Author: Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters

Title: Forester's manual

Place of Publication: Harrisburg
Copyright Date: 1912

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg152.4

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505 1 Part I. General instructions, outline for annual report, instructions

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PemwylranU. Dept. of forests and waters.

... Forester's manual ... Harrisburg, C. E. Aaglun-
baugh, printer to the state, 1912-

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eitry.

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December 1912

CommontDealti) of l^enngplbania.

J^epartment of iForesftrp.

FORESTER'S MANUAL.

PART I.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

OUTLINE FOR ANNUAL REPORT

INSTRUCTIONS UPON FORMS

HARRISBURG:
O E ADGHINBAUGH, PRINTER TO THE STATE OP PENNSTXTANIA.

1912

The University Libraries at Penn State produced this
volume to preserve the informational content of the
original. In compliance with current copyright law,
the University Libraries produced this replacement
using digital technology and printed on paper that
complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued
by the National Information Standards Organization

(Z39.48-1984).

1998

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

General Instructions, 3

Outline for Annual Report, 5

Forms Used by

1 Incidental Voucher, small, Office 10

2 Incidental Voucher, large, Office 10

3 Voucher, small, Foresters 10

4 Voucher, large, Foresters 10

5 Academy Voucher, small, Forest Academy 12

6 Academy Voucher, large, Forest Academy 12

7 Receipt, Foresters 12

8 Warrant for School Charges, OflBce 12

9 Warrant for Road Charges, Ofllce 12

10 Vacant Land Letter, Office 12

11 Land Offer, .Office 12

12 Contract for Land Purchase, Office 13

13 Timber Cut, Office & Foresters 13

14 Summary of Timber Cut, Office 13

15 Forest Fire Report, Office & Foresters 13

16 Forest Fire Bill, .Office & Foresters 13

17 Fire Loss, Office 14

18 Summary Fire Loss, Office 14

19 Summary of Fires, Foresters 14

20 Reserve Rules, Foresters 15

21 Application for Camp Permit, Office & Foresters 15

22 Camp Permit, Office 15

23 Surveyor's Daily Notes, Surveyors 15

24 Daily Record, Foresters & Rangers 16

25 Time Sheet, Foresters 17

26 Labor Account Sheet, Foresters 18

27 Pay Roll, Foresters 19

28 Bill Head, small, Foresters 19

29 Bill Head, large Foresters 19

30 Statement of Finances, Foresters 20

31 Forest Products, Foresters 21

32 Financial Receipts, Foresters 21

33 Plantation Report, Foresters 22

34 Annual Planting Report, . ; Foresters 22

35 Plantation Growth Record, Foresters 23

36 Roads, Trails and Fire Lanes, Foresters 25

37 Description of Compartments Foresters 26

38 Table of Areas ; Foresters 26

39 Tables of Qualities of Locality, Foresters 26

40 Valuation Survey, .' Foresters 27

41 Tree Analysis, Foresters 27

42 Tree Volume, Foresters 28

43 Application to Forest Academy, Office 28

(1)

44 Academy Student Agreement, major, Office

45 Academy Student Agreement, minor, Office

46 Academy Bond, ^ Office

47 Shipping Tag, Nursery Certificate, Nurserymen

48 Application Forest Tree Seedlings, Office

49 Lightning Report, Foresters

50 Nursery Operation Sheet Nurserymen

51 Nursery Shipment Card, Nurserymen

52 Receipt for Nursery Stock, ..Nurserymen & Foresters

Page.
29
29
29

29
29
29
29
29
30

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS.

1. The business of the Department is increasing rai)idly,and time
must be saved in every possible way. Uniformity in terms used, in
statements of expenses, and in various kinds of reports is absolutely
necessar3^ lirevity and conciseness can best be obtained by tabu-
lated data, and with this idea in view many of the forms have been
evolved. Some have been taken almost without change from the
records of foiest management abroad, but in most cases time-tested
forms have been used as the basis and sucli changes made as were, nec-
essary to make them of most value to the Department.

2. in many cases details will have to be given on separate sheets or
on the back of forms de-^iling with the i>articular subject which needs
to be set forth at greater length than is called foi- in the form itself.

3. The Department of Foi-estry uses a great many kinds of forms, a
few of which do not concern the foresters or rangers in the field.
Each forester should have a supply of all necessary forms on hand.

4. Each forester should be sure to place his name and the date in
the right hand corner, at the top of each form or sheet used. No
paper should be filed or sent from a forester's office without being
dated and signed.

5. Careful attention should be given as to what each form is and
to the instructions for using it. Many times the business of the
Department is Imrdened or delayed by reason of the fact that forms
must be returned with repeated instructions for correction.

G. Fill out iuoi)er re])ort form as soon as each ope.raticm is finislied

and file it.

7. Use one form sheet for each operation, to be kept as [)art of re-
serve file. For ie])ort to J)epartment in some cases cme sheet may
be use<l as a summary.

8. Keep a duplicate of each report.

1). Tabulate as much material as possible.

10. Always include cost of rangers' and foresters' time in the cost
of any operation.

11. On forms uj^m which finaucinl statements are ma<le, as vouch-
er, receipt, pay roll, etc., no erasures are permitte<l. If errors are
]nade, new forms must be filled up.

12. The terms -'miscellaneous items,'- ^-incidentals," and similar
ones must not be used.

13. Neatness in all cases is required, and proper English is in-
sisted upon.

14. The >vork in which the Department is engaged is for the bene-
fit of the whole people of Pennsylvania. Money appropriated by the
Legislature is taken from the people's money in the Treiisury. Every
citizen, therefore, has a direct interest in the work.

(a) Every forester must keep his records in such shape that he
may be able, on a moment's notice, to turn to any item of operation

(3)

or expense and give what information may be desired, either by an
oflSjcial of the State or by a citizen.

(b) All records and operations must be open to inspection.

15. Make notes as to improvement of forms or outline and submit
the same with your annual report.

16. If in doubt concerning anything, write immediately to the De-
partment for information and assistance.

17. Order all forms by number.

18. Forms have been made uniform as to size, either 8i x 7 or 8^
X 14 inches.

(a) One fold is sufficient in the case of the small size.

(b) To fold the large size

1 — When the heading is across the 8i inch side, take the form
at the bottom of the sheet in right hand and fold in half
to tlie top, and then fold in lialf again in similar direc-
tion. Any backing may now be i)laced on the upper
surface of the fold at the left end.

2— When Ihe heading is across the 14 inch side, take the left
edge of the form and fold over to the right, and then fold
in half again in similar direction. A backing may now
be placed upon the form, at the top, as it lies folded.

19. All report material not written on forms must be on paper of
the same size as the forms, viz., Si x 14 inches, or on regulation type-
writer size, viz., 8^ x 13 inches.

20. The following definitions shall prevail in the service:

(a) A reserve is a large contiguous tract of State land.

(b) A division is that portion of a reserve under the direction

of a forester or assistant forester.

(c) A range is that portion of a division under the protection

of a ranger.

(d) A block consists of a number of adjoining compartments,

as for example, those within a certain watershed, or
covering a certain mountain, and may be designated by
the name of the stream, or mountain, or by some local
historic name.

(e) A compartment shall be considered as the smallest unit

of management.

1— The boundaries should be either natural features
or roads and trails.

2— The area should not exceed 300 acres, and where-
ever possible should average much less. Uni-
formity in area is desirable.

(f) A sub-compartment is the area occupied by a growth of

more or less even age, a pure stand, or an area exhibit-
ing a distinct soil quality, etc.

1 — A sub-compartment may be permanent or tempo-
rary.

2— There should be as few as possible.

OUTLINE FOE ANNUAL EEPOKT OF FORESTER.

