2099 . tlU™tl The Folsom-Conk-Peterson Expedition of ifl*o This journey by three men ("two yankee quakers and a dane") is considered by many to have been the first attempt at organized exploration of the area that is now Yellowstone Park. Accepted into the "Washburn Expedition of I860", Charles Cook, David Folsom. and William Peterson set out on their own when that expedition fizzled. From Diamond citv. Montana the three rode south on three horses (and packing two more) with supplies for six weeks. Riding up the Yellowstone River, the, entered what is no,, Yellowstone Park by crossing over Mount Everts and Blacktail Deer Plateau. The men forded the river at Tower Fall, ad- vanced up the Lamar Valley, turned south up Flint Creek to cross the difficult Mirror Plateau, and struck the Grand Can- yon of the Yellowstone at Point Sublime (q.v.,. Continuing up the river, the men saw Mud Volcano then Yellowstone lake where they left a carved rock in the mortise of a tree (never so far found). Trekking westward to West Thumb and up a hill (see Lake View) toward Shoshone Lake, the Folsom party dropped down White Creek (probably marvelling that the stream was hot) to Great Fountain Geyser which they saw erupting at least eighty feet high. After taking off their hats and yel- ling "with all our might." the men travelled down the Fire- hole and Madison Rivers and arrived home at Diamond City af- ter a 36-day trip. David Folsom 's account of the trip was published in the ■July. 1870 issue of Western Monthly magazine. That rather Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 ;W3 http://archive.org/details/folsomcookpeters162slsn 2100 obscure magazine article, an improved map, the germs of the idea of somehow preserving the new area, and direct encour- agement of the members of the Washburn party (which followed them in 18?0) were the contributions of the Folsom party. The definitive account of their trip is Aubrey Haines (ed. ), Valley of the Upper Yellowstone (1965)- Although the party gave no place names to the Park, their verbal and written accounts greatly influenced subse- quent name-givers like the Washburn and Hayden parties, and two place names (Point Sublime and Buffalo Pool) may have come directly from their narrative of the trip. 2101 The Ha^ue Surveys While the Folsom. Washburn, and Hayden parties are well known in Yellowstone's history, the Hague surveys (IM3-1902) are not, but in terms of the time they lasted and tne information they generated they were equally im- portant. FKKS geologist Arnold Hague (see Hague Mountain first visited Yellowstone in 1883. beginning studies then that were to absorb him for thirty-four years. About the surveys. F.V. Hayden wrote to Hague at their inception: "we performed what we could, but you will make the word thorough . " Hague's influence on Place names, maps, studies, and even the politics of Yellowstone became all pervasive. He was especially interested in the Park thermal features, but he maintained a general oversight of all the geologi- cal investigations in the area for many years. His giant treatise nepi^^t^Yel^stone_r^onai^ was pub- lished ir, 1S99. and his ,90^ Hague Atlas of colored mar. is still a mainstay of Yellowstone literature. r-'any of Yellowstone's place najnes came from Hague or his assistants: geologists Walter Weed, Joseph Iddings, T.A. daggar, George Wright, and Louis Pirsson, alone with Physicist William Hallock and geographer Henry Gannett. At least eighty-five other people (including packers and cooks) are known to have assisted the survey at various times. A relatively complete list of these m=n appears in the unabridged (microform) edition of this book. 2i02 The Hague surveys worked in Yellowstone Park (pro nucing maps, photos, geologic studies and thousands of Pages of unpublished notes and correspondence ) for twenty straight years. Hague himself missed visiting the Park some year,, but his assistants always filled in often serving as hosts to important Park visitor. Their published works numbered more than a hundred, but f°r all this, the bulk of Hague^s work was never oub- lishod . Hagu-s work in Yellowstone was a labor of love, an, he continue* on it for fourteen years after the end of h- survey, even visiting the Park in his golden years (1911 and ,915) and making extensive notes. To the end he loved showing people Yellowstone and talking and writ, ing about the Park. Thus with P.W. Norris, Frank and •Taok Haynes. and r,.p. Henderson. Arnold Hague must be re- umbered as one of the most eloPuent of Yellowstone tour 6Uld6S- thS infJ— °f Ms survey,. aIthough ,„,. heralded and unsung, has been without peer in Yellowstone. zl03 The Haynes Guides and Other Yellowstone Guidebooks Tho first two guidebooks to Yellowstone National lark were published in 1873. just one year after the place be- came a park. They were James Richardson's Wonders of the Yellowstone Peri on and Harry Norton's Wonderland rilustrat- ed; Or, Horseback Pides Through the Yellowstone Mating i!?rk- The former was largely a reprinting of the reports of the Washburn and Hayden parties; thus the Norton bo0!