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Philadelphia, February, 1905.

No. I

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

loia Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter.

CONTENTS.

Editorials >

Governor Pennypacker's Forestry Recommendations...

Lessons of the American Forest Congress

Address of Hon, James Wilson

Lumbermen Ask for Money for Reforesting Lands

The Forest in the Life of a Nation

Red Ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marshall. Fraxinus pu-

bescens, Lam;)

The Forest Policy of France •

Work of the Pennsylvania Railroad in Planting Timber for Cross-

Ties.

Resolutions of American Forest Congress

Communication in Regard to Cause of Droughts.

I
3

3

4

5
6

S
9

10

13

13

Subscription, $i.oo per Year.
TAf attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
of FoRBST Lkavbs as an advertising medium. Rates ivtll be fur-
nished on application.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

Founded in Junb, 1886,
Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and
methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact-
ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and

National.

Annual membership fee. Two dollars.

Life membership. Twenty-five dollars. ... , .

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended
to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names to/. Dundas Lippincott, Chairman
Membership Committee, tois Walnut Street, Phila.

/'r^j/</^«/, John Birkinbine. ^ „ , »,. » ,

Vice-Presidents, Wm. S. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis,

Richard Wood.

General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.
Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy.
Recording Secretary, ¥. L. Bitler.

Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. . ,r j t r.'i r-u 1

Council at- Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Dr. Alfred L. tlwyn, Charles

Hewett

Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W.
Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul,

Member ship, }.T>wndAS, Lippincott, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer,
Edwin Swift Balch. Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Charles W. Freedlcy
Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W. W. Scranton, Albert B. Weimer, Dr. Samuel
Wolfe, and Hon. S. P. Wolverton.

Law, Hon. W.N. Ashman, Chairman; Henry Budd, Charles
Hewett, and John A. Siner. .ir j o

Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman : F. L. Bitlcr, Alfred S.
Haines, Alfred Paschall, and Harrison Souder.

]Vork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Mrs. George T. Heston, Miss
E. L. Lundy, Mrs. John P. Lundy, William S. Kirk, and Abraham

County Organization, S3imuc\ Marshall, Chairman; Eugene Ellicott,
James C. Haydon, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Richard Wood.

Ofpicb of thb Association, 1012 Walnitt St.. Philadblfhia.

EDITORIALS.

THE message of his Excellency, Samuel W.
Pennypacker, Governor, presented to the
Legislature of Pennsylvania on January 4,
1905, has properly attracted widespread attention
and received merited commendation for some
progressive recommendations.

Forest Leaves is especially interested in the
portion of the message which treats of our forest
reserves, and their care, the sale of State lands,
the suggestions to limit the risks from forest fires
and the pollution of the water courses of the Slate.
It is gratifying to have the Chief Executive of
the State express his interest in the State forest
preserves and their care, and to suggest means of
adding to these reserves. It is also encouraging to
note his recognition of the damage traceable to
forest fires and his suggestion to place upon rail-
roads the responsibility for such fires as upon fair
presumption result from locomotive sparks. If
his suggestion concerning the refuse from lumber-
ing operations meets with the approval of the
Legislatures, not only of Pennsylvania but of other
States, it will result in a more thorough utilization
of the smaller portions of felled trees, for if the
waste must be cared for, the cost of such care will
encourage the use of all that is possible.

There is such intimate connection between the
forests and the streams of the State that the
suggestions which Governor Pennypacker makes
about the pollution of our water courses will ap-
peal to our readers.

It is to be hoped that the Legislature will care-
fully consider the recommendations and provide
laws which will give increased protection to our
forest reserves and our streams. J. B.

*****
Much of the space in this issue of FoREsr
Leaves is devoted to the American Forest Con-
gress, held in Washington, D. C, January 2-6,
1905, and the editors need make no apology for

/40^'5t9

.iiit

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

giving prominence to an assembly of such impor-
tance. The suggestion of the Congress was good
and timely, the responses gratifying in respect to
the number, character and responsibility of dele-
gates. The influence will be beneficial. But we
believe all of these features would have been im-
proved had the co operation of State organiza-
tions been invited in the early stages of the move-
ment, and had they been accorded representation
commensurate with their membership and influ-
ence. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association
could and would have sent a delegation which in
number and character would have demonstrated
how much the people of the Keystone State ap-
preciate forestry. It was represented by the full
quota assigned to it — a quota out of proportion to
that allowed to other organizations, and its mem-
bers contributed materially to the success of the
Congress.

The numerous papers and discussions demand
more space than we have at command, but we
offer to our readers the following :

*' The Forest in the Life of a Nation." '' The
Forest Policy of France." Address of Hon.
James Wilson, ** Work of Pennsylvania Railroad
in Planting Trees for Cross-Ties." '' Lessons of
the American Forest Congress," and '* Resolu-
tions of American Forest Congress," J. B.

Governor Pennypacker's Forestry
Recommendations.

iN his address to the Pennsylvania Legislature
of 1905, Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker
made the following recommendations in re-
gard to needed forestry legislation.

The State now owns 544,958 acres of land for
forestry reservation purposes, and is under con-
tract to purchase 154,863 acres more, making a
total of 699,821 acres. While it is continually
adding to its purchases for this purpose it is by
a strange anomaly also continually making sales
of lands at a merely nominal price under old acts
which have never been repealed, relating to the
disposition of unseated lands. This legislation
came into existence m the early days of the prov-
ince and State, when land was plenteous and in-
habitants were few, and was intended to encourage
settlements by offering inducements to all comers.
That condition of things has long passed away,
and the legislation has been taken advantage of
in order to get possession of valuable tracts of
mineral lands and other property without an
equivalent consideration.

I recommend that legislation be at once enacted

that the Board of Property dispose of no lands be-
longing to the State until they have been first ex-
amined by the Commissioner of Forestry to ascer
tain whether they are adapted for forestry purposes,
and if found to be so fitted that they be retained
for these purposes, and that when lands are sold
by the Board of Property they be sold at ])ublic
sale to the highest bidder. The forestry lands
constitute a large domain, and since they have
been purchased means ought to be taken for their
preservation and proper utilization. The only
use to which they have heretofore been put, apart
from the cultivation of the trees, has been an oc-
casional lease for mining minerals and the tuber-
culosis camp at Mont Alto, where twenty-two
patients are given the opportunity for outdoor life,
with, I am informed, marked success. The efforts
for the preservation of the forests, the game and
the fish, all of which the State has undertaken,
seem to look to the accomplishment of ends
closely related, and it is well worthy of considera-
tion whether better results could not be secured
by a combination of them. The fish propagate in
the streams, the streams traverse the forests, the
game for its life needs both stream and forest, and
all of them require the employment of watchmen
and wardens.

The greatest injury to the forest lands arises
through fire. I recommend as one means of di-
minishing the loss which comes from this cause
that the railroad corporations of the State and
those having railroad lines passing through it be
required, under a fixed penalty and the payment
of resultant damages, to put out all fires within
100 feet of their tracks, except in municipahties.
No doubt, under its police power, the State could
prevent the use of fire as a danger, and, if so,
such an act, which would be in effect permitting
the use of fire upon condition, would probably be
held to be constitutional. The spread of forest
fires is very much increased by the fact that the
lumbermen and others when cutting down the
trees leave the strippings and waste lying upon
the ground. These become dry and form a mass
of light material, over which the flames sweep. I
recommend the passage of a law reiiuiring all per-
sons and corporations who may hereafter for any
reason fell forest timber, to remove from the woods,
when they take away the lumber, all other i)arts of
the trees, and imposing a sufficient penalty in the
event of failure to comply.

It is high time that attention be given to the
preservation of our streams, gifts of God to hu-
manity, which are essential to happiness and com-
fort and even to life. In Western Asia are vast
lands where once were teeming civilizations now
ba¥ren wastes, because the people did not under-

stand how to take care of their water-supplies.
Our streams are losing both beauty and utility, and
are being encroached upon by filling along their
banks and using them as dumps for the refuse and
pollution which come from mills, factories and
habitations. They are also being seized upon by
those who hope to make them commercially profit-
able, and in some instances the waters are being
diverted from their channels. There was a time
in the history of the world when a man could not
be born or married and could not die without
sharing his substance with ecclesiastics. If we
are not careful, another time will come when we
cannot drink or breathe without paying tribute to
those who have secured control of the natural
supplies of water and air. Probably nine-tenths
of the charters for water companies which have
come before me in the last two years have been
instances in which the parties securing the grants
had no intention of supplying water to consumers,
but sought to get privileges which would be avail-
able in the market. It is a subject of difficulty
and ought to be studied.

-tgr^'CSy

Lessons of the American Forest

Congress.

'' ryiO preserve the forests by and through
J^ use:" this was the motto. — And they
were all there,the users and the conservers
as well as some of the destroyers, at this business
meeting of foresters. High officials spoke for the
Pennsylvania R. R. , the Norfolk & Western and
the Northern Pacific R. R. An Oregon lum-
berman told why they can't practice forestry in
the northwest, and a yellow pine operator told
how they do practice forestry in Alabama. The
coopers and package makers told of their enor-
mous though unmeasured demand for timber.
The reclamation service irrigation engineers, the
forest reserve officials, the great live stock inter-
ests, and the mining companies represented, not
always harmoniously, the untold millions who are
to inhabit the semi-arid west. The Federal For-
estry experts, and Dr. Rothrock for the States,
told what is being done in this country; and
Canada and France told how they have done
what we are just now setting about doing. In
the long roll-call the telephone and telegraph
companies alone were conspicuous by their ab-
sence. The W>st came in for the lion's share of
the discussion, naturally from its great interrelated
and interdependent interests, forest reservations,
irrigation, grazing, mining and local timber de-
mand. But the East was not forgotten ; the regu-
lar accentuation of both flood and drought condi-

tions in the northern and southern Alleghenies
was discussed, and the East's share in the ever
vaster problem of the great Mississippi floods, all
following inevitably the closer stripping of the
mountain sides in the vast drainage basin.

It was a meeting for talk, and yet it was fully
recognized that the time for mere talk had
passed ; so the talk was of achievement, of begin-
nings, and pregnant with doing.

The wood supply is foundational, it might al-
most be said that our civilization is built on
wood. All the productive industries are directly
dependent upon it. So, too, thje means for trans-
portation ; and each of these in turn is depend-
ent on the other. This fact these great business
interests have long realized. That the available
timber supply has become alarmingly small is an
idea that has been gradually working its way, but
has only recently come to be fully realized — this
is what made such a Congress possible. And
when these men of affairs, captains of industry if
you will, told, now one now another, of the bil-
lions of cubic feet of wood sawed into lumber
every year, of the millions of ties put into the
railroads every year, of the hundreds of thousands
of acres of growing timber cut annually for the
coal and metal mines of the country, and so for
the whole list— was this mere talk? This con-
crete business interest is the interest that does
things, and they are ready to do or to have done.
A few lumbermen are actually applying scientific
methods in their work ; many others are deterred
from doing so only by the competition of the
slasher. It was shown that the lumber interest
as a whole would welcome legislation that com-
pelled everywhere (hence the National Govern-
ment must make the laws) the clearing up of the
debris after lumbering. This simple provision has
proved in Canada pine woods almost a preventive
of forest fires. The railroads, and in fact all the
wood users, would welcome legislation regulating
the cutting of timber so as to minimize waste, and
encouraging if not requiring the extension of tim-
bered areas to insure a supply to meet the ever
increasing demand. With this constructive legis-
lation, or before it, and even more urgently de-
manded, must come the wiping out of the foolish
laws under the operation of which the small rem-
nant of valuable public timbered land is being
literally given, not to home makers, but to unprin-
cipled speculators. And with this change must
come a change in the State tax laws that make it
burdensome or. even impossible to hold and care
for timber land after it has been cleared.

For, unless the existing supply is husbanded by
careful cutting and preservative methods, and
producing area extended, this great factor in the

FOREST LEAVES.

nation's life — wood — will rise in value, even more
rapidly than at present, freight rates will be
advanced, production curtailed, the irrigation-
bought productiveness of the west prevented, and
everywhere there will be increased hardship of
life. The progress of the nation will be checked.
And now is the time to do or a timber famine with
its unknown sufferings will be upon us. Such is
the lesson of the American Forest Congress.

And the special lesson for us Pennsylvanians is
that if we would keep our honored position in the
fore front of this great work we must be up and
doing. If we would keep for our State its indus-
trial wealjth we must preserve the productive
power of our forests. If we would recover to our ,
State some of her lost industries we must extend |
the forest domain back into vast areas from which 1
the lumberman's ax and fire have driven it. If
we would not only keep, but increase all these, and
insure the safety, comfort and beauty of life in |
city and in country, we must reclothe our desert
mountain sides with that true mantle which nature
meant as the conserver and regulator of the State's
water-supply, — and not only the mountain sides,
but all waste hill sides throughout the agricultural
sections. Were the waste farm lands, aggregating
thousands of acres, suddenly re-covered with trees,
that alone would have a marked effect in dimin-
ishing the great and growing extremes of flood
and drought.

And, may I add, that the lesson for our Associa
tion seems to be this, that we must bestir our-
selves. Dr. Rothrock said at the Congress that
Pennsylvania has realized in forestry all that the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association laid out for
her twenty years ago. In short, we have been
overtaken by the work we made the way for, un-
less we have taken advance ground. Have we ?
The danger is of folding hands now and saying
complacently, How well we have done this thing !
There is much to do yet. The great Forest Res-
ervation has been simply reserved. To take the
next step, to begin the systematic care of these
areas, in order to realize the purpose of their pur-
chase, the Commission will need large appropria-
tions. They will need money in order to extend
an interest in the best care of wood lots all over
the State. In short, they need the active support
of the powerful representation centred in this Asso-
ciation. This is no time to drop back.

Alfred S. Haines.

^L. > J*.

The Iowa Park and Forestry Association, at its
fourth annual meeting, elected as officers for 1905 :
President, L. H. Pammel ; Vice-President, Wesley
Greene; Secretary, Prof. Thomas H. Macbride j
Treasurer, J. C. Monnett.

Address of Hon. James V^ilson.

MR. WILSON in his address said : I make
you welcome to the Federal seat of gov-
^ ernment, to consider the state of our for-

ests and of our lands that cry aloud for want of
trees and the peculiar forest conditions that cannot
exist without their presence.

It is not a local (juestion. It is as wide as
American jurisdiction. It is not a class question ;
it affects everybody. Steel has taken the place of
wood for fencing to a large extent. It has taken
the place of wood ships to some extent, it is being
introduced in house building, and is replacing
wood extensively in the making of machinery and
for other purposes. Coal and gas are taking the
place of wood as fuel, and cement is taking its
place for building. The use of wood, notwith-
standing these substitutes, increases every year,
and our forests steadily vanish before the axman.

The extension of railroads, the settlement of
the public domain, the building of cities, towns
and villages, the use of wood in paper-making,
and the opening of mines call for more wood
every year, and the forests respond to the demand.
There are only a few large reserves left from
which to draw supplies. The extreme East, the
extreme West and the Gulf coast are now our
sources of commercial supply. The industries of
our country will be carried on at greater expense,
as wood becomes scarcer and its substitutes become
dearer. Agriculture, commerce and mining will
greatly miss the cheap supply of wood to which
they have been accustomed.

The nation is awakened to the necessity of
planting trees and making the most of those that
are mature. Our institutions of learning are tak-
ing up the study of forestry. State societies are
inquiring. The experiment stations of the several
States and Territories are making research. The
Department of Agriculture is training a bureau of
forest experts in woodcraft to serve the nation,
the States, companies and individuals along for-
estry lines.

We are beginning a meeting which is national
in its significance. Never before in this country,
nor so far as I know in any other country, has a
body of men representing such great and varied
interests come together to discuss temperately and
foresightedly the policy and the methods under
which the highest permanent usefulness of the
forest can be maintained. That we, men as
varied in our occupations as are the industries
and interests we represent, are drawn together by
this common cause may well mark the beginning
of a new era in our treatment of the forest. Your
presence here is in itself the best possible proof

FOREST LEAVES.

that forestry is rapidly taking its appropriate place
as an active and indispensable factor in the na-
tional economy. The era of forest agitation alone
has entirely passed. We are talking less and doing
more. The forest problem, as President Roosevelt
has described it, is recognized as the most vital
internal problem in the United States, and we are
at work upon it.

Because of your individual achievement in your
chosen fields this is a great gathering and a most
effective one. Unless you, who represent the
business interests of the country, take hold and
help, forestry can be nothing but an exotic, a
pui^ely government enterprise, outside our indus-
trial life, and insignificant in its influence upon the
life of the nation. With your help it will become,
and is becoming, one of the greater powers for
good. Without forestry, the permanent prosperity
of the industries you represent is impossible, be-
cause a permanent supply of wood and water can
come only from the wise use of the forest, and in
no other way, and that supply you must have.

I am glad to see the irrigation interests so
strongly rei)resented here, because forestry and
irrigation go hand in hand in the agricultural de-
velopment of the West. The West must have
water, and that in a sure and permanent supply.
Unless the forests at the head-waters of the streams
used in irrigation are protected, that is impossible
and irrigation will fail. Unless we practice for-
estry in the mountain forests of the West, the
expenditure under the national irrigation law will
be fruitless, and the wise policy of the govern-
ment in the agricultural development of the arid
regions will utterly fail. Without forestry, na-
tional irrigation will be merely a national mistake.

In the value of its invested capital and its
product, lumbering ranks fourth among our great
industries. Hut in its relation to the forest it
stands first. The vast area of the timber lands of
the United States is mainly in the hands of the
lumbermen. You have it in your power, by put-
ting forestry into effect upon the lands you own
and control, to make the lumber industry perma-
nent, and you will lose nothing by it.

The regulation of grazing upon the public for-
est lands is a forest question, and, like all other
national forest questions, its settlement always
should be for the best interests of the people most
deeply interested. The principles which control
the conservative use of the public ranges are iden-
tical with those which control the conservative
use of the public forests. The objects are a con-
stant supply of wood aad water on the one hand
and of forage on the other. Just as the sawmills
eventually shut down, unless forestry is applied to
the forest from which the sawlogs come, so the

•

horses, the cattle and the sheep of the West must
decrease both in quality and number, unless the
range lands of the arid region are wisely used.
Overgrazing is just as fatal to the live stock indus-
try as destructive logging is to the lumber indus-
try. The highest returns from the forest can be
had only through recognizing it as invested cap-
ital, capable under wise management of a steady
and increasing yield, and the permanent carrying
power of the range can be maintained or increased
only by the wise regulation of grazing.

The relation of railroads to the forest is no less
vital than that of the lumbermen. The development
of systems of transportation upon a secure basis de-
pends directly upon the preservation and wise use
of the forest. Without a permanent supply of wood
and water, the business of the railroads will decline,
because those industries upon whose production
that business mainly depends cannot prosper.

The importance of the public forest lands to
mining is direct and intimate. Mines cannot be
developed without wood any more than arid lands
can become productive without water. The pub-
lic forest lands are, and must continue to be, the
chief source of timbers used in our Western mines.
I am particularly glad that this Congress will
include a full discussion of national and State
forest policy. The forest movement in several
States has already resulted in the adoption of defi-
nite State forest policies. In many others the
time is ripe for useful work, because of the exist-
ence of a strong sentiment for the best use of the
forest. The forest problems in different States
cannot all be solved in exactly the same way. The
methods in each case will have to be worked out
on the ground where they will be used. But we
have before us here the same opportunity in State
forest matters as in other phases of the forest
problem, for full discussion of methods and results.
Above all, we must find the most effective means
of working together toward the same great ends.

Lumbermen Ask for Money for Refor-
esting Lands.

THP" thirteenth annual meeting of the Penn-
sylvania Lumbermen's Association was
held in Philadelphia on January 12th.
About 150 delegates from the various parts of
Pennsylvania were present. S. C. Creasey deliv-
ered an address upon the value of the forest pre-
serves of the State and offered a resolution asking
the Legislature to appropriate money for the pur-
pose of reforesting the lands. The resolution was
adopted and a committee was appointed to call
on the various members of the Legislature with a
view of arousing interest in the movement.

6

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

The Forest in the Life of a Nation.

P

RESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT
opened the public meeting of the Ameri-
can Forest Con ogress with the following ad-
dress :

It is a pleasure to greet the members of the
American Forest Congress. You have made, by
your coming, a meeting which is without parallel
in the history of forestry. For the first time the
great business and the forest interests of the na-
tion have joined together, through delegates, al-
together worthy of the organizations they repre-
sent, to consider their individual and their com-
mon interest in the forest. This meeting may
well be called a congress of forest users, for that
you are users of the forest, come together to con-
sider how best to combine use with conservation,
is to me full of the most hopeful possible prom-
ise for our forests.

The producers, the manufacturers, and the great
common carriers of the nation had long failed to
realize their true and vital relation to the great
forests of the United States, and forests and indus-
tries both suffered from that failure. But the time
of indifference and misunderstanding has gone by.
Your coming is a very great step toward the solu-
tion of the forest problem — a problem which can-
not be settled until it is settled right. And it
cannot be settled right until the forces which
bring that settlement about come, not from the
government, not even from the newspapers and
from public sentiment in general, but from the ac-
tive, intelligent and effective interest of the men
to whom the forest is important from the business
point of view, because they use it and its pro-
ducts ; and whose interest is therefore concrete,
instead of general and diffuse. I do not in the
least underrate the power of an awakened public
opinion ; but in the final test it will be the atti-
tude of the industries of the country which more
than anything else will determine whether or not
our forests are to be preserved. This is true be-
cause by far the greater part of all our forests must
pass into the hands of forest users, whether di-
rectly or through the government, which will con-
tinue to hold some of them, but only as trustee.
The forest is for use, and its users will decide its
future.

The great significance of this congress comes
from the fact that henceforth the movement for
the conservative use of the forest is to come
mainly from within, not from without ; from the
men who are actively interested in the use of the
forest in one way or another, even more than
from those whose interest is philanthropic and
general. The difference means to a large extent

the difference between mere agitation and actual
execution, between the hope of accomplishment
and the thing done. We believe that at last
forces have been set in motion which will convert
the once distant prospect of the conservation of
the forest by wise use into the practical accom-
plishment of that great end, and of this most
hopeful and significant fact the coming together
of this congress is the sufficient proof.

The place of the forest in the life of any nation
is far too large to be described in the time at my
command. This is peculiarly true of its place in
the United States. The great industries of agri-
culture, transportation, mining, grazing, and, of
course, lumbering, are each one of them vitally
and immediately dependent upon wood, water or
grass from the forest. The manufacturing indus-
tries, w^hether or not wood enters directly into
their finished product, are scarcely, if at all, less
dependent upon the forest than those whose con-
nection with it is obvious and direct. Wood is
an indispensable part of the material structure
upon which civilization rests, and civilized life
makes continually greater demands upon the for-
est. We use not less wood, but more. For ex-
ample, although we consume relatively less wood
and relatively more steel or brick or cement in
certain industries than was once the case, yet in
every instance which I recall, while the relative
proportion is less the actual increase in the
amount of wood used is very great. Thus, the
consumption of wood in shipbuilding is far larger
than it was before the discovery of the art of
building iron ships, because vastly mOiC ships are
built. Larger supplies of building lumber are re-
quired, directly or indirectly, for use in the con-
struction of the brick and steel and stone struc-
tures of great modern cities than were consumed
by the comparatively few and comparatively small
wooden buildings in the earlier stages of these
same cities. Whatever materials may be substi-
tuted for wood in certain uses, we may confidently
expect that the total demand for wood will not
diminish, but steadily increase.

It is a fair question, then, whether the vast de-
mands of the future upon our forests are likely to
be met. No man is a true lover of his countrv
whose confidence in its progress and greatness rs
limited to the period of his own life, and we can-
not afford for one instant to forget that our coun-
try is only at the beginning of its growth. Unless
the forests of the United States can be made ready
to meet the vast demands which this growth will
inevitably bring, commercial disaster is inevitable.
The railroads must have ties, and the best opinion
of the experts is that no substitute has yet been
discovered which will satisfactorily replace the

wooden tie. This is largely due to the great and
continually increasing speeds at which our trains
are run. The miner must have timber or he can-
not operate his mine, and in very many cases the
profit which mining yields is directly proportion-
ate to the cost of the timber supply. The farmer,
east and west, must have timber for number-
less uses on his farm, and he must be protected,
by forest cover upon the head -waters of the
streams he uses, against floods in the east and the
lack of water for irrigation in the west. The
stockman must have fence posts, and very often
he must have summer range for his stock in the
national forest reserves. In a word, both the pro-
duction of the great staples upon which our pros-
perity depends and their movement in commerce
throughout the United States are inseparably de-
pendent upon the existence of permanent and
suitable supplies from the forest at a reasonable
cost.

If the present rate of forest destruction is al-
lowed to continue, a timber famine is obviously
inevitable. Fire, wasteful and destructive forms
of lumbering, and legitimate use, are together de-
stroying our forest resources far more rapidly
than they are being replaced. What such a
famine would mean to each of the industries of the
United States it is scarcely possible to imagine.
And the period of recovery from the injuries
which a timber famine would entail would be
measured by the slow growth of the trees them-
selves. Fortunately, the remedy is a simple one,
and your presence here is proof that it is being
applied. It is the great merit of the Department
of Agriculture in its forest work that its efforts
have been directed to enlist the sympathy and
co-operation of the users of wood, water and
grass, and to show that forestry will pay and does
pay, rather than to exhaust itself in the futile at-
tempt to introduce conservative methods by any
other means.

The department gives advice and assistance,
which it will be worth while to know more about,
and its policy is one of helpfulness throughout,
and never of hostility or coercion toward any
legitimate interest whatsoever. In the very na-
ture of things it can make little progress apart
from you. Whatever it may be possible for the
government to accomplish, its work must ulti-
mately fail unless your interest and support give it
permanence and power. It is only as the pro-
ducing and commercial interests of the country
come to realize that they need to have trees grow-
ing up in the forest not less than they need the
product of the trees cut down, that we may hope
to see the permanent prosperity of both safely se-
cured.

This statement is true not only as to forests in
private ownership, but as to the national forests
as well. Unless the men from the west believe in
forest preservation, the western forests cannot be
preserved. The policy under which the President
creates these national forests is a part of the gen-
eral policy of the administration to give every
part of the public lands their highest use. That
policy can be given effect in the long run only
through the willing assistance of the western peo-
ple, and that such assistance will be given in full
measure there can no longer be any doubt.

I ask, with all the intensity that I am capable of,
that the men of the west will remember the sharp
distinction I have drawn between the man who
skins the land and the man who develops the
country. I am going to work with, and only
with, the man who develops the country. I am
against the land skinner every time. Our policy
is consistent to give to every portion of the pub-
lic domain its highest possible amount of use, and,
of course, that can be given only through the
hearty co-operation of the western people.

I want to add a word as to the creation of a na-
tional forest service, which I have recommended
repeatedly in messages to the Congress, and espe-
cially in the last. I mean the concentration of
all the forest work of the government in the De-
partment of Agriculture. As I have had occasion
to say over and over again, the policy which this
administration is trying to carry out through the
creation of such a service is that of making the
national forest more actively and more perma-
nently useful to the people of the west, and I am
heartily glad to know that western sentiment sup-
ports more and more vigorously the policy of set-
ting aside national forests, the policy of creating
a national forest service, and especially the policy
of increasing the permanent usefulness of these
forest lands to all those who come in contact with
them. With what is rapidly getting to be the un-
broken sentiment of the west behind this forest
policy, and with what is rapidly getting to be the
unbroken support of the great industries behind
the general policy of the conservative use of the
forest, we have a right to feel that we have en-
tered on an area of great and lasting progress.
Much, very much, yet remains to be done ; but
the future is bright, and the permanence of our
timber supplies is far more nearly assured than at
any previous time in our history. To the men
whom this Congress contains and represents this
great result is due.

In closing, I wish to thank you who are here,
not merely foi* what you are doing in this partic-
ular movement, but for the fact that you are illus-
trating what I hope I may call the typically

8

FOREST LEAVES.

American method of meeting questions of great
and vital importance to the nation — the method
of seeing whether the individuals particularly con-
cerned cannot, by getting together and co-operat-
ing with the government, do infinitely more for
themselves than it would l3e possible for any gov-
ernment under the sun to do for them. I believe
in the future of this movement, because I think
you have the right combination of qualities — the
quality of individual initiative, the quality of in-
dividual resourcefulness, combined with the qual-
ity that enables you to come together for mutual
help, and having so come together to work with
the government, and I pledge you in the fullest
measure the support of the government in what
you are doing.

Red Ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica,
Marshall. Fraxinus pubescens,

Lam.)

THIS tree so much resembles the ordinary,
valuable white ash in its general appear-
ance that it is commonly mistaken for it.
For example. Dr. Darlington, who surely should
have recognized the tree, frankly admits in Flo fa
Cestrica (1837, p. 9): *'I entirely overlooked it
when my Catalogue was published." Yet the
good doctor rode past the tree almost every day
when on his professional duties. As Marshall had
clearly recognized and described the tree more
than half a century earlier, and even affixed the
name Pemisylvafuca to it, the wonder is that it
should have been ** overlooked." Michaux also
clearly recognized the tree, for it is figured and
described in North American Sylva^ Vol. II.
Yet on page 39 of the volume it is printed, **0f
all the ashes this species is the most multiplied in
Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia;" which
leads us to suppose that Michaux passing by the
trees had evidently mistaken specimens of the
white for the red ash, for I cannot think the latter
was ever more common in this State than the
former, though it is true that the valuable qualities
of the white ash have led to its rapid destruction.
I must admit that I have been in this respect as
unfortunate as my illustrious predecessors, in
spite of the warnings they have furnished !

To say that it resembles the white ash is there-
fore to say that it is a strikingly handsome tree
in its best estate, though it seldom attains the
largest size reached by the white ash. Emerson,
in Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts^ speaks of
one tree of this species which was nine feet in
circumference at three feet above the ground. I
do not know of any in this State that are nearly
so large. With us it is seldom seen more than two

feet in diameter and sixty feet in height. Like most
of our other native trees the relation between
height of tree and spread of branches in the red
ash depends mainly upon its situation ; whether it
stands alone or is surrounded by other trees. The
heart wood is dark brown and the sap wood light
brown in color. The medullary rays are some-
what more distinct than in the white ash. Mi-
chaux, in Sylva A7nerica?ia, mentions it as one of
our forest trees which is worthy of care because of
its valuable wood. Later observers, however, rate
it much lower than the white ash, which it so
much resembles.

Upon inspection of its leaves this tree is easily
recognized, for the under surface, and especially
the mid-rib, is distinctly hairy, or downy, as are
also the younger branchlets.

The fruit, too, whilst it varies from an inch and
a quarter to at least two inches in length, usually
tapers down to an almost thread-like base, which
that of no other species of ash tree growing in
Pennsylvania does.

The leaves are compound, made up of from five
to nine lance-shaped, somewhat sharp-pointed leaf-
lets, which are sometimes, but not always, faintly
toothed on the edges.

In geographical range this species is more re-
stricted than most of its relatives. In the north
it extends west as far as Minnesota, but in this
State it does not often grow west of the Allegheny
Mountains. It reaches Florida on the south.
The uses of the red ash are much the same as
; those of the white ash, though for no purpose
does it appear to be so valuable.

The physical properties of the wood may be
stated thus: Specific gravity, 0.6251 ; percentage
of ash, 0.26; relative approximate fuel value,
0.6235; weight of a cubic foot of dry wood,
38.96 pounds. In order of strength it stands as
105 on the list of our American woods, though
the generally more valuable white ash rates lower
in strength as number no.

J. T. ROPHROCK.

Mr. Howard Elliott, President of the Northern
Pacific Railway, in his speech at the American
Forest Congress gave figures showing that the rail-
roads of the United States carry more freight and
passengers cheaper and quicker than those of any
other country ; that they pay higher wages than
any other roads. The continuance of these con-
ditions depends upon no increase in cost of con-
strucj:ion. With scarcity of timber freight rates
will go up, and the railroads and all the productive
industries, in fact, all industries, will suffer, while
progress will be checked.

,

I

COPYRIGHTED, 1905.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No, i.

BY J. T. ROTMROCK.

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RED ASH. (FRAXINUS PEN NSYLVAN ICA, MARSHALL.)

CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. i,

BY J. T. ROTHROCK.

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TRUNK OF RED ASH. (FRAXINUS PEN NSYLVAN ICA, MARSHALL.)

CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

COPYRIGHTED, t905.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. i.

BY J T. ROTMROCK.

RED ASH. (FRAXINUS PEN NSYLVAN ICA, MARSHALL.)

CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. i.

BY J. T. ROTHROCK.

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TRUNK OF RED ASH. (FRAXINUS PEN NSYLVAN ICA, MARSHALL.)

CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

i

FOREST LEAVES.

9

The Forest Policy of France.

;

¥R. J. J. JUSSERANI), the French Am-
bassador, at the public meeting of the
American Forest Congress, made an ad-
dress, from which the following is excerpted :

**The subject of your studies is one, indeed,
which appeals most powerfully to man's mind, not
to say man's heart. The forest is the great friend
which supplied the early wants of mankind, giving
the first fuel, helping to rear the first real house.
And now, after the lapse of thousands of years, the
forest continues the great friend, so adaptable is it
to our wants.

**This country is immense, its resources pro-
digious ; the nation is a young one — should not
something be allowed to youth ? Certainly, any-
thing, except what might maim and cramp a
splendid future.

** That something is allowed cannot be doubted.
One of the first things which struck me, coming
over to America, was how much was allowed, es-
pecially in the matter of forests. Going north,
west or south sights of the same sort met my gaze
and my French eyes opened with surprise. Going
to St. Louis last year, I noticed large spaces where
big trees had been cut, the stems remaining as
high as man's shoulder. So much wood lost, I
thought ; so much land untillable I Coming from
Canada on another occasion, the train was follow-
ing a succession of what should have been beauti-
ful valleys. But the view was saddened by the
corpses of innumerable trees which had been cut,
for what cause I do not know — was it for their bark
or for something else? I could not surmise ; but
the fact was that they were there, crumbling to
pieces, rotten and unavailable, spoiling the land-
scape and making the soil useless by their thou-
sands of dead bodies. Going to Louisiana in an-
other case, my heart bled at seeing the blue sky
blackened by the smoke of forests in flames. This
terrible mode of clearing the ground seems to be
still in use, and I noticed places where the fire,
being not violent enough, had not cleared the
ground, but had ruined and killed the trees, so
that it was havoc pure and simple.

** You can afford to spend to-day. Will you be
able to do the same to-morrow ? Maybe ; maybe
not ; and squandering habits when once taken are
most difficult to check, at a moment's notice, just
at the time wanted.

** We know it in France ; we have known it for
a thousand years (a moderate computation). We
have not your boundless resources ; we must hus-
band what we possess. Our land is limited, our
mines of small importance. Our fields have been
furrowed by the plow for eighteen centuries more

than yours, the accumulated public debts, left by
past regimes or caused by present necessities,
weigh on our shoulders, and yet with this weight
at this day we stand, and if 1 may believe what I
hear reported, our friendship is still worth having,
as well worth as it was ever in time past.

*' There is only one explanation : What we do,
we try to do with method ; what we do, we do
with care. We have no other secret. There is
nothing lost in France, nothing thrown away, not
a rag, not a bit of 'bread, not a stick of wood.
Many think we are a laughing, singing nation. If
we were such and nothing more, we should have
long since disappeared. We are a living example
that people may love to have their laugh and their
song, and yet keep their forests in good order.
Method and gloom do not go necessarily to-
gether. ' '

The policy of France in the matter of forests,
the Ambassador pointed out, is a time-honored
one, and the people early were impressed with the
necessity of preserving forests. In France there
is a national school of forestry, at Nancy, where
the sound principles of forestry are taught. The
practical importance of this teaching is testified to
by many foreign students, of whom some came
from America. In this connection he named Mr.
Pinchot, the chief of the forestry Bureau of the
Agricultural Departuient.

The French forests have not only a code, but an
army of their own — an army of 6000 men, for-
esters, rangers and keepers — a real army, sub-
jected to military discipline, so much so that in
time of war this troop is transferred from the Min-
istry of Agriculture, where all the forestry services
are centered, to the Department of War. In i860
a law was enacted making it obligatory for the
owner of mountains or mountain slopes to re-
forest them if denuded, the government supplying
the seeds. In 1882 a law was passed giving more
liberty to the landowner. He is allowed to refuse
to do the work. The government has then the
right to pay him a fair sum for his land, expel him,
and plant the trees, so important is it considered
for the whole community.

**The importance of such plantations is more
and more apparent. We see destruction and
poverty invade the parts where they have not been
observed ; wealth and comfort grow in those
where the rules have been observed. Where
there is a just proportion of forest ground the
temperature is more equal, the yielding of water
springs more regular, and observations in the
south of France have shown that since the Esterel
has been reforested the destruction caused by
that terrible wind called the mistral have dimin-
ished.

10

FOREST LEAVES.

The sea coasts of France were being gradually
invaded by the sand, and the wind carried this
death powder farther inland as years passed on.
In 1810 we tried forestry and the forest showed
itself, as usual, the friend of man ; the sand coun-
try has entirely disappeared as well on the ocean
as on the channel and the desolate regions of yore
are now wealthy, pleasant ones, where people
even flock for their recreation and their health.

^'The same careful and methodical policy is
being introduced into our colonial dominions.
There the difficulties are sometimes very great,
because the havoc has been more complete. We
try, for example, to reinduce trees to give back
to southern Tunis its pristine fertility. Most of
it is now a sand desert. What it was in Roman
times we know by the ruins and the inscriptions.
The capital of the south, Suffetula, as it was
called, consists now of scattered ruins in the
midst of absolute desert. One of the inscriptions
discovered contains a description given by an old
Roman veteran of what his villa was. He had
retired there after his campaigns and describes the
trees, the plots of grass and the fluent waters
which adorned his retreat, now buried under the
shroud of the desert sand.

**The Arab conquest destroyed all the trees
there and killed the forest ; the punishment was
not long in following. No forest there? No
men. Not long after the conquest the mischief
was already considerable, the land was desolate
and an Arab chronicler seeing the havoc done
recalled in his book the former times of prosper-
ity, adding : * But in those days one could walk
from Tripoli and Tunis in the shade.'

** There are, as you know full well, two great
classes of forests, and no more. There is the
wild forest and there is the civilized forest.
People who know forests only through books, I
mean through bad books, not the books written
by members of this assembly, fancy that the wild
forest is the thing. A time was too when people
thought that the wild man, the man in the state
of nature, was a nest of virtue and that, leading a
kind of simple life, he led also, of necessity, a
model life. The truth is quite difl'erent ; virtue,
like all plants of price, needs cultivation ; forests
need the eye, the mind and the heart of man.
Instead of being full of the most beautiful and
useful trees the wild forest offers a prodigiously
small quantity of good trees ; many have outlived
their period of use and they prevent the growth of
others ; many have grown crooked ; wicked ones
have injured the righteous.

** Now the question is, which sort of forest is
to be favored here ? It is a great thing for this
country to know what its intentions are and what

you mean to do. In doing it, in fulfilling your
duty as good foresters, it so happens that you will
at the same time second what is uppermost in the
mind of every good American — that is to help, so
far as is in you, to the spreading of civilization."

Work of the Pennsylvania Railroad in
Planting Timber for Cross-Ties.*

IT has been largely through the instrumentality
of the Forestry Association that the railroad
companies of the United States have been
brought to realize the gravity of the situation with
reference to a future timber supply, from which is
to be furnished the large quantity consumed by
the railroads in the production of cross-ties. The
rapid spoilation of our forests — the sole source of
our supply — and the imminence of its entire de-
pletion are only too strongly presented to us by
those familiar with the subject.

It would take more time than I have at my dis-
posal to obtain statistics to cover the entire field
of timber consumption in the United States, or to
make any reliable computation of the amount of
timber still standing and available for future sup-
ply, but a few figures illustrative of the general
character may be of interest as an introduction to
what more particularly concerns the Pennsylvania
Railroad System.

During the past year the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company has had the subject considered and a
report made by a committee of our Transportation
Association, and I will draw from this report some
data for my remarks of to-day.

The number of cross-ties in use on the railroads
of the United States is estimated to be about
620,000,000 ; the number used annually for re-
pairs and for extensions of track is estimated to
be from 90,000,000 to 110,000,000, requiring,
we may say, the entire product of 200,000 acres
of woodland annually.

Each year the timber from which these are
manufactured is farther from the base of transpor-
tation, many of the former sources of supply have
already been entirely exhausted. Our Pennsylva-
nia railroads now look chiefly to inland Virginia,
West Virginia and Kentucky for our white oak
ties, and the long leaf yellow pine of the South-
ern States will soon disappear ; probably another
decade may nearly close these sources of supply.

The annual consumption of ties on the Penn-
sylvania Railroad System east of Pittsburg and
Erie, for repairs only, is about 3,000,000, the

* Read by Joseph T. Richards, Chief Engineer Mainte-
nance of Way, Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Philadel-
phia, Pa., at the American Forest Congress.

FOREST LEAVES.

11

latter being about the average quantity used every
year for repairs in the past ten years. To this
should be added, say, 500,000 used annually for
new work.

It is evident, therefore, that at the present rate
of consumption the available supply of the present
timbers used, especially white oak and yellow pine,
will be exhausted to a serious degree before many
years, and the time is now ripe for the railroads to
consider the question of what course they are to
pursue in the future.

Under these conditions there are obviously two
courses :

First : The reduction of the amount consumed,
which can be done by the substitution of other
material for wood, and by the use of preservative
methods for prolonging the life of the ties, and
which by increasing its durability will diminish
the annual requirements for renewals, and

Second : By the adoption of forestry methods,
having for its purposes the proper care»and man-
agement of the forests still remaining, and the
cultivation of new tree plantations.

It is to the latter to which I will chiefly confine
my remarks in connection with this all-important
subject.

The question of forest preservation and perpetu-
ation is beginning to receive attention in this
country through the several State Bureaus of For-
estry which have been established, and attention
is given to forest preservation by these, as well as
by the National Government.

The National Government has established a
Department of Agriculture, which is doing valu-
able work in the dissemination of useful informa-
tion, and by creating a popular sentiment in favor
of the subject, and its co-operation with railroad
companies and lumber industries in the introduc-
tion of proper methods for the preservation and
perpetuation of the timber supply of the country.
The necessity or advisability of a railroad taking
an active part in forestry operations, looking espe-
cially towards its future supply of cross-ties for its
own use, is comparatively a new idea.

As long as twenty-four or twenty-five years ago,
on the Pennsylvania lines west of Pittsburg, atten-
tention was already given to the subject, and a
number of catalpa trees were planted along the
right of way of one of its lines, but the results ob-
tained were unsatisfactory.

More recently, the cultivation of the yellow
locust as a tie timber has been brought to our at-
tention, and the cultivation of this tree to a lim-
ited extent, for the purposes named, has been un-
dertaken.

Within the past two years we have begun the
planting of the yellow locust trees on an extensive

scale on property owned by the company. The
trees thus planted are seedlings two or three years
old, and cost, including labor of planting, about
8 cents each.

Generally speaking, these are planted 10 feet
apart, thus averaging about 400 to the acre,
although in the fall of 1904 we planted 54,871
trees 6 feet apart, and 88,127 trees 8 feet apart.

The total quantity planted to date is as follows :

Fall of 1902 at

Newton Hamilton, ....

Fall of 1903 at

Conewago,

Spring of I90!|. at

Conewago,

Pomeroy,

West of Atglen,

Atglen,

Fall of 1904 at

Juniata Bridge,

Newport,

Vintage,

Atglen cS: Susquehanna Branch, P. R. R.,

Total,

13,610

43*364

25,096
20, 280

• 16,537
8,108

20,730

29,505
50,300
53,000

280,530

All of these places are in the State of Pennsyl-
vania.

During the coming year we expect to plant
about 800,000 trees additional, say 200,000 in
the spring and 600,000 in the fall.

The land on which we planted these, except a
tract of 14 acres at Newton Hamilton, which was
purchased for this particular purpose, are lands
which the company have owned for some time,
and which were acquired in connection with old
or new lines.

There is probably no other timber which com-
bines so well the qualities of durability and hard-
ness as does the yellow locust. Evidences of their
longevity in use as tie timber are frequent on our
road.

The resistance of locust timber to cutting under
the rail is said to exceed that of white oak, and it
has been demonstrated upon our main lines that it
is not so much the decay of the timber as it is the
cutting in by the rail, which wears out, or de-
creases the life of, the tie. The average life of a
white oak tie is about ten years — we expect to get
additional life out of a locust.

The main attention which this cla.ss of timber
seems to require during growth is that of pruning
the lower branches of the young trees, ploughing
and harrowing ^the ground in which they are
planted, and keeping the weeds down as far as
possible.

Whilst it is not likely that the railroad company
will at any time, undertake to plant a sufficient
number of trees from which to secure its entire
supply of cross-ties, we feel that the experiment

12

FOREST LEAVES.

!

made by the railroad, of raising its own tie tim-
ber, will have a tendency to stimulate outside par-
ties, who are small owners of property, to culti-
vate this class of timber, and in this way assist the
railroad company, in the vicinity in which they
are located, by furnishing cross-ties at some future

time.

In order to supply our entire needs for the year,
namely, 3,000,000 for repair and 500,000 for
new work, and adding thereto 10 per cent, for
the immediate future increase, making the total
annual requirements 3,850,000 ties, we figure
that 3 ties to a tree would require about 1,300,-
000 trees each year to produce the 3,850,000 ties
(figuring that it will require thirty years for a yel-
low locust to mature), would require a continuous
growth of 39,000,000 trees, 1,300,000 to be
planted each year, which, if planted each year,
and if planted 10 feet apart, or about 400 trees to
the acre, would entail the continuous use of 97,500
acres, or 152 square miles of ground for the pur-
pose.

Resolutions of American Forest Congress.

THE resolutions as adopted by the Congress
urges on all legislative bodies full protec-
tion and preservation of the forests. Ade-
quate legislative protection of forests from fire and
reduction of the burden of taxation on lands held
for forest reproduction so as to induce forest con-
servation. Repeal of the Timber and Stone act
and enactment of a substitute authorizing the
proper Federal officer to sell timber growing on
public lands when the sale shall be for the public
welfare. Congressional action confining exchanges
of lands within a forest reserve on selection to
lands of equivalent value or of similar forest
growth condition. Repeal of the law prohibiting
export of forest reserve timber from the State in
which it is grown so far as it concerns States in
which such exports are in the public interest.
Legal authority for the sale of all non-mineral
products of the forest reserves, the proceeds to be
applied to management of the reserves, and road
and trail construction within the reserves. Im-
mediate consolidation of all Government forest
work in the Department of Agriculture. That
Congress declare forfeited all right of way per-
mits not exercised promptly on issuance, and
to grant to all industries engaged in lawful
business, and which will promptly use their per-
mits, the possession of necessary rights of way
similar to those of railroad and irrigation com-
panies, reasonable payment to be exacted for the
use of rights of way on forest reserves and other
public lands. That all schools, especially rural,

should study forest and tree-planting in their ef-
fect on national welfare, particularly through the
modification of local climate, and that all State
Legislatures provide laws and financial aid to the^
consolidation of the rural schools in units suffi-
ciently large that forestry, agriculture and home
economies may be successfully taught by precept,
example and practical work. Increase of oppor-
tunities for general forest education in educational -
institutions and extension and systematizing of in-
dustrial education. Congressional appropriations
to promote forest education and experimental
work in all agricultural colleges and experiment
stations of the United States : provided that the
appropriations be made direct to State forestry
departments, bureaus or commissions where such
exist in their respective States. The establish-
ment of national forest reserves in the Southern
Appalachian and White Mountains. Immediate
purchase of the Calaveras Grove of Big Trees by
the National Government and reconveyance of
the Yosemite Park by California to the National
Government. Protesting against the attempt to
reduce the area of the Minnesota National For-
est Reserve. Tree-planting and preservation of
shade trees along public highways throughout
America. Amendment of the Homestead law to
require the planting under the supervision of the
Forestry Bureau of at least 5 per cent, of the area
of the homestead before final title is acquired.
That Oklahoma be empowered to offer occupants
of school lands a reasonable reduction of the
realty tax during a stipulated growing period of
tree wind breaks, so as to secure greater crop ca-
pacity through wind reduction. Planting a tree
at Mt. Vernon to commemorate the American
Forest Congress, and thanking President Roose-
velt, Hon. James Wilson, Gifford Pinchot and
others for courtesies extended.

Colorado is endeavoring to have a Department
of Forestry created, and the political platform of
two parties favor such a department. This plat-
form, if carried out, should result in much benefit
to the State by protecting the forests at the head-
waters of the streams which now supply 2,000,000
acres of land with water by means of irrigating
ditches. At the present time the United States
Government has in forest reserves about 3,000,000
acres out of the 21,440,000 acres of woodland in
that State, which is manifestly insufficient for the
purposes of conserving the water needed. We
trust that Colorado will soon establish such a de-
partment, which will be of incalculable value to
the State if properly administered.

FOREST LEAVES.

13

Communication in Regard to Cause of

Droughts.

Editor of FoRx^st Leaves.

*^ Drought' s menace growing each day ; cause
inexplicable.'" ''State Expert, tourifig stricken
region y is appalled.'" '' Worst in history."
' * Middle counties of Pennsylvania suffering more
than others. " '' Cattle are affected. ' ' * 'Farmers
compelled to drive live stock miles for water."

With the above scare head titles a Philadelphia
daily paper, under date of December 21, 1904,
calls attention to the condition of affairs which,
indeed, did exist in the interior counties of Penn-
sylvania early in the winter. That part of the
article and those parts of the interview with the
alleged ''State Expert" which we desire to crit-
icize are the following :

' ' Cause Inexplicable. ' '

To those who have followed the progress of
forest destruction in Pennsylvania, who are well
informed upon existing conditions within the
State, who have observed from time to time the
gradually decreasing stream flow, the periodic
high stages of our rivers and the accompanying
low stages when many streams throughout the
State almost completely dry up, the cause is not
inexplicable. There is a vast difference between
a heavy forest covering and a brushy covering
upon our mountains with respect to the conserva-
tion of the water-supply. A heavy forest with its
deep, dark and damp recesses, its floor covered
with a thick mulch, and its soil penetrated for
yards in every direction with the main roots of
sturdy trees, is a vastly different thing from the
fire-swept, abandoned and thinly covered brush
land, through which the sunlight may reach the
ground with little or no interruption, drying out
the surface moisture almost as rapidly as it is de-
posited. Fire has burned up the mulch and has
left the bare and stony soil practically unpro-
tected, from the surface of which dashing rain or
melting snow is likely to run with little or no pen-
etration. If the mountains of Pennsylvania, or
at least the headwaters of her many streams, were
protected by an adequate forest covering, into
which fire would not be allowed to enter, there
would, no doubt, be restored to the State such a
permanent water-supply as it one time enjoyed.
To say that the cause of the condition above men-
tioned is inexplicable is simply to admit that the
person making such a statement knows nothing
whatever upon the subject on which he attempts
to speak.

