nht-»in hpl'pr- but it i«! not likely to come into general use. , .,

£\var\;tvof he HoLCCS^sPiCATUs,of Willd. iP.nnisetumtyphoiJctm, Persoon known by the common name of F'rvplian Millet, ^v^s introduced into tins neighborhood lately, through the i>olitenes6 of jXnS Skinner Eiquire, the intell gent and patriotic Editor of th. American Farmrr :-bui our seasons pSved 'too short' for^the plant to mnture its se.ds-oth.rwi.e it promi.^.d to be an mtcrestmg acqu,s.t:on. l'3 a f/w plantsof it, which produced spikes i cr 5 inches in ci^cainlercnce.and nearly 2 feet m length. For a good account of it, See American Farmer, Vol.6, p. IIQ—Ill

116 APPENDIX-

b. Calyx 2 flowered. Flowers in SpUtes.

9. SETARIA. Torrey. Flora. I. p. 152.

[Lat. Seta, a bristle; in reference to its bristly involucels.]

/rn'ofecc/ of 2 or more biistlps: florets sessile. Male, or Neut- Cor. valves scariose- Hermaph- Cat 2valved, unequal. Cor. 2 valved, valves cartilaginous.

S. GERMANiCA. Spike compound, compact; spikelets fflomeraie; rachis hirsute; bristles shorf- Syr.on. Panicum germanicum. JVilld. Muhl. &c. Fw/go— Common Millet. Bengal Grass. M. Middle of July. Fr. mat. Middle of August.

Mab. Fields. Annual. 2 to 4 feet high. Nat. Southern Europe.

Oha. This plant was introduced here a few years ago, and attracted considerable notice, as a grass likely to be vslusblf, in affording a .=upply of hay, in seasons of scarcity. In this point of view it is, doubt- less, wo'-thv of notice, as it makes good hav, if secured in good order: but it takes damage very readily, in dull we.^ther. The grain is not considered ot much importance, by our farmers; and the culture of the plant is rather neglected, at present. The seed is usually sown about the middle of May. This is suppo- sed, by some, to be only » variety of either S. italica, or S. tiridis.

CLASS IV. TE i RANDRiA.

10. DIPSACUS. Gen. PI. 148. [Gr. Dlpsao, to be thirsty; the stem leaves holding water at their junction.]

Flowers in an ovate head: involucre msinj leaved. Cal. 1 leaved. CoR. 41obed. Recept. chaffy; chaff rigid.

I) c'-Luo vM- Sm. FL Brit. Aculeate: stem leaves connate, serrate; chaff recurved. Vulgo-Teasel Fuller's Teasel.

Fi v'iddle of July Pr. mat. Beginning of September.

i?,i6. Small Lots. Biennial. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers pale purple. A^af. Southern Europe.

Obs. This has been occasionally cultivated by some of our Cloth Manufacturers; and I believe succeeded very well.

11. RUBIA- Gen. Pi 163. [Lat. Ruber, red; the color produced by its roots,] Cal. 4 toothed. Cor monopetalous, campanulate, 4 or 5 cleft. Berries twin, smootk. R. TiNCTORUM. JVilld. Stem weak, angled, aculeate; leaves mostly in 6's, lanceolate. Fii/g-o— Madder. Dyer's Madder.

n. Beginning of July. Fr. mat.

Hab. Gr.rdfns, chUfQj. Perennial. 2 to 3 feet long; flowers yellowish. iVaf. Italy, &c.

Ohs. Thefiowers are often 5 and 6-androus. This plant is cultivated, on a small scale, by some familieSj as a domestic dye-siufi; and appears to succeed very well, where proper care is taken.

CLASS V. PENTANDRIA.

OHBEH, MONOGYNSA

Flowers ixferior. a. Corolla monopetalous. t Seeds naked. 12. SYMPHYTUM. Gen. PL 24-5. [Gr. Symphysis, -amon; from its supposed virtues in uniting, or healing wounds.]

Cal. 5 parted. Cor. tube short, limh tubular-ventricose, throat closed with subulate rays.

S. OFFici>.-ALE, JVilld. Leaves lance-ovate, decurrent, rugose; racemes hispid. T'«(fc"j— Comfrey Garden Comfrey.

Fl. Bfginning of June, till September. Fr. mat. August, and after.

Hah- Gardens, &c. Perrenial. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers yellowish white. Nat. Europe. Obs- The root is mucilaginoug, and esteemed, in popular practice, as a pectoral medicine

APPENDIX. 117

tt Seeds covered-

13. SPIGELIA. Gen. PI. 272. [In honor of Adrian Spinel, or Spigelius; a Botanist of Brussels.] Cal. 5 parted. Cor. funnel-form, border equally 5 cleft. Caps, twin, 2 celled, 4 valved, many seeded S. MARiLANDiCA IVilld. Stem 4 angled; leavcs all Opposite, sessilc, lance-ovate, entire. Fu/go— Carolina Fn-.k. Pink-root.

Fl. flatter end of June. 'r. mat.

i/ii6. Gardens. Perennial. 9 to 18 inches high: flowers red. iVa«. Maryland, S:c.

Obs. The root of this ornamental plant is deservedly popular, as a vermifuge; and is occasionallj culti- vated tor that object, by some of our more curious gardeners.

11. CONVOLVULUS. Gen. PL 287. [Lat. convolvo. to wrap, intwine, or wind about; descriptive of the genus-]

Cal. 5 parted. Cor- campanulate, plicate. Sfignias 2, oblong, or globose. Caps. 2 or 3 celled. C. BATATAS. IVilld. Root tuberous; stem creeping; leaves hastate-cordate, 5 nerved. FdZ^o— Sweet Potato. Carolina Potato. j<7. Fr. mat.

iTaft. Gardens, and lots. Perennial. 4 to S, or 10 feet long A"a<. Both Indies.

Ohs. This favorite vegetable is pi etty extensively cultivated here, and succeeds we!!,— though I think the roots, raised here, are r;it!ier inferior in qualily. to thos^^ raised in the sandy soil of New-Jer.sey. It is propagated by cuttings of the roots*; which are planted the beginning of May, It never flowers, m this region, so far as I can learn.

15. NICOTIAN A. Gen. PI. 334. [Dedicated to John Nicot, a French Ambassador; who first brought it into France.]

Cal. urceolate, 5 cleft. CoR. funnel-form, limb plicate, 5 cleft. 5';«?n. inclined. Caps. 2 celled.

N. tabacum. IVilld Leaves lance-ovate, sessile, decurrent; corolla-segments acute.

Fii7^o— Tobacco- Common Tobacco-

Fl. Latter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

Hub. Gardens, and lots. Annual. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers pale reddish purple. JVat. America.

Ohs. This plant is occasionally cultivated, on a .small scale, by some tobacco-chewing farmers. It possesses powerful medical properties: but, unfortunately, it may be remar' ed. .Timost without a fi»ure. in relation to many of our people, that what r)Ui;ht (o be " th.'ir extreme medicine, is become their daily bread"! The seed is sown about the middle of April, in beds; and the young plants subsequently remo- ved into distinct hills.

16. SOLANUM. Gen. PL C37. [Perhaps from the Lat. solari, to solace, or assuage; from the properties of some species-] Cal. 5 cleft. Cor. sub-rotate, plicate. Anthers partly united, opening at point by double pores.

S- TUBEROSUM- JVilld. Roots with tubers; leaves interruptedly pinnnte, leaflets entire.

J «/^o— Potato. Round Potato. Irish Potato.

Fl. Latter <im\ of June, and^after- Fr- mnt. Last of August

ilaft. Gardens, and fields. Perennial-' 2 to 3 feet high: dosvers bluish white. i".^ai. Soutli America.

Obs. This most important plant is cultiv.ited e\tpn.'-.ivclv: as it well deserves to be. It is usually propa- gated by cuttings of the tubers; but they are liable to degenerate, by long con*in ird culture^in the 'ome eoil— and ought then to be replaced by seedlinirs, cnrt^fulty .solpcted. The roots are planted in all the months of April, May and June My friend, tho late Dr. Baldwin informed me he saw this idant grow- ing native, near Monte video, on the river La Plata, in the year 1813.

S. LYCOPERsiCUM. Willd. Leavcs pseudo-pinnate, incised; fruit glabrous, torulose. Fii/S'o— Tomata, or Tomatoes. Love-apple.

Fl. Latter end of June, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of Augu.st, and after.

7/(iJ;. Gardens. Annual. 2 to 3 feet higli; flowers yellow; fruit red- Au/- South America. ^ Ohs. We have a variety, with the fruit smaller, and not torulose. Tiiis plant is cultivat- H for the sake of ihcmaturofruit, which is of a sprightly acid taste,— and much admired by many, as a sauce, with meats.

118 APPENDIX.

S. MELONGENA. IVilld. Lcavcs ovatc, wavT, tomentose; calyx mostlj Unarmed; flowert noddisg.

Vulgo—Ess Plant.

H. Latter end of June, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

jtfaft. Gardens. Annual. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers purpli>h. A'af. America, Asia, Africa.

Obs. Thte is sometimes cultivated for its large fruit, which is seived up at table with various dressing*. The plant i» rather delicate for our climate, and is not much attended to.

17. CAPSICUM. Gen. PL 338. [Gr. A«/)fo, to bite, — or Lat. Capsa, a box; from the properties, or structure, of the fruit.]

Gal. 5 cleft. Cor. rotate, 5 cleft. Anthe7's conmvent. Berry without pulp, inflated. C. ANNUUM. IVilld. Stem herbaceous; peduncles solitary. Fu/go— Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper.

Ft. liStter end of July, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

lfa&. Gardens. Annual. 12 to IS inches high: flowers white, fruit red. iVaf. South America.

Obs. There are severe] varieties of this plant cultivated here. The mature fruit is a powerful stimulus — used as a condiment with food, and as a rubefacient, &c. in medicine. The green fruit oi the thick-rind varieties makes aa excellent pickle.

b. Corolla pentapetalous.

18. VITIS. Gen. PI. 396. [Obscure: Boerh. says, " a vt'eo, flecto, quia vitis capreoli apprehendunt plantas vicinas."]

Cax. 5 toothed, minute. Cor. petals cohering at apex, coming oSf below. Berry globose, 5 seeded.

V. vmiriRA. mild. Leaves sinuate-lobed, naked, or tomentose.

Vulgo—Wme Grape. English Grape, &c.

Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Middle of August, and after.

Hub. Gardens, &c. Perennial. 10 to 50 feetlong: flowers yellowish green. Nat. Europe, Asia. Africa.

Obs. There are several sorts of foreign grape cultivated here, on a small scale— the fruit differing materi- ally in color and taste,— which are supposed, by the Botanists, to be nothing more than varieties of this one species, produced by long culture, &c.

In addition to these, we cultivate some native varieties, or hybrids, of this delicious fruit, which are highly esteemed: such ss the J5/and Grape, Schuylldil Grape, &c. The public attention has latter!}' been much turned to this subject; and we may hope, ere long, to see some flourishing Vineyards in this vicinity. I am incHued to think the south sides of our slaty hills, north of West-Chester, if properly prepared, -would be well adapted to this culture; and my opinion is fortified by the fact of the iu.vuriant growth of our native vines, in that soil.

J^. Flowers superior: Umbellate, a. Involucratc, and JnvohiceUate. Bavcvs carota. Sm. Fl. Brit. Fw/g-o— Carrot. Garden Carrot.

0C5= For a notice of this plant, which is believed to be only a vai'iefi/ of our in/fi' Carrot,— Seepage S3, of this catalogue. It is very little cultivated in this vicinity:— perhaps not so much as it deserves to be,— as the root is "known to afford a valuable food for Stock. It is not generally esteemed at table, with us.

19. LIGUSTICUM. Gen. PI 478 [go named, from Liguria; the native Country of the plant.] Involucre and Involucels many leaved. Cor. petals involute, entire Fruit oblong, ribs 5, acute.

L. LEvisTicuM. JVllld. Leaves many fold; leaflets cuneate at base, incised above.

Vxdgo—'Lovnge.

Ft. Middle of June. Fr. mat. Middle of August-

ifo&. Gardens. Perennial. 4 to 6 feet high: flowers yellowish. iVa<. Appenines of Liguria-

Obs. This strong-scented plant is .o be found occasionally in the gardens— being esteemed somewhat medicinal in relieving flatulencies, &c. but it is very little attended to.

20. CORIANDRUM. Gen. PI. 4^8. fGr. Foris, a bug; the bruised leaves having the odor of a bed-bug.] Involucre 1 leaved. Involucels halved. CoR. petals inflex-emarginate. Fruit sub-glftboie. C. SATIVUM. Sm. Fl. Brit. Glabrous; leaves compound: seeds hemispherical. r«?g'o— Coriander.

APPENDIX. 119

P2. Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Last of August,

Hab- Gardens. Annual. lto2 feet high: flowers white. Nat. Italy. Obt. Cultivated for the aromatic seeds; which are used in domestic economy-

b. Involucre and Involucds, mostly 0.

21. PASTINACA. Gm. PI. 494. [Supposed from the Lat. pasco, to feed; in reference to its nourishing qualities.]

Fruit oval, apex emarginate, dorsally and flatly compressed, marginate. P. sATivA. Sm. Fl. Brit. Root fusiform; leaves simply pinnate, glabrous, or pubescent beneath. }^K/go— Parsnep. Garden Parsnep.

FL Last of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

/faS. Gardens, and lots. Biennial. 4 to 5 feet high: flowers yellow. A'af. Southern Europe.

Obs. Cultivated for its highly nutritious, and agreeable root. This plant has strayed from the gardens, ia many places, and almost become naturalized. Seeds planted the beginning of April.

22. ANETHUM. Gen. PI. 496. [Gr. ano thein,to run up; alluding to its quick, or straight growth.] Fruit ovate, subcompressed, 5 ribbed, or striate. Petals involute, entire. A. T(ssjcm.VM. Sm. Fl. Brit. Fruit gibbous; leaves tripinnate, leaflets setaceous, long. Ku/g-o— Fennel. Garden Fennel.

Fl. Middle of July Fr- mat. Middle of September.

/Ja6. Gardens. Perennial. 4 to 5 feet high: flowers yellow. A^^if. Europe.

Ob». The whole plant is highly aromatic. Cultivated chiefly for its seeds: which are used ia domestic economy,— and sometimes svwked, like tobacco, as a remedy for colic.

23. APIUM. Gen. PL 499.

[EtymoI.5?:v obscure: perhaps from the Lat. Jpps, bees; those insects being fond of it: " vel ab Apice, quia veteres inde coronas ccniiciebant ad caput ornandum." Eoerh.}

Fruit o\'a\e; ribs 5, small, a little prominent. Pffa/s equal, inflexed. Jni'o/ucrc 1 leaved, or 0.

A. PETRosELiNUii. IVilld. Stem Striate; stem leaves linear; involucre minute. Vulgo — Parsley.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

/Za6. Gardens. Biennial. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers white. A'of. Sardinia. Obs. The leavti are used, chiefly as a pot-herb,in soups, 5cc. The root is a popular diuretic,

A. GRAVEOLENs. JFUld. Stem channelled ; stem leaves cuneiform.

Fw/^o— Celery.

Fl. Middle of July. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

Hab. Gardens. Biennial. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers white. Nat. Europe.

06s. Much cultivated for the sake of the long, succulent, spicy petioles of the lower leaves; which are rendered white, and tender, by covering them with earth, while the plant is growing.

3. Flowers incomplete.

24. CHENOPODIUM. Gen. PL 435. [Gr. Chen, chenoi, a goose, and P9us,podos, a foot; from a fancied resemblance in its l«ayes.3 Cal. inferior, 5 parted, 5 angled- Cor. 0. Seed 1, lenticular, covered by the closing calvx.

C. ANTHELMiNTicuM. Ell. Lcaves lance-obloas, sinuatc-dentate; racemes long, leafless Fu/g-o— Worm-seed. Jerusalem Oak.

Fi Last of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October,

.Ha&. Gardens. Perennial. 3 to 5 feet high. Nat. Ameiica.!

Obs. An active vermifuge; and cultivated by some persons for that object.

25. BETA. Gen. PL 436. [Celtic, Belt, red. De Theis. Or from its fruit resembling the Greek letter B (.Beta>.\

Cal. 5kaYed. Cor. 0. *«cZ 1, reniform, withia the carnose base of the calvx.

120 APPENDlIt.

B. VULGARIS. Wilhl. Lower leaves ovate; flovfcrs clustered; calyx leaves dentate at base;

Vidgo—Beet. Garden Beet. Red Beet.

Fl- Middle cf July. F'r. mat. Middle of September.

Hub- Gardens, and lots. Biennial. 2 to 4 feet hish. Nat. Maritime parts of Southern Europe.

Obs. Very generally cultivated, for its fine esculent root, of which there are several varieties. The seeds ' are planted "the beginning of April.— and later for winter use.

B. ciCLA. TVilld. Radical leaves petiolate, cauline sessile; flowers in threes; lateral spikes long. Vulgo— Mangel wurtzel. Scarcity root. White Beet.

Fl. Latter end of July. Fr- mat. Latter end of September.

Hub. Gardens, and fields. Biennial. 3 to 5 feet high. Nat. Portugal.

Obs- This large-rooted species is but partially cultivated, here; and not much esteemed for the table, though it is unquestionably a valuable article of food for stock— especiolly milk cows— in the winter season; and is very productive,— as has been signally demonstrated by that intelligent and indefatigable promoter of the interests of Agriculture, John Hare Poivel, Esquire. See Memoirs of the Penn. AgiHc. Society. Our farmers, however, will not generally attend to the culture oi Boots, to any great e> tent, while they can raise good crops of that admirable grain, the Indian Corn {Zea 7nayE). The seeds of this Beet are planted in the beginning of May.

©HBER, PEHTAGYNIA.

26. LINUxM. Gen. PL 528. [Gr. IJnon,— or Celtic, Llin; the name for flax, or thread, in those languages.] Cal. 5 parted, persistent. Cor. petals 5, unguiculate. Caps, globose, 10 valved,10 celled. Seeds solitary. li. usiTATissjMUM. fViUd. Stem subsolitary; leaves lanceolate; petals crenate; capsule mucronate. Ku/g-o- Common Flax.

FL Middle of June, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

Ifab- Fields. Annual. 2 to 3 feet high, flowers blue. A'atiuc country uncertain.

Obs. The seed of this most important plant is usually sown the last of March, or beginning iJsApril. It is not extensively cultivated here, of late years. Our farmers think it a crop which i» not very piofUable, and that it impoverishes the soil: they therefore prefer to raise other plants, and to purchase fabrics of Cot- ton with the produce. It appears that in the time of Virgil it was deemed injurious to land, — as he says,

"Urit enim Lini campumseges, urit avense." — Georg. 1. 71.

The seeds, in addition to their value in yielding oil, afford one of the best mucilaginous drinks, for coughs, and pectoral affections.

CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA.

OB.BSH, aSOKCSTSriA.

a. Flowers spathaceciis-

27. ALLIUM. Gen. PL 557. [Obscure: Dc Theis says, from the Celtic,-^//,— which signifies hot, acrid, burning.]

Spaihe many Row ered. r/m6e/ clustered. Cor. 6 parted, spreading. Caps, superior, 3 celled, 3 valved-

A. PORRUM. fVilld. Stem with fiat leaves; umbel capsule-bearing; stamens tricuspidate.

Ftt/g-o— Leek.