- may be considered the first real Park cuidebook (because it contained original information). The next true Yellowstone guidebook* appeared in lc2l. Robert Strahorn's beautiful little book was called Trie En- chanted Land or An October Ramble A.nn, the Gevser.s. Hot SErings^uyces, Falls and Canons of Yellowstone National Park. Because Strahorn published the book himself, it was not well circulated and so today is a rarity. More widely circulated, and no doubt with, larger print run,, were the William Wylie (see Wylie Hill) book The Yel- lowstone National Park, or the Great American Wonjgfignd (1802) and Henry Winser's The Yellowstone National Park a i^ual_I^r_Jourists (1883). The latter was extremely popu- lar during the 1880s a^d was republished several times (with new material added and titled changed) in editions by John Hyde and w.C. Riley. A rarer but more detailed guidebook was Herman liaupt's The Yellowstone nation,-! P^u (ISP.J): it was cleverly published in a foldaround binding that Protected it for the traveller from inclement weather. And superinten- dent r.v. r,orris pu51isne(5 his book of poetry .n i8f?3 2104 also contained a park guidebook. Titled Calumet of the Coteau, its hardback status made it higher priced and so not as well circulated as other Yellowstone guides. The Northern Facific Pailroad had the advantage for its guidebooks of having photographer Frank Haynes in the Fark. Beginning in 1884 with The, Wonderland of the World, the NFPF published guidebooks that became known as the Wonderland series. The books were highly colored and contained Paynes photos which made them beautiful souven- ir- of a Yellowstone trip. Additionally they carried in- formation about not only Yellowstone, but all of the pla- ces the visitor could see along the railroad's northwest- ern route. These paperbound books had varying titles ex- cept that the editions IO96-1906 were titled simply Won- derland. . • with the year included in the title. In 1890, Frank Haynes finally entered the Yellowstone guidebook market. Because he lived in the Park (mostly Permanently) and was a photographer, he was the most lopj- cal of potential guidebook writers. His books became the most famous of park guidebooks and later were the official park guides. Their titles varied, from Practical Guide to Yellowstone national Park (1890) to All About Yellowstone Park (1892^ to Haynes Guide Handbook of Yellowstone Park. They were published nearly annually from I890 to 1966, with material changed in each edition. The text was writ- ten by Albert Guptill I89O-1909, by Frank Haynes 191O-1915, 2105 and by Frank's son Jack 1916-1962 Af+ , ,96, . 9bZ- After Ja=k's death in ' W° m°re editi°"S "« md then the aynes photo shops were sold to ^ fe^e was PubIi5hed ^ ; ns in 1891 • ip93- ^ ™. »». 1917.1,. I92, "3 -33. I,*-,. m, 19^f5, 1O50i 196o> i963> ^ otllec sets of yellowstone ^ ^ 7 C— — oks appear ln!00, ^ ^ ndo 7le"'S— - -PP««- in 1899> l901.md 1W hthree ™ t,, very nice one.shot - ^ PUbli— - ,,y wer9 A.M. Cieiano. teH-LMB^ ana Edward ^ ^_ sers. ^iii as^irL6 S^^P^?D^«*.- a, books. 210b The Washburn Expedition of 1O70 In 1870, having heard rumors for years from prospec- tors about strange wonders at the head of the Yellowstone River, a party known as the Washburn expedition set out to see for themselves. This party was to receive credit for discovering the area as now know as Yellowstone Park. The party, from Helena, Montana, was composed of nineteen men, forty horses, and a dog. It included some of Montana Territory's brightest stars, among them the state surveyor general, the assessor and collector of internal revenue, a bank president, a lawyer, and a dashing career Army of- ficer . The party spent more than forty days travelling to and through Yellowstone and giving names to more than twenty- park features. They named Tower Fall and climbed and named Mount Washburn for their leader. They viewed the Grand Can- yon of the Yellowstone with both of its waterfalls, and named two other waterfalls in that area. Travelling past the Crater Hills and Mud Volcano areas, the party proceeded east around Yellowstone Lake to the Heart Lake area where party member Truman Everts was accidentally separated from the expedition (he was to be found thirty-seven days later after a harrowing ordeal). Advancing west past West Thumb Geyser Basin, these adventurers-wi th-a-sense-of-destiny crossed the difficult timbered terrain between West Thumb and Old Faithful, and saw Cld Faithful Geyser eruptinr 2107 just as they broke out of the trees on September 16, 1870 . They stayed several days in the Old Faithful area, viewing and naming many of the major geysers, and then proceeded down the Firehole and fcadison Rivers toward home. As a result of the Washburn party's explorations and the subsequent magazine and newspaper reports and speeches by party members, the U.S. government saw fit to send the first of three Hayden surveys to Yellowstone the following summer. The movement to establish Yellowstone as the world's first national park had begun. 