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JANUARY

1905. JO Cts. $1.00 a Year,

RESULTS NUMBER

FOR CALIFORNIA

SOME RESULTS OF LUTHER BURBANK'S LIFE WORK

RESULTS FOR SETTLERS— 1904

SECOND MEETING OF COUNTIES COMMITTEE

"ONE FOR ALL AND ALL FOR ONE"

WHAT SETTLERS SAY

WHAT ONE SETTLER DID

THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA JASON BROWN

IMPORTS OF POULTRY, BUTTER, EGGS, ETC., TO
CALIFORNIA

ILLUSTRATIONS Zl#ML ANNA HEIN

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

SAN FRANCISCO

FOR CALIFORNIA.

JANUARY, 1905.

Application Mada at San Franclaco Poataffloa
For Entry aa Second-Claaa Matter

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

(THE STATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION)

THE PURPOSE OF THE COMMITTEE IS TO GIVE TO THE WORLD RELIABLE AND

UNBIASED INFORMATION REGARDING THE RESOURCES OF AND THE

OPPORTUNITIES IN CALIFORNIA. FOR CALIFORNIA IS

PUBLISHEO TO ASSIST IN CARRYING OUT THE

OBJECTS IN VIEW.

FOR CALIFORNIA

A MONTHLY PUBLICATION

"FOR THOSE WHO DESIRE THE BEST THERE IS IN UFE.'

NO ADVERTISEMENTS WIIJ, APPEAR IN FOR CALIFORNIA

The California Promotion Committee

25 NEW MONTGOMERY STREET
SAN FRANCISCO

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Some Results of Mr. Luther
Burbank's Life Work

UTHER BURBANK, most famous
plant-breeder of all time, 1 liken
unto Robert Louis Stevenson.
There is in him that same gentle-
ness, that tremendous capacity for
hard work long sustained, that
frA^ same daringness to launch out into

<^sr*J new fields, casting aside the use-

less traditions of the past and re-
taining those which are of value, and there is
that same sympathy with all things which
marked the gentle Stevenson. And because Mr.
Burbank understands the ways of plants as Stev-
enson knew the ways of men, he has in him that
quality which passes into genius. Therefore, no
one can describe works of Mr. Burbank so that
another may duplicate them, though it is probable
that Mr. Burbank's researches will be of as in-
estimable value to science as the plants he has
originated are of commercial value to humanity.
Mr. Burbank has originated or developed more
than 2000 new species, sub-species and varie-
ties of plants, including vegetables, fruits, grains,
grasses and flowers. Perhaps the latest origina-
tion of Mr. Burbank which has attracted most
comment of the press is the spineless cactus.
This is the cactus generally known as the prickly
pear, or, scientifically, opuntia. Mr. Burbank's
spineless cactus, however, is more than a cactus
without spines. It is a luscious, nourishing forage
plant, said to be about half as nourishing as al-
falfa and equal in nutritious properties to most
of the clovers. Acre for acre, the yield of
spineless is much greater than alfalfa. The
size and character of the wild plant has been
radically improved by Mr. Burbank and the
acrid juice found in the wild cactus is eliminated
in the spineless variety. The strain has been
established and a spineless cactus plant one year
old on Mr. Burbank's farm at Santa Rosa is as
high as a man's shoulders. One of its leaves
would feed a sheep all day.

Only those who have seen cattle die amid the
cactus jungles of the great Southwest can
realize what an inestimable boon spineless will
be to humanity. It will be several years yet be-
fore Mr. Burbank is ready to place the spineless
cactus upon the market as a commercial proposi-
tion. He hopes, among other things, to originate
a variety which shall grow in every part of the
United States. Mr. Burbank's work is too well

SOME RESULTS OF MR. LUTHER BURBANK'S LIFE WORK.

known to require description here. His many marvelous originations have proved of
enormous value to humanity. Among those which have perhaps been of the greatest
usefulness is the Burbank potato, which, it is estimated, has been worth twenty mil-
lion dollars to the people of the United States. Mr. Burbank has lately originated a
variety of rhubarb, much superior in quality to any known rhubarb, which grows the
year round. His wonderful Shasta daisy flares out with snowy brilliancy. The plum-
cot, a cross between the apricot and plum, and the white blackberry are well known.
Mr. Burbank has often been called a wizard, but he is not a wizard; he is a scientist.
His results are not the results of an instant, but of a lifetime. He took the shell of
the walnut and thinned it until the birds could peck through it; conversely, he thick-
ened it again until It became of its greatest commercial value. He is the Edison of
plant life; the bold and daring originator who seizes upon an idea and by the subtle
alchemy of hard work, natural aptitude and long experience, impresses his idea upon
nature so that it remains thereafter stamped for all time. Mr. Burbank has lived in
California for almost a generation. He chose to live here because he found conditions
best suited to his experiments, with thousands of plants of the temperate and semi-
tropic zones.

Personally, Mr. Burbank is delightful. Last year six thousand visitors called upon
him, and to each of them he gave at least five minutes of his time and to some he gave
much more. His secretary says that on one occasion some frail plants were perishing be-
cause they required attention, yet Mr. Burbank continued to talk with his visitors
rather than turn them away, although his loss could not be replaced by several thou-
sand dollars. In person, Mr. Burbank is slight, almost frail, and owing to the tremendous
strain upon his constitution, for several years he has not been in the best of health.
It is a pleasure to know, through the press, that Mr. Andrew Carnegie has created a
fund which will enable Mr. Burbank to devote his whole time to his researches. If
Mr. Carnegie had never done anything else but this he would deserve to be remem-
bered for all time. Mr. Burbank is modest and it is through the recognition of his won-
derful services as a plant-breeder, and not to his individual efforts for himself (for he
has made none) that Mr. Carnegie has created this fund. Mr. Burbank has a gentle
face, almost sad, but in conversation It illumines up immensely. I should say his age
was about 55 years.

A reproduction of Mr. Burbank's spineless cactus will be found on the frontispiece
of this issue. * * * * *

WHAT SETTLERS SAY-Continued

CHICO, California, Dec. 23, 1904.

The California Promotion Committee, San Francisco, California: —

Gentlemen: Yours of recent date received requesting that I write brief-

ly my impressions of the State. I will gladly do so, knowing that the work of your Com-
mittee is doing a great deal of good, both in our State, and also to those in the East
who are contemplating a change of location. For nearly a year before coming here I
read very carefully the literature received from you to find out, as best I could, where
was the best place to locate, having but moderate means at my disposal. I got valuable
information from your Committee, and finally made up my mind to come to Chlco.
Thirteen months ago we left our home in Illinois and came directly here. There were
seven In our party, as a relative and family came with us. Landing in Chico, we at once
set about to find a suitable house to establish our families in, but we found that all
were taken, so we bought a house which was soon to be completed. We have found
everything fully up to our expectations.

I have found a very satisfactory business in my line (bookkeeping) and am so well
pleased with the 8tate that In addition to my home In Chlco, have bought ten acres of
land near the city and Intend to buy more as soon as I can dispose of my property In
Illinois.

You ask how I compare California with my Eastern home. I have many good things
to say of my Eastern home, but for climate and other conditions, California far out-
strips all, and I have had a home In Maine, Minnesota, South Dakota and Illinois. I
would advise anyone having $1000 or more, who contemplates a change, to come to
California. I have no desire to move back to the East.

Thanking you for your courtesies to me, I remain,

Very truly yours, (Signed.) WILLIAM F. KENNEDY.

Results for Settlers-1904

HE year 1904 has been an important
one for California, in a steadfast,
sober way, it has seen the greatest
year in the history of the State
and the many elements in Califor-
nia's progress during the past year
work for no class of our citizens
more than have those who come
to live here upon the small farm,
perhaps the most significant feature of Cali-
fornia's growth is shown by the colonist movement
for the fiscal month from September 15th to Octo-
ber 15th, 1904. Almost 30,000 people came on
colonist (one way) tickets during this period. As
colonist tickets, of course, have no return, almost
the entire movement during this period was made
up of new settlers. The number of those who
took advantage of the colonist rate does not by
any means represent the total colonist movement,
for many settlers came to the State before the
colonist movement had opened and after that date.
During the Knights Templar Conclave thousands
took advantage of the special rate and the Odd
Fellows' celebration was accompanied by a great
influx of visitors.

Among the notable elements in the progress of
California during 1904 has been the development
of irrigation facilities. In May, 1904, there was
celebrated at Modesto, in Stanislaus County, a
jubilee commemorating the completion of the
Modesto-Turlock systems, or rather system, for
the district is practically to be watered by an in-
terconnecting set of canals and laterals, which
will be capable of supplying water to about 260,-
000 acres of land. The Central Irrigation Canal,
in the middle portion of the Sacramento Valley,
has been termed the most important irrigation
project to be ushered in in the year 1905. The
Central Irrigation Canal started as a district en-
terprise several years ago. At the present time,
work is being prosecuted, and it is expected that
the water will soon be running. This canal is 60
feet wide and will, it is said, irrigate 200,000
acres of land, while it may be extended to water
millions of acres. Its source of supply is the Sac-
ramento River.

Another great system just nearing completion
is the Yolo County Consolidated Canal, which
diverts the water of Cache Creek, and will irri-
gate 100,000 acres of land lying In Yolo and
Solano Counties. Water was turned into this
Canal on October 8th.

RESULTS FOR SETTLERS— 19C4.

Another irrigation celebration of equal importance to that of the Yolo County Canal
was held a week earlier at Gridley, Butte County, and marked the breaking of ground
for the Butte County Canal, which will divert the water of Feather River, and covers
at present an area of 215,000 acres. This system is capable of vast development, as
the Feather River drains an area of 4000 square miles, with an annual rainfall of from
30 to 60 inches. This canal may be made to irrigate all the land lying between the
Feather and Sacramento Rivers, from the point of diversion southward, an area of 700
square miles.

Great progress has been made during the last year in the Tulare Irrigation District.
The year previous the bonds for this system were paid off and burned. Several thou-
sand acres have been put in alfalfa in this district in the last twelve months.

During the past year, the irrigation system at Imperial, California, on the Colorado
River, has increased to 75,000 acres of land under actual irrigation.

This in brief comprises the greatest of the mighty irrigation enterprises which char-
acterize the development of California during the past year.

The tremendous value to California of these irrigation projects can hardly be esti-
mated. Irrigation means more to California than to any other State; not that Califor-
nia needs irrigation more than any other State, for there are many parts of the State
with sufficient rainfall for the raising of ordinary crops. The value of irrigation to Cal-
ifornia lies in the fact that the climate allows irrigated soil to produce the year
round.

Two big projects of immense importance to the State are the Western Pacific Rail-
way and the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroads. The latter road, usually
known as the Salt Lake Road, will soon open short communication between Los An-
geles and Salt Lake City, and the Western Pacific Railroad, which now seems sure,
will enter Plumas County through Beckwith Pass and come into the Sacramento Val-
ley at Oroville. This road will open up wonderful opportunities for settlers.

Bank clearings show a great advance in business. Building permits in the larger
cities and the buildings themselves in the smaller communities and throughout the
country, testify to the permanent increase in population.

4 $ $ # *

WHAT SETTLERS SAY— Continued

DINUBA, California, Dec. 26, 1904.
The California Promotion Committee, San Francisco, California: —

Gentlemen: I feel it my duty to let you know how I am progress-

ing since coming to California, for I know you are interested in my welfare on ac-
count of being responsible for me locating in California.

I was first impressed with the resources of this State by an article of yours pub-
lished in the Twentieth Century Farmer, published at Omaha, Nebraska. I entered
into correspondence with you, receiving descriptive literature, together with your pub-
lication, FOR CALIFORNIA. I can say after residing here since March 20th last
that every word you published with regard to the resources, etc., can be verified by
any one who has investigated the same.

Having resided at Ruthven, Iowa, for twenty-five years, where the mercury fre-
quently runs as low as 25 to 30 degrees below zero, and being more or less exposed to
wet weather, I finally located in northern Tulare County, purchasing 50 acres, where
I found sandy loam soil similar to our Iowa sandy loam lands, at prices ranging from
$40 to $50 per acre. There are large tracts still unsold which If put in alfalfa, one
acre will produce more hay and of a far superior quality than any four acres I ever
saw in Iowa. I put in 25 acres. I sowed in September and expect two or more crops
next season. The other 25 acres I Intend to put in raisin grapes, as this is the home
of the raisin.

The winter weather here is like the September weather in Iowa. The summer
weather is not as disagreeable as July or August there. The mercury ran 8 degrees
higher here last summer than I ever saw it in Iowa, but the heat is so much different
that 114 degrees which it registered here on one occasion was not any warmer that
94 degrees would be in Iowa, the 20 degrees being accounted for by the absence of
humidity in the atmosphere.

My wife and family Join me In thanking the California Promotion Committee, feel-
ing that It would be ingratitude on our parts not to do so, for the valuable informa-
tion furnished us and for the prosperity we have shared in our California home.

Yours very respectfully, (Signed.) DAVE GAVIN.

6

Second Meeting of Counties
Committee

MEETING of unusual significance
of the organized work for the de-
velopment of California was that
held at Pasadena on December
17th.

Few people realize the unique
features of development work in
this State. There are in Califor-
nia more than 140 commercial or-
ganizations than in any other State, and these
expend in development work sums ranging from
one thousand dollars a year or less, up to twenty-
five thousand a year. In addition to this the ne-
cessity of publicity work is legally recognized by
the fact that the Supervisors of each county are
authorized to devote certain sums for advertising
and immigration purposes.

The most vital and fundamental principle as
exemplified by the Pasadena meeting was the
spirit and good will and co-operation. Representa-
tives from all parts of the State were present.
This means that if an Eastern person writes to
California for information he will be correctly
advised, and if the man to whom he writes does
not feel that his locality possesses the conditions
desired, he will refer the inquirer to some other
organization in the locality possessing those re-
quirements. Many a heart-burning has been
caused by the over-advertised El Dorado, but
where you find such a spirit as this you will find
no heart-burning. Good results have already
come from this meeting of the Counties
Committee of the California Promotion Com-
mittee. Perhaps the most evident feature of
that meeting was that all sections of the
State are in thorough accord and will work
together to advertise the products, resources and
opportunities in California on a more effective
scale than ever before. Every county in California
was represented at this meeting to work for the
whole State of California.

The belief was expressed by those present that
no single county in the State can raise a fund
sufficient to advertise California products to such
an extent that the demand for them will make it
imperative for Eastern dealers to handle them,
but that if all sections of the State unite in this
work they can obtain greater results at less ex-
pense. The following resolution, which was
unanimously adopted, crystallizes the sentiment
of the meeting:

"WHEREAS, The tendency of the time is toward combinations of capital in all
large undertakings; and

"WHEREAS, The publicity of California is an undertaking of great magnitude and
one in which all sections of the State are vitally interested; it is

SECOND MEETING OF COUNTIES COMMITTEE.

"RESOLVED, That the Supervisors of the fifty-seven counties of California be re-
spectfully requested to set apart a portion of the amounts appropriated for advertising
purposes to be devoted to general advertising by the State Publicity Committee of the
California Promotion Committee, as it is the opinion of this meeting that such advertis-
ing is bound to be of great benefit to the different counties, in that more effective pub-
licity can thus be given them."

The opinion was expressed at the meeting that common action throughout the
State, carrying out the purpose of the resolution, will result in a fund sufficient to en-
able California to open offices in all the leading cities of the East, where special litera-
ture on the different localities in California will be distributed, and where the market-
ing of California products will be looked after in the East. Through these Eastern of-
fices the commercial organizations of the State will be placed in constant communica-
tion with a desirable class of possible future Californians, industries, etc.

The next meeting of the County Promotion Committees will be held in San Jose,
May 20, 1905. In the meantime, the members of the California commercial organizations
will all work to bring about the desired result, so that California may be systematically
and effectively advertised in the East on the broad co-operative plan outlined.

• * • * *

ONE FOR ALL AND ALL FOR ONE

If the California Promotion Committee had rendered no other service to the State
than that which it has performed in bringing about a spirit of co-operation among all
the chambers of commerce and development organizations of California this useful com-
mittee would still have more than justified its existence. At the meeting of devel-
opment organizations and chambers of commerce held at Pasadena Saturday every
county in California was represented. This is the more remarkable when it is consid-
ered that some of the delegates had come a distance of six hundred miles to attend the
meeting and that many of them represented commercial organizations supported by
communities whose aims and interests are, apparently, at variance, if not clashing.

However, the Herald is happy to say that the commercial organizations of Califor-
nia have by their action shown that they are united in their work for the whole State.
What benefits one section of the State benefits all California, and what is of advantage
to California cannot fail directly or indirectly to further the prosperity of the different
parts of California.

The immediate problem presented for solution at the Pasadena meeting concerned
a systematic campaign in which all the organizations in the State shall take part, to
advertise the products, resources and advantages of the State throughout the world.
No single organization can raise a fund sufficient to advertise California fruit or other
products on such a scale that the resultant demand shall force those products on the
markets of the world and shall make it imperative for dealers of importance to handle
them.

The 146 commercial organizations of California are, however, when united, In a
position to do this without inconvenience to themselves. The funds of the commercial
organizations of the State vary, It is estimated, from about $1000 to $25,000 per annum. In
addition to this there are the funds which the boards of supervisorsof the several counties
are enabled to expend for advertising and Immigration purposes. A pro rata contribu-
tion from the commercial organizations of California would enable the State to be more
effectively advertised than ever before; It would give each of the organizations a greater
field for usefulness through the increased demand for products and vast number of set-
tlers who would be attracted to the State through a systematic and vigorous cam-
paign. The effect of such co-operative work would probably increase to an appreciable
extent the contributions to the local commercial organizations throughout the State.

The plan as outlined for this centralized publicity campaign is a wise one, every
section of the State being represented on the State publicity committee.

The meeting at Pasadena was the second semi-annual meeting of the county pro-
motion committees of the State. These committees unite the commercial organizations
of each county on a basis of equal representation. They work with the State publicity
committee.

California is one 8tate and It should never be otherwise. Those who have argued
for State division perhaps forget that besides the greater expense of running two State
governments, California If divided would lose her most remarkable and attractive as-
set— that of her vast diversity. Our big trees, our redwood forests, our orange groves,
our Yosemlte, our coast line of 1200 miles, would no longer be unique as existing In
one 8tate, the united California.— Los Angeles Herald, December 19, 1904.

8

What Settlers Say

SOME RESULTS OF PROMOTION WORK.

It is a great human interest story this, of the coming of new settlers, of breaking
up the fresh ground for the plow and of the industrial development of many regions
undeveloped and unproductive. To no institutions in California is a more sacred
trust imposed than upon its development organizations. These organizations, by their
very nature, invite confidence and command respect. The newcomer naturally looks
for guidance to the commercial organizations of California, and it is a favorable com-
ment upon the character of these bodies that they will never advise a settler to come
to their locality knowing that it is not suited to their needs, but will direct him to
some region which, in their opinion, meets the requirements of the newcomer.

The California Promotion Committee has directed thousands of settlers to Cali-
fornia, and has seen that they are properly cared for on arrival. The Committee has
received many letters from settlers that they are pleased with this great new land.
The following few expressions of opinion are taken at random from many letters.

Mr. Charles M. Corey, who came to California from Lutesville, Missouri, after cor-
respondence with the California Promotion Committee, says he is well satisfied with
California. Mr. Corey writes from Allendale P. O., Fruitvale, as follows:
The California Promotion Committee:

Sirs: — As you have requested me to write an article, stating what I think of Cali-
fornia when compared with my Eastern home, and as I feel under some obligation to
you for literature and information kindly sent me before coming here, I will endeavor to
comply, although article-writing is out of my line.

But I will say this, that after spending fourteen months here that I am well satis-
fied with the country, both as to climate and the general resources of the country. I
am not sorry for what I have done in disposing of my property in the East, for the
purpose of coming to this State, which is contrary to the prophesies of my friends in
Missouri.

The one thing which pleases me above all others is the improvement of my health.
There is something in the air which I will not undertake to explain, but which is in-
vigorating and seems to buoy a person up; and there are more bright days, which are
neither too cold nor too warm, but just right to work with your coat off, than in any
other State in the Union. Instead of cold weather, snow, sleet and ice, we have
mostly pleasant weather, with an occasional rain or fog, and sometimes it is most too
cool to sit around comfortably without a little fire. It is always cool of nights, and also
when it rains; now and then we have a slight frost in winter, but not enough to do
much harm to growing plants.

I can only speak of this central part of the State, along the coast and in the
neighborhood of San Francisco, as I have been satisfied to stop right here where
there is plenty of fruit and flowers; and in these this State beats the world.

Yet I am told that this is only a fair sample of what I might find in most any part
of the State. I have bought oranges here at 7y2 cents per dozen. This State affords
splendid opportunities for skilled labor; for instance, plasterers and brick-layers re-
ceive $6.00 per day of eight hours; first-class carpenters, $4.00; girls who are good
cooks and thoroughly understand housekeeping receive from $25 to $35 per month,
and so forth.

Now, it would not be fair to close this article without enumerating some of the dis-
advantages which exist here. The price of fuel in Fruitvale is higher than in my former
home, wood being about $5.00 per cord, coal 60 cents per sack, and as high accordingly
by the ton. Yet those in the East must bear in mind that not much fuel is needed ex-
cept for cooking purposes. A great many use nothing but oil or gas the year round.

Yours truly,

(Signed.) CHARLES M. COREY.

Allendale P. O., Fruitvale, Dec. 20, 1904.

WHAT ONE SETTLER DID.— COLVIN B. BROWN.

While it is the purpose of the California Promotion Committee to give only that
data which relates to average conditions, so that the intending settler may not be led
astray, but may find things as represented with a fair prospect of being able to do as
well as the average person who has succeeded in agriculture in California, still there
are, at times, incidents of phenomenal success, while not in any way indicative of av-
erage conditions, are well worthy of publication.

H. W. Cowell, of Manteca, a small flag station in the southern part of San Joaquin
County, has, within the past few years, made one of these phenomenal successes in
dairying.

Seven years ago, Mr. Cowell owned 300 acres of land in this district. The soil was
sandy and the land, without water, was only partially productive. Mr. Cowell was a
great believer in irrigation. He promoted a scheme to bring water to his land, a dis-
tance of more than fifty miles. The accomplishment of his purpose was only done at
the expense of heavily incumbering his property. The water was brought to the land
at the height of the panic of '97. The pressure was too great for Mr. Cowell, and he
was obliged to succumb financially. The banks took all of his property, leaving him
practically penniless.

A year or two after this, Mr. Cowell, having lost no faith whatever in the possibili-
ties of the Manteca district under water, sought out the bank which had foreclosed upon
him and asked the privilege of going back upon his land, with the privilege of pur-
chasing at the price at which the bank had bought the land in. The privilege was
granted.

Mr. Cowell went back upon his land with no cash, no harvested feed, no farm tools.
The entire stock upon the ranch consisted of three head of small, cheap mule. Grow-
ing upon the ranch, and now under water, were ninety acres of alfalfa. Mr. Cowell
bought a number of standard bred cows on time. That year, in the foothills, there
was a scarcity of feed, and the alfalfa pasture on his farm brought good prices. In
six months he had paid for the cows purchased on time and had gone in debt for an
additional number. The following Spring he paid for the cows purchased and started a
skimming station. The next year, besides the receipts from his skimming station, he
began to sell beef and pork.

In seven years he had paid for the ranch and had $17,000 in the bank.

He claims that any one applying the same amount of time and thought to the work
that he did could make a similar success in dairying on the Irrigated sand lands of San
Joaquin County.

LOS ANGELES, California, Dec. 23, 1904.
The California Promotion Committee, San Francisco, California: —

Gentlemen: I hereby wish to thank you for all the useful and helpful

information that you sent me prior to February 11, 1904, while I was a resident of the
City of New York. About October 15, 1903, I had heard a great deal about Califor-
nia and I decided to write to you and get a" the information that I could about this
country, climate and the prospects of securing work after I should arrive out here,
provided I came out, and after I had received several letters from you giving me the
information I had asked for, I made up my mind to come to California and locate,
which I did by leaving New York City February 4th and arriving In this city Febru-
ary 11th. I found the climate and weather and country perfectly lovely, and such ele-
gant flowers of all kinds in bloom all winter long outdoors, it was a very pleasant
surprise to me. I love this country very much indeed and I would never go back East
again to live, as this country is good enough for me. I have succeeded in getting
plenty of work and I find the wages are just as high as they are East, and I can live
cheaper here than I could in the East.

I can cheerfully recommend this country to anyone who Is thinking of coming out
here to make their future home. My mother arrived here about October 4, 1904, from
Ocean Grove, N. J., and she likes it so well that she says that she would not go back
East again to live if some one should buy a ticket and present it to her.

Fruits and vegetables are cheap out here.

Thanking you for your kindness to me, I remain,

Yours respectfully, (Signed.) A. E. OSTROM.

(Continued on pages 4 sod 0)

10

The Brown Family in California

By JASON BROWN
CHAPTER ELEVEN

IN WHICH WE ADD A YEAR'S RESULTS

ARK indeed is the Valley of Death
to those who fear their dear ones
treading toward it, and yet have in
their power no ability to rescue.
How bright is life when we are
able, by God's mercy, to lighten
those gloomy shadows and turn ill-
ness into health!

So thought I, as on the New
Year's eve, I watched the long purplish shadows
which the dying sun cast forth from the distant
foothills until they trembled, palpitated, wavered
and, at last deepened into twilight. Then came
darkness burying like Death itself all things from
man.

"Law, Jason," cried my wife, bustling cheerily
upon the veranda, "you sitting out here alone! I
wondered where you were. What do you think;
my young chicks are coming out of the brooder
fine and dandy. I'll have the first spring frys on
the market."

"Chickens never had a better mother," I said,
looking into her glowing face, radiant with
health. "Do you know, wife, as I've been sitting
out here, I've been taking stock of our first year
in California — adding up our credits and our
debits. The greatest item on our credit sheet is
your return to strength."

"Yes, isn't mamma looking well," assented
Ethel. "Mrs. Simpson says she is younger than
I am."

"And so I am, you minx," cried my wife, hap-
pily. "It's all because good old Doctor Cunning-
ham read that advertisement of the California
Promotion Committee and sent us Browns out
here to California."

"Gracious, here comes William Simpson and
his wife."

"Here's a New Englander," cried the jovial
Simpson, "who not only has not put all his eggs
in one basket, but has put the different eggs into
the right baskets.

"Let's take an inventory, Jason, and see what
your first year in California has brought you."

"Well," I said, "I bought twenty acres of good
agricultural land, at one hundred dollars an acre.
That alone cost me two thousand dollars. I could
have secured good agricultural land, but not quite
so near the railroad, for from thirty-five to fifty
dollars an acre."

"Good," said Simpson, "and the best thing you
did was to put all your land under cultivation."

11

BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA.

"Yes, we started right in. Our five-room cottage of redwood cost eleven hundred
dollars. We got four good milch cows for fifty-five dollars apiece, and with our hogs,
poultry, horses, farm machinery, fixtures and improvements, the total cost outside of
the land, ran up to seventeen hundred and seventy dollars. Altogether, I had only
three hundred dollars left out of the four thousand from the sale of our New England
farm."

"Right again," said Simpson, "and like a sensible man, after you had got things
started, you took your team and worked for somebody else. There's practically a de-
mand in California all the time for the fellow who can handle a farm team."

"Yes," I said, "that helped out considerable, and while I was working out with the
team, Mrs. Brown borrowed your incubator, and she and Ethel hatched out two hundred
and forty-one chicks out of three hundred eggs and got 'em on the market for early
spring frys. At the same time, Paulsen came for a dollar a day and board, because his
partner had the team on his farm and so he couldn't use it, and he and Robert and
Walter got the truck garden started. Then just a little later we made an arrangement
with the butcher, and when he peddled his meat around the country twice a week he
took our eggs, poultry, butter, milk and garden truck, and sold them on commission."

"And I, who am manager of a ranch big as some counties in the East, bought a lot
of your produce just because I, like a lot of other fellows on the big ranches, thought
I hadn't time to raise it," put in Simpson.

"And so we began to get an income," said my wife. "A few quarters here, a few dol-
lars there, but at the end of the week it amounted to something and tided us over from
month to month."

"You were bound to win out," said Simpson, "and of course you did, for you were
working along the right lines. The diversified farm, backed by alfalfa and irrigation,
is an economic proposition in California. Why, in the last fiscal year California im-
ported 7171.5 tons of butter and eggs and 4227 tons of poultry. Just think of that, pretty
near eight and a half million pounds of poultry alone, and this State can't be beat for
raising poultry."

"And then there was the barn. All the neighbors came and helped me put it up,"
I continued, supremely ignoring the digression of the statistically inclined Simpson.
"And when the barn was built, some one thought we ought all to get together and have
a co-operative creamery."

"Oh, you modest Jason," chuckled Simpson, digging me in the ribs. " He doesn't
want the credit for the creamery idea, Mrs. Brown, but, all the same, we put the cream-
ery on your place."

"Ye6, and you wouldn't take any money, but took the ground as my part."

"That's all right," said Simpson. "The little creamery only cost thirteen hundred
dollars. It only took a hundred dollars from each of eight of us to start it. Why, it
almost paid for itself in the first six months. Now we are running on velvet."

"Yes, we will have to enlarge. The separator only has a capacity of four hundred
and fifty pounds an hour. That engine has power enough to run a larger separator.
If I remember rightly, the separator, engine, churn, butter worker, Pasteurizer, cream
vats and incidentals came to seven hundred and forty-five dollars."

"You bet, that's a dandy engine," cried my boy, Robert, who had been honored with
the post of official engineer and gloried in his engineer's cap and blue jeans.

"Me and Walter, when the creamery ain't running, saw up a lot of eucalyptus Into
stove lengths for fire-wood.

"Jason, you have omitted something," said my wife.

"Ah, yes, our little prize heifer. She Isn't so little, though, for she's a Holsteln.
She's a wonderful milk giver, and If everything goes well she's the nucleus of a herd
of fine-bred stock."

"And the aggregate results of the year?" suggested Simpson.

"Well, we haven't made a fortune; but we have been comfortable and never once
In debt," I said. "I figure that the total proceeds of the farm, with our work on It and
my work outside, have brought in about eighteen hundred dollars. This is not net,
though. We must deduct from It wages of help, and such living expenses as had to
be made In buying things we don't raise. Next year we're going to raise pretty nearly
all our own food. Still we have several hundred dollars In the bank, and I figure that
the farm is worth a great deal more than when I bought it."

"Well, you've done well, Indeed, Jason," said Simpson, as he and Mrs. Simpson rose

12

BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA.

to go. "You've raised a tremendous lot of garden truck, vegetables and poultry, be-
sides your hogs, five milch cows, two horses. You have had every acre producing — you
have raised fodder for your stock and turned alfalfa and skim milk into pork. You
haven't taken chances on crops you didn't know anything about, and next year you
will find a bigger balance in the bank."

So we wished our kind neighbors a prosperous New Year and turned in for a good
light's sleep, our hearts full of hope and confidence in the future.

)ln the February number of For California will appear some interesting and profitable
facts about irrigation and what the Brown Family learned about it.

*****

Eight and a Half Million Pounds of Poultry and Fifteen Million Pounds of
Butter and Eggs Brought Here in One Year.

Millions of dollars' worth of products that can be and are raised here successfully
are brought to California from the East each year.

The California Promotion Committee announces the following imports from the
East for the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1904. These figures are compiled from sta-
tistics furnished by the various transportation companies:

Imports. Tons.

Butter and Eggs 7,171.5

Poultry 4,227.0

Cheese 2,002.0

Hams and Bacon 603.0

Beef and Pork 2,044.0

Lard 3,566.0

Meat in bulk 11,012.0

Tallow and Grease 132.0

Packing House Products 7,253.0

Cottolene 630.0

Tankage 360.0

Live Stock 20,550.0

Total (in tons) of imports 59,550.5

The exports of the same products for the same period were only 714 tons, of
which there were 41 tons of butter, 20 tons of packing house products, 13 tons of lard,
the remainder being live stock. The figures given are conservative. In all cases
where shipments have been made in car-load lots, the minimum carrying capacity
for the different invoices have been taken. If the average had been taken these fig-
ures would show up bigger than they do; but for the sake of over stating the lowest
possible estimate is given in every case. The amount of poultry imported into the
State during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, is close to eight million pounds, and
it is believed by the Committee that for the year 1904 almost ten million pounds of
poultry will have been brought from Eastern States.

California pays millions of dollars to the East for these products. Were the im-
ports enumerated in the table given to be estimated as low as 10 cents per pound,
they would have a valuation of $11,910,100; but butter, eggs and poultry, as well as
most of the other products enumerated, are not to be shipped here to take the place
of California products at these figures, as anyone who raises poultry knows. The Com-
mittee believes that the amount of money sent out of the State each year for products
which could be raised on the small farm reaches far up into the millions. Besides the
articles given in the Committee's tables, thousands of tons of vegetables of every
kind are brought into California every year. All these articles can be raised here, not
only to supply Californians, but to supply the markets of the world. The supply of
poultry products in most localities throughout the State is not nearly equal to the de-
mand, and this is brought out practically by the products herein enumerated.

California has grown more rapidly during the last two or three years than In a
decade previous, and thousands of acres have been made available for the small settler
so that he can go into Diversified Farming. It is estimated during the past year no
less than 460,000 acres of land have been thrown open to irrigation. Larger quanti-
ties of poultry are raised in California every year; dairying is increasing at the rate
of over a million dollars a year, and yet the poultry and dairy products are shipped into
the State in great quantities.

13

PUBLICATIONS BY THE

California Promotion Committee

SAN FRANCISCO AND ITS ENVIRONS

A guide to San Francisco, with routes throughout California. 112 pages of up-to-
date information, bound in red leatherette cover, stamped in gold, with map,
alphabetical key, authoritative descriptions of leading points of interest in the City
and State. — Price, Twenty-five Cents, postpaid, to cover cost only.

WHAT THE PRESS SAYS OF SAN FRANCISCO AND ITS ENVIRONS.

A compact little volume, well bound in red leather, and of suitable size for
carrying in the pocket. The information is thorough and valuable. — "Club Life."

Contains in most compact form a large amount of information. — "Argus."

The work is intended for the use of tourists or others not familiar with vari-
ous points of interest. It accomplishes its purpose in an admirable manner, and
contains many things which even the old resident will read with profit and en-
joyment.— "San Francisco Chronicle."

It contains many things which even the old resident will read with pleasure
and profit. — "Breeze," San Luis Obispo.

SAN FRANCISCO AND THEREABOUT, by Charles Keeler.

Cloth bound, library edition, magnificently illustrated, with cover design by
Mrs. Keeler. An adequate and picturesque treatment of San Francisco in the past
and present. Price, Fifty Cents, postpaid, to cover cost only.

CALIFORNIA ADDRESSES, by President Roosevelt.
All the addresses delivered in California by the President. 160 pages of reading
matter with 20 full-page additional half-tones. Price, Twenty-five Cents, postpaid,
to cover cost only.

Some Special Numbers FOR CALIFORNIA:

POULTRY RAISING
SPECIAL OPPORTUNITIES
DAIRY-FARM
HOG RAISING
INTENSIVE FARMING

Other attractive and reliable numbers shortly issued. Any three
numbers for Twenty-five Cents.

CALIFORNIA TO-DAY, by Charles Sedgwick Aiken.

A standard work upon the State and its resources. 190 pages, 61 representative
full-page half-tones. — Price, Six Cents, to cover postage only.

THE ITALY OF AMERICA— IN FRENCH, ENGLISH ITALIAN

Eight-page Illustrated booklet showing the similarity of California conditions
agriculturally to those of Italy.

MAP OF CALIFORNIA

Topographical Map of the State in handsome redwood frame, with glass, $1.00.
Unframed, by mail, five cents. Contains valuable data.

Thermal Map. Reproduced from "Climatology of California," by Professor Alex-
ander G. McAdie of the Weather Bureau. Shows huge thermal belt, with mean
temperature of 60-70 degrees. — Free.

CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA

By Professor Alexander G. McAdie, Published by the United States

Department of Agriculture.

Nominal price of 60 cents which will be refunded to the Government upon sale.

Is really a 94.00 book.

14

The California Promotion Committee

RKHtESENTINO

ANDKKY sit\!tl!i)ll(), Chairman Mann factor era and Producers Association

RUFl'S P. Ji:\\IN<.S, IBir nnHtP OHicer San KranclMco Chamber of Commerce

GEO. W. vtc\ I0AR, Treasurer Merchant* ExcIiiiukv of San Francisco

A. A. WATKINS San Francisco llonnl of Trade

l-'K !■:» J. KOSTEK San Francisco Merchant* Association

HON. GEO. C. PARDEK...
BEN J. IDE WHEELER...
DAVID STAKK JOllDAN.

Will, S. GREEN

R. P. 1. V I'll HOP

C. P. SOULE

JAMES A. BAKR

S. F. BOOTH

M. J. NEWMAHK

CHARLES S. FEE

W. A. BISSELL

R. X. RYAN

GEO. W. HEINTZ

LEWIS E. AUBURY.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Governor of California

Berkeley President University of California

Palo Alto President Leland Stanford Jr. University

REPRESENTING

, Colusa Sacramento Valley Development Assn.

. Hollister Central Coast Counties Improvement Ass*

. Eureka North Coast Counties

Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Assn.

... Fresno
... Los Angeles . . .
... Sau Francisco.
. . . San Francisco.
. . . San Francisco .
i . . . San Francisco .
. . . San Francisco .
STATE PUBLICITY

and

RUFUS P. JENNINGS ,

FRANCIS ft. STORY

W. A. BEARD

EDWIN STEARNS ,

COLVIN B. BROWN ,

GEORGE A. KELLOGG

ARTHUR G. BALAAM

I. B. McMAHILL ,

GILBERT B. MORROW

ADVERTISING.
Barnhart A Swaaey.
Cooper, F. J.
Well, William M.

AMMUNITION.
Union Metallic Cartridge Co.

ARCHITECTS.
Maggs, Herbert B.
Reid Bros.

John Galen Howard.
Sawyer, Houghton

ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW.
Bancroft, Philip
Chickering it Gregory .
Deamer A Stetson
Feigenbaum, Sanford
Ford, Tirey L.
Noyes, Bartholomew
Stratton A Kaufman
Sullivan A Sullivan
Treat, R. B.

ACCOUNTANTS.
Amrath, J. W.

BANKS.
Anglo-California Bank
Bank of California
California Safe Deposit

Trust Co.
Central Trust Co.
French-American Bank
German Savings and Loan

Society
Hlbernia Savings and Loan

Society
Italian-American Bank
London, Paris and American

Bank
Market Street Bank
Mercantile Trust Co. of San

Francisco
Mechanics' Savings Bank
Mutual Savings Bank
Pacific States Savings, Loan

and Building Co.
Savings and Loan Society
Security Savings Bank
Wells, Fargo A Co.'s Bank

BARBBER SUPPLIES.
Deckelman Bros.

BELTING AND PACKING.
New York Belting and Pack-
ing Co.

BOILER WORKS.
Keystone Boiler Works

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.
Crocker, H. S. Co.
Cunningham, Curtis A Welch
Elder, Panl & Co.
Payot, Upham A Co.
Sanborn, Vail A Co.
San Francisco News Co.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.
BREWERS.
Brewers' Protective Assn.

Fresno Chamber of Commerce

Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce

Southern Pacific Company

Atchison, Topeka A Santa Fe Railway

California Northwestern Railway

North Shore Railroad

California State Mining Bureau

COMMITTEE

REPRESENTING
San Francisco County
Counties South of Tehachapi
Sacramento Valley Counties

Oakland San Francisco Bay Counties

Stockton San Joaquin Valley Counties

Enreka North Coast Counties

Lompoc South Coast Connties

San Jose Central Coast Counties

Sonora Sierra Counties

. San Francisco .
. Los Angeles . . .
, Sacramento. . . ,

BROKERS.
Brown, Edward A Sons
Waniorek, M.

CANNERIES.
Jacobs, Isidor (California Can-
neries)

CAPITALISTS.
Borel, Antoine
Coleman, Robert L.
Durphy, B. F.
Giselman, William
Hayward, Alvinza
Hopkins, E. VV.
Mackay, Clarence
Marye, George F. Jr.
Mathews, H. E.
Meyer, Daniel
Pacific Improvement Co.
Phelan, James D.
Smith, F. M.
Sprcckels, Claus
Thompson, R. R.

CARPETS, LINOLEUM AND

UPHOLSTERY GOODS.
Hnlse, Bradford A Co.

CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY

AND FURNITURE.

Hoffman, Henry, Jr. (VV. J.

Sloane A Co.)

CASH REGISTERS.

Pierce A Co.

CIGARS AND TOBACCO.
Gunst, M. A. A Co.
Judcll, H. L. A Co.

CLOTHIERS.
Raphael, Inc.

COAL DEALERS.
Allen, Chas. R.

COFFEE, TEA AND SPICES.
Brandenstein, M. J. A Co.
Folger, J. A. & Co.
Hills Bros.
Jones-Paddock Co.
Schilling, A. A Co.
COMMISSION A MANUFAC-
TURERS' AGENTS.
Fluth, H. Gerard
Maillard A Schmieden
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
Armsby, The J. K. Co.
Horst, E. Clemens Co.

CONFECTIONERS.
Blum, Simon
Haas, Geo. A Son

COOPERAGE.
California Barrel Co.
Woerner Cooperage Co., David

CORDAGE.
Tuhbs Cordase Co.

CROCKERY AND GLASS-
WARE.
Anglo-American Crockery and

Glassware Co.
Nathan-Dohrmann Co.
CUSTOM HOUSE BROKERS.
Mayhew, F. E. A Co.

15

DAIRY MACHINERY.
De Laval Dairy Supply Co.

DAIRY PRODUCE.
Dairymen's Union of Cal.
Halght, Fred B.

DENTISTS.
Fletcher, Thomas

DEPARTMENT STORE.
Emporium

DRY GOODS.
City of Paris Dry Goods Co.
Hale Bros.
Murphy-Grant Co.
Newman A Levlnson
Raphael, Weill & Co. (Inc.)
Strauss, Levi A Co.
Strauss A Frohman
VVeinstock, Lubln A Co.
DRIED FRUITS.
Guggenheim A Co.
Phoenix Raisin Seeding and

Packing Co.
Rosenberg Bros. A Co.

DYEING AND CLEANING.
Hickman, Henry
Thomas, F., Dye and Cleaning
Works

EDUCATIONAL.
Ham, Charles H.

ELECTRICIANS.
Grueningen, H. V.
, EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS
AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
Castle Bros.
Getz Bros.
Jennings, Rufus P.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Wells-Fargo Express Co.

FANCY GOODS.
Sachs Bros. A Co.
FARM IMPLEMENTS AND

VEHICLES.
Baker A Hamilton
Hooker A Co.
Waterhouse A Lester

FREIGHT COMPANY.
Transcontinental Freight Co.

FURNITURE.
Brenner, John Co.
Cordes Furniture Co.
Friedman, M. A Co.
Fnller, Geo. H., Desk Co.
Indianapolis Furniture Co.
McCann, Belcher A Allen
Sterling Furniture Co.
Weber, C. F. A Co.

GAS AND ELECTRIC CO.
San Francisco Gas Co.

GAS AND ELECTRICAL
FIXTURES.
Day, Thomas A Co.
GAS ENGINES AND SCALES,
Union Gas Engine Co.

GAS REGULATORS.
Gas Consumers' Association

GENERAL. MERCHANDISE.
Smith's Cash Store.

GLASS COMPANY.
Illinois-Pacific Glass Co.
GOLD. SILVER and NICKEL

PLATING WORKS.
Deuaiston, E. G.

GRAIN WAREHOUSE.
Southern Pacific Milling Co.

HARDWARE.
French A Lin forth
Froelloh. Christian
Holbrook, Merrill A Stetson
Montague, W. W. A Co.
Pacific Hardware A Steel Co.
Tay, George H. Co.

HATTERS.
Collins, Charles J.
Flatter A Co.
Frledlaader Hat Co.
Meyer, C. H. A Bro.
Triest A Co.

HOTELS.
Alta Pines Mountain Resort
Brooklyn
California
Commercial

Hotel Ilelvedere, Belvedere.Cal
International Hotel
Lick Honse
New Western Hotel
Palace Hotel

INSURANCE.
Commercial Union Assurance

Co.
Fireman's Fnnd Insurance Co.
Foster, Geo. H. Co.
Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life)
Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
National Fire Insurance Co.
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance

of California
Royal and Queen Insurance

Co.
The Liverpool, London and
Globe Insurance Co.
JEWELERS.
Cnrrau A Green
Jurila, Alphonse Co.
Radke A Co.
Schusaler, M. A Co.
Sehweitser, Joseph
Shreve St Co.

KNIT GOODS.
Pflster, J. J. Knitting Co.
LEATHER GOODS.
Harphnra St Jnnsen

LIME AND CEMENT.
Holmes Lime Co.
Standard Portland Cement Co.

LITHOGRAPHERS.
Britton St Rey

Mutual Label Lithograph Co.
Union Lithographing- Co.

LOANS.
C H. Morrell

Flnaaee and Security Co.
MACHINERY AND ENGI-
JTBRRS* si PI'MES.
Cyclops Iron Works
Harroa, Rlckard A McCone
Henahaw, Bnlkley Co.
Meese St Gottfried Co.
Mania, John

Pacific Tool and Supply Co.
Tatuin St Homto
MEN'S rURNISHIWG GOODS.
Atkins, R. < . St Bona
Bullock St Jones
Neustadtcr Iiros.
I'rager, A. J. A Sons

METER CO Ml* A NY.
Pacific Meter < ...

METAL WORKS.
Finn, John
Pacific Metal Work.
Selby Smelting Works

Mil. I ills.
Port Co«»s Milling Co.
Sperry Floor Co.

MILI.IM.HV.
Toplits. Kobt. I.. A Co.

MIKING I MilNKBRI.
Callahan, H. C.
fiplaka. Chaa. 11.

NECKWEAR MANUFAC
vi - it f-: it.
nelnoman, H. M.

OPTICIANS.
California Optical Co.

OVERALLS AND SHIRTS.

Heynemann A Co.

OYSTER DEALERS.

Morgan Oyster Co.

PACKERS AND PROVISION
DEALERS.

Ilaceua, Richard T.

Miller A Lux

Western Meat Co.

PACKERS OF CANNED
FRUITS AND VEGE-
TABLES.

California Fruit Canners' As-
sociation

Hunt Bros. Co.

PAINTS, OILS AND GLASS.

American OH and Paint Co.

Bass-Hueter Paint Co.

Fuller, W. P. A Co.

PAPER BOXES.

Pacific Folding Paper Box Co.
PAPER DEALERS.

Blake, Moffit A Tonne

Bonestell. Richardson A Co.

Union Pulp and Paper Co.
PATENT MEDICINE.

California Fig Syrup

PHOTO ENGRAVERS.

Janssen Lithogrnvure Co.
PHYSICIANS.

Bryans, Edgar B.

Bryant, Edgar R.

Pischel, Kas'pnr (oculist)

Rosenstirn, Julius

PHARMACIST.

Leon di Nola A Co.

Martin, Henry J.

Schmidt, Val

PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER-
CHANDISE.

Mauzy, Byron

Sherman, Clay A Co.

POTTERY AND TERRA
COTTA.

Gladding, McBenn A Co.

PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU.

Allen's

PRINTERS A PUBLISHERS.

Barry Printing Co.

Commercial Publishing Co.

Gibson A Goldwater

Golden Gate Guide Publish-
ing Co.

Murdock, C. A. A Co.

Partridge, John

Phillips A Van Orden Co.

Stanley Taylor Co.

PUBLICATIONS.

Journal of Electricity, Power
and Gas

RAILROADS.

California Northwestern Rail-
road

Hlbbard, C. W.

REAL ESTATE AND LANDS.

Adams A Barry

(Santa Cruz.)

Italdvrln, O. D. A Son

Baldwin A Howell

Bell Real Estate Co.

Ilonrdinan Bros. A Co.

Bnsb, David A Sons

Cotatl Co., The

Goldman, J. A Co.

Hooker A Lent

l.jon A Hong

Mngee, Thoa. A Sons

\ares A Saunders

O'llrlcii, Charles F.

<)uiiin, John I ;.

Itealty Syndicate Co.

Shnln »•» old. lliickhce A Co.
The 76 I.nnd and Water < ...

I rnhscn. C. II. A |

lll>TMII \NTS.

Lararn. C. G.

Pnrltnn Dining Room Co.

Westerfield, P. A

ROOFINGS, 111 li DING P \-
\ \ D PAIN1

ParatTlne I'nlnf ( i... The

id mien GOODS.
Boston Woven Hoar and Rob-
ber
Goorivcar Kuliber Co.
Wlaslov . C. R. A C<

1(1 lllMIt STA MI'S, Kl (
Patrick A Co.

s \ lis * \l» VAULTS.
Herrlng-Hall-Marvla Safe Co,
Parsells-Greeawood Co.

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS.
Lleta Co, The A.
SEEDS, HERBS AND SPICES.
Volkman, C. M. A Co.

SCHOOL SUPPLIES.
Milton Bradley Co.

SEWING MACHINES.
Domestie

SEWING SILKS.
Carlson-Currier Silk Co.
SHIPPING AND COMMISSION.
Balfour, Guthrie A Co.
Johnson-Locke Mercantile Co.
Otis, McAllister A Co.
Sloss, Louis A Co.
Williams, Dlmond A Co.

SHIPPING.
Rosenfcld, Jno. A Sons.
Urloste A Co.

SHIPPING AND LUMBER.
Nelson, Chas. Co.. The

SLATE.
Eureka Slate Co.

SOAP FACTORY.
Luhn, Otto

STREET RAILWAYS.
California-Street Cable Rail-
way Co.

SURETY COMPANIES.
Pacific Surety Co.

SYRUPS.
Pacific Coast Syrup Co.

TAILORS.
Wankowskl, W.
Nordwell, C. W.
TANNERS AND LEATHER

DEALERS.
.ullmon, Sals A Co.
Norton Tanning Co., The
TELEPHONE AND TELE-
GRAPH.
Pacific States' Telephone and

Telegraph Co.
Postal Tel. Cable Co.
Western Union Tel. io.

TENTS AND AWNINGS.
Ames A Harris
Neville A Co.

THEATERS.
Orpheum Circuit Co.

TRANSFER COMPANIES.
McNab A Smith
ltenner, Geo.
San Francisco Transfer Co.

TRUNKS AND BAGS.
Hlrschfelder A Meaney
TYPEWRITERS.
Alexander, L. A M.

WALL PAPER.
Uhl Bros.

WATER WHEELS.
Pelton Water Wheel Co.. The

WHOLESALE GROCERS.
Goldberg, Bowen A Co.
Jennings, Thomas
Sussraan, Wormier A Co.
Tlllinann A Bcndcl
WHOLESALE 1.1 'M1IER AND

shipping.
Caspar Lumber Co.
Herhtman, A. J.
Hcyman, Julius
Hooper, C. A. A Co.

\\ INKS AND LIQUORS.
California Wine Association
i.I.t Co.. Theo.
Nundlucli-Ituiidachn W li
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10

For California Combinations

for 1905

COMBINATIONS A, B. C AND D

One Dollat
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OUR PRICE FOR THE TWO, $1.50

S Out West - one year - - - Two Doiiati

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With For California, our price - Four Dollars

OUR PRICE FOR THE FIRST FOUR

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A \ FOR CALIFORNIA, one year
A I Sunset one year

B
C
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COMBINATION NUMBER TWO

FOR CALIFORNIA, yearly subscription - One Dollar

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OUR PRICE FOR THE THREE

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cAddress-

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE'

25 New Montgomery Street, San Francisco, California

W

HEN ORDERING. STATE NUMBER OF COMBINATION DESIRED

FEBRUARY
3. VoL II. 1905. JO Cts. $1.00 a Year.

IRRIGATION NUMBER

FOR CALIFORNIA

=

IRRIGATION AND CLIMATE ROF. A. G. MCADIE

( U. 8. WEATHEr

HOW TO IRRIGATE ALFALFA ARTHUR E. MlOT

(SECRETARY TULARE COUNTY BOARD OF TRADE, VISALIA )

USE OF IRRIGATION FOR DIFFERENT CROPS

PROF. E. J. WICKSON

F CALIFORNIA)

IRRIGATION REGARDLESS OF RAINFALL WM. E. SMYTHE

HOR "CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA" )

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE NOVICE WILLARD P. CALKINS

(PUBLISHER "ORCHARD AND FARM")

CALIFORNIA'S WATER SUPPLY S. G. BENNETT

( ENGINEER U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY )

IRRIGATION BY PUMPING JOSEPH JACOBS

3. RECLAMATION SERVICE )

COST OF PUMPING PLANTS MRS. A. J. KANAGA

( EDITOR "FARM AND IRRIGATION AGE" )

GROWTH OF CALIFORNIA IN 1904

ILLUSTRATIONS MISS A. FlTZHUGH

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

SAN FRANCISCO

FOR CALIFORNIA.

FEBRUARY, 1905.

Application Mad* at 8an Franclaoo Pootofllo*
For Entry as Second-Claw Mattar

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

(THE STATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION)

THE PURPOSE OF THE COMMITTEE 18 TO GIVE TO THE WORLD RELIABLE AND

UNBIASED INFORMATION REGARDING THE RESOURCES OF AND THE

OPPORTUNITIES IN CALIFORNIA. FOR CALIFORNIA IS

PUBLISHED TO ASSIST IN CARRYING OUT THE

OBJECTS IN VIEW.

CORJtBfiPONDBHCB ImTITBD.

FOR CALIFORNIA

A MONTHLY PUBLICATION

"FOR THOSE WHO DESIRE THE BEST THERE IS IN LIFE."

MO ADVERTISEMENTS WHL APPEAR IN FOR CALIFORNIA

UNIVERSE

The California Promotion ComImittee

25 New Montgomery Street

SAN FR ANCI SCO

TOTAL, PRECIPITATION
Sose</ on £0 y»orm' record* ana/ /year- of norma/

MAP SHOWING TOTAL YEARLY RAINFALL (PRECIPITATION) IN CALIFORNIA. BASED

TWENTY YEARS' RECORD
(PN amount or MWnU M INMd o.icm scale of ih»ii)

ON

Irrigation and Climate

PROP. A. C. HcADIE, U. S. Weather Bureau

MONG the cardinal principles laid
down in standard works upon
agriculture is this, that though
all plant life is largely water,
and plant nourishment is ob-
tained from air and soil, the
chief function of ordinary
earthy soil is to afford standing
room for the plant. In California
there is no dearth of soil. In other words, there is
a large amount of excellent standing room and
the chief object of irrigation from the good citi-
zen's standpoint is to decrease this standing room
by filling up vacant places with living plants and
after these, homes and habitations. California
has soil, water and climate. Climate must be
taken as it is. But water can be stored and used
when needed and even the soil modified and to
some degree controlled.

If the rainfall of California could be distrib-
uted equally over the State, there would be
enough to satisfy all. But the rainfall is not
equally distributed and some portions of the
State have too little and other portions too much.
It is in that portion of the State where the rain-
fall is scant that the greatest gain in population
and home building has been made, and the ex-
planation is given by the words Climate, Soil,
Irrigation.

The rainfall map herewith shows that there is
a large water supply in California. It is neces-
sary in the southern portion of the State to get
a maximum efficiency from the water; whereas
in some portions of the north and at certain
times, especially from January to March, under
existing conditions, an excess of water works
positive injury. In the same section much fertile
land could be cultivated if properly irrigated.
But all years are not alike, and even in the north
with a plethora of water, there have been sea-
sons when the rainfall did not exceed five inches,
where the average seasonal, for a period exceed-
ing fifty years, is about twenty inches. And
conversely, in the far south there have been
seasons of fifteen inches (in one year twenty-six
inches) where the normal seasonal rainfall based
on fifty-five years' record, gives about ten inches.
In a single month, January, 1884, nine inches of
rain fell at San Diego and at Los Angeles thirteen
inches. Such seasons are generally associated
with enormous crop yields.

California, then, both north and south, is a
land where water plays an important role. It is

IRRIGATION AND CLIMATE— HOW TO IRRIGATE ALFALFA.

a land well adapted for the highest development of irrigation. The climate, the soil
and the water are present, but only by a wise use of the last of the trio can man fully
appreciate the blesing of the other two.

HOW TO IRRIGATE ALFALFA.

ARTHUR E. niOT, Secretary Tulare County Beard of Trade, VUolla, California.

While the amount of water applied and the time of its application must be largely
governed by the nature of the soil and the weather conditions, the system of flooding
is the universal method used. Under this method of irrigation a uniform distribu-
tion of water over the surface of the land is the prime object to be attained. Hence
the preparation of the land is the first and most important factor in the proper irri-
gation of alfalfa. The better the land is leveled and checked and supplied with dis-
tributing ditches, the better the result in spreading the water a uniform depth over
the land will be. He who plants alfalfa should remember that the work being done
is not temporary, but must stand for years, and that once properly done is always
done. Also, that the time and labor expended in the proper preparation of land is
an Investment. The saving of water alone in the amount required for irrigation on
land properly prepared will soon repay the expense incurred in thoroughly do-
ing the work, to say nothing of the increased yield as the result of proper
irrigation. As to whether square or contour checks are to be used, will
depend upon the topography of the land to be irrigated, and the amount of
land to be inclosed in each tier of checks should be governed by the volume of
water available for irrigation purposes. The greater the volume of water, the farther
apart the checks may be placed; and contrariwise for a small water supply. The
checks themselves or ridges should in all cases be built with scrapers, and should
have sufficient width of base to enable them to be broad and rounding at the top so
the mower and rake can pass over them with ease, and that the alfalfa may find suffi-
cient surface on the top of the ridges to form a sod uniform in thickness with the
level land. When the water supply is cheap and abundant, the water may be spread
over the land by drawing it from check to check; but where the supply of water is
limited, a great saving will be accomplished if the land is plentifully supplied with
small ditches from which the water can be delivered into the checks, thus preventing
the continuous flow of water from one tier of checks to another, which is wasteful
from the fact that the first tier of checks into which the water is delivered will
receive a greater amount of water than is actually required, while the last checks
will possibly not receive a sufficient quantity. In pump irrigation (by this we mean
where the water for irrigation is supplied with pumps) small checks and numerous
supply ditches are an absolute necessity for economical irrigation; and under this
system it is better to carry the water to the point farthest from the pump to com-
mence irrigation. Then if for any reason the pump has to be shut down and the
water supply stopped, it is not necessary to traverse the same land a second time in
the delivery of the water. As to how much water should be applied at each irriga-
tion, is a question that can be decided only by the nature of the soil upon which it
is to be applied. Where the water level Is close to the surface of the earth, frequent
irrigations are not necessary. Through a greater portion of the San Joaquin Valley,
and especially the upper part — which is formed by the deltas of the Kings, Kaweah,
St. John and Kern rivers— one and two irrigations a season are sufficient. On sandy
or gravelly lands, where the surface water Is not close enough to the surface to fur-
nish sub-irrigation, the amount of water applied must be greater and the number of
irrigations more frequent. In all cases we believe that the best results are obtained
by thoroughly saturating the ground In the early spring and lessening the amount of
water applied as the weather becomes warmer. Where the water supply is available
at all times, an irrigation of from three to six inches after each cutting will be the best
method of irrigation upon lands that have no sub-irrigation supply. On heavy allu-
vial soils that are sub-Irrigating in their nature, one irrigation in the spring and one
the latter part of June will be all that Is required.

*****

The World To-Day, of Chicago, in its March issue, out February 20, will contain a
highly Illustrated article entitled "Building Up a State by Publicity." This relates to
the work of the California Promotion Committee and organizations throughout the
8tate which are working for California.

The Use Of Irrigation For
Different Crops

E. J. WICKSON, Protessar of Agricultural Practice ia the University of California.

F ONE could prepare plain sched-
ules of the amounts of water to
use for different crops with the
dates at which the water should
be applied, and could make such
a schedule in all respects con-
ducive to the highest success
with all of the plants specified,
the service would be worth more
to the country than the thirty odd
millions of dollars which are now lying in the
treasury at Washington awaiting expenditure in
irrigation development. But no one can ever
perform such a valuable service; in fact, no one
can ever make out such a schedule for a single
one of the numerous crops which are grown by
irrigation which would be more trustworthy than
was the old "farmers' almanac," as a weather
prophet. It is a wise man who knows just when
to use water and just how much to use for the
best growth of the crops on his own farm. It is
beyond human wisdom to prescribe times and
amounts for all crops in all places. This proposi-
tion should be generally understood, for it
is fundamental in irrigation practice and
the following truths are involved in it:
(a) Different plants require different
imounts of water and the same plant
may require different amounts of water
at different times in the growing season.

(b) Different soils require different amounts
of water to produce satisfactory growth of
plants.

(c) Different local climates, chiefly because
of the different degrees of thirst in the air, require
different amounts of water and different inter-
vals between applications, for the same crop.

It appears, then that the irrigator must know
the needs of his plants, the water-capacity of his
soil and the rate of use by the plant as well as
the rate of waste at different times of the year.
It would be exceedingly hard to express any of
these mathematically and with such variable
conditions the most accurate expression of that
kind would have very narrow application. Fortu-
nately, however, the plant itself is an unerring
revelator and gives signs of thrift, content, pro-
ductive ability, or the reverse of these, as the
case may be, and these are the signs which the
irrigator must learn to recognize, for they con-
vey the deepest meaning to the intelligent ob-
server. Do not look, then, for easy recipes for
irrigation. Receive suggestions from the methods

THE USE OF IRRIIGATION FOR DIFFERENT CROPS

of others as they appear in print, or are demonstrated in garden, field and orchard, but
do not look upon the practice of other men on other lands as a thing to be imitated by
you without thought to see whether the plants show you that they are fully suited and
thus prove to you that your conditions are like those of the other men. When his is
done there is often much to be gained by imitation.

To know a plant's condition by its looks is not always easy or simple, but the
beginner must learn to do it. Of course, for this brief outline we must rule out all
unthrift of plants caused by insects or plant diseases, or by alkali or other defects
of the soil. Attention must be confined wholly to the influences of adequate moist-
ure and of the lack of it.

Indications of adequate moisture are:

(a) Full and free growth of each plant according to its nature and one must
learn by experience what that growth should be.

(b) Good size, substance and color of leaf; freedom from curling or drooping or
other indication of distress; in the case of vegetables, freshness and crispness.

(c) Satisfactory size, quality and commercial acceptability of fruit, grain, or
vegetable. This is the ultimate test of adequate moisture and is assurance that
moisture remains until the close of the season which is a most important considera-
tion.

The opposite of the foregoing indicate the need of more water; and, if irrigation
is practiced, either the use of more water or the application at shorter intervals is
' necessary.

These are also indications of excess of water either from natural retention in an
undrained soil, or from excessive amount or frequency of irrigation.

(a) Too lush and rank growth causing weak stems and lack of erectness in the
plant, or watery, flavorless condition in esculent parts.

(b) Failure to set fruit because of excessive vegetative activity, as in the case
of the tomato.

(c) Disease of the root resulting in decay thereof, manifested by the dying back
of the spring growth and by gumming and dying back of branches later in the sea-
son. Dieback is also caused by drought, but is then preceded by other signs of suffer-
ing.

These things being true, it follows that any rule for the irrigation of any plant
will fail in many cases because it cannot include consideration of all soils; and any
rule for the irrigation of any soil will fail in many cases because it cannot include
consideration of all plants. The only rule which will be universal is that the amount
or frequency of irrigation must vary in accordance with the character of the soil, the
requirements of the plants and the dryness of the air at the time — which is merely
a formula of variables and no rule at all.

And yet one should not be discouraged by such a confession. It is proof that irri-
gation is a rational proceeding and cannot be mastered without close local observa-
tion and earnest thought. Growing plants by irrigation is a higher art than growing
them by rainfall; it produces richer results and reaches them with greater certainty.
Nature is intensely cruel to plants. Nature, for example, destroyed the finest forests
which she ever grew, and yet Nature operating according to her own plans and select-
ing plants for different situations, produces better results than when man choses the
plants and situations to meet his own desires and calls upon Nature to nourish them
without effort on his own part to assist in bringing plant food and water to meet the
needs of the plant. People sometimes exalt the beneficence of Nature in agriculture,
forgetful of the fact that even before the dawn of history man had learned that agri-
culture is in its very nature artificial and not natural and that the grandest work of
Nature is the mind of man with power to direct natural forces and assemble them for
his own purposes. This same mind of man which learned the advantage of Irriga-
tion in the Garden of Eden, must still give its best powers to determining what are the
best uses of water for every plant desired; upon every acre chosen for its growth; in
every climate which presents desirable temperatures. This is the most important
lesson the intending Irrigator has to learn and the sooner he makes it the foundation
for his future courses the wiser he is and the more prosperous he will be.

Berkeley, California, January, 1905.

a

Irrigation Regardless Of
Rainfall

WILL1AMJ E. SHYTHB,' Author; of "The Conqutct of Arid America," etc.

^ OF THE

NIVERSITY

ANY years ago, when irrigation
"cranks" were by no means as
numerous as they are to-day, I
received a telegram from the
Superintendent of the State In-
sane Asylum at Kankakee, Illi-
nois, which read as follows:

"Send me an expert irrigator at
once. Signed, Dr. Clarke Gapen."
I was editor of an irrigation journal at the time
and was credited with far more knowledge than
I actually possessed — a fact which I tried to con-
ceal, with what success I do not know. My first
thought on receiving the telegram was that the
good doctor had joined his unfortunate patients
and gone mad. However, I found an irrigator for
him and dispatched him to Kankakee. That was
the last heard of the matter until the receipt of
an enthusiastic letter from Dr. Gapen some time
afterwards.

The doctor explained that he had formerly ex-
pended about $15,000 every year for vegetables to
supply the great institution under his charge and
that it had suddenly occurred to him that if he
could control the moisture during the dry period
of the Illinois summer he could produce these
vegetables on the farm belonging to the asylum.
He bought an inexpensive pumping plant and
went to work under the advice of his expert
rrigator. As a result, he saved the annual ex-
penditure for vegetables and a good deal more
than paid for the cost of the plant the first year.
Now, Illinois is not generally regarded as belong-
ing to the arid region. On the contrary, it enjoys
a very fair average rainfall. But after his practi-
cal experiment, Dr. Gapen made this highly inter-
esting statement:

"I am convinced that if land in Illinois is worth
$100 an acre without irrigation, it is worth $500
an acre with it."

A little fact sometimes goes much farther than
a large amount of argument. Hence, I am always
glad to give the facts about the Kankakee ex-
periment when asked if irrigation pays in
localities of considerable rainfall. Here is
another fact along the same line:

There was once a market gardener in the
neighborhood of a large New England city who
always had the earliest, the latest and the best
vegetables in the market. His customers could
not understand the secret of his success and his
competitors were in despair until someone dis-

IRRIGATION REGARDLESS OF RAINFALL r-

covered that he had been systematically stealing water from the city main and engag-
ing in the surreptitious irrigation of his garden. So irrigation performed its miracle
in the moist climate of New England quite as effectively as it does in the arid West
Indeed, the famous market gardens at Arlington, in the Boston suburbs, have been
irrigated for years. Elaborate experiments conducted by the Government in New
Jersey have completely demonstrated that irrigation is a paying investment there.
Major John W. Powell said years ago: "There is probably not one acre of tillable
land in the United States the value of which would not at least be doubled by skillful
irrigation." I have no doubt the statement is correct.

There are many parts of California where irrigation is not employed, but there
is no part of California where its employment would not increase land values, raise
the standard of living and produce remarkable social gains. But this statement
should always be accompanied with the proviso that the work must be done skillfully
and that good drainage, either natural or artificial, must supplement irrigation. Of
course, there are moist lands where certain crops may be produced with the utmost
success without the aid of water from a ditch, but this is merely natural sub-irriga-
tion— a matter wholly apart from the annual rainfall.

Even in those portions of California which receive the largest amount of rain and
snow, there is a long dry period during the season adapted to the growth of crops.
There cannot be continuous production, and, therefore, the largest production upon a
given area, without artificial moisture. Neither can there be the largest diversifica-
tion of crops. It consequently follows that there cannot be the densest population,
the smallest farm unit, and the highest social conditions. In other words, we simply
cannot make the most of the wonderful soil and climate with which God endowed the
State of California unless we have the widest application of scientific irrigation. Until
this fact secures general recognition, and until we control and utilize the last available
inch of water, California cannot begin to approach its highest development, or take
its true place in the ranks of civilization.

This doctrine is unpopular with certain men and in certain localities. Lands are
sometimes advertised with the statement that "No irrigation is required." Inquirers
are even informed that irrigation is an injury, especially to fruit. The latter theory
once prevailed in the Santa Clara Valley, but public sentiment has changed. Un-
skillful irrigation may do harm in the dryest places, but skillful irrigation will do
good even where rainfall is most abundant. The man who insists that irrigation is not
necessary generally has unirrigated real estate for sale. It is when he is particularly
hungry for a customer that he goes farther and assures you that it is a very great
misfortune to be able to control the moisture and apply it to your trees, your garden
or your field at the particular moment when it is needed to produce the best results.
But if you cross the road and make your inquiries of the man who is making his
living by tilling the soil in the hot and dusty summer, you are pretty certain to hear
a different story.

California has been in the past the land of great estates, but It is destined to be
the land of little farms. It has been the place of speculation, but it will be the home
of sober industry. It has expended its efforts largely in the production of single
crops, but it will be the paradise of diversified farming. Its one thought used to be
to get rich, but now its dream is to get a living — a noble, generous and well-rounded
living for the masses of men. Over and above every other land the sun shines upon,
California was designed to be the land of the common people.

The greatest single influence in bringing all this about will be the extension of
irrigation wherever water can be found to put upon the land. And this will be done
regardless of rainfall. The process is well under way and gathers force with every
passing year. It pays as a matter of dollars and cents, but It pays even better in the
form of social dividends. Men did not know this at first. They have learned it in the
school of experience. We are only beginning to understand the laws of the universe
and to comprehend that, since laws cannot conveniently be repealed, we had better
shape our customs to suit them. Hence, we shall Irrigate from Siskiyou to San Diego—
from Truckee to the sea.

Considerations For The Novice
In Irrigation

WILLARD P. CALKINS, PublUhar Orchard and Farm.

HE Eastern man, farmer or not, who
has a notion of linking his life with
the soil in California, reads at
home, or sees during a trip, more
or less of the attractions and the
changed conditions he will encoun-
ter here, and very likely the idea
of irrigation is what strikes him
as most strange. Perhaps he has
an initial prejudice in favor of districts of the
State where "irrigation is not needed," but if he
decides in favor of some of the irrigated colony
tracts or districts, he probably feels somehow
that he will be able to succeed through getting
around the laws of nature. It is so different
from the old way with which he and his people
have always been familiar. His point of view is
different from that of a man raised in an irrigated
country, and his point of view is a wrong one. To
him it is the proper and natural way of agriculture
that crops shall be watered by the rains that
Providence sends in their season, and from his
point of view irrigation is a reversal of the
natural process and a convenient and successful
remedy for a bad natural disadvantage. His ideal
agricultural region would be attended by abun-
dant rains in proper season.

He should shift his point of view and find the
ideal, the "natural," if you please, in an irrigated
country. It is water at the roots of growing
things, and not in itself rain from above, that
gives life to what springs from the soil, and it
was no more ordained by nature that man should
depend only on the clouds for his crops than that
he should depend on the natural condition of the
soil without tillage. The ideal conditions under
which a man may till the ground are those of
rich soil, abundantly watered at the right time,
much sunshine to promote growth and little rain-
fall to produce uncertainties and interfere with
work and plans. As William E. Smythe has said,
"Irrigation is not a substitute for rain, but rain is
a poor substitute for irrigation." With this con-
ception the colonist will not come to succeed in
spite of a light rainfall, but to find a chance to be
an ideal farmer under ideal conditions.

The absolute certainty of the water needed for
crops is something that, in itself, the Eastern
farmer can readily appreciate, for from boyhood
he has seen lean and fat years, according to rain-
fall, and frequent partial failures of this and
that crop. He can recall many times of Intense
general anxiety and the prayers that went up-

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE NOVICE.

ward while cornfields withered. When, during the long rainless summer in his new Cali-
fornia home, he lets his furrows fill with water exactly according to his Judgment or
pleasure, he will realize what the elimination of the rain problem means. California
has its rain problems, of course, but they disappear to the degree that the irrigation
problem is solved in any region. The Eastern man may reflect on what premium he
could afford to pay at home through a term of years to be fully insured against all'
even partial, failures of crops through lack or excess or untimeliness of rain, and then
reflect that he may get that insurance in an irrigated district, along with much else,
by paying so much an acre for water. What would he have paid back there to be able
to start and stop the rain, have it drizzle or pour, fall during determined hours, and
on this field and not on that? Here he may do all that, in effect, at a cost of 50 cents
and upward per acre.

One of the many elementary conceptions to be gained by the stranger to irrigation is its
relation to land values. Irrigation is a something that in itself makes land worth more —
more than the same land would be worth if a miracle provided the rainfall of a humid
region. Irrigation develops the highest possible commercial value of land for agricul
tural uses, and the highest priced lands in the United States are in some of the most
completely developed and peopled irrigated districts of California. The Eastern man
bought or sold farms without thought of the water. It went with the sky above. In an
irrigated district he conceives of buying two things, and the water is a very real and
tangible property and marvelously cheap in relation to its intrinsic value.

Some colonists come to California seeking a fully developed income-producing
home, as one would in the East, but most people who go westward for land figure on
buying what will increase in value as well as provide an income. "Cheap land" is
everywhere a great motive in immigration. There is no desirable part of the world
where one may pursue that plan with greater confidence in the future than in many
of the districts of California now or soon to be provided with irrigation systems. Here,
particularly in the great central valley of the State, are hundreds of thousands of acres,
recently or soon to be brought under canal systems, which can now be bought for, say,
$25 to $75 an acre with water rights.

The colonist from the East is characteristically a progressive man, apt to appre-
ciate the meaning of modern "scientific" agriculture. He will soon see that scientific
agriculture reaches its highest possibilities in a sunny and winterless land with the
aid of irrigation. "Intensive culture" and "diversified farming" are elementary features
of the modern gospel of agricultural success and he may readily see that on the
small California irrigated farm these principles may be carried out to incomparable
perfection.

The California climate will make a difference in the current of his life and labor
and so will his coming within the influence of this institution of irrigation. It charac-
teristically means small farms, near neighbors, enterprise, thrift, prosperity, intelli-
gence, a greater feeling of common interests, more ready co-operation and more of the
material conveniences and adornments of modern civilization. Self-sufficient inde-
pendence, the glory of the farmer's life, is to be gained in its greatest perfection on
the small irrigated farm. Such a farmer finds much added to his life. New and
broader activities and interests easily come to him and new room for skill and ambi-
tion in his calling.

It would be well for the intelligent California colonist to early make as thorough
a study of the history and methods of irrigation as his convenience will allow. He
may get along very well in his new home by following the practice and advice of his
neighbors, but he will be more successful If he studies the science of irrigation in rela-
tion to soils, crops, methods, etc., and particularly with reference to his own, for,
of course, much of the success with Irrigation must depend upon the skill with which
it it used, and he can find many Interesting practical problems that concern him and
his fields. The ways to such knowledge are not hard to find. From a broader stand-
point, the whole great story of Irrigation, "mother of Institutions," as a factor in the
world's civilizations, and particularly as a tremendous factor in the present and future
of California, is well worthy of his Interest. He may thus gain a larger and clearer con-
ception of the potential greatness of the State whose future he has come to share, and
he will more competently and readily take an Intelligent citizen's part in solving prob-
lems and meeting tasks that are ahead for this great commonwealth, which is des-
tined to develop the practice of Irrigation to a perfection never before reached and to
found a matchless civilization largely on the intelligent use of a peerless water supply.

10

california's water supply for

Irrigation

5. Q. BENNETT, Engineer United State* Geological Survey

The proper solution of the irrigation question is the greatest economic problem
now before the people of California. The water supply is the most important factor
in the solution of this problem. The Hydrographic Branch of the United States
Geological Survey has been making a study of the water supply in this State since
1895. On July 1, 1903, the State began to co-operate with the Federal Government in
this work. There are now seventy-two gaging stations being maintained. The data
being accumulated at each of these points has its specific value in connection with the
future development of the magnificent resources of the State. The information will
be invaluable in designing and making estimates of cost for storage, irrigation, power
and drainage works, and for use in litigation. Its greatest value will be in determin-
ing the water supply available for storage and irrigation purposes.

Before giving some of the results of these stream measurements, an explanation
will be made of the units used. The term "second-feet" (sec.-ft.) is an abbreviation
for cubic feet per second. It is the number of cubic feet of water flowing by the gag-
ing station every second. A continuous flow of one second-foot of water will cover one
acre of land two feet deep every twenty-four hours. An "acre-foot" is the quantity
of water it would take to cover an acre to the depth of one foot, or it is 43,560 cubic
feet of water. This quantity is used in making estimates for irrigation projects, for
giving the annual run-off of streams and in expressing the storage capacity of reser-
voirs. This is also a convenient term for use in stating the duty of water, or the depth
of water necessary to irrigate an acre of land during an irrigation season. For instance,
if it is known that two acre-feet are required per acre in one irrigation season in a
certain locality, and the capacity of the storage reservoirs in that vicinity is stated
in acre-feet, the amount of land that can be irrigated from the reservoirs is readily
obtained.

The principal part of the flow of the streams tributary to the Sacramento occurs
during the winter or rainy season, when the water is not needed for irrigation. This
is true in a less degree of the streams tributary to the San Joaquin River. The crest
of the Sierra Nevada, where these streams have their source, is generally higher than
that part of the range where the tributaries of the Sacramento River rise, and more
of the precipitation is in the form of snow. This snow is melted in the spring and
early summer, and sustains the flow of the streams when the water is most needed for
irrigation. The maximum flow of the Colorado River comes nearer coinciding with the
season of greatest need for irrigation than any other stream in California.

These facts will be illustrated by the following table:

Table Showing the Four Months of Greatest Run-off for Six California Streams and
the Percentage this bears to Total Annual Run-off.

STREAM

Length of
Recori
used.

DISCHARGE IN ACRE - FEET

Total for four
months of
greatest flow
In acre - feet.

fl

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

HAY

JUKE

JULY

AUGUST

" j=15

SACRAMENTO ...

9 years
S years

7 years
9 years

8 years
3 years

1,189,600

1,551,400

1,594,800
198,700

1,033,700
2SO,efJ0
246,200
217,500
86,100

5,419,500
1,343,000
1,364,800
1,298,500
393,100
6,920,000

55%

TUOLUMNE

455,300
488,300
473,400
135,800
1,996,200

398,400
463,100
463,300
113,400
2,766,600

71%

SAN JOAQUIN...
KINGS

166,600

144.300

57,800

1,497,300

71%

75%

KERN

68%

COLORADO

659,900

71%

The run-off from the watershed of the Sacramento River for the months of April,
May, June and July is less than 28 per cent of the total for the year. The above table
shows that the rivers of the San Joaquin Valley are better adapted for irrigation pur-
poses than those of the Sacramento Valley. The latter must be supplemented to a
great extent by storage reservoirs. Fortunately, nature has been more liberal in pro-
viding natural basins suitable for convertion into storage reservoirs in the Sacramento
drainage area than in the San Joaquin. The Geological Survey has been surveying these
reservoir sites, and to date has surveyed sites in this basin that have a total storage
capacity of 5,002,700 acre-feet. Stream gagings are being made at practically all of the

11

CALIFORNIA'S WATER SUPPLY— STATISTICS FOR 1904.

dam sites to determine how much of this storage capacity can be utilized. Numerous
reservoir sites also exist in the San Joaquin Basin, many of which have been surveyed
and their capacity determined. The most important of these are located in the Kings
and Tuolumne River Basins. The water from Kings River, increased by the supply that
could be made available by building storage reservoirs known to exist, would irrigate
double the amount of land now irrigated from this stream.