FL Middle of July. Fr- mat. Last of August.

//afc. Gardens. Perennial. A^af. Switzerland. A kitchen herb, but little cultivated here.

A. SATIVUM. JVilld. Stem flat-leaved, bulb-bearing; bulb compound; stamens tricuspidate. Vulgo— English Garlic.

Fl. Latter end of July. Fr. mat Beginning of September.

/:fa6. Gardens. Perennial. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers whitish. A'a^ Sicily.

Obs. Esteemed medicinal, as a vermifuge, &c. and cultivated chiefly for that object.

APPENDIX. 151

A. CEPA. IVilld. Scape naked, ventricose below, longer than the terete leaves: Vulgo—Omon. Garden Onion.

Fl- Latter end of July. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

Hab. Gardens. Perennial. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers purplish. iVah'i-e country uncertain.

0'.s. Extensively cultivated as an article of diet. The expressed juice is a popular remedy for cynanche trachealis, or croup.

A. scHCEfropRAsuM. IVilld. Scape naked, equalling the terete, filiform leaves. Tw/g-o— Chives, or Gives.

Fl. Latter end of July. Fr- mat. Beginning of September.

ITaft. Gardens. Perennial. 6 to 9 inches high: flowers purple. A'af. Siberia, &c.

Obs. Cultivated as a kitchen herb; and often cut up, and fed to young poultry, especially turkies,— un- der the impression that it is a salutary, medicinal kind of diet.

b. Flowers naked.

28. ASPARAGUS Gen. PI. 573. [Gr. Asparagos, a tution, or young shoot; characteristic of the plant.] CoR. inferior. 6 parted, erect; the 3 inner segments reflexed at apex. Berry 3 celled, many seeded. A. OFFiciN'ALis. IVilld. Stem herbaceous, terete, unarmed, paniculate; leaves setaceous, soft. F'lt/g-o— Common Asparagus. Sparrow-gi'ass.

Fl. Middle of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of September.

Ha&. Gardens. Perennial. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers greenish yellow. iVaf. Europe.

06», The youns shoots aff"ord a favorite vegetable dish, in the spring of the year. A strong and peculiar oioT is imparted to the urinary secretion, by eating them.

CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA.

ORDER; MONOGYHIA.

29. ^SCULUS. Gen. PI. 628. "'

fLat. Esca, food; a name not very appropriate to this genus.] Cal. 1 leaved, ventricose. Cor. petals 4 or 5, unequal, pubescent. Caps 3 celled. Seeds large, ^, HippocASTANUM. Willd. Leaves digitate, in 7's; corolla 5 petalled; pailicle pyramidal. Kw/g-o— Horse Chesnut.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr- mat. Latter end of September.

Hab. Yards, in front of houses, &c. 20 to 30 feet high: flowers white. Nat. Northern Asia.

Obs. This ornamental tree is occasionally cultivated for the sake of the comfortable shade which it af- fords, in summer.

CLASS VIII. OCTANDRIA.

ORDER, MONOGYIfEA.

30. TROP.^OLUM. Gen- PL 634. [Lat. Tropaiim, a trophy; from a fancied resemblance of its flower to a banner.] Cal. 1 leaved, 4 or 5 cleft, colored, calcarate. Cor. petals 4 or 5, unequal. Nuts coriaceous, Bulcat?. T. MAJUs. IVilld. Leaves peltate, subrepand; petals obtuse, some of them ciliate below. Fti/jo— Nasturtium, or Nasturtion. Indian Cress. Sturtion.

Fl. Latter end of June, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of September,

ifaft. Gardens. Annual. 4 to 6 or 8 feet long: flowers reddish orange, large. iVaf. Peru.

Obs. An ornamental plant; cultivated chiefly for the young /rtnY,— which, when duly prepared, is much esteemed as a condiment.

IM APPEiSTDlX.

Si. polygonum. Gm. PI. 677. tGr. Poly, much, and GonUi a knee, or joint; the stem being much jointed.]

Cal. 0. Cor. 5 or 4 parted, persiste.it. Seed 1, mostly 3 angled, covered. Stain, and Styles variable.

1*. fagoPyrum Willd. Stem erect, unarmed; leaves cordate -sagittate; angles of the seeds equal.

Fii/g-o— Commoii Buck-Wheat.

fl- Middle of August, and after. fr- mat. Beginning of October,

Hab Fields. Annual. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers white, with tinges of red. Nat. Asia.

Obs. The grain of this plant affords a very favorite article of food, under the name of Buckwheat Calfs, -— and it is extensively cultivated in some neighborhoods: But our best farmers, who possess first rate land, are not fond of sowing it. It is considered a severe crop upon the soil, an<i not very profitable. It is most cultivated in ro'igb, hillj' districts; and is generally employed to subdue Wild lands,— for which it is admira- bly adijpled. The flowers have 8 small, shining, nectariferous glands, at the base of the filaments,— on the product of which the honey-bees delight to revel. The seed is usually sown about the middle of July.

CLASS IX. ENNEANDRTA.

ORDERj THIGYNIA.

32. RHEUM. Gen. PI. 692.

[Qr. rheo, to fiow; from its medicinal properties: or from the river Rha, its plate of growth. JDe Theis-'}

Cal. 0. Cor. 6 cleft, persistent. Seed 1, triquetrous.

R. RHAPoNTicuM. TVUld. Leavcs cordate, obtuse, glabrous; petioles sulcate above, margins rounded.

Fu/g:o— Rhubarb. Pie Rhubarb.

Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Middle of July.

J7a&. Gardens. Perennial. 3 to 4 feet high: f!ov(rers white. iVaf. Thrace, Scythia, &c.

Ohs. Is not Mr. Eaton in error, with respect to this plant, in calling it R. tartarinim? See Smith, in Jlees' Cyclopaedia, on both species. This is cultivated by some, rather as a curiosity, than for purposes of litility ; but its succulent, acid petioles, are sometimes used for making tarts, — which are quite palatable.

CLASS X. DECANDRIA.

33. RUTA. Gen. PI. 725. [A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.]

VjXIi. 5 or 4 parted. Cor. petals 5, or 4, concave. Recept. surrounded by 10 nectariferous dots. Ca?s. lobatc

it. iRAVEOLENs. WiUd. Leaves supradecompound; leaflets oblong, terminal ones obovate.

FM/go— Rue. Garden Rue.

Fl. Latter end of June, and after. Fr. mat.

Hab. Gardens. Perennial. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers yellow. Nat. Southern Europe.

Obs. This is occasionally to be met with in our gardens on account of its bitter, medicinal qualities; birJ i". is not much attended to.

CLASS XL POLYANDRIA.

3-1. CITRUS. Gen. PL 1218. [A name of unknown derivation.]

llAiiSekfi fJo"R. pets-Is 5. FJ/. dilated, connate in parcels. Beery PJcelled, coat carnoee

APPENDIX. 129

&. MEDicA. IVilld. Petioles linear, without wings; leaves oval, acuminate, subserrate.

Vulf;o— Lemon tree-

Fl. Last of March, and after. Fr. mat.

JIab. Greenhouses, and Parlours, &c. 4 to 10 feet high: flowers purplish white. Nat Asia.

Obs. This tender shrub is cultivated with considerable success, by some curious persons,-sO as to pro- duce fine fruit. It is usually inoculated upon an orange stock. It appears to flower at different seasons, even when full of fruit,-which latter is a long time in arriving at maturity. Many of the flowers are abortive, having the style short, and the stigma imperfect. The Lime, so much used in making punch, is considered a variety of this.

C. AURAN'TiuM. JVilld- Petioles winged; leaves oval, acuffiinate, obsoletely serrulate. Fu/g-o— Orange tree.

Fl. At various seasons. Pr. mat.

Hab. Greenhouses, and Parlours, &c. 5 to S or more feet high: flowers white. Nat. India, &c.

Obs. This does not succeed so well as the preceding; and is consequently not «« ^^^^"^"^'^"^"P!^^^^ The two species are readily distinguished by the petioles, and not eas, y by any other maik, w..en noi lu fruit. In both, the leaf is connected with the peiiule by a sort of articulation-

ORSER, PEHTAGYNIA.

35. NIG ELLA. Gen. PI. 935. [Lat. Niger, black; in reference to the color of the seeds.] Cal. 0. Cor. petals 5. Nectaries 5, 3 cleft, within the corolla. Caps. 5, connected. N. 6ATIVA. fF/»£i. Leaves pinnatifid,subpiIose; capsules muricate, roundish. Fdt'^o— Nutmeg-phnt. Small Fennel-flower.

Fl. Latter end of June, and after. Fr. mat. August, and after.

^(i6. Gardens. Annual. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers bluish white. iVaJ. Egypt, &c:

06s. Occasionally cultivated for its spicy, aromatic seeds; the flavor of which bears some resemblance to that of the Nutmeg-

CLASS XIL CALYCANDRIA.

ORDER, mOlf OGYNIA.

36. RISES- Gen. PL 390. [An ancient Arabian name, of uncertain meaning.]

Cal. superior, 5 cleft. Cor. petals -5, small. Stam. 5. Stylehm. Berry many seeded. R. RUBRUM. n'illd. Leaves obtusely 5 lobed; racemes glabrous, nodding; flowers flat. Vulgo — Red Currant.

Fl. Middle of April. F>'. mat. Latter end of June.

Hab. Gardens. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers yellowish green; fruit red. Nat. North of Sweden.

Ohs This slender shrub is to be found in almost every garden: and every good housewife knows how to make tarts and domestic wine, and also to pre;,ave a line jelly, from its fruit. I have also, occasionally, aeea the loMte variety,— "/rttctw marganlis siimii."

R. NIGRUM. IVilld. Leaves punctate beneath; flowers oblong; bractes shojter than the pedicels.

Vulgo— Black Currant.

Fl. Middle of April. Fr mat. Beginning of July.

Ifab. Gardens. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers yellowish green; fruit black. Nat. Sweden, &c.

Obs. The fruit of this is not highly esteemed, and the plant is but rarely cultivated.

f^-^The R. AvnKUM, Nitt. and P/i. or Missouri Currant, as it is called.-which is chiefly adrasre(5 for Tiie beauty, and spicy fragrance of its flovvers.-proauces a dark purple fruity but httle mterjor to the laaimon black «urrant, in quality, and larger i.a s!?-e.

124 APPENDIX.

B. GROSSULARIA.. PFUld. Branches prickly; petioles hairy; bractes 2 leaved; berry hirsute, or glabroun. FwZg-o— Goose-berry. English Goose-berry.

JT/- Middle of April. -Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

Hab. Gardens. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers yellowish green; fruit pearly, or amber color. Nat. Europe.

Obs This delicious fruit does not succeed very well in this vicinity— perhaps for want of skill in the cul- ture. The bushes grow very luxuriantly; but the berries are apt to be covered with a kind of russet mould, ■which causes them to blight.

Calijx inferior, 5 cleft. Corolla 5petalled:

37. CERASUS. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 340.

[Lat. Cerasus, a Cherry; the name of a town of Natolia, whence that fruit was derived.]

Drupe succulent, globose, glabrous. Nut roundish, smooth, one side slightly sulcate.

G. vtTLGATiis Umbels subpedunculate; leaves lance-ovate, glabrous, conduplicate.

iSyrjon. Prunus cerasus. JVilld.&.c. Fw/g-o— Sour Cherry. Common Cherry.

J7. Middle of April, Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

Hab- About houses, &c. 15 to 20 feet high: flowers white; fruit mostly red. Nat. Europe.

Obs. This fine fruit is very generally cultivated. There are several sorts propagated by those who are attentive to such matters, — which are believed to be mere varieties, aflfected by long culture, &c. and nepd not be enumerated here.

It mav, however, be worth while to mention, that the trees which produce the valuable variety, called the 3IoreUo cherry, beg:an about 16 or 18 years ago, in this vicinitv, to be affected with a singular disease of the branches, producing rough, cellular protuberances, or enlargements, which have been gradually multiply- ing unti' the trees have ceased to bear, and are now totally disfigured, and ruined. It has been (supposed to be th^ work of an Insect; butthe cause is not satisfactorily ascertained. The disease, hitherto, has been almost exclusivelv confined to the Morello; but of late I observe something like it appearing occasionally in the common sour cherry trees. For some interesting papers on this subject, see the 7th volume of the Ameri- ca Farmer.— A work which is replete with valuable information in every department of Agriculture.

C. AVIUM. Umbels sessile; leaves lance-ovate, pubescent beneath, conduplicate.

Synon. Prunus avium. IVilld. &c. Ku/g-o— English cherry Bird cherry.

Fl- Middle of April. Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

Hab. About houses, &c. 30 to 60 feet high: flowers white; fruit black, or red. Nat. Northern Europe

Obs. We have also several varieties of this species,-— and soitip which appear as if they might be hybrids, partaking of the characters of both this and the preceding,— such as the May-duke, Bleeding-heart, &c.

38. PRUNUS. Juss. Gen. PL p. 341. [The Latin name for the Plum; origin unknown.]

Drupe carnose, mostly oval, glabrous. Nut ovate, subcompressed, acute.

32- DOME^TicA. JVilld. Peduncles subsolitary; leaves lance-ovate, convolute; branches thornless.

Fu/gr)— Black Plum. Common Plum. Damascene Plum.

f/. Midd'Hof A 'ril- Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Hab. Gardens, &c. 10 to 15 feet high: flowers white; fruit bluish black. Nat. Southern Europe.

Obs Thpre are many varieties of this, and some valuable ones cultivated here; but our farmers and gai- deners have not yet taken sufficient care to introduce the best sorts, extensively.

P. CHicASA. EH. Flowers fasciculate; leaves narrow-lanceolate, sen ulate; branches spinose. Synon. P. angustifolia- Marsh. Fa/g-o— Chicasaw Plum. Mountain Cherry.

Fl- Middle of April. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Hab. Gardens. 10 to 15 feet high: flowers white; fruit yellowish red. Nat. Southern States.

Obs. This pleasant fruit has been introduced in a few instances; but it is not common. The drupe is glo- bose; whence it has acquired the name of mountain cherry.

39. ARMENIACA. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 341. [Di^rived from Armenia, the native country of the fruit.]

Drupe carnose, mostly oval, pubescent. Nut one margin acute, the other obtuse, sulcate both sides.

A. vuLiGARis Eaton. Leaves sub-cordate, dentate; stipules palmate; fruit sub-compressed. Synon. Prunus armeniaca. IVilld. Fu/go— Common Apricot.

Fl. Beginning of April. Fr. mat Latter end of July.

Hab. Gard^ms, &c. 10 to 15 feet high; flowers white; fruit yellowish. Nat. of the East. 06s. There are several varieties •£ this cultivated under different nanaes; such as Moor-par/;, Brussels, &c

APPENDIX. 125

A. DASYOA.RPA. Eaton. Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate; drupe sub-globose, pubescent.

Synon. Prunus dasycarpa. JVilid. Fu/ffo-BIack Apricot.

Fl. Middle of April. Fr. mat. Beginning of August?

Hab. Gardens, &c. 10 to 15 feet high: flowers white; fruit iVa(. of the Cast?

Obs. This has more of the habit of a pltim tree, than the preceding. Neither of them have been mi>ch at- tended to, in this vicinity, hitherto; and those which have be-n introduced, have not born^- wei! 1 nf Iruit is generally destroyed, while young, by the puncture of a Curculio—aa evil, the prevention ot which is ■ a consummalicu devoutly to be wished."

40. AMYGDALUS. Gen. PI- 843. {Amijgditlon, the Greek name of the Almond; which belongs to this genus.] Drupe roundish-oval, tomentose. Nut ovate, acute, reticulately sulcate, and porous. A. PERSIC A. TVilld. Serratures of the leaves all acute; flowers sessile, sohtary; drupe carnose. Fit/go— Peach. Peach tree.

Fl. Beginning of April. Fr. mat. Middle of August, and after.

Hab. Gardens, Orchards, &c. 8 to 12 feet high: flowers reddish purple, or pale red. Nat. Persia.

Obs This most delicious of all our fruit is pretty extensively cultivated here--though few take sufficient - nains to procure and propagate the best varieties. The tree, unfortunately, is short lived,-ch!efly in con- ienuence of the ravages of a worm at its roots, against which every device, hitherto essayed, seenij to be iimvailino- There is, perhaps, no certain preservative, but a frequent and careful mspection of the roots, and a removal of the insect-a more correct knowledge of the habits ot which is very desivable.

It is proper, however, to mention, that an ingenious expedient was suggested about three years ago, by David Tovvnsend E«qr. of tins Borough, which is now in process oi trial, and bids fair to answer a valuable nurnose The attempt has been repeatedly made to insert the peach on a plum stock, on account of the rno s of' the latter being less subject to the ravages of the worm: but the two trees are so dissimilar that the neach does not thrive well on a plum stock. It occurred t. Mr Townsend, that as tne Apricot appeared to be more nearly related to the peach, it would prob.jbly atford a more cxingenial stock. Accordingly, he inoculated plum stocks with apricot buds, (which take very readily.) and as soon as the iaiior had e-rown sufficiently-say the succeeding year,— he inserted peach buds on the apricot branches; thus making a sort of three-story, or trii^le tree. The result has, so far, been equal to his most sanguine e.\pectations. The nf^ach branches are flourishing vigorously; and there is every prospect of the experiment succeeding com- ijietclv '^ very few vears will test it fully: and if it sinould answer present expectation, it will prove to be a very important discovery. It would, perhaps, answer the same purpose, to raise Apricot stocks at once in which to insert the peach buds: but as plum stocks are eveiy where aounuant, it was lound more convenient, and expeditious, to resort to th" foregoing method.

rig=The Nectarine.— a delicate urtWeii/ of the Peach, with smoother fruit,— is very little known, as yetTin this vicinity; though it has latterly been introduced.

Calyx superior, 5 cleft- Corolla 5 petallcd.

41. CRAT.^GUS. Gen. PI. S54. [Gr. A'raios, strength; from the strength, or firmness of the wood. De Theis.j

Styles 1 to 5. Berry, or Pome, spheiical, farinaceous. Seeds 1 to 5, bony. O. POPULIFOLIA. Pit. Spinose; leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, incise-angled, and lobate; styles a. Synon. C. cordata. JVilld. Miihl- Ell. Fu/g-o— Washington Thorn. Virginia Thorn ,

Fl. Middle of June. t'r. mat. Beginning of October.

J{ab. Hedgei. 15 to 20 feet high: flowers white; berries red, small. Nat. Virginia, &c.

Obs This thorn was introduced into this vicinity about 2^ years ago, for the purpose of hedging; and is now prottv extensively cultivated lor that object. The plant is readily propagated by the seeds,— which it produces in abundance.-and grows rapidly. When proper care is taken, (and it is worse than useless to undertake it without proper care,) a good liedge can be obtained in about ten years troin ihe tinie of plant- in - the seeds. It has been objected to this thorn, that as it is oi sucU rapid gr9wth, it will piobably be short lived This objection will have some weight, if it shall prove to be well tounded: but, as Dr. 1' ranklin remarked, in relation to the longevity of the Anglo- Americans,— we cannot yet determine that question; for those wliich were first planted are still living, and flourishing in full vigor, home very respectable far- mers condemn hedges altogether, and recommend fences m preference: but it is in vain to recommend fen- ces to those who have no timt>er— and he wlio will inspect a perfect hedge— sucU as mny be seen in the neighborhood of Mr. Caleb Kirk's factory, oa the Brandy wme,— will reqjine nuarisument to convince hiin of Us eligibility, and value-

m APPENDIX,

42. PYRUS. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 335, [The Laiin name for the Pear.]

Styles distinct at base, villous. Pome turbinates umbilicate at apex only, produced on the peduncle. P. COMMUNIS. IVilld. Leaves lance-ovate, serrate, smooth above; peduncles corymbose. Vulgo—Ve&T- Pear tree.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. August, and after.