2108 The Hayden Surveys of 18?1> 1872, and 1878 Thanks to the magazine and newspaper articles written by members of the V/ashburn expedition and to the many lec- tures given on the east coast by party member N.I. Langford, interert in the Yellowstone area in late I87O began to run hish . One of the persons in attendance at Langford's lec- tures was geologist Ferdinand V. Hayden (see Hayden Valley), who was tc become a prime mover in the drive to establish Yellowstone as the world's first national park. He had been studying the geology of the American V;est for over fifteen years . Hayden convinced Congress to allot :|'>40,000 for his T'.s. Geological and Geographical Survey to explore the Yellowstone area. Hayden' s organization had already added significant geological information and many mans to the nation's know- ledge of its western frontier, and now it was to establish a basis of facts that would be of critical importance in the founding of Yellowstone. On June 1, 1871, a team of twenty-one men and seven wagons left Ogden, Utah for Yellowstone. The group was man- agad by Hayden 's brilliant assistant James Stevenson (see Mount Stevenson) and it included minerologist A.C. Peale (see Peale Island), artists Henry Elliot and Thomas Moran (see Moran Point), photographer William H . Jackson (see Itfount Jackson), zoologist Campbell Carrington (see Carring- ton Island) and thirteen other men. They were *accoroDani ed by Captain John I'!. Barlow (see Barlov: leak) and his party of military explorer-engineers, and about twenty packers, cook", hunters, and nuides. 2109 The expedition spent thirty-eight days travelling through the Yellowstone region. They confirmed the dis- coveries of the Washburn party and made many of their own. They climbed Mount Washburn, gave at least sixty place names to the map. and drew several new macs. They mar- veled at the beauty of the Grand Canyon of the Yellow- stone, took temperatures of hot springs, felt earthquake shocks at Yellowstone Lake, and launched the first know, boat on the lake. They Produced hundred.-, of photos, sket- ches, and paintings of the Yellowstone Wonderland, which would ultimately be used to help convince Congress to establish Yellowstone national Park. After the trip, Hay den proceeded to use all of his considerable influence in establishing the new Park. While waiting for his photos to be reproduced and his re- DOrt (Prelil"j-"ary.. .Fifth Annual Peoort.... 18?1) pointed, he wrote articles on the Yellowstone area for Scribner's and American Journal of Science and Arts. And he lobbied powerful members of Congress on the new .-ark idea. Historian William Coetzmann has written that "clearly the passage of the park bill owed as much to Hayden's in- fluence a*d efforts as it did to any other single cause." Hayden's expedition also resulted in a .T75.000 Con- gressional appropriation for continued survey work the fol- lowing year. On the heels of the creation of Yellowstone Park, a vastly-larger liayden survey composed of over sixty 2110 men set out for the new Park in 1872. it was to become arguably the best known of the great surveys of the Ameri- can West, with the most money and the best scientists and consistently keeping itself in the public eye through Jackson's photos. Henry Gannett, William H. Holmes (see Mount Holmes), Gustavus Bechler (see Bechler River), John Merle Coulter (see Coulter Creek), Rudolph Bering (see Her- ing Lake), and other prominent men of the day were added to the survey. The party was divided into two divisions, one of which explored the Grand Tetons, and it produced the SiXth Annual PeP°rt of the U.S. Geological Survey... 1072, as wel] as many more place names, maps, photos, and sketches . Hayden was to return one final time to Yellowstone, in 1878. That year he made his usual exhaustive studies of area geological and natural history, bringing along Jackson with camera and the usual entourage of eminent scientists. The results of this survey were huge annual reports (Hayden 's Twelfth Annual Report... for the Year 1078 was two volumes, each four inches thick with color Plates), maps, bulletins, and tremendous monographs too numerous to mention. In Yellowstone, the Hayden surveys left their mark in the form of hundreds of place names. And the surveys left their imprint on the history of the American West in voluminous literature, greatly expanded knowledge, 2111 a new national park, and a consciousness in the American people that the West was a garden rather than a desert. The Hague surveys would follow.