Sacramento Valley, with its 2,661,120 acres of land of unsurpassed fertility, its
equable climate, its large water supply, its great range of high-priced agricultural prod-
ucts, its proximity to markets, and its transportation facilities, presents the greatest
latent opportunity for irrigation development in the West. If to this be added the
7,386,000 acres of irrigable land in the San Joaquin, making a total of more than 10,-
000,000 acres for the great valley of California, it is doubted if the irrigation possibili-
ties from an economic standpoint are surpassed in the world. In addition to this,
the water supply is such that large tracts of land can be irrigated in the Salinas, Pit
River and Shasta Valleys. The irrigated area can be increased in the Owens River,
Honey Lake and Colorado River Valleys/The water of the Colorado River is particu-
larly well adapted to irrigation on account of the large amount of fertilizing silt which
it contains.

The irrigated area in California will be largely increased by the economical use of
water.

As lands are brought under irrigation the duty of water will increase, and the
irrigated areas will be extended as the water plane is raised. In some localities it will
be necessary to keep down the water plane by pumping. This ground water can be
used for irrigating other lands.

NOTE. — For the information of those who wish to study the water supply of the
State in detail, reference is made to the following Water Supply and Irrigation Papers,
published by the Geological Survey:

No. 45. Water Storage on Cache Creek, Cal., by A. E. Chandler.

Storage of Water on Kings River, Cal., by J. P. Lippincott.
California Hydrography.

Storage of Water on Stony Creek, Cal., by Burt Cole.
Water Resources of Salinas Valley, Cal., by Homer Hamlin.
Progress Report on Hydrographic Investigations in the Sacramento Basin, by 8. G.
Bennett. This latter is soon to be published.

No. 58.
No. 81.
No. 86.
No. 89.

CALIFORNIA'S STATISTICS

Gold $18,970,000

Silver 1,280,000

Petroleum 19,896,702

Quicksilver 1,534,220

Copper 4,105,000

Other minerals 5,105,000

Raisins— pounds 75,000,000

Figs — pounds 5,000,000

Dried fruits other than prunes

— pounds 49,260,000

Prunes— pounds 125,000,000

Canned fruits — cases 2,830,000

Olive oil— gallons 45,000

Pickled olives — gallons 60,000

Oranges— boxes 11,287,216

Lemons— boxes 1,128,600

Nuts— pounds 16,650,000

OF PRODUCTION FOR 1904

Fresh fruits — pounds 425,000,000

Wine — gallons 29,750,000

Wheat— bushels 1 5,862,500

Barley — bushels 23,683,360

Oats — bushels 5,120,000

Corn — bushels 1,640,000

Hay — tons 1,965,000

Potatoes — bushels 6,147,500

Asparagus — pounds 22,370,000

Beans — pounds 11 5,500,000

Butter— pounds 35,636,969

Cheese— pounds 6,133,898

Beet sugar— pounds 109,600,000

Hops— pounds 11,780,000

Lumber— feet 814,250,000

Honey— pounds 2,640,000

Brandy — gallon* 1,265,000

BUILDING CONTRACTS FOR JANUARY

The building contracts In San Francisco for January, 1905, were as follows:
Frame, $719,706; brick, $1,492,679; alterations, $53,309; total, $2,267,694.

* Complete returns on minerals may show sn Inorease. Qold bss also been estimated at 110,600,000 and
sllTcr at |l,633,31f.

12

Irrigation By Pumping

JOSEPH JACOBS, United States Reclamation Service

In the popular mind, Irrigation implies a gravity orsurface— catchment system for deliv-
ering water to the land, but in recent years pumping has come more and more to be rec-
nized by engineers as a legitimate and profitable means of supplying water for irrigation,
and it is destined to grow in importance with the development of cheaper power. Lands that
lie beyond the economic scope of gravity supplies are often entirely reclaimable by
pumping, and numerous cases are of record where both systems being available, the
advantage as to first cost and to operating expense has been with the pumping plant.

Although taken up seriously by California only within the past few years, irrigation
by pumping is by no means a new art.

Windmills have been used extensively owing to their ease of installation and their
almost negligible operating expense. They should be used only where a comparatively
regular wind can be depended on, and for greatest economy should be supplemented
with storage reservoirs or tanks to conserve the full capacity of the mill during hours
and days when no irrigating is done. The mills in common use are 12 to 16 inches
in diameter, and, depending on the lift, will pump sufficient water to irrigate from one
to three acres of land without storage or from three to nine acres where storage is
provided. Their first cost of $30 to $40 per acre irrigated makes them applicable to the
irrigation of small areas, but it is believed that with larger and more powerful mills
grouped about ample reservoirs and where proper wind conditions prevail, they can be
made to compare favorably with the more approved types of pumping plant.

Of the many types of pumps available and in use the most common is, perhaps, the
centrifugal pump. They are made on the coast in standard sizes, ranging from 2 to 15
inches for diameter of suction and discharge pipes, and on special order can be made
any size required. The first cost will depend on size of plant and type of motor used.
For small plants capable of serving 100 acres or less, the first cost has usually been $12
to $15 per acre, and operation and maintenance from $2 to $3 per annum per acre
irrigated. For larger plants the relative cost has been materially lower.

A recent estimate made by the United States Geological Survey for an extensive
pumping system to serve some 300,000 acres of land in the San Joaquin Valley, indi-
cated the first cost of plant to be about $4 per acre and the annual cost of operation
and maintenance to be about 50 cents per acre-foot, or say $1 per year per acre irrigated.
When it is borne in mind that the average cost of installation of gravity supply sys-
tems in California has been about $13 per acre and the average annual charge for irri-
gation $1.60 per acre, the great possibilities of pumping can be appreciated.

The gasoline engine has proven very efficient and cost per acre by this method
should not exceed $6.00 per year, an entirely economic figure for valuable fruit crops.

With the present price of fuel oil, the cost per acre irrigated with steam power
should be from $1.50 to $3.00 per year for lifts ranging from 25 feet to 70 feet.

The utilization of our mountain streams for the development of hydro-electric
power plants has in it the most potent promise for the extension of irrigation by pump-
ing. With the present commercial rates for electric power and the low lifts that very
generally obtain throughout our interior valleys, the cost of pumping by this system
should rarely exceed $1 per year per acre.

The scope of this article will not permit a review of the extent to which pumping
is already practiced in this State. There are, however, numerous plants operating, as, for
instance, in the Santa Clara Valley, where there are about 2000 plants, most of which
have been installed within the past five years; in the Woodland district, where nearly
1000 acres have been brought under cultivation by pumping; in the vicinity of Corning,
at the northern end of the Sacramento Valley, in the San Joaquin Valley, and very
extensively in the southern part of California, where unusual energy has been dis-
played in conserving the water supply, it is estimated that they have installed suffi-
cient pumping capacity to increase their supply by some 20,000 miner's inches, thereby
saving to themselves and to the State valuable orchards which would otherwise have
perished.

Considering the available supply of cheap fuel and the numerous electric power
plants now developing, probably in no place in the arid west are conditions so favorable
for economic irrigation by pumping as in California.

13

Cost of Pumping Plants

riRS. A. J. KANAOA, Editor Farm and Irrigation Age.

It is with pleasure that I submit the following on irrigation pumps, methods, cost of
operating, etc., for the Irrigation Number of FOR CALIFORNIA.

The following figures may be of interest:

Cost of operating per day of ten hours, 80 cents to $1.00.

Cost of installing plant, $12.50 per acre.

Cost of putting water 12 inches deep on 80 acres, 60 or 75 cents per acre.

A letter from Mrs. H. L. Davis of Salinas, Monterey County, will be interesting to
your readers. She says in part:

"I am now irrigating 483 acres of land. I have 300 acres in sugar beets and 100
acres in potatoes and 80 in beans. My object in writing is to tell my experience in
irrigating with a pumping plant. I have two artesian wells 150 feet deep and with one
22-horsepower engine I irrigate this whole piece of land and also 150 acres of a neigh-
bor's. I contemplate buying another engine in the spring and will then irrigate more
land."

Another letter, from Mr. Al Griffin, says:

"I am using a 12-horsepower distillate engine, with 6-inch pump, to irrigate
80 acres of raisins. The original cost of my plant was $1000. It has a flow of from
900 to 1000 gallons per minute, with a total lift of 30 feet. I could irrigate 150 acres
with this plant."

MEASUREMENTS

One miner's inch of water equals 9 gallons of water per minute California meas-
urement, or .02 cubic foot per second. This amount will cover ten acres, 1.45 feet, or
practically V/2 feet deep in one year running of water.

Four hundred gallons per minute equals 44 miner's inches and will cover 88 acres
12 inches deep in 100 days running twelve hours per day; for 10-foot lift, 2 horsepower,
20-foot lift, 4 horsepower.

Sixteen thousand gallons per minute equals 177 miner's inches. This will cover 353
acres of land 12 inches deep, running 12 hours per day. Lift of 10 feet, 8 horsepower;
lift of 20 feet, 16 horsepower.

STEAM PLANT

One thousand acres of land, capacity of pump 4500 gallons per minute, approx-
imated horsepower 40. This pump will cover 1000 acres 12 inches deep in 100 days,
running twelve hours per day — being a twenty-foot lift for water. If the water required
a ten-foot lift it would take only one-half the horsepower.

The cost per horsepower for ordinary plants usually ranged from $50 on small plants
to as low as $25 on large ones.

COST OF FUEL

Fuel oil at 2 cents per gallon to Irrigate 1000 acres, 20-foot lift, $510 for oil, being
approximately 50 cents per acre. Cost of installing this plant would be from $2500 to
$3000. This will require from two to three gallons of Bakersfield fuel oil per horsepow-
er per hour. For ordinary slide valve engine. Fuel can be reduced with a condensing
engine and high efficiency equipment. To 1'/2 to 2 gallons per horsepower per hour.
(Water here was pumped out of a river.)

* * • * •

THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA

Owing to the general Interest In irrigation and Its Importance In this State, the
editors of FOR CALIFORNIA decided to omit the usual Installment of the Brown Fam-
ily in this Issue. But the genial New Englanders who have cast their lot in California
will greet our readers through the March number of FOR CALIFORNIA.

It It believed that this Irrigation Number will be of great good In affording definite
information by authorities on Irrigation.

14

The California Promotion Committee

REPRESENTING

ANDREA SBARBORO, Chairman Manufacturers and Producer* Assocla

RUFUS P. JE.NMMiS, Executive Officer San Francisco Chamber of Commerce

GEO. W. McNEAH, Treasurer Merchants Exchange of San Francisco

A. A. WATKINS San Francisco Board of Trade

FRED J. KOSTER San Francisco Merchants Association

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

HON. GEO. C. PARDEE Governor of California

BEN J. IDE WHBBLBR Berkeley President University of California

DAVID STARR JORDAN Palo Alto President Iceland Stanford Jr. University

REPRESENTING

WILL S. GREEN Colusa Sacramento Valley Development Assn.

R. P. LATHROP Holllster Central Coast Counties Improvement Assn

C. P. SOULE Eureka North Coast Counties

JAMES A. BARR Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Assn.

S. F. BOOTH Fresno Fresno Chamber of Commerce

M. J. NEWMARK Los Angeles. . Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce

CHARLES S. FEE San Francisco. Southern Pacific Company

\V. A. BISSELLi San Francisco. Atchison, Topeka A Santa Fe Railway

R. X. RVAN San Francisco.

GEO. W. UEINTZ San Francisco.

LEWIS E. AUBURY San Francisco.

STATE PUBLICITY

California Northwestern Railway
North Shore Railroad
California State Mining; Bureau
COMMITTEE

REPRESENTING
San Francisco County
Counties South of Tehachapl
Sacramento Valley Counties

RUFUS P. JENNINGS San Francisco.

FRAN CIS Q,. STORY Los Angeles . . .

W. A. BEARD Sacramento. . . .

EDWIN STEARNS Oakland San Francisco Bay Counties

COLVIN B. BROWN Stockton San Joaquin Valley Counties

GEORGE A. KELLOGG Eureka North Coast Counties

ARTHUR G. BALAAM Lompoc South Coast Counties

I. B. McMAHILL San Jose Central Coast Counties

GILBERT B. MORROW Sonora Sierra Counties

ADVERTISING.
Cooper, F. J.
Well, William M.

AMMUNITION.
Union Metallic Cartridge Co.

ARCHITECTS.
Maggs, Herbert B.
Reld Bros.
John Galen Howard.

ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW.
Bancroft, Philip
Deamer A Stetson
Felgenbaum, Sanford
Noyes, Bartholomew
Stratton A Kaufman
Sullivan A Sullivan
Treat, R. B.

ACCOUNTANTS.
Amrath, J. W.

BANKS.
Anglo-California Bank
Bank of California
California Safe Deposit and

Trust Co.
Central Trust Co.
French-American Bank
German Savings and Loan

Soelety
Hlbernin Savings and Loan

Society
Italian-American Bank
London, Paris and American

Bank
Market Street Bank
Mercantile Trust Co. of San

Francisco
Mechanics' Savings Bank
Mntual Savings Bank
Pacific States Savings, Loan

and Building Co.
Savings and Loan Society
Security Savings Bank
Wells. Fargo A Co.'s Bank

BARBER SUPPLIES.
Dsckelinan Bros.

BOILER WORKS.
Keystone Boiler Works

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.
Crocker, H. S. Co.
Cnnnlngham, Curtis A Welch
Elder, Paul A Co.
Payot, Upham A Co.
Sanborn, Vail A Co.
San Francisco News Co.

BREWERS.
Brewers' Protective Assn.

BROKERS.
Brown, Edward A Sons

CANNERIES.
Jacobs, Isidor (California Can-
neries)

CAPITALISTS.
Borel, Antolne
Coleman. Robert L,

9

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
Durphy, B. F.
Giselman, William
Hayward, Alvtnza
Hopkins, E. W.
Mackay, Clarence
Marye, George F. Jr.
Mathews, H. E.
Meyer, Daniel
Pacific Improvement Co*
Phelan, James D.
Smith, F. M.
Spreckels, Claus
Thompson, R. R.

CARPETS, LINOLEUM AND

UPHOLSTERY GOODS.
Hulse, Bradford A Co.

CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY

AND FURNITURE.

Hoffman, Henry, Jr. (W. J.

Sloane A Co.)

CASH REGISTERS.

Pierce & Co.

CIGARS AND TOBACCO.
Gunst, M. A. A Co.
Judell, H. L. A Co.

CLOTHIERS.
Raphael, Inc.

COAL DEALERS.
Allen, Chas. R.

COFFEE, TEA AND SPICES.
Brandensteln, M. J. A Co.
Folger, J. A. * Co.
Hills Bros.
Jones-Paddock Co.
Schilling, A. A Co.
Thlerbach, Chas. F. A Co.
COMMISSION A MANUFAC-
TURERS' AGENTS.
Fluth, H. Gerard
Maillard A Schmieden
Thieben, Jos. & Co.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
Armsby, The J. K. Co.
Horst, E. Clemens Co.

CONFECTIONERS.
Blum, Simon
Haas, Geo. A Sen

COOPERAGE.
California Barrel Co.
Woerner Cooperage Co., David

CORDAGE.
Tubbs Cordage Co.

CROCKERY AND GLASS-
WARE.
Anglo-American Crockery and

Glassware Co.
Nathan-Dohrmann Co.
CUSTOM HOUSE BROKERS.
Mayhew, F. E. A Co.

DAIRY MACHINERY.
De Laval Dairy Supply Co,

DAIRY PRODUCE.
Dairymen's Union of Cal.
Halght, Fred B.

DENTISTS.
Fletcher, Thomas

DEPARTMENT STORE.
Emporium

DRY GOODS.
City of Paris Dry Goods Co.
Hale Bros.
Murphy-Grant Co.
Newman & Levinson
Raphael, Weill A Co. (Inc.)
Strauss, Levi A Co.
Strauss A Frohman
Weinstock, Lubin A Co.
DRIED FRUITS.
Guggenheim A Co.
Phoenix Raisin Seeding and

Packing Co.
Rosenberg Bros. A Co.

DYEING AND CLEANING.
Hickman, Henry
Thomas, F., Dye and Cleaning
Works

EDUCATIONAL.
Ham, Charles H.

EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS s
AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
Castle Bros.
Getz Bros.
Jennings, Rufus P.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Wells-Fargo Express Co.

FANCY GOODS.
Sachs Bros. A Co.
FARM IMPLEMENTS AND

VEHICLES.
Baker A Hamilton
Hooker A Co.
Waterhouse A Lester

FREIGHT COMPANY.
Transcontinental Freight Co.

FURNITURE.
Brenner, John Co.
Cordes Furniture Co.
Friedman, M. A Co.
Fuller, Geo. H., Desk Co.
Indianapolis Furniture Co.
McCann, Belcher A Allen
Sterling Furniture Co.
Weber, C. F. A Co.

GAS AND ELECTRIC CO.
San Francisco Gas Co.

GAS AND ELECTRICAL
FIXTURES.
Day, Thostai A Co.
GAS ENGINES AND SCALES.
Union Gas Engine Co.

GAS REGULATORS. ©
Gas Consumers' Association

15

QKNBRAL MERCHANDISE.
Smith's Cash Store.

GLASS COMPANY.
Illinois-Pacific Glass Co.
GOLD, SILVER and NICKEL

PLATING WORKS.
Dennlston. E. G.

HARDWARE.

French A Lin forth
Froelleh, Christian
Holbrook, Merrill A Stetson
Montague, W. W. A Co.
Pacific Hardware A Steel Co.
Tay, George H. Co.

HATTERS.
Collins, Charles J.
Fisher A Co.
Frledlander Hat Co.
Trlest A Co.

HOTELS.
Alto Pines Mountain Hesort
Brooklyn
California
Commercial

Hotel Belvedere, Belvedere,Cal
Hotel Rafael
International Hotel
Lick House
New Western Hotel
Palace Hotel

INSURANCE.
Commercial Union Assurance

Co.
Fireman's Fund Insurance Co.
Foster, Geo. H. Co.
Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life)
Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
National Fire Insurance Co.
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance

of California
Royal and Queen Insurance

Co.
The Liverpool, London and

Globe Insurance Co.
JEWELERS.
Carrau A Green
Judls, Alphonse Co.
Radke A Co.
BOhusslev, M. A Co.

Schweitzer, Joseph
hreve A Co.

KNIT GOODS.
Paster, J. J. Knitting Co.
LEATHER GOODS.
Harphani A Jansen

LIME AND CEMENT.
Holmes Lime Co.
Standard Portland Cement Co.

LITHOGRAPHERS.
Brlttnn A Rey

Mutual Label Lithograph Co.
Union Lithographing Co.

LOANS.
O. H. Morrell

Fiaanoe and Security Oo.
MACHINERY * M> ENGI-
M:i:rts' hi pplies.

Cyclops Iron Works
Harron, Hlcknrd A McCono
Henshaw, IliilUU-y Co.
Mecse A Gott fried Co.
Martin, John

?[oore, Charles O.
aolflc Tool and Supply Co.
Tatum A lintrrn
MnUTI Ft HMSHINCJ GOODS.
Atkins, II. C. A Sons
Bullock A Jones
Clued, I'eabody A Co.
Grerachauin. Well A Mlchels
»iistailttT flros.
Prager, A. J. A Sons

METER COMPANY.

Paolflo Meter < <>.

METAL WORKS.
Flan, John
I'aHnc Metal Worka
Selby Smelting Works

MILLERS.
Port Oawta Milling < o.
Sperry Flour to.

MILLINER \ .
Topllts, Uobt. L. A Co.

MINING aUVGIM r.HN.
Callnhan, II. C.
Splnks, (has. II.

NPitKUl '.Ml MANLFAC-
II Ml l«.
Heinerann, II. M.

OPTIC IANS.
California Optical Co.

OVERALLS AND SHIRTS.
Heynemann A Co.

OYSTER DEALERS.
Morgan Oyster Co.
PACKERS AND PROVISION

DEALERS.
Baccus, Richard T.
Miller A Lux
Roth, Blum A Co.
Western Meat Co.

PACKERS OF CANNED
FRUITS AND VEGE-
TABLES.
California Fruit tanners' As-
sociation
Hunt Bros. Co.

PAINTS, OILS AND GLASS.
American Oil and Paint Co.
Rass-Hueter Paint Co.
Fuller, W. P. A Co.

PAPER BOXES.
Pacific Folding Paper Box Co.

PAPER DEALERS.
Blake, Moffit A Town*
Bonestell, Rlchardnou A Co.
Union Pulp and Paper Co.

PATENT MEDICINE.
California Fig Syrup

PHYSICIANS.
Bryans, Edgar B.
Bryant, Edgar It.
Pischel, Kaspar (oculist)
Rosenstlrn, Julius

PHARMACIST.
Martin, Henry J.
Redlngton A Co.
Schmidt, Val

PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER-
CHANDISE.
Mauzy, Byron
Sherman, Clay A Co.

POTTERY AND TERRA
COTTA.
Gladding, McBean A Co.
PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU.
Allen's

PRINTERS * PUBLISHERS.
Barry Printing Co.
Commercial Publishing Co.
Gibson A Goldtvater
Golden Gate Guide Publish-
ing Co.
Murdock, C. A. A Co.
Partridge, John
Phillips A Van Orden Co.
Stanley Taylor Co.

PUBLICATIONS.
Journal of Electricity, Power
and Gaa

RAILROADS.
California Northwestern Rail-
road
Hlbbard, C. W.

REAL ESTATE AND LANDS.
Adams A Barry

(Santa Cruz.)
Raldwln, o. I). A Son
Baldwin A Howell
Bell Real Estate io.
Ilonrdmnn Bros. A Co.
Bush, David A Sons
Cotati Co., The
(.old man, J. A Co.
Hooker A Lent
Lyon A Hoag
Mngee, Thos. A Sons
Vnrcs A Saunders
O'Brien, Charles F.
Qtilnn, John I'..
Realty Syndicate < <>.
Hhulnvrnlil, lluclihcc A Co.
The 7(1 Laud and Water Co.
Umbscn, <;. II. A I

III vi m RANTS.
Lnrsen, C. G.
Westerfleld, P. A Co.
ROOFIMiS III ii DING PA-

PVJU AM) I'M NTS.
Pa rn 111 tie Pnlnl Co., The

HI Mill. II OOI
Iloston Woven Hose and Rub-
ber Co.
Com! rear llnhber Co.
WIn.Inn, C. It. A Co.

HI IIIIF.lt IIAMI'I, BTC.
Patrick A I

SAFES AM» VAULTS.
Ilerrlnic-Hall-Mnrvln Safe Co.
I'aroells-Ureenwood Co*

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS.
Lists Co., The A.

SEEDS, HERBS AND SPICES.
Volkman, C. M. A Co.

SCHOOL SUPPLIES.
Milton Bradley Co.

SEWING MACHINES.
Domestic

SEWING SILKS.
Carlson-Currier Silk Co.
SHIPPING AND COMMISSION.
Johnson-Locke Mercantile Co.
Otis, McAllister A Co.
Sloss, Louis A Co.
Williams, Dimond A Co.

SHIPPING.
Rosenfeld, Jno. A Sons.
Urloste A Co.

SHIPPING AND LUMBER.
Nelson, Chas. Co., The

SLATE.
Eureka Slate Co.

SHOES.
Koenig, Frank

SOAP FACTORY.
Luhn, Otto

STREET RAILWAYS.
California-Street Cable Rail-
way Co.

SURETY COMPANIES.
Pacific Surety Co.

SYRUPS.
Pacific Coast Syrup Co.

TAILORS.
Wankowakl, W.
Xordwell, C. W.
TANNERS AND LEATHER
DEALERS.
.'vullmnu, Sals A Co.

TELEPHONE AND TELE-
GRAPH.
Paclfle States Telephone and

Telegraph Co.
Postal Tel. Cable Co.
Western Union Tel. Co.

TENTS AND AWNINGS.
Ames A Hnrris
Neville A Co.

THEATERS.
Orphcum Circuit Co.

TRANSFER COMPANIES.
MaNab A Smith
Renner, Geo.
San Francisco Transfer Co.

TRUNKS AND BAGS.
Hirschfclder A Menney
TYPEWRITERS.
Alexander, L. A M.

WALL PAPER.
Mil Bros.

WATER WHEELS.
Pelton Water Wheel Co.. The

WHOLESALE GROCERS.
Goldberg, Bowen A Co.
Jennings, Thomas
Suss in an, Wormser A Co.
I'llliuann A Hemic!
WHOLESALE LUMBER AND

■HIPPING.
Caspar Lumber Co.
Hechtman, A. J.
Heyman, Julius
Hooper, C. A. A Co.

WIM.S AM) I.HtrollS.
California Wine Association
Gier Co., Thco.

^iindlnch-Biiiidschu Wine Co.
Hotallng, A. I'. A Co.
ltnltan-S\> Iss Colour
Jesse Moore-Hunt 4 <>.
l.achmnn A Jacob!
Livingston A Co.
Mann Co., C. M., Sneers, to I.

Do Turk
Martin, E. A Co.
Vapa and Sonoma Wine Co.
Schilling, C. A < ...
Sehult*. W. A.
Hlebe Bros. A Plngcmann
Shea, BocquitraK Co.
^herwood A Khomoml
Van llergcii. \. A Co.
Wetmorc, llcmrn ,V Co.
i\ Ichmaii, LuIkcii A Co.
VI llm.nlllljt-l.oriir Co.

Wolff, Wan. A « ...

WOOLENS \M» i mi .on
TSIMMINGS.
Amsteln, Simon A Co.

10

For California Combinations

=_ ftp (905 =====

COMBINATIONS A, B, C, D AND E

One Dollar
One Dollar

B
C
D
E

Two Dollar!

FOR CALIFORNIA, one year
Sunset - - one year

Our Price for the T<wot $f.50

Out "West - - one year
With For California - $2.25

Overland - - one year One Dollar and Fifty Cents
With For California - $1.85

Argonaut - - one year ... Four Dollars
With For California, our price - - - Four Dollars

Success Magazine, - one year - One Dollar

For California, - one year - - - One Dollar

Success and For California, together, yearly subscription, $1,20

OUR PRICE FOR THE FIRST FOUR

$3.60

FOR THE SIX, $7.80

COMBINATION NUMBER TWO

FOR CALIFORNIA, yearly subscription - - One Dollar
Cosmopolitan, - - yearly subscription - One Dollar

Twentieth Century Home, yearly subscription - One Dollar

OUR PRICE FOR THE THREE

$1.60

cAddress.

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

25 New Montgomery Street; San Francisco, California

WHEN ORDERING. STATE NUMBER OF COMBINATION DESIRED

PHILLIPS * V»« CKWM CO.,*. F,

MARCH
No. 4. VoL II. 1905. 10 Cts. $1.00 a Yea*.

VEGETABLE GARDEN NUMBER

FOR

FRONTISPIECE — PICTURESQUE GARDEN DISTRICT

VEGETABLE GROWING IN CALIFORNIA ALL THE YEAR
ROUND

A BOX OF SEEDS IN CALIFORNIA

MARKET GARDENS OF SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AT CHICO

THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA (Continued)

PARAGRAPHS — How FOR CALIFORNIA Brought a Bakery;
Mr. J. W. Erwin Goes East ; Emulsions for Injurious
Insects; Kentucky People Interested in California; etc.

ILLUSTRATIONS GERTRUDE STONE

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

SAN FRANCISCO

THE PICTURESQUE MARKET GARDENING DISTRICT OF SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO

Vegetable Growing in California
All The Year Round.

EGETABLE growing offers oppor-
tunities in California as an all-the-
year-round pursuit. While there
are " best planting " months and
" best harvesting " months for the
various kinds of vegetables, yet in
the valley and foothill regions of
the State many of the well-known
vegetables can be planted or har-
vested any month of the year. Indeed, it is not
too much to say that no one who lives in the
country in the valley and foothill regions of Califor-
nia should ever buy vegetables for his table. He
can get his cabbages, his radishes, his turnips, his
onions, his peas and his lettuce fresh from his
own garden at any time of the year. Many other
vegetables he can get fresh from his own soil
in months when they are impossible or sold at
prohibitory prices in other states. For the man
who cultivates the soil in California the vege-
table garden is a great help in supplying the fam-
ily table and besides this a small area well tilled
with regard to getting choice vegetables on the
market at the time when they are greatest in de-
mand will add appreciably to his bank account
and return a more immediate income than almost
any branch of agricultural occupation in which he
could engage.

Because of its unusual opportunities for con-
tinuous agriculture over a vast extent of country
California will some day become the producer in
vegetables for the whole West. Regarding the
opportunity for continuous vegetable growing at-
tention is specially called to climatic conditions
in California — the climate of California is not de-
termined by the distance north or south, but by
altitudes and the distance east and west. The
climate of California is unique in this respect,
Geography does not necessarily indicate climate
in California, as it does upon the Atlantic sea-
board. The United States Weather Bureau, at
the suggestion of the California Promotion Com-
mittee, has decided in its forecasts to divide the
State in valley, mountain and coastal districts
instead of north and south districts, as heretofore.
This will be a great advantage to the whole State
of California. Inquirers will get a better idea of
the region in which they propose to locate, in
whatever part of California that region is situated.

VEGETABLE GROWING IN CALIFORNIA.

There could be no greater recognition of the fact that California has an all-the-
year-rcund growing climate than this action of the Weather Bureau. What is known
to the Weather Bureau as the "Orange-Growing Thermal Belt" extends from San
Diego on the south almost to Mount Shasta on the north, a distance of nearly seven
hundred miles. The mean annual temperature in this belt is between 60 and 70 de-
grees Fahrenheit.

Of course, your vegetable garden must have the same care that it would in other
States. One can grow vegetables the year round because the climate permits it, be-
cause proper soil may be selected, and because irrigation can take the place of rain
at a period in the life of the plant when rain would naturally fail in other countries.

An all-the-year-round growing season suggests constant use of the ground and the
possibility of turning the soil over several times in the course of the year. This can be
done by quick revolution like the following:

Where water is handy, two, three, or even four crops can be grown on the came
ground in the year. Start April 1st and sow the plot to lettuce, and with proper culti-
vation it will mature in two months. Resow with turnip or radish, which is a good sum-
mer variety. These will be fit to use in three weeks, or by the first week of July,
when the ground will be ready for late cucumbers, which will occupy the ground un-
til the first frost, or till the nights become too cold for them to fruit. Now plant to
carrots, beets or onion sets, and any of them will be ready for use in February or March.
Here we have four crops within the twelve months, and no two of them occupying the
ground at the same time. There are other combinations that would do as well.

Though this rapid work is quite feasible, as shown, and many plants can enter
into such combinations, the two crop plan will probably be as fast movement as most
farm gardeners will keep up with, and that consists in fall sowing of hardy vegetables
for winter and spring use, followed by spring planting of tender vegetables for sum-
mer and fall use. Occasionally there will be intervals in this rotation for a third or
catch crop of lettuce, radish, etc., which takes a very short time. This will be a vast
Improvement on the present popular conception of gardening possibilities, and if the
hint of a fall crop of tender vegetables, like melons, beans, corn, etc., planted in
July to come on fast in the heat, followed by fall planting of the hardy list for winter
use, these two crops will be gained before the outbreak of the usual "garden fever,"
which rallies all garden forces in February and March. The agencies to demonstrate
this broader conception of our gardening possibilities are will and work and water.

TEMPERATURE AT WHICH CERTAIN PLANTS ARE LIABLE TO
RECEIVE INJURY FROM FROSTS.!

PLANT DcgrccsFah. PLANT Di««csFah

Asparagus 29 Beans 11

Cantaloupes 32 Celery 28

Cucumber 32 Onions 28

Potatoes 30 Sweet Potatoes 81

Spinach 21 Squash 81

Turnips 26 Watermelons 81

f —From "California Vegetables," by Edward J. Wlckaon, Profesitor of Agricultural Practlte la MM
vflnlty of California ; published by the Pacific Rural Press, San Franelaoo.

REALTY SALES IN FEBRUARY.

During the month of February, 1905, the realty sales numbered 646, and the total
value represented was $4,075,442. This record of sales has never been equalled in Feb-
ruary since 1867 (shortly preceding the completion of the transcontinental line — 1868),
and the closest approaches to the sales were in February, 1875 and 1903. The sales of
February of this year show an advance over the preceding month by $1,140,317.

A Box of Seeds in California.

By A LETTUCE SEED.

LAY with a number of other seeds
of our relations, the Lettuce fam-
ily, in a box in the window of a
grocery.

It was a warm February day in
California, and the sun shining
through the window and upon my
package, stirred within me the im-
pulse to be in the ground and grow-
ing. A little girl came into the grocery, and I
heard her telling the grocer:

"Mamma wants some vegetable seeds; some-
thing that will start growing right away."

My, how my tiny seif palpitated at that! "I
hope she will buy me," I thought, but then prob-
ably every other seed in the box thought the same
thir.g. And there were thousands of seeds in that
box.

All the seeds were gathered together in pack-
ages and each package was placed in a neat little
niche nicely designated by a red and black label.

"Well, what does your mamma want?" said the
grocer.

"I guess I don't remember," said the little girl,
"but it's in my pocket," and she tugged away at
her apron.

Presently she brought out a slip of paper.

"No matter; here your mamma comes," said
the grocer.

"Now," said the little girl's mother, "we have
a little plot of about fifty feet square, and I want
to have some vegetables planted that will grow
right away."

"That's very nice," said the grocer, who liked
to chat, and who knew his neighbors well. "I
just planted some California seeds and they are
beginning to grow finely. Always buy California
seeds, ma'am, for they come from vegetables that
are raised here and so these seeds become vege-
tables that are strong and are used to the
climate."

"My, is that so," said the little girl's mother.

"Yes, indeed, ma'am," replied the grocer. "I
might say that California raises more vegetable
and flower seeds of high quality than any other
State."

"Well, I'll take California seeds, and what do
you think I'd better take?"

Now, all this time I was just trembling with
eagerness in my package in the third tier, and if
only I could have spoken I would have cried out:

"Take lettuce seeds. We can be planted any
month in the year and we grow very nicely if you
irrigate us with a little water."

A BOX OF SEEDS IN CALIFORNIA.

But the grocer wanted to tell a story, so we all had to wait until it was finished.

"I just read of a fruit grower," he said,"who says that his garden of fifty feet
square supplies enough vegetables, excepting potatoes, for a large family, and requires
less than half a day's attention during a week."

"Well, that's very interesting to me, because my garden will be fifty feet square,
too," said the little girl's mother. "What does he grow?"

The storekeeper slowly unfolded a newspaper from his vest pocket and read from
it: "He grows the following vegetables and he plants them each month in the year on his
fifty feet square, as follows:

January— After the 20th, turnips, cabbage seed, carrots, lettuce, peas.

February — Radishes, beets, salsify, spinach, onion seed or sets.

March — Potatoes (in field), turnips, cabbage, lettuce, peas, cabbage plants.

April — Cucumbers, watermelons, muskmelons, squashes, tomato plants, radishes,
beets, salsify, corn, beans, sweet potatoes, cabbage seed.

May — Carrots, lettuce, peas, onion seed or sets.

June — Radishes, beets, beans, corn, salsify, cabbage plants.

July — Carrots, lettuce, cabbage seed.

August — Potatoes (in field), corn, beans, radishes.

September — Cabbage plants, peas, turnips, salsify and carrots.

October- — Beets, beans, onion sets, lettuce.

November — Turnips, spinach, salsify.

December — Winter radishes, peas, lettuce.

"Now, this man is located in a district where there are some frosts," said the
grocer. "But the period of frosts is very short and they are light ones at that. He plants
in rows eighteen inches apart, irrigates his garden every ten days in trenches, and cul-
tivates twice a week. In favorable seasons he has natural moisture from November
till April or May. If the rainfall is light, he cultivates twice a week."

" Well, I don't suppose that I will have the success that he had because I havent had
the experience. We are just beginning, because we want to raise our own vegetables,"
said the little girl's mother.

"These are all good seeds, ma'am, and you are almost sure to have success," said
the storekeeper.

"The man I just read you about planted certain seeds in certain months because
he had in mind crop rotation. But there are other seeds than those given that can be
planted in the different months, and the rotation can be considerably varied, all de-
pending largely on what vegetables you want from your garden at any given season of
the year."

"Now among the vegetables you can plant in February or March to good advantage
are beets, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery, lettuce (which can be planted any time
of year), onions, peas, sweet potatoes, radishes, salsify, and turnips. I have given these
few because they are adapted to the valley and foothill ranges throughout California.
But in this locality you can plant tenderer vegetables like sweet corn, tomatoes, cu-
cumbers and vegetables."

"Well, please give me some lettuce seed, peas, sweet potatoes, radishes, cabbage
and beets," said the little girl's mother.

80 It happened that the package in which I lay was wrapped up with other pack-
ages and given to the little girl to carry.

"Well, thank you ever so much," said the little girl's mother, "when I have any seeds
to buy I shall buy them of you."

And so we hurried away to the garden for she said, "Now I know that these seeds
are as eager to be planted as I am to plant them."

Which was quite true.

Note.— While In the form of a story the facts here given are authentic. The names
of the two growers mentioned are those of actual persons.

The Market Gardens of South
San Francisco.

ARKET GARDENING is an industry
whose value is exemplified in many
parts of the State. A unique and
most interesting example of Cali-
fornia market gardens and of some
of the vegetables that grow in Cali-
fornia all the year round may be
seen in the market gardens of South
San Francisco.
Here is almost another Holland, so intensively
is the ground cultivated. Great Dutch windmills
with huge wooden arms pump the water, which
flows in neatly constructed laterals or ditches
along the terraces, which, like broad steps mount-
ing upward from the center of the valley, com-
prise the vegetable patches.

Twenty minutes' ride from the center of the
city on the Mission-street car (the one marked
"cemeteries") brings one to these unique gardens,
where there is planting and harvesting all the year
round. Thence the gardening stretches down a
valley eight miles or so in length, way down to
Halfmoon Bay, and further still — practically to
San Jose.

"Isn't this land mighty valuable?" you ask.
"How can it be devoted to market gardening
while fairly within the limits of a great city?"

Of course it is valuable — very valuable. One
man I met pays ten dollars a month per acre for
the rental of this land. In all he has fifteen acres
of land and it costs him one hundred and fifty
dollars a month just for the use of it. He employs
seven men and pays them good wages. Naturally
market gardening must pay, otherwise this gar-
dener could not afford to lease land at such a
price as this. The land in this little Holland, right
in the suburbs of San Francisco, is, I am informed,
worth from one thousand dollars an acre up. Yet
there is demand enough for vegetables to make
it worth while to devote it to this use.

This is why the market gardens of South San
Francisco are interesting. They make a com-
mercial showing for the industry. The ground
is well adapted to market gardening and
the gardens are not located so far distant that
their produce cannot easily be taken by wagon
to the public markets in the heart of San Fran-
cisco.

Of course South San Francisco is only one of
the many cities of California which support mar-
ket gardens.

I want to say that I did not see one glass pane,

THE MARKET GARDENS OF SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO.

no hothouse, nor any artificial means of plant propagation in this terraced valley, with
its Amsterdam windmills.

There were growing on Washington's Birthday, 1905, such vegetables as young peas,
lettuce, artichokes, cabbage, beets, radishes and others which those of us not of Califor-
nia, are more apt to associate as belonging to the summer months than to February.

Some of the artichokes have brought as high as seventy-five cents apiece, some only
ten cents apiece, while others are sold by the dozen. Then there is lettuce which has
often brought between ten and twenty-five cents a dozen. The beds themselves are about
twenty feet long by twelve feet wide. The luxuriance and vigor of the plants seemed al-
most phenomenal. The artichokes seemed to be "growing like weeds," as some one ex-
pressed it.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AT CHICO.
By Professor P. H. Dorsett

in Charge.
The California Promotion Committee,
San Francisco, California.
Gentlemen: — The following is an outline of some of the more important immedi-
ate plantings at the plant introduction garden, preparatory to demonstration experi-
ments, and to the work of plant breeding and selection.

CEREALS.
Some of the highly nitrogeneous barleys will be planted to determine if possible
their value for feeding purposes as compared with the sorts in general cultivation.
In as much as a heavy yielding barley is always of great interest, as well as economic
value to the farmer, it is possible that one of the selected barleys of Prof. Willet M.
Hays, formerly agriculturist in the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University
of Minnesota but recently appointed Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, which has
shown remarkable yielding qualities, will be planted to determine its value in Cali-
fornia.

FORAGE PLANTS AND GRASSES.
These plants especially new introductions and originations will receive more or
less attention and will be tested in comparison with those already in general cultiva-
tion.

It is possible that Vicia sativa, which has proved so successful in Oregon on
heavy clay soils might be equally as successfully grown upon the adobe lands of this
State.

JUNCUS EFFUSUS.
JUNCUS EFFUSUS (CALIFORNIA RUSH).
In view of the fact that the California rush which grows on the tule lands is so
promising for matting material, that Mr. Sawyer, of the Boston Matting Manufactur-
ing Company, has written that they would start a factory in this region provided the
California rush by cultivation can be made equal to the Japanese. The office of Seed
and Plant Introduction has taken up the matter of collecting a quantity of the roots
of the several species, to determine the best method of propagation, growing, etc.
Plants and seeds of the best known varieties in Japan will be introduced to test in
connection with the native species and for breeding and selection experiments. This
work will be co-operative with the State Experiment Station.

ALMOND.
Almond growing is one of the important industries of the State, but is fraught with
uncertainity and frequently immense loss; all of which could be avoided, and the in-
dustry be made an exceptionally paying one, provided a late blooming variety of good
quality can be secured. With these ends In view, as many varieties of almonds as
possible will be secured and established at the garden. The Jordan, a very recently
imported Spanish hard-shell variety, of excellent quality, will be tested and although
it may bloom too early to be profitable, its qualities will be useful in breeding experi-
ments designed to produce later flowering almonds of good quality.

UDO SALAD PLANT.
Myoashi Udo salad plants will be planted at the garden this spring, for propaga-
tion, in order to obtain a supply with which to experiment and also to call the atten-
tion of the vegetable growers of California who may be able to take up the cultiva-
tion of these plants and make a market for them in this vicinity.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AT CHICO.

Arrangements have already been made with a company in Seattle who can and
will doubtless give the plants a fair trial. One of the largest vegetable and fruit ship-
pers of Washington State is interested in the plant and in exploiting it, and believes
he can grow it successfully.

Udo is a Chinese winter vegetable, its season is October to May. It is of recent
introduction, Mr. Fairchild speaks of it thus in Bulletin No. 42: "The slices of Udo
are crisper than slices of celery and have none of the objectionable stringy fibers of
the latter. They have a fresh taste, like the midrib of a lettuce leaf, with slight but
most agreeable suggestion of pine flavor. The tenderest young shoots of celery could
not be more brittle than these blanched stems of udo." On account of its adapta-
bility to winter culture and its excellent quality it should become as popular as celery
or asparagus. It would appear from the description of this plant and the methods of
culture, as outlined in Bulletin No. 42, Bureau of Plant Industry, that this vegetable
might prove a valuable acquisition for the reclaimed lands of the Sacramento and
San Joaquin.

JAPANESE PAPER PLANT (EDGWORTHIA PAPYRIFERA.)
For a description of this plant, the variety, extent and value of paper made from
it in Japan, I refer you to Bulletin No. 42, Bureau of Plant Industry. We have a
quantity of seed of this plant at the garden, which will be propagated for testing,
possibly in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, the Colorado Desert, Florida and
Louisiana.

MISCELLANEOUS FODDER PLANTS.
It is proposed to propagate and test miscellaneous fodder plants from all parts of
the world. Live stock husbandry is, and will continue to be, one of the leading in-
dustries of the country and it is important that we And and introduce or produce, if
possible, forage plants suited to the varied climatic and soil conditions of our country.

PISTACHE.
We have a quantity of seed and from four to six thousand young plants of this
excellent nut at the Plant Introduction Garden, which are being propagated for ex-
perimental work. There is every reason to believe that, in this, a new industry of con-
siderable importance will be established in the State. It has been said' that it is
possible that the cultivation of the pistache may supplant that of the almond, in as
much as it is believed to be a surer cropper and thrives equally well on soils ao dry,
if not dryer, than those utilized for almond culture. It is believed by those who have
given attention and a vast amount of study to this subject that the Sacramento
Valley presents conditions especially adapted to the cultivation of the pistache.

FIG CULTURE.

The garden is in possession of one of, if not the, finest and most extensive col-
lection of figs in the country, to which additions will be made whenever it is possible
to find new varieties. Permanent plantings of the varieties will be commenced this
spring and in a reasonable length of time the experiments in connection with selec-
tion, breeding and testing of varieties can be taken up; much is yet to be accomplished
in connection with this industry.

GRAPES.

Co-operative experimental work is being arranged for that, when completed, will
eventually result in assembling at the garden for experimental investigation, breed-
ing and selection work, possibly every known variety. It has been estimated that
there are possibly 1500 to 20C0 varieties in various parts of the world. As the viticul-
turai interest of the State represent possibly $100,000,000, this work will, no doubt,
be of great interest and it is hoped and expected will result in immense value to an
industry already menaced by diseases and other pests.

I might continue this discussion indefinitely, including as it does plant growth of
all kinds, having or likely to have economic value to this country. But trust the above
is sufficient to indicate the importance of the location and establishment of the Plant
Introduction Garden in California.

I desire to call your attention to the fact that from the very nature of the work
important results in too short a space of time must not be expected. Some problems
may and no doubt will be easy of solution, others, however, will require the patience,
perseverance and work of a life time or even longer for demonstration.

9

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AT CHICO.

Please, therefore, do not feel disappointed in case immediate results do not
follow all the lines of investigative work. Trusting that the above will meet your
needs in this connection, I remain,

Very truly yours,

P. H. DORSETT,
In charge.

MR. J. W. ERWIN GOES EAST.

Mr. J. W. Erwin, Special Commissioner of the State Publicity Committee of the
California Promotion Committee left for Chicago on March 2nd. Mr. Erwin will deliver
a series of lectures on the cities of California, illustrated with stereopticon
views, at the International Loan Exhibit of the Chicago Municipal Museum. At this
exhibit which closes March 20th, cities from all parts of the world will be represented.

Upon his return from Chicago Mr. Erwin will make a three months' tour of Cali-
fornia repeating his lectures and stereopticon views and gathering new material.

EASTERN HOTEL MAN FINDS CALIFORNIA LITERATURE INTERESTING
AND INSPIRITING— A LOT OF GOOD KENTUCKY PEOPLE INTER-
ESTED IN THIS STATE.

The California Promotion Committee has received the following letter from Pike
Campbell, proprietor of the Fifth-Avenue Hotel, Louisville, Kentucky:

"I beg to acknowledge receipt of your favor of the 31st ult., together with publica-
tion FOR CALIFORNIA, and 1 think it is a splendid way to advertise your resources,
as you put your advertising in quite an attractive form. If you desire to send these pub-
lications to me monthly, I would take great pleasure in placing them before my guests,
and I do not doubt but what your method will eventually result in an increase of
immigration to California. A great many Kentucky people locate in that country every
year, and with your regular and persistent publishing of your present form of adver-
tising, I bespeak good results for you. I find your reading matter quite interesting and
inspiriting. If you keep the standard of matter up to that of the issue I have just
read, you will be sure to create a great deal of confidence throughout the country.

"Wishing you every success in your undertaking, I remain,

"Yours truly,

(Signed.) "PIKE CAMPBELL."

The Committee has placed its monthly publication FOR CALIFORNIA, and many
of its other publications, in the reading rooms of the hotels throughout the United
States and on the limited trains.

A home that does not have plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, as well as home-
canned things, falls far short of the ideal.

FOR CALIFORNIA BROUGHT A BAKERY.

FRUITVALE, California, 1905.
California Promotion Committee, San Francisco, California:
Gentlemen:

I acknowledge receipt of pamphlets on River Improvement and FOR
CALIFORNIA, for which our Board of Trade is most thankful.

Our next meeting will take place on next Tuesday and all of your late communi-
cations will be read and will be acted upon.

The members of our Board feel much flattered for your kind attention In keeping
us In touch with all the doings of the California Promotion Committee. We shall co-
operate in our humble way in aiding all movements deemed profitable for California.

The September number of FOR CALIFORNIA has brought us in Fruitvale a baker
now actually engaged in bread-making. It is the first bakery of the kind started in
Fruitvale; heretofore bread supply came from Oakland.
Thanking you for your interest shown In us, I remain,

Yours very truly, (Signed.) J. L. DUMONTIER.

Secretary Board of Trade of Fruitvale.

10

UNIVt

Zalif

The Brown Family in California

By JASON BROWN
CHAPTER TWELVE

IN WHICH MEANS OF PROTECTION TO VEGETABLE GARDENS ARE SET FORTH
BY WILLIAM SIMPSON.

HO is this Professor Holden of
Iowa?" asked William Simpson,
stretching his six feet two out on
a log and pulling his hat comfort-
ably over his eyes.

We were picnicking on Rock
Creek; it was Washington's Birth-
day; one of those lovely after-
noons which we have frequent-
ly of a late February in California.

Professor Bradshaw, head of the public schools
in Kinney's Corners, who keeps posted on cur-
rent events, now asserted his position as spokes-
man in matters of the wider knowledge.

"Professor P. G. Holden of Iowa is the great-
est expounder of the doctrine of seed-corn selec-
tion," said the good school-master, tapping the
end of a hard-boiled egg and sprinkling on a little
salt. "Professor Holden is the man who helped
to increase the com output of Iowa ninety-three
million bushels in one year. In a single year
he increased the corn crop sixty-four million
bushels over the average production of fourteen
previous years."
"How did he do it?" asked Mrs. Simpson.
"I was just coming to that," said School-master
Bradshaw, gratified with the impression he had
made. "He did it by showing the farmers of Iowa
the difference in production from good seed and
bad. He proved the success of the seed-corn
theory in a series of experiments at the Iowa
Agricultural College. Last spring he visited about
thirty farms near the college, taking samples of
the various seed-corn that the farmers had. He
planted these samples in one field, so that the
conditions of soil, weather and treatment would
be equal. The yield in the fall ranged from
thirty-five to seventy-five bushels an acre and the
proportion of seed that grew — ahem, I might say
germinated — varied from ninety-eight per cent
to less than fifty per cent. This showed that
had care been exercised in selecting and plant-
ing the seed-corn the yield would have been a
uniform seventy-five bushels to the acre. The dif-
ference between the good and the bad seeds had
cost the careless farmers fifteen dollars an acre
on one year's crop."

"Isn't that great?" said Simpson." He reached
right out and discovered something so simple
that nobody had ever thought of it before."

"The value of his experiments to humanity are
incalculable," declared the School-master, pomp-
ously.

11

THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA.

"I s'pose it was necessary to grow a lot of corn to see what seed would give the
best corn crops on the different farms," said my wife.

"Yes, indeed, Mrs. Brown," replied Professor Bradshaw. "The experiments were
conducted with the view of ascertaining the varieties adapted to various conditions of
soil and climate, the size and the quality of the yield."

"Yep, he did good work, all right," said Simpson, "and I see that the United States
Department of Agriculture is beginning to follow out his lines. It's a good line to fol-
low in California, and everywhere else, too."

"I remember back in New England, father always used to select the best seeds he
could. I don't know that any one ever went to the extent of experimenting. They just
kept as close as possible to the best that was done in their locality."

"And that is a mighty sensible thing to do," said Simpson. "That's just what Jason
here has done. He's gotten together all the local knowledge and applied all the best
of It."

"You bet my pa has! He's got the best vegetable garden there Is. That's what
a professor of the University who came down here to the Farmers' Institute say6, any-
how," maintained Robert, stoutly.

"If it is good, it's because my good neighbors weren't afraid to suggest anything
for fear it might hurt 'em to give away a good idea," I said.

"Now, Jason, if that's the case, it's fair for you to turn about and tell what you've
done in your vegetable garden," put in jolly Mrs. Simpson.

"Well, when Neighbor Simpson, here, found me thinking what steps t must take
to make our farm immediately productive, he suggested, among other things, to raise
a little garden truck. That was a year ago. I put some garden truck — relishes like
lettuce and radishes — in the old orchard and some larger vegetables, like potatoes and
onions, on a low hillside, with southern exposure. Now, as Mr. Simpson is largely
responsible for my garden, and as he wants to talk — "

"All right," broke in the genial Simpson. "I won't say much about what you
planted, but rather how you equipped your garden and about your methods. February
is a good planting month in this neck of the woods, so you rightly did your planting
then. But while doing your planting you diverted your irrigation ditch to protect your
garden. You lead a stream of water on all sides of your garden, so that it not only
served to keep away many pests, such as grasshoppers and other insects, and moles,
and perhaps some larger animals, but made water easily obtainable at any point, as
well as giving irrigation by absorption — the very best kind of irrigation.

"I might say that, in general, there are four kinds of protection one mm*t figure
on for a garden — protection against winds and possible frosts, against Injurious in-
sects, against injurious fungi, and against destructive animals and birds. These are a
lot more formidable than they seem, for though they keep a man on the Jump, yet if
he is on the Jump they won't get very far ahead of him. Naturally a ditch is a good
barrier to lots of animals and insects. A wire or close board fence, too, Is good to
keep our such animal pests as rabbits, but Jason did not find a fence necessary.

"A windbreak is a good thing to include in your preparations for the garden. There
are very few places where a good windbreak will not be of decided advantage, and if
the garden ground cannot be selected so as to enjoy the protection of trees and build-
ings already in place, special planting or construction should be undertaken. A good
shelter belt of trees, preferably of green foliage, placed in position to break winds that
may prevail, is of advantage. Where such protection is not practicable a high fence,
even if not closely boarded, will afford some protection to a much greater width of
ground than one might think at first. Jason didn't need a windbreak in the srehajd,
but he wisely planted a hedge of evergreens above his hillside patch."

"Give us a few points about protection against insects and fungi, Mr. Simpson."
asked the school-master.

Well, there are two kinds of insects biting insects and sucking Insects. The
sucking insects make no holes, but pierce and extract the sap so that the leaf wilts and
perhaps dies without losing any appreciable part of its surface. The way to get rid

\~:

THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA

of the pests that bite and chew is to poison their food, but the fellows that suck the
juices and pay no attention whatever to poison on the outside surface of a plant, have
to be met and slain in open battle. The biters are killed by a Paris green mixture and the
suckers are laid low by the kerosene emulsion.*

"Another group of biting pests, though not strictly insects, are slugs and snails.
They can be poisoned by the use of poisoned leaves laid on the ground or they can be
trapped either with leaves or pieces of board or little piles of wheat bran. Early in the
morning the slugs will be found in large numbers under the leaves or boards or col-
lected in the bran, and can easily be gathered up for breakfast in the poultry yard."

"Mamma and I had a better plan than that to kill slugs; didn't we, mamma?" said
Ethel. "We had the little chickens do it."

"That's first rate," said Simpson. "Mother hens in portable coops, with the young
chicks running among the plants, are a very good solution of the slug question on a
small scale. But a garden should never be troubled with myriads of slugs. When the
slugs are found in great numbers it is often due to excessive surface irrigation. If the
surface is finely worked up and allowed to dry, it is very discouraging to slugs and is
otherwise promotive of plant growth."

"Now, Mr. Simpson, you put it as though we didn't know that," said Ethel, pro-
testing.

"All right, Miss Ethel," said Simpson. "If you will allow me, I'll escort you over
to the speech-making, for I hear Judge Gardiner just beginning a nice address on
George Washington."

♦Note by Jason Brown: "Mr. Simpson didn't tell us what are the means for treat-
ing destructive animals, but I will say we've always found it necessary to trap goph-
ers; poison ground squirrels, if there are any anywhere in the vicinity." — Jason Brown.

(To be continued.)

HOW TO MAKE KEROSENE EMULSION.

(The standard remedy for plant lice and some other sucking insects.)

Kerosene emulsion is made by dissolving half a pound of soap, and adding twe
gallons kerosene while hot; this must be churned hard until the two ingredients are
thoroughly mixed, when it becomes a creamy paste. This must be diluted with twenty
to twenty-five parts of water before it is sprayed on the stems and foliage of a plant.
You can use one gallon of sour milk in place of the half pound of soap, and dilute in the
same proportion before using.

HOW TO MIX PARIS GREEN.

(The standard arsenical poison, a wholesale way of killing insects that chew.)

Paris gr*»n and London purple are the two principal poisons used for chewing in-
jects. To mafce a spraying solution, mix one pound of Paris green with 100 or more
gallons of water; one pound of milk of lime prevents injury to leaves, and the latter
should always be used when making the London purple solution, which is compounded
in the same proportion as Paris green. To use them dry or in powder form, take one
pound of either poison and mix with 50 pounds of flour or 100 pounds of land plaster, fine
road dust or coal ashes. This can be dusted on the leaves through a coarse muslin
bag or through a fine sieve. The London purple solution is the cheaper of the two and
adheres to the foliage longer. Tobacco dust sprayed or blown onto the leaves and
stems rs also a remedy.

13

PUBLICATIONS BY THE

California Promotion Committee

8AN FRANCISCO AND ITS ENVIRONS

A guide to San Francisco, with routes throughout California. 112 pages of up-to-
date information, bound In red leatherette cover, stamped In gold, with map,
alphabetical key, authoritative descriptions of leading points of interest in the City
and State. — Price, Twenty-five Cents, postpaid, to cover cost only.

SAN FRANCISCO AND THEREABOUT, by Charles Keeler.

Cloth bound, library edition, magnificently illustrated, with cover design by
Mrs. Keeler. An adequate and picturesque treatment of San Francisco in the past
and present. Price, Fifty Cents, postpaid, to cover cost only.

CALIFORNIA ADDRESSES, by President Roosevelt
All the addresses delivered in California by the President. 160 pages of reading
matter with 20 full-page additional half-tones. Price, Twenty-five Cents, postpaid,
to cover cost only.

Some Special Numbers FOR CALIFORNIA :

POULTRY RAISING
SPECIAL OPPORTUNITIES
DAIRY-FARM
HOG RAISING
INTENSIVE FARMING
IRRIGATION NUMBER

Other attractive and reliable numbers shortly issued. Any three

numbers for Twenty-five Cents.

CALIFORNIA TO-DAY, by Charles Sedgwick Aiken.

A standard work upon the State and its resources. 190 pages, 61 representative
full-page half-tones. — Price, Six Cents, to cover postage only.

THE ITALY OF AMERICA— IN FRENCH, ENGLISH ITALIAN

Eight-page illustrated booklet showing the similarity of California conditions
agriculturally to those of Italy free.

MAP OF CALIFORNIA

Topographical Map of the State in handsome redwood frame, with glass, $1.00.
Unframed, by mail, five cents. Contains valuable data.

Thermal Map. Reproduced from "Climatology of California," by Professor Alex-
ander G. McAdie of the Weather Bureau. Shows huge thermal belt, with mea*
temperature of 60-70 degrees. — Free.

CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA

By Professor Alexander G. McAdie, Published by the United State*

Department of Agriculture.

Nominal price of 50 cents which will be refunded to the Government upon sale.

Is really a MOO book.

free all publications of the development organizations

of California.

FIRST VOLUME OF FOR CALIFORNIA.

The California Promotion Committee announces that orders will be taken for the
first volume of FOR CALIFORNIA, comprising the issues of FOR CALIFORNIA from
December, 1903, to November, 1904, inclusive. The volume has been handsomely bound
in green cloth, stamped In gold, and will be sent to any address on receipt of $1.00. Be-
sides containing the serial of the "Brown Family" and a great deal of other valuable
information, this first volume embraces the Poultry Number, the Hog-Raising Number,
the Dairy Farming Number, the Intensive Farming Number and the Special Oportuni-
ties Number, devoted to the exclusive treatment of the various subjects.

14

The California Promotion Committee

REPRESENTING

ANURIA SBARBORO, Chairman Manufacturer, and l'rodurrn Association

RVKUS P. JBNMNCS, Kirciilif Officer San Francisco Chaamber of Commerce

GBO. W. MeNRAR, Treasurer Merchants Exchange of San Francisco

A. A. WATKINS San Francisco Board of Trade

FRED J. KOSTBS San Francisco Merehunts Assentation

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

HON. GEO. C. PARDEE Governor of California

BEN J. IDE WHEELER Berkeley President University of California

DAVID STARR JORDAN Palo AM* PreaMent Iceland Stanford Jr. University

REPRESENTING

WILL S. GREEN Colnan Sacramento Valley Development Aaan.

R. P. LATHROP Holllater Centrnl Coast Counties Improvement Am

C P. SOULB Eureka Nortk Conat Countlea

JAMES A. BARR Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Aaan.

S. P. BOOTH Pr«

■ . J. NEWMARK Los Angeles. . .

CHARX.ES S. FEB San Franclaco.

W. A. BISSELL San Franclaco.

R. X. RYAN San Franclaco.

GEO. W. HEINTZ Snn Franclaco.

i.KWIS B. Al ISIRV San Franclaco.

STATE PUBLICITY

Freano Ckamber of Commerce

l.o» Angeles Ckamker of Commerce

Southern Pacific Company

Atchison, Topeka A Santa Fe Railway

California Northwestern Railway

North Shore Railroad

California State Hluhc Bureaux

COMMITTEE

REPRESENTING
Snn Francisco County
Countlea South of Tehachapt
Sacramento Valley Countlea

RUPUS P. JENNINGS San Franclaco

H. P. WOOD Snn Diego . . .

W. A. BEA RD Sacramento. . .

EDWIN STEARNS Oakland Snn Franclaco Bay Countlea

COLVIN B. BROWN Stockton San Joaquin Valley Countlea

GEORGB A. KELLOGG Eureka Nortk Coast Countlea

ARTHUR G. BALAAM Lompoe South Coast Counties

I. B. MeMAHILL San Joae Centrnl Coaat Countlea

GILBERT B. MORROW Sonera Sierra Countlea

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS

Coleman, Robert L.

Durphy, B. F.

Glselman, William

Hopkins, E. W.

Mackay, Clarence

Marye, George F. Jr.

Mathews, H. E.

Meyer, Daniel

Pacific Improvement Co*

Phelnn, James D.

Spreckels, Claus

Thompson, R. R.

ADDING MACHINES.
Burroughs Adding Machine Co.

ADVERTISING.
Cooper, F. J.
Well, William M.

AMMUNITION.
Union Metallic Cartridge Co.

ARCHITECTS.
Reld Bros.
John Gnlen Howard.

ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW.
Bancroft, Philip
Denmer A Stetson
F eia;en baum, San ford
Noyea, Bartholomew
Stmtton 4c Kaufman
Sullivan * Sullivan
Trent, R. B.

ACCOUNTANTS.
Amruth, J. W.

BANKS.
Anglo-California Bank
Bank of California
California Safe Deposit nod

Trust Co.
Centrnl Trust Co.
Fi enek- American Bank
B tun an Suvlnga and

Society
HlbemJu Savings and

Society
Italian-American Bnnk
London. Pari* and American

of Snn

Loan

Market Street Bank

Mercantile Trust Co.
Francisco

Mechanics' Savings Bank

Mutual Savings Bank

Pacific Stntea Savings, Loan
and Building Co.

Savings and Loan Society

Security Savings Bnnk

Wells, Fargo A Co.'s Bank
BARBER SUPPLIES.

Deekelmnn Bros.

BOILER WORKS.

Keystone Boiler Works
BOOKS AND STATIONERY.

Crocker, H. S. Co.

Cunningham, Curtis * Welch

Eider, Paul A Co.

Payot, Upham A Co.

Sanborn, Vail A Co.

San Francisco News Co.
BREWERS.

Brewers' Protective Assn.
BROKERS.

Brown, Edward A Sons
CANNERIES.

Jacobs. Isidor (California Can-
neries)

CAPITALISTS.

Borel, Antoine

CARPETS, LINOLEUM AND

UPHOLSTERY GOODS.
Hulse, Bradford A Co.

CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY
AND FURNITURE.
Hoffman, Henry, Jr. (W. J.
Sloane A Co.)

CASH REGISTERS.
Pierce A Co.

CIGARS AND TOBACCO.

Guast, M. A. A Co.
JudelL H. L. A Co.

CLOTHIERS.
Rnphnel, Inc.

COAL DEALERS.
Alien, Chna. R.

COFFEE, TEA AND SPICES.
Brundensteln, M. J. * Co.
Folger, J. A. A Co.
Hills Bros.
Jonea-Paddock Co.
Schilling, A. A Co.
Thierbneh, Chna. F. A Co.
COMMISSION A MANUFAC-
TURERS' AGENTS.
Milliard A SchmiedeU
National Mfg. Co.
Thieben, Jon. A Co.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
Armsby, The J. K. Co.
Horat, E. Clemens Co.

CONFECTIONERS.
Blum, Simon
liana, Geo. A Son

COOPERAGE.
California Barrel Co.
Woerner Cooperage Co., David

CORDAGE.
Tubbs Cordnge Co.

CROCKERY AND GLASS-
WARE.
Anglo-Anaerlcnn Crockery and

Glassware Co.
Nathaa-Dohrnannn Co.
CUSTOM HOUSE BROKERS.
Mayhew, F. E. A Co.

DAIRY MACHINERY.
De Laval Dairy Supply Co.

DAIRY PRODUCE.
Dairymen's Union of Cal.
Haight, Fred B.

DENTISTS.
Fletcher, Thomas

DEPARTMENT STORE.
Emporium

DRY GOODS.
City of Parts Dry Goads Co.
Hale Bros.
Murphy-Grant Co.
Newman A Levlnaon
Raphael, Weill A Co. (Inc.)
Strauss, Levi A Co.
Strauss A Frohman
Welnatock, Lubin A Co.
DRIED FRUITS.
Guggenheim A Co.
Phoenix Raisin Seeding and

Packing Co.
Rosenberg Bros. A Co.

DYEING AND CLEANING.
Hickman, Henry
Thomaa, F., Dye and Cleaning
Works

EDUCATIONAL).
Ham, Charles H.

EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS
AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
Castle Bros.
Gets Bros.
Jennings, Tlnfns P.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Wella-Furge Express Go.

FANCY GOODS.
Sachs Bros. A Co.

FARM IMPLEMENTS ANB

VEHICLES.
Baker A Hamilton
Hooker A Co.

FREIGHT COMPANY.
Transcontinental Freight Co,

FURNITURE.
Brenner, John Co.
Cordes Furniture Co.
Friedman, M. A Co.
Fuller, Geo. H., Peak Co.
Indianapolis Furniture Co.
McCann, Belcher A Allen
Sterling Furniture Co.
Weber, C. F. A Co.

GAS AND ELECTRIC CO.
San Francisco Gaa Co.

GAS AND ELECTRICAL
FIXTURES.
Day, Thomas A Co.
GAS ENGINES AND SCALES.
Union Gas Engine Co.

GAS REGULATORS.

era' Aasociution

15

GENERAL 11EUCHAM)ISE.
Smith's Cash Star*.

GLASS COMPANY.
Illinols-Purinc Glass Co.
GOLD, SILVER and NICKEL

PLATING WORKS.
D«lla(»», E. G.

HARDWARE.
Preach A Ma forth
Froelleh, Christian
Holbrook, Merrill A Stetson
Moutajfuf, W. W. A Co.
PaeJue Hardware A Steal Co.
Tay, George H. Co.

HATTERS.
CoHssm., Charles J.
Fisher * Co.
Friedlander Hat Co.
Trios* * Co.

HOTELS.
Alta Plaea Mountaia Reaort

California
Commercial
Hotel Rafael
Hotel St. Francis.
Iaternatloaal Hotel
Lick Hoaae
New Western Hotel
Palace Hotel

INSURANCE.
Ooaumrrrlnl Union Assuraacc

Co.
Fircman'i Fund Insurance Co.
Poster, Geo. H. Co.
Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life)
Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
National Fire Insurance Co.
Paeifie Mutual Life Insurance

of California
Royal and Queen Insurance

Co.
The Liverpool, London anil

Globe Insurance Co*
Ward, C. H.

JEWELERS.
Oanraa A Greea
Jndls, Alphoase Co.
* Co.
»ler, M. A Co.
Sehweitser, Joseph
M>re-re A Co.

KNIT GOODS.
Mister, J. J. Knitting Co.
LEATHER GOODS.
Harp ham A Jaasen

LIME AND CEMENT.
Holmes Lime Co.
Standard Portland Cement Co.

LITHOGRAPHERS.
Brit ton A Rey

Mutual Label Lithograph Co.
ration Lithographing Co.

LOANS.
C. H. Morrell

Finance and Security Co.
MACHINERY AM) ENGI-
NEERS' SUPPLIES.
Cyclops Iron 'Works
llnrroa, Rlrkard A NeCOM
Hcnshaw, Bulkjey Co.
Meeae A Gottfried Co.
Martin, John
Moore, Charles C.
Paris* Tool and Supply Co.
Tntam A Borren
MEN'S FURNISHING GOODS.
Atkins, R. C. A Sons
II ul I or k A Jones
ciueti, Peabody A Co.
Crceachanm, Well A Mlchels
Neoatadter Bros.
Prager, A. J. A Sens

METER COMPANY.
ParlaVe Meter Co.

METAL WORKS.
rim*, John
Pacin* Metal Worka
Selby SmelMnr Worka

MILLERS.
Port Corn** Milling Co.
Sperry Flour Cs.

MILLINERY.
ToplMs, Robt. L. A Co.

MINING ENGINEERS.
Callabaa, H. C.
Spinas, Chan. II.

NECKWF.AR MANUFAC
THREE.
Helaemsn. II. M.

OPTICIANS.
California Optical Co.

OVERALLS AND SHIRTS.
Heynemaan A Co.

OYSTER DEALERS.
Morgan Oyster Co.
PACKERS AND PROVISION
DEALERS.
Richard T.
Miller A Lux
Roth, Blum A Co.

PACKERS OF CANNED
FRUITS AND VEGE-
TABLES.
California Fruit Canners' As-
sociation
Hunt Bros. Co.

PAINTS, OILS AND GLASS.
Amcricnn OH and Paint Co.
Baas-Hueter Paint Co.
Fuller, W. P. A Co.

PAPER BOXES.
Pacific Folding Paper Box Co.

PAPER DEALERS.
Blake, Moffit A Toun.
Boneatell, Richardson A Co.
Union Pulp and Paper Co.
PATENT MEDICINE.
California Fig; Syrup
PHYSICIANS.
Bryant, Edgar R.
Plscbel, Kaspar (oculist)
Rosenstirn, Julius

PHARMACIST.
Martin, Henry J.
Hedlngton A Co.
Schmidt, Val

PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER-
CHANDISE.

Mausy, Byron

Sherman, Clay A Co.

POTTERY AND TERRA
COTTA.

Gladdlag, McBcan A Co.

I'RESS CLIPPING BUREAU

\ lien's

PRINTERS A PUBLISHERS.

Barry Printing Co.

Commercial Publishing; Co.
ilbson A Goldwater
-olden Gate Guide Publish-
ing Co.

Murdock, C. A. A Co.

Partridge, John

Phillips A Van Orden Co.
RAILROADS.

California Northwestern Rail-
road

REAL ESTATE AND LANDS.

Baldwin, O. D. A Son

Baldwin A Howell

Boardman Bros. A Co.

Bush, David A Sous

Cotatl Co., The

Goldman, J. A Co.

Hooker A Lent

Lyon A Hoag

Magee, Thos. A Song

Nares A Saunders

O'Brien, Charles F.

((nlna, John E.

Realty Syndicate Co.

Shalnwald, Buckhre A Co.

The 70 Land and Water Co.

rmb.ro, G. H. A Co.
RESTAURANTS.

I.araen. C. G.

Wcstcrncld, P. A Co.

ROOFINGS, HUIMUNG PA-
PERS AND PAINTS.

Parafiine Paint Vo^ The
RITRBER GOODS.

Boston Woven Hose and Rub-
ber Co.

Goodyear Robber Co.

Wlnslow, C. R. A Co.

RIBBKR STAMPS, ETC.

Patrick A CO.

SAFES AM» VAULTS.

Hrrrlng-Ilsll-Marvla Snfe Co.

<•( II \TiriC INSTRUMENTS.

I, lets Co., The A.

SEEDS. HlllllH AND SPICKS.

Volkman, C. M. A Co.

SCHOOL SUPPLIES.

Mlltsa Bradley « o.

SEWING MACHINES.
Domestic

SEWING SILKS.
Carlsoa-Currler Silk Co.
SHIPPING AND COMMISSION.
Johnson-Locke Mercantile Co.
Otis, McAllister A Co.
Sloss, Louis A Co.
Williams, Dlmond A Oo.

SHIPPING.
Rosenfeld, Jno. A son*.
Urloste A Co.

SLATE.
Eureka Slate Co.

SHOES.
Koenig, Frank

SOAP FACTORY.
I.uhn, Otto

STREET RAILWAYS.
California-Street Cable Rail-
way Co.
United Railroads of San Fran-
cisco.

SURETY COMPANIES.
Pacific Surety Co.

SYRUPS.
"aelfle Coast Syrup C

TAILORS.
•neobl Bros.
Vankowskl, W.
Vordwell, C. W.
TANNERS AND LEATHER
DEALERS.
Cuhmnn, Sals A Co.

TELEPHONE AND TELE-
GRAPH,
'aclflc States Telephone and

Telegraph Co.
Postal Tel. Cable Co.
Western Union Tel. Co.

TENTS AND AWNINGS.
Vmes A Harris
Vevllle A <o.

THEATERS.
Orpheum Circuit Co.

TRANSFER COMPANIES.
McNab A Smith
Renner, Geo.
>an Francisco Transfer Co.

TRUNKS AND BAGS.
Hlrschfelder A Meaney
TYPEWRITERS.
Alexander, L. A M.

WALL PAPER.
Uhi Bros.

WATER COMPANIES.
Spring Valley Water Co.
WATER WHEELS.
Peltoo Water Wheel Co., The

WHOLESALE GROCERS.
Goldberg, Rowen A Co.
J*nnlngs, Thomas
Sussnian, Wormser A Co.
Tlllmann A Bendel
WHOLESALE LUMBER AM)

SHIPPING.
Caspar Lumber Co.
Hechtman, A. J.
Heyman, Julius
Hooper, C. A. A Co.
Nelson, Chas. Co.

WINES AND LIQUORS.
California AMn* Association
Gler Co.. Thro.

Unndlach-llundschu Wine Out
HotslliiK, A. P. A Co.
Itallau-Svtlss Colony
Jesse Muorr-llunt Co.
I.achiuan A Jncohl
Llrlngston A <
Mann Co.. C. M., Sneers, to I.

D* Turk
Martin, E. A Co.
Nnpa snd Sonoma Wine Oo.
Schilling, C. A CO.
Schultx. W. A.
Slebe Urns. A I'lagemaaa
Shra, Bo«-<juern« to.
Mirrnood A Sherwood
Vaa Berncn, N. A « <»•
Wetmorc, llimfn A i'o.
\\ Irlnnnn, l.utfccn A < <>.
\A llmrrnliu -1 HWt Co.
Wolff. AA'm. A to.

WOOLENS AND TAILOn
TRIMMINGS.
Armstrlu, Simon A Co.

10

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Success and For California, together, yearly subscription, $1.20
OUR PRICE FOR THE FIRST FOUR

$3.60

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FOR CALIFORNIA, yearly subscription - - One Dollar
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tAddrets.

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

25 N«w Moatgomery Street, San Fraaci«co, California

WHEN ORDERING, STATE NUMBER OF COMBINATION DESIRED

n.'.iPi * nm

APRIL
No. 5. Vol. II. 1905. 10 Cts. $1.00 a Yeat.

MANUFACTURES NUMBER

FOR CALIFORNIA

FRONTISPIECE -AN OLD MILL OF EARLY DAYS AND A
WATER WHEEL OF MODERN TYPE.

A CHANCE FOR MANUFACTORIES IN CALIFORNIA

I. B. MCMAHILL

CALIFORNIA SHIPBUILDING G. W. DICKIE

THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA JASON BROWN

BUILDING PERMITS AND REAL ESTATE SALES OF SAN
FRANCISCO IN MARCH.

SOME SPECIFIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR MANUFACTORIES

ARE THERE OPPORTUNITIES FOR MANUFACTORIES IN

CALIFORNIA? THE EDITORS

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

SAN FRANCISCO

FOR CALIFORNIA.

APRIL, 1905.

Application Mad* at San Francisco Poctoffic*
For Entry as Second-Clau Matter

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

(THE STATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION)

THE PURPOSE OF THE COMMITTEE IS TO GIVE TO THE WORLD RELIABLE AND

UNBIASED INFORMATION REGARDING THE RESOURCES OF AND THE

OPPORTUNITIES IN CALIFORNIA. FOR CALIFORNIA IS

PUBLISHED TO ASSIST IN CARRYING OUT THE

OBJECTS IN VIEW.

Correspondence Inyited.

FOR CALIFORNIA

A MONTHLY PUBLICATION

"FOR THOSE WHO DESIRE THE BEST THERE IS IN LIFE.*

NO ADVERTISEMENTS WIIX APPEAR IN FOR CALIFORNIA

The California Promotion Committee

»

25 NEW MONTGOMERY STREET
SAN FRANCISCO

AN OLD MILL OF EARLY DAYS AND A WATER WHEEL OF MODERN TYPE.

THE WATER WHEEL IS USED TO DEVELOP ELFCTRIC ENERGY FROM THE POWER OF MOUNTAIN STREAMS.

THE ABUNDANCE OF CHEAP POWER IS AN INDUCEMENT TO MANUFACTORIES IN CALIFORNIA.

(NOTE---IN REALITY THE MOOIRN WATER WNIIl ABOVE IS lOMIWHtT IM«LL[H THAN THE OLD MILL WHEEL IN THE ILLUSTRATION.)

.

A Chance for Manufactories
in California.

I. B. HcMAHILL.

CLIMATIC conditions.

HE climatic conditions of California are such that, according to
the United States census of 1900, the workmen of California
produce 32.9 per cent more in value of product, and with less
fatigue, than do the workers in the Eastern States. This is
accomplished in the face of the fact that concerns here are
at least twenty-five years behind in equipment as compared
with like concerns of the East, and are producing work on a retail
basis as against wholesale production East. It is certainly more pleasant
for a workman, and more conducive to good workmanship on his part, to be
able to live in his own vine-covered cottage, as he can in California, instead
of being herded in some tenement district of a great city. This is possible
in California. It is also possible for him to accomplish more in a factory
where there is an abundance of light and where the cold of winter does not
have to be shut out by a great deal of walls and but few windows.

COST OF FUEL.

"The lack of a good and cheap coal" has been one of the chief argu-
ments against the development of manufacturing in California. This is
now entirely overcome by the discovery of oil, which, at 70 cents a bar-
rel, is equal to coal at $2.25 per ton. The cost of handling coal as against
oil has been demonstrated most successfully at the Salinas Sugar Factory,
where a few men control the furnaces burning oil, which burning coal
would require the attention of many more employees. Given coal at $3.60
per ton and oil at 70 cents per barrel, the oil is cheaper as a power-producing
fuel by 37 1-2 per cent.