Hab. Gardens, &c. 15 to 25 feet high: flowers white. Nat. Europe.

Obs. Many varieties of this favorite fruit are cultivated here. The branches of the trees, in many ia- stances, are very subject to blight, from some cause not yet ascertained.

p. CYDONiA. TVilld. Leaves ovate, entire; flowfers solitary; fruit tomentose, sub-turbinate.

Fu^g-o— Quince tree.

Fl. Beginning of May. F^-. mat. Last of September.

Jlab. Gardens, &c. 8to 12 feet high, flowers reddish white. Nat- Shores of the Danube, &c.

06s. Generally introduced. The fruit is chiefly used by notable house-wives in making presfrtifis, and domestic wine. It is apt to be much injured, by inBccts, during its progress to maturity.

JuKsieu.in ins Gciitra, has separated the Quince, as well as the Apple, from the Pear,^-and it is certainly pretty distinct; but not, perhaps, sutijciently so, m a. botanical point ol view.

43. MALUS. Juss. Gen. PI. 334. [The Latin name for the Apple tree.]

Styles connate at base, hirsute. Pome spheroid, glabrous, umbilicate at each end. Jvl. COMMUNIS. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate; flowers in sessile umbels. Synon- Pyrus malus. IVilld. &c. Ftt/g-o— Common Apple. Apple tree.

Fl. Beginning of May. Fr. mat. August till November.

JIab. Orchards, Sec. 15 to 30 feet high: flowers reddish white. iVa^ Europe.

ObS' Almost numberless ««He«tes of this hiehly valuable fruit are cultivated here— though too many worthless ones are often permitted to occupy the ground, to the exclusion of better,— for want of a little taste, or attention, on the part of the proprietors. For an excellent account of the most approved varieties of this, and other fruit, and the modes of culture, see the Treatise on Fruit Trees, by \\ m. Coxe, Esqr. gome of our more intelligent farmers have acquired the art of preparing eider, from the frujt, in great perfection.

44. RUBUS. Gm. PI. 864. [Lat. Ruber, —ox Celtic, rub, red; from the color of the fruit, or branches of the plant.]

Cal. inferior, 5, cleft. Cor. petals 5. Berry compound; acines mostly juicy, 1 seeded. Jl. iDiEiTs. IVilld. Stem prickly; leaves quinate-pinnate, andternate; petioles channelled, fM/go— Garden Raspberry. Antwerp Raspberry, &c.

r/. Latter end of May. Fr. ma^ Latter end of July.

ilab. Gardens. 3 to 6 feet high: flowers white; fruit red, or yellowish. Nat. Europe. Ohs. Some varjeftes of this pleasant fruit are cultivated here; but not extensively.

45. FRAGARIA. Gen. PI. 865. [Lat. /mg-j-ans, smelling sweetly: in reference to its fragrant fruit.] Cal. inferior, 10 cleft- CoR. petals 5. Receptacle of the seeds ovate, berried, deciduous. F. VESCA. IVilld. Galyx of the fruit reflexed; hairs on the petioles spreading, on the peduncles appressed. ^,',„'go— Strawberry. English Strawberry. Garden Strawberry. Fl. Latter end of April. Pr. mat. Beginning of June.

Bab. Gardens. Perennial. 1 to 2 feet long: flowers white; fruit red, or yellowish white. Nat- Europe.

Obs. This exquisitely fine fruit is frequently cultivated, here— but not extensively, nor always with com- plete success,— for want, probably, of a due knowledge of the management required. Some of the varie- ties, or perhaps species, are said to be ZffoicoKs,— and our gardeners profess to be familiar with the charac- ters of the Male and fi'emale plants. There m«i/ be species Vv^hich are truly dioicoas, but all which have been shown to me as such, had every appearance of being abortive, or imperfect, from some accident ot soil, climate, or other cause-

The Haut-boy, and Chili Strawberries, are considered, by late writers, as distinct species from the fore- coin?;— under th'e names of F. elatior, and F. chihensiS) respectively:— for a good account of which gee iiees's CT^clopadia, Art. Fragaria.

APPENDIX. 127

CLASS XTII. DIDYNAMIA.

a. Calyx nearly equally 5 deft. 46. LAVANDULA. Gen. PI. 965. [Lat. lavando:. from lavare. to wash; being anciently used in the baths, as a perfume.] Cal. ovate, sub-dentate, supported by a bracte Cor. resupinate. Stam. within the tube. L. SPICA. Willd. Leaves sessile, lance-linear, margin rev olute; spike naked, interrupted, l^u/ffo— Lavender. Spike.

Fl. Latter end of July. F^. r,iat. Middle of September.

iTa6. Gardens. Perennial. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers purplish blue. iVaf. Southern Europe.

Obs. This pleasant and warmly aromatic herb h much used in tincture, a* a co[,'?f J' "f.^er th^ "^"^^^^^ Laccndrr compound. The pungent fragrance of Cologne water ]s derived from this plant, and the genuine Oil of Spike is obtained from the broad-leaved variety.

47. HYSSOPUS. Gen. PL 963. [An ancient name, adopted for this genus: " a voce hebraica £206." JJoer/i.] Cor. lower lip 3 parted; middle segment obcordate, subcrenate. Stamens straight, distant. a. OFFICINALIS. Willd- Leaves lanceolate; flowers verticillate, racemose, secucd. Fit/g-o— Hyssop. Garden Hyssop.

Fl. Latter end of July. Fr. mat- Middle of September.

Jia&. Gardens. Perennial. I i to 3 feet high: flowers blue. iVTaf. Austria, &c.

06s. Chiefly used in making s pleasant tea, in fevers, &c. and occasionally to be met Within the gardeni of those who are fond of simples, in medicine.

48. SATUREJA. Gen. PL 9(51. [Gr. Satyras,a satyr; in allusion to its supposed qualities— "quia satyriasmum inducit." Boerh]

Cal- tubular, striate. Cor. segments nearly equal. .Siawiens distant. S HORTENSis. JVilld. Stem brachiate; leaves lanceolate, entire; peduncles axillary, subcymose. j^w/o-o— Summer Savory.

FL Resinning of August. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

ja'a&. Gardens. Annual. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers pale blue. A'ctf. Greece, &c. Obs. Cultivated for culinary purposes, as a condiment.

b. Ctlyx bilabiate.

49. MELISSA. Gen. PL 9S3.

[Gr. Melissa, a bee; from that insect, as is alleged, frequenting the flowers.] Cal. dry, flaitish above, upper lip subfastigiate. Cor. upper lip somewhat vaulted, 2 cleft. M. OFFICINALIS. Willd- Leavesovate, acute, serrate; verticils halved; bractes oblong, pedicellate. Tit/g-o— Balm. Common Balm-

FL Latter end of July. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

iJaft. Gardens. Perennial. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers white. iVkit- Geneva, Italy, &c.

Obs- The infusion is a pleasant and popular beverage, in fevers, &c. for which object it is much cultivj" ted. In some instances it has strayed into the woodlands, and become almost naturalized.

50. OCIMUM. Gen. PL 986.

[Gf. OAi/s, quick, or swift; in allusion to its quick vegetation, or rapid growth] Cal. upper lip orbicular, lower 4 cleft. Cor. resupinate. Filam. outer ones with a process at base

O. BAsiLicuM. Willd. Leavesovate, glabrous; calyx ciliate.

Fu/ JO— Basil. Sweet Basil.

FL Latter end of July. Fr- mat. Last of September.

Hab. Gardens. Annual. 6 to 12 Inches high; flowers bluiih. Nat. India and Persia- Obs. Cultivated for culinary purposes, as a condiment.

51. ORIGANUM. Gen. PL 981. [Gr. Ores, a mountain, and Ganos, joy; alluding to its fragrance, and place of growth.]

Fl.&y^ers in » dense, 4 angled spike. Cor. upper lip erect, flat; lower 3 parted, segments nearly equal-

1S8 APPENDIX.

O. MAJORAWA. Willd- Leaves petiolate, oval, obtuse; spikes roundish, ternate, pedunculate. Vulfto— Sweet Marjoram.

Fl- Last of July, arid after. Fr. mat. Latter end of Septeinber.

Hab- Gardens Annual. 6 to 12 inches high: flowers white. Nat. Portugal, Palestine, &c. Obs. Cultivated for culinary purposes, as a condiment.

C!r== For Thymus serpylltim. or Thyme, see pag:e 69 of this catalogue. A larger variety is cultivated ingarden-i, as a condiment)— which is probably the T. lanugiiiosus, oi Willdenovv; but which Dr. Smith, in Cyclopted. thinks is not specifically distinct.

52. DIGITALIS. Gen. PI. 1017. [Lat. Digitate, a thimble, finger-stall, or finger of a glove; from the form of the flower.] Cal. 5 parted. Cor. campanulate, 5 cleft, ventricose. Caps, ovate, 2 celled, many seeded. D. pxjRprjREA. IVilld. Leaves lance-ovate, rugose; calyx segments ovate, acute; corolla obtuse. FitZgo— Fox-glove. Purple Fox-glove.

Fl. Last of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

Hab. Gardens. Biennial. 1^ to 2 feet high: flowers purple, or white. Nat. Southern Europe.

Obs. Both varieties of this ornamental plant the purple, and white flowered, "« «"fj°"f"y ''"l*j^5:^„^-'! on account of the medicinal properties wh.ch •» possesses- I have used n several tni^es^m my pract^^^^^^ but have not been so fortunate as to find it endowed with half the virtues ascr.b.d to |' ^^^^f 'f S-' and others -though I have reason to believe it is far trom being an inert plant. Dr. Hamor, ot ueia ware county, informs me he has found it highly useful, in cases of pneumonia.

53. SESAMUM. Gen. PI. 1048.

[A name said to be derived from the Arabic language.] Cal. 5 parted. Cor. campanulate, 5 cleft. Stam. rudiment of a 5th. Caps, obtusely 4 angled, 4 celled. S. iNDicuM. IVilld. Leaveslance-ovate, lower ones 3 lobed, upper ones undivided, serrate. Fu^go— Bene, or Benni. Oily-grain.

Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fr. mat.

Ha?>. Gardens. Annual. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers reddish white- iVai. India.

Ob^. This plant has been introduced here within a year or two, and cultivated on account of the muci- Zan-ewhinh its leaves afford, when macerated in water, and which has been found beneficial in the bowel corni'laints of children: but our .summers are too short to mature the seeds,— and the culture can only L»e kept up by a supply of leeds from the Southern States.

CLASS XIV. TETRADYNAMIA.

OB.DER, SILICULOSA.

54. LEPIDIUM. Ge«. PL 1077.

[Supposed from the Gr. Lepis, lepidos, a scale, or shell; from the form of the seed-vessels.] Si/ic/e orbicular, emarginate, 2 celled: cells 1 seeded; valves carinate; dissepiment contrary.

Ij. sativum. Willd. Leaves oblong, many cleft.

Fu^go— Pepper-grass. Garden Cress. Tongue-grass.

Fl. Latter end of June, and after. Fr. mat Beginning of August.

Ilab. Gardens. Annual. 9 to 15 inches high: flowers white. Native country uncertain.

Obs. The young herb is pun-ent and antiscorbutic, like the majority of the plants of this Class. It is used i$S a salad, or cress; and frequently cultivated.

55. COCHLEARIA. Gen. PL 1079. [Lat. Cochleare, a spoon; from a fancied resemblance in the leaves of the plant.] Silicle emarginate, turgid, scabrous; valves gibbous, obtuse. C. OITICINALts. IVilld. Radical leaves roundish-cordate, cauline oblong, sub-sinuate. Fu/go— Scurvy-grass. Garden Scurvy-grass.

JV. Latter end of June. i^r. ?«a(. Last of July.

J^rti. Gardens. Biennial? 9 to 15 inches high: flowers white. A af. Northern Europfi. Ohs. Used as the foregoing; but not much cultivated here-

APPENDIX. 1S9

C. ARMORACiA. Willd. Radical Icaves large, lanceolate, crenate, or puinatifid; cauline inciscd. Vnlgo—yiovse Radish.

Fl. Middle of May, and after. Fr. mat. Last of June, and after,

//aft. Gardens, &c. Perennial, li to 3 fett high: flowers white. iVat. Europe.

Obs. The pungent root of this plant is in general use at table, in the spring of the year; and is sometimes used externally, in medicine, as a rubefacient. It thrives best in moist situations.

Floivu's with glands between the short stamens and pistil, and between the long stamens and calyx.

56. BRASSICA. Gen. PI. 1096. [A name of disputed, and consequently of doubtful, derivation. See Be Theis, ^-c] Cal. erect, connivent. Silique with the dissepiment longer than the valves. Seeds globose. B. RAPA. JFilld. Root orbicular, depressed, carnose; radical leaves rough, cauJine smooth. Vulgo — Turnip. Common Turnip.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat. Latter end of June.

iia6. Fields, &c. Biennial. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers yellow. iVaf. England, &.c.

Obs. This fine esculent root is generally cultivated here for the table. It is not much esteemed for stock, —especially milk cows,-but is often given to sheep. The seed is usually sown the latler end of July or beginning of August,— on good, and new ground, if it can be had. Several varieties occur; white, yellow, &c.

B. OLERACEA. JVilld. Root mostly terete, carnose; leaves all glabrous, glaucous, repand, or lobate. Fu/go— Garden Cabbage. Cauliflower. Broccoli. Ruta baga, or Swedish Turnip. Fl. Latter end of May. Fr. mat. Beginning of July

/Ja6. Gardens, &;c. Biennial. 2 to 4 feet high: flowers yellow. iVaf. England.

06s. Many varieties of this valuable plant are cultivated, under equally numerous appellations. In ad- dition to several, which are evidently nearly allied to the common cabbage, are some which would seem to be almost specifically distinct— such, tor instance, are the Cauliflower, (var. bolrytis,) and the Ruta baga, Swedish Turnip, or Turnip-rooted Cabbage (var. Napo-brassica). They are all, however, considered by Botanists as nothing more than varieties of the B. oleracea. The Ruta baga has been tried to some extent, by several of our farmers; but, as remarked in another place, the culture ot roots will not become a prima- ry object, while we can raise good crops of Indian Corn. The Cauliflower is not much cultivated here. The variety called Broccoli succeeds best, in our gardens.

57. SINAPIS. Gen. PL 1097. [An ancient name, of obscure derivation.]

Cal. spreading. Cor. claws straight. Siliqus with the dissepiment often twice as long as the valvei . S. nigra. JVilld. Siliques glabrous, appressed to the raceme, apex 4 angled. Kji/g-o— Mustard. Black Mustard.

Fl. Beginning of July. Fr. mat- Middle of August,

//ai. About houses, &c. Annual. 3 to 6 feet high: flowers yellow. iVat. Northern Europe.

Obs. This plant is almost naturalized about some old settlements—where the ripe seeds are collected for use. It is rarely cultivated regularly. The seeds are a powerful stimulus; the use of which, at table, is fa- ujiliarly known. They aie also much employed in medicine, as a rubefacient, &c.

5S. RAPHANUS. Gen. PI. 1098. [Gr. Ra, easily, or quickly, and phainomai, to appear; alluding to its speedy germination.] Cal. closed. Silique torose, sub-articulate, terete, not opening by valves, 1 or 2 celled. R. sATivus. n^ilhl. Leaveslyrate:sihquesterete, torose, 2 celled. I'uZgo— Radi.'ih. Garden Radish.

Fl. Middle of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of July, and after.

i/a&. Gardens, &c. Annual. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers white. A^a(. China.

Obs This favorite root, of which there are two or three varieties, is almost universally cultivated, for th« table. Theiseeds may be planted at any time from early spring till autumn, to fiiruish a succession ot

a so APPENDIX.

CLASS XV. MONADELPHIA.

ORDER, F0I.YAlf252l2A.

59. AI.TH^A. Gen. PI. 1132.

[Gr. alihanein,tQ heal; from its reputed medical virtues.]

Cau. double; cuter G or 9 cleft, inner 5 cleft. Cor. petals 5. Caps, man}', 1 seeded, arranged orLicuiarly.-

A. OFFICINALIS. JVilld. Leaves tomentose, oblong ovate, obsoletely S, or 5 lobed, acute, plicate, serfate. Fi/Zg-o— Marsh Mallows. Althea.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. i^r mat. Beginning of September, and after.

Jfa6. Gardens. Perennial. 2 to 4 feet high ; flowers purple. iVai. Europe. €bs. Esteemed medicinal, for its mucilage; but it is rarely cultivated, and little attended to, here.

CO. GOSSYPIUM. Gen. PI 1138.

[A name supposed to be of Egyptian origin: etymology obscure.]

Cal. double; outer 3 cleft, flattish, larger. Cor. petals 5. Caps. 3 or 4 celled. S'ecds involved in long wool.

G. HERB.iCEUM. IVUlil. Leaves mostly 5 lobed, mucronate, one glaild beneath on the midrib.

Fu/gro— Cotton.

Fl. Middle of August, and after. Fi-. mat.

iia&. Gardens, &c. Annual. 2 to 3 feet high: flowers yellow and purple. iVoi. Indiai Africa, &c.

Obs. The large, compressed, outer calyx is usually laciniate on the margin, or cleft into numerous, long, narrow segments.

This, plant, which contributes so largely towards the clothing of mankind, and constitutes so important r-a article in the commerce of our country, has not yet been cultivated to any e.xtcnt in this vicinity. I'he summers are generally too short to mature the fruit. But, from some attempts which have been recently made, there is reason to believe that the plant might be gradually acclimated here. Whether it would be advisable for our farmers to turn their attention to an object so much better adapted to the Southern States, 'is another question, — which time and circumstances must solve.

61. HIBISCUS. Gm. PI. 1139.

[An ancient Greek name; of unknown derivation.]

Cal. double; outer many leaved, inner 5 cleft. Cor. petals 5. Stig. 5. Caps. 5 celled, many seeded.

H. EscuLENTUs IVilld. Leavescordate,51obed, rather obtuse; inner calyx bursting lengthwise Vtilgo — Okra. Eatable Hibiscus.

Fl Beginning of August. Jr. mat. Last of September.

if/a&. Gardens. Annual. U to 3 feet high: flowers yellowish white. iV"a^ West Indies. Ols. Occasionally cultivated as a pot-herb; but not much attended to.

CLASS XVI. DTADELPHIA.

j^. Filaments all united; or Monadelphous

62. ARACHIS. Gen. PI. 1177. [A name of obscure derivation.]

Cal. bilabiate. Cor. resupinate. Legume gibbous, torulose, veined, coriaceous A. itYPOG-^A. Cyclopred. Stem pi-ocuinbent, pilose; leaves pinnate; leaflets 2 pairs, obovatg. Fi(/g^o— Ground-nut. Earth-nut. Pea-nut.

Fl. Middle of July. Fr. mat. Last of September.