The forester's report for each year must be submitted to the De-
partment on or before January 10th of the succeeding year, and
must conform to this outline. In the year }>receding a legislative
session a preliminary report must be submitted covering the mam
features of the outline, and must be in the Department by the 15th

of November. , . , •

Deal with each item in the outline each year. Where desired in-
formation is lacking or does not exist, a statement to this effect must
be made, e. g., if there have been no tires upon the reserves, say ''No
fires this year." When necessary, incorporate the material of the
previous report. As the forester becomes more familiar with his re-
serve he will be able to change his statements to what is more nearly
correct. As surveys progress, areas, ages, volumes, etc., will be defi-
nitely known.

1. Name of reserve, if named, and situation by counties; also sub-
divisions when definitelv determined. See Form 37.

(a) Each year should add something to the historic record

of the reserve, and whenever items of interest are ob-
tained records should be made at once. Historic record
must be revised in report of years ending in 0.

(b) A rejiort of the following features is to be made at the end

of the first full year that a forester has been on his re-
serve, and revised thereafter in years ending in 5.

I — Geologic characteristics, naming group or groups
of rocks showing on surface, character of soil,
and whether surface is of glacial deposit.
2— General topography of reserve, stating whether
plateau, hilly, or mountainous, and naming a])-
])roximately the proportifm of each.
:» — Local climatic conditions.

2. Forest Staff:

(a) Rangers.

(b) Other regular employes.

(c) Statements concerning them.

:*>. Status of bcmndary survey,— completed or not; condition of
boundary line,— brushed, painted, and jKisted or not; statements or
suggestions ((mcerning the same; corners.

4. Interior or exterior tincts, — difficulties oi- adviUitages arising
therefrom; tracts State slnmld own and why; information of value
relative to possible i)urchase.

5. Areas: (Tabulate and revise from year to year as the reserve is
more familiarly'known. Always give i)revious years estimates and
indicate any areas actually surveyed.) Submit whenever possible a
map of the reserve showing these areas. See Forms ?»7, 88, 39.

(a) Total area added by years; virgin forest, if any.

(b) Area covered with mature or hypermature forests, and

approximately the volume according to material it would
produce; species, market conditions, and proposed meth-

ods of operations in detail, including methods of regener-
ation.

(c) Area covered with stands having- a density of 50 per cent.

or over. I>ivide this area into two classes:

1 — Number of acres not in need of improvement.
2 — Number of acres in need of improvement.
State approximately the amount of wood product which

may be removed, noting form and species and possible

present markets.
State conditions under which operations may be made

profitable.
State what must be done to bring the stands to normal

density.

(d) Area with scattered trees from a density of 10 per cent, up

to stands having a density of 50 per cent. ; species, and
amount of material which should be I'emoved, market
conditions, etc.
State what must be done to bring the stands to normal
density.

(e) Area, not included in above, covered with brush or weed

growth, as scrub oak, bracken, briars, huckleberry
bushes, etc.
State proportion of this area which will be naturally re-
forested by a growth of valuable species if protected from
fire and grazing: Reforesting of remaining portion;
amount of fire killed timber.

(f) Area of open ground where seed or seedlings may be

l)lanted now with little or no difllculty, as old fields,
mill sites, severely burned areas, etc.

(g) Area covered with rocks, where no cutting ought to be

done, or where no regeneration can be expected,
(h) Area covered witli water; — lakes, dams, ponds, anc

streams.
(1) Area used for roads and trails.
(j) Area used for fire lanes,
(k) Summarize areas from above where reforesting by planting

is not justified at present rate of cost.
(). Springs and Streams:

(a) Locate all springs on map.

(b) State whether spi-ings aie cleaned, made accessible, or

posted (named).

(c) Data with reference to (low of sjjrings. Continuous or

not; unusual fiow or drying up, and probable cause of
same, whether due to climatic c<mditi<)ns, humus condi-
tions, drainage, or other cause.

(d) Condition of streams generally.

1 — Eegularity of flow.
2 — Contamination.

(a) Possibility.

(b) Prevention.
7. Buildings and repairs:

(a) Condition of all buildings on reserve.

(b) Need of repairs or new buildings.

(c) Fences.

(d) Telephone lines existing on or near the reserve; service, ex-
pense, need of e;s:tension, etc.

(ej Other conditions necessary for comfort and efficiency of
personnel of the service.

8. Koads. See Form 36.

(a) Distinguish carefully between extension and improvement

as indicated at head of form.

(b) Blasting, brushing, rebrushing, bridging, etc., should also

be kept separately.

(c) Improvements should be specified on the reports and cost

. reported on a basis per 100 feet of total length, not sim-
ply upon the distance covered by the improvements.

(d) Outline of road system as planned to date, or map of the

same. This can be made only after a careful considera-
tion of markets and of configuration of reserve.

9. Easements:

(a) Eights of way.

1 — Conditions reUiting to all such rights.

2 — Good or bad features.
(h) Other easements.

(An easement is a right to exercise a privilege adversely

to the owner of the title.)

10. Leases:

(a) Revenues, and material removed.

(b) Benefits or detriments.

11. Minerals and other valuable products.

12. S'eed Collection:

(a) Date.

(b) Species.

(c) Amount.

(d) Cost per unit of measure to time of i)lanting or shipment.

(e) Quality.

(f ) Amount to be used by self.

13. Plantations: See Forms 33, 34, 35.

(a) Date on each form should be the date on Avhich plantation

is made.

(b) Planting Summary (Form 34).

1 — Make separate statements of seeds planted in nur-
sery and of those placed in plantations.

2 — Must correspond with the totals of plantation re-
ports.

3 — Indicate with red ink, seed and plants collected,
raised and planted on your own reserve.

(c) Measurement of past plantations must be revised and kept

to date. See Form 35.

(d) Area (total) planted to date with seeds and with seedlings.

(e) Amount (total) of seeds and number of seedlings by species

planted to date on reserve (not in nursery).

14. Nurseries:

(a) Date established and area at time of establishment.

(b) Area in current year.

(c) Inventory of seedlings by species and age.

(d) Number of seedlings available for spring planting, giving

species, age, and cost per thousand.

8

15.

1 0.

17.

18.

19
20
21
22

23

24

(e) Number of seedlings shipped to individuals during year.

1 — To foresters or rangers for reserve, planting, giving
name, place to which shipped, number of each
species according to age, and price per thousand.

2_To private individuals, giving name, address,
species, age, number, and price per thousand.

?) — Number used on own reserve.

(f ) Amount of seed planted in nursery. See Form 34.

(g) Statements concerning temporary or permanent improve-

ments and general nursery conditions and work.
Sample Plots, Experimental Plantations, etc.:

(a) When established.

(b) Name.

(c) Location.

(d) Area.

(e) Object of development.

(f) Measurements past and present. (Tabulate all data).
Labor Conditions:

(a) Wages per day or per hour per man.

(b) Wages i)er day or per hour for teams, with and witliout

driveis, etc.

(c) Keasons for high or low wages.

(d) Scarcity and quality of labor, and cause for same.
Improvement Cuttings: See Forms 13, 31, 32.

(a) Conditions existing ]>reviously.

lb) Conditions subsequently and benefits expected.

(c) Conditions ol* improvement cuttings of previous yei\rs.

Market Conditiims:

(a) Needs of the district.

1 — Specifications.

2 — Species.

3 — Quantities used i)er year.

4 — Prices.

(b) Transportation facilities.

(c) Eailroad rates.

(d) Possibilities with reference to the reserve in detail in ac-

cordance with present market conditions.
Data with reference to growth. See Forms 35, 39, 40, 41, 42.
Erosion.

Insect or fungus attacks.
. Forest Fires: See Forms 17, 19, 49.

(a) Statements not covered by forms.

(b) Observatory stations.