When it is taken into consideration that a manufacturing plant using
any quantity of oil can contract for the same at less than 70 cents per bar-
rel, it will be seen that the question of fuel in California is considerably in our
favor, for the best Cumberland bituminous coal costs the Eastern manu-
facturer $3.60 per ton.

/ COST OF ELECTRIC POWER.

Electric power is being produced in California more cheaply than in
the East.

raw material.

New England has long been given the palm for manufacturing,
but few know that while doing this she has imported from abroad
and from other sections of the United States fully 75 per cent of her raw
materials used in manufacturing and 85 per cent of her foodstuffs. Cali-
fornia, on the other hand, is importing to-day in foodstuffs but little more
in value than the annual income of the Santa Clara Valley, which is only
twenty by sixty miles in extent.

This State has within her borders two of the greatest deposits of
hemitite iron known to exist in the United States, her underlying stratas of
oil show inexhaustible volume, her forests produce some of the finest woods
known to manufacturing, her mines are productive to an extent and variety
unprecedented, and what she has not must yet be discovered elsewhere in
the known world.

A CHANCE FOR MANUFACTORIES.

MANUFACTURING SITES.

With land miles in extent, where grading, piling and blasting is un-
necessary, such lands being procurable at from one hundred to one thousand
dollars per acre, the question of sites for manufacturing is certainly not one
hard to answer in California. The larger as well as smaller manufacturing
concerns of the East are as far as possible avoiding the greater cities and
are placing their plants, even though removal be necessary, in smaller towns
where the elements of labor agitation do not exist and where their employees
may become home owners. California has a thousand towns where all of
the above requirements can be found, and in the further presentation of this
subject I hope to show reasons why, over and above the many shown herein-
before, the Eastern manufacturer can well consider this State as a promis-
ing location.

TRANSPORTATION, HOME AND FOREIGN MARKETS.

With the longest coast line of any State in the Union, with the waves
of the greatest ocean known to earth lapping her shores, with the shipping
of the world lying at anchor in her harbors, with several of the greatest trans-
continental railway lines tapping her every portion, California has certainly
all the inducements, from a transportation standpoint, which any State
could hope to present.

When the possibilities of manufacturing, as cited above in climatic
conditions, cost of fuel, raw material and manufacturing sites, are given
due weight, and when thought is given to the transportation facilities here
afforded, it will be seen that it will pay to ship into California from the Far
East of the United States the raw material, put it into a finished product and
re-ship it to an Eastern market, and that this can be done in times of de-
pression in commercial circles, and the product sold at a profit, and for less
than the Eastern manufacturer can sell it at. These are great points, and
once carefully noted they will result in making Cailfornia the leading manu-
facturing section of the Union, hence of the world.

As to home markets, the constantly increasing population of this
State, which is destined to be the most densely populated in the Union,
and which could support the population of France — 38,000,000 — the
problem of home markets is one easily solved. California is importing
shoes, belting, mining machinery, manufacturing machinery and tools of all
kinds, agricultural implements, wooden ware, crockery and glassware, furni-
ture, woolen goods and many other things, and if the demand did not exist
here for these products they would not be sent here.

As to foreign markets, the greatest consumers of American-made
goods are in the islands of the Pacific and the Orient. Statistics show that
the development of trade for American manufactures, within a given period,
,was 250 per cent in Siam against 15 per cent in Germany. The old
European countries lie nearest to the Atlantic seaboard and have, in a great
majority of cases, their own manufactories, which are in keen competition
with those of our country, while, on the other hand, the countries lying off
the P.-cific seaboard have few manufactories and comparatively none which
can in anyway compete with those of the United States. All of these markets
are most easily reached from California and it is obvious therefore that the
manufacturing possibilities of this State must sooner or later be recognized.
It is important, however that each community in California awake to the
value of manufacturing and offer inducements to manufacturers similar to
those offered by Eastern places which have long ago learned the lesson
taught by the prosperity of every town and village which has welcomed with
open arms the establishment of a factory. Imperial as is California in her
mining, agricultural and horticultural development, she has but to add
to these industries manufacturing to become invincible. The four industries
enumerated form a combination which in times of financial depression can
withstand against the most overwhelming odds, and the one supporting
the other and the other the one, makes possible a condition of society not
admissible under any other circumstances.

California Shipbuilding.

0. W. DICKIE.

ALIFORNIA, in the Bay of San Francisco, possesses the finest har-
bor on the western side of the American Continent, central in
its position, and central also in the facilities of distribution.

In a harbor like this, frequented by steamships from all ports
of the world, the shipbuilder and engineer is a necessity. The
shipbuilding industry has existed in San Francisco, more or less
active, for nearly fifty years, but iron and steel shipbuilding, combined with
engineering, as an establishment on our own water front was not an accom-
plished fact until the Union Iron Works Company built their present estab-
lishment on the south side of Central Basin at Potrero in 1 883.

The steamship and sailing ship repairs executed in this port constitute
quite an industrial item, amounting approximately to over one million dollars
per annum, about seven hundred thousand of which is paid in wages, and in
order to meet sudden demands for large forces of men to execute quickly
important repairs, shipbuilding must be carried on to a certain extent to
form a base of supply.

The fact that the United States Navy Department had entrusted the
building of twenty of the vessels of the New Navy to the Union Iron Works at
an aggregate cost of about thirty-one million dollars has given this industry
somewhat more than a local reputation.

An important fact in connection with the shipbuilding industry is the
large proportion of the total value of the product that is paid in wages. This
is why shipbuilding communities are generally prosperous, although the
shipbuilder himself may not get rich at the business. The actual wages paid
to the men on the twenty Government vessels built by the Union Iron Works
will be about fourteen and one-half million dollars, and the same proportion
will be nearly correct on all other shipbuilding and engineering work, and the
earnings per man are also high in this industry. Some time ago, I computed
the average earnings per man, including apprentice boys, the average being
for a period of eighteen years, and found it to be eight hundred and seven-
teen dollars.

This is an industry worth preserving. More than that, it is worth cul-
tivating, but it cannot be fed continuously on warships. San Francisco is
to be one of the great commercial cities of the world and must own fleets of
merchant ships and must build them to suit her special needs. Then let our
people see to it that no obstacle stands in the way of our being a great ship-
owning and shipbuilding center. The State can do much to foster this in-
dustry. The San Francisco shipowner, if he is ever so much in favor of
patronizing home industry, has to meet, first, a higher first cost, which,
instead of being offset by some remittance of tax burdens on the home-built
and owned vessel, the fact of being built and owned here is made the occa-
sion of imposing local tax burdens that foreign ships and ships owned in
other States are free from, thus directly throttling our industries and sup-
pression by law of all sentiment in favor of home industry.

I have repeatedly pointed out the absurdity of taxing ship property
when the nature and use of the property taxed render it impossible for any
part of the taxes thus levied to be expended for the benefit or protection of
the property thus taxed. New York stands to the eastern coast of this
country as San Francisco stands to the west coast. In New York, by act
of the Legislature in 1881, all registered vessels and all earnings of regis-
tered vessel property were exempted from all taxes for State and local pur-
poses for fifteen years, and on May 17, 1892, this exemption was extended
for a period of thirty years. Can we blame a San Francisco ship-owner for
going to New York to buy a ship, have her registered there and then bring
her out for business on this coast, where she runs free of taxes because her
owner was wise enough not to patronize home industry? I would also

CALIFORNIA SHIPBUILDING.-THE BROWN FAMILY.

enact a law that, to all vessels built and owned in this State, all ports and
harbors under control of the State shall be free. This would give the home
shipowner and shipbuilder a chance to help themselves and the State. With
an extension of our industries, new values are created in every direction. The
fostering of any productive industry by wise and helpful legislation must in-
evitably lead to the production of taxable property and thus increase the
public revenue. A great future is expected for the commerce of San Fran-
cisco, the port of California. Shipbuilding and shipowning will be necessary
factors to the realization of this future commercial prosperity. About
twenty-five thousand of our population are now dependent on the ship-
building industry of San Francisco. With all restrictions removed and the
right kind of fostering care applied, there is no reason why there should not
be one hundred thousand of our population, within the next ten years, di-
rectly supported by the shipbuilding industry of this port.

# * * * *

The Brown Family in California

By JASON BROWN
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
^ THE LANTERN SLIDE LECTURE AT KINNEY'S CORNERS.

{POSE you've heard there's going to be a lantern slide lecture in
Kinney's Corners Wednesday evening," said our good neighbor,
Simpson, as he stopped his team at the gate and Ethel sprang,
rosy and blushing, to the ground.

"Yes, indeed, I have," said I, "and we're all going."
"Good enough. These illustrated lectures on California are the
very thing. It's all right to go prospecting off to Asia Minor for an evening
or spending an hour or two looking at views of foreign lands, but when it
comes to seeing something too many people don't know much about, just
let me look at some California views. They're the finest in the land, and, by
the way, I was just telling Miss Ethel that I think she'd make the prettiest
picture in California."

So it happened that on Wednesday evening eight of us crowded into
William Simpson's big three-seated rig. There was Mr. and Mrs. Simpson,
myself and Mrs. Brown, and Ethel and Robert and Walter and Willie,
still our baby at four years old. I don't know how much city people enjoy
their amusements, but I can hardly think they can get such genuine and
wholesome pleasure from them as we do from our simple recreations in the
country. When we get through with our fun we feel good, and when they
get through they have to work to get over it.

It was early summer in our California home, though the month was but
March. The grass along the roadside was almost to a man's knees, and in
some places they had been cutting it. Some of the grain was headed out
and nodding in the moonlit fields. The breeze was warm and fragrant
with the breath of the growing things. As we rolled along toward Kinney's
Corners my wife and Mrs. Simpson struck up "Beulah Land." Will Simp-
son and I joined in, while Ethel's clear tones rang like her mother's when,
years ago, a great country lad, my steps had followed her's to the little New
England meeting house.

The hall was packed. Everybody was anxious to hear Mr. Erwin, who,
as Special Commissioner of the State Publicity Committee of the California
Promotion Committee, has shown his wonderful views and talked about
California to people in the East. Before beginning the lecture Mr. Erwin told
us how eager people were to see these pictures in the East and that he
would shortly start on an extended journey through the United States
and would show many new pictures which he was now gathering throughout
California.

THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA.

Then, In two brief hours, with the aid of the stereopticon, we journeyed
all through California. We saw the Golden Gate crimsoned by the setting
sun; the wonders of Yosemite, where great cataracts tumble thousands of
feet into one of the most fertile and lovely valleys of earth; the dazzling
whiteness of Mount Shasta, with its inexhaustible stores of water; the New
Year's Flower Festival at Pasadena; the great combined steam harvesters
that wind ponderously over the vast fields of waving grain, not only cutting,
but threshing, and leaving the grain sacked in piles to be gathered up by the
wagons following. Then we saw the lovely orchards all in blossom, and sud-
denly a bit of old New England flashed upon the screen.

"Whoop! look at those pumpkins!" cried Robert, startling the assem-
blage.

There they were — regular old New England pumpkins, a great field of
them, and one appearing in the foreground was as high as the shoulders of
a little girl standing beside it who, I should say, was about eight years old.

"Raw material for the kind of pie mother used to make," said Mr.
Erwin.

Then we saw acres of peaches, prunes and apricots drying in the sun;
a vineyard where raisins were being cut, and a merry party who were har-
vesting fruit and making a sort of outing party of their work by camping out.

"My, Jason, just think of it," said my wife, "we hear so much of Cali-
fornia that we don't believe half of it, and yet when we do see it we know
that it's so wonderful we wouldn't believe a well-informed man at all if he
was bold enough to tell the truth."

"That's just it, Mrs. Brown. I've often thought the same thing, but it
never came to me so forcibly as now, when we are seeing so many different
features of California all at once."

At last the lecture was over and we all thanked the kindly man who had
given us such a pleasant evening.

The next evening we were all seated out on the veranda talking over
the lecture. You know in the country we get a double pleasure from our
amusements by talking them over.

"What is the reason, Mr. Simpson," asked my wife, "that California,
with its varied resources, imports so many manufactured products from the
East?"

"That very point occurred to me, Mrs. Brown, when I looked at those
wonderful lantern slides last night," said Simpson, "and it has occurred to
me hundreds of times before when I have shipped material away back East
to be manufactured into goods that I know can be made just as well out
here. There are tremendous opportunities for manufacturing out in Cali-
fornia, and we farmers have got just as good a chance to take advantage
of the factors which make manufacturing possible as have any other class
of people."

"What, in your mind, are some of the greatest inducements to manu-
facturing in California," I asked, "and how can the California farmer take
advantage of its essentials?"

"Well," said Simpson, "you know this is beginning to be an age of
machines. The farmer is getting to realize more and more that farming
is most successfully done and best results are obtained when, as far as
possible, the labor of man is supplanted by the labor of machinery, intelli-
gently directed. As people have advanced in farming they have done away
as far as possible with physical drudgery. In very early days manpower on
the farm was succeeded by horsepower, although some manpower is still
used, and in some countries women haul the plow. Now horsepower is
being succeeded by machine power, and some day pretty nearly all the work
of the farm, especially the drudgery, will be done by machines. Here in
California we have an abundance of cheap power. There is petroleum and
electricity. While an abundant supply of power induces to manufacturing,
it also conduces to agriculture."

THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA.

"Have you heard, Mr. Simpson, how the farmers of Kane County,
Illinois, are using electricity on the farms?" asked Ethel.

"Yes, indeed, I have," said Simpson, "and it is one of the finest things
in the world. Fifty years ago the farmers of Kane County were opposed to
the first railroad that went through Illinois; now they stand on record as the
most advanced farmers in the world. They are taking up the use of elec-
tricity on the farm and almost all the work of the farm is performed by elec-
tric power.

"The electric motors which have been installed in Illinois are for saw-
ing wood, pumping water, separating cream from milk, threshing corn, cut-
ting fodder, plowing the fields, grinding apples, pulping potatoes, loading
and unloading wagons at the barn, and a dozen other operations once per-
formed by the farmhands and the patient horse.

"Here," said Simpson, taking a newspaper clipping from his pocket,
"is the data on the use of electricity on an Illinois farm":

Cost of installation of an electric motor $500.00

Cost of power furnished per year, about 30.00

Cost of repairs, etc., one year 10.00

Total cost of electricity one year $540.00

Comparison with former methods:

Cost one farmhand wages one year at $25 $300.00

Cost board and lodging one year at 50 cents

per day 185.00

Cost team of horses at $1 25 each 250.00

Cost feed for same, five acres of land produc-
tion for one year, valued at 200.00

Cost shoeing, veterinary, repairs to harness,

etc., one year 25.00

Total cost one man and two horses one

year $960.00

Saving with electricity over man and horse

first year $420.00

"The second year, of course, the gain is greater, for the electric plant
does not have to be reinstalled, and $40 should cover the cost of power and
repairs for the second year. The result on this farm shows that one fifteen
horsepower motor takes the place and performed the work of one hired man
and two draft horses.

"Here in California," continued Simpson, "there is an abundance of
cheap petroleum and an enormous amount of electric power is developed
from mountain streams. Every farm in California should have its electric
line and its motor. Any intelligent ten-year-old boy can run an electric
motor."

The May and June "Brown Family in California" will tell how the new

vegetable cellar was built from some rock on Mr. Simpson's place.

♦ » * * *

BUILDING PERMITS AND REAL ESTATE SALES OF
SAN FRANCISCO IN MARCH.

Building permits to the amount of $2,086,919 were taken out in San
Francisco during the month of March. This sum exceeds the February per-
mits. In that month San Francisco stood fifth in the magnitude of its
building operations in the list of the principal cities of the country. Real
estate sales in March amounted to $4,950,673, mortgages to $2,128,115,
releases to $1,846,581. Bank clearings for the last week in April were
$29,963,843, being 16.7 per cent greater than the corresponding week in
1904.

Opportunities for Manufactories

AS PRESENTED BY A NUMBER OF COMMUNITIES.

j^P HROUGH the following the reader will be enabled to get a
definite idea of the character of some of the opportunities for
manufactories in California. Space will not permit all such
opportunities to be set forth in a single issue of FOR CALIFOR-
NIA. Many other localities are set forth in the Opportunities
Number of FOR CALIFORNIA, those here given not generally
being included in that number.

UKIAH, MENDOCINO COUNTY.

Relative to inquiry concerning possibilities for manufacturing, first
there are several inexhaustible beds of fine clay, constituting the very best
material for pottery works and all of the modern building bricks and terra
cotta articles.

Second. Factories for tan bark extract, the strength of the tan bark
put into fluid shape and shipped in casks or barrels, anywhere along the
coast of the county and in the timber belt, the home of the tan oak tree.

Third. Tanneries, as the tan bark is close by; or shipbuilding along the
coast at the points where the large mills are situated.

Fourth. Box and chair factories near the mills, and where railroads
are adjacent to the timber.

This valley and Potter Valley, eighteen miles north, should be a fav-
ored place for all manufacturing required to be done with complex ma-
chinery and needing continuous power, such as shoes, silks and the like,
since a power plant is being installed by the Eel River Power and Irrigation
Company, which contemplates taking the water from Eel River by tunneling
through the mountain about a mile, drawing the water from the river and
letting it fall about four hundred feet into Potter Valley, giving an unlimited
electric power for light and power purposes and irrigation. Work is well
under way.

J. c. RUDDOCK,

President Board of Trade.

OAKLAND.

Your letter addressed to the Merchants' Exchange of Oakland regard-
ing manufacturing in California was considered at the meeting of the Direc-
tors last evening, and the Secretary was instructed to reply thereto, which
I do with pleasure.

The organization of which I have the honor to be Secretary considers
that the City of Oakland and immediate vicinities offer some of the best
locations for manufacturing purposes in the State of California. At the
present time there is a large area of unoccupied land fronting directly on
Oakland Harbor which can be obtained at very reasonable prices considering
its nearness to San Francisco, the Metropolis of the Pacific Coast.

As you are well aware, Oakland Harbor is being improved by the United
States Government and the most available sites for manufacturing are being
rapidly secured by factories of different kinds.

An association of Eastern capitalists at the present time is engaged
in the construction of a large plant for manufacturing purposes. The Cali-
fornia Cotton Mills, the California Flax Mills, the Pacific Steel and Wire
Company and the many other manufacturing enterprises are now in suc-
cessful operation, and it is only a question of a short time when the best of
the manufacturing sites on Oakland Harbor will have been secured for
factories.

The population of Oakland, Alameda and Berkeley is constantly in-
creasing. We feel that the City of Oakland at the present time is the City
of Opportunity in all lines of manufacturing.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR MANUFACTORIES.

The Merchants' Exchange of Oakland will be pleased to furnish more
detailed information as to location and prices to all those intending to estab-
lish factories in the vicinity of our city.

WILBUR WALKER,

Secretary of the Merchants' Exchange.

PETALUMA.

You may well say to the world, "Keep your eyes on Petaluma for a
manufacturing center" — thirty-seven miles north of San Francisco at the
head of tidewater navigation, as well as steam and electric railway facilities,
which will always insure cheap transportation to San Francisco and the
markets of the world.

Our city believes in acquiring and setting aside for factory purposes
suitable land and locations for new manufacturing establishments, whereby
any worthy concern can come to Petaluma and get a suitable site free and
in many cases a building erected for their use, suitable for their needs, and
in many ways the city has made and is now ready and willing to encourage
new industries to locate here. An honest investigation of the merits of
Petaluma for a manufacturing and shipping location almost invariably
results in a location at Petaluma.

Freight is shipped between Petaluma and San Francisco in quantities
at from 60 cents to $1 per ton, and small packages, such as cases of thirty-
six dozen eggs, are shipped from Petaluma to San Francisco at 10 cents
per case and the empty case returned free — in fact, much cheaper than to
take a package from Front street in San Francisco and deliver it to any other
address in San Francisco.

We already have a nice list and line of factories in successful operation
and employing many hundreds of hands. Among them are a silk mill, shoe
factory, feed and flour mills, three incubator factories, saddle tree factories,
three tanneries, planing mills, creameries, ice and cold storage plant, foun-
dry and machine shops and four cigar factories, nearly all of which have
grown up from a small beginning at Petaluma to their present strong finan-
cial standing and capacity, which prove that the conditions here are favor-
able to a profitable and increasing business.

Electric power in abundance can be had cheap — 10 cents per 1000
watts — as well as an abundant supply of pure water.

Cheap homes can be purchased on very easy terms. Living is much
cheaper and rents lower than in the larger cities. The educational, fraternal
and social conditions at Petaluma are all that can be desired and such as
to insure a contented, happy and prosperous home life. Our high school is
on the accredited list with the Universities. Our intermediate school grades
and facilities are equal to any in the State. A new Carnegie Library is
about ready to install our 1 0,000 volumes of selected books. A new $40,000
theater insures a fine place of amusement to theater-loving people. Eleven
churches; fine paved streets and cement sidewalks and cheap homes, in a
progressive, rapidly growing community with prosperous business condi-
tions; five banks in successful operation, with total assets of over $3,000,000
and only about 5000 population within the city limits of one and one-half
miles square, speaks well for the financial and contented condition of
Petaluma and her citizens. Outside the city limits, on five and ten acre
tracts, within a radius of eight miles of Petaluma, are another 5000 popula-
tion making their money and living on poultry, fruits and products of the
soil, all contented and prosperous and assured a ready cash market daily
for all their produce. Farther back from the city are the larger ranches
of dairies, sheep and cattle, olives, vineyards and hops, redwoods and tan
bark. Potatoes, wheat, corn, oats, barley, hay, sugar beets, apples, prunes
and all known varieties of fruits, nuts and berries are raised here to per-
fection. One of the most productive and prosperous counties in the State,
which abounds in raw material, products of her soil and gifts of nature,

10

OPPORTUNITIES FOR MANUFACTORIES.

which combines with the favorable position of Petaluma and furnishes an
ideal and profitable location for building up and perpetuating various and
numerous manufacturing establishments, that plants or parties seeking
a new location need only to examine Petaluma's position and claim, and
a location and profitable career is almost invariably the result.

j. w. HORN,
Secretary Petaluma Board of Trade.

PACIFIC GROVE.

Regarding manufacturing, there is plenty of sand suitable for glass-
making in this city and plenty of cheap fuel in the shape of crude petroleum.
Manufacturing sites near the Grove can be secured at very reasonable fig-
ures. Both rail and water transportation here.

WALLACE CLARENCE BROWN,

Secretary Pacific Grove Board of Trade.

WILLITS, MENDOCINO COUNTY.

There seems to be a good field here for the establishment of a door
and sash factory, coffin boxes and lead pencil material. The redwood com-
panies here can supply necessary material. It would be necessary to erect a
dry kiln. There are some hard woods about from which furniture might be
manufactured.

CHARLES F. CRAIG.

Secretary Willits Chamber of Commerce.

ANAHEIM.

There is a good opening in Anaheim to manufacture all kinds of fruit
preserves, citric acid, etc. A plant for the extraction of oil from the castor
beans would also do well, as those beans grow here in great abundance.

We have also large quantities of oil for fuel within a few miles of the
Santa Fe and Southern Pacific Railways, both of which run through this
place, and so cheap transportation could be secured.

E. MICHOD,

Secretary Anaheim Chamber of Commerce.

COLUSA.

The land around Colusa is well adapted to cultivation of sugar beets
and the citizens of Colusa are ready to subscribe $100,000 toward the capi-
tal of a sugar beet factory. This is the most important thing in the manu-
facturing line that I know of for this locality.

J. L. SWANK,

Secretary Colusa Board of Trade.

ESCONDIDO.

I think that there is a good opening here for a cannery to handle vege-
tables, fruit, etc. There is an abundance of frostless land suitable for garden
stuff and plenty of water for irrigating. The cheapest fuel would be crude oil,
which is shipped in in tank cars.

LLOYD STEVENSON.

Secretary Escondido Chamber of Commerce.

OROVILLE.

The principal advantage which Oroville possesses as a site for factories
is a close proximity to a great wealth of power. Electrical transmission has
solved the problem of making the power of mountain streams available at
distant points, but, as is well known, there is a loss in transmission which
increases with distance, and the nearer the plant where power is used to the
waterfall the more economical the operation. Oroville is the most advanced
region in electrical power development. The immense plants of the Cali-

11

OPPORTUNITIES FOR MANUFACTORIES.

fornia Gas and Electric Corporation and its allied companies at Colgate,
Centerville and de Sabla, which furnish power to bay cities, are near at hand
to the east and north, respectively, and an uncompleted plant belonging to
the same companies lies to the northeast on French Creek. Other com-
panies have secured very valuable rights on Feather River and its branches in
a northerly direction from Oroville, and opportunities for securing other loca-
tions are numerous, some of the most inviting spots being still unused.

To the advantage of cheap power should be added the advantage of the
situation of Oroville, in a country rich in raw material and productive possi-
bilities. We have within easy reach a wide variety of minerals, including
clays, lime, paint, asbestos, gold, silver, copper, iron and other metals. We
have a vast area of forests, quarries of marble and building stone, deposits
of finest cement and the best of lime.

Oroville is located at the mouth of Feather River Canyon, the point
where the proposed Western Pacific Railway will enter the Sacramento Val-
ley, and probable point of divergence of various branch roads. Franchises
entitling two electric roads to enter Oroville from valley points have been re-
cently sold to parties who recognize the immense possibilities presented
by the opening of the rich mountainous country by the Western Pacific
Railroad. Facilities for transportation to various points will be of advantage
to factories and will add to the other attractive features in inducing manu-
facturers to locate their plants here. The thousands of sheep raised near
at hand make it a fine location for a woolen mill. A flour mill is just now
something which Oroville is in much need of. An orange marmalade fac-
tory would have a good opening here.

Oroville presents attractions to the manufacturer which should soon
bring him this way.

L. V. HENDRICKS,

Oroville, California.

NILES.

An excellent location for a fruit and vegetable cannery, in the center
of one of the most productive regions in the State. All kinds of vegetables
are grown and in apricots and cherries the quality is recognized as being
equal to the very best in the State. Good shipping point, as it is a junction
of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and it is expected that the Western Pacific
will go through the town in the near future.

A good point for foundry or iron works that would bring its own skilled
labor. There is no such enterprise here now.

A good point for a small bank which could carry the accounts of local
business men and farmers and do a good deal of loaning on real estate.

Good place for large tourist or summer hotel.

j. c. SHINN,

Niles, Alameda County, California.

OLINDA.

Yours requesting information in regard to manufactories received, and
I suggest a box or sash and door manufactory. There is an abundant sup-
ply of fine sugar pine to be had and an abundant supply of electricity to
operate it. There is some fine water power yet undeveloped.

L. D. WALKER,

Secretary Olinda Improvement Club.

AUBURN.

Auburn offers a free site and cheap power for any manufactory and
has good railway facilities for transportation for the raw and manufactured
article.

We have in raw material a deposit for making building material or
building blocks which has been tested so that it is considered fire proof.
We have abundance of different kind of wood that might be worked up into
different articles of furniture, etc.

12

OPPORTUNITIES FOR MANUFACTORIES.

We believe that many other articles could be manufactured here where
the raw material could be brought in.

Our power would be both electric and water. We have three large elec-
tric plants in this county and have numerous natural water power facilities.

J. H. WILLS,

Secretary Placer County Improvement Association.

CONTRA COSTA COUNTY.

Victor H. Metcalf, Secretary of Commerce and Labor, said in a recent
speech that Government statistics showed that Contra Costa County stood
second of all the counties in California in the value of its manufactured
products. San Francisco, with its 400,000 inhabitants, heads the list, and
then comes little Contra Costa County with its manufactures, turning out
last year $36,000,000 worth of goods to be distributed to the world by our
incomparable transportation facilities.

The works now in construction and in process of construction should
double this in the next five years.

What has caused this influx of money and enterprise in so few years,
and without any unusual advertising or booming of this county?

One reason is that we have seventy miles of deep water frontage and
every mile of it is good safe harbor in any and all kinds of weather, a natural
advantage that cannot be duplicated in California. Vessels from Japan,
China, Australia and the islands sail to our very doors. The building of the
Panama Canal will bring us 9000 miles nearer the markets of the Atlantic
seaboard. When all these markets are fully opened up^t will make Contra
Costa County one of the richest and greatest manufacturing centers of the
country. To make this location still more desirable, two overland railroads —
the Southern Pacific and theSantaFe — have built their roads along the shore
line nearly side by side. These roads put us in quick and cheap communi-
cation with all parts of the West and the East, while our ocean transporta-
tion connects us with the rest of the world. Any ship that can pass the
Golden Gate can sail to the wharves of Contra Costa County.

So the raw material and the finished product are loaded either on ocean-
going vessels or the railroads at the factory doors, and the cost of transpor-
tation is reduced to the lowest figure.

We have a pipe line from the Kern County oil fields to our water front,
furnishing the cheapest fuel to be found in the country. Besides, we have
electricity from a power line, brought from the mountains, furnishing power
for lighting and mechanical purposes at cheap rates and in any amount
required.

We did not have all these inducements to offer the enterprising men
with money and ambition when they first commenced to build their wharves
and warehouses and factories in this county, but we had one advantage
that nature provided and that nature alone can duplicate, and that is our
magnificent harbor frontage.

D. J. WEST,

Martinez, California.

13

Are There Opportunities For
Manufactories in California.

THE EDITORS. %

OWER, transportation and raw material — these are the three
essentials to every manufacturing enterprise, and according as
they are cheap or abundant so the opportunities for manufac-
turers are determined.

In California these essential conditions exist in a somewhat
unusual degree. With a coast line of almost twelve hundred
miles, facing the markets of the Orient, and affording transportation to the
ports of the world, the possibilities of foreign trade seem almost unlimited.
Taking in account the remarkable and varied resources of the State, its
manufacturing life has scarcely begun. Its vast forests have only been
commercially exploited to a very limited degree and it is said that in Hum-
boldt County alone less than one-tenth of the total lumber acreage has been
harvested in all the operations of the last fifty years. Throughout the
Sierras are vast forests of pine and fir. Lumber is only one of the many raw
materials which will be commercially exploited. There is an abundance of
other material which can be utilized without appreciably destroying its
quantity.

The problem of fuel and power has been remarkably solved in Cali-
fornia by the discovery of vast fields of petroleum and by the generation of
electric power from the energy of mountain streams. The force of moun-
tain streams through electric transmission is now generally available where
illumination and power are required.

Electric energy is divisible. The manufacturer can use as much or as
little of it as he desires and only pays for what he uses. Owing to the in-
crease in the electric power and the improved methods of long-distance
transmission, the census taken at the present time would probably show a
great increase in the number of small manufactories.

In some places^ in California electric power has been furnished as cheap
as fifty dollars a year per horsepower in small quantities. It is purchased
often, for pumping plants at the rate of one cent and three-quarters to
a cent and a half per horse power per hour. A great amount of power is
sold to the dredging companies around Oroville at about eight dollars per
horsepower per month. With the development of electric energy the problem
of the manufacturer is solved. The small manufacturer in the little shop
can secure a horsepower to run his shop at a rate which is encouraging.
Here's a theoretical horse which works twenty-four hours in the day three
hundred and sixty-five days in the year and never eats, sleeps or requires
care, and has actually more energy than a real horse. Any other State
with less wealth than California would have been seriously impover-
ished through sending away so much money for goods which can be manu-
factured within its borders. Carloads of show cases are brought here every
year. The glass used is brought from Belgium and the wood used, mostly
oak, is brought in its finished state from Grand Rapids. In California there
is an abundance of glass sand which has been pronounced by experts to
compare favorably with the Belgium glass sand, and there is an abundance
of wood material which could be used in making showcases. Much of the
raw material of some of the articles used here is shipped to the East, manu-
factured and then returned to California, where it is used in its completed
form. The statement was recently made by a large woolen dealer that he
had to send all his wool to New York to be cleaned because there were not
facilities enough for him to get his wool cleaned here. Yet California manu-
factures some of the finest woolens and blankets in the world. A well-
known man in one of the smaller cities in this State sent to Chicago to
secure several pairs of the best blankets in the market for his daughter, who
was about to set up housekeeping. When the blankets came, he found upon
them a mark showing that they had been manufactured in his own town
and not three blocks away from where he lived.

14

The California Promotion Committee

REPRESENTING j

ANDREA SBARBORO, Chairman Manufacturers and Producers Annoclatlon

Hills I*. Ji:\\I\«iS, Executive Officer San Francisco Chamber of Commerce

GEO. W. McNEAR, Treasurer Merchants Exchange of San Francisco

A. A. XV ATKINS San Eranclaco Board of Trade

FRED J. KOSTER San Franctaco Merchants Association

HON. GEO. C. PARDEE...
BENJ. IDE WHEELER. . .
DAVID STARR JORDAN.

WILL S. GREEN

R. P. LATHROP

C. P. SOULE

JAMES A. BARR

S. F. BOOTH

M. J. NEWMARK

CHARLES S. FEE

XV. A. BISSELL

R. X. RYAN

GEO. W. HEINTZ

LEWIS E. ALillHV.

RUFUS P. JENNINGS . . .

H. P. WOOD

W. A. BEAUD

EDWIN STEARNS

COLVIN B. BROWN

GEORGE A. KELLOGG.
ARTHUR G. BALAAM. . .

I. B. McMAHILL

GILBERT B. MORROW.

ADVERTISERS.
Varncy A Green

ADDING MACHINES.
Burroughs Adding Machine Co.

ADVERTISING.
Cooper, F. J.
Weil, William M.

AMMUNITION.
Union Metallic Cartridge Co.

ARCHITECTS.
Reid Bros.
John Galen Howard.

ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW.
Bancroft, Philip
Deamer A Stetson
Felgenbaum, Sanford
Noyes, Bartholomew
Stratton A Kaufman
Sullivan A Sullivan
Treat, R. B.

ACCOUNTANTS.
Amrath, J. W.

BANKS.
Anglo-California Bank
Bank of California
California Safe Deposit and

Trust Co.
Central Trust Co.
French-American Bank
German Savings and Loan

Society
Hibernla Savings and Loan

Society
Italian-American Bank
London, Paris and American

Bank
Market Street Bank
Mercantile Trust Co. of San

Francisco
Mechanics' Savings Bank
Mutual Savings Bank
Pacific States Savings, Loan

and Building Co.
Savings and Loan Society
Security Savings Bank
Wells, Fargo A Co.'s Bank

BARB ER SUPPLIES.
Deckelman Bros.

BOILER WORKS.
Keystone Boiler Works

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.
Crocker, H. S. Co.
Cunningham, Curtis A Welch
Elder, Paul A Co.
Payot, Upham A Co.
Sanborn, Vail A Co.
San Francisco News Co.

BREWERS.
Brewers' Protective Assn.

BROKERS.
Brown, Edward A Sons

CANNERIES.
Jacobs, Isidor (California Can-
neries)

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Governor of California

Berkeley President University of California

Palo Alto President Leland Stanford Jr. University

REPRESENTING

Colusa Sacramento Valley Development Assn.

Holllster Central Coast Counties Improvement Ass a

Eureka North Coast Counties

Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Assn.

Fresno Fresno Chamber of Commerce

Los Angeles . . . Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce
San Francisco. Southern Pacific Company
San Francisco. Atchison, Topeka A Santa Fe Railway
San Francisco. California Northwestern Railway
North Shore Railroad
California State Mining Bnrean
COMMITTEE

REPRESENTING
San Francisco County
Counties South of Tehachapl
Sacramento Valley Counties

Oakland San Francisco Bay Counties

Stockton San Joaquin Valley Counties

Eureka North Coast Counties

Lompoc South Coast Counties

San Jose Central Coast Counties

Sonora Sierra Counties

ASSOCIATE MEMBETS

DAIRY PRODUCE.

. . . San Francisco .
...San Francisco.
STATE PUBLICITY

, San Francisco .
San Diego
Sacramento. . . ,

CAPITALISTS.
Borel, Antolne
Coleman, Robert L.
Durphy, B. F.
Glselman, William
Hopkins, E. W.
Mackay, Clarence
Marye, George F. Jr.
Mathews, H. E.
Meyer, Daniel
Pacific Improvement Co.
Phelan, James D.
Spreckels, Claus
Thompson, R. R.

CARPETS, LINOLEUM AND

UPHOLSTERY GOODS.
Hulse, Bradford A Co.

CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY
AND FURNITURE.
Hoffman, Henry, Jr. < W. J.
Sloane A Co.)

CASH REGISTERS.
Pierce A Co.

CIGARS AND TOBACCO.
Gunst, M. A. & Co.
Judell, H. L. A Co.

CLOTHIERS.
Raphael, Inc.

COAL DEALERS.
Allen, Chas. It.

COFFEE, TEA AND SPICES.
Brandensteln, M. J. A Co.
« us well, Geo. XV. A Co.
Folger, J. A. A Co.
Hills Bros.
Jones-Paddock Co.
Schilling, A. A Co.
Thlerbach, Chas. F. A Co.
COMMISSION A MANUFAC-
TURERS' AGENTS.
Malllard A Schmieden
National Mfg. Co.
Thleben, Jos. A Co.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
Armsby, The J. K. Co.
Horst, E. Clemens Co.

CONFECTIONERS.
Blum, Simon
Haas, Geo. A Son

COOPERAGE.
California Barrel Co.
Woerner Cooperage Co., Davtd

CORDAGE.
Tulihs Cordage Co.

CROCKERY AND GLASS-
WARE.
Angle-American Crockery and

Glassware Co.
Natluin-Dohrmann Co.
CUSTOM HOUSE BROKERS.
Mayhew, F. E. A Co.

DAIRY MACHINERY.
De Laval Dairy Supply Co.

15

(

Dairymen's Union of Cal.
HnigUt, Fred. li. A Co.

DENTISTS.
Fletcher, Thomas

DEPARTMENT STORE.
Emporium

DRY GOODS.
City of Paris Dry Good* Co.
Hale Bros.
Murphy-Grant Co.
Newman A Levinson
Raphael, Weill A Co. (Inc.)
Strauss, Levi A Co.
Strauss A Frohman
Welnstock, Lubln A Co.
DRIED FRUITS.
Guggenheim A Co.
Phoenix Raisin Seeding and

Packing Co.
Rosenberg Bros. A Co.

DYEING AND CLEANING.
Hickman, Henry
Thomas, F., Dye and Cleaning
Works

EDUCATIONAL.
Ham, Charles H.

EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS
AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
Castle Bros.
Gets Bros.
Jennings, Rnfus P.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Wells-Fargo Express Co.

FANCY GOODS.
Sachs Bros. A Co.
FARM IMPLEMENTS AND

VEHICLES.
Baker A Hamilton
Hooker A Co.

FREIGHT COMPANY.
Transcontinental Freight Co.

FURNITURE.
Brenner, John Co.
Cordes Furniture Co.
Friedman, M. A Co.
Fuller, Geo. H„ Desk Co.
Indianapolis Furniture Co.
McCann, Belcher A Allen
Sterling Furniture Co.
Weber, C. F. A Co.

GAS AND ELECTRIC CO.
San Francisco Gas Co.

GAS AND ELECTRICAL
FIXTURES.
Day, Thomas A Co.
GAS ENGINES AND SCALES.
Union Gas Engine Co.

GAS REGULATORS.
Gaa Consumers' Association

GENERAL MERCHANDISE.
Smith's Cash Store.

GLASS COMPANY.
Illinois-Pacific Glass Co.
GOLD, SILVER and NICKEL

PLATING WORKS.
Drnnistou, E. G.

HARDWARE.
French A I.inforth
Froelich, Christian
Holhrook, Merrill A Stetson
Montague, W. W. A Co.
Pacific Hardware A Steel Co.
Tay, George H. Co.

HATTERS.
Collins, Charles J.
Fisher A Co.
Friedlnnder Hat Co.
Triest A Co.

HOTELS.
Alta Pines .Mountain Resort
Brooklyn
California
Commercial
Hotel Rafael
Hotel St. Francis.
International Hotel
Lick House
Manhattan Hotel
New Western Hotel
Palace Hotel

INSURANCE.
Commercial Union Assurance

Co.
Fireman's Fund Insurance Co.
Foster, Geo. H. Co.
Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life)
Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
National Fire Insurance Co.
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance

of California
Royal and Queen Insurance

Co.
The Liverpool, London and

Globe Insurance Co.
Ward, C. H.

JEWELERS.
Carran A Green
Judls, Alphonse Co.
Radke A Co.
Sch ussier, M. A Co.
Schweitzer, Joseph
Shreve A Co.

KNIT GOODS.
Pflster, J. J. Knitting: Co.
LEATHER GOODS.
Harphnm A Jansen

LIME AND CEMENT.
Holmes I. line Co.
Standard Portland Cement Co.

LITHOGRAPH Kits.
Rrltton A Key

Mutual Label Lithograph Co.
Union Lithographing Co.

LOANS.
C. H. Morrell

Finance and Security Co.
MA< IMM:itV AND engi-
neers' m'ppliks.

Cyclops Iron Works
Harron, Rleknrd A McCone
Henshaw, liulkjey Co.
Meese A Gott fried Co.
Martin, John
Moore, Charles C.
Pacific Tool and Supply Co.
'latum A llonen

Mi:\'s rURNISHINa GOODS.

Atkins, it. i . A Sons
Ilnlloek A Jones
t luett. I'cnbody A I <••
Grecnchniim. Well A Mlehels

Niinliitlli-r llros.
h»ffM \. .1. .V Sons

mii i it < oMPAirr.

Pacific Meter to.

Ml I \l. WORKS.
Finn. John
Pacific Metnl Works
Sell.y Smelting Works

MILLERS.
Port Costs Million Co.
Sperry Flour « ...

Mill ntBKT.
Toplltz. Itobt. L. A <o.

MiMNt. i;\<.imi;r*.
Callahan. II. C.
Splnks, Chss. II.

M < h« I \M m \NUFAC-
l I in it.

Ilelnemiin, II. M.

OPTICIANS.
California Optical Co.

OVERALLS AND SHIRTS.
Heynemann A Co.

OYSTER DEALERS.
Morgan Oyster Co.
PACKERS AND PROVISION

DEALERS.
Baccus, Richard T.
Miller A Lux
Roth, Blum A Co.

PACKERS OF CANNED
FRUITS AND VEGE-
TABLES.
California Fruit tanners' As-
sociation
Hunt Bros. Co.

PAINTS, OILS AND GLASS.
American Oil and Paint Co.
Bnss-Hueter Paint Co.
Fuller, W. P. A Co.

PAPER BOXES.
Pacific Folding Paper Box Co.

PAPER DEALERS.
Blake, Moflit A Towne
Boncstell, Richardson A Co.
Union Pulp and Paper Co.
PATENT MEDICINE.
California Fig Syrup
PHYSICIANS.
Bryant, Edgar R.
Pischel, Kaspar (oculist)
Rosenstirn, Julius

PHARMACIST.
Martin, Henry J.
Rcdington A Co.
Schmidt, Vnl

PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER-
CHANDISE.
Mauzy, Byron
Sherman, Clay A Co.

POTTERY AND TERRA
COTTA.
Gladding, McBean A Co.
PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU.
Allen's

PRINTERS A PUBLISHERS.
Barry Printing Co.
Commercial Publishing Co.
Gibson A Goldwater
Murdock, C. A. A Co.
Partridge, John
Phillips A Van Orden Co.

PUBLICATIONS.
Golden Gate Guide
Guide, The

RAILROADS.
California Northwestern Rail-
road
HE\L ESTATE AND LANDS.
Baldwin, O. D. A Son
Rnldtvln A Howell
Boardmnn Bros. A Co.
Bush, David A Sons
Cotntl Co., The
Coldmnn, J. A Co.
Hooker A Lent
Lyon A Hong
Mngee, Thos. A Sons
V tires A Saunders
O'Hrlen, Charles F.
((iilnn, John E.
Realty Syndicate Co.
shHlnwnld, Iltickbee * Co.
The 7(1 Land and Water Co.
I mhsen, 0. 11. .V to.

RESTAURANTS.
I.arsen, C. G.
Wcstcrfleld, P. * Co.
ROOFINGS, Rl IIIMXG PA-

rasi \m> PAnrw.

Paralllne Paint Co., The

III IMII'.R QOOMi
Hoston Woven Hose and Rub-
ber t ...
t;ood>car Hohher Co.
W Inoltm, C. It. A Co.

Itl 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 C XT \ MI'S, ETC.
Patrick A I «••

iajtbi urn vaults.

Ilerrliig-llnll-MnrUn Safe Co.
-.< i i \ l ll n INSTRI MUM'S.
I. let* < .... i hi A.
M:r.ns III.RIIS AND SPICES.

Volkmnn. C. M. A to.

s( iitiiii. si ri'LiES.

Milton Ilradley Co.

SEWING MACHINES.
Domestic

SEWING SILKS.

Carlson-Currier Silk Co.
SHIPPING AND COMMISSION.
Johnson-Locke Mercantile Co.
Otis, McAllister A Co.
Sloss, Louts A Co.
Williams, Dlniond A Co.

■HIPPIHG.
Rosenfeld, Jno. A Sons.
Urloste A Co.

SLATE.
Eureka Slate Co.

SHOES.
Koenig, Frank

SOAP FACTORY.
Luhn, Otto

STREET RAILWAYS.
California-Street Cable Rail-
way Co.
United Railroads of San Fran-
cisco.

SURETY COMPANIES.
Pacific Surety Co.

SYRUPS.
Pacific Coast Syrup Co.

TAILORS.
Jncobl Bros.
WankowskI, W.
Nordwell, C. W.

TANNERS AND LEATHER
DEALERS.
Kullman, Salz A Co.

TELEPHONE AND TELE-
GRAPH.
Pacific States Telephone and

Telegraph Co.
Postal Tel. Cable Co.
Western Union Tel. Co.

TENTS AND AWNINGS.
Ames A Harris
Neville A Co.

THEATERS.
Orpheum Circuit Co.

TRANSFER COMPANIES.
McNab A Smith
Renner, Geo.
San Francisco Transfer Co.

TRUNKS AND BAGS.
Hlrschfelder A Meaney
TYPEWRITERS.
Alexander, L. A M.

WALL PAPER.
Uhl Bros.

WATER COMPANIES.
Spring Valley Water Co.
"WATER WHEELS.
Pelton Water Wheel fo„ The

WHOLESALE GROCERS.
Goldberg, llonrn A Co.
Jennings, Thomas
Suss in a a, Woniiscr A Co.
'II 1 1 man n A Bendel
WHOLESALE 1.1 M HER AND

shipping.
Caspar Lumber Co.
lleeht man, A. J.
Ile> man, Julius
Hooper, C. A. A Co.
Nelson, Chns. Co.

WIM.s \M> I. Mil ORS.
California Wine Association
tiler Co.. Theo.

tiiiiidlnch-lliiudschu Wine CO.
llotnlloK. A- !'• A <'•■
Ilalllin-Swisa Colony
Jesse Moore-Hunt Co.
I n.linian A Jaeohl
Lil Ingston .V t ...

Mann Co., C. M., Si rs. to I.

I)e Turk
Martin. I'.. A t ...
Nnpn and Sonoma Wine C«.
Schilling, C. A < •>■
SehiiM*. W. \.
si, he llros. A IMagemaan
Shea, Hocuuerar I ...
Sherwood A Slirnu.nd
Van llergen. N. A to.
\\ rllllnrr. Iliinrn A
Wlflimnn, l.iltlien A to.
\\ lliiicrdlng-l.orwc t ...
WolfT. Wm. A to.

woolens *ni» TAILOR

THIMMINI.x.

Amsteln, Simon A Co.

1C

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for 1905 ===

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cAddress-

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

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WHEN ORDERING, STATE NUMBER OF COMBINATION DESIRED

PHILLIPS * v»n oaoeN CO.,8. F.

MAY
No. 6. Vol II. 1905. JO Ctt. JJ.00 a Yeat.

STRUCTURAL MINERALS NUMBER

FOR CALIFORNIA

FRONTISPIECE-NEW POST OFFICE BUILDING, SAN FRAN-
CISCO.

CHARACTER OF CALIFORNIA STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

LEWIS E. AUBURY
BRICK MANUFACTURE IN CALIFORNIA

BUILDING MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA

JOHN GALEN HOWARD

CALIFORNIA'S PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

ONYX MARBLE

THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA JASON BROWN

A LITTLE KNOWN RESOURCE

METROPOLITAN ESSENTIALS THOMAS MCCALEB

SIXTY MILLIONS FOR TABLE CHINA?

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

SAN FRANCISCO

FOR CALIFORNIA.

MAY, 1905.

Application Mad* at tan Franciaco Poatofftoa
For Entry aa Socontf-CJaaa Matoor

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

(THE STATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION)

THE PURPOSE OF THE COMMITTEE IS TO GIVE TO THE WORLD RELIABLE AND

UNBIASED INFORMATION REGARDING THE RESOURCES OF AND THE

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^ OF Tl

UN1VE

_

The California Promotion Committee

25 NEW MONTGOMERY STREET
SAN FRANCISCO

The Character of California
Structural Materials.

LEWIS B. AUBURY, State mineralogist.

HE growth of development of the essential structural material
resources in California has been strikingly emphasized by the
field work of the State Mining Bureau assistants engaged in the
securing and preparation of data on the Structural and Indus-
trial Materials of California.

California can and should produce every cubic foot of sand-
stone, granite, marble and onyx, every barrel of cement, all the clay and
terra cotta ware, paint and soda that may be employed or consumed within
the State, and become an exporter of all these materials and wares. There
is no necessity for importation of these from other States.

Within the two years, 1903-1904, California builders have imported
from other States, approximately, 18,000 cubic feet of sandstone, 17,000
cubic feet of granite, 37,000 cubic feet of marble and onyx. That is just
72,000 cubic feet more than should have been imported. But when one
considers that in those two years California produced, approximately, 800,-
000 cubic feet of sandstone, 850,000 of granite and 200,000 of marble, the
import figures do not appear so terrifying.

These figures are approximated, but they are close enough for the pur-
poses of comparison.

California cement is another material that within the past two or three
years has shown what can be done in this State by the application of com-
mercial energy to the natural resources. There are now in operation three
cement plants in the State, and the demand for their products is enormous.
Compared with the imports from other States, the California production cuts
a very large figure. In the two years, 1903-1904, the imports from other
States amounted approximately to about 23,000 barrels. California pro-
duced in that period about one and one-half million barrels.

California mineral paint is an essential material that should in the future
receive greater encouragement from the manufacturers than it has in the
past. The product of 1903 was greater than the imports of the two years
of 1903-1904, and two of the available deposits in the State were not ope-
rated. There is not the slightest doubt of the quality of the production; that
has been demonstrated. Activity of producers and encouragement by the
dealers and manufacturers will reduce the imports very materially within the
next two years.

The manufacture and employment of concrete is one of the essential
structural industries that is making great strides in California. Since this
State produces the cement and the basic materials in the form of trap rocks
and gravel are so abundantly and economically distributed in the hills and
streams, there is no longer a question of the economy of employment of con-
crete for foundations and walls of buildings, for culverts, and for structural
work applied to irrigation and drainage.

Akin to this industry, and one that is advancing rapidly, is the manufac-
ture of structural hollow ware for use in the interior construction of fireproof
buildings. California provides also the base for this ware in the clays and
cemented lavas that are abundant in many counties.

Note. — The field assistants of the State Mining Bureau have been
making observations and investigations and reporting from occurrences
of materials that may be employed in structural and industrial operations.
The Mining Bureau will shortly issue a bulletin giving in full reports of the
field assistants on structural and industrial materials in California and many
other matters of importance.

CHARACTER OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— LEWIS E. AUBURY.

New deposits of efficient fireclays are being discovered, and magnesite
as a component of refractory brick is being experimented. Magnesite
bricks are the most refractory of all the essential bricks employed to with-
stand the great heat of an oil-burning furnace. The magnesite bricks em-
ployed in the furnaces of this State are imported from Pennsylvania and
Germany; but experiments are in progress looking toward the successful
manufacture of magnesite bricks in this State.

The availability of eruptive tufa for employment as building stone is
being investigated by owners of quarries and other property containing this
long-neglected material. The utility and economy of its use in various
characters of buildings are being recognized.

Iron, though an undeveloped metal in California, is abundant and of
excellent quality for industrial uses. The prospecting and developing await
only the application of capital, and the successful manufacture of California
iron will find a market within the Pacific Coast country. The iron in Placer
County has been proven, while Nevada and Butte Counties contain prospects
that are attracting attention. Madera and San Bernardino Counties also
contain large deposits of desirable iron ore.

It may be of interest to recite the names of the counties producing
some of these materials:

Granite — Fresno, Madera, Nevada, Placer, Riverside, Sacramento, San
Diego, San Luis Obispo, Santa Cruz, Solano, Trinity, Tulare, Tuolumne.
Magnesite — Napa, Sonoma, Santa Clara, Tulare.
Marble — Amador, Inyo, Riverside, San Bernardino, Tuolumne.
Mineral Paint — Calaveras, Sonoma, Stanislaus.

Sandstone — Colusa, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, San Luis Obispo,
Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Ventura, Yolo. (Every county in the State.)
Concrete Gravel — Colusa, Glenn, Yolo.

Concrete Rock — Alameda, Los Angeles, Madera, Marin, Monterey,
Placer, Riverside, Sacramento, San Benfto, San Bernardino, San Francisco,
Santa Cruz, Shasta, Solano, Sonoma, Ventura.

These counties are producers of the materials named. To add the
names of counties in which these or others of the forty-six structural and
industrial materials occur, undeveloped, would be to include all the counties
of the State. The prosecution of the operations of the producers to their
full capacity and the development of the latent resources would double the
production of the State, which for the years named is approximately

$20,000,000.

* * ♦ ♦ *

IMPORTS TO CALIFORNIA

( By rail for 2 years ending June 30, 1904)

Bricks, 142 carloads; clays, 2531 tons; cement, 4770 tons; granite,
210 tons; gypsum, 6629 tons; lime, 29 tons; marble and onyx, 3761 tons;
macadam, 204 tons; paint, 2080 tons; building stone, 1511 tons; slate.

45 tons; soda, 6040 tons.

• • * * *

BRICK MANUFACTURE IN CALIFORNIA.

Since 1893 more than a million thousands of bricks have been made in
California. Previous to that year the California-made bricks were employed
chiefly by local contractors, their manufacture and use dating back to 1850.
Commercially, the brick trade covers the period of eleven years here men-
tioned; the adoption of improved brick molding machines and the con-
tinuous down draft kilns enabling the larger producers to furnish this char-
acter of building material to the interior and coast towns for quick delivery
at the same price that the local contractor could supply them.

Building Materials of California

JOHN OALEN HOWARD

INGULARLY blessed as California is in the matter of climate and
the beauty of its natural scenery, the State is hardly less fortu-
nate in respect of the building materials with which it is endowed.
Only a few of the more conspicuous products have been devel-
oped up to the present time. Vast opportunities are offered for
future development by the inexhaustible deposits of building
stone, lime, clay, sand and other minerals used in the building arts, as well
as by the enormous tracts of forest wherein the timber attains astonishing
proportions.

First in point of monumental quality of all the materials which enter
into building operations may be mentioned granite. A large portion of the
Sierra Nevada Mountains is underlain by or visibly made up of granite of
excellent quality. Several quarries are already in active operation, notably
those at Folsom and at Raymond. The former is of good structural quality,
of a darkish grey color, somewhat coarse in texture. The Raymond granite
is one of the best building stones to be found anywhere. For color, texture,
grain and durability, it is hard to beat.

Among sandstones those from Colusa and San Jose are the most
widely known. The San Jose stone is of a rich, warm yellow color, slightly
coarse in grain. This stone has been used very largely at Stanford Uni-
versity. The Colusa sandstone is somewhat harder and of excellent quality
structurally. In color, it is of a greenish grey. This stone is very largely
used at the present time in San Francisco and thereabouts.

Several other quarries producing stone of various degrees of excellence
have been recently opened, but their product has not as yet been given a
sufficient trial to justify a conclusive testimony as to their character.

California is producing from several quarries in active operation a large
quantity of marble of high character. Notable among these is the Colum-
bia marble quarried in Tuolumne County. There are two shades — a dark
and a light, both of neutral grey tone. The lighter is handsomely veined,
hard and durable, well fitted for wainscoting, plumbing work, floors and
mosaic. It is largely used at present in the local market and is rapidly ex-
tending its sphere of operations.

Inyo County contains valuable deposits of white marble useful for ex-
terior ashlar. This stone was used on the ground story of the Mills Build-
ing, San Francisco. San Diego produces a marble of a rich pale green, bril-
liantly variegated and useful for interior decorative work. Onyx of the most
varied character is to be had from several localities, especially in the
southern portion of the State.

The manufacture of Portland cement has recently been taken up and
has already assumed large proportions. The Standard and Golden Gate
brands are now to be had at extremely reasonable prices. Both brands
have shown excellent results under severe tests and there can be no ques-
tion but that they have a great future and are destined to play an important
part in the structural development of the State.

Brick-making is a long-established industry in this community. In-
exhaustible supplies of clay of every desirable color are to be found in many
parts of the State. Brick manufacturers are too numerous to mention in-
dividually. Suffice it to say that the quality of the output is in general first
class, both in respect to common brick and the finer varieties of face brick.

The same might be said of terra cotta. The State possesses excep-
tional advantages for the manufacture of the highest grade of this mate-
rial. The demand for decorative terra cottas for use not only m wall struc-
ture, but for roof tile, flower pots, decorative urns, sewer pipe, drains, etc.,
is constantly and rapidly growing.

BUILDING MATERIALS — JOHN GALEN HOWARD.

Wall plasters of first quality are being manufactured in ever-increasing
quantities. The limes of Roche Harbor and of Santa Cruz are of well-
known high quality. Plaster cements such as Empire, Alpine, Wood Fibre,
Marbleite, etc., are very largely used and give excellent satisfaction.

The fabrication of steel has not as yet assumed great proportions in
California, largely owing doubtless to the difficulties in the way of securing
the ore and proper fuel in the same locality. It is to be hoped that some
means may be devised in the near future to obviate this difficulty. The
coast needs the development of this branch of industry more perhaps
than any other. The manufacture of ornamental iron has assumed con-
siderable proportions and the output is of an excellent quality.

California can hardly be said to lack sand either as to moral quality
or as to building material, nor does it lack rocks, of the highest grade for
use in concrete and road building.

Various branches of manufacture deserve favorable mention, such as
bitumen, asbestus, glass, nails, building paper, etc. There is an increasing
demand for all of these materials and excellent opportunities are offered in
supplying them.

Of woods, the Golden State possesses a great variety and an enor-
mous supply. Redwood and Douglas fir are the greatest staples. Both
these woods are universally used throughout the State and are shipped to
other parts of the country and abroad in large quantities. The Douglas
fir is of splendid quality for structural work as well as for interior finish, for
which it is largely employed. The Redwood is famous for its beauty of
color and of grain. It is very easily worked and is one of the most beautiful
woods on the market for finishing. It is obtainable in very large pieces
owing to the size of the trees from which it is cut. When wisely used It ts
of exceeding beauty.

Maple, oak, white cedar, laurel, white mahogany — these are a few,
and but a few, of the great number of building woods obtainable in the
State. Not all of them are widely used at present, but it is only a question
of time when their value will be appreciated.

A Few of the Well Known Structures
Built of California Material.

HEN the character and the quality of the buildings completed
or begun in the past two or three years, as illustrated by the
following incomplete list, are considered, it may readily be
understood why California building stone is growing in popu-
larity so rapidly. The following buildings are of sandstone:
James Flood Building, Kohl (formerly Hayward) Building,
Shereth Israel Synagogue, St. Francis Hotel, Mutual Savings Bank,
Crocker-Shreve, Miller, Sloss & Scott, Oakland Union Savings Bank, Red-
wood City Courthouse, and numerous smaller and less pretentious build-
ings, such as Brandenstein, Woods, Alexander, Schroth, Starr Estate,
Iroquois Hotel.

The following buildings are granite: San Francisco Postoffice, Fair-
mount Hotel, Mercantile Trust, and Italian-American Bank.

This is not going far away from San Francisco, but as a complete list
of the buildings in the State constructed of California stone is not at pres-
ent available, these must suffice for the purpose of illustration. To these
may be added the State Ferry Building in San Francisco, constructed of
California sandstone, and the State Capitol Building at Sacramento, of
granite. These two were erected many years ago.

And the handsome buildings of the Stanford University, too, are object
lessons of the value of California stone.

Of course, there are many other fine buildings, but just a few which
come to mind at this writing are mentioned. Obviously, it is impossible to
mention all.

california's production of structural
and Industrial Materials.

ALIFORNIA produces forty-seven mineral substances that broadly
may be classified as structural, industrial and commercial mate-
rials. The strictly mineral or metallic substances produced are
gold, silver, copper, quicksilver, making the total number of sub-
stances fifty-one. The aggregate values of all these fifty-one
mineral substances for the seventeen years beginning with 1887
and ending with 1903, are $418,851,833.

Thirty-seven strictly structural and industrial materials produced by
California in the last seventeen years aggregate in value $54,767,164.

These thirty-seven substances are: Antimony, asbestus, cement,
chrome, chrysoprase, clay (brick), clay (pottery), fullersearth, granite,
graphite, gypsum, infusorial earth, iron ore, lead, lime and limestone, lithia
mica, macadam, magnesite, manganese, marble, mica, mineral paint, onyx,
and travertine, paving blocks, platinum, pyrites, quartz crystals, rubble,
sand (glass), sand (quartz), sandstone, serpentine, slate, soapstone, soda,
sulphur.

In the year 1887 the substances produced numbered twenty-one, val-
ued at $2,948,251. In 1903 thirty-nine substances were produced, valued
at $16,913,381.

Those that did not fail of production during the seventeen years are:
Asphalt, bituminous rock, borax, pottery clay, coal, gypsum, granite, lead,
magnesite, manganese, marble, mineral water, petroleum, salt, sandstone.

Cement was not produced commercially in California until 1891. The
product that year was 5000 barrels, valued at $15,000. With the excep-
tion of 1893 there has been an annual product since 1891, which in 1903
had increased to 640,868 barrels, valued at $968,727.

Pottery clays, including materials employed in the manufacture of
terra cotta ware, while improving in value, have not shown an appreciable
increase in quantity. In 1875 the output was 75,000 tons, which increased
to 100,000 in 1890 and decreased to 24,592 tons in 1897. But with the
decrease in the quantity recorded there v/as an increase in value from an
average of 50 cents per ton to $1.00 per ton; and from that year a steady
increase in quantity (and maintenance of value) to 90,972 tons in 1903.

The production of granite made the largest showing from 1889 to

1892, averaging more than one million dollars a year and totaling for the
four years $4,829,018. In the past five years there has been an increase
in granite production to $678,670 in 1903.

Magnesite production increased from 600 tons in 1887 to 4726 tons
in 1901, but decreased to 2830 tons in 1902 and 1361 tons in 1903.

Marble increased in production in the seventeen years from $5000 to
$97,354. The largest production was in 1892, when the values reached
$115,000. From that year the production was variable until 1902, when
there was an increase from 2945 cubic feet of the previous year to 19,305
cubic feet.

The production of soda was not begun until 1894. In 1903 only the
production of crude soda was recorded, amounting to 18,000 tons. Prices
for the refined soda in the ten years varied from $25 to $50 a ton. The total
production for the ten years was 62,430 tons, valued at $1,173,500. Im-
ports in 1903-1904 amounted to more than 6000 tons.

Asphalt and bituminous rock showed a total combined production of
884,746 tons, valued at $5,914,667. Asphalt gave the smallest returns,
$16,000, in 1887, and the largest, $503,659, in 1903. The smallest out-
put of bituminous ro*k was recorded for 1902, $43,411, and the largest In

1893, $192,036.

PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS.

The production of lime and limestone for the seventeen years totaled
$6,262,478, beginning with $368,750 and concluding with $592,268.

The record of onyx and travertine reads in values, beginning with $900
in 1887 and ending with $24,000 in 1896. The biggest output in the ten
years was $27,000 in 1893. The total production for the ten years was
$91,400.

More than a million thousands of bricks are recorded for the eleven
years beginning 1893. Only in the firebrick and pressed brick trade have
the California makers been met with interstate or foreign competition. The
brickmakers are, however, gradually reducing that competition, as available
clays for firebricks and the finer quality of pressed bricks are being pros-
pected and developed.

The continued increase in the production of petroleum is a part of the
mineral history of the State. The record of rapid and steady increase dates
from 1889, when the output was valued at only $368,048. The increase
continued until in 1894 it reached $1,064,521, and $7,313,271 in 1903.

The forty-six mineral substances other than gold, silver, copper, quick-
silver and petroleum, make the following aggregate annual showing for five
years ended 1903, indicating an average annual increase of more than one
and one-half million dollars: 1899, $3,392,664; 1900, $5,165,290; 1901,
$6,378,723; 1902, $8,333,685; 1903, $9,590,110.

In 1899 four new industries were developed, adding $20,500 to the
output of that year. These were fullersearth ($12,400), lithia mica
($4600), glass sand ($2000), quartz sand ($1500).

Chrome ($1400) and quartz crystals ($18,000) were added to the
productions of 1900, but in that year no production of platinum was re-
corded— the only year in seventeen that this mineral failed.

Graphite and soapstone were the added new productions for the year
1 901 , the former valued at $4480, the latter only $1 1 9.

Antimony, asbestus, quartz crystals and quartz sand failed of recorded
production in 1902, and only three new substances were added — chryso-
prase ($500), infusorial earth ($2532), mica ($2500). Infusorial earth
was not, strictly saying, a new product, but its production had been irregular,
and only five tons were recorded between 1894 and 1902.

In 1903 no new products were recorded, but the production of quartz
crystals was resumed to the value of $1968.

* * * * *
ONYX MARBLE A HANDSOME FINISHING MATERIAL

Onyx marble, or Aragonite (carbonate of calcium), is found in a great
many parts of California. This material in its beauty compares favorably
with the agate of Lake Superior. Some specimens of onyx marble when
polished show a deep blood red like the heart of a rose, others present the
appearance of a cloud bank, and there are still others that look like the
clouds in the East when touched by rays of the setting sun. Some speci-
mens of aragonite are of a chocolate color. In fact, the difference of the ap-
pearances of aragonite shows it to be a most versatile substance. Some
exceptionally handsome specimens can be seen at the Museum of the
State Mining Bureau, Ferry Building. Aragonite is chiefly used for surfac-
ing for tables, etc.

I

The Brown Family in California

By JASON BROWN

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

THE ODD DISCOVERY IN THE ROCKY FIELD

JOMETIMES it would happen that, busied on my California farm,
several weeks would elapse in which I would not see my helpful
and interesting friend, William Simpson, of the Estudillo Rancho.
On such occasions, it was Simpson's almost invariable custom
to "re-convene," as he said, the conversation where it had last
been left off.

Now, before our hearthfire or upon the veranda of a mellow evening,
our conversations are not between two dialoguers, but everybody joins in.
Our children take as active an interest in matters discussed for our better-
ment as do we ourselves. In fact, this is one of the reasons that you will
find country children as a rule on a closer relationship with their parents
than the city child. We in the country make companions of our children.

But back to this particular evening and this particular conversation.

"Jason, you're getting a reputation as an extraordinary farmer," said
Simpson, "and as I was saying, the root house you have built on the hill
shows you to be somewhat of an artisan."

"That's the word," cried my wife, giving me a sly dig. "Jason's an
artisan, but not an architect."

•'^Well, papa deserves a reputation," chimed in Robert. "Just think
how ne's been writing up his coming to California. Why, a man up near
Red Bluff wrote papa that there wasn't any Jason Brown. He knew all the
Brown family, he said, and there was none of them by that name."

"But did you hear about the fellow down near San Jacinto?" asked
Walter. "His name is Jason Brown, too. He wrote papa that the stories
he's been writing about his experiences in California were a malicious out-
rage. 'I've never been in New England,' he said, 'and you've no business
to use my name.* "

"Well, well," said Simpson, "the world is sure full of lobsters. If your
story has helped any one to realize the opportunities in diversified farming
it has surely been worth while."

"Yes," said Ethel, "they'll get papa so tangled up he won't know
which Jason Brown he is, and then of course he'll be just like the hero of
one of Henry James' novels."

You know, Ethel prides herself on reading Henry James. With circulat-
ing libraries, the young country girls of to-day read more substantial litera-
ture than the average city girl.

"Well," said Simpson, "we've wandered a long way from the subject,
but the root house which Jason built on the hillside is still there, and I move
we all go up and have a look at it."

So we all went up to my new vegetable cellar on the hillside just beyond
the two acres in potatoes. It was a stolid little structure about 8 feet high
at the gable, 14 feet wide and 20 feet long, but it backed into the hillside,
so that all its length was not visible. I had built it along the lines of an old
New England spring house, and a little spring gushed from the very back of
my root house, and running beneath the wooden floor of the house, it kept
it cool the year round.

"Pretty neat affair, Jason," said Simpson, glancing with admiration
at the root house, "but where did you get all that rock?"

"Why, that came from the rocky field near to your back pasture," I
answered.

"Why, that's odd," said Simpson. "I never noticed any granite there."

"Granite?" said Mrs. Simpson, with a rising inflection.

BROWN FAMILY— A LITTLE KNOWN RESOURCE.

"Yes, I be!ieve this little vegetable house of Jason's is built of an un-
usually fine quality of granite," said Simpson. "I shouldn't be surprised if
there was a vast ledge of solid building granite underlying that rocky field.
You will notice we have always found water this side of the rocky ledge, and
I believe the water crowds up against the granite."

"Well," said I, "I think I'll keep right on farming."

"Certainly," said Mrs. Brown, "but you might sell the granite to some
structural company."

"Dear me, how many things there are in California; it fairly makes
one's head swim," said my wife. "Let's go back and have dinner. I'm sure
the chickens and green corn are ready."

And so we did.

* * * * •

INTERESTING PRODUCTION OF VALUABLE MATERIALS.

In the seventeen years ending 1903, the production in California of
gold was $247,371,953, silver $13,665,322, quicksilver $20,530,727, copper
$25,549,309, asphalt $3,773,967, bituminous rocks $2,140,690, borax
$13,355,504, coal $4,583,353, mineral waters $5,006,158, natural gas
$1,045,082, petroleum $34,381,268, salt $2,642,817, tourmaline $270,500,
turquoise $61,600.

* * * * *

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— A LITTLE KNOWN RESOURCE.

BOUT fifty years ago a man who had made a fortune in the
placer streams of California concluded that he would be content
to retire and stay in this State the rest of his life if only he could
have a good, old-fashioned New England brick house to live in.
He chartered a sailing vessel in New England, loaded it with
bricks, and had the vessel brought 'round the Horn, through the
Golden Gate, up the Sacramento River, and further up the Feather River to
Marysville. Here he built a house like the one he was born in.

The story is a pointed one because for years people have sent to the
East for articles of infinite variety that can be had in California in great
abundance.

Had the mining man known it, he could have secured the bricks he
wanted right in California, and at a great deal less cost. During the
last eleven years more than a million thousands of bricks have been made in
California. The retired miner could have built a palace and have secured all
his material in this State.

There is a wonderful variety of mineral building materials in California.
In fact, this State contains within her own boundaries all elements neces-
sary to the most advanced civilization. The vast resources of structural
materials extend capital opportunities in their development.

It is hoped that every reader of FOR CALIFORNIA will assist in spread-
ing abroad the interesting data contained in this issue. You have, perhaps,
had no idea of the great variety of these building materials and the abund-
ance, practically inexhaustible, in which many of these materials are found.
There is a fascinating interest in this story of the resources which a
prodigal nature has placed at the disposal of man.

Many of the materials are exceedingly beautiful; all possess commercial
value.

10

Metropolitan Essentials

THOS. HcCALEB
Secretary of the Association for the Improvement and Adornment of San Francisco.

The Association for the Adornment and Improvement of San Francisco contem-
plates raising the standard as set by man in the making of San Francisco to the
imperial standard which has been set by nature for the Pacific Coast Metropolis.

San Francisco will then be the Rome of the English-speaking world, not only as she
now is in her regal position, but through the planning and building by the hands of men.

Other California cities will be treated subsequently.

a)$*)$4

HE Association for the Improvement and Adornment of San
Francisco, which was formed a little over a year ago, promises
much towards making San Francisco not only a more desirable
place of residence, but a great tourist resort.

Among the objects of the Association are to bring to the
attention of our people the best methods for instituting artistic
municipal betterments, and to suggest and promote quasi-public and
philanthropic enterprises.

As a first necessary step we engaged Mr. D. H. Burnham, the emi-
nent architect, to prepare a comprehensive and practical plan for the im-
provement and adornment of the city. He and his draftsmen are at work
on this plan at the Association's studio at Twin Peaks, and it will now be
ready within five months. The plan will be used as a guide for all our
future municipal improvements of a more or less artistic character, as well
as for the elevation of the public taste. In it will be incorporated various
suggestions, such as the laying out of new streets, new parks and park
extension, new grades, and new roads in, around and out of the city, that
will make the hills and suburbs convenient of access. The necessity for
the construction of a boulevard around the bay shore, the extension of
Market street to the ocean, a suitable approach to Golden Gate Park, the
creation of a "Civic Center," the treatment of the Laguna de la Merced
property, the laying out of a highway into San Mateo County, and other
important matters, will all be considered.

Fortunately, we have in Mr. Burnham an experienced master for this
great task, for since he directed the construction of the famous "White
City" of the World's Fair, he has made plans with reports thereon for Wash-
ington, for Cleveland, for portions of Chicago, and more recently for the
reclamation and extension of Manila, as well as for the creation of a
summer capital of the Philippines to be called Baguio.

While his scheme for our city will form the basis of the improvements
the Association will agitate, we will meanwhile favor those metropolitan
essentials in which San Francisco is lamentably deficient. Of these, first
in importance perhaps is a mammoth fireproof auditorium for the holding
of large gatherings, conventions, bazaars, exhibitions, fairs, public balls,
congresses, etc. It is also urged that a grand opera season should become
one of the educational and social features of the community, as there is
nothing more important for the attraction and entertainment of strangers.
Therefore, an opera house, centrally located and of monumental propor-
tions, should be provided. Moreover, a College of Music is proposed, in
order all the more to develop the musical taste, and to place a general
musical education within the reach of those who desire it. It has been
shown how such an institution could be made a dividend-paying invest-
ment.

Passing to matters for private philanthropy, the Association has not
been backward in making suggestions. Already, in accordance with a
recommendation that appeared in its original circular, we are gratified to

11

METROPOLITAN ESSENTIALS — THOMAS McCALEB.

learn that a prominent capitalist will soon donate a fine aquarium to the
city. Besides its instructive functions to the people, this project will aid the
cause of science, for, as has been remarked by the eminent zoologist, J. H.
Bentham, "it is only by studying the habits of the denizens of the ocean
in some place where they can be constantly under observation — such as
a great aquarium where the conditions of their captivity should resemble
as much as possible their native habitat — that we can ever hope to fathom
the mysteries of the great deep, and ultimately have at our command the
treasures of the sea."

Another improvement which the Association has recommended is an
open air amphitheater in one of our public parks. As our climate will ad-
mit of its use during nearly three hundred days of the year, it would be of
inestimable service to the people, particularly since their highest nature may
there find expression in music, oratory, poetry and the drama.

Moreover, to afford proof that San Francisco has the noblest site of the
cities of the earth, it has been suggested that an observatory be erected at
the summit of Buena Vista Park, which perhaps commands our finest view
of town, bay and ocean. Here our inhabitants and tourists may seek in-
spiration from the unparalleled natural beauties that surround us.

An art museum worthy of as great a metropolis as ours is also to be
desired. Such a museum should have great halls for pictures and sculpture
and be of fireproof construction. Its galleries should contain the city's per-
manent collection, to which gifts would no doubt be made from time to
time, and valuable works loaned.

As a matter of course improvements like those here advocated, apart
from their utilitarian functions, will, if realized, help to make San Francisco
a city of beauty. However, this can perhaps better be done by generally
improving our architecture. For that reason we might well protest against
the character of most of the buildings, particularly flats and apartment
houses that are being erected outside the "fire limits" of the municipality.
These houses have not inappropriately been dubbed "architectural shams
of lumber and paint"; and if by its influence the Association can induce the
proper authorities not only to make the building laws more stringent than
they now are, but to enlarge the "fire limits," it shall, in my judgment,
have performed a great public benefit. By making the structural standard
higher, since "beauty in architecture depends greatly upon stability of
construction," it follows that the cause of Art would thereby be served.

In like manner, the Association is directing its energies towards in-
teresting the people in the floral adornment of their houses. Indeed, while
magnificent parks may be designed, and sumptuous structures planned,
such projects must take time and capital to realize, whereas the simple
and inexpensive process of generally beautifying our homes with flowers
and greenery will tend to give a charming effect to every block equally
from one end of the city to the other. A dark yucca rearing along the
house front, a clump of evergreen, a patch of lilies in the front girden, and
a window box laden with geraniums, detract attention from defects of ar-
chitecture, and relieve what would otherwise produce an ugly effect.

In conclusion, it should be borne in mind as we consider our civic
needs, that private beneficence may follow suggestions when coming from
an authoritative source, and our citizens can thus leave after them monu-
ments which will at once be enduring, beautiful and useful.

12

The San Jose Meeting

P'N all the great work of building up a commonwealth, there is noth-
ing so vitally important as that those who are actually engaged
in the steps which make for its progress should know one an-
other.

There is a fascinating human interest story in the somewhat
unusual work that is being undertaken in California to develop
this great State. There is in California about 1 50 Chambers of Commerce
and Development Organizations.

Only by being acquainted with representatives from all sections of the
State and the character of the country from which they come, can any
representative of a commercial organization do himself, the organization
he represents and the State justice. The semi-annual meetings of the
Counties Committee of the California Promotion Committee have done
an immense amount of good in bringing about a gradual feeling of co-
operation and acquainting officers of the different development organiza-
tions and those interested in the work with one another to the best methods
to pursue. To-day you will find no representative of any commercial
organization in California who will speak ill of another section. He will
always cheerfully give the facts and will never tell a new-comer or new
industry to go to his locality knowing that that settler or industry are look-
ing for requirements which would be better suited in another region. By
all pulling together, Californians are achieving great results.

The next meeting of the Counties Committee of the California Pro-
motion Committee will be held at San Jose on May 20th. This is the
third semi-annual meeting, the first having been held at Sacramento and the
second at Pasadena. Every one interested in this great work in California
is urged to be present. Already a great number have signified their inten-
tion of being on hand and there is every reason to believe there will be a
rousing meeting. Every one will participate in the meeting and a banquet

will be given in the evening.

* # * * *

SIXTY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS FOR TABLE AND CHINA WARE?

Millions of dollars are sent out of California for pottery and china table
ware, floor tiling for vestibules, terra cotta ware of all descriptions, etc.
There is kaolin and clay in California in sufficient quantities to make much
of this ware. There is glass sand sufficient to make all the glass needed
here. The china table ware industry alone is one of immense proportions
and should be encouraged upon the Pacific Coast. The California Promo-
tion Committee, from recent estimates obtained throughout the State,
bases the present population of California at over two million people. At
an average of five to a family, this makes 400,000 families, so if each family
spends fifteen dollars a year for its china ware, then sixty, million dollars
is sent out of California every year for table ware. Of course, a large portion
of the population is floating and in boarding houses, lodging houses, hotels,
restaurants, etc., but in these places it is probable that more china is broken
than in families. Everybody almost uses china table ware unless he resorts
to the tin cup and plate and the first natural method of dining.

first volume of "FOR CALIFORNIA."