JEfc6. Gardens. Annual. 8 Jo IS inches long ; floirers yellow iW- South Ampiici

APPENDIX. 131

Obs. This cunou<: little plant is sometimes, though but rarely, cultivated here. The soil seems not to be very coii-enial, atvl thp summers too iliort- The vast quantities ot the fruit which are consumed hero, are brc'n-'ht from the South. Though I have sometimes raised the plant, I have not had occasion to notice us ecnn^iaiy. It is stated, in Rees's Cyclopsedia, that " as sooq as the flower begins to decay, the germ thrusts itself under ground, and the pod is formed and ripened."

B. Filaments in 2 sets: mostly 9 together, and 1 separated.

a. Legume many seeded. Stigma pubescent.

63. PISUM. Gen. PL 1184.

["A Pese, vel Pe.sen, (Gr.) cecidit,— quia si Pisum non susiineatur, caditin terram " J5o«7i.3

Cai,. jegments leaflike, the 2 upper shorter. Style triangular, carinate above.

P. SATIVUM. Willd- Petioles terete; stipules round and crenate at base; peduncles many flowered.

Fu/-o-Pea. Garden Pea.

Fi. Beginning of June, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of July.

Hah Gardens. Annual. 2 to 5 feet high: flowers white, and purplish. iVai. Europe.

Obs. Several varieties of ibis favorite vegetable are cultivated for the table; but rarely for My other ob- ject. Seeds planted beginning of April,— and after, to atTord a succession. This is a hardy plant,— not easi- ly injured by frost.

64. VICIA. Gen. PI. 1187. [An ancient name, of obscure derivation. See De Theis."]

Cal. 2 upper teeth shorter, connivent. Stigma transversely bearded on the lower side. V. FABA. JVilld. Stem erect; leaflets ovate, entire; petioles without tendrils; legumes subsessile, torulose. Fu/ifo— Big Ri-an. Horse Bean. Windsor Bean.

FI. Middle of June, and after- Fr. mat. Middle of August.

Ifay. Gardens. Annual. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers white, with a black spot. iVui. Persia.

Obs. This bean i* frequently cultivated; but not very generally admired,— having a strong, and rather Uri-. pleasant taste, to many persons. Seeds planted in April and May.

65. PHASEOLUS. Gen. PL 1180. [Lat Pkaselus, a boat; in reference to the figure of the legume.]

CoR. keel, with the stamens and style, spirally twisted. IjKgume compressed, falcate. Seeds renifarm

p. VULGARIS. IVilld. Voluble; racemes solitary, shorter than the leaves; peduncles in pairs; pods pendulous-

Vulgo— Common Pole-Bean. Kidney Eean.

FL Beginning of July, and after Fr. mat. Latter end of August-

ifai Gardens, &.C. Annual. 5 to 8 feet high: flowers white, or purplish. Nat. ii.asl Indie?.

Obs. Generally cultivated for the table: when young, the legume and seeds are both used. Seeds plant/ ed latter end of April, and after.

P. LUNATUs. fVilld Voluble; legumes scymitar-form, sublunate, smooth; seeds compressed,

Fii/g-o— Carolina Bean. Lima Bean.

Jfa6. Gardens. Annua!. 6 to8 feet high: flowers greenish white. iVaf. Bengal.

Obs. Frequently cultivated; but not so generally as tiie preceding. The seeds chiefly are used,— though the young legumes are, occasionally. Tiie Lima, and Carolina beans, so called, are believed to be only varieties oi ihs i>j.me species. They are planted the beginning of May.

p. NANUS. IVilld. Stem erect, smooth; legumes pendulous, compressed, rugose. l''«/g:o— Bunch Bean. Bush Bean. String-Bean.

FI. Middle of June, and after. Fr- mat. Middle of August.

Jlab. Gardens, &c. Annual. 12 to 18 inches: flowers white. Nat. India.

Obs. Very generally cultivated: the j'oung legumes are cooked with the seeds, and constitute a favorite vegetable dish. This seem.s toapproach near to P- vulgaris; and, I believe, has been considered only as a variety of it, by some botanists. .Speeds jilanted the btter end of April, and alter. The young plants aro :!elicate, and easily affected by frost.

b. Legume f*w seeded.

C6. MEDICAGO Gen. PL 1214.

[So named from having been introduced by the Medes into Greece.]

Cor. keel deflected from the banner. JjEtiuMK compregsed, cochleate.

132 APPENDIX.

M- iJbTivA. fVilld. Leaflets oblong, dentate; peduncles racemose; legumes smooth; stipules entire. i

Vulgo -Lucerne-grass- Medick.

jT/. matter end of June. F?-. ma(. Middle of August.

Hab. Small lots. Perennial. 1 to 2 feet high: flowers pale bluish purple. iVaf. Spain, &c.

Ohg. This plant has been occasionally introduced, on a small scale, as a substitute for clover; and is said i o ansvrer well for soiling— \. e. to be cut, and fed to stock that are confined in enclosures: but it does not * ak« the attention of our farmers, and is very little cultivated here.

c. Legume mostly 1 seeded.

67. TRIFOLIUM. Gen. PI. 1211. fLat. Literally meaning three leaves; a feature characteristic of the grenus.] Flowers sub-capitate. Legume valveless, included in the calyx, 1 to 4 seeded.

T PRATBNiE. H^t//rf. Ascendmg; leaflets oval, subentire; stipules awned; spikes dense, ovate. |

Vulgo— Red Clover. Purple Trefoil. Honeysuckle Clover. I

Fi. Latter end of May, and after. Fr. mat. Latter end of July. ' I

JEfa6. Fields, meadows, &c. Perennial. 1 to 3 feet high: flowers purple, rarely white. A^af. Europe. j

Obs Tnis plant, so higiily and justly esteemed by our Agriculturists, has become completely naturali- zed The culture oi it began to prevail, here, about 35 years ago; and it is now sedulously pursued by ev- ery good farmer. It ameliorates the soil, affords good pasture, and, when mixed with Timothy, Orchard- g-r'ijis, caJ some of the other culmiferous plants, makes first-rate hay. The mtroduction of clover, with the us.- of gypsum, has put an entirely new face upon this district of country, within the period above men- tione J. Tae seed is usually sown in the month of March, among green wheat, and rye; and it has been re- nii:-ked tl.at It generally succeeds best among the latter. It is the seccmrf growth, or crop, of the clover, froff. whit'h ihe seed is obtained, for sowing; and it is ripe in the beginning ot September. The universal prevalence of this plant, here, has been sadly unprophious to the labors of the Honey J5ec,— inasmuch as the tube of the corolla is so long that the little insect is not able to reach the nectar with its proboscis.

CLASS XVII. SYNGENESIA.

^. Florets all ligulate: Receptacle naked.

68. TRAGOPOGON. Gen. PI. 122!). [Gr. Tragos, a goat, and Pogon a beard; from a fancied resemblance in its long pappus.] Cal. simple, many leaved. Pappus stipitate, plumose. 5'eed oblong, angled.

T. poRRiFOLitTs. IVind. Galyx longer than the rays; coroUules narrow, truncate; peduncles incrasiate.

Fu/go— Oyster-plant. Salsafy. Purple Goat's-beard.

Fl- Beginning of June. Fr. mat. Beginning of July.

i/oft. Gardi'.is. Biennial. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers violet purple. Nat. Switzerland, &c.

Oh::. Thi- IS sf>r>,<-t:i-.es, though not extensively, cultivated here, for the sake of the root,-— which ama- teurs fancy to resemble the oyster, in flavor, when properly cooked.

69. LACTUCA Gen. PL 1234.

[Lat. Lac,lactis,m\[k; in reference to the milky juice of the plant.]

Cal cylindric> imbricate, margins membranaceous. Pappus stipitate, pilose. 6'ccd compressed

Jj sat:'. A.. IV'.U'. Stem corymbose; lower leaves rounded, cauhne cordate.

Vugo — warden Li ttuce. Garden Saladi

jfZ. lYiiddle of July. Fr. mat Middle of August.

Jf'dfi. tri:uens. nnual 2 to 4 feet Itigh: flowers yellow. iVaJtue country uncertain.

'/}» Tiiis favorite salad, of which there are several uariciif J, is generally cultivated, The seed sown earij' ifl March, and alter.

APPENDIX. 135

B, Florets all tubular: Flower$ capitate.

70. CARTHAMUS. Gen. PL 1261. tA name of uncertain derivation. See Be Theis.}

Cal. imbilcate, scales subovale-foliaceous at apei. Pappus chaff-hairy, or 0. Recept. chaff-bristly.

C. TiNCTORius. IVilld. Stem smooth; leaves ovate, entire, spinose-dentate; seedsnaked. Fu'g-o— Saffron. Bastard Saffron. Safflower.

F!- Middle of July. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

H«6. Gard-ns. Annual. 1 to 2 feet high; flowers orange color. .Vaf. Egypt, &c.

Obs. This is occasionally cultivated. The flowers are used as a domestic dye-stuff; and the infusion of the-T) is a hi^iily popular medicine, in the diseases of children. The Snfron tea of the good Ladi. s, is considered "the sovereign'st thing on earth" to relieve internal distress, and drive peccant humors to the surface!

a. Flo2ve7S discoid.

71. ARTEMISIA. Gm. PL 1281. [Supposed to be dedicated to Artemisia, w ife of Mausolus ]

Cal imbricate, scales rounded, conni vent. Pappus 0 iJ.c«;)f. subvillose, ornaked,

A. ABROTANUM. JVilld. Stem Strict; lower leaves bipinnate, upper ones capillaceous-pinnale.

r«;.s-o— Southern-wood. Old man. Mug-wort.

FL Middle of August Fr. mat. Last of September-

.ffa6. Gardens. Perennial. 2 to H feet high. A'af. Syria, &.c.

Obs. This bitter, and somewhat fragrant shrub, is to be found in most gardens. It is frequently used ia fomentations, in pojjular practice-

A. ABSINTHIUM. IVilld- Leaves hoary, compound, multifiJ; flowers pedunculate, nodding. Fa/^o— Worm- wood.

Fl. Beginning of August. Fr- mat. Latter end of September.

//tt6. Gardens. Perennial. 2 to 4 feet high. Aaf. Europe.

Obs. Tiiis plant, proverbial for its bitterness, is also to be met with in every garden; and possesses valua- ble medical properties, as a tonic, vermifuge, kc.

b. Flowers radiate: Receptacle chaffy.

72. ANTHEMIS. Gen. PL 1312.

[Gr. Anthemont a flower; from the great number which it produces.]

Cal. hemispherical, sub-equal. Cor. rays more than 5. Puuj^its 0, or a membranaceous margin,

A. NOBiLis. IVilld. Stem branching at base; leaflets 3 parted, linear-subulate, subvillous. ru?go— Chamomile. Garden Chamomile.

FL L-Aterend of June. -fV. mat. Latter end of August.

i/a&. Gardens. Perennial. 4 to 9 inches long: rays white. A'ui. Southern Europe.

Ohs. This fragrant, bitter herb, is deservedly popular as a tonic; and is generally introduced into our gardens. The flowers produced in this country are rarely so large and fine as those which are imported.

73. HELIANTIIIT.S. Gen. PL 1322. [Gr. Hdio.'i, the sun, and Antlios, a flower; from the resemblance of its flower,]

Cal. imbricate, subsquarrose, foliaceous. Pappus chaffy > 2 leaved, caducous. Recept. flat, chaffy. II. TUBEROsus. IVilld. Leaves 3 nerved, scabrous; lower ones cordate-ovate, upper ovate; petioles ciliate. F«/^o— Jerusalem Artichoke.

FL Latter end of August. Fr. mat.

Ilab. Gardens. Perennial. 4 to 6 feet high: rnys yellow. Nat. Brasil.

Obs. This is occasionally cultivated for the tuberous ?-oof,— which is pickled, and brought to table under the name of Artichoke. f^ There is no plant belonging to the Class G'ix.v?."r.iii.\. cultivated here, except as matter of cariosity.

^4 APPENDIX.

CLASS XIX. MONOECIA.

OHDBH, THIANDRIA.

74. ZEA. Gen. PI. 1403. [Gt. zao, to live; the seeds contributing eminently to the support of life"] 3Tale, in terminal spikes. Cat. glume 2 valvetU 2 flowered, awnless. Cor. 2 valved, awiiless. Fem- in dense lateral spikes. Cal. 2 valved. Cor. 4 valved. Style 1, very long. Seed solitary. Recfpt. oblorig ;

Z- MAYS. Sin. Cyclop. Stem erect; leaves lanceolate, concave, carinate, acute, entire. Fit/g-o— Indian Corn.

Fl. Latter end of July- Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Ilab. Fields- Annual. 4 to 8 feet high. Nat- America, but the region unknown.

Ohs The terminal, aggregated spikes of male flowers are denominated, in common parlance, the Tassd of the Corn. The female flowers are below, in a simple cylindrical spike, or spadix, emerging from the sheaths of the leaves (usually one or two, sometimes three, or more, female spikes on each plant). This spilie is closely enveloped by a foliaceous invalucre, of many leaves,— known by the name of the Husk; from the end of which protrudes the bundle of long, filiform styles, called the Silk The common recep- tacle of the seeds jk called, by the farmers, the Cob.

Although the bread prepared from the Indian Corn alone, is not, in general, esteemed equal to that made from wheat— yet, considered in every point of view, this is perhaps one of the most important and valuable plants which we cultivate. It is highly nutiitious, and contributes largely towards the sustenance of our people. It is particularly excellent for feeding every kind of Stock: and it has been well remarked, that if the Agriculturists of Europe could avail themselves of our Indian Corn, we should not hear so much from them on the importance of their root crops. When the grain is in the milky state,— which is from the irsiddle to the last of August, — it atfords a repast (under the appellation of boiling, or roasting ears.) of ■which the Epicures of the old world have no adequate conception. The plant is usually gathered about Ihe middle of September, by cutting it off near the ground, and securing it in upright bundles, or_ Shocks. The ears are taken from the husks in the beginnmg of October: and the residue of the plant atfords ex- cellent fodder for cattle. The grain of this plant, as well as of Rye, is much used — or rather abused — in distilling that mischievous liquor, called Whiskey.

The seeds are planted in the beginning of May.—

I have often observed the male spike to contain some fterwtajjArof/iVc flowers, and to produce tolerably perfect seeds: which circumstance may perhaps countenance an opinion expressed at the foot of i^age 43, of this catalogue.

75. COIX. Gen. PL 1405. [An ancient Greek name; of obscure etymology.]

Male, spikes remote: Cal. glume 2 valved, 2 flowered, awnless. Cor. 2 valved, awnless.

Fem. Cal. glume 2 flowered. Cor. glume awnless Style 2 parted. Seed 1, covered with the ossified c?lyx.

C. LACHRYMA. IVilld. Culm semiterete above; flowers naked; fruit ovate.

Vulgo — Job's tear.

Fl. Middle of July. Fr. mat. Beginning of September.

Jlab. Gardens. Annual.' 12 to 18 inches high. Nat. East Indies.

Obs. Some persons cultivate this for the purpose of making beads, of the smooth, bony fruit, to'put rouixd the necks of children, to prevent chafing, or galling of the skin.

OR33I2R, POIYAITDRIA

76. JUGLANS. Gen. PL 1438. [Formed from the Lat. Jovis Glans, the nut of Jove; on account of its excellence-]

1,Tai.t:, .^??jenf imbricate. Ca2. a scale. Cor. 5 or 6 parted. S'fawt. about IS.

Fem. Cal' superior, 4 cleft. Cor. 4 parted. Sytleis I or 2. Drupe coriaceous, or spongy. Nut rugose.

J. REGiA. TViild. LeafletsaboutD, oval, glabrous, subserrate, siibequal; fruit globose.

Fw/g-o— English Walnut. Madeira Nut.

Fl. Middle of May. Fr. mat.

i/fflfc. Yards, &;c. 15 to 20 feet high. iVa<. Persia.

Ohs. This tree is occaMonally cultivated for its fruit,— chiefly for the purpose of making pickles of it, in Its sreen state,— but our >*.titers o.re uthor lO'-. .sever-' for it; and it rarely succeeds an this vicinity.

Appendix. iss

ORDER, mOUAB£I.PniA

77. RICINUS. Gen. PI. 1464. [Lat. Ricinus, a tick, or bug; from the resemblance of the seeds] Male, Cat. 5 parted; segments ovate, concave. Cor. 0. Stamens numeious. Fem. C(z/- 3 parted. Cor. 0. StylesS,b'iM Caps, echinate, 3 celledi cells 1 seeded. tl. COMMUNIS. IVilld. Leaves peltate, palmate, lobes lanceolate; stem pruinost;. f'ii/gro— Castor-oil Bean. Palma Chrisli.

Fl Last of July, and after. fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

i/a&. Gardens, &c. Annual. 4 to 6 feet high. A^af. East Indies.

Obs. This plant,— though cultivated to a considerable extent, in New-Jersey, for the purpose of oLtai.ning the oil from the seetls,-— IS chiefly regarded, here, as .1 mere curiosity. Whether it would bf; a proiit.ibie object of cuhure, in our soil and climate, 1 am unable to say; but I observe a large portion of the fruit is prevented from arriving at maturity by the autumnal frosts.

78. MOMORDICA. Gen. PI. 1477. [Supposed from the I.iat. mordco, to bite; the seeds appeari.ng as if bitlenj or chewed.] Male, C'al- 5 cleft. Cor. 5 parted. Filaments 3. Fem. Cat. superior, 5 cleft. Cor- 6 parted. StyleS cleft. Pome bursting clastically.

M. BALSAMiNA. 'fVilld. Lsaves pahijate-j lobcd, jjlabrous; fruit angled, tuberculate. Vulgo—Bahum Apjile.

/•'/ Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle of September.

.Wcfi. Gardens. Annual. 3 to 5 feet long; flowers yellow, fruit reddish orange- iVai. India. Obs. Occasionally cultivated for the fruit; which is reputed balsamic, and vulnerarj*.

7D. CUCURBITA. Gen. PL 1478. [Etymology obscure: perhaps Lat. quasi curya^tt; the fruit being often curved.] Male, Cal. 5 toothed. Cor. 5 parted. Filaments 3.

Fem. Ca/. superior, 5 tocthed. Cor. 5 parted. <S«(//e 3 cleft. Peine 3 celled. -Scca's tumid at margin. C LAREivARiA. Willd. Leaves cordale, round-obtuse, pubesccnt; pome clavate, woody. Fu^g-o— Common Gourd. Calabash. Eottle Gourd.

tl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hah. Gardens, &c. Annual. 10 to 15 feet long: flowers white. Nat. Both Indies.

Obs. Cultivated for the woody shell of the fiuit, which aflbrds many conveniences. Willdenow says it serves for flagons, ladles, funnels, caj)*, and innumerable other utensils. Seeds planted in Apnl.

C oviFERA. IVilld. Leaves cordate, angular 5-lobed; pome obovate, striped lengthwise. F«/g:o— Bitter-bash. Egg Squash. Egg Gourd.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab Gardens. Annual. 4 to 6 feet long; flowers yellow. Nat. Astracan.

06s. Sometimes cultivated, and cups made of the fruit. Seeds jilanted early in Ma}-

C. "VERRUCOSA. Willd. Leavcs Cordate, deeply 5 lobed ; pome elliptic, or clavate, verruco«e. Fw^g-a— Squash. Warted Squash. Long Squash.