(c) Fire wardens and their work.
. Trespass and fines:

(a) Violations of forest, fish, and game laws, or reserve rules
reported and disposition of cases.
. Outing and Recreation:
(a) Camps and campers.
1 — ^Number.

2 — Matter with reference to their conduct.
3 — Hunting-:

(a) Number of deer killed on or in the neighbor-
hood of the reserve.

9

(b) Other game.
4 — Fish and fishing.

(b) List of camp sites by common name and location.

(c) Other uses of reserve for outing and recreation.
25. Inventory: (Use separate sheets.)

(a) All tools on reserve, condition, and value.

(b) All other property belonging to Commonwealth :

1 — Books.
2 — Instruments.
3— Stock.
4 — Implements.

5 — Other material not before enumerated.
2G. Summary of Accounts of the year. See Forms 30, 31.

27. Summary of suggestions.

28. Budget for succeeding year:

(a) Labor proposed and estimated expense in detail.

1. Eoad Work:

(a) New roads, Name Length.

(b) Old roads to be repaired or brushed. Length.

(c) New fire lanes Length

(d) Old fire lanes to be brushed, miles

(e) New trails to be cut.

ff) Estimated cost of (a) |

(g) Estimated cost of (b) |

(h) Estimated cost of (c) |

(i) Estimated cost of (d) |

( j ) Estimated cost of (e) |

Total estimated cost, f

2. Improvement Cuttings:

(a) Estimated area to-be improved, acres.

(b) Estimated amount of material to be derived

from improvement cutting.

(c) Estimated value of product so obtained.

(d) Estimated cost of suggested improvement

work, $

Bepairs to buildings:

(a) Cost of such recommended repairs, f

4. Other suggested improvements:

(a) Probable cost, f

(b) Seeds and seedlings required:

1. Seedlings needed for planting during the year.
Species Quantity Spring or Fall.

2. Estimated area in acres to be covered bv the above

planting. •

3. Quantity of tree seeds needed for planting in ex-

perimental plots or nurseries.
Species Quantity

(a)Estimated cost of planting, f

(c) New or altered equipment.

1. Estimated cost, $

(d) Other items of expense.

10

INSTKUCTIONS UPON FOiniS.

1 and 2.

Voiicliers for ex])en.ses i)ai(l Iroiii a|>i)V<)|>i'iati(>n to Depariinent for
i-outiiigeiil exi^eiises. Thov arc nsod only in llie ollke of the. Deparl-
luent.

:\ and 4.
N'oiulier.s for all Reserve Expenses.

1. ^'ouchers will he made up in the Deparlnient.

2. statements for vouelieis njust he snhmitted in detail hy letter,
settintr forth hill, l)v name and amount, as

Pav roll, 'Ifl-''' ^>'

John Jones, ^1 <>^

John Smith, ^ ^ *

^. Kailroad fare must he indicated in this manner:
Jan. 14. To railroad fare, Harrisbur^,^ to

Summerville, P. R. R., 250 iniles

(mileage) , 1'^ ^^^^

To railroad f£(re, Snimmerville to
Clarion, P. S. & C. R. R., IG miles

(ticket), 05

1(). To railroad fare, Clarion to Sum-
merville, P. S. & C. R. R., 10

miles (ticket), 05

To railroad fare, Summerville to
Hairishurg, P. R. R., 250 miles

(mileage ) , 5 (M)

20. To railroad fare, Harrishurg to
Lebanon and return, P. & R. R.

R (ticket) 1 05

Mileage books should be used whejiever possible.

No receipt need be taken.

Pullman fare checks will be accepted as receipts.

4. Trollev fare must be indicated:

Jan.* 24. Trolley fare, Mt. Pleasant to

Greensburg, |0 20

No receipt need be taken.

5. Liverv or automobile hire should always be accounted for by
receipt (Form T) or by receipied bill on liveryman's bill head, the

latter preferred.

The entry on the receipt or bill should be:

Horse and buggy, Muncy to Eagles Mere and

return, 20 miles, -P 00

Or, Double team, and driver, Milford, to

Blooming Grove, 21 miles, S 00

Or, Automobile, Renovo to Crossfork and re-
turn, 30 miles, 9 00

6. Express and freight charges must be accounted for by submitting
receipts on the respective company's receipt form.

11

7. Telei>hone cLarges should be entered according to date and
places between which the tek^plione was used.
8. Charges lor single meals obtained at reslanrants, or on dining
cars enroute, must be noted as folh)\vs:

Jan. 14. To dinner enroute, 1*. \l. It diner

4417, ?0 90

No receipt need be taken.

9. Hotel charges should always be accounted for by receipt (Form
7) or receipted bill on hotel bill head.

10. Do not fail to itemize fully each expenditure for which no
itemized receipt has been taken. The terms ''incidentals/' '•^mis-
cellaneous," and the like, are not to be used.

11. In the case of surveys, hauling and boarding may be placed on
])ay roll (see Form 27) together with service. fc5eparate receipts must
be furnished for all olher expenses incurred in the survey.

12. All exi)enses other than for traveling, those incident thereto,
and for surveying, amounting to more than ten dollars require a sep-
arate voucher, in which case there must be submitted a receipted, .
itemized bill, on individual bill head, or on Form 7, which will be at-
tached to a voucher with the following entry:

Jan. 17. To amount paid as per receipted bill

attached hereto, |15 85

The voucher must be signed by the individual furnishing the sup-
plies.

i:]. Pay rolls, receipts and receipted bills of all kinds must be
stamped "Keceived-Correct-Approved," and countersigned by the for-
ester on the line provided for signature under the above words. This,
of course, implies that each item has been received and approved and
the charges found to be correct.

14. Where any expense is accounted for by the piece, pound, yard,
bushel, hundred, etc., the entry should be as follows:

12 Meals, at 20 cents, ' $2 40

15 lbs. butter at 30 cents, 4 50

2 dozen lanterns at |2.00, 4 00

■ ir>. (Jopies of all bills, receipts, ]>ayrolls, etc., must be kei>t in office
of each forester, and properly filed.

K;. Whenever ymssible, pay expenses by check, indicating clearly
<m the stub the it(»nis for which the check is drawn.

17. No ])erson in the em])loy of the De]>artment has any authority
or legal right to sign another jierson's name for any purpose what-
ever. The j)erson who is to leceive the money must sign his own
name and it unable to do so, must make his mark in the usual way.
The mark must be acc<mipanied by the signature of a witness.

The form of signature is as follows:

his
John X Smith. AVitness: C'harles Brown,
mark

18. The general rule of fully itemized bills ])revails, an^ every em-
]doye must take notice. Follow the practice of getting, whenever
]>ossible, bills it^emized on the printed bill heads of the person to
whom the money is paid.

10. Be sure to forward all bills and receipts with the voucher to
which they are to be attached.

20. All bills, receipts, pay rolls and vouchers should be forwarded

12

to the office not later than Tuesday previous to Commission meeting,
which is on the first Friday of each month.

5 and 6.

Forest Academy Vouchers.

Used only for Academy expenses.

7.

Eeceipt.

1. Take receipts on this form for all expenditures possible, other
than those for which recei[)ted bills are obtained.

2. No receipt need be taken for trolley fare, railroad fare, telephone
and telegraph cluirges, single meals at lestanrants or on dining car
enroute, cab or hack hire.

o. Itemize each expenditure fully.

4. Pay expenses by check whenever possible.

5. Always begin receipt by name of place where the expenditure is
made and follow with date of payment.

G. If receipts are taken for lodging or meals, indicate by date; :f
for more than self, indicate number of men, e. g.,
Aug. 1, 1911, Supper and lodging for 7 men at

25 cents, f.*] 50

Aug. 2, 11)11, r>reakfast and dinner for 7 men

at 25 cents, 3 50

Aug. ?>, 1011, Dinner for 2 men at 35 cents, . . 70

Aug. *{, 1911, Feed for two horses, 50

7. For further information, see instructions under Forms 3 and 4.

8. Be sure to stamp "Eeceived-Correct- Approved" and countersign.

9. Date upon which material is furnished or service rendered should
always be given.

10. Postage stamps must be receipted for by postmaster.

8.