' ' It is impossible to trace this dry spell to any
of the usual causes. It cannot be charged to the
destruction of forestry, because we are progressing
in an arboreal way.

"Tree-cutting is almost at a standstill in Penn-
sylvania. One generation of trees has been taken
off by the lumberman and 7ue are ivaiting for the
maturity of another generation.

"These trees are now large enough, over a vast
area of the State, to affect favorably our water-
supplies. On top of this condition we encounter
an unprecedently long and acute drought. ' '

The above quoted paragraphs from the same in-
terview with the alleged " State Expert " are de-
cidedly unique. They are in a class by them-
selves and fully equivalent to the remarkable
conclusion that the cause is ''inexplicable."

Why can this drought not be traced to the de-
struction of forests, which the gentleman evidently
means, although he uses the term "forestry,"
which is in truth the science of forests and not
the object to which the science is applied ? He
further tells us that we are progressing in an
"arboreal way."

We admit the progress in an arboreal way.
There is probably more tree-planting in Pennsyl-
vania to day than there was five, ten or twenty
years ago. In fact, this is true and there are no
probabilities about it. I^rge corporations are
taking up the subject, private owners are studding
their grounds and roadsides with trees. The sub-
ject of tree-planting is taught to a greater degree
by the observance 'of Arbor Days, and greater
protection is being thrown around forests. The
Pennsylvania State Forestry Association and the
State Department of Forestry have at least justified
their existence, and we trust the " State Expert "
will graciously continue to allow them to live.
All this is progress in an "arboreal way;" but
should we attempt to strike a balance between
forest destruction, on the one hand, and forest res-
toration, on the other, we will see that a very large
excess is discovered on the debit side of the
account, and the result should indeed be more
than sufficient to cause the "State Expert" who
" toured " the stricken region to be " appalled."

The records show that in the year 1900 over
170,000 acres of timber lands in this State were
cut, and, as cutting is usually done in Pennsyl-
vania, this means that they have been almost en-
tirely stripped of their forest covering. These
records further show that nearly 2,000,000,000
board feet of all kinds of lumber were cut and
placed upon the market during that year alone.
That 270 square miles of the surface of the State,
and mainly in the mountain regions where our

I

14

FOREST LEAVES.

streams draw their supply, were laid bare to the
heat of the sun, the drying winds, and the devas-
tating fire, is one year's record. We can more
readily appreciate what this means, when, by al-
lowing five square miles of forest land to the head-
waters of each tiny stream or rivulet, we learn that
this will materially affect the flow of over fifty
mountain streams.

In the year 190T, more than 133,000 acres of
forest land were cut over, yielding for all pur-
poses, 680,000,000 board feet of timber. The
cutting for the year 1901, therefore, denuded over
200 additional square miles, mainly the mountain
land, or sufficient area constantly to feed forty
more mountain streams. And yet the ** State Ex-
pert " asks us to believe there is no timber cutting
in Pennsylvania. The cutting for the years 1902
and 1903 has progressed about as it did in 1901.
If two years' cutting in Pennsylvania will serve to
disturb the stream-flow of nearly one hundred
mountain streams, what can have been the result
of the continued cutting and consequent destruc-
tion of forest covering, which has been going on
since the foundation of the Commonwealth ? It
is true the cutting year by year is now decreas-
ing, but it is still large and will continue to be
carried on until practically all forests under pri-
vate ownership and fit for lumbering purposes are
gone.

If tree growth and forest restoration progressed
in the same degree as denudation, and forest cov-
erings were re-established as rapidly as they are
removed, there would be some excuse for the
statement that '' tree-cutting is almost at a stand-
still in Pennsylvania."

The gentleman further states that one genera-
tion of trees has been removed and we are waiting
for the maturity of another generation. The truth
is that in many instances as many as two, and some-
times three, generations of trees have been re-
moved, and the removal of the last generation is
of trees intended for mine props or mine ties, usu-
ally of a diameter under ten inches, and the forests
are completely destroyed. That which remains is
simply a brush tangle. The areas from which our
forests have been removed are, in the main, not at
this time, for the reasons above stated, supporting
trees large enough to restore the water-supply, and
instead of an increase the net results are a contin-
ued decrease.

There is no attempt here to say that the average
rainfall over Pennsylvania is less than it was years
ago when the State was largely forested. We
know so little about the effect of forests upon rain-
fall that we would be as venturesome in our con-
clusions as the '* State Expert " quoted in the in-
terview if we were to attempt any deductions

therefrom. We do know, however, that the rain-
fall is not kept where it does the most good, that
it rushes from the steep mountain sides into the
channels, the streams, the rivers, and is within an
incredibly short space of time completely carried
without the State, taking with it innumerable tons
of dissolved soil which should have remained
firmly in position, and which would have re-
mained there had it been protected by the forest
mulch holding the water and allowing it to flow
out slowly.

The above interview is interesting for the further
reason that the '' State F^xpert " sees in this con-
dition the end of the world which **will come
through the succession of droughts such as we are
now experiencing."

'' Once, it is generally agreed," says this more
than acute observer, ^* the moon was well watered,
and was surrounded by ai*, as is the earth.
Gradually it dried up. Then came the end of
air and water. Many scientists hold that the end
of the earth will be similar. / read that sign in
the droughts, such as the present.'^

Very many and, indeed, the large majority of
so-called scientific emanations relating to the
bodies comprising the solar system and the uni-
verse beyond, even concerning the earth itself,
are based wholly upon hypotheses. These hypo-
theses, with the advance of knowledge, are con-
stantly changing. Hypotheses are more than
fallible, and many are without foundation, being
mere guesses. These who originate hypotheses
and afl'ect to believe them are usually about as
well informed as those who read them and disbe-
lieve. To read the end of the earth from alleged
conditions supposed to have existed in the moon,
and about which nobody knows anything, is worse
than foolishness.

We do not want to be unduly hard upon the
alleged ''State Expert," but we feel and think
and believe that it would be vastly better for those
who know a little about a few things, not to rush
pell-mell into print upon the least provocation,
with a lot of scientific hodge-podge, and pose be-
fore an intelligent community as an encyclopaedia
of all wisdom. X. X.

Dr. C. A. Schenk, of (Biltmore) North Caro-
lina, at the American Forest Congress said that
tulip tree and white oak stumpage which he sold
at 50 cents in 1875-76 he would gladly have
''rebuilt" now at $4, "because," he added sig-
nificantly, " they are to-day worth $5 to $8."

Until the fire danger is reduced, reforestation
and the " culture " side of forestry cannot attract
investors.

FOREST LEAVES.

15

Thomas Meehan & Sons, inc.

Nurserymen and Treeseedsmen
DRESHERTOWN, FOREST ROAD, PA.

OUR GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY

1854-1904
THREE HUNDRED ACRES

LEin£IS* TREE CHARTS.

The whole series consists of fifteen numbers, divided into
PARTS of three numbers each. They may be purchased singly,
— by the part,~or by the full series, at the prices named below.
More than half of the series has already been printed. The
drawings are completed, and the remaining charts will be pub-
lished at the earliest practicable date. One thousand paid sub-
scriptions of $6.00 each would insure the immediate publication
of the whole series.

TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE.

Price of single number, 50 cents each.
Price of Part, $1.40 each.

A liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education or
others purchasing in large numbers.

NOW READY.— (These with a * as yet unprinted.)

Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species.

No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies
No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies.
No. 3. Southern, Padflc, Hardy, Foreign, and examples of
Extinct Oaks.

Part II.— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species.

No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and
European Chestnuts.
. No. 5. The Walnuts. American, Japanese and European
species and varieties.
No. 6. The Hickories. American species and varieties.

Part III.—

No. 7. The Willows and Poplars. Numerous species.

No. 8. The Birches, Elms and allies.

No. 9. The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species.

Part IV.—

♦No. 10. The Magnolia and related trees.
• •No. 11. The Horse Chestnuts and allies.
No. 12. Jhe Maples. (Printed in advance.)

Part V.—

♦No. 13. Locusts and allies of Pea Family of several genera.
♦No. 14) Wild Cherry, Mountain Ash, Sweet Oum, Sour Oum.

> Persimmon.
♦No. 15) Ashes, Catalpas, Pauloumia, and others.

For further information address the author, publisher and

proprietor,

GRACEANNA LEWIS,
Media. - - . . Pennsylvania.

Yale Univer^itj Forest School

NEW HAVEN - - CONNECTICUT

A two years' graduate course
is offered, leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry.
Graduates of collegiate institu-
tions of high standing are ad-
mitted upon presentation of
their college diplomas.

The Summer School of
Forestry is conducted at Mil-
ford, Pike County, Penna.
The session in 1905 will open
July 5th and continue seven
weeks.

For further information address

HENRY S. GRAVES, Director,

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA.

30 minutes from Broad St. Station

B0ABDIX6 SCHOOL FOR BOYS.

Tllustrated Catalogue upon application*

JAMES L. PATTERSON,

Head Master.

BOA RD OF TR I S TEES :
Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, President.
Samuel F. Houston, Vicc-PresiderU.
George Woodward, Secretary and Trcasurn:

HON. JAMES M. BECK.

FRANCIS I. GOWEN, KSQ.
E. WALTER CLARK.
WALTON CLARK.
.lACOB 8. DISSTON.
JAMES MA PES DODGE.

EDGAR DUDLEY FARIES, ESQ.
J. LEVERING JONES, ESQ.
FRANCIS D. LEWIS, ESQ.
RANDAL MORGAN.
RT. REV. HENRY Y. SATTERLKK.

16

FOREST LEAVES.

SUGAR MAPLES.

One of the very finest deciduous-leaved trees of North
America is the tall Sugar M^ple. It can truly be called
the noblest of all the Maples. '

■ .'.'■<■

NO BETTER VARIETY CAN BE USED FOR STREET.

PARK, OR LAWN PLANTING,

as its growth is rapid and straight, its form symmetrical,
and it does not have the objectionable density of foliage
possessed by the Norway Maple. .

For this reason it is well adapted for planting near build-
ings, as it does not obstruct light or air, and the grass
will grow up to its very trunk. It is deep-rooted, and
the wood is not brittle ; hence, it is not easily damaged
by storms. The Sugar Maple will thrive in almost
all localities, except where the ground is damp or
boggy. No tree has more gorgeous autumn coloring,
as it varies in all shades of yellow, orange and scarlet
until the leaves finally fall.

s

PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING LOW PRICES.

Each.

7 to 8 ft.

8 to 9 ft.

9 to lo ft.
10 to 12 ft.
12 to 14 ft-
14 to 15 ft.

trans.,

trans.,

trans.,

i}4 to i^ in. ; trans.,
I X to 2 in. ; trans., .

Larger trees, 2 to 2^ in. diam. ; trans..
Larger trees, 2^ to 3 in. diam. ; trans.,
Larger trees, 3 to 3'A in- <iiam. ; trans.,

$0 35
50

75
I 00

I 50

1 75

2 25

3 50

4 00

10

$2 50
4 00

6 00

7 50
12 50

15 00
20 00

30 00
35 00

ic»

$22 50

30 00

40 00

50 00

100 00

125 ^o

150 00

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA., PA,

WIIiLiLA^M WARNER HARPER.

Philadelphia, April, 1905.

No. 2.

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

loia >Valnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter.

CONTENTS.

Editorials

Arbor Day Proclamation

A Problem in Forestry *••

Pennsylvania Forestry Legislation

Carolina Poplar

Green Ash (Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f.) (Fraxinus lanceolata,

Borck)

Arbor Day in England

The Farm Woodlot

Forest Conditions in Arizona

The Appalachian Forest Reserve

Forestry as a Profession

Interest of Lumbermen in Conservative Forestry

17
18
18

19
22

24
34

25
26
26
27

29

Subscription, $i.oo per Year.
Tht attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
<»/ Forest Leaves as an advertising: medium. Rates ivill be fur-
nished on application.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,
Founded in June, 1886,
Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and
methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact-
ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and

National.
Annual member ship fee. Two dollars.

Z,i> m/w3^rjA«>, Twenty-five dollars. • • » j j

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended

to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become

members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership

Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila.

President, John Birkinbine. .^ . - ,, t 1

Vice-Presidents, Wm. S. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis,

Richard Wood. u -r t> »u •

General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. RothrocK.
Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy.
Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler.

7V#<w«rrr. Charles E. Pancoast. .,, ,, ^, /-.. ,

Counctlat-Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, Charles

"^^«<r/, W.S. Harvey, Chairman; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W.
Fraxlcr Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. ^ , . „ .^

Membership, Dr. J. T. Kothrock, Mrs Geor e F. Baer^dwm Swift
Balch Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Charles W. Fre 'cy, W W Scranton,
Albert B. Weimer, Dr. Samuel Wolfe, and Ho \ P. Wolverton.

Law, Hon. W.N. Ashman, Chairman; i .^-nry Budd, Charles
Hewett. and John A. Siner. _ _ ^. , .,i. . «

Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, Alfred S.
Haines, Alfred Paschall, and Harrison Souder.

iVork Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Mrs. Geo^e T. Hcston, Miss
E. L. Lundy, Mrs. John P. Lundy, William S. Kirk, and Abraham

^' CouZVorganization, Samuel Marshall, Chairman ; Eugene Ellicott,
James C. Haydon, Dr. J. Newton Hunsbcrger, and Richard Wood.

OrFICB OF THE ASSOCIATION, IOI2 WaLNUT ST.. PHILADELPHIA.

EDITORIALS.

ARBOR day is again brought to the attention
of the citizens of Pennsylvania by the
Governor's Proclamation, and we trust
that its observance may be general throughout the
Commonwealth. The setting apart of a day for *
tree-planting, and for exercises in which tree life
is the dominant theme, has a beneficial effect
upon the people, and this effect is especially no-
ticeable upon the younger element.

Education which impresses upon the youth of
the State the value of conserving natural re-
sources, which awakens an appreciation of their
importance, which emphasizes their utilization,
or which illustrates the marvels of growth and de-
velopment, assists towards the recognition by the
mature individual of the true importance of these

resources.

The prodigality resulting in the sacrifice of
much of the value with which nature has endowed
this country is the direct result of ignorance, or
at least want of appreciation of the true commer-
cial or intrinsic value of these, because such value
was not a feature of education.

Pennsylvania has been fortunate in having as
governors for a number of years men who believe
in the propagation and preservation of our for-
ests, and each in turn has issued official invita-
tions to the citizens to celebrate arbor days, in
language which has plainly indicated the appro-
bation of the Chief Executive.

The proclamation of Governor Pennypacker,
which appears in this issue of Forest Leaves, is
a valuable contribution to the executive endorse-
ments of a liberal forestal policy, and as such is
commended to our readers.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association has

persistently encouraged arbor day celebrations,

I whether these are by individuals, families, schools,

associations or the community at large. It was

the purpose of the Council of the Association^

I

il

18

FOREST LEAVES.

to recognize Spring Arbor Day of 1905 in a
special manner, and steps towards this were
taken by a committee to whom this feature was
relegated. We regret that unforeseen circum-
stances prevented carrying out the plan until too ,,
late to modify it to suit these changed conditions,
but we believe that the project will be revived for
a future occasion. J. B.

The usual spring announcement of forest fires
comes to us early. Scarcely had the winter's snow
left the ground than phenomenally warm weather
accompanied by winds dried the leaves to form
tinder for the spark or burning ember. As a con-
sequence the daily press reports forest fires and in
eastern New Jersey the destruction of homes by
fire which devastated adjacent woodland. J. B.

Arbor Day Proclamation.

IN the name and by authority of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania, Executive Depart-
ment. Proclamation. The Forestry Reser-
vation Commission of Pennsylvania have secured
up to the present time seven hundred and eight
thousand, seven hundred and ninety -five acres of
land, and are energetically engaged in the work
of the restoration and preservation of our forests.
Every good citizen ought to give them encourage-
ment and material assistance by supplementing
their efforts. Men, women and children alike may
plant trees, and many places now bare and barren
may be made beautiful and useful. The growth
of trees is conducive to both health and profit.

In order that all of our citizens may take part
in this pleasant and praiseworthy duty, I, Samuel
W. Penny packer. Governor of the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania, in accordance with law, do
hereby designate and proclaim Friday, the four-
teenth day of April, and Friday, the twenty- eighth
day of April, a.d., 1905, to be observed as Arbor
Days throughout the Commonwealth.

Two days are designated for the observance of
this duty. Inasmuch as the climatic conditions
may render one of these days more favorable for
the purpose intended than the other, the selection
between them is left with the citizens of the vari-
ous sections of the Commonwealth.

Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the
State at the City of Harrisburg, this seventeenth
day of March, in the year of our Lord one thou-
sand nine hundred and five, and of the Com-
monwealth the one hundred and twenty-ninth.

By the Governor :

Samuel W. Pennypacker.
Frank M. Fuller,

Secretary of the Commonwealth,

i

A Problem in Forestry.

r I iHE employment of men and the develop-
ment of the reserves requires an outlay of
money, but it must ever be remembered
that the money expended in forestry work is a
good, safe and profitable investment. Let us
take a homely example and see what our invest-
ment is worth twenty-five years from now and com-
pare that with the expenses, in each case taking
adverse conditions, not strictly averages, so as to
allow for mistakes in management and unforeseen
damages which might occur.

Suppose we pay $3.75, which is far above the
average paid by the State for its reserves, for an
acre of scrub oak in the northern or central part
of the State. The expense of examination of title
and other expenses incidental to taking possession
and placing a ranger in charge is 10 cents, again
far above reality. To date, all expenses for man-
aging the reserves, including everything but cost
of land, has averaged about 10 cents per acre per
annum. Increase this to 20 cents per acre so as
to cover increased expenses in development of
roads, thinnings, improvement cuttings, and so
forth. We will calculate on an investment of 5
per cent. In twenty-five years our expenses will
amount to ;?3.75 + .10 at compound interest for
twenty-five years at 5 per cent, plus 20 cents as
an annuity for twenty-five years, compound inter-
est at 5 per cent.

3.85 x 1.0525 = 3.85 X 3.386
.20 (1.052^-1)= .20 X 47.727

^5

13.04

9-55
22.59

Twenty-five years from now the expenses amount
to $22.59. Now, what yields are obtained? The
protection afforded will prevent fires, and numer-
ous examples have proved that when fires are kept
out of such lands, reforestation will result natu-
rally, composed of white oak, rock oak, chestnut
and some pine. Under proper management our
woods will produce i cord per acre per annum,
but because of unfortunate conditions to begin
with, and because we do not care to harvest all
our growth in twenty-five years, we may count on
six-tenths of a cord per acre per annum, or in
twenty-five years we would have 15 cords of wood
which we could dispose of. Ordinarily, firewood
sells for 50 cents per cord on the stump, but from
the above, ties, posts, rails and, perhaps, more
valuable products can be obtained, yielding a
higher return. Prices then will be at least one
and a half times as high as now, so $1 per cord
is not too high a figure. That gives us a yield
in the twenty-fifth year of J15 from wood. We

\

FOREST LEAVES.

19

then have a good regeneration and the land re-
maming. Forest land in this State has doubled
Its value in the last six years. It will surely
double in the next twenty-five years, giving us a
value of $7.50 an acre for our land with regener-
ation. Then the acre of land is worth to us
t^S + $7-50 or ^^22.50, which is only 9 cents less
than the amount of our expenses. In other words
we have an investment of almost 5 per cent. Does
this pay the State when it only gets 2 per cent for
its money in bank ? In foreign countries it has
been demonstrated that up to a high figure, in-
creased expenditures along proper lines on re-
serves have increased the net yield and rate of
investment. George H. Wirt

Pennsylvania Forestry Legislation.

7\ S we are going to press the following bills
j!^ relating to forestry have been passed by
the Legislature, approved by the Gover-
nor, and are now laws.

House Bill No, yd.

An Act relating to the granting of titles by the
Commonwealth to vacant or unappropriated land
the price to be paid for the same, the conveyance
to the State Forestry Reservation Commission
where desirable for forest culture or forest preser-
vation, and preventing the granting of warrants
lor the beds of navigable rivers

Section i. Be it enacted, etc.. That whenever
an application shall be made to the Secretary of
Internal Affairs for any vacant or unappropriated

u n u ""^^ ^^"""^ ''' description whatsoever, it
shall be the duty of the Secretary of Internal Af-
tairs to make or to cause to be made a careful in-
vestigation concerning the land applied for in
said application, with a view of determining so
far as practicable whether any office rights have
heretofore been granted for the land described in
said application, and he may also at his discretion
cause a survey to be made thereof to ascertain

TnH r^!: 1"";^^^^/ ^'' ^^^^"^ ^^ unappropriated,
and if It shall be found that the land described in

said application has heretofore been appropriated

or that It IS not vacant or unappropriated land, he

shall make a report to that effect, which report,

ogether with others relating to the proceeding^

Li T^'J^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^"^^^g ^^^ records of
the Land Office and shall be conclusive as to the
question of vacancy ; provided, however, that the

Board of Property under such rules as said Board
of Property may adopt.

If in the opinion of the Secretary of Interna
Attairs the land applied for shall be vacant or un-
appropriated, it shall be the duty of the Governor
ot the Commonwealth, the Attorney- General, the
becretary of the Commonwealth, and the Secretary
of Internal Affairs to appoint three disinterested
reputable persons to estimate and value the land
so applied for, who shall before they enter upon
the duties of their appointment take an oath or
affirmation before a justice of the peace or other
officer having authority to administer an oath that
they will justly estimate and a true valuation per
acre make of all the land contained in the tract
applied for, and also they shall state that they are
not directly or indirectly interested in the appli-
cation for the land applied for.

The persons thus appointed and sworn or
affirmed shall proceed to value the land by goin^
on the same and having regard to the soil, timber,
fisheries, minerals, other advantages, and the lo-
ca situation thereof, and having agreed upon the
valuation per acre of the land so applied for shall
certify the same under their hands directed to the
Secretary of Internal Affairs, who upon receipt of
the same shall notify the applicant of the value
given to the land so applied for and shall request
payment of the amount due the State by virtue of
such appraisement, and until such payment is made
according to the price fixed by the said appraisers
and within the time hereinafter specified the Sec-
retary of Internal Affairs shall withhold the grant-
ing of the warrant.

If payment is made in accordance with such
appraisement the money so paid shall be imme-
diately turned into the State Treasury and the
Secretary of Internal Affairs shall grant title to
the applicant for the land so applied for and ap-
praised in the manner now provided by law and
the expenses incident to the investigation survey
and appraisement shall be paid by the Common-
wealth.

Provided, further. That before appraisers shall
be appointed as herein stipulated it shall be the
duty of the Secretary of Internal Affairs to submit
to the State Forestry Reservation Commission a
copy of the application made for said vacant or
unappropriated land, together with a description
thereof as ascertained through said investigation
and survey, whereupon it shall be the duty of the .
^id State Forestry Reservation Commission to
determine whether it is desirable or practicable
that such vacant or unappropriated land should be
acquired for forest culture or forest reservation •
and said State Forestry Reservation Commission
shall withjn the period of two months make report
to the Secretary of Internal Affairs as to the de-
sirability or practicability of securing such vacant

f

20

FOREST LEAVES.

!i

S i

or unappropriated land for forest culture or forest
reservation ; and if in said report a request shall
be made for the conveyance of such vacant or un-
appropriated land to the State Forestry Reserva-
tion Commission, it shall be the duty of the Sec-
retary of Internal Affairs to grant a warrant and
patent according to the usual custom of the Land
Office Bureau conveying such vacant or unappro-
priated land to the State Forestry Reservation
Commission without the payment of any purchase-
money, interest or fees.

Sec. 2, That wherever such vacant or unappro-
priated land shall not be conveyed to the State
Forestry Reservation Commission as provided in
the first section of this act, it shall be the duty of
the person or persons making application as afore-
said for such land to pay the amount of money as
fixed by the appraisement into the office of the
Department of Internal Affairs, within three
months from the date of the filing of the report
from the State Forestry Reservation Commission
refusing such vacant or unappropriated land for
forestry culture or forestry reservation, due notice
of which date shall be mailed to the applicant by
the Secretary of Internal Affairs ; and if such ap-
plicant shall not make payment within the time
specified he shall be deemed to have abandoned
the purpose of securing a grant from the Common-
wealth for the land so applied for and appraised,
and such vacant or unappropriated land may then
be disposed of to any applicant tTierefor on the
payment of the price as fixed by the report of the
appraisers as hereinbefore provided.

Sec. 3. That on and after the passage of this
act there shall be no warrants or other office rights
granted in any of the counties of the Common-
wealth for lands in the beds of navigable rivers or
in beds of streams which are by law declared pub-
lic highways.

Sec. 4. That whenever the State Forestry Res-
ervation Commission shall apply for vacant or
unappropriated land for forest culture or forest
reservation, the Secretary of Internal Affairs is
hereby authorized to grant title to such applied
for lands in the manner provided by law without
the payment of purchase-money, interest or fees.

Sec. 5. This act shall not be construed to affect
any pre-emption rights which may have been ac-
quired under existing laws, or the right of any
person who may have an application for vacant
land pending with the Secretary of Internal Affairs
of the date of the approval of this act, provided
those having pre-emption rights shall complete
their titles within five years from the date of the
approval of this act.

Sec. 6. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent
with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.

House Bill No. 1^0,

An Act to amend * * An act making constables of
townships ex- officio fire-wardens, for the extinc-
tion of forest fires and for reporting to the Court
of Quarter Sessions violations of the laws, for the
protection of forest from fire, prescribing the du-
ties of such fire-wardens and their punishment for
failure to perform the same, and empowering
them to require, under penalty, the assistance of
other persons in the extinction of such fires, ' ' ap-
proved the thirtieth day of March, Anno Domini
eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, so as to re-
quire precautions on approach of fire to forests
designated, increase the compensation of fire-
wardens and their assistants, enlarge the liability
of the county and increase the penalty for refusal
to assist a fire-warden.

Section i. Be it enacted, etc.. That section
one of an Act of Assembly entitled ** An act to
make constables of townships ex-officio fire-war-
dens, for the extinction of forest fires and for re-
porting to the Court of Quarter Sessions violations
of the laws, for the protection of forests from fire,
prescribing the duties of such fire-wardens and
their punishment for failure to perform the same,
and empowering them to require, under penalty,
the assistance of other persons in the extinction of
such fires," approved the thirtieth day of March,
Anno Domini eighteen hundred and ninety-seven,
which reads as follows : ** That on and after the
first day of January, Anno Domini one thousand
eight hundred and ninety-eight, the constables of
the various townships of the Commonwealth shall
be ex-officio fire-wardens, whose duty it shall be
when fire is discovered in the forests within their
respective townships immediately to take such
measures as are necessary for its extinction, and
to this end to have authority to call upon any
person or persons within their respective town-
ships for assistance ; the said fire-wardens to
receive fifteen (15) cents per hour, and the per-
sons so assisting twelve (12) cents per hour, as
compensation for their services ; the expense
thereof shall be paid one-half out of the treasury
of the respective county and the remaining half
of said expense shall be paid by the State Treas-
urer into the treasury of said county out of moneys
not otherwise appropriated, upon warrant from the
Auditor-General, but no such warrant shall be
drawn until the respective county commissioners
shall have first furnished under oath or affirmation
to the Auditor-General a written itemized state-
ment of such expense and until the same is ap-
proved by the Auditor- General. Provided^ That
no county shall be liable to pay for this purpose
in any one year an amount exceeding five hundred
dollars," be amended so as to read as follows :

FOREST LEAVES.

21

That on and after the first day of January,
Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and
ninety-eight, the constables of the various town-
ships of the Commonwealth shall be ex-officio
fire-wardens, whose duty it shall be when fire is
discovered in or approaching the forests within
their respective townships immediately to take
such measures as are necessary for its extinction,
and to this end to have authority to call upon any
person or persons within their respective town-
ships for assistance ; the said fire-wardens to
receive twenty-five (25) cents per hour, and the
persons so assisting twenty (20) cents per hour,
as compensation for their services ; the expense
thereof shall be paid one-half out of the treasury
of the respective county and the remaining half
of said expense shall be paid by the State Treas-
urer into the treasury of said county out of moneys
not otherwise appropriated, upon warrant from
the Auditor-General, but no such warrant shall be
drawn until the respective county commissioners
shall have first furnished under oath or affirmation
to the Auditor-General a written itemized state-
ment of such expense and until the same is
approved by the Auditor-General. Provided, That
no county shall be liable to pay for this purpose
in any one year an amount exceeding one-fourth
of the amount of the county taxes on unseated
land received by said county for the last preceding
year, unless the amount so received be less than
five hundred dollars.

Sec. 2. That section two of said act, which
reads as follows, ** Any person who being called
upon by the fire-warden of his township to furnish
assistance in extinguishing forest fires, as provided
in section one, shall without reasonable cause
refuse to render such assistance, upon conviction
thereof shall pay a fine not exceeding ten dollars
or undergo imprisonment not exceeding thirty
days or both at the discretion of the court," be so
amended as to read as follows :

Any person who being called upon by the fire-
warden of his township to furnish assistance in
extinguishing forest fires as provided in section
one shall without reasonable cause refuse to render
such assistance, upon conviction thereof shall pay
a fine not exceeding twenty dollars or undergo
imprisonment not exceeding thirty days or both
at the discretion of the court.

In addition to the above there are six other bills
also bearing on forestry which are in various stages
of legislation and will be mentioned in our next
issue. These are,

House Bill No. j8 encourages the preservation
of forests by providing for a rebate of taxes levied
on forested land averaging not less than 50 trees

to the acre, each of which is not to be less than
8 inches in diameter, 6 feet above the surface of
the ground. Eighty per cent, of all local and
county taxes assessed on said land up to 50 acres
to be rebated, such rebate not to exceed 45 cents
per acre.

House Bill No. 8p empowering the State
Forestry Reservation Commission to grant rights
for the use of water on State Forest Reservations
to cities, boroughs, towns, etc., but not to private
corporations.

House Bill No. 180 appropriates ^300,000
for the selection of two sites, one in the South
Mountain Reservation, and the other in the west-
ern portion of the State, and the erection thereon
of Sanatoriums for the treatment of incipient tu-
berculosis, providing for the formation of a Com-
mission to have charge of the same, etc.

House Bill No. 207 provides an annual fixed
tax of five cents per acre on all forest reserves,
three cents of which are to be paid to the schools
in the districts in which the reserves are located
and two cents for the benefit of the roads.

House Bill No. 2jo makes an appropriation of
$20,000 for the purpose of maintaining the State
Forest Academy for two fiscal years.

Senate Bill No. i2j is for an appropriation of
$25,000 for the maintenance of the South Moun-
tain Camp Sanatorium for two fiscal years.

We sincerely hope that liberal appropriations
will be made to continue the work of the State
Forest Academy and the South Mountain Camp
Sanatorium at Mont Alto. We, however, fail to
see what advantage will result from the taxing of
forest reserve lands in the manner indicated.

The National Wholesale Lumber Dealers* Asso-
ciation held its thirteenth annual meeting in Phil-
adelphia, March 1-2, 1905. The following reso-
lution, which was adopted by this influential body,
as well as the Pennsylvania Lumbermen's Asso-
ciation, shows the approval which is placed on
forestry work in Pennsylvania.

Resolved, That this national convention in-
dorses the action of the Pennsylvania Lumber-
men's Association at its annual meeting held in
the Bourse building, Philadelphia, January 12,
1905, instructing its forestry committee to encour-*
age the work of forestry in Pennsylvania and to
co-operate with the forestry commission of the
State to secure needed legislation upon the subject.

Artificial silk is made from cellulose. It has a
good gloss, is easily colored, while it is not as
strong as silk, its use is constantly increasing.

22

FOREST LEAVES.

Dr. Aubrey White, Commissioner Crown Lands,
Ontario, Canada (in an impromptu speech at the
Forest Congress ), spoke of the Canadian system of
management. The French regime ( 1 630-1 640) re-
served for the crown all ship timber, oak being the
principal one when the land was sold. England
keeps that old law until this day, the only differ-
ence being that pine has become the chief ship
timber. When crown lands are sold the govern-
ment gets a ''bonus" for the timber [which is
sold to the highest bidder] for the right to cut;
this often amounts to $31,500.00 per mile, and, in
addition, a royalty of $2 per thousand feet.
During 1904, Ontario had from this source a rev-
enue of $2,800,000.

Mr. White devised the system of lire police now
in operation. There are at the present time, he
said, 20,000 miles under cutting license. The
owners of these operations select the men best
fitted for the fire service, and they and the State
share equally the expense of maintenance. Thus
the system is entirely divorced from the influence
of politics, and so great a degree of efficiency is
secured that there was no forest fire in Ontario
last year, although there were in those woods
thousands of people from the States.

Besides these lands that are open to settlement
there are 7,000,000 acres of forest reserve from
which the timber is sold in the open market, to
be cut strictly to a high diameter limit. This es-
timated stumpage of 10,000,000,000 feet of white
pine is at present rapidly increasing in value, and
is an enormous resource.

Gifford Pinchot, Forester, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, in an address at the American For-
estry Congress, said: '*We recognize that the
bulk r^ our forests are now and must always re-
main in the hands of private owners ; that it is
only as the private owner, large or small, becomes
interested in forestry and carries out its practical
principles, that we shall succeed in introducing
forestry into the United States. It should be re-
membered that the woodlands in farms are about
three times as great in extent as all the national
forest reserves, and that the reserves are almost
insignificant when compared with the vast area of
timberland, the millions upon millions of acres,
which are owned by lumbermen, by railroads or
by men of various occupations who control the
timberlands upon which the prosperity of this
whole country depends. This is to be remem-
bered, that the forests of the private owners will
have to beset in order if the overwhelming calam-
ity of a timber famine is to be kept from this na-
tion."

Carolina Poplar.

JUST why the subject of this article should be
called Carolina poplar is past finding out.
It can, with as much propriety, be called
Pennsylvania poplar, or be named for a dozen or
so other States, as to go by the one given it.
Possibly some nurseryman sent it forth as a shade
tree under that name in order to give it what
might be called a char-AC-ter. It needs that,
and more, too, to make it respectable as a shade
tree. Its natural habitat, according to Prof.
Green, extends from Quebec west to Northwest
Territory, south to New Jersey and Florida and
southwest to Colorado and New Mexico. It goes
by the name of big cottonwood in some places
and necklace poplar in others. Its technical
name, according to Marshall, is Populus delto-
ides.

As a shade tree it has but two qualities that can
be tolerated. It is true that it gives a quick shade
and is seldom diseased, but it has nothing else to
make it at all endurable. Its roots will fill sewers
and other drains, heave up walks, invade cellars
and throw up sprouts in lawns and gardens. It
should not be planted on, nor immediately adja-
cent to, any land which is good for cultivation,
except it may be along streams to protect banks
from being washed. For that purpose it is valu-
able. It has, in fact, no superior. It is worth
but little for saw timber, as boards from it warp
and shrink badly when drying. About the only
use boards made from it can be put to is for boxes
and rough boarding underneath better lumber.
In the proximity of coal mines, where the vein is
not over five or six feet in thickness, it may be
used for mine props to a good advantage.

There is, however, another use it can be put to
that would seem to make it a very desirable tree
to grow on land not good for agriculture. While
its fibre is not equal to that of spruce, aspen or
tulip poplar, it is still better than many other
woods now used for pulp wood. Its ease of prop-
agation from cuttings, its wonderfully rapid
growth and tendency to grow tall and straight, its
freedom from disease, its hardiness and its ability
to maintain a plantation from sprouts, make it one
of the most promising trees to grow for pulpwood
from which quick returns may be reaped.

Probably no tree capable of withstanding the
climate of Pennsylvania grows so rapidly or will
accommodate itself to so many localities. It does
best on moist, rich soil, but will grow quite well
on a dry, sterile one. Trees planted six years ago,
when one and one-fourth inch in diameter, on
ground thrown out of a deep cellar of a large
school house, are now six, and some seven, inches

FOREST LEAVES.

23

in diameter three feet from the ground, and are
thirty-five and forty feet high.

The photograph here shown was taken from
the cross-section of a Carolina poplar, two feet
from the ground, that grew on good soil. It was
inserted in the ground as a cutting, three-eighths
of an inch in diameter, ten years ago. As will be
seen its annual rings agree with its known age.

Cross-Section of Ten-Year Old Carolina Poplar.

Thirty cuttings, eight inches long and not ex-
ceeding one-half inch in diameter, were inserted
in good garden soil the first of last May. On the
first of November the shortest measured fiv^ feet
and four inches and the tallest seven feet and three
inches in height.

Planted on moist soil, even too wet to cultivate
or yield good pasture, trees large enough to cut for
pulpwood should be grown in seven or eight years.
Prof. Green says : '* The common cottonwood on
very rich soil will probably yield from five to
seven cords of firewood per acre per year. ' ' Sup-
pose it shall yield only three cords of pulpwood
per year? That, at $2.00 per cord on the stump,
will bring a greater revenue, with no attendant
expense, than the average of farm lands.

To propagate it all that need be done is to take
cuttings from a tree on a mild day in February or
March, cut them in lengths of eight or ten inches,
with a bud at the upper end, and put them in a
cool damp place, or bury them in the ground un-
til the buds on trees in the vicinity are bursting
into leaf, or later if the weather shall be dry.
Then take a light pick or bar and make a slanting
hole deep enough to hold the cutting so that the
bud shall be just above the ground. Insert the

cutting and stamp the ground down on it with the
foot. A slanting hole is preferable to a perpen-
dicular one because in that the ground can be
pressed around the cutting better. Thus planted
on fairly moist ground more than 95 per cent,
should grow. If the ground where the trees are
to finally stand shall be very dry the cutting may
be started in moist ground and' transplanted the
next year.

There has been no established rule adopted re-
garding the distance apart the trees should be set.
A plantation set out in 1898, twelve feet apart,
shows that they could be set thicker. Some trees
growing four feet apart, for the past six years, are
too crowded. Probably from six to eight feet
would be advisable— the former for dry, poor
ground and the latter for rich and moist.

If judiciously cut— the largest being cut as soon
as suitable for pulpwood, and so on, as they ma-
ture—sprouts will spring up and renew the plan-
tation without further trouble and make it pro-
duce yearly. A sprout from the stump of a three-
year-old tree has grown nine feet the first year.
The strong root growth possessed by the stump of
a vigorous tree will throw up sprouts that will re-
new the plantation in much less time than it took
for the originally planted ones to mature.

Once more : Do not plant Carolina poplar for
a shade tree along streets, or on the lawn, or near
the garden. Nor should it be planted on land
that can be cultivated, except along streams to
protect the banks. Put it on poor ground or that
which is too wet or too difficult of cultivation.

S. B. Elliott.

The Pocono Protective Fire Association is com-
posed of owners of about 100,000 acres of land
on the Pocono Mountains in Monroe and Wayne
Counties, Pennsylvania, having been formed in
fall of 1902 to prevent and fight forest fires in that
section. It offers rewards for information lead-
ing to the arrest and conviction of persons start-
ing forest fires, or for evidence which could be
used against the railroad companies. Publicity is
given to these rewards by means of signs conspic-
uously posted, and notices in the newspapers. It
also secured the appointment of deputy constables
in each of the seven townships covered by the
Association. Two years* work has raised a public
sentiment against forest fires, and in that time
there has been but two incendiary fires, both due
to parties seeking revenge; all the other fires
were traceable to the railroads, who have been
forced to clean their rights of way to a greater
extent than heretofore. The expenses are met by
a tax of six mills per acre of land owned by mem-
bers.

mM-

* '

24

FOREST LEAVES.

f

:l

Green Ash (Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f.)
(Fraxinus lanceolata, Borck).

THIS tree does not seem to be common in
Pennsylvania. Darlington makes no men-
tion of it in Flora Cestrica,and Michaux, in
his North American Sylva, speaks of it as '* more
common in the western districts of Pennsylvania,
Maryland and Virginia than in any other part of
the United States, but even here it is less multi-
plied than the white ash and the black ash." So
it may be fairly concluded that it never formed a
conspicuous element in our Sylva of Pennsylvania.

This species of ash may be recognized by the
leaflets, making up the leaves, being all on short
stalks, the wing of the fruit tapering down into a
slender, almost thread-like body ; the leaflets
being green and smooth on either surface. Some
leaflets are more or less toothed, others are entire.
It should be remembered that in Michaux' s Sylva
the figures of the fruit of the white and green ash
trees have been, by mistake, interchanged.

The physical properties of the green ash are,
specific gravity, o. 7 1 1 7 ; relative approximate fuel
value, 0.7071 ; percentage of ash, 0.65 ; weight in
pounds of a cubic foot of dry wood, 44.35 > rela-
tive strength, 95. J- T. Rothrock.

Arbor Day in England.

SINCE Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in
1897, when shade trees in acrostic form,
and an orchard of apple trees were planted.
Arbor Day has been celebrated at Eynsford, Eng-
land. Later, shade trees were planted to com-
memorate the successful defense of Kimberley,
Ladysmith and Mafeking. In 1902 a row of
shade trees were planted in acrostic form along
the main road, in memory of the late Queen Vic-
toria, expresses Lord Tennyson's line, ** She
wrought her people lasting good."

At the last Arbor Day celebration, held in De-
cember, 1904, which started with a service in the
church, a quarter of a mile of trees were planted
along the main road from the railway station to the
village. These trees were so arranged that if the
initial letter of each is taken (thus, T for tulip
tree, H for hornbeam, K for elm, etc. ) it will form
two lines from Browning's Rabbi Ben Ezra, reading,

** The best is yet to be !

The last of life for which the first was made.*'

A member of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation, who is the head of the Swanley Horticul-
tural College, participated. Appropriate speeches
were made by a number of prominent men, such
as Sir John Cockburn, E. D. Till, R. S. Gushing,
etc., who with the ladies aided in planting the

trees. Luncheon was served at the Eynsford
Castle Hotel, and among other toasts was one to
the late J. Sterling Morton.

There was also a public meeting at the Council
Schools ; the brass band of the town aided in
commemorating the day by rendering suitable
musical selections, while in the evening a large
bonfire lighted by the children terminated a mem-
orable occasion.

Arbor Day is an American institution, origi-
nated by J. Sterling Morton, and the custom has
not only spread to England, but also to Canada,
Australia, New Zealand, Cape Colony, Sweden,
Spain and Italy.

This movement has been greatly assisted by the
Society for the Protection of Birds, and the Irish
Forestry Association has been making an active
propaganda.

The custom of celebrating Arbor Day is not
intended to take the place of forestry, but aid in
interesting all classes in systematic afl'orestation.

J. L. Kaul, President Kaul Lumber Company,
Alabama, at the American Forest Congress stated
that in an adjoining county they had 25,000 acres
of land recently cleared of long leaf pine. This
land is unfit for agriculture, and the trees not cut
were too small and especially too few to make the
basis of a second crop. The problem, therefore,
was to so cut the remaining pine that it would
be profitable to lumber the same tract again in
twenty years. At this juncture the help of the
Bureau of Forestry was asked for. Their plan,
now in operation, makes the company's timber
holdings a 2-per-cent. investment. The rise in
stumpage, already assured, probably to $10 per
thousand inside of twenty years, will increase the
rate to 10 per cent.

By cutting to a 12-inch diameter limit they
save a considerable loss represented by the large
percentage of waste on small trees. Very close
attention is given to details of operation to cut
down expense. In marking for fellings, for ex-
ample, only those trees near the limit of cutting
are marked, the cost of marking being 3 cents per
acre. In cutting, trees are felled so as to do the
least possible damage to standing timber. Hard-
wood, tops and inferior pieces of pine only are
used in building roads, skidways, etc., and for
fuel ; thus the accumulation of slash is largely
prevented. By cutting into 12- and 16-foot log
lengths they are able to cut much farther into the
tops, and so use a much larger part of the tree
than when only the long cuts were made. Tur-
pentining is confined to such trees as are to be cut
within two years, so that additional profit is se-
cured without any detriment to the timber.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. 2.

BY J. T. ROTHROCK.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x.. No. 2.

BY J. T. ROTHROCK.

\t

GREEN ASH. (FRAXINUS, VIRIDIS, MICHX. F.)

CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

TRUNK OF GREEN ASH. (FRAXINUS V'lRIDIS, MICHX. F.)

CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. 2.

BY J. T. ROTHROCK.

COPYRIGHTED, 1906.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. 2.

BY J. T. ROTHROCK.

^

GREEN ASH. (FRAXINUS, VIRIDIS, MICHX. F.)

CHESTER COUNTY. PENNSYLVANIA.

TRUNK OF GREEN ASH. (FRAXINUS VIRIDIS, MICHX. F.

CHESTER COUNTY. PENNSYLVANIA.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

FOREST LEAVES.

25

N

The Farm Woodlot.*

TDROBABLY no other one of the farm Prod-
is ucts is grown with as little care and thought
as is the timber, and certainly no other one
would continue to produce a crop, year after year,
in spite of woeful abuse and neglect.

The prices at which lumber was sold for many
years were so low that it was cheaper for the
farnier to buy it than to go into the woods and
cut it, and the advent of cheap coal made cord-
wood hardly worth the cutting. Is it any won-
der that no care was given our woodlots ? But
now it is different ; the price of lumber has dou-
bled in the last fifteen years. It is time for us
farmers to wake up and give our woodland the
same care and attention we give our other crops.
When you could buy hemlock lumber for ^9.00
per thousand, perhaps it was best to allow the saw-
mill to move in after the timber had become ripe
or over-ripe, and cut it all off and sell it for what
it would bring. But now we must go back to the
plan in vogue before the railroads came and cut
on our own farms the lumber necessary to repair
and improve our farm buildings, and endeavor to
sell the surplus to the best advantage. Most of us
live near enough to a sawmill to get our logs sawed
without much labor, and by exercising a little fore-
sight can have seasoned lumber always on hand.

As nothing else seems to be as good as chestnut
for telegraph poles, we have an assured profitable
outlet for one of the most common trees in our
Chester County woods. Pulp wood is in constant
demand and furnishes a market for all the surplus
tulip-poplar.

All-wood fences, such as post-and-rail, worm
and board fences, are a tremendous drain on the
woodland. A modern woven-wire fence, erected,
costs no more than the post-and-rail- fence before
it is built, and is both stronger and more durable.
Sell your chestnut for telegraph poles and buy
wire fencing with the proceeds, cut the tops into
posts and you will find that you have many more
rods of better fence than if you had split the trees
into posts and rails. Whatever you do, never
plant a post until it is seasoned, or its life will be
shortened one -third.

We endeavor to keep the weeds cleaned out of
the cornfield so that the corn may have all the
nutriment and moisture in the soil. Is the same
care taken to keep the weeds out of the wood-
land? Broken, crooked, hollow trees have no
value and take the place of something else, so
these are the weeds of the forest. Beech and
gum trees are also weeds, for they are of compara-
tively little value as lumber.

* Read before the Farmers' Institute at Avondale, Pa.

The common practice of allowing the cattle to
roam at will through the woods should be avoided,
for it is necessarily destructive to the undergrowth
in which are starting the oaks and poplars of the
next generation. Then, too, constant tramping
packs the earth so that it will not absorb the rain.

Our forefathers did not always exercise good
judgment in clearing the land. We all know of
steep and stony hillsides, poor, thin ridges and
swampy meadows that have never begun to repay
their owner for the labor expended upon them.
Had these been left covered with trees they
would have been returning him, instead, a sure,
even if small profit. These should all be replanted
immediately with some variety which thrives in
such a location. Chestnut, walnut, oak, locust,
mulberry, catalpa, white pine and hemlock may
all be planted upon uplands, and willow, cypress
and sycamore in the swamps ; a few years' care
when young and a permanent fence is all they
ask. You say you will not reap any benefit your-
self. Perhaps not, but somebody will and you
have a constantly increasing addition to the value
of your farm.

Different species of trees vary so much in rapid-
ity of growth that it is wasteful to cut everything
at one time. The method now advised by for-
esters is to cut each tree as it comes to a market-
able size. This is being followed in many large
forest reserves, but it should especially appeal to
the farmer who needs some lumber and firewood
every year. Where there is but one species in a
woodlot or species which mature together a sec-
tion may be cleared at a time so that it may all
grow up again together. Whatever plan is adopted,
be careful to cut all scattering trees and saplings ;
they either break off in the wind, which strikes
them with a vigor to which they are unaccustomed
or, having no competition, they monopolize all
the ground, form short trunks and great spread-
ing tops to the destruction of the young sprouts.

But aside from the financial questions involved,
let us take care of the woodlots for the beauty of
them. Think how barren the hills would appear
if it were not for the trees. The farmers of Iowa
or of Kansas would give anything for the outlook
which is in front of every farmer's home in Chester
County. Robert W. Balderston. .

The maple sugar industry is of more importance
than many persons believe. The Census statistics
for the year 1900 show that 51,000,000 pounds of
maple sugar and 3,000,000 gallons of maple sugar
were produced. Each tree is supposed to average
about 4 pounds of sugar per season ; 1 7 per cent,
of all the granulated sugar made in the United
States in that year came from maple sugar trees.

I

; ; .

26

FOREST LEAVES.

Forest Conditions in Arizona.

TV STUDY of forestry seems to be especially
f^ esteemed in countries where there are no
^^ longer forests to study. Realizing how
vital to the welfare of a nation is the preservation
of its forests, the United States is making an
endeavor to study and improve the forests of this
country while there is yet time to preserve them.
In furtherance of this work the United States
Geological Survey has just published Professional
Paper No. 22, which bears the title ''Forest
Conditions in the San Francisco Mountains For-
est Reserve, Arizona. ' ' This paper embodies the
results of investigations made during 1901 and
1902 by Messrs. John B. Leiberg, Theodore F.
Rixon and Arthur Dodwell, and is prefaced by an
introduction written by Mr. F. G. Plummer.

The San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve
comprises portions of the broad summit and
slopes of an elevated tract of land in north-central
Arizona, which includes the southern part of the
Colorado Plateau. The northern part of the
area is dotted by several hundred volcanic cones
and the southern part is gashed by numerous
deep canyons. The altitude of the region ranges
from 3500 feet at Oak Creek, in its southwestern
portion, to 12,794 feet, at the summit of San
Francisco Peak.