Ft- Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October.

Hab- Gardens, &c Annual. 10 to 15 feet long: flowers yellow. Nat-

Obs. Numerous varieties of this are cultivated for the table. When planted in the neighborhood of pumpkins, {C. pepo,) I have observed the cinp of the latter to be much iniared by the production of hybrids. Seeds planted early in May, as are those of all the following species.

C. MELOPEPO. IVilld. Leaves cordate, obtuse, 3ub-5 angled; pome clypeate, margin tumid. Fif^fTo— Bound Squash. Cymling.

Fl. Middle of July, and after- Fr. mat. Beginning of October,

i^uo. Gardens, &,c. Annual- 8 to 12 feet Ion;;: flowers yellow- Nat.

Obs. The fruit of this is considered superior to that of the preceding, for the table.

C- PF.po. IVUhl. Leaves cordate, obtuse, sub 5 lobad; pome roundish, or oblong, smooth, Fji.'go— Pumpkin.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Beginning of October,

flat. Fields, &c. Annual- 10 to 20 feet long: flowers yellow. iVaf. Asia.

Obs. The fruit of this is valuable for feeding stock; and is extensively cultivated. It also aftbnls the Cf-^- febrated Pumpkin Pie, of New England—vyhich is not without admirers in Pennsylvania. There are nii- nierciis varieties cuUivftted,— some of them enormously large, but not so much esteemed as the smallor ones'

136 APPENt)lX.

C. ciTRrtLUs. JVilld. Leaves 5 lobed, lobes sinuate-pinnatifid, obtuse; pome elliptic, sttiootii. Vnlr,o — Water Melon.

Fl Latter end of June, and after. Fr- mat. Middle of August, and after.

J/a& Gardens, &c. Annua) 8 to 13 feet long: flowers greenish yellow. A"a<. Sicily, &c.

Obs This is frequently cultivated for its delicious fruit; but our principal supply comes from New Jer- sey,— where it is produced more abundantly, and in greater perfection. There is a variety, withj small seeds, called the Apple-seeded Water Melon.

80. CUCUMIS. Gen. Pi. 147a [A name of obscure derivation. See Be Theis.'i Male. Cat. 5 toothed. Cor. 5 parted. Filaments 3. Fem. Ca/. superior, 5 toothed. Cor. 5 parted. S^?* 3 cleft. Powie 3 celled. Seeds Sicuie. G. ANGURi.v. IVilld. Leaves palmate-sinuate; pome globose, or elliptic, echinate. Ftt/g-o— Prickly Cucumber. Jerusalem Cucumber.

Fl. Middle of July, and after. -Fr. moi. Latter end of September.

i/a6. Gardens, Sic Annual. 3 to 5 feet long: flowers greenish yellow. iVat Jamaica. 06s. The green fruit is used (or pickles; for which object the plant is sometimes cultivated.

C. MELO. JVilld. Angles of the leave§ rounded; pome torulcse.

Vv.lgo—'^lusk Melon. Cantaleupe, or Cantalope.

Fl. Latterendof June. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

Hah. Gardens, &c. Annual. 5 to 10 feet long: flowers yellow Nat. Tartaryl

Ohs. Thf! fruil of this is much esteemed, — for which it is occasionally cultivated; but, like the water tat^ Ion, our chief supply isbrouRht from New Jersey. There are several varieties, — passing under the names of Nutme?.. Melons) Canialevpes, Rlusk Melons, &c.

C. sATivus JVilld. Leaves right-angled; pome oblong, scabrous.

l^u/g:o— Cucumber. Common Cucumber. Cowcumher.

Fl. Latter end of June, and after. Fr. mat. Last of August, and after.

Hab. Gardens, &c. Annual. 6 to 12 feet long: flowers yellow. Nat. India, Tartary, &c.

Obs. Cultivated by every body: the fruit, while young, is used for pickles) — and when nearly full grown. is cut into thin transverse slices, with seasoning which renders it a favorite dish, — though not a very saluta- ry one to indulge in. Culture has produced several varieties o( this, as well as of most other plants that have been long under the cai-e of man. The seeds of all the species are planted early in May.

CLASS XX. DIOECIA.

81. SALIX. Gen. PI. 14C3. [Supposed from the Lat. saiio, to leap, or spring up; alluding to its quick growth.] Male ^Hienf cylindric. Ca?. a scale. Cor. 0. 5'ton. 1 to 6, with nectariferous glands at base. Fem. -47/K'nt cylindric. Ca/. a scale. Cor. 0. StijleViM. Caps. 1 celled, 2 valved. Seeds vfooUy.

Leaves serrate: Aments coataveous. S- VITELL1.VA. JVilld. Leaveslanceolatc, acute, glabrous, silky white beneath, serratures cartilaginous. Fw/g-o— Yellow Willow. G»Iden Osier.

Fl. Middle of April. Fr. mat. Latter end of June.

JIab. About houses, &c. 20, to 30 or 40 feet highe branches yellow. Nat- Europe.

Obs. Formerly much planted in front of houses, for shade: not so commonly at present. It has become pretty much naturalized.

S. BABYLONiCA. JVilld. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acumlnate ; germs ovate, sessile, glabrous ;

Fu/g-o— Weeping V/illow. Drooping Willow.

Fl. Beginning of April. Pr. mat.

Hab. About houses, &c. 30 to 50 feet high: branches slender, pendant. iVaf. of the East.

Obs- This handsome tree is frequently planted before houses for the s«ke of its comfortable shade. It is believed there ar? none but femrJcs, of thii» species, in our country.

APPENDIX. 13?

ORDSR, TmA^rBnzA.

S2. FICUS. Gen. PL 1613. [An ancient name; of obscure origin.] .Rccepfac/e turbinate, carnose, enclosins the florets; Male, Ca/. 3 parted. Cor. 0. Stam. 3, Fem. Ca^ 5 parted. Cor. 0. Style 1. Seed 1, covered with the persistent, and sub-caraose calyx,

F. CARICA. IVilld- Leaves cordate, 3 or 5 lobed, scabrous above, pubescent beneath.

Valgo — Fig tree.

Fl. Latter end of July. Fr- mat.

Hab Gardens. 5 to S feet high. iVaf. Southern Europe, and Asia.

Obs. Attempts have been made to cultivate this remarkable plant, here; but itistoo delicate to endure our winters. I have known no instance where the fruit has been perfected, out of a stove room.

83. BROUSSONETIA. Willd. 1777. [In honor of P. N- V. Bronssonet; a French Naturahst.j Male, Ament cyliodric. Cal- 4 parted. Cor. 0. Fem. ^me»ii globose, compound. Cw/. 3 or 4 toothed. Style latere]. -Sged 1, covered with the calyx.

B. PAPYRiFEHA. TVilld. Leaves subcordate, lobed, or undivided.

Synon. Morus pa'pyrifera. Hart. Keiv- Fttfeo— Paper Mulberry. Italian Mulberry.

ri. Middle of May. Fr. mat.

Hab. About houses, &c. 15 to 30 feet high Nat. Japan, and South Sea Islands.

Obs. This tree is a good deal cultivated in this vicinity, for the sake of shade; but it is rather troublesomQ on account of the numerous suckers which sprmg from its roots. We have only the IMak here,

OUSEH, PSNTAKBRIA.

S4. SPINA CIA. Gen. PI. 1520. [Lat. Spina, a thorn; from the prickly, or spinose integument of the fruit.]

Male, CaZ. 5 parted; segments oblong, obtuse, concave. Cor- 0.

Fem. Cal. 4 cleft. Cor. 0. Styles 4. Seed 1, within the indurated calyx.

S. oleracea. Sm. Cyclop. Stem branched, hollow; leaves hastate sagittate; fruit sessile. Fu/go— Spinach. Garden .Spinach. Spinage.

Fl- Middle of June, and after. Fr. mat. Middle oi August, and after,

i/a6. Gardens. Annual. 1 to 2 feet high. iVafiw country unknown. Obs. Occasionally cultivated, for culinary purposes; but not common.

85. CATS'NABIS. Gen. PI. 1522. [An ancient Greek name; etymology obscure. See J9e Tficis.Ji

Male, Cal. 5 parted; segments oblong, acuminately obtuse, concave. Cor. 0.

Fem. CW. 1 leaved, entire, gaping laterally. Cor. 0. Styles 2. xVwi 2 valved, in the closed calyi-,

C. sATivA. Cyclop. Leaves petiolale, digitate; leaflets 5 or 7, lanceolate, serrate. Vidgo — Common Hemp. Neck-weed.

Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. mat. Latter end of August.

i/;t6. Fields, ^c. Annual. 5 to 10 feet high . iVaf. Persia, and North America.'

Obs This plant, beside being an auxiliary of some consequence in the penal systems of vindictive law- givers, IS one ot immense importance in the concerns of all commercial and civilized nations. In addition to many articles of clothing, the canvass ami cordage of their .shipping are chiefly derived from ihis plant. We are moreover indebted to it, in a great degree, for the ve.Kicle by which useful knowledge is diffused throughout the world,— by which the elegant productions of genius are pre.served, and the fruits of scien- tific research transmitted, with accumulating benefit, from generation to generation. This important plani, however, is but rarely cultivated in this vicinity. It requires a strong soil; and has not been found, by our fanners, to be the most profitable crop. In f ome portions of the adjoining ccmtv of Lancaster, it is railed 10 a considerable extent. Tlio seed is sown tlje latter tnJ of March-

Y^Q APPENDIX.

sa. HUMULUS. Gen. PL 1523. [Perli&ps from the Lat. Humus, moist earth; in reference to its place of growth-l Maip Cal 5 leaved; leaflets oblong, obtuse, concave. Cor. 0.

ta.^ncL.sCaU leaved, e:uire, obliquely^ Cor. 0. Styles 2. Sc.cZ 1, wUhm the caly..

M. LUPULtTs. Cijcloj}- Stem voluble, twining with the sun; leaves lobed, scabrous. VuIeo— Hop. Common Hop. , ,^ .

F/. Middle of July. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

ifa6. Gardens, &c. Perennial. 12 to 20 feet higli. i\7/f. Europe and America.

frequently found it, both male and

- • ■ ' ■ ''^■' for

tion.

ne and

.opor,fic:-;heTnfu;ion t'onic-andthVcones, prepared in cataplasms, arehighly antiseptic, itis me Female

plant only that is cultivated. . ,„i-,b,p,^

It is curious to ohservo the determined natural bias which this plant has *« tvvine «n/ft the Sun- wherea„

the climbing species of Bean, {Phaseolus,) as constantly iwme in the opposite direction.

87. POPULUS. Gon. PL 1531. .

CLat. Popuhis, the people- Tr.e of the People; the public walks,in Rome, being shaded by it. De TJ,eis.i Male Jmf«« cylindric Ca/. a lacerate scale. Cor. turbinate, oblique, entire. FEMFrowelasinthemale. S^^„n« 4 or6 lobed. C«^s-. 2 celled, ^eeds beset with long wool p. GRiECA. JVilld. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, obsoletely serrate, petioles compressed. Ftt/po— Athenian Poplar. Safe^AbouUiousfsl'&c. 20 to 40 feet high; branches spreading. Nat. Islands of the Archipelago.

Obs. Introduced into this neighborhood about fifteen years ago, for the -kef^ts shade We^h^^^^ only the Female here: and the woo/, or white down, which is shedfiom the capsules, ^U.en tney oursi, abundant as to render the tree rather objectionable, m the immediate Vicinity of houses. p. DiLATATA. WUld. Leaves deltoid, acuminate, serrate, glabrous on both sides. FtiZg-o-Lombardy Poplar. Italian Poplar. FL Beginning of April. -?''-• '"«'■

Fl. Keginning oi Apru. - -.r * t. i

Jlab. About houses, &c. 40 to SO feet high: branches very erect. Nat. Italy.

of that work.

8S. JUNIPERUS. Gen. PL 1552. [Etymology obscure. See page 111 of this catalogue.]

Male, Jmcnt ovate. Cal a scale. Cor. 0. Stamens 3. , , c , ,

Fem. CaL 3 parted, adnata to the germ. Cor. petals 3? Styles^. iJm-i/ tuberculate, 1 to 3 seeded.

J. COMMUNIS. JFilld- Leaves ternate, spreading, mucronate, longer than the berry.

IA(?^^o— Juniper. Juniper-bush.

M. Latter end of April. Fr. mat.

Ilab. Gardens, &c. 4 toS feet high. Nat. Northern Europe.

Obs Thi-i shrub hss become almost naturalized in many places along the Brandywine. It is cultivated in some wardens for t!ie terrift.f,— which possess pretty valuable medici'.ial properties--especial_ly the o if ■'/.'hicl. they afiord. Spirits, when impregnated with this oil, are known by the name ot Om, Geneva, or Juniper lOater^

(iCJ-The J. sABiNA, or Sarin, is occasionally cultivated for its medicinal virtues, in some parts of the Coufttry; but \ have not observed it in this inimu('.iate vicinity.

139

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

Oc^ I was not so fortunate ns to possess the excellent Flora of Doctor Torroy, untU nfter that ror on of ,he Catalogue, which is comprised in his first Volume, was pnato.l,-otherw,se T m|,.t have "" 'oved n y of 6V0.;..., and profited very n^aterially by the li.ht wh.ch the Doctor has thrown u,.,n the ho ay of this region. I shall not, however, swell these notes bv an attempt at a general -v.s.on he e^bu w.U content myself with a few remarks and corrections. Those errors which are merely typog.aphical, and do not aflfect the sense, will be left to the correction of the reader.

C01.1.1NSONIA CANADENSIS, page 5 . The flowers of this plant possess the odor of Ho^s,\n^ remark.^ ble degree.

Heteuanthera. p. 6. The name given to this plant, by Beauvois, m the Transactions of the Ameri. can Philosophical Society, is Heterandra, and not Heteranthera. The names, however, are strictly synonymous. I had not the Transactions at hand, when this part of the Catalogue went to press, in tbe generic description of the plant, for ^^ Anthers, 2 linear, 1 tnangular"-read Anthers 2 roundish, 1 oblong.

Mariscus GLOMERATUsl p. 9. I am now perfectly satisfied that this plant is the Cypcru.s JLtriscci- dcs, of Elliott and Torrey.

PoA NEavATA. p. 12. I observed last season (1825) that this grass is very abundar.t inrdlourlow, swampy grounds.

Panicum CII.IATUM, and P. paucifmritm? p. IS. I am now pretty well satisfied that these are nothing mora than varieties of Doctor Torrey's P. niiidum.

For P. mil.aceum. p. 16, last line,-read P. GERMAmcuM: or ratlier Setaria germanica. Setaria is the generic name adopted by Dr. Torrey, from Beauvois, for this section of thePanicums;wh!ch 1 con- sider preferable to Penmsetum. The name Setaria, however, appears to have been also appropriatea genus in Cryptogamia.

Galium circ,t.zans. p. 19. The sweet taste of this species, I observe, is, noticed by ^ Eatm\n his excellent Manual of Botany : a work which i did not possess antU after a considerable portion oi this Catalogue was printed.

OCT In June 1S23, I found the Galium boreale in this county, on the banks of the Schuylkill, at a place called Black Rock, near the Phcenix Iron works, li was in considerable quantities there; and cs actly resembles a specimen, in my possession, from the North of Europe.

CoRNUs. p 20. In noticing the fruit of the different species, the word " berries" is inadvertently used instead of drapes. The mature drupes of Cflorida are red.

P ^N A.-: QUixQUEFOLiuM. p. 34. The word " obovai" occurs in the description of this plant,-and also in a few other inslances,-for which read obovate. Obovai is an incorrect term; although sanctiouca T some respectable authorities.

The following plant was found since the catalogue went to press, and belongs iopage 35:— Myrrhis procumbens. Tor. Leaves decompound, pinnatifid, sheaths hairy; umbels few flowered. ^^^^ Synon. Chasrophyllum propumbens- Ph. Ell. Nuii- Scandix piocunibens. IVilld. JMulU. Vidgo Fl. L.itter end of April. Fr. mat.

Hub- Moist, shaded grounds: Brandy wine: frequent. 3 to 9 in lies high: flowers white, ir.mute.

Ohs. This plant is described as procumhmf. but the stems were upright, in the pP?'^V''"r,'i?o7w^st^ar's have seen. It grows in abundance on the bank of the Braudywine, just below the Eatt ena oi Bridge; but it had escaped my notice until the present season.

Sarothra hypericoides. p. 3S. The term " acfrose" is strictly applied to crcrf rwi hnear, neei .e shaped leaves, such as the Juniper, &c. and therefore incorrectly used in the description of this plant. Aralia racemosa. p. 38. For " umbtlLnte," read umbellulate.

Caut^ophtllum. p. 39. After that portion of the catalogue w.is strvck off, I f<''''i'l.«""f ^'''"^^'Jl",";:" litic. of the plant in a small spot in the woods, on tiie we.si Mdt- of Brandy wine, o,.pusite the uppti eml o of John Taylor's Islands. F or a corrected account of the fruit of Uiis plant, See Torreij s Lloia, i o.. ., H'lscs o3.5--6.

140 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

HEXANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. p. 44^45,

SAURURUS. Nutt. Gen. 354. fGr. Saura, a lizard, and Owra, a tail; in reference to its spike of flowers.]

Ji'Iowers in an Artent, or Spike. 5cate 1 flowered. Cor. 0. Caps. 4, 1 or 2 seeded, not opening. &. CERNUUs. Tor. Stem angular, sulcate; leaves alternate, oblong-cordate, acuminate. Ftt/g-o— Lizard's Tail. Breast-weed Swamp Lily. Water Lilies. Fl. Beginning of August. Fr. mat. Latter end of September.

jHab. Wetplaces: Forks of Brandy wine: rare. 1 to 2 feet high.

Obs. This plant I never met vrith, hereabouts, until after that portion of the catalogue to which itbelonscs ■was struck off. It grows luxuriantly, in a small patch, on ihe south side of the west branch of Brandy wine! 3 few rods above the tork. I found it was known to the neighbors by the name of Breast-treed— thp.v bf ing in the practice of collecting its porous roots, and applying them, bruised, in form of cataplasm, to inflamed breasts. Mr. Elliott notices a similar practice. The leaves have much resemblance to those of Aristo- lochia serpentana,— except that they are larger, and somewhat more cordate.

Arenaria LATERIFLORA .'p. 54. 1 have recently received, from Dr. Torrey, specimens of Arenaria lat- eriflora, which satisfy me that my friend Mr. Schweinitz was rather hasty in pronouncing upon my plant; I am pretty well convinced it is nothing more than the Stellaria lanceolata, of Torrey. It is remarkable, however, that the slender pedicels are frequently bibractcate, after the manner of Arenaria lateriflora.

Verbena URTiciEFOLiA. p. 66. By a typographical error, this species is stated to be "noi common." It is very common.

Carex xanthophysa. p. 98. It is stated in the observation annexed to this species, that the C xan- thophy a, of Muhlenberg, is a distinct plant— being the C striata, of Mr. Schweinitz. In a letter lately j-eceiv from Mr. S. he informs me, that on further examination he has been induced to drop his C striata; believing it, and of course Dr. Muhlenberg's, to be identical with our plant.