This form is used only by the Commissioner of Forestry, and is for
the payment of the annual charge against the forest reserves for
school purposes.

9.

This form fs used only by the Commissioner of Forestry, and is for
the payment of the annual charge against the forest reserves for road
jmrposes.

10.

This form is used by the Commissioner of Forestry to accept or re-
fuse title, for the Commonwealth, to vacant land, for which applica-
tion has been filed with the Secretary of Internal xVftairs, notification
of which has been made to the Department in accordance with Act of
May 3, 1909.

11.
Land Offer.

This form is given to individuals desiring to sell land to the State.
A copy of the offer is made on a similar form and sent to a forester

13

or inspector with instructions to examine the land previous to pur-
chase. The report of the examiner is written upon the back of the
form and returned by him to the Department. This report should

state

1. Whether or not the land offered is the land shown, if it is possi-
ble so to determine.

2. Whether it adjoins State land.

3. Character of the growth, species present, and relative percentage
of total stand; age, height, diametei*, density, quality of trees.

4. Soil.

5. Koads.

6. Streams.

7. Distance from market.

8. Other data. .
Then should follow an estimate of the tracts worth, judging by

past purchases in the same neighborhood.

12.

Contract for Purchase of Land.
Used only by the (V)mmissioner of Forestry.

13.
Timber Cut.

1. This form is sent to those who do any wood cutting or sawing

from the stump.

2. Each forester should rei)ort his cut on this form, as w^ell as upon
Form 31, so that it may be added into the total cut of the State.

3. Each forester should do all he can toward helping the Depart-
ment to obtain information of this kind. Whenever he sees or hears
of any individuals doing cutting of any kind, the names and addresses
should be forwarded to the Commissioner of Forestry.

14.

Tabulation of Timber Cut.
Used (mly in the Office of the Department.

15.

Forest Fire Report.

1. For instructions concerning this form, see the form itself.

2. Each forester should keep a copy of each report made. Form 11)
may be made up, to a large extent, with the aid of these reports.

16.

Hill for Extinction of Forest Fire.

1. For instructions, see the form itself.

2. It is important that these bills be forwarded as soon as possible
after the fire has occurred.

3. A copy of each fire bill must be attached to the duplicate fire
report. Form 15, and filed.

14

17.
Fire Loss.

1. These forms are sent out each year by the Departmejit in order
to get data on loss by forest fires.

2. Foresters should fill out one of these blanks each year for the
loss on the reserve of which he has charge.

3. The statements made should be carefully figured out before be-
ing set down. The loss may be made up of actual property destroyed,
whether trees are standing or not, young trees not yet marketable,
humus and soil. An^^ special features making the forest particularly
desirable should be capitalized if the forest is destroyed.

18.

Tabulation of Fire Loss.

Used only in Office of the Department.

19.
Summary of Fires.

1. This form is to be incorporated as a part of each forester's an-
nual report.

2. The record of each fire should be made as soon as possible after
the fire has occurred.

3. All fires at which the forester or any of his men assisted in ex-
tinction, should be reported on this form. Small fires as well as
large ones must be reported.

4. In reporting damage, it is better to indicate the character of
the damage rather than the value. As in the case of Form 17, refer-
ence should be made to extent of damage done to young and old trees,
stating whether they have been killed, badly or slightly damaged, the
species most affected, etc. P^special mention should be made of dam-
age done to any regeneration which may have been present.

5. In reporting damage to forest rtoor, it should be stated whether
merely the surface leaves, or a part or the whole of the humus has
been destroyed; also something as to the condition of the live cover of
the fioor before and after the fire. Sometimes damage to the soil it-
self mav be noted.

G. Damage to game, or birds, or other features making the forest
particularly attractive should be noted.

7. It will be of great interest to keep records of the time of day
when fires come to the attention of the forestry officials and the time
of day fit which they have been extinguished. If patrol is necessary
after extinction, a note should indicate the fact, and the time elapsed
before everything was considered safe.

8. Total cost of extinction should include the value of the time
spent by forestry officials and employees, and expenses. If individ-
uals assist who are not paid by tlie Department or from the appro-
priation for Extinction of Forest Fires, an effort should be made to
learn what time and expense they have had and make proper report
on this form.

9. Be sure the cause is known before recording it. Do not guess
at it. If it is unknown, enter it as such.

15

20.
8tate FoTest Keserve Rules,

1. Each forester should see that his reserve is well posted with
these cloth notices.

2. They should be placed along all roads, especially near where the
line of the reserve crosses a road and where roads fork or cross, at the
mouth of streams, along streams, and near camp sites.

3. When notices fade or are removed for any reason, see that new
ones are posted.

4. Be careful not to place the notices on trees which are likely to
become valuable timber trees. Try to find old, defective trees, or
trees of little value. •

5. Become thoroughly familiar with these rules.

21.

Application for Camp Permit.

1. The important thing about the application is that each individ-
ual most subscribe to the rules and regulations of the reserve. After
the application has been properly filled and received at the Depart-
ment of Forestry, if there is no*^ objection to the individuals, or if
there is no previous application for the same camp site, a permit will
be granted.

22.
Camp Permit.

1. These permits must be had before any one may camp over night
upon a reserve. A copy of each permit is sent to the forester in
charge of the reserve upon which the camp is to be located. If any
one is found to camp upon a reserve without a permit from the De-
partment, he is liable to fine or imprisonment, or both. (See Act of
May 5, 1911.)

2. Every ettort should be made, by the members of the forest service
to keep the Department informed as to the desirability or non-de-
sirability of granting a permit to any one of the community or to
any individual having improperly oi- illegally conducted himself upon
the reserve.

;>. Each forester should report to the Department all cases in wbich
campers fail to notify him previous to locating their camp.

4. Under no circunjstance must a forest official charge or collect
any remuneration for rendering assistance in the location of a camp.

5. In case of campers locating ujion a reserve, where there is every
reason to believe that they are ignorant of the regulations, leniency
should be shown. Have each one sign an application blank and
forward it with explanatory letter at once to the Department and
permit will be returned to forester.

23.

Purveyors Daily Notes.

1. Notes of final running are to be entered in ink each day on this
form.

16

2. Bketelies aro to he made on light hand side of slieet.
i\. Sheets are to he sent to the Department weekly.
4. Enter final ronrses and distances only.

24.
Daily Record.

1. Tlie ohjecl of this report is tliat the Department may keep closely
in tonch with the woi-k heing done on the reserve;^.

2. For the foresters, they are of inestimable valne in that at the
end of each month the Avork of all rangers, and foresters as well, may
be properly classified and charged to tlie proper accounts.

o. \Altii these ideas in view, this report shonld become a diary of
each man in the service. The exact location and character of work
done shonld he set forth in detail for each day, as well as the amount
of time in honrs spent at each o])eiation; also in red ink the accouni
or accounts to which each days work is charged. No one should
hesitate to tell exactly where he has been and what he has been doing.

4. The time of foresters and rangers costs value to the State, and
consequently should be accounted for just as other expenses must be,
and the time spent at each operation, or kind of service, should be
cliarged against that operaticm or service at a rate x)er hour, de-
termined by dividing Ihe salary j)er month by 250, which late; shall be
known as the ^'service'' rate.

5. When each o])eration, other than distinctly administrative
duties, has been properly charged for time given it at the "service"
rate, the sum of the items should be taken; the difference between
the forester's monthly salary and this sum should be charged to gen-
eral administration. In case the sum of the items amounts to more
Ihan the monthly salary, the difference may be credited in the gen-
eral administration account.