Among the coniferous trees in the reserve the
yellow pine constitutes over 99 per cent, of the
total forest. The aspen takes first rank among
the broad-leafed species, but has a close competi-
tor in the oak. The chief lumber tree at present
is the yellow pine, which is extensively cut and
furnishes all of the mill timber sawed, used in
and exported from the region. Its average total
height is 85 feet, with about 10 feet of clear
trunk. The diameter averages 18 inches, which
corresponds to an age of 180 years. In the
812,500 acres of forest area examined, 2,743,-
558,000 feet B. M. of standing timber were found,
which gives an average of only 3377 feet B. M.
per acre. It is evident that the yellow pine
stands, even where entirely untouched by the axe,
do not carry an average crop of more than 40 per
cent, of the timber they are capable of producing.
This condition is chiefly attributable to the nu-
merous fires which have swept over the region
within the last two hundred years, destroying
seedling and sapling growth.

The chief agencies through which the forests
in the reserve suffer destruction are cutting, graz-
ing and fire. Logging operations have been
carried on in most of the central forested areas
that are tributary to railroads. The forest has
been culled or cut from 148,845 acres. The tim-

ber cut on these tracts has been converted into
tie, stuU or round mining timber and saw logs.

Grazing, especially sheep herding, is ruinous to
the seedling growth of a young forest. Sheep are
especially fond of the young aspen, which spring
up as the first restockage on the non-forested
park lands at the base and on the slopes of San
Francisco Mountains. It was found that the
destruction of seedlings on any particular tract of
land ranged from 50 per cent, to total after a
single passage over such ground by 2000 head of

sheep.

Fires have been found of frequent occurrence in
all portions of the reserve. The badly burned
areas, on which the destruction has been 60 per
cent, or more, aggregate 6790 acres. The origin
of fires in recent years may, in part, be ascribed
to the carelessness of sheep herders, in part to ,
sparks from engines on the Atchison, Topekaandf
Santa Fe Railroad, but by far the larger number
of fires are due to lightning, and this cause has,
of course, always operated. Sections exist on
which 50 per cent, of the mature yellow pine has
been either wholly or in part killed by lightning
strokes.

Among other interesting questions considered
in this paper are the low reproductive ratio of
the yellow pine, the influence of the forest on run-
off", the grazing value of the reserve, and the
effects of sheep herding on the forest floor. The
bulk of the paper is devoted to detailed descrip-
tions of the areas, by range and township, that
make up the reserve.

•

The Appalachian Forest Reserve.

7^ T the American Forestry Congress, Mr. Wil-
jfA liam S. Harvey made the following plea for
^ a National Appalachian Forest Reserve :
As a member of this Congress from the State of
Pennsylvania, that is indirectly interested in the
Appalachian Forest Reserve, I want to raise my
voice in advocacy of using our influence with the
Congress of the United States to make it possible
that we have a forest reservation in the eastern
States. We have learned in the figures that have
been given us that the United States owns 63,-
000,000 of acres of reservations, every one of
which is in the west. The Appalachian Reser-
vation, the purchase of which has been endorsed
and advised by commercial bodies throughout
New England and the east, by various forest asso-
ciations and by the National Board of Trade for
several years, at their meetings in January in
Washington, embraces 3,840,000 acres of land,
covering an area of 200 miles long and 20 to 40

] I

FOREST LEAVES.

27

miles wide— an average of about 30 miles. The
importance of securing it by the National Gov-
ernment IS of great vital interest to this Congress.
This Congress is to consider economic questions
from a practical point of view. The southern
^ States have more than $ 2 00, 000, 000 invested now
in cotton mills. These cotton mills are in a large
measure dependent upon water-power. The tak-
ing of the forest cover from the Appalachian
mountains will largely destroy the opportunity
which nature has given the south to grow and
increase in wealth and prosperity, which it is
doing. Some of you may not be aware of the
fact that the head-waters of all of the following
rivers are in the Appalachian Range : The Poto-
mac, the James, the Shenandoah, the Roanoke
the Dan, the Catawba, the Yadkin, the Broad'
the San tee and the Savannah on the east. On the
west are the Cumberland, the French Broad, the
New, the Tennessee, the Kanawha and the Ohio.
The names of these rivers should impress us with
tiic significance and the importance of providing
a forest reservation in the Appalachian territory
in the middle east. Resolutions were passed by
the American Cotton Manufacturers' Association
in convention in the city of Washington on the
1 2th day of May, 1904, as follows :

Whereas, we recognize a great source of danger
to our water-powers in the indiscriminate cutting
of timber at the head-waters of our streams ; and
whereas, this opinion is confirmed by uniform
experience in other countries, where drastic reme-
dies have been successfully applied ; and whereas,
our future as a manufacturing nation is largely
dependent upon cheap power secured from our
rivers and streams ; and whereas, owing to the
great improvements being made in electrical
transportation our water-powers should be greater
factors for furnishing power in the future than
they have been in the past; and whereas, the
sources of the streams where the injury is done are
often in other States than those in which power is
used, hence this vital question becomes one which
the National Government alone can properly deal
with.

There is another important point and that is
the fact that the southern Appalachian mountains
embrace the last remnant of the hardwood forests
of the eastern United States. Owing to their
being no swamps or lakes in this entire region,
almost the entire rainfall will be lost at once if
the forest cover is removed. Upon the continu-
ance of this forest cover depends almost entirely !
the water-power, navigation and agriculture of 1
the regions south of the Ohio and Potomac ivers
and east of the Mississippi. This proposed forest I
reserve extends through several States and it is j

not practicable to depend upon State action. I,
therefore, in view of these important facts that
should impress us with great earnestness and de-
termination to take action at this time, recom-
mend that this question be referred to the Com-
mittee on Resolutions.

(This recommendation was acted on by the
Committee of Resolutions, and included in the
Resolutions adopted by the American Forest Con-
gress.— Ed.)

Forestry as a Profession.

DURING each successive year of the past
quarter century, the attention of the pub-
lic has been called with increasing fre-
quency to the subject of forestry. Apparently it
has been advanced as something entirely new,
and indeed the people have accepted it as such,
but forestry as a practice is not as recent as the
use of electricity, nor even the use of steam, for
as early as the first of the eighth century there
were crude laws in force in England protecting
the forest and crude practices for its care. In
Germany an intense management of the forest
existed in certain localities as early as the twelfth
century, and in 181 7 Heinrich Cotta, called the
*' Father of Forestry," published the first book of
any importance, covering the entire field of prac-
tical forestry. There were hardly any of the
proprietors of the early colonies on the Atlantic
coast who did not respect the forest in its differ-
ent relations and attempt in some way to provide
against the wholesale clearing of forested areas.
As the exploration of the country continued and
extended and the size of the continent began to
be realized, as well as the vast extent of the for-
ests and their apparent inexhaustibility, the set-
tlers forgot, or at least disregarded, their former
knowledge and restrictions, and then the forest
came to be looked upon only as a source of dan-
ger, a hindrance to agriculture, and a great source
of wealth for him who could claim it and harvest
its crop. Other than this it was of no value. For
various reasons we dare not censure our fore-
fathers for their actions, but nevertheless we are
" reaping the whirlwind " to-day and facing the
dire results of such a thoughtless and selfish policy.
It is now, after a century's wastefulness, that a
few of our people have come to their senses and,
realizing the final outcome, have endeavored to
introduce a policy, not new to the world, but
new to us. Although it was nothing more nor
less than a common sense application of certain
knowledge in dealing with the forest and forest,
land, yet at first, as with every change from the
old order of things, these public spirited men and

28

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

their wise suggestions were very much misunder-
stood and even ridiculed. Forestry was treated
as a novelty and something merely to be talked
about by lovers of nature and other sentimental
people. True, some of this class have materially
aided in the misunderstanding and delay of the
forestry movement, but with the beginning of the
twentieth century the novelty of the movement
has disappeared, and to-day forestry stands out as
one of the leading and most promising of profes-
sions of the day and the future.

No less authority than President Roosevelt has
made the statement that the forest problem is one
of the most vital internal problems of the United
States. Although our country is of wide extent,
and has untold resources in its various sections,
nevertheless it is true that a good or bad economic
condition in one section influences to a greater or
lesser extent the conditions in all the other sec-
tions. Just now, one of the most interesting
problems for our Congress to solve is that of
making the vast arid West habitable and valua-
ble, and because of the influence of the forests
upon water-flow the forest problem must go hand
in hand with irrigation. A very important in-
dustry of the West is mining, and the extent of
this depends more or less on the supply of timber
available for mine ties and props. The same is
true in our own Eastern section. Millions of feet
of timber are used every year in mines. Another
industry of the West that is influenced to some
extent by the presence or absence of forests is
grazing. The question of winter forage and pro-
tection is solved best and cheapest by the pres-
ence of the forests. The lumber industry is
fourth in importance of the industries of our
country, and when far-sighted lumbermen say
that the available supply of wood will be exhausted
in from 30 to 50 years, it is very evident that na-
ture will have to be helped in some way to supply
the increasing demand. The annual yearly cut
of lumber is estimated at 40,000,000,000 feet,
board measure, and that is but one-fourth of
the total wood consumption of our people. The
value of the raw product taken from the forest
annually runs up very close to $1,000,000,000.
The increasing prices which are being paid for
wood and wood products are an evidence of the
existing and coming conditions. The forestry
problem is the only one that can insure the con-
tinuance of this industry.

In railroad circles, the supply of ties and car
material is agitating many minds. On an average
140,000,000 ties are renewed each year. There
are miles of trestle bridges and over 1,000,000
'passenger and freight cars. Not to mention the
value of boxes in which freight is carried. One im-

portant lumber association paid different railroads
in one year for freight, on sawed stuff, about
$60,000,000. This association represented only
a fraction of the lumber shippers of the country.

There are other industries, such as agriculture,
manufacture, commerce, etc., which are influ-
enced by the forest problem, all of which must
widen our ideas in regard to the value and im-
portance of our forest resources.

Mr. Roosevelt says that forestry is the perpetu-
ation of our forests by wise use. Dr. C. A.
Schenck, Forester to the Biltmore Estate, defines
forestry as the proper handling of forest invest-
ments, and Dr. John Giff'ord says that forestry
treats of the purpose, propagation, care and util-
ization of the forest. In a word, it is a purely
business proposition. Because of certain influences
which forests have upon water-flow, climate, soil,
etc., and because of the products which it yields,
it becomes of inestimable value and must be cared
for and reproduced in a profitable manner. The
carrying out of such a proposition is the duty of
a forester. He is placed in charge of from 20,-
000 to 100,000 acres of forest land, and this must
be managed so that an income of some kind is
received from the investment. This income may
be money, sport, protection, or any of the three
combined, according to the purpose of the forest
as determined by the owner. Each acre most
likely will have to be treated in a diff'erent man-
ner from all the others. In some parts cutting
will have to be done, and this perhaps under one
of six or more systems ; planting of trees will be
required in others, the species and method of
planting having to be determined by the soil,
location and possible value of the trees in the
future ; in open areas farming is often more prof-
itable and more advantageous ; grazing is some-
times resorted to in open growth to advantage ; a
park is not an infrequent occurrence on a forested
estate, where more or less attention has to be paid
to the aesthetic results ; roads have to be well
planned for the development of the whole area ;
it must all be protected from fire and depredations
of any kind, and there may be a hundred or more
men to direct. This gives but a slight idea of the
varied questions and conditions which a forester
must face and solve successfully if he holds his

place. .

Aside from the direct management of the affairs
of the forest, the forester of to-day has to meet
and overcome the prejudice and antagonism of
the local inhabitants of his district and in State
work, that of the entire Commonwealth. To do
this, he must be constantly on the alert in what-
ever he does, not only making known what
advantages are to be derived from his policy, but

29

also demonstrating by actual practice that certain
results must follow certain work. In fact, the
results of what he does must prove what he
preaches. He must make friends of the people
and get them interested.

No forester can expect to live in a city and
enjoy city life, comfort and pleasures, and at the
same time do the work of managing the forest.
He is more or less isolated and must be able to
enjoy himself with such pleasures as are found in
such localities. It is not unlikely that he becomes
the centre of community life, directing its political
and other activities.

In the light of such duties and conditions we
may sum up briefly the most important qualifica-
tions for a successful forester. First of all he
must be blessed with a large degree of good com-
mon sense. He must be practical and versatile to
meet all kinds of conditions. He must have a
liberal education, being the better for having a
wide knowledge of such branches as botany, ento-
P^ology, geology, natural philosophy, mathemat-
ics, political economy, etc. He must be in love
with his work, at the same time realizing the
importance of it, for no one can succeed by doing
half-hearted work. He must be able to help
people of all conditions and make friends. He
should be moral, for after all the question of for-
estry and our regard for the forest is more or less
a moral one. It is at least as unselfish as the
building of asylums, hospitals, sanatoriums, etc.
The forester works not for to-day, but for the
future, and this makes it necessary for him to
study present conditions and predict the future.
Above all he must be self-reliant, for there are no
precedents to follow. The theory of forestry is
of course necessary, but the need of to-day is not
theorists but empiricists who are acquainted with
theory, but not handicapped by it.

Mr. Roosevelt, in an address to the Society of
American Foresters, said, *'Any profession that
makes you deal with your fellow-men at large
makes it necessary that if you are to succeed you
should understand what those fellow-men are, and
not merely what they are thought to be by people
who live in closet or parlor. The profession of
forestry is one which touches the Republic on
almost every side— political, social, industrial,
commercial — and to rise to its level you will need
a wide acquaintance with the general life of the
nation and a view point that is both broad and
high." These words, coming from the one man
who is at the head of public affairs of our country,
ought surely to place the profession in the high
niche in which it belongs.

George H. Wirt.

Interest of Lumbermen in Conservative

Forestry.*

RACTICAL forestry ought to be of more
interest and importance to lumbermen than
to any other class of men. Unfortunately,

V

they have not always appreciated this fact. There
has been a firmly-rooted idea that forestry was
purely theoretical, and incapable of application in
a business way ; a prejudice which is now begin-
ning to disappear. At present lumbermen are
ready to consider seriously any proposition which
may be made by those who have the conservative
use of the forests at heart.

Lumbermen have been averse also to uniting
their interests with those of the government, be.
cause of a doubt of the business efficiency of some
of the government's work, and this in spite of the
fact, which they recognize, that every possible
step should be taken to protect the national lands
and timber from depredations.

The work of first importance in bringing about
the adoption of practical forestry is the work of
education. For this every possible means of
reaching the public mind must be employed, and
above all the object lesson of practical forestry
applied on the ground.

Everywhere throughout our timber region nature
is struggling to renew her growth, and mere casual
observation forces upon us the fact that the forests
will reproduce themselves, if given a fair chance.
But there are three great obstacles which must be
reckoned with in the profitable reproduction of
timber, viz. : time, fire and taxes. Let us consider
them briefly.

First, as to time. Few lumbermen have watched
the growth of timber long enough to know what
its increase is. Forestry is a new idea to us, and
we have given little thought to the future. Fur-
thermore, forest growth varies greatly in diff'erent
climates and in diff'erent varieties of trees in the
same climate. Before he can consider forestry,
the lumberman must know the rate of annual
growth and the cost of protecting the forests.
This information the forester is able to give him.
In other words, to tell how long it will take to
produce a merchantable tree, and the average per
acre. Knowing these facts, it is a comparatively
simple matter to determine whether a given forest
can be maintained, and yet made to yield satis-
factory returns to the owner. Throughout the
South particulariy, conditions are very favorable
and promising. The reports of the Bureau of
Forestry lead us to believe confidently that there

* Read by F. E. Weyerhaeuser, Jr., at the American For-
est Congress.

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30

FOREST LEAVES.

will be a profit in raising short-leaf yellow pine
timber, provided that the history of the increase
in timber values in the North is repeated in the
South, of which there seems to be no doubt. On
the Pacific Coast also the climate is suited for the
steady and rapid growth of excellent timber. • At
the present time values there are too low to insure
any profit in conservative forestry, but a few
years will undoubtedly bring about very different

conditions.
I The average manufacturer holds too little land
' to supply his mills indefinitely at the present an-
nual cut. To secure a permanent supply from
his present holdings, either they must be increased
or his mill capacity must be cut down. Eventually
the big mills must disappear, and in their place
we shall have smaller but permanent ones. The
fact that cut-over lands are covered with young
growth, which before many years will be of mer-
chantable size, will add greatly to their value,
which will increase more and more as our timber
supply diminishes. Moreover, we understand that
it is the policy of the Bureau of Forestry not to
recommend the adoption of working plans where
they cannot be carried out profitably. When i
business men fully appreciate this fact, it will go |
far toward securing their co-operation.

The next obstacle, more important because
harder to overcome, is fire. I am frank enough
to say that in this matter lumbermen themselves
are largely responsible, sometimes even to the ex-
tent of fighting reform. For example: Two
years ago a bill was proposed in Minnesota pro-
viding for the burning of slashings. Because of
the opposition of the lumbermen, it was never re-
ported out of the committee. Since then the
government has required the burning of slashings
on the Leech Lake Indian Reservation. The wise
and moderate regulations suggested by the Bureau
of Forestry were introduced with complete suc-
. cess. It was a splendid object lesson. A wisely-
drawn bill presented to the Legislature to-day
would be supported by the best class of lumber-
men.

But the lumberman is not only culprit, but suf-
ferer also, and he must be protected against loss
from fire by the rigid enforcement of proper laws.
With a sufficient patrol during dry seasons, and
reasonable care on the part of those who start
fires, this source of awful destruction can certainly
be checked, though it never can be entirely

eliminated.

The final obstacle is taxes. If anywhere, it is
here that the lumberman practicing forestry un-
der present conditions will be checked, for the
lumberman more than any other manufacturer
is the subject of heavy taxation. The local as-

sessor feels that the timber may soon be cut, and
that he must '* make hay while the sun shines.*'
This policy of drastic taxation results inevitably in
the slashing of the timber and the complete de-
struction of the forest. Here, as before, we meet I
with the urgent necessity of missionary work in
the interest of the forest.

It has been suggested that land held for forestry
purposes be taxed with special leniency, or per-
haps that the bulk of the tax be transferred from
the standing timber to the logs when cut. It
certainly is not just that land which can produce
but one crop in forty years should be taxed on the
same scale as land which produces an annual crop, j
** Death by taxation" would be the coroner's
verdict on many a magnificent forest now laid
low. Assuming that the land held for forestry pur- I
poses is valuable only for timber, the State would
far better collect a low annual tax over a long
period of years than levy a heavy tax for a short
period : and this is obvious when we consider
that an important industry is thus maintained,
and a considerable and constant pay roll secured.

The conclusion we reach with reference to pri- \
vate effort is that forestry is practical, and can be
applied profitably under favorable conditions ;
but that only by tremendous effort can the lumber-
man himself, the legislator and the voter be made
to realize its importance and its possibilities.
Much has already been done, and we congratulate
the Agricultural Department and the Bureau of
I Forestry on the able and efficient manner in which
I information is being disseminated. It is safe to
j predict that their efforts will be followed by actual

1 results.

All arguments in favor of the adoption of con-
servative lumbering by the individual are still
more forcible and conclusive when used concern-
ing the adoption of them by the State or the
national government on forest reserves. The ques-
tion of taxes is at once disposed of, the fire situa-
tion is in the hands of those who have ample
authority to enforce laws, and the net results
in profits can be figured on the lowest possible
basis. Furthermore, the State has vital interests
far beyond those of the individual, such as the
regulation of the water-supply tn streams, the
benefit of forest areas from the standpoint of
health and recreation, the perpetual maintenance
of a timber supply with its future effect on the
price of forest products within the State, the
making productive of otherwise useless land, and
the maintenance of a valuable industry. For
these and for many other reasons far-sighted lum-
bermen favor the rapid increase of State and na-
tional forest reserves, provided they are established
only on proper lands.

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FOREST LEAVES.

31

Thomas Meehan & Sons, mc,

Nurserymen and Treeseedsmen
DRESHERTOWN, FOREST ROAO, PA.

H^alB UniVefgitj Forest ^Dhool

NEW HAVEN - - CONNECTICUT

OUR GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY

1854-1904
THREE HUNDRED ACRES

EXPERT advice on any forestal proposition fur-
nished, and estimates of timber, valuation, surveys
and working plans made by

PAUL E. ARNOLD,
Consulting Forester. EAST STROUDSBURG, PA.

LEinilS* TREE CH75RTS.

PAPTQ^AS!® series consists Of fifteen numbers, divided into
PARTS of three numbers each. They may be purchased sinirly
TilV^.t'^'''^^-^.' 5^1^^ ^"\1 series, at the'^pricesna^d below:
More than half of the series has already been prated The
liSoi"^.?;'® completed, and the remaining chart? will bi pul^
lished at the earliest practicable date. One thousand naid snh

ofiri whoret'erTelf ^^ "^^^" ^^^^^^ the irSr^'ed?r Utlc'a^n

TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE.
Price of single number, 50 cents each.
Price of Part, $1.40 each.

«f»,^ liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education or
others purchasing in large numbers. ^uucauon or

NOW READY— (These with a * as yet unprinted.)

Part 1.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species.

No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies
No. 2. Annual Fruiied Oaks. White Oak and Allies.*

^rt^i O^f^' ^^^^y* Foreign, and examples qf

Part II.-THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species.

No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and
European Chestnuts.
The Walnuts. American, Japanese and European

species and varieties. *^

The Hickories. American species and varieties.

A two years' graduate course
is offered, leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry.
Graduates of collegiate institu-
tions of high standing are ad-
mitted upon presentation of
their college diplomas.

The Summer School of
Forestry is conducted at Mil-
ford, Pike County, Penna.
The session in 1905 will open
July 5th and continue seven
weeks.

For further information address

HENRY S. GRAVES, Director,

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

No. 5.

No. 6.
Part III.—
No. 7.
No. 8.
No. 9.

Part IV.—

♦No. 10.

•No. U.
No. 12.
Part V.—

•No. 13.

•No. 14

The Willows and Poplars. Numerous sneciefl

The Birches, Elms and aUies.

The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species.

77i€ Magnolia and related trees.
The Horse Chestnuts and allies.
The Maples. (Printed in advance.)

^««<«and allies of Pea Family of several genera.
Wild Cherry, Mountain Ash, Sweet Oum, Sour Qum
Persimmon. '

•No. 16 ) Ashes, Oatalpas, Paulownia, and others.

}

CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA.

30 minutes from Broad St. Station.

BOARDING SCHOOL FOB BOTS.

Illustrated Catalogue upon application*

JAMES L. PATTERSON,

Head Maitar.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES:
Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., President.
Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President.
George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer.

For ftirther information address the author, publisher and

proprietor,

GRACEANNA LEWIS,

Medi*.

FennsylTania.

FRANCIS I. OOWEIf.
E. WALTER CLARK.
WALTON CLARK.
JACOB 8. DI88TON.
JAMES MAPES DODOS.

JAMES M. BECK.

EDOAR DUDLEY FARIE8.

J. LEVBRINQ JONES.

FRANCIS D. LEWIS.

RANDAL MORGAN.

RT. REV. HENRY Y. 8ATTKRLEE, D.D.

■I

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32

FOREST LEAVES.

\

!

ANDORRA'S

PIN

A justly popular tree is the Pin Oak. It presents points which dis-
tinguish it readily from other Oaks, and it is undoubtedly the most valuable
variety for all practical purposes. The foliage is dense, finely divided, of
a beautiful shining green that colors to sparkling red and yellow in Fall.
The tree is easily transplanted and grows well on wet or dry ground ; is,
in fact, the quickest-growing of all the Oaks. As an avenue tree it is un-
equalled. It is also a good street tree, and one of the best for park planting.

This desirable tree will thrive in all sections
of the United States, in all soils and situations.
Our stock (over 30,000) of this Popular Tree
is clean and healthy, with plenty of fibrous roots.

EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN.

OUR BOOKLET ••MORE SPECIALTIES r 3d EDITION. DESCRIBES THESE AND MANY OTHERS.

REMEMBER! EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN!

Each Per xo Per loo

6 to 7 ft. Stocky Trees «^ °° »» 5° $40 oo

7 to 8 ft. " •' ' *5 lo oo 50 00

8 to 9 ft. " " ' 50 "50 55 oo

9 to lo ft. " " » «» "50 6o 00

10 to .a ft. •• " .• •. '50 «5o 75 00

Prices on Larger Specimens on application.

Send for SPRING PRICE LIST and booklet " HINTS ON PLANTING/'

ANDORRA NURSERIES,

WM. WARNER HARPER, Prop. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Vol. X.

Philadelphia, June, 1905.

No. 3,

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

loia Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter.

CONTENTS.

Editorial 33

Pennsylvania Forestry Legislation 3^

Spring Arbor Days 3-

Arbor-Day Planting at Westtown

Trees on the Pocomoke

38

39

Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata, L.) ^o

Forestry in New Zealand ,

Forestry in New York

A Famous German Forester

Winter and Spring Work at Mont Alto.
Importance of the Forests to Agriculture.

40
41
41
42
43

New Publications .g

Subscription, $x.oo per Year.
The attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
of Forest Lkavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nished on application. "^

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

Founded in Junk, 1886,
Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and
methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact-
ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and
National.

Annual membership fee. Two dollars.

Life membership. Twenty-five dollars.

f« K*^r^" '5^ membership nor the work of this Association is intended

memh'?"*;? ^V^^ ^Tt ?^ P<^°"«yJ vania. Persons desiring to become

?nTi;>f *^*'"''* w"? "^^^'J "^'"'^ '° *^<= Chairman of the Membership
Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. w^rsmp

President, John Birkinbine.

General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.
Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy.
Recording Seer etary,¥.\^.'&\\\^x.
Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast.

HewetT'^"*'"^''^'' ^^"* ^""'°" ^'***' ^'- ^'^■"^^ ^- ^^^y"' C^*'>"

Prf!r"'^u^*^i."5''''*y' Chairman; Dr. Henry M. Fisher. W W
Frazler Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. ' *

Membership, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwiu Swift
^fh^r; R w Lucien W Doty, ChaHes W. Frefdley, W. W Scmnt^n

rll ^^""w' S'- ?\™"*=' ^°'*"*^' *°^ Hon. S P. Wolverton '
He';;e"'.a"nd"joJ!'nA'!sin:?."*"' ^''^'"•^" ' «^"^ «"<*^' Charles

/^»<3/z<ra/n7« John Birkinbine, Chairman; F. L. Bitler Alfred S
Hames Alfred Paschall, and Harrison Souder. ' ^*

*\ork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Mrs. George T. Heston Miss
Ischt-o^pp^^' ^''- J"*^" P- L""^y' ^•"•'»™ 8- Kik, and Abraham

Jame?^ Ha^o'^n'^V^M™"^' Marshall, Chairman; Eugene Ellicott,
james c. Haydon, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Richard Wood.

Opfick of thb Association, loia Walnut St.. Philadblfhia.

EDITORIAL.

WE present to our readers the text of legis-
lation adopted at the late sessions of the
Pennsylvania General Assembly and ap-
proved by the Governor, to supplement the laws
which were published in Forest Leaves for April.

The law (Act 8i) which provides that the \
State pay to various counties three cents per an- ■
num per acre for school purposes, and two cents
per annum per acre for roads for the area of forest
reserves in each county, appears to us as adding a
burden to the maintenance of Pennsylvania's for-
est reserves which may create future antagonism.
The maximum rate which the Forestry Reserva-
tion Commission is permitted to pay for lands is
five dollars per acre. Therefore the law referred
to provides that the State pay to the counties an-
nually one per cent, of this maximum price, but in
fact the lands heretofore purchased to make up
the 708,795 acres of Pennsylvania's forest re-
serves cost less than three dollars per acre, so that
Act 81 practically imposes on State forest reserves
a tax equal to that levied by municipalities on
urban property.

The friends of forestry favor liberal aid to
schools and to public roads, but as the existing
law provides for an appropriation of J25 annu-
ally for each mile of road within the reservations,
and J 1 2. 50 per annum per mile for roads border-
ing on reservations, the new law seems to us to
specify double payment. In addition the exist-
ing laws provide for one-half of the revenue from'
leases, etc. , to revert to the counties for the pur-
pose of reducing local taxation.

Act 81 will increase the annual maintenance
cost of the forest reserves, by including an out-
lay which does not actually cover such mainte-
nance. Tt is on this ground that the propriety of
the enactment is questioned, and not from oppo-
sition to liberal expenditures for schools, or roads,
or the relief of counties.

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FOREST LEAVES.

1

FOREST LEAVES.

35

ii

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Act 65 provides for better compensation for
persons called upon to fight forest fires, a rate
greater than the prevailing wage of laborers, but
none too high when the strenuous work is consid-
ered. But the fire-wardens will need to be spe-
cially watchful for fires which may possibly be
started by miscreants who would profit by the, to
them, liberal allowance.

' Acts 8S and 179 modify previous legislation,
rebating a portion of the taxes on timbered lands,
by reducing in the latter case the number of forest
trees maintained per acre, and by fixing 35 years
as the limit for reduced taxation.

Act 114 makes provision for the construction
of impounding reservoirs and the utilization of
water collected on forest reservations for public
water-supplies. As another act creates a Water
Commission and gives certain powers over the
waters of the State to a Health Board, the func-
tional relation of these needs to be determined.

We are pleased to notice Act 363, appropriating
$10,000 for the maintenance of the State Forest
Academy, and Act 431, authorizing the expendi-
ture of $15,000 for the support of the Mont Alto
Sanatorium, established for the treatment of incip-
ient tuberculosis. It is, however, a source of re-
gret that the bills as passed by the Legislature,
authorizing appropriations of $20,000 and $25,000
respectively, were not approved in full, as this re-
duction will restrict the satisfactorv results which
have been already attained.

Pennsylvania Forestry Legislation.

IN the April issue of Forest Leaves the text
of two bills relating to forestry were given,
which had been approved by the Gover-
nor and were then laws. One of these, now
known as Act No. 50, referred to the granting of
titles for vacant and unappropriated lands, the
price to be paid for the same, and the convey-
ance to the State Forestry Reservation Commis-
sion where desirable for forest culture or forest
preservation. The second, now Act No. 65, in-
creased the compensation paid to constables of
townships acting as ex-officio fire-wardens from 15
cents to 25 cents per hour, and those assisting
from 12 cents to 20 cents per hour, and increas-
ing the fine for starting forest fires from $10 to
$20.

In addition to the above bills the following :
acts have been approved by the Governor and
become laws ; editorial reference to these will be j
found in another column.

Aa No 81,

Providing a fixed charge on lands acquired hy
the State for Forestry Reserves, and the distribu-
tion of revenue, so derived, for school and road
purposes.

IVhereaSy The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
is acquiring large tracts of lands, in its several
counties, for the purpose of establishing forest
reservations; and

Whereas, The purchasing of said lands by the
Commonwealth makes said lands exempt from"
taxation ; and

Whereas, Because of said exemption from taxa-
tion, districts in the several counties lose the rev-
enue secured from said prior taxation, and works
a hardship upon the citizens thereof, by compel-
ling them to make up the loss on school and road-
taxes thus brought about :

Section i. Be it enacted, etc.. That from and
after the passage of this act, all lands acquired by
the Commonwealth for forest reserves, and now
exempt from taxation, shall be subject to an an-
nual charge of three cents per acre, for the benefit
of the schools in the respective district in which
said reserve or reserves are located, and two cents
per acre, for the benefit of the roads in the town-
ships where said reserve or reserves are located.

Sec. 2. The Commissioner of Forestry shall
certify to the respective school-districts and town-
ships, throughout the Commonwealth, in which
forest reserves are located, the number of acres
owned by the Commonwealth in each district or
township, upon application of the treasurer or
road supervisor of any of the said districts or
townships, and the charge against the same ; and
shall, furthermore, certify to the State Treasurer
the number of acres, as aforesaid, and the charge
against the same and in favor of the respective
districts and townships. The State Treasurer
shall, upon the approval of the proper warrants of
the Commissioner of Forestry, pay to the several
school-districts and townships the amounts due
the same from the Commonwealth, and derived
under this act, upon due application therefor
made by the treasurers or road supervisors of the
said districts and townships.

Approved — The 5th day of April, A. D. 1905.

Saml. W. Pennypacker.

Act No. 88.

To encourage the preservation of forests by
providing for a rebate of taxes levied upon forested
land.

Section i. Be it enacted, etc.. That in con-
sideration of the public benefit to be derived from
the retention of forest or timber trees, the owner

or owners of land in this Commonwealth having
on it forest or timber trees averaging not fewer
than fifty trees to the acre, each of said trees to
■ measure at least eight inches in diameter at a
height six feet above the surface of the ground,
with no portion of the said land absolutely cleared
of the said trees, shall upon filing with the assessor
of their respective townships or districts annually
an affidavit made by said owner or owners, or by
some one in his, her or their behalf, upon'blanks
to be provided by the county commissioners of
the respective counties, and by them to be fur-
nished to the assessors for the purposes herein in-
tended, setting forth the number of acres of tim-
ber land within the requirements of this act, be
entitled to receive annually during the period
that the said trees are maintained in good condi-
tion upon the said land a rebate equal to eighty
per centum of all taxes, local and county, an-
nually assessed and paid upon said lands, or so
much of the eighty per centum as shall not ex-
ceed in all the sum of forty-five cents per acre
the said rebate to be deducted from said taxes /r^
rata and receipted for by the respective tax col-
lectors or county treasurer. Provided, however
That no one property owner shall be entitled to
receive said rebate on more than fifty acres.

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the assessor when
such affidavit is filed with him to record upon his
assessment book the amount of timber land upon
which the owner or owners may be entitled to re-
ceive the rebate, together with the value at which
such timber land shall be assessed, for the pur-
pose of furnishing the necessary information to
those who shall prepare the respective tax dupli-
cates and upon which duplicates the amount of
the said rebate shall be stated. No additional
compensation shall be allowed any assessor for
performing the duties required by this act. It
shall likewise be the duty of each assessor after
receiving such affidavit to file the same at the time
of making his return with !he county commis-
sioners of the respective counties.

Sec. 3. The following acts of assembly to-wit :
*' An act for the preservation of forests and
partially relieving forest lands from taxation "
approved May twenty-fifth, one thousand eight
hundred and ninety-seven (Pamphlet Uws, 8%).
' ' An act to encourage the preservation of forests
by providing for a rebate of certain taxes levied
thereon, ' approved April eleventh, one thousand
nine hundred and one (Pamphlet I^ws, 77).

And all other acts or parts of acts inconsistent
with the subject-matter covered by this act be and
the same are hereby repealed.

Approved— The 8th day of April, A.D. 1905.

Saml. W. Pennypacker.

Act No. 114.

To empower the Commissioner of Forestry and
the Forestry Reservation Commission to give to
boroughs and other municipalities the privilege of
impounding water on Forest Reservations owned
by the Commonwealth, and of constructing, main-
taining and operating lines of pipes over and
through the same for the purpose of convevine
water therefrom.

Section i. Be it enacted, etc., That the Com-
missioner of Forestry and the Forestry Reserva-
tion Commission are hereby authorized and em-
powered to give to boroughs and other munici-
palities of this Commonwealth, upon such terms
and subject to such restrictions and regulations as
said Commissioner and Commission may deem
proper, the privilege of impounding water upon
any Forest Reservations, now owned or hereafter
to be acquired by the Commonwealth, and of con-
structing, maintaining and operating lines of pipes
upon and through said reservations, for the pur-
pose of conveying water therefrom, whenever in
the judgment of the said Commissioner and Com-
mission it shall be to the public interest so to do
Approved— The 14th day of April, A. D. 1905.

Saml. W. Pennypacker.

Act No. lyg.

To encourage the planting and the maintaining
of sprout forest- and timber-trees, and providing
that those who thus aid shall be exempt from tax-
ation ; defining the duties of the township assessor
of taxes, and penalties for violation of this act

Section i. Be it enacted, etc., That in consid-
eration of the public benefit to be derived from
the planting and cultivation of forest or timber-
trees, the owner or owners of any land or lands
in this Commonwealth who shall plant the same
with forest or timber-trees, in number not less
than three hundred to the acre, shall have a re-
bate in his or her or its taxes, to the amount of
eighty per centum thereof, thereon, for a period of
thirty-five years : Provided, That such rebate shall
not amount to more than forty-five cents per acre ;
said period of exemption to be counted from the
time the said land or lands shall have been planted
with forest- or timber-trees, as aforesaid ; or from
the time it may have been necessary to replant
the same, as aforesaid, by reason of destruction
from fire ; and the rebate herein provided for shall
be calculated and allowed by the tax-collector.

Sec. 2. The owner or owners of any land or
lands in this Commonwealth who shall maintain
upon said land or lands sprout forest- or timber-
trees, in number not less than three hundred to
the acre, shall be entitled to and receive the re-

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FOREST LEAVES.

bate of taxes as provided in section one ; said period
of exemption to be counted from the time the said
land or lands shall have been so maintained with
sprout forest- or timber-trees, or from the time that
said sprout forest- or timber-trees may have been
destroyed by fire.

Sec. 3. Upon any tract or tracts selected as a
forest reservation, in accordance with sections
numbers one and two of this act, which contain
fifty or less original forest-trees on each acre, the
owner or owners may plant a sufficient number of
trees which shall make up not less than the re-
quired three hundred trees to the acre, and the
same shall become subject to this act, in accord-
ance with sections numbers one and two.

Sec. 4. No land owner or owners shall receive
the benefit of this act who shall permit cattle,
horses, sheep, hogs, or goats to pasture upon such
reservation or reservations, until at least two hun-
dred trees upon each acre of said tract are four or
more inches in diameter two feet from the surface

of the land.

Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the township
assessor of taxes to personally examine the various j
forest reservations, and, if found necessary, to de-
mand of the owner or owners, or their agent
thereof, to subscribe under oath that the land is j
maintained under the conditions of this act ; and
to return to the county commissioners the number
of acres so maintained, and the time from which
the land has been so maintained ; and also to
make a duplicate return of the same data to the
State Forestry Commission.

Sec. 6. Any assessor who shall knowingly and
wilfully accept and make a fraudulent return, or
any owner or agent who shall knowingly and wil-
fully make any fraudulent return to the assessor,
shall be liable to a fine of not more than five hun-
dred dollars, or imprisonment of not more than
one year, or either or both, at the discretion of

the court.

Provided, however, That the provisions of this
act shall not be construed so as to exempt from
taxation more than five hundred acres, owned by
any one person or body corporate, or limited co-
partnership or association.

All acts inconsistent with this act are hereby

repealed.

Approved— The 20th day of April, A. D. 1905.

Saml. W. Pennypacker.

Act No. 363.

Making an appropriation to the State Forest
Academy at Mont Alto, Franklin County, Penn-
sylvania.

Section i. Be it enacted, etc.. That the sum
of twenty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as
may be necessary, be and the same is hereby spe-
cifically appropriated to the State Forest Acad-
emy, located on the State Forest Reservation at
Mont Alto, Franklin County, Pennsylvania, for
the two fiscal years beginning June first, one thou-
sand nine hundred and five, for the purpose of
maintaining the State Forest Academy and for
providing instruction in forestry therein.

Approved — The nth day of May, A. D. 1905,
in the sum of $10,000. I withhold my approval
from the remainder of said appropriation, for the
reason that the condition of the State revenue does
not justify a larger expenditure at this time.

Saml. W. Pennypacker.

Act No 431.

Making an appropriation to the South Moun-
tain Camp Sanatorium, near Mont Alto, Franklin
County.

Section i. Be it enacted, etc.. That the sum
of twenty-five thousand dollars, or so much thereof
as may be necessary, be and the same is hereby
specifically appropriated to the use of the Com-
missioner of Forestry, for the purpose of mainte-
nance for the South Mountain Camp Sanatorium,
on the State Forest Reservation near Mont Alto,
Franklin County, Pennsylvania, for the two fiscal
years beginning June first, one thousand nine
hundred and five.

Approved— The nth day of May, A. D. 1905,
in the sum of $15,000. I withhold my approval
from the remainder of said appropriation, for the
reason that the condition of the State revenue does
\ not justify a larger expenditure at this time.

Saml. W. Pennypacker.

As an instance of the effect of forest cover on
the discharge of streams Mr. J. B. Lippincott,
Supervising Engineer of the U. S. Reclamation
Service, cites Queen Creek in Arizona, with a
barren, treeless drainage basin, and Cedar Creek
in Washington, which is heavily timbered ; the
drainage area in each case being practically iden-
tical, viz., 143 square miles. The total annual
rainfall in the Cedar Creek basin in 1896 was
about eight times that in the Queen Creek basin,
yet the maximum flood discharge was only 3600
cubic feet per second for the former, while in the
latter it was 9000 cubic feet. The mean dis-
charge for Queen Creek was 15 cubic feet per
second, and for Cedar Creek 1089 cubic feet per
second.

FOREST LEAVES.

37

Spring Arbor Days.

rrOVERNOR PENNYPACKER appointed
V3C April 14th and 28th as Spring Arbor Days,
and one of these was generally observed
throughout the State, especially by the schools.
The following extracts taken from various sources
illustrating a few of the many examples of interest
taken in forestry.

In Pfiiladelphia the City Forestry Department
planted during April 2000 trees and 3000 ever-
greens in the city squares and along Broad Street.
Some of these trees and evergreens were set in the
ground on Arbor Day.

The school children of Germantown had an
elaborate celebration of the event at Waterview
Park, the new playground and school garden,
planting a hundred trees and shrubs about the
park under the direction of Mrs. Frank Miles Day
and Miss Sophie Ross.

The exercises in the schools consisted of talks
on trees by the teachers, their beauty and value,
and the reading of appropriate nature poems oi
Lucy Larcom and Whittier. At some schools,
trees, vines or shrubs were planted in the school
yards.

The Civic Club planted six shade trees oppo-
site the College Settlement House, at 433 Chris-
tian Street.

Arbor Day was observed in Starr Garden Park
by fully 800 children. They sang patriotic and
Arbor Day songs, listened to the reading of the
Governor's proclamation, an oration by Israel
Disraeli, and planted the Susan P. Wharton tree.
Charles T. Walker, superintendent of the park,
was in charge of the exercises. The children
formed in line opposite the James Forten School.
With a fife and drum corps leading them they
marched to the park. Then they sang ''Amer-
ica," and Professor Von Kessler, of the Forten
School, read the Governor's proclamation.

The James Forten School children had exercises.
Addresses were made by Alexander P. Colesberry*
Joseph G. Rosengarten and Daniel Batchellor!
A vine was planted and named in honor of Mr.
Colesberry. 1

The Civic Club also planted an ivy vine, named
for Miss Anna Hallowell. This was placed in the
yard of the James Forten School. Led by their i
teachers, the pupils sang several songs, after
which the vine was planted. The Rev. C. Edgar
Adamson, pastor of St. Paul's Methodist Episco- 1
pal Church, made an address to 300 children of
the slums, who gathered in the schoolyard in the
afternoon.

The Northeast Manual Training School also
had an Arbor Day celebration. On the new

grounds, at Seventh Street and Lehigh Avenue,
162 members of the graduating class and a large
number of alumni helped to plant six oak trees,
which City Forester Lewis presented to the school!
Addresses were made by Mr. John C. Lewis and
Miss Lora Bell Scott.

At Wernersville, on Easter Monday, an oak
{Quercus rubra) was planted near the Grand
View Sanatorium, and dedicated to the memory
of Elmore Charles Hine, M.D., of Philadelphia.
Dr. Hine visited the Grand View some years ago,
and, being interested in botany, admired a beau-
tiful wild flower growing on the hillside. After
I his death an eff'ort was made to preserve the plant,
but without success. The memorial oak stands as
near the spot as the rocky nature of the soil per-
mitted, and is a fitting symbol of the sterling
qualities that marked his character. Dr. Hine
held a professorship in the Girard College of Phil-
adelphia.

Arbor Day was most successfully observed by
the Skippack, Pa., Grammar and Primary Schools
jointly. The exercises were held in the Grammar
room. In addition to the pupils and teachers
thirty-five patrons were present.

A program that was ''Arbor Day" from first
to last was presented by the pupils. The birth of
the day was related in verse, there were songs
about the trees, the value of our forests was told
by five boys, a score or more of Arbor Day quo-
tations were given by as many pupils, and the
trees and flowers were treated of in a variety of
ways.

County Superintendent Landis was present and
delivered an address in which he expressed ap-
proval of what was done, spoke of the observance
of the day and the propriety of paying attention
to trees— their planting and care. His compari-
son of children to trees was apt and the lesson he
drew was thoughtful and well brought out.

B. W. Dambly also spoke at some length. He
told of the origin of Arbor Day in Nebraska in
1872 and of the millions upon millions of trees
that have been planted in that State during the
last thirty years. He stated that in no less than
forty States and Territories Arbor Day is observed,
and of the growth of the movement throughout
the country. The speaker urged the children to
become planters of trees.

Before the exercises a fine sugar-maple tree
(donated by Mr. Dambly) was planted on the
school ground. Two large star-shaped flower-
beds, laid out on the school grounds by the
teachers, were planted with a variety of plants and
flowers donated by the women of the neighbor-
hood.

The celebration was a fine success, the genuine

38

FOREST LEAVES.

I i

if

Arbor Day spirit shown being not the least en-
couraging feature.

As a result of the celebration the school ground,
which was cleared of rubbish, etc., by the pupils,
presents a neat cared-for appearance. With the
trees in leaf and the flowers in bloom the school
ground will present a pretty sight.

On May 2d a class of girls at the Westtown, Pa. ,
School planted three fine large pin oaks in a place
selected on the campus. These trees were grown
from acorns by the father of one of the girls.
The School also had a regular Arbor Day celebra-
tion, a description of which will be found in
another column.

At Camden, N. J., Arbor Day exercises were
held in the public schools. At the Normal Train-
ing and High School the program consisted of
readings, recitations, vocal and instrumental mu-
sic, and an address by Superintendent James E.
Bryan. At the Kaighn and Garfield Schools trees
were planted by the scholars.

The Park Commission at a meeting on the night
before Arbor Day named the 80-acre tract of land,
purchased for park purposes at Red Hill, ** Forest
Hill Park."

Arbor-Day Planting at Westtown.

■ •

WE had been accumulating a little sur-
plus of odds and ends of seedlings, —
some that had been carried from the
mountains after summer trips, some grown from
seed picked up here and there, and quite a bunch
of Catalpa {speciosa^, the seed of which the boys
had planted one and two years ago. Nobody
cared for the little trees ; and several neighbors,
to whom I tried to give a few hundred two-year
catalpa (about four feet high), became discouraged
when they learned of what sort they were. So we
loaded the old * * germantown ' ' full and threw a
wet sack over the roots where the hind curtain
used to be and started out to celebrate in a
proper way.

Down in the old woods, a sort of wild park, we
found numerous open places where the top light
was sufficient to encourage the growth of young
trees. These were variously planted with linden,
sugar maple, pin oak and catalpa. In a loop be-
tween the carriage road and the mill race about
twenty-five ash-leaved maple were set with a few
more catalpa and a few black locust. The trees,
if half of them grow, will be prettier far than the
coarse grass and briers that have held there undis-
puted possession, and eventually some good post
material will pay for the work of planting.

Farther along the same waterway makes a nar-
row, irregular patch of ground that has not been

used by the farmer. Here about two hundred ca-
talpas were planted six feet apart each way, alter-
nating in a few places with locust, — to test the
effect of dense side shade on the locust borers,
and incidentally the feasibility of the combined
planting of these two species.

Another similar narrow triangular strip on a
steep hillside by the edge of a (two-year old)
clearing made room for a trial of the same com-
bination— on higher land.

In thin places on the top of the same hill, and
where the choppers were still at work, we planted,
to fight it out with the dogwood, some more ma-
ple and linden, the latter seeming particularly ap-
propriate, as the linden in our locality is a com-
paratively rare tree, and the last one in that piece
of woods had just been cut in error for a hickory.
After dinner, some more catalpas and other trees
were scattered about, in nooks by the roadside for
ornament, and in the edges of a little white pine
grove for protection and eventually for living
fence posts. About two hundred locust, one year
old from seed, were planted in very poor sprout
growth on a north hill slope, the idea being that
they might ** nurse" the Douglas fir, too thinly
under planted there two years ago. And there on
the far edge of the place, and well away from the
pasture fence (rash act, perhaps, some may say !),
we planted a few Ailanthus — a pretty and useful
tree, notwithstanding the prejudice against it.

Then we rested from our labors. And if the
promise of blessing on the head of him who
plants a tree, o?ie tree, be fulfilled, surely we
should be blessed for this half-day's work.

As actually procured, these trees cost some lit-
tle money ; but they anight all have been grown
by any one with a few square yards of garden to
spare and a little time and the interest to collect
and plant a few seed from good trees in the neigh-
borhood. Two dollars and a half covered the
actual cost of the planting — as the trees were all
small the work was done easily and quickly with
a mattock ; and a much larger percentage of suc-
cess can be counted on than with larger, therefore
relatively poorer, rooted trees.

But the most interesting point is that these, ap-
proximately six hundred trees that we grew tired
of trying to give away, were planted in places on
a well kept farm, where they will not be noticed
until they have grown large enough to be useful.
They will simply be using waste land, making in-
terest on what has been heretofore unproductive
of value. A. S. H.

The fifth annual session of the Yale Summer
School of Forestry at Milford, Pa. , will open on
July 5, 1905, and close August 15th.

FOREST LEAVES.

39

Trees on the Focomoke.

TO one familiar only with northern forest con-
ditions, it seemed like a glimpse into some
other world to glide quickly, about seven
hours from Philadelphia, out into a scattering
grove of bald cypress, ragged with age and
^torm, and hoary with beard-like moss. The
presence of many stumps, some under water, some
away above its surface, indicated that the ''pond "
had been made by backing up the water on a
swamp from which the best cypress had been
cut.

A small bunch of pine tops indicated the very
slight knoll upon which we were to camp for the
night. Closely associated with this pine were the
willow-leaved oaks, the sweet gum {Liquidamdar)
and scattering magnolias.

At Willard's, the nearest town (in southeast
Maryland), the leading industry is box and crate-
making. The pines, the largest scarcely one foot
in diameter, the smallest three inches, and all sap
(fifteen to thirty years' growth), are cut and used
out to the very bark. The strips are quickly
tacked together into sides and ends, and those
joined by soft tin pieces are bent together, bot-
toms and lids are quickly added and the crate is
completed, the haste of the work indicating a de-
sire on the part of the operator to make the great-
est number possible in the time — piece-work

and back of this the standard of the manufacturer,
to get the cheapest crate that will carry one crop
to market. The same ''cheap" idea is even
more in evidence in the making of the "cups,",
as the little quart and pint boxes are called.
*' Gum, ' ' both the true gum and the Liquidambar,
cut into three-foot logs are steamed thoroughly and
while still hot are cut by a circular veneer cutter
into pieces to make the side^ and bottoms, or into
the edge strips, a spud on the cylinder scarring
the pieces where they are to be bent. This stuff
as it comes steaming from the machine is sorted
into bundles by women and girls, and sent out to
be put together in the workers' homes, piece-work
again. Most of this product is used for shipping
out the local berry crop.