Phasecliis LTTNATtTs. ^. 131. Ncxt to the common names, insert J^l. Middle of July, and after. Fr. mat. Middle cf September

INDEX

TO THE

GENERA AND SPECIES.

|C7= Synonyms are printed in lialk. dZit

ABIES

car,ade7isis ACALYPHA

caroliniana

vireinica ACER

negundo

rubrum

saccharinvTin ACHILLEA

millefolium ACORUS

calamus ACTEA

rncsmos a ^SCULUS

hippocastanura, AGRLMONIA

eupatoria AGROSTEMMA

githago AGROSTIS

alba

cinna

lateriflora

stricta

virgiaica

vulgaris AIRA

aristulata

cespitosa

pallens

purpurea v ALISMA

parviflora

plantaKO ALLIUM

canadense

cepa

porrum

sativum

schocnoprasum

\-ineale ALNLIS

serrulata ALTH/EA

officinalis ALYSSUM

sativum AMARANTHUS

albus

hyhridus AMBROSIA

ahxijntlufolia?

artemisifolia

wifida

Papp		PaseARABIS
107	AMP FLOP SIS	281 falcata
—	qinnquefo/ia		lyrata
108	AMPHICARPA	80	rhomboidea
—	monoica	.	tuberosa ?
—	sarraentOisa?		ARACHIS
47	AMYGDALUS	125	hvpogifia
—	persica		ARALIA
—	ANAGALLIS	24	nudicaulis
—	arvensis		raccmosa
91	ANDRE WSIA	21	ARCTIUM
—	paniculata		lappn A REN ARIA
42	ANDROMEDA	50
—	ligustrina		lateriflora?
58	paniculata ANDROPUGON	15	serpyllitblia stricta
121	avenaceus	—	ARETIIUSA
62	ciliatus fnrcatus	—	parviflora pendula
—	macrourus	—	verlicillata
55	vntans	—	ARGEMONE
—	purpurascens	—	mpxicana
10	scoparius	—	ARISTIDA
—	ANEMONE	59	dic.hotona
1 10	hepatic a	«0	ARISTOLOCIiLV
nemoiosa	59	serpentaria
~9 10	quinqnefolia thalictroides virginiana	—	AR.MENIACA
—	dasycarpa
—	ANETHLM	119	ARONIA
—	foDninulum		arbutifolia
11 12	ANGELICA atropurp'.irea	35	botryapium cvalis
11	triqninata ANTHEMIS	91	ARTEMISIA abrotanum
12	arvensis	—	absinthium
45	cotuta		ARUiM
40	nobilis ANTHOXANTHUiM odoratiini	133 5	dracontinm ti'iphyilum ARUNDO
121 120	ANTIRRHINUM	70	canadensis?
linaria Am-CHTA	17	cimwides ASARUM
121 40	ccmadcnsis (Uchotoma APIOS	79	canadense ASCLEPIA^ exaltata
lot 33(	tubprosa APIUM graveolens	119	hybrida incarnata obtusifolia
73 101 I'o'v 101	petroselinum APOCYNUM androsa^mifolium	31	phytolaccoides purpurascens quadrilolia
cannabiiium pubcsccns? AQUILEGIA canadensis ARABIS bulbona	58 74	syriaca tuberosa variezata verlicillata ASPARAGUS oflieinalis
""■	canadensis	-_	ASTER

PaK«

74

130

53

10

95

124 125 124

133

103

10

57 31

121

90

143

INDEX.

ASTER

amplexicaulis

concinnus

conyzoides

cordifolius

cornifolivLS

corymbosus

diversifolius

humilis

infirmus

lajvigatus?

lanceolatus?

linariii'olius

jnarrophyllus

marilandicus

phlogifolius

punkeus

ssalicifolius'

serotinus?

tenuifolius

undukitiis

versicolor? ATHEROPOGON

apludoides AVENA

Jlavescens

glinnosa?

palustris ?

sativa

spicata AZALEA

nudiflora

peticlymenoides BAPTISIA

tinctoria BARBAREA

vulgaris BARTONIA

pa If i" III at a, B'ARTSIA coccinea BETA

cicla

vulaaris BETULA

carpinifolia

lanulosa

lenta

rubra

st'7-rulala BIDSNS

bipinnata

cernua .

chrysanthemoides

fronHosa BIGNONIA

cata'pa BOEHMERIA

cyUiidrica

lateriflora? BRACHYSTEMUM

lanccolatum

BRASSICA

oleracea

rana BRiZA

era^rostis BROMUS

ca7\adensis?

ciliatus

pubescens?

eecalinus BROUSSONETIA

papyrifpra BUCHNERA

PaseiBUCHNERA 90 americana	Page' 70	CARYA sulcata	"M,
91 CACALIA	86	toinentosa	..-,
— atriplicifolia	...'	CASSIA	52
90 CALAM AGROSTIS	10	marilandica	—
— j canadensis		nictitans	-.-
— cinnoides	— i	CASTANEA	106
- CALLITRICHE	1	vesca	—
— autumnalis?	- CATALPA	3
— heterophylla	—	corditoha	.—
— vcrna 91CALTKA	60	syringafolia CAULOPHYLLUM	39
90 palustris	—1	thaiiclroides	.. -
- CALYSTEGIA	26	CEANOTHUS	27
91 tomentosa?	"	americanus	...
90 CAMELINA	73|	CELASTRUS	27
91 sativa		scandens
90 CAMPANULA	30	CENTAURELLA	21
91 americana 90 amnlexicaulis	z	paniculata CEPHALANTHUS	18
	apariiioides erhi aides	—	occidentalis	...
	—	CERASTIUM	54
17 pcrfoliata	—	ghitinosum hirsutum ?	—
— f;ANNABIS	137	■~
115	sativa	...	longepedunculatum	...
11	CAPSICUM	lis	nutans	-r-
13	annuuni	—	obloniiifolium?	--r
11	CARDAMINE	75	semidecandrum	...
115	pennsyhanica	—	vigcosum	— .
13	rotundifolia	—	vul^atum	---
26	■vir%inicu?	—	CERASUS	61
	CARDUUS	85	avium	124 61 124
—	lanceolatus	—	virginiana
52	CAREX acuta	96 98	vulgaris CH.EROPHYLLUM
V'i	anceps bromoides	—	canadense	—
	96	Claytoni	36
21	cepbalophora? cephalophora	__	procvv^bens CHELIDONIUM	133 56
T2	conoidea crinita	98	mnjus CHELONE	72
119	debilis	—	glabra	...
120	digitalis	97	CHENOPODIUM	36
...	festucacea	—	album	—
106	fl^xuosa	98	anthclminlicum	119
	foliici-Jata	—	CHIMAPHILA	51
	hirsuta	97	coi-ymbosa	...
...	laxiflora	98	maculata	. —
~	hporina, lupulina	97	umbellata CHIONANTHUS	~2
100 92	mil acea Muhlenbergii	98 96	virginica CHIRONIA	25
93	inultiflojra	97	angular is	...
92	plantnginea pubescens rosea	98	CHLORIS	17
	97 96	CHRYSANTHEMUM	87
"s	rostrata	97	leucanthemum	—
	scabrata	98	CHRYSOPSIS	90
100	seoparia squarrosa stipata	97 96 97	humilis linarii folia CHRY80SPLENIUM	47
68	tentaculata	—	oppo'itifolium
	typhina varia virescens	9f 97	niCUTA maculata CIMICIFUGA	35 58
129	vulpinoidea	—	racemosa	...
	xanthiiphysa	—	serptntaria	i
...	CARPINUS	198	CINNA
H	americana	06	arundinacea	15 5
...	betulus vifginiana	—	glomerata
1-1	oslrnn	—	CIWCMA
..	CARTHAMUS	13:^	canadensis	...
	tinctorius	—	Ivtetin.na	...
..	CAKYA	105	CIRSIUM	85
..	afha	—	■muticum	• —
137	amara	—	CISSUS	28
V^	porcina suuamcsa	-~	hederacea asTUs	56

INDEXa

143

CtSTUS canadensis	Page CUCURBITA 56 pepo	Page EPILOBIUM 135 coloratum	Page 45
CITRUS	122	verrucosa		iineare	"
aurantium	123 CUNILA	4	oliganthum	46 45 ■ 73
medica		niariana		palustre
CLAYTONIA vir?,inica CLEMATIS	30 pulfKioidcs .- CUPHEA 59 viscosissima	rosmarimjolium 62 squaraaturn - EPIPHEGUS
virsiniana CLINOPODIUM viilg;are	— CUSCUTA 69 americana eurojxTa	33 --	americanus ERIGERON bellidifolium	is 89
CNICUS	S5 CYMBIDIUM	95	canadense
altissimu9		hvemale	—	heterophyllum	83
discolor	odontorhizon?	—	philadelphicunU
ianceolatus	... CYNOGLOSSUM	23	pulclielluvi	—
niuticus	— amplexicaule		stris;osum	71
odoratus	— officinale	-- EIUI\US?
pnmitus COCHLEARIA	— virginicum 128 CYNOSURUS	africamts? 14 ERIOPHORUIM	S
arinoiacia	129 indicus	-- angusiifolium	—
offi'^inalis	12S! srcundvs?	17 cypp.rlnum	""
COIX	1341	CYPERUS	8 ERYSIMUM,!	7i
lachrvma	...	fiavescens	barbarea	"
COLLIN SONIA	5	mariscoidcs	139 officinale	-'
canadensis		spathaceus	81 ER YTHRONIUM	41
COMANDRA	152	stris;osus	—	amencanum
umbellata	— CYPlllPEDIUM	95	dens cams	—
COMPTONIA	99	acaule		lar.ceoltttvm	-"
asplsnifolia		calccnlutsl	"	EUCHROr.IA	72
CONIUM	34	humile	„	coccinea	—
niaculatum	...	pube«cens		EUONYxMUS	2S
CONVALLARIA	41	D ACT Y LIS	115	atropurpureus	—
bifolia		gloiiierata		EUPATORIUM	86
multij'oru	42	DANTHONIA	13	ageraloides	-'
racemoxa	41	spicata	--	aromaticum	"•
CONVOLVULUS	23	DATURA	25	connatarri	—
batatas	117	stramonium	—	melissoides	...
panduratus	2.->	DAUCUS	38	pert'oliatuni	...
spit!iai-na?us	2o	carota		purpureuin	—
st-tna?		DENT ARIA	74	scandens	83
iomeniosa		concatniata	-	sessilifolium	86
CORALLORHIZA	95	laciniata		tcrni folium /	-•
hyemalis		DIERVILLA	30	trifoJiatum	—
odontorhixa?		canadensis	-	urticctfolivin	—
CORIANDllUM	318	httca		verticillatum
sativum		Tournrfortv.	-	EUPHORBIA	102
CORNTJS	20	DIGITALIS	12.«	corollata	103
alteina	—	purpurea DIGITARIA		depressa
alternifolia		1]	hypericifolia	102
candidissi7na		filiformis	-	maculat'j,	lOo
florida	„	sanguinalis		sylvatica?	---
lanuginosa		DILEPYRL31	ii	thymifolia ?	--
paniculata	..	aristosnm	.	EUTHAMJA	89
sani^itinca?	..	mivutifloi-nm	.	grimini folia	—
sericea		DIOSCOREA	IK	FAGUS	105
CORYDALIS	75:	paniculata	-	Cnstanea dcntata	106
cnciiUaria		villosa		sylvatica	105
CORYLUS ,	lo'"	DIOSPYROS	4f	> sylvatica atro-vunicea	-"
americana '	.	virsiniana	-	s"iilvestris	.~
CRATAEGUS	C:	DIPSACUS	IJ	i FEDIA	6
cocciiiea	.	ful'.onum	llti'i radiata	~
corilata	12.	) sylvestris i DI^cCA	ISJFESTUCA	13
Ci-usRalli	C	4	7 bromoidcs^
glanihilosa?	6	I paiiistris	-	elatior	,»
oxyacantha		-DRARA	7	J fluitans	—
popiilil'oiia	12'	5 hispidula?	-	nutans	--
CROTALARIA	7;	) verna	.	- tenella	—
saeitt.ilis	.	- DRACO NTIUM	2	2 FICUS	137
CUCUBALUS	5	i frtidum	carica
stpllnlus	.	. DULICPIIUM	8 FLOERKEA	39
CUCUMIS	13	3 spathacPLim	- laciistris	—
angiuria		- ELEUSINE	14 palusfri.'!	—
melo	-	- indica	— prn-arpinacoidci	-~
sativus	.	- ELYMUS	15 uliiinosa	--
CUCURBITA	13	5 hvstrix	- FRAGARIA	fir,
citrullus	13	'1 vireinicus	vesca	126
lasrenaria	i35;EPir;.«A	51 virciniana	C5
melopepG	--I repens	- FRAXINUS	5
ovifera	-	-lEPILOBIUM	4	51 acuminata	-•

144

INDEX.

FRAXINUS	Pagef	Page		Page
alba	5	UAMAMELIS	22	HYDROCOTYLE	34
americana discolor nigra sambucifolia		virerinica MEDEOMA	4	americana HYDROPilYLLUM	24
	pulegioides	~	virginicum
FUMARIA	78	HEDYSARUM	81	IIYOSERIS	82
cncidlaria		acuniinatum	. —	vbginica
G'lLEGA	79	bracteosiim	82	HYPERICUM	. 58
tiivsj-iniana		canadense		canadense
GALIUM	IS	canescens?		corymbosura
aparine	19	cuspidaium		macidatwn	...
asprellum	18	divergeiis	si	mutilum?	...
brachiatiim	19	hirtum		parviflorum	...
hrachiatum		niidiflorura		perforatum	...
Claytonl	18	obtusum?	82	qidnqvenerviiim
circxzans	19	paniculatum		saratl.ra	38
cuspidatum		prustratum	81	HYPOtJTIlYS	52
lanceolatum	—	retlcidatum		laitvq-hiosa
pllosum	__	roiuiidifoimm	82	HYPOXIS	40
piinciiculosiim?	_	TMolaceiim	81	carolaicnsts
unctorium	18	viridifloium	82	electa	...
trifiduni		HELENIUM	91	graminea?	...
GAULTiiERIA	49	autun.nale		HYSSOPUS	67
procumbens		IlELIANTllEMUM	56	'■fficnalis	127
GENl'IANA	32	canadense	...	nepetoides	67
ci'inita	„	lamiiiiflorum		scrophijlarifollus	...
saponaria	33	HELIANIKUS	92	ILKX	22
GEKANIUM	76	divai'icatus?		aqu folium
carolinianutn		frondosus?		opaca	...
tnaciilatum	_	giganteus		IMPATIENS	28
GEKARDIA	71	nioihs		bijiora	- 29
auricukita	^	tuberosus	133	fulva	.
Sava		FlELOIs'lAS	43	uoUtangerc	28
pediciilaria		aiigusuf'oUa	44	pallida	..
purpurea querci folia		dioica	43	INULA	88
	HEPATICA	60	helenium
teuuitolia		triloba		IRIS	6
GZUM	6j	HERACLEUM '	So	versicolor
album		ianaiiim		virginica	-V ..
ternatum?	_	HE'IERANTHERA	6	ISjXARDM	20
virprinianutn?		acuta		pahistris	.,.
GILLENiA	64	graminea		JUGLANS	104
trifoliata	__	reoitormis		cdba	105
GLECHOMA	68	KEUCHERA	33	amara	...
hedeiv.cea	__	americana		catUartica	104
GLYCLVE	79	cortusa		cineica
apios tnanoica		viscida		laciniosa	105
80	HIBISCUS	77	mucronata	...
sar'ueniosa?	—	esculentus	130	nigra	104
GNAPHALIUM	87	U'ioiuim		poicina	105
germanicum	~	HIEHACIUM	'!	regia	134
abtusifolium	—	Groiiovii		squamosa	105
plantagineum polycephalum	—	mavuiini'n	...	tomeiitosa	...
—	paiiiculalum	...	J UNCUS	42
purpurea in	__	scab rum		acuminaitis	43
ulip-inosum		venobum		aristulahis	...
GOODY 2RA	94	HOLCUS	15	bico'-nis	42
pubesceiis		ceimiijis	115	biifonius?	43
GOSSYPIUM	130	lanaius	15	buibniiis
herbaceimi		saccharntns	115	buibosus	...
GRATIOLA '	3	HORDEUM	114	campestris	...
anagahdea?	—	disiichon		dichotonuis	...
virgiriica	_	vulgare		ed'usus	42
GYROMIA	44	HOUbTOxNIA	19	margmatus	43
virgii'ica		CKrulea		syivaticus
JIABEJVARLl	93	HUMULUS	138	Tenuis	42
herbiola	—	lupulua	.,.	JUNIPERUS	111

INDEX,

145

JUNIPERUS

communis

viisiniana KALMIA

latifolia KRIGIA

vir^inica LACTUCA

elongata

lov^ifolia

sativa LAVHU'4

aiTnilexicaule

benzoin

lav'^Indula

Ll^ii'-HSA

LEEHSIA oryzoiiks . vir;;!ni!.'a LEMNA

minor LEONTICE thaliciroidcs 1. EONTODON

tarax-ifum LEON UR US cardiaca marrubiastrum LEPTANDRA

vir^inica LEPTANTHUS gramineus rpuiformis LESPEDRZA angustifoHa? capitata? divergens liirta

polystachya prociinibens sessiliflora Stuvei violacea LIATRLS macrostitchxja spicata LIGUSTICUM

levistirum IJGUSTRUM

vul^are LILIUM canadetise philadelphicum superbum LINDERNIA dilatata? »!/.'• uhi'ia? LINUM usitatijsimum viiiinianum LIQUIDAMBAR axplemfoli'j, styraciflua LIRIODENDRON

liiliriifera LITHOSPERMUAI

arvense LO 13 ELI A cardiaalis Claytoniana inflat.-x

Pat^e
lil	LOBELLi
138	.syphilitica
111	L(JLIUI>I
50	pen^ane
	LONIVKRA
82	nUrmila
	LUDWIGIA
83	alt erni folia
—	macrocarua
—	nitida
132	paiu.Ktris
6S	LUPIN US
1	perennis
49	LYCOPUS
.	viia;inicus
—	/.F0A7.-1
—	panicvlata LYSIMACHIA
127
	ciliata
IS	hirsiita
—	quadiifolia ;
	MALAXIS
	liliifolia
9	ophiQiilossoides
10	unifolia
—	MALUS
96	communis ~
—	coronaria
39	MALVA
	moschata
82	rotundifolia
	MARISCUST
67	glomsratus?
_	umbellatns?
-	MARRUBIUAI
3	vulsare
-	MEDEOLA
6	virgin'u-fi
-	MEDICAGO
-	sativa
81	MELAMPYRUM
—	amcricanum
-	lineare
-	MELANTHIUM
-	virginicum
-	MELISSA
_	officinalis
-	M ENISPERMUM
-	1 caiia'jense
-	! MENTHA
34 arvensis
	borealis
-	pipeiila
118	viridis
	MESPILU.y
1	arhutifolLt
-	canadensis
4(	crus gain
41	cur.tjiformis?
41	oryacantha
41	JilWRU PET ALUM
s	giamineum
-	laiiriolcttum
-	MICROSTYLIS
oi	ophioclossoide*
I2C	MIKANIA
35	.scandens
lo:	MIMULUS
9f	alatus
lo-	vinc:,_'ns
st	^MITCHELLA
5«	) rept-ns
21	SMITKLLA
-	- diphyila
7.	) MOLLUGO
7(	) vciiicilhita
7.	) MOMORDICA
7(	i balsamina

Paerel

MONARDA

allophylla fistulosa mollis oblongata? MUNOTROPA 20 lanuginosa

- luiiflora

-Imorus

-1 alba

- papyrifera

7S] rul-ra

muhlenbergia

ari^tata

diffusa

erecta MVAGRUM

itivum AIYOSOTIS

pakistris

scorpioides

virgmiana

myrrhis

canadensis

Clayioni

procLinibens 126 NECTRIS 63; pinnata NEOTTIA

cernua

pahescens

tortilis iNEPETA

calaria NICOTIANA

tabacum NIGELLA

sativa

C3

127

NUPHAR

ad vena NYMPHjEA

advena NYSSA

-sylvatica

villosu OBOLARIA

llOOCIMUxM - basilicmn m (JEN ANT [IE

amhiii:ua CENGTHERA

amb!,a,ua

biennis

frutieofia

hybrida

mmicata OPiikVS

astivnlis

cernua

roruUorhizat ORCHIS

cilians

rlavt'llata?

fimbriata

herbiola

humilis

lacera

Sfectabilis

trilc-nlata

71

72 71 19 ORIGANUM

Page 4

51 52 51

101

139 39

67 117 123

57 57

sl

21

127 3{ 40

94

127

12S

4()

OROBANCHE

bi flora uniflura

H§

INDEX.