G. It must not be assumed that 250 hours is the amount of time
wliich a forester or ranger is expected to Avork, no more or no less.
That number has been chosen to determine the rate per hour to be
charged against oi)erations simply as a matter of convenience and
uniformity. Men in the forest service do not work OA^ertime; they
are in the service of the State from the time they enter its employ
until they leave it.

7. In the case of the ranger's time, each operation is charged prop-
erly and the difference betAveen salary and the sum of separate items
is charged to general protection account. If the sum of operation
charges is greater than the salary, the difference may be placed to
the credit of protection account.

8. Operations sliould be charged for rangers' and foresters' time in
the same manner as charges for other time. If the forester Avould
have to pay for time to and from the operation, in case a man were
employed to do the work performed, then the time occupied by for-
ester or ranger in gett ing to and from the operation should be charged

tion.

9. Absence from the reserve should l)e indicated by "Absent on
leave." If on Department or reserve work the nature of the Avork
should be indicated.

17

10. This I'oi'iii lias to do only witli the. time of foieslers and rangers
and not with expenses of any other nature. Therefore, in the space
for account charges, foresters will enter on their reports only the
proper charges, determined from the rejiort of their own time. In the
proper space on each ranger's report, foresters will enter only such
charges as arise from the particular ranger's time.

11. After the forester has received a ranger's report in duplicate he
should examine it and if found to be satisfactory to him, he should
stamp it with the "Received-Correct- Approved" stamp and countersign
it under the ranger's signature. All assistance necessary should be
given to the ranger so that he may make his reports in proper form.

12. Each day's record should be written in the evening of that day.
Happenings will occur and observations will be made that, if not re-
corded at once, may be forgotten and entirely k)st. When daily en-
tries are imi>ossible the rerord sliould be made at the first oppor-
tunity.

13. Promptness in forwarding to foresters and to the Department is
expected. All reports must reach the Department by the evening of
the fifth (5th) of each month. For each day of delay thereafter one
dollar (11.00) will be deducted from the forester's or ranger's salary
check. A record will be ke}>t of all delinquencies during the calendar
year, and deductions .will be made froju the February pay check.
Foresters must not hold other rei)orts because of a delinquent ranger,
but should send within the time limit what is on hand. Foresters
must see that their rangers are not delinquent, as they will be charged
with the penalty in the first instance, i^enalties may be removed
from foresters and charged to rangers only on ])resentation of proi>er
evidence.

-4. Duplicate cojjies should always be filed in the reserve office.

25.
Time Sheet.

1. This form was adopted because it has been used successfully by
large corporations desiring a record of labor in detail. It suits the
needs of leserve records. However, Form 20 may be used in its
stead.

2. The name of the month is to be entered after the words "Month
of." Beneath the days of the week, "^Monday," "Tuesday," etc.,
should be entered the date in figures, as

Mondav

Tnesdav
2G etc.

^. The forester, ranger or foreman who keei)s the tjme should enter
each new name in the ])roper column at (he time the man begins
work.

4. Each day's work of each individual should be designated in such
a way that there can be no possible doubt as to the -operation or com-
partment against which a charge must be made.

5. Imiformity and clearness of terms is necessary.

G. Each day's record should be made at the end of the day.
7. Totals should be carefull}^ checked and entered at the end of the
week.

IS

8. Transfers are made from this form to Form 2G.

1). After everything has bei»n properly transferred and the amounts
checked, the form should l>e filed.

10. Do not file until you are sure every entry is correct and that
ti'ansfers have been made, correctly.

26.
liabor Account.

1. This form was devised with the idea of using it as a summary

sheet.

2. The heading will appear when filled, as follows:

Labor for the month of March, 11)11.
Account Crooker's Hun lload.

3. At the end of each week, the time sheets (Form 25) are care-
fully gone over, and when labor has bee ndone on Crooker's Run Road,
the name of the individual is transferred, and the number of hours
entered under the proper date. The rate paid is entered under its
l)roper column.

4. Do not overload the reserve files, but at the same time, remember
that crowding entries is unnecessary and should never be done.

5. Subdivisions of an account may be indicated upon one sheet,
as for example, in the account above, there may be "Clearing Right of
Wav," '^Dynamiting,'' "Clrading," etc.

g! Two distinct accounts should never appear on the same sheet.
However, a continuation t)f the account for another month may be
satisfactory.

7. When a month's work has been properly distributed, the totals
of all account sheets should agree with the totals of the time sheets
for the respective month.

8. All totals should be carefully checked before making up the
pay roll (Form 27).

1). All accounts for the month should be closed on Saturday pre-
vious to the C(mimission meeting so that the pay roll may be made up
an<l forwarded to the Dei>ai;tment with other bills of expense, in
]»lenty of time for consideration on tlie following Friday.

10. Totals of each sheet, or of each sub-division of an account,
should be transferred to the le<iger account and so indicated in col-
umn marked ^'ledger folio."

(a I The above system necessitates, in many cases, a duplication of
nanies, and for this reason a sheet has been used by some foresters
for each employe. Form 25 is eliminated. The dilTerent kinds of
labor are indicated in the column provided for names.

(b) The advantages of this method of use is that if the rates of
wages differ with different work, they may be recorded without crowd-
ing any figures. Further, the total of eacii sheet may be transferred
directly to the pay roll, whereas in the other method each individual's
time must be collected from a number of sheets.

(c) On the other hand, unless it is desired to enter the value of
each man*s labor in the respective ledger accounts, and to which there
can be no objection, these items must be collected from the various
sheets and entered as a total for the month.

11. Either method may be adopted, but when once adopted, should

19

be adhered to in its entirety. If it is found to be more convenient to
use tl?e other method, a change may be made, but the change must be
complete.

27.

Pay Koll.

1. The pay roll is to be forwarded to tbe Department as soon as
possible after tbe closing of each montb. It must be done not latei
than the Tuesday preceding tbe tirst Friday in each month.

2 No pay roll should be forwarded until tbe forester has verifiec
its fio-ures and found them to be correct. ^ , • ,,

3 Enter each nuu.-s name when he is tirst empl.-yed during the

month and he should sign his name in the ^-'-'-^ ^'^^^^l^^'^Zt
Davment" at tlie san.e time. If this idea is carried out, tlie foiestci
will not be delaV'd at the end of the month in hunting his men foi

^•'f \vftriSence to signatures, see item 22 under Forms 3 and

*' 5. 1)0 not allow any person lo receipt the pay roll for the amount

^'1 Do^ not neglect to stamp the pay roll "Eeceived-Ci>rrect-Ap-

ijroved" and countersign. ^ x i n?

^? Never use i hours on pay roll. Allow time to the nearest ha^
hour onlv. Good iudgment will determine when to give or take, and
vet not be uniust o the employe or to the Commonwealth.
'8. When the rate for labor is above the ordinary rate per hour tor
dav labor, alwavs indicate after the ma.is name the kind of laboi
wliich calls for the extraordinary rate, as for example, James bmitu

'^oTi^case of survevs, pav for service, hauling and boarding should
.vo on pav Joll at rate per hour, or rate per meal. T.»tal number of
meals furnished entire crew each day must be entered per day in same
manner as number of liours worked by each man. Receipts must be
furnished for all other expenses incurred in the survey.

28 and 29.
Department Bill Heads.

1. It is good business practice to give a receipted bill for all mate-
rial sold for which money has been received. , ^ . *,

2 While all State business is expected to be a cash business, there
will' be transactions in which some time will elapse between the pur-
chase of material and the payment for it. In such cases a statement,
on either of these forms, should be sent at the end ot each month to
the individual still owing the Commonwealth.

:',. When payment is made, receipt the bill as follows:
Eeceived payment 10/12/12.