A good market is thus made for the woods most
abundant in the swamp and sand lands. The
gums are not cut very small, because the machines
leave a five inch core that is used only at a loss ;
but the pine is cut clear, everything down to a
good stout bean-pole. The owners of this timber
would do well to consider that much of this pine,
•even at present prices, is earning by growing a
much higher interest rate than the profits they get
out of it. The increase in values has greatly re-
duced the fire risk of such property, and the ease

with which the pines are started makes it prob-
able that pine growing under careful management
would prove more profitable than farming on a great
deal of the thin land everywhere in this neighbor-
hood. Here as in our own State the clearing was
carried too far and so became wanton waste.

The Pocomoke River, a large tributary of
Chesapeake Bay, for the last twenty miles of its
course runs through a swamp, broken only here
and there by sandy, often flooded, roads, and oc-
casional glimpses through the tree-fringe at little
farm-steads. At only a few points is any pine
visible from the river, where the little knolls
come in a few hundred yards from shore. Red
maple is the most in evidence on the upper
reaches, fine large trees much more vigorous than
the species usually grows in our swampy lands.
With these are mixed oaks, some few cypress, the
conspicuous southern linden, and the stellated
green of the sweet gum. The yellow or red birch
is the most conspicuous feature of the upper tide-
water stretch ; and even for some miles above, its
graceful leaning trunks make beautiful pictures as
reflected in the yellow-black water. They and all
the trees mentioned were least interesting when
found stretched by ax or wind across the stream,
barring the natural passage of our canoes.

But to complete the another-world feeling sug-
gested by the gloomy cypress of the New Hope
Dam one should see the few miles of broad river
and tide-marshes and fern -fringed islands that
mark the change from river to bay. Here the
cypress has been supreme, its broad dome or even
urn-shaped tops, and its great gaunt knees are
picturesque, and that is all. Huge stumps, often
five and six feet across and supporting many years'
growth of vegetation, even small trees, tell where
some of our earlier cypress lumber came from.
Now the young trees and defective old trees
(partly on account of the difficulty of access) are
worth less than sap pine on the stump. The
glorious white and green of the fringe tree, grace-
ful festoons of trumpet creeper, white spots of vi-
burnum, and the bright flashes of tree azaleas
combine to finish a picture of lasting charm. A*
sort of far-off* unreality it seems as one sits by
one's tent on a little sand oasis in this water wil-
derness and listens to the wind sighing through
the overshadowing pines, and watches the tiny
boat tugging at its rope, as the incoming tide
lifts it higher and higher, until it seems actually
above the level of the crackling cypress on the
camp-fire.

Vanillin, a substitute for vanilla, is obtained
from the sap of the spruce tree.

40

FOREST LEAVES.

1 i

Cucumber Tree (Magndlia acuminata, L.).

THIS magnolia is a striking tree wherever
seen. In the forest it sends up a tall, un-
branched trunk for two-thirds of its entire
height, but in the open it spreads out into massive
proportions, with its lower limbs drooping until
they almost touch the ground. In either form the
large foliage lends an air of solidity to the whole
tree. Yet, owing to the fact that the cucum-
ber tree is nowhere, in Pennsylvania, very com-
mon, it can hardly be said to give character to
our forests. '

It is mainly limited to valleys of our mountain
regions, though occasionally, as in Potter County,
I have found it well up against the mountain sides.

The bark is light gray in the young specimens
and dark gray in the older, but it is always a clean
bark ; that is, one seldom finds the trunk covered
with mosses or lichens or liverworts, as in such
trees as the oak. The clefts of the bark are in the
main close, straight and parallel, with narrow
ridges between them. If it were not for the size
of the leaves the crown of the tree would have in
the summer, as it has in the winter, a remarkably
open top, owing to the limited number of branch-
lets.

The leaves are on a short stalk, broadly ovate,
terminating somewhat abruptly in a point. They
are four to nine inches long, smooth on the
upper and somewhat hairy on the lower surface,
with margins entire, i.e.^ without notches or
teeth. The leaves have been described as thin.
That depends somewhat on the age of the leaf.
As they grow older they, to a certain extent, be-
come more leathery. #

The crowning glory of the cucumber tree is its
flower, which is a rich cream color with a tinge of
blue or green in it. It is bell-shaped and from
two to three inches long.

Cucumber tree is the name given, as Marshall
in his quaint way tells us : ** The seed vessels are
about three inches long, somewhat resembling a
small cucumber ; from whence the inhabitants,
where it grows natural, call it the cucumber tree."
This so-called cucumber is made up of a collec-
tion of pistils, which grow out of central column ;
each pistil opening, when mature, on the back
and allowing the scarlet seed to drop out and re-
main suspended for a time from the seed cone or
cucumber. The fruit (cucumber) is green at first,
but becomes, as it matures, well suffused with red.

Michaux, though skeptical as to its value, calls
attention to the fact that a domestic remedy against
** chills and fevers ' ' in the Ohio Valley was a tinc-
ture made by macerating the green cones, or cu-
cumbers, of this tree in whiskey, and he raises the

question as to whether the remedy would be as
freely used if water were substituted for the liquor.

Magnolia acuminata is not a tree of wide range.
It does not extend north of western New York,
thence it goes to southern Illinois and Arkansas.
Along the Alleghany Mountains it extends south
to Alabama and Mississippi.

The wood, though soft, is durable, rather com-
pact and has a somewhat satiny lustre. Its chief
use is for pump logs, though it has been used in
cabinet work. If it were more abundant it would,
no doubt, be an important factor in the wood-pulp
industry.

This tree is by no means difficult to raise. It
is an attractive feature on a lawn and should be
considered as a possible tree for paper material in
the future.

The physical properties of the cucumber tree
are: Specific gravity, 0.4690; relative approxi-
mate fuel value, 0.4676 ; weight in pounds of a
cubic foot of dry wood, 29.23. In order of
strength among our American woods it stands as
208 on a list of 310 species.

J. T. ROTHROCK.

Forestry in New Zealand.

¥R. HENRY J. MATTHEWS, Chief For-
ester, has issued his report for the year
ending March 31, 1904, and gives many
interesting facts.

Since the first appropriations were made for
plantation purposes in New Zealand in Septem-
ber, 1896, to the 31st of March, 1904, there have
been raised in nurseries and plantations 18,293,682
trees, of which 6,644,259 seedlings were raised in
1903-4. The total area now planted is 2479 acres,
having on it 5,359,307 trees, of which 1040^^
acres, containing 2,451,151 trees, were planted
in 1903-4. The total number of seedlings in the
six nurseries March 31, 1904, awaiting planting,
being 9,933,547- The total expenses from Sep-
tember, 1896, to the close of March, 1904, was
^55,886, and the total value of the investment
March 31, 1904, was ;^8 1,641, certainly a cred-
itable showing.

There are in New Zealand at present six nurs-
eries (one being on a plantation) and ten planta-
tions ; in addition, some seedlings have been
planted on government domains and reserves.
Detailed reports of the operations at the different
nurseries and plantations are given. The cost of
planting trees by free labor varied from about
$2.80 to §5 per thousand.

The New Zealand government authorizes
5,000,000 trees to be grown annually, but it is
difficult to order the exact quantity of seed to

- -s

.^'«

< ■

\l

V

ill

COPYRIGHTED, 190S.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. 3

By J. T. ROTHROCK.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x.. No. 3.

BY J. T. ROTHROCK.

11

CUCUMBER TREE. (MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA, L.)

COLUMBIA COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

TRUNK OF CUCUMBER TREE. (MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA. L.)

COLUMBIA COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA.

COPYRIGHTFD, 1905.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. 3

BY J. T. ROTHROCK.

COPYRIGHTED, 1905.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x.. No. 3.

BY J. T. ROTHROCK.

CUCUMBER TREE. (MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA, L.)

COLUMBIA COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

TRUNK OF CUCUMBER TREE. (MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA, L.)

COLUMBIA COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

FOREST LEAVES.

'J .

41

produce this number, as, according to the favor-
able or unfavorable conditions of the weather and
the quality of the seed, there may be a greater or
less number raised than authorized ; in fact, the
overrun in 1903-4 was 1,250,000 seedling trees.

The Forestry Department was successful in
raising the native '*totara" and **puriri" (two
valuable and durable timber trees) from seed.
Trial sowings were made of sugar gum, spotted
gum, white, red and black iron bark, also jarrah,
cork oak and Catalpa spectosa, with good results.

Prison labor is utilized in preparing the land
and transplanting trees at a number of the plan-
tations with, on the whole, satisfactory results.

Near the Rotorua Nurserv an area of 8000
acres of Crown lands is being inclosed for planta-
tion purposes and 2000 acres have been added to
the Waiotapu plantation. Attention is drawn to
the necessity for making extensive reserves for the
growth of timber for the future.

Forestry in New York.

/O^OL. WM. F. FOX, Superintendent of State
V^ Forests, has issued his report for 1904
on ''Forestry Affairs in New York."
Attention is particularly directed to the small loss
by forest fires, due to the favorable weather and
the thorough organization of the fire-wardens and
deputies. In the Adirondack Region 1635 acres
of woodland were burned over in 1904, the total
damage to standing timber being $930, and in the
Catskill counties 992 acres were damaged to the
extent of $570. There were in all 10 1 alarms,
most of which were small, being extinguished
where they originated.

During 1904 a 70-acre tract at Canoe Point on
Grindstone Island, in the St. Lawrence Reserva-
tion, was planted with about 58,000 broad leaf
seedlings, chiefly red and pin oaks. Two tracts
in Essex County were also sown with white pine
seeds. 1904 was a seed year for white pine in
New York, and 500 bushels of cones, yielding
500 pounds of seeds, were collected at a cost of
471^ cents a pound. (The market price is $2.50
to $4 per pound. )

The lumber cut in the Adirondack forests in
1904 was 578,592,440 feet B. M. (over one-half
of which was pulp wood), and in addition 31,-
516,450 shingles and 52,659,692 laths. In the
Catskill Forests the total cut was 120,695,320
feet B. M., of which 46,127,400 feet was lumber,
. the balance being used for various purposes.

Col. Fox also advocates the sale of 144, 598 acres
of State forest lands outside of the boundaries of the
Adirondack and Catskill Parks, investing the pro-
ceeds in the purchase of lands within the parks.

A Famous German Forester.

>'

THE history of 'German forestry records the
appearance of a man at a time when the
ruin of a large portion df Germany's for-
ests seemed sure.

This man, Henry Cotta, '* the father of modern
forestry," as he is called, was born October 30^
1763, at Zillbach, a beautiful village of Thurin-
gia. His ancestors were of honorable standing.
Cotta was carefully educated, and after a two
years' practical course in forestry studied at the
University of Tena. After graduation he made
several trips to different countries. In 1789 he
received his first appointment in. the State ser-
vice with a salary of $1 200 a year, a modest begin-
ning. In 1 80 1 he became Master of Forestry
and in 181 1 was called to fill a director's position
in the State Forestry Department of Saxony.

Cotta found a rich field of labor, establishing
the well-known Forestry-Academy at Tharand,
near Dresden, the capital of Saxony, which was
started with one hundred and twenty-five students
from all parts of the world. While possessing a
particular ability to teach and a winning way with
the students he was free from prejudices.

Cotta was a well deserving man and his sur-
name, * * father of modern forestry, ' ' was well
merited. His device was : The profession of the
forester is half science and half art, only the com-
bination of both making the master. We must
gather the experiences from many men, for many
years, from all countries and among different cir-
cumstances. These experiences when gathered
should be used as principles and rules, to be mod-
ified where necessary.

Cotta was a forester as well as an author, espe-
cially in silviculture and forest-regulation, inau-
gurating in both new general principles and rules.
He was the founder of the systematic work of
forest survey and management. Saxony owes to
him its credit of leading all other countries of Ger-
many in the intensity of its forest management.

Cotta' s main works in forestry are :

1. Compendium of Silviculture. — Containing
special information in sowing and planting coni-
fers. He believed in a radical treating of the
soil, especially in starting a nursery.

2. Forest Crop Production. — Cotta called tfie
Forest Crop Production the most important and
truly technical branch of the art, or ** forestry
proper," while the methods of forest-regulation,
utilization and protection are called the ** forest
economics." He says: The methods of forest
crop production, or ** forest culture," being based
on the natural laws of the inter-relations of plants
to soil and climate, must at least in principle be

42

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

43

— — ^ — r-^ yr »''! I ! ■

alike all over .the world. Here pure forestry sci-
ence finds its application and development.

The principles of thinnings set forth are of spe-
cial importance and are ^ill standards. His abso-
lute or ** golaen ruie ** is to thin out early, often
and moderately. The right time for the beginning
of these regular and periodical interlucations is
generally considered to have arrived when the
natural thinning out commences and shows the
need of the operation. This occurs generally
when the trees have attained the size of hop-poles.

Within recent years new and revolutionary ideas
regarding thinnings are gaining ground, but are
all based on Cotta's rule.

3. A very important work of Cotta's is Syste-
matic Work of Forest Survey. He develops a
special method of selections of woods for cutting
in accordance with silvicultural requirements and
the objects of management. The main principle
of this method lies in the fact that the require-
ments of each wood are considered first of all,
and the management of the whole forest repre-
sents a summing-up of the treatment laid down
for each wood. This differs from that of methods,
as the latter bring the forest as a whole into play,
in order to determine and regulate the yield. The
idea of Cotta has been completed by Dr. Tudeich
in his excellent work, Forest- Einrichtung.

4. Normal Yield Tables for Different Kinds of
Trees. — These are careful and useful measure-
ments.

5. The Comhinatioti of Farming with Silvicul-
ture.— An interesting work of national economic
importance.

Cotta achieved great things. His moral char-
acter was of the highest order.

Gifted with an intellect far above the average
he added to it a profound culture which ranked
him among the most famous foresters. His love
of the forest was a master passion.

Cotta was thoroughly honest, as straightforward
in action as his thoughts were unsophisticated, a
man of quiet character, of common sense, a work-
ing power, good judgment, with a scientific foun-
dation, rich practical experience, united with in-
spiring diction. Not one single spot can be
found to sully the brightness of his fame, and
through all the ages* Germany's foresters will pro-
nounce with love and reverence the name of
Henry Cotta. Paul E. Arnold.

The United States government has now a fund
of $25,000,000 for irrigation works, but to secure
the stability of these reservoirs it is essential that
the forests which grow upon the mountains in the
drainage areas be carefully conserved.

Winter and Spring Work at Mont Alto.

BY the last of April the school work of the
winter at the Forest Academy was about
•• finished. During the winter months one

class of boys covered the larger part of forest
management, including mensuration, valuation, a
consideration of increment, rotation and the ideal
forest, together with a number of practical exam-
ples in forest finance. The second class covered
some introductory work, forest influences upon
climate, rainfall, soil, health, etc., and the forest
policy of the States east of the Mississippi River,
including, as far as possible, the history of the
movements for the advancement of forestry in the
nation as a whole and in the individual States, and
also a consideration of the utilization of various
woods in the different States, the probable amount
standing, price, marketability, etc.

In mathematics, arithmetic, algebra and geom-
etry were studied, one class in each branch finish-
ing the books used as texts.

In botany, both classes covered Wood's Bota-
nist and Florist as a text, which was supplemented
by a series of lectures by Dr. J. T. Rothrock on
various subjects of importance in botany, and by
another series of illustrated lectures by Miss Mira
L. Dock on plant families, plant growth and
plant foods. Some advance work with micro-
scopes was done after the new laboratory outfit
was received in March. A class of two made
complete descriptions of over thirty trees in their
work in tree botany.

Dr. A. M. Rothrock, resident physician at the
Sanatorium, gave to all the students a series of
lectures covering the emergencies which they are
likely to meet while on duty, also instructed them
in bandaging and in making the proper appli-
ances. He also began a class in French which
will continue during the summer.

Mr. I. C. Williams, Deputy Commissioner of
Forestry, com.pleted a course in Business Law and
Constables' Law with both classes of boys, and
partially completed the work in Civil Government
and Descriptive Economics.
I King's text on 5^/7 and Davis's Physical Geog-
I raphy were also completed.

Altogether, the school work was very good
under the circumstances, and we feel that a con-
siderable advance over last year was made. The
addition of the laboratory instruments and of a
large library of over two hundred volumes, relat-
ing directly to the subjects in the curriculum,
promises still better work in the future.

The early spring made it necessary to get into
the nursery early. The conditions found proved
conclusively that for covering seedlings, in beds.

pine needles did far better than broad leaves;
also, that for conifers, it is best to place between
the rows small billets of wood and then place the
needles several inches deep on top of them. In
this way a large amount of snow will not bear
down the seedlings, and the sticks help in keep-
ing the frost from lifting the plants. The broad
leaves blow away very readily and, in addition,
are easily water-soaked, in which condition they
are apt to cause the conifers to rot.

This spring the nursery has been more than
doubled. There have been transplanted about
two thousand two-year-old white pines, and the
following amount of seeds was planted : One bushel
of walnuts; 50 pounds of white pine ; 10 pounds of
black locust ; 7 pounds of honey locust ; 8 pounds
of Kentucky coffee tree ; 2 pounds of Balsam fir.
In Huntingdon County, near Greenwood Fur-
nace, a plantation of 25,000 white pine seedlings
was made. On the Mont Alto section of the
South Mountain Reserve, a plantation of white
ash, western catalpa, chestnut, white and chestnut
oaks was made — in all, about 15,000 trees.

On Arbor Day, the boys of the Academy gath-
ered together nearly thirty species of trees not
now found on the Academy grounds and planted
them with the idea of finally having a complete
list of trees which will grow in our climate. A
number of trees were named for persons connected
with forestry work in the State and nation. In
all about 400 trees were planted.

This reserve has been very fortunate again in
regard to fire. Only several acres have been
burned over, and these along a railroad. The
forest was constantly patroled, the fire outfit kept
in readiness and the men in practice, but only one
call came in and it was a false alarm. Large fires
burned north and south of the State land, but in
no case do we know of any damage being done to
the reserve.

The work of the summer will consist, princi-
pally, of the laying out and making of roads, the
marking and making of improvement cuttings, in-
vestigation into rate of growth of chestnut and
white pine. George H. Wirt,

State Forester,

Mr. Howard Elliott, President of the Northern
Pacific Railway, in discussing the use of wood by
the railroads, stated that 120,000,000 cross-ties
are annually required. The bridge timbers, fence
posts, telegraph poles, car material, and building
timber, etc., will equal in board measure the
cross-tie item, so that the railroads of the United
States require annually about 8,000,000,000 feet
B. M. for all purposes, or almost the entire prod-
uct of over 1,000,000 acres.

Importance of the Forests to
Agriculture.*

THE preservation of the forests of America
is a subject of vast importance and one
that has been too long neglected. Should
the deliberations of this congress result in calling
the attention of our landowners, farmers and me-
chanics to this impending national danger, beyond
the power of figures to compute, its members and
delegates will richly deserve the gratitude of future
generations.

Within the lives of many of us the question of
the destruction of the forests did not arise. We
have seen the log piles and witnessed the destruc-
tion of millions of feet of the finest timber that
ever grew that the land might be cultivated in
corn, cotton and tobacco. Some of us have seen
this land turned out to grow up in scrub pines and
oaks, while fresh forests were denuded of timber
that would have enriched the next generation.

The unnecessary destruction of the forests in
this way has brought untold loss to the Atlantic
States, from New England to the Gulf of Mexico.
It has been estimated that in the State of New
York alone, between 1850 and i860, more than
1,500,000 acres of timber land were cleared for
purposes of lumber and agriculture. During that
decade more than 50,000,000 acres in the whole
country were brought under cultivation.

The destruction of the forests during the Civil
War has not been and cannot be computed. This
loss affected the agricultural interests in every
State that was the scene of operations. The de-
struction of large forests, the gradual growth of
hundreds of years, caused immense loss. Both
armies contributed to this. Costly bridges, dwell-
ings and outhouses were consumed by fire. The
relaying of railroads and rebuilding of bridges
and dwellings demanded a new supply and helped
to drain the country of the timber that was left.
Native Virginians in some sections refused to re-
main where all the timber had been swept away.
For the same reason emigrants declined to come
to some of the finest parts of the State.

The menace to health is greatly augmented by
the destruction of the forests, and the farmers of*
this country have suffered and are still suffering
to an alarming extent from this cause. We have
no dry statistics on this point, but the experience
of many and the observation of all who travel
will confirm the statement.

The counties of Culpeper and Fauquier in Vir-
ginia were singularly free from malaria, while
their forests stood comparatively undisturbed.

* Read at the American Forest Congress by the Hon.
John Lamb.

44

FOREST LEAVES.

After the destruction of these through war and
other causes, fevers before unknown became prev-
alent. The elderly physicians of eastern Virginia
might furnish an interesting chapter to history on
this point ; for it is one that deeply concerns the
welfare of the farmers of the whole country, who
are suffering in many ways from the wasteful de-
struction of the forests. It is to be hoped that
our Department of Agriculture will investigate the
health conditions that prevail after the removal of
the forests from certain localities and request the
medical fraternity to furnish their valuable expe-
rience along this line.

It is well known that a house surrounded by
forest trees is nearly always healthy. A gentle-
man who occupied such a house for ten or twelve
years in one of the eastern counties of Virginia
had no sickness of consequence in his family and
did not pay a physician $50 during that time.
He afterwards purchased a large farm, surrounded
by large tracts of cleared land with few trees, and
lost in a few years several members of his family
and contributed to the doctors a goodly part of
his profit.

The ceaseless reproduction of the pine forests
of the south Atlantic States is all that has saved
the farms and farmers of that section from de-
struction. For over two hundred years there has
been a ceaseless war upon the forest. The early
settlers cut it down and burned it up, and their
children, with few exceptions, followed their ex-
ample. Then came the general consumption for
rails and wood ; the demand for mechanical in-
dustry ; the destruction for liquidation of farm
debts ; the sale of cordwood and sawed lumber to
northern markets, until every tree of the original
growth in most of the States has been removed.
The second growth of old field pine is now re-
ceiving the same treatment, with smaller profits to
the seller and poorer results to the consumer.
Could the farmers of these States be persuaded to
adopt the intensive system of farming and have
their poorer lands grow up in timber they would
improve their own condition and hand down to
their children valuable possessions. A gentleman
of my acquaintance informed me that where he
planted corn when a boy he had cut from the land
a few years ago cordwood which he sold for $S a
cord in New York.

Many thoughtful persons have claimed that the
wood and timber interests of some sections of the
South have militated against agriculture in various
ways — not to mention the effect on the rainfall
and the injury resulting from overflows and fresh-
ets. The disastrous results of the latter, caused
by the removal of the forests along the banks of
the rivers, cannot be learned from any statistics.

The report made to our committee of agriculture
shows a distressing condition, one that appeals
strongly for Federal and State legislation. Many
valuable farms have been impaired in value and
some utterly destroyed by the sand and debris
washed down by the overflow. Cities and vil-
lages that were not affected years ago are now
flooded with water eight to fifteen feet deep. All
this shows the importance to agriculture and ap-
peals to the American people to spare the trees,
and will in time — not far off — compel the State
Legislatures as well as the Federal Government to
take action in the premises.

We learn from the experiences of other nations
the consequences of the continued destruction of
the forests. Palestine, Egypt, Italy and France
have seen some of their populous regions turned
into wilderness and their fertile lands into deserts.
The danger here is greater than many suppose. .
Immediate action, both for prevention and resto-
ration, is needed.

Bernard Palissy, the famous ' * Potter of the
Tuilleries," one of the most profound men ever
produced in Europe, plead for the woods in France
as follows : Having expressed his indignation at
the folly of men in destroying the woods, his in-
terlocutor defends the policy of felling them by
citing the examples of divers bishops, cardinals,
priors, abbots, monkeries and chapters, who by
cutting their woods have made three profits — the
sale of the timber, the rent of the ground and the
good portion of the grain grown by the peasants
upon it. To this argument Palissy replies : I can-
not enough detest this thing, and I call it not an
error but a curse and calamity to all France ; for
when forests shall be cut all arts shall cease, and
they who practice them shall be driven out to eat
grass with Nebuchadnezzar and the beasts of the
field. I have divers times thought to set down in
writing the arts that shall perish when there shall
be no more wood, but when I had written down a
great number I did perceive that there could be
no end of my writing, and, having diligently con-
sidered, I found there was not any which could be
followed without wood. . . . And truly I could
well allege to thee a thousand reasons, but 'tis so
cheap a philosophy that the very chamber wenches,
if they do but think, may see that without wood it
is not possible to exercise any manner of human
art or cunning.

G. P. Marsh, in his valuable work '' Man and
Nature," p. 232, says:

There are parts of Asia Minor, of northern
Africa, of Greece and even of Alpine Europe,
where the operations of causes set in action by
man has brought to the face of earth a desolation
almost as complete as that of the moon ; and

FOREST LEAVES.

45

though within that brief space of time men call
the '* historical period" they are known to have
been covered with luxuriant woods, verdant pas-
tures and fertile meadows, they are now too far
deteriorated to be reclaimable by man ; nor can
they become again fitted for human use except
through great geological changes, or other myste-
rious influences or agencies of which we have no
present knowledge, or over which we have no
prospective control.

The destructive changes occasioned by the
agency of man upon the flanks of the Alps, the
Apennines, the Pyrenees and other mountain
ranges in central and southern Europe and the
progress of physical deterioration have become so
rapid that, in some localities, a single generation
has witnessed the beginning and the end of the
melancholy revolution.

It is certain that a desolation like that which
has overwhelmed many once beautiful and fertile
regions of Europe awaits an important part of the
territory of the United States, unless prompt meas-
ures be taken to check the action of destructive
causes already in operation.

The only legal provisions from which anything
can be hoped are such as shall make it a matter of
private advantage to the landholder to spare the
trees upon his ground and promote the growth of
young wood. Something may be done by exempt-
ing standing forests from taxation and something
by premiums or honorary distinctions for judicious
management of the woods. It would be difficult to
induce governments, general or local, to make
the necessary appropriations for such purposes.
But there can be no doubt that it would be sound
economy in the end.

It is claimed that about 200 square miles of fer-
tile soil are washed into the rivers annually in the
United States, while the loss in crops and other
property destroyed by floods will run up into the
millions. The most of this loss can be traced to
the destruction of the forests along the river
banks.

Forest -covered areas retain a large percentage
of the rainfall, while regions where there are no
forests allow a much greater proportion of the
rainfall to at once find its way into the streams.
It is well known that many of our streams are
subject to more disastrous floods and to lower
water stages in dry seasons than was the case be-
fore the forests were cut off.

Whether forests increase the amount of precipi-
tation or not the authorities are not agreed. It is
very certain from the observation and experience
of those who live in the country that local show-
ers are more frequent in the neighborhood of dense
forests. We may well contend that the forest

helps to water the farm ; that it protects from
disastrous wind storms, both in winter and sum-
mer ; prevents the spread of disease, besides fur-
nishing an inexhaustible and self-renewing supply
of a material indispensable to the successful exer-
cise of every art of peace as well as much of the
destructive energy of war.

Experience has shown that no legislation can
secure the permanence of the forests in private
hands. The farmers must be educated along this
line. The earnest efforts of the department of
agriculture must be encouraged and the means
necessary for the sending out of literature must
be furnished by Congress. The farmers' insti-
tutes in the States must take up the subject and
help to create a public sentiment that will change
present conditions and lead to tree-planting on
many other than Arbor days.

Every word written, printed or spoken on this
subject will bring a blessing and the author will
deserve public thanks. As a subject of political
economy no more important one can be brought
to the attention of the citizens of this republic.

As a people we have solved some vexed prob-
lems. Many others confront us to-day and will
tax our patience, courage and endurance. Profit-
ing by the experience of other countries, impelled
by the imminent dangers of the present time, and
encouraged by the prospect of laying up for future
generations a supply of material necessary to their
comfort and safety, we should devote our energies
to the work of restoring the American forests.
We know that growth is slow and restoration
tedious. We also know that the perseverance
and energy of the American is equal to any task
they assume.

We have 5,674,875 farmers in this country.
Could one-third of these be induced to plant half
an acre each in forest trees a year we should have
nearly a million acres a year added to the forests.
In a decade at this rate we would have gone very
far in solving a problem of great moment and feel
that we had done much toward offsetting the de-
struction and preventing the coming desolation.

The preservation and restoration of the Ameri-
can forests will greatly add to the comfort and
beauty of our homes and tend to keep the youths
of the land in the rural districts free from the temp-*
tations and vices of city life. The migration from
country to city is an alarming feature of our social
life. There are already indications of the return-
ing tide. The preservation of the forests and the
beautifying of country homes will strengthen the
patriotic sentiment in the country and intensify
reverence for home.

A lack of reverence is a growing evil in our
land. We observe it everywhere, north, south,

46

FOREST LEAVES.

I
1 1

east and west. Students, philosophers and divines
inveigh against it, offering various remedies for
the evil. We suggest the preservation of home
and home ties ; the cultivation of reverence for
Mother Earth and the preservation of the noble
forests.

It is the earth alone of all the elements around
us that is never found an enemy to man. The
great body of waters oppress him with rain and
devour him with inundations. The air rushes on
in storms and prepares the tempest or lights up
the volcano, but the earth, gentle and indulgent,
ever subservient to the wants of man, spreads his
walk with flowers and his table with plenty ; re-
turns with interest every good intrusted to her
care, and though she produces the poison still
supplies the antidote ; though teased more to sup-
ply his luxuries than his necessities, yet even to
the last she continues her kind indulgence, and
when life is over piously hides his remains in her
bosom.

New Publications.

Manual of the Trees of North America. By
Charles Sprague Sargent. 8vo, 826 pages, illus-
trated. Bound in cloth. $6.00. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co., Boston, Mass.

Prof. Sargent has in this volume brought into
convenient form, for the use of students and
others, information concerning the trees of North
America which has been gathered during the last
thirty years, being condensed from his large work
on the **Silva of North America," some addi-
. tional species being added.

An analytical key to the families based on the
arrangement and character of the leaves enables
the reader to easily determine the family to which
any tree belongs, a conspectus of the genera, em-
bodying the important characters of each genus,
and following the description of each family rep-
resented by more than one genus, lead to the
genus to be determined, while a similar con-
spectus of the species following the genus will
finally end at the desired species. In order to
facilitate this search, a map has been prepared
dividing the district covered into eight regions,
which are indicated by letters. These letters are
attached to the name of the species in the con-
spectus following the description of the genus, so
that only the species growing in that particular re-
gion need be considered.

Some 630 trees are described, the illustrations,
showing the leaf, flower and fruit of each species,
are one-half the natural size, except in case of a
few large magnolia leaves and pine cones.

This manual sets forth the general facts pertain-

ing to the study of trees, their description, uses
and distribution in a way which will appeal to all
interested in out-door life, and particularly to stu-
dents of forestry.

First Report of the Board of Commissioners of
Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of
Hawaii, July i, 1903, to December 31, 1904.
Svo, 170 pages. Honolulu, Hawaii.

This brochure is of special interest as it contains
the report of Mr. Ralph S. Hosmer, Superin-
tendent of Forestry, and his assistants. Mr. Hos-
mer, who took charge of the Forestry Bureau on
this island in 1904, has been engaged in the work
of general inspection for the creation of forest re-
serves, systematizing the business of the Division,
etc. The reports of the conditions in the differ-
ent divisions under his charge show the need of a
comprehensive system of forestry which will pre-
serve the forests, thus conserving the water-supply
so vital to the chief agricultural products. Sev-
eral private companies have indicated a desire to
have their timber holdings administered in accord-
ance with or as part of neighboring forest reserves.
Most of the sugar and agricultural companies are
keenly alive to the necessity of preserving the
timbered area, many of them fencing in their
wooded lands, while some have attempted refor-
esting denuded portions and established nurseries.

Hawaii is to be congratulated on taking up the
forestry problem in a thoroughly systematic way,
and the good results will be seen in future years.

A Primer of Forestry. Part II. Practical For-
estry. Bulletin 24, Bureau of Forestry, Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. i6mo,
88 pages, bound in cloth, illustrated.

Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Forester, presents the sec-
ond part of his Primer of Forestry, taking up the
practice of forestry, the lumbering work in the
woods, the relation of the forests to weather and
streams, concluding with a short account of for-
estry at home and abroad. The work is divided
into four chapters. ( i ) The Practice of Forestry
treats of the service and uses of the forest, together
with the yield and short descriptions of the differ-
ent silvicultural systems. Chapter 2 compares
conservative and ordinary lumbering, methods of
felling, sawing, skidding, etc. Chapter 3, of the
effect of forests on temperature, evaporation and
rainfall ; while Chapter 4 treats of forestry in early
and modern times, the conditions in Germany,
France, Switzerland and British India, as well as
in the United States. The monograph contains
18 plates and 47 text figures. The Primer is a
most excellent handbook, which all the friends of
forestry should secure.

FOREST LEAVES.

47

Michigan Agricultural College offers a full four-year course in

FORESTRY

In successful operation since 1902. Two hundred acres of the
College farm devoted to forestry, including a forest nursery, an
arboretum planted 28 years ago, a pinetum 8 years planted,
woodlots and woodlands in varying conditions, in all of which
students receive practical instruction as far as possible. For
catalogue and full information, address

E. E. BOGUE,

' Professor, Agricultural College, Michigan.

EXPERT advice on any forestal proposition fur-
nished, and estimates of timber, valuation, surveys
and working plans made by

PAUL E. ARNOLD,
Consulting Forenter. EAST STROUDSBURG, PA.

LBin^IS' TREE CHARTS.

The vrhole series consists of fifteen numbers, divided Into
PARTS of three numbers each. They may be purchased singly,
—by the part,— or by the full series, at the prices named below.
More than half of the series has already been printed The
drawings are completed, and the remaining charts will be pub-
lished at the earliest practicable date. One thousand paid sub-
scriptions of 86.00 each would insure the immediate publication
of the whole series.

TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE.

Price of single number, 50 cents each.
Price of Part, $1.40 each.

A liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education or
others purchasing in large numbers.

NOW READY.— (These with a * as yet unprinted.)

Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species.

No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies
No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies.*
No. 3. Southern, Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples of
Extinct Oaks.

Part II.— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species.

No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and

European Chestnuts.
No. 5. The Walnuts. American, Japanese and European

species and varieties.
No. 6. The Hickories. American species and varieties.

Part III.—

No. 7. The Willows and Poplars. Numerous species.

No. 8. The Birches, Elms and allies.

No. 9. The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species.
Part IV.—

•No.. 10. The Magnolia and related trees.

♦No. 11. The Horse ChentmUs and allies.

No. 12. The Maples. (Printed in advance.)

Part V.—

•No. 13. Locusts and allies of Pea Family of several genera
•No. 14) WiUL Cherry, Mountain Ash, Sweet Oum, Sour Oum
y Persimmon. *

■ •No. 15) Ashes, Catalpas, Paulovmia, and others.

For flirther Information address the author, publisher and

proprietor,

GRACEANNA LEWIS,
*" Media, . - - - Pennsylvania.

Yale Dnivei^git^ Forest jSchool

NEW HAVEN - - CONNECTICUT

A two years* graduate course
is offered, leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry.
Graduates of collegiate institu-
tions of high standing are ad-
mitted upon presentation of
their college diplomas.

The Summer School of
Forestry is conducted at Mil-
ford, Pike County, Penna.
The session in 1905 will open
July 5th and continue seven
weeks.

For further information address

HENRY S. GRAVES, Director,

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA.

30 minutes from Broad St. Station.

B0ABDIX6 SCHOOL FOR B07S.

Illustrated Catalogue upon application,

JAMES L. PATTERSON,

Head Kaster.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES:
Rt. Rkv. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., President.
Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President.
George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer.

FRANCIS I. OOWEN.
E. WALTER CLARK.
WALTON CLARK.
JACOB 8. DIS8TON.
JAMES MAPE8 DODQB.

^AMES M. BECK.

EDGAR DUDLEY PARIES.

J. LEVERING JONES.

FRANCIS D. LEWIS.

RANDAL MORGAN.

RT. REV. HENRY Y. SATTERLRE, D.D.

48

FOREST leaves:

w

ANDORRA'S

PIN

A justly popular tree is the Pin Oak. It presents points which dis-
tinguish it readily from other Oaks, and it is undoubtedly the most valuable
variety for all practical purposes. The foliage is dense, finely divided, of
a beautiful shining green that colors to sparkling red and yellow in Fall.
The tree is easily transplanted and grows well on wet or dry ground ; is,
in fact, the quickest-growing of all the Oaks. As an avenue tree it is un-
equalled. It is also a good street tree, and one of the best for park planting.

This desirable tree will thrive in all sections
of the United States, in all soils and situations.
Our stock (over 30,000) of this Popular Tree
is clean and healthy, with plenty of fibrous roots.

EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN.

OUfi BOOKLET "MORE SPECIALTIES." 3d EDITION. DESCRIBES THESE AND MANY OTHERS.

SPECIAL OFFER.

REMEMBER! EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN!

Each Per lo Per loo

6 to 7 ft. Stocky Trees, $i oo $8 50 $40 00

7 to 8 ft. " *' I 25 10 00 50 00

8 to 9 ft. ** ** I 50 12 50 55 00

9 to 10 ft. ** *♦ 2 00 17 50 60 00

10 to 12 ft. «* *• ' 2 50 22 50 75 00

Prices on Larger Specimens on application.

Send for SPRING PRICE LIST and booklet " HINTS ON PLANTING."

ANDORRA NURSERIES,

WM. WARNER HARPER, Prop. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

\\

Vol. X.

Philadelphia, August, 1905. No. 4.

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

loia Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class mattdt.

CONTENTS.

Editorial

Minnesota Forestry

Improvident Vandalism

Practical Forestry in Lumbering

Forestry Exhibit at the Lewis and Clark Exposition

Forest Service

Striped Maple— Moose Wood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.)

Norway Spruce

Forestry Investigations ; I. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Wooster, O

Plants Trees, Asks Rebate

Farm Forestry

Forestry as an Investment

The Zapote Tree

New Publications

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Subscription, $1.00 per Year.
The attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantajres
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The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

Founded in Junk, 1886,

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and

methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the»enact-

Nltional *"*°''*^*^'"*"^ °'" P''°P*'' 'o''"^ protective laws, both State and

Annual member ship /ee. Two dollars.

U/e membership. Twenty-five dollars.

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r^^^^f "'"* \V"^ ^^^'J "*'"" *° '^*' Chairman of the Membership
Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. i^crsnip

President, John Fiirkinbine.

RiSrrd'wooJ"''' '^"- ^- ""^"^y* -^""^" ""' "^y^°"' A'*-^ ^-».

General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.

Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy.

Recording Secretary, ¥. L. Bitler.

Treasurer, Charles K. Pancoast.
H^w'in'^ ^^-^''ne^, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, Charles

/^««a«r^W.S Harvey, Chairman; Dr. Henry M. Fisher. W W
Frazfer, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul '

R-'I^kTm''"''*'?' H'- J- J'r?°*^'"°*^^' ^"- ^^^^'•g* F. Baer, Edwin Swift
ifk ; ?°w ^"^^«^° W- ^oty. Charles W. Freedley, W. W. Scranton
Albert B. Wetmer, Dr. Samuel Wolfe, and Hon. s!^P. Wolverton '

He';::;U"d"joh''nA''sinet"^"' '''"^™^" ' "^"^ «"^^' C^-««
/^«/i//ca/w« John Birkinbine, Chairman : F. L. Bitler. Alfred S

Haines Alfred Paschall. and Harrison Souder. ' ^•

IVork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Chairman ; Mrs. George T. Heston, Miss

S.*Schh,pp^' ^"- ■^°^" ^- ^""^y* ^'"•*'" 8- ^^'^' ^°<1 Abi^ham j

fam^l"/^ ^''^'"H'^''''';^^"'"*'' Marshall, Chairman : Eugene Ellicott
James C. Haydon, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Richard Wood '

Officb of thb Association, 1012 Walnitf St.. Phit.adblphia.

EDITORIAL.

THE results of the forestry agitation in
Pennsylvania, where trees are indigenous
and forests are a natural development, may
be taken as a refutation of the adage that *' famil-
iarity breeds contempt.'' If want of apprecia-
tion of the value of forests was formerly promi-
nent in Pennsylvania, the protective legislation
in force suggests that the people have awakened
to a realization of the importance of a liberal pro-
portion of forested areas.

That there has been growing steadily and even
rapidly a public sentiment favoring forest reserves
and forest protection is evidenced in many ways,
and for much of this sentiment the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association is primarily responsible.
But the liberal and cordial support given to the
Association's efforts by the public press has been
a potent factor in securing the advanced condition
in which we rejoice.

However, scarcely a day passes without evi-
dences of the contempt born of familiarity re-
sulting in the sacrifice or mutilation of wooded
areas or individual trees. Notwithstanding im-
proved laws protecting our forests, fires still devas-
tate them.

The demonstrable value of a supply of trees fof
the timber industry does not prevent the felling
of immature trees, and the demand for ready
money encourages the land owner to clear wooded
areas rather than profit later by the natural accre- •
tion. Individual trees are sacrificed to serve as
convenient hitching-posts for horses, and mature
trees are felled or mutilated beyond recovery be-
cause some limbs interfere with the wires of tele-
graph, telephone or trolley companies.

If. some of the offenders would spend a few
years on our practically treeless plains, their re-
spect for tree life would increase. In the semi-
arid region lying between the lands which demand
irrigation and those which are sufficiently humid

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FOREST LEAVES.

to encourage natural growth many instances, some
of which may be considered pathetic, may be
noted from car windows.

Here a great stretch of absokitely treeless
prairie, green this year because there has been an
abnormal rain deposition, but we have seen it
gray, dusty and barren of any green thing.
Another view shows a lone tree beside a prairie
home, nurtured by all the water which could be
spared and prized as a home feature or landmark.

An advance is where a well located windmill
furnishes sufficient water for a small grove about
the house, and as the humid region is approached
larger groves, planted by tree enthusiasts, are met
with. He who mutilates the lone tree or the little
grove would probably not care to repeat the ven-
ture, particularly if the ranchman, as is often the
case, could point to barren stalks representing
abortive efforts to develop tree growth at great
sacrifice of time and labor.

Where irrigation is necessary, the courses of
natural water ways or artificial di^tches are marked
by cottonwoods or willows planted and cared for,
and the householder waters the trees about his
home as religiously as he waters his live stock.

Familiarity with the efforts made to propagate
trees when they do not grow naturally would cause
some of our tree butchers in humid regions to ap-
preciate what a tree means to mankind. J. B.

-^cs^'-r:

Minnesota Forestry.

THE Chief Forest Fire Warden of Minnesota,
General C. C. Andrews, has just issued
his tenth annual report. Dry weather
prevailed in the forest regions in much of April
and May, 1904, and some territory had to be
patrolled. The month of November was dry and
there was not enough snowfall to prevent fires
until November 28th. According to reports of
fire wardens the damage done by forest fires was
J2 1,670, and by prairie fires $8305.

The legislature of 1905 much improved the law
for preventing and extinguishing forest and prairie
fires by enacting that the State shall pay for the
service of fire wardens and of those who help pre-
vent and extinguish fires, and collect half from the
respective counties in which the expense occurs.
This secures certainty of pay, which was hereto-
fore not the case in a few counties. Accounts be-
fore being paid must be approved by the Chief
Fire Warden. The legislature also raised the
salary of the Chief Fire Warden from $1200 to
$1500 a year.

By an act approved April 28, 1904, Congress
granted to Minnesota 20,000 acres of third or

fourth rate land for forestry purposes. The lands
were selected in June, 1904, certified by the In-
terior Department to the State of Minnesota Janu-
ary 27, 1905, and a patent issued. An act of the
legislature of Minnesota accepting the grant was
approved by the governor March 30, 1905.

The lands are situated on the Vermillion range
in townships 63 and 64, range 13, in St. Louis
County, about twelve miles west and northwest of
Ely. They comprise a rugged forest region in a
fine lake setting. Most of the surface is under-
laid with granite, upon which the soil is thin.
There are hills eighty feet above the lakes, com-
manding a handsome landscape. A few elevated
areas are almost bare light colored granite. In
low places the black alder is frequent, and there
are some swamps of dwarf spruce. In one of
these a spruce with a diameter of only one and a
half inches was cut, showing forty-two rings, thus
indicating it was so many years old.

As a whole the lands are densely covered with
thrifty forest from ten to thirty years of age, usu-
ally jack pine, though there are groups, not exten-
sive, of Norway and white pine ; and good speci-
mens of both Norway and white pine of mer-
chantable size are found scattered through the
woods. Wherever there is good, loamy soil the
young white pine is trying to effect a lodgment.
Poplar and white birch are frequent, and on the
lower lands are spruce and tamarack of consider-
able value. The legislature failed to appropriate
any money, as urged by the Forestry Board, for a
detailed examination and forestry working plan of
these lands.

The prevention of forest fires does much to-
wards natural reforestation, but not enough in all
cases. There are many bare places in the pine
forest regions of Northern Minnesota that will
never produce valuable timber without artificial
help. Probably not more than 30 per cent, of the
cut-over and waste lands will ever become well
stocked with valuable timber if nature unaided is
depended upon. Experience abroad confirms
this. Besides, natural forest is seldom if ever as
well stocked as that which has had artificial help.
A scientific forest of mixed timber, at the age of
eighty years, contains about 350 trees to the acre.
An acre of natural forest of that age would seldom
average half as many.

The area of land in Minnesota which has
yielded pine is, in the aggregate, 18,000,000
acres, and it may be assumed there are at least
within this area 3,000,000 acres of rocky, hilly
or sandy land that is unfit for agriculture and
which should be used for forestry. It may be
asked if the State does not now own enough
land ? The State of Minnesota now owns about

FOREST LEAVES.

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2,500,000 acres of land, given by Congress, which
by law it must sell, and for not less than $5 an acre,
for school and state institution funds. Besides, the
greater part of these lands is suitable for agricul-
ture. They cannot possibly be taken for forestry.
The report contains illustrations (principally
spruce seedlings) ofthe nursery, which the For-
estry Board made on the Pillsbury donation of
1000 acres.

Some of the richest bodies of pine forest re-
maining in Minnesota, in their primeval gran-
deur, are in the region of Pelican Lake, in the
northwestern part of St. Louis County. Much of
the white pine is growing on fertile black soil,
and its density is such that in a few instances a
quarter section (160 acres) of land will yield
4,000,000 feet of lumber, and of the value, as the
timber stands, of ;j;2o,ooo. Sixteen years ago it
was worth only a tenth part as much.

General Andrews advocates planting farm land
that can be so utilized, in growing pine and spruce
timber. On fairly good soil and in sheltered situ-
ations the white pine {Finns slrobus), a favorite
tree, will grow to merchantable size in from thirty
to forty years. Such a piece of timber would not
•only yield a good money return, but would lend
beauty to the farm.

To raise such timber on prairie land it is abso-
lutely necessary to grow a windbreak on the south,
^est and north sides. On these sides a strip of
land about ten feet wide should be cultivated two
years and then two rows, eight feet apart, of
Golden willow should be planted, which can be
done either by planting small trees, which is pref-
•erable, or by planting cuttings. Evergreens also
make good windbreaks.

When the trees composing the windbreak are
two years old one can begin planting the pine and
•spruce. If the land on which the planting is to
be done is not too rocky or hilly it should first be
plowed and cultivated, and even after planting is
done cultivation should be continued long enough
to keep down weeds until the plants reach such
size that their shade will be sufficient to suppress
weed growth. If the ground is level so that it
can be furrowed, furrows will facilitate the plant-
ing. If the ground is so rocky and broken that it
cannot be plowed, then the soil in the spots in
which the plants are to be set should be loosened. \

The best success is with small trees. As a rule
it is not advisable to use plants over four or five
years old, and the planting will generally be more
successful if they are younger.

A considerable portion of the report gives data
in regard to European forestry, with statistics of the
extent of forest, revenues, etc. There are also a
number of new illustrations of Minnesota forests.

Improvident Vandalism.

I

UNDER the above caption a correspondent
of the Philadelphia Fudlic Ledger ex-
presses himself concerning a condition of
^ affairs which unfortunately is so widely distributed
; that every reader of Forest Leaves' can supple-
ment the criticism by a number of instance? where
I handsome trees have been sacrified for a supposed

commercial advantage.
; There are occasions when it would be mani-
I festly unfair to expect owners of properties to
\ preserve standing trees to material financial dis-
I advantage, and much as Philadelphians may re-
gret to see the magnificent elm at Broad and
j Walnut Streets felled, they must realize that the
I value of the ground occupied and the character of
' the structures which will necessarily be erected
make the demolition of this interesting landmark
essential. While the tree has seen its best days,
it might have been expected to stand as a thing
of beauty for some years to come. But the in-
evitable must be faced, and this beautiful speci-
men of tree, which could claim its right to exist
by reason of occupying the site much longer than
any person living in the city of Philadelphia, will
probably be among our memories when this is read.
There are other cases, however, where it would
appear that the aesthetic and commercial consider-
ations could be joined very satisfactorily. We
are personally familiar with a suburban improve-
ment, with streets laid out at right angles, where
the topography would have permitted of more
attractive lines without sacrificing frontage. One
of these streets was an old road bordered by a
handsome line of trees in a healthy condition,
but they were located on the line of a sidewalk
which a prospector laid out. It would have been
a simple matter to throw this sidewalk back a few
feet, leaving the trees to occupy a border between
the sidewalk and the road. This would have
worked no hardship, as the proposed house line
is well back from the sidewalk, and the existence
of these trees as a border would certainly have
added to the comfort of any house erected. The
land agent thought otherwise, and this handsome
row of trees was felled, and to-day an uncom-
pleted sidewalk faces lots which it is sometime ^
expected will be occupied by houses. * *

Without reciting similar instances we give
space to the correspondence above referred to.

The greatest difficulty which suburban resi-
dents have to contend with, those who leave the
more thickly settled portions of the city to ob-
tain shade and trees and flowers and birds, is the
vandalism of city builders who come out to
'' improve " a section and who have no idea of

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FOREST LEAVES.

the value of a tree. They fell every tree in |
sight and claim that they replace them with bet-
ter and younger ones which will live longer, but
which will take at least thirty years to mature to
the same point. These builders cannot see that
they depreciate the value of their own property.
Those wishing such homes will pay much more
for one surrounded by mature trees.