The California Promotion Committee announces that orders will be taken for the
first volume of FOR CALIFORNIA, comprising the issues of FOR CALIFORNIA from
December, 1903, to November, 1904, inclusive. The volume has been handsomely bound
In green cloth, stamped in gold, and will be sent to any address on receipt of $1.00. Be-
sides containing the serial of the "Brown Family" and much valuable information, this
first volume embraces the Poultry Number, the Hog-Raising Number, the Dairy
Farming Number, the Intensive Farming Number and the Special Opportunities
Number, devoted to the exclusive treatment of the various subjects.

13

PUBLICATIONS BY THE

California Promotion Committee

DO YOU KNOW?
That the publications of the California Promotion Committee have been reviewed
by Eastern newspapers and periodicals to the extent of a circulation of some-
thing like

15,000,000

The publications of the Committee are not only statistically accurate and true
in color, but they are thoroughly readable.

One million five hundred thousand pieces of literature have been sent out by
the Committee.

Give your friends the address of the Committee.

SAN FRANCISCO AND ITS ENVIRONS
A guide to San Francisco, with routes throughout California. 112 pages of up-to-
date information, bound in red leatherette cover, stamped In gold, with map,
alphabetical key, authoritative descriptions of leading points of interest in the City
and State. — Price, Twenty-five Cents, postpaid.

SAN FRANCISCO AND THEREABOUT, by Charles Keeler.
Cloth bound, library edition, magnificently illustrated, with cover design by
Mrs. Keeler. An adequate and picturesque treatment of San Francisco in the past
and present. Price, Fifty Cents, postpaid.

CALIFORNIA ADDRESSES, by President Roosevelt.
All the addresses delivered in California by the President. 160 pages of reading
matter with 20 full-page half-tones. Price, Twenty-five Cents, postpaid.

Special Numbers FOR CALIFORNIA are issued on a diversity of
topics. Any three numbers for Twenty-five Cents.

CALIFORNIA TO-DAY, by Charles Sedgwick Aiken.
A standard work upon the State and its resources. 190 pages, 61 representative
full-page half-tones. — Price, Six Cents, to cover postage only.

THE ITALY OF AMERICA— IN FRENCH, ENGLISH, ITALIAN
Eight-page Illustrated booklet showing the similarity of California conditions
agriculturally to those of Italy — free, postpaid.

MAPS OF CALIFORNIA.
Topographical Map of the State five cents, postpaid. In handsome redwood frame,
with glass, $1.00. Contains valuable data.

Thermal Map. Reproduced from "Climatology of California," by Professor Alex-
ander G. McAdie of ths Weather Bureau. Shows huge thermal belt, with mean
tsmpreature of 60-70 degrees. — Free, postpaid.

CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA
By Professor Alexander G. McAdie, Published by ths United Stats*
Department of Agriculture.
Nominal price of 60 cents, postpaid. Is really a $4.00 book.

ALL PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS OF
CALIFORNIA— MAILED ON APPLICATION.

14

The California Promotion Committee

REPRESENTING

ANDItHA SDAHBORO, Chairman Manufacturers and Producers Association

RUFUS P. JENNINGS, Executive Officer San Francisco Chamber of Commerce

GEO. W. MtvNKAIt, Treaaurer Merchanta Exchunge of San Francisco

A. A. W ATKINS San Francisco Hoard of Trade

I'll I :i) J. KOSTEK San Franclaco Merchanta Association

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

HON. GEO. C. PARDEE Governor of California

BENJ. IDE WHBBLBB Berkeley Prealdent University of California

OAVID STARR JORDAN Palo Alto Prealdent Leland Stanford Jr. University

REPRESENTING

WILL S. GREEN Cnluaa Sacramento Valley Development Aaan.

It. P. LATHROP Holliater Central Coaat Conntiea Improvement

C. P. SOULE Eureka North Coaat Countiea

JAMES A. BARR Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Aaaa.

S. F. BOOTH Freano Freano Chamber of Commerce

M. J. NEWMARK Los Angeles . . . Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce

CHARLES S. FEE San Francisco. Southern Pacific Company

W. A. BISSELL San Franclaco. Atchlaon, Topeka A Santa Fe Railway

It. X. RYAN San Francisco. California Northwestern Railway

tJEO. W. HEINTZ San Francisco. North Shore Railroad

LEWIS E. AUBURY San Francisco. California State Mining Bureau

STATE PUBLICITY COMMITTEE

REPRESENTING

HLFU9 P. JENNINGS San Franclaco. San Francisco County ,

II. P. WOOD Sun Diego .... Countiea South of Tehacbapt

v\ . A. BEARD Sacramento.... Sacramento Valley Countiea

EDWIN STEARNS Oakland San Francisco Bay Countiea

OOLVD) B. BROWN Mockton San Joaquin Valley Countiea

GEORGE A. KELLOGG Eureka North Coaat Counties

ARTHUR G. BALAAM Lompoc South Coaat Countiea

I. B. MeM AHILL San Jose Central Coaat Countiea

till. BERT B. MORROW Sonora Sierra Countiea

ADVERTISERS.

Varney A Green

ADDING MACHINES.
Burroughs Adding M .-a chine Co.

ADVERTISING.
Cooper, F. J.
Weil, William M.

AMMUNITION.
Union Metallic Cartridge Co.

ARCHITECTS.
Reld Bros.
John Galen Howard.

ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW.
Bancroft, Philip
Deamer A Stetson
Feigenbaum, Sanford
Noyes, Bartholomew
Plppy, Geo. H.
Stratton & Kaufman
Sullivan A Sullivan
Treat, R. B.

ACCOUNTANT?.
\ in rath, J. W.

BANKS.
Anglo-California Bnuk
Bank of California
California Safe Deposit and

Trust Co.
Central Truat Co.
French-American Bank
German Savings and Loan

Society
Hlbernla Savings and Loan

Society
Italian-American Bank
London, Paris and American

Bank
Market Street Bank
Mercantile Trust Co. of San

Francisco
Mechanics' Savings Bank
Mutual Savings Bank
Pacific States Savings, Loan

and Building Co.
Savings and Loan Society
Security Savings Bank
Wells, Fargo A Co.'a Bank

BARBER SUPPLIES.
Deckelman Bros.

BOILER WORKS.
Keystone Boiler Works

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.
Crocker, H. S. Co.
Cunningham, Curtis A Welch
Elder, Paul A Co.
McNutt, Kahn * Co.
Payot, Upham A Co.
Sanborn, Vail A Co.
San Francisco Newa Co.

BREWERS.
Brewers' Protective Aaaa.

BROKERS.
Brown, Edward A Sons

CANNERIES.
Code, Portwood Canning Co.
Jacobs, Isldor (California Can-
neries)

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
CAPITALISTS.
Borel, Antolne
Coleman, Robert L.
Durphy, B. F.
Giselman, William
Hopkins, E. W.
Mackay, Clarence
Marye, George F. Jr.
Meyer, Daniel
Pacific Improvement Co.
Phelan, Jamea D.
Spreckels, Clous
Thompson, R. R.
CARPETS, LINOLEUM AND

UPHOLSTERY GOODS.
Hulse, Bradford A Co.

CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY

AND FURNITURE.

Hoffman, Henry, Jr. (W. J.

Sloane A Co.)
Plum, Chas. M. A Co.

CIGARS AND TOBACCO.
Gunst, M. A. A Co.
Judell, H. L. A Co.

CLOTHIERS.
Raphael, Inc.
Strauss, Louis

COAL DEALERS.
Allen, Chaa. R.

COFFEE, TEA AND SPICES.
Brandensteln, M. J. A Co.
« h«« w ell, Geo. w . A Co.
Folger, J. A. A Co.
Hills Bros.
Jones-Paddock Co.
Schilling, A. A Co.
Thlerbach, Chas. F. A Co.
COMMISSION A MANUFAC-
TURERS' AGENTS.
Malllard A Schmieden
National Mfg. Co.
T hie hen. Jos. A Co.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
Armsby, The J. K. Co.
Hllmer A Bredhoff
Horst, E. Clemens Co.
Wltael A Baker.

CONFECTIONERS.
Blum, Simon
Haas, Geo. A Son

CONTRACTORS.
City Street Improvement Co.

COOPERAGE.
California Barrel Co.
Woerner Cooperage Co, David

CORDAGE.
Tubbs Cordage Co.

CORNICE WORKS.
Forderer Cornice Works.
CROCKERY AND GLASS-
WARE.
Anglo-American Crockery and

Glassware Co.
Nathnn-Dohrmana Co.
CUSTOM HOUSE BROKERS.
Maybew, F. K. & Co.

DAIRY MACHINERY.
D* Laval Dairy Supply Co.

15

DAIRY PRODUCE.
Dairymen's Ass'n of S. F.
Duirymen'a Union of Cal.
llttigut, r'reti. •». A Co.

DENTISTS.
Fletcher, Thomas

DEPARTMENT STORE.
Emporium

DRY GOODS.
City of Paris Dry Goods Co.
Hale Broa.
Murphy-Grant Co.
Newman A Levlnson
Raphael, Weill A Co. (Inc.)
Strauss, Levi A Co.
Strauss A Frohman
Welnstock, Lubin A Co.
DRIED FRUITS.
Guggenheim A Co.
Phoenix Raisin Seeding and

Packing Co.
Rosenberg Bros. A Co.

DYEING AND CLEANING.
Hickiuan, Henry
Thomas, F., Dye and Cleaning
Works

EDUCATIONAL.
Ham, Charles H.
EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS .
AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
Castle Bros.
Gets Bros.
Jennings, Rufus P.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Wells-Fnrgo Express Co.

FANCY GOODS.
Sachs Bros. A Co.
FARM IMPLEMENTS AND

VEHICLES.
Baker A Hamilton
Hooker A Co.

FREIGHT COMPANY.
Transcontinental Freight Ce.

FURNITURE.
Brenner, John Co.
Cordes Furniture Co.
Friedman, M. A Co.
Fuller, Geo. IL, Desk Co.
Indianapolis Furniture Co.
McCann, Belcher A Allen
Sterling Furniture Co.
Weber, C. F. A Co.

GAS AND ELECTRIC CO.
San Francisco Gas Co.

GAS AND ELECTRICAL
FIXTURES.
Day, Thomaa A Co.
GAS ENGINES AND SCALES.
Union Gas Engine Co.

GAS REGULATORS.
Gas Consumers' Association

GENERAL MERCHANDISE.
Smith's Caah Store.

GLASS COMPANY.
Illinois-Pacific Glass Co.
GOLD. SILVER and NICKEL

PLATING WORKS.
Dennis ton. E. G.

HARDWARE.
Arnold Hardware to.
French A I.inforth
Froellch, Christian
Holhruok, Merrill A Stetson
Montague, W. W. A Co.
Pacific Hardware A Steel Co.
Tar, George H. Co.

HATTEKS.
Collins. Cbarlea J.
Flutter A Co.
Fricdlander Hat Co.
Trieat * Co.

HOTELS.
Alta Plnea Mountain Resort
Brooklyn
California
Commercial
Granada
Hotel Rafael
Hotel St. Francis.
International Hotel
Lick House
fiHiiliHi i;iii Hotel
New \Veii(tru Hotel
Palace Hotel
Richelieu

INSURANCE.
Commercial Union Aianrance

Co.
Fireman'* Fond Insurance Co.
Foster, Geo. H. Co.
Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life)
Hnrtford Fire Insurance Co.
National Fire Insurance Co.
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance

of California
Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co.
Royal and Queen Iusurance

Co.
The Liverpool, London and

Globe Insurance Co.
Ward, C. II.

JIOWELERS.
Carrau A Green
Judls, Alplionse Co.
Radke A Co.
Scbussler, M. A Co.
Schweitzer, Joseph
Shreve A Co.

KNIT GOODS.
raster, J. J. Knitting Co.
LEATHER GOODS.
Harpham A Jnnsen

LIME AND CEMENT.
Holmes Lime Co.
Pacific Portland Cement Co.
Standard Portland Cement Co.

LITHOGRAPHERS.
Brltton A Key

Mutual Label Lithograph Co.
Union Lithographing; Co.

LOANS.
C. H. Morrell

Finance and Security Co.
MACIIINICKY AND ENGI-
NEERS' SUPPLIES.
Cyclops Iron Works
Harroa, Rlckard A McCone
Henshaw, Bulkjey Co.
Meese A Gottfried Co.
Martin, John
Moore, Charles C.
Pacific Tool and Supply Co.
Tat am A Bnwei
Troy l.anmlry Machinery Co.
MEN'S FURNISHING GOODS.
Atkins, R. C. * Soma
Bollock A Jones
Cluett, IVibnrir A Co.
(irrrarbiim, Well A Mlesela
Nrmlidlrr Bros.
I'rater, A. J. A Sena

HKTKH COMPANY.
Pacific Meter Co.

MKTAL WORKS.
Finn, John
Pari He Metal Works
Relay Smelting; Works

MILLERS.
Del Monte Milling; Co.
Port Costa Milling; Co.
■ perry Flour Co.

MILLINERY.
Topltta, Riibt. L, A Co.

MINING.
Doollttle, J. E.
Wetmore, C. A.

MINING ENGINEERS.
Csllnhna, II. C.
Splnks. Chas. II.

MONEY WEIGHT SCALES.
Pierce A Co.

NECKWEAR MANUFAC-
TI It BR.
Qetaemaa, II. M.

OPTICIANS.
California Optical Co.

OVERALLS AND SHIRTS.
Heyneinann A Co.

OYSTER DEALERS.
Morgan Oyster Co.

PACKERS AND PROVISION
DEALERS.

Baccus, Richard T.

Miller A Lux

Roth, Blum A Co.

Reiiues, J. C. A Co.

Western Meat Co.

PACKERS OF CANNED
FRUITS AND VEGE-
TABLES.

California Fruit Cannera' As-
sociation

Hunt Bros. Co.

PAINTS, OILS AND GLASS.

American Oil and Paint Co.

Bass-Ilucter Paint Co.

Fuller, W. P. A Co.

PAPER BOXES.

Pacific Folding Paper Box Co.
PAPER DEALERS.

Blake, Moflit A Towne

Bonestell, Richardson A Co.

Union Pulp and Paper Co.
PATENT MEDICINE.

California Fig Syrup
PHYSICIANS.

Ballard, J. Stow

Bryant, Edgar R.

Pischel, Kaspar (oculist)

Rosenstirn, Julius

PHARMACIST.

Kelly, F. S.

Murtln, Henry J.

Kcdingrton A Co.

Schmidt, Val

PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER-
CHANDISE.

Allen, Wiley B. Co.

Manny, Byron

Sherman, Clay A Co.

POTTERY AND TERRA
COTTA.

Clarke, N. A Sons

Gladding, McBean A Co.

l'RESS CLIPPING BUREAU.

Allen's

PRINTERS A PUBLISHERS.

Harry Printing Co.

Commercial Publishing Co.

Dettncr, Wilson Press

(iihson A Goidwnter

Murdoch, C. A. A Co.

Partridge, John

Phillips .V Van Orden Co.
PUBLICATIONS.

Golden Gale Guide

Guide, The

RAILROADS.

California Northwestern Rail-
road

REAL ESTATE AND LANDS.

Ilaldwln, O. D. A Son

Baldwin A Howell

llonrdman Bros. A Co.

Busk, David A Sons

Cotatl Co., The

Goldman, J. A Co.

Hooker A Lent

Lyon A Hoag

Mnicee, Thos. A Sons

Mathews, II. E.

Nnres A Saunders ,'Laton)

O'ltrlrn, Chnrles F.

((iilnn, John I"..

Realty Syndicate Co.

Shalnwald, Bnckbee A Co.

The 76 Land and Water Co.

I in barn. C II. A Co.
RESTAURANTS.

Larsen, C. G.

Slara of Peacock Cafe

Weaterfleld, P. A Co.

ROOFINGS, 111 II din*. PA-
PEKS AND PAINTS.

Parafllnr I'nlnt Co., The
III IIIII.K GOODS.

Boston Woven Hose nnd Rob-
ber Co.

Goodyear Rubber Co.

Gorham Robber < <>.

Wlnalow, C. It. A Co.

HI IIIIKH STAMPS, ETC

Patrick A Co.

SAFES AND VAULTS.

Ilerrlnsj-Ilall-Mnryln Safe Co.
SALT WORKS.

Golden onatg Suit Works

Hi II N I II H INSTRUMI

Llefs Co, The A.

SKK.DS. HERBS AND SPICES.

Volkman. C. M. A to.

"ilium, siri'i.iEJ.

Milton llradley Co.

SEWING MACHINES.

Domeatlc

SEWING SILKS.
Carlson-Currier Silk Co.
SHIPPING AND COMMISSION.
Johnson-Locke Mercantile Co.
Otis, McAllister A •
Sloss, Lonls A Co.
Williams, Dlmond A Co.

SHIPPING.
Kosenfeld, Jno. A Sons.
Urioste A Co.

SLATE.
Eureka Slate Co.

SHOES.
Kiicnic, Frank

SOAP FACTORY.
Luhn, Otto

STREET RAILWAYS.
California-Street Cable Rail-
way Co.
United Railroads of San Fran-
cisco.

SURETY COMPANIES.
Pacific Surety Co.

SYRUPS.
Pacific Coast Syrup Co.

TAILORS.
JncobI Bros.
WankowskI, W.
Nordwell, C. W.
TANNERS AND LEATHER
DEALERS.
Kissinger A Co.
Brown A Adams
Kullman, Sala A Co.
Legalles Hellwlg Canning Co.
TELEPHONE AND TELE-
GRAPH.
Pacific States Telephone and

Telegraph Co.
Postal Tel. Cable Co.
Western Union Tel. Co.

TENTS AND AWNINGS.
Ames A Harris
Neville A Co.

THEATERS.
Orphenm Circuit Co.

TRANSFER COMPANIES.
Bocardc Drayage Co.
Emmons Co.
Me Nab A Smith
Renner, Geo.

San Francisco Transfer Co.
The Morton Drayage snd

Warehouse Co.
Union Transfer Co.

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OUT-DOOR NUMBER

FOR CALIFORNIA

FRONTISPIECE— THE SIERRA CLUB IN CAMP
CALIFORNIA AS A SUMMER RESORT THE EDITORS

THE SIERRA CLUB MISS MARION RANDALL

YACHTING ON THE BAY OF SAN FRANCISCO

COMMODORE THOMAS JENNINGS
SOME WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA INA COOLBRITH
WALKING WILLIAM GREER HARRISON

President Olympic Club

H. T. PAYNE

WILD GAME OF CALIFORNIA

A LETTER FROM BIALSTOK
THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA
OUT-DOOR LIFE IN CALIFORNIA
AN INVITATION OUT OF DOORS
TRIP TO PORTLAND

President California Fish and
Game Protective Association

JASON BROWN
CHARLES KEELER

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California as a Summer Resort

»'

THB EDITORS

'//■■^■fAMOUS the world over as a winter resort, California is destined
to achieve an equally great reputation as a summer resort.

There is such a wonderful diversity of agreeable climatic
conditions in the Golden State that even those who live here
may obtain a healthful and tonic change from the regions in
which they are accustomed to live.

The dwellers in California's great interior valleys, in Arizona, Nevada,
and Texas, are already seeking the seacoast resorts of California during
the heated summer months. Indeed, the people of Arizona, Texas and
Nevada are the first of our visitors to have discovered the attractions of
Pacific Coast watering places in summer. They will be followed in greater
numbers by visitors from the Eastern and Middle West States, some of
whom have already made the discovery. In summer the Pacific is delight-
ful. There are fascinating stretches of sandy coast and picturesque rocky
shores. The absence of great storms and the prevailing fair winds lend
an especial invitation to yachting. The summer fishing upon the coast
is unexcelled. The giant sea bass, the great leaping tuna and the yellow
tail have already attracted the attention of European fishermen. The dis-
ciple of Izaak Walton goes after big game with rod and reel, and he gets
the finest deep sea fishing in the world.

The city dwellers in California also patronize the coast resorts. They
bathe; they fish; they get sunburned; they rest. In short, the mild, cool —
but not in the least chilling — climate of the Pacific seacoast of California
is especially alluring as a summer resort. Although comparisons are in-
vidious, yet as a matter of information the hot, burning, breathless days
of Atlantic Coast resorts are seldom if ever found at the Pacific Coast
watering places.

Then there are the mountains.

The Sierras, with their lofty, snow-clad peaks, their great forests of
pine, their sparkling mountain trout streams, their lovely lakes set like
gems amid precipitous walls of granite and fringed with the dark green of
forests of fir, with their big game in season, offer a remarkable and un-
usual contrast to the peaceful, happy monotone of the seacoast.

The resorts of the Coast Range have less of grandeur, perhaps, sur-
rounding them than have those of the Sierras. But they have a charm
all their own.

The Sierra Nevada Mountains are grand as those of Switzerland.
The Sierra Madres (or Coast Range Mountains) are like the mountains
of Italy, warm in tone, thickly clad with trees and verdure, yet often pos-
sessing charms excelling those of Italy, for nowhere else but on the Coast
will you find the giant redwoods lining the great canyons. Sometimes
the Coast Range in sublimity approaches the Sierra Nevadas.

While hundreds go to the mountains in summer, yet there remain a
thousand undiscovered charms to be made known by the man and the
woman, too, who will ride or tramp in the cool summer days through the
great forests and along the mountain streams.

In California there are many well-maintained resorts. There are
mineral springs where the visitor finds first class accommodations and
where he may take advantage of the healthful mineral waters. It is a
fact that few persons know of the hundreds of resorts of this kind in Cali-
fornia; yet the mineral waters of this State are not excelled by the famous
watering places of Europe. In summer these California watering places
are open and thousands visit them. .

California has room and attractions as a summer resort for the whole
world. The greatest thing about its attractions as a summer resort is that
it offers a diversity of charm and conditions that will meet every re-
quirement.

A Few Words About

The Sierra Club

MISS MARION RANDALL

HE Sierra Club's yearly outings to the high mountains have
become quite well known throughout California, hardly more
from newspaper accounts than from the rhapsodies of the re-
turning members of the party. One hundred and fifty differ-
ent enthusiasms come home from the outing every summer
and are spread broadcast to arouse the envy or scorn of the
enthusiasts' friends. This one glories in the mountain climbs, that one
waxes eloquent over the trophies of the rod, one takes delight in the camp-
fire gatherings and the social side of camp life on so large a scale, another
in the wonderland that every mile of trail reveals — Titan lands of forest
and mountains, or fairy worlds of tiny, busy creatures dwelling in the elfin
forest of the meadows. But all temperaments (save possibly that of the
recluse) unite in voting the happy-go-lucky weeks a most delightful ex-
perience.

So much has been said of these trips to the Kings and Kern River
Canons, to the Yosemite and Tuolumne Meadows, of the climbs of Brewer,
Whitney, Williamson, Ritter and Lyell, which have been such picturesque
and interesting features of the summer expeditions for four years past, that
the question is sometimes asked whether the Sierra Club only pays atten-
tion to the "big game" among mountains, and whether the wonders of the
Sierra Nevada make us indifferent to the lesser beauties near home.
Within the last year a series of local walks has been instituted to points of
interest near San Francisco, and similar expeditions have been taken in
the vicinity of Los Angeles by members of the southern section. Two day
trips have been made to Mount Diablo and Mount St. Helena, while de-
lightful one day tramps have been enjoyed almost weekly by small parties
of from ten to thirty members. We do not have to go very far afield to find
oaks and redwoods and great high hills overlooking a wide sweep of ocean
and hills and sky. Mann County is particularly beautiful, especially in
spring time, when the streams are full and the tender leaves of the alders
and maples scarcely darken the yellow sunlight beneath their branches;
when the hills are covered with baby blue eyes, iris, and yellow poppies, and
preat masses of wild lilac clothe the canon sides with a veil of purple. The
San Bruno hills, too, rising in apparent barrenness behind San Francisco,
have a charm all their own in flower time, wind-swept gardens of starry
yellow blossoms stretching upwards to meet a blue sky, with a glimpse,
now and again, of the white-capped bay lying far below in the notches of
the hills.

One rule is rigidly adhered to on these walks — no Sierran may add
to the unsightly traces of picnic lunches which disfigure many a beautiful
place as far as the cheerful picnicker penetrates. It is reported that one
punctilious member spent her noonday hour on Clouds' Rest in collecting
into one orderly heap the sardine cans that bestrewed the mountain top.
Dame Nature, lavish hostess that she is, has no protection against this
common abuse of her hospitality; but one cannot help wishing that there
were some way of banishing from her halls the ill-bred guests who show
her such scant respect.

The lighter, social part of the Sierra Club is often dwelt on, to the
exclusion of the serious side of its work — its constant efforts to help in the
preservation of the forests "and other natural beauties of California"; "to
render accessible the mountain regions of the Pacific Coast"; "to publish
authentic information concerning them"; to quote from its articles of in-
corporation. This is the Club's real purpose for which it was organized in
1892; the outings, inaugurated nine years later, were meant only to in-
crease the interest and appreciation and to aid in the furtherance of its
work.

Yachting on the Bay of
San Francisco

THOMAS JENNINGS,
Commodore Corinthian Yacht Club

HERE is probably no place on earth better adapted for yachting
than the Bay of San Francisco, as the conditions here are ideal,
both from the cruising and racing yachtsman's standpoint.

The yachting season opens about May 1, and closes No-
vember 1, but there are no good reasons why the sport cannot
be indulged in ail the year, as during the winter months the
weather is generally bright and sunny, and while the winds are much lighter
than in the summer, there is usually enough wind to carry one to any part
of the bay, and what storms we do have during that period, are few and far
between, and the Eastern yachtsmen passing across the bay during the
winter usually wonders why on such a magnificent bay he sees so few
yachts, but I suppose the only reason is that the average yachtsman gets
enough of the sport and enjoys such ideal conditions during the summer
that he thinks both his boat and himself need a rest for a few months.

The Bay of San Francisco and its tributaries are so large and the cli-
mate so varied in the different parts, that the yachtsmen can find almost
anything he wants. In the channel the wind blows through the Golden
Gate strong and steady, the tides and currents run swiftly and the water is
rough enough to lend snap and excitement to the sport. In the upper
bay, along the Marin County shore, the winds are lighter and the air warmer,
and farther up in San Pablo Bay it gets rough enough at times to suit the
most daring yachtsmen. During the season you can always be sure of
plenty of wind, regattas and cruises can be planned months ahead, and
such a thing as a postponed race for lack of wind is rarely heard of here.

The racing yachtsman has nothing to complain about. Many fine
courses can be laid out on the bay, where the wind is always strong and
true, with no calm spots and baffling winds to contend with; the tides and
currents are swift and changing, and keep the helmsman guessing until the
finishing line is crossed.

The usual risks that generally attend the sport are very small here.
The boats are designed and built to meet the strange conditions, and while
we travel through the water about as fast as the Eastern yachtsman, we do
so with about one-third less sail, and are not compelled to use the lofty rigs
that the Easterner does, and such a thing as a yacht being capsized by a
sudden squall is a very unusual occurrence.

The sport of yachting is well established on the bay and many well-
organized clubs have their stations about its shores. There are many
beautiful nooks and coves about the bay that can only be seen and enjoyed
by the yachtsman. Such places as Paradise and Corinthian Coves, San
Pablo Point and many other places too numerous to mention form fine
places to anchor for an overnight cruise. Sails up Napa, Suisun and Mon-
tezuma Creeks cannot be excelled anywhere; trips to Vallejo and Alviso are
always interesting, and longer trips through Suisun Bay and up the Sacra-
mento River with its maze of creeks, sloughs and cut-offs, form ideal and
endless cruising grounds, and while it is impossible for me to describe the
delights and beauties of these trips, I may add that to thoroughly enjoy and
appreciate the many beautiful and wondrous places about this magnificent
bay there is no better place than from the deck of a yacht.

REAL ESTATE SALES IN SAN FRANCISCO IN MAY.

There were 764 sales of real estate recorded in May, with esti-
mated considerations aggregating $5,745,000.

(

Some Wild Flowers ofCalifornia

INA COOLBRITH

N Eastern visitor to our State once said to me that "While our
domestic flowers graced the entire year, instead of only a por-
tion, with a greater luxuriance of bloom, yet they lacked the
perfume of those of the East, and as for wild flowers, we had
none." Whereat I looked my amazement, For surely, few
lands, if any, can boast a more diversified and beautiful flora
than that of California, from the shy spring-born wood anemone of mossy
banks and forest spaces, to the midsummer azalea, beloved 'specially of the
Yosemite; from the humble yerba buena, the "good herb" of the Indians
and early Mission days, to the gaunt, weird yucca palm of the desert.

I remember the wild mustard of the plains in the old days, leagues
upon leagues of it, thickly sown as a field of grain, in which one could lose
oneself as in a jungle — so tall that it topped the stage-coach as it passed;
and the great areas ablaze with the yellow disks of the sunflower, which
could give to the tired traveler shade and shelter in its ranks from the noon-
day heat, and furnished in the autumn a harvest of seed-food to the cattle
herds. And the California poppy — "El copa de Oro," indeed — the splendor
of which not even its later acquired name of eschscholtzia can dim! —
which, tradition says, so mantled with its orange sheen the shores and the
portals to the Bay of San Francisco at the time of the harbor's discovery
as to be the inspiration of the name it bears, the "Golden Gate."

Not many are the wild flowers known to New England and the Mid
West not duplicated here, for the climates of California are many — while
a multitude which could not bear the rigor of their winter months are sown
broadcast throughout the State's extent. We may not see that dainty first-
ling of their year, the snowdrop, but lifting through the white drifts of the
Sierras is the marvelous snow plant, of which the poet* has sung:

"How perfect has thy stature grown,
Thou waxen rosy-tinted cone!
A flame incarnate thou!
All fruits are compassed in thy zone,
All blossoms thee endow."

The trees and shrubs of canon and hillside have their distinctive
bloom. The noble laurel, with its clean, polished leaf; the madrone and
manzanita, flowering in pale green, and white, and pink; even that bane
and ban of the country-side, the poison oak, is beautiful with small green-
ish flowers and gorgeous foliage, luring to disaster; the wonderful fern-
world, with the delicate saxifrage in its midst; daisies and primroses and
buttercups; cups called "gold" and "cream" and "sun," all filled to the
brim with perfume; purple lupine; blue harebell; heartease; "shooting stars,"
or cyclamen; golden yarrow; calypso; wood-balm; pansies; violets, purple,
white and blue; the harebell, prettily styled the "lantern of the fairies";
fuchsia, or "humming bird's trumpet"; Indian pink; Indian paintbrush;
columbine; Canterbury bell; nemophiela, or "baby-blue-eyes"; trillium, or
wake-robin; gilia in endless variety; pussy's ears; lilac; hyacinth; sand ver-
bena; the iris, purple, white and yellow; the lilies — what a group! — white,
black, brown, lemon, ruby, the leopard, the tiger, the fawn, the chamise
and the coast lily, the little Alpine and the beautiful Mariposa lily (or
poppy), hovering like a "butterfly," indeed, above the grasses; the wild
rose; the larkspur; morning-glory; the wonderful Matilija poppy, with stems
from two to fifteen feet high and blooms from six to nine inches across; the
bleeding heart; the ice plant; the cacti, queen of sandy places, many of
kind and gorgeous in bloom colors; and the world of minute blossoms of
which I shall name but one, the trientalis, a small, tender plant bearing its
tiny pink stars on a stem so thread-like as to be almost invisible. I learned

SOME WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA— WALKING

to love it from a never-to-be-forgotten day in the redwoods with John Muir,
who chose this dainty blossom to weave in a tissue of beautiful fancies,
and from which to draw a gospel divine.

How few of the wild flowers of California have I space to name. Those
who would know of them and have not opportunity to seek them on
Nature's breast, I would refer to Rattan's "California Flora" and "The Wild
Flowers of California," by M. E. Parsons and M. W. Buck. This last deals
with over five hundred varieties, I believe. There, too, will be found the
Latin names of them, which from love of the flowers I have omitted! And if
one should wish to see the perfect counterfeit presentment of them upon
canvas, let him seek and find it in the studio of Mrs. Alice Chittenden,
chieftest of flower-painters, whose art has been doubly inspired through
love of her subject.

"No wild flowers in California!" The track of the Southern Railway
runs for some distance along the Mojave Desert. One day in the May
month I saw from the car windows a carpet of bloom stretching as far as
the eye could reach, made up of every variety of color and tone and shade of
color under the sun — more wonderful in combination and harmony than
could ever come from the far-famed Persian looms; and I wondered at the
name of desert applied to this marvelous region which a few drops of rain-
moisture could make to "blossom as the rose."

INA COOLBRITH.

Walki ng

WILLIAM GREER HARRISON.
President of the Olympic Club

|f> ALKING is an index to character. Study the man or woman
in natural motion and you will have no difficulty in interpreting
character.

Alas, few men and fewer women know how to walk.
Both seem to present the varied forms of locomotion In-
dulged in by our several ancestors. There is the jerky motion
of the ape, the side gliding movement of the bear, and the twisting move-
ment of the less gainly of the lower animal kingdom.

Few of the present generation can be said to "Walk with God" — so
sloppish is their walking.

Heel and toe; yes — but it's on the heel always, toes in the air: pound-
ing the spine all day long, and wondering why they have headaches. They
have overlooked the " 'ammer, 'ammer, 'ammer on the 'ard 'ighway," the
heel being all of the foot used and the spine subjected to a continuous
shock.

Natural walking is a splendid execise. Every time the limbs are moved
the intestines are gently massaged and the vital organs toned up and
encouraged to work.

The lungs are oxidized and the skin made to do its duty by rapid
walking.

The health-life is earned by out-of-door work, and walking is the
agency through which the best results are obtained.

A plain woman, who walks naturally, becomes attractive. An ugly
man overcomes his ugliness by the grace of his movements.

The most beautiful face cannot save a woman if she "shuffles."
The man who walks on his heels is ugly and vulgar, no matter what
his facial attractions may be.

What is walking? It is a long, easy glide forward — noiseless and
sure— the foot work being done with the forward part, all the weight of

WALKING

the movement falling upon the ball of the foot. The body should be held
free and loose, inclined forward, but never slouchy or slovenly.

The light stroke or push of the forward part of the foot is the pro-
pelling force. The propulsion should be noiseless, except when used
against hard substances. The heel should never touch the earth with any
degree of force.

The stride should be in proportion to the length of the legs. The
longer — proportionately — the stride is, the more graceful the movement
becomes.

The short, choppy movement is horrible, because it is unnatural. No
animal, except man (particularly woman) signals its approach.

Then there is the joy of walking. No other form of exercise gives the
special happiness which is the earned value of the walker.

The hill and valley are his playgrounds. The climb excites a healthy
ambition to surmount difficulties, and the short run sets his blood humming
with a music that lifts his head and heart heavenward.

The big forest and the mountain top are his cathedrals. Walking
through the Sequoia forest his eyes follow the tall spars, the beautiful,
uplifted foliage of the giant redwood, until they rest upon the eternal blue
of a California sky, and he asks what is the mystery behind the clouds
with a sense of certainty that the answer will come in a form to increase
the joy of living.

Or he rests upon the mountain top — hatless — breathing great tonic
breaths of pine-zone, emolient and grateful; breathing in at the same
moment the peace of God which passeth all knowledge, and gratefully
thanks the Creator for the joy of the hour; he rests and is devotional.

Ah! then the return walk; the swish of it, the lilt of song in it, the
manliness of it all — down the mountain sides, through the brakes and ferns,
swinging along with a pride of movement and a heart in love with all nature,
in sympathy with every creature that lives and moves.

No spot of earth lends itself more beneficially to the joy of the walker
than California — the paradise of the pedestrian.

How any man can waste his hours indoors when wild flowers are
calling him out, sparkling water sprites laughing at his foolishness, great
trees offering him their umbrageous welcome, the brook, with its trout, sing-
ing its friendly songs for him, and all things that are beautiful in this, the
most beautiful of earth-scapes, calling him, is a riddle.

The climate of this State permits all-year out-of-door life, and to be
out in the open is to be alive, full of life, to be happy, full of happiness.
The man or woman who walks has a personal kingdom, a royal domain,
where nothing common or vulgar offends the eyes. Only in cities do you
find things that are vulgar. Only in cities do men grow small and waspish
— out in the open he broadens and grows. He loves nature, and nature
repays his love a thousand fold.

Physical joy is not the only blessing that walking earns. There is
the moral side to be taken account of. The eye is blessed with the ever-
greens, so rich in color throughout this State; but passing these and moving
into the deep seclusion of the woods, we become meditatively happy in
contemplating the infinitude of God's gifts to man. We see Him in the
the forest, Beneficence itself. We are removed from the sordid side of life,
its smallness, its meanness and all the accompanying irritants which mark
the struggle for place. Our environment is pure — and our thoughts take
on the character of our surroundings.

We introspect, and much of the mystery of life is revealed to us.

We build up character by meditation, comparison and straight think-
ing, and in the woods and on the peaks we realize more clearly than any-
where else the value of clean living.

Our moral fibre is strengthened and our whole nature toned up to
active and intelligent progress.

Wild Game of California

M. T. PAYNE,
President California Fish and Game Protective Association

HE game of California is found in too great variety to be treated
as its importance merits in the restricted space which can be
allotted to it here. There is no state in the Union which has,
or at least had, so wide a range of game birds and animals. All
the large game of the United States, except the buffalo, the
moose and the Rocky Mountain goat, are found in California.
The grizzly bear, the most intrepid of all animals, is a "native son," found
nowhere else. The so-called grizzly of the Rocky Mountains is a baby, both
in size and ferocity, compared with the true article of California, which in
early days were commonly met with weighing from 1500 to 2000 pounds.
I saw one killed near the Green Lode mills, in San Bernardino County,
which when weighed on the ore scales tipped the beam at a little over 2200,
and I helped to kill one later that I am sure was even larger still.

Besides the giant grizzly, which is distinctively our own, we have the
black and brown bear, as well as the mountain lion, the lynx, the wild cat
and others of the like, which we of the West have not yet begun to class
as game. To these can be added the elk, the antelope, the deer and the
mountain sheep; a showing in big game equaled in but few places, if at all.

In feathered game the State of California occupies a class by itself,
both in variety and in quantity. This is especially true with our waterfowl,
which has a range of species found nowhere else. And nowhere so plenti-
ful. Beside the swan, we have every variety of the goose family found in
any part of North America. These include the Canada goose, or "honker,"
the white-cheeked goose, the Hutchins goose, the small black brant, the
sea brant, the white-fronted goose, the snow goose, the Ross goose, the
blue goose, the Emperor goose and the barnacle brant. The three latter,
however, are met with only occasionally.

In ducks the variety is still greater. Of the anatinae, or fresh water
ducks, the mallard, the gadwell, the widgeon, the pintail the shoveller,
the wood duck, the fulvus tree duck, and the green-wing and cinnamon
teal are all plentiful. Of the fuligulinea, or salt-water ducks, we have the
canvas-back, the red-head, the greater and lesser scaup duck, or blue bills,
the ring-neck, (the ring not showing in the winter months. This duck
is generally compounded with the greater scaup) the golden-eye, the ruddy
and the butter-ball. To these can be added a few other species that are
occasional visitors, besides several species of the eiders and all the scoters.
In fact, there are only three edible ducks in America, the dusky duck, the
Florida black duck and the blue-winged teal, that are not regular visitors
to this favored land. Of the limicola, or shore birds, we have about them
all, except the woodcock. The list is too long to particularize here.

In the tetraonidae, or upland birds, we are not so well supplied.
Though I doubt if any State in the Union has as many species as this. In
the northern part of the State sage hens, the largest of the grouse family,
are quite abundant. Along the northern boundary quite a number of ruffed
grouse are to be found, and all along the Sierras the sooty and sharp-tail
grouse are quite numerous. In the Coast Range from about the latitude
of San Francisco north there are an abundance of that species of the
mountain quail known to the naturalist as the oreortyx pictus, while the
sub-species of the same genus, known as the O. p. plumiferus, makes its
home in the Sierras as well as the Coast mountains from San Francisco
south.

But if we have no prairie chickens and no wild turkeys, the Creator
has made ample amends in giving us an abundance of the gamiest little
bird that flies, the California valley quail. Of these we have three varieties
— two species and a sub-species. The one, the lophortyx californicus,

THE GAME OF CALIFORNIA

inhabits the valleys and foothills north of the bay of Monterey, while its
sub-species, the I. c. vallicola, finds its home throughout the rest of the
State and south into Lower California. The lophortyx gambeli, called
Arizona quail in California, and California quail in Arizona, which is really
its home, has crossed the Colorado river and spread some distance to the
westward along the desert, and in San Bernardino county as far north as
the Panamint range.

It is true that through our lack of foresight in not providing better
protection, we have allowed our once bountiful supply of game to become
much diminished. Our elk and antelope, once very numerous, have been
practically annihilated, and the grizzly monarch of the mountains is nearly
extinct.

But while we can yet boast of a great variety, and even yet a goodly
supply, it is not these alone that makes California the peerless paradise of
the sportsman. As most game must be hunted in the fall and winter
months after the season's young have reached maturity, the genial climate
of California plays an all-important part. With us every day is a sports-
man's day, on which he can go afield unincumbered with heavy wraps,
even into the marshes after waterfowl. If his fancy leads him to that
grandest of all wing-shooting, the valley quail, he goes in a light hunting
coat, and needs it only to carry his shells and game. He sees snow, it is
true, but it glistens from the summits of the distant mountain peaks, just
far enough away to give a bracing freshness to the air. Think ye, snow-
bound sportsmen of the East, where blizzards rage and the ice-king holds
all nature in his frosty grip, of shooting quail in the valleys of California,
with a cloudless sky above your head, and under-foot a flowery carpet of
huge mosaic patterns wrought in blue and scarlet and purple and gold.

FROM BIALSTOK.

The California Promotion Committee has received the following letter
from Mr. W. N. Ent, Secretary of the San Luis Obispo County Board of
Trade:

"I am just in receipt of a letter from Bialstok, Russia, in which the
writer refers to my little article in the September number of FOR CALI-
FORNIA. It may be of interest to you to know how much FOR CALI-
FORNIA travels. Yours truly, W. N. ENT,

"Secretary San Luis Obispo County Board of Trade."

The following statement occurs among other things on Mr. Ent's
letterhead:

"Nature never made a better climate. Area, two and a quarter million
acres, comprising lands of wonderful fertility, insuring heavy and unfailing
crops of every product that can be raised in California. Single acres of
Luis Obispo County soil have produced without irrigation or fertilizers
2 1-2 tons of beans, 20 tons of potatoes, 33 1-3 tons of onions, 60 tons
of squash, 70 tons of beets, 100 tons of carrots, 16,000 quarts of straw-
berries. The weight of single specimens have been: Apple, 24 ounces;
pear, 30 ounces; potato, 10 pounds; radish, 26 1-2 pounds; carrot, 40
pounds; table beet, 50 pounds; sugar beet, 56 pounds; mangle wurtzel
beet, 156 pounds; cabbage, 93 pounds; squash, 272 pounds.

In the last three years, we have increased our bank deposits $1,684,-
890.35; in the same time our assessment roll has increased $1,366,604,
and the assessed value of mortgages has decreased $669,358. Thus we
have added to our wealth in three years $3,720,852.35."

10

The Brown Family in California

By JASON BROWN
CHAPTER FIFTEEN

IN WHICH NEIGHBOR SIMPSON TELLS ABOUT OUT-OF-DOOR LIFE IN CALIFORNIA FOR BABIES

AVE you heard the news?" asked Simpson, flicking his team
gently with a whip.
"What news?" I asked.

"Whoa, boy, whoa," replied Simpson. "Strange how this
team wants to be up and doing. But that isn't it. There's a
stranger on the old Estudillo Rancho grant."

"Well, that's good. I'm glad Eastern people are beginning to learn
a little about the opportunities for farming in California," I said.

"But this isn't an Easterner, and he isn't going to be a farmer — at
least not yet a while," said Simpson. "This young man came in with the
storks. Mr. Paulsen has a ten-pound boy."

"Oh, isn't that just lovely. I must go over and see him," said my
wife. "I do hope the little fellow will get along ever so well."

"Of course he will, ma'am," said William Simpson. "I'm not a-going
to exaggerate about California, but I do say that it's a good country to
bring up your children in. You remember that Schoolteacher Bradshaw
sent his wife and baby back to her mother's in Des Moines, Iowa, last sum-
mer. It's pretty hot traveling through the Middle West in summer, and
by the time they got to Des Moines the little one was pretty near dead with
the heat and teething. Then it kept hot all summer, and, you know, that
isn't good for babies. The little chap fretted and had prickly heat and a
lot of other things that babies have and men don't know much about.
Well, Mrs. Bradshaw couldn't come back to California, for it was too hot
to think of traveling on the train. And she hated to stay there, for the
baby kept getting sicker all the time. By and by she thought she'd just
have to make the trip and take the risk. Well, when she got to Kinney's
Corners I thought I never saw such a poor, peaked young one. But the
schoolmaster up and said they'd have to take him to the seashore, and so
they did, and now, sir, that little fellow is the healthiest, happiest, fattest
little chap you ever did see."

"Yes, indeed, the change did him good right away," said my wife.

"Of course it did, Mrs. Brown," replied Simpson. "You can't find
a fatter, healthier baby in the township than this one."

"And of course Mr. Simpson is such an enthusiast that he thinks it's
all due to California," said our Ethel.

"Perhaps not all of it, Miss Ethel," said Simpson, "but at least a great
part of it. You see, children in California can play in the open the year
round. The out-of-door life is the natural life. All children need is a
chance to grow and they will grow. Here in California the children are
not kept in the house most of the time in winter. Some one has said that
California babies are the prettiest babies in the world. I think it's because
they're healthy, for in my opinion perfect health is a synonym for good
looks."

"Well," I said, "here comes Mr. Paulsen himself. Perhaps he will tell
us something about that new baby of his."

Paulsen, you know, worked for me with his team when I first started
our California farm. Paulsen is a fine young Swedish man. He owns
twenty acres of land and the way he earned it is one not unusual in Cali-
fornia. He and a partner had earned enough to make a first payment on
forty acres. The partner stayed home and worked the ranch and what
Paulsen made by working around they paid on their property. Then
Paulsen and his partner each took twenty acres, and when the little home
was built, Paulsen and his sweetheart were married. I recalled these

11

BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA— OUTDOOR LIFE IN CALIFORNIA.

things as Paulsen came up the road, for he had come to California about
the same time that we had, and by ingenuity, industry and integrity
earned his own home.

"Paulsen," said Simpson, "we've heard the good news and want to
congratulate you."

But Paulsen blushed rosy, and so we showed our appreciation later
by presenting the happy father with a handsome baby carriage.

(To be continued.)

Out-door Life in California

VERY activity in California is influenced by its out-door life.
Its art, literature, science, agriculture; its commerce and its
industries; and its people, perhaps most of all, have been
moulded by an all-the-year-round climate to an extent hardly
believable at first glance.

Art, literature and science are most difficult to classify,
for, as it is often said, they belong to all the world. While this is true; while
all the world may share and delight in the art of a Velasquez or a Rem-
brandt, in the stories of Hans Christian Anderson, Alexandre Dumas, in
the creative genius of Luther Burbank, yet the contributions of these won-
derful men to the world have been strangely colored by the lands in which
they lived, and as long as man remembers them or their work, he will asso-
ciate them with their environment.

So it is in California.

Who can separate Helen Hunt Jackson and Bret Harte from Califor-
nia? There are many other writers whose pens have been steeped in the
very breath of California. So it is with our artists, who may have a setting
not to be found anywhere else in the world. Palms and firs side by side,
a giant redwood, the Sierra foothills — these are unmistakably Californian.

Outdoor life and the God-given climate which permits men to live
naturally in the open the year round mean everything to California.
It is part of California.

Agriculture in California exists to an extent unknown in other coun-
tries. Not that California is as yet the greatest agricultural producing
country in the world, for this young State has not yet achieved the full
measure of its possibilities. But the agriculture is unique, for there is an
out-of-door climate the year round for plants as well as for men. With
irrigation, climate and soil, there is a continuous season of agriculture.

Our industries in California are affected by our agriculture. There is no
closed winter season which pens up the stock and confines the farmer to
his home, indirectly affecting manufacturing industries. Our sturdy work-
ingmen do their honest labor the year round and are not confronted by
coal bills. Our commerce, even river commerce, is open the year round.
There is no ice to prevent boats running on inland waters while the com-
merce of the sea in winter is not rendered difficult by terrific hurricanes.

But the people of California — these are the most interesting, for it is
the people who make the commonwealth. We are all favorably influenced
by our out-of-door climate and environment. People begin as children, of
course, and it is said that California children are the healthiest in the
world. It is always out of doors with them. People say that California
women are stronger and larger than their sisters in the East. A census
of Stanford girls and those of an Eastern college seemed to bear out this
theory.

Anyway, the spirit of a people is the most important. It is no won-
der that Californians are loyal. They are Americans first and Californians

If

AN INVITATION OUT OF DOORS.

afterward, and they are the most loyal of all Americans because they love
their own State and exhibit their devotion to California to a degree not
known elsewhere.

So California invites all the world to share with it in whatever it has
been endowed by nature.

An Invitation Out of Doors

CHARLES KEELER

HE song of the open road, the lure of the wild, the cry of out of
doors has been the sanest, most hopeful, most reassuring,
amid all the notes of this feverish latter day of city herding and
scrambling for gold in the crowded market places. Over
against the tenement and apartment houses of the metropolis
we see the vision of the country home. In lieu of cobblestones
and asphalt is the pavement of sward and flowers. Clanging bells and rat-
tling wheels yield precedence to the glad bird-voices and the stately rustle
of the wind in forest trees. In contrast to the strife of the city is the sedate
life on the farm, where a man may be master in his little domain, sowing
and reaping, gathering his fruit and making a living from the increase of his
flock and herd.

All men, to be sure, are not adapted to a pastoral life. Many need the
stimulus of the crowded city. Some would die of inanition and loneliness
if the hurly-burly of the city were no longer about them. But the broad
fact remains that economists have come to look with grave concern on the
growing tendency of men to crowd into the cities. Back to the soil, back to
nature, is the warning cry to-day.

In few lands is the invitation of the out of doors so alluring as in Cali-
fornia. Everywhere in this favored region there is a bigness in the landscape
that takes hold of men's imagination. The grandeur of the mountains,
the far sweep of purple valleys, the Pacific Ocean, thundering down the long
reach of coast, the mighty forest trees, the strange fascination of the desert
— what interminable wealth of beauty is to be had here by all who will but
walk in the open! And yet we are by no means availing ourselves to the
fullest of this bounty. We are not even conserving that which is our most
precious heritage — our forests. In our unwisdom we are training hundreds
of our finest youths to delve in the ground for precious metal that would
last as long as the foundations of the earth, and leaving our forests to the
unskilled and unloving care of lumbermen, who hew and burn and devastate
to-day, caring nothing for the ruin of to-morrow. There is no more pressing
need in California at the present time than a school of forestry at the State
University and an awakened public sentiment on the irreparable loss we are
sustaining in the wanton destruction of our timber.

In California there are vast tracts of fertile valley land untenanted. We
need people to cultivate the resources of the country. We need a rural popu-
lation. But this settling of the wild places does not necessarily involve a
ruin of all natural beauty. The modern farmer is a man of more education
than his prototype of an earlier generation. He has learned among other
lessons that there are things to be gotten out of a rural life other than pigs
and potatoes, and that chief among these insubstantial gains comes from
an enjoyment of the beauty of nature.

Compartively little thought has thus far been given to making the farm-
house a beautiful building — beautiful in its fitness to the landscape, in its
reserve of color and harmony of lines. A building of natural rough stone or
of unpainted wood, if made with broad, simple sweep of roof, wide eaves,
and windows broken into panes of small size, the whole building setting
low upon the ground, cannot fail to be picturesque. In such a farmhouse,
adorned with vines and flowers, sheltered by clumps of shade trees and sur-

13

AN INVITATION OUT OF DOORS — TRIP TO PORTLAND

rounded by well-tilled fields, by orchard and grove, a man of taste may rear
his family in the enjoyment of those few great tokens of world civilization —
a shelf of noble books, some photographs of the master painters, and such
bits of handicraft as he may require. Thus fortified, he may scorn the arti-
ficial pleasures and excitements of the city, knowing full well that the rich-
est joys of life are within hail.

I would that the various local Promotion Committees of California
might pay some attention to the making of attractive rural homes, for no
inducement could be more persuasive in attracting the right sort of settlers
to this land than the vision of a quiet, unostentatious, yet beautiful country
home. If some of our best architects could be interested in designing mod-
est farmhouses, and in laying out farm land as a landscape gardener lays
out a park, it would take hold of the imagination of numberless people and
persuade them more irresistibly than any array of facts concerning the yield
of an orchard, the size of the pumpkins or the productivity of a beet sugar
field.

Man cannot live by bread alone. In California we are coming more
and more to appreciate the importance of beauty as a factor in a well-
rounded life, and to realize that the truest types of beauty created by man
have their inspiration in the life of the great earth mother — in the everlast-
ing hills, the eternal blue of heaven with its ever-charging pageant of
clouds, in the forest with the myriads of wild creatures finding shelter there-
in, in the green fields, and the flowing streams. The child schooled in the
craft of the open will have a grip on life, a poise, a primal understanding
which is seldom attained by one who has only the cunning of the city
streets, the polish of metropolitan convention, and the polite breeding of the
town. If, then, we would have a sane and hardy manhood in our civiliza-
tion, let us preach the gospel of the simple life, the joy of the hills, the
power of nature when made to yield its store of beauty and strength to the
compelling imagination of man.

THE FIFTH EXCURSION OF THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

The excursions given under the auspices of the California Promotion
Committee are made for the purpose of inducing a greater spirit of co-
operation and stimulating good sound practical hustling

They are the most unique excursions in the world. None have ever
been given just like them anywhere, at any time. The members of these
excursions do not go for the purpose of having a junketing trip, even
though they do have a good time. They pay their own way. They have
nothing to buy and nothing to sell.

A number of excursions have been given under the auspices of the
California Promotion Committee.

A notable event will be the trip to Portland, which will be made
up of men prominent in development work throughout the whole State of
California. A special train of up-to-date equipment, gaily decorated, will
leave San Francisco on the evening of June 10th, arriving in Portland on
the morning of June 12th, which has been designated by the management
of the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition as California Promotion Com-
mittee Day. The California men will take part in a number of events which
have been planned. A feature will be a trip up the Columbia River on a
chartered steamboat, in which the visitors will have as their guests officials
of the Exposition, the Portland Commercial Club and leading men of
Oregon.

The Portland trip will be in the nature of a friendly call of the men of
California on the people of their great northern sister State. The whole
Pacific Coast is united and California will show her regard for the great
northern commonwealth.

14

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

REPRESENTING

ANDREA 8BARBORO, Chairman Manufacturer* and Producer* Association

RUFUS P. JENNINGS, Executive Officer San Pranclaco Chamber of Commerce

GEO. W. McNEAR, Treaaurer Merchant* Exchange of San Franeiaoa

A. A. WATKINS San Francisco Board of Trade

FRED J. KOSTER San Francisco Merchant* Anaoclatlon

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

HON. GEO. C. PARDEE Governor of California

BENJ. IDE WHEELER Berkeley President University of California

DAVID STARR JORDAN Palo Alto President Leland Stanford Jr. University

REPRESENTING

WILL S. GREEN Colusa Sacramento Valley Development Assn.

R. P. LATHROP Holllster Central Coast Counties Improvement

C. P* SOULE Eureka North Coast Counties

JAMES A. BARR Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Assn.

S. F. BOOTH Fresno Fresno Chamber of Commerce

M. J. NEVVMARK Los Angeles. . . Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce

CHARLES S. FEE San Francisco. Southern Pacific Company

W. A. BISSELL San Francisco. Atchison, Topeka A Santa Fe Railway

r. x. RYAN Sun Francisco. California Northwestern Railway

GEO. W. HEINTZ San Francisco. North Shore Railroad

LEWIS E. AUBURY San Francisco . California State Mining Bureau

STATE PUBLICITY COMMITTEE

REPRESENTING

RUFUS P. JENNINGS San Francisco. San Francisco County

H. P. WOOD San Diego .... Counties South of Tehachapl

W. A. BEARD Sacramento.... Sacramento Valley Counties

EDWIN STEARNS Oakland San Francisco Bay Counties

COLVIN B. BROWN Stockton San Joaquin Valley Counties

GEORGE A. KELLOGG Eureka North Coast Counties

ARTHUR G. BALAAM Lompoc South Coast Counties

I. B. McMAHILL San Jose Central Coast Counties

GILBERT B. MORROW Sonora Sierra Counties

ADVERTISERS.
Varney * Green

ADDING MACHINES.
Burroughs Adding Machine Co.

ADVERTISING.
Cooper, F. J., Advertising

Agency
Well, William M.

AMMUNITION.
Union Metallic Cartridge Co.

ARCHITECTS.
Reld Bros.
John Galen Howard.

ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW.
Bancroft, Philip
Crothers, George E.
Deamer A Stetson
Feigenbaum, Sanford
Noyes, Bartholomew
Pippy» Geo. H.
Stratton A Kaufman
Sullivan A Sullivan
Treat, R. B.

ACCOUNTANTS.
Amrath, J. W.

BANKS.
Anglo-California Bank
Bank of California
California Safe Deposit and

Trust Co.
Central Trust Co.
French-American Bank
German Savings and Loan

Society
Hlbernia Savings and Loan

Society
Italian-American Bank
London, Paris and American

Bank
Market Street Bank
Mercantile Trust Co. of San

Francisco
Mechanics' Savings Bank
Mutual Savings Bank
Pacific States Savings, Loan

and Building Co.
Savings and Loan Society
Security Savings Bank
Wells, Fargo A Co.'s Bank

BARBER SUPPLIES.
Deckelman Bros.

BOILER WORKS.
Keystone Boiler Works

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.
Crocker, H. S. Co.
Cunningham, Curtis A Welch
Elder, Paul A Co.
McNutt, Kahn A Co.
Payot, Upham A Co.
Sanborn, Vail & Co.
San Francisco News Co*

BREWERS.
Brewers' Protective Assn.

BROKERS.
Brown, Edward & Sons

CANNERIES.
Code, Portwood Canning Co.
Jacobs, Istdor (California Can-
neries .

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
CAPITALISTS.
Borel, Antolne
Coleman, Robert L.
Durphy, B. F.
Glselman, William
Hopkins, E. W.
Mackay, Clarence
Marye, George F. Jr.
Meyer, Daniel
Pacific Improvement Co.
Phelan, James D.
Spreckels, Clans
Thompson, R. R.
CARPETS, LINOLEUM AND

UPHOLSTERY GOODS.
Hulse, Bradford & Co.

CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY

AND FURNITURE.

Hoffman, Henry, Jr. (W. J.

Sloane & Co.)
Plum, Chas. M. & Co.

CATTLE AND SWINE
DEALERS.
Pierce A Co.

CIGARS AND TOBACCO.
Gunst, M. A. & Co.
Judell, H. L. & Co.

CLOTHIERS.
Raphael, Inc.
Straus, Louis

COAL DEALERS.
Allen, Chas. R.

COFFEE, TEA AND SPICES.
Brandensteln, M. J. A Co.
< aswf 11, Geo. w. A to.
Folger, J. A. A Co.
Hills Bros.
Jones-Paddock Co.
Schilling, A. A Co.
Thierbach, Chas. F. A Co.
COMMISSION A MANUFAC-
TURERS' AGENTS.
Bacigalupl, Peter
Clarke, Sidney A.
Malllard A Schmieden
National Mfg. Co.
Thlehen, Jon. A Co.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
Armsby, The J. K. Co.
Htlmer & Bredhoff
Horst, E. Clemens Co.
Wltael A Baker.

CONFECTIONERS.
Ilium, Simon
Haas, Geo. A Son

CONTRACTORS.
City Street Improvement Co.

COOPERAGE.
California Barrel Co.
Woerner Cooperage Co., David

CORDAGE.
Tubbs Cordage Co.

CORNICE WORKS.
Forderer Cornice Works.
CROCKERY AND GLASS-
WARE.
Anglo-American Crockery and

Glassware Co.
Nathnn-Dohrmann Co.
CUSTOM HOUSE BROKERS.
Mayhevr. F. E. A Co.

DAIRY MACHINERY.

DAIRY PRODUCE.
Dairymen's Ass'n of S. F.
Dairymen's Union of Cal.
MaigUt, r're.i. K. A to.

DENTISTS.
Fletcher, Thomas

DEPARTMENT STORE.
Emporium

DRY GOODS.
City of Pari* Dry Goods Co.
Hale Bros.
Murphy-Grant Co.
Newman A Levlnson
Raphael, Weill A Co. (Inc.)
Straus*, Levi A Co.
Strauss A Frobman
Welnstock, Lubln A Co.
DRIED FRUITS.
Guggenheim A Co.
Phoenix Raisin Seeding and

Packing Co.
Rosenberg Bros. A Co.

DYEING AND CLEANING.
Hickman, Henry
Thomas, F., Dye and Cleaning
Works

EDUCATIONAL.
Ham, Charles H.
EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS.
AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
Castle Bros.
Gets Bros.
Jennings, Rufua P.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Wella-Fargo Express Co.

FACTORIES.
American Can Co.

FANCY GOODS.
Sachs Bros. A Co.
FARM IMPLEMENTS AND

VEHICLES.
Baker * Hamilton
Hooker A Co.

FREIGHT COMPANY.
Transcontinental Freight Ca.

FURNITURE.
Breuner, John Co.
Cordes Furniture Co.
Friedman, M. A Co.
Fuller, Geo. II., Desk Co.
Indianapolis Furniture Co.
McCunn, Belcher A Allen
Sterling Furniture Co.
Weber, C. F. A Co.

GAS AND ELECTRIC CO.
San Francisco Gas Co.

GAS AND ELECTRICAL
FIXTURES.
Day, Thomas A Co.
GAS ENGINES AND SCALES.
Union Gas Engine Co.

GAS REGULATORS.
Gas Consumers' Association

GENERAL MERCHANDISE.
Smith's Cash Store.

GLASS COMPANY.
Illinois-Pacific Glass Co.
GOLD. SILVER and NICKEL
PLATING WORKS.

HARDWARE.
Arnold Hardware Co.
French A Lin forth
Froelich, Christian
Holbrook, Merrill A Stetson
Montngue, W. VV. A Co.
Pacific Hardware A Steel Co.
Tax* George H. Co.

HATTERS.
Colllna, Charlea J.
FUher A Co.
Frledlander Hat Co.
Trleat A Co.

HOTELS.
Alta Pinea Mountain Resort
Brooklyn
California
Commercial
Granada
Hotel Rafael
Hotel St. Francla.
International Hotel
Lick House
Manlinllaii Hotel
New Western Hotel
Palace Hotel
Richelieu

INSURANCE.
Commercial Union Assurance

Co.
Fireman's Fund Insurance Co.
Foster, Geo. H. Co.
Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life;
Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
National Fire Insurance Co.
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance

of California
Royal and Queen Insurance

Co.
Seely, Walter Hoff (Pacific

Mutual Life)
The Liverpool, London anil

Globe Insurance Co.
Ward, C. H.

JEWELERS.
Carran A Green
Judls, Alphonse Co.
Radke A Co.
Schussler, M. A Co.
Sehweltser, Joseph
Shreve A Co.

KNIT GOODS.
Pflster, J. J. Knitting Co.
LEATHER GOODS.
Harpham A Jansen

LIME AND CEMENT.
Holmes Lime Co.
Pacific Portland Cement Co.
Standard Portland Cement Co.

LITHOGRAPHERS.
Brltton A Rey

Mutual Label Lithograph Co.
Union Lithographing Co.

LOANS.
C. H. Morrell

Finance and Security Co.
MACHINERY AND ENGI-
NEERS' SUPPLIES.
Cyclops Iron Works
Harroa, Rlckard A McCone
Henshaw, Bulkjey Co.
Martin, John
Mccse A Gottfried Co.
Merrall's Mill Co.
Mnorr, 4 h ii rim «'.
Pnrlflr Tool and Supply Co.
Tfllnm A Bowcn
Troy Laundry Mnohlnery Co.
HEN'S FURNISHING GOODS.
Atkins. It. C. A Sons
Bullock A Jones
< lu.-u. Pcalmdy A Co.

., .iiiiiim. Well A Mlehela

N. i.-in.lf.r Urns.
Prager. A. J. A StMU

HESTER COMPANY.
Pacific Meter < <•.

Ml I \l. WOMKN.

Finn, John

Pacific Metal Works

Selby Smelting Works

MM
Del Monte Milling to.
Port Costa Milling to.
Sperr.v I'lonr < ...

Mil '
Topllts, Rohl. L. A CO.
i SU.

Ilonllttlc, J. B,

Wet in-

i -< i:rri.
m;ck\\ i:\it M\NUFAC-

Hflnrmmi. II. M.

OPTICIANS.

OVERALLS AND SHIRTS.
Heynemann A Co.

OYSTER DEALERS.
Morgan Oyster Co.
PACKERS AND PROVISION

DEALERS.
Baccus, Richard T.
Miller A Lux
Roth, Blum A Co.
Reimes, J. C. A Co.
Western Meat Co.

PACKERS OF CANNED
FRUITS AND VEGE-
TABLES.
California Fruit tanners' As-
sociation
Hunt Bros. Co.

PAINTS, OILS AND GLASS.
Bass-Hueter Paint Co.
Fuller, VV. P. A Co.

PAPER BOXES.
Pacific Folding Paper Box Co.

PAPER DEALERS.
Blake, Motlit A Towne
Bonestell, Richardson A Co.
Union Pulp and Paper Co.
PATENT MEDICINE.
California Fig- Syrup
PHYSICIANS.
Ballard, J. Stow
itryant, Edgar It.
I'lschel, Kaspar (oculist)
Rosenstlrn, Julius

PHARMACIST.
Kelly, F. S.
Martin, Henry J.
Kedington A Co.
Schmidt, Val

PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER-
CHANDISE
Vllen, Wiley B. Co.
Mousy, Byron
Sherman, Clay A Co.

POTTERY AND TERRA
COTTA.
Clarke, N. A Sons
Gladding, McBean A Co.
PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU.
Allen's

PRINTERS A PUBLISHERS.
Barry Printing Co.
Commercial Publishing Co.
Dettner-WUson Press
Gabriel Printing Co, The
Gibson A Goldwater
Murdoch, C. A. A Co.
Partridge, John
Phillips A Van Orden Co.

PUBLICATIONS.
Golden Onto Guide
Guide, The

RAILROADS.
California Northwestern Rail-
road
REAL ESTATE AND LANDS.
Baldwin, O. D. A Son
Baldwin A Howell
llonrdman Bros. A Co.
Bush, David A Sons
Cotatl to., The
Hooker A Lent
Lyon A Hoag
Mn gee, Thos. A Soas
Mnthcws, II. i:.
\ n res A Snmiders (Litton)
O'Brien, Charlea F.
((illmi. John I'..
Ilenlty Syndicate (n.
ShnlntTiilri. Ilucklice A Co.
■pafMvr, William t'rnne
The 7« Lnnil ami Wntrr Co.
I mli..'ii, G. II. A to.

ni:s i \i it \n is.
Lnrsen, C. G.

nfe
\\ esterfleld, i". J I «•.

IM.s, III M.IMVG PA-

ii its \mi PAIN1
Pnrnfllnc Pnlnt to., The

nilEB GOODS.
Boston \\o\.n lloip and Rub-
ber •

Rubber Co.
C.irhnni ItuliliiM
w huilow, »'. I«. A <

III BBBR st \ MPS, ETC
Pntrl'

SAFES r M> \ \l
llerrliig-llnll-Mnri In Sal

s \|,T WORK
Golden Gnt«- Snll W
KCIENTIFIl iNsiniMRNTS.

l«4, HI Mil'- \M» SPtl BS.
si HOOI

SEWING MACHINES.
Domestle

SEWING SILKS.
Carlson-Currier Silk Co.
SHIPPING AND COMMISSION.
Johnson-Locke Mercantile Caw
Otis, McAllister A Co.
Sloss, Louis A Co.
Williams, Dluiond A Co.

SHIPPING.
Rosenfeld, Jno. A Sous.
Urloste A Co.

SLATE.
Eureka Slate Co.

SHOES.
Koenlg, Frank

SOAP FACTORY.
Luhn, Otto

STREET RAILWAYS.
California-Street Cable Rail-
way Co.
United Railroads of San Fran-
cisco.

SURETY COMPANIES.
Pacific Surety Co.

SYRUPS.
Pacific Coast Syrup Co.

TAILORS.
Jacob! Bros.
Wankowski, W.
Nordwell, C. W.
TANNERS AND LEATHER
DEALERS.
BlNslnger A Co.
Brown A Adams
Kullman, Sals A Co.
Legalles Hellwlg Canning Co.
TELEPHONE AND TELE-
GRAPH.
Pacific States Telephone and

Telegraph Co.
Postal Tel. Cable Co.
Western Union Tel. Co.

TENTS AND AWNINGS.
Ames A Harris
Neville A Co.

THEATERS.
Orphenm Circuit Co.

TRANSFER COMPANIES.
Bocarde Drayage Co.
Emmons Co.
McNab A Smith
Renner, Geo.

San Francisco Transfer Co.
The Morton Drayage and

'Warehouse Co.
Union Transfer Co.

TRUNKS AND BAGS.
Hlrsehfelder A Menney
TYPEWRITERS.
Alexander, L. A M.

WALL PAPER.
I hi Bros.

WATER COMPANIES.
Spring Valley Water Co.
WATER WHEELS.
Pelton Water Wheel Co., The

WHOLESALE GROCERS.
Goldberg, Bowen A Co.
Jennings, Thomas
Siissmnn, Wormser A Co.

I linn A Bendel

WHOLESALE LIMBER AND

SHIPPING.
Caspar Lumber Co*
llcclitmiin, \. J.
II. -i mini, Julius
Hooper. C. \. A Co.
Mntson. Cnpt. W m.
Nelson, Chan, I

w INKS 1ND i.miORS,
llraiinschrollgcr A <«>.
California Wine Association

l.l.r to.. Tfl •

l.iimllncli-Iliimlicliii Wine Co.
HotalliiK. *• P. A <

Italian-Swiss Col

Jesse Munre-llunI <

Lnchman A Jacobl

Lit Illusion

Mium to., I . M.. s„ocrs. to I.

lie Turk
Mnrtln. I
Nairn anil Snnonin Wine Vo.

Schilling;, < • A Co.
■chnltn, W, \

Bros. A I'lngemann
Shea,
Sherwood A Sherwood

\ mi ll.-rKin. V. A ■

W I'lniuri', llim <-ii A

\\ 1. I.i n A I o.

W llmeriling-l. <■<•<•< '• <o.

W olfT. W ■

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JULY
No. 8. Vol II. 1905. fO Cte. $1.00 a Yeat.

ELECTRIC POWER NUMBER

FDR CALIFORNIA

FRONTISPIECE — A TYPICAL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT IN
CALIFORNIA

WHAT ELECTRIC ENERGY MEANS TO CALIFORNIA

HARNESSING SIERRA STREAMS

A MODERN POWER PLANT IN CALIFORNIA

ELECTRIC POWER FOR THE FARMER

ELECTRIC TO SUPPLANT STEAM ROADS IN CALIFORNIA

ELECTRICITY FOR IRRIGATION

CHEAP POWER AN INVITATION TO THE MANUFACTURER

ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA

THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA

ELECTRICAL POWER IN MINING

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

SAN FRANCISCO

FOR CALIFORNIA.

JULY, 1905.

Application Mad* at San Franclaca PoatofRo*
For Entry at Saeond-Claaa Matter

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

(THE STATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION)

THE PURPOSE OF THE COMMITTEE IS TO GIVE TO THE WORLD RELIABLE AND

UNBIASED INFORMATION REGARDING THE RESOURCES OF AND THE

OPPORTUNITIES IN CALIFORNIA. FOR CALIFORNIA IS

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FOR CALIFORNIA

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The California Promotion Committee

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What Electrical Energy Means
to California

O factor is destined to play a more important part in the in-
dustrial life of California than the development of the vast
power available from California's mountain streams.

In the fact that electricity is now extensively used for
power, illumination and transportation purposes lies its almost
universal usefulness toward the development of the State.

The greatest factories, and the smallest, can be run by electricity;
for in its divisibility electric power offers special encouragement to the
small manufacturer. He can use as much or as little of the power as he
requires. Electrical power from mountain streams is used to run street
cars, mines, factories, shipyards, foundries, elevators, machine shops,
dredgers, elevators in distant cities and small manufacturing shops where
the force employed consists of perhaps only the proprietor and two or
three assistants.

Electrical energy will revolutionize transportation methods in this
State. Already there are electric railways operating under steam road
conditions. They give a more frequent and consequently a better service
than the steam roads. Within the next generation California will be grid-
ironed with electric railway lines. No less than five electric railway sys-
tems are projected at the present time for the Sacramento Valley alone.
Electric railways are of especial advantage in the mountains where they
climb the steep grades and round the sharp curves in a manner almost im-
possible to the steam line.

There is no single factor which has done as much to build up the
suburbs of great cities as the electric railway. It settles the country, too,
and brings the farmer and his products nearer town. The influence of
electric railways in settling up the regions through which they run is
shown by the fact that where electric railways have paralleled steam lines
not only have the electric lines handled trade to their full capacities, but
the business of the steam lines serving the same regions has almost invari-
ably increased.

This statement, of course, relates more particularly to the building
up of the more unsettled districts. It would not be true when competi-
tion increases, but population and products are stationary.

There are few greater opportunities for investment than in the erec-
tion of power plants. All the power companies in California are running
with practically their whole output in use, and more in demand. The
great number of mountain streams with their perpetual flow of water and
the vast storage of water throughout the whole length of the Sierras
argues that only a very small fraction of the available power in this State
has been developed.

The development of electrical energy from mountain streams does not
consume one drop of water, but only the energy furnished by its fall. On
issuing from the water wheels the water is re-diverted for the purposes of
irrigation.

With electric power at hand close to the abundant sources of raw
material electricity will play a great part in manufacturing.

Electrical energy is the most marvelous, convenient, universal, and
economic commercial factor in Twentieth Century progress.

And California promises to lead the world in its development.

Harnessing Sierra Streams

f^N the vast developments of electrical energy from the fall of Sierra
streams the Pacific Coast is solving the problem for cheaper fuel
and power. Already this force is the greatest factor in the indus-
trial progress of the Pacific Slope. A tremendous amount of power
is generated upon the Coast from comparatively small streams of
water flowing from great heights. And it is used for a marvelous
variety of purposes.

The strength of mountain cataracts is employed to run street cars, to
operate ship yards, flour mills, grain warehouses and elevators, furniture
factories, machine shops, pipe and iron foundries, mines, canning facto-
ries and floating gold dredges. It illuminates cities, furnishes power for the
manufacture of ice and electric cookery and ironing in laundries. The
uses to which this energy may be put are innumerable. In the fact that
electrical energy is divisible it encourages the small manufacturer, who
can purchase as much or as little power as he requires.

In making Nature do this work there has been nothing lost which
could commercially be used in other ways. Such use of water for power
production does not consume one drop, but only the energy furnished by
its fall. The irrigation value of the streams whence this power comes is
undiminished. In Kern County, California, even after the water has irri-
gated the soil, it is pumped up from wells by the very electric power fur-
nished by the water further up in its course. The fact that irrigation and
the development of electrical energy go hand in hand is recognized by the
United States Government, which contemplates the erection of power
plants in connection with the work done under the Reclamation Act.

The development of electrical energy upon the Pacific Coast differs
from the hydro-electric development at Niagara, for instance, where a great
volume of water is used at a comparatively low pressure. The Sierra
streams attain a tremendous pressure because of the great heights from
which they fall. The turbines used at Niagara would be torn to pieces under
so terrific a pressure. In plants upon the Coast, water issuing from the
nozzle may be likened to a bar of steel. It impinges upon the buckets of
an impulse wheel instead of a turbine. Instantly its force is imparted to the
wheel, the shaft of which connects directly with and operates the dynamo.
Thus the electric current is generated.

Such small streams as Mill Creek, ten miles from RedlandsrCalifornia,
would be useless but for the fact of great elevation, which gives a high
head in the fall. Here the place where the water enters the pipe is 1 960 feet
above the nozzle where the water strikes the wheel. This little stream gives
a capacity of 5200 horse-power, enough to run a good-sized ocean-going
vessel. Striking the buckets of the wheel, the water has a pressure of 850
pounds to the square inch. What this pressure implies is evidenced by the
fact that the average locomotive carries steam at a pressure of 190 to 200
pounds to the square inch.

It takes a powerful water wheel to withstand such tremendous pres-
sure. At Butte Creek, California, a jet of water six inches in diameter, is-
suing from the nozzle at a velocity of 20,000 feet a minute, impinges on
the buckets of what is said to be the most powerful single water wheel
ever built, causing the latter to travel at the rate of 94 miles a minute. This
six-inch stream has a capacity of 12,000 horse-power.

But given your energy already developed, there arises the problem of
transmitting it. The first plant in the United States to generate electricity
for high tension transmission purposes was erected at Pomona in 1892.
This was followed a year later by the opening of a 1500 horse-power plant
at Redlands. Then in 1895 the electrical world was surprised by the great

HARNESSING SIERRA STREAMS— MODERN POWER PLANT.

plant at Folsom, California, which at that time transmitted the largest
amount of power in the world. The electrically transmitted power was
made available for manufacturing purposes by the installation in these
and later power plants of a specially designed alternate current motor. At
the present time the largest electric power transmission system in the
world is that of the California Gas and Electric Corporation, carrying power
from Colgate to Oakland and around San Francisco Bay, some 242 miles.
The next longest system is that of the Standard Electric Company, trans-
mitting power a distance of 146 miles. And there are many others
throughout the State.

No one has ever computed in terms of horse-power the vast amount
of electrical power available in Sierra streams, but it must run up into the
millions. Altogether probably more than 140,000 horse-power has been
harnessed in California.* Almost half as much again is under process
of development. About sixty million dollars has been invested in power
plants. Rapidly these wild streams are being tamed. Power sites for
power houses capable of developing half a million horse-power have been
located in California and almost as much in Oregon and Washington.
Indeed, the day will soon be at hand when the wheels of industry upon the
Pacific Coast will be operated almost wholly by the power of harnessed
Sierra streams.

* Note— The table given in this issue does not include all the power development because, obviously, all
individual developments can not be classified or data obtained regarding them.

A MODERN POWER PUNT IN CALIFORNIA.

HE frontispiece of this issue of FOR CALIFORNIA shows a mod-
ern power plant in California. This plant, the de Sabla plant,
is typical of up-to-date plants of to-day. In describing the de
Sabla plant, one describes the general features of plants else-
where. Some of the most advanced ideas in hydro-electric
power plants practice are embodied in the de Sabla plant.
Though completed in October, 1903, many changes and additions have
since been made to its machinery.

Water for driving the water wheels here is drawn from Big Butte
Creek and conveyed some ten miles in a ditch, whence it is turned into a
regulating reservoir. This reservoir is on an elevation some 1 530 feet above
the power house. Thus, the water on rushing through the 30-inch steel
pressure pipes down to the power house, has a tremendous pressure, which
is called a "head" — in this case, a "head" of 1530 feet.