	Page		Paare!		^%
ORONTIUM	42	PLANTAGO	20POTENT1LLA
aquaticum	—	major	21 canadensis
OSTRYA	106	virginica	- norwegica
virginica	—	PLATANUS	107 simplex
OXAUS	76	occidentaliv	-- POTHOS	22
coniiculata		POA	12 fatida
stricta	—	annua	-PRENANTHES	83
violacea	—	autumnalis		altissima?
OXYCOCCUS	46	capillaris •	"1	cordata
macrocarpus	—	compressa	—	deltoidea	-_
PANAX	34	cuspidata		serpentaria? PRINOS
quinquefolium	—	flexuosaf	„'	39
trifolium		hirsuta	_.	Gronovii
panicum:	16	megastachya	J3	verticillatus
agrostoides	—	nemoralia	12	PRUNELLA	69
anceps	__.	nervata	-.	pcnnsylvanica :
capiilare ciliatum		obtusa pectinacea	13	vulgaris PJIUNUS	61
crus gain	—	pilosa	..	americana
depauperatuTO	—	pratensis	12	anguatifoiia	124
dichotomuni	—	pungens	—	nrme-niaca
JUi forme	11	quinqncfida	13	avium	—
germanicum	il6	sesleroides	..	cerasus
glaucum Jatifolium	]7	striata	12	chicasa
16	viridis	..	dusycarpa	125
ijiervosum	—	PODALYRIA	52	doniestica	124
pauciflorum ?	..-	Unctoria	„	nigral	61
ramulosum?	—	PODOPHYLLUINI	57	virginiana	—
rostratum	—	peltaturn POGONIA		PULMONARIA	23
sanguinaie	11	9"4	virginica P-YCNANTHEMUM	—
setaeeum	16	verticillata	..	68
striclnm		POLEMONIUM	26	lanceolatum
baspalum	11	reptans		linifolium	—
Iffiv-e	—	POLYGALA	78	muticum
pubescens	—	ambigua		virginicum	—
setaeeum	—	purpurea	..	PYROLA	51
pastinaca	319	sanguinea	—	elliptica	—
ambigua	34	Senega	—	maculata	—
sativa	319	verticillata	—	rotundifolia	—
pedicularis,	71	P0LYGONATUM	42	secunda	—
canadensis	—	angustifuUuiin biflorum	—	umheUata	-,-
gladiata	—	—	PYRUS	126
pallida	—	multiflorum		arbuti folia	63
r^ceptrvm? PENNISETUM	—	POLYGONUM	48	botryapium	—
17	aritblium	—	communis	126
glaucum	—	aviculare	—	coro7iaria	63
typhoidpunt) PENTHOHUM	115	aviciilare	—	cydonia	126
55	convolvulus	49	7nulus	—
spdoides	--	erectum	48	oralis	63
PHASEOLUS	79	fagopyrum	122	QUERCUS	103
lunatus	131	/lydropiper	48	alba	104
nanus	..	hydropiperoides	—	alba minor	—
paniculatus	79	linifolium	—	Banisteri	—
perennis	—	mite	—	bicolor	—
vulgaris	131	penpsylvanicum	—	chinquapin •	— -
PHLEUM	113	persicaria	—	ilicifolia	—
pratense	114	punctalutn	—	montana	—
PHLOX	26	saeittatutn	—	nigra	103
maculata	_.	scandens	49	obiusiloba	104
pilosa	—	tenue	48	palustris	103
subulata	..	virg:inianum	—	prinoides	104
PHRYMA	70	POLYMNIA	93	prinus chincapiti	—
lertostacliva	„	canadensis	—	primis discolor	—
PHYSALIS	27	POPULUS	110	prinus monticola	—
obscura?	—	dilatata	138	rubra	103
pcnnsylvanica	..	grraeca	—	rubra montana	—
pritinosa?	..	girandidentata	110	rubra ramosissima	—
•. i?co=a		heterophylla?	—	stellata	104
PHYTOLACCA	55	tremuloides	—	tinctoria	103
-^^Tandra	—	trepida	-QUERIA	17
PIN US	107	trepidn, grandidcntata	—	canadensis	-^—
canadensis	..	PORTULACCA	5fi	RANUNCULUS	60
risrida	..	oleracea	—	abortivus	—
Firohus	1«8	POTAMOGETON	2?	bulbosus	--
PISUM	131	acuminatum	23	flammula	r-
sativum	..	crit:puni ?	—	fluvifitiiis ■	61
PLANTAGO	»	lucens	—	hispidus	—
lanceolata	?1	natar<£	-n	, pantolkrvr	*■'•

N

INDEX.

147

	Page!
RANUNCULUS	«0 SAMBUCUS
pennsyKanicus?	-- canadensis
sceleratus	niera
RAPHANUS	129 SANGUINARIA
sntivus	canadensis
RHEUM	122 SANGUISORBA
rhaponticum	canadensis
RHEXIA	45 SAXICULA
vir^inica		maniandica
RHUS	37	saponaria
copallinum		officinalis
glaliium		sahothra
radicans	38	gcntianoidcs
toxicoJendron	— !	hypericoides satureja
toxicodendron vernix	—
vernix	"	hortensis
RHYNCHOSPORA	8'	SATYRIUM
gloinerata	—	re pins
RIBi^S	(il	saururus
fioridum	—	cernuus
giossularia	124'	saxifraga
nigrum	123!	nivalis
rubrum	— 1	nennsvlvanica
RICINUS	135 vernaiis
communis	"i virginica
ROBIN lA		virginiensis
pseud-acacia		SCANDIX
RO>A	64	dulcis
Carolina	-	procumbens
caroliniana	"	SCHCENUS'
corynibosa	...	slomtrutus
humilis	■ -	SCHOLLERA
parviflora	'	graminea
pennsyloanica	.,	SCIRPUS
rubiginosa		atiovirens
suavf-olrns		capilluceui
saiPtfolia	—	capiilaris
RUHiA	116	capitatus
tinotoium		cilialifolius
RUBUS	C4	cyperiformis
flagellaris	()5	debilis
fruticosus	64	eriophorvm
idajus	12G	ferrugineubl
obovalis?	65	lacustris
occidentalis	64	lupidinus
procumbens	—	puberulus ?
trivialis	...	pusillas
villosus	..	spathaccus.
RUDBECKIA	92	tenuis
hiita	—	trichodes?
laciniata	—	scleria
RUMEX	44	pauciflora
acetosella	..	triKlomerata
crispus	—	SCROPHULARIA
obtusitblius		marilandica
RUTA	122	SCUTELLARIA
graveolens		integnfolia
SABBATIA	25	lateriflora
arijiularis	-.	ovulifolia
SAGI.YA	21	pilosa SECALE
vir°inica	..
SAGITTARIA	102	cereale
latifolia	—	SENECIO
puhescens		1 BalsamitcE
sas.itlifolia	..	1 hicracifolius
SALIX	108	SESAMUM
babylonica	136] indicum
I'alcata	109^SETARIA
iiiisea	jjermanica
incana?	108|SIDA
Muhlenbergiana'		abutilon
ni^ra	109	spinosu
irislis?	l(t.«	SILENK
vilellina	1J(	antirrhina
SALVIA	4	SINAPIS
lyrata		nisra
officinalis	ir	SISON
§a:vibucus		€('.:!}i\iUnn,

Page

37 SISYRINCHIUM

— I anceps^

— bermu(Manum 57 niucronatum

-- SIUM 22 latilolium

loneirolium.'' 33SMILACINA

— i canadensis 53 racemosa

-SMIL AX 38! caduca -[ herbacea --; rolundifolia 127jSMYRNIUM

— aureum 94 cortlatum

—I trifuiiatiim 140SOLANUM -1 carolinezis^e 52| lycopersicum

— I melongena --', nigrum

tuberosum SOLIDAGO bicolor cassia erecta? J39 graminifoUct, S lanceolata nemoralis pyrainidata? rufjosa ?

7 scabra

8 ulmifolia VISONCHUS

floridanus

leucopha?.u?

oleraceus

SORGHUM

7 cernuum

8 saccharatum

7 SPARGANIUM amencanum? aimplexl

SPERQULASTRUM? — 'l i^ramineum

8 laiiceolatnm? ^ISPERMACOCE --, diodina

£>3; hyssopi folia "JSP'IGELIA

— I marilandica 70JSPINACIA

"I oleracea 69SP1R/EA

— i o|Milifolia --' salicifolia

— ] tomentosa alba

— '■ trifoliata 114STACHYS

— ! aspera.' 88; liispidti? -STAPHYL^A

— I trit'olia riSSTELLARIA

— i graminea 116 Ian eolata

-| lonp;ifolia 771 media

ulicrinosrt? STYLOSANTIIES 53 eiatioi' hispida 129 SYMPHYTUM oiFicinale ^JfiYMPLOCARPUS I ffj'tida

Page

76

109

110

109>

26

27 117 118

26 117

89

84 83

m sh if)

117 137

148

INDEX.

TALINUM

teretifoJium TANACETUM

vulgare TEPHROSIA

virginiana TEUCRIUiM

canadense THALICTRUM dioicum IcRvigatinn polygamam? pubescens? rivolutum? rugosum? THAPSIA trifoliata THASPIUM

aureum THESIUM v/mbdlatum THLASPI

Bursa Pastoris THYMUS serpyllum virginicus TILIA americana canadensis elabra TRADESCANTIA

vi'sinica TRAGOPOGON

poirifolius TRICHODIUM decumbens pe7\':nans sea ! 11 in ? TRICTIOPHORUM

cvi^rinuin TRiCHOSTEMA

dichotoma TRIENTALIS americana europtea TRIFOLIUM arvense pratense procumbens repens TRILLIUM ccrnuvm pendulum TRIOSTEUM mcjits perfoliatum TillPHORA

pendula TRISETUM

pratense TRITICUM

liybevnum TROP^OLUai 3aaj.us

Page 56

TYPHA

angustifolia latilolia ULMUS americana americana aspera fulva moUifolia rubra URALEPSIS aristulatn --UR ASP ERMUM Claytoni URTiCA canadensis cylindfica dioica divaricp.ta procera? puniila UTRICULARIA

vulgaris UVULAE I A perloiiata sessilifolia VACCINIUM album

corymbosum disomorphum frondosum glaucum macrocarpon oxycoccus resinosum VALERIANA — 1 olitoria --IVALLISNERL^ 8 americaiia - VERATRUM 70, album • -: lutcum 45: viride -{VERBASCUM -- blattaria ^"1 thapsus ,.<{^ YERliENA hast at a urticsfolia VERNONIA noveboracensis prseaha VERONICiV agrestis? anagallis beccabunga officinalis peregrina serpyllifolia virghiica VIBURNUM

Page,		Page
99 VIBURNUM	37
"I	aceriu'l.iim	...
--I	dentaium
36	priinifolium
:: viciA	131
.,	Faba
__i	S^IOLA	29
--1	asarifolia
13	bla-.ida	...
ci/iata
36	ciicuUata	...
	dPbilis	39
100	eriocarpa
--	obliqua	20
-"	ochiuleuca
	ovata	...
,.	palmata
..	pedata	...
3	pennsiflvantca	30
41	prinuiljei'olia pi-!in?i!:fo',a	29
"	pubescens	GO
ao	sagittal a	29
	scabriuscula	50
"	slriala	29
	striata	30
"	VISCUM	109
46	albmn?
..	Jlavescens
50	verticillatum
6	VITIS	"I't
108	jestivalis
cordifolia
43	hederacea	c.
	intermedia labruHca
'-	occidentalis	.,
25	serotina? sylnestris	••
	vinifera	in
66	vulpina vvlpina WINDSORIA	2i l:
8^	^ pcaeformis XANTHIUM ' struniariiim	10
'■	XYRIS carolinima flexuosa jiipicai	5
'•	ZEA	li
■■	mays	.
	ZIZANIA	10
G?	aquatica
clcivuhsa

l^tx^tx to t!je ^ommmi M^mt^.

A few naiacs are printed in Ilallc, to indicate a prevailing cormpt pronunciation.

Page

ACACIA. False "''^

Ada.ii an.] Eve 95

Adder's tont;ue (Erythronium) 41

Adder's toague (Hieraciuni) 84

Adder's lojigue (iVlicrostylis) 95

Agrimony

Alder. Black

Alder. Caudle, Common

Ale-hoof

Ale.vanders. Golden

Alexanders. Heart-leaved

All-heal

All-spice. Wild

Ahhca

Alum-root (Geranium)

Aluin-root (Heuchera)

Amaranth. White

Aaenione. Rue, and Wood

Angelica. Common

Apple. Balsam

Apple. Common

Apple. Crab

Apple- HoR, Jlay

Apple. Love

A|)ple tree

Apricot. Black

Apricot. Common

April-iiower

Arbutus. Trailing

Archangel

Arrow-head

Arrow-wood

Arse-smavt

Artichoke Jerusalem

Arum. Floating

Asarabacca

Ash. Black, Elder-leaved

Ash- Poison

Ash. Wliite (Chionanthus)

Ash. White (r'raxinus)

Asp. Quaking

Aspara-us. Common

Asparagus. Wild

As[)ea. Large

Avens

Balm. Common

Balm. Horso

Balsam-Ai'ple

Bnrley. Common, 1 rowed

B irlev. 2-rowed

Bisil." Sweet

Basil. Wild

B.iss-wood

rap;ei

jQg Button-Bush j(j5 Button-weed J20 Biuton-wood ii() Bulion-wood. American

rt2 CABBAGE. Garden

y3 Cabbage. Swamp

J I Cabbage. Turnip-rooted 12j^ Calabash

49; Calamus

4()( Calico-bush

40' Campion. Four-leaved 2' Cancer-root

7]^' Cancer-weed

gy! Canoe-wood jyyi (Jantaleupe, or Cantalope

4'jl Caraway. Oracli-leavtd

25! Cardinal flower j()i)! Careless ]Qgi Carpenter's square lOgj Carpel-weed

5.>! Carrion flower

Beech. Water Bee.h. White Beet. Garden, Red Beet. While Beggar-licks Beggar-ticks. Hemlock Beilvvorl Bene , or Eenni Benjamin tree Betlilehem. Star of Bethlehem- Upright Star of Betony. Paul's Betony. Wood Bilberry Bilsted

Bind- weed. Black Bind-weed (Convolvulus) Bind-weed (Snii!a.\) Birch. Black, Ked Birch. Sweet, INIahogany Bird's Nest

Birth- wort 95

Bishop's cap 52

Bitter-bash 135

Bitter-weed lOl

Black-berry bush. Common b4 Bladder Keiinia 77

Bladder-nut S8

Bladder-wort 3

Blazing Star 43

Blazing Star. Blue 84

Blood-root. Elood-wort 57

Blue Curls 7vJ

Bluets 19

Blue-eyed Grass 75

Blue-tangles 50|

Bog-rush. Brown H

Bone-set &()

Bouncing Bet 53

Bowman's root fi4

Breast-weed 140

Breeches. Dutchman's 78

Breeches flower 78,.,,

Briar. Cor.imon, and Running (i4 ^ ^e'ry. G. ^(W Cherry. Aj

Red Cedar

B«a

;an.

Bunch, Bush, String Carolina, Lima Castor Oil

Big, Hors'', Windsor Kidney, Pole Wild (Apios)

Bean,

Bean

Bean

Bean

Bean

Bean-vine. Wild

Bedstraw. Lady's

Beech-drops

Beech-dro()s. False

Eeech tree

mo, Briar. Green Briar. Svvtet Broccoli

Brome-grnsa.

109

C^arrot. Garden Carrot. V/Ud (Jastor-oil Bean Catawba Catch-fly Catch-weed Cat -gut

Cat-mint. Cat-nep Cat-tail Cauliflower Cedar-tree. Celandine Celery Centaury

Chamomile. Corn, Field Chamomile. Garden Chamomile. Stiakiag Channel-weed Cheat

Chequer-berry Cherry. Bird, Ei>gl;sh Cherry. Common, .'sVur ~round y. iviounlain

64 Cherry. Wild

Brookliiue

Bioom-corn

Broom-nipe

Bruise ivort

Buck-wheat.

Buck-wheat

Fringed Rye

129

Chervil

Chesnut. French 4 Chesnut. Horse 2I Chesnut tree 215! Chess 72' Chick-weed. Common 531 C'hickweed. Forked

tllimbing, Wild 49! ^['!'^[^-^''^'^^- !"'''«" Common 122| ^-hick-weed. Mouse-ca

Bull-rush. ConuuoU

Bur-dock

Burdock. I^esser

Hurgamot. Wild

Burning Bush- Wild

Bur-reed

Butter-cup

Butterflv-wecd

Butter-nut

Biittcr-wted

Vf

7] Chick-weed . Red gg; Chick-weed. Star jQ]l Chives, or Cives ' ChAe-boriy Cicely Sweet Cinna Reed-iike Cin'.jue-loil. Common Cleavers, or ('livers. Common 1^ Clol-bur. Clot-weed ](tl

Clover. Bush 81

Clover. Dutch, Wlute 80.

19

107 IS

12» 22

12i>

135 42 50 53 72 4 59

13S 8S 7G

101 70 17

110

lis

33

135

3

53

19

79

67

99

129

111

56

1J9

2.'>

92

13.:; 91

lOS 14 39

124

124 27

124 61

1.39 25

121

105 14 63 17 17 54 24 1

121 63 36 1 64

150

INDEX TO THE COMMON NAMES.

Paprei Clover. Honey-suckle, Red 132

Clover. Hop, Yellow Clover. Richardson's Clover Stone, Welsh Clown-heal Clubrush. Tall Cockle-bur Cockle. Corn Coffee. Wild Cohosh. Blue Colt's-foot (Asarum) Colt's-foot (Caltha) Columbine. Wild Comfrey. Garden Comfrey . Wild Cone-flower Coriander Corn. Broom Corn. Guinea Corn. Indian Cornel. Large-flowered Cotton

Cotton. Wild Cotton-grass- Brown Cow-bane. Spotted Coivcumbcr Cow-slip. Meadow Cow-slip. Virginian Cow-wheat Crab-apple Cranberry

Crane's-bill. Spotted Creeper. Virginian Cress. Garden

Indian

Spring

Wall

Water

V/inter Crow-foot (Geranium) Crow-foot (Ranunculus) Crow-foot. River Cucumber. Common Cucumber. Indian

Cress. Cress. Cress. Cress. Cress.