(Signed") William H. Kraft, Forester.

4. Do not use this form as a bill head for any individual.

20

30.

Statement of Finances.

1. This form should be filled out and forwarded to the Department
at the end of each month. The heading will then be:

Statemenl for November, 1012.

2. It shows all the accounts of operations, Or accounts by com-
partments which the forester has opened in his ledger.

3. A new account will have entries first, either in the receipt or in
the expense column or in both.

(a) If expenses exceed receipts, the difference is placed in Dr.
column immediately following expense column, and is a debit balance.

(b) If receipts exceed expenses, the difference is entered in the Cr.
column at the extreme right of the form, and is a credit balance.

4. For the succeeding month the form will appear:

(a) Statement for December, 1912.
Balances of November.

(b) The debit or credit balances will be placed in the proper col-
umn under '^Balances for November."

(c) New receipts or expenses will be entered in [)lace..

(d) Keceipts are considered as a credit item. Expenses become
a debit item. Add receipts to credit balance and e:xi)enses to debit
balance; subtract the two amounts, and the difference is placed in
the Dr. or Cr. column according as to whether the debit or credit
amount is the larger. As for example: An account at the end of
November shows a debit balance of $.50.40 ; during December, receipts
to the amount of $18.50 were collected from the sale of material
produced by the operation and there was an additional e.xpense of
$5.37. The December balance is determined by adding $5.37 to $50.49,
which amounts to $55.86, and subtracting*^ $18.30, leaving $37.50.
Since the debit side of the account is the larger, this is a debit bal-
ance and must be entered in the debit column.

5. If exi)enses are paid, or material furnished directly from the De-
partment, such expenses should be entered in red ink after the proper
accounts, as a separate entry.

6. If, upon authority from the Department, money received from
sale of material is used to defray all or part of any expenditure, such
expense should be entered in red ink, also, but as a separate entry
and enclosed in parenthesis.

7. The total of all black ink entries in the e.xpense column should
equal the total of all checks received from the Department for the
month's expenses.

8. When any money from receipts is forwarded to the Department,
a note and explanation should be entered on the month's statement.

9. This form will be used to present a summary statement of finances
to be included in annual reports of foresters. (See Item 25 of Out-
line.)

(a) In this case the heading will be as follows:

Statement for the Year 1912.

(b) The balances existing at the end of the previous year will be
inserted in the first two columns ; the total receipts and expenses for
the current year will be inserted in their proper columns and the
final balances should be the same as those for December.

21

(c) All expenses during the year paid, or material furnished, di-
dectly by the Department, should be entered in red ink.

(d) Money paid from receipts on reserve should likewise be entered
separately in red ink and inclosed in ])aren thesis.

(e) The total of all mcmey forwarded to the Department should
be indicated, as well as the balance of receipts on hand.

Forest Products.

1. In order to determine the development and possibility of the
forest it is necessary to keep an accurate record of yields according
to species and products.

2 The onlv safe basis for computation is that ot solid cubic teei
of wood, exclusive of bark. If bark is sold with or without wood,
a separate statement of (luantity and price should be given. Ibe
individual forester is the only one who can determine this volume.
He knows the number and cpiantities of various products and can
readily determine the factor for reduction to cubic feet. No fast
rule of thumb can be laid down for this purpose.

3 Exact measurements should be taken whenever jmssible and ex-
periments made from time to time in order to determine the factor
for a particular kind or qualitv of produce. The results of such ex-
periments and exact details thereof should be carefully recorded and

kept on file. ^ a ^'

4. Prices given should be those of various sizes, classes, and (piaii-
ties of material when ready to be removed from the reserve.

5. Data shcmld be kept in each operation so that the forester may
easilv determine the stumpage value of various species and sizes of
trees when made into various products. It is only in this way that
it will become possible to determine the most satisfactory rotation
and specie.s for various localities and conditions.

6. If more than one species has been cut on one compartment enter
the amounts cut of each species on separate lines, in the four columns
provided for species, and make separate distribution into product
columns for each amount.

7. Bark mav be entered in "P>y-product" column but mark it as
such. Other bv-])rodutcs might be tree seed, charcoal, or anything,
other than wood, that may be derived from the trees of the reserve.

32.
Financial Receipts.

1. The acreage to be given in the second column is that which can
be used for wood production. ^. ^ j,

2. The third column calls for cubic feet and means solid cubic feet
of wood, exclusive of bark.

3. If bark, alone or with wood, is s(dd by weight, some statement
should be made to this effect and quantity given.

4. "Gross receipts" means the total value received for a product.

5. "Net receipts" means the receipts from a product after deduc-
tions have been made for expenses connected with the manufacture
and sale of the product.

6. If material is sold on the stump and no charges except for super-

22

vision are made, the receipts would be entered as gross receipts and
the charges for supervision, so marked, should be entered in column
for cost of harvesting.

7. Minerals are usually sold on lease and consequently may be en-
tered directly in net receipts column.

33.

Plantation Keport.

1. For reserve record, one report sheet should be made for each
plantation, as soon as the plantation has been made.

2. Each plantation on a reserve should be numbered consecutively
and the record filed accordingly.

:j. The location of the plantation should be definitely set forth.

4. 15e accurate as to area planted. Make a survey when possible.
The area to be entered in second column is the number of acres within
the compartment which can be used for wood production.

5. Always describe in detail the method of making the plantation.
If seed be used, indicate whether si)ot, strip, or broadcast sowing.

6. Give planting distance.

7. Specify for each plantation, age, species of plants used, or species
of seeds.

8. Give data concerning soil conditions, condition of growth pres-
ent, etc.

9. Describe the preparaliim of tlie soil, if any, fencing, or other pro-
tection necessary.

10. Give detail account of expenses connected with making the
plantation, including forester's and ranger's time, as well as the items
of expense indicated on the form.

11. In summing up total expense and determining cost per acre,
make sure the figures are correct before placing them on the form.

12. For annual report to Department, one sheet may be used for
several plantations.

13. If two or more species have been planted in mixture or if each
species is planted on a small area, the areas adjoining each other, one
plantation record is sufficient. If, however, large contiguous areas
are planted pure with different species, it will be better to make a
plantation record for each area and species.

34.

Annual Planting Report.

1. This form is intended as a summary of seeds and seedlings
planted on reserves.

2. The figures on this form must correspond with the totals of
Plantati<m Records for the year.

3. S'eeds collected and planted on the same reserve should be in-
dicated in red ink so as to distinguish such from seed furnished by
another forester or purchased by the Department.

4. Seedlings raised and planted on the same reserve should be in-
dicated in red ink so as to distinguish them from seedlings furnished
by other nurseries.

5. Do not place on this form the amount of seed collected but not

23

planted on the reserve. Such a statement should appear elsewhere in
the Annual Report (Item 12 of Outline).

6. lie sure to distinguish and place in the proper columns seeds
planted in a nursery and those planted in permanent j)lantation.

7. If seeds or seedlings, the botanical names of which are not found
in the list on the form, are planted, indicate the proper name in the
blank spaces. The nomenclature of Gi'ay's New Manual of Botany,
Seventh Edition, is to be used.

8. Any plant raised from a seed is a seedling. The age of a seed-
ling is determined by the number of growing seasons through which
it has passed. A seedling having comyileted its first season of growth
is designated ns "a one year old seedling,'' irrespective of when the
seed was sown. It remains a one year old seedling until the second
season's growtli begins, when it may be said to be in its second simi-
mer, but it does not become a two year old seedling until the second
season's growth is completed.

Even though seedlings may have a new season's growtli started in
the spring when they are planted or transplanted, they are still de-
signated by their age of the previous winter.