A feature of the plant is that it contains one of the most powerful sin-
gle water wheels ever constructed. The smaller of the photographs re-
produced on the frontispiece is an 8000 horse-power hydro-electric gener-
ating unit.

It delivers 3-phase, 60-cycle current at a pressure of 2400 volts and is
driven at 400 revolutions per minute by the water wheel. This water wheel
is capable of delivering 8000 horse-power from the single jet of water, 6
inches in diameter, which issues from the needle regulating deflecting nozzle
at a velocity of approximately 20,000 feet per minute, and impinges upon
the steel buckets of the water wheel.

An interesting result of early experiments in the transmission of elec-
tric power in California was that the first record of the modern electric rail-
way in the Patent Office came from the patent agency of the "Mining and
Scientific Press" of San Francisco.

Electric Power for the Farmer

^|H LECTRIC power, generated from California's mountaip

[iLe streams, offers a most attractive invitation to the man who

l\jEjS) is engaged or is about to engage in agriculture in California.

It invites him to look into the possibilities of having work

done cheaply, economically and cleanly. If the agriculturist

is located along one of the great electric transmission line*

he can, doubtless, arrange to have power delivered to him

at a low price. If he is located near a mountain stream it may pay him

to have a small electric power plant installed.

Besides bringing the farmer and his products nearer to the railroade
by means of electric transportation lines operating under steam road con-
ditions the value of electricity in farming has been demonstrated. It has
been found in Kane County, III., that electric motors can do farm work
at a saving of 50 per cent on the present cost. California farmers in
following the example of the Kane County farmers will doubtless have
a great advantage over them in that this State possesses better facilities
for the generation of electric power.

In view of the benefits to be derived from thus using electricity, it is
well to consider what has been done in Kane County. There electric
motors have supplanted nearly all human and horse labor on the farms.
The saving has been at the rate of $420 out of every $960 formerly ex-
pended. The work done by the fifteen horse-power motors installed in-
cludes sawing wood, pumping water, separating cream from milk, thresh-
ing corn, cutting fodder, plowing the fields, grinding apples, pulping po-
tatoes, loading and unloading wagons and a score of other things ordi-
narily done by horse or man on the farm. The expense under this new
method of farm work is:

Cost for installation of electric motor $500

Cost of power for one year 30

Cost of repairs for one year 10

Total $540

The expense for one farmhand and a team of horses required by the
old method is:

Hire for one farm hand for one year $300

His board and lodging 185

Cost of a team of horses, at $1 25 each 250

Feed for a team of horses, five acres of land production for

one year, valued at 200

Cost of shoeing, veterinary, repairs to harness, etc., for one

year 25

Total $960

After the first year, where electric motors are used, this expense wiH
be cut down, as of course, no new motor need be installed.

Besides such use of electricity in the running of machinery upon a
farm, it is interesting to note that electric energy may be applied to culti-
vation itself. One investigator maintains that the influence of sunlight
upon growing plants is evidence of an electric phenomenon. Though
as yet no apparatus has been devised which makes the application of
electricity to young plants practical, the truth of this principle has been
borne out by the experiments of Professor Selim Leinstroem. The result of
his researches has shown that by electrifying plants at night one may get the
same effects as are gotten from sunlight. Furthermore, germination in
seeds may be accelerated by electrifying them. It was found that peas,

I

ELECTRIC POWER FOR THE FARMER.

which ordinarily germinate in four days, after being electrically accelerated,
germinated in two and a half days. In the same way, haricot seeds ger-
minated in three days rather than five, and barley in two days rather than
five. The methods by which this acceleration has been accomplished have
not been thoroughly elucidated; indeed, it is a very complex matter. The
action of electricity decomposes certain of the salts contained in the soil,
forming others which can be assimilated by the plants more readily. Further-
more, it invigorates the growth by increasing the vitality and bringing about
better exchange of gases between the leaves and the atmosphere. Thus,
respiration, most necessary to plant health, is promoted. The electricity
fixes the carbon in the structure of plants and aids nutrition, with a resultant
multiplication of cells. More than this, the circulation of sap is influenced
and thus forces the nutritive juices into the capillary vessels in the tissue
of the leaf. Plants will be materially strengthened and benefited by the ap-
plication of electricity when its use in this direction is worked out.

In the meantime, one should not imagine that so employing electricity
will allow one to neglect tilling and cultivating the soil. That must always
be done, but by the use of hydro-electric energy for motive power, it can be
done more easily and cheaply than at present.

California farmers can have all these advantages in using electricity,
with the added advantage that here the generation of electricity is cheaper
due to natural facilities. In Kane County, electrical energy is generated
by dynamos, and hence is transferred from steam power to electric power
and back into motive power. In this State we have the incalculable
resources of the Sierra streams in which about half a million horse-power
has already been located and 150,000 horse-power developed, with 70,000
under process. Hence, in California the only expenses to which the ven-
ders of electrical energy are put is in the initial cost of locating the site,
putting up the plant and the cost of maintenance. There are now locali-
ties in California where horse-power is sold as low as 2 cents per hour.

One enterprising dairyman located near Santa Cruz has realized the
profits to be made with a hydro-electric plant. Some years ago he in-
stalled one at a heavy cost, and has more than paid all expenses of instal-
lation and maintenance. A 1,000,000 gallon reservoir was built for im-
pounding part of the water flow from an adjacent creek. On reaching
the dairy the stream attains a head of 216 feet and operates incandes-
cent and arc lights in and about the dairy buildings. There are also motors
driving the hay-cutter, pumpkin grinder, cream operator, and machine
shops. This extensive plant, a model of its kind, was installed under an
indebtedness amounting to $31 per acre, not reckoning interest. This
debt has been paid from the profits of the dairy, and the owner thereof
now advertises his prosperity and the success of his enterprise by making
his trips to town in an automobile.

The benefits to come from the introduction of hydro-electric motive
power into farm work are apparent. California farmers, fruit men, and
dairymen will profit by it. Surely, no agriculturist who sees the savings
in time and money he can make by so doing, will hesitate to install an
electric motor upon his farm.

A hand-book on "Poultry Raising" has just been published by the Cali-
fornia Promotion Committee. It has been compiled from expert authority
and contains much valuable information upon the subject. Thousands of
these pamphlets will be sent throughout the State and all over the world.
They are neatly gotten up, of convenient size and well printed. The price
is five cents.

Electric to Supplant Steam

Roads in California

ALIFORNIA, with its invitation to enterprise in hydro-electric
motive power, will soon find electric roads generally supplanting
the present steam roads. Already, in the cities electric car lines
have almost exclusively taken the place of older lines.
Suburban and inter-urban traffic is largely cared for by railways
run by electricity. Projects are being formed to have third rail
or trolley systems carry trains on longer roads now using steam.

The street car railways of San Francisco, Oakland, Alameda,
San Jose, Sacramento, Stockton, Los Angeles, Riverside, Red-
lands, Bakersfield and other cities are all using electric power of
which a great portion is obtained from mountain streams. The San
Francisco system is the ninth in size in the United States, and receives
its current from the California Gas and Electric corporation. This com-
pany has for years been furnishing power to the Oakland Traction Com-
pany, which operates a suburban railway between Berkeley, Oakland and
Alameda. San Jose, the center of the fruitful Santa Clara Valley, is the
hub of a large suburban system running to Santa Clara, Alum Rock,
Saratoga and Los Catos, while extensions are projected to Palo Alto, San
Mateo, Mount Hamilton, Berryessa, and other points.

The longest interurban electric roads are in the vicinity of Los Angeles.
There are five hundred miles of track altogether, controlled by three
companies radiating from the city. One of these companies owns three
wharves at Redondo, where electric locomotives handle all the freight and
lumber which is unloaded from vessels by electric hoists. This company
receives its power from a plant on the Kern River, 125 miles distant,
showing the practicability of hydro-electric power in generation, trans-
mission, and distribution for operating railways.

Then further north there is the North Shore road, which has been
using the third rail with success for about a year and a half. It receives
its current from the Bay County system, 180 miles from the Colgate
power house, and 250 miles from the De Sabla power house. But of all
the longer electric roads in California, most attention has been attracted
by the San Francisco, Oakland and San Jose Railway, generally known as
the Key Route. The trains on this line are frequently of nine and ten
cars. The motive power is received through a diamond shaped trolley,
having a play of 18 to 84 inches with contact on a brass roller 30 inches
long and five inches in diameter. This trolley was specially designed for
the Key Route after a large Eastern manufacturing company had de-
clared that a collector heavy enough to take the required current could not
be furnished. This system is notable for Its cleanliness, fine rolling stock,
and general accommodation.

In the last few days the new Vallejo and Napa Valley Electric Rail-
way has commenced to take a part in the Napa and San Francisco traffic.
This reminds one that the Southern Pacific is planning, it is said, to elec-
trify much of its track — the Oakland, Berkeley, and Alameda lines, the
steam line to San Jose; and the mountain division between Sacramento
and Truckee is to use electric locomotives, taking power from the hydro-
electric plant on the Truckee River. Numerous other systems are being
projected throughout the whole State.

The introduction of hydro-electricity into portions of the old steam
roads is a forerunner of the electrification of all the roads in the State.
California is peculiarly favorable to such electrification because of its water
powers. Such systems are in line with the development of the Sacramento
and San Joaquin Valleys.

Electricity for Irrigation

LECTRICAL POWER is found to be of advantage in irrigation
in California. A singular feature is that often the very water
which through its fall furnishes the power is used for irrigation,
being diverted from the same stream at a lower level in its
course. Irrigation by electrical power is not expensive. For
instance, it is said that land at Redding can be irrigated at an
expense of $2.54 an acre with water pumped by electrical power from wells
or sources 30 feet below the surface. The water distributed over the land
will be equivalent to a 24-inch rainfall during 100 days of ten hours each
that the pumps are kept running.

W. W. Wheeler, chief engineer of the Northern California Power Com-
pany, which corporation stands ready to supply the power needed as far down
as Vina on one side and Orland on the other, a condition which no doubt
other power companies of the State will gladly comply with, says: "I will
give you an illustration of how irrigation with electrically pumped water
has paid one man near Redding. M. T. Kite, owning a dairy ranch on the
outskirts of Redding, installed a 10 horse-power pumping plant two years
ago. He pumped the water, a 23-foot lift, to irrigate 35 acres of land. The
installation of his plant cost $800. He estimates that he raised enough
extra alfalfa the first year to pay for the expense of the operation of the
plant and four-fifths of the original cost, or $800, of the plant. As to the
cost of operations, suppose a man has a 100-acre tract that he wishes to
irrigate and that his water supply is 30 feet below the surface. It will cost
$15 an acre, or $1500, to install the pumping plant. The power company
will furnish the power for $2.54 an acre, which is at the rate of $35 a
horse-power for ten hours a day for 100 days. With the plant once estab-
lished, the cost of maintenance would be practically nothing, if proper
care be taken. The interest at 6 per cent on the cost of the plant would be
$90 a year, or 90 cents an acre for the 100 acres. That would make the
total cost of irrigating one acre per annum $3.44 per acre. Allow for in-
cidentals and the allowance of $3.50 per acre would be liberal."

California is the first State to realize the possibilities of hydro-electric
motive power. Nowhere else has the energy of falling water been used to
such an extent to generate electricity for transmission at high tension, except
in New York, which leads by a few per cent, with Illinois 40 per cent behind.
The first experiments in hydro-electricity were made at Lauffin, in Germany,
in 1891. Within a^ear there was a plant at Pomona and three years later
a big plant was constructed at Folsom. Since then many other plants
have been variously located; among them the de Sabla power house, which
holds the record for long-distance transmission at 272 miles.

A great deal of the history of early improvements in telephone ap-
paratus originated in San Francisco between 1877 and 1879. Undoubtedly
the first serious installation anywhere of a telephone exchange was that
operated from the District Telegraph Office on Sansome street. Here also
was developed the first automatic ringer and selective signal.

Along with the serious use of the telephone in California originated
the long-distance telephone in 1878. It ran from French Corral in Yuba
County to the summit of the Sierra Nevadas, some sixty miles in all.

Of all the applications of electricity, one of the handiest has been the
principle of the hotel annunciator. The first electric hotel annunciator was
installed by W. C. Ralston in the Grand Hotel, San Francisco, in 1868.
Just ten years later another important principle of electricity was applied in
San Francisco in the construction of the first central station for light and
power in the United States.

Cheap Power an Invitation

to the Manufacturer

HE success of a manufacturing enterprise is immediately de-
pendent upon three factors — the cheapness and availability
of raw materials, power and transportation. Where these three
elements of industry are to be easily had at a low cost an
industry is bound to succeed from the standpoint of production.
In California the problem of cheap fuel and power is solv-
ing itself through the development of petroleum and hydro-electric power.
Raw materials are here in abundant quantities. Throughout the entire
State, they are attracting manufacturers to make them into finished com-
modities. At the present time we are exporting many of our raw materials
to the East and then reimporting them after they have passed through the
factories there. Here we have the raw materials to be manufactured and
the demand for the finished article, but not the local factory.

California, next to New York, possesses the greatest quantities of elec-
tric power yet produced, and it is the cheapest power; still the resources of
the State for the development of this hydro-electricity have not been half
realized. Millions of horse-power of electric energy can be developed from
Sierra streams. In some places in California electric power has been fur-
nished as low as $50 a year per horse-power in small quantities. It is pur-
chased often for pumping plants at the rate of one cent and three-quarters
to a cent and a half per horse-power per hour. Not only is this energy
exceedingly cheap, but it is easily available. Being divisible, electric power
may be used in as large or as small quantities as the purchaser requires, and
a single power plant may furnish motive power to a thousand factories,
small and large, within reach of its transmission lines. The number and
variety of machines run by electric energy is incredible. It is employed in
every phase of industry, from mining to the manufacture of ice.

In fact, transportation itself in California is largely operated by elec-
tricity. This third factor of successful manufacturing has opened the in-
terior of the State to the possibilities of industry. An article may be pro-
duced in the farthest corner of the State; it can be brought to the market
readily. All the time new railways are being opened.

Thus the manufacturer can erect his factory at the spot where the
raw materials most abound, can have all the power required brought to him
at a very low rate, and finally, will have every facility for distributing his
produce to almost any market, though great demand exists in California.
With such resources and facilities, California offers an opportunity to manu-
facturers which no other place can parallel and which will result in devel-
oping the State while enriching the producer.

A very complimentary letter has been received from Mr. W. R. Burnam
of Norwich, Connecticut, showing how the work of the Promotion Commit-
tee is known and appreciated in the East. He writes to acknowledge the re-
ceipt of a copy of one of the publications of this Committee — "CALIFOR-
NIA TO-DAY" — "which I have perused with great interest and pleasure.
In an address before our Board of Trade entitled 'The Cities of the Pacific
Coast,' it served me well in presenting the marvelous growth, material
progress, resources and inviting opportunities of California."

After the American District Telegraph system had been installed in
San Francisco for some time, it was found that messenger service ate up
the profits of the company. To do away with this expense George S. Ladd
designed the multiple call district telegraph box, which has since attained
great importance. By use of the multiple call box it was possible for L. M.
Clement to institute the first police patrol telegraph, which was used in the
snowsheds of the Sierra Nevadas.

10

Electric Power Plants in
California

HE following estimates for the income and expense of electric
power plants in California are taken from Bulletin 5 of the De-
partment of Commerce and Labor. These figures are the most
accurate yet computed. Electrical development has increased
since the compilation of these statistics, but they illustrate the
proportion between income and expense. The Bulletin covers
conditions up to 1903.

There were 3620 central electric stations operating in the United
States. Their construction and equipment amounted to $504,740,352.
Gross income for the year was reported at $85,700,605; expense at
$68,081,375. These stations furnished employment to 23,330 wage-earn-
ers, who received $14,983,112 as wages during the year. The power plant
equipment consisted of 5930 steam engines, with 1,379,941 indicated
horse-power and 1390 water wheels with a stated horse-power of 438,472.
The generating plants consisted of 12,484 dynamos of every description,
with a stated horse-power of 1 ,624,980. A noteworthy feature of the devel-
opment of this industry has been the installation of plants operated under
a control of municipalities. There were 815 of these plants in operation.
The cost of their construction and equipment was reported at $22,020,473.
They gave employment to 2467 wage-earners and $1,422,341 in wages.

While in the totaled figures for the entire United States there are 2805
private stations, as against 815 municipal stations, or about 3 1-2 to 1, in
California there are 105 private as against 10 municipal stations, which in-
terpreted means some 10 1-2 to 1. While the first private station construct-
ed in California was built in 1882, it was two years later that the first muni-
cipal plant was constructed. While in no single year were there more than
three municipal plants built, in 1899 there were fourteen plants put up by
private individuals.

The cost of construction and equipment of the 115 California plants
was $36,547,474. The gross income for the year 1902 was $5,066,417.
The total expense for the same period was $3,918,975. The number of
wage-earners employed in these plants was 1009, receiving wages which
amounted to $781,154. In California the power plant equipment during
1902 consisted of 150 steam engines, with 64,225 indicated horse-power,
and 133 water wheels with a stated horse-power of 72,933. The generating
plants consisted of 400 dynamos of all descriptions, having a stated horse-
power of 1 1 2,354.

ESTIMATE OF THE ELECTRIC POVER IN CALIFORNIA

DEVELOPED BY FALLING WATER

NAME OF COMPANY

No. of
Plants

No. of
Generators

Rated

Capacity of

Generators

Kilowatts

Total Rated
Capacity
Kilowatts

Total Normal

Rated
Horsepower

Northern California Power Co.

California Gas & Electric Corporation.
Edison Electric Co

2
14

1 running

(1 building)

1
1
2

1
1
1
1

5
41

»

1
4
2
3
1
2
1
2

2250
all sizes

750

150
340
450
450
120
1500
500
180

11,250
50,790

8,800
15,160

1,500

150
1,360

900
1,350

120
3,000

500

360

Pacific Light & Power Co., San Gabriel
Truckee R. G. E. Co

Big Creek Power Co

Ban Joaquin Electric Co

Bakersfield Power Developing Co
Mt. Whitney Power Co

Consolidated Mining and Milling Co. . .
Stanislaus Mining and Milling Co
Siskiyou Electric Power Co

Treka Electric Light and Power Co .. . .

95,230 KW.

127,610 HP.

This is a very conservative estimate of the electric power developed by
falling water in California, based upon the above thirteen companies. At
the present time new companies are in course of construction and old ones
are installing new units which, it is estimated, will bring this power to an
excess of at least 25,000 horse-power over the above figures.

li

The Brown Family in California

By JASON BROWN

CHAPTER SIXTEEN

HOW WK FARMERS CLUBBED TOGETHER ON A POWER PROPOSITION.

NE afternoon in August I went up to our little creamery. You
remember, there were eight of us in the venture. I found Robert,
black as the ace of spades with grease and dust, tinkering away
with the gasoline engine.

"Well, papa, here's a go," he cried. "But it don't go, and
I don't know what to do."

"Won't it run, Robert?"

"No, sir; I can't make it go. I guess the carbureter needs fixinV

If there is anything that exasperates a dairyman it is to have a delay
in the working of the cream separator. So I went to work and for two
hours tinkered on the old-fashioned engine. At length we heard the rattle
of wheels on the road, the gate clicked loudly as it was swung shut, a hearty
voice shouted "Whoa, boy," and William Simpson made his genial appear-
ance just as I had concluded to go to Kinney's Corners for a brand new car-
bureter.

"What we want to do, Jason, is to put in a little power plant, use some
of this water that's going to waste down the hill," said Simpson, when I
had explained that the present difficulty, which he could see for himself, was
but the repetition of a series of minor catastrophes along the same order
which had occurred almost from the time we had first established the
creamery.

"A power plant?" I asked.

"Yes," said Simpson, "a power plant. I suppose the very words
'power plant' is enough to frighten seven-eighths of the farmers you spring
it on. They think it's a new-fashioned notion that involves great expense.
In thinking of a power plant every one naturally thinks of the great plants
where the force of water is converted into electrical energy and thousands
of horse-power is transmitted to distant cities to run street cars and the
like."

"Is there enough water?"

"Yes, indeed, there is, Jason," said Simpson, enthusiastically. "We
can put in a plant up there in the canyon about six miles. There's a con-
tinuous fall of water and we would have a head of 600 feet of water. I've
talked with one of the engineers in the city and I believe we can develop
something like 400 horse-power at a cost of $6000. Say we get twelve
farmers together and have them put in $500 apiece. There's your $6000
right there. That 400 horse-power will be sufficient to light every farm
around here, to run the creamery, to bale hay and thresh grain, and do a
thousand and one things that electricity will do on the farm."

"But $500 cash is quite a sum of money just at this time. I don't
know whether I could raise that amount," I interposed.

"Well, Jason, there are more ways of killing a cat than hanging him,"
said William Simpson. "For instance, these twelve farmers can only hold
two-thirds of the interest and the holders of the remaining third will receive
interest on their investment through the sale of electrical energy at Kin-
neys Corners. Then the entire sum does not have to be all paid down. Sup-
pose we each rake up $250 cash and pay the rest on time. I'm sure such
an amount would not be prohibitive as far as you or any of the rest of us are
concerned."

Simpson always talks loudly when he is in earnest and as he was wav-
ing his arms and explaining the matter in his forceful, genial way, my wife
came to the door of the creamery.

"Mercy me," cried Ellen. "Here we have a lot of capitalists. But tell

12

BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA—ELECTRICAL POWER IN MINING

me all about it, because I was reading where some farmers in Kane County,
Illinois, had used electricity with great success, and I know of a dairy in
Santa Cruz County where they use electrical power."

"Of course they use electrical energy, Mrs. Brown," said Simpson. "It's
the cheapest sort of power and beats a horse all hollow. Why, I know where
electrical power is sold for $50 a year per horse-power. Here's a horse that
never eats, never sleeps, and works all the time. He works night and day
for 365 days in the year for only $50, and better than all, the power of the
theoretical horse is more than that of a real horse."

(To be continued.)

ELECTRICAL POWER IN MINING.

HERE is hardly any industry or phase of industry that has not
benefited to a greater or less extent by the development
of hydro-electric energy. Yet in few industries has this form
of energy been applied in a greater number and variety of
ways than in mining.

The most good which has come to miners from the use of
hydro-electric energy has been in the gold and silver mines of the desert re-
gion. Here electricity is of great value for power, since other forms of power
are almost entirely unavailable where water is so precious and fuel so costly
as in these arid areas. Electrically developed power can readily be con-
veyed to the mine in the desert to illuminate shafts, tunnels, crosscuts
and stopes. With electricity compressed air drills are run, hoists are
operated to conduct men and materials to and from lower levels, and
fans set going to keep out the impure air. It furnishes pumps to keep the
mine dry without the exhaustion of a particle of precious oxygen. Through
the agency of this power dynamite blasting has been conducted with less
danger than formerly accompanied the explosion. However, blasting with
electricity as the igniter of the dynamite is not carried on generally. An-
other use of hydro-electric energy in mining to be developed in the future
is in smelting. To this phase of mining, power electrically produced has
scarcely been applied, but when it is ores will undoubtedly be handled more
easily and cheaply.

Miners appreciate the value of hydro-electric energy. The famous
Yellow Aster Mining Company at Randsburg, California, has gone to
great expenditure in demonstrating the use of electricity in working mines
and has contracted to buy 3,500 horse-power from a power company
which produces 8,000 horse-power to be employed in mining. Another
mining company operates its own power plant at Bodie, California — the
Standard Consolidated Mining Company. There are many other instances
throughout the State which might be cited to show how hydro-electric
energy because of its cheapness and availability has supplanted forms of
fuel and power formerly used in mining and is making possible where fuel
and power are unobtainable.

San Francisco was noted in its early days for the fine theatrical per-
formances it patronized. Few cities paralleled its demand and support of
the best plays and the finest actors. It seems appropriate, then, that the
most useful accessory of the stage to-day should have emanated from San
Francisco. It is now considered impossible almost to produce a successful
play without large expenditure in elaborate electric illumination. The Cali-
fornia Theater, San Francisco, was the place of the first electrically illumi-
nated theatrical production.

13

PUBLICATIONS BY THE

California Promotion Committe

DO YOU KNOW?

That the publications of the California Promotion Committee have been reviewed
by Eastern newspapers and periodicals to the extent of a circulation of some-
thing like

15,000,000

The publications of the Committee are not only statistically accurate and true
in color, but they are thoroughly readable.

One million five hundred thousand pieces of literature have been sent out by
the Committee.

Give your friends the address of the Committee.

SAN FRANCISCO AND ITS ENVIRONS
A guide to San Francisco, with routes throughout California. 112 pages of up-to-
date information, bound in red leatherette cover, stamped in gold, with map,
alphabetical key, authoritative descriptions of leading points of Interest in the City
and State. — Price, Twenty-five Cents, postpaid.

SAN FRANCISCO AND THEREABOUT, by Charles Keeler.
Cloth bound, library edition, magnificently illustrated, with cover design by
Mrs. Keeler. An adequate and picturesque treatment of San Francisco in the past
and present. Price, Fifty Cents, postpaid.

CALIFORNIA ADDRESSES, by President Roosevelt.
All the addresses delivered in California by the President. 160 pages of reading
matter with 20 full-page half-tones. Price, Twenty-five Cents, postpaid.

Special Numbers FOR CALIFORNIA are issued on a diversity of
topics. Any three numbers for Twenty-five Cents.

CALIFORNIA TO-DAY, by Charles Sedgwick Aiken.
A standard work upon the State and its resources. 190 pages, 61 representative
full-page half-tones. — Price, Six Cents, to cover postage only.

THE ITALY OF AMERICA— IN FRENCH, ENQLI8H ITALIAN
Eight-page Illustrated booklet showing the similarity of California conditions
agriculturally to those of Italy — free, postpaid.

MAPS OF CALIFORNIA.
Topographical Map of the State five cents, postpaid. In handsome redwood frame,
with glass, $1.00. Contains valuable data.

Thermal Map. Reproduced from "Climatology of California," by Professor Alex-
ander G. McAdle of the Weather Bureau. Shows huge thermal belt, wiUi mean
temperature of 60-70 degrees. — Free, postpaid.

CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA
By Professor Alexander G. McAdie, Published by the United State*
Department of Agriculture.
Nominal price of 50 cents, postpaid. Is really a $4.00 book.

POULTRY RAISING IN CALIFORNIA.
A twelve-page hand book compiled from the best authorities and giving practical
directions to be followed in raising poultry. — Price, Five Cents, postpaid.

ALL PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS OF
CALIFORNIA— MAILED ON APPLICATION.

14

HON. GEO. C. PARDEE...
BEN J. IDE WHEELER. . .
DAVID STARR JORDAN.

The California Promotion Committee

REPRESENTING

ANDREA IBARBORO, Chair man Manufacturer* and Producer* Association

Illl is P. JENNINGS, Executive Officer San Franolseo Chamber of Commerce

GEO. W. SicNEAR, Treasurer Merchants Exchange of San Francisco

A. A. WATKINS San Franrlsoo Board of Trade

FRED J. KOSTER San Francisco Merchants Association

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Governor of California

Berkeley , President University of California

Palo Alto President I. eland Stanford Jr. University

REPRESENTING

, Colusa Sacramento Valley Development Assn.

Hollister Central Coast Counties Improvement Asa*

Eureka North Coast Counties

Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Assn.

Fresno Fresno Chamber of Commerce

1 .os Angeles . . . Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce
San Francisco. Southern Pacific Company

Atchison, Topeka A Santa F» Railway
California Northwestern Railway
North Shore Railroad
California State Mining; Bureau
STATE PUBLICITY COMMITTEE

REPRESENTING
...San Francisco. San Francisco County
. . . San Diego .... Counties South of Tehachapl
. . . Sacramento. . . . Sacramento Valley Counties

...Oakland San Francisco Bay Counties

. . . Stockton San Joaquin Valley Counties

. . . Eureka North Coast Counties

. . . Lompoc South Coast Counties

... San Jose Central Coast Countie-

. . . Sonora Sierra Counties

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS

WILL S. GREEN

R. P. LATHROP

O. P. SOULE

JAMES A. BARR

S. F. BOOTH

M. J. NEYVMARK

CHARLES S. FEE

W. A. BISSELL

R. X. RYAN

GEO. W. HEINTZ

LEWIS E. AUBURY.

San Francisco.

San Francisco.

San Francisco.

San Francisco.

RUFUS P. JENNINGS

U. P. WOOD

W. A. BEARD

EDWIN STEARNS

COLVIN B. BROWN

GEORGE A. KELLOGG

ARTHUR G. BALAAM

I. B. McMAHILL

GILBERT B. MORROW

4

ADVERTISERS.
Varney A Green

ADDING MACHINES.
Burroughs Adding Machine Co.

ADVERTISING.
Cooper, F. J., Advertising

Agency
Well, William M.

AMMUNITION.
Union Metallic Cartridge Co.

ARCHITECTS.
Reld Bros.
John Galen Howard.

ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW.
Bancroft, Philip
Crothers, George E.
Deamer A Stetson
Feigenbaum, Sanford
Noyes, Bartholomew
Pippy, Geo. H.
Stratton A Kaufman
Sullivan A Sullivan
Treat, R. B.

ACCOUNTANTS.
Anirath, J. W.

BANKS.
Anglo-California Bank
Bank of California
California Safe Deposit and

Trust Co.
Central Trust Co.
French-American Bank
German Savings and Loan

Society
Hibernia Savings and Loan

Society
Italian-American Bank
London, Paris and American

Bank
Market Street Bank
Mercantile Trust Co. of San

Francisco
Mechanic*' Savings Bank
Mutual Savings Bank
Pacific States Savings, Loan

and Building Co.
Savings and Loan Society
Security Savings Bank
Well* Fargo Nevada National
Bank

BARBER SUPPLIES.
Deekelman Bros.

BOILER WORKS.
Keystone Boiler Works

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.
Orocker, H. S. Co.
Cunningham, Curtis A Welch
Elder, Paul & Co.
McNutt, Kahn A Co.
Payot, Upham A Co.
Sanborn, Vail A Co.
San Francisco News Co.

BREWERS.
Brewers' Protective Assn.

BROKERS.
Brown, Edward A Sons

CANNERIES.
Code, Portwood Canning Co.
Jacobs, Iaidor (California Can-
neries)

CAPITALISTS.
Boret, Antoine

Coleman, Robert L.

Durphy, B. F.

Giselman, William

Hopkins, E. W.

Mackay, Clarence

Marye, George F. Jr.

Meyer, Daniel

Pacific Improvement Co.

Phelan, James D.

Spreckels, Claus

Thompson, R. R.

CARPETS, LINOLEUM AND

UPHOLSTERY GOODS.
Hnlse, Bradford A Co.

CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY

AND FURNITURE.

Hoffman, Henry, Jr. (W. J.

Sloane A Co.)
Plum, Chas. M. A Co.

CATTLE AND SWINE
DEALERS.
Pierce A Co.

CIGARS AND TOBACCO.
Gunst, M. A. A Co.
Judell, H. L. A Co.

CLOTHIERS.
Raphael, Inc.
Straus, Louis

COAL DEALERS.
Allen, Chas. R.

COFFEE, TEA AND SPICES.
Brandenstein, M. J. A Co.
t as well, Geo. W. A Co.
Folger, J. A. A Co.
Hills Bros.
Jones-Paddock Co.
Schilling, A. A Co.
Thlerbach, Chas. F. A Co.
COMMISSION A MANUFAC-
TURERS' AGENTS.
Baclgalupl, Peter
Clarke, Sidney A.
Malllard A Schmieden
National Mfg. Co.
Thieben, Jos. A Co.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
Armsby, The J. K. Co.
Hilmer A Bredhoff
Horst, E. Clemens Co.
Witsel A Baker.

CONFECTIONERS.
Blnm, Simon
Haas, Geo. A Son

CONSTRUCTION COM-
PANIES
California Engineering A
Construction Co.
CONTRACTORS.
City Street Improvement Co.

COOPERAGE.
California Barrel Co.
Woerner Cooperage Co., David

CORDAGE.
Tubbs Cordage Co.

CORNICE WORKS.
Forderer Cornice Works.
CROCKERY AND GLASS-
WARE.
Anglo-American Crockery and

Glassware Co.
Nathnn-Dohrmann Co.
CUSTOM HOUSE BROKERS.
Mayhew, F. E. A Co.

DAIRY MACHINERY.
Do Laval Dairy Supply Co.

DAIRY PRODUCE.
Dairymen's Ass'n of S. F.
Dairymen's Union of Cal.
Maigui, Fred. B. A Co.

DENTISTS.
Fletcher, Thomas

DEPARTMENT STORE.
Emporium

DRY GOODS.
City of Parte Dry Goods Co.
Hale Bros.
Murphy-Grant Co.
Newman A Levinson
Raphael, Weill A Co. (Inc.)
Strauss, Levi A Co.
Strauss A Frohraan
Weinstock, Lubin A Co.
DRIED FRUITS.
Guggenheim A Co.
Phoenix Raisin Seeding and

Packing Co.
Rosenberg Bros. A Co.

DYEING AND CLEANING.
Hickman, Henry
Thomas, F., Dye and Cleaning
Works

EDUCATIONAL.
Ham, Charles H.
EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS
AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
Castle Bros.
Gets Bros.
Jennings, Itnfus P.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Wells-Fargo Express Co.

FACTORIES.
American Can Co.

FANCY GOODS.
Sachs Bros. A Co.
FARM IMPLEMENTS AND

VEHICLES.
Baker A Hamilton
Hooker A Co.

FREIGHT COMPANY.
Transcontinental Freight Co.

FURNITURE.
Brenner, John Co.
Cordes Furniture Co.
Friedman, M. A Co.
Fuller, Geo. H., Desk Co.
Indianapolis Furniture Co.
MeCann, Belcher A Allen
Sterling Furniture Co.
Weber, C. F. A Co.

GAS AND ELECTRIC CO
San Francisco Gas Co.

GAS AND ELECTRICAL
FIXTURES.
Day, Thomas A Co.
GAS ENGINES AND SCALES.
Union Gas Engine Co.

GAS REGULATORS.
Gas Consnraers' Association

GENERAL MERCHANDISE.
Smith's Cash Store.

GLASS COMPANY.
Illinois-Pacific Glass Co.

GOLD, SILVER and NICKEL

PLATING WORKS.
Dennlston, E. G.

HARDWARE.
Arnold Hardware Co.
French A I.lnforth
Frocllch, Christian
Holhrook, Merrill A Stetson
MoBtagur, W. W. * Co.
Pacific Hardware A Steel Ca.
Tay, George H. Co.

HATTERS.
Collins, Charlea J.
Fin her A Co.
Frledlander Hat Co.
Trleat A Co.

HOTELS.
Alta I'lnei Mountain Reaort
Brooklyn
California
Commercial
Granada
Hotel Rafael
Hotel St. Francis.
International Hotel
Lick House
Manhattan Hotel
Hew Western Hotel
Palace Hotel
Richelieu

INSURANCE.
Commercial Union Assurance

Co.
Fireman's Fund Insurance Co.
Foster, Geo. H. Co.
Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life)
Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
National Fire Insurance Co.
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance

of California
Royal and Queen Insurance

Co.
Seely, Walter Hofl (Pacific

Mutual Life)
The Liverpool, London and

Globe Insurance o.
Ward, C. H.

JEWELERS.
Carran A Green
Judis, Alphonse Co.
Radke A Co.
Sehusnler, M. A Co.
Schweitaer, Joseph
Shreve A Co.

KNIT GOODS.
Pfiater, J. J. Knitting Ca.
LEATHER GOODS.
Harpham A Janaen

LIME AND CEMENT.
Holmes Lime Co.
Pacific Portland Cement Co.
Standard Portland Cement Ca.

LITHOGRAPHERS.
Brltton A Rey

Mutual Label Lithograph Co.
Union Lithographing Co.

LOANS.
C. H. Morrell

Finance and Security Co.
MACHINERY AND ENGI-
NK KHS' Si PPI.IKS.
Cyclops Iron Works
Harron, Itlekard A McCone
Hcnahaw, MiiIUIi-j Co.
Martin, John
Meese A Golt fried Co.
Mcrrnll's Hill Co.
Moore, Charles C.
Pari fie Tool and Supply Ca.
Tatum A Ilnwen
Troy Laundry Mnohlticr- < <>.
MEN'S IIHMMIIM. GOODS.
Atkins, H. C. A Sons
lliillork A Jones
« lurtt. I'eabody A Co.

... -l.i.iim. Well A Mlchela
Neuatndler Bros.
Pragcr. \. J. A Sons

miti:ii « OMP INT.
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SaUry Sinrlflna: Works

Mill I It-.
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i-ori Oeeta miiiidk Ca.
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IM I \ I HANTS.
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raatl UfD PAIRTt*
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- \ II' \\ OIIK
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\ ill l< INSTK1 H

1 i. i, . .... I l.<- \.

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TRANSFER COMPANIES.
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lOnimoiis Co.

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Renner, Geo.

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siui-riMi.
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Union Lumber Co.

W INKS VND I.HIUORS.
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Gundlach-Bundschti Wine Co.
HolnlliiK. \. P. A < '•■
Italian-Swiss Colon >
Jesae Moore-llunl Co.
I ,ii <-lt mil it A .Ii M

luioksioii A Oa.

Miuin < «-. Oi >L. Queers, to I.

lie lurk
Mart In. K. A Co.
N:i|.:i nml Sonoma Wine Ca.

Schilling, c. A < "
Sehnlta, W, L
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■ . A Co.
W elinore. Howeii .V
W I. In. inn. l.illKen A < "•

w Haterdtng-LoeM ■ < • ••

Wolff. Win. A 0a>

WOOLENS IBB TAILOR
TRIMMINGS.
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AUGUST
No. 9. VoL n. 1905. 10 Cts. $J.OO a Year.

VITICULTURE NUMBER

FOR CALIFORNIA

FRONTISPIECE— ART REVEALED IN NATURE— A CLUSTER
OF CALIFORNIA GRAPES

CALIFORNIA TABLE GRAPES FRANK T. SWEU

RAISINS GEORGE F. STAMFORD

WHAT CALIFORNIA OFFERS TO THE YITICULTURIST

PROFESSOR E. H. TWIGHT

CALIFORNIA WINES FOR ALL THE WORLD

ANDREA SBARBORO

SWEET WINE PRODUCTION

STATISTICS OF VITICULTURE

HOW TO MARKET CALIFORNIA WINES PERCY T. MORGAN

CALIFORNIA WINES UNDER THEIR OWN FLAG

CHARLES BUNOSCHU

THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

SAN FRANCISCO

FOR CALIFORNIA.

AUGUST, 1905.

Application Made at San Francisco Postoffice
For Entry as Second-Class Matter

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(THE STATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION)

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ART REVEALED IN NATURE A CLUSTER OF CALIFORNIA GRAPES

California Table Grapes

PRANK T. 3WETT

FROM time to time for over a hundred years attempts have been made
to grow European varieties of grapes east of the Rockies, but without
commercial success. There are too many climatic incompatibilities.
Cold winters freeze, hot, humid summers breed fungoid diseases of
the vine, and copious summer rains split and rot the tender berries.
But in California the fine varieties from Spain, France and Asia
Minor find themselves even better off than in their original homes on the
shores of the warm Mediterranean. There are dozens of climates west of
the Sierras, but the vine adapts itself to all of them. The Sultanina, the
beautiful white seedless variety often prosaically called "Thompson's Seed-
less" shows itself a close observer of the thermometer by ripening in June
on the banks of the Colorado River. It ripens a hundred days later, in the
cool climate of the shores of San Francisco Bay, at Martinez, and between
whiles in a hundred other localities.

There are perhaps ten thousand acres of California soil devoted to table
grape growing. Most of the product is shipped to other States, New York
and Chicago being the most notable markets, but so thorough is the dis-
tribution that no village in the United States goes without. About two
million crates, each holding four square baskets of six pounds each are
shipped annually. This foots up a little over a half pound of California
grapes for each American stomach.

The Flame Tokay, originally from Spain, is the leading variety. Its
large clusters of flame red berries whose thick skins and firm pulp enable
it to stand long distance shipments, make it a favorite everywhere. Prob-
ably two-thirds of the annual shipments are of this fine variety. Later
in the season, when the fall rains have put an end to the Tokay shipments,
comes the Red Emperor, with a more rain-resistant skin, and large oval ber-
ries of a darker shade of red. While hardly as attractive to the palate, its
beauty and remarkable keeping qualities assure its sale at fancy prices.
Wealthy New Yorkers, who want a fine table decoration frequently pay
a dollar a bunch for the finest clusters. A bright California woman, Mrs.
Dr. Sherman, of Fresno, has put so much originality, skill and conscience
into growing and marketing this variety that her brand of Emperors has
become famous and remarkably profitable.

From July to December the trains of refrigerator cars are going East-
ward over the Sierras, grape-laden. During that time thousands of men
and women find employment in picking and packing. The picking is
usually done by men, and though it requires care in the selection of ripe,
well-colored clusters and their handling without injury to the bloom, it is
the least of the work. Hauled in picking trays to the farmers' packing
sheds, the clusters are minutely searched by women and girls armed with
scissors, and each bruised, under-sized, unripe, or otherwise defective berry
is trimmed out. The bunches are then skilfully laid in the crates, covers
nailed on, hauled to the cars, and started on their ten days' journey to
Eastern markets.

The leading table grape district is about half way between San Fran-
cisco and the Sierras, extending through the rich valley soils of Sacramento
and San Joaquin counties.

On rich soil the usual product is from four to eight tons of first-class
grapes to the acre. The cost of the best land varies from $80 to $1 50 an
acre. To plant a vineyard, grafted on phylloxera-resistant roots, cultivate
it, stake it, and care for it for the four or five years until it comes into
bearing costs from $100 to $125 an acre in addition. This is not inclusive
of buildings and sheds. The annual care of a bearing vineyard, not includ-
" ig interest or taxes, or picking the crop, varies from $15 to $25 an acre.

RAISINS— GEORGE F. STANIFORD

Where all conditions are favorable, and skill and conscience is put into the
culture and packing, profits of $100 to $200 an acre are sometimes
realized.

The shipments from California are increasing annually, and new
acreages are being planted. With a very moderate increase in the per
capita consumption of grapes there would seem to be room for a con-
siderable expansion of the business. A half-pound per capita seems a
ridiculously small allowance for any hungry, fruit-loving American citizen.

Raisins.

QEO. P. STANIFORD, Secretary Freeao Chamber of Commerce

THIS industry is an important one in the production of California. The
acreage of this product is conservatively fixed at 70,000 acres of pro-
ducing vineyard, yet, during the past five years, many thousands of
acres of raisin grapes have been planted, and it is quite safe that Cali-
fornia to-day has between seventy-five and eighty thousand acres
of raisin producing vines.
The importance of the industry is that, as a separate product, more
growers are interested, there being about 3,500 California growers who pro-
duce raisins, and the result of about $3,000,000 income from the product
every year causes an active circulation of money that is beneficially appre-
ciated by the grower and merchant.

Raisins produce from $50 to $1 50 per acre, owing to soil. Aside from
one or two localities in the West, California is the only raisin producer of tno
United States. The system and method of marketing the product com-
pares with the imported raisin in packages and quality, and at least 50 per
cent of the California product is being placed on the American market in one
pound cartoons of seeded raisins — seeded, cleansed and pure of any pro-
cessing— ready for use in the preparation of puddings, pies, cakes, and for
any other use that currants and raisins are required. These goods are sold
in the East at 10 to 12^c per pound, and are a household necessity, as there
is no labor needed in seeding raisins as in the olden days.

Being a home product the American people should realize that in Cali-
fornia, one of their own States, raisins are being produced by a community
of farmers who expect and hope that consumers will buy their own home
product; superior in quality and modernized by machinery, placing the raisin
package in the kitchen of American homes ready for use without even wash-
ing.

This product of California is commended to the housewife, therefore
use it and encourage home production, particularly when you are securing a
superior article for the purpose you intend it. If the consumers of our own
country can realize that California is producing from 80,000,000 to 120,-
000,000 pounds of raisins annually for the American market, why not en-
courage our own advancement and use California raisins.
California raisin production:

1 902 1 00,000,000 pounds

1903 120,000,000

1 904 80,000,000

1905 estimated 90,000,000

These results produce 4,000 to 6,000 ten ton carloads annually.

Drying grapes for raisins forms one of the most prominent features of
viticulture as carried on in California. For the last four years average output
has been 94,750,000 pounds. Yet, strange to say, this branch of the in-
dustry is carried on in California alone. How very expensively it is carried
on here the above figures do not show of themselves. But to produce an
average crop of raisins, 330,750,000 pounds of grapes are required. Per-
haps California is the only State which can afford to divert such a large part
of its grape yield to drying for raisins. It certainly pays, however, for the
average value of raisins during the last four years has been $4,374,125.

4

What California Offers to
The Viticulturist.

ProteMor B. H. TWIQMT

THOSE who have not travelled through the vineyards of other lands,
who have not studied the methods of cultivating and handling grapes
and of wine-making in use in foreign countries, can certainly not
appreciate the many advantages that California offers to the practical
vineyardist.

If we go through the principal wine-making districts of Europe
we find that each locality possesses only a limited number of varieties and
produces only a certain local type of wine. Very little, if anything, is done
towards trying other varieties or making other types of wine.

Thus we find that in the vineyards of the south of France the Aramon,
Carignane, Grenache, Cinsaut, Bouschets, O'Eillade, Mataro, Colombeau,
Ugni Blanc, are used to make the ordinary "Vin ordinaire." In the valleys
of the southeast the Syrah, Mondeuse, Persan, Hibou, Durif, Pulsard, Trous-
seau, Govai, Roussanne, Marsanne, give wines of a little better grade. In
Burgundy the Gamais, Pinots, Cesar, and in Medoc the Cabernets, Verdot,
Cot, Semillion, Sauvignon, furnish the material for the famous "crus" of
Bordeaux and Bourgogne. In the Cognac region the Folle-Blanche, is turned
into a white wine that will make the "Cognac" brandy.

If we go to Portugal and Spain the Alvarelhao, Bastardo, Mourisco,
Donzellinho, Verdelho, Pedro Ximenes, Listan, Almunacar, Ferrar, Bobal,
are used to make the renowned brands of these countries. We could go
through the vineyards of Italy, Hungary, Germany and again find different
varieties different types of wines, each section thinking they have the varie-
ties best adapted to their district.

If we come back to the United States and go through the vineyards
of our Eastern States, we see again different varieties, but here it is no
more the Vitis Vinifera that is found in its numerous forms as in Europe,
but the native grapes have been selected; often, however, these native
varieties of Vitis have been crossed with the Vinifera to improve the appear-
ance, flavor or bearing.

Is it only the wish to produce a certain type that makes each locality
choose only a few varieties? In the districts where the "Grands Crus" are
made, no doubt this is one of the most important factors, but the soil,
the climate and the diseases that they may help to implant have generally
brought a natural selection that in some instances could not be prevented.
In the Eastern States the planting of Vinifera varieties has been repeatedly
tried, but they cannot stand the attacks of the fungi disease that thrive
on the vine during the moist summer months; the cold winters also may
do them some damage. In a similar way since the introduction of some
of those diseases (Peronospora, Black Rot, Anthracnose) some vineyard
sections of Europe had to replant new varieties more resistant to the attacks
of these diseases, and this brought a change in the local type of wine
manufactured.

In California we find in our vineyards varieties from all the vineyard
districts of the world: France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Hungary, Germany,
even Greece and Persia have furnished their best stocks. All thrive well
in their new home. The dry summers of California are not favorable to
the spread of the fungi diseases so dangerous in most vine growing coun-
tries.

It is evident that varieties of grapes imported from so many different
lands cannot do equally well in all locations, but a place for all of them
can be found in California. Thus in the cooler districts of the coast, and
on the higher locations the varieties from Alsace, Germany, Northern
France and Italy find a natural habitat. Further inland in the counties of
Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, Napa, Sonoma, the finest grades of
dry wines can be made from the choicest French and Italian varieties.

WHAT CALIFORNIA OFFERS— E. H. TWIGHT

In the interior valleys of the Sacramento, San Joaquin and tributaries the
natural choice would be towards the planting of early table grapes, raisin
grapes and those Spanish and Portuguese varieties best suited to the manu-
facture of sweet wines such as Port, Sherry, Maderas, Moscatels.

It is to be noticed that when the planting of vineyards was in its in-
fancy in California, little was known about the newly imported varieties
or about the soil and climate where they were planted, as a result a very
arbitrary distribution is found in the older vineyards. This is being remedied
in the newer plantations. This indifferent plantation of the early days
brought out, however, some valuable information showing that a change in
climatic conditions greatly affected the chemical composition* of the
grapes so that a fair quality of sweet wine could be made from varieties
that had always been transformed into dry wines and vice versa. With
the introduction of modern methods of wine-making, the use of cooling
devises during fermentation, the use of pure yeast, of more competent
wine-makers, many districts of California that to-day manufacture only
sweet wines or raisins, will be able to produce some dry wines of very good
value for blending and even direct consumption.

In the care of the vineyards we find that California is really leading
most countries as their improved implements greatly reduce the cost of
cultivation.

Again the concentration of the manufacture of wine in large plants
has had the advantage of improving the machinery for the handling of
the grapes, pomace and wine, this has brought a cleanliness in the winer-
ies that is seldom found in small plants where most of the work is done by
hand or rather crude machinery. Few wineries in the old world can boast
of the improved crushers, must pumps, conveyers of grapes and pomace,
presses, steam and electric pumps, electric lights that are in daily use in our
California wineries.

However, in our methods of fermentation, in our handling of wines
after fermentation, we do not find the skill of the old world's "Maitre de
Chai." The wine man, the vineyard man, whatever may be their practical
knowledge, seldom has the scientific training that we find in the same
class of men abroad. The reason is mainly that we have no practical
training school of viticulture and wine-making. The College of Agriculture
of the University of California, has for years offered courses in those
branches, but the location of the college, and no doubt also, the lack of
funds, have prevented the giving of practical courses, that are so needed
in this line of study, to complete a theoretical training. Here the teaching
of these branches has been part of a general agricultural education; in
France and Italy, where we find the best schools of viticulture and enology,
the general agricultural education is part of the training in "viticulture and
enology." With the foundation of a university farm, provided by the last
Legislature, we have a bright prospect for the creation of new courses of
practical value to the vineyardists and wine-makers. It is to be hoped that
special degrees will be offered along those lines so as to encourage gradu-
ates with a practical and scientific training such as the colleges of Mont-
pellier, Grignon, Conegliano have sent out all over the world.

Another point on which California enjoys special privileges is in the
cheapness of the redwood cooperage. Whereas in other countries they have
had to resort to concrete, armed cement, glass, to make fermenting tanks,
in California the redwood tank has been found to be just as good as oak
to make fermenting tanks, and much cheaper than all oak substitutes.
The many advantages set forward by the manufacturers of armed cement
and glass tanks, will not always withstand a careful examination, and the
redwood tank will hold the lead for a long time to come. The modern
methods for the preservation of water will favor the stay of the wooden
tank; one of the objections against these being that if they were kept full
of water between seasons, the water would spoil and contaminate the
tanks, while if they were left empty they would fall to pieces.

WINES FOR ALL THE WORLD— ANDREA SBARBORO

Probably one of the greatest boons to the manufacturer of wine is the
abundance of water in most localities of this State. This is not only ex-
tremely useful for cleaning purposes, for boilers, stills, sprinkling, but with
the introduction of modern methods of cooling in fermentation, it will
prove invaluable. In Algeria, cooling has been resorted to for many years,
and the writer remembers seeing some of the first attmpts that were made
there in 1891-92, but the great drawback was the lack of water. Often
cistern water has to be used, and in some places the roofs of the buildings
not being able to collect enough water during the rainy season to supply
the cellar through the year, they had to prepare a cement suface on the
ground to collect more water into the cistern. In California all through
the interior valleys where cooling is mostly needed we find irrigation canals
ready to furnish water to the coolers, and wells can be dug and water
pumped at a nominal figure.

With all those points in its favor there can be no doubt as to the great
future of the different viticultural industries of California; this future will
be still greater when the people will realize what a temperance agent and
what a healthful product is the pure wine that our soil produces.

*Vinticultural Report I896, Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley.

Vineyard lands vary in price, but the average cost is probably $200 per
acre for land with bearing vines at least four years old. The cultivating of
such grape land, including interest on the investment may run from $20
ito $35, or even $40 to $75 an acre. Returns from vineyards run an
extraordinary gamut, seldom falling below $100 and frequently reaching
$500 per acre. Many of these California vineyards are very great in ex-
tent, covering 500 acres each. The larger ones contain from 1 ,000 to 2,500
acres each. That of the late Senator Stanford was over seven miles long,
and included nearly 5,000 acres.

California Wines For All
The World

ANDREA SBARBORO.

MANY are the productions in which California excels. Its oranges and
lemons find favor throughout the United States and other coun-
tries. Its fruit of diverse quantities is furnished fresh, dried or in
cans, to consumers all over the world. In fact, California seems to
grow some of the products of every land, and often times in great
abundance. Among all the States of the Union, the grape, both
for raisin and wine purposes, is produced only in California to the same per-
fection as in France, Italy and Spain.

Already California is not only supplying the people of the United States
with its delicious wines, but the people of England, Germany, Switzerland,
Belgium, and the inhabitants of China, Japan and the Orient are purchasing
California wines, for which they pay higher prices and which they prefer to
the wines of Europe.

Nothing cheaper can be used in making wine in California than the
pure juice of the grape. Though inferior goods are dear at any price, yet
the statement is literally true, for the grape in California yields a large ton-
nage per acre, and on account of California's favorable climate and the
modern appliances used, it can be turned into wine at a minimum cost.
Whilst the wines of Europe are generally made in small wineries and kept in
diminutive casks, California contains the largest wineries in the wide world
and the wines are here stored in cooperage of immense size.

While in Europe the special varieties of grapes are only produced in

WINES FOR ALL THE WORLD— ANDREA SBARBORO

certain localities, it is surprising that in many parts of California there may
be seen growing to perfection in rows, miles and miles in length and side by
side, the most diversified assortment of many of the finest varieties of the
Old World grapes — grapes of the excellence of generations, from which
come the most noted vintages of the earth, and which are in Europe found
in regions often far removed. Take, for instance, Sonoma County, a region
with which I am particularly familiar, and, therefore, may not inappropri-
ately mention with a view of illustrating California's remarkable diversity
as a wine-producing State. I know that others can give the same convinc-
ing testimony in regard to other parts of California. Among the undulating
hills of Sonoma County, a beautiful region strangely like Italy, may be seen
in vast orchards and reaching perfection, the Chianti of Florence, the Barolo
and Barbera of Piedmont, Italy; the Reisling and Deidesheimer of the Rhine?
the Sauterne, the Cabernet and the Burgundy grape of France, and the
grape which produces the delicious port, sherry and Madera type in Spain
and Portugal.

These juicy grapes are turned into wines as delicious and with the same
bouquet and flavor as those made in Europe.

The large scale on which wine is made in California is one of the rea-
sons for pure wine at a minimum of cost. Rows of hundreds of wine tanks
holding from twenty-five thousand to fifty thousand gallons each are not
uncommon in California. California boasts the largest wine cistern in the
world. This is the famous 500,000 gallon wine tank in Sonoma County.
It is built of solid masonry under a hill. After it was first emptied one hun-
dred couples of prominent citizens danced in its capacious interior to the
music of a military band. The remarkable celebration of a ball in a wine
tank was the most unique demonstration of the great scale on which wine-
making is now conducted in California. It is a fact attested bv all trav-
elers that in those countries where wine is drunk nationally and wine-
drinking prevails among the people there is little or no drunkenness. In
Paris, for instance, wine is the workman's liquid meat and bread. In the
humblest home in France, where the table is often devoid of a single dish
of nourishing food, a liter bottle of excellent red wine can be found. A
gentleman who recently returned from Europe commented on the fact that
he had seen hundreds of men, women and children sipping their wine and
eating their bread on benches in the public parks. "But I saw no one of
them intoxicated," he added. "In all the time in Paris I saw only one
drunken man, and he had been drinking absynth."

The fact is that wine as used by those who habitually drink it at meals
is not an intoxicant.

Before beginning to take wine customarily, one should have some
notion how to enjoy it. No wine should be used at breakfast, but might
well be had to accompany luncheon and the evening repast. At first,
persons unaccustomed to using wine should commence by mixing their
claret with water — half and half. The whole pleasure of the beverage is
destroyed if one empties one's goblet at a single swallow; instead, it should
be sipped. Later, if desirable, the water may be diminished and of claret
increased. It is always proper, however, especially for women and children,
to drink wine mixed with water.

The pure sweet wines of California, such as port, sherry and angelica,
should be used in dainty glasses before and after the repast. Dry white
wine is generally used at the commencement of the meal, with oysters and
fish. The roasts and entrees are greatly aided when accompanied by claret
or burgundy. With the dessert, for one who can afford it, one glass of
sparkling muscat or other brands of Cailfornia champagne will be found
very pleasant and finish off the meal with delightful satisfaction.

But at present the wine industry in California is not being exercised
to its full possibility. The cause is largely that we are not in the habit of
drinking wine with the meals. One reason why our wines are not generally
used at table by persons living in hotels or accustomed to dine at restaurants

SWEET WINE INDUSTRY— VITICULTURAL STATISTICS.

is that while they may have a good meal for twenty-five cents or a better
one for fifty cents, if they order a pint bottle of wine they will be charged
twenty-five cents extra for ordinary wine and from fifty to seventy-five cents
for a pint of extra good wine. Such prices are exorbitant and wholly un-
reasonable. Every hotel in the United States can afford to serve a pint
bottle of sound good wine for fifteen to twenty cents and of choice old
vintage of California wine for forty to fifty cents. If sales were made at
these prices, they would increase greatly and a rise in profit would certainly
result; in fact, the increase would be tenfold.

With such an increase, California wine production would assume its
proper place among wine-making countries. As a matter of fact, to make
the wine industry of California profitable, the consumption of wine must be
materially increased. A few days ago two gentlemen owning large tracts
of land called on one of the largest wine grape growers and wine makers
of California and asked him his advice as to setting out wine grapes on their
land. He answered very pointedly and truthfully in saying:

"When we Americans will become educated to the use of wine at our
tables, then you may set out your land in grapes for wine making with assur-
ance of success, but until that happy period arrives, I would advise you to
set out other crops, as with the present limited consumption, there are more
vineyards producing wine grapes in the State than are required to supply
the demand."

But let the market demand increase almost without limit, California's
supply can increase just as much. This State has the climate, soil, and
facilities for producing just as much wine and of as good quality as that pro-
duced in France, and when the demand will warrant it, California will pro-
duce one billion gallons of wine, from which it will derive three hundred
million dollars per annum, the amount that product now gives to France.

In the last five years the number of acres in California devoted to the
sweet wine industry has been increased by upwards of 70,000 acres. In
1901, according to the returns of the County Assessors, there were in Cali-
fornia of bearing vines 202,000 acres, and of non-bearing vines 29,000 acres,
a total of 231,000 acres. This has been largely increased by heavy plant-
ing in the succeeding years so that the bearing acreage of 1905 and 1906
will doubtless reach 250,000 acres.

A large part of this area is devoted to the culture of Muscat grapes —
at least 90,000 acres. When raisin prices are good the crop of these vine-
yards goes into drying trays. On the other hand, when raisin prices fall, a
large part of the Muscat yield is carted to the winery presses. Added to this
acreage should be the 22,500 acres on which table grapes are raised. Here
the growers are accustomed to cull out the finer bearings for shipment, and
to send the remainder to the wineries. So the wineries in the sweet wine
district must be prepared to receive varying quantities of grapes for crushing,
whether these were originally raised to be used upon the table, to be dried
into raisins, or to be pressed for wine. One capacious winery, during a
period of threatening rains, received and crushed over 1 ,000 tons of grapes
in three days.

Beyond this fluctuating acreage given over to wine grapes, it is expected
that within the next few years many thousand acres, not quoted above, will
be devoted to this industry.

California is easily the most important factor in viticulture in the United
States. The number of grape vines in this State exceeds the total number
of vines in the eleven States next most important by 13,474,328 vines.
Among the leading grape-producing States California is first and New York
a bad second, followed by Ohio, Kansas, Michigan and others less active in
this industry. Figures taken from the year book of the Department of Agri-
culture for 1904 are:

State. No. of Vines.

California 90,686,458

New York 29,636,216

Ohio 13,772,800

9

State. No. of Vines.

Kansas 5,762,700

Michigan 5,232,450

Pennsylvania 4,71 1 ,039

How To Market California

Wines.

PERCY T. MORGAN

THE science of enlisting the attention of consumers has been but little
followed in the marketing of California wines.
It is true that a few individuals owning their own vineyards
have from time to time attempted to create a demand for their
branded product in original packages direct to the consumer, but
for the most part these efforts have been local, or when more ex-
tended, have been doomed to failure, partly from lack of continued effort,
but principally from the fact that the source of supply in an individual
vineyard is too uncertain in quantity and irregular in quality to satisfy any
permanent demand.

The larger dealers have confined themselves almost entirely to the
distribution of California wines in bulk to distant jobbers, who either bot-
tle them under brands known in their particular localities — perhaps with
a domestic and perhaps with a foreign label — or sell them to retailers, who
pursue a similar course.

Very few of these secondary distributors have the cellar facilities to
properly hold wines in bottles until they attain the ripeness and finish which
is essential to giving the satisfaction to consumers attained by foreign
wines, which, after being carefully selected and matured, are bottled
abroard under some well known label like those of the great bottlers of
Bordeaux, Burgundy, Rhine and Moselle wines.

The few California houses which make a specialty of bottling wines
are too small in influence and capital to make any great impression on the
consuming public in favor of high grade California wines. It is not in-
tended, however, to belittle their efforts, for they are in the right direc-
tion, and if their facilities for acquiring good wines and storing them in
bottles for the proper length of time should be extended so that a product
uniformly of standard grade and even quality is assured, the reputation
of California wines cannot fail to be greatly benefited.

Only a very large house, however, with almost unlimited capital and
the selection from million of gallons of wine, on the lines of the great Bor-
deaux houses, can hope successfully and permanently to create a market
under a brand which will command the confidence of wine drinkers, whether
in Maine or in Florida or in New York or California.

The same methods pursued in Bordeaux and on the Rhine must be
followed in California. The fine wines must be bottled in the cellars in
which they have matured and immense vaults must be established for the
proper ripening of wines in bottles; then, through proper channels, whole-
sale and retail, these wines must be marketed in the original package, so
that the consumer can be assured of a standard of excellence under labels
which have everything to lose by any variation in quality or purity. Then
so-called wines, which are often blends of manufactured stuff, which never
saw the sunny skies of California, but which are injuring our reputation by
being masqueraded under the name of California wines, should be driven
from the Eastern markets by the strong hand of the law, which if properly
directed is especially severe on those who practice the misbranding of
articles, and this should be further strengthened by the passage in Congress
of a National Pure Wine Law which would render dangerous interstate
commerce in frauds.

Another reason why California wines are not more highly regarded in
the East by connoisseurs is that, however carefully they may be aged and
tended in bulk in California, all responsibility to their originators practically
cease when they are loaded aboard the cars by the great California wine
houses.

How they are handled thereafter and by whom, whether they are put
out pure or adulterated and what prices are asked for them from consumers,

10

CALIFORNIA WINES UNDER THEIR OWN FLAG.

are matters of complete ignorance to the original handler. It is a common
expression for an Easterner visiting California to exclaim, "why, we are
never able in the East to obtain California wines like those even offered,
included with a meal, at the restaurants, let alone those which are freely
met with bottled under brands locally well known in California."

This condition of affairs must be altered before California wines in the
great consuming markets of the East can become fashionable at the best
tables and take the position their initial quality deserves alongside the best
foreign vintages.

Steps by influential and responsible concerns are now being taken in
this direction and within a year or two earnest and concerted efforts will
undoubtedly be made to place California bottled wines in their true light
before the American people.

The marketing of bulk wines for many years continues to be the most
important branch of the California wine business, for the population which
relies upon wine for a beverage must continue to receive it through the
hands of convenient local distributing houses at a price which will en-
courage its greater consumption just as in Europe the local market is vastly
more important to the industry than the smaller quantity of selected vin-
tage which is consumed by the wealthy.

But attention must also be paid to that large class which is patriotic
enough to prefer domestic wine and willing to pay an adequate price when,
in comparison to foreign wines, its quality has been duly demonstrated.

California Wines Under Their

Own Flag.

CHARLES BUNDSCHU

THE great difficulty of creating for the wines of the Golden State an
acknowledged recognition of superiority may be attributed to a con-
siderable extent to the fact that they are not always traceable as
sailing under their own flag. We know, and the statistics can easily
verify the fact, that millions of gallons are shipped annually to the
great trade centers of this continent, and yet comparatively speaking,
we don't meet California wines in our travels as frequently as the volume of
our shipments would warrant. There still exists an indefinable prejudice
against the use of wine at a dinner table in the United States, and if wine
is used at all, preference is given to European brands. This naturally
stimulates the desire on the part of many of the distributers of California
wines to utilize our selected vintages to represent foreign wines, thereby
netting considerably higher financial returns than the truthful and honest
denomination of their origin could possibly accomplish. Many so-called
connoisseurs drink only the label — at least their verdict is seriously in-
fluenced by high-sounding outward indications. They revel over a bottle
of Chateau Margue, Sauterne or Johannisberg, and would often sadly fall
by the wayside if they knew the true and unsophisticated reality in connec-
tion with the product. As long as the wine is good, pure and healthful, no
harm is done, except to the purse of the would-be connoisseur, and he
generally can afford to pay for his ignorance. But on the other hand in all
these instances the merits of the well selected superior California product
fails to obtain the credit to which it would be fully entitled, while the cheap
every day — hand-to-mouth — minimum wines (forming about eighty per
cent of our shipments) are best known on account of their cheapness, and
the general estimation in which they are held goes hand in hand with their
monetary valuation.

The main difficulty lies in the intricate hardship connected with the

11

CALIFORNIA WINES—THE BROWN FAMILY

introduction of our vintage wines in bottles direct to the" consumer. No
distributer in the trade centers offers an inducement to the conscientious
vineyard proprietor in California to handle his brand of wine in glass. The
glory of French wine, the illustrious fame of the vintages of the Rhine and
Moselle, the renown of Tokay and Lacrimae Christi, all have been originally
built up by the most careful selection of wines in bottles. Every bottle
acts as an emissary and as the most powerful agent to demonstrate quality
and purity and every true and honest proprietory label on the bottle if
judiciously applied, adds to the propaganda and promulgation of our Califor-
nia vintages. As matters stand now, principally the bulk goods, and these
not always thoughtfully selected, find purchasers under rather more than
competitive prices. Greater attention must be paid to the distribution of our
home labeled bottled goods and even if it involves a great sacrifice, it will
have to be done. Brands must be established on a more extended scale,
and the policy that has heretofore been the policy of only a few of the lead-
ing vineyardists, must become prevalent in California as in other wine-
producing countries. We must strive to bring our very best wines at reason-
able prices to the great centers of consumption in bottles — in fact we must
utilize our superior vintages as advertising agents to proclaim that there is
as much distinction in California wines as there is in any other product;
some are not so good, and they go for what they are; some are better and
they are recognized; but the best must stand as a type, in the same sense
as the best American woman represents the real type of American woman-
hood.

The Brown Family in California

By JASON BROWN
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

IN WHICH WILLIAM SIMPSON TRLLS OF GRAPE GROWING AND OTHER THINGS.

I SUPPOSE that two acres of red soil on the hillside isn't good for much
and I had better leave it in pasture. Indeed, it does not make any too
good pasture," I said to Simpson one Sunday afternoon, as we were
walking over our California farm.
"Indeed, Jason, you were never more mistaken in your life," re-
plied Simpson, as he caught a soft, red-looking bit of rock from the
ground and crumpled it between his thumb and forefinger.

"See how that stuff powders up. That's granite, disintegrated granite,
decayed granite. Its loose, porous, full of iron and other minerals. It
makes the best sort of fruit land. Deciduous fruits, like Bartlett pears, for
instance, grow on it to beat the band. It's great land for grapes, and the
finest flaming Tokay grapes I ever saw were grown on this very sort of
soil. They are a splendid table grape when grown right; they have a mag-
nificant appearance and exquisite flavor; they attain large size and com-
mand a good market price."

Here Ethel, who is always observant, asked Simpson a question which
brought out some important facts in grape growing.

"I notice you say that the iron in the soil is good for grapes, Mr. Simp-
son. Does the plant absorb the iron?"

"Now, Miss Ethel, I'm glad you asked that question," replied Simp-
son, nodding approvingly at our pretty daughter.

"Certain plants contain minerals in great quantities. When the soil
contains these minerals the plant seems to thrive to an extent impossible
without them. Dr. Gabriel Viaud, a French scientist, who has been making
experiments to secure the absorption of useful medicinal substances by
food plants, says that much may be accomplished by watering the soil with
solutions of phosphorus, sulphur, potash, arsenic, and other minerals, which,

IS

THE BROWN FAMILY

as trials have shown, are readily absorbed by the tissues of plants. An
illustration of this fact is afforded by the ease with which certain kinds of
flowers may be changed in color from pink to blue or from white to blue by
sprinkling them with a solution of iron. The same effect, indeed, is pro-
duced when they are grown in a soil rich in iron."

"Why, I had no idea that plants assimilated minerals so readily," said
my wife.

"Yes, indeed, they do, ma'aam," replied Simpson, "and if folks only
knew it instead of taking pills for various ailments they could assist in giv-
ing the body the proper nutrition in the most direct and assimable form
by eating vegetables and fruits containing the desired minerals. I think
Dr. Viaud's conclusion that watering the soil with a solution containing
minerals, feeds those minerals, in a way, to the plant only goes to show
that where the earth contains these minerals they are readily absorbed by
the plant."

"Goodness me, what a study they make of plant growing now-a-days?
It has come to be quite a science," said Mrs. Simpson.

"That's so. It is a science," replied Simpson. "Agriculture calls for
the same scientific thought that any business or profession does. And
when a man is up-to-date and makes the study of plants his hobby, his
results are correspondingly great."

"Do you recall any California men who have achieved success through
the application of scientific principles to agriculture?" I asked.

"I certainly do," said Simpson. "Take the man who has achieved the
greatest results in fig growing, and who has made money by it. He spent
years establishing the caprification of the Smyrna fig. Take the man who
has made the greatest success in olive growing; he is a scientist in his line.
Take the leading grape-growers; they are familiar with the studies of gen-
erations of men in Europe and other countries. The same may be said of
almost all other lines of agriculture. The men who have coupled energy
and practical application with scientific principles are the men who are
foremost."

"Then you do not think that to raise a great quantity of produce means
success?" I asked.

"No, indeed, it doesn't," replied Simpson. "It may mean failure Suc-
cess means doing some one thing a little better than the other man. The
man who raises better table grapes than anybody else, or better olives, bet-
ter figs, better oranges, is sure to succeed. If his goods are marked by their
excellence he will command a ready market at a high price. I have in mind
a man who has made a notable success in orange growing. He is an
expert, a scientist. His fruit brings a high price. He goes to Europe al-
most every year while some of his less fortunate neighbors are wondering
whether they will come out even.

"What we have we should try to have the best of its kind, and we
should be content with nothing less," continued Simpson. "Mr. Burbank is
showing the world what can be done, and though none of us can ever hope
to duplicate his work, we can all profit by his example."

"Do you think a man like my Jason, who has a small diversified farm
can use these scientific principles to advantage?" asked my wife.

"Of course I do, ma'am," said Simpson. "We were talking about this
red earth here and how good it is for Flaming tokay grapes. Now, if Jason
can raise the finest table grapes in the market, he can get almost fabulous
prices for them because the very best of anything costs money."

"And all this means that it pays to raise a good article," I said.

"Exactly," replied Simpson. "Now I guess my team is getting restless,
and if you folks are ready we will all drive over to the Estudillo rancho for
dinner."

And so we all had a mighty good dinner at Neighbor Simpson's that
evening.

(To be continued.)

13

PUBLICATIONS BY THE

California Promotion Committee

Read the Handbooks of the California Promotion Committee.

Price, 5 cents.
Technical, accurate and clearly stated.

Now out:
POULTRY RAISING IN CALIFORNIA.

A twelve-page hand book compiled from the best authorities and giving practical
directions to be followed in raising poultry. — Price, Five Cents, postpaid.

Street Tree Raising, by Professor Willis L. Jepson of the University of Cali-
fornia. This booklet of twenty pages is invaluable to anyone interested in the
improvement of streets by wise tree-planting.

In preparation:
Handbooks on thirty industrial subjects, shortly to be issued.

8AN FRANCI8CO AND ITS ENVIRONS
A guide to 8an Francisco, with routes throughout California. 112 pages of up-to-
date information, bound in red leatherette cover, stamped in gold, with map,
alphabetical key, authoritative descriptions of leading points of Interest In the City
and State. — Price, Twenty-five Cents, postpaid.

8AN FRANCI8CO AND THEREABOUT, by Charles Keeler.
Cloth bound, library edition, magnificently Illustrated, with cover design by
Mrs. Keeler. An adequate and picturesque treatment of San Francisco In the pact
•and present. Price, Fifty Cents, postpaid.

CALIFORNIA ADDRE88E8, by President Roosevelt.
All the addresses delivered in California by the President. 160 pages of reading
matter with 20 full-page half-tones. Price, Twenty-five Cents, postpaid.

Special Numbers FOR CALIFORNIA are issued on a diversity of

topics. Any three numbers for Twenty-five Cents.

CALIFORNIA TO-DAY, by Charles Sedgwick Aiken.

A standard work upon the State and Its resources. 190 pages, 61 representative

full-page half-tone*. — Price, Six Cents, to cover postage only.

THE ITALY OF AMERICA— IN FRENCH, ENGLISH ITALIAN

Eight-page Illustrated booklet showing the similarity of California conditions
agriculturally to those of Italy — free, postpaid.

MAPS OF CALIFORNIA.
Topographical Map of the State five cents, postpaid. In handsome redwood frame,
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Thermal Map. Reproduced from "Climatology of California," by Professor Alex-
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CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA
•y Profeeeor Alexander G. McAdle, Published by the United Stataa
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(Nominal price of 60 cents, postpaid. Is really a 64.00 book.

ALL PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS OF
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14

The California Promotion Committee

ADVERTISERS.

Tarnrj A iiree n

ADDING MACHINES.
Bnrroughi Adding Machine Co.

ADVERTISING.
Cooper, F. J., Advertising

Agency
Well, William M.

AMMUNITION.
Union Metallic Cartridge Co.

ARCHITECTS.
Reld Bros.
Howard, John Galen

ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW.
Bancroft, Philip
( 'roth era, George E.
Deamer A Stetson
Felgenbaum, Snnford
Noyes, Bartholomew
I'Jppy, Geo. H.
Strutton A Kaufmnn
Sullivan A Sullivan
Treat, R. B.

ACCOUNTANTS.
Amrath, J. W.

BANKS.
Anglo-California Bank
Bunk of California
California Safe Deposit and

Trust Co.
Central Trust Co.
French-American Bank
German Savings and Loan

Society
Hibernia Savings and Loan

Society
Italian-American Bank
London, Paris and American

Bank
Market Street Bank
Mercantile Trust Co. of San

Francisco
Mechanics' Savings Bank
Mutual Savings Bank
Pacific States Savings, Loan

and Building Co.
Rollins, E. H.. A Sons
Savings and Loan Society
Security Savings Bank
Wells-Pargo-Nevada National

Bank

BARBER SUPPLIES.
Deckelman Bros.

BOILER WORKS.
Keystone Boiler Works

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.
Crocker, H. S. Co.
Cunningham, Curtis A Welch
Elder, Paul A Co.
McNutt. Kahn A Co.
Payot, Upham A Co.
Sanborn, Vail & Co.
San Francisco News Co.

BREWERS.
Brewers* Protective Asan.

BROKERS.
Brown, Edward A Sons
CANNERIES.

California Fruit fanners'
Association

Code, Portwood Canning Co.

Hunt Bros. A Co.

Jacobs, Isidor (California Can-
neries)

CAPITALISTS.

Borel, Antolne

Coleman, Robert L.

Durphy, B. V.

Glaelman, William

Hopkins, E. W.

Ma.ck.aj-, Clarence

Marye, George F. St.

Meyer, Daniel

Pacific Improvement Co.

Parian, Jamea D.

Spreckels, Clans

Thompson, R. R.

CARPETS, LINOLEUM AND

UPHOLSTERY GOODS.
Hnlse, Bradford A Co.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS

CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY

AND FURNITURE.

Hoffman, Henry, Jr. (W. J.

Slonne A Co.)
Plum, Chas. M. A Co.

CATTLE AND ■W1HH
DEALERS.
Pierce A Co.

CIGARS AND TOBACCO.
Gunst, M. A. A Co.
Judell, II. I.. & Co.

CLOTHIERS.
Raphael, Inc.
Strans, Loula

COAL DEALERS.

Allen, Chas. R.

COFFEE,
TEAS AD SPICKS.

Brandensteln, M. J. A Co.

Caswell, Geo. Vf.Alo,

Folger, J. A. A Co.

Hills Bros.

Jones-Paddock Co.

Schilling, A. A Co.

Tblerbach, Chas. F. A Co.

COMMISSION & MANUFAC-
TURERS' AGENTS.

Baclgalupl, Peter

Clarke, Sidney A.

Mallllard A Schmieden

Morgan A Allen

National Mfg. Co.

A. C. Rulofson Co.

Thleben, Jos. A Co.

COMMISSION MERCHANTS.

Annsby, The J. K. Co.

Hilmer A Bred ho ft*

Horst, E. Clemens Co.

Wltzel A Baker.

CONFECTIONERS.

Blum, Simon

Haas, Geo. A Son

CONSTRUCTION COM-
PANIES

California Engineer! mm A
Construction Co.

CONTRACTORS.
City Street Improvement Co.

COOPERAGE.
California Barrel Co.
J. W. Richards
VVoemer Cooperage Co., David

CORDAGE.
Tubbs Cordage Co.

CORNICE WORKS.
Forderer Cornice Works.
CROCKERY AND GLASS-
WARE.
Anglo-American Crockery and

Glassware Co.
Vathnn-Dohrmnnn Co.
CUSTOM HOUSE BROKERS.
Mnyhew, F. E. A Co.

DAIRY MACHINERY.
De Laval Dairy Supply Co.

DAIRY PRODUCE.
Dairymen's Ass'n of S. F.
Dairymen's Union of Cal.
Half lit. Fred. B. A Co.

DENTISTS.
Fletcher, Thomas

DEPARTMENT STORE.
Emporium

DRY GOODS.
City of Paris Dry Goods Co.
Hale Bros.
Murphy-Grant Co.
Newman A Levlnson
Raphael, Weill A Co. (lac.)
Strauss, Levi A Co.
Strauss A Frohman
Wcinstock, Labia A Co.
DRIED FRUITS.
Guggenheim A Co.
Phoenix Raisin Seeding and

Packing Co.
Rosenberg Broa. A Co.

DYEING AND CLEANING.
Hickman, Henry
Thomas, F, Dye and Cleaning

Works

EDUCATIONAL,
Ham, Charles H. t_

16

ENGINEERING AND CON-
STRUCTION COMPANY.
California Engineering and
Construction Co.

EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS
AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
Castle Bros.
Gets Bros.
Jennings, Rnfaa P.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Wells-Fargo Express Co.