You cannot have forgotten the vandalism con-
nected with the opening of Berks street through
the Monument Cemetery. When the cemetery
was laid out some sixty or more years ago, with
no house near it, the avenues were planned on
the line of streets on the city plan, so that if
streets ever should be cut through the cemetery
no grave would have to be moved. Further, to
minimize such damage, all such avenues on the
line of streets were then planted with a double
row of trees, so that the bisecting streets when
opened should be shady walks, suitable to the
surroundings. These trees matured finely.

On the opening of Berks street, after the land
had been turned over to the city, it seems to have
been no one's business to protect the trees. The
contractor was allowed to do as he pleased, and
the two blocks of large, shapely trees on both
sides of the street went down bodily. In their
places we have saplings which will give no shade
at all under ten years.

At the intersection of Twelfth street and Sixty-
eighth avenue. Oak Lane, some four years ago,
before Twelfth street was opened north of Sixty-
eighth avenue, stood a magnificent oak tree some
ninety feet high. It stood directly in the middle
of the line of Twelfth street. Why could this
not have been left in the middle of the new
roadway, as it would have been in a New Eng-
land town ? There was ample room on either
side. What a comfort and novelty it would have
been.

In the same immediate neighborhood up to a
later date stood a fine, shapely cherry tree stand-
ing alone, at least sixty feet in height, whose
yearly blossoming was the wonder of all. Pic-
tures of that tree in blossom were made time and
time again to show to. benighted dwellers in
closely settled neighborhoods.

To accommodate a change of grade made by
a city builder, though the old level could have
been preserved around the tree, it came down
and many birds and squirrels were homeless. It
was pathetic to watch the return of the migrating
birds the following year, who had made that tree
their home and who, in council assembled in the
rooftrees of adjoining houses, tried to frame some
sufficient excuse for the heartless man who had
thus deprived them. A bare, torrid tract took

the place of the shady nook and the new property
was depreciated in value at least $1000. The
cross-section of the tree showed that it was per-
fectly healthy, no decay whatever, and without a
wormhole in it. The act was vandalism and, to
say the least, improvident.

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Practical Forestry in Lumbering.

¥R. GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester of the
Department of Agriculture, in an address
at the annual meeting of the National
Lumber Manufacturers' Association, called atten-
tion to the value of leaving the younger trees in
lumbering operations, giving many interesting fig-
ures of the money value of trees of different size,
and extracts of the address are given below.

Certain phases of the lumber business are
being treated upon a high plane ; a high degree
of intelligence is being applied to them, with
great acumen, and altogether the business is being
handled in certain directions as it ought to be,
but there are certain other phases of the lumber
business that have not yet reached anything like
the high standard, and I want to speak about one
of them very briefly.

Some years ago, in the Adirondacks, I suggested
to a lumberman or a timber land owner, that he
ought to leave a certain number of young trees
on a tract of several hundred thousand acres. He
said, ** You are asking me to leave $60,000 worth
of young timber." I said, ^* Yes, I am." And
I proceeded to give him reasons which were satis-
factory to him and he left the young trees. We
were both wrong. There were not $60,000 worth
of timber on the land left in accordance with this
agreement, or anything like it. We have been
trying to find out lately how much timber is left
in cases of that kind, in dollars and cents. For-
estry necessarily entails the leaving of a certain
number of young trees. What is it going to cost
the lumberman actually, at the present time, in
dollars and cents, to do that ? About eighteen
months ago a method of investigation was taken
up which enables us to give a precise answer ta
questions of that kind. Not satisfied with the old
method of lumping the stumpage of the trees
of a different diameter altogether, we began to
scale logs in the woods, mark the logs, follow
them through the mill, scale the lumber at the •
tail, and find out what the lumber cost at the mill
at the present prices. In that way ascertaining
exactly how much of each grade of lumber was
yielded by each tree, and, secondly, how much
each tree was worth on the stump in the woods, if
the cost to log it was known, and that gave a chance

to ascertain in any given case whether it paid to
cut a 1 2 -inch tree, or an 18-inch tree; and how
much ; in other words, to ascertain what is the
sacrifice, if any, which practical forestry entails
in the woods, and also — and a very important
point — how much is the money growth of a tree.
It isn't sufficient to say a tree grows an inch in
diameter in seven years, or whatever it may be,
or that it grows so many feet board measure in
seven years, because there is not only a quantity
increment, but a quality increment as well, and
the quality increment is the thing that is impor-
tant. It is not the thing you have, but how much
that is worth. That is the important point ; and
I will give you some brief examples.

One of the sacrifices which the lumberman who
undertakes to practice forestry is always called
upon to make is that of leaving some of his trees
uncut as a basis for future timber crops. This
means giving up a small immediate profit so as
to ensure a larger gain in the future. The first
thing to know is exactly what these small trees are
worth, and how does the profit he could get out
of them now compare with the profit when they
have reached a larger size ?

The Bureau of Forestry is able to answer this
question with precise information. Not satisfied
with the old method of calculating the amount of
timber left, and then applying a stumpage value,
it went into the matter far more thoroughly. For
about eighteen months experiments have been
conducted at sawmills in different parts of the
country. These experiments consist of marking
a great many trees as felled in the woods, then
following the logs through the mill to see what
each saw cuts. The measurements in the woods j
tell how many logs each numbered tree contains.
The total amount of each grade of lumber is com-
puted for each diameter of tree, and the results
are averaged. Values are then determined on the
basis of what the lumber is worth at the mill. In
this way we are able to tell the amount of money
which each tree represents, and the amount of
each grade of lumber it contains.

As a tree grows older its value increases in two
directions. First, there is an increase in the i
quantity of wood, and second, in its quality. A '
large tree produces a higher proportion of the I
good grades than does a small tree. When a !
lumberman is advised to leave a stand of small
trees uncut, he is asked to sacrifice for the present
his least valuable timber in order that it may be-
come more valuable. Such trees are worth very
little to him now. In some cases they are worth
nothing at all, and not rarely he has been cut-
ting them for a return which is below average
expenses.

Take for example the case of Adirondack
hardwoods. A 17-inch yellow birch at the Adi-
rondack sawmill where we made the experiment
yields lumber of an average value of '$10.92 per
M. feet. In that country the cost of stumpage,
logging and manufacture is not often under $11,
usually it is considerably more.. If $11 represents
what it actually costs to handle Adirondack hard-
woods (exclusive of fixed expenses, such as road
building and camps), it is apparent that lumber-
men had better leave the small sizes alone.

The increase in value of a tree with its growth
is a rapid one, but until now no figures on the
subject have been available. The experiments
show that at the mills where the work was done
the average value of a 13 -inch birch is 55 cents;
at 15 inches the tree is worth $1. 22, an increase in
value of over 100 per cent, for 2 inches growth ;
at 1 8 inches it is worth $2. 13; at 22 inches, $4.51;
and at 31 inches, $10.99. A 3T-inch tree is
thus shown to be worth $10.44 more than a 13-
inch tree.

I The average value of the timber from 13 -inch
I birch was found to be $9.32 per M. feet ; from a
I 16-inch tree the lumber is worth $10.41 ; from a
I 20-inch tree it is worth $12.24; from a 25-inch

tree, $15.66; and from a 31-inch tree, $17.75.

This difference in value of the lumber from a

13- and a 31-inch tree was found to be $8.43 per

M. feet.

The figures secured by these experiments put
us in a position to answer other questions of much
importance to lumbermen. One of the questions
frequently asked is. How does the amount of lum-
ber actually sawed out of a log compare with the
log scale ? The value of accurate figures in this
matter is especially apparent to those lumbermen
who contract for their logging.

The men who mark the logs that are to go
through the mill, scale them also, and all we have
to do is to compare the tally sheet for a particular
log when it passed through the mill with what it
scaled in the woods.

Here are a few figures comparing log scale with
mill scale for Adirondack hardwoods :

A 13-inch birch scales, according to Doyle, 53
feet; it saws out 59 feet; at 16 inches the log
rule credits it with 105 feet, but it saws out 146
feet. The log scale is below the actual product of
the tree up to the 29.inch tree and beyond, where
the situation is reversed, the log scale crediting
the tree with a greater amount of -lumber than it
actually contains.

Timber is worth so much that there is need of
a better method of estimating tracts. The rough
and ready way of cruising land and then putting
a stumpage value on the estimated amount of tim-

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54

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

55

ber is too inaccurate. The method adopted is
first to make stand tables showing the number of
trees of each diameter on the average acre. The
tables secured at the mill show what each size of
tree represents in money, and what is the average
value per M. feet of the lumber that comes out of
it. When the expenses of handling timber are
known, including fixed expenses and those which
depend on the amount of timber removed, tables
are prepared showing the profits per acre in lum-
bering a tract. For example, on a tract in the
Adirondacks where it was found that if all ex-
penses of stumpage, logging and manufacture
should be as low as g 10.50, the company could
cut on virgin hardwood land to as small a diameter
as 17 inches and still make a profit on its birch
and maple, though not on its beech. On 17 -inch
trees it would make a profit of 42 cents per M.
on birch and 21 cents per M. on maple, and the
larger the tree cut the higher the profit. Should
all birch and maple be cut down to and including
1 7 -inch trees, there would be, with expenses
110.50, a profit of $11.32 per acre, of which
$9.82 would be from birch and $1.50 from maple.
The average profit per M. feet of all trees cut
would be $4.15 from birch and $1.49 from
maple.

But the profits from small trees are so slight as
to make it hardly worth while removing them,
certainly inadvisable if a future timber crop is to
be considered. Calculating again, it is found that
the profits from birch and maple, if cut down to
and including 18 inches, would be $11.26 ; cut-
ting to 19 inches they would be $11.06 ; cutting
to 20 inches they would be $10.72 per acre, etc.

I have given, in a very brief way, some of the
main directions which these mill experiments are
taking in order that you may have an idea of the
practical uses in which they may be put. A north-
ern lumberman recently made the prediction that
the big successes in the lumber business would
come in the future to those men who were able to
figure most closely on all their operations.

In closing, Mr. Pinchot called attention to the
desirability of providing for instruction in lum-
bering at the forestry schools.

■crK"":::*

The New Jersey Geological Survey has just
issued its annual report for the year 1904. This
shows that the loss from forest fires in that vear
was $42,834.50, the total area burned being
41,503 acres. -This estimate was carefully made,
based on personal visits and reports in regard to
each fire. The report advocates the establish-
ment of a State fire service, claiming that it is
practical and would result in a great saving to the
Commonwealth.

Forestry Exhibit at the Lewis and Clark

Exposition.

T T was expected that Oregon would take special
I pains in setting forth its forests in that they
are conceded to be the largest of any State
in the Union. The Forestry Building itself is an
exemplification of the kind of timber that can be
secured in that State ; it is 206 feet long, 102 feet
wide and 72 feet in height, and is constructed en-
tirely of fir logs. It is claimed to be the largest
building made entirely of logs of which there is
record. Placed end to end the logs used would
extend a distance of about 2 miles. All of the
logs are 5 to 6 feet in diameter ; one is 8 feet in
diameter and weighs 32 tons. In addition to the
larger timbers about 8 miles of poles were used
and also 43,000 fir shakes and 30,000 bark
shingles.

Oregon's contribution to the forestry exhibits
alone are of a complete and comprehensive char-
acter, in addition to which the timbered sections
of Washington and California have been made to
yield their riches in order that visitors might gain
some idea of their diversified character, their ex-
tent, their commercial value and their importance.

When it is considered that estimates show a
possible 300,000,000,000 feet of lumber, board
measure, standing in the uncut trees of Oregon,
some reason will have been discovered for the
pride which is taken in the timber and lumber ex-
hibit, but probably the most remarkable feature of
this show is that of the hardwood class. Much
has been heard of the firs, hemlock and other
grades of commercial woods, but thus far the de-
velopment of the hardwood industry, as far as
Oregon is concerned, is in its infancy. In fact,
this is the first time that a thorough display of the
Oregon hardwoods has ever been made. The
woods represented in the panels are larch, alder,
Cottonwood, fir, spruce, curly pine and cedar.

Crosscuts through burls or sides of trees on
various specimens of spruce, cedar, curly pine
and alder show the cross-grains of these woods in
an attractive manner. The other features of the
timber exhibit is comprised of logs, poles, ties,
cord wood, paper and woodpulp, shingles, Cascara
bark, boxes and trunk materials.

In one portion of the building is a representa-
tion of Mount Hood and adjacent country.
Plastic art has been brought into play in forming
this panorama, and papier mache rocks and cliffs
represent the scenery about the mountain. Back
of the stately pines and cedars Mount Hood lifts
its head crowned with eternal, glistening snow.

Pine cones and other forest growths have been
used in decorating the interior of the Forestry

Building, and their fragrance permeates the at-
mosphere with a pleasant perfume.

Among the State and individual exhibits in the
Forestry Building are : Log sections, 9 to 11 feet
in diameter, of fir and spruce; fir and spruce
planks, 8 feet in width, 16 feet long; a com-
plete collection of polished woods, showing all
the native woods of the State ; a collection of the
native wild flowers, shrubs and trees of Oregon,
in the form of mounted herbarium specimens, dis-
played in revolving cabinets ; a collection of
dressed lumber showing commercial woods of the
State; two flag poles, one 220 feet long and one
190 feet long; Cascara bark, Oregon grape root
and fir balsam ; samples of white pine, Douglas
fir, hemlock, redwood lumber and ceiling, floor-
ing, finish, sash and doors ; cedar shingles ; in-
laid work ; spruce doors, moldings, ash columns,
siding, spindles, stepping and wood planks ;
curly fir boards ; native woods ; veneers, coffee
and spice drums, baskets, excelsior, etc. ; section
of oak 5 feet in diameter and blocks of native
woods; pine needle fiber mattresses, pillows,
cushions, mosquito boxes, chest protectors, oil
extracts, perfumery, cigars, soap, ointments and
various other pine needle products; a pavilion
showing sash, doors, millwork, panelwork, man-
telwork and interior house finishing; boxes,
box shooks and spruce lumber; a myrtle table,'
5 feet in diameter ; excelsior ; yew bows, arrows
and quivers ; walnut boards and blocks of native
woods.

The logging exhibit occupies a large space in
one corner of the Forestry Building. A miniature
forest, which is an exact reproduction on a small
scale of the mighty forests which cover a large
part of the Oregon country, forms the ground-
work for the display. There are real fir trees, no
bigger than rose bushes, in the forest, and the
trees are growing in real earth, while a river of
real water flows down the hillside.

The exhibit is intended to show how the logs
are brought to mill, and every step from stump to
mill is shown. In one corner of the space a
miniature skidding and loading engine, operated
by electricity, has been installed. This engine
operates a skidder, by means of which the logs
are lifted from the ground and loaded onto cars.
A geared locomotive, also run by electricity,
draws the train which takes the cars to the mill. '

Another interesting feature of logging opera-
tions is shown by a miniature log-handling cable-
way, while a third model in this display is of a
machine for loading logs on trains, which picks
up the logs from beside the track, and lays them
on flat cars, as easily as if they were tooth-picks.
The method of moving a derrick by means of

swinging gear is illustrated by another machine,
which is built one twelfth the regular size.

It is claimed for this exhibit of forestry re-
sources that it is the largest and most compre-
hensive ever made: that heretofore no similar
collection of woods has ever been assembled
under any roof.

Forest Service.

SINCE July ist the Bureau of Forestry is
officially known as the Forest Service.
The change was made by Congress last
-winter, when it provided for the Government
work in forestry during the coming year, and sig-
nalized an important advance in the scope of that
work. The actual control and administration of
the national forest reserves, formerly under the
charge of the Land Office of the Department of
the Interior, is now in the hands of the Forest
Service. This means that the reserves are to be
made to yield to the people of the country the
largest benefits which intelligent management can
get out of them. Use, not reservation from use,
is the essential purpose for which they exist — but
use under such conditions as shall make their
benefits permanent.

Control of the reserves was turned over to the
Bureau of Forestry last February, and the neces-
sary reorganization is now well advanced. In
taking up its new work, however, the Forest Ser-
vice will not abandon any part of the old field of
the Bureau. Its broad purpose will continue to be
the furtherance by every possible means of the
movement to introduce practical forestry every-
where. It will do its utmost to assist this move-
ment among private owners and in the several
States, not only by scientific investigations but
by advice and co-operation in the actual work of
applying forestry. This is imperatively demanded
if the general welfare is not to suffer profoundly in
the future from a shortage of timber supply. The
Forest Service will continue the studies of forest
products, of methods of making timber more
durable, of tree planting, and of all subjects
which can promote wiser and more profitable use
of our second greatest resource — for in the value
of their total contribution to our needs there can
be no doubt that forest products stand next to
those of agriculture.

It is stated that arrangements are being made
by the Delaware & Hudson Railway Company to
plant 300,000 trees along the line of the Susque-
hanna and Pennsylvania divisions. The railroads
are taking increasing interest in forestry.

56

FOREST LEAVES.

*l

Striped Maple— Moose Wood. (Acer
Pennsylvanicum, L.)

THE little tree, of which an illustration is
here furnished, has no commercial value.
It is an attractive inhabitant of our colder
woods, especially in the richer soils and also along
rocky streams.

It is most abundant in the mountainous parts of
Pennsylvania.

In fact, as one rides along the river below and
above Williamsport it forms in June quite a feature
of the hillsides.

It seldom grows more than twenty feet high oj
attains a diameter of more than five inches in
Pennsylvania.

The leaves proclaim loudly enough its relation-
ship to the group of maples. And the greenish
bark with vertical stripes, along with the drooping
flower and fruit clusters, sufficiently distinguish
the tree from all other species of maple.

J. T. ROTHROCK.

Norway Spruce.

NOTWITHSTANDING the great variety of
trees indigenous to Pennsylvania the num-
^ ber suitable for merchantable lumber is

quite small. In the past white pine has produced
the largest amount, but its greatness has departed
because of its practical exhaustion. Next to it is
oak and, probably, that is now the most impor-
tant tree within our borders. But even if oak
were abundant — and it is not — lumber cut from
that tree would, by no means, meet the demand
which soft woods have heretofore filled. Of late
years hemlock has served as a substitute for pine
as coarse lumber for buildings and structures where
it was not greatly exposed to the weather. But,
like pine, that tree is fast disappearing. Ten
years hence native hemlock will be a scarce com-
modity and, what is more, it is a tree illy calcu-
lated for reproduction. It is a slow grower, dif-
ficult to transplant and hostile to interference by
man.

The area suitable for the growth of native spruce
is so limited that it can take no place in the cal-
culation for a future supply of so-called soft woods.
We are therefore limited to such a supply as white
pine can be made to produce, unless we accept
some foreign specie of tree that shall take the
place of hemlock and also serve as a substitute for
pine in rough lumber.

Experience with Norway spruce — A/)ii's excelsa
— gives great hope that its cultivation in this
country may be entered upon with almost positive
assurance of success. It is the great lumber tree

of Europe. Fifty per cent, of the forests of Aus-
tria is of that variety and most of the other coun-
tries there have a greater percentage. It is ex-
tremely hardy, quite free from disease, a great
seed producer, easily propagated, given to natural
reproduction much more than pine, is a rapid
grower, cleans itself of limbs when thickly planted
and — in character of lumber, while not so good
as pine — is much better than hemlock. For beams,
joists, posts, studs or any rough timber it is fully
equal to pine. It is seldom shaky or cross-
grained and is of about the same specific gravity
as pine.

Thirty-seven years ago I planted out in one lot,
in Mansfield, Tioga County, Pa., fifty-one Norway
spruces which were then three years old from the
seed. They were intended for a wind screen and
were set in two rows on the north and west side
of the lot. The rows were five feet apart and the
trees eight feet apart in the rows. It was my
intention to trim them back so as to prevent them
growing over twelve feet high, but I sold the
premises and they were never cut back.

The illustration here given shows the size and
condition of the lot last April. Of the fifty-one
trees in this group only one is of less diameter
than fourteen inches four feet from the ground.
That one is eleven inches. The largest one — the
one on the corner — is eighteen in diameter, while
the others range from fourteen upward to that
size. The average is not far from fifteen and one-
half inches.

Between the rows the limbs are dead for at least
twenty feet high, showing what would occur if
planted close and what does occur when so planted
in Europe. There are no large limbs on the trees,
but they are long on the open sides.

Nothing has ever been done to the trees except
to trim some of them up a few feet. The ground
is a clayey loam with a compact clay subsoil and
only fairly fertile. These trees are part of a lot
of one hundred. The others were set out on
other property. Every one lived, and such as
have not been removed for various reasons are all
thriving and healthy to-day. Not one of them is
less than fifty feet in height, while nearly all are
fully fifty-five feet. All are straight and hold their
size well up towards the top.

Norway spruce grows as rapidly as white pine,
if not more so, on land suited for it. It may not
do as well as that tree on poor, dry, sandy soil,
but there are many places where it should do bet-
ter. It is superior to pine for pulpwood, and the
thinnings of a plantation would have more value
than pine for that purpose. In some places in
Europe it is mixed with white pine and the spruce
thinned out, as the trees are of more value when

V,

!•!

COPYRIGHTED, 1905.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. 4.

Sr J. T. ROTHROCK.

ill

STRIPED MAPLE, MOOSE WOOD. (ACER PEN NSYLVANICU M, L.)

CENTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

I

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o

FoRKST Leaves, Vol. x., No. 4.

8V J. T. ROTHROCK.

^^Jii 7?

:::55**-

'^^'T,'<' ^w

^•x^-.

STRIPED MAPLE, MOOSE WOOD. "ACER PEN NSYLVAN ICU M, L.)

CENTER noUNTv, PF NNSY I V AN4 A.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

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FOREST LEAVES.

57

young than pine. However, it is frequently left
with the pine, making a mixed forest. Its bark is
used there for tanning, but it cannot compete with
■our hemlock in that line.

It certainly is a promising tree for lumber and
is so well esteemed for pulpwood that it is being
planted especially for that purpose. The Rem-
ington-Martin Paper Company, of Watertown,
N. Y., set out 650,000 seedlings from Germany
this year, and in a letter concerning the work Mr.
Charles Remington, Treas., says: ^* It may not
•do the present generation a great deal of good
except that we will have assets of more value and
a great deal better than life insurance."

The character of Norway spruce as an orna-
mental tree is well known and appreciated. No
conifer bears the pruning shears better than it
•does. No one will hold its limbs alive close to
the ground so well. S. B. Elliott.

li'

Forestry Investigations : I. Ohio Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, Wooster, O.

THIS bulletin (No. 158 in the Station series)
is the first report of the study of forest
conditions in the State of Ohio, promised
in a bulletin published last year. [This bulletin
was reviewed in Forest Leaves, Oct., 1904.]

The expression. Farm Forestry, suggests the
general scope of the forestry interest in Ohio,
and explains why the agricultural experiment
station should take up the work. There is no
report on the condition of the cooperative trial
plantings begun last year in nearly every county
in the State.

The object of the present study is to ascertain
the best tree species for post- and tie-timber pro-
duction. Russian mulberry and Osage orange
are growing in Ohio only in very small plantings,
and the results do not justify any recommendation
for general wood-lot planting of these trees.

An important contribution to the literature de-
scriptive of the two species of catalpa is the de-
scription, made graphic by photographs, of the
two as found side by side in a two-acre grove
planted in 1883. The Catalpa catalpa planted
^y mistake for speciosa have comparatively short-
branched trunks and smoothish scaly bark, while
the trees of the latter species are taller, straighter
and have a conspicuously furrowed bark. The
estimated value for posts per acre of these twenty-
two-year old trees emphasizes very strongly the
necessity of planting the right species,— the
speciosa being credited with 2027 posts, worth
$186.50, while the catalpa trees contain only
589 posts, worth (a smaller percentage being
^rst class) $50.76.

As to distance apart for planting the Station
authorities find no reason for changing their
recommendation of a year ago In every case
where owners have planted as close as 4 by 4 feet
I the results are poor, — plainly due to over-crowd-
I ing. In a grove planted 15^^ by 15 i^ feet the
results are good, but it is evident that more posts
\ could be cut from the same area had the trees
; been set closer. The best post yield found was
in two groves set 6 by 8 feet. The tentative
conclusion would be then that about 50 square
feet is the space required for these trees, catalpa
and locust, to grow, until the thinnings are util-
izable. The Bulletin recommends a larger area,
about 70 square feet.

The catalpa must be pruned to secure straight
trunks ; and the locust, although it soon sheds its
shade killed branches, is better for a sort of
*^ setting up " pruning in the early stages of its
growth. The borer, the only drawback to the
locust, seems to be less likely to attack young and
healthy trees than slow growing trees. There is
no remedy suggested.

But by far the most valuable part of the Bulletin
is the section giving the financial results of catalpa
and locust plantings. The data is not complete,
but as a record of results, not of guesses, it gives
a definite basis for calculation. In every case it
is explained the figures are conservative, the
earliest date of planting having been used in
getting the age of groves and the stumpage value
of posts, 10 and 6 cents, being less than half the
actual price of the two grades respectively [locust
and catalpa being classed together] . The con-
clusions follow :

'' Eight catalpa groves from 21 to 25 years old,
from which estimates were made, gave an average
of 2777 posts per acre, 63 per cent, of which were
first-class, with a total value of $238.08 per acre;
the lowest estimated yield being 2040 posts per
acre, 30 per cent, of which were first-class,
valued at $146.60, and the highest, 3396 posts
per acre, 90 per cent, of which were first-class,
with a value of $326 per acre.

The average value of the production of these
groves, calculated per acre for each year the trees
have been growing, is $10.30, the minimum being
$5.84 and the maximum $14.17. These esti-
mates do not take into account the first cost, the
rent of the land, nor interest on the investment.

It is safe to say that these investments would
not have been correspondingly reduced had they
been made five or ten years earlier, as a large per
cent, of the trees in some groves have not made
much growth during recent years, owing to un-
favorable conditions for growth, mainly due to
over-crowding.

58

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

59

There is no reason why the results secured on
these two farms cannot be duplicated on a very
large per cent, of the farms of Ohio, at least in
the better agricultural portions of the State. We
feel safe in making the statement that catalpa
trees planted on soil sufficiently rich to grow a
fair crop of corn, and far enough apart so that
each tree may have about 60 square feet of space,
given sufficient and proper pruning and a reason-
able amount of cultivation, will, in from 12 to
15 years, produce a crop that will give a return
of at least $10 per acre for each year from the
time of planting to that of harvesting the trees,
and, in some cases, even better and quicker
returns can be secured.

Estimates were made of the trees in but one
locust grove, 19 years old. The estimated number
of posts produced per acre is 3560, 90 per cent,
of which were first-class and valued at $341.76.
This is at the rate of $17.98 per year for the
entire period.

This is a larger and quicker return than has
been secured from any of the catalpa groves pre-
viously mentioned, but none of them has grown
under as favorable conditions for the catalpa as
are furnished in this grove for the locust. If as
good results could be secured every time the
locust would be a better tree to plant for post
production than the catalpa. The other locust
groves inspected, owing to unfavorable conditions
for growth or to the ravages of the borers, did
not show nearly as good results as this one, and
in a few cases were total failures. More data
must be secured, especially on the locust, before
a safe comparison can be made between the
catalpa and locust as to their respective values as
post producing trees."

Plants Trees, Asks Rebate.

^

HE first case of its kind brought in Penn-
1 sylvania was the petitioning of the Lan-
^^ caster court in June for a mandamus against
Jacob N. Rudy and Clayton Wellinger, Road
Supervisors of Upper Leacock township, for fail-
ing to comply with an act of 1901. This provides
that farmers planting trees along public roads and
highways, under certain conditions, shall be al-
lowed a rebate on their road tax of fifty cents
per tree, the annual rebate, however, not to ex-
ceed a fourth of the tax. F. G. Harpie set out
twenty trees, but the supervisors refused the re-
bate due him, and he was told ** the act was no
good." Court granted the mandamus, and the
supervisors must make answer in August.

The act was passed to encourage the cultivation
of trees.

Farm Forestry.

ORGANIZATION, talking, dwindling and
dying of associations is the record of the
first phase of Ohio forestry ; in its second
phase it is grafted upon a thoroughly organized
and efficient agricultural experiment station plant,,
and quietly ^^ something is doing."

And there may be something of value for us in
this Farm Forestry proposition. Pennsylvanians
were inclined to smile when Professors Green
and Waid advocated planting and cultivating post
trees just as farm crops. The situation here is
different, of course. Our mountain lands, unless
despoiled by years of worse than neglect, need
no planting, and the only practicable care of the
crop is keeping out the desert-making fire. In our
farming districts thousands, yes millions, of acres-
of land, too steep and rough for culvivation,
should be growing trees, and yet probably would
not repay the owner for multching, pruning and
thinning. And what about some of our better
farm land?

Let us take the best catalpa grove reported on
P^g^ 57- Remember, these figures are mostly for
actual measurements, the estimates are always
conservative. [I might say that I know these
gentlemen personally, have seen some of the
groves referred to, and have no doubt as to the
reliability of the report.]

In fifteen years the two plantations in question
are worth $212.55 P^^ ^^^^ ^^^ posts. Such land
as would grow catalpa in this neighborhood could
be bought for less than g6o per acre. Either
catalpa or locust could be grown from seed and
planted at a less cost than $5 per acre ; $65 at
5 per cent, would, in fifteen years, earn $70.37
compound interest. The crops of corn, etc.,
grown between the trees the first three years
would more than pay for the cultivation and
pruning. The net value, then, of this wood-lot
is equivalent to a return of $9.47 per acre every
year that the trees have been growing; $10 per
acre per year! ''But," a farmer said recently
in discussing this point, '' we get more than that
from our dairy farms." Certainly, some farmers
get more than that some years. But the average
farm ? Taking the acre as the working unit, the
dairy herd being part of the machinery for util-
izing the product of the acres, a loo-acre farm
worth $10,000 plus $2500 for working stock,
would at that rate average $1000 every year in
clear profits. An average of 8 per cent, is a
rather attractive investment.

And the locust plantation referred to in nine-
teen years produced even better returns, at the
(gross) rate of about $18 per acre per year for

the entire period. The locust is much less par-
ticular than is the catalpa about the kind of
ground it grows on. Barring the borers, which
at present it seems can't be barred in some places,
the locust is undoubtedly a better paying crop in
this section than the catalpa.

In the light of these facts, facts they are, not
fancies, it would require very careful demonstra-
tion to prove that a great deal of good farm land
in Pennsylvania would not be earning better re-
turns if devoted to farm forestry than it now is
devoted to common farming. Ohio has cer-
tainly demonstrated that such wood-lots have
paid. A. S. H.

S. Hudson Chapman in a late illustrated lecture
on '*The South Coast of Italy" dwelt briefly
upon the history of the powerful Greek cities
which dotted this historic coastline in the fifth
and sixth centuries before Christ. He told of
their decline, followed by the changing natural
conditions which transformed once populous dis-
tricts into a veritable desert, and stated that,
''The forests of ancient times have disap-
peared, and swamps, deadly breeding holes of
malaria, now occupy the site of ancient and pow-
erful municipalities. Of those cities only an
occasional temple remains. Some are represented
by a single column ; others, like Cyprus, have
not a stone to indicate them, their sites being a
matter of dispute. The climatic conditions along
the coast are so unhealthy that even the shepherds
loiter there only in daytime. At night they re-
turn to the mountains." Mr. Chapman drew a
lesson from this desolation for the people of the
United States at present. " Let us preserve our
forests, since they will pre:ierve the health of this
country in the future. The south coast of Italy
is a barren spot because the inhabitants of those
ancient towns destroyed all the timber for miles
around. Men probably said then, as thev are
saying to-day, ' The forests will grow again. ' Yet
in Italy's case nearly 2000 years have elapsed and
there is no sign of their renewal.'*

A cross-section cut from a fir tree thirteen feet
in diameter forms the floor of an office of tree
furniture in the Washington State building at the
Lewis and Clark Exposition.

It is about a foot thick, with the upper surface
polished, making an excellent floor. On it are
placed several cross-sections of smaller cedar
trees, which serve as chairs. Some of the stumps
are cut off* and polished to form stools, while
others have been carved to make comfortable
chairs with backs.

Forestry as an Investment.

FORESTRY is not a new subject. In foreign
countries there was a time when conditions
were exactly as they now are in our country.
I mean in reference to the large amount of wood
in forests considered with reference to the de-
mand. But with the increase of population and
the consequent augmented demand, the forest
i area gradually diminished. With the decrease of
j a necessary commodity and with a wood famine
j in sight, it became essential to husband what was
left and even propagate forests artificially. This
has now been done for over 200 years in some of
the foreign countries. Intense management and
I utilization has made forestry in these countries a
I highly profitable investment. In fact, consider-
i ing the moneyed classes of Germany, France and
several other countries in the early days, and
same classes of to-day, the conclusion is reached
that those who had money invested in forest land
I are still among the landed and wealthy families.
I The condition which we have reached in this
country is the stage at which management has
become necessary, but conditions are still such
that it is very doubtful at times whether or not
we can prove that forestry is profitable in Amer-
, ica, at least, it is difficult to convince people that
it is a profitable investment. However, if we con-
sider several very important points of the question,
the result is not hard to figure out.

Notwithstanding the fact that substitutes have
been found for wood, both as a fuel and as a
building material, the per capita consumption of
wood in the United States has steadily increased.
Whether it is possible to decrease this per capita
consumption is a question. Suppose it does not
increase above the present consumption of about
350 cubic feet per year ; population will augment;
consequently, the demand upon the forest will
increase. Now, at the present rate of cut and
the present estimate of available material made
by very good authorities, the wood supply will
last us about 85 years. Then, unless extensive
forestry operations have taken place in the mean-
time, we are bound to be in the same condition
that Germany is to-day and, as a result, prices of
timber will stand almost at the same level, if not
somewhat higher, than they do in foreign coun-
tries at present. Leaving this out of the problem
and looking at the prices in the past, it will be
found that even in the last six months, in this
country, prices on pine and hard wood, according
to the president of an important lumber manu-
facturing association, have increased from $1 to
$2.50 per thousand feet, board measure. In the
State of Pennsylvania there have been periods in

60

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

61

t,

i

the last 25 years when the price of stumpage has
duplicated its value inside of five years ; however,
leaving this exception and considering the in-
crease in price for a number of years, we find it
has been at a rate which will correspond to about
ij^ per cent, compounded, which is just about
equal to the increase in population. These two
proofs should be enough to convince, that prices
of lumber and wood products are bound to rise.
Now the problem is, whether or not the expenses
which are put into forest property will pay a rea-
sonable rate of interest and at the same time be a
safe investment. It has been said that, *' As sure
as the sun shines, the wind blows and the rain
falls, we will have tree growth."

So far, the only thing which seems to destroy
tree growth to any very great extent in this coun-
try is fire, so fire becomes the factor which to a
large extent will determine the safety of the in-
vestment. If fires are suppressed, we practically
have a safe investment, for while there is destruc-
tion by winds, sleet, insects and so forth, they
occur only occasionally and, in many cases, the
loss can be made up in different ways.

Another thing, however, under the present con-
ditions, which will destroy the profit of forest
investment is the matter of taxes. Because of
the system of taxation in vogue in this and other
States, a forest owner must pay, each year, taxes
on the value of the forest during that year rather
than upon the increment which the forest yields.
For this reason, in the raising of forests requir-
ing long periods of time for the maturity of
wood, the amount of taxes which are to be paid,
compounded at a reasonable rate per cent., will
eat up from 25 to 50 per cent, of the profits at
the end of the rotation. This is not so much the
case where species are raised which require a short
period of time to mature.

Forestry itself implies, more or less, the con-
tinuance and perpetuation of forest growth, either
on the land which is now covered with forest and
is not fitted for agriculture, or that which has
been worn out in its use as farms and is only fit
for tree growth. This regeneration is accom-
plished in several ways. On treeless areas, the
forest must be renewed by means of planting or
by natural regeneration from neighboring woods,
or, perhaps, by coppice growth. Within the for-
ested areas themselves, where lumbering is car-
ried on, the forest may be perpetuated simply by
caring for the young growth which is already in
existence when the lumberman cuts into the forest.
Now, if regeneration is accomplished by plants,
a definite expense is necessary. If it is accom-
plished by natural regeneration a certain amount
of time must be allowed for it and frequently, to

accomplish the best results, some little work is
necessary. This may not seem to be an expense?
but nevertheless it is. In the case of the lumber-
man there is also an expenditure for regeneration,
which is shown in the increased logging expenses;
ordinarily, it may, most probably does, cost him
more per thousand feet to cut the timber so as to
care for the young tree than it would to cut pro-
miscuously, disregarding the young growth.
Now, if this expense for regeneration will ex-
ceed the present value of what is expected to be
received from the forest, then again forestry can-
not be expected to pay.

The conclusion which may be drawn is that
forestry will pay providing the expenses for re-
generation, for taxes, for protection, and any
other costs which may be incurred can be offset
by the yields, the expenses for taxes and fires
being the principal ones. If they are materially
reduced by the State in the way of rebates and
by protection from fire, then, undoubtedly, for-
estry will pay.

Now, as to the proper rate of interest which
can be expected from a forest. It may be well to
state that perfectly e-afe investments, such as Gov-
ernment bonds, yield to-day 3 per cent., so it
would not be wrong to take this rate for calcula-
tions in forestry work.

In regard to the expenditures necessary for
plantations, it is hard to give any definite answer,
because of the different costs of various species
which may be planted, the varying conditions
under which the seedlings are planted and the
price of labor in different localities. However,
if the white pine is taken as an average, the seed-
lings raised and replanted, we will have, proba-
bly, the following expenditure per acre: 2700
trees at $2 per thousand, $5.40; expense of
planting at $2 a thousand, $5.40 ; other inciden-
tals may amount, probably, to 20 cents per acre,
making an average cost for plantation work of
$11 per acre. Many species could be raised or
obtained at a much lower figure and the work
might be accomplished at very much less, and
again, if larger seedlings were used and the plant-
ing was done under diflficulties, the cost might be
still higher. '

For the value of white pine allow me to quote
the following conditions : Thirty-four years ago
a field in this neighborhood produced its last
crop of corn. To-day, as a result of natural re-
generation, there is standing upon each acre of
this field thirty-four cords of pulp wood, worth
$1 per cord on the stump. The land for a num-
ber of years has been assessed at $5 per acre and,
as a matter of fact, was bought for much less
than that with the trees on it. The taxes during

the past thirty-four years have been, on an aver-
age, 6 cents per acre per year. If this problem
is worked out, calculating the expenses at com-
pound interest, it will be found that the men who
owned the land would have made over 5 per
cent, as follows : At 5 per cent, the cost of the
land will amount in 34 years to ^26.27 ; an an-
nuity of 6 per cent, for 34 years will amount to
$5.42, counting at 5 percent, compound interest,
these two amounts making $31.69, but he re-
ceived $34 for the wood and still has his $5
worth of land remaining, or in all $39. To-day,
consequently, he has made 5 per cent, interest on
his investment and even more, probably 5 i^ per
cent. Under artificial regeneration the yield
ought to be still larger, so that the increased ex-
pense would be amply offset by the increase in
yield. Now, again, if this white pine was al-
lowed to grow to a size which would produce
lumber, a still higher yield would be received,
but, perhaps, not a higher rate of interest. It
is possible for it to do so, and I am inclined to
think that it would, for under proper forestry
conditions white pine forests are capable of pro-
ducing 80,000 to 100,000 feet, board measure, per
acre, and I am inclined to believe that prices will
be sufficiently high 100 years from now, and condi-
tions so much better for practicing forestry, that
a 5 per cent, investment will not be unusual.

From the problem which has been given it can
be readily seen that returns can be obtained from
forest growth within a man's lifetime, and as for
corporations that would own large tracts of timber
land, it is possible for them to receive the inter-
est every year. George H. Wirt,

• State Forester.

The Zapote Tree.

MR. A. J. LESPINASSE, United States
Consul at Tuxpam, Mexico, gives the
following description of this tree in the
Consular Report for May.

Among numerous natural products abounding in
this fertile region the zapote tree stands pre-emi-
nent, its gum and wood during many decades
having formed a source of wealth to a large num-
ber of individuals and corporations, which have
obtained from the State government proprietary
rights or concessions to extract chicle gum.

The wood of the zapote tree is dark purplish-
red, and although exceedingly hard when first cut
It is easily worked until thoroughly seasoned,
when only the finest-edged tools have any effect
on its flint-like surface. Sharp-pointed nails can
be driven into the wood only about an inch.
The fibre is so dense that the wood sinks rapidly

in water, and will remain immersed for years
without being affected in the least. Zapote door
frames in the ruins of Uxmal are as perfect to-
day as when first placed in position. The wood
is susceptible of a beautiful polish. The zapote
tree is of slow growth requiring 40 to 50 years to
attain the average height of 30 feet. The average
zapote will square 5 to 8 inches and occasionally
2 feet. It is claimed that the bark is employed
to great advantage in tanning processes, and that
leather so treated is superior to other kinds.

The magnificent trees are rapidly disappearing,
as the operators are taking no precautions to pro-
tect them from the destructive methods of the
chicleros, who cut the trees so deep that they
gradually decay. Before the trees reach this stage,
and while still easy to work, they are cut down
and shaped into building material.

The chicle industry extends from this section
as far as the extreme southern portion of Yucatan,
which produces the largest yield, but in quality
the gum is inferior to that obtained from this sec-
tion, especially in the Tuxpam district. The
latter gum commands a higher price in the United
States, to which it is almost exclusively shipped.

Zapote trees thrive best on high, rolling land,
and although trees are found on the lowlands^
they are inferior in both sap and wood. Con-
tinuous tapping does not appear to have a se-
riously detrimental effect, provided the incisions
are not too deep. Trees are known to have been
tapped for twenty-five years, but after that time
produced only from half a pound to 2 pounds of
sap. If allowed to rest five or six years they
will produce from 3 to 5 pounds. New trees
will produce from 15 to 25 pounds of sap, ac-
cording to size. In order to produce 25 pounds
a tree would have to square about 2 feet and be
from 25 to 30 feet high.

The chicle season opens early in September,
though the yield at this period is limited, and,
owing to still copious rains, the chicleros (labor-
ers) are retarded in their work ; but this is to a
great extent a benefit, as rains are favorable to an
abundant flow of the sap, provided the rainy sea-
son is not prolonged beyond October, in which
case sap would contain a larger proportion of
water, and the loss in condensation would be
heavy and the product inferior.

l^he process of extracting the sap is primitive.
Open V shaped incisions are made in the tree
trunks. At the foot of each tree a palm or other
appropriate leaf is fastened, which acts as a leader
or gutter from which the chicle drips into the
receptacle placed to receive it.

The sap as it flows into the incisions is beauti-
fully white, has the consistency of light cream,

62

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

63

but as it runs down it gradually becomes more
viscous, until, as it drips into the receiving recep-
tacle, it is of the density of heavy treacle. It is
very adhesive, and is extensively employed for
repairing broken articles and fastening leather
tips to billiard cues. When the receptacle is filled
it is emptied into a large iron kettle and boiled to
evaporate the water, which amounts to about 25
per cent, of the sap. As the boiling progresses
the chicle thickens, and when it has reached the
proper consistency it is kneaded to extract more
of the water content, and is then shaped by hand
into rough, uneven loaves weighing 5 to 30
pounds. If carefully cooked it is of a whitish-
gray shade ; if carelessly handled and improperly
boiled it is a dirty dark gray. When prepared
with extra care it is of a light pinkish color. The
sap freshly extracted will weigh about 7 to 8
pounds to the gallon.

New Publications.

Proceedings of the American Forest Congress.
8vo, 474 pages, bound in cloth, $1.25. H. M.
Suter Publishing Co., Washington, D. C.

In the early part of January the American For-
est Congress met at Washington, D. C, and many
of the more important papers read at the different
meetings have already appeared in Forest Leaves.
The various papers presented at the Congress
have been collected in convenient form for refer-
ence, forming a record of the most important
meeting ever devoted to forestry in this country,
and one of the most important ever given to an
economic subject.

This Congress had for its object ** To establish
a broader understanding of the forest in its rela-
tion to the great industries depending upon it ; to
advance the conservative use of forest resources
for both present and future needs of these indus-
tries, and to stimulate and unite all efforts to per-
petuate the forest as a permanent resource of the
nation."

From its inception the American Forest Con-
gress had the hearty approval of President Roose-
velt, who read a paper at its most important ses-
sion. From every section of the country the
Congress brought not only the leaders in National
and State forest work, but also many of the most
influential men in the railroad, lumber, agricultu-
ral, grazing, mining, and other leading industries.
All in all it was the most influential gathering that
has met in Washington in years.

This volume of proceedings, containing in full
the sixty-one papers and addresses delivered at the
Congress, becomes the most comprehensive work
dealing with American forests and forest problems.

It is divided into seven parts, the papers and ad-
dresses being grouped under the following titles :

1. Forestry as a National Question.

2. Importance of the Public Forest Lands to
Irrigation.

3. The Lumber Industry and the Forests.

4. Importance of Public Forest Lands to Graz-
ing.

5. Railroads in Relation to the Forest.

6. Importance of Public Forest Lands to Min-
ing.

7. National and State Forest Policy.

The volume is of decided value to the profes-
sional forester, the business man, and the student
of forest problems, alike, and deserves careful
reading by every thoughtful person.

Forest Utilization, by C. A. Schenck, Ph.D.,
Biltmore, N. C.

Dr. Schenck has prepared for the use of the
students at the Biltmore Forest School a synopsis
of the course of lectures delivered on Forest
Utilization, intended to cover all the industries
and activities connected with the utilization of
wood. It is divided into two general heads, one
treating of logging operations, the other of the
manufacture of wood products, each one con-
taining numerous subdivisions, intended to cover
all the acts by which forests are converted into
movable goods or commodities. Many interesting
statistics have been collected in regardto the dif-
ferent industries, the whole forming an excellent
skeleton hand-book on ' * Forest Utilization. * '

The Planting of White Pine in New England.
Bulletin No. 45. Bureau of Forestry, Department
of Agriculture. Washington, D. C. 8vo, 40
pages, illustrated.

This monograph, which was prepared by Mr.
Harold B. Kempton, Field-Assistant of the Bu-
reau of Forestry, shows the commercial feasibility
of planting white pine, together with the range
of planting, etc. The practicability of thus im-
proving the sand barrens and dunes, etc., in the
New England and Eastern States, is also shown.
Nine plantations in the New England States, one
in Pennsylvania and one in Virginia were inves-
tigated. Detailed descriptions of three New Eng-
land plantations and one in Virginia are given,
with tables showing the total and annual rate of
growth, both in height and diameter. The value
of mixing other trees with the white pine, which
was usually done in the cases cited, is discussed,
and valuable suggestions given in regard to start-
ing a white pine plantation. A table also gives
the probable returns which may be secured from
the plantations.

\\

Michigan Agricultural College offers a full four-year course In

FORESTRY

in successful operation since 1902. Two hundred acres of the
College farm devoted to forestry, including a forest nursery, an
Arboretum planted 28 years ago, a pinetum 8 years planted,
woodlots and woodlands in varying conditions, in all of which
students receive practical instruction as far as possible. For
catalogue and full information, address

E. E. BOGUE,

Professor, Agricultural College, Michigan.

gXPERT advice on any forestal proposition fur-
nished, and estimates of timber, valuation, surveys
and working plans made by

PAUL E. ARNOLD,
Consulting Forester, EAST STROUDSBURG, PA.

I-BinilS' TRBE CHARTS.

paX^o^A^k® series consists of fifteen numbers, divided into
PARTS of three numbers each. They may be purchased siniriv
--bythepart,-or by the full series, at the prices named below
More than half of the series has already been printed The
drawings are completed, and the remaining charts will be duI^
llshed at the earliest practicable date. One thousand naid snh

oflEf^'holeferTel* ^''''^^ '^'"'^ the immedVI?e puWimion

TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE.

Price of single number, 50 cents each.
Price of Part, $1.40 each.

A liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education or
others purchasing in large numbers. -^^u^anuu or

NOW READY.— (These with a * as yet unprinted.)

Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species.

No. 1. Biennial Pruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies
No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies '
No. 3. SotUh^ ,/Y^' Hardy, Foreign, and examples of
Eietinct Oaks. ^ ^ ^

Part II.— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species.

No. 4. The ChPstnuU and Beeches. American, Japanese and

European Chestnuts.
No 5. The Walnuts American, Japanese and European

species and varieties. *^

No. 6. The Hickories. American species and varieties.
Part 111.—

No. 7. The Willows and Poplars. Numerous snecies
No. 8. The Birches, Elms and aUies. species.

No. 9. The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species.
Part IV.—

♦No. 10. The Mofmolia and related trees.
♦No. 11. The Horse Chestnuts and allies.
No. 12. The Maples. (Printed in advance.)
Part V.—

♦No. 13. Locusts and allies of Pea Family of several trenpm

♦No. 14| Wild Cherry, M,mntain Ash, fiJef gS, Suf SLm

^ Persimmon. *

). 14|
). 15)

♦No. 15) Ashes, Oatalpas, Pauloumia, and others.

For further informaUon address the author, publisher and

proprietor,

ORACEANNA LEWIS,

^®d*ft Pennsylvania.

Yale Univer'^itg Forest School

NEW HAVEN - - CONNECTICUT

A two years' graduate course
is offered, leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry.
Graduates of collegiate institu-
tions of high standing are ad-
mitted upon presentation of
their college diplomas.

The Summer School of
Forestry is conducted at Mil-
ford, Pike County, Penna.
The session in 1905 will open
July 5th and continue seven
weeks.

For further information address

HENRY S. GRAVES, Director,

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA.

30 minutes from Broad St. Station.

BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS.

Illustrated Catalogue upon application*

JAMES L. PATTERSON,

Head Matter.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES:
Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., President.
Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President.
George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer.

FRANCIS I. GOWEN.
E. WALTER CLARK.
WALTON CLARK.
JACOB S. DIS8TON.
JAMES MAPES DODOE.

JAMES M. BECK.

EDGAR DUDLEY FARIES.

J. LEVERING JONES.

FRANCIS D. LEWIS.

RANDAL MORGAN.

RT. REV. HENRY Y. 8ATTERLEE, D.D.

64

FOREST LEAVES.

ANDORRA'S

PIN

A justly popular tree is the Pin Oak. It presents points which dis-
tinguish it readily from other Oaks, and it is undoubtedly the most valuable
variety for all practical purposes. The foliage is dense, finely divided, of
a beautiful shining green that colors to sparkling red and yellow in Fall.
The tree is easily transplanted and grows well on wet or dry ground ; is,
in fact, the quickest-growing of all the Oaks. As an avenue tree it is un-
equalled. It is also a good street tree, and one of the best for park planting.