0. The age of transplants is determined by the number of growing
seasons through which they have passed.

A seedling transplanted at the end of the first season's growth or
at the beginning of the second and remaining in the transplant bed
throughout the second season of growth, is two years old and may be
designated as a two-vear old transplant, or represented bv the figures
1-1.

A seedling two years old, transplanted at the end of the second
season's growth or at the beginning of the third and remaining in
the transplant bed throughout the third and fourth seasons of
growth, is four years old and may be designated as a four year old
trans]>lant, two years transplanted, or re])resented by the figures, 2-2.

35.

riantation Growtli Kecord.

Ft is absolutely necessary that the I)e]>artment of Forestry collect
uniform data with reference to the growth of trees in artificial planta-
tions, upon which may be based future sylvicultural and financial
]>lans. This form will serve for such purpose.

1. One sheet should be used for eatli plantation or for each species
in the plantation.

2. This lecord sheet should be related to Form X* by entering upon
it the consecutive number of the plantation which it concerns.

;{. Cross out ''Seeds-' or ^'Seedlings," according to what was used in
making the i)lantation.

4. "Age of Seedlings" refers to the age of the plants when they were
set in plantation.

n. In planting seeds, Ihere may be spot, strip, or broadcast method
of sowing, and various details connected with each. In planting
seedlings, there may be hole, mound, sj)lit sod, and various other
methods and details connected therewith. These details should be
set forth either on the back of this sheet or on Form 3:i.

G. The second column, ''Age of Trees," should give the age of the
trees from seed.

24

7. During the first ten years of a plantation, lieiglit growth may
be measureid annually or biennially.

8. From the tenth year, measurements of both height and diameter
may be taken at five year intervals, preferably when the trees are 10,
15, 20, 25, and so on, years of age.

9. Measurements should be made during the resting period of
growth.

10. Diameter measurements should be made at the same height,
and at approximately the same tem])eiature. ( r»reast height is four
and one-half feet above ground.)

11. Height growth should be given in feet and tenths of feet:
diametei* growth shcmld bo given in inches and tenths of inches;
volume growth should be given in cubic feet and to three decimals.

12. ^faximum current height growth is the greatest growth in
height of any <me tree <luriiig the season of growth just passed.

i:». The average current height growth is determined by adding
the lengths of the i)as( year's shoots of all the trees in the i)lantation
and dividing the sum thus obtained by the. number of trees.

14. The mean annual height growth of a plantation is determined
by adding the total heights of all trees in the plantation and divid-
ing the sum by the number of ti*ees to obtain the average height at
the time of measurement. This average must then be divided by the
number of years the trees are old.

15. The mean annual diameter growth is determined by adding the
sectional areas of all trees in the plantations, as found from diameter
measurements, and dividing the sum b}' the number of trees in the
plantation. The re^sult Avill be the average sectional area at the time
of measurement. From this may be found the average diameter.
The average diameter is then divided by the number of years the
trees are old to obtain the mean annual diameter growth.

It). Having the average height and diameter of the trees in a
plantation at any time, the volume of such a tree is determined by
finding a tree of such size and making careful volume measurements
of it. The volume of such a tree., called the "mean sample tree,"
multiplied by the number of trees in the plantation, will give the
volume of the whole plantation. (See Graves' Mensuration, pp. 228
and 229.) This volume divided by the number of years the trees
are old will give the mean annual volume growth.

17. When material is removed, the date should be given.

18. Ex])lanation of Crown Classes:

Predominant — When the crown of the tree is partially or wholly
above the general level of the top of the canojiy.

Dominant — When thf; ci'own has light from above and very little
from tlie side, being one of those making up the more or less even
canopy height.

Intermediate — When the crown lias no light from side and only
a small amount from the to]).

Suppressed — AVhen the crown receives no light from top or side
and the tree is in a weakened condition by reason of insufficient light.

25

36.

Roads, Trails and Fire Lanes.

1. A road shall be. considered as a way of travel wide enough for
the use of wagons, having beien so used or to be used, and is supposed
to be made bare of growth for at least 6 feet, especially if it is to be
a part of the permanent road system.

2. A trail shall be considered as a narrow way for foot travel, or
for horse-back riding, and is supposed to be made bare for from one
to three feet.

3. A fire lane shall be considered as a way cleared through brush
or forest, where a road or trail would never likely be built, and from
which the brush and loose debris are removed. The width may be
from 4 to 20 feet, of which at least one foot should be made bare.

4. When a road or trail has been laid out and the right of way
cleared of brush only, it should not be rei>orted as a fire lane.

5. A trail may, at some time, become a road, or a road, by discon-
tinued use, may become a trail. Either or both may be abandoned.

G. Any changes in conditions should be noted, and reasons for them
given.

7. Brush may be removed from either side of a road or trail to
any distance permitted, but not change the character of the way.
The brush removal should e;xtend no farther than is necessary. Bare
soil is better than great width of open space.

8. Distinguish carefully between extension and improvement.

(a) Extension refers to an entirely new road, trail or fire lane,
where none has existed previously.

(b) Improvement refers to work done upon old roads or trails now
existing, or upon new roads after having been considered completed
and repairs become necessary.

9. Each road, trail, or fire lane should be designated definitely and
its termini definitely determined from time to time.

10. Grading refers to the establishment of the general grade of a
road or trail, as indicated bv its rise or fall in lengtli and includes
the cost of survey.

11. Ditching refers to the accomplishment of good drainage by
ditches on inside of road, cross-drains or sub-drainage.

12. Surfacing refers to rounding up the road after it has been
graded and ditched, either with earth, gravel, stone or other material
necessary to complete the work and make a finished road.

13. The cost of extension should be indicated by the rate per 100
feet of distance extended.

14. All improvements and repairs should be reported on the basis
of cost per 100 feet of total length of road.

15. Notice that the column headed "Length'' is under "extension''
and in it should be placed the length of extension of new road, trail,
or fire lane, and not the total length of the road. The latter may be
indicated in small figures in the column headed "Boads, Trails, or
Fire Lanes."

16. In summary to Department in Annual Beport, use one sheet
for roads, one for trails and one for fire lanes.

17. Brushed boundary lines should be so indicated and not classed
as fire lanes, although they may be reported upon this form as well as
under item 3 of report outline.

26

18. All roads, trails, streams, and open boundary lines are fire lanes
in effect but should not be i eported as such.

37.

Descriptions of Compartments.

Forms 37, 38 and 39 are very important as a basis of future forest
management. It is not expected that exact data can be recorded
upon them at present, but an effort should be made to cover the whole
reserve and make proper entries on these forms, recording everything
as far as possible at present. From time to time projier revisions
may be made. In no case should the preliminary sheets be destroyed.

1. It should be remembered that the compartment is the smallest
unit of management, should be bounded by geographic features,
roads, or trails, as far as pc^ssible, and shoukl not exceed 300 acres.

2. For the time being, wan-aiils may be used in place of com]>art-
ments, if their locations are definitely known.

3. A. **blank" is a portion of the timber in-oducing area, having no
trcics or but a few, hence necessitating a complete restocking. It
does not include any areas not intended for wood producti(»n. In
some cases the latter areas may have a thin stocking which may give
a small return from time to time.

4. Under "Sylvicultural System" may be given any past history
with reference to the growth.

5. ''Quality of Locality'' may be indicated by Roman numbers.

6. ''Quality of ( Growing Stock'' may be indicated by decimals and
should comprehend density and condition of trees.

7. rndei* **I\emarks" may be stated something descriptiv^e of present
conditions and of suggested futui*e treatment.

8. Do not be afraid to use paper in giving details.

38.

Table of Areas.

This form is sell' exj>lanatory and requires only a careful estimate
or survev of areas.

39.

Tables of Qualities of Locality.

By '^Quality of Locality" is meant the yield capacity as expressed
by the quantity of produce which can be derived from the locality.