FACTORIES.
American Can Co.

FANCY GOODS.
Sachs Bros. A Co.

FARM IMPLEMENTS AND

VEHICLES.
Baker A Hamilton
Hooker A Co.

FREIGHT COMPANY.
Transcontinental Freight Co.
OFFICE AND GENERAL

FURNITURE.
Breuner, John Co.
Cordes Furniture Co.
Friedman, M. A Co.
Fuller, Geo. H., Desk Co. *
Indianapolis Furniture Co.
McCnnn, Belcher A Allen
Sterling Furniture Co.
Weber, C F. A Co.
Yawman S. Erbe Mfg. Co.

GAS AND ELECTRIC CO.
San Francisco Gas Co.

GAS AND ELECTRICAL
FIXTURES.
Day, Thomas Co.
GAS ENGINES AND SCALES.
Union Gas Engine Co.

GAS REGULATORS.
Gaa Consumers' Association

GENERAL MERCHANDISE.
Smith's Cash Store.

GLASS COMPANY.
Illinois-Pacific Glass Co.
GOLD, SILVER and NICKEL

PLATING WORKS.
Dennlston, E. G.

HARDWARE.
Arnold Hardware Co.
French A Llnfortb
Froellch, Christian
Holbrook, Merrill A Stetsoa
Montague, W. W. A Co.
Pacific Hardware A Steel Co.
Tay, George H. Co.
Wlester A Co.

HATTERS.
Collins, Charles J.
Fisher A Co.
Friedlander Hat Co.
Trlest A Co.

HOTELS.
Brooklyn Hotel
California Hotel
Commercial Hotel
Granada
Hotel Rafael
Hotel St. Francis.
International Hotel
Lick House
Manhattan Hotel
New Rnss House
New Western Hotel
Palace Hotel
Richelieu

INSURANCE.

Commercial Union Ass a ran re

Co.
Fireman's Fund Insurance Co.
Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life)
Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
National Fire Insurance Co.
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance

Of California
Royal and Qaeem Insurance

Co.
Seely, Walter Host (Pacific

Msaoal Life)
The Liverpool, Loadoa and

Otoko las—ana Co.
Ward, C H. ^ . ■

c JMWMll.HRn.

Carrau * Crt*n

J.4U, AlpboaUM Co.

iUdkt A Co.

Sehuaaler, M. * ( o.

Schweltaer, Joaeph

Shreve A Co.

KNIT GOODS.

Mater, J. J. Kalttlng Co.
LEATHER GOODS.

Uirpkiim * Janaen

LIMB AND CEMENT.

Holmea Lime Co.

Pacific Portland Cement Co.

Standard Portia** Cement Co.
LITUOGRAPHEKS.

Brltton A Rey ■ _

Mutual Label Lithograph Co.

Inlon Lithographing Co.
LOANS.

C. H. Morrell

Finance and Security Co.
MACHINERY AND ENGI-
NEERS' SUPPLIES.

Cyclops Iron Worlu

Harron, Rlckard A MeCono

Henahaw, Bulkier A Co.

Martin, John

Mecic A Gottfried Co.

Merrall'a Mill Co.

Moore, Charlea C. * Co.

Pacific Tool and Sap ply Co.

Tatnm * Bowen

Tror Laundry Machinery Co.

MANUFACTURERS ARTIFI-
CIAL .FLOWERS . AND
PLANTS.

MEeN'SnFURNISHING GOODS.
Atklna, R. C. A Sona
Hullook A Jonea
Claett, Peabody A Co.
Greenebanm, Well A Mlehela
Neuatadter Broa.
Prager, A. J. * Sona
Rooa Broa.

METER COMPANY.
Pacific Meter Co.

METAL WORKS.
Finn* John
Pacific Metal Worka
Selby Smelting Worka

MILLERS.
Del Monte Milling Co.
Port Coata Milling Co.
Sperry Flour Co.

MILLINERY.
Toplltn, Robt. L. A Co.

MINING.
Doolittle, J. E.

MOTION PICTURE PHOTO-
GRAPHS.

Mllea Broa. _

MINING ENGINEERS.
Callahan, H. C.
Splnka, Cbaa. II.

NECKWEAR MANUFAC-
TURER.
Helaeman, H. M.

OPTICIANS.
California Optical Co.

OVERALLS AND SHIRTS.
Ileynemann A Co.

OYSTER DEALERS.
Miircim Oyater Co.
|-A( KERS AM) PROVISION

DKAI.ERS.
Raccua, Richard T.
Miller A Lux
Both. Blum A < <•
Bclmcra, J. C. A Co.
Wen tern Meat to.

I* At KERS OF CANNED
I 1(1 IT* A M» VEGE-

taih.i.v
Callfornln Fruit Cannera' Ae-

aoclntlon
Hunt Broa. <
PAINTS, oils AND QMJUM,

■— !!■><»■ Fnlnt Co.
I nil. r, U. P. A I <>.

PAINTERS.

Thna. Donnlnit, II

I'U'i II lioX.ES.
Pa el lie Folding Pnper Box Co.

p \ nil I)
Blake, Mofiltt A Towne
Boueetell, Rlebardaoaj A Co,
I ..Ion Pulp and Paper Co.

PATENT MEDICINE.
Callfarala Fig; Symp
PHYSICIANS.
Ballard, J. Stow
Bryant, Edgar R.
Plachel, Kaapar (orallit)
Roaenatlm, Jullni
SartorL H. J.

PHARMACIST.

Kelly, F. S.
Martin, Henry J.
Rcdlngton A Co.
Schmidt, Val

PHOTOGRAPH ERS
71 1 lea Broa.

PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER-
CHANDISE.
Allen, Wiley B. Co.
Manay, Byron
Sherman, Clay A Co.

POTTERY AND TERRA
COTTA.
Clarke, N. * Sona
Gladding, McBean A Co.
PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU.
Allen'a

PRINTERS * PUBLISHERS.
Barry Printing Co.
Commercial Publishing Co.
Dettner-Wllaon Preaa
Gabriel Printing Co, The
Murdoch, C. A. A Co.
Partridge, John
I'bllllpa * Van Orden Co.

PUBLICATIONS.

Golden Gale Guide
Guide, The

RAILROADS.
California Northweatern Rail-
road
REAL ESTATE AND LANDS.
Baldwin, O. D. A Son
Baldwin A Howell
Boardman Broa. A Co.
Buah, David A Sona
Center A Spndy
Cotatl Co, The
Hooker A Lent
Lyon * Hoag
Magee, Ttaoa. A Sona
Mnthewa, H. E.
Narea A Saundera (Laton)
O'Brien, Charlea F.
Realty Syndicate Co.
Shalnwald, Buckbee A Co.
Spencer, William Crane
The 76 Land and Water Co.
Umbaen, G. H. A Co.
RESTAURANTS.

I.araen. C. G.

Sign of Peacock Cafe
Weaterfield, P. A Co.
ROOFINGS, BUILDING PA-
PERS AND PAINTS.
Pn ratline Paint Co, The

RUBBER GOODS.
Boaton Woven Hoae and Rub-
ber Co.
Goodyear Rubber Co.
Gorhnm Rubber Co.
Wlnalow, C. R. * Co.

RUBBER STAMPS, ETC.

Patrick A Co.

SAFES AND V AIT. TV
Hcrrlng-Hnll-Mnrvln Safe Co.

SALT WORKS.
Golden Gate Salt Worka
vi IIAIIlii: I\STH1 MINTS.
I.lctx Co, The A.
SEEDS, HERBS AND SPICES.
Volkman, C. M. A <

SCHOOL SUPPLIES.
Milton Bradley I <>.

SEWING MACIIINl.s.
Domcatlc

sewing in

Cnrlaon-t iirrlcr SHI- < ••-
SHIPPING \M» commission.
Johnson-I.ockc Mercantile Co.
Otto, McAlllwter A Co.
Sloaa, Loula A in.
Wllllama. Dlmond A Co.

■HlPPIffO.
Rnaeiifetd, Jno. A Sona.
Urloate A « <•

18

Co.

SHOES.
Keenig. Frank

SOAP FACTORY.
Lnhn, Otto A Co.

STREET RAILWAYS.
California-Street Cable Rail-
way Co.
United Rallroada of San Fran-
ctaco.

SURETY COMPANIES.
Pacific Surety Co.

SYRUPS.
Pacific Coaat Syrup Co.

TAILORS.
Jacobl Broa.
Wankowakl, W.
Nordwell, C W.

TANNERS AND LEATHER
DEALERS.
Blaalnger A Co.
Brown A Adama
Kullman, Sala A Co.
Legallet-Hellwlg Canning Co.
TELEPHONE AND TELE-
GRAPH.
Pacific Statca Telephone and

Telegraph Co.
Poatal Tel. Cable Co.
Weatern Union Tel. Co.

TENTS AND AWNINGS.
Amea * Harrto
Neville A Co.

THEATERS.
Orpheum Circuit Co.

TRANSFER COMPANIES.
Boearde Drayage Co.
Rmmona Co.
McNab A Smith
Renner, Geo.

San Franctaco Transfer Co.
The Morton Drayage and

Warehouse Co.
Union Tranafer Co.

TRUNKS AND BAGS.
Hlrachf elder A Meaney
TYPEWRITERS.
Alexander, I- * M.

WALL PAPER.
Uhl Broa.

WATER COMPANIES.
Spring Valley Water Co.
WATER WHEELS.
Pelton Water Wheel Co, Th»-

WHOLESALE GROCERS.
Goldberg, Bowen A Co.
Jennlnga, Thomaa
Suaaman, Wormaer A Co.
THImann A Bendel
WHOLESALE LUMBER AN I

SHIPPING.
Caapar Lumber Co.
Hechtman, A. J.
Heyman, Jullua
Hooper, C. A. A Co.
Alataon, Capt. Wm.
\clnon, Chaa. Co.
Union Lumber Co.

WINES AND LiaUORS.
Pi nnatih an Igor A Co.
California Wine Aaaoelatlou
tiler to., Theo.
Giuidluch-Biindaehn WM *•
IlotnlliiK. A. P. dk •
Hnlian-Swlaa Colony
Jeaae Moore-Hunt Co.
I.nclintan A Jacol.l
l.lvlngaton A Co.
Maun Co, C. M, Suecre. to I

De Turk
Martin, IC. A Co.
Nana anil Sonoma Wlnr
Sclillllng, C. A CO.
Schiiltr. AV. A.
Slehe Broa. A Plagemaan
Shen-Bocquerea < •••
shrrnnoil A Sl.rr^opd
A nn Bergen, H, A C<>.
Met more, llonm A Co.
\\ I. Iiinnn. I.utacn A
Wllmerdlng-Laawa Co.
\N oltr. Win. A Co.

w ih.i Bri LUD taii.ob

I HIM MING*.

Arnateln, Simon A Co.

The California Promotion Committee

REPRESENTING

ANDREA SRARBORO, Chairman manufacturers and Producers Association

RBFUS P. JENNINGS, Executive Officer San Francisco Chamber of Commerce

GEO. W. McNEAR, Treasurer Merchants Exchange of San Francisco

CHAS. F. RUNYON San Francisco Board of Trade

FRED J. KOSTER Snn Francisco Merchants Association

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

HON. GEO. C. PARDEE Governor of California

BENJ. IDE WHEELER Berkeley President University of California

DAVID STARR JORDAN Palo Alto President Lelnnd Stanford Jr. University

REPRESENTING

WILL S. GREEN Colusa Sacramento Valley Development Assn.

R. P. LATHROP Holllster Central Coast Counties Improvement Am

C. P. SOULE Eureka North Coast Counties

JAMES A. BARR Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Assn.

S. F. BOOTH Fresno . Fresno Chamber of Commerce

M. J. NEWMARK Los Angeles. . . Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce

CHARLES S. FEE San Francisco. Southern Pacific Company

W. A. BISSELL San Francisco. -Atchison, Topeka «fc Santa Fe Railway

R. X. RYAN San Francisco. California Northwestern Railway

GEO. W. IIEINTZ San Francisco. North Shore Railroad

LEWIS E. AUBURY San Francisco. California State Mining Bureau

STATE PUBLICITY COMMITTEE

REPRESENTING

RUFUS P. JENNINGS Snn Francisco. San Francisco County

H. P. WOOD San Diego Counties South of Tehnchapl

W. A. REARD Sacramento.... Sacramento Vnllcy Counties

EDWIN STEARNS Oakland San Francisco Bay Counties

COLVIX B. BROWN Stockton San .I«nqiiin Valley Counties

C. W. CRAIG Eureka North Coast Counties

ARTHUR G. BALAAM Lompoc South Coast Counties

L. W. JEFFERSON Holll«ter Central Coast Counties

GILBERT B. MORROW Sonora Sierra Counties

SEPTEMBER
No. 10. VoL II. 1905. 10 Cfc. %IM a Yeu.

.

Reclamation Projects Number

FOR CALIFORNIA

FRONTISPIECE— IRON CANYON, SACRAMENTO VALLEY

(Seat of the Mightiest Irrigation Project)

WHAT THE NATIONAL RECLAMATION ACT IS THE EDITORS
GOVERNMENT IRRIGATION IN CALIFORNIA

HON. FRANK W. MONDELL. Chairman National House

Committee on Irrigation

HOW THE PEOPLE CAN CO-OPERATE

F. H. NEWELL ESQ., Chief of the United States Reclamation Service

WORK OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN CALIFORNIA

PROFESSOR SAMUEL FORTIER. University of California

THE KLAMATH RECLAMATION PROJECT

H. L. HOLGATE, ESQ., Attorney for Klamath Project

THE YUMA RECLAMATION PROJECT

0. W. MURPHY, ESQ., Acting Supervising Engineer, Yuma Project

THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY PROJECT

S. G. BENNETT, ESQ., Engineer, United States Reclamation Service

RECLAMATION OF SWAMP LANDS
JOHN W. FERRIS ESQ., C. E.

AND OTHER ARTICLES

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

SAN FRANCISCO

FOR CALIFORNIA.

SEPTEMBER, 1905.

Application Made at San Francisco Postoffice
For Entry as Second-Class Matter

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

(THE STATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION)

THE PURPOSE OF THE COMMITTEE IS TO GIVE TO THE WORLD RELIABLE AND

UNBIASED INFORMATION REGARDING THE RESOURCES OF AND THE

OPPORTUNITIES IN CALIFORNIA. FOR CALIFORNIA IS

PUBLISHED TO ASSIST IN CARRYING OUT THE

OBJECTS IN VIEW.

CORRESPONDENCE INVITED

SPECIAL NUMBERS OF FOR CALIFORNIA, DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO VARIOUS
INDUSTRIAL SUBJECTS, ANY THREE NUMBERS
FOR TWFNTY-FIVE CENTS

I 905
January ..... Results Number

February .... Irrigation Number

March .... Vegetable Garden Number

April ..... Manufactures Number

May .... Structural Minerals Number

June ..... Out-Door Number

July Electric-Power Number

August ..... Viticulture Number

September Reclamation Projects Number

FOR CALIFORNIA

A MONTHLY PUBLICATION

FOR THOSE WHO DESIRE THE BEST THERE IS IN UFE."

MO ADY**TIS*MKNT8 WIU APFHAR IK FOR CALIFORNIA

he California Promotion Committee

25 NEW MONTGOMERY STREET
SAN FRANCISCO

What the National Reclamation

Act Is

THE National Reclamation Act, sometimes called the National
Irrigation Law, became a law on June 17th, 1902. (32 Stat. 388).
This act provides that all moneys received from the sale of publit
lands in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Ne-
braska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon,

South Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyoming shall be set aside as a
special fund in the United States Treasury to be known as the "Reclamation
Fund." The Reclamation Fund excepts the five per cent of the proceeds
set aside for educational and other purposes.

At the present time the Reclamation Fund amounts to about $28,000,-
000 and is increasing at the rate of $4,000,000 a year.

Under the Reclamation Act the Fund is "to be used in the examination
and survey for and the construction and maintenance of irrigation works
for the storage, diversion and development of waters for the reclamation of
arid and semi-arid lands" in the sixteen States and Territories.

The purpose of the Government under the National Reclamation Act is
to make homes for homeseekers.

After the irrigation works are constructed, the sums expended are to be
returned to the Government in ten annual installments. Thus the Reclama-
tion Fund is self-continuing, and after irrigation works have been con-
structed the money can be used for further development, as it is constantly
returned to the Reclamation Fund by the settlers.

The public lands affected by the Reclamation Act are subject to entry
under the provisions of the homestead laws in tracts of not less than 40 nor
more than 160 acres. No right to the use of water for land in private owner-
ship shall be sold for a tract exceeding 160 acres to any one land owner.

The land owner must be an actual bona fide resident on the land and
the settler on the public domain must be a bona fide settler.

Any one desiring further information should write to the General Land
Office, Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C, for the circular from
the General Land Office issued January 25, 1904. This circular shows the
manner of proceeding to obtain title to public lands under the homestead,
desert land and other laws. In this volume the National Reclamation Act
is printed in full.

EVERY American will be in accord with the great work which the Federal
Government is doing under the National Reclamation Act.
Every Californian it is believed and everyone who is interested
in California will find much of value in this number of FOR CALI-
FORNIA. This number is called the "Reclamation Projects Number"
because it deals with the projects which the Government has under
consideration, or under way, in California under the National Reclamation
Act.

The first article in this number, "Opportunities for Government Irri-
gation in California as I Saw Them," comes from Hon. Frank W. Mondell of
Wyoming, Chairman of the House Commitee on Irrigation. Three splendid
articles tell of three national projects in California. Professor Fortier tells
of the work of the experiment stations, and Mr. Newell suggests how all
may co-operate with the government movement.

This month's issue also contains an article by Mr. John W. Ferris, C. E.,
dealing with the improvement of the Sacramento River and the reclamation
of one million acres of swamp land.

NOTE— Every artiolt In the Reclamation Projects Number of For California was written
expressly for this issue.

Opportunities For Government

Irrigation in California

As I Saw Them.

HON. PRANK W. MONDELL, of Wyoming, Chairmaa of the National House Cammlttee an Irrigation

OUR Congressional Irrigation Party, consisting of Members of the House
and Senate Committees on Irrigation of Arid Lands, spent a most
enjoyable, interesting, and, from the standpoint of increased knowl-
edge of irrigation conditions, profitable week in California in June of
this year.

The Southern Pacific Railroad gave us splendid special train
service; its officials rendered most thoughtful and valuable assistance in
planning and arranging our itinerary; and the business organizations and
people of every locality visited left nothing undone to make our sojourn
delightful and to afford us every possible facility for seeing the results of
irrigation development. In addition to this, the officers of the National
Reclamation Service, who are charged with the development of irriga-
tion projects in California gave us the benefit of their wide and thorough
information and knowledge of opportunities and conditions throughout
the State.

It is from the standpoint of the knowledge acquired on the trip
in question, as well as on the occasion of former visits to California, and
from a somewhat careful study of the past history and present prospects
of irrigation development in California as effected by the laws, customs
and decisions relating thereto, that I respond to the invitation to write
briefly on "The Opportunities for Government Irrigation in California as I
Saw Them."

A stranger to the irrigation development of California on his first
visit to the State is invariably greatly impressed with the remarkable char-
acter and extent of such development and the marvellously successful
results which have been obtained thereby; but if he be interested in the
subject of irrigation and take the trouble to investigate conditions, he
will soon find himself even more impressed with the magnificent oppor-
tunities for further irrigation development, the vast extent of fertile lands
and abundance of water supply still remaining to be utilized.

Nowhere in the arid region are to be found streams of such splen-
did volume with easily reclaimable adjacent areas of such great extent,
favorable topography, and great fertility as are to be found in California
to-day. In this condition of affairs, it requires no argument to demon-
strate the possibility of enormous development by the construction of ad-
equate irrigation works. With numerous and alluring opportunities
stretching from the head of the Sacramento Valley to the southern line
of the State, it would be impossible in the space of a brief article to specify
and enumerate the particular advantages of each available project. Suffice
it to say that with the people of the regions to be benefitted in active
and complete harmony with the contemplated development; with questions
of water-rights and available water supply and division of the land into
small holdings, as contemplated by the National Reclamation Law, set-
tled, there is abundant opportunity in California to expend profitably and
to the vast advantage of the State and country in the construction of
works under the National Irrigation Act a sum larger than the $28,000,000
now available for the entire country.

Of course no such sum as this can be used in California by the Na-
tional Government, at least for many years to come; but the Reclamation
Service stands ready to make a goodly beginning at an early date. Upon
the officers of that Service rests the responsibility of determining, after
taking all features and factors of each project into consideration, where
the first expenditure may most profitably be made.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR IRRIGATION IN CALIFORNIA.

In this connection it is of very great importance that the people of
the State at large as well as of the various localities directly interested
should study carefully and give their best thought to overcoming those
difficulties which must of necessity under present conditions hamper and
somewhat delay irrigation development in the State, whether by the Na-
tional Government or by private enterprise.

One of the obstacles to early and complete irrigation development in
some localities in the State will no doubt sound strange to the average
Californian: That is the absence of a united public opinion favorable to
complete irrigation development and appreciative of its very great benefits.
That such a condition should exist in any arid or semi-humid portion of a
State which has made more splendid progress and achieved greater tri-
umphs under irrigation than possibly any region in the world seems pass-
ing strange; but in some important localities it is a factor to be reckoned
with.

Another feature of the situation in some localities not favorable to
early and cornplete irrigation development is the existence of vast tracts of
land in a single great corporate or individual ownership, a condition which
must be changed before irrigation can be accomplished under the Reclama-
tion Law. This division of large estates seems somewhat difficult of ac-
complishment in some localities by reason of the failure to appreciate
fully the great increase in values which irrigation will bring.

But of vastly greater importance to the future development of the
State by irrigation and to the peace and prosperity of the lands already
under irrigation than are the features of the situation above referred to
is the question of the equitable, speedy, and final settlement of the ques-
tion of rights to water already acquired and the adoption of some method
and procedure for the just, orderly and economical acquirement of future
rights. From an irrigation standpoint this is the paramount question in
California to-day, and the extension of the irrigated area of the State
whether under government auspices or private enterprise must of necessity
be at least retarded if not in many instances prohibited by conditions under
which it is impossible to determine absolutely in advance of expensive liti-
gation the exact nature or extent of rights now established and therefore
the amount of water available for further extension of the irrigated area.
The friends of California and her future irrigation development cannot
afford to ignore or attempt to minimize the difficulties that the present
uncertainty as to the extent or volume of acquired rights, and therefore as
to the amount of water in streams still available for irrigation in certain
districts, place in the path of future development.

Each of the arid States presents some special favorable conditions
as each has its peculiar difficulties in the further considerable extension
of her irrigated areas. Perhaps none of the States and Territories to
which the Reclamation Act applies presents on the whole and taking
into consideration every factor such magnificent opportunities for exten-
sive development as does California; and with the removal of the obstacles
to which I have referred California will have a splendid future development
under irrigation both through the agency of the National Government and
by private enterprise.

Only those who have seen the marvelous changes wrought in the West
through irrigation can appreciate the full significance of the National Re-
clamation Act. In building great storage reservoirs and diversion dams;
in constructing huge canals, laterals and headgates, the National Govern-
ment purposes to make homes for homeseekers through the bringing of
water to the dry but fertile soil.

It is hoped that every newspaper, every organization and every citizen
in California will co-operate with the Government movement for National
irrigation. Publicity of the great work the Government is doing in the West
to make more room for the homesteader will secure the desired result.

How The People Can Co-operate
With the Government

P. H. NEWELL, fltq., Chief of the United States Reclamation Service

THE National Reclamation Act, approved on June 17, 1902, has for
its object not merely the irrigation of arid lands but also the subdivision
of the lands into tracts sufficient for the support of a family and not ex-
ceeding 160 acres. The execution of this Act would be a comparatively
simple matter if all of the lands to be benefitted were in public

ownership. Many of the best lands have, howjever, already passed
out of the hands of the Government and are now held in large tracts by in-
dividuals and corporations.

Some of the present owners of these lands are desirous of having these
lands reclaimed at public expense, the cost to be repaid in the future
without profit or interest, but at the same time they are equally desirous of
keeping the lands for future rise in value and are not willing to make con-
cessions which may reduce the future gains. Many of them are willing to
promise to subdivide the lands and put them on the market, but when called
upon to execute a formal contract which will insure this sub-division within
reasonable time they are apt to bring up various objections and to evade
committing themselves. Great patience and firmness is therefore required
on the part of the Government agents.

On the one hand is the popular clamor, stimulated by interested par-
ties, to hurry the spending of the money of the Government in building the
works, on the other hand are the obvious requirements of the law and the
necessity of securing binding contracts or agreements by which the object
of the law will be fulfilled.

In answer to the question, which has been asked as to how the people
can co-operate with the Government in this matter, the first and funda-
mental proposition is for the people to understand the object of the law
and to bring to the officers of the Reclamation Service suitable guaran-
tees that the law will be fulfilled on their part. No Government money is
to be spent in construction until definite and binding agreements have been
made which will secure obedience to the law. Criticism for delay or abuse
for not proceeding more rapidly will not suffice in the place of the definite
and binding contracts on the part of the large land owners.

The owners of large tracts of land, as well as the small land owners
should get together and request the Secretary of the Interior, by petition
or otherwise, to consider the reclamation of certain areas pointing out as
fully as practicable the source of water supply and the lands to be irrigated
and stating that they are prepared to give full assurance that these lands
will be sub-divided and placed in the hands of actual settlers by the time
that the irrigation works are completed and the water is ready for delivery to
the lands. If this is done the subsequent work of the engineers is greatly
facilitated and the matter becomes largely one of feasibility of construction.

An equally important detail to be settled by the present land owners
is that pertaining to existing water rights. All of these must be fully
adjusted so that the Reclamation Service will not be called upon to waste
time and money in the vain attempt to settle existing quarrels. It fre-
quently happens that when all of the valid claims are finally adjusted
these average more than the entire flow of the river or even more than
can be provided by complete storage. It is, therefore, impossible for the
Government to secure any water; time spent in engineering examinations
would be wasted.

These matters of water rights are controlled by State Laws and can
be settled only by the people themselves. Experience has shown that
it is inadvisable for the officers of the Reclamation Service to attempt to
interfere in such matters as, like most neighborhood quarrels, whenever
a third party intervenes all the contending forces unite against him.

WORK OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS FOR IRRIGATION.

The Reclamation Act was passed with a view of reclaiming public
lands and incidentally some private lands. It is applicable in part only
to the situation where private lands predominate, and to be effective
in such cases must be supplemental by voluntary action on the part of
the present land owners and by agreements or decisions covering the points
above named. There is no intent or desire on the part of the Reclam-
ation Service to interfere with State or Court control of the waters and
even the appearance of doing so is to be avoided. The people of California
have in their own hands the initiative as regards any reclamation of private
lands. When they have taken this initiative the Reclamation Service will
be glad to assist, upon suitable authority given by the Secretary of the
Interior.

To repeat the essentials of co-operation by the people of California;
they must, first, show their wish for Government construction; second,
their willingness to conform to the letter and spirit of the law regarding
subdivision of lands; and, third, settle under State laws all questions as to
the rights to the waters.

The Work of the Office of Expe-
riment Stations for Irriga-
tion in California

By Prof. SAMUEL FORTIER, Irrigation Eaginaer, In charga af Pacific District

THERE are now 35,000 irrigated farms in California. Every day the
owners of these farms ply their calling they are confronted with
practical problems of irrigation practice, a better knowledge of which
would lessen their expenses and increase their profits. The Office
of Experiment Stations of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture, through its division of irrigation and drainage investigations, is
endeavoring to help the farmers of the State solve these problems rightly.

When a farm is first being prepared for irrigation, its owner, if he be
wise, will desire to adopt that method of applying water which the experi-
ence of the most successful has already shown to be best suited to his condi-
tions. As a part of the work of the Office of Experiment Stations in Cali-
fornia, the experience of the best irrigators in preparing land and applying
water, not only in California but also in the other western States, has
been ascertained and presented in convenient form (Bulletin 145, Office of
Experiment Stations.) This bulletin, with its descriptions and illustra-
tions, furnishes a guide not only for the beginner, but also for the ex-
perienced irrigator who is willing to learn from the successes or failures
of others.

As soon as a farmer opens his lateral headgate he is confronted
with the problem of the duty of water. He needs to know not only how
much water to apply to supply the needs of his crops, but also how much to
allow for the losses by percolation and evaporation. Through the use
of field plats and specially designed galvanized iron tanks, in both of which
crops are being grown and the amounts of water applied are being care-
fully measured, the Office of Experiment Stations is endeavoring to learn
the essential facts regarding this problem.

Something over 200,000 acres is now irrigated in California by pump-
ing. The use of pumping plants involves not only a large outlay for pur-
chase and installation, but also a constant outlay for operation and main-
tenance. It also involves a knowledge of machinery not usually possessed
by farmers. For each class of work there is generally a particular type of
pumping plant that will give the best results, and proper economy requires
that that particular type and not some other should be used. For the
purpose of ascertaining from actual field conditions what plants are best

THE KLAMATH RECLAMATION PROJECT.

for the different classes of irrigation, and how the different plants should
be installed and operated to work to the best advantage, the Office of
Experiment Stations has been testing a large number of irrigation pumps
throughout the State. The results of some of these tests are now in
press and those from the remainder will be published during the coming
year.

Important in irrigation as are the subjects already mentioned — proper
methods of preparing land for irrigation and of applying water, the duty
of water and evaporation losses, and pumping for irrigation — there are other
subjects so pressing that the Office of Experiment Stations has not been
able to let them pass unheeded. The problems of two of the leading irri-
gation districts of the State have shown themselves worthy of attention
and a report dealing with them is now in press. The rise of ground water in
irrigated sections and the resulting damage and necessity for drainage
are being watched in several parts of the State. The feasibility of irrigating
grain in the San Joaquin Valley and the best methods of applying water to
it are under careful study. A bulletin is being prepared designed to show
the economy of permanent over temporary structures on California canals
and ditches. The relative economy of deep and shallow furrows in apply-
ing water to orchards, particularly to the citrus orchards of southern Cali-
fornia, is under careful consideration, some of the principal field work
of the past season having been carried on in connection with this subject
in the district around Riverside.

In brief, the irrigation work of the Office of Experiment Stations in
California, as well as in the other western States, is the work of the irri-
gator. His problems are its problems. What he learns the Office of Ex-
periment Stations is seeking to learn, and wherever he needs help the Office
of Experiment Stations is seeking to furnish it.

The Klamath Reclamation

Project

H. L. HOLQATE, Esq.. Attornej for Klaanth Project

IN the rock of rough marble the sculptor saw an angel. His practised
hand chiseled away the imprisoning stone, revealing to the world a figure
of beauty. With an equally prescient eye the United States Reclamation
Service sees in the Klamath Plateau of Southern Oregon and Northern
California, a land of thousands of prosperous farm homes, and with equal
skill the engineers of the service will reveal the agricultural possibilities
of this undeveloped region.

Under the Klamath Project, the official name of this irrigation system
to be constructed by the Government, lie 250,000 acres of irrigable land.
About 145,000 acres are in private ownership and 105,000 acres are gov-
ernment lands. The public lands will be subdivided into tracts averaging
80 acres in extent, and under the law the private lands must be subdivided
into farms not exceeding 160 acres under one ownership. The average
size of all the farms will probably be less than 100 acres and the total
number of farms will be something more than 2,500. These farms and
the immense timber resources of the country will easily support a popula-
tion of 50,000 people.

The Engineers of the Service are not here confronted with difficult
engineering problems. The water supply is abundant and nature has
provided the necessary reservoirs. The larger area of the irrigable land,
about 190,000 acres, will be supplied with water drawn from Upper Klam-
ath Lake situated in Klamath County, Oregon. This lake has an area of
60,000 acres, an average depth of about eight feet and an elevation of
4142 feet. The lake receives the drainage of an immense watershed. Its

THE KLAMATH RECLAMATION PROJECT.

only outlet, over a rim-rock, is Link River, a stream which has a length of
about one mile and a fall in that distance of 56 feet, emptying into Lower
Klamath Lake. This latter lake extends from Klamath Falls, Oregon to
Laird, Siskiyou County, California, a distance of 25 miles. The depth of
water varies from one to twelve feet and a heavy growth of tules marks
the greater area. The lake has an elevation of 4086 feet and an area of
about 80,000 acres. Except for a large drainage channel, which will prob-
ably be navigable, Lower Klamath Lake will be reclaimed by drainage and
evaporation and subsequent irrigation. Its outlet at Keno into the Klam-
ath River will be deepened twelve feet by a rock cut.

The second reservoir is Clear Lake, in Modoc County, California, where
a restraining dam must be constructed. The outlet of the lake is Lost River
which flows north through rich valley lands in Oregon and then turns south,
emptying after a course of 60 miles into Tule Lake, situated partly in
Oregon but chiefly in California. Clear Lake has an elevation of 4533 feet.
Its waters will be utilized in irrigating about 60,000 acres of land in Lang-
ells, Yonna and Poe Valleys. Lost River, upon leaving Poe Valley, de-
bouches upon the Klamath Plateau and from this point its waters will be
diverted, through a drainage channel, into Klamath River, thus depriving
Tule Lake of its source of supply. It is expected that by evaporation 50,000
acres now covered by the waters of Tule Lake, which has no surface out-
let, will be reclaimed.

The estimated cost of the Reclamation System is $4,500,000 or
an average cost of $18 per acre, the smallest cost per acre of any project
whose construction the Government has yet undertaken. The Government
is ready to advertise for bids for the initial work and construction will prob-
ably begin this year.

There will be no public land under the project subject to entry for sev-
eral years. The Government holdings are practically confined to the water-
covered lake lands and will not be thrown open to entry until fully reclaimed
and ready for cultivation. As the Government will not sell a water right
for more than 160 acres to any one person, a considerable acreage of the
private holdings is upon the market at prices ranging from $10 to $50
per acre, depending upon the amount of improvements, state of cultivation,
quality of soil and nearness to market. For particular information relative
to land the officials of the Reclamation Service refer inquirers to the Secre-
tary of the Klamath Water Users' Association, Klamath Falls, Oregon.

The growing season, owing to the high altitude and consequent frost,
is comparatively short, but the soil is very fertile and the grasses, grains,
vegetables and the hardier fruits are successfully grown. Great areas of
mountain and hill country stretch away in every direction, affording excellent
outrange, and even under present conditions some 25,000 head of beef
cattle are driven to market annually. Klamath County sells each year
to the United States army many horses which bring from $1 25 to $1 50 each.
Beets, grown experimentally, show a high percentage of sugar. Tests show
the tule soil to be extremely rich and especially adapted to the growing
of celery, asparagus, potatoes, and fodder for dairy animals.

The timber resources of the Klamath region are enormous. The esti-
mates of experts as to the pine and red fir forests tributary to Upper Klam-
ath Lake, range from 10 billion to 15 billion feet.

The climate is healthful and attractive. Many delightful nooks and
corners, forest-covered mountains, expansive lakes and crystalline, trout
stocked streams tempt the city folk who take summer outings; and not the
least important is the beautiful and mysterious Crater Lake — one of the-
wonders of the West. The shot-gun devotee finds nowhere such duck,
geese and swan shooting as these mountain lakes afford.

The Klamath country is one of vast undeveloped resources of vast
possibilities. With the construction of the government irrigation system
and the building of railroads to carry the products to market, both achieve-
ments of the immediate future, golden opportunities for the farmer, the
stock-man, the manufacturer and the business man will present them-
selves. 9

The Yuma Reclamation Project

D. W. nUKPHY, E*q., Acting Supervl»l«g laffla««r, Yami Pr.Ject

THE first work of actual construction in California under the terms
of the National Reclamation Act of 1902 has been begun on the Yuma
Project on the Lower Colorado River.
The lands which it is proposed to irrigate under this project in-
clude the valley lands of the Colorado and Gila Rivers in the vicinity of
Yuma, and are situated in both California and Arizona. The total
area of valley lands which will be brought under irrigation is about 90,000
acres, of which 17,000 acres are in California, and include the Yuma Indian
Reservation.

Preliminary investigations on this project were begun under the direc-
tion of J. B. Lippincott, Supervising Engineer, during the winter of 1903-4.
These investigations consisted of making topographic surveys of the irriga-
ble lands for the purpose of canal locations, and for a feasible site for a
diversion dam to be constructed across the Colorado River. The lat-
ter site was selected at what is known as the Laguna Dam Site, situated
about twelve miles above Yuma. At this point the valley of the Colorado is
contracted by hills of solid granite, which project down to near the main
channel.

Water will be diverted at the Laguna Dam Site and conveyed to the
irrigable lands by main canals on either side of the river. These main
canals will be constructed along the foot of the mesa and at an elevation
to permit of the distribution of the waters to valley lands below. On the
California side there will be one main canal of capacity 200 second-feet,
length 10 miles, with three main laterals. Total length of canal and main
laterals, 22 miles.

On the Arizona side there will be one main canal, capacity 1600
second-feet, 16 miles long, with two branches 22 and 15 miles long, re-
spectively, and 26 main laterals 80 miles long. Total length of canal and
main laterals 132 miles.

The main canal on the Arizona side will be carried across the Gila
River by means of an inverted siphon built of concrete, reinforced with steel,
and sunk below the bed of the stream.

The Laguna Dam is of the Indian weir type, built of loose rock with
cut-off walls of concrete and sheet piling. The slope of the down-stream
face of the dam is 1 vertical on 12 horizontal. Total length of dam 4,780
feet, with a maximum height of 19 feet in the river channel, and 10 feet
minimum across the lower reaches of the valley. Maximum width of dam
257 feet. The contents of the dam are as follows: 356,500 cu. yds.
loose rock fill, 27,150 cu. yds. rubble concrete masonry, 80,000 sq. yds.
rubble pavement 2 inches thick, and 53,000 lineal feet of sheet piling. The
dam will raise the low water level in the river about 10 feet and form a set-
tling basin above of an average width of approximately 1 mile and 10
miles long.

The purpose of the dam is two-fold, — that of raising the water of the
river to such a height that it can be economically distributed to the irrigable
lands, and also to form a settling basin for the disposal of the heavier silts
which are carried in large quantities by the river, and which if allowed to
enter the canals would become a serious menace to their carrying capacity.

Sluiceways will be constructed at either end of the dam excavated in
the solid granite to the level of the grade of the river. The sluiceway on
the Arizona side will be 116 feet wide, 800 feet long and 18 feet deep, and
closed by three cast-iron gates of the stony type, each 33 1-3 feet wide
and 18 feet high. The sluiceway on the California side will be 40 feet wide,
800 feet long and 18 feet deep, and closed by one gate similar to those
on the Arizona side. The gates will be operated by power driven hoisting
machinery.

10

THE YUMA RECLAMATION PROJECT.

The combined capacities of the two sluiceways with the river at flood
is 31,000 second-feet. These sluiceways will be used for clearing the
settling basin of silt deposits.

The headgates of the canals are arranged so as to take water from the
surface of the reservoir. By this means only the lighter portions of the silts
are taken into the canals. The velocity in the latter is sufficient to carry
through the light silts and prevent the canals from being silted up.

On the California side there will be one main canal of 200 second-feet
capacity, and 10 miles long, with 3 main laterals. Total length of canal and
laterals 22 miles. On the Arizona side there will be one main canal of 1300
second-feet capacity, and 16 miles long, with two branch canals 21 and
15 miles long, respectively, and 26 main laterals with an aggregate length of
80 miles. Total length of canal and main laterals, 132 miles.

The Valley lands will be protected from inundation during flood sea-
sons by means of dikes. These will be constructed on both sides of the
Gila River, and on the Colorado from the Laguna Dam to the Mexican
Boundary. These dikes will be of earth 8 feet wide on top, with side
slopes of 3 horizontal to 1 vertical on the land side. The average height of
these dikes is about 7 1-2 feet. Total length in California 141-2 miles, and
Arizona 59 miles. In addition to the above flood protections, a complete
system of drainage is contemplated to prevent the low lands becoming
water-logged and alkaline.

Both the reports of the Department of Agriculture and past farming ex-
perience show that the soils of the Yuma Valley are very fertile. The
silts of the Colorado River have high fertilizing properties, and as not all
of them can be removed at the headworks, will be a constant factor in
maintaining the present high standard of quality of the soils. The valley
lands are suitable for the growth of staples, and particularly forage plants.
The climate is such that crops grow throughout the greater portion of
the year.

The contract for the construction of the Laguna Dam has been
awarded to J. G. White & Co. of New York, and work on this dam has
been begun. Proposals for the building of 12 miles of dikes have been
asked for by the Secretary of the Interior, to be opened August 17th.

Final plans for other portions of the work have been prepared, and
definite locations for portions of the main canals have already been made.
It is proposed to carry on other portions of the work abreast with the con-
struction of the Laguna Dam, in order that water may be delivered to por-
tions of the lands at an early date after the completion of that structure.

The work of the Yuma Project is being carried on under the supervision
of Mr. J. B. Lippincott, Supervising Engineer, Mr. Homer Hamlin, District
Engineer, having direct charge of the work.

The Sacramento Valley Project

5. O. BENNETT, Esq., Entfaaar, U. f. Reclamation 5ervlce

THE largest body of arable land in California is usually termed "The Great
Valley of California," though it has recently been called the "heart
of California." This valley is 400 miles in length and has an average
width of 40 miles. The entire basin, including mountains and valley,
has an area of 58,000 square miles. The Sacramento, or northern
portion of the Great Valley, is 140 miles in length and 40 miles in
width, and contains 2,661,120 acres, exclusive of the Sutter Buttes and the
channel surface of perennial streams.

Taken as a whole the Sacramento Valley may be said to be of un-
surpassed fertility, though its productive capacity for cereals has been
greatly reduced by the long continued growth of this crop. To restore

ll

SACRAMENTO VALLEY PROJECT.

its fertility rotation in crops is necessary. This, however, is impossible
without irrigation. Comparatively little progress has been made in irriga-
tion, though probably 2,000,000 acres will ultimately be irrigated in this
valley. The Interior Department, through the Reclamation Service and the
topographical branch of the U. S. Geological Survey, is now engaged in
collecting facts upon which to base plans for irrigating this vast area. The
work includes the determination of stream flow, the survey of reservoir
sites, the designing of dams and other irrigation works, and the survey
of the floor of the valley. The State of California has been co-operating with
the Federal Government and has furnished some of the funds necessary
to carry on this preliminary work.

The drainage basin of the Sacramento River contains approximately
26,000 square miles. The estimated mean annual run-off from this
area is nearly 26,000,000 acre-feet, or almost sufficient water to cover
the entire valley 10 feet deep.

The run-off from the watershed of the Sacramento River at Iron
Canyon above Red Bluff for the months of January to April, inclusive, the
four months of greatest discharge during a period of nine years ending with
1904, was 5,420,000 acre-feet, or 55 per cent, of the mean annual flow. The
discharge from May to September, inclusive, the five months when there is
the greatest need of water for irrigation, is less than 24 per cent of the total
annual flow.

If the entire valley is to be irrigated, these facts emphasize the import-
ance and necessity of storing the flood flow for use during the irrigation sea-
son. Numerous reservoir sites have been surveyed for this purpose. Those
presenting the greatest advantages for economic construction which have
thus far been estimated upon are: Guenoc, Clear Lake, Indian Valley,
Briscoe, East Park, Millsite, Big Valley and Iron Canyon. From these eight
sites the annual summer flow of the Sacramento River can be increased
during the latter part of the irrigation season by more than 1,500,000
acre-feet of water, at a total cost of $5,800,000, or at the rate of $3.76 per
acre-foot for construction of storage works. Liberated during the months
of July, August and September, this would increase the flow of the Sacra-
mento River and its west side tributaries by about 8,000 cubic feet per
second. The low summer flow at Red Bluff is 4,000 second-feet.

In addition to the above reservoirs, six reservoir sites of large capacity
are being surveyed during the present field season.

These reservoirs could be so constructed and regulated that, in addi-
tion to their value for irrigation purposes, they would play an important
part in retarding the flood waves that have been so destructive to levees
and crops in the lower Sacramento Valley, and materially lessen the cost
and difficulty of reclaiming the overflowed lands, which exceeded 600,000
acres in 1904.

A board of engineers from the U. S. Corps of Engineers has been ap-
pointed to continue the study of the flood and overflow conditions and
navigation problems of the Sacramento River. It is hoped that this work
can be carried out in some such way as similar work is being done on the
lower Mississippi River.

Until the topographic and soil surveys of the valley are completed, it
will be impossible to give the location of the canals, the amount of land
that can be irrigated, or the cost of the Sacramento Valley Irrigation
Project. Because of the large area of fertile land; the large water sup-
ply; the great number of high priced products that can be grown; the
good transportation facilities; and the nearness to market, this project
presents the greatest opportunity for irrigation development to be found
in America. When the high valley lands above the zone of overflow have
been provided with irrigation systems and the swamp lands reclaimed
and irrigated, it is believed that the Sacramento Valley will be capable
of sustaining a population as great as is now being sustained by the entire
State.

12

Reclamation of Swamp Lands

JOHN W. FERRIS, C. E.

AN earnest movement has been on foot during the past year, designed
to compass the reclamation of the vast body of overflowed lands
in the valley and delta of the Sacramento River in this State.
These lands when reclaimed, are "as rich as the richest on earth"
and embrace something over a million acres.
Individual effort has already accomplished much in the direction of
reclaiming these lands.

Grand Island, Pierson District, Sutter Island, Roberts Island, Union
Island and other tracts show what may be done in the way of safe reclama-
tion and attest, in a practical way, to the productive value of the land.

On these reclaimed lands are grown much of the vegetable product
of the State: Vast fields of potatoes, onions, beans, asparagus and grain
are the wonder of visitors who are taken to see them; and astonishment
is frequently expressed that the reclamation of the land lying unreclaimed
is not proceeded with.

Whilst a measure of success has undoubtedly been attained, however,
many failures have been recorded; and the land reclaimed has much of it
cost so high for embanking that there is little measure of profit, and a great
deal of risk, attending this class of operation.

It is probably safe to say that the land, so far, successfully reclaimed
has cost an average of $100 an acre; which is above its selling value at the
present time when in a fit state for cultivation.

It is realized that the reclamation of any further material area, by lim-
iting the area now serving as reservoir to equalize the effect of sudden
freshet, must increase the dangers not only of the newly reclaimed tracts
but of the area heretofore diked, and necessitate a material addition to
the existing embankments. In other words, it is realized by those consider-
ing the problem that the river channels are insufficient to handle the volume
of flood water presented to them; and the present effort has been in the
direction of determining what rectification of existing channels or construc-
tion of new channels is necessary to warrant the further work required to
render productive the territory now subject to periodical overflow.

As a result of the agitation and discussion of the problem an organiza-
tion of the Swamp land owners known as the "River Improvement and
Drainage Association" has been effected, and at its instigation a Commis-
sion of Engineers of high standing was appointed and a report submitted by
it dealing in the most thorough manner with the features of the problem.

The matter resolves itself into the question of how the funds may be
provided to carry out the work recommended.

Land owners claim that the deterioration of the river is to a great
extent the cause that has prevented the prosecution of the reclamation of the
overflowed lands; and say that little more would be needed than to restore
the condition of the channels to that existing when the swamp lands were
conveyed by the Federal Government to the State and by the State to their
present owners.

The obligation of the Federal Government to maintain the navigable
waters of the several States is one fully recognized, and from the fact that
in recognition of the present movement Congress has taken the prelim-
inary step of creating a Commission of U. S. Engineers to prepare a report
on the condition of the Sacramento River and its tributaries, it is confidently
believed that the Federal Government will do its share in the work. The
land owners ask the State to supplement the work of the Federal Govern-
ment in restoring the "original condition" of the channels to the extent
of making them competent to transmit the flood wave to tide water, and

13

RECLAMATION OF SWAMP LANDS.

are ready to pledge themselves to carry out the further work of reclama-
tion.

It would not be fair to look on this movement as one to reclaim the
lands of individuals at the expense of the State and Federal Governments.
No reclamation work whatever is asked; nothing more than providing such
channels to carry flood waters as may justify the reclamation of the land.

Surely the State is justified in doing something to add so valuable a
territory to her productive area. The assessed valuation for taxing purposes
of Reclaimed Swamp Land is ten times greater than of that which remains
untouched, and further benefit to the State of maintaining a population
engaged in the intensive farming this land warrants is apparent to all.

Of course such great Government projects as the improvement of har-
bors, etc., are not dealt with in this issue which is devoted exclusively
to that work which will make homes for homeseekers by Government assist-
ance. There are in California many regions not mentioned in this issue
which have been considered somewhat unofficially perhaps for govern-
ment work under the reclamation act.

The great work of reclamation now being undertaken by the National
Government is of vital interest to every Californian, whether he be a pros-
pective settler or not. It brings water, the Life of the Land, to enrich the
arid tracts as if by touch of a magic wand, studding the desert with happy
homes; it is a movement of special interest to California sociologically as
well as industrially. The impetus given to desirable immigration by the new
and fertile lands will mean increased prosperity for the State at large, and it
is hoped that all sections will unite to further the movement for reclama-
tion.

Irrigation means making waste places populous; it means more than
that. Irrigation in California means that the land can be cultivated the year
around, and even where the rainfall is sufficient for ordinary crops. Irrigation
is practiced with success in California to make the earth bring forth more
than it would yield under usual conditions.

With California's all-the-year climate, irrigation in this State means
more than it means to perhaps any other region of similar area.

To assist in the Government movement for National Irrigation, Califor-
nia must have a united people in this work and a united Congressional Dele-
gation at Washington.

The Government is doing the great work of irrigation in the West, under
the National Reclamation Act, to make room for the homesteader, to create
a new frontier. Therefore, it has wisely limited the size of the homestead
which any man may take up to 160 acres. Although the Government en-
deavors, as far as possible, to bring water to available Government lands,
yet in the event that private owners are willing to subdivide their lands and
in other ways comply with the National Reclamation Act, the Government
will undertake the construction of irrigation works even where the land is
in private ownership.

In California much of the best land for Government irrigation is in huge
private holdings. It is believed that every great land owner in California
will be willing to sign a contract to subdivide in order that the Government
may proceed as rapidly as possible to construct irrigation works under the
National Reclamation Act.

Already owners of more than seventy huge tracts of land have signified
to the California Promotion Committee their willingness to subdivide their
lands for the benefit of intending settlers. This shows which way the wind
blows and may be taken as an indication that when the Government is ready
to go ahead our patriotic landed proprietors will be willing and ready to co-
operate.

The California PromotionICommittee

ADVERTISERS.

V»r«*y A OrMB

ADDING MACHINES.
Ilirrinti Adding Machine Co.

ADVERTISING.
Ciijcr, F. J., Advertising

Well, William M.

AMMUNITION.
Union Metallic Cartridge Co.

ARCHITECTS.
ReM BrM.
Howard, J*kn Galen

ATTORNEYS- AT-LAW.
■ •mrrufl, Philip
Crother*. George E.
Deamer A Stetson
Frlinbiun, Sanford
N»jr«, Bartholomew
Fippr. Geo. H.
Sullivan * SulllTun
Treat, 11. B.

ACCOUNTANTS.
Ansrath, J. W.

BANKS.
Anglo-California Bank
Bank of California
California Safe Deposit and

Trait Co.
Oemtral Trust Co.
Cullem, H. B. (Central Trust

Co.)
French-American Bank
German Savings and Loan

Society
Hibemla Strings and Loan

Society
Italian-American Bank
Lesdoa, Paris and American

Bank
Market Street Bank
Mercantile Trust Co. of San

Francisco
Mechanics' Saving* Bank
Mntnal Savings Bank
Pacific States Savings, Loan

and Building Co.
Rollins, E. H., A Sons
Savings and Loan Society
Seenrtty Savings Bank
Wells-Fargo-Nevada National

Bank

BARBER SUPPLIES.
Deekelmaa Bros.

BOILER WORKS.
Keystone Boiler Work*

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.
Crocker, H. S. Co.
Cunningham, Curtis A Welch
Elder, Paul * Co.
MoNntt, Kahn A Co.
Payor, Upham A Co.
Sanborn, Vail A Co.
Son Francisco News Co,

-* BREWERS.

Brewer*' Protective Assn.

BROKERS.
Brown, Edward A Son*
Topllta, Jo*. B.

CANNERIES.
California Fruit fanners'

Association
Code-Portwood Canning Co.
Hunt Bros. A Co.
Jacob*, Isidor (California Can-
neries)

CAPITALISTS,
■ore I, Antolae
Coleman, Robert L.
Durphy, B. F.
GWlman, William
Hopkins, E. W.
Maekay, Clarence
M»rye, George F. Jr.
Meyer, Daniel
Paetfie Improvement Co.
Phelaji, James D.
Spreekel*, Claus
Thompson, R. R.

CARPBTTS, LINOLEUM AND

1 UPHOLSTERY GOODS.
Hmt, Bradford A Co.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS

CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY

AND FURNITURE.

Hoffman, Henry, Jr. (W. J.

Sloanc A Co.)
Plum, Chas. M. A Co.

CATTLE AND SWIMS
DEALERS.
Pierce A Co.

CIGARS AND TOBACCO.
Ganst, M. A. A Co.
Judekl, H. L. * Co.

CLOTHIERS.
Raphael, Inc.
Straus, Louis

COAL DEALERS.
Allen, Chas. It. Co.

COFFEE,
TEAS AD SPICES.

Brandenstcln, M. J. A Co.

Caswell, Geo. w . A Co.

Folger, J. A. A Co.

Hills Bros.

Jones-Paddock Co.

Schilling, A. A Co.

Thlerbach, Chas. F. A Co.

COMMISSION A MANUFAC-
TURERS' AGENTS.

Bacigalnpl, Peter

Clarke, Sidney A.

Mailllard A Schmieden

Morgan A Allen

National Mfg. Co.

Rulofson, A. C. Co.

Tiileben, Jos. A Co.

COMMISSION MERCHANTS.

Arnisby, The J. K. Co.

Hilmer A Bredhoff

Horst, E. Clemen* Co.

Wltsel A Baker.

CONFECTIONERS.

Blum, Simon

De Martini Supply Co*, The L.

Haas, Geo. A Son

CONTRACTORS.
City Street Improvement Co.

COOPERAGE.
California Barrel Co.
Richards, J. W.
Woerner Cooperage Co., David

CORDAGE.
Tubb* Cordage Co.

CORNICE WORKS.
Forderer Cornice Worki.

CROCKERY AND GLASS-
WARE.
Anglo-American Crockery and

Glassware Co.
Nathan-Dohrmann Co.
CUSTOM HOUSE BROKERS.
Mayhew, F. E. A Co.

DAIRY MACHINERY.
De Laval Dairy Supply Co.

DAIRY PRODUCE.
Dairymen's Ass'n of S. F.
Dairymen's Union of Cal»
Halgbt, Fred. B. «jt Co.

DENTISTS.
Fletcher, Thomas

DEPARTMENT STORE.
Emporium

DRY GOODS.
City of Pari* Dry Good* Co.
Hale Bros.
Mnrphy-Grant Co.
Newman A Lcvlnson
Weill. Raphael A Co. (Inc.)
Strauss, Levi A Co.
Strauss A Frohman
Weinstock, Lubin A Co.

DRIED FRUITS.
Gnggenhelm A Co.
Phoenix Packing Co.
Rosenberg Bros. A Co.

DYEING AND CLEANING.
Hickman, Henry
Thomas, P.. Dye and Cleaning
Works

EDUCATIONAL.
Ham, Charles H. .«,

15

ENGINEERING AND CON-
STRUCTION COMPANY.
California Engineering nnd

Construction Co.
. EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS .
AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
Castle Bros.
Gets Bros.
Jennings, Rufus P.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.
WelU-Fargo Express Co.

FACTORIES.
American Can Co.

FANCY GOODS.
Sachs Bros. A Co.

FARM IMPLEMENTS AND

VEHICLES.
Baker A Hamilton
Hooker A Co.

FREIGHT COMPANT.
Transcontinental Freight Co.
OFFICE AND GENERAL

FURNITURE.
Breuner, John Co.
Cordes Furniture Co.
Friedman, M. A Co.
Fuller, Geo. H., Desk Co.
Indianapolis Furniture Co.
McCann, Belcher A Allen
Sterling Furniture Co.
Weber, C. F. A Co.
lawman A Erbe Mfg. Co.

GAS AND ELECTRIC CO.
San Francisco Ga* and Elec-
tric Co.
GAS AND ELECTRICAL
FIXTURES.
Day, Thomas Co.
GAS ENGINES AND SCALES.
Union Gas Engine Co.

GAS REGULATORS.
Ga* Consumers' Association

GENERAL MERCHANDISE.
Smith's Cash Store.

GLASS COMPANY.
Illinois-Pacific Glass Co.
GOLD, SILVER and NICKEL

PLATING WORKS.
Dennlston, E. G.

HARDWARE.
Arnold Hardware Co.
French A Llnforth
Froellch, Christian
Holbrook, Merrill A Stetson
Montague, W. W. A Co.
Pacific Hardware A Steel Co.,
Tay, George H. Co.
Wlestcr A Co.

HATTERS.
Collins, Charles J.
Fisher A Co.
Frledlander Hat Co.
Triest A Co.

HOTELS.
Brooklyn Hotel
California Hotel
Commercial Hotel
Granada
Hotel Rafael
Hotel St. Francis.
International Hotel
Lick House
New Russ House
New Western Hotel
Palace Hotel
Richelieu

INSURANCE.
Commercial Union Assurance

Co.
Fireman's Fund Insurance Co.
Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life)
Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
National Fire Insurance Co.
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance

of California
Royal and Queen Insurance

Co.
Seely, Walter Hoff (Pacific

Mutual Life)
The Liverpool, London

Globe Insurance Co*
Ward, C. H.

The California Promotion Committee

JEWELERS.
•Carraa A Green
Judls, Alphonae Co.
Radke A Ca.
Schuaaler, M. A Co.
Schweitzer, Joaeph
Shreve A Co.

KNIT GOODS.
Pflater. J. J. Knitting Co.
LEATHER GOODS.
Ilirpliam A Janaen

LIME AND CEMENT.
Holmea Lime Co.
Pacific Portland Cement Co.
Standard Portland Cement Co.

LITHOGRAPHERS.
Hrltton A Rer

Mutual Label Lithograph Co.
I nlon Lithographing Co.

LOANS.
C. H. Morrell

Finance and Security Co.
MACHINERY AND ENGI-
NEERS' SUPPLIES.
Cyclops Iron Worka
Harron, Rlckard A McCone
Henahaw, Bulkier A Co.
Martin, John
Meeae A Gottfried Co.
Merrall'a Mill Co.
Moore, Charlea C. A Co.
Pacific Tool and Supply Co.
Tatum A Bowen
Troy Laundry Machinery Co.
MANUFACTURERS ARTIFI-
CIAL FLOWERS AND
PLANTS.
Goehring, A.

MEN'S FURNISHING GOODS.
Atklna, R. C. A Sona
Bullock A Jonea
Cluett, Peabody A Co.
Greenehaum, Well A Mlchela
Neuatadter Broa.
Rooa Broa.

METER COMPANY.
Pacific Meter Co.

METAL WORKS.
Pacific Metal Worka
Selby Smelting Worka

MILLERS.
Del Monte Milling Co.
Port Coata Mllllna; Co.
Sperry Flour Co.

MILLINERY.
Topllta, Robt. L. A Co.
MOTION PICTURE PHOTO-
GRAPHS.
MIlea Broa.

MINING ENGINEERS.
Callahan, H. C.
Splnka, Chaa. II.

OPTICIANS.
California Optical Co.

OVERALLS AND SHIRTS.
Ileynemann A < <>•

OYSTER DEALERS.
Mnrgnn Oyater Co.
PAt OBI AND PROVISION

DEALERS.
Bareua, Richard T.
Miller A Lux
H..1I1, Ilium A Co.
Itelmera, J. C. A Co.
Western Meat 1 <>.

PACK I. MS OK CANNED
1 hi IT1 s m» \ i;«.i-
TAMI I >■
California Fruit Cannera' As-
sociation
Ilnnt llroa. Co.
I'AlMs, oils AND GLASS.

Ilnas-lliietcr Paint Co.
I uller, \\. P. A I ...

PAINTERS.

'I hoi. DnnnliiK, In.'.

papcii i»i: a liens.

Blake, MofHIt A Towne
Roncatell, It Iclianlson A Co.
Union I'ulp and Paper 4 •>.
PATENT MEDICINE.
California I Ik Syrup
PHI SK I A>s.
Ballard, J. Stow
Bryant, Kdcir R.
Plarhel, Kaapar fncullat)
Baaeaallrn, Julius
Sartorl, II. J.

PHARMACIST.
Kelly, F. S.
Martin, Henry J.
Redlngton A Co.
Schmidt, Val

PHOTOGRAPHERS
miea Brai.

PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER-
CHANDISE.
Allen, Wiley B. Co.
Maury, Byron
Sherman, Clay A Co.

POTTERY AND TERRA
COTTA.
Clarke, N. A Sona
Gladding, McBean A Co.

POWER COMPANIES.

Koster, P. J. (North Mountain

Power Co.)
PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU.
Allen'a

PRINTERS A PUBLISHERS.
Barry Printing Co.
Commercial Publishing Co.
Dettner-Wllaon Preaa
Gabriel Printing Co., The
Murdoch, C. A. A Co.
Partridge, John
Phillips A Van Orden Co.

PUBLICATIONS.

Golden Unto Guide
Guide, The

RAILROADS.
California Northweatern Rail-
road
REAL ESTATE AND LANDS.
Baldwin, O. D. A Son
Baldwin A Howell
Iloardman Broa. A Co.
Buah, David A Sona
Center A Spader
Cotatl Co, The
Hooker * Lent
Lyon A Hoag
Magee, Thoa. A Sona
Mathewa, H. E.
Narea A Saundera (Laton)
O'Brien, Chnrlea F.
Itealty Syndicate Co.
Shalnwald, Buckbee * Co.
Spencer, WHIinm Crane
The 76 Land and Water Co.
Umbaen, G. H. A Co.
Wankowakl, W.

RESTAURANTS.
Laraen, C. G.
Sign of Peacock Cafe
Weaterfleld, P. A Co.

ROOFINGS, BUILDING PA-
PERS AND PAINTS.
Paraffine Paint Co, The

RUBBER GOODS.
Boaton Woven Hoae and Rub-
ber Co.
Goodyear ltuhber Co.
(iorham Rubber Co.
Wlnalow, C. R. * Co.

RUBBER STAMPS, ETC.
Patrick A Co.

SAFES AND VAULTS.
Herrlng-Ilall-Mnrvln Safe Co.

SALT WORKS.
Golden Gate Snlt Worka
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
Lleta Co, The A.
SEEDS. II I. It MS AND SPIt ES.
Volkmin, C. M. * Co.

school si pplibS.

Milton llrafllcy Co.

SEWING MACHINE'*.
Domeatlr

SEWING SILKS.
Carlson-Currier Silk ' ...
■■1FF1IHB UfO OOafaflSSlOlf.

Jnhninn-I.nrkr Mercantile Co.
Oils, McAllister A < <>.
Sloss, Louis A Co.
Williams, Dlmond A c#.

MIIPPIM..
Itnaenfeld. .!»<>. A Bona.
I rlaate A Co.

II

SLATE. «

Eureka Slate Co.

SHOES.
Koenlg. Frank

SOAP FACTORY.
Luha, Otto A Co.

STREET RAILWAYS.
California-Street Cable Rail-
way Co.
United Rallroada of San Fran-
elsco.

SURETY COMPANIES.
Pacific Surety Co.

SYRUPS.
Pacific Coaat Syrup Ca.

TAILORS.
Jacobl Rroa.
Nordwell, O. W.

TANNERS AND LEATHHR
DEALERS.
Blaainger A Co.
Brown A Adama
KuIIman, Sala A Co.
Legallet-Hellwlg Canning Co.
TELEPHONE AND TELE-
GRAPH.
Pacific Statea Telephone and

Telegraph Co.
Poatal Tel. Cable Co.
Western Union Tel. Co.

TENTS AND AWNINGS.
Ames A Hnrrla
Neville A Co.

THEATERS.
Orpheum Circuit Co.

TRANSFER COMPANIES.
Ilocarde Drayago Co.
Emmona Co. ..

McNab * Smith
Renner, Geo.

Snn Franclaco Tranafer Ca.
The Morton Draynge and

Wiirchoiisc Co.
Union Tranafer Co.

TRUNKS AND BAGS.
Hirachfelder A Meaney
TYPEWRITERS.
Alexander, L. A M.

WALL PAPER
Uhl Broa.

WATER COMPANIES.
Spring Valley Wnlrr Co.
WATER WHEELS.
Pelton Water Wheel Co.. Tho

WHOLESALE GROCERS.
Goldberg, Bowen A Co.
Jennlnga, Thomna
Suaaman, Wormscr A Co.
Tlllmann A Bendel
WHOLESALE LUMIt— AND

SHIPPING.
Caapar Lumber Co.
Hcrhtman, A. J.
Heyman, Jullua
Hooper, C. A. A Co.
Miiiaon. Cnpt. Wm.
Nclaon, elms. Co.
Union Lumber i'o.

WINI> AM) i.ioroiis.
DrunacliwclKrr A Co.
Cnllfomln Wine Assuclntlon
tiler to.. Then.

Iiiindlaeli-llun«lschn Win* Ca.
II..I1.II11K. A. P. «■. «...
Itallnn-Swlaa Colony
Jesse Moore- II lint Ca.

Lachman A Jacobl

l.lvlnKalon A Co.

Mann to.. OL M, Sueera. «• I.

I)e lurk
Martin, E. A Co.
Napn and Sonoma Wine Ca.
shilling. C. A «<>.
Scliultr. W. A.
Slebe Pros. A I'lngeraana
Sliaa-lloe«jnere» < •••
vlierrrood A Sherwood
Ynn Ilergen, N. A Co.
Wclinorr, llovien A C«t.
Wl.l.mnn. I.utgcn A Ca.
Wllmerillng-I.ncwe to.
Wolff. W 111. * Co.

WOOI IN S AND TAM. OB
TRIMMINGS.
Aruatela, Slaaoa A Ca.

The California Promotion Committee

representing

ANDRIA SBARBORO, Chairman Miioiifactiirrrii and Producer* Association

BWUS P. JENNINGS, Executive Officer San Francisco Chamber of Commerce

«BO. W. MeNRAR, Treaanrer Merchants Exchange of San Franciaco

CHAS. F. HUNYON San Francisco Board of Trade

FRED J. KOSTEH San Franciaco Merchant* Association

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

!:ON. GEO. C. PARDEB Governor of California

EN J. IDE WHEELER Berkeley Prealdent University of California

DAVID STARR JORDAN Palo Alto Preaident Iceland Stanford Jr. I nJver.lt y

REPRESENTINQ

WILL S. GREEN Colusa Sacramento Valley Development Assn.

R. P. LATHROP Hoi lister Central Coaat Counties Improvement

C. P. SOULE Eureka > orth Coaat Counties

JAMES A. BARR Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Vssn.

S. F. BOOTH Fresno Fresno Chamber of Commerce

M. J. NEWMARKZ. . y Loa Angeles . . . Loa Angeles Chamber of Commerce

CHARLES S. FEE San Francisco. Southern Pacifle Compiiny

W. A. BISSELL San Francisco. Atchison, Topeka & Santu Fc Railway

B, X. RYAN San Francisco. Calif ornin Northwestern Railway

GEO. W. HEINTZ San Francisco. North Shore Railroad

LEWIS E. AVBURY San Francisco California State Mining Bureau

STATE PUBLICITY COMMITTEE

BEPKESENTING

RTJFUS P. JENNINGS San Francisco . San Francisco County

H. P. WOOD San Dleeo .... Counties South of Tehachapl

W. A. BEARD Sacramento.... Sacramento Valley Counties

EDWIN STEARNS Oakland San Francisco Bay Countlea

COL V IN B. BROWN Mnckton San Joaquin Valley Countlea

C W. CRAIG Eureka North Coast Countlea

ARTHUR G. BALAAM Lompoe South Coast Counties

L. W. JEFFERSON Holllster Central Coast Countlea

GILBERT B. MORROW Sonora Sierra Countlea

OCTOBER
Vol. II. No. H. 1905. H> Cts. $1.00 a Yea*.

t

Woman's Occupation Number

FOR CALIFORNIA

A WOMAN'S PROFIT-YIELDING POULTRY FARM
MRS. 0. H. BURBRI06E

A WOMAN'S TRIUMPH ON A RANCH
MRS. E. P: BUCKINGHAM

BEE-KEEPING FOR WOMEN IN CALIFORNIA
MRS. J. B. AMES

ONE OF CALIFORNIA'S FINEST RANCHES-
MRS. M. E. SHERMAN A WOMAN'S ENTERPRISE

HOW I MAKE OLIVE-GROWING PAY
MRS. FREDA EHMANN

A COLLEGE GIRLS EXPERIENCE IN POULTRY-RAISING
K. ELLIOT TROWBRIDGE

SILK CULTURE FOR WOMEN IN THIS STATE
MRS. CARRIE WILLIAMS

WHY THE CALIFORNIA GIRL EXCELS IN SIZE AND STRENGTH
PROF. W. E. MAGEE

CALIFORNIA'S NEWEST PRODUCT—EVERBEARING RHUBARB
MRS. THEODOSIA SHEPHERO

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

SAN FRANCISCO

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

(THE STATt CENTRAL ORGANIZATION)

..

THE PURPOSE OF THE COMMITTEE IS <TO GIVE TO THE WORLD RELIABLE AND
UNBIASED INFORMATION REGARDING THE RESOURCES OF AND THE OPPORTUN-
ITIES IN CALIFORNIA FOR CALIFORNIA IS PUBLISHED TO ASSIST IN
CARRYING OUT THE OBJECTS IN VIEW.

MO ADVXRTlSBMBlfTS WILL APPBAB IN FOR CALIFORNIA
CORRESPONDENCE INVITED

■ ;

SPECIAL NUMBERS OF FOR CALIFORNIA, DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO VARIOUS
INDUSTRIAL SUBJECTS, ANY THREE NUMBERS
FOR TWcNTY-FIVE CENTS

1905

January ...... Results Number

February . .... Irrigation Number

March .... Vegetable Garden Number

April ..... Manufactures Number

May .... Structural Minerals Number

June ... Out-Door Number

July.,.* . Electric-Pov^er Number

August" ... . . Viticulture Number

September .... Reclamation Projects Number

October Woman's Occupation Number

November ...... Timber Number

FOR CALIFORNIA

A MONTHLY PUBLICATION

"FOR THOSE WHO DESIRE THE BEST THERE IS IN L-IFE.-

Vol H. No. II. OCTOBER, 1905.

The California Promotion Committee

25 NEW MONTGOMERY STREET
SAN FRANCISCO

A Great Profit-Yielding Poultry
Farm Conducted by a Woman.

■ RS. O. H. BURBRIDQB.

CALIFORNIA imports each year from the middle west hundreds of
carloads of eggs and dressed poultry, for which high prices are ob-
tained in the markets. Why we should not only supply our home
demand but also send hundreds of carloads from this State to the
East each year has been a source of wonder to me ever since I en-
gaged in poultry raising. The prices of dressed poultry and eggs
for market use are always so high that the man who does not care for fancy
birds can always make a good living furnishing hotels and private families
wRh stock.

I have established on my ranch in Los Angeles a fatting plant on
which the birds are fed according to the method used in England, where
tfiey are placed in long rows of crates four or five birds to the crate and fed
twice a day in troughs placed in front of the crates. For the first week I
use the best oat flour and sour milk made into a mash and gradually
thinned so that the^food is like thick gruel by the end of the fatting period.
This time varies according to the stock, a Mediterranean taking a week or
more longer than the American, English or Asiatic classes. For this fatted
stock I have never received under thirty cents per pound, and in some sea-
sons of the year as much as forty-five cents. This year one of the largest
restaurants in Los Angeles has offered me fifty cents per pound the year
round for Orpington Ranch capons. The egg market has always been very
steady and prices have been high so that a good profit can be realized on
eggs alone, by selling off the young cockerels and saving the pullets each
year just for market eggs.

So many inquiries come to me as to poultry raising in California indi-
cating that a false notion exists among many Eastern and Northern breed-
ers as to the ravages of roup and lice. According to many of the inquiries
this part of the United States is referred to as being visited by these two
evils. I have raised thousands of chickens myself, taking all of the care
of them from the egg to the mature fowl, and have had no trouble with
roup whatever. True I have had sanitary surroundings, clean yards, plenty
of fresh, cool water for my birds and well ventilated, draughtless sleeping
quarters. I have found that with due care the lice are no worse than in
any other section, but the watchword of the poultry raiser from the time
the egg is entrusted to the incubator or hen until the bird is ready for
the table, breeding pen or show room, should be "cleanliness." By that I
mean no lice, clean straw to scratch in, clean water to drink, clean houses
so no foul odors can disturb the good the day has brought. This habit
of cleanliness is easy to establish on a ranch when the work is done system-
atically, but a poultry raiser cannot do part of the work one day, nothing
the second and catch up on the third. It is necessary each day to do for
the comfort of the flock all these little things and the hen is a most grateful
creature, repaying kindness by filling the egg basket and incidentally one's
pockets.

I started with a trio of Buff Orpingtons, after a trial of several other
breeds, and when I found the chicks were so easy to raise and so sturdy,
I purchased eggs from several of the large Eastern and English breeding
farms, so my first year I went into the show room with a fine lot of stock. I
took three silver cups and over one hundred ribbons on an entry of thirty
birds in two shows, and then started to work in earnest to build up the strains
f had. I was able to supply a great number of settings of eggs to my
fellow fanciers at good prices, and my second year saw me start the breed-
ing season with twelve hundred fine birds without a cull in the lot. I had
the eggs booked in early January for the remainder of the season and had
many orders for breeding stock that I was not able to supply on account
of the egg orders. I have always purchased a fine breeder in England or

America whenever I was able to get just what I wanted, regardless of the
price, and I never lost money in doing so, for the big Eastern breeders have
engaged eggs of a famous winner from me before I saw the bird myself, and
I have always had a steady sale for my best at alf times in California.

My experience in raising poultry has been to me a most interesting one.
From the very first I have taken not only a keen interest but a great delight
as well in this work. It has been this joy in the work that has prompted
me to build up my ranch from a very modest beginning to the big specialty
ranch it is now. I now have one hundred breeding pens and my fattening
plant has a capacity of 5,000 birds every three weeks. How my efforts
have borne fruit you may guess, when I tell you that this extensive estab-
lishment has grown up from my modest beginning with three chickens,
it has proved not only pleasant but profitable and my zeal has kept pace
with my experience and understanding of the business.

I take a keen delight in conducting my business, and it is not from
necessity but from choice that I myself buy all the supplies, hire the needed
help, superintend the construction of new buildings, attend to the mixing
of grains and the grinding of feed, prepare my own remedies for sick fowls
and treat them when ill. All this fills in a busy life — a life in which these
healthful pursuits carried on mostly out of doors are the greatest charm
as well as a source of profit, yielding me a clear gain of $5000 in only
fifteen months.

A Woman's Triumph On a Ranch

HRS. B. P. BUCKINQHAn.

SOME months ago, in response to repeated requests from various per-
sons, I told in a former number of this magazine, "How I came to be
a fruit-grower." Since then I have been asked to say something
regarding my experience after acquiring my land and planting my
trees. In the former article I closed with the statement that I com-
menced with the intention of planting twenty acres, but, carried on by
my growing enthusiasm, I did not stop until one hundred and forty acres
were covered with trees and vines.

After the land was bought and there was no retreat a reaction began.
I would go and look at the great field where nothing was to be seen on the
brown earth but some short sticks not as high as my knee, without a single
leaf, then go home and toss and turn hour after hour at night, possessed by
the thought that I had done a most unwise thing. If I slept, I dreamed of
endless rows of tiny black twigs that would stand there year after year,
silent witnesses to the folly of a woman who had wandered from her sphere
and was being justly punished for it. When the rain fell and the warm sun
began to shine again and the buds to swell, and finally when the tiny black
twigs were covered with tender glistening leaves, my delight and pride were
boundless, and I forgot my former doubts and despondency.

I found kind neighbors who were willing to instruct me, but lack of con-
fidence made me afraid to undertake the cultivation of the ground and care
of the trees and I engaged a superintendent. He was six feet eight inches
tall and I think I must have decided he would save me in step ladders when I
might need them for fruit picking. My little trees had been planted in a field
where wheat and barley had grown for thirty years. The sun was warm and
the volunteer wheat and barley sprang up and grew strong and tall as though
not to be superseded by those interlopers. Presently the tops of the little trees
were completely hidden, I could see one head of barley nod to another a
rod away, and hear them say, "we'll show them what will grow here." All
about the borders and through the fields the yellow poppies and purple lupin
bloomed. Clumps of sweet elder sprang up as if by magic, making a beau-

tiful picture set in a framework of soft green hills, that I was never tired of
looking at.

Sometimes when driving about I would meet a neighbor who would
ask how my trees were getting on or compliment me on the fine crop of
volunteer barley I was likely to get. Another would ask if I intended to
plow this year. One said, "I suppose you know the barley would grow
without the trees," and I thought I detected a latent sarcasm in his tone
suggesting the query as to the converse of that proposition. Then I would
look at my tall overseer who seemed in no hurry to commence plowing and
stifle my momentary uneasiness. One day I overheard a man saying "look
at that now, where are the trees, pretty expensive crop of barley, I think" —
"well," was the reply — "what can you expect of a woman and a city woman
at that?"

That night when all were sleeping, I walked in the bright moonlight along
the road by the orchard or barley field — for by that time the question of
supremacy was settled. It was no longer a question of faith in my tall
overseer, but a lack of faith in myself. I must get a new man, but whom.
Just then, an owl, far away, answering my anxious thought said, Oh — who —
who. Another owl close by answered — Oh, you — you. I went into
the house, and in the morning met my overseer as he was dragging his
lazy length towards the breakfast table, and gently suggested that he
should take a vacation. "Barkis was willing." While hunting for a man
to fill his place I demonstrated the fact that I could do perfectly well with-
out one.

I found there were many things I could do to further the work. I could
not plow, but I could take the plow points for sharpening, and in that way
save the time of a man and two horses. I became so accustomed to the
jingHng of plow points in my phaeton that I felt quite lost if I did not hear
them. Once when there was a rush of work pruning, planting, etc., I was
advised to rofl a field of barley that was growing rank and tall. Just then a
horse became sick, and the man who was driving the roller had to go to the
hills to get another. I knew the horse he went for, and know it would
be the work of time to catch her. The roller was a borrowed one. I had
promised to return it that night; if the work was stopped I must break my
word or let the barley go unrolled. I looked at my clean white wrapper,
hesitated a moment and then mounted the roller. After I overcame my
reluctance to crush down the broad green blades, I found it quite an easy
tiling to do. I confess as I approached the county road that bordered one
side of the field I always scanned it closely. The roller went home that night
and the barley was rolled.

Since then the little trees have become large and strong and for several
years have been giving me an average of six hundred tons of fruit yearly.
Some one here said women never measure by feet and yards, but by inches.
It may be quite as difficult to estimate tons of fruit, and the quantity will
be more easily comprehended if I say, let us suppose all the six hundred
tons of fruit were packed fresh in boxes, as we do pack, and sent in refrig-
erator cars over the thousands of miles of mountain, desert and sea to the
crties in the East and to London and Liverpool, they would require a train
of fifty cars to carry them all. Part of the fruit was dried, and that sent
fresh was sent at different times, but the six hundred tons would represent
fifty carloads of fresh fruit. I have had many things to contend with, many
mistakes to rectify and pay for, many amusing experiences which I may give
you some day if you wish, but will say, taking all things into considera-
tion, I think the woman orchardist has no more to contend with than thj? e
engaged in other pursuits, Even the pleasures of life are not unalloyed.