This desirable tree will thrive in all sections
of the United States, in all soils and situations.
Our stock (over 30,000) of this Popular Tree
is clean and healthy, with plenty of fibrous roots.

EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN.

OUR BOOKLET "MORE SPECIALTIES:' 3d EDITION. DESCRIBES THESE AND MANY OTHERS.

SPECIAL OFFER.

REMEMBER! EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN!

.o Each Per lo Per loo

6 to 7 ft. Stocky Trees, $i co $8 50 $40 00

7 to 8 ft. " »* I 25 10 00 50 00

8 to 9 ft. ♦* •♦ I 50 12 50 55 00

9 to 10 ft. •' ** 2 00 17 50 60 00

10 to 12 ft. *♦ " 2 50 22 50 75 00

Prices on Larger Specimens on application.

Send for SPRING PRICE LIST and booklet " HINTS ON PLANTING."

ANDORRA NURSERIES,

WM. WARNER HARPER, Prop. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

m^

Vol. X.

Philadelphia, October, 1905. No. 5.

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

loia Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter.

_ CONTENTS.

Editorials 65

Autumn Arbor Day 5-

Highways of France g-

Report of the Department of Forestry of Pennsylvania, 1903-04... 68

Woods for Special Uses -q

Damages for Injuries to Forest Property 71

The Pennsylvania State Forest Reservations , 72

Planting Chestnuts _.

74

Lightning-Discharge

Forestry in the Japanese Empire -g

New Publication*. _g

Subscription, $1.00 per Year.
TTie attentton oj JSIurserymen and others is called to the advantages
of tORBST Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nuhed on application.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

Founded in June, 1886,
Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and
methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact-
Sltional *'"**'''^*'"*"* °^ proper forest protective laws, both State and

Annual me, ..ber ship fee. Two dollars.

U/e membership. Twenty-five dollars.
*« kf r^" '5* membership nor the work of this Association is intended
m.r^K'^^l'^ ' M ^'^ '^i^'u^ "^^ Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to icome
members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membershio
Coram ttee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. icmoersnip

President, John Birkinbine.

RiSlrd^W^t?."''' '^"- ^- ""^^^y' -^^"^" ^- «^y^-' ^'''-t Lewis.
General ^.'cretary. Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.
Corresponding Seer etarv, Mrs. John P. Lundy.
Recording Secretary, ¥. L. Bitler.
Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast.

HewetT'^ *''^'^'' '^^"' ^""*°" ^°*'=' ^^' ^^^^^^ L. Elwyn, Charles

Frftr^^^K^- \^^^'"'^' Chairman; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W
Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. '

R^'I^jT'h '?• ^''- J- Jv?°^^'"«^^' Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift
xt I ?°v°^ Lucien W. Doty, Charies W. Freedley, W. W. ScrantTn
Albert B. Weimer, Dr. Samuel Wolfe, and Hon. S P. Wolverton '

He^e7t,a"n°d"oJ^nA''sin:r'"^°' ^'"^™^" ' «^"^ «"^<*' Charles
Publication John Birkinbine, Chairman : F. L. Bitler Alfred S

Haines Alfred Paschall, and Harrison Souder. ' ^•

IVork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Mrs. George T. Heston. Miss

S.'Schi;"pp^' "• •^°*'" ^' ^""^y* ^'"'*'" S- ^''^' ^°d Abraham

foS'*"'^ gr^«'2a//Vw«, Samuel Marshall, Chairman; Eugene Ellicott
James C. Haydon, Dr. J. Newton Hunsb<;rger, and Richard Wood '

Office of the Association, 1012 Walnut St.. Philadelphia.

EDITORIALS.

• -

IN our last issue we stated that a noble speci-
men of elm tree, which for more than two
centuries has stood near the centre of Phila-
delphia, would be sacrificed to give way to a com-
mercial block, and we reproduce a view of this
impressive tree which we published in the year
1894.

The fact that the elm had been a feature of the
old Vaux Botanical Garden, and stood for many
years as an adornment to private grounds, al-
though somewhat deformed by the cutting made
so as to allow the electric wires to pass it, at-
tracted considerable attention and more or 'less
veneration. These, combined with the business
tact of the contractor, resulted in lively bidding
at an auction held on August 19th last, when the
tree was felled. It was reported that the tree,
sold in sections, netted to the contractor over
;?2ooo ; not by reason of the intrinsic value of the
wood, but because of a sentiment which had
grown up concerning the tree.

The removal of this ''oldest inhabitant'' was
a source of regret to many, but it may probably
prove a vicarious sacrifice by developing a wider
interest in tree-culture and the preservation of the
few monarchs which now remain.

In commenting upon the removal of this elm
the Philadelphia Pud/ic Ledger presents the fol-
lowing editorial under the caption :

* * An Unenviable Reputation, ' '

''The destruction of the famous old elm, per-
haps the finest tree of its kind in the Middle
States, is only one of a train of circumstances
which are likely to give this city an unenviable
reputation. Measured solely by the standard of
dollars and cents, the passing of this beautiful
landmark was perhaps inevitable, but the pity of
it is that there is no such strong public sentiment

^

66

FOREST LEAVES.

in Philadelphia as to compel attention to the
higher standards of civic beauty.

<^ Whether caused by considerations of imme-
diate profit, as in the present instance, whether
the result of official supineness and unredeemed
Philistinism, as when the criminal destruction of
the noble oaks of Sherwood was permitted, or
whether the wanton cutting down of trees is the
work of irresponsible workmen, the consequences
to Philadelphia are the same. What is needed
by those who are responsible for this vandalism
is a realization of the enormity of their offence,
an awakening to the feeling of contempt aroused
in every enlightened and cultured mind by each
recurring crime of this sort until the commission
of it becomes so thoroughly unpopular that it will
be no longer a reproach and a disgrace to the

city." . . ,

We are not prone to hold in high estimation the
things which are familiar to us, passing daily points
of historical interest which others travel hundreds
of miles to view. We have grown familiar with
trees, and it is only in late years that their value
and importance have been appreciated and the
time necessary for their reproduction understood.
For between 200 and 250 years the noble elm
referred to above has continued to grow, an
hour's work with the axe and some tackle ended
its career, and only as this end approached was
its true importance understood.

The elm is now a matter of history. May we
hope that the regret expressed at its destruction
will encourage an appreciation of other living trees
and a realization of the value of forests. J. B.
*****
With the close of vacation season many readers
of Forest Leaves have returned to their homes ;
benefitted, we hope, by a sojourn in the forests,
and encouraged by closer acquaintance with
wooded areas to greater activity for the cause of
forestry in Pennsylvania.

Some return indignant at the evidences of reck-
less destruction of the forest by wholesale, caused
by cutting without considering the future, and by
preventable forest fires. Others are provoked at
the marring of nature's beauties by cutting away
or wasting forest growth at points where such
slashing destroys a magnificent landscape.

Probably no one locality has received so much
attention this year, because of such marring of a
andscape, as the Delaware Water Gap, and the
action of the railway company responsible for
his has been vigorously attacked in the news-
papers of eastern cities.

It is quite probable that the rock exposures in
the narrow part of the Gap, which the Delaware
River has cut through the mountains, offer, from

a commercial standpoint, a satisfactory location
for a quarry and an extensive crushing plant for
the preparation of railroad ballast, but it is also
probable that the same character of rock could
have been obtained near by without largely in-
creasing the expenditure, and without seriously
marring the natural features. As it is, the restful
and impressive view of the Water Gap, with its
verdure-clad mountain slopes, is destroyed by an
extensive quarry and large aggregation of build-
ings, which offend the eye from most of the points
from which good vistas are obtainable.

The railroad company, responsible for this in-
stallation, uses the fact that the Delaware Water
Gap is on its route as an advertisement to attract
travel, but has introduced a feature which offends
the eye and which seriously detracts from the
beauties of the natural surroundings. Residents
of and visitors to the Water Gap are naturally in-
dignant, and this indignation has been widely
voiced by the public press.

The policy of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation, and the sentiment expressed by its organ—
Forest Leaves— has been to recognize the neces-
sity of utilizing the forests, and often of sacrificing
the beauties of nature to obtain business advan-
tage, and while it is not the purpose of this edi-
torial to condemn, on ex parte testimony, the ac-
tion of the railroad in establishing this quarry and
crushing plant, familiarity with the topographi-
cal and geological conditions suggest that a con-
sideration for the aesthetic features, and regard
for the enjoyments these give to many visitors,
would have permitted of carrying out the business
purposes without marring the impressive scenery
of the Delaware Water Gap.

This instance is merely mentioned as one of
the number which could be referred to, and to
help educate a public sentiment, which, as far as
possible, will insist upon the preservation of the
natural beauty of the mountain and forest.

The yearly vacations permit of changes of sur-
roundings, acquaintance with new territory, and,
to those accustomed to urban life, opportunity to
appreciate the beneficent influence of forest,
mountain or ocean. The closer >ye get to nature
the better are we equipped for life's duties.

J. B.

We understand that the Attorney General of
the State of Pennsylvania has made application
for a temporary injunction restraining the railroad
company from continuing operations at the quarry
at the Delaware Water Gap, which will determine
the legal status in this matter. We are sure the
readers of Forest Leaves will be interested in
the outcome. .

FOREST LEAVES.

67

Autumn Arbor Day.

'* \A/^^^ ^^ ^^ P^^"^ ^^^" ^^ P^^"t the tree?
. V V We plant the ship which will cross the sea,
We plant the mast to carry the sails,

We plant the plank to withstand the gales.

The keel, the keelson, and beam and knee.

We plant the ship when we plant the tree.

What do we plant when we plant the tree ?
We plant the houses for you and me ;

We plant ihe rafters, the shingles, the floors; ^
We plant the studding, the lath, the doors,
The beams, and siding, all part that be.
We plant the house when we plant the tree.

What do we plant when we plant the tree ?
A thousand things that we daily see.
We plant the spire that out-towers the crag ;
We plant the staff for our country's flag ;
We plant the shade, from the hot sun free—
^ We plant all these when we plant the tree."

Henry Abbey.

Since the establishment of Arbor Day more
than thirty years ago millions of trees have been
planted within the borders of our land, and thou-
sands of acres have been set apart for the purposes
of forestry. The observance of Arbor Day has
extended not merely to every State of the Union,
but to France, Japan and other countries beyond
the sea. ^

Since many schools are not in session during
the April Arbor Days, and since trees can be
planted in the fall as well as in the spring of the
year It has become customary in Pennsylvania
tor the schools to observe an Autumn Arbor Day.
For this purpose

Friday, October 20, 1905,

is named as a suitable day for the current year,
and the schools are urged to observe the day by
the planting of trees and by other exercises de-
signed to stimulate an interest in the science and
art of forestry.

Nathan C. Schaeffer,
State Superintendent of Public Instruction,

The 1904 Report of the Department of Waters
and Forests of France gives the area of the state
forests as 1,169,820 hectares, or 2,911,625 acres,
ihe latest financial returns, those for 1903, were
29,373,903 francs, or $5,727,911, an average of
nearly $2 per acre. The value of the wood cut
was 21,247,520 francs, and the income from other
sources 8, 126,383 francs. The value of the wood

rancs and the exports 53,900,000 francs, show-
ing an adverse balance of 113,500,000 francs.

Highways of France.

¥R. WILLIAM BALLANTINE, of Fal-
kirk, Scotland, in The State, of Provi-
dence, R. I., gives an interesting ac-
count of the boulevards and avenues of Paris and
the surrounding district :

** The roads in France suffer more from drought
than from wet. They dry quickly after rain, and
in order to shade and protect the surface from the
dry heat of summer, the planting of trees on the
sides of the roads has been largely adopted. As
showing the importance that has been attached to
this matter, royal decrees have been passed deter-
mining the manner of planting, the kind of trees
to be used, and the penalties to be imposed on
those who injure them. In the annual report of
the engineers in the several departments notice is
made of the length of the roads planted, the
number of trees and their condition. In the De-
partment of the Seine and Marne, for example
the engineer reports that,. in 1903, ^^ZZ kilometer^
ot the national routes were planted, the number
of trees being 100,306, and that 39 had been
felled and sold. The trees generally used are
bwiss poplars, acacias, elm, sycamore, Nofwav
maple, etc. . ^

'' The beautiful boulevards and avenues of Paris
are among the leading features of the city. They
generally extend in straight lines, but at different
angles from many ^places,' or open spaces, and
their broad carriage-ways, rows of trees, ample
side promenades, and the excellent manner in
which they are kept, greatly enhance the appear-
ance of an otherwise gay and fashionable city.

'' Wood IS now the favorite paving in Paris It
makes the least noise, is easily cleaned, quickly
renewed when worn out, and at most times h^
fairly good foothold for horses.

*^ Wood is generally laid on the avenues open
to the sun and wind, stone paving when there is
much heavy wagon traffic, and asphalt on the nar-
row streets and lanes. The wood mostly used is
pine wood, grown in the forests of France It is
delivered in deals at the city stores, where by
special machinery it is cut up into blocks, the
usual size being 6 inches deep by 9 inches by .
inches. It IS then passed through the creosotin^
tanks and stored to be ready for use. This pav-
mg IS always laid on a concrete foundation 6 *
inches to 7 inches thick, truly finished to the de-
sired convexity with fine cement. The surface of
this foundation, as seen on the Rue de Temple
was floated, beautifully smooth and true, like a
finished floor. The paving blocks are then laid
hard on fhis surface (without any sand). The
pavior, with a hatchet in his hand, deftly lifts the

68

"^

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

69

blocks with it one by one, places them in posi-
tion in a row, and so quickly does he do this that
he almost walks, as it were, from side to side,
completing a row as he goes. The blocks are
spaced in the rows with thin strips of wood.
When a few rows have been laid the strips are
withdrawn and hot coal tar or pitch, to the depth
of I inch, is poured in, simply for the purpose of
steadying the blocks, which are then grouted up
with fluid cement and fine sand (about half and
half), until the joints are perfectly filled. The
cement grout is used in preference to pitch, as it
does not melt in hot weather and gives better
foothold to the horses.

^* While the qualitv of the wood used may not
be so good as the Australian hard woods, still the
pine blocks, if carefully selected, are found to
wear well. It is the weak or defective blocks
that first give way and cause the surface of a
street to become uneven. Hence great care is
taken to see that every block is sound before
being laid, and so ensure as far as possible an
equal wear on the street surface. A well laid
wood pavement in the boulevards, where there is
constant traffic, has been found to last from nine
to ten years. When the blocks in a street have
become worn and defaced they are lifted, the
damaged edges pared off with a revolving cutter,
and then turned upside down and relayed on the
old concrete bed, but on this occasion with a
layer of sand as a cushion for the worn surface of
the block."

Report of the Department of Forestry of
Pennsylvania, 1903-04.

reduction of the forested area of the country
Under every government. State forestry seems to
have arisen to remedy existing evils induced by
private or corporate use of the woodlands

It is unfortunate that so long a period must
elapse between the commencement of forestry
operations and the realization of the good results
which they are expected to produce, and that the
injurious consequences in the meanwhile should
be constantly increasing. For example, it is per-
fectly clear that the State of Pennsylvama is to-
day paying the penalty for denuding our moun-
tain sides of timber, and that this penalty wi 1
probably increase in severity for the next half
century, in spite of restorative measures now in

^"^Tneeds no explanation whatever, or argument,
to convince any thoughtful person that a well-
considered, unchangeable plan is required for the
development of a crop which requires a halt cen-
tury or more to produce, and that a time-serving
policy would not only be detrimental, but abso-
lutely fatal, to the work of forest restoration

It is quite clear to those who have had the
largest experience in dealing with these forestry
i problems that the State must undertake a similar
I work in training its foresters. They should be
' educated at the expense of the State, under such
i obligations for faithfulness and continued service
' on their part as may appear desirable. ihey
should never be discharged except for cause, and
should be promoted in the order of rank and
efficiency. It is gratifying to say that Pennsyl-
vania has already commenced work in this direc-

THE report from January i, 1903, to June
I, 1904, was prepared by Dr. J.T. Roth-
rock, who was then Commissioner of For-
estry and from June ist to December 31, 1904,
by Mr. Robert S. Conklin, the present Commis-
sioner, r T% T3 4-U

This report shows at the close of Dr. Koth-
rock's administration a total of 549^5^5 acres had
been acquired for forest reserves, while the pur-
chases from June i, 1904, to December 31, 1904,
amounted to 105,972 acres, or a total of 655,537
acres These lands lie in 23 counties, a general
description of which is given on another page,
having been kindly prepared by Mr. I. C. Wil-
liams, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry.

The report sets forth that State forestry is a
matter of business and not of sentiment. It is
commenced and continued because the most vital
interests of the public demand it. Hitherto it
has been resorted to only after serious damage
has been done to the public interests by excessive

These foresters, educated at the expense of the
State, would of course be supposed to enter into
the service of the State. In the course of years
however, the number of foresters so trained would
probably be in excess of those required for the
care of the State lands. This would be no detri-
ment to the State. The farm wood-lot and the
care of larger tracts of land owned by individuals
would receive scientific care and attention in pro-
portion as the means for rendering such service
were furnished, and these foresters, unemployed
by the State, would nevertheless render important

service in such duty. . . 1

State forestry will no doubt be the main help
of the Commonwealth for the purpose of main-
taining the wood supply, equalizing the flow of
water, and other such services as woodland gen-
erally is known to render, but every acre of land
devoted to forest will be a public benefit, and
private enterprise may thus be counted upon to
supplement the forestry work of the State.

Attention is called to the desirability of the

h

State Forestry Reservation Commission having the
right before any public land is warranted to de-
termine w^hether this public land should not be
included in the forest reserves (a law to this effect
has been passed. — Ed.), of the need of surveys
of lands already obtained, of the depredation of
State lands.

The report states that the most important prob-
lem before the public to-day is the suppression of
forest fires, both on public and private lands.
All efforts at timber restoration will be more or
less neutralized so long as the present existing
condition' continues. Bad as it is at present,
however, there is great ground for hope and en-
couragement. It is but a few years since it was
deemed, by the average citizen in this State, no
crime to fire the forest. There are some uncivi-
lized portions of the United States where this
belief still exists and where, regularly, spring and
fall, the woods are systematically fired.

At present there is a growing realization of the
fact that it is a crime to start a forest fire. This
at least is a hopeful change in public sentiment,
and may be regarded as the promise of the time
when forest fires will be as effectually held in
check here as they now are in Germany and
France.

There exists, however, urgent need for con-
tinued educational efforts in order that the senti-
ment in favor of forestry protection may be sharp-
ened and increased. Even under existing laws it
is quite possible to diminish, materially, the fre-
quency and severity of these annual conflagra-
tions.

On State lands the cutting of fire lanes, with a
properly mounted warden for every 5000 acres,
is advocated, with a superintendent over each five
wardens. This would require, on the basis of one
million acres, 200 wardens and 40 superintendents,
at an annual expenditure of $168,000.

It is never economy in the long run to neglect
to provide for our national safety, because in its
keeping rests the prosperity and safety of every
individual. If the forestry work of the State is
not to be properly done, it had better be aban-
doned at once, but, if abandoned, disaster to the
Commonwealth may be regarded as assured.

As the population increases, and as the timber
of the country becomes scarcer, the price of the
forest productions will eventually increase. This
means that the State will receive a large financial
return for every cent which it has invested, or will
invest, in timber production, if it conduct its op-
erations upon a proper business basis.

In order that the State may realize these finan-
cial returns, two things are requisite. First, that
the annual destruction of growing timber by for-

est fires should be prevented. There are certain
districts in the State where this will be a slow pro-
cess. There are certain other districts of the
State Reservation where protection of the growing
timber is quite possible.

Attention is also called to the way in which
assessors evade the carrying out of the law, re-
bating a portion of the taxes on land kept in
timber, the need of compensation to be paid to
State Forestry Reservation Commission, the use
of these State lands for sanatoria and as camping
ground, and the good results secured at the Mont
Alto Sanatorium, where 66 per cent, of the inmates
were cured of incipient consumption. It is also
recommended that the Forestry Commission be,
by law, empowered to set apart upon the State
Reservations suitable areas of 100 acres each,
upon which those who are in search of health
might be, under certain restrictions, allowed to
go and erect permanent cabins or cottages, and
that when those who erected those buildings
should be dismissed from the camp, that the said
buildings were to become the property of the
Commonwealth.

Mr. George H.Wirt, State Forester, contributes
a chapter, setting forth the work done on the
Mont Alto Estate, improvement cuttings made,
plantations set out, detailing the work at the nur-
sery, on the roads and at the Forest Academy.
Valuable suggestions are made as to the best
method of administering the Mont Alto Re-
serve.

Dr. Addison M. Rothrock, Camp Physician,
describes the South Mountain Camp Sanatorium,
its rules and needs. The desirability of increas-
ing the number of cottages, so as to accommodate
75 patients (double the present capacity), to-
gether with a kitchen, bath-rooms, etc., is set
forth.

Mr. I. C. Williams, Deputy Commissioner of
Forestry, supplies a valuable review of Forest Fire
Legislation in Pennsylvania, from 1664 to the
present time, while Mr. Paul E. Arnold contrib-
utes a paper on ** A Rational Method for the Cul-
tivation of the Willow (Salix)," the report clos-
ing with a tabulated statement of timber cut in
and forest fire losses, by counties, in the years 1902
and 1903. In 1903 the area cut over was 125,981
acres, 941,147,602 feet B. M. of lumber, and
651,709 cords of bark and wood obtained. For
the same year 64,186 acres were burned by forest
fires, the loss being $241,240.

The report is embellished by several fine illus-
trations, and everyone interested in forestry in
Pennsylvania should secure a copy of this report
from the Fprestry Department at Harrisburg, Pa.,
or a member of the Legislature.

70

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

71

Woods for Special Uses.

THE Forest Service has begun a study of
woods for special uses, and will this sea-
son take up cooperage woods, box and
basket woods, vehicle and implement woods, and
woods for street paving. The manner in which
these woods will be studied is briefly indicated

below.

Woods for Street Famng.—Psiying with wood,
in one form or another, has been experimented
with in the United States for nearly seventy-five
years. The first experience was so unsatisfactory
that municipal engineers for a long time looked
upon wood pavement with disfavor. It was quiet,
cheap and comfortable, but it soon wore into
holes and ruts, and the absorption of street filth
rendered it unsanitary, while the wood speedily
decayed and had to be' replaced. In recent years,
however, both knowledge and practice have im-
proved. It has been discovered that, with the
right selection and treatment of woods and the
right method of laying, wood paving can be made
successful; that a good pavement, like a good
house, must be built on a sound foundation, and
that both absorption and decay can be prevented
in the wood by proper chemical treatment. Con-
sequently a revival in wood paving has begun,
and many of the largest cities are again trying it.
Few people realize the enormous cost and im-
portance of street pavements. Measured by the
money invested, street paving is probably the
most important of any single class of engineering
construction except steam railroads, the amount |
invested to date being estimated by a competent i
authority as approximately $515,000,000 for the 1
United States. Wood pavement is now made |
almost exclusively of one or two of the best con-
struction woods, and if it should become popular
the drain upon these woods would be seriously
increased.

The Forest Service wishes to ascertain if there
are not among the various cheaper and more
abundant species some which can by proper treat-
ment be substituted for the more valuable kinds
now in use. This study will involve three prin-
cipal lines of inquiry.

The experience of cities which have wood
pavements will be compared as to the kind of
wood used, the form of block and the kind of
construction, the qualities of the resulting pave-
ment, and the cost.

Laboratory tests will be made, first to deter-
mine to what mechanical qualities woods which
have given good service seem to owe their suc-
cess, and then as to what woods among our
cheaper varieties either possess or can be given

these qualities. The wear to which a pavement
is subjected is a very complex one, which it will
be difficult even to approximate in laboratory
tests. The final test will be actual service, but
the laboratory can, at least, give the basis for an
intelligent solution in place of an unfounded

guess. . .

Finally, the supply and location of promising

substitutes will be considered.

Cooperage IVoods.— The cooperage industry is
one of the most important branches of forest utili-
zation. According to the Twelfth Census, the
annual value of the staves, hoops and heads
made by the mills is over $20,000,000. It is es-
timated that more than 300,000 barrels, kegs,
tubs and similar articles are manufactured daily
in the United States.

Until a very recent date the woods chiefly used
for cooperage were the slow-growing hardwoods,
such as oak, elm, maple, ash, beech and birch,
but within the last few years cottonwood, poplar,
and latterly gum, have been substituted to some
extent, owing to the diminishing supply of the
species first exploited.

The depletion of the supply of raw material is
felt strongly by the manufacturer, who finds it
yearly more difficult to obtain good stock. This
is especially true for white oak, since the maker of
tight cooperage must often refuse stock which a
furniture maker would consider first-class mate-
rial. Two factors have contributed to bring
about this condition— first, the increase in the
cooperage manufacture, which has developed enor-
mously in the past quarter century ; and second,
the extremely wasteful methods employed in cut-
ting, which have left the forest in a deplorable
condition, and often wasted more material than
was used. Cutting for cooperage purposes is far
more wasteful than is ordinary lumbering.

The Forest Service in taking up this question
aims to make its investigations of practical value
to the cooperage industry and its operators. It is
I planned to bring together information regarding
the supply of raw material, and the best methods
of manufacture, the ill-effects of wasteful methods
on the forest and possible remedies for them.
Particular attention will also be given to a study
of the properties of woods, with the view of rec-
j ommending substitutes which are more abundant
than the species now used for cooperage.

Box and Basket Woods. — The amount of wood
annually consumed in the United States for pack-
ing boxes and baskets cannot be given in exact
figures, but it is much greater than is generally
realized. The State of Michigan alone has 48
box-making establishments with an annual product
valued at $2,272,621. Other States have a yet

f\

larger output. There is hardly a business in the
whole country which would not be unfavorably
affected by a serious shortage in packing box ma-
terial.

The growing scarcity and consequent high price
of most of the woods now used in this industry
make necessary a search for other suitable woods
and for means of regulating their supply, in order
that the future demand may be met and a reason-
able profit be insured to the manufacturer without
overtaxing the consumer.

The study will include the questions of supply
and demand as regards woods now used, the in-
troduction of other woods as possible substitutes
for the scarcer species, the demands of the trade,
the physical and mechanical properties required
in box and basket woods, and the methods of
manufacturing them.

Vehicle and Implement Woods. — Manufacturers
of vehicles and implements are finding that the
supply of woods used in their industries is becom-
ing more and more difficult to obtain. A careful
investigation of vehicle and implement woods has
begun, to secure more complete knowledge as to
whether new and more abundant species may not
be fitted for use in these important industries.

This study, which will be carried on in the
manufacturing establishments, and also in the
mills and logging camps which furnish the supply
of raw material, will embrace an investigation of
the properties of the woods used, the distribution
and supply of these woods, and the possibility of
replacing them by cheaper and more abundant
kinds. After as many of these establishments as
possible have been studied, extensive tests will be
made on the various woods, to find suitable sub-
stitutes.

In a paper by Dr. Schwappach, reviewed by
Forestry Quarterly, the question of the growing
space best calculated to produce maximum values
in spruce is considered. The accepted theory has
been to plartt as closely as permitted, to force the
young stand into rapid height growth and to fur-
ther the early clearing of the boles. Unusually
early thinnings made in certain Austrian forests
produced such remarkable results in increased
growth rate, that the subject was made the matter
of careful study. As a result of this study Dr.
Schwappach finds that the accepted method of
crowding spruce stunts the trees and does not
fully utilize the productive powers of the ground
on which they are growing. And ^^that the cri-
terion of the thinning (beginning with 4000 to
6000 plants to the hectare) is to be : Production
of the greatest possible number of vigorous trees

with healthy crowns roundly developed, and in the
most even distribution over the ground. ..."

[And this result in spruce is of general applica-
tion in some if not all other species. In fact, this
discovery that the German forester has made after
decades of the opposite practice is just where our
Ohio experimental station men have started.
There are, of course, vast differences between
the intensely managed Austrian spruce forest and
the catalpa or locust wood-lot of the American
farmer ; but the same general principle seems to
apply to both. It is the variety of species in our
Pennsylvania woods that makes less obvious the

j evil effect (in nature) of overcrowding. In uni-
form stands the result of a too severe struggle for
supremacy is likely to be a dwarfing of the whole

j crop, whether in corn or in loblolly pine. The
crookedest trees I ever saw were a lot of 5 -year-old
catalpa {specwsa), standing one to every three
square feet. No tree was a foot longer or shorter
than any other, and the growth for the last two
years was hardly perceptible. And yet this
method of planting had been adopted to force
the height growth and to insure clear, straight
boles.] A. S. H.

■<Z£C=>

Damages for Injuries to Forest Property.

By Ernest Brucken.
[In the Forestry Quarter ly."^

THIS paper, after citing the present rule of
the courts in awarding damages for inju-
rious trespass on timber land, — that the
damage is limited to the merchantable value of
the timber converted or destroyed, — calls attention
to the necessity for some better method of evalu-
ating forest property, so that the owner may be
compensated not only for the present value, which
may be nil, but also for the future value thus de-
stroyed. In a few cases this principle has been
followed by the courts. The great difficulty is in
proving, with the reasonable certainty the court
demands, what is this future value. Here the
trained forester must come in as an expert wit-
ness, because the economic side of forestry is so
little understood that many lawyers are incom-
petent in such cases. [Will not the certainty
that one who destroys or is responsible for the
destruction of timber in any stage of its growth
will be compelled to pay for what he destroys and
for what would have grown from the same, — will
not this certainty help the suppression of forest
fires ? In many cases where fires are set carelessly
or wilfully in young sproutland, the excuse is ad-
vanced that such growth represents no assessable
value.]

n

72

FOREST LEAVES.

The Pennsylvania State Forest
Reservations.

^-

ON December 31, 1904, the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania owned and had under
control for forestry purposes about 550,-
000 acres of land. Since that time there have
been purchases and contracts entered into for pur-
chase of about 150,000 acres additional. The
State Forest Reservation Lands will, therefore,
probably cover an area of 700,000 acres by the
close of the year 1905.

. The lands thus held for forestry purposes are
wild mountain lands, unfit for agriculture or any-
thing else but tree-growing. They are, in the^
main, covered with a fair stand of timber, much of
it young and vigorous with dense undergrowth,
having a few open places here and there, at one
time farms, many of them long since abandoned.
The State holdings for forestry purposes, as ex-
hibited by the accompanying map, do not lie in
one compact body, but are scattered about in
greater or less areas in the counties of Adams,
Bedford, Cameron, Centre, Clearfield, Clinton,
Cumberland, Dauphin, Elk, Franklin, Fulton,
Huntingdon, Juniata, Lackawanna, Lycoming,
Mifflin, Monroe, Pike, Potter, Snyder, Union,
Tioga and Wyoming. By reference to the map,
the approximate location of the State Reservations

may be seen. ;

In accordance with an early law, when investi-
gation of the forest conditions of Pennsylvania
was first undertaken, the reservations to be estab-
lished were known generally as the Delaware Res-
ervation, the Susquehanna Reservation, and the
Ohio Reservation. The lands to be procured
under this act were to lie in the Delaware water-
shed, in the Susquehanna Valley or localities
whose streams ultimately reach the Suscjuehanna
River, and in the watershed of the Ohio River.
The purchases thus far made lie within the Dela-
ware and the Susquehanna Valleys, a small portion
only draining into the valley of the Potomac.

The purchase of tracts has not proceeded suf-
ficiently far to allow a complete naming of defi-
nite and specific areas. It is believed that one
forester should not be charged with the care of
more than about 25,000 acres. If this become
the established rule, it will no doubt result in the
dividing of the whole forest reservation into suit-
able tracts ranging from 25,000 to 30,000 acres,
over which will be placed one scientifically trained
forester. Suitable names to designate these parts
of reservations will then be selected and applied
by the State Forestry Reservation Commission.
A start in this direction has been made. Those
lands which lie in the South Mountain region, on

the line between Franklin and Adams Counties,
and extending northward into Cumberland
County, are now known by the specific name of
The South Mountain Reservation. This reserva-
tion contains about 42,000 acres. That part next
to the Maryland border is known as the Mont Alto
Division, because it largely comprises the lands
formerly owned by the Mont Alto Iron Com-
pany ; while the upper portion is known as Cale-
donia Division, for the reason that a large part of
it is made up of lands formerly owned by Thad-
deus Stevens and later by the Caledonia Mining
and Manufacturing Company.

The second reservation to which has been as-
signed a definite name lies in the southwestern
part of Clinton and the northern part of Centre
Counties, and is called the Hopkins Reservation,
after the Hon. A. C. Hopkins, one of the first
members of the State Forestry Reservation Com-
mission. This reservation is now without well
defined bounds, comprising numerous tracts lying
in this locality, all of which will no doubt be con-
nected sooner or later. Convenient divisions for
forestal work will then be made.

The third named reservation consists of lands
lying in the valley of the Licking Creek, in Ju-
niata and Mifflin Counties, and is now officially
known as the Rothrock Reservation, in honor of
Dr. J. T. Rothrock, the first Commissioner of
Forestry in this Commonwealth, now a member
of the State Forestry Reservation Commission,
and the founder and developer of the forestry
work of the State, achieved after twenty years ot
unremitting endeavor. The Rothrock Reserva-
tion was so named because it lies in that part of
the State where Dr. Rothrock was born and where
he spent his boyhood years. It was his custom
to cross and recross these mountain tracts, now
comprised within the reservation, while laying
the foundation of his education at Academia.
No better or more fitting name could be bestowed
upon this particular part of the State Forest Re-

serves.

More recently the State Forestry Reservation
Commission has designated the tracts lying in
Tioga County as the William A. Stone Reserva-
tion, in honor of Governor Stone, who signed
the bill making the law whereby the State Depart-
ment of Forestry and the State Forestry Reserva-
tion Commission were created, and who at all
times was an earnest friend and a loyal supporter
of every endeavor made for the purpose of for-
warding the forestry work within the Common-
wealth. In addition to signing the bill creating
the department, he likewise affixed his signature
to three other important laws bearing upon the
subjects of timber preservation, the planting of

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72

FOREST LEAVES.

The Pennsylvania State Forest
Reservations.

ON December 31, 1904, the Commonwealth j
of Pennsylvania owned and had mider i
control for forestry purposes about 550,-
000 acres of land. Since that time there have
been purchases and contracts entered into for pur-
chase of about 150,000 acres additional. The
State Forest Reservation Lands will, therefore,
probably cover an area of 700,000 acres by t.he
close of the year 1905.

The lands thus held for forestry purposes are
wild mountain lands, unfit for agriculture or any-
thing else but tree-growing. They are, in the
main, covered with a fair stand of timber, much of
it young and vigorous with dense undergrowth,
having a few open places here and there, at one
time farms, many of them long since abandoned.
The State holdings for forestry purposes, as ex-
hibited by the accompanying map, do not lie in
one compact body, but are scattered about in
greater or less areas in the counties of Adams,
Bedford, Cameron, Centre, Clearfield, Clinton,
Cumberland, Dauphin, Elk, Franklin, Fulton,
Huntingdon, Juniata, Lackawanna, Lycoming,
Mifflin, Monroe, Pike, Potter, Snyder, Union,
Tioga and Wyoming. By reference to the map,
the approximate location of the State Reservations

may be seen.

In accordance with an early law, when investi-
gation of the forest conditions of Pennsylvania
was first undertaken, the reservations to be estab-
lished were known generally as the Delaware Res-
ervation, the Susquehanna Reservation, and the
Ohio Reservation. The lands to be procured
under this act were to lie in the Delaware water-
shed, in the Susquehanna Valley or localities
whose streams ultimately reach the Susijuehanna
River, and in the watershed of the Ohio River.
The purchases thus far made lie within the Dela-
ware and the Susquehanna Valleys, a small portion
only draining into the valley of the Potomac.

The purchase of tracts has not proceeded suf-
ficiently far to allow a complete naming of defi-
nite and specific areas. It is believed that one
forester should not be charged with the care of
more than about 25,000 acres. If this become
the established rule, it will no doubt result in the
dividing of the whole forest reservation into suit-
able tracts ranging from 25,000 to 30,000 acres,
over which will be placed one scientifically trained
forester. Suitable names to designate these parts
of reservations will then be selected and applied
by the State Forestry Reservation Commission.
A start in this direction has been made. Those
lands which lie in the South Mountain region, on

the line between Franklin and Adams Counties,
and extending northward into Cumberland
County, are now known by the specific name of
The South Mountain Reservation. This reserva-
tion contains about 42,000 acres. That part next
to the Maryland border is known as the Mont Alto
Division, because it largely comprises the lands
formerly owned by the Mont Alto Iron Com-
pany ; while the upper portion is known as Cale-
donia Division, for the reason that a large part of
it is made up of lands formerly owned by Thad-
deus Stevens and later by the Caledonia Mining
and Manufacturing Company.

The second reservation to which has been as-
signed a definite name lies in the southwestern
part of Clinton and the northern part of Centre
Counties, and is called the Hopkins Reservation,
after the Hon. A. C. Hopkins, one of the first
members of the State Forestry Reservation Com-
mission. This reservation is now without well
defined bounds, comprising numerous tracts lying
in this locality, all of which will no doubt be con-
nected sooner or later. Convenient divisions for
forestal work will then be made.

The third named reservation consists of lands
lying in the valley of the Licking Creek, in Ju-
niata and Mifflin Counties, and is now officially
known as the Rothrock Reservation, in honor of
Dr. J. T. Rothrock, the first Commissioner of
Forestry in this Commonwealth, now a member
of the State Forestry Reservation Commission,
and the founder and developer of the forestry
work of the State, achieved after twenty years ot
unremitting endeavor. The Rothrock Reserva-
tion was so named because it lies in that part of
the State where Dr. Rothrock was born and where
he spent his boyhood years. It was his custom
to cross and recross these mountain tracts, now
comprised within the reservation, while laying
the foundation of his education at Academia.
No better or more fitting name could be bestowed
upon this particular part of the State Forest Re-

serves.

More recently the State Forestry Reservation
Commission has designated the tracts lying in
Tioga County as the William A. Stone Reserva-
tion, in honor of Covernor Stone, who signed
the bill making the law whereby the State Depart-
ment of Forestry and the State Forestry Reserva-
tion Commission were created, and who at all
times was an earnest friend and a loyal supporter
of every endeavor made for the ])urpose of for-
warding the forestry work within the Common-
wealth. In addition to signing the bill creating
the department, he likewise affixed his signature
to three other important laws bearing upon the
subjects of timber preservation, the planting of

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VIEW OF ROAD BUILT BY FORESTRY DEPARTMENT ON TOP OF SOUTH

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INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

FOREST LEAVES.

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shade trees along public streets in boroughs, and
along the roadsides of the Commonwealth.

What is now for convenience known as the
Central Reservation includes the large areas lying
in Union, Centre, Snyder, Mifflin and Hunting-
don Counties, approximating 200,000 acres. This
magnificent reservation, stretching in a north-
easterly and southwesterly direction from Spruce
Creek and Barree Furnace in Huntingdon County
to within a few miles of Williamsport on the
northeast, is destined to become one of the prin-
cipal reservations in the State. When the few
remaining gaps are closed it will be possible to
travel over a tract seventy miles long and from
three to ten miles wide without leaving the bounds
of the reservation.

The 55,000 acres now comprising the reserva-
tion in Pike and Monroe Counties is simply a
nucleus for further large purchases in the north-
eastern corner of the State. Other nuclei are
found in southern Lackawanna, central Wyoming,
eastern Lycoming, northwestern Clearfield, south-
ern Bedford and the North Mountain region be-
tween Franklin and Fulton Counties.

The 3300 acres in northern Dauphin will in all
likelihood be extended, while purchases will
shortly begin in the watershed of the Ohio
Valley.

It was the idea of Governor Stone, the cham-
pion of the Pennsylvania forestry movement, that
these reservations, in addition to serving the pur-
poses of growing timber for future lumber supply
and for preserving at full flow the headwaters ' of
our creeks and streams, should be held as great
natural parks or outing grounds for the citizens of
the Commonwealth, wherein they may enjoy the
privileges of camping, hunting and fishing in
season, and other forms of recreation, subject
always to the rules of the Commission and the
laws of the Commonwealth. That this idea is
being rapidly laid hold of is evidenced by the
fact that upwards of 2200 permits were issued by
the Forestry Department during the latter half of
the year 1904 for camping upon the State Forest
Reservation Lands. Most of these were hunters
during the fall season, some were fishermen, and
many those who went simply for the enjoyment of
camp life.

In order to protect the reservations and to
know who are upon them, the Forestry Commis-
sion has adopted certain rules for the government
thereof, and among these rules is one requiring
that all persons who desire to camp upon the
reservation lands shall first procure a permit from
the Commissioner of Forestry, in which the camp
site is designated. No charge is made therefor,
and it is issued for the asking to all proper persons

who are willing to subscribe and agree to be
bound by the rules adopted for the government of
the reserves. The purpose of the permit is that
the department may know who are upon these
public lands and at what place, so that violations
of the law, if any, may be the more easily traced
and the violators punished. This rule has been
readily acceded to and complied with by the citi-
zens of the Commonwealth. It imposes no hard-
ship and is what any intelligent private owner
^ would demand for the protection of his private
holdings. Inasmuch as the citizens of the State
in their collective capacity are the actual owners
of the forest reserves, their ready compliance with
the rules and regulations has been obtained in
almost every case, and this after a lapse of a little
;more than a year, during which time these rules
have been in force. The State Forestry Reserva-
tion Commission, therefore, encourages the citi-
zens of the Commonwealth to avail themselves of
the privileges offered upon the forest reservations.
All lawful hunting and fishing are allowed, unless
for good reasons a stream or tract may be tempo-
rarily closed, and permits therefor are not required
where persons do not remain upon the reserves
over night. In return for the privileges thus con-
. ferred, the Commonwealth simply asks that the
laws of the State and the rules of the Commission
be obeyed, and that those who are accorded privi-
leges should take the same interest in protecting
the reserves from spoliation as they would in case
of their own private holdings.
* Camping permits may be procured upon ad-
dressing the Commissioner of Forestry at Harris-
burg. The permit should be applied for at least
a week before the time the party desires to go out.
Copies of the rules governing the Forest Reserva-
tion Lands may also be procured from the Commis-
sioner of Forestry, while copies of the Fish, Game,
and Forestry Laws may be obtained from the
Governor of the Commonwealth, the Secretary of
the Commonwealth, the Game Commission, or the
Commissioner of Forestry, all at Harrisburg.

It is hoped by thus throwing open the reserves
to the people they will avail themselves of the
opportunity, act upon it, see the work that has
been done, learn of that now in contemplation,
and thus become acquainted with a great eco-
nomic movement, which, if well carried out in
accordance with the present plans, will be of un-
told value to the State in years to come.
. The Pike and Monroe County Reservation may
4)e reached over the Pennsylvania Railroad via
Manunka Chunk to East Stroudsburg ; also over
the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western. This
reservation may also be reached from Hawley, in
Wayne County.

74

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

75

. I

The Central Reservation may be reached over
the Pennsylvania Main Line and Northern Central
from Lewisburg, up the Buffalo Valley, in Union
County, from Williamsport on the north, from
Bellefonte on the west, or from Huntingdon on
the southwest.

The Rothrock Reservation may be reached
over the Pennsylvania Main Line from McVey-
town, Mifflin County, while the Hopkins Reser-
vation is accessible from Renovo, Clinton County,
upon Philadelphia and Erie Railroad. The lands
in Cameron County are accessible from Driftwood,
while those in Tioga and Potter are probably best
reached by journeying to the respective county
seats, and there procuring the services of guides.

The lands in Clearfield County may be reached
over the Pittsburg and Allegheny Valley Low
Grade Division to Penfield, or over the Clearfield
Division running from Tyrone on the Pennsylva-
nia Main Line to the borough of Clearfield.

The South Mountain Reservation is reached
over the Cumberland Valley Railroad from Har-
risburg to Chambersburg, and thence over the
Waynesboro Branch of this line. It is also access-
ible from .York and Gettysburg by way of the
Western Maryland to Waynesboro. The lands
lying in the North Mountain along the western
edge of Franklin County are most accessible from
Chambersburg, where teams must be procured,
while the reservation in southern Bedford may be
reached from Huntingdon over the Huntingdon
and Broadtop Railroad to the borough of Bedford.

The Dauphin County Reservation lying in the
Lykens Valley may be reached over the Lykens
Valley Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, or
over the Philadelphia and Reading, both of which
enter Lykens.

The work of forest preservation, the preserva-
tion of stream-flow, and incidentally furnishing
pleasant hunting, fishing, and recreation grounds
for the people, is yet in its infancy. Many of our
citizens know little or nothing about it, and no
better means for becoming acquainted with this
movement can be employed than an acceptance
of the privileges herein above detailed.

An important adjunct to the forestal work in
this Commonwealth is the State Forest Academy
at Mont Alto, located upon the western edge of
the South Mountain Reservation, where students
are prepared to become scientific foresters, after-
ward to enter the employ of the State upon the
Forest Reservations.

The Academy is now entering upon the third
year of its existence, and its full quota of students
is earnestly engaged in their studies. The Acad-
emy has thus far been a success, and now has be-
fore it the promise of great usefulness.

Planting Chestnuts.

¥ORE than forty years ago a rough hillside
farm came into the possession of a man
who understood how to make it pay,
and who had faith to plant trees. On the farm
were three bearing chestnut trees, no two alike,
but each yielding a good crop of large, fine
flavored nuts. From these, seedlings were planted
in a double line along the lane. These trees are
now about forty years old and have been bearing
for years but tolerable crops of small nuts. As
he was'selling to the nurserymen bushels of chest-
nuts from his old trees, the seedlings from which
he was assured were '*all right," the owner did
not think it worth while to graft these trees. The
mistake has cost him thousands of dollars ; for
not one of all these fifty trees is at all like the
parent tree. These trees have never borne more
than a bushel of nuts, while one of the old trees
has frequently given five, and another as high as
six, bushels in one season. One of these old
trees seems to be immune to the chestnut worm ;
seasons when the crop from a nearby tree is all
sorted out ** wormy," this one has perfect fruit.
This tree Charles Parry has named as a new va-
riety, the Bartram, in honor of its owner, Hib-
berd Bartram.

In the days when big chestnuts brought $io a
bushel the crops from these trees were an inspira-
tion ; and so two small orchards were planted :
one now fifteen years old was planted with trees
raised by a neighbor and grafted from record trees
of several varieties ; the other, about the same
age, was set with grafted Numbos from a nursery.
While the Numbos are just now coming into bear-
ing and very sparingly, the other orchard has been
producing for ten years a uniformly good grade of
chestnut.

The necessity of grafting seems to be fixed by
this experience. The one real difficulty remain-
ing is the chestnut worm, for which no satisfac-
tory remedy has been found. Yet even at present
prices chestnuts pay. Even these ungrafted trees
are worth several dollars apiece for posts, they
being from two to three feet in diameter. Several
hundred grafts were cut from the *' Bartram"
tree last year and given to a neighboring nursery
to put in seedling trees, to be planted at a suita-
ble time in a new orchard. The trees will be set
fifty feet apart each way, should begin bearing in
five years, and keep it up during the lifetime of
another generation.

Alfred S. Haines.

[We wish others of our readers would send us
data in regard to chestnut culture. — Ed.]

Lightning-Discharge.

T ^ IGHTNING often strikes trees, and spe-
1_X cially such as stand singly or overtop
their surroundings.
The consequences of this striking are different,
not only affecting the exterior appearance, but
. also influencing the tree-life. In many cases only
a narrow strip of bark is cut ofl*, and the tree con-
tinues to grow without trouble, recovering the
damaged area, as the oaks are doing ; in other
cases when so damaged, the trees, especially the
conifers, die more or less. Sometimes there is an
entire barking of the trees struck by lightning,
and frequently the trees are split and more or less
splintered.

A strange feature is the springing of the light-
ning from one tree to the other, causing the grad-
ual dying of a large number of trees in the vicinity
of a tree struck by lightning ; this is specially true
in spruce and fir forests.

Lightning is often the cause of forest fires when
it strikes dry or dead trees. No species of wood
is exempt from lightning-discharge, but, as a rule,
some suffer more than others. Oak, poplar, white
pine and spruce are most frequently struck, while
the beech is seldom damaged, and that species is
considered as 'Mightning-proof."

Paul E. Arnold.

In the delayed May number of the Forestry
Quarterly we find an interesting discussion of
methods of reproducing white pine, — Mr. S. B.
Elliott of the Pennsylvania Commission contribu-
ting ^' The Minnesota Experiment," and Dr. B. E.
Fernow comments on the same. The so-called ex-
periment is the management of the 200,000 acres
of pine land to be selected by the U. S. Forest
Service from the Chippewa Indian Reservation in
northern Minnesota. The rules formulated by
the service for the cutting and reproduction of
this timber provide that 5 per cent, of all pine
trees shall be left, and that all pine trees under a
certain size shall not be molested. 1

Mr. Elliott, after hinting at the unwisdom of
cutting th^se 1,000,000,000 feet of timber in the
face of a certain rise in the market, goes on to
question the propriety of this natural method of
reproduction by leaving seed trees. He assumes 1
the substantial resemblance of the pine forest I
under discussion to those that once existed farther I
east. The dense, even aged stand of white pine
that the Pennsylvania lumberman worked in was |
quickly ruined, even though in the earlier fellings I
only the largest trees were removed — the changed i
conditions proving fatal to the survivors. Besides, |
natural conditions prevent a full seeding of the j

ground, so that at best only a partial yield can be
secured, and this, owing to the greater struggle in
the natural forest, only after 150 years, as against
100 or 120 years, where planting is resorted to. .
The conclusion is that, although this method is a
compromise with a tardy public opinion, it is
likely to result in failure.

Dr. Fernow, with the advantage of having been
on the ground about a year after the paper above
referred to was prepared, takes up the questions
involved in it and discusses them from the forest-
ers' standpoint. As to the best silvicultural
method in any given case, even in Germany, with
over 100 hundred years' experience, foresters are
not agreed. In our present undeveloped state
any system not demonstrably bad is desirable.
The reserve in Minnesota includes red pine lands,
jack pine lands, white pine lands and the mixed
pine lands. The work done, in the first type only,
looks like the Scotch pine areas in Germany,
where natural regeneration is still practiced. The
5 per cent, of seed trees means about six per acre,
and the brush is burned unnecessarily clean, and
there is enough two- to five-year-old volunteer
growth to insure its being filled out by the seed
trees. With the white pine, where the seed trees
will be only three to the acre, and where the
struggle with hardwood species will be more se-
vere, the results will vary. In the 5 per cent,
reservation has been kept simply the possibility of
a natural regeneration. By regulating the time of
cutting to suit the seed years, and by the judi-
cious and timely use of fire, a greater degree of
success would be insured. The success of this or
of any forest problem depends upon a manager.