L Lnder -'Species and Sylvicultural System" should be noted con-
ditions at present.

2. The following table shall determine the quality class.

J. (Best) Areas capable of producing per acre per annum 100

solid cubic feet of wood or more.
IT. Areas capable of producing over 75 and less than 100 solid

cubic feet of wood.
TIL Areas capable of producing over 50 and less than 75 solid

cubic feet of wood.
rV. Areas capable of producing over .*»0 and less than 50 solid

cubic feet of wood.
y. (Poorest) Areas capable of producing over 10 and less than

30 solid cubic feet of wood.

3. Remarks should cover any matters which will set forth present
conditions in any clearer light.

27

40.

Valuation S^iirver.

There are many methods of making a valuation survey, but this
form is adapted to most of them.

1. Each slieet should be dated on the day the notes are entered.

2. **Localitv'- refers to quality of h)eality.

a. ''Area" refers to the area which is being worked, as either the
total area or the unit or area.

4. '^Number' is that of tlie sheet covering tlie area indicated.

5. Calipering shcmld be done carefully, paying attention to

(a) Position of calipers. They should be at right angle to the

axis of the tree. - - a

(h) Uniform height of measurement slnmld be maintained.

(c) dwellings, knots, vines, etc., should be avoided.

(d) Average diameter should be read.

6. Except in case of very exact Avork, diameters may be entered in

two-inch classes.

41.

Tree Analysis.

-The measurement of a felled tree to determine its growth is called
a tree analysis." H. S. (Uaves.

1. Date should be entered, the day the analysis is made.

2. ^^Type" refers to ty])e of tree, as predominant, d<miinant, or sup-
pressed, etc.

:]. ^'i.ocalitv" refers to quality of locality.

4. ^'Height'of Cross Section" refers to the number of feet above
ground at which the annual rings are counted and measured.

5. To determine the age of the tree, determine the number of years
required for the tree to reach the height of the cross section, by ex-
amination of small seedlings or sprouts in the neighborhood; e. g.,
if the tree is cut at one foot from the ground and is a white pine, it
may have required live years to reach that height. Then count the
number of rings from centre to bark; add five for the total age.

G. If the cross section is one foot above ground and it took five
years to reach that height, the radius at one foot when five years old
was 0. At ten vears the radius was the distance from centre to out-
side of the 5th annual ring; at 15 years the distance from centre to

tenth annual ring, and so on. - ^ r j.

7. Suppose the tree is 87 years old and the cross-section is 40 feet
high. We determine first where the annual ring laid on in the 80th
year of growth is bv counting seven rings from the bark. The radius
at 80 vears at this' height is the distance from centre to the outside
of the' ring, outside of which there are still seven rings.

Counting ten rings tow^ard the center determines the annual de-
posit of wood made in the 70th year of the tree's life, and so on.

There may be a number of rings from the place of last measurement
to center, say, 8. It wouldmean, if in all there were 25 rings on the
cross-section, that it required 62 years to reach a height of 40 feet ;
in other w^ords, 87 minus 25 equals 62.

8. "Diameter B. H." refers to diameter at ^ feet above ground,

outside of bark.

28

9. ^^Merchantable Length" refers to the total length of stem that
might possibly be used, if taken to the lowest diameter which can be
utilized in an}^ market.

10. AMien' analysis is made for accurate results, the tree should be
cut into sections not longer than four feet.

(a) The tree must be cut oft' as close to the ground as possible.

(b) The next cut must be at exactly two feet above stump cut.

(c) The last two cuts must be made two feet apart.

(d) Tn computing volume the portion of the tree above the last cut
must be considered as a cone.

11. The name of the person making tlie analysis must be on each
sheet.

42.

Tree ^'olume.

This sheet is to be used for recording the final figures in working
up tree volume from data on Form 41.

1. Date should be the day upon which the calculations are made.

2. *^Specie;S," ^'No. of Tree," ''Type," and '"Locality," should corres-
pond with the entries on Form 41, from which the necessary data are
taken.

3. ''Type" again refeis to type of trees.

4. ''Locality" refers to quality of locality.

5. The first computation will be to calculate the volume of the
whole tree, including bark (bj-anch wood may or may not have been
considered in the analysis).

(a) The stump will be regarded as a cylinder.

(b) Each log shall be regarded as a truncate paraboloid the vol-
ume of which equals one-lialf the sum of the sectional area of top plus
the sectional area of the base, multiplied bv the length. Represented

S-fs
in formula V= x L

(c) What is left above the last log is considered as a cone.
G. The second computation is to find the volume of the whole tree
without bark.

7. The next computations are for the volume of the tree, without
bark, at specific ages, as seventy, sixty, fifty, forty years, and so on.

8. In the case of special anahsis as under item 10, Form 41, the
second cross-section is regarded as tlie sectional area in the middle
of a four foot truncated paraboloid, the volume of which is found by
multiplying the sectional area in the middle by the lengtli, which in
each instance in this case is 4. Kefer to Vol. Ill Schlich's Manual of
Forestry-, 3rd Edition, page 30.

43.

Application for Examination for Admission to the State Forest

Academy.

This form must be used by all who desire to take the examinations.
They may be had by writing to the Department.

29

44.

Academy Contract — Major.

To be entered into by those who receive appointments to the Aca-
emy as students, and who are past their majority.

45.

Academy Contract — Minor.

Same as above, except to be entered into by those who have not yet
reached their majority,

46.

Academy Bond.

To be entered into by all who receive appointments as students at
the. State Forest Academy.

47.
Nursery Certificate Shipping Tag.

1. One of these shipping tags, with the certificate properly filled
up, must be attached to each package of seedlings sent from any of
the inspected nurseries. This is lecpiired by law.

2. Do not use this form for the. address card when it must be at-
tached to a box. Use an ordinary plain shipping tog.

48.

Application for Forest Tree Seedlings.

This form will be sent from the Department to all private individ-
uals (not to foresters on reserves) who desire seedlings from the De-
partment nurseries.

49.
Lightning Report.

1. This form is to be filled up by foresters, rangers, and any other
observers the forester may be able to interest in the work.

2. Definite areas will have to be designated where two observers
might be likely to make duplications.

50.

Nursery Operation Sheet.

The purpose of this form is that the foresler may tabulate nursery
expenses, so as to be able better to determine the cost of raising
seedlings of various ages and species.

51.

Nursery Shipment Card (green).

1. The nurseryman must fill up this card at the same time as Form
52, and send it to the individual to whom seedlings are shipped as

30

soon as shipment is made. (In case of private individual, card is
sent to Commissioner of Forestry.)

2. The forester receiving seedlings will retain this card, and as the
seedlings are planted make note of their number, size, and quality
upon the back of the form.

3. If seedlings are received in the fall and some have to be heeled
in over winter for any reason, a statement concerning the matter
should also be placed on the back of this form.

4. If anj^ seedlings have been lost or destroyed, a statement should
be made giving whatever information is available.

5. As soon as the shipment is checked by forester receiving it and
the proper memoranda made upon the back of the form, it must be
sent to the Commissioner of Forestry.

6. Nurserymen should call the attention of express agen(s to the
fact that seedlings have a special low rate.

52.

Receipt for Nursery Btock (yellow).

1. One of these cards must be filled up by the nurseryman for each
shipment and sent to the individual to whom the seedlings are sent
together with Form 51. (In the case of private individuals both
forms for each shipment must be forwarded promptly to the Commis-
sioner of Forestry, who will then notify the person to whom seed-
lings have been sent.)

2. After seedlings have been received and checked carefully, the
forester will place his signature upon the card, and upon the back of
it note whether the shipment was correct, cimdition in which seedlings
were received, general condition and quality of seedlings, and any
other information of value to the nurseryman. Then the card must
be returned promptly to the nurseryman from whom it w^as receive<j.