SO

87

80

67

7

101

53

SI

39

57

60

58

116

2:3

92

118

115

115

134!

20'

130!

31

8

55

136

23

72, 63 46; 76

128:

121

74 74 75 74 76 60 61 136 44

Duck-grass

Duck-meat

Dutch-man's Breeches

EARTH-NUT

Eel-grass

Egg Plant

Eglantine

Elder. Bos

Elder-bush "^

Elecampane

Elm. Red- Slippery

Elm. Weeping, White

Eye-bright (Euphorbia)

Eye-bright (Lobelia)

FENNEL Dog's

Fennel. Garden

Fennel-flower. Small

Fern. Sweet

Fever-bush

Fig-tree

Fig-wort. Maryland

Fire-weed

Sv,?eet

Wild

Common

Devil's, Toad

Mountain

Virginiaa, Wild

Wild [Alyssum]

Cucumber. Prickly, Jerusalem 136

Cucumber-root

Cud-weed

Currant. Black

Currant. Penna. Black

Currant. Red

Currant-leaf

Cymling

DAISY (Erigeron)

Daisy. Ox-eye

Dandelion

Dandelion. Dwarf

Darnel

Date Plum. Virginian

Dead-nettle

Deer-berry

Devil's-bit

Devil's guts

Dew-berry

De Witt weed

Dittany

Dock. Eittfr, Broad-leaved

Dock. Curled, Sour

Dock. Spatter, or Splatter

Dodder

Dog's-bane

Dog-wood

Dog-wood. Pond

Dog-wood. Swamp

l5og-wood. White

Dragon. Green

Dr.agon-root

Drank

Duck"s-foot

Flag.

Flag.

Flax

Flax.

Flax.

Flax.

Flax.

Flax-vine

Flea-bane

Flea-bane. Canadian

Flower of an hour

Flux- root

F'ox-glove Purple

Fringe tree

Frost-weed

Page 108 96 78 130 108 118 64 47 37 88 36 36 102 76 91 119 123 99 49 137 ''O 88 42 3 120 70 78 39 73 33 88 89 77 32 128

56

Page

Grass. Feather 15

Grass. Fescue 13

Grass. Finger 11

Grass. Foxtail 17

Grass. Green 12

Grass. Hair 11

Grass. Herd's 10

Grass. Indian 15

Grass. Meadow 12

Grass- Oat ^ 13

Grass Three-awned Oat H

Grass. Orchard 115

Grass- Poverty 10

Grass. Quake 13

Grass. Ray, Rye 14

Grass- Reed 10

Grass, Salem 15

Grass- Spear 12 Grass. Sweet-scented vernal 5

Grass- Timothy 114

Grass. Whip 99

(?rass. White 10

Grass. Wire (Eleusine) 14

Grass Wire (Poa) 12

Grass. Wood 15

Gromwell- Corn 23

Ground-nut (Apios) 79

Ground-nut [Arachis] 130

Groundsel 88

Groundsel. Balsam 88

Gum. Black, Sour 31

Gum. Swept 107

HARD-HACK 63

Haw. Black 37

Hawk-weed 'Hieracium] 84

Hawk-weed [Senecio] 88

Haw-thorn 62

GALINGALE. Bristle-spiked 8 Hazel. Witch

Galingale. Sheathed

Garlic. Common, Crow, Field

Garlic. English

Garlic. Meadow

Gentian. Fringed

Gentian. Horse

Gentian. Soap-wort

Geranium. Wild

Germander. Nettle-leaved

Gill

Ginger. Wild

Ginger-berry '

Ginseng

Ginseng- Dwarf

Goat's-beard- purple

Golded club

Golden rod

Goose-berry

Goose-foot

(5oose-grass

Goose-grass. Dyer's

Gourd. Bottle, Common

Gourd. Egg

Grape- Chicken, Winter

Grape. English, Wine

Grape. Fox

Grape. Summer, Wild

Grass. Beard

Grass. Bengal

Grass. Blue

Grass. Blue-eyed

Grass. Bottle

Grass. Brome

Grass. Cat's-tail

Grass. Cock's-foot

Grass. Crab (Digitaria)

Grass- Crab (Eleusine)

Grass. Cut

Grass. Dog's-tail

Grass. Drop-seed

Hazel-nut

40 Heal-all [Cacalia] 120 Heal-all [Prunella]

40 Hellebore. White

32 Hemlock. Common

31 Hemlock. Water

33, Hemp. Common

76 Hemp. Indian

66 Hen-bit

68' Herb Bennet

57| Herb Willow

49 Hibiscus. Eatable

34 Hickory. Broom

34 Hickory. Pig-nut 132 Hickory. Shell-bark

42 Hickory- Thick Shellbark

89 Hickory. Swamp 124 Hickory. White-heart

3G Hoar-hound

19 Hoar-hound. Water

18 Hog-weed [Ambrosia] 135 Hog-weed [Erigeron] 135 Holly- American

28 Hone-wort 118 Honey-suckle- Wild

28 Hood-v/ort

28 Hop Common

16 Horn-beam. Common 116 Horn-beam. Hop

12 Horse-weed [Collinsonia] 75 Horse-weed. [Erigeron]

17 Hound '.'i-tongue. Common 14 Hound's-tongue. Virginian

114 Hiickle-Berry

115 Hvssop- Garden 11 INDIGO- Wild ; 14 Innocence

10 Ipecac 14 Iron-weed 9 Iron wood

22

107

34 35 137 31

68 65 45

68 4 101 89 22 35

138

106

106

5

23 5o

127 52 19 64 84

106'

INDEX TO THE COMMON NAMES.

151

Ivy. American

Ivy. Ground [Glechoma]

Ivy. (Trouiid [Mitcliella]

Ivy-hush

JACOB'S LADDER

Jamestown, or Jimson, weed

Job's tear

Joy. Traveller's

Juniper-bush

KIDNEY-BEAN. Garden

Kidney-bean. Wild

Knot-grass

Knot-root

LADY'S .SLIPPER

Lady's smock

Lady's traces, or tresses

Jjamb's quarters

Laurel

Jjaurel. Ground

Lavender

Leather-wood

Leek

Lemon tree

Lettuce Garden

Lettuce. Lamb's

Jjettuce. Wild

Liie-everlasting

Ijilies. Water

Lily. Canadian

Lily. P'nilaJelphia

Lily. Superb

Jjily. Swamp

Lily. Yellow Pond

Linden, or Linn

Lion's foot

Liquorice. Wild

Liver-leaf. Liver-wort

.Lizard's-tail

Locust tree

Loose-strife

Loose-strife. Bastard

Louse-wort

Lovaje

Love-apple

Love-vine

Lucerne-p,rass

Lua|;-wort

Lupin. Perennial, Wild

Lvchnidea. Spotted- stalked

MADDER. Dyer's

Madder. Wild

Madeira nut

Mad-wort

Mallow. Indian

Mallows. Low, Running

Mallows. Marsh

Mallows. Musk

Mandrake. Wild

Manjvel-wurtzel

Maple. Ash leaved

Maple. Red, Swamp

IMaple. Sufnar

Majoram. Sweet

Marypinld. Bur

IMarygokl. Marsh

May-weed

Meadow sweet

Medick

Medlar-bush

Melon. Musk

Melon. Water

Mercury. Three-seeded

Milfoil

Milfoil. Hooded

Milk-weed

Milk-wort

Millet. C/'ommon

Millet. Indian

Page		Page		Page
23	Mint.' Cat	67	Penny-royal	4
Us	Mint. Common, Spear	66	Penny-royal. Bastard	70
19	Mint. Corn, Field	66	Penny-wort. Marsh	34
50	Mint. Korse	4	Penny -wort (Obolaria)	21
26	Mint. Mountain	68	Pepper. Cayenne, Red	118
25	Mint. Pepper	«)7	Pepper. Water	, 48
13-1	Misseltoe	lt)9	Pepper-grass	128
59	Mocasin flower	95	j Pepper-grass. Wild	73
138	Monkey flower	71	Persimmon	46
131	Money- wort	21	' Piiysic. Indian	ti%
79	Moon-seed	110	Pigeon-berry	55
48	Mother-v\ort	67	Pimpernel ( Anagallis)	24
6	Mouse-ear [Cerastium]	54	Pim[)ernel (Lindernia)	3
95	Mouse-ear (Gnaphalium)	87	Pimpernel [Veronica]	2.
75	Mug-wort	133	Pin-weed	18
94	Mulberry. Italian, Paper	137	Pine, Ground	S8
36	Mulberry. Red	101	Pine. Sinuce	107
50	Mulberry. White	101	Pine. Weymouth, White	108
51	Mullein. Common	25	Pine. Yellow, Pitch	107
127	Mullein. Moth	25	Pine-sap	52
47	Mustard. Black, Common	12-*	Pink Carolina Pink-root	117
120	Mustard. Hedge	74	Pink. Dwart	19
l2;i	NASTURTIUM	121	Pink. Ground, Mountain	26
132	Neck-weed [Cannabis]	137	Pink. Richardson's	91
6	Neck-weed (Veronica)	2	Pipe. Indian	62
83	Nettle. Dead	68	Pipe-shank	63
87	Nettle. False	100	Pipsissawa	51
140	Nettle. Hedge	67	Plane tree	107
41	Nettle. Horse	27	Plantam. Buck-horn, English	21
40	Nettle. Smooth	100	Plantain. Common, Great	21
41	Nettle. Stinging	101)	Plantain. Indian	86
140	Never-wet	42	Plantain. Poor Robert's	88
57	Night-shade Impatiens	29	Plantain. Poor Robin's	84
55	Night-shade Solarium	26	Plantain. Rattle-snake	94
83	Night-shade. Enchanter's	5	Plantain. Water	45
3S	Night-shade. Three-leaved	44	Plantain. White, Virginian	21
60	Nine-bark	63	Plantam, White Gnaphalium 87
140	Noah's Ark	95	Pleurisy-root	32
79	Nose-bleed	91	Plum, Black, Common, E	ama-
24	Nutmeg plant	123	1 scene	124
20	OAK. Barren, Rear, Scrub	104	Plum, Brandywine,Red, Yellow 61
71	Oak. Black, Dyers	103	Plum. Chicasaw	124
118	Oak Chesnut, Rock	104	Plum. Virginian Date	46
117	Oak. Dwarf Chesnut	104	Poison Vine	3S
33	Oak. Jerusalem	119	Poke. Poke-berry bush	55
132	Oak. Pin, Water	103	Poke. Indian	43
23	Oak. Poison	38	Pond-weed. Floating	22
78	Oak. Post, Barren white	104	Poplar. Athenian	138
26	Oak. Spanish, Upland Red	103	Poplar. Black	110
lie	Oak. Swamp white	104	Poplar. Italian, Lombardy	13S
IS	Oak. White	104	Poplar. Tulip	f>9
134	Oats. Common	115	Poppy. Horned, Prickly	57
73	Oats. Water	102	Potato. Carolina, Sweet	117
	Oats. Wild	13	Potato. Irish, RoJnd	117
77	Oily-grain	12S	Potato-vine. Wild	25
130	Okra	130	Pride-weed	89
77	Old man	13:s	Priest in the Pulpit	9:?
57	Onion. Garden	121	Prim. Privet, or Privybush	1
120	Orange tree	123	Puccoon	57
47	Orpine. Virginian	65	Puke-weed	7i>
47	Osier. Golden	136	Pumr>kin	135
47	Oyster plant	132	Purslane. Garden	iiO
128	PAINT. Indian	57	QUERCITRON	103
92	Painted cup	72	Quick-set	63
60	Palma Chnsti	in5	Quince tree	126
91	Pappoose-root	39	RABBIT-FOOT	80
63	Parsley	119	Radish. Garden	129
136	Parsne'p. Cow	35	Radi.sh. Horse	]2i)
63	Parsnep. Garden	119	Rag-weed	lOJ
13fi	Parsnep. Water	.■}4	Rausted-weed	70
I3fi	Parsnep. Wild	35	Ras[»-berry. American, Elac	k 64
lOB	Partridge-berry Gaultheria	49	Raspberry. Antwerp, Garden	mi
91	Partridge-berry !Milchel!a	19	Rnttle-box	7'J
3	Pea. Garden	131	Red Robin	7-1
31	Pea-nut	13a	Red-rod	2(>
78	Peach tree	125	Red- root [Ccanothns]	■2J
iii^;	Pear tree	m	l?ed-root [SanKuinariu]	• ■'i'
115.	Pencil flower	so	Red t^>p [Agroati*]	v>

15^

INDEX -TO THE COMMON NAMESV

Page I

13 Snake-root.

Red top [Winclsoria]

Heed [Zizania] 102 SnaKe-root

Kced. Coojier's. Reed-mace yj' Snake-ioot.

Rnubarb. Pie

Rib wort

Rife. Indian, Wild

Rice. WM [Leer&ia]

Rich-weed [Collinbonia]

Rich- weed [Urtica]

Page

Dr. Witt's, Rattle 83 7S 95

57 70

2S

R ij' pie-grass

Robin. rua-the Hedge

Rocket YeiJow

Rose. Dwarf, Wild

Rose. RocJi

Rose. Swamp

Rose-bay

Rue. Garden

Rue. Goat's

Rue. Meadow

Rush. Common, Soft

Rush. J'ield

Rush. YeJlovv-flowering

Ruta-baga

Rye

iSAF-FLOWER

SSatfron. Eastard

Sage. Gaiden

Sage. Indian

•Sage. Meadow, Wild

Sage. Wood

.Saint- John's Wort

»Salad. Corn

JSalad. Garden

iSand-wort. Thyme-leaved

Sanicle. American

Saniclc. Rastard American

Sanicle. Maryland

Sarsaparilla

iSassafras- Sassafrack.

Savory. Summer

Saxifrage. Btirnet

Saxifrage. Early

Saxifrage. Golden

Saxifrage. Large, Penna-

Scarcity root

Scorpion-grass. Marsh

Scorpion-grass. Virginian

Scull-cap. Common.

Scull-eap. Large flowered

Scull-cup. Mad-dog

Scurvy-grass [Barbarea]

Scurvy-grass [Cochlearia]

Sedge. Sedge-grass

Self-heal

Senna. Wild

Sensitive plant. Wild

8ervice-berry

Shad-blossom

Shad-bush

Shamrock

Shell-flow er

Shepherd's Purse

Shin-leaf

iainmake

Sickle-pod

Silk-weed

Skunk- weed

Sloe

Snake-head

Snakf!-root. P.Iac'k [Cimi.'iru°;a] ;5S, Thorn,

f-iiiake-root. Black [fciajiicula] 'X] Thorn,

Seneka

Virgmia, Little 122 Snake-root. White

iil I Snap-dragon. Wild 102 fenap-v»-fed

10 Siietze-weed [Helenium] 5; Snceze-vvort [Acniliea] 100 Snovv-diop tree

21 Scap-wort

ly, Solomon's Seal

'/4 SorreJ. Field, Sheep

64 feonel. Wood

5t> Soulhern-wood

i}i fciovv-tliibtle. Coiumcn

2'j tfpaiiisli needles 1^2 Spurroiu- grass

79 Spatter-dock

59 Spear-wort

42 Speedwell. Common, Malg

43 Speedwell. Purslane-leaved 7 Speedwell. Smooth

129 Speedwell. Tall, Virginian 114 Speedwell. Water 133 Spicc-vvcod 133 Spider-wort. Virginian 113 Spike t'6 Spikenard 4 S|iikenard. Wild [Aralia]

til) Spikenard. Wild |.Smilacina] 41

5S, Spinach. Spinage 137

(> Spindle-tree 28

132 Spruce. Hemlock 107

132 Spurge 102

54 Spurge. Spotted 103

33 Squash, Egg 135

52 Squash. Long, Wartcd 135

33| Squash. Round 135

38 Squaw-root 72

49 Statr-tree. Climbing 27

127 Siar-wort. Water 1

22 1 Stone-crop. Virginian 55

52 j Stone-weed 23 47 1 Strawberry. English, Garden 126

52 1 Strawberry. Wild 65

120 j Sturtion 121

24' Sumach. Common, Smooth 37 24

Suake-root. Button

Sumach. Mountain 37

Sumach. Poison, Swamp 38

Sun-drops 46

Sun-flower. Cone-disk 92

Sun-flower. False 91

Swallow-wort 31

Swallow-wort. Poke-leaved 32

69] Sweet-William. Wild 26

52 Sycamore l07

521 TANSEY 87

63j Tape-grass 108

73; Tea. Mountain 49

63' Tea. IVew-Jersey - 27

SO, Tea-berry 49

72 i Tear-thumb. Arrow-leaved 48

73: Tear-thurnb. Halbert-leaved 48l

51 1 Teasel. Fuller's 116'

37 i Tease!. Wild 18i

74j Ten O'clock. Twelve O'clock 40l

3!' Thimble-berry 64

2.^: Thistle. Common 85

37; Thistle. Sweet-scented P5

2 Thorn. Cockspur, ISewcastle 63

English 62,

"V'iri^inio, Wabhington 125

Thorn-apple . 2(t^

Thorough-stem. Thorough-wort Sb

Thyme. Field 6i>

Thy trie. Mother of

Thyine. Virginian

Timothy

Tiniothy. WJiite

Tinker's weed. Dr.

Toad-flax

Toad-flax. Bastard

Tohacco. ('orainon

Tobacco. Indian

Tornata , or luKiatoes

Tongue-grasa

'iooth-wort

Touch-me-not

Traveller's Joy

Tree-Primrose. Evening

Trefoil. Kaie's-foot

Trefoil. Hop

Treloil. Purple

Tuliii tree

Turk's cap

Turkey-berry

Turkey-pod

Turmeric

Tuinip. Common

Turnip. Indian

Turnip. Swedish

Tway-blade

VALERIAN. Greek

Velvet-leaf

Vervain. Comm on

Violet

Violet. Dog's-tooth

Virgin's Bower

WAKE-RUKIi^

Wall-ink

Walnut. Black

Walnut. PJnglish

Walnut. Wriite

Water-tJarpe?

Water-Cress. American

Water-leaf. Virginian

Wax-work

Way-bread

Wheat. Cow

Wheat. Winter

Whip-grass

White-weed

White-wood

Whitlow grass

Whortle-berry

Willow. Black

Willow. Drooping, Weeping 136

Willow. Dwarf, Speckled 108

Willow Red

Willow. Yellow

Wiilow-!ierb. Night

Wind-flower

Winter-berry

Winter-green [Chimaphila]

W'inter-green [Corallorhiza]

Winter-green (Pyrola)

Winter-green. Chickweed

Winter-green. Spicy 45*

Witch-hazle 22

Worm-seed 119

AVorm-wood 133

Worm.wood. Wild 101

YAM. Wild 110

Yarrow- 91-

69 68

114 15 31 70 62

117 76

117

128 74 28 59 46 80 80

i;>2

59 41 19 74

57 129 103 129 94 26 77 60 29 41 59 103

Q

104 134 104 47 75 24 27 21 72 114 99 87 59 73^ 50 109

8-11

S^-