'*To think that a general prescription will se-
cure a satisfactory regeneration, except by a lucky
combination of conditions, is to expect that by
putting a brush and a paint-box into a greenhorn's
hands a masterpiece will result. All that has
been done in the reservation of seed trees is to
prevent the spilling of the paint-box, and that,
to be sure, is needful for the coming painter."
But as to the definite question of clearing and
planting as against natural regeneration, the com-
pelling argument in favor of the latter method in
this country is that at present the increased cash
outlay at first, with the great fire risk and low
stumpage values, makes planting practically im-
possible.

It is interesting to note the result of burning
the brush in this and other operations. The cost
has varied from $1.00 to $2.50 or $3.00 (in
hardwoods) per acre. Some of the companies
^^%'g^'^^> on the Chippewa Reserve propose to ex-
tend the practice to their own operations, for the
protection it furnishes. A. S. H.

76

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

77

t

ii

Forestry in the Japanese Empire.

THE Imperial Bureau of Forestry, Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Commerce, of
the government of Japan, has prepared a
pamphlet entitled Forestry and Forest Products
of Japan. This publication shows the extent and
character of the forests of Japan and their prod-
ucts in a complete manner.

The forest administration of Japan is regulated
by the '' forest law " of 1897, which provides the
rules regarding the working of the available for-
ests as well as the restriction of felling in the re-
serve forests, with "other matters connected there-
with. The execution of the forest law is carried
on by the local governments and at the same time
is placed under the surveillance of the Minister
of Agriculture and Commerce. By virtue of the
imperial ordinance of 1886 the whole empire was
divided into 16 districts, called major forests,
which are divided into 325 minor forest reserves.
The latter are again divided into protection sta-
tions.

The organic law applied to Japan forests is in
force in the mainland, Shikoku and Kiushiu.
The State forests of Hokkaido, owing to the ad-
vancement of colonization in that island, are now
under the Department of Home Affairs, the direct
charge of which is vested in the governor of the
island. The State forests of Formosa also are
managed by the local governor under surveillance
4 of the Minister of Home Affairs.

Geographically, Japan is composed of six prin-
cipal islands and smaller ones of varied size and
importance, numbering several hundreds.

From an economic point of view the forests of
Japan are divided into ** utilization forests" and
** protection forests." The ** utilization forests"
are to be managed by the owners as they like and
maintained for the utilization of their product.
The object of available forest regulation is to at-
tain the largest possible yield by encouraging the
free exertions of enterprising foresters, so that a
valuable source of wealth may be thus retained
for the benefit of the country. In general those
forests which are owned by the State and Crown
are being improved in accordance with the results
of modern scientific research. These forests are
valuable, while most of those held privately are
left in their natural condition with no attempt at
improvement.

Forests are found everywhere in the empire,
from Formosa, in the extreme south, to Hok-
kaido, in the extreme north. The distribution is
greatly influenced by the elevation of the country
and the density of population. Except a few for-
ests scattered over the plains the main forest land

is in the mountain systems of the country which
traverse the whole empire lengthwise from the
south to the north. Thus the different mountain
chains which traverse Hokkaido lengthwise and
transversely constitute a splendid forest area.

In the main island a chain of forests begins
with Mount Hakkoda, in Mutsu, and extends to
the boundary line from Mount Asama, in Shinano,
to the crown forests of Fuji and Amagi, between
the provinces of Kai and Suruga. In the prov-
ince of Kii the chain starts from Mount Kumano
and runs to meet the forests in the Yoshino dis-
trict of Yamato. In Shikoku the line crosses the^
boundary between Sanuki and Awa and proceeds
over the summit of Mount Ishizuchi to the forest
in Tosa. In Kyushu the line is continued through
Mount Aso and extends to Mount Kirishima to-
ward the south. Thus the forests of Japan mostly
lie in the mountainous districts, along the back-
bone of the country, and are seldom found in the
plains or along the coast. They are most numer-
ous in the cooler regions of the north, the growth
being less in the warmer south, as is shown in the
table on page 77, the figures given being in cho^
one cho being equivalent to two and a half acres
and a square mile containing 259 cho.

The table does not include the forests of For-
mosa and the Kurile islands, which now are under
investigation.

As shown in the table the distribution of for-
ests is largely due to local influences, and the
products are in like manner varied. Excepting
Hokkaido, which was opened only thirty years
ago, Japan in its northern part contains many
mountains of great height and steepness. There
forests grow most luxuriantly and are a most val-
uable product of the land. In the middle part
of the main island the mountain character is well
represented by Mount Fuji and the surrounding
mountains. They decrease in size and number
toward the southwest, where there is much well
worked, arable land, varied with some hills and
mountains of less prominence.

The unequal distribution of forests in the coun-
try is explained by these geological features, com-
bined with social and economic agencies which
greatly modify the progress of this important
national industry. In the older and densely
populated sections the necessities of the people
and the demand for agricultural land have induced
a lavish denudation of forest areas, the same as
in other countries.

After all has been said, many regions are still
well supplied with timber. In the northern prov-
inces of the main island and Hokkaido the forests
have not only yielded a supply for the local in-
habitants, but a good deal of timber and its

Regions.

Hokkaido, .
Aomori, . .
Akita, . . .
Miyagi, . .
Tokyo, . .
Nagano, . .
Osaka, . . .
Hiroshima, . ,
Kochi,. . . .
Kumamoto,
Kagoshima, .
Okinawa, . .

Totals,

State Forests.

Cho.

5,492,489

1,370,887

1,091,491

1,216,118

942,253

931,746

567,716

281,948

336,312

331,442

Imperial Forests.

Cho.

651,550
29,788

46,630

13,125,320

126

628,859
476,304
304,549

513

Municipal
Forests.

Cho.

440,278

81,061

11,509

91,536

131,910

275,214

592,497

344,763

87,965

45,718

47,015
5,566

Forests of

Shrines and

Temples,

Cho.

2,091,789 1,714,754

10,737
266

9,524
14,684

2,328
106,977
12,829
4,52t)
4,546
1,212

167,629

Private Forests.

Cho.

14,827
440,275

59,837

359,532

1,038,921

305,735
1,234,940

1,342,579

597,274
503,124

85,975
4,853

Totals.

5,987,872

Cho.
6,158,966

1,932,758
1,163,103

1,746,836
2,756,627

1,991,327
2,806,679

1,982,632

1,206,079

884,830

580,480

57,049

23,087,364

products has been exported. Hokkaido exports
timber to the main island and China and Korea
for use in house and railroad building. Two
species of cedar produced in Aomori and Akita
are exported not only to Tokyo and Osaka, but
to Shikoku and Kyushu. While the forests in
the northern provinces of the main island are
chiefly virgin, the forests in the southern prov-
inces are mainly the results of planting. Silvi-
culture was early developed in Yoshino, and in
parts of Kii, Tamba, Inaba, Higo and Settsu,
where are found splendid woods producing both
timber and fuel and managed under a scientific
system. The owners of these forests have lately
come to consider it to their advantage to cut their
trees earlier than in former times, leaving the
production of big timber for special purposes to
the natural forests of the north.

The forests of Japan are divided into four
groups, — Tropical, Sub-Tropical, Temperate and
Arctic Forests.

The Tropical Forests grow in the whole of
Formosa, the southern half of Okinawa, the
Yayeygama Group and the Ogasawara Islands.
Of the tropical flora, the banyan, with eighteen
species, heads the list, followed by several species
of palms and bamboo, none producing useful
timber except the bamboo.

The Sub-Tropical Forests comprise a portion of
Okinawa, the whole of Shikoku and Kyushu, and
that part of Honshu south of 36° N. There are
numerous specimens of valuable trees in this re-
gion, but owing to the dense population and
reckless felling, only a few forests preserve their
primitive features. These trees can be divided
into three classes, — broad leafed evergreen, broad
leafed deciduous and pine forests. Of the broad
leafed evergreen trees the more important are
the camphor and some varieties of oaks ; of the
broad leafed deciduous, three varieties of oaks ;

while the red and black pine are prominent in
the pine family.

The forests of the temperate zone, extending
from the centre of the main island northward,
and to the southern part of Hokkaido, are largely
coniferous. All the varieties have tough, strong
wood which is easily worked, as is usual with
conifers. Fourteen kinds of conifers are men-
tioned, three of which are pines. The broad
leafed or deciduous trees — called in America
hardwoods — are numerous in this zone, occupying
more than one-half the forest area. They are,
however, seldom found in solid bodies as in this
country, though some hardwood forests are found
on the main island and in Hokkaido. Seventeen
species of deciduous trees are mentioned in the
commissioner's report. It is stated that the zel-
kowa keaki is a variety particularly worthy of
note, often attaining large dimensions. The wood
is strong, hard and durable, and is valued for
house and ship building and for furniture.

The forests in the so-called Arctic or frigid
forest zone, including the northern half of Hok-
kaido and the Kuriles, are of little account, the
timber being of a stunted and scrubby growth.

As a whole, the difl"erent forest zones, as repre-
sented by their typical species, make the following
ratio in the timbered area of Japan :

Conifer forests, ....
Broad leaf forests, .
Conifers and broad leaf forests, .
Thinly stocked or devoid of trees.

Per Cent.

21

. 25

. 45
. 9

In the State forests the relative proportions of
the different kinds of woods are :

Conifer forests, ....
Broad leaf forests, .
Conifers and broad leaf forests, .
Thinly stocked or devoid of trees,

Per Cent.

II

. 28

. 49
. 12

78

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

79

1 1

The forest areas devoted to conifers before
long will attain the ratio to which they are enti-
tled, owing to the increasing demand, which pro-
motes their conservation and culture. In the
Imperial forests, to which greater attention is paid,
the percentages are : conifers, 23, broad leafed, 24 ;
conifer and broad leaf, 49 per cent. , thinly stocked
or blank, 4.

Tree planting and culture are greatly adding to
the resources of the virgin forests, so that Japan
seems to be wisely making provision to carry on
the lumber industry for a long period of time.

New Publications.

The Red Gum. By Alfred K. Chittenden, As-
sistant Forest Inspector, Bureau of Forestry, De-
partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, 8vo,
56 pages, illustrated.

This is issued as Bulletin No. 58, and also con-
tains a discussion of the mechanical properties of
the wood by W. Kendrick Holt. Red gum
grows in mixture with ash, cottonwood and oak
throughout the hardwood bottom lands of the
Southern States, but in the past has had no mar-
ketable value owing to its tendency to warp and
twist. Mr. Chittenden describes the characteris-
tics of the red gum tree, mentioning its enemies.
The rapid increase in the market for this wood in
the past six years are described, the methods of
lumbering set forth, together with the use, prop-
erties and prices of the wood. Tables show the
rate of growth of the red gum, and suggestions are
made in regard to the conservative management
of the hardwood bottom lands of the South. Mr.
Holt has prepared a number of tables of tests of
strength made of the green wood of the gum, and
in a comparison made with the loblolly pine the
red gum showed a slight superiority. The bulle-
tin is embellished by six plates and a map.

The Maple Sugar Industry. Bulletin No. 59,
Bureau of Forestry, Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C, 56 pages, Svo, illustrated.*

This monograph was prepared by William F.
Fox, Collaborator, Bureau of Forestry, and Wil-
liam F. Hubbard, Forest Assistant, Bureau of
Forestry, with a discussion of the Adulteration of
Maple Products, by H. W. Wiley, Chief Bureau
of Chemistry. The whole subject has been gone
over in a most thorough manner, Col. Fox having
made an especial study of the industry. Inter-
esting facts are given as to the history and present
status of maple sugar making, the various im-
provements in the methods of gathering the sap,
as well as the manufacture of sirup and maple

sugar, increasing the yield of the trees and the
purity of the product. Descriptions of the dif-
ferent varieties of maple trees are given, with
suggestions for the improvement of maple groves.
The closing chapter treats of the adulterations of
maple sirup and sugar, showing that the major
portion of these products as sold in the United
States are adulterated chiefly by the use of sugar
and glucose. Eight plates and ten text figures aid
in an admirable presentation of the maple sugar
industry.

Report on an Examination of a Forest Tract
in Western North Carolina. By Franklin W.
Reed, Forest Assistant, Bureau of Forestry, De-
partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, Svo,
32 pages, illustrated.

This report is known as Bulletin No. 60, and
discusses the proper treatment of about 16,000
acres belonging to the Linville Improvement
Company, situated in the mountainous section of
North Carolina. It is the desire to improve this
section as a summer resort, and at the same time,
if it can be done, obtain a return from the forest
products. A general description is given of the
tract, with the various typical trees, etc. It
shows that lumbering on a large scale would de-
feat the object in view, and gives recommenda-
tions in regard to roads, cutting, possible revenue
which could be derived, etc.

#

Terms Used in Forestry and Logging. Bulletin
No. 61, Bureau of Forestry, Department of Agri-
culture, Washington, D. C, Svo, 63 pages.

This monograph was prepared by the Bureau of
Forestry in co-operation with The Society of
American Foresters, and gives definitions of the
various terms used in forestry and logging, also
in the more important, German and French equiv-
alents.

The first half of the pamphlet is devoted to
forestry. There we may read all the technical
terms in good use, from ** absolute forest land"
to '* yield table." Many terms explain them-
selves, but where they are not so readily under-
stood the short definition makes plain at once the
idea conveyed and the need of a special word or
phrase to convey it.

The logging terms are listed in the last half of
the bulletin and contains some remarkable ex-
pressions—terms which, though evidently derived
from slang, are now in good use among woods-
men either throughout the country or in the region
denoted in each case.

A map shows the forest regions of the United
States, letters after the definition indicating in
which region the words are used.

J^XPERT advice on any forestal proposition fur-
nished, and estimates of timber, valuation, surveys
and working plans made by

PAUL E. ARNOLD,
Consulting Forenter, READING, PA.

LEin^IS* TREE CH75RTS.

The whole series consists of fifteen numbers, divided into
PARTS of three numbers each. They may be purchased singly,
—by the part,— or by the full series, at the prices named below.
More than half of the series has already been printed. The
drawings are completed, and the remaining charts will be pub-
lished at the earliest practicable date. One thousand paid sub-
scriptions of 1^6.00 each would insure the immediate publication
of the whole series.

TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE.

Price of single number, 50 cents each.
Price of Part, $1.40 each.

A liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education or
others purchasing in large numbers.

NOW READY.— (These with a * as yet unprinted.)

Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species.

No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies
No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies.
No. 3, Southern, Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples of
Extinct Oaks.

Part IT.— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species.

No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and

European Chestnuts.
No. 5. The Walnuts. American, Japanese and European

species and varieties.
No. 6. The Hickories. American species and varieties.

Part III.—

No. 7. The WiUows and Poplars. Numerous species.

No. 8. The Birches, Elms and allies.

No. 9. The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species.

Part IV.—

♦No. 10. 77^6 Magnolia and related trees.
♦No. 11. The Horse Chestnuts and allies.
No. 12. The Maples. (Printed in advance.)

Part V.—

♦No. 13. Locusts and allies of Pea Family of several genera
♦No. 14) Wild Cherry, Mountain Ash, Sweet Gum, Sour Oum

> Persimmon.
♦No. 15) Ashes, Catalpas, Pauloumia, and other$.

For further Information address the author, publisher and

proprietor,

QRACEANNA LEWIS,
Media, • - - . Pennsylrania.

Yale Univer^ifsJ Forest School

NEW HAVEN - - CONNECTICUT

A two years' graduate course
is offered, leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry.
Graduates of collegiate institu-
tions of high standing are ad-
mitted upon presentation of
their college diplomas.

The Summer School of
Forestry is conducted at Mil-
ford, Pike County, Penna.

For further information address

HENRY S. GRAVES, Director,

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA.

30 minutes from Broad St. Station.

BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOTS.

Tllttstrated Catalogue upon application*

JAMES L. PATTERSON,

Head Master.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES:
Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., President.
Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President.
George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer.

FRANCIS I. GOWEN.
E. WALTER CLARK.
WALTON CLARK.
JACOB S. DISSTON.
JAMES MAPES DODGE.

JAMES M. BECK.

EDGAR DUDLEY PARIES.

J. LEVERING JONES.

FRANCIS D. LEWIS.

RANDAL MORGAN.

RT. REV. HENRY Y. SATTERLEE, D.D.

80

FOREST LEAVES.

y

^^k'^&^' ^.,— i

f

ANDORRA'S

PIN OAKS

A justly popular tree is the Pin Oak. It presents points which, dis-
tinguish it readily from other Oaks, and it is undoubtedly the most valuable
variety for all practical purposes. The foliage is dense, finely divided, of
a beautiful shining green that colors to sparkling red and yellow in Fall.
The tree is easily transplanted and grows well on wet or dry ground ; is,
in fact, the quickest-growing of all the Oaks. As an avenue tree it is un-
equalled. It is also a good street tree, and one of the best for park planting.

This desfrable tree will thrive in all sections
of the United States, in all soils and situations.
Our stock (over 30,000) of this Popular Tree
is clean and healthy, with plenty of fibrous roots.

EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN.

OUR BOOKLET "MORE SPECIALTIES," 3d EDITION, DESCRIBES THESE AND MANY OTHERS.

SPECIAL OFFER.

REMEMBER! EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN!

■•' . Each Per 10 Per loo

6 to 7 ft. Stocky Trees, $i oo $8 50 $40 00

7 to 8 ft. ** •• I 25 10 00 50 00

8 to 9 ft. '* " I 50 12 50 55 00

9 to 10 ft. ** ** 2 00 17 50 60 00

10 to 12 ft. ** •• 2 50 22 50 75 00

Prices on Larger Specimens on application.

Send for SPRING PRICE LIST and booklet " HINTS ON PLANTING."

ANDORRA NURSERIES,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

WM. WARNER HARPER, Prop.

Vol. X. Philadelphia, December, 1905. No. 6.

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

loia Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter.

CONTENTS.

-- . Kditorials o.

Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the PennsylvanVa 'Forestry

Report of the Council of the Pennsy^Vania'ForesVrV'Association.*

Association

Vr^?\A "f-^l'^A jj"'""" "' '"'' r-ennsyivania forestry Association. 83

rTesidential Address n-'

Treasurer's Report ^

Report of the General Secretary.*.*.'.'.'!!.'.".* ofi

Forest Planting for Profit in Massachusetts.. q°

Another " Largest Tree in the State " II

Woodlot Forestry gg

President Roosevelt Advocates 'Fores't"R*e's'erv*es*!!!.".' go

limber Resources of Liberia ""* ^

Forest Preserve District for Chicago! 'ill* ^

Maine's Forest Fires ....! 9°

Deforestation and Climate ^^

The Need of Reforestation ^^

An Early Experiment in Fo'r'es't'^y*! f

New Pnblications 94

94

Subscription, $1.00 per Year.
./v^ ''"'«/'^« 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,
Founded in Junh, 1886,

i;t?hrH,'°f1-'''T'"^,'^ information in regard to the necessity and
methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact-

Nldonal ''"*°''""'*="* ""^ P'"«P*='- ^o--"' protective laws, both State and

Annual members hip fee, Two dollars.
U/e membership, Twenty-five dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended
mem'w "'»? ' M ^" ^'^'t ?^ P<^'^"*yJvania. Persons desiHng to become

CnT^uf '^°"''* w"? 'H' "^'"•^^ *° the Chairman of the MembershiD
Committee, T012 Walnut Street, Phila icmuersnip

President, John Birkinbine.

RiSl'd'^WoS'"'' '^'"' ^- "''^^^' ^^"^^^ ^- ^^y^°"' ^'^-^ Lewis.
General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.
torrespondtn^ Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy.
Recording: Secretary, ¥. L. Bitler.
Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast.

Hewet'!"^"^"^'"'^''' ^"- '^""^°" ^°''*' ^'' ^^^'^^ L- ^'^y"' Charles

Prf?'"'r^i:^-^-^"^'"''*'y' Chairman; Dr. Henry M. Fisher W W
Frazler Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Patil. ' ' '

Membership, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Mrs. George F. Baer. Edwin Swift
Albert' R W Lucien W. Doty, Charles W. Frefdley, W. \\^ sTrant^n

/I, •h^""^ ' m'- J^"""^' ^°'^*=' ^°d Hon. S P. Wolverton '
Hf;^;;U"„3"joh''nA'''Sii%''"^"' ^'^''•'"^"^ «^"^ «"^^' ^^'^^'^^

^Vork, Mrs. Rrinton Coxe. Chairman ; Mrs. George T. Heston Miss
S.'s^c'h^o^pp^'^' ^"- J°*^" ^ L""^y' ^'"'^"^ S. Kirk, and Ab/aham

JameT/^ ?^7^T''''^'"'\^^''^^ Marshall, Chairman; Eugene Ellicott,
James C. Haydon, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Richard Wood. '

Offtcb op thr Association, loia Walnut St.. Philadblphia. I

EDITORIALS.

FOREST LEAVES reaches its readers late be-
cause the issue was held to give to the
members of the Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation the record of the Annual Meeting, but
I we feel that this delay will be more than offset by
havmg in the hands of our readers the reports
showing the work of the Association.

* * * / * ^

The assembling of the Fifty-Ninth Congress in
Washington has brought into notice items of in-
terest to all connected with the forestry move-
ment. President Roosevelt's message treats of the
Forestry Service, and also approves of the trans-
fer of the Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove^
California, to the custody of the general govern-
ment, and recommends that proper provision be
made for caring for and policing these acquisi-
tions. It also suggests that a similar transfer of
Niagara Falls Park by the State of New York to
the general government would permit of such co-
operation between the governments of Canada
and the Ihiited States, as would secure the pro-
tection of the Falls. j b
* * * * . *
Efforts will be made to secure favorable ac-
tion from the Congress now in session to create
the Southern Appalachian Forest Reserves and
the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Forest
Reserve ; and the friends of forestry will be asked
to exert their individual influence with Senators
and Representatives to secure the passage of legis-
lation which will create these national forest re-
serves in the eastern part of the United States
Independently of the desirability of protecting
the sections named, we believe the forestry move-
ment would be benefited by having, in the more
closely settled portions oi the country, opportu-
nities to see the eff^ect of government control upon
these reservations. While the United States has a
number of important forest reserves in the western

L

82

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

83

portion of the country, the Philippines, etc.,
there are none in the Eastern States, which surely
requires as much attention as other sections, and
while we would not urge the creation of these re-
serves merely from a sectional standpoint, we be-
lieve that their location can be used to decided
advantage in advancing interest in them. In fact,
if there is a weak point in regard to the Appala-
chian Reserve as planned, it is in its limitation,
and we feel satisfied that the more of the Appa-
lachian region which can be covered by it, the
greater will be the co-operation which may be ex-
pected from the people of the country. J. B.
* t^ * >i^ *

On January lo, ii and 12, 1906, a Canadian
Forestry Convention will be held at Ottawa,
Canada, under the auspices of the Canadian For-
estry Association, to which the various Dominion
and Provincial officials, representatives of Lum-
bermen's Associations, Boards of Trade, Rail-
roads, Universities, etc., have been invited, and
the United States National and State Forestry Bu-
reaus and Associations are requested to send dele-
gates. The call has been issued by Sir Wilfrid
Laurier, Prime Minister of Canada, and we wish
our neighboring country the fullest measure of
success in this convention, the object of which is
to discuss various subjects in connection with for-
estry on those vast areas which may yield impor-
tant future sources of timber supply.

The President of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association will be gratified to issue commissions
to any members who will attend this Convention
as representing the Association.

Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

THE Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association was held at 1012
Walnut Street, Philadelphia, on Monday,
December nth, at 3.30 p.m.. President John
Birkinbine in the chair.

The Presidential Address and the Reports of
Council, the General Secretary and Treasurer
were presented, and will be found on other pages

of this issue.

The following resolution was presented and
unanimously adopted by the Association : —

Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation endorse the action of the American
Forest Congress in favor of the establishment of
national forest reserves in the Southern Appala-
chian Mountains and in the White Mountains of
New Hampshire, and earnestly urges the imme-
diate passage of bills for these purposes.

The invitation of the Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation to members of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association to attend the Forestry Convention to
be held at Ottawa, Canada, on January loth, nth
and 12th, was read.

Messrs. J. Franklin Meehan and Leonard
Morse were appointed tellers of the election,
and, after counting the ballots, declared that the
following officers were unanimously elected : —

President, John Birkinbine.
Vice-Presidents, Wm. S. Harvey,

James C. Haydon,

Albert Lewis,

Richard Wood.
General Secr.tnry, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.
Corresf^onding Secremry, Mrs. John P. Lundy.
Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler.
Treasurer^ Charles E. Pancoast. \ /

Council.

At Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe,

J3r. Alfred L. Elwyn,
Charles HeweU.
Adams County, C. E. Stable.
Alle^henv County, Wm. A. Baldwin,

Hon. Geo. W. Guthrie,
George M. Lehman,
Henry Phipps, Jr.,
Wm. Wade.
Armstrong County, R. M. Moore.
Beaver County, J. S. Duss.
Berks County, Mrs. George Brooke,

J. H. Stembergh.
Blair County, Jos. S. Silly man.
Bradford County, C. S. Maurice.
Bucks County, Mrs. Geo. T. Heston,
Alfred I'aschdl,
Dr. Howard Pursell.
Butler County, Wm. Campbell. Jr.
Cambria County, Hartley C. Wolle.
Cameron County, Charles F. Barclay.
Carlwn County, M. S. Kimmer^r.
Centre County, Prof. Wm. A. Buckhout.
Chester County, Henry T. ( oates,

Alfred S. Haines,
Wm. vS. Kirk,
Samuel Marshall.
Clarion County, jos. M. Fox.
( learfield Comity, John E. DuBois.
Clinton County, Wm. P. Mitchell.
Columbia County, John R. Townsend.
Crawford County, George Frank Brown.
Cumberland County, Frank C. Bosler.
Dauphin County, Miss Mira L. Dock,

E. ( '. Felton.
Delaware County, Samuel A. Crozer,

Charles Potts,
William Trimble,
Chas. S. Welles.
Elk County, N. T. Arnold.
Erie County, Isaac B. Brown.
Fayette County, Hon. Nathaniel Ewing.
Forest County, Samuel I). Irwin.
Franklin County, Geo. H. Wirt.
Huntingdon County, Mrs. William Dorris.
Jefferson County, S. B. Elliott.
Lackawanna County, Ci. Edgar Dean, M.D.,

Hon. L. A. Watres.

Lancaster County, J. H. Baumgardner

Prof. E. O. Lyte.
Lebanon County, Mrs. Bertham Dawson Coleman.
Lehigh County, Dr. William Herbst
Luzerne County, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe,

Gen. Paul A. Oliver,'
Gen. H. W. Palmer,
Col. R. Bruce Ricketts,
L A. Stearns.
Lycoming County, Hon. J. Henry Cochran

Dr. B. H. Detwiler.
McAean County, F. H. Newell.
Mercer County, Jonas J. Pierce.
Alifflin County, Frank G. Kennedy, Jr
Monroe County, Edwin R. Booth.
Montgomery County, Dr. J. M. Anders,

Dr. H. M. Fisher,
W. W. Frazier,
Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger,
Prof. J. Shelly Weinberger,
.^ E>r. Samuel Wolfe.

Montour County, Isaac X. Grier.
Northampton County, John I^ritz, '

Dr. J. S. Hunt,
., , Abraham S. Schropp.

Northumberland County, G. R. Van Alen
Perry County, Mrs. John Wister.
Philadelphia County, Hon. W. N. Ashman,

Henry Budd,
Wm. L. Du Bois,
Henry Howson,
J. Rodman Paul,
Albert B. Weimer,
. ^.^ ^ Dr. W. P. Wilson.

Pike County, Arthur M. Adams.
Potter County, Arthur B. Mann.
Schuylkill County, Wm. L. Sheafer,

Heber S. Thompson.
Somerset County, H. D. Moore, M.D
Sulhian County, Hon. B. W. Jennings.
Susquehanna County, Edgar A. Turrell.
Union County, Andrew Albright Leiser.
Venango County, Jamev Denton Hancock.
IVarren County, Hon. H. H. Cumings.
Washington County, Wm. Parkison Warne.
Wayne County, Alonzo T. Searle.
Westmoreland County, Hon. Lucien W Doty
Wyom'mr County, James W. Piatt.
York County, Dr. I. C. Gable.

On motion^ adjourned.

In Pennsylvania the different counties, from
time to time, advertise lands for sale for unpaid
taxes, and such as are suitable for forest reserves
are bid in by the Forestry Department. The
question arises, why are the taxes not paid, and
the following is given as an illustration. A tract
of HOC acres, partly lumbered, was valued, for
taxation purposes, in 1902, at $2.22 per acre
and the taxes for that year were 10 mills for
county, 10 mills for road, 13 mills for school and
« mills for poor purposes. Even seated and
Highly productive land could not long bear a tax-
ation of 41 mills, and as soon as the marketable
timber is removed the lands are abandoned.

Report of the Council of the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association.

A SIGNIFICANT feature of progress in the
.rp^ forestry movement in Pennsylvania is
that the amount of land now purchased
by the State for forest reserves, or in the process
of purchase, reached a total of 700,000 acres, as
against 500,000 acres, on June i, 1904. These
reserves are situated in twenty-three counties.
The greater portion of this acreage is in the
mountainous central portion of the State, although
some large tracts in the northeastern section have
also been set apart for this purpose.

The Department of Forestry, under the efficient
management of Mr. Robert S. Conklin, which
has the control of these reserves, has been pre-
paring for the future, and as soon as the first class
of young men now being educated at the State
Forestry Academy have been graduated, will be in
position to more actively prosecute the reforestra-
tion and utilization of the various reserves, ac-
tively supplementing the valuable results already
attained on the Mont Alto tract. In addition, the
Commissioner of Forestry, as ex officio member of
the lately created Water Supply Commission,
brings these two important and closely related
branches in touch.

At the meeting of the State Legislature eight
forestry bills were favorably acted upon and ap-
proved by the Governor; briefly tkese were :

Act so. Granting titles for vacant and unappro-
priated lands, specifying the price to be paid for
the same, and their conveyance to the State For-
estry Reservation Commission where desirable for
forest culture or forest preservation.

Act 65. Increased the compensation paid to
constables acting as ex officio fire wardens from 15
cents to 25 cents per hour, and the penalty for
starting forest fires from $10 to $20.

Act 81. Provided for a yearly fixed charge of 5
cents per acre on all lands acquired by the Com-
monwealth for forest reserves, 3 cents being for
the benefit of the schools, and 2 cents for the
roads, of the respective townships.

Act 88. Amended a former law to encourage
the preservation of forests, and allows a rebate of
80 per cent, of the taxes on tracts of not more
than 50 acres, provided there is on each acre not
less than 50 trees at least 8 inches in diameter at
a height of 6 feet above the ground, provided
such rebate does not exceed 45 cents per acre.

Act 114. Confers on the Commissioner of For-
estry and the Forestry Reservation Commission
the right to give to boroughs and other munici-
palities the privilege of impounding water on the

84

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

85

If

forest reserves, also of maintaining and operating

pipe lines. ^ ^ ^ ^ a

Act 179. Provides for a rebate on land planted
with not less than 300 forest trees per acre, or the
same number of sprout trees, amounting to 80 per
cent of the taxes, provided such rebate does not
exceed 45 cents per acre. The rebate to continue
for a period of 35 years.

Act 363. Made an appropriation of Sio,ooo
for the maintenance of the State Forestry Acad-
emy, while Act 431 appropriated $15,000 for the
South Mountain Camp Sanatorium.

While most of these laws are commendable, ex-
ception might be taken to the imposition of a tax
of 5 cents per acre on the forest reserves. While
this may seem a small amount, it is, in reality, at
the price paid by the State for its lands, a higher
tax-rate than is levied in some of our large cities,
and there is an incentive to expend the 2 cents
per acre given to the township road supervisors
elsewhere than on highways in the reserves. It
would have seemed better to have had this money
expended under the direction of the Forestry
Reservation Commission on roads within the re-
serves, these roads acting as an object lesson, and,
in fact, provision for these had already been made
to a certain extent in an existing law. This
would still leave open the question of whether
lands which are a benefit to the Commonwealth
at large and owned by the State, should be any
1 more liable to taxation than lands and buildings
held by the Sfate for other public purposes, espe-
' cially as when the timber is sold a portion of the
profits accrue to the county in which said reserves

are located.

Early in January a Forestry Congress was held
at Washington, D. C, at which representatives of
the National and State forestry departments, State
and National forestry associations, the lumbermen,
the railroads, the mining industries, etc., were
present. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association
was represented by full the quota allowed it (more
would have been present had the allotment been
larger), its delegates taking a prominent part in
the proceedings. A number of valuable papers
were read and discussed. It was a notable assem-
bly, and, as the Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of
Agriculture, said near the end of the session, was
the most important, representative and influential
body he had ever seen assembled in Washington.
Such a statement emphasizes the wide interest in
the protection and preservation of the forests.
The mutual exchange of views on this occasion
did much to further the motive presented, viz. :
<* to preserve the forests by and through use."

The Arbor Days, those in the spring fixed by
the proclamation of the Governor, and that in

the fall selected by the Superintendent of Public
Instruction, were well observed, particularly in
the schools, and the interest aroused in the minds
of the children will bear fruit in later years.

The railroads require each year an enormous
amount of timber, principally for cross-ties, and
are realizing the gravity of the situation m refer- >
ence to a future supply. The Pennsylvama Rail-
road, in 1904, had planted for this purpose in this
State 280,530 trees, expecting to treble that
amount this year. Other railroad companies are
contemplating, or have already started, similar

plantations. , 1 •

The Council regrets to chronicle the serious
loss of members sustained by the Association
through death, among them two members of
Council, Col. T. B. Kennedy, of Chambersburg,
and J. Dundas Lippincott, of Philadelphia, the
latter being Chairman of the Membership Com-
mittee.

While sixteen new members have been added
to the roll of the Association, there have been
deaths, resignations, etc., the names of active
members on the roll December ist being 1537.
It is hoped that the friends of forestry will aid in
increasing the membership and influence of the

A ^socialion

The thanks of the Association are extended to
the public press and the Women's Clubs for their
generous help.

F. L. BiTLER,

Recording Secretary.

Presidential Address.

IN these days of strenuosity, when great organi-
zations are conceived and installations of
magnitude carried out rapidly, it may seem
unusual to refer to progress covering an interval
as great as two decades, and yet there are many
reasons for congratulation at the advance of the
forestry movement since the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association was first conceived, twenty years ago.
The report of the Council states that Pennsyl-
vania now has an aggregate of about iioo square
miles of forest reserves, an area approximating
that of the State of Rhode Island, or two-thirds
of that of the State of Delaware, . and yet this
large acreage represents but 2 y^ per cent, of the
area of the State of Pennsylvania. The State
forest reserves can, therefore, be greatly aug-
mented, for those now held, added to the forest^
covered areas maintained by individuals or cor-
porations, do not approach the proportion of for-
est which is considered as desirable, namely, from
20 to 25 per cent.

A number of years ago, when New York State
made its original Adirondack forest reservation,
those interested in the Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation had little encouragement to anticipate
that Pennsylvania would soon follow its neighbor
by reserving liberal areas in the State for forest
protection and cultivation, and there is, there-
fore, reason for congratulation in the statement
made in the report to Council.

There is also ground for satisfaction in the
knowledge that the legislation in Pennsylvania is
less drastic than in our sister State, and provides
for a judicious use of its forests, including the
cutting of timber when it should be cut, the estab-
lishment of a Forest Academy and of sanatoria.

The Forest Congress, which assembled in
Washington early in 1905, demonstrated how
strong a hold forest protection has upon the
people ; for the President of the United States,
Cabinet Officers, members of the Diplomatic Ser-
vice, United States Senators and Representatives,
officials of important railroads, and men promi-
nent in all branches of business and professions,
vied with each other in championing the cause of
the forest. This Congress most emphatically
showed that the campaign of education which had
been carried on had been productive of good
results.

In the State of Pennsylvania the cordial co-
operation of successive governors, the friendly ac-
tion of legislators, and the almost unanimous
support which the press of the State has given to
the forestry movement, has kept before the people
the importance of the work in which the Associa-
tion is engaged, for of most of the legislation
which has been secured, the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association was either the sponsor or the endorser,
and the progress which has been made has cer-
tainly been encouraging.

We now face future developments, and realize
that extreme care must be exercised in the ad-
ministration of the magnificent estate which the
Commonwealth now owns, and the members of
the Association will give to the Forestry Reserva-
tion Commission cordial support in administering
Its responsibilities upon a business basis free from
political entanglements.

The success of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation is to be credited to having for its sole ob-
ject the advancement of the cause of forestry ; it
has been free from political entanglements either
of party or faction ; it has no friends to serve and
no enemies to punish except those who would un-
necessarily destroy growing timber; and it is to
be hoped that this policy will actuate the Associa-
tion in the future. John Birkinbine,

President,

Treasurer's Report.

THE fiscal year of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association ends December i, 1905, and
the statement of finances on that date was
as follows :

Treasurer's State meni to December /, igo^.

To balance on hand December i, 1904, .

Cash, annual dues to November 30, 1 905, \

Cash, donations and subscriptions, . ' \

Cash, sale of Forest Leaves and advertise-
ments,

Cash, rent and office expenses paid by City
Parks' Association and Woman's Sani-
tary League, . . . . ^

Cash, interest on Life Membership bonds and
deposits,

Cash, Life Membership fees,

Cash, sale of badges, . . . .'

Total,

■ • • • - .

By cash, sundries, postage, office rent, etc
Publication of Forest Leaves,
Assistant Secretary's salary
Official Badges, .
Meetings, .
Life Membership fund.

Invested,

Balance on hand December i, 1905,

Total,

Forest Leaves Fund,

Invested,
Cash on hand,

InvaBted,
Cash on hand.

Life Membership Fund.

Dr.

$ 967 64

2125 60

248 00

144 82

235 50

115 61

5000

2 25

;?53889 42

Cr.

jj;456 86

993 59
600 00

50 00

32 48

50 GO

583 37
1123 12

53889 42

51781 42
26 00

;$i8o7 42

52IIO 00
50 00

$2160 00

Invested,

General Fund.

$583 Zl

Charles E. Pancoast,

A J-. J , r , Treasurer.

Audited and found correct.

William S. Kirk.
Albert B. Weimer.

Often there is a piece of land on a farm which
can be utilized in growing chestnut or white pine
trees, which, under good conditions, will become
of merchantable size in from thirty to sixty years.
Such timber would not only add value to the farm
and furnish requisite lumber for farm purposes,
but also add to the beauty of the place.

86

FOREST LEAVES.

r

FOREST LEAVES.

87

Report of the General Secretary.

II

IN accordance with the annual custom, I pre-
sent herewith to-day a brief statement, and
offer a few suggestions.
I presume it is fair to say that the importance
of the forestry movement in Pennsylvania to
Pennsylvania and the other States was never more
fully realized than now. This is due to tw^o facts :
first, because ten years ago a very small portion of
our population knew there was such a science,
and that it was producing results elsewhere which
proved to be of great national importance. It is
due, in the second place, to the campaign of edu-
cation which the friends of forestry have con-
ducted over the Commonwealth. In this connec-
tion, I desire here to suggest and emphasize the
importance of a rule for our future guidance, be-
cause it has led us to success in the past. Briefly,
it is this,— Never ask for legislation of a special
character until you are sure that the public desire
it and until you are able to prove that the public
will approve of it if passed. It may demand !
time to bring about this condition of affairs, but
it is time well spent, for nothing is so disastrous
to the ultimate chances of any movement, however
good, than to have the stamp of a legislative dis-
approval upon it. The future of Pennsylvania
forestry lies in the law-making body, because the
State alone has the power to undertake the long
task of possessing, holding and restoring its now
unproductive areas to a productive condition, and
any policy determined upon now should be after
most careful consideration, but, once adopted,
should be adhered to regardless of changes of ad-
ministration. Because ''The Forest Waters the
Farm ' ' the success of State forestry is essential
to the prosperity and the endurance of the Com-
monwealth, and it therefore involves greater
issues than those of any political party which has
yet appeared or is likely to appear. The friends
of the forestry movement may therefore, with en-
tire propriety, expect to find support in candid
men of all political creeds.

Nothing is so convincing as experience, and it
is fair to say that (as a part of the campaign of
education) the increasing scarcity of lumber, along
with the associated higher prices and poorer qual-
ity of the product sold, have done much to con-
vince doubters that there is some reason after all
in the forestry movement.

The outlook, then, is gratifying to those who
have so long been engaged in conducting the
work of agitation and of organization.

. The State Department of Forestry, already
upon a solid working basis, has planted many
thousands of white pine trees, and, as its latest

effort, successfully established a young plantation
of black walnut trees.

All that has been done, however, in this direc-
tion is merely preliminary to much more exten-
sive operations.

As to methods of producing seedlings and ot
placing them in final position, we are already
sufficiently well informed to go ahead boldly with
the work of tree-planting. It is proposed that
there shall be more than one nursery (as at pres-
ent) on State land, and that these nurseries shall
each anually produce millions, instead of thou-
sands, of young forest trees. For the present,
the planting grounds will be the abandoned farms
and the open spaces in the woods, where the
young trees can be protected against forest fires.

The conditions for the creation of forest fires
and for extensive destruction by them existed
during the past autumn. Nevertheless, but few
such fires of serious character did occur in this
State. This is most gratifying, and becomes still
, more so when it is coupled with the fact that for
I several years back there has been a gradual de-
I crease in the number and in the severity of forest
', conflagrations in Pennsylvania. Is this a mere
1 accident, or is it the result of years of agitation
! and of legislation with this end in view ? If the
I latter, then the work of tree-planting over all of
1 our waste lands may well be commenced, though
I a moment's reflection will satisfy any one that it
i is useless to expend time and money in planting
waste ground areas so long as they are to be swept
bv fires, on the average, once in three years.

'it is a pleasure to note the substantial changes
for the better which have been made in the work
at the State Forestry Academy. The curriculum
has been extended to three years. An increase
has been made in the teaching force, and a higher
grade of scholarship is insisted upon as a condi-
tion of entrance. It may be confidently predicted
that the young men who are graduated from this
institution in future will compare favorably in
productive, working capacity with those from any
similar school in the country.

It is well here to allude to the work of the South
Mountain Camp Sanatorium for cases of incipient
tuberculosis. Since August the Camp inmates
have been boarded at a cost to themselves of one
dollar a week. Owing to the increasing demands
for admission to the Camp, it became necessary to
make this small charge in order to eke out the pit-
tance received from the State. Prior to August
the Camp inmates provided and prepared their
own food. It is remarkable how speedily good
results were apparent in the patients, since food
has been provided by the State. We believe this
care of the consumptives has come to stay as, in

I

some form, a part of the work to be done on the
Forest Reservations of the Commonwealth.

The acquisition of land for Forest Reservation
goes steadily on. It is still hoped that the mil-
lion acre mark may be reached during the present
administration.

The greatest difficulty continues to be to obtain
suitable men for forest wardens. There are many
applicants for the places, but the vast majority of
those who seek the positions have no special fit-
ness for them, and in many cases there are sound
reasons why they should not be appointed. We
think that a few years will end this trouble.

I desire here to thank the officers and the mem-
bers of the Association, and also the public press
of the State, for assistance received during the
past year. Respectfully submitted,

J. T. ROTHROCK.

Forest Planting for Profit in Massa-
chusetts.

MR. THEODORE F. BORST, of Boston,
Mass., in an illustrated lecture before
the Massachusetts Historical Society,
gave some interesting data in regard to forest
planting in that State, from which the following
abstracts are taken : —

There are many thousands of acres of lan^ in
Massachusetts that are absolutely waste. Much of
this land is either unfit or unnecessary for agri-
cultural purposes. Everywhere are noted aban-
doned, brushy, worn-out pastures, impoverished
ploughland, deforested tops of ridges, steep,
rocky hillsides, poor, loose, sandy soil, odd cor-
ners too expensive to plough and cultivate ; yet
many of these waste lands could, at small ex-
pense, be made to yield valuable timber crops.

Upon areas where more or less voluntary tree-
growth exists the supplementary planting neces-
sary to fill the open places is very quickly and
cheaply done, sometimes costing as low as four or
five dollars per acre, using white pine trees for this
purpose. Where the entire area must be planted,
the trees are set about five by five feet apart, re-
quiring 1743 trees per acre, and may cost from
seven to fifteen dollars per acre. The size of
plants needed determines much of the cost of the
plantation, and is very dependent upon soil con-
ditions, as well as the nature of growth covering
the land.

Where conditions permit the use of chestnuts,
acorns or hickory nuts, the cost of planting per
acre may be only two or three dollars. Some
18,000 acres of waste land have already been arti-
ficially forested in that State. A few of such areas
have recently been lumbered at a net profit of over

6 per cent, on the entire investment. If the
planting which was done forty, fifty and sixty
years ago has proved profitable, certainly the
planting of to-day, which would come into the
market forty, fifty and sixty years hence, must
prove even more profitable ; especially when there
IS every indication that timber prices will double,
or perhaps treble, themselves before that time.

White pine, chestnut, hickory, ash, oak, maple
and tamarack are among the best trees for plant-
ing in Massachusetts, but under some circumstances
other trees might be preferable.

Mr. Borst has, during the past four years, made
plans for and supervised the planting of consider-
ably over one million trees in Massachussetts, and
many more trees are now being grown in nurseries
for forest plantations.

Data from actual experience was presented to
show the cost of reforesting lands of different
types.

If the planting is done on sufficiently large
scale, say 25, 50 or 100 acres, the cost of plant-
ing, including the young trees, may be from five to
fifteen dollars per acre. Ten dollars per acre has
frequently been the cost for white pine planting. .

Uncared for white pine forest in Massachusetts
may produce in sixty years about 30,000 feet of
timber, B.M., while under forestry treatment the
European figures show that 50,000 feet can readily
be produced on one acre during the same period
of time. White pine plantations have been
figured to yield a net annual return of $1.15 per
acre, paid at the expiration of forty years, in ad-
dition to 4 per cent, compound interest on the
money invested. Under a diff'erent calculation,
using all costs, it is estimated a return of about
$2.25 per acre per year for forty years from the
time of planting to the time of cutting is obtain-
able. This estimate is corroborated by actual ex-
perience. These returns are certainly very satis-
factory, considering the fact that it is secured
from land which is almost useless for any other
purpose, and which, without a timber crop, would
be a source of constant expense in taxes. A
timber crop not only gives a return on the money
invested, but it makes productive the capital
locked up in the land. These returns are figured
on the yield obtainable without pruning, thinning,
etc. If forestry treatment is given the returns
should be higher. Again, these profits are figured
on prices of stumpage prevailing to-day. The
future profits will be higher in proportion to the
advance in stumpage values.

Timber culture for profit is strongly com-
mended . to landowners, especially where lands
are being held that are producing no returns
whatever.

88

FOREST LEAVES.

Another " Largest Tree in the State."

7^ S '* money breeds money," so publication
j4^ of one largest tree breeds others by bring-
^ ing them into notice and comparison.
Several claimants for this distinction have been
brought to the notice of the readers of Forest
Leaves. The one which we furnish illustrations
of for this issue is found in what is known as
'^The Corner," in Franklin County, on the farm
of Mrs. Rankin, in Montgomery Township.

It is certainly an imposing tree. Exact meas-
urement showed that its girth at five feet above
the ground was twenty-two feet and six inches.
Its height was not measured, but it is safe to say
that ninety feet would not be wide of the truth.

There was considerable doubt for a time as to
just what species of oak this was. The drooping
lower limbs of the pin oak were not there, yet it
seemed as though they might have Geen, and
dropped off, so long ago as to obliterate the scar.
The tree, in its leaves and general aspect, had much
the appearance of a pin oak. It added to our
doubt that no acorns could be found on the tree or
on the ground. However, we (Mr. I. C. Williams
and the writer) concluded that it was a red oak
( Qiiercus rubra, L. ) upon characters, such as the
color and clefts of the bark, on the smaller limbs.
Mr. Williams also called attention to the un-
usual size of a number of other oak trees in the
neighborhood.

Just what constitutes ''the largest tree'' is a
matter of some doubt. It does not happen that
the largest trunk is always associated with the
greatest height and widest spread of branches.
This red oak impresses you solely by its massive
trunk, but from no point of view is it symmetrical
or wide-spreading in its branches. It has long
passed its prime, and the indications are that the
trunk is already well decayed in the heart.

One can hardly venture to guess the age of such
a tree. It is well known that the red oak grows
rapidly on ground as fertile as where this tree
stands. I once counted the rings on the stump of
a red oak tree which was five feet across, and
there were only about one hundred and sixty. I
do not know of any other species of oak on the
Atlantic slope which has such a showing of rapid
growth. J. T. RoTHROCK.

President Roosevelt, in his annual message to
Congress, states that the forestry policy of the ad-
ministration is enjoying the unbroken support of
the people, and the great users of timber are
themselves forwarding the movement for forest
preservation. The organized opposition to forest
reserves in the west has disappeared.

Woodlot Forestry.

THROUGHOUT a large part of the Eastern
States nearly every farm has its woodlot.
From that woodlot, which is often all
that remains of the vast forests which originally
clothed the region, the farmer supplies his own
needs. It furnishes him with fuel, fence posts,
rails, poles, and even with timber, boards and
shingles to keep the farm buildings in repair.
A well-managed woodlot is, therefore, a valuable
part of the farm, and the sum total of all farm
woodlots represents a large national asset.

As a general rule, but little care is devoted to
the woodlot. It is left to shift for itself, is often
used too freely for the pasturage of live stock, and
is rarely guarded from fire or forest enemies.
When wood is needed but little discretion is ex-
ercised in the choice of trees, and no need is felt
of providing for the renewal or improvement of

the stand.

Yet it is decidedly a simple matter to care for
the woodlot. The owner need not burden him-
self with any elaborate system. Nor need he, in
most cases, reduce the amount of timber which he
cuts. Eventually, of course, he can cut more, for
more will be grown. The first requirement of the
ordinary woodlot is protection, and the second,
selection in cutting.

Fire is the chief enemy of the woodlot. Fires
damage the larger trees, starting hollows in the
butts or weakening them until they begin to die
in the tops, reducing their value when cut ; but
the greatest harm is done to reproduction and the
growth of young trees. Running over the forest
soil, they consume the litter and kill the seedlings.
The forest soil becomes too dry to encourage the
germination of tree seeds. Even if seedlings suc-
ceed in finding root and begin to flourish, the next
fire destroys them.