I am asked if I do not find the life monotonous. No. Each day brings
some new interest. There is a great pepper tree near my house where two
little Jerseys, Ursula and Phebe, were feeding, and where they stood and
looked after me with great soft eyes as I bade them good-bye on leaving
for town.

BEEKEEPING FOR WOMEN IN CALIFORNIA

MRS. J. B. AniS.

ACTUAL experience has proved beekeeping to be a profitable as well as
a healthful occupation for women in California. The ready market
for comb and extracted honey removes all difficulties in disposing of
the product of the busiest of all animals, and the mild climate per-
mits the outdoor work necessary for the care of the bees during a

long and pleasant season.
The woman who would keep bees, either to supply her household needs
or with a view to earning a living, has but to understand and apply the
two following very simple essentials to the profitable raising of bees. They
are, first: that the animal life be properly nourished, and second: that Nature
be so assisted by intelligent methods of keeping and reasonable care as to
give best results to the keeper. But these essentials may be supplied here
in California with a minimum expenditure of work and money. So many
localities furnish abundant food for the bees that the question of feeding
them is solved for the keeper, while by an intelligent selection of location
and methods of handling the best results are easily obtained.

There being no winter problem in California it is not necessary to
carry the bees with six months' supplies into the cellar. In colder climes
the bees are "wintered" in cellars, where from Thanksgiving until the
middle of April the hives are stored in cellars for protection, in spite of
which, however, winter loss is common. A beekeeper in Wisconsin writes:
"On April 1 2th I took out the last bees. From then till the 22d we had
heavy frost and cold weather. On the 26th and 27th the weather is so
unfavorable that one day they work and the next day they have to lay up
again on account of high winds and cold." We in California have but to
read this from an Eastern beekeeper to appreciate the advantages of Califor-
nia's wonderful climate for beekeeping. In fact it has been the writer's ex-
perience that the bees not only stay on the same stands but also gather
nectar every month in the year, so that in the early spring they are in good
condition to work and increase. All the work attendant upon the keep-
ing of bees can thus be readily done by women and the prevailing whole-
sale prices of 10 cents per pound for comb and 5 cents for extracted honey
yield a handsome profit to the industrious keeper.

That there is room and that there are abundant opportunities lor
engaging in beekeeping in California is shown by the present problem of
disposing of the annual increase. And why should not women take up this
industry since it is so pleasant and profitable an occupation for women?
At present it is largely confined to farmers' wives and daughters, who al-
ready have many duties to perform, but the pleasant nature of the work bids
fair to attract women who will be able to devote their attention and ener-
gies to developing the industry on a larger scale.

K is a well-known fact that honey-bees will select a home in a hollow
tree and there not only attend to all their natural wants and provide for
an increase, but also lay up a surplus store of honey. Climatic condition* in
California are so favorable that it only remains for man to turn them to hii
benefit. Here there is no expense for feed for the bees feed them-
selves the year round. They not only feed themselves but also feed and
care for their young, thus relieving the keeper of much care so that there
is no need to interfere with the increase except at the swarming season,
then to provide new homes for tho new swarms, where they can thrive and
work and produce that delicious food the value of which I trust will some
day be fully realized by rich and poor alike.

Although California's output of honey in 1905 will be the largest in
many years, it will be quite insufficient to meet the extraordinary demand
caused by the short crop in other States. One State usually feadiruT in
honey production will produce hardly a fourth of a crop this year while
another is nearer to a honey failure than it has been for twenty yea».
Here is women's opportunity in California to enter this profitable busir
which has also always been to the writer a pleasant one.

One of California's Finest
Ranches-a Woman's Enterprise.

MRS. M. B. 5NERHAN.

THE pleasures of life are full of simple happiness in the country, for there
is leisure to enjoy nature, books and friends. The family are gathered
closer together by the long evening without distractions to draw them
from the fireside. Yes! How much affection the ranch affords. After
the family, come the faithful animals, the horses that neigh at the
sound of your footsteps, the cows that turn their soft eyes to see who
is patting their sleek sides, and all the lesser ones that show affection for
you. Sometimes after an absence from home it seems as though even the
trees and flowers breathed forth a welcome.

In the year 1884 the failing health of my father brought the entire
family to California for a permanent residence. Leaving Philadelphia, with
its busy social life, and the opportunities of a city, the change to California
was a happy one.

My father and mother, believing it best for girls to be independent,
gave me some money to use as I thought best. After looking around for
an investment that promised well, through the advice of a family friend
I purchased a section of land five miles from Fresno, intending to sell it
again when values increased. There was a new, but rather queerly built,
house on the place. The land was raw and unimproved with the exception
•f ten acres of wine grapes, four acres of old vineyard of mixed varieties
and thirty acres set to almond trees.

The warm dry air of the valley helped my father's lungs, so after a
Httle time it was decided that the family should live in Fresno county for
at least part of the year. But after a year of wheat planting the spirit of
the neighborhood prevailed and a forty-acre muscat vineyard for raisin-
making was planted. This was steadily added to until there were two hun-
dred acres of muscats. Meanwhile Bartlett pear, olive and peach orchards
followed and then a table-grape vineyard. The raisin-grape vineyard
afforded sufficient revenue to carry the expenses of the young orchards until
'tttey themselves became profit-yielding.

When the family moved to Fresno, it was found impossible to purchase
butter fit for table use and it was often unfit for cooking. Sending East
for books, I took up butter-making and soon found that I had as well
to study cows, stables, and the cleanliness of the dairy. The alfalfa taste
which in some places is noticeable had to be kept out of the milk as it was
impossible to remove it with any means I could command. This taint was
eonquered but had lead into the study of bacteriology as far as making
cultures, to find where the control was needed, and of the cultivation of the
bacteria essential to high flavor. The knowledge that we had good butter
en our table quickly spread among friends and they begged for a roll or
two a week.

I was thus carrying on butter-making on a small scale with the usual
farm outfit when the need came for more money to carry out my larger
plans and the surest source of income on the ranch proved to be the dairy.
More cows were secured, a small separator and a Babcock test followed.
As cows were scarce two carloads of Arizona nondescripts were purchased
and milking-time for the next month or two was a Buffalo Bill show. The
dairy proving a success, fifty head of registered Holstein yearlings were
brought from the East, and a steam plant with large separator and power
shurn were added. This was the first alfalfa creamery and won the first
gold medal ever given to alfalfa butter. The two hundred cows paid in
seven years an average of $51 .65 a year per cow.

With the registered cows came the fascinating study of breeding
to increase excellence, to build constitution, and to eliminate weakness and
defects. The success of this study has been shown in the results I at-
tained, for in the third generation came Juliana De Kol, the World's prize
milk and butter producing cow, which the California Promotion Committee

sent to the Buttermakers' Convention held in Chicago during the World's
Fair. Fidessa, a winner at Sacramento for several years, and over twenty
other cows with records of over twenty pounds of butter per week were
bred here on my ranch.

Another success has been attained with table grapes. By careful
selection the Emperor has been developed into a heavy bearing vine with
large highly colored fruit in magnificent bunches. When these grapes were
first shipped from the ranch the packing was done in Fresno, where the large
buncheswere cut up to fit small baskets, eight of which were put into a crate.
Their value for table use was almost completely destroyed, so I opened a
packing house at the ranch and by laying down the sides of the small bas-
kets managed to pack the bunches uncut. The next season larger baskets
were ordered and all the crate stock was ordered for single crates. Ribbons
left from the previous season's raisin pack were used for decoration, and
they sold at once for a dollar more a crate than the rest of the pack. Each
year we pack with the same care and now after having heard that the
large package was often more than a family cared to buy of high priced
fruit, I tried one year sawing some crates in half, thus making a smaller
package. This also sold well, so that we try to place in each car seventy-
five half crates. The returns from the Emperor vineyard have always been
good, ranging from $10,000 to $15,000 a year after freight refrigeration
and packing material have been paid for. Like the care of the cows
this has been a most interesting work, for in all life the same laws pre-
vail, and if the grower does not constantly build up the strength and care-
fully select his vines and trees there will be only a minimum of success.
Pedigree is as important in a plant as in an animal. In the vineyard fer-
tilizing and pruning, spraying and clean cultivation put the vines in the
best conditions for bearing. Quantity of fruit must give way to quality, for
quantity makes pigs' feed, while quality makes money.

My olive orchard also has a pedigree, being only two generations from
the trees of an old mission. We had a friend who grew the trees from cut-
tings from the bearing wood of his own orchard. At four years of age
these trees bore a half crop and have not failed since. The olives are so
large and fine that the first two sizes have been sold under a five years
contract for $75.00 to $80.00 a ton f. o. b. Fresno. The smaller olives
are pickled for local trade and oil is made that sells readily in the East in
case lots among private customers.

These are successes, yet without a few failures they would be less
sweet. The beautiful Bartlett pear orchard, just when at its best, and when
the brand had built up a reputation for good packing and prices were in-
creasing, the blight came. Though each winter, in hopes of saving at least
a portion the blight was carefully removed under antiseptic conditions, yet
each year the trees had more cut off than the summer growth renewed,
until only pitiful stumps remained and these were finally cut up for fire
wood. The second failure was the peach orchard. It bears well but "haste
made waste" and the trees were foolishly bought, instead of being grown
and budded to order. They were labeled as Early Crawfords, Muirs, and
Orange Clings. How many varieties of peaches are cultivated I do not
know. I feel sure, however, that I have every one of them in the forty
acres.

Now, I have tried to tell you about a woman's experiences in ranching.
I find ranch life full of joy. To all it is not given to create pictures on can-
vass or to enrich literature. These are special gifts. But who cannot plant
a tree and make a picture against the sky? My memory calls up the pic-
ture of the Fresno plains of twenty years ago, covered with yellow stubble,
the sun burning down and spirits of dust whirling up like dancing dervishes,
the only motion in the tense stillness. To-day, my vines and trees spread
a living green over these plains, the birds sing, and the cool sweet wind
comes over the alfalfa fields when the cows are standing knee deep in the
purple-tinted greenery.

Yes! it is a life worth living, for when the time comes to fold my hands
in a quiet old age, how much sweeter will be the rest, for the struggle toward
improvement has been with kindly nature and not with restless humanity.

How I Make Olive-Growing Pay.

riRS. FREDA EMHANN

THE olive industry in the State of California may be rightly termed
one of the most important of the many which this State has de-
veloped. Since the first trees were brought over from Spain by the
Mission fathers and were planted in the southern part of the State,
olive culture has traveled successfully to the northern part of the
State and is today found as far north as Tehama County, 300 miles
above San Francisco.

I wish to call attention to a mistake which is so often made by taking
it for granted that the olive tree will grow anywhere and under any condi-
tions. Experience has shown that the tree may grow, but the grower
must not be. surprised to find a small and undeveloped fruit as a result
of poor soil and lack of irrigation and cultivation. Olive trees are planted
60 to the acre, and if large trees of good stock, say four years old, are
planted, they will yield a good crop in five years. From smaller cuttings,
however, you cannot expect a crop under seven years. It has been the
writer's experience that wherever olive culture has not been a success, it
was because of local conditions or lack of attention and special knowledge.
As it requires skill and experience to prepare the commercial olive by
pickiing, it is necessary for the grower to be located near a general pickling
plant so as to dispose of the crop advantageously, in case one cannot
or does not feel disposed to do one's own pickling. The demand for raw
olives is constantly increasing, while the prices paid are from $40.00 to
$75.00 per ten delivered at the factory. It can be readily seen that this
is a lucrative branch of horticulture. When we consider that California is
the only State in the Union where olives are grown successfully, it may
easily be understood what an extensive market there is open for California
olives and olive oil.

I would, however, advise the planting of the large Mission variety only.
My varied experience with all varieties authorizes this statement. Other
varieties may have large fruit, but are not as desirable for the purposes of
pickling as the Mission olive, nor are the tree and the fruit as hardy, and
oil from the Mission olive is considered by the trade to be the best and
brings the highest price in the market. In former years the Redding pich-
oline was considered the best olive for oil and was largely planted for that
purpose, but by my advice to some of the growers, their trees of this va-
riety have been grafted over to the Mission variety with the best of results.
I may say the same of the Rubrias and other fancy varieties which are se-
lected and planted from the catalogue without experience and knowledge of
their commercial value both for pickles and for olive oil, and this, I might
add, has been in a great measure the cause of some disappointment and dis-
satisfaction to olive growers.

At the present time packers should encourage the olive industry in
California by paying the best possible price for olives, delivered or on the
rees, as the acreage is not nearly sufficient to satisfy the demand of one
large concern alone. The land in Yuba, Butte and Yolo counties is espe-
cially adapted to this industry and as the harvest of the olives comes at a
time when the other farm work is over, there is ample time to give this
" lit proper care in marketing it. Cheap land, plentiful water, favoraoie
:limatic conditions and a ready market combine to make California the
>e«t place on earth for the successful propagation of olives.

Any woman who feels inclined to pickle and prepare her own olives
for the market, will always find, ready sale for the California ripe olive, but
' wish to repeat that by furnishing a poor olive to the trade the reputation
the California ripe olive is thereby exceedingly endangered. I have
Found in my own experience that the Eastern people who know and recog-
lize a fine, well flavored California ripe olive, are ready and willing to buy,
)ut where a poor olive has been placed upon the market, it is impossi-
>le to get these parties to give the California ripe olive another trial.

Within the last five years, California olive oil has come to the front
md is to-day recognized as the best of the olive oils on the market. While
"le margin on pure olive oil is not as large as it deserves to be, there are

still encouraging results which invite the grower to increase her acreage
as the making of oil uses all the small olives which otherwise would be re-
jected as pickles on account of their size.

In conclusion I would urge in the interest of the California olive in-
dustry the planting of the large Mission variety only, and if you have good
soil and ready irrigation facilities and treat your olive orchard as you would
any other orchard, namely fertilize and cultivate carefully, you will find
that your efforts will be amply repaid. If you do prepare your own fruit and
make olive oil from your own olives, make it a rule to furnish the very best
as this will help to benefit this important industry and in the end assure you
a better financial return.

A College Girl's Experience in Poultry Raising.

KATE ELLIOTT TROWBR1DQE.

A YEAR ago last July I arrived in Glen Ellen a thin and tired out college
girl. Since then I have gained muscle and strength that I never
thought to have and have done more hard physical labor than I ever
thought I would be able to stand. I have practically lived out in the
open and though my arms, face and neck are brown as berries I have
the satisfaction of knowing that I am stronger and healthier than
any girl friend I have. I attribute it all to the out of doors work.

Our specialty is chicken raising, and while I have only had the incu-
bator and incubator chicks to tend to, I can freely say that there is no part
of chicken raising in California that a woman could not do. In fact, it is
a business especially adapted to women, for it is light enough not to bur-
den her, yet vigorous enough to give her strength and health. And, too,
it consists mainly of small daily duties which women seem especially suited
to perform successfully.

I say all this of chicken raising in California. California's climate is
ideal when contrasted with that of the East. There is never a day in the
winter when a woman, properly dressed, cannot tend to her duties in caring
for the chickens. And there are very few days that even young chickens
cannot be out doors part of the time. Last January I had a brood of chicks
numbering 330, right in the midst of the longest continued bad weather we
had and I think there was not more than a week altogether that they had to
stay inside. And it was not an unusually good winter either.

Of course in the northern part of the State they have snow and in
the central valleys it is very hot, but along the coast, especially counties
immediately surrounding San Francisco, is a thriving chicken raising re-
gion. I think it is safe to say that the climate of this part of California can-
not be rivalled for poultry raising by women, or any one else, as far as that is
concerned, in any other part of the United States.

As I said before, I have had charge only of the incubator and the in-
cubator chicks, but I see and know enough of the other greater parts of
the work to be able to do them if I had to.

The preparing of foods and the feeding the hens are not hard if the
dry feed system is used, though it takes constant thought and study. Each
pen of hens is different from the others and each has to have its special
treatment. Then the gathering and the packing of the eggs is no small
item of work though it is an easy and pleasant occupation for won

But the most interesting part of all is the caring for the baby chickens.
Both the incubator, when it is running, and the chicks need constant at-
tention. Though unceasing the care of the chicks is, for the most part,
easy and thoroughly congenial, to me at least. The cleaning the brooders
and brooder house is not pleasant, but it is not nearly so disagreeable and
hard as I at first thought it would be.

Besides the actual caring for the chickens it is almost necessary for
the successful outcome of the business to have a garden. Green food is
absolutely essential to the best development of chickens and there is noth-
ing so good for a woman as gardening. It rivals all the gymnasium
exercises one could take. So taking it altogether I can, with a perfectly
free conscience, advise any woman who wants an independent, profitable
and healthy occupation to go into chicken raising in California.

10

Silk Culture— Its Great Future
For Women in This State.

MRS. CARRIE WILL1AHS.

THAT women can carry on silk production to its fullest extent in Cali-
fornia, has been demonstrated beyond all dispute within the past
few years. The necessary requirements for this are all to be found
in superabundance in our great golden State.
Our soil is varied and of the richest character. Its depth in the
valleys and its strength in the mountains and foothills is unsurpassed
in any clime.

Silk of the very best quality may be produced in every county in this
State with as little, indeed with less labor or expense than is the case in
China, Japan, or any of the European countries whence we import this
world-wide commodity of every-day use. The silk season in the northern
and middle counties of the State can be made as long as in most foreign
countries, while in the southern counties, especially in San Diego County,
it may be extended to eight or nine months of the year. That silk can be
produced during this long period stands recorded as a fact demonstrated
for years past.

By careful pruning, planting of cuttings, cultivation and a moderate
amount of irrigation the different kinds of mulberry tree best suited bear
foliage for nine months to a year.

There is no scale or pest indigenous to the mulberry tree and they
grow as much in California in one year as they do in Europe or Asia
in three. Our virgin soil coupled with the generally diffused scientific
knowledge of our people how to suppress that which is not best and supply
that which is lacking, gives us a distinct advantage as to the possibilities
that may be attained in the development of this grand industry. With
all these things and very many more that cannot be presented in one short
article the question naturally arises, "Why is not silk-producing a success in
this country?" The sole and only reason is because it has never been
judged aright. Time and again people wholly unacquainted with the busi-
ness, have rushed into it hoping for large returns from small investments,
and others with reasonable investments have been disappointed in not
reaping unreasonable profits.

Within the last decade the number of silk factories in the United
States has multiplied fifty per cent, so that while less than thirty years
ago, we as a nation, manufactured only fifteen per cent of our own silks,
now we send out from these many looms eighty-seven per cent of all the
silk worn in the United States. And, these manufacturers pay to their
employes twice as much as they do in England, three times what they do in
France, three and a quarter what they do in Italy, and probably twenty
times as much as they do in China and Japan.

There is no special advantage in this country for the manufacture
of silk and yet the silk manufacturers accumulate and retire on as ample
fortunes and in as short or even shorter time, than any class of business
mmn in this country. Why is this? What is the cause underlying effect?
To keep these factories going there is every year imported $50,000,000
worth of what is invoiced as raw silk though it is not raw but twenty-five
per cent manufactured. There is no duty on raw material. On manufac-
tured silks there is a duty of sixty per cent. Upon reeled silk there should
be about one-fourth of this duty. It is not difficult to see that fifteen per
eont of $50,000,000 is lost to the revenue of the country and added to the
profits of the silk manufacturers. The government officials seem to wink at
this fact and pass on to other matters year after year, while the general
public do not stop to think or to investigate where the wrong lies.

The government through the Agricultural Department has been for
many years making a grave mistake in not taking the proper steps to
educate the people in this industry. There is not one school or college

Or THF J

UNIVERSH

11

in the United States devoted to the giving of thorough instruction in this
world-wide industry. All other silk-producing nations seek by every meant
to give instruction in the art of raising silk worms. Not only is there no
college set apart for instruction in this industry, but there is not a chair
in any university throughout the whole country given up to this work.
Neither are the rudiments taught in the schools, nor are they to be had in
the libraries. Mention is made of the industry in the encyclopedias, but
such information is mostly misleading as might be shown if space per-
mitted.

What is required to establish the silk business on a solid paying basis
in the United States with headquarters in California is the establishment
of a station or school of instruction in every locality where mulberry tree*
flourish and the silk worm can be raised. At these stations mulberry tree*
should be propagated and cuttings and young trees should be given free
of charge to those who want to engage in this industry. Competent per-
sons should be appointed to teach young men, women and children the
entire routine of silk worm raising from the egg to the egg again. Liter-
ature should be written from a practical point of view in this country and
distributed to all interested. This State will undoubtedly soon take hold
of this question and bring before the Department of Agriculture the ad-
visability of taking steps to set the silk industry in motion throughout this
country where conditions are so favorable for establishing it. When this
is done companies will be organized with capital and efficient managers
who understand the requirements of the work and v/ho will see the special
advantages we Americans possess to carry out this enterprise that will
unquestionably result in benefit to the people at large.

Women who are now entering all the avenues of business can take up
the production of silk and if they combine the manufacture of the same
the profits are in proportion to the investments. From one to five acre*
at least should be given to this work. The trees should be of the best
varieties and must be properly cared for. Persons undertaking to raise silk
worms should understand their nature and how to treat them. This knowl-
edge is within the grasp of any woman in our favored land. What China,
Japan, France, Italy, Syria and other smaller countries can accomplish w*
can do and do better if we give it our best efforts.

We have all the essentials within our borders. Let us awake and
show to the world that we can produce our own silk as well as our own
cotton.

Why the California Girl Excels
in Size and Strength.

PROP. W. B. MAQEB. Director of Physical Culture, University ol California.

THE most comprehensive and trustworthy statistics yet published re-
lating to the general physique of Eastern college women, are froro
Wellesley College. Comparing the measurements of the average Uni-
versity of California girl student, with those taken at Wellesley, we
find that the native California girl surpasses her Eastern sister in
the matter of general symmetrical development

It has been proved by statistics of native-born California girls of the
age of those who attend the large private schools and seminaries through-
out this State, that the California child is not only taller but heavier and
stronger, than the Eastern child of the same age.

A study of measurements taken under my supervision of children
attending the above mentioned schools, shows that the native-born girls
average better than those attending the same schools but born elsewhere,
while all show better measurements than girls of the same age attending
the same class of schools and seminaries in the Eastern part of this coun-
try. So it is not surprising that California girls of more mature age should
maintain their superiority.

Of the many reasons that are ascribed for this difference, it is agreed
that the climate is more responsible than any other factor in bringing

12

about these results. The growing animal is as sensitive as the growing
plant to climatic conditions and changes. The extreme cold of the East
has undoubtedly the effect of checking the growth of the people there,
just as it does the growth of the vegetable world. The mild winters of
California allow the growth to continue uninterruptedly all the year around.
While in the interior the extreme summer heat would seem somewhat se-
vere, the coolness of the nights provide that season of rest which is abso-
lutely essential to the health of the growing girl.

A very important reason depending directly on the climate is that
California girls indulge in much more outdoor exercise than those of the
Eastern States. In no other place in the world do girls habitually take
such delight in real mountain climbing and camping as in California. The
practical results of this health-giving exercise is shown by a glance at the
anthropometric table; for the tests show that California girls have nearly
twice the leg strength that the Eastern girls have. The Wellesley girl's
strength is rated at 200.6 pounds; that of the California girl at 341.6
pounds.

There is one striking feature of the measurements in which the Cali-
fornia girls exceed both the standard and the average Eastern girl which
may have an influence in bringing up the other points of her development.
The Raphael standard women would have a lung capacity of 159.8 cubic
inches, her height being five feet five inches. The California girl whose
average height is nearly two inches less, has a lung capacity of precisely
the same volume — which is about ten cubic inches more than the lung
capacity of the Wellesley girl. This greater lung capacity can but mean a
greater and purer supply of blood under given conditions, and a consequent
greater physical growth in the girl having it.

Another influence bearing on the greater size of California girls is
the question of racial and hereditary tendencies. The pioneers of early days
were men and women of strength and courage. A large number of them
eame from the Southern States. They were, as is well known, a larg«
and full-blooded race, and have undoubtedly transmitted these character-
istics to their descendants.

The following table, showing the average measurements of University
of California girls compared with Wellesley, Mass., College girls, though
usually given in the metric system of measurements, is here given in the
English system for the sake of clearness:

University of Cal. Wellesley College. University of Cal. Wellesley College.

Age. Inches. Girths. Inches.

19.1 years 19.1 years 13.8 Right calf 13.3

Weight. 13.6 Left calf 13.3

119.7 pounds 119.4 pounds. Inches. Depth. Inches.

Inches. Height. Inches. 6.9 Chest 7.2

63.5 Standing 63.2 6.8 Abdomen 7.3

33.1 Sitting 33.3 Inches. Breadth. Inches.

Inches. Girths. Inches. 4.3 Neck 4

12.4 Neck 12.2 14.8 Shoulders 14.3

30.6 Chest, repose 28.8 8.7 Waist 8.7

33.1 Chest, inflated 31.4 12.9 Hips 12.8

25 9th rib, repose 24.6 Pounds. Strength. Pounds.

28.1. 9th rib, inflated ...21.2 178.5 Back 130

24.2 Waist 24.6 341.6 Legs 200.6

37.6 Hips 35.2 72.7 Right forearm ... 57.3

11.4 Right upper arm... 10.6 61.7 Left forearm ... 48.5

1 1 .3 Left upper arm 1 0.4 61 .7 Strength of chest.. 57.3

9.1 Right fore arm — 9.6 Cubic inches. Cubic inches.

9 Leftforearm 8.5 159.8 Lung capacity. .150.3

21.4 Right thigh 21.6 Inches. Inches.

21.3 Left thigh 21.6 63.8 Arms extended ..63.8

13

Growing the New Everbearing
Crimson Winter Rhubarb.

AN INVITING INDUSTRY FOR WOMEN.

riR*. TNB0D05IA B. SHEPHBRD.

THE most valuable acquisition to the horticultural world in many years
is the new everbearing crimson winter rhubarb, tested, introduced
and recommended by Luther Burbank. It promises to become the
most profitable thing the soil produces. Its superiority in every
way to the old deciduous rhubarb makes it by far the most desirable
variety worth growing in California.
This new prodigy of the soil is ever-bearing, requires no stringing, has
a mild acid taste combined with a delicious berry-like flavor, and when
properly cooked its sauce is a most beautiful bright strawberry red. There
ts no fruit offered in the market which when stewed excels it, either In
delicacy of flavor or in beauty. It is easily grown and comes into bearing
the first year, paying all the expense of plants and cultivation, picking,
packing, etc., and a handsome profit besides; while the following years the
profit is enormous. From a little over three-quarters of an acre last year
the writer gathered and shipped seven tons of stems from January 10th
to July 10th, at which last date the plants were seventeen months old.
We received 4 1-2c to 5c per pound. A much better price could have
been realized if we had sought a market outside the State where winter
prevails during the height of this fruit's season.

This rhubarb is very easily grown. The roots instead of being chunky
like the old variety are long like the parsnip and grow from 12 to 18
inches in length. Young plants about the size of a penholder set out even
as late as July, if properly cared for and cultivated, will come into bearing
Dy Christmas. The plants usually send forth from six to ten crowns,
out frequently make many more, and as fast as the stems are pulled
others take their places. They are at their best from October till June.

Although the plant is everbearing it is well to give it a rest during
midsummer if a heavy crop ms desired during the fall and winter. The
stems can be used at all seasons, and the sauce, like that of the apple,
possesses the great merit of being always welcome, having a peculiar
flavor of which one never tires. It can be used as a standby
at all seasons of the year. A fruit so highly appreciated in a country like
California, where fruits are abundant at all seasons must be hailed with
delight in those regions where winter reigns many months in the year, and
where the delicious products of California's sun-kissed orchards are hailed as
welcome visitors.

Crimson winter rhubarb will grow in any good rich soil and requires
no fertilizer. It takes from 3,000 to 4,000 plants to the acre, and after
Decoming established requires water but three or four times during the
dry season. To make a success of this plant financially it should be grown
in such quantities that it can be shipped by the carload. There is not only
the home market to be supplied, but the shipping market is always hungry
and can be relied upon as a regular outlet for an immense product. The
cultivation of this new wealth-producer is an occupation in which any intel-
ligent energetic woman can succeed, and I hope in the near future that
women, realizing the handsome profits and healthful work connected with
its cultivation will be leading in the industry and growing hundreds of acres
of this rhubarb. I know of no product the ground can produce that will
yield greater profit with less labor and in a shorter period than crimson
winter rhubarb.

14

The California Promotion Committee

ADVERTISERS.
Torney A tJreen

ADDING MACHINES.
Burroughs Vnuing Machine Co.

advertising.

Cooper, F. J-, Advertising

Well, William M.

AMMUNITION.
Union Metallic Cartridge Co.

ARCHITECTS.
Held Bros.
HutMinl, John Gnlen

AT i'ORNE YS-AT-LAW.
Bancroft, Philip
Crothcrs, Georite E.
Deaiuer A Stetson
peigenbuum, Sunford
Nojes, Bartholomew
Pippy, Geo. H.
Sullivan A Sullivan
Treat, It. B.

ACCOUNTANTS.

Amrntli, J. W.

ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS AND
PLANTS.

Goehrlnc A. m

ASSAYERS AND SMELTERS.
Selby Suicltlng Co.
BANKS.
Anglo-California Bank
Bank of California
California Safe Deposit and

Trust Co.
Central Trust Co.
Culloin, H. B. (Central Trust

Co.) „ ,

French-American Bank
German Savins* and Loan

Society
HIberniu Savings and Loan

Society
Italian-American Bank
London, Paris and American

Bank
Market Street Bank
Mercantile Trust Co. of San

Francisco
Mechanics' Savings Bank
Mutual Savings Bank
Pacific States Savings, Loan

and Building Co.
Rollins, E. H., A Sons
Savings and Loan Society
Security Savings Bank
Wells-Fargo-Nevada National

Bank . _

Bishop, Charles R. (Bank of
California.)

BARBER SUPPLIES.
Deckelmnn Bros.

BOILER WORKS.
Kevstone Boiler Works

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.
Crocker, H. S. Co.
Cunningham, Curtis A Welch
Elder, Paul A Co.
McNutt. Kiilin A Co.
Payot, Upliam A Co.
Sanborn, Vail A Co.
San Francisco News Co.

BREWERS.
Brewers' Protective Assn.

BROKERS.
Brown, Edward A Son*
Tonlitz, Jos. B.
Wilson, J. C.

CANNERIES.
California Fruit Canners'

Association
Code-Portwood Canning Co.
Hunt Bros. & Co.
Jacobs. Isidor (California Can-
neries)

CATTLE AND SWINE
DEALERS.
Pierce A Co.

COAX DEALERS.
Allen, Chas. R. Co.
COFFEE,
TEAS AND SPICES.
Brandeusteln, M. J. A Co.
Caswell. Geo. W. A Co.
FolKer. J. A. A Co.
Hills Bros.
Jones-Paddock Co.
Schilling. A. A Co.
Thlerbaca, Chas. F. A Co.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
CAPITALISTS.
Borel, Antolne
Burnett O. C
Coleman, Robert L.
Durphy, B. F.
Glselman, William
Hopkins, E. W.
Lachman, Henry
lie wis. !»ol
Mackay, Clarence
Marye, George F. Jr.
Meyer, Daniel
Pacific Improvement Co.
Phelan, James D.
Quinn, John E.
Spreckels, Claus
Thompson, R. R.
CARPETS, LINOLEUM AND

UPHOLSTERY GOODS.
Hulse, Bradford A Co.

CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY

AND FURNITURE.

Hoffman, Henry, Jr. (W. J.

Sloane A Co.)
Plum, Chas. M. A Co.

CIGARS AND TOBACCO.
Gunst, M. A. A Co.
Judell, H. L. A Co.

CLOTHIERS.
Raphael, Inc.
Straus, Louis

COMMISSION A MANUFAC-
TURERS' AGENTS.
Bacigalnpi, Peter
Clarke, Sidney A.
MaiUiard A Schmieden
Morgan A Allen
National Mfg. Co.
Rulofson, A. C. Co.
Thlehen, Jos. A Co.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
Armsby, The J. K. Co.
Hilmer A Bredhoff
Horst, E. Clemens Co.
Witzel A Baker.

CONFECTIONERS.
Blunt, Simon

De Martini Supply Co., The L.
Haas, Geo. & Son

CONTRACTORS.
City Street Improvement Co.

COOPERAGE.
California Barrel Co.
Richards, J. W.
Woerner Cooperage Co., David

CORDAGE.
Tubbs Cordage Co.

CORNICE WORKS.
Forderer Cornice Works.
CROCKERY *ND GLASSWARE
Anglo-American Crockery and

Glassware Co.
Nnthan-Dohrmnnn Co.
CUSTOM HOUSE BROKERS.
Mayhew, F. E. A Co.

DAIRY MACHINERY.
De Laval Dairy Supply' Co.

DAIRY PRODUCE.
Dairymen's Ass'n of S. F.
Dairymen's Union of Cal.
liHiglu, Frp.l »'. * Co.

DENTISTS.
Fletcher, Thomas

DEPARTMENT STORE.
Emporium

DRY GOODS.
City of Paris Dry Goods Co.
Hale Bros.
Murphy-Grant Co.
Newman A Levlnson
Weill. Raphael A Co. (Inc.)
Strauss, Levi * Co.
Strauss A Frohmnn
Wcinstoek. Luhin »<:• Co.
DRIED FRUITS.
Guggenheim A Co.
Phoenix Packing Co.
Rosenberg Bros. A Co.

DYEING AND CLEANING.
Hickman, Henry
Thomas, F., Dye and Cleaning
Works

EDUCATIONAL.
Ham, Charles H.
ENGINEEKING AND CON-
STRUCTION COMPANY.
California Engineering and
Construction Co.

EXPORTERS. IMPORTERS
AMD COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
Castle Bros.
Gets Bros.
Jennings, Rnfus P.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Wells-Fargo Express Co.

FACTORIES.
American Can Co.

FANCY GOODS.
Sachs Bros. A Co.
FARM IMPLEMENTS AND

VEHICLES.
Baker A Hamilton
Hooker A Co.

FREIGHT COMPANY.
Transcontinental Freight Co.
OFFICE AND GENERAL

FURNITURE.
Brenner, John Co.
Cordes Furniture Co.
Friedman, M. A Co.
Fuller, Geo. H„ Desk Co.
Indianapolis Furniture Co.
McCann, Belcher A Allen
Sterling Furniture Co.
Weber, C. F. A Co.
Yawnian A Erbe Mfgr. Co.

GAS ANT» ELECTRIC CO.
San Francisco Gas and Elec-
tric Co.

GAS AND ELECTRICAL
FIXTURES.
Day, Thomas Co.
GAS ENGINES AND SCALES.
Union Gas Engine Co.

GAS REGULATORS.
Gas Consumers' Association
GENERAL MERCHANDISE.
Smith's Cash Store.

GLASS COMPANY.
Illinois-Pacific Glass - Co.
GOLD, SILVER and NICKEL

PLATING WORKS.
Dennlston, E. G.

HARDWARE.
Arnold Hardware Co.
French A Llnforth
Froellch, Christian
Holbrook, Merrill A Stetson
Montague, W. W. A Co.
Pacific Hardware A Steel Co.
Tay, George H. Co.
WIester A Co.

HATTERS.
Collins, Charles J.
Fisher A Co.
Friedlander Hat Co.
Triest A Co.

HOTELS.
Rrooklyn Hotel
California Hotel
Commercial Hotel
Granada
Hotel Rafael
Hotel St. Francis.
International Hotel
Lick House
New Russ House
New WTestern Hotel
Palace Hotel
Richelieu

HOPS.
Horst, E. Clemens Co.
INSURANCE.
Boardman A Spencer
Commercial Union Assurance

Co.
Fireman's Fund Insurance Co.
Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life)
Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
National Fire Insurance Co.
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance

of California
Royal and Queen Insurance

Co.
Seely. Walter Hoff (Pacific

Mutual Life)
The Liverpool, London and

Globe Insurance Co.
Ward, C. H.

The California Promotion Committee

JEWELERS.
Car ran A Greco
J a din. Alpuonse Co.
lUdkc * Co.
Schuster, II. A Co.
Ir^Mrlltrr, Joseph
Mirrrr A Co.

JOURNALIST.
Wright, Hamilton

KNIT GOODS.
Plater, J. J. Knitting Co.
LEATHER GOODS.
Uarphum A Jiinnru

LIME AND CEMENT.
Holme* Lime Co.
Pi.ellie Portland Cement Co.
Standard Portland Cement Co.

LITHOGRAPHERS.
Nrltton A Her

Mutual Label Lithograph Co.
Iciun Lithographing Co.

LOANS.
C H. Morrell

Finance and Secnritv Co.
LUMBER DEALERS.
Pope A Tnlbot

MACHINERY AND ENGI-
NEERS' SUPPLIES.
Cyclop* Iron Work a
Harron, Rickard A McCou
Henshaw, Bulkley A Co.
Martin, Jobn
Meeae A Gottfried Co.
Merrall'a Mill Co.
Moore, Cborlea C. A Co.
Paelfie Tool and Supply Co.
Tntum A Hotren
Troy Laundry Mnehlnery Co.
MEN'S FURNISHING GOODS.
Atklna, II. C. A Sum
Bullock A Jonea
Cluett, Peabody A Co.
Greenebaum, Well A Mlcbala
Neustadter liroa.
Rooa Dro«.

METER COMPANY.
Pacific Meter Co.

METAL WORKS.
Pacific Metal Worka
Selby Smelting; Worka

MILLERS.
Del Monte Milling; Co.
Port Coata Milling; Co.
• perry Flour Co.

MILLINERY.
Topllta, Robt. L. A Co.

MOTION PICTURE PHOTO-
GRAPHS.
Mlleo Broa.

MINING ENGINEERS.
Callahan, H. C.
■plnka, Chaa. II.

NECKWEAR MANUFAC-
TURER
Hclneaaan, II. M.

OPTICIANS.
California Optical Co.

OVERALLS AND SHIRTS.
Hcynemann A Co.

OYSTER DEALERS.
Morgan Oyster Co.

packers and provision

mi: \i i.rs.
Bnccua, Richard T.
Miller A Lux
Roth, Ilium A Co.
Rclmera. J. C. A Co.
Western Meat Co.

PACKERS OF CANNED
I in i is |jrfj \r.nK-

TAItl I s.
California Fruit < mnrrt* As-

aoclatloa
Hunt Urn*. < o.

PAINTS, OILS AND GLASS.
■■— H— teg Pnlnt < ...
Fuller, W. P. A < g,

PAINTKHS.
Thee. Itnnnlng, Inc.

PAPEII 11EAI KIIS.
Blake, Moffltt A Tonne

llnnrafell. lllrl.nr.l...,, A
I nloa Pnlp and Pnp'-r C*.
PATENT Hir.llli I1K.
California Fig Syrap

Co.

PHYSICIANS.
Bollard, J. Stow
Bryaut, Edgar R.
Plachel, Kaapar (ocallat)
Roaenatirn, Juliua
Sartorl. II. J.

PHARMACISTS.
Martin, Henry J.
Hedington A Co.
Schmidt, Val

PHOTOGRAPH Fits
TS||«.* HroN.

PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER-
CHANDISE^
Allen, Wiley B. Co.
Mousy, Byron
shermiin, Ciuy A Co.

PIGEON RANCHES.
Newbauer, H. R.

POTTERY AND TERRA
COTTA.
Clnrke, N. A Sona
Gladding;, McBenn A Co.

POWER COMPANIES.
Roster, P. J. (North Mountain

Power Co.)
PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU.
Allen'a

PRINTERS A PUBLISHERS.
Barry Printing Co.
Commercial Publishing Co.
Dettner-WIIaon Preaa
Gabriel Printing Co., The
Murdock, C. A. A Co.
Partridge, John
Phillip* A Van Orden Co.

PUBLICATIONS.
Golden Gate Guide
Guide, The

RAILROADS.
California Northweatrrn Rail-
road
REAL ESTATE AND LANDS.
Baldwint O. D. A Son
Baldwin A Howell
Boardman Broa. A Co*
Buah, David A Soaa
Center A Spader
Cotati Co., The
Davidson A Leigh
Hooker A Lent
Lyon A Hong
Mngce, Thoa. A Sona
Mathewa, H. E.
Narea A Snundcra (Laton)
O'Brien, Chnrlea F.
Realty Syndicate Co.
Shninwald, Buckbee A Co.
Spencer, William Crane
The 76 Land and Water Co.
Cut linen, G. II. A Co.
Wnnkowakl, W.
Whitney, J. Pnrker

RESTAURANTS.
!. uracil. C. G.
Sign of Peacock Cafe
Weaterfleld, P. A Co.
ROOFINGS, BUILDING PA-
PEII S AND PAINTS.
Parafiinc Pnlnt Co., The

IM BBER GOODS.
Boston Woven Hoae and Rub-
ber Co.
(."oodyenr Knbber Co.
(iorhnm Ituhhrr Co.
Wlnalow, C. R. A Co.

Kl BBEH STAMPS, ETC.
Patrick A Co.

SAFES AND VAULTS.
llerrlng-llnll-Mnrvlii Safe Co.

SALT WOHK V
Golden Gnte Snlf Worka
■I II.NTHTC IN'STRl'MBltTa.
Lleta Co., The A.

SEEDS.
Volkmnn, C. M. A Co.

SCHOOL SI PITIES.
Milton Ilrmlley < ...

SEWING MACHINES.
Doraeatlc

SEWING SILKS.
( nrUon-l urrlrr MM,
■HIPPING <Mi COMMISSION.
.lolinaon-l.ocke Mercantile to.
Ota*, McAlllafer A <
Mom. I. na|a <f Co.
Wllllama, lllmonil A Co.

SHIPPING.
Reaeafela, Jao. A lean.
Urinate A Co.

SLATE.
Eureka Slate Co.

shoes.
Koenlg. Frank

SOAP FACTORY.
Lnhn. Otto A Co.

STR B BT RAILWAYS.
California-Street Cable ■*--

way Co.
United Rnilroada of San Fran-
cisco.

SURETY COMFAN1MS,
Pacific Surety Co.

SYRUPS.
Pacific Coaat Syrup Co.

TAILORS.
Jncobl Broa.
Nordwell, O. W.
TANNERS AND LEATILEA
DEALERS.
Blsslnger A Co.
Brown A Adam*
Kullmnn, Sals A Co.
Legallct-Hcllwig l;tnnb\| Co.
TELEPHONE AND TELJB-
GRAPH.
Pacific States Telephone aae

Telegraph Co.
Poatal Tel. Cable Co.
Western Union Tel. Co.

TENTS AND AWNIN«S.

Ames A II arris
Neville A Co.

THEATERS.
Orpheum Circuit Co.

TRANSFER COM PA KISS.
Bocarde Drayage Co,
Emmons Co.
McNab A Smltk
Renner, Geo.

San Frnnclaco Transfer Ola.
The Morton Drayage and

Warehouse Co.
Union Tranafer Co.

TRUNKS AND BACH.
Hirachfelder A Meaney

TYPEWRITERS.
Alexander, L. A SI.

WALL PAPER.
Uhl Broa.

WATER COMPANIES.
Spring Valley Water Co.
WATER WHEELS.
Pel ton Water Wheel Co, The

WHOLESALE GROCERS,
Goldberg, Bowcn A Co.
Jenniuga, Thomna
Siiaamno, W'ornmer A Co.
Tlllmann A Bcndcl
WHOLESALE LIMBER AND

SHIPPING.
Cnapar Lumber Co.
llechtman, A. J.
Heymnn, Juliua
Hooper, C. A. A to.
Million, Cnp(. Win.
Nelaon, Chaa. •
I'nlon Lumber Co.

WINES AND LIUPOMS.
Branachwelgcr A Co,
California Wine Association
Gler Co, Thco.

t;uii<lliicii-Bimdnchn Wane Co.
llotnlliit, A. P. A <
Itulinii-Swiaa Colony
Jesse Moorc-II nut >
1 n eh in nil A Jncolil
I ,l\ Ingaton .V < •>.
Mann to., < . M., Sneers, ta I.

I)e 'lurk
Marl In. I., i

Nnjin nml Soiioiitn Wine •"*».
Sclillllng, C. A « <>.
Srliiillr. W. *.
Slrlic Broa. A I'lnirnuaa
Shca-Bocniierca Co.
Slifrnnml A Slirn»ood
HrrKrn, N. A Co.
\\ rfmorr-lliinra Co.
W'lchmnn, Lilt gen A Oa»
W llinrrillng-l.ocwe Co.
Wolff. Win. A Co.

WOOLENS AND TAIL OB
TRIMMINGS.
Arastala. Slnmen A Co.

The California Promotion Committee

REPRES ENTIN G

ANDREA SB ARBORO, Chairman Manufacturers and Producer* Association

RUFUS P. JENNINGS, Executive Officer San Francisco Chamber of Commerce

GEO. W. MeNEAR, Treasurer Merchants Exchange of San Francisco

CHAS. F. RUNYON San Francisco Board of Trade

FRED J. KOSTER San Francisco Merohants Association

ADVISORY COMMITTEE"-

HON. GEO. C. PARDEE* Governor of California

BENJ. IDE WHEELER ... Berkeley ;.. ; '.: -"■ President ^nlverstty of California

DAVID STARR JORDAN ..Palo Alto President Iceland Stanford Jr. University

ft REPRESENTING

WILL S. GREEN Colusa. . , Sacramento VaUey Development Assn.

R. P. LATH HOP . . HoUister. , . . . .... Central Coast Comities -Improvement Assa

C. P. SOULE .' Eureka North Const -Counties

JAMES A. BiRR Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Assn.

S. F. BOOTH . . . Fresno. ....... Fresno Chamber of Commerce

M. J. NEWM ARK v. . . . I, os Angeles. . . Los Angeles Cbamber of Commerce

CHARLES S. FEE San Francisco. Southern Pacific Company.'

W. A. BISSELX. San Francisco. Atchison, Topeka & Santa .'Fe Railway

R. X. RVAN . . San Francisco. California Northwestern Railway

GEO. W. HEINTZ San Francisco. North Shore Railroad

LEWIS E. AlIiLKV San Francisco. California State Mining; Bureau

STATE PUBLICITY COMMITTEE

H EPR1BSENTINO

-.

RUFUS P. JENNINGS. ...„..,.. .San Francisco. San Francisco , County

H. P. WOOD ^-*. . Sati Diegro 'Connties Sotiih of Tehacbapl

W. A. BEARD Sacramento. ... Sacramento Valley Counties

EDWIN STEARNS Oakland . . . . . . . San Francisco Bay Counties

COLYIN B. BROWN Stockton San Joaquin Valley Counties

C. W. CRAIG Eureka North Coast Counties

ARTHUR G. BALAAM Lompoe South Coast Counties

L. W. JKI-Ti;ifS()\ HolIlHter Central Coast Counties

GILBERT B. MORROW Sonora _ Sierra Counties

NOVEMBER
Vol. II. No. J2. 1905. 10 Cts. $J.OO a Year.

TIMBER NUMBER

FOR CALIFORNIA

EDITORIAL— THE LUMBER EDITION

FOREST RESERVES -THEIR OBJECT
GIFFORO PINCHOT

CALIFORNIA'S PINE INDUSTRY
CLARENCE E. EDWORDS

FOREST PROTECTION
E. T. ALLEN

LUMBERING ON SCIENTIFIC BASIS
J. F. NASH

EUCALYPTUS AS A HARDWOOD
GEORGE 0. BREHM

REDWOOD, CALIFORNIA'S UNIQUE LUMBER
E."C. WILLIAMS

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

SAN FRANCISCO

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

(THE STATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION)

THE PURPOSE OF THE COMMITTEE IS TO GIVE TO THE WORLD RELIABLE AND
UNBIASED INFORMATION REGARDING THE RESOURCES OF AND THE OPPORTUN-
ITIES IN CALIFORNIA. FOR CALIFORNIA IS PUBLISHED TO ASSIST IN
CARRYING OUT THE OBJECTS IN VIEW.

HO ADVBRTISJtMBHTS WILL APPEAR IX FOR CALIFORNIA
CORRESPONDENCE INVITED

SPECIAL NUMBERS OF FOR CALIFORNIA, DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO VARIOUS
INDUSTRIAL SUBJECTS, ANY THREE NUMBERS
FOR TWENT.Y-FIVE CENTS

1905

January ...... Results Number

February ..... Irrigation Number

March Vegetable Garden Number

April ..... Manufactures Number

May .... Structural Minerals Number

June ... ... Out-Door Number

July Electric-Power Number

August . . Viticulture Number

September .... Reclamation Projects Number

October Woman's Occupation Number

November ...... Timber Number

December Oil Number

FOR CALIFORNIA

A MONTHLY PUBLICATION

"FOR THOSE WHO DESIRE THE BEST THERE IS IN LIFE.*

TIMBER NUMBER

NOVEMBER, J905.
Vol. DL No. 12.

The California Promotion Committee

26 NEW MONTGOMERY STREET

SAN FRANCISCO

The Lumber Edition

NO INDUSTRY in California holds more of interest to the general pub-
lic, presents wider scope for investigation, gives surer returns of profit
on money invested, than the lumber industry.
With thousands upon thousands of acres covered with virgin
forest, some dating its origin back into the dim vistas of time whose
archives tell the story of prehistoric man, there is no other State
in the Union, and, indeed, no country on the face of the globe where is pre-
sented so intimately intertwined romance and commerce, as is to be found
on the Pacific slopes of the Sierra Nevadas, within the confines of California.

There is much beside the mere cutting of timber and sawing the huge
logs into lumber, to be considered, when taking a comprehensive view of
the great forests of the Golden State. Promiscuous cutting means devas-
tation, destruction and future dearth. The proper conservation of the for-
ests of California has received the attention of strong mentalities, and of
these that of Professor Gifford Pinchot, of the National Department of
Agriculture, is conspicuous. In this number he has contributed an article
on "The Forest Reserves and Their Object," and in it he gives a clear and
comprehensive idea of the subject.

Following in the same line State Forester E. T. Allen has written of
how owners can co-operate with the State in the matter of forest protection,
and he gives some timely advice on protection from fires, and from the
needless destruction of the magnificent forests of the State.

J. F. Nash presents a new theme in his article on "Lumbering on a
Scientific Basis," and in it he tells the story of the coming out from the old
days when the ox and the mule helped the lumberman, to the present when
high grade machinery is used and long steel ropes wind their sinuous way
through the forests to draw the immense logs to the mills.

"California Redwood," that most unique of all lumber in the whole
world, is told of in a most interesting article by E. C. Williams, the pioneer
lumberman of the State, who has watched the industry grow from its in-
fancy. This article brings out many interesting points, not only about the
lumber industry itself, but about these mysterious trees, relics of a by-gone
age.

The pine industry of California, second in importance to that of the
redwood, is treated of in an article by Clarence E. Edwords, and in it he
gives vital statistics and records relating to the growth of this most
important field in the lumbering interests of the State.

To the tourist and prospective settler coming from the other side of
the range there is nothing more striking than the graceful eucalyptus, whose
symmetrical form is to be seen rising on all the hillsides where man has his
home. But in addition to the beauty and grace possessed by this tree it has
a commercial value in that it is rapidly taking its place in the front rank
of the hard woods of the country. "On this phase of the eucalyptus George
O. Brehm has written, giving much interesting information.

Taken as a whole the present number of "For California" is one which
is of interest to the practical lumberman on account of its technical accu-
racy and to the general reader because the articles depart from the usual
dull and statistical reports found in subjects of this kind. Something of
the life of the tree, the free swing of the open, the breezy sway of the
lofty boughs have been brought out in the articles presented, and one feels
a closer kinship to the outdoors of California after reading them.

Forest Reserves— Their Object

By Q1PFORD PINCHOT, Ualted State* Per*«tcr

THE need and use of the National forest reserves are best understood
in the light of our country's rapid industrial growth.
Economy is the characteristic virtue of maturer age; extrava-
gance the most familiar of the faults of youth. The same is true of life
of countries; a youthful land takes but scant thought of the morrow,
and spends its riches freely in its careless confidence and strong
hope. It was not the conservative caution of the colonists that so rapidly
made possible independence of the mother country, but it was their
sturdy self-reliance and unsparing energy, which placed every natural re-
source under tribute and created riches. The symbols of their work and
mission were the rifle and the woodsman's ax; the one to assert mastery
over living creatures, the other to conquer the forest. The rifle protected
the home; the ax built it of hewed trees and made about it a clearing
on which to raise the crops.

In the early struggles of the colonists the forest was an enemy to be
fought. A little later it took on the shape of a barrier to westward expan-
sion. Generations were necessary before it could become what it now
is, a commercial resource whose products rival in value those of the farm
and of the mine. But the forest resources of our country were not limit-
less. Their measure, long so vague and apparently still so vast, may
yet be taken. The striking rise in stumpage prices, now generally familiar,
and the steady, though less conspicuous, rise in the prices of wood products,
are sure signs that the forest is being overtaxed, utilized beyond its yield.
The time has come when the unrestrained and wasteful use of the forest,
if pushed much farther, must make certain the dangerous depletion of our
forest wealth.

The purpose of the National forest reserves is three-fold, embracing
the needful control of stream-flow, grazing and timber supply. The rela-
tive importance of these considerations varies with the economic role which
the reserve plays in the region in which it lies.

One of these objects is to insure, by timely economy in the adminis-
tration of the forested public lands, a perpetual supply of timber for home
industries. While it is fully understood that by far the greater part of our
forest land is now and will remain in private hands, it is of the utmost
importance to preserve by wise use those public forests which still remain
in the hands of the Government.

Not a little misconception on the part of the public followed the in-
auguration of the Federal forest-reserve policy. When the first reserves
were proclaimed, the idea very widely prevailed that they were to be, as
it were, locked up; that a reserve forest was not for use, and that the
growth of communities near them would be hampered by lack of wood for
their needs. The West, particularly, was alarmed, believing that its de-
velopment was threatened. It is true that this opposing sentiment was not
always disinterested or sincere. The Federal laws for the encouragement
of settlement offered loopholes through which many claims were success-
fully made in violation of their spirit. By those who had selfishly taken ad-
vantage of these too lax provisions, or who hoped to take advantage of
them, all measures in favor of the common good were naturally fought.
But there did exist a good deal of honest misapprehension, which only time
and a better knowledge of the true reserve policy could remove.

A second object of the reserves is the preservation of the forest cover
where it is needed to regulate the flow of streams. Many of the reserves
lie about the headwaters of streams which supply large areas with the
water needed for irrigation. This is true, for instance, in marked degree of
California. Fortunately, but little argument is necessary, where irrigation
is the condition of prosperity, to prove the need, the priceless value, of the

forest reservoir. Those who live in regions where the denudation of moun-
tain slopes has brought alternating flood and drought, have seen with
their own eyes, and learned perhaps by their own bitter experience, the
ruin which comes with destruction of the forest there. The indispensability
of the forest for the sustained flow of streams is therefore well understood;
it is probably the best known and most keenly appreciated of the reasons
for the maintenance of forest reserves.

The third purpose of the forest reserves is the protection of local
residents from unfair competition in the use of forest and range. As
regards demand for timber, the forest administration studies the needs
and rights of the small user and aims to protect him to the full extent
of the law. It is with this purpose that the Secretary of Agriculture,
at his discretion, permits the sale by Forest Rangers and Forest Supervisors
on the ground of such small quantities of wood as residents and settlers
may need in addition to the wood to which they are entitled under the
provisions regulating free use.

As regards the range, the regulations in force are designed to en-
courage the conservative use of the forest pasture by those who are depend-
ent upon the livestock industry. Overstocking the range, and grazing
at certain seasons of the year, are forbidden, not to restrain this industry
but to insure its proper growth and its permanence. This fact is well under-
stood by a majority of livestock owners. Those who raised a clamor against
all regulation of grazing on the reserves did so in most cases from misappre-
hension or from lack of foresight. Misapprehension prompted them to
oppose any limitations of their own grazing customs which might favor
the competition of other owners; lack of foresight prevented their realiz-
ing that misuse of the range must speedily put an. end to the livestock
industry. Happily, however, a better understanding already prevails. In
general, the restriction of grazing on the reserves under a permit system,
within the limits which the safety of the forest and its healthy reproduc-
tion prescribe, is heartily desired by the owners of livestock, because they
see that it is for their best interests and their business welfare in the long
run.

Grazing on the reserves is regulated by permits, granted to actual
owners of stock. The reserves on which grazing is allowed will be divided
into districts and such range divisions will be made among applicants for
the grazing privilege as appear most equitable and for the best interests
of the reserve. The leading objects of the grazing regulations are: The
protection and conservative use of all forest reserve land adapted for graz-
ing; the best permanent good of the livestock industry through proper
care and improvement of the grazing lands; and the protection of the
settler and home builder against unfair competition in the use of the range.

The new rules for the use of the forest reserves, which were issued
by the Secretary of Agriculture on July 1, are designed to open the reserves
to freer use. The people of the West, who have felt the need of them, have
welcomed them heartily. At first, the law authorized the mere creation of
reserves, and made no provision for their administration. Those local in-
terests which depended upon forest resources could not fail to find this
state of things annoying, and at the request of the Secretary of the In-
terior, the National Academy of Sciences recommended a national forest
policy. The Act of June 4, 1897, followed, under which, with several later
amendments, the reserves are now administered. The Act of February
1, 1905, transferred authority over the reserves to the Secretary of Agri-
culture, providing, at the same time, for the consolidation of the various
branches of Government forest work, which until then had been divided
between the United States Geological Survey, the General Land Office,
and the Bureau of Forestry, not the Forest Service. The Secretary of Agri-
culture now has entire jurisdiction over the forest reserves, except in
matters of surveying and passage of title.

It has therefore become possible to introduce scientific methods and
a technically trained force in solving the complex problems arising from
the necessary use of forest and range. As soon as the forest, reserves were

transferred to the care of Forest Service, work was at once begun to bring
the forest into larger use. More authority was given to the forest officers
on the reserves, so that settlers entitled to the free use of timber, as well
as those wishing to purchase timber in small quantities, might be served
on the spot without delay. Whenever timber is wanted on a larger scale,
experts are assigned to report on the advisability of a sale, and where large
transactions are in due course completed, the timber is removed under
contracts which provide for a second crop by fixing a diameter limit, by the
marking of the trees to be cut, by careful logging methods, and by burning
the slash to prevent fires. Twenty-six Forest Assistants, assigned as
technical assistants to forest Supervisors, are at present engaged in the
making of working plans. Forest Inspectors inspect and report upon all
the work done on the reserves.

Besides these technically trained foresters there are also employed
forest supervisors, rangers, and guards. To these men is given general
administration and care of the reserves. They must know their regions,
be familiar with local conditions, and combine good sense, independence,
and the physcal, mental, and moral qualities which make good woodsmen.

Under the present scheme of administration all timber on forest
teserves which can be cut safely and for which there is actual need is for
sale. Applications to purchase are invited. Green timber may be sold
except where its removal makes a second crop doubtful, reduces the
timber supply below the point of safety, or injures the streams. All dead
timber is for sale.

CALIFORNIA'S PlNE INDUSTRY

By CLARENCE E. EDWORDS

BF THE $9,000,000 worth of lumber cut in California each year $4,250,-
000 worth, or almost one-half, is of pine. All along the slopes of
the Sierras looking toward the rolling Pacific Ocean, extending north
from Sanger to the Oregon State line stretch the great pine forests
of California. From an altitude of 3,000 to 7,000 feet this mag-
nificent timber flourishes in its virgin simplicity — the only virgin soft
white pine supply left in the whole country. There is some white pine in
Mexico and some in Canada, but California holds practically all that is left
in the United States.

California pine embraces two kinds, known here as "white" pine and
"sugar" pine. The sugar pine of California receives its name from the
fact that there appears on the lumber a white fuzzy substance resembling
sugar. This sugar pine is conceded to be equal to the best Michigan pine,
and is fast superseding the latter in the Eastern markets. There is always,
in the minds of the old lumber users of the Eastern States, an idea that
there can be nothing "just as good" as Michigan and Wisconsin pine, and
from this mistaken idea comes the fact that in Eastern markets California
pine of the best grade sells for about $10 a thousand less than the same
grade of Michigan pine.

About fifty saw mills, large and small, are steadily eating away at the
forest of pine of the Sierra slopes, but with an output of 350,000,000 feet
a year it is estimated that at the present rate it will take fifty years to
cut the standing timber, and that estimate does not take into considera-
tion the fact that the standard is so high that new trees are coming into use
each year. While the Eastern standard is a six-inch butt that of California
is sixteen inches with from two to three twenty-foot lengths. It must
be confessed, however, in this connection, that the sixteen-inch standard
is not always adhered to, and many of the mills are now cutting trees with
twelve-inch butt. Even at that standard it will be many years before the
slopes of the mountains are denuded of their pine forests.

The use of California pine has gone forward by leaps and bounds since
shipments began going East a few years ago. In 1901 the price of the
upper grades of California pine ranged from $26 to $30 a thousand feet,

but the demand has grown to such magnitude that the prevailing price
for the same grades of lumber range from $40 to $45 a thousand.

When the first shipment of California pine went East to compete in
the Eastern markets with what was then termed by the trade "Chicago"
pine, it was a venture that was looked upon askance by all dealers in
lumber, but the venture was not a losing one, and it took but a little time
to convince Eastern contractors that California pine was equal to the
best in the market for all uses to which soft timber is applied.

Michigan and Wisconsin pine, or as it was called because it came
from the big city by the lake, "Chicago" pine began to take a back seat
in the Middle West market and California pine, both white and sugar,
crept steadily forward until it encroached on the market in New York.
There, to-day, its sale goes steadily on alongside the best of lumber in that
market. Michigan pine of the best grade sells in the New York market
now at $80 a thousand while California pine, of the same grade brings
only $70. There are two reasons for this discrepancy in prices. There
are many contractors who hold to old fashioned ideas regarding lumber,
and because they were raised on Michigan lumber they cannot get over
the idea that it is the best in the market. This feeling in favor of Michigan
and Wisconsin lumber causes more of a demand for that class. The second
reason lies in the fact that Michigan lumber can be laid down in New York
within a week after the order is placed. California lumber cannot be got
across the continent under six weeks, and this necessitates a longer outlay
of capital and a long delay after the orders are placed. In getting the
California product it is necessary for contractors to look far ahead and
place their orders long before they need the lumber.

California pine is especially adapted to use in fine interior work and
pattern stock, and is becoming more and more in vogue every day. In
store fittings, where a delicacy of finish is required, and in interior ship
work where a fine appearance must be maintained white pine and sugar
pine are especially fitted. First grade stock is used in all such work. Pat-
tern stock requires an especially fine grade of lumber for foundries must
have accuracy and permanency as well as softness. In the cabin and other
interior work on ships and steamboats, pine is especially adapted on ac-
count of the fact that for sanitary reasons there must be frequent painting,
and pine holds the paint much better than any other wood.

The sash and door factories of the country take the intermediate
grade of pine, and most of this is shipped East on account of the fact that
there are few factories in California. The big factory at Oakland is about
the only one of importance in the State. There is a big future to this indus-
try on the Pacific Coast.

There is to-day probably no more profitable field for the investment
of capital in California that will bring the best and surest returns, than
that of the manufacturing of lumber. There is not one in the State that
is not running to its full capacity all the time to supply the demand which
increases every day.

While the whole world is the market for California lumber and its prod-
ucts, the output of pine from this State is so thoroughly demanded by the
necessities of American builders that but an infinitesimal proportion of the
whole is sent abroad. Probably 4,000,000 feet go annually to Australia,
1,000,000 feet to Europe, and about as much to all the other foreign coun-
tries while the Eastern and Middle States take the bulk of the higher grades
that come from the California mountain side.

The transportation of this amount of lumber is simplified owing to
the fact that nearly all of it is sent to United States points. This is
shipped by rail entirely. The lumber going to Europe is sent by rail to
Galveston, Tex., and there loaded on steamers which carry it across the
Atlantic. The Australian shipment is loaded on ships at San Francisco
and Oakland and sent direct to its destination in the antipodes.

Very little of the lower grades of pine lumber is shipped from Califor-
nia. This is utilized largely in the making of boxes. Some of the box
shooks are now being shipped to the Eastern market, but this has not yet
reached the proportions of the trade in higher grade lumber itself.

Forest Protection

By B. T. ALLEN. Stata Forester

ALTHOUGH California has timber resources of vast extent and variety,
probably no State has greater need of forest protection. This is true
not only because their very extent tends to prevent any feeling of
alarm by the present population, but because local conditions re-
sult, to a peculiar degree, both in making almost every industry de-
pendent upon the forest and in subjecting the forest to unusual
danger of destruction.

It is the just boast of the State that it is an independent common-
wealth, able to produce alf it consumes and more. This proves the inter-
dependence of local interests quite as positively as it does their variety, and
consequently that none can be developed at the expense of the others with-
out ultimately injuring its own welfare. Were there only one or two large in-
dustries to which forest maintenance is essential, it would still be a matter
for State concern. As a matter of fact, nearly every one is not only sympa-
thetically, but directly affected. An available timber supply, protection to
peculiarly exposed property, and a market maintained by a healthy condi-
tion of all lines of business, are all three nearly equally essential to the lum-
ber industry. Agriculture in California, as a whole, is not only affected
greatly by the prosperity of local consumers and by the price of lumber and
wood for domestic purposes, but is absolutely dependent upon irrigation
and hence upon forest-covered water sheds. Mining requires both timber
and water; stock-growing depends upon the range — a forest product; and
the business of every town and transportation company shares directly
in the forest revenue. Nor should be omitted the business and pleasure
derived from summer travel to the woods, nor the part the latter play in
safeguarding the valleys against destructive floods.

But although California's future prosperity is so directly measured by
the permanence of its forest resources, the difficulty of preserving them
is equally intensified by local conditions. The thoughtlessness of an im-
mense and increasing army of campers, the carelessness of sheepherders,
the brush-burning proclivities of irresponsible settlers, and the penny-wise
economy of many lumbermen; all these reach their height in this State,
and combine for the most effective destructiveness with a climate of eight
or more months without rain. Add to this the wasteful lumbering usual in
a new timber region, here made habitual in too many instances by a period
of indifferent transportation facilities and uncertain market, and continuing
after these causes disappear, and it is not difficult to account for the truly
alarming increase of the denuded area and decrease of summer stream-flow
beyond all proportion to the output of forest products which alone could
be their justification.

The remedy for this evil lies mainly in the hands of the California
lumbermen, not because they are more guilty than other classes, but be-
cause they have greater opportunity and influence to secure its application,
and, since they are most vitally interested, can best afford to make the
exertion. They comprise the dominant interest in the regions chiefly
affected, and, if they would, could control the situation very effectively. It
is for this reason, in my opinion, that the usual appeal to them is misdirected.
Forest enthusiasts are too apt to insist that the lumberman adopt cutting
methods not practicable under existing conditions, and to forget that he
can, practically, render even more valuable co-operation through the fire
laws. Of his two possible fields of protective work — the general prevention
of fire, and personal adoption of conservative cutting methods — I consider
the first the most urgent by far, for without success in that he cannot
afford to try the other.

The first duty of the lumberman, then, should be active co-operation
with the State in enforcing its fire laws. The last Legislature enacted ex-

cellent prohibitive sections, but contemplating a strictly co-operative system,
did not provide for their enforcement at State expense. To make them
effective there must be a force in the field, and under the law, this must be
paid from county or private sources. The State can authorize, empower
and assist, but cannot pay the bills. There should be men in every timbered
locality with power to enforce the laws, to control the use of fire, and to
take immediate steps to extinguish the fires which start in spite of all
preventive effort. These men may be employed by timber-owners or by the
counties as specially provided by lav/. Certainly the lumbermen who pay
a large share of the taxes, are entitled to this protection in return, and
there is no reason why they should not have it. I cannot emphasize too
strongly that energetic pressure upon the county Boards of Supervisors
for co-operation with the State under the new laws will bring protection
from fire; and that, inversely, lack of interest shown by lumbermen cer-
tainly will mean failure by the counties to take such action. Nor is it an ex-
pensive measure. One man for patrol during the dry season, with a few
scattered assistants among the residents who are paid only for the days
they work and are on the spot quickly when needed; all of these empowered
by the State to arrest for violations, to call out assistance for fire fighting,
and to grant or refuse permits to burn brush, will give a large district very
efficient protection for a few hundred dollars a year, and even where the
county cannot be made to see the value of such an investment, the property-
owners themselves can pay for no cheaper insurance.

So much for public effort, which is the most urgently needed. Second
in importance is the conduct of lumbering itself, and here again fire pre-
vention should precede other means of preservation. The methods are sub-
ject to local variation and to the scale of operations, but in general they
should include the annual burning of slash to prevent dangerous accumula-
tion, done so as to protect the young growth and at a time when fire will
not spread to the woods, the use of spark arrestors on engines, the clearing
of fire lines where practicable, systematic local patrol, sometimes assisted
by telephone construction, prompt extinguishing of all small apparently
harmless fires which await only favorable weather to become dangerous,
and above all, abandoning the frequent practice of purposely firing standing
timber to destroy undergrowth.

The foregoing reforms are needed everywhere, if the process of chang-
ing forest wealth into worthless and even more inflammable chapparal is to
be stopped from its alarming acceleration throughout the State. More local
in its aspects and difficult to discuss briefly, is the problem of applying con-
servative cutting methods. The logging of mature timber only, with a view
to a second cut when it shall be needed; conservative cutting so as to leave
the ground salable to the Government for reserves or to other investors in
timber of future value or for certain purposes; regulation of cutting to the
mill output so as to deplete the stand the least; cutting so as to insure re-
production; all can, under favorable conditions, be as profitable to the
lumberman as they are desirable for economic reasons, but they are all
questions for study on the ground in each particular case. The owner who
is willing to consider them will receive every possible help from the State
Foresters and from the Federal Forest Service. Upon request, practical
foresters, familiar with California conditions, will consult with him and
study his tract, and prepare plans for both fire protection and cutting if they
find these practicable. The assistance they give is not theoretical, but
based upon actual experience and results in similar work with lumbermen
throughout the United States.

To sum up, for the first time in California there are means by which
the lumbermen can receive the legal and advisory support necessary to
enable him to make his industry a permanent one. It rests with him
whether he makes the most of the opportunity and at the same time con-
fers an incalculable benefit upon the State for all time.

Lumbering on Scientific Basis

By J. P. NA5H

TO one not familiar with the lumber industry, the progress in scientific
lumbering during the past twenty years must indeed appear marvel-
ous. But to him who has been close to it, it has been simply a pro-
cess of evolution, step by step, from one improvement to another,
and has caused little more wonder than the growth of a child. Yet
when the writer looks back to the time, some twenty years ago, when
first employed in "the woods" by one of the most progressive lumbering
concerns in California, and reviews the advances made up to the present,
he realizes that in few other lines of industry has there been more progress
than in scientific lumbering.

Even then the horse team had begun to supplant the "plodding ox."
whose death knell was soon sounded by the whistle of the logging donkey.
This was at first the old upright spool engine upon which a two-inch hemp
rope was used for hauling in the logs. The fact that this rope was costly
and short-lived suggested the use of the wire cable, which has since been
so improved that now it is practically as pliable as hemp, and, on account
of its durability, is much cheaper. This is important, as the cable is one
of the chief items of expense in present day logging. In spite of all of the
arguments of the "bull-punchers," these donkeys were a success. Soon
the stress of keen competition, and the active mind of the logger, who is
generally a specimen of good mentality as well as of fine physique, evolved
the "bull donkey," a machine that would haul a larger load a greater dis-
tance and at less expense.

It was a far cry from the first "bull," which was a composite of several
old engines, and would haul logs only one thousand feet, to the present
powerful, yet symmetrical and compact machine that carries from a mile
to a mile and a half of cable. However, it has still been found necessary to
use smaller engines for the purpose of "yarding" the logs to the "bull
donkey's" cables, and these have been so improved that their speed and
strength have been doubled, thus doubling the hauling capacity.

A like improvement is noticeable in the iron blocks used for directing
the cables so as to avoid rocks, trees, stumps and other obstructions, and
in the cross-cut saws and axes employed in falling timber, the crescent-
ground, thin-backed saw having supplanted the old-time thick-backed saw,
and the double-bitted the old-style pole axe.

Logging railroads with powerfully geared locomotives and strongly
built cars have taken the place of the cumbersome wooden-wheeled logging
trucks of old. Coming to the mill, we now have the millpond, wherein
the logs are cleaned and sorted. A new appliance, recently installed in
one of California's most progressive mills, picks up the "sinker" logs with
grappling hooks and conveys them by means of an overhead cable trolley
to the slip or chute at the mill, where they are placed on the endless jack
chain, a successor to the old car and cable system of raising the logs into
the mill; are carried to the log deck and lifted out of the chute by patent
machines called kickers, and rolled against flippers or deck stops, which
hold them in place until ready for the carriage, when by a simple movement
of a lever, operated by the foot, the first log is released and the next one is
held in place until wanted. This work was formerly done by several men
with peavies.

After being released by the deck stops, the log is seized by the "nig-
ger," an almost human contrivance for placing and turning the log upon the
carriage. Probably the most remarkable improvement is noticeable in the
construction and operation of the carriage used for conveying the logs to
and from the saws. This is a development from the old slow rack and
pinion "feed" to the present "shot-gun" feed, and from the hand-set to
the steam-set, operated with almost lightning rapidity.

The circular saw has given place to the immense band saw, which
latter has been so improved from time to time that it is now a marvel of
mechanical ingenuity. From the time that the lumber leaves this saw and

10

passes — practically without the aid of human hands — over the live "rolls"
to the gang saw, or to the edgers, through the trimmers, where each piece
of lumber is squared and cut to the required length, and thence to the "sort-
ing" table, vast improvements have been made in the recent past.

At the sorting table each dimension is taken off at its proper truck
or car, and thus the lumber is sorted into uniform sizes for immediate ship-
ment on the railroad, for piling in the yard for air-drying, or for placing in
the kilns for quick drying. In this latter process the improvements and
labor-saving devices have been too great even to touch upon in a brief
article.

From the dry kilns the finished product is diverted into many channels,
as at the match company's plant at Barber, Butte County, where have been
erected, and are in process of erection, a planing mill, a box factory, a sash
and door factory having a capacity of one thousand doors per day, and a
match factory. A pulp mill and other factories are in contemplation. A
new feature of the lumbering industry in California introduced by this com-
pany is the installation of a fully-equipped foundry, machine and repair
shop, where all manner of logging and saw-mill appliances are made and
repaired.

Through the many manufactured products of her abundant forests,
California is now securing much advertising; much greater will be this her-
alding abroad when matches from California are placed on the market.
For there is no article more universally used than the match, and from this
small but useful convenience we expect much in the way of making known
the resources of our great and glorious State.

Practical forestry also is now being considered as a factor in scientific
lumbering. The "prevention" of fire is the prime consideration, and to this
end every precaution is now being taken.

The latest scientific methods are now being used by one of California's
largest lumbering concerns. It has established an observation station on
an eminence six thousand feet in elevation, which commands an unob-
structed view of its entire tract of timber. This station is connected with
a telephone system extending throughout the operating camps. The ob-
server at this station is one who is thoroughly familiar with the tract, and
who, upon discovering a fire, can locate it at once and thus direct the fire
fighters whither to go. This will be appreciated by any who knows how
difficult it is to locate, or sometimes even discover, a fire, when surrounded
by heavy forest.

Logging locomotives are now fitted with oil-burning apparatus, and
many fires are thus prevented that would otherwise be set by sparks if
wood were used. Logging donkeys have close-meshed bonnets on their
smoke-stacks, and the engineers, and in fact all employees, are instructed
to be at all times careful and watchful for fires.

Short-cut trails have been constructed, radiating in all directions from
the headquarters camp, so that when a fire is reported, it can be reached
with the least possible delay. Fire-fighting tools, consisting of heavy
iron rakes, long-handled shovels and axes, all painted red for purposes of
ready identification, have been distributed to the different camps and stop-
ping places along the main wagon roads and trails. Range riders are also
employed, whose business it is to see that no depredations are committed
by thoughtless persons.

Eucalyptus as a Hardwood

By GEORGE O. BREMM

ALTHOUGH the eucalyptus is a valuable tree when used as a forest
cover, as wind breaks, as shade trees, as a source of honey or of oil,
or for sanitary purposes, it is as an important commercial wood that
it is to be most useful in California. The attention of lumbermen has
of late years been drawn to the eucalyptus as a source of supply for
hardwood to take the place of the Eastern hickory and oak, the
supplies of which are rapidly becoming exhausted. Numerous varieties of

11

eucalyptus have been used for many years in Australia, their native home,
as the chief source of hardwood timber. The uses of eucalyptus are many
and diverse. It enters into the construction of buildings, ships, bridges
railroad piers, telephone lines, fences, paving, vehicles, agricultural im-
plements, furniture, barrels and numerous other articles. Having then so
many and varied uses, the eucalyptus, which flourishes better in California
than in its native home, is destined to occupy an especially important place
amongst the timber products of California.

For the eucalyptus can be grown as any other crop. The common
blue gum, which is the foremost commercial variety, is the fastest growing
tree in the world. In a grove in California set in 1885 and cut for fuel in
1893 there were, seven years later, some trees two feet in diameter and
more than 100 feet high. Other trees 25 years old have attained a diameter
of six feet in California. Groves of blue gum when six years old will
yield from 50 to 75 cords of four-foot wood per acre. Indeed, the possi-
bilities of this wood are so great that the United States Forest Service is
taking up the work of forestation in co-operation with the State of Cali-
fornia. Planted close enough to develop forest conditions the eucalyptus
will take care of itself. Even in soil too poor for cultivation forests can be
reared easily and cheaply, bringing returns three times as soon as that
of any other hard wood. The ratio of growth is well illustrated by the fact
that the blue gum will attain in 24 years the diameter that it will take
an oak over two hundred years to make. There is much land in California
now considered too poor for growing any crop, that could profitably be
planted to eucalyptus for fuel purposes the return from which would fully
justify the planting.

So much for the possibilities of rearing eucalyptus forests. There
is already a large and valuable supply of this timber extending through-
out California from east to west, and from south almost to the northern
limits. It is now used more largely than any other wood in California for
fuel purposes, but is becoming recognized as too valuable to be used as
such. In the Santa Clara Valley is a large establishment devoted exclu-
sively to the manufacture of articles from eucalyptus. It is the best known
wood for the manufacture of insulator pins for heavy transmission electric
power lines; all parts of wagons and carriages are made from eucalyptus
as well as the wood work of agricultural implements and carpenters' tools.
The proprietor of this establishment who has had 15 years' experience in
working with eucalyptus pronounces it as good as the best hickory
for these different purposes.

The severest test of strength and endurance that any wood is called
upon to stand has been successfully withstood by eucalyptus in its use as
trip-hammer bars. These automatic hammers, whose heads weigh 200
pounds, have broken the best hickory obtainable while eucalyptus has
stood the test. In the preliminary tests of strength made at the University
of California with green wood grown on the campus the strength was
proved to be equal to that of hickory or oak. Tests of seasoned timber are
not yet complete but will show much higher results. With the falling off
of hardwood supplies in the East the prices have correspondingly ad-
vanced and quality has fallen off. As eucalyptus is not friendly to bitter
frost and extreme cold, California with her favorable climate will keep In
the lead and is destined to furnish the future supply of hardwood in the
United States.

Eucalyptus is specially adapted to the manufacture of piles on ac-
count of its long straight stem as well as its resistance to rot and to at-
tacks of teredos and other marine animals. Blue gum piles last twice as
long on the Pacific Coast as do those made from other woods. Whole
piers in the southern part of the State are constructed of it. One man who
has his eucalyptus forest as others have their orange groves and apple
orchards, writes that he has sold from his grove nearly $10,000 worth of
wood during the last ten years. The demand for these piles is now
greater than the existing groves of eucalyptus can supply.

As a source of fuel the eucalyptus is especially valuable on account
of its rapid growth — as mentioned above — as well as on account of its oily
nature. One grower says that from 200 acres of eucalyptus set largely in

12

soil too poor for crops he can cut 1,000 cords of wood per year indefinitely.
$2.50 per cord are received on the stump for the crop, thus showing its
profitable return.

The eucalyptus is especially useful for sanitary purposes. When
planted in low and poorly drained situations it removes stagnant water and
purifies the soil. This property of this most useful tree has given rise to
its name, "The Fever Tree" in Spain.

But of all the varied uses to which the eucalyptus in its many parts is
adapted it promises to be most important from an economic point of view
to us here in California as the future source of supply of hardwood on
account of its rapid growth, the great strength of its timber, the fact
that it is as easily seasoned as other hardwoods of its grade as well as its
peculiar fitness to the climate of California. These facts all combine to
assure a great future to this important timber.

REDWOOD, CALIFORNIA'S UNIQUE LUMBER

By E. C. WILLIAMS

HNIQUE in the lumber industry of the world stands California. She
alone of all timber producing lands sends forth to the marts of the
world the redwood. This newest of all lumbers comes from the
oldest of all trees. It comes from a tree of a forgotten former era
In the world's history. Standing alone of its kind, no living repre-
sentative is to be found anywhere outside the borders of this State,
where it has survived the cataclysms which destroyed all its fellows in the
vast tracts of Norway, Sweden, Spitzbergen, on the European continent,
and Alaska, Wyoming and Colorado on this. In those countries are to be
found the fossils of the cretaceous period which show that at some former
age the sequoia had its being elsewhere than on the Pacific Slope of
California.

True there is a tree in Japan which claims kinship to the Sequoia, but
the relationship, if any exist, is so distant that it would not be recognized
by the lordly trees of the Golden State who rear their heads in the cloud,
and send their roots into the soil of past centuries.

In a belt 300 miles long and twenty wide survive the forests through
whose isles once roamed the prehistoric mammoth, the cave bear, and
the three-toed horse. What stories could these trees reveal to the delver
into the past were but the power of speech given, or better were it to say,
could the language of their whispering tops be understood. Who can tell
what has passed since the day when this giant of the forest started from
the ground a bright green shoot? Nations have changed, dynasties have
risen and fallen, human history and earth's geography have been as the
rolling waves of the sea, beside the lives of these mysterious relics of
the past.

Here dwells mystery. But the iconoclastic hand of man has torn the
veil and commerce is driving back the shade into the regions whence it
came, and sending to the busy haunts of man those patriarchs of the
tree world with their traditions of the beginning of time.

Thirty-seven mills, cutting 375,000,000 feet annually, are eating their
way into the heart of the great redwood forests of California, and the
question is frequently asked: How long will it last? A bit of history may
be the best answer to that question.

One big lumbering company, twenty-five years ago, thought it had all
its timber cut, and began to look around for other tracts. That was a
quarter of a century ago, and while the company is cutting more than
twice as much lumber to-day as it was then the tract is not yet exhausted.
Indeed conservative men have gone so far as to say that the redwood
forests of California, at the present rate of cutting, will last fully 250
years. It is estimated that there is an average of 50,000 feet of lumber
to the acre of redwood forest, but it must be remembered that some of
these big trees contain even more than that amount. One tree alone had
66,500 feet cut from it.

One of the old stories told around lumbering camps regarding the

13

size of these big redwoods is that of a chopper who selected a tree and
began work on one side of it. After he had been cutting for a week, he
chanced to stroll around to the other side and there found a man who had
been cutting for eight days on the same tree.

The real "big trees" of California are the Sequoia Gigantea, but
they do not furnish the true redwood lumber. The gigantea wood is brittle
and is not near so suitable for lumber as the Sequoia Sempervirens, from
which the redwood lumber is cut. But the sempervirens is no infant in size,
as some there are fully fifty feet in circumference, with tops towering 300
feet above the ground. When it is remembered that the bark on a good
sized redwood is twelve inches thick, some idea can be had as to the
dimensions of the tree proper.

These redwoods grow from Santa Cruz on the south to the Oregon
line on the north, and as a rule are scattered in forests or groves, dotting
the hills and mountain slopes with patches of vivid green against the
prevailing brown. The greatest quantity is to be found in the northern
counties of Sonoma, Mendocino, Humboldt and Del Norte, and it is here
that the vast lumbering interests of the State lie, so far as the redwood
is concerned.

Redwood, being a new lumber, has not yet won its way among
builders of other States and other lands, but it is fast being recognized
as one of the most stable of all timbers. Where it comes in contact with
the ground, or with the weather there is no other lumber that can equal
it for lasting quality. It may be said that the red cedar and the cypress
are almost as good. Redwood, is practically indestructible in the ground,
or exposed to the air. In the forest of Northern California lies to-day a
huge redwood trunk which some ancient tornado sent crashing to the
ground. On the fallen trunk is growing a spruce tree, thirty inches in
diameter, and fully one hundred years old. This tree has grown on top of
the fallen trunk, its roots dividing and extending down on each side of the
prostrate giant, holding it in a living embrace. This fallen redwood tree is
six feet in diameter, and notwithstanding the fact that it has lain for
more than a century its wood is as sound as any of the recently felled
trees.

This fact is sufficient evidence of the lasting quality. But there are
other qualities which make this lumber as especially suitable for building
purpose, not alone in California, but in all parts of the world and especi-
ally in the tropics, where the depredations of certain insects make house
building something to be dreaded. The white ant, that terror of the tropi-
cal countries, and especially of the Philippine Islands, does not touch the
redwood, and this fact has brought about quite a trade between California
and the insular provinces for the purpose of making cabinets and boxes
for the keeping of records.

What makes redwood especially suitable for building purposes, and
for shingles is the fact that it is practically incombustible. To those who
have used redv/ood for kindling this may sound as drawing the long bow,
but as there is no pitch in redwood, it will not carry fire when there is the
slightest moisture in it. For casing work for doors, for windows, and
for all places where unchangeableness is a necessity redwood is the best
of all lumber. When it is once seasoned it neither shrinks nor swells.
It can be wet for weeks without the calipers showing the slightest change
in dimension. This feature makes it especially adaptable for pattern work,
as it neither warps nor shrinks and the iron moulder will always find his
casting exactly of the proper size.

Its resistance to weather and the action of the elements makes it es-
pecially suitable for railroad ties, and thousands of acres of the timber are
being cut for this purpose.

The bulk of the lumber cut is distributed on the Pacific Coast, but
other countries are beginning to understand the value of the material, and
already Germany and England are sending in large orders for it. Australia.
the Sandwich Islands, and other parts of Europe are calling for it, and as
it comes into general use it will vie with all other lumber in the market.
So far the price has kept low, the average for this valuable product of
California being $22 a thousand.

n

The California Promotion Committee

ADVERTISEBS.
Varney A Green

ADDING MACHINES.

Uurroujjli* Adding Machine Co.

ADVERTISING.
Cooper, F. J., Advertising

Agfncy
Well, \\ illinm M.

AMMUNITION.
Union Metallic Cartridge Co.

ARCHITECTS.
Reld Broa.
Howard. John Galen

ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW.
Bancroft, Philip
Crothera, George E.
Deamer A Stetson
Feigenbaum, Sunford
Noyes, Bartholomew
Pippy, Geo. H.
Sullivan A Sullivan
F. S. Stratton
Treat, R. B.

ACCOUNTANTS.
Amratli. J. W.
ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS AND

PLANTS.
Goehring. A.

1SSAYERS AND SMELTERS.
Selby Smelting Co.
BANKS.
Anglo-California Bank
Hank of California
California Safe Deposit and

Trust Co.
Central Trust Co.
French-American Bank
German Savings and Loan

Society
Gerinnnia National Bank
Hlbernia Savings and Loan

Society
Humboldt Savings Bank
Italian-American Bank
London, Paris and American

Bank
Market Street Bank
Mercantile Trust Co. of San

Francisco
Mechanics' Savings Bank
Mutual Savings Bank
Pacilic States Savings, Loan

and Building Co.
Rollins, E. 11.. A Sons
Savings and Loan Society
Security Savings Bank
Wells-Fargo-Nevadn National

Bank
Bisliop. Charles R. (Bank of
California.)
BARBER SUPPLD3S.
Deckelman Bros.

BOILER WORKS.
Keystone Boiler Works

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.
Crocker, H. S. Co.
Cunningham, Curtis A Welch
Elder, Paul & Co.
McNutt. Kahn & Co.
Payot. 1'iiham A Co.
Sanborn, Vail A Co.
San Francisco News Co.

BREWERS.
Brewers' Protective Assn.

BROKERS.
Brown. Edward A Sons
Tonlitx. Jos. B.
Wilson, .J. C.

CANNERIES.
California Fruit fanners'

Association
Code-Portwood Canning Co.
Hunt Bros. A Co.
Jacobs. Isidor (California Can-
neries)

CATTLE AND SWINE
DEALERS.
Pierce A Co.

COAL DEALERS.
Allen, Chas. R. Co.
Western Fuel Co.

COFFEE,
TEAS AND SPICES.
Brandenstelu. M. J. A Co.
Caswell, Geo. W. A Co.
Folger, J. A. A Co.
HUla Bros.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
Jones-Paddock Co.
Schilling, A. A Co.
Thierbach, Chas. F. * Co.

CAPITALISTS.
Morel, Antone
Ilurnett G. C.
Coleman, Robert I..
Durphy, B. F.
Glselman, William
Hopkins, E. W.
Lachman, Henry
Lewis, Sol
Mackay, Clarence
Marye, George F. Jr.
Meyer, Daniel
Pacific Improvement Co.
Phelan, James D.
Qulnn, John E.
Spreckels, Clans
Thompson, R. R.
CARPETS, LINOLEUM AND

UPHOLSTERY GOODS.
Hulse, Bradford & Co.

CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY

AND FURNITURE.

Hoffman, Henry. Jr. (W. J.

Sloane A Co.)
Plum, Chas. M. & Co.

CIGARS AND TOBACCO.
Gunst, M. A. & Co.
Judell, H. L. & Co.

CLOTHIERS.
Raphael, Inc.
Straus, Louis

COMMISSION & MANUFAC-
TURERS' AGENTS.
Bacigalupi, Peter
Clarke, Sidney A.
Ylailllard A Schmieden
Morgan & Allen
National Mfg. Co.
Hulofson, A. C. Co.
Thleben, Jos. A Co.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
Armsby, The J. K. Co.
H timer A Bred ho ff
Worst, E. Clemens Co.
WItzel & Baker.

CONFECTIONERS.
Mlum, Simon

He Martini Supply Co., The L.
Haas, Geo. A Son

CONTRACTORS.
City Street Improvement Co.

COOPERAGE.
California Barrel Co.
nich-.rds, J. W.
Woerner Cooperage Co., David

CORDAGE.
'1' tilths Cordage Co.

CORNICE WORKS.
Forderer Cornice Works.
CROCKERY AND GLASSWARE
Anglo-American Crockery and

Glassware Co.
Nathan-Dohrmann Co.
CUSTOM HOUSE BROKERS.
Mayhew, F. E. «!fc Co.

DAIRY MACHINERY.
De Laval Dairy Supply Co.

DAIRY PRODUCE.
Dairymen's Ass'n of S. F.
Dairymen's Union of Cal.
IlaiSThS, Frefl. P. A Co.

DENTISTS.
Fletcher, Thomas

DEPARTMENT STORE.
Emporium

DRY GOODS.
City of Paris Dry Goods Co.
Hale Bros.
Murphy-Grant Co.
Newman A Levinson
Weill. Raphael A Co. (Inc.)
Strauss, Levi & Co.
Strauss A Frohnian
Weinstock, Lnbin * Co.
DRIED FRUITS.
Guggenheim A Co.
Phoenix Packing Co.
Rosenberg Bros. A Co.

DYEING AND CLEANING.
Hickman, Henry
Thomas, F., Dye and Cleaning
Works

EDUCATIONAL.
Ham, Charles II.

ENGINEERING AND CON-
STRUCTION COMPANY.
California Engineering and
Construction Co.
EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS
AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
Caatle Bros.
Geta Bros.
Jennings, Rufus P.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Wella-Fargo Express Co.

FACTORIES.
American Can Co.

FANCY GOODS.
Sachs Bros. A Co.
FARM IMPLEMENTS AND

VEHICLES.
Raker A Hamilton
Hooker A Co.

FREIGHT COMPANY.
Transcontinental Freight Co.
OFFICE AND GENERAL

FURNITURE.
Breuner, John Co.
Cordes Furniture Co.
Friedman, M. A Co.
Fuller, Geo. H„ Desk Co.
Indianapolis Furniture Co.
McCann, Belcher A Allen
Sterling Furniture Co.
Weber, C. F. A Co.
Yawman & Erhe JTIfg. Co.

GAS AND ELECTRIC CO.
San Francisco Gas and Elec-
tric Co.
GAS AND ELECTRICAL
FIXTURES.
Day, Thomas Co.
GAS ENGINES AND SCALES.
Union Gas Engine Co.

GAS REGULATORS.
Gas Consumers' Association
GENERAL MERCHANDISE.
Smith's Cash Store.

GLASS COMPANY.
Illinois-Pacific Glass Co.
GOLD. SILVER and NICKEL

PLATING WORKS.
Dennlston, E. G.

HARDWARE.
Arnold Hardware Co.
French A Linforth
Froellch, Christian
Holbrook, Merrill A Stetson
Montague, W. W. A Co.
Pacific Hardware A Steel Co.
Tny, George H. Co.
Wiester A Co.

HATTERS.
Collins, Charles J.
Fisher A Co.
Friedlander Hat Co.
Trlest A Co.

HOTELS.
Mrooklyn Hotel
California Hotel
ommercial Hotel
• ranndit
lotel Rafael
Hotel St. Francis,
international Hotel
liick House
Vew Rush House
\ew Western Hotel
Palace Hotel
Richelieu

HOPS.
Horst, E. Clemens Co.
INSURANCE.
Roardman A Spencer
Commercial Union Assurance

Co.
Fireman's Fund Insurance Co.
Forbes, Stanley (Mutual Life)
Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
National Fire Insurance Co.
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance

of California
Royal and Queen Insurance

Co.
Seely, Walter Roff (Pacific

Mutual Life)
The Liverpool, London and

Globe Insurance Co.
Ward, C. H.

15

The California Promotion Committee

IRON WORKS.
Hlsdon Iron Worki

JEWELERS,
(arran A Grwn
J ud In. Alpbonse Co.
Hadke A Co.
Scbussler, M. * Co.
Schwrltirr, Joseph
S breve A Co.

JOURNALIST.
Wright. Hamilton

KNIT GOODS.
Pfister, J. J. Knitting Co.
LEATHER GOODS.
Harpham A Jansen

LIME AND CEMENT.
Holme* Lime Co.
Pacific Portland Cement Co.
standard Portland Cement Co.

LITHOGRAPHERS.
Brit ton A Rey

Mulnnl Label Lithograph Co.
Union Lithographing Co.

LOANS.
C. H. Morrell

Finance and Security Co.
MACHINERY AND ENGI-
NEERS' SUPPLIES.
Cyclopa Iron Worka
Barron. Hieknrd A McCone
Henahaw, Bnlkley A Co.
Martin, John
Meeae A Gottfried Co.
Merrall's Mill Co.
Moore, Charlea C. A Co.
Pacific Tool and Supply Co.
Tatnm A Bowen
Troy Laundry Machinery Co.
MEN'S FURNISHING GOODS.
Atkina, R. C. A Sona
Bullock A Jonea
Cluett, Peabody A Co.
Greenebanm. Weil * Michel*
Neaatadter Brow.
Knm Bros.

METER COMPANY.
Pacific Meter Co.

METAL WORKS.
Pacific Metal Works
Seiby Smelting Works

MILLERS.
Del Monte Milling Co.
Part Coata Milling; Co.
Sperry Flour Co.

MILLINERY.
Toplltx, Robt. L. A Co.
MOTION PICTURE PHOTO-
GRAPHS.
Miles Broa.

MINING ENGINEERS.
Callahan, H. C.
Splaks, Cbaa. H.

NECKWEAR MANUFAC-
TURER.
Helneman , H. M.

OPTICIANS.
California Optical Co.

OVERALLS AND SHIRTS.
Heynemann A Co.

OYSTER DEALERS.
Morgan Oyatcr Co.
PACKERS AND PROVISION

DEALERS.
Baccus, Blcbard T.
Miller A Lux
Both, Itlum A Co.
Krlrarrn, J. C. A Co.
Urnlrrn Meat Co.

PACKERS OF CANNED
FRI lis aJTB VEGE-
TABLES.
California Fruit fanners' As-
sociation
PAINTS. OILS AND GLASS.
Ilaai-llurlfr Paint < o.
Fuller, W. P. A Co.

PAINTERS.
Thoa. Downing, lac

PAI'KB HEALERS.
Blake, Moffltt A Towne
Boaestelt, Blcbardsoa A Co,
I alon Pulp and Pspcr to.

patent mkdhim:.

California Pig Srrup

I'll ^ Mi IANS.
Ballard. J. Stsw
Bryant, Edgar It.

IPIschel, Kaapar (oculist)

Roaenatlrn, Julius
1 Sartork H. J.

PHARMACISTS.
Martin, Henry J.
Redlngton A Co.
Schmidt, Val

PHOTOGRAPHERS
"liles Bros.

PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER-
CHANDISE.
Allen, Wiley B. Co.
Mauxy. Byron
Sherman, Clay A Co.

PIGEON RANCHER
Newbauer , H. R.

POTTERY AND TERRA
COTTA.
Clarke, N. A Sona
Gladding, McBean A Co.

POWER COMPANIES.
Koster, F. J. (North Mountain

Power Co.)
POWDER MANUFACTURERS
California Powder Worka
PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU.

Allen's ._.

PRINTERS A PUBLISHERS.
Barry Printing Co.
Commercial Publishing Co.
Dettner-WIlaon Prcaa
Gabriel Printing Co., The
Murdoch, C. A. A Co.
Partridge, John
Phillips A Van Orden Co.
The D. S. Stanley Company.
PUBLICATIONS.

Golden Gate Guide
Guide, The

RAILROADS.
California Northwester* Rail-
road „„

REAL ESTATE AND LANDS.

Baldwin, O. D. A Son

Baldwin A Howell

Boardman Bros. A Co*

Bovee, Toy A Co.

Bush, David A Sons

Center A Spsder

Cotatl Co, The

Davidson A Leigh

Hooker A Lent

I. yon A Hoag

Magec, Thoa. A Sons

Mathews, H. E.

Narea A Saunders (Laton)

O'Brien, Chsrles F.

Realty Syndicate Co.

Shatnwald, Buekbe* * Co.

Speck A Co.

Spencer, William Crane

The 76 Land and Water Co.

Umbsen, G. H. A Co.

Wankowakl, W.

Whitney. J. Par her

^RESTAURANTS.

Larsea, C G.
sign of Pescoek Cafe
Westcrflcld, P. A Co.
ROOFINGS, BUILDING PA-
PERS AND PAINTS.
Parnffine Paint Co* The

RUBBER GOODS.
Goodyear Rubber Co.
(inrhan Rubber Co.
Wlnalow, C R- •* Co.

RUBBER STAMPS, ETC.
Patrick * Co.

SAFES AND VAULTS.
Herrlng-llall-MarvIn Safe Co.

SALT WORKS.
Golden Gate Salt Worka
st nvrnic INSTRUMENTS.
I. lets to, The A.

SEEDS.
Volkmaa, C M. A Co.

SCHOOL SUPPLIES.
Milton Bradley to.

SEWING MACHINES.
Domestic

sewing sii.ks.

Carlson-furrier silk «...
SIIIPI'INt. *M» t OMMISSION
Johnsoa-l.ockc Mcrcnntllc « <•
(Mis. McAllister A Co.

■lass, i. ..ills A ('».

Williams, lllmond A Co.

villl'I'ING.
Rnaenfcld, Jnn. A Sons.
I rloatc A « <>•

SLATE.
Eureka Slate Co.

■HOBS.

Koeuig. Frank

■OAP FACTORY.
I.nhn. Otto A to.

STREET RAILWAYS.
Callfornln-Street Cable Rall-

way Co.
United Railroads of San Fraa-
eiaco.

SURETY COMPANIES.
Pacific Surety Co.

SVBUPS.
Pacific Const Syrup Co.

TAILORS.
Jacobl Bros.

Nordwell, O. W.

TANNERS AND LEATHER
DEALERS.
Rlaslnger A to.
Brown A Adama
Kullman, Sala A Co.
Legallet-Hellwlg Canning Co.
TELEPHONE AND TELE-
GRAPH.
Pacific Statea Telephone and

Telegraph Co.
Postal Tel. Cable Co.
Western Union Tel. Co.

TENTS AND AWNINGS.
Ames A Harris
Neville A Co.

THEATERS.
Orpheum Circuit Co.

TRANSFER COMPANIES.
Bocarde Drayage Co.
Emmona Co.
McNab A Smith
Renner, Geo.

San Francisco Transfer Co.
The Morton Drayage aad

Warehouse Co.
Union Transfer Co.

TRUNKS AND BAGS.
Hlrschfelder A Meaney
TYPEWRITERS.
Alexander, L. A M.

WALL PAPER.
I hi Bros.

WATER COMPANIES.
Spring Valley Water Co.
WATER WHEELS.
Pclton Water Wheel Co, Ths

WHOLESALE GROCERS.
Goldberg, Bowea A Co.
Jennings, Tbomaa
Suaaman, Wormaer A Co.
Tillmaaa A Beadel
WHOLESALE LUMBER AND

SHIPPING.
Caspar Lumber Co*
Oolbcer A Caraoa
Ilechtmaa, A. J.
Heyman, Jullua
Hooper, C. A. A Co.
Mataon, Capt. Warn.
Nelson. Chaa. CO.
Pope A Talbot
I'nlon Lumber Co.

WINES AND LIQUORS.
Rrunsehwelger A Co.
California Wine Association
tiler Co.. Theo.

Gundlach-Bundachu Wine CO.
Hotallag, A. P. A Co.
Italian-Swiss Colony
Jesse Moore-Hunt Co.
I.achman A Jacobl
l.lvlngaton A Co.
Mi.no Co, C M, Saeers. to I.

I»e Turk
Msrtln. E. A Co.
Nnpn and Sonoma Wlae Co.
Schilling, C. A CO.
Scliults. W. A.
ilebe Broa. A Plaaemaaa
Shcn-Bocqueres Co.
llSlllHi A Sherwood
Vnn BrrRcn. lit A Co.
Wrtiiiiirr-llnwn Co.
\\ lol.mnn. l.ntarcn A Co.
W llmerillnn-locMe to.
Wolff. Wm. A Co.

WOOLENS »Mi TAILOB
TRIMHTIfOaV
Araatelo, Simon A Co.

It

The California Promotion Committee

REPRESENTING

ANDREA SBARBORO, Chairman Manufacturers and Producer* Associativa

RUFTJS P. JENNINGS, Executive Officer San Francisco Chamber of Commerce

GEO. W. McNEAR, Treasurer Merchants Exchange of San Francisco

CHAS. F. RUNYON San Francisco Board of Trade

FRED J. KOSTER Sam Francisco Merchants Association

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

HON. GEO. C. PARDEE Governor of California

BEN J. IDE WHEELER Berkeley President University of California

DAVID STARR JORDAN Palo Alto President Leland Stanford Jr. University

REPRESENTING

MARSHALL DIGGS Sacramento Sacramento Valley Development Assn.

R. P. LATHROP Hoi lister v Central Coast Counties Improvement Asaa

C. P. SOULE Eureka North Coast Counties

JAMES A. BARR Stockton San Joaquin Valley Commercial Assn.

S. F. BOOTH Fresno Fresno Chamber of Commerce

CHARLES S. FEE San Francisco . Southern Pacific Company

W. A. BISSELL San Francisco. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway

R. X. RYAN San Francisco. California Northwestern Railway

LEWIS E. AUBURY San Francisco. California State Mining Bureau

STATE PUBLICITY COMMITTEE

REPRESENTING

RUFUS P. JENNINGS San Francisco. San Francisco County

JOHN S. AK.ERMAN San Diego .... Counties South of Tehachapl

W. A. BEARD Sacramento. . . . Sacramento Valley Counties

EDWIN STEARNS Oakland San Francisco Bay Counties

COLVIN B. BROWN Stockton San Joaquin Valley Counties

C. W. CRAIG Eureka North Coast Counties

ARTHUR G. BALAAM Loinpoc South Coast Counties

L. W. JEFFERSON Hoi lister Central Const Counties

GILBERT B. MORROW Sonora Sierra Counties

No. J. Vol II.

DECEMBER
1904.

JO Cts. $1.00 a Year.

HOG RAISING NUMBER

i

STATEMENTS OF EXPERIENCED HOG RAISERS

RAISING FINE BRED HOGS CHARLES D. PIERCE

MEETING OF COUNTY PROMOTION COMMITTEES

RAISING SWINE FOR THE MARKET

•WHERE THEY WANT MEN '

THE BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA JASON BROWN

HOG RAISING IN CALIFORNIA PROFESSOR E. W. MAJOR

HOG PRICES IN CALIFORNIA

HOGS FROM THE CALIFORNIA PACKERS STANDPOINT

ILLUSTRATIONS I MRS. A. SOLARI

HE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

SAN FRANCISCO

fsa

FOR CALIFORNIA.

DECEMBER, 1904..

Application Made at San Francisco Poatoffica
For Entry at Second-Claas Mattar

THE CALIFORNIA PROMOTION COMMITTEE

(THE STATE CENTRAL ORGANIZATION)

THE PURPOSE OF THE COMMITTEE IS TO GIVE TO THE WORLD RELIABLE AND

UNBIASED INFORMATION REGARDING THE RESOURCES OF AND THE

OPPORTUNITIES IN CALIFORNIA. FOR CALIFORNIA IS

PUBLISHED TO ASSIST IN CARRYING OUT THE

OBJECTS IN VIEW

0>KK

FOR CALIFORNIA

A MONTHLY PUBLICATION

'FOR THOSE WHO DESIRE THE BEST THERE IS IN LIFE."

UNIVERSITY

or

HO ADVERTISEMENTS WILL "APPEAR IN FOR CALIFORNIA

The California Promotion Committee

25 NEW MONTGOMERY STREET

SAN FRANCISCO

Statements of Experienced
Hog Raisers

w&.

HE following letters to the California
Promotion Committee will be read
with interest by those who wish
to know about hog-raising In Cali-
fornia, as they are from those who
have had experience in the indus-
try. Mr. Gordon, who is 80 years
of age, has been in the "hog busi-
ness" all his life.

HUENEME, Ventura County, Cal.
Gentlemen:

Your favor of recent date is at hand, ask-
ing to hear from me about hog raising. As I am
now over 80 years of age, it is with a good deal
of diffidence that I commit myself to writing.

I was brought up in the backwoods on the
Ottawa, in Canada. I have been in the hog busi-
ness all my life, and in my young days in Canada
I was identified with that pursuit. Sixty or sev-
enty years ago in Canada hogs that would weigh
from 400 to 500 pounds would bring about 1 cent
a pound more than a 200-pound hog. Now it is
the reverse.

In California the pigs now that will weigh
200 to 250 pounds at six to eight months
old will bring the highest market price. I think
there is a great deal more money for the farmers
to market them at that age than to keep them a
year and a half and average 250 to 300 pounds.
Now, what is needed to get the hog that makes the
most pork in the shortest time? I think the near-
est I know of is the Ohio Improved Chester, reg-
istered O. I. C. They are small-boned, low set,
good eaters and mature early (they are not the
Chester White). I send you the weight of two
that I weighed to-day: One was farrowed four
months and two days ago, 43 pounds; the other
farrowed one month and one day ago, 21 pounds.
I had my pigs all last summer on alfalfa and I
gave them some carrots for a change. I took them
in about four weeks before the State Fair and gave
them grain to harden them for the long journey
of over 500 miles; consequently they were in good
condition at the fair.

There are very few of these Improved Chester
hogs in this State, although they are numerous
in the East. The most pronounced objection
against these hogs here is that a white hog will
not do well in the hot climate in some of the in-
terior valleys. It is said that the sun burns them,
and that when they are wallowing in the mire the

STATEMENTS OF HOG-RAISERS— JULIANA DE KOL.

skin cracks and they are likely to get mangy. I have had my pigs for nearly three
years and they are as clean to-day as they were when I got them from the East. I hose
them and wash them and they like it, but I do not have a cesspool for them to wal-
low in. I will admit that they are a thinner-skinned hog than the black, but I think
it pays to keep hogs clean as well as it does other stock. Ordinarily they are sadly
neglected in this respect.

I would recommend that a white or black hog should have no mud hole to go into,
and that stock-raisers would have a law unto themselves to that effect, for we all know
that microbes and germs of all kinds breed in stagnated water. There originates the
hog cholera, which spreads to clean hogs as well as those which are neglected. It is
my recommendation that where hogs are grazing on alfalfa, as they do in California,
or on other pasture, they have besides a drinking trough, another box or trough, say
two feet wide and eight feet long and six inches high, for them to wash in and keep cool
in. A pipe should lead the overflow out of the field where the hogs pasture. I have
been in the butchering business for over twenty years in California, having always kept
hogs at the slaughter house, and I do not remember that I ever lost a single hog.

I do not think that alfalfa can take the place of grain for fattening. It is good
for stock hogs, but in my opinion it is too soft for good pork. As yet, however, I have
not had much experience with alfalfa. I prefer cooking or steaming the feed for pen
hogs. I do not crush the barley or wheat, but cook it with leavings of carrots or beets,
and when it is well cooked they get all the nutriment there is in it. I prefer wheat
to any other grain for fattening, as the hogs like it better than barley and they put on
fat quicker. In many places in this State corn is high and it does not pay to use it.

ALEXANDER GORDON.

*****

The following letter is from Charles C. Perkins, who believes that "this State is
as well adapted to hog-raising as any of the Eastern States":

SACRAMENTO, California.
Gentlemen:

In reply to your inquiry of recent date, will state first my belief, that, with sim-
ilar ca>e and equal knowledge, on the part of raisers, California is well adapted to
hog-raising as any of the Eastern States. Alfalfa makes most excellent hog feed. I have
no data from which to state how many can be raised on an acre throughout the year,
but alfalfa makes a very thrifty growth, and no doubt an acre of good alfalfa would
keep at least six head during the summer months, with some extra grain food during
the winter.

When properly equipped for raising, thsre is money in them at 5 to 6 cents a pound
for pork. I do not believe that if proper attention is given to the business any dis-
eases would seriously interfere with the industry.

I believe that the Berkshires are the best hogs to raise, with Poland Chinas a very
good second. I raise nothing but thoroughbred Berkshires for breeding purposes.
With the right kind of attention the increase ought to net $50 per sow a year at least,
and $100 at the most. I refer in this latter statement to purely fine stock.

CHARLES C. PERKINS.
*****

PRIVATE CAR OF THE QUEEN OF CALIFORNIA.

"Honor to whom honor is due. Juliana de Kol, 'Queen of California,' traveled
from Denver to the World's Fair Cream and Butter Makers' Convention in her own
'sumptuously appointed private car' on the Rock Island Limited. Nothing is too good
for a cow whose 'record' is five times her weight in milk in one hundred days.
Owners of private cars, please notice." — December Issue of "Everybody's Magazine."

*****

(Ed. Note. — Madam de Kol made the continuous Journey from California to St- Louis
and return in her private car, which was attached to the overland passenger limited
as a delegate from the California Promotion Committee.)

Raising Fine Bred Hogs
in California

CHARLES D. PIERCE

CONSIDER raising good pigs one
of the most valuable adjuncts of the
dairy business to-day in California.
In other words, hog-raising here is,
in my opinion, a "gilt-edge" propo-
sition when taken in connection
with the dairy business. At any
rate, it is as sure cash as perhaps
any other industry that I know of.
The two leading breeds, I think, are Berkshire
and Poland China, in the order named, but of
course every one to his taste.

No product to-day in California grows into
money faster than pigs. Our stock comes into ma-
turity very early. California pigs have their
young in the spring and fall, and it is safe to
say that they have from eight to ten young on an
average.

I calculate that they grow a pound a day.
When a pig is six months old he should
weigh 200 pounds, which is better than a pound
a day. I have a boar that weighed 650 pounds
at fourteen months old. A preferable weight for
killing in California is from 180 to 225 pounds.
Hogs of this weight seem to bring a better price
and seem to be more desired by the butchers and
by the public generally.

I feed my hogs mostly skim milk, with a little
mill feed, corn, pumpkins, etc. Skim milk has a
great value when it is turned into pork. It is the
pig that makes it valuable, because unless fed
to hogs one does not get much out of skim milk
as a by-product.

I cannot urge too strongly the desirability of
raising a good variety of stock. It costs so little
to keep good stock and it is cheaper in the end.
Indeed, the profit is many times greater. Thor-
oughbred pigs probably bring three times as much
as those raised purely for the market, and yet
there is big money in raising good stock for the
market. It doesn't cost any more to feed a good
pig than a poor pig. If you have a very scrawny,
poor-bred hog, he will probably consume more
food that the better-bred animal, and will not
fatten so rapidly, as he does not assimilate his
food as well as the thoroughbred hog.

On our Riverside dairy ranch we raise fodder
corn. In the fall we let the cows in on the corn
fields and they trample it down. The pigs are
then turned in the field or the stubble is hauled
in to them, and they eat it up clean. We do not
allow our pigs to graze at large, as they fatten

MEETING OF COUNTY PROMOTION COMMITTEES.

more rapidly when reasonably confined. Many, however, let their hogs graze on alfalfa
and find it a splendid forage. Though hogs can live in the open the year round in Cal-
ifornia, it is better to provide shade for them in summer, although their quarters need
not be boarded up on all sides. The hot sun of some of the interior valleys is apt to
make a big, fat pig uncomfortable.

Climatic conditions in California make hog-raising desirable. One can raise feed for
them at all times of the year and they are not called upon to resist the bitter cold of
the East.

*****

MEETING OF COUNTY PROMOTION COMMITTEES.

An interesting meeting will be held in Pasadena on December 17, 1904. This will
be the second semi-annual meeting of officers of the Chambers of Commerce and de-
velopment organizations of California, the first having been held in Sacramento on
June 18th last.

The theme of the Pasadena meeting will be "California Publicity." That this topic
will be vigorously and enthusiastically discussed is assured by the fact that Califor-
nia is the only State where the members of development organizations have ever met
with the common purpose of co-operation and bettering their work.

At the Sacramento meeting last June, which was the first of the kind ever held,
a resolution was passed recommending that all the organizations in the various coun-
ties of California be formed into County Promotion Committees on a basis of equal rep-
resentation, each organization appointing one or more of its members, according to the
number of organizations in that county, to serve on the County Promotion Committee.

Throughout California these County Promotion Committees have generally been ap-
pointed. As they are now constituted, they bring all organizations in each county into
close touch and they form a rational method by which all the organizations in Cali-
fornia can work together for the development of the whole State.

Each County Promotion Committee representing, as it does, all the organizations in
that county, is a unit in the united development work for the whole State.

The County Committees will assist the State Publicity Committee in its work of
advertising the whole State.

An interesting program has been arranged, and as all members are invited to dis-
cuss the subjects assigned, it is believed that the Pasadena meeting will be a great
success.

At the last meeting of the officers of development associations in Sacramento, June
18th, there were present delegates who had come 600 miles to attend the meeting.

NUMBER OF SWINE IN CALIFORNIA.

An expert estimate places the number of swine in California at 511,311. valued at
$3,901,307, or $7.63 a head, slightly less than the average in the East and in Iowa,
where hog-raising is an industry of tremendous importance. The value of swine on
dairies in California is estimated at $1,710,040. A leading dairyman and hog-raiser for
many years states that fully one-third of the hogs in California are raised on dairies. On
this basis the hogs raised on dairies in California are therefore far more valuable than
the general average of Eastern hogs.

*****

PREMIUMS FOR " FOR CALIFORNIA."

For every new subscriber for "FOR CALIFORNIA" whose name is sent to the
California Promotion Committee, San Francisco, we will send one copy of any of the
following publications: "San Francisco and Thereabout." by Charles Keeler, or "Cali-
fornia Addresses by President Roosevelt," containing in chronological order all the
addresses delivered by the President while in California, or "California To-day." The
volumes sent to any address postpaid.

Raising Swine for the Market

AISING hogs for the market is an
industry which should prove very
profitable to thousands of Califor-
nians. There is good money in hogs
in this State. Seven-eighths of all
hog product, such as bacon, ham
and lard, consumed in California
is imported from the East. For this
reason local hog-raisers have the
advantage over Chicago prices, plus the price that
is added by the addition of freight.

Despite the strong demand, California ranks but
twenty-fifth in swine. On January 1, 1903, the last
census of this kind, California had 511,311 swine,
valued at $3,901,303, or an average price of $7.63
per head. For the seasonal year 1901-02, the value
of hogs produced on dairies was $1,710,040.00,
so that swine may be considered almost a by-
product of the dairy. California ranks first as a
producer of alfalfa, with about 410,000 acres of
this splendid fodder, and this despite the fact
that California is not a "short grass" State; that
it produces other fodders in great abundance, and
that alfalfa is not raised, as in many other States,
to tide the stock over the winter. There is really
no season in which alfalfa cannot be cut.

Alfalfa is a splendid food for horses, cattle and
swine. It is equally good for sheep, but the sheep
graze so close as to cut the roots, and consequently
frequently destroy the plant. There is no cheaper
or better way of producing pork than to allow
growing pigs to run in a field of alfalfa. "One
acre of alfalfa will furnish forage for from ten to
twenty hogs per season," declares Farmers' Bul-
letin 31 of the United States Department of Agri-
culture. "At a conservative estimate, ten pigs
per acre will gain 100 pounds each during the sea-
son from May to September, and 1000 pounds of
pork cannot be produced so cheaply on any other
feed."

This statement of the Department of Agricul-
ture is endorsed by California breeders, with the
comment that not only does alfalfa give a good
forage from May to September, but it may be re-
lied upon in California throughout the entire year.
A study of alfalfa has an important bearing upon
swine raising, inasmuch as young hogs may be
turned into an alfalfa field with absolute safety.
This is not always the case with cattle, as they
will sometimes get the "bloat" when turned into
the green alfalfa.

Swine-raising is particularly attractive and

HOGS FOR MARKET— WHERE THEY WANT MEN.

profitable in connection with dairies, as there is much waste from the dairy which makes
a ready fattener for hogs. A herd of swine is the usual accompaniment to a large dairy,
and there is no reason why hog-raising in this State should not be conducted on a basis
large enough to supply completely not only the demand for dressed hogs, but for hog
products, such as bacon, hams and lard. The swine supply raised in connection with
dairying will steadily increase as the dairies themselves become larger.

Besides alfalfa, California has abundance of other fodder for swine. After the grain
is cut, the stubble proves a splendid fattener. Hogs come from the great grain fields
of California literally "hog fat." California bacon is "striped like the American flag,"
to use the words of a local dealer. It contains more meat and less fat than the East-
ern bacon. Then, too, there are great stretches where corn is abundantly raised in
California, and those who particularly desire to raise corn-fed hogs can do so to their
heart's content. Take the moist lowlands from the valleys north of the Bay of San
Francisco southward to San Diego. Here is raised the finest corn in the world. These
valleys are near enough to the coast to catch something of atmospheric humidity from
the ocean and still they possess summer heat enough to suit this warmth-loving plant.
Corn reaches great dimensions in California, and while dry heat sometimes puts corn
in distress which irrigation cannot wholly reclaim, there is much land in California
where corn and corn-fed hogs can be raised.

Iowa is a great hog raising State but when its people talked with Mr. Geo. W.
Pierce, who visited the East for the California Promotion Committee, acknowledged
California gives greater profits on swine per head. Mr. Pierce found at Clarinda, la.,
farmers feeding their hogs $15 worth of corn to keep them alive during the bitterly
cold winters and selling the hogs for $20, counting their time and labor for nothing.
Yet California is buying Eastern swine and poultry at a cost immensely greater than
we could produce the same here. The reason for this is that the people of Iowa and of
the Clarinda section have learned the profits of hog raising. They apply themselves
to this class of work and ship their products to California, notwithstanding the heavy
freights.

What California wants is more hogs and more factories to treat hog products so
that we will not have to import seven-eighths of our hams, bacon, lard and hog
products.

*****

•WHERE THEY WANT MEN"

"Out in California there is an organization known as the California Promotion Com-
mittee.

"The California Promotion Committee wants men, men who will cultivate small
farms and raise the products of the soil.

"The California Promotion Committee out in California is composed of public
spirited men. It is the central organization of 140 Chambers of Commerce in that
State. Its funds are raised by subscription. It has nothing to sell.

"There are thousands of acres of fertile land in California that are unsettled. The
California Promotion Committee wishes to bring the landless man to the manless
land. It has received word from the owners of more than sixty huge ranches that
they will subdivide for the benefit of incoming settlers. It would take a man half a
day to ride across some of the big California ranches.

"The terms are reasonable. The land is cheap. In many cases work will be taken
as part payment.

"Commissioner of Immigration Sargeant says a great many of the immigrants who
arrive at Ellis Island with some money, fall the victims of sharpers, and eventually
drift back penniless to the cities. These immigrants help fill the sweat shops.

"They would be more useful citizens if in the country.

"In California alfalfa grows green the year round. Already 350.000 acres are III
alfalfa, and a million acres could be placed under cultivation. Farmers' Bulletin No.
31, of the United States Department of Agriculture, pronounces alfalfa the best nat-
ural forage. Cattle, hogs and stock of all kinds thrive on It."— From the "New York
American" and "Chicago American" October 27, 1904.

The Brown Family in California

By JASON BROWN
CHAPTER TEN

ANENT RAISING PIGS

TICK a pin in it," said Simpson,
"and tack it over the mantel piece."
"Stick a pin in what?" I asked,
amused by Simpson's queer phrase.
"That's just like you fellows,"
said Simpson, without answering
my question. "You come way out
here to California from your New
England farm, and you're so used
to cultivating rocks all the time and gathering a
sure crop every fall and spring that you expect
the California climate to do everything."

"Now, Mr. Simpson," said my Ethel, protesting,
"here you are criticizing us New Englanders in
California and we don't know what you're talking
about."

"Pigs," replied Simpson, sententiously.

"Pigs?" we asked, all at once.

"Yes, indeed; pigs," said Simpson. "Hogs, or
swine. It don't matter much by what name you
call 'em. There's so many of the two-legged kind
that sometimes it's confusing. But there's money
in these same pigs in California."

"The four-leggers?" inquired Robert.

"Yes, Bobbie," said Simpson, "and I was just
thinking that a sign with 'There's money in pigs'
painted on it would be a mighty good thing for
most of us people who are letting our chances go
by, to stick over the mantelpiece. There are hun-
dreds of carloads of hogs brought into California
every year," continued Simpson, "to say nothing
of hams, bacon and all sorts of hog products. I
understand that seven-eighths of all the hog
products consumed in California are imported, al-
though the packing houses have a capacity far
above the supply and are willing to pay their
good money for all the hogs we will sell them."

"Why do you say we are letting our chances
go by by not raising hogs?" asked my good wife.
"Couldn't you say that of any profitable branch
of farming which we neglect to take up?"

"It's just this, Mrs. Brown; I think everybody
who has a few dairy cows makes a mistake if he
doesn't keep hogs to consume the skim milk.
Skim milk of itself has no value, but when it is
converted into hog meat it turns into money.
Now, you have a few pigs and you are doing
well, but while I could easily keep a couple of
hundred head of hogs on the Estudillo rancho, I
don't do it. Why? Because I'm Simpson. I'm just
Simpson, manager of the Estudillo rancho, and for
twenty years I've thought of nothing but raising

BROWN FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA.

grain on a big scale. I've bought my eggs, I've bought my butter, I've bought my bacon,
and all because I've been in the same old rut that other people are and have thought
it did not pay to raise these things.

"But now," continued our jolly neighbor, "I'm a-going to turn over a new leaf,
and as soon as Bobby paints that sign I'll hang it over my mantelpiece, and everybody
who comes in will see

"'THERE'S MONEY IN PIGS.'"
A eouple of weeks after this conversation, while flooding our alfalfa patch, I heard
a great squealing on the State road, mingled with the vigorous shouting of our friend
Simpson. The only thing I could see was Simpson's bay team, but being a New Eng-
land farmer, I thought I couldn't do better that to have a chat with our genial neighbor.
"Yes, Jason," said Simpson, as I approached, "I've turned over that new leaf and
bought some hogs. There's forty of them in all, Berkshires mostly, and a tip-top grade
of stock."

"Why did you buy so many?" I asked.

"Well, we've got more skim milk at the Estudillo rancho than we know what to do
with and I'm going to turn it right into pork. I've got eight acres in alfalfa over there,
and the patch will easily support these hogs. You know an acre of alfalfa in Califor-
nia will easily feed five hogs the year round. Some people claim ten or more hogs
to the acre. But my hogs will have plenty of latitude and I will be able to fence off
some of the alfalfa and cut and stack it while the hogs are grazing on the rest of the
patch."

"Are there any special rules which should be followed in order to get the best re-
sults from feeding alfalfa to hogs?" I asked.

"Yes, indeed," said Simpson, "and the more you observe these rules the better re-
sults you are likely to get. The alfalfa in a hog pasture should be mowed down when-
ever it begins to get hard and woody. This will provide plenty of young and tender
herbage, which is more nutritious, and if the swine are provided with this food in its
most nutritious condition, their growth will be most rapid. The hogs ought to be pro-
vided with an abundance of fresh or running water in the pasture. This water
should not be allowed to seep through the soil and reach the roots of the alfalfa, for
it will destroy the plant. If a man uses care in this he will raise alfalfa with success
and his hogs will be uniformly marketable."

"Is alfalfa such a good food for hogs?" I asked. "Back in New England we thought
we couldn't fatten them without corn."

"That's just the point," said Simpson. "Hogs, of course, need something to vary
their diet. Some morning you find that your old sow, who has just had thirteen nice
little pigs, has eaten most of them up. Why? You say she's a cannibal. But the
probability is that she didn't get a proper change of ration, and craving a different
food — she don't know what — she just turned in and gobbled her own progeny."
"But alfalfa?"

"For the production of bone, muscle and stamina, alfalfa can't be beat. Alfalfa
equals any forage and probably contains most of the desirable qualities for stock-
raising that are found In all other of the well-known forage plants combined. Where
pigs can get sweet milk such as I am going to give these fellows here, from the separa-
tor, it is not unusual to find representatives of the best breeds weighing 250 pounds at
seven months old. In order to carry such weight at this age, the animals must have
strong bones, stand on straight legs and possess great muscular power. Conditions
in California tend to produce these qualities. Alfalfa makes the hogs strong and
skim milk makes an admirable animal ration. A great many hog-ralsers say that al-
falfa is not in itself a complete ration. It Is very rich In protein (I guess that's what
they call it), and young pigs on alfalfa assimilate it more easily than any other fod-
der. It is transformed into blood, muscle, tendon and bone.

"I guess I've filled you plumb full of hogs and alfalfa, Jason," concluded Simpson,
picking up a wisp of hay from the dashboard and chewing it with evident relish. "I'm
an Encyclopaedia Brittanlca and Webster's Dictionary all in one when It comes down
to alfalfa."

"Bill Simpson," I said, "you're a jewel. But I'm not in the jewel business now and
I've got to get back to my alfalfa field, or the water will be putting it out of business."
(To be continued in the January issue of FOR CALIFORNIA.)

10

Hog Raising in California

Professor E. W. MAJOR, Dean of tho Bureau of Animal Industry,
University of California

Judging from the figures obtained in the last census, California is not producing
nearly the amount of pork that the other States do, excepting, perhaps, those that are
used almost entirely for range purposes. We find at the same time that we are shipping
into the State a large amount of pork. Most of it comes in the shape of salted hams
and sides. The Philippine trade has increased wonderfully during the last four or five
years, and there is no doubt that our Eastern possessions will offer large markets to
us in the future.

The reason why California has not gone more extensively into hog raising may be
found in the fact that in the opinion of most people, corn and hogs must go together.
This, however, is not true. Of course, we must allow that corn has a decided ad-
vantage when it comes to economical pork production, but it has the great disad-
vantage of reducing the fecundity and also weakens the constitution of breeding stock.
We find that many breeders throughout the corn section are importing hogs from other
sections for breeding purposes. Some go to the East and others cross to England so
as to secure animals of stronger constitution and greater prolificacy. Why should not
California compete for some of this business?

In the irrigation districts we grow large crops of alfalfa, and in other sections
clover grows in great abundance. Many experiments have been conducted by Agricul-
tural Experiment Stations to decide the value of these crops for swine-raising. In a
recent report by the Kansas Station, it is shown conclusively that alfalfa, when supple-
mented by a small grain ration, has a high nutritive value as a feed for swine. The
dairy industry is growing rapidly in all the irrigated sections and there is no other
line of farm work that fits in better with dairying than hog-raising. By-products — skim
milk and butter milk — furnish excellent feeding material both for the young pigs and
those in the feed lot. Then, too, pigs will consume a large amount of the waste mate-
rial that comes from the house. This, of course, must be fed judiciously, care being
taken not to include any material that has decayed badly, or any wash water that may
contain any of the various soap powders.

It has been mentioned above that in feeding alfalfa, it is necessary to supplement
it by a small grain ration. While we do not raise any great quantity of corn, yet we do
grow large quantities of barley. The American pork-producer has not, in the past, re-
lied upon barley to any great extent for hog fattening. The Danish farmer, when he
is anxious to produce a particularly fine article, feeds barley, and the American feeder
can well give this matter his careful consideration. Experiments that have been
conducted in various Experiment Stations, particularly those in Canada, show that bar-
ley possesses a very high feeding value. One of the commonest complaints that has
been made against California pork is that it is soft and slushy. The common cause
of this is that we are feeding too much green feed and not enough grain or other
concentrate. If we are to be successful as hog raisers, we must profit by the lessons
we can learn from the corn-growing sections. They have developed an overfat type of
hog from feeding too much corn and not enough of the nitrogenous foods. We must
combine our foods so as to secure pork of the highest quality. A farmer who would
go into hog-raising, however, as a leading feature of his farm work, or as supplementary
to the dairy, should realize that, in order to be successful he must give the matter the
same consideration that he gives to the other lines of stock-raising. The greatest losses
in the hog business comes from neglect in providing sufficient shelter and water; from
allowing infection to get into his herd, and then disease spreads rapidly. Hogs do not
stand great heat nor great cold. They should, therefore, be provided with shelter
both in the summer time and in the winter.

Care, too, must be taken in selecting the breeding stock, to see that the animals are
of good constitution and of the type required in the breed. By doing this and using good
judgment in feeding and management of the herd, hog-raising would be one of the
most profitable of the livestock industries that the California farmer could engage ta-

ll

Hog Prices in California

HE following quotations from a San Francisco paper on last Thanks-
giving Day may give some idea as to hog prices in California as com-
pared to prices in the Middle West. In this connection it should be
stated that the cost of raising hogs in California is less than in the
Middle West. Another factor in hog raising in this State is that the
price of hogs in California rises up to meet the Eastern price inas-
much as the demand in this State is less than the supply.
There is a good market for most descriptions of Dressed Meats and the prevail-
ing prices are maintained with marked steadiness, prime offerings readily command-
ing the top range of values.

DRESSED HOGS— Per tt>, 8@8'/2c.

Retail quotations for Meats as furnished by the San Francisco Retail Butchers'
Protective Association, are as follows:

PORK— Loin Roast, 15@18c; Leg Roast, 12>4@14c; Shoulder Roast, 10Q12'/2c;
Chops, 15@18c.

These prices do not cover the cheapest grades, as it is impossible to quote regu-
lar prices on them.

PRICES OF LIVE HOGS (CALIFORNIA BRED) IN CALIFORNIA.

Hogs rule firm at the revised figures and available supplies of desirable stock find
a ready outlet at the top quotations. The demand for other kinds of Live Stock is
spirited and the appearing prices are strongly held.

HOGS — Per tb: Hard grain fed, weighing alive 80 to 130 lbs, 4%@4%c; weighing
130 to 250 lbs, 4%@5!/8c,; weighing 250 to 350 tt>s, 4^@4%c; rough heavy, ij/2@4c;
common, 3y2c.

PRICES OF EASTERN BRED LIVE HOGS IN MIDDLE WEST.

OMAHA. November 23. — Hogs — Receipts, 13,000; shade lower. Heavy $4-45@4.55;
Mixed, $4.471/2 @ 4.52 ^2 J Light, $4.50@4.52'/2; Pigs, $4@4.40; bulk of sales, $4.47/2e
$4.52|/2.

KANSAS CITY, November 23. — Hogs — Receipts, 16,000; steady. Bulk of sales,
$4.45@4.75; Heavy, $4.65@4.80; Packers, $4.55@4.75; Pigs and Lights, $3.75@4.60.

CHICAGO, November 23. — Hogs — Receipts, 37,000; Friday, 25,000; market, 5c.
higher. Mixed and Butchers, $4.55@4.75; Good to Choice Heavy, $4.70@4.75; Rough
Heavy, $4:45@4.55; Light, $4.50@4.65; bulk of sales, $4.60@4.67i/2-

PRICES OF PROVISIONS (HOG PRODUCT) IN CALIFORNIA.

HAMS — California, per tb, 12@12!4c; Eastern, 12'/2@12%c; Picnic, 8y»c.

BACON — Prices per tb: Sugar Cured Breakfast, extra light, 15'/2c; English
Cured Belly, 6 to 12 tb average, 13@14c; fancy Short Backs, 11c; medium clear.
1014c; light medium clear, lOJ/^c; selected clear, 11c; light, 121 x; extra light, 13c.

LARD — Prices per tb are:

Tcs.
California pure . 9x/2c

Compound 6 c

Eastern pure 9y2c

Compound 6l.,c

In 3-tb tins the price per tb is '/8c higher than in 5-tb tins.

PORK — Dry Salted Clear Sides, 9'i.c; Bellies 10'/2c; Backs, 9>/2c; Pickled Pork,
clear, bbl, $19; hf bbl, $9.75; Pig Pork, bbl, $22; do. hf bbl, $11.25; Soused Pigs Feet,
hf bbl, $5; kit, $1.25.

PRICES OF DRESSED HOGS AND FRESH PORK IN CALIFORNIA.

DRESSED HOGS— Per tb, 8@8'/2c.

Retail quotations for Meats as furnished by the San Francisco Retail Butchers'
Protective Association, are as follows:

PORK— Loin Roast, 15@18c; Leg Roast, 12'/2@14c; 8houlder Roast, 10@12/ac;
Chops, 15@18c.

12

i/2-bbls.

50s.

20s.

10s.

5s.

9%c

9%c

»%c

10'/4C

10ftc

6'/4c

6'/4c

6%c

$%c

67/.C

9%c

9%c

»%c

10'Ac

10%C

7 c

7 c

7</ac

7Hc

HOGS FROM THE CALIFORNIA PACKER'S STANDPOINT

The opportunity for hog raising in California, say the dealers in swine and hog
products, was never so good as it is to-day. In fact, there never has been a time that
anywhere near the number of hogs was raised in California that the market demands.
One large dealer in San Francisco states that fully 500 per cent more hogs than can be
secured could be handled, for there are packers and slaughterers in this State
equipped to handle hogs to as good advantage as some of the Eastern packers. With
the increase in the supply there will be an increase in the facilities, although at
present, as stated, the facilities and demand far exceed the supply.

The opportunity for hog raising must be considered from two points — that of de-
mand and that of supply. That the demand is good is illustrated by the fact that
during a year's period and every year 10,000,000 pounds of Eastern pork products are
sent to San Francisco alone to make up the shortage of hog products in this State.
One provision firm in San Francisco imported from the East over 3,000,000 pounds of
hams, bacon and lard during the past year.

The question of supplying the market particularly affects the hog raiser. It is
estimated that fully one-third the hogs now raised in California are raised on
dairies. Hogs are a valuable adjunct to the dairy and skimmed milk can be turned
to no better use than as a food for hogs. With the rapid development of the dairying
industry in California and the supplanting of the "dairy process" by a more modern
"creamery process," hog raising affords usually a satisfactory solution as to how the
dairy man shall dispose of his skimmed milk at a profit.

In years gone by, when California (and especially San Francisco), was not
equipped for the taking care of pork products as it is to-day, then Eastern pork
products, cured in cold storage, were given the preference over California pork prod-
ucts. This gave the impression throughout California that the Eastern pork products
were superior to Californian. To-day San Francisco, as well as other points, is well
equipped for handling pork products. The Eastern products are cured in cold storage
and it takes from thirty to sixty days to produce good ham and bacon.

California, with its resources for the raising of grain, were this grain put to hogs
as Eastern farmers do their corn, would produce as good, if not better hogs than the
East produces. Our hogs a e fine-boned and have a good territory to run over, which
has a tendency to harden the meat when fed on grain. This produces a better and
firmer pork than the coarser-bred and heavy, thick-fat Eastern pork products. The
raising of hogs and the feeding of grain to them will give a greater revenue than of
handling grain in any other way, for there is always a ready market for grain-fed hogs
at all times.

In former years when there was not a market in California for hogs, very little
attention was given to hog raising, and what few hogs were raised were largely hap-
hazard alfalfa and from acorns. The acorn-fed hogs are worthless. The pork prod-
uct from acorns is soft and oily, and this is one reason why some people are still
of the opinion that Eastern pork is superior to California pork. Where California hogs
are fed on California grain the pork produced is as good as, if not superior to, the
Eastern produced pork. California pork products bring within one cent per pound or
as much as the Eastern products.

*****

A SATISFIED SETTLER

The California Promotion Committee:

I am writing these few lines to let you know that I have arrived in
California. I had very little trouble in getting work and have not lost a day since,
and hope to get a first-class position in the near future.

I am greatly pleased with the country and have not the slightest desire to go back
East again.

There is another Kansas family coming to California next spring, and they will lo-
cate in Oakland.

The climate suits me O. K., and will do all I can to induce my Eastern friends to
come out.

The State has been badly misrepresented by some people, who expected to live
off the fat of the land and not exert themselves any in doing so. I have endeavored to
interest none but the best class of people in your State — people who are honest and in-
dustrious citizens, and they are what you want.

With best wishes for your success, I remain, yours truly,

(Signed.) W. H. GRIGG.

366 Fifth street, San Diego, California, Nov. 17, 1904.

13

PUBLICATIONS BY THE

California Promotion Committee

SAN FRANCISCO AND ITS ENVIRONS

A guide to San Francisco, with routes throughout California. 112 pages of up-to-
date information, bound in red leatherette cover, stamped in gold, with map,
alphabetical key, authoritative descriptions of leading points of interest in the City
and State. — Price, Twenty-five Cents, postpaid, to cover cost only.

WHAT THE PRESS SAYS OF SAN FRANCISCO AND ITS ENVIRONS.

A compact little volume, well bound in red leather, and of suitable size for
carrying in the pocket. The information is thorough and valuable. — "Club Life."

Contains in most compact form a large amount of information. — "Argus."

The work is intended for the use of tourists or others not familiar with vari-
ous points of interest. It accomplishes its purpose in an admirable manner, and
contains many things which even the old resident will read with profit and en-
joyment.— "San Francisco Chronicle."

It contains many things which even the old resident will read with pleasure
and profit. — "Breeze," San Luis Obispo.

SAN FRANCISCO AND THEREABOUT, by Charles Keeler.

Cloth bound, library edition, magnificently illustrated, with cover design by
Mrs. Keeler. An adequate and picturesque treatment of San Francisco in the past
and present. Price, Fifty Cents, postpaid, to cover cost only.

CALIFORNIA ADDRESSES, by President Roosevelt.

All the addresses delivered in California by the President. 160 pages of reading
matter with 20 full-page additional half-tones. Price, Twenty-five Cents, postpaid,
to cover cost only.

Some Special Numbers FOR CALIFORNIA:

POULTRY RAISING
SPECIAL OPPORTUNITIES
DAIRY-FARM
INTENSIVE FARMING
Other attractive and reliable numbers shortly issued. Any three
numbers for Twenty-five Cents.

CALIFORNIA TO-DAY, by Charles Sedgwick Aiken.

A standard work upon the State and its resources. 190 pages, 61 representative
full-page half-tones. — Price, Six Cents, to cover postage only.

THE ITALY OF AMERICA— IN FRENCH, ENGLISH ITALIAN

Eight-page illustrated booklet showing the similarity of California conditions
agriculturally to those of Italy.

MAP OF CALIFORNIA

Topographical Map of the State in handsome redwood frame, with glass, $1.00.
Unframed, by mail, five cents. Contains valuable data.

Thermal Map. Reproduced from "Climatology of California," by Professor Alex-
ander G. McAdie of the Weather Bureau. Shows huge thermal belt, with mean
temperature of 60-70 degrees. — Free.

CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA

By Professor Alexander G. McAdie, Published by the United States

Department of Agriculture.

Nominal price of 50 cents which wlil be refunded to the Government upon sale.

Is really a 94.00 book.

14

The California Promotion Committee

REPRESENTING

ANDREA SDARBORO, Chairman Manufacturers aad Producers Asaaelatloa

RUFUS P. JENNINGS, Exeeutlve Of fleer Saa Fraaelaea Chamber of Commerce

GEO. W. McNBAR, Treaaarer Merehanta Exchange of Saa Fraaelaea

A. A. WATKIXS San Franclaco Board af Trade

FRED J. ROSTER Saa Franelaea Merehanta Aaaaelatlaat

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

HON. GEO. C. PARDEE Goveraor af California

BEN J. IDE WHEELER Berkeley Prealdent University of California

DATID STARR JORDAN .Palo Alto Prealdeat Leland Stanford Jr. University

REPRESENTING

WILL S. GREEN Colnaa Sacramento Valley Development Ann.

R. P. LATHROP Holllster Central Coast Counties Improvement

C. P. SOULS Eureka North Coast Counties

JAMES A. B ARR Stockton San Joaqula Valley Commercial Aim.

8. F. BOOTH Fresno Fresno Chamber of Commerce

M. J. MOW MARK Los Angeles Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce.

CHARLES S. FEE San Francisco Southern Pacific Company

W. A. B1SSELL San Francisco

R. X. RYAN San Francisco

GEO. W. HEINTZ San Francisco

LEWIS E. AUBURT San Fraaetaeo

RUFUS P. JENNINGS San Franclaco

FRANCIS Q. STORY Los Angeles

MORRIS BROOKE Sacramento

EDWIN STEARNS .Oakland

A. FRANK NE ATE Fresno

GEORGE A. KELLOGG Eureka

ARTHUR G. BALAAM Lompoc

I. B. McMAHILL San Jose

GILBERT B. MORROW Sonora

ADVERTISING.
Barahart A Swasey.
Cooper, F. J.
Cook, Morton L.
Owens Varney A Greet.
Well, William M.

AMMUNITION.
Union Metallic Cartridge Co.

ARCHITECTS.
Day, Clinton
Maggs, Herbert B.
Reld Bros.
John Galen Howard
Sawyer, Houghton
Tobey, Curtis, Jr.

ART GOODS.
Gump S. A G. Co.

ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW.
Bancroft, Philip
Checkering A Gregory
Deamer A Stetson
Felgenbaum, Sanford
Moore, A. A. Jr.
Noyea, Bartholomew
Stratton A Kaufman
Sullivan & Sullivan
Treat, R. B.
Tirey L. Ford.

ACCOUNTANTS.
Amratb, J. IV.

BANKS.
Aaglo-Callforala Bank
Bank of California
California Safe Deposit aad1

Truat Co.
Central Trust Co.
Donohoe-Kelly Banking Co.
French-American Bank
German Savings and Loan

Society.
Hlbernla Savings aad Loan

Society.
Humboldt Savings aad Loan

Society.
Italian- American Bank
London, Paris and American

Bank
Market Street Bank
Mercantile Trust Co. of San

Fraaclsco.
Mechanics' Savings Bank
Mataal Savlags Bank.
Pacific States Savings, Lean

aad Building Co.
Savings and Loan Society
Security Savings Bank
Wells, Fargo A Co.'s Bank

BARBER SUPPLIES.
Deckelmaa Bros.

BELTING AND PACKING.
New York Belting and Pack-
tag Co.

BOILER WORKS. *
Keyatoae Boiler Works

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.
Crocker, H. S. Co.
Cunningham, Curtlaa A Welch
Elder, Paul A Co.
Payat, Upham A Co.
■aabora, Vail A Co.
**a Fraaelaea News Co,
Whltaker A Ray Co.

Atchison, Topeka A Santa Fe Railway
California Northwestern Railway
North Shore Railroad
California Stata Mining Bureau
STATE PUBLICITY COMMITTEE

REPRESENTING
San Franclaco County.
Counties South of Tehachapl
Sacramento Valley Counties
San Francisco Bay Countlea
San Joaquin Valley Countlea
North Coast Counties
South Coast Counties
Central Coast Counties
Sierra Counties

DAIRY MACHINERY.
Da Laval Dairy Supply Co.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
BREWERS.
Brewers' Protective Asaa.

BROKERS.
Browa, Edward A Soaa
Waalorek, M.

CANNERIES.
Jacobs, Isldor (California
Canneries)

CAPITALISTS.
Borel, Antolne
Coleman, Robert L.
Durphy, B. F.
Glselman, William
Hayward, Alvlasa
Hopkins E. W.
Mackay, Clarence
Marye, George F. Jr.
Mathews, H. E.
Meyer, Daniel
Pacific Improvement Co.
Phelan, James D.
Smith, F. M.
Spreckels, Clans
Thompson, R. R.
CARPETS LINOLEUM AI"D

UPHOLSTERY GOODS.
Hulse, Bradford A Co.

CARPETS, UPHOLSTERY
AND FURNITURE.
Hoffman, Henry, Jr. (W. J.
Sloane A Co.)

CASH REGISTERS.
Pierce & Co.

CIGARS AND TOBACCO.
Gnnst, M. A. A Co.
Judell, H. L. A Co.

CLOTHIERS.
Raphael, Inc.

COAL DEALERS.
Allen, Chas R.
Western Fuel Co.
COFFEE TEA AND SPICES.
Brandenstein, M. J. A Co.
Folger, J. A. A Co.
Hills Bros.
Jones-Paddock Co.
Schilling, A. A Co.
COMMISSION A MANUFAC-
TURERS' AGENTS.
Matllard A Schmieden
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
Armsby, The J. K. Co.
Horst, E. Clemens Co.

CONFECTIONERS.
Blum, Simon
Haas, Geo. A Son
CONFECTIONERS' SUPPLIES
Demartini, L., Supply Co.

COOPERAGE.
California Barrel Co.
Woerner Cooperage Co., David

CORDAGE.
Tabba Cordage Co.
CROCKERY AND GLASS-
WARE.
Anglo-American Crockery aad

Glaaaware Co.
Natban-Dohnaaaa Co.
CUSTOM HOUSE BROKERS.
Mayhew, F. E. A Co,

15

DAIRY PRODUCE.
Dairymen's Union of CaL
Halght, Fred B.

DENTISTS.
Fletcher, Thomas

DEPARTMENT STORE.
Emporium

DRY GOODS.
City of Parla Dry Goo da Co.
Hale Bros.
Murphy-Grant Co.
Newman & Levlnson
Raphael Weill & Co. (Inc.)
Strauss Levi A Co.
Strauss & Frohman
Welnstock, Lubln A Co.
DRIED FRUITS.
Guggenheim & Co.
Phoenix Ralaln Seeding aad

Packing Company
Rosenberg Bros. A Co,

DYEING AND CLEANING.
Hickman, Henry
Thomas, F„ Dye aad Cleaning
Works

EDUCATIONAL.
Ham, Charles H.

ELECTRICIANS.
Grnen In gen, H. V.
ELECTRIC RAILWAY SUP-
PLIES.
Electric Railway and Manu-
facturers' Supply Co.
EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS
AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS.
Castle Bros.
Gets Bros.
Jennings, Rnfas P.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Wells-Fargo Expreas Co*

FANCY GOODS.
Sacha Broa. A Co.
FARM IMPLEMENTS AND

VEHICLES.
Baker A Hamilton
Hooker A Co.
Waterhouse A Lester

FREIGHT COMPANY.

Transcontinental Freight Co.

FRUIT GROWERS AND

DEALERS.

Yolo Orchard Co.

FURNITURE.
Brenner, John Co.
Cordes Furniture Co.
Friedman, M. A Co,
Fuller, Geo. II., Deak Co.
Indtanapolla Furniture Ca.
McCann, Belcher A Allen
Sterling Furniture Co.
Weber, C. F. A Co.

GAS AND ELECTRIC CO
Saa Fraaclsco Gaa Co.

GAS AND ELECTRICAL
FIXTURES.
Day Thomaa A Co.
GAS ENGINES AND SCALES.
Union Gas Engine Co.

and

GAS REGULATORS.

Gas Conumm' Aaaoclatlon

GENERAL, MKKCHAXDISE.
Smith'* CiikIi Store

GLASS COMPANY
Illlnoia-raclne Ulaas Co.
GOLD, SILVER AND NICKEL

PLATING WORKS.
Drnnlaton, E. G.

GRAIN WAUEHOUSE.
Sentliern Pacific Milling; Co.

HARDWARE.
rrr.fh * Linforth
Prorllch, Christian
Bolbrook, Merrill at Stetson
Montague, W. W. A Co.
Pacific Hardware and Steel Co.
Tay, Georxo H. Co.

HATTERS.
Collins, Cbarlea J.
Flahcr A Co.
Friedlaadcr Hat Co.
Meyer, C. H. * Bro.
Trlest * Co.

HOTELS.
Alta Pines Mountain Reaort
Brooklyn
California

Commercial . _ __,

Hotel Belvedere(Belvedere,Cal.

International Hotel
Lick House
New Western Hotel
Palace Hotel.

INSURANCE.
Aetna Iaanranee Co.
Commercial Union Aaauraneo

Company
Fireman's Fan* Iaaaranea Co.

Footer, Geo. H. Co. .._..

Forbes, Staaley (Mataal Life)
Hartford Fire Iasuraaee Co.
National Fire Insnraaee Co.
Pacific Matual Llfo Insaraneo

of California
Royal aad Q,uee» Insaraneo

Company
The Liverpool, Loadon

Globe Insurance Co,

JEWELERS.

Carraa A Green

Jndls, Alpbonse Co.

Radke & Co.

Sebaasler M. * Co.

Schweltser, Josepb

ShreTO *■ Co" ---

KNIT GOODS.

Pfi.ter, J. J. K»,tt,M*1C**
LEATHER GOODS.

Harpham at Jaasea

LIMB AND CEMENT.
Holmes Lime Co.
Standard Portlaad Cement Co.

LITHOGRAPHERS.
Brlttoa A Rey

Matual Label Lithograph Co.
Ualoa Lltborrapblaa; Co.

LOANS.
C. H. Morrell
Fteaaee aad Security Co.
MACHINERY AND ■HOI-
NEEBS' SUPPLIES.
Cyclops Iroa Worka
Garratt, W. T. * Co.
Harroa, Rlekard A MeCouo
Heashaw, Bolkley Co.
Moeoo A Gottfried Co.
Martin, Joba

PadSe Tool aad Sapply Cu.
Tilin at Bewen .

inrunna furnishing goods
Atklas, H. < ■ * Soas
Balloek A Jones
Menatndter llroa.
Praxer, A. J. A Sous

MET Kit COMPANY.
Paelfie Meter Co.

METAL WORKS.
Finn. Joan
Paclfi* Metal Works
Selby Smeltlns Works

MM. I. Kit*-

Port Costa Mllllaa; Co.
•perry Floor Co.

Mill INCUT.
Toplltn. Rnbt. la A Co.

MINING ENGINEER*.

I llllllllMII. II. «'.

vplnk>. than. II.

NECK W A HE MANU-

FAtrTURBR. '

Helaentan. II. M.

OPTICIANS.
California Optical Co.

OVEBALLS aND SHIRTS.
Heynemaaa A Co.

OYSTER DEALERS.
Merajaa Oyster Co.
PACKERS AND PROVISION

DEALERS.
Baceua, Richard T.
Miller A Lux

Western Meat Co.

PACKERS OF CANNED
FRUITS AND VEGE-
TABLES.
California Fruit Caaners' As-

soclation.
Munt Bros. Co.

PAINTS, OILS AND GLASS.
American Oil and Paint Co.
Baas-Hueter Paint Co.
Fuller W. P. A Co.

PAPER BOXES.
Pacific Folding Paper Box Co.

PAPER DEALERS.
Blake, Mofflt A Towne
Boneatell, Rlchardaon A Co.
Union Pulp and Paper Co.

PATENT MEDICINE.
California Fix Syrup
Vlari (Hart land Law)

PHOTO BNGRAVKRS.
Janssen Lithogravnre Co.

PHYSICIANS.
Bryans, Edgar B.
Bryant, Edgar R.
Piscbel, Kaspar (oculist)
Roseastira, Jallua

PHARMACIST.
Leon dl Nola A Co.
Martin. Heary J.
Schmidt, Val

PIANOS AND MUSICAL MER-
CHANDISE.

Mauay, Byron
Sherman, Clay A Co.

POTTERY AND TERRA
COTTA.
Gladdtag, McBean A Co.
PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU.
Allen's

PRINTERS A PUBLISHERS.
Barry Printing Co.
Baacreft-Whitaey Co.
Commercial Publishing Co.
Gibson & Goldwater
Golden Onto Guldo Publish-
ing Co.
Murdeck, C. A. A Co.
Partridge. John
Phillips, Smyth A Van Ordon
Stanley Taylor Co.
Tomoye Press

PUBLICATIONS.
Journal of Electricity, Power
and Gas

RAILROADS.
California Northweate** Rail-
road

Hlbbard, C. W. -

REAL ESTATE AND LANE'S.

Adam* A Barry

(Saata Crua.)

Baldwin, O. D. A Son.

Baldwin A Howell

llrll ileal Estate Co.

Bnardman Broa. A Co.

Baah, Darld A Sans

Cotatl C*_ The

Goldman, J. A Co.

I looker m Lent

I. yon A Heag

Magee, Thos. A Sana.

Narrs A Saaadera

O'Rrlea, Charles F.

Pof ra a iinincs

C(nlnn, John K.
Ilcalty Syndicate Co.
Sbalnwnld, Iluckbee A Co.
The 7« Land aad Water Co.
I iiihai-ii. G. II. <V C«.

KESTAUHANTS.
I.araea. C. 0.
Pnrltaa Dining Room Co.
Wealerfelil. P. A Cm.
ROOFINGS, HlIII.niNO PA-
PaffflU AND PAINTS.
rariflar Paint Co., The
1(1 Mil III GOODS.
Ho. <•■ WoToa Hoao aad Rab-

ber Co.
Goodyear Bahber Co.

wi.«i.m, c. n. A Co.

RUBBER STAMPS, ETC.

Patrich A Cm.

SAFES AND VAULTS.
Herrlag-Hall-Marrla Safe Co.

Pareells-Greeawood Co.
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS.
Lleta Cc The A.
SEEDS, HERBS AND SPICES.
Volkmaa, C. M. A Co.

SCHOOL SUPPLIES.
Milton Bradley Co.

SEWING MACHINES.
Domestic

SEWING SILKS.
Carlsoa-Canier Silk Co.
SHIPPING AND COMMISSION
Balfoar, Gathrle A Co.
Johnson-Locke Mercnatil* Co.
Otis, McAllister A Co.
Sloss, Louis A Co.
Williams, Dlmond A Co.

SHIPPING.
Rosenfeld, Jno. A Sons
Urioste A Co.

SHIPPING AND LUMBER.
Nelson, Chas. Co*, The

SLATE.
Eureka Slate Co.

SOAP FACTORY.
Luhn, Otto

STREET RAILWAYS.
California-Street Cable Hall-
way Co.
Ualted Railroads of San Fran-
cisco.

SURETY COMPANIES.
Pacific Surety Co.

SYRUPS.
Pacific Coast Syrup Co.

TAILORS.
WaakowskI, W.
Nordwell, C. W.
TANNERS AND LEATHER
DEALERS.
Kullmaa, Sals A Co.
Norton Tannine; Co. The
TELEPHONE AND TELE-
GRAPH.
Pacific States Telephoao and

Telegraph Co.
Postal Tel. Cable Co.

Western Union ivi. Co.

TENTS AND AWNINGS.
Ames A Harris
Nerlllo A Co.

THEATERS.
Orphean Circuit Co.

TRANSFER COMPANIES.
McNab A Smith
Renner, Geo.
San Fraaclseo Traasfer Co.

TRUNKS AND BAGS.
HIrschfelder A Meaney
TYPE WRITERS.
Alexaader, L. A M.

WALL PAPER.
Uhl Bros.

WATER WHEELS.
Pelton Water Wheel Cc The

WHOLESALE GROCERS.
Goldberg-, Howen A Co,
Jrnnlnxa, Thomas
Sassmaa, Wsrmaer A Co.
Tillmann A Bendel
WHOLESALE LUMBER ABB

SHIPPING.
Caapar Lamber Co.
Colemaa, Edward

llri'lilm A. J.

Heymaa, Jnllas
Hooper, C. A. A Co.

WINES AND LIQUORS.
California Wine Association
(.li-r Co., Thro

Gandlsch-Baadschn Wins On.
Motnllna. A. P. A Co.
Itallaa-Swlaa Colony
Jess* Moore-Hunt Co.
Lachman A Jaeobl
LlTlaxatoa A Co.
Mann Co.. C. M., Suoer*. t*

l>(- TurW.
Msrtln, E. A Co.

I'emlrlton, II. « •
Schilling, C. A Co.
Sennit*. W. A.
Slebe Bros. A Plaienaaa
Shea. Hoeniicrns Co.
ftkerwaad A Sherwood
Sprnnnee, Stanley A Co.
Van Heraen N. A Co.
Wet marc, Itewea A Co.
Wlchman, Latgea A Co.
Wlln«er<llng-I.*ewe Co.
WoltT. Win. A Co.

WOOLENS A til TAILOR
THIMMIIfll.
Arnateln, Simon .% C*>

I.

16

a | FOR CALIFORNIA, one year
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COMBINATIONS A, B, C AND D

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OUR PRICE FOR ' iE TWO, $f.50

r> { Out West - - one yt - Two Dollars

D ) With For California $2,25

p \ Overland - - one year One Dollar and Fifty Cents

^ t With For California - $1.85

r\ ) Argonaut - - one ye Four Dollars

i With For California, our pr Four Dollars

OUR PRICE FOR THE FIRST FOUR

$3.60

FOR THE FIVE, $7. JO

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WHEN ORDERING, STATE NUMBER OF COMBINATION DESIRED

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