Fires may easily be kept out of the woodlot
with a little care. They are often started to im-
prove the grazing and pasture. This is certainly
poor policy. While the grazing may be improved
for a few years, the woodlot is often permanently
injured. It is generally a poor plan to expect land
to produce grass and wood at the same time.
Neither will do well, and the owner will be paying
taxes on land which he only half uses. Grazing
animals often do much injury to the woodlot.
They browse upon young growth and trample it
down. They also pack the soil with their hoofs,
destroying its power to retain moisture and en-
couraging the entrance of grass. Grazing should
be watched, and should be permitted in the
woodlot only when such harm will not result.
In cutting, the first thing to look out for is the

Forest T.kaves, Vol. x., No. 6.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. 6.

RED OAK. (QUERCUS RUBRA, L.)

FRANKLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

TRUNK OF RED OAK. (QUERCUS RUBRA, L.

FRANKLIN COUNTY P

ENNSYLVANIA.

FoRKST T.kavf:s,

Vol. X., No. 6.

RED OAK. (QUERCUS RUBRA, L.)

FRANKLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

"Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. 6.

TRUNK OF RED OAK. (QUERCUS RUBRA, L.

FRANKLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

J

FOREST LEAVES.

89

young growth. The whole point of forest man-
agement IS to have new trees of the most useful
kind take the place of the old, just as soon as pos-
sible after they are cut. One thoughtless stroke
of the axe will get rid of a fine sapling half the
size of a man's wrist, if it is a little in the way,
and a dozen years of growth is lost. On the other
hand, the cutting of a good tree may simply open
room for worthless trees tq take its place.

In some regions care must be taken not to per-
mit the crown cover to become too open. In a
good forest the soil will be soft and moist, and
this soil condition is essential if the trees are to
thrive and make good growth. Opening the
ground to the sun dries out the moisture, and
often burns out the young growth as though by
fire, while the trees tend to become branchy if
they stand too far apart.

Past neglect has produced many woodlots in
which the healthy trees of the best kinds are
<:hoked with unsound and dead trees and trees of
inferior kinds. For such cases improvement cut-
tings are needed. It will pay to spend the time
and labor necessary to remove the dead, crooked
and diseased trees, together with the weed trees,
so that the remaining stand may be composed of
good timber trees in sufficient number, under con-
ditions favoring their best development. This can
be done gradually, as the material can be utilized.
When once the improvement cutting has brought
the woodlot into business-like shape, further op-
erations should be made with a view to reproduc-
tion and a lasting supply. Care should be taken
in felling, working up and hauling out wood, to
do as little damage as possible to young growth.
If reproduction is to take place from seed, the
proper location of seed trees must be considered.
Where the forest is composed mainlv of such
trees as oak and chestnut, which sprout well from
the stump, it may be advisable to cut most of the
good-sized trees, over a part of the woodlot, for the
purpose of raising a crop of sprouts. Such sprouts I
grow rapidly and produce good poles, posts and j
ties at a comparatively early age. But the stumps '
should be cut low and slanting, so as to prevent
rotting and secure strong and numerous shoots.

There are a number of thinning systems, some
of which may suit the requirements of one wood-
lot but not those of another. By a careful read-
ing of Bulletin No. 42 of the Forest Service, en-
titled '^The Woodlot," the owner can familiarize
himself with these and choose whichever one his
own woodlore and observation suggest as the best.
Or, should the owner desire a special plan for the
management of his woodlot, he should make ap-
plication to the Forester, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, for co-operation of the Forest Service.

President Roosevelt Advocates Forest

Reserves.

P

RESIDENT ROOSEVELT has always been
a firm friend of forestry, and while on his
recent Southern trip, in a speech made at

Raleigh, N. C, on October 19th, made a refer-
ence to the subject, calling attention to the need
of forest reserves in the Eastern section of our
country. He said : —

And now I want to say a word to you on a
special subject in which all the country is con-
cerned, but in which North Carolina has a special
concern. The preservation of the forests is vital
to the welfare of every country. China and the
Mediterranean countries offer examples of the ter-
rible effect of deforestation upon the physical ge-
ography, and, therefore, ultimately upon the
national well-being, of the nations. One of the
most obvious duties which our generation owes to
the generations that are to come after us is to pre-
serve the existing forests. The prime difference
between civilized and uncivilized peoples is, that
in civilized peoples each generation works not
only for its own well-being, but for the well-being
of the generations yet unborn, and if we permit
the natural resources of this land to be destroyed
so that we hand over to our children a heritage di-
minished in value, we thereby prove our unfitness
to stand in the forefront of civilized peoples.
One of the greatest of these heritages is our forest
wealth. It is the upper altitudes of the forested
mountains that are most valuable to the nation as
a whole, especially because of their effects upon
the water supply.

Neither State nor nation can afford to turn
these mountains over to the unrestricted greed of
those who would exploit them at the expense of
the future. We cannot afford to wait longer be-
fore assuming control, in the interest of the pub-
lic, of these forests ; for if we do wait the vested
interests of private parties in them may become so
strongly intrenched that it may be a most serious
as well as a most expensive task to oust them. If
the Eastern States are wise, then from the Bay of
Fundy to the Gulf we will see within the next
few years a policy set on foot similar to that so
fortunately carried out in the high Sierras of the
West by the national government. All the higher
Appalachians should be reserved, either by the
States or by the nation. I much prefer that they
should be put under national control, but it is a
mere truism to say that they will not be reserved
either by the States or by the nation unless you
people of the South show a strong interest therein.
Such reserves would be a paying investment,
not only in protection to many interests, but in

90

FOREST LEAVES.

dollars and cents to the government. The impor-
tance to the Southern people of protecting the
Southern mountain forests is obvious. These for-
ests are the best defence against the floods which
in the recent past have, during a single twelve-
month, destroyed property officially valued at
nearly twice what it would cost to buy the South-
ern Appalachian Reserve. The maintenance of
your Southern water powers is not less important
than the prevention of floods, because if they are
injured your manufacturing interests will suff'er
with them. I do not think that the people of
North Carolina, or of any other Southern State,
have quite grasped the importance of this move-
ment to the commercial development and pros-
perity of the South.

Timber Resources of Liberia.

UNITED STATES CONSUL-GENERAL
LYON, Monrovia, Liberia, in the Con-
sular Report, gives the following descrip-
tion of the timber of Liberia : —

Liberia's forestry resources offer an inviting
field for a lucrative business in hard woods. The
virgin forests consist of woods of great commer-
cial value, and there are ample water facilities for
sawmills. There are two varieties of mahogany-
red and gray ; four varieties of oak — red, streaked,
white and whistmore ; cedar, rosewood, man-
grove, burrwood, white and black gum, mulberry,
brimstone wood, red peach, pepper wood, white
mangrove, persimmon, iron wood, greasy peach,
poplar, cherry, hickory, saffron, ebony and many
other woods common to the Tropics. Some of
these possess singular qualities. The greasy peach
lasts indefinitely, and is proof against insect at-
tacks. The heart of the mulberry is encased in a
very thick sap, which succumbs readily to decay,
but the heart itself, which is capable of the highest
polish, is tough, and its durability is indefinite.
The qualities of ebony and mahogany are well
known. The African cedar is similar to the
American pine, very light in color, takes a beau-
tiful polish and is used for ceilings. The brim-
stone wood and the hickory, when seasoned, are
so stubborn in their qualities as to defy penetra-
tion.

Mr. Lyon states that all that is lacking to de-
velop what must be in the nature of events a per-
manent and profitable industry is sufficient capital
to install a first-class sawmill, and to guarantee its
working expenses until the enterprise develops
sufficiently to support itself and to pay its pro-
moters.

Forest Preserve District for Chicago, IlL

ON May 18, 1905, the Governor of Illinois-
approved an act passed by the Legislature
for the creation of Forest Preserve Dis-
tricts. According to this act, whenever any area
of contiguous territory contains within its borders
one or more incorporated cities, towns or villages,
and lies wholly within the same or adjoining
counties, such territory may be incorporated as a
forest preserve district in the following manner :- —
Any 1000 legal voters residing in the district
may petition the county judges to have the ques-
tion of the formation of the forest preserve dis-
trict submitted to the legal voters in such district,
and it is then the duty of the county judges to
order an election on the day named in the peti-
tion, and not less than thirty days after the petition
is siened. If a majority of the votes cast are in
favo7 of the measure, then the forest preserve dis-
trict is incorporated, and the Governor shall ap-
point a President and six Commissioners, who
shall serve for six years, all of whom must be legal
voters in the district.

This Commission has the power to organize,
promulgate any ordinances, rules, etc., necessary
for the proper management of the corporation^
having the right to designate by ordinance the
whole or any parts of streets, roads, boulevards,
etc., within the district, to be used for pleasure
driving only, can lay out such pleasure driveways,
acquiring the ground or lands necessary for build-
ing them, and for forest reserves.

The Commission has the right to borrow money
for such purpose to i per cent, of the taxable
value of the property in the district, or, if a larger
amount is needed, and the voters of the district,
at an election held for this purpose, ask for such
amount, it can be increased to 3 per cent. The
Commission also has authority to levy an an-
nual tax on property at the rate of not more than
one mill per dollar, to pay interest on the bonds,
and discharge the principal within twenty years
from the date of issue. Provision is also made,
when the voters so elect, for uniting contiguous
i territory to an existing forest preserve district.
Under this act the City of Chicago asked for a
forest reserve district, the idea being to secure
lands suitable for forest reserve purposes in locali-
ties comparatively accessible, such as those along
the Des Plaines River Valley, at low prices, as
each year of delay sees such areas being en-
croached on. It is thought that, independent of
the constantly augmented value of this land, and
the benefits which these outing-places afford to
the public, the increased value of the adjoining
property will add largely to the income from tax-

FOREST LEAVES.

91

ation. It IS to be regretted that an additional
taxing body was necessary, but the benefits de-
rived from the act should far outweigh the objec
tions. ^ •'

When the election was held in the City of Chi-
cago, on November 7th, a large majority of all
the votes cast on the proposition were in its favor,
but, at the same time that the forest reserve vote
was taken, a general election was held, and the
opponents of the forestry act contend that, in
order to make the act become a law, a majority is
required of all the votes cast at the election, and
not simply a majority of the votes cast on the for-
estry proposition. It is doubtful if this conten-
tion IS sound, and probably the Governor will go
ahead under the act and appoint the forest pre-
serve commission. The opponents of the measure
threaten to bring legal action, and will endeavor
to prevent the measure from going into effect, so
the Supreme Court will, doubtless, have to pass
upon the question before it can be finally settled.
Ihere is an almost unanimous sentiment there in
favor of creating the forest reserves, but action at
this time is opposed by some on account of fear
^V^dering consolidation of various taxing bodies
and bringing about other municipal reforms, which
have been urged for some time. If it should be
decided that the law is inoperative, the next ses-
sion of the Legislature will, probably, pass an act !
under which the forest reserves will speedily be
acquired. "^

of Maine would be of incalculable service to the
torest fire prevention system of the State. While
these stations are established by the wild land
owners, the expense of operating them is borne
by the Forestry Department.

The fortunes and the future of Maine are practi-
cally wrapped up in its trees. If every tree were
to be suddenly swept from the State, it would
mean the complete annihilation of an annual in-
come to Maine of about $30,000,000, not to
speak ot the destruction of water-powers It
niay be said, incidentally, that this sum is more
than the combined income from all the other in-
dustries of the State, with the exception of agri-
culture, the total value of the farm products being
about $16,000,000.

The wooded area of the State, covering upward
of 21,000 square miles, is larger than the com-
bined areas of Massachusetts, Connecticut and
Vermont while the aggregate forest territory of
Aroostook County alone is nearly as great as the
whole area of Massachusetts.

Deforestation and Climate.

Maine's Forest Fires.

-^OREST COMMISSIONER RING has pre- ,
J^ pared a statement regarding forest fires in I
Maine this year, which shows 86 fires '
burning over 17,112 acres, and causing a loss of
$5^979- Aroostook County, where the summer
drought was severe, suffered most, the loss there
being $41,381. Most of the fires are supposed
to have been caused by the carelessness of sports-
men. Commissioner Ring says in his report : —
Some of the wild land owners who have
heartily co-operated with the State Forestry De-
partment have been instrumental this year in
establishing three lookout telephone stations—
one on the summit of Squaw Mountain, one on
Mount Attean and one on Bigelow Mountain
These stations, with the aid of powerful glasses
have covered a wide range of vision, and the 1
watchmen have thus been enabled to overlook a
vast stretch of territory. There is little doubt
that the station on Squaw Mountain has been the
means of saving tens of thousands of acres of
woodland in the region around Moosehead Lake.
I^ifty such signal stations in the wooded sections

TV LECTURE on '' Deforestation and Cli-
rpL mate " was delivered by Dr. Hennig be-
fore the German Meteorological Society
at Berlin, from which the following extracts are
taken : —

The interest in deforestation and forestry may
be called general and public. Whether forests
exercise a perceptible influence upon the climate
is a very old question, and even to-day it is not
definitely settled. In many countries a drying up
of the climate has occurred, which is shown per-
haps most strikingly in almost the whole of Africa
Ihat deforesting has assumed constantly growing
proportions in almost every part of the world it
still more apparent. The climate of Greece
where to-day only 16 per cent, of the area is cov'-
ered with forests, has deteriorated. An increase
of. temperature and decrease of rain are noted
compared with ancient times, especially in Attica'
which was thickly covered with forests about thre4
thousand years ago, and where hardly any rain
now falls, while the heat in the open air attains a
degree which would make the ** Olympian games ' »
almost an impossibility. A similar condition ex-
ists in the Peninsula of Sinai, where thousands of
years ago the people of Israel lived in a luxuriant
and fertile country, and where to-day only forest-
less deserts abound. Palmyra, also once a flourish-
ing oasis in the Syrian desert, presents to-day only
a desolate waste of stones and ruins. In Mexico
where the Spaniards cut down the forests in the

92

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

93

mountains, droughts changing to devastating
floods are now noticeable, especially in the
vicinity of the City of Mexico. In upper Egypt,
where only one hundred years ago rain was abun-
dant, drought now usually prevails. In Algeria,
where, since the middle of the last century, the
forests have been cut down on a large scale, dry
weather has increased, and in Venezuela the level
of Lake Tacarigua, to which Alexander von Hum-
boldt drew attention, has been lowered in conse-
quence of deforestation.

If these and other facts are kept in mind the
sentence, '' Man traverses the earth and a desert
results," is understood. It must not be forgotten,
however, that this applies mainly to the influence ;
of civilization upon appearances, and is not always
due to climatic changes produced by deforesting.
Some authorities even deny the influence of for- :
ests on the weather and climate. It cannot be ,
denied, however, that dense forests favor moisture
and prevent the drying out of the soil toTa con-
siderable degree. At any rate, deforesting, which
in modern times assumes constantly growing pro-
portions for industrial and agricultural purposes,
is of universal importance.

Germany, with a forest area of about 26 per
cent., realizes annually nearly $60,000,000 worth
of timber therefrom, while the wood importations
are about of the same value. The consumption
of wood increases from year to year, and syste-
matic forestry has not succeeded in keeping up the
forest area of Germany. If it is furthermore borne
in mind that Canada, which formerly possessed
more than 300,000,000 acres of forests, has to-day
only a forest area of about 225,000,000 acres, it
becomes evident that the question of deforestation
assumes great importance. If civilization con-
tinues to change the face of the earth, the prob-
lem of its wood supply will present itself like that of
coal, and force the finding of a suitable substitute.

The report on forest planting operations which
have been carried on within the Pike's Peak forest
reserve in Colorado, shows very satisfactory prog-
ress along all lines. In Clementine gulch, near
Clyde, Colo., 40,000 western yellow pine and
10,000 red fir seedlings were planted last spring
under direction of the Forest Service at an eleva-
tion of 9,300 feet, and, though the season was a
very unfavorable one for tree growth, the result
was encouraging. Fire lines fifty feet wide have
been cleared around the planted area, and all dry
brush and dead trees have been piled and burned.
Nursery work has progressed at Clyde, Rosemont
and Bear Creek. Large numbers of seedlings will
soon be ready for transplanting to various points
within the reserve.

The Need of Reforestation.

\ 1 R. S. B. ELLIOTT, a member of the
jVX Pennsylvania State Forestry Reserva-
<^ tion Commission, has contributed to
the public press a series of valuable articles in
regard to forestry in Pennsylvania, and we give
below some excerpts from one of these which ap-
peared in the Norf/i American, calling attention
to the need of reforestation :

What would we think of our ancestors had they
destroyed the forests before our time, as we have
been and still are doing, and left no more for us
than we are apparently leaving for posterity?
Has man any moral right to devote all of a gift
of Providence to his own gratification, and leave
none for others who may come after him, and
make no provisions for them when he can easily
do so? Is not patriotism, or love for the old
Commonwealth, or regard for posterity and the
future of his country to count for something ? Is
evidence of these motives to be manifested and
displayed only on the field of battle ? Men lay
down their lives for the protection of their coun-
try's welfare, and shall they not do a worthy deed
for that end in the peaceful pursuits of life ?

But, after all that may be said, the great ques-
tion in the minds of all is: Will it pay?— by
which is generally meant will it pay, as a business
transaction, in and of itself. While European
experiences show that it will, the question should
not be thus limited. It is true that there are those
advocating forestry who claim it to be purely a
business proposition, and it is conceded that it is
largely that ; but the question admits of a broader
view than merely the net profit of growing and
selling trees on a given tract of land. A result
thus computed could be easily determined ; but
there are other profits which cannot be figured in
exact dollars and cents, which, in the aggregate,
may, and in most cases would, amount to more
than the one named.

The question may be fairly answered by asking
another : Can we afford to do without forests? It
will be well, however, to be more specific, as the
net results of growing and harvesting the timber
of our forests are, by no means, all the profits of
forestry. The even and equable flow of springs
and streams, the freedom from disastrous floods,
the maintenance of the purity of our water sup-
ply, the restocking of our streams with food fishes
and our forests with game, the supply of lumber
at home and at reasonable rates, the furnishing of
labor for a large number of men in caring for the
forests and the employment of many more in the
lumber woods, sawmills and allied industries, will
result in a profit that cannot be definitely esti-

mated, but must not be overlooked. In 1900
there was a capital of $47,832,548 invested in
sawmills and log camps of the State, with 13,510
employes, earning $5,550,163, and with a prod-
uct valued at $35,794,965. This does not in-
clude any of the allied industries depending on a
supply of timber for their existence. Should all
this be eliminated when a computation of the
profits of forestry is^made? Surely not.

Besides, there should be added another inde-
terminate yet great value of forests which may be
classed as aesthetic or sentimental. These are the
pleasures of recreation and rest in them, furnish-
ing vast, free health resorts, beautifying and
adornmg the landscape, banishing the forbidding
and treeless wastes and restoring the groves which
'' were God's first temples." Who will say that
all these should go unconsidered and only cent per
cent, be thought of in tree-raising as a separate
and independent industry?

There are no individuals, no class of people, nor
any State, whose interests are not connected and
bound up with the forests. Iron, coal and wood
are the great material productions of the earth
upon which modern civilization is largely based,
and upon which its preservation depends. At
least two of these— iron and wood— we must
have, or civilization will not only be retarded,
but we shall lapse into barbarism just in the ratio
of a lessening supply.

So far as man's present knowledge goes, he
need not want for iron as long as he can get wood
or coal with which to melt the ore, and afterward
heat the metal to be wrought. There is believed
to be more available iron-ore than there is fuel to
melt it. Coal will eventually be exhausted, and
wood can, in a measure, take its place ; but \{
that shall not be grown the index hand on the dial
of civilization will go backward for good.

For no valid reason tree-raising is looked upon
as a wonderfully mysterious thing, when, in fact.
It is no more mysterious or difficult than raising
any of our farm crops or garden vegetables. This
misconception leads to a feeling of utter helpless-
ness on the part of the great mass of landowners,
who seem to think that tree-growing can be done
only by men of high and special education as for-
esters. But as tree-growing is no more mysteri-
ous or difficult than farming, there is no reason
why it should not be as generally understood. We I
have highly and specially educated agriculturists !
who may, and do, aid the farmer ; but farming
could not be largely followed if done only under
the eye of the highly educated specialist. The
cases are parallel ; and with forestry, as with farm-
ing, we most depend on the good sense and judg-
ment of the individuals who own the land.

Therefore, the people should be educated in some
I practical way in the fundamental principles and
I practices of tree-growing, and it may well be con-
sidered the State's duty to give such instruction
to the people by and through the management of
Its own forest domain. This the State of Penn-
; sylvania is about to do. After this year she will
I annually send forth from the Forestry School at
Mont Alto ten foresters, or wardens, to care for
her reservations, who will have been graduated
after a three years' course of instruction in the
theory and practice of forestry. Nurseries and
plantations will be established in various and
proper locations on the reservations, and in these
object lessons will be furnished in seed-sowing,
plant raising and transplanting, and the manage-
ment and care of forests so grown, as well as of
those coming on from natural reproduction. And
as time goes on, the proper selection and harvest-
mg mature trees of the forest will be so carried
on that a succeession and perpetuity shall be
maintained. In all this the State's interest will
be promoted and intelligently cared for, and the
private landowner can, if he will but observe, ac-
quire much needed and useful information.

Beyond all this there may come— if our State
shall be as liberally disposed toward her citizens
as are some European countries, especially France
and Saxony— a further aid to the people in fur-
nishing seeds and young trees gratis, on proper
obligation to care for and protect them. In
France young trees are not only furnished by the
government without cost, but capable and expe-
rienced foresters are sent with them to superin-
tend transplanting, and no charge is made for
their services.

There will arise in time so strong a public senti-
ment against unjust taxation of lands on which
there shall be growing timber as to compel the
enacting and enforcement of laws that shall no
longer permit the assessor and collector to practi-
cally confiscate such property. Then there will
also come such an abhorrence of the utter indif-
ference to the public welfare that is now mani-
fested on the part of the railroads of our country
as to compel them to put forth effective efforts to
prevent damage by fires caused by their employes
or locomotives. It will go further. It will create
such a healthy condemnation by the public of the
incendiary who purposely fires the forests and the
careless and indifferent man who permits fire to
escape into them, as to make the enforcement of
law against 'such offenders effective and thorough
— **a consummation devoutly to be wished."

94

FOREST LEAVES.

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FOREST LEAVES.

95

An Early Experiment in Foresty.

AN interesting example of the profitableness
of conservative forest management in
this country is furnished by Dr. S. B. !
Caldwell, of Paducah, Ky., who has dealt in |
timber lands in the southwestern part of the State |
for nearly sixty years. ** In 1847," says Dr. Cald-
well, '' I sold timber from a tract of land at $1
per acre, the purchaser having the privilege of re-
moving what he wanted and leaving what he did
not want. He took the choice trees, but left a
considerable number standing. In 1870 I sold
the timber from the same tract and received for it
$2 per tree. The purchaser removed an average of
three trees per acre. In 1884 I sold the timber
from the same tract for the third time, and got foi
it as much as I had received at the second sale."
Dr. Caldwell's experience in the woods taught
him the wisdom of conservative forest manage-
ment. Thirty years ago, when he came into pos-
session of a tract of about 700 acres near Paducah,
he sold a quantity of the timber for wagon stock.
At that time forestry in this country was almost
unknown. Dr. Caldwell, however, was suffi-
ciently farsighted to allow no trees to be cut ex-
cept those selected. He went about in the woods
and marked trees for cutting whose tops and gen-
eral appearance showed the period of greatest
vigor had been passed ; also those trees which in-
terfered with the promising young growth. The
forest has been culled a number of times in the
past thirty years, but so wisely has the cutting
been done that to-day the land will average from
10,000 to 15,000 feet, B. M., per acre. This
was an experiment in forestry which has amply
justified itself, and shows how a person may, even
without technical advice, secure good returns from
w^oodland without impairing its productive value.

Secretary Wilson, of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, in his annual reports, re-
views the growth of forestry in seven years, and
says: —

Public opinion generally has experienced an
equal change, and a sound national sentiment has
been created. The great and varied interests de-
pendent upon the forest have been awakened to
the urgent need of making provision for the
future. States have been led to enact wise laws
and enter upon a well-considered forest policy.

Forestry is a matter of immediate interest to
every household in the land. Forest destruction
is no imaginary danger of a distant future. If it
is not speedily checked its effects will sooner or
later be felt in every industry and every home.

New Publications.

A^inual Report of the Smithsonian Institution,
1904. Washington, D. C, 8vo, cloth, 804 pages,
illustrated.

This interesting volume, in addition to the
regular reports of the financial condition and the
operation and status of the Institution, also con-
tains a number of valuable papers on different
scientific researches presented in a popular form.
Among these maybe mentioned, ** Construction
of Large Telescope Lenses," by Dr. C. Faul-
haber; '* Condensation Nucleii," by Prof. C. T.
R. Wilson ; ''The Work of the Reclamation Ser-
vice," by F. H. Newell ; *' Morocco," by Theo-
bald Fischer ; '' Rapid Transit Subways in Metro-
politan Cities," by Milo R. Maltby, and many
others, the total number being fifty four.

Forest Mensuration. 8vo, 72 pages. By Dr.
C. A. Schenck, Biltmore, N. C.

Dr. Schenck, who is the Director of the Bilt-
more Forestry School and Forester of the Biltmore
Estate, has, in this valuable pamphlet, treated
the subject from a scientific-mathematical stand-
point, and also that of practical application, the
primary object being to assist students at the Bilt-
more School by supplying them with a condensed
text-book, which is a compilation of lectures de-
livered to the students. Chapter L treats of the
volume of trees cut down, of standing trees, and
of the forest, giving various methods for accom-
plishing this, with the advantages and disadvan-
tages of different systems. Chapter II. gives
data in regard to the age of trees and forests, while
still other chapters supply information as to the
increment of trees, units of lumber measure, in-
spection rules and stum page values.

Biltmore Lectures on Sylviculture. 8vo, 182
pages. By Dr. C. A. Schenck, Biltmore, N. C.

This is an admirable compilation of lectures
delivered on this subject by Dr. Schenck at the
Biltmore Forest School, giving in compact form a
wide range of information. The pamphlet treats
of the foundations of sylviculture ; the ecological
factors and their relation to the sylva ; briefly re-
views the North American sylva ; trees which de-
mand light ; also those requiring shade ; and the
I advantages and disadvantages of pure versus
mixed woods, etc. The chapter on the High
Forest describes the different tree seeds, with
methods of obtaining and planting, raising seed-
lings, transplanting, care of nurseries, mentions
the different types of forests, with short descrip-
tions of each, describes thinning and underplant-
ing, etc. The Coppice Forest is also discussed,
while different forest by-products are referred to.

Biltmore Forest School.

BILTMORE, N, C.

0000

The Biltmore Forest School is the
only technical school of forestry in this
country. It illustrates its teachings on
a large scale, on a tract of land owned
by George W. Vanderbilt, comprising
130,000 acres of forest.

The complete course covers twelve
consecutive months.

Write for particulars, addressing

C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director,

BILTMORE, N. C.
EXPERT advice on any forestal proposition fur-
nished, and estimates of timber, valuation, surveys
and working plans made by

PAUL E. ARNOLD,
<!on8ulting ForeHtev, READING, PA.

I-Ein^IS' TREE CHARTS*

PAPT«)^♦^^|}® series consists of fifteen numbers, divided Into
PARTS 01 three numbers each. They may be purchased sinHv
-by the part -or by the full series, at the^pric^esnS below
More than half of the series has already been nrStedTh^' •
drawings are completed, and the remaining chart^wUi be nTih!
hshed at the earliest practicable date. One thousand iaiS ?i^I^

rtKrw^SorefeS'es^f ^^ "^"^' ^"^^^^ the7rSr^'eSlutt}J>n

YalB DniVBP^ili^ Forest School

NEW HAVEN - - CONNECTICUT

TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE.

Price of single number, 50 cents each.
. Price of Part. $1.40 each .

A liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education nr
others purchasing in large numbers. i^aucation or

NOW READY.-(These with a * as yet unprinted )

Part I.-THE OAKS. Forty-two species

No.l. Biennial Pruned Oaks. Black Oak and Allies
No. 2. Annual PruUed Oaks. White Oak and Allies

Part II.--THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species

'"'• ""L^o^rcrstr^"^^- ^--ican. Japanese and

Part IiT.- '^^^ Hickories. American species and varieties.

Vn*«" ^; j:*^«^« «nr/ B>pjar«. Numerous species,
go. 8. The Birches, Elms and allies.

Part I v.- ^^ ^*^^^«. and allied families of numerous species.

♦No. 10. The Magnolia and related trees.

2^- ]h ^^^ ^^^^^ Chestnuts h n d al li es.

Part V - "^^^ Maples. (Printed in advance.)

*S^' 15\ fe^^.i*"^ *"^^^ ^^ Pea Family of several genera

•No. 14 1^ \ViM Cherry, Mountain Ash, Sweet Qum, SourCh!^'

> Persimmon. "T»f«,

•No. 15) Ashes, Catcdpas, Paulotmia, and others.

For ftirther Information address the author, publisher and

proprietor,

GRACEANNA LEWIS,
^®<iia Pennsylvania.

A two years* graduate course
is ofifered, leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry.
Graduates of collegiate institu-
tions of high standing are ad-
mitted upon presentation of
their college diplomas.

The Summer School of
Forestry is conducted at Mil-
ford, Pike County, Penna.

For further information address

HENRY S. GRAVES, Director,

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY,

CHESTNUT HILL, PEILA.

30 minutes from Broad St. Station.

BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS.

IlluHtrated Caitilogue upon application,

JAMES L. PATTERSOir,

Head Master.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES. •
Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., President.
Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President.
Geoeqe Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer.

I

FRANCIS I. GOWElT.
E. WALTER CLARK.
WALTON CLARK.
JACOB S. DISSTON.
JAMES MAPES DODGE.

JAMES M. BECK.

EDGAR DUDLEY FARIES.

J. LEVERING JONES.

FRANCIS D. LEWIS.

RANDAL MORGAN.

RT. REV. HENRY Y. 8ATTERLEE, D.D.

¥

96

FOREST LEAVES.

ANDORRA'S

PIN

A justly popular tree is the Pin Oak. It presents points which dis-
tinguish it readily from other Oaks, and it is undoubtedly the most valuable
variety for all practical purposes. The foliage is dense, finely divided, of
a beautiful shining green that colors to sparkling red and yellow in Fall.
The tree is easily transplanted and grows well on wet or dry ground ; is,
in fact, the quickest-growing of all the Oaks. As an avenue tree it is un-
equalled. It is also a good street tree, and one of the best for park planting.

This desirable tree will thrive in all sections
of the United States, in all soils and situations.
Our stock (over 30,000) of this Popular Tree
is clean and healthy, with plenty of fibrous roots.

EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN.

OUR BOOKLET "MORE SPECIALTIES." 3d EDITION. DESCRIBES THESE AND MANY OTHERS.

SPECIAL OFFER.

REMEMBER! EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN!

Each Per lo Per loo

6 to 7 ft. Stocky Trees, . . $i oo $8 50 $40 00

7 to 8 ft. *' " I «5 10 00 50 00

8 to 9 ft. " •• I 50 12 50 55 00

9 to 10 ft. " •• 2 00 17 50 60 00

10 to 12 ft. «♦ " 2 50 22 50 75 00

' \ Prices on Larger Specimens on application.

Send for SPRING PRICE LIST and booklet " HINTS ON PLANTING."

ANDORRA NURSERIES,

WM. WARNER HARPER, Prop. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

^^^^<'^-:^4^ . ^,

^>/'2!?^

Vol. X.

Philadelphia, February, 1906.

No. 7.

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

loia Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter.

CONTENTS.

Editorials -_

Canadian Forestry Convention _o

Lumbermen and Forestry

Forest Reserves in New Jersey

Forest Planting in Northeastern PennsylvanVa./. ".....

Report of Committee on Forestry and Irrigation of the Nai'ionai

Board of Trade

The Kimberton Elm

How Should Our Future Forest Lands be Taxed ?

Correspondence ^

Conservative Forestry Pays '

Annual Meeting of the American' ForeTtryAssocmW^^

98

99
100

I02

102
104

108
109

Subscription, $i.oo per Year.

vmjn and others is called to the advantages
advertising medium. Rates will be fur-

The attention of Nurserymen and others
0/ hoRBST Lbavbs as an
nishedon application.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

Founded in Junk, 1886,

National.

protective laws, both State and

to

jnem
Comm

Annual member ship fee. Two dollars.
^(/^ w^wJ^rjA/> twenty-five dollars.

be"it7tiS'toThTSrPe^tV7°^'^- °' %'' Association is intended
bers should seidtherr names VoX^-^h*^^'^ r^"^"if '° ^'^^'^^^
^ mittee. 10x2 Walnut Street PhHa^ Chairman of the Membership
President, John Birkinbine. '

^^^llt^'^t'^ '^"- «• "--y' J- " ^. Haydon. Albert Lewis,

^ZZ'^i^'i'^'^'^P^ Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.
^^r'^'^'^c'^'^f ''^'^P'' Mrs. Tohn P. Lundy.
Recording Secretary, K L. Bitler. ^

treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast.
Hew^t't" '■^"^'' Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, Charles

Frazre'iTh^lP'ir^u'"''*^' Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher W W
^jL^r J^i A^u P^^^o^t. and J. Rodman Paul. ' ' ^^'

and Hon. S P. Wolve^ton ' * ' S^'"*"^°°' ^^' 8a«»uel Wolfe,

Chairman; Henry Budd, Charles

. -./erton
Z^tt/, Hon. W. N. Ashman
Hewett, and John A. Siner

Publication, John Birkinbine Chairman ; F. L. Bitler. S. B Elliott
Hames, Alfred Paschall, and Harrison Souder. "'

Alfreds .__, ^^

^ork, Mrs. Brinton Cox
*!'. L.

Meehan

Count

ss

in

K, Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Chairman ; Mrs Georee T H^ton Tu:
Okk,c. ok thk Association, ,o» Walnut St.. Philadelphia.

EDITORIALS.

THE discussion of a taxation of timber lands
by Mr S. B. Elliott of the Pennsylvania
State Forestry Reservation Commission,
presents in a business manner a problem of vital
importance to practical forestry. The contribution
was prepared for publication in two parts, in ac-
cord v.'ith our desire to limit the length of articles
appeanng HI Forest Leaves; b^t we found that
to do justice to the subject and to Mr. Elliott's
^^ w*^!"*' ^'^'^^hould appear in full in this issue.
Within a relatively short time trees have been
abundant, lumber plentiful, and the necessity of
protecting existing and prospecting new forests
IS so new to the general public that it would be
remarkable if legislation was not in some cases
crude or ineffective. But with the acknowledged
importance of forests and appreciation of their
value, laws are demanded which will assist in
securing adequate protection. The legislation

f^^^^l"""^^ ^'^' the acquisition of reserves
and the administration of these has been carefully

I ^°u n^u' ^""^ ^^ '^^ "°* ^'^''" these as complete
' .Jl^l ''^ "oted that Mr. Elliott does not refer
to the tax of five cents per acre placed upon State
forest reserves, to which reference was made in
Forest Leaves, as this subject deserves special
treatment. But the equity of placing a tax on
land maintained as forests by private owners is
discussed from the standpoint of one who desires .
that every proper inducement be offered the
landowner to care for his timber areas until thev
have reached maturity, and then cut them in a
manner to preserve them as a permanent source

of supply.

In other issues of Forest Leaves we have
called attention to the fact that a farmer who an-
nually pays tax on his woodland has little encour-
agement to maintain it ; but, on the contrary, he
IS ikely to cut the trees as soon as he can obtain
value from them. He may admit the increasing

98

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

,1

commercial value due to rapid accretions from
annual growth, but the cold facts as he sees it is,
that he pays money on a crop which only matures
in thirty forty or more years.

1 he general plan outlined by Mr. Elliott is to
meet this condition and yet have the wooded
areas of the State bear their fair share of financial
responsibility to the State. .

^ This problem is attracting interest in other
States, and we trust that the presentation by Mr
Elliott will encourage a full discussion, so that
when the matter comes before the Legislature it
will command the support of the people generally.
*****
The Pennsylvania Forestry Association has
adopted an official badge. This emblem is in
the form of a small, neat keystone (symbolic of
Pennsylvania) of silver, gold-plated, half-inch in
size, having on it a maple leaf of gold, on a blue
enameled background. The two colors used,
the gold and blue, are the State colors^ On the
top of the keystone are the letters "V. H.A.,
being the initial letters of the Association. 1 hese
badges are of two styles, one a button for gentle-
men and the other a pin for ladies. The price
to members has been fixed at 75 cents, which
includes the cost of mailing but not of registra-
tion, and if the latter is desired, 8 cents additional
should be forwarded.

Canadian Forestry Convention.

T N the latter part of the year 1905, attention
I was called to a Canadian Forestry Conven-
* tion, to be held in Ottawa, Canada, January
ioth-i2th, 1906, and an invitation was extended
to the Pennsylvania Forestry Association to send
representatives, seven members being present on

that occa,sion. . u ij ;„

The sessions of the Convention were held in
the Railway Committee Rooms of the House of
Commons, His Excellency, the Governor-(,eneral,
Earl Grey, opening the convention, instanced
what he had seen in India, Asia Minor, Greece
and in Italy, where extensive tracts of tern,
torv once prosperous and densely populated were
now desolate, due to unregulated deforestation,
and called attention to the necessity of husband-
ing the forestry reserves so abundantly lavished
by Providence.

Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Premier, who presided,
welcomed the guests, and mentioned the necessity
of preserving the forest wealth of Canada, and
thought the forests should become a national do-
main. He advocated the provinces adopting a
policy of recovering timber lands where they had

been disposed of, also of the need of reforesting

denuded lands.

Sir Wilfrid deplored that so little was done to
protect the forest against fire. Man was a great
destroyer, the insect was worse, and fire was worse
than all. He was appalled to hear the other day
that the immense quantities of lumber shipped
from the Ottawa Valley did not represent niore
than a tenth of what was destroyed by fire.
There should be a careful patrol system, and it
should be a crime by law to drop a lighted match
in the dry forest. Action should also be taken to
limit the ravages caused by locomotive sparks.
Sir Wilfrid also encouraged tree planting on farms.
Mr R L. Borden followed in a forceful argu-
ment in favor of preservation of the forest wealth,
Hon. Frank Oliver, Minister of Interior, made
a practical speech, pointing out some of the
difficulties in saving the trees.

Mr E G. Joly de Lotbiniere, president of the
association, recalled the far off days when Cham-
plain first established a colony of pioneers where
Ouebec now stands. Since then until recently
the forest was looked upon as the sternest and
most relentless enemy of the settler. In 300
years this enemy had been greatly annihilated.
He reviewed the history of the reforestation
movement in Canada. He hoped to see means
established in the near future for educating the
young people in forestry preservation.

Mr. Gilford Pinchot conveyed to Earl Grey a
message of the warmest personal regards from the
President of the United States.

Treating the subject of forestry preservation in
the United States Mr. Pinchot said that the basis
was education. Every person was taught to
believe that the preservation of the forest was ot
substantial consequence to each one.

A number of interesting papers were presented,
which may be mentioned by title, as follows:
" Forestry on Dominion I^nds," by E. Stewart ;•
" Forest Fires," Dr. Robert Bell ; "Effects of the
Conservation of the Forests on Water Powers,''
C. H. Keefer ; "Forest Reserves," Thomas South-
worth • "Forestry and Irrigation," J. S. Dennis;
"Water Powers," Cecil B. Smith ; " Forestry on
the Experimental Farms," Wm. Saunders ; "Farm
Forestry for the Eastern Provinces," Rev. A. E.
Burke ; " Tree Planting in the West," Norman M.
Ross ; '" The Agricultural Forest Problem," E. J.
Zavitz • " Forestry from the Lumberman's Stand-
point '• J. B. Miller ; " The Forests of Nova
Scotia " F. C. Whitman ; " The Lumber Indus-
try and the Forest," Wm. Little; " Jhe Pulp
Wood Industry," H. M. Price; "The Wood Sup-
ply of the Railroads," Joseph Hobson and W. F.
Tye; "The Pulp Industry of Canada, b. B.

99

Biggar ; "The Demand of the Newspaper on the
^^•■^^V,'' J-/- MacKay; "The Forest and the
Mine Frederick Keffer ; "The Wood Supply of
the Manufacturer," J. Kerr Osborne; "Forestry
Education," Monsignor J. U. K. Laflamme ; "A
Canadian Forest Policy," Dr. Judson F. Clark.
On the nth a banquet was held at the Russell
House.

The resolutions presented and adopted were •
The construction of the G. T. P. and of other
roads projected through coniferous forests was re-
garded as constituting a menace, and the railway
companies were urged tb provide proper patrols
and other precautions. Forest reserves were ap-
proved, and the governments urged to establish a
system of exploration ahead of settlement with a
view to selecting proper agricultural lands and
saving the forests as far as possible, It was also
resolved that the time is now ripe for a general
forest policy for Canada, and that the Federal
Government be asked to inaugurate the same.
1 he opinion was also expressed that the retention
of areas under wood and the replanting of de-
pleted areas would be encouraged by an abolition
ot taxation.

Lumbermen and Forestry.

7\ T the fourth annual meeting of the Hard-
J^ wood Manufacturer's Association, held in

Louisville, Ky.. January 1 6-1 7th, Mr. R.
H. Vansarit, President of the organization, in his
lormal address made a special reference to for-
estry, showing the interest which practical lumber-
"^" ^'^ "O"' ^^^^S in the subject. He said :—
Ihe forestry question is fast coming to the
front, and will have to be met and solved at no
distant day.

That there has been a marked change in the
perennial flow of the streams and in agriculture,
by the clearing of the soil and the destruction of

win doubt' "° °"^ ^' ^" '"^'""'^' ^''^^ '^^ '"''J^^*

trlLT^.u""^^^ "^^^^^ '"PP'y '■« l^'-gely con-
rolled by the forests of the Appalachian range,

^e destruction of these forests has become seri^

ously important ; and also in other sections of the

United States, but with these I am not so familiar

tecHnn°!^f Tk^' ^r^ ^^^"^ P''°P°^^d fo^ the proi

aPDe!? ,n ^'"u ^'''^''' ^"*^ ^'"°"g these is the
appeal to lumbermen to voluntarily and without

narrof ?K ^^^'^ removing the timber, or certain

enlct / '*"'^' •^"'^ ^''°' °"^ *« Congress to
ena^t a law requiring them to do so. In my

opinion an appeal of this character or a law of this

■^incl is, under present conditions, extremely un-

reasonable, and will be met with the strongest op-
position by the present day lumbermen.

1 he nien who now own these forests of market-
able timber have expended vast fortunes in acquir-
ing them, with the laudable expectation of realiz-
mg a fair profit on their investment ; in fact a
arge number of them have the savings of a life-
time of hardest labor wrapped up in them, and
to require or ask them to give all they have to a
project m which they have no pecuniary interest
IS, to my mmd, unfair and unjust.

That something should be done all will admit
and in my opinion, the only feasible plan that
would be just to all is for the national governmen
o acquire, by purchase, the tops of these moun-
tains and a sufficiency of the lower parts after the
timber now of marketable size shall have been re-
moved, the same to be removed without the un-
necessary destruction of the smaller timber, to in-
sure the necessary protection to the great natural
reservoir which waters that vast industrial and
agricultural country draining the Appalachian
Mountains. This to my mind, is the only prlc"
ticable solution of the problem that wouldbe fair
to every one and I trust that this, or some other
method equally as satisfactory, will be adopted in
the near futnre. ^

Without in any wise discouraging the value of
forestry «-e think the duty that lies nearest the
hand of the lumberman is the practice of forest
and sawmill economies. The last few years have
developed the fact, and the past twelve months
have emphasized it, that there is no wood grow-
ing out of the ground which does not possess a
value for some purpose. To-day every variety of
American forest growth is under tribute to min-
ister to the wants of mankind.

Practical forestry has taken a definite form, and
as an evidence of this the National Lumber
Manufacturers' Association at the meeting held at t
Chicago, in May, 1905, decided to raise a fund
to endow a chair in the Yale forest school, to teach
applied forestry and practical lumbering '

The wise lumberman will learn all that is worth *
knowing about these woods now new to the hard-
wood industry; he will learn the way to handle
them ; the uses for which they may be adapted
and the way to make money out of them

rJ. ^^K^'!f *" ^°^^ ^^^^ "^"y o*" the manufactu-
rers of hardwood are interesting themselves in the
possibilities of the dimension business, in the
financial possibilities of sawmill economies. This
branch of the hardwood business has up to the

wfVrf ^^"^ T''^ neglected. It hits meant .
lo^ and failure to the majority entering upon it •
It has lacked system, expert knowledge of the re-
quirements of production, and especially has it

i>

100

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

101

i

been deficient in organization. From all just and
logical view-points, the dimension business should
be one of the best and most profitable features of
the hardwood lumber industry, if correct systems
of manufacture, accurate grading and just values

are attained.

The early history of the hardwood lumber
business in this country is a pathetic and lament-
able one. A little more than a century ago the
major portion of the United States east of the
Missouri River was covered with a great stand of
hardwood timber of variety, richness and density
not existing in any other part of the world. This
growth was also marked by woods that were phe-
nomenal in their growth ; woods suitable for all
purposes, and which, for many years, have made
this portion of America a source of supply for
nearly every part of the civilized globe.

This wealth was so prolific as to be utterly un-
appreciated. Millions of acres of magnificent
timber were wantonly destroyed. Other millions
of acres were depreciated and largely ruined, and
the choicest trees of other millions of acres were
felled and cut into badly manufactured lumber,
and, worse still, this placed upon the market un-
seasoned and not fit for use.

The commercial history of the hardwood busi-
ness during all this time was bad ; it was difficult
for any manufacturer to know in advance that he
would make any profit in his business, or market
his lumber in a satisfactory manner ; and it has
only been within the last few years that the hard-
wood manufacturer could, with any degree of cer-
tainty, expect a dollar's profit.

The present day manufacturers of hardwood
are just learning our .trade, and with former forest
conditions existing could easily carve out for-
tunes ; but to-day we generally stand confronted
with sparse and depreciated forests, for the most
part located at long distances from market, and it
is almost impossible for us to succeed without the
aid of experience, skill, good judgment, indus-
try and the co-operation of our fellows in the
trade. It is incumbent upon every man who
would succeed to be on the alert, study his busi-
ness thoroughly, analyze every feature of it, learn
something about it every day, and be satisfied that
he has done his best only when he has mastered
the details of the most approved methods in the
trade. To do this, he must learn from the expe-
rience of others, as well as himself, and should be
equally ready to assist others to learn best methods.

A Chicago corporation owning land along the
Chicago Drainage Canal is contemplating planting
trees on a tract of 4000 acres, and in this way se-
curing revenue from unproductive land.

Forest Reserves for New Jersey.

AT the meeting of the New Jersey Legisla-
ture early in 1905, an appropriation of
$10,000 was made for the purchase of
forest reserves. Governor E. C. Stokes has taken
much interest in this work, and in his first annual
message to the Legislature on January 9th, 1906,

said '

^^ Among New Jersey's valuable resources are
her woodlands. These for a long time have suf-
fered from the woodman's unscientific axe. They
have been swept by fire to the impoverishment of
the soil, and, what is most important, to the re-
duction of the potable water supply— an indis-
pensable factor in our rapidly growing popula-
tion. Forty-six per cent, of the upland area of
New Jersey is better adapted to the production of
forests than to grazing or tillage. A plan for the
utilization of this territory, for the growth of
timber and the reclamation of our waste lands for
purposes of tree culture was inaugurated at the
last session of the Legislature. Under the pro-
visions of that act a forestry commission was ap-
pointed.

*^The commission's aim has been, first, to se-
cure a tract where tree culture could be exem-
plified and studied in a practical way and thus
serve as an incentive to individuals and private
interests to engage in -this work on their own
account ; secondly, to secure a tract containing
timber ready for cutting, that the State might at
once derive a revenue from this source and at the
same time be growing trees to take the places of
those cut and removed ; thirdly, to secure a tract
capable of growing timber, even though it require
a generation or more for its development. These
three objects seem to cover a comparatively wide
field of forestry work.

**Ten thousand dollars was appropriated for
these purposes. A tract of 268.94 acres near
May's Landing was purchased for $1075.76, to
which has been added 104.65 acres, the gift of
John Gifford, and a tract of 597 acres of young
timber in Bass River township, Burlington County,
has been secured at a cost of $879.

'' The aggregate acreage now acquired is 970. 5
acres, at a cost of $1954-76 for the land and
$193.50 for surveys and maps required by law.

'» Negotiations are in progress for tracts of
larger acreage,* subject to the approval of the
Legislature in the way of sufiicient appropriation.
<^We have 108 fresh water lakes distributed
throughout the State, covering 14,000 acres.
AVhere practicable these should be set apart as

* About 24,000 acres. — Ed.

public parks and carefully preserved for the use of
the people of the State. They should become the
property of the State in connection with its for-
estry reservations. The State now owns no pot-
able waters, but it could acquire these lakes and
through the ownership of forestry reservations!
the sources of our potable streams. The titles to
these mland lakes were vested in the proprietors
of East and West Jersey. Where they have not
been sold they still reside in those corporations
and constitute property rights. The State could
purchase these or secure them, through condem-
nation proceedings, under proper legislation The
same course should apply to the inland lakes that
have passed to the control of private interests
where this could be accomplished without inflict-
ing injustice upon the owners. This subject is of I
such importance as to warrant action. It is so
intricate and complex as to require a full investi-
gation of the facts involved and the best knowl-
edge on the subject in order to insure wise and
effective legislation. I suggest, subject to the
judgment of the Legislature, that some commis-
sion, preferably the riparian, be authorized to in-
vestigate this proposition, its practicability and
probable cost, and, if possible, make at least a
partial report at this session of the Legislature,
If It be found that some preliminary legislation is
necessary."

In accordance with the suggestion in the last
paragraph of the governor's address, a joint reso-
lution has been introduced in the Legislature pro-
viding for the appointment of a Commission com-
posed of four members of the Riparian Commis-
sion and the State Geologist to investigate the
character and extent of potable water and water
supplies in the State, their ownership and value
and the probable cost of their acquisition and
ownership by the State.

A bill has been introduced in the Senate for the
appointment of fire wardens and the prevention
of forest fires. This act proposes to give the
btate Forest Park Reservation Commissioners the
power ^ appoint a State fire warden, who shall
iiold office during the pleasure of the Commis-
sion. Upon the request of the State Board of the
l^orest Park Reservation Commissioners, the gov-
erning body of any township shall, within 70
days, appoint a town fire warden to serve one
year, who may be removed by the Commission •
and, when requested by the State fire warden the
town fire warden will establish two or more'dis-
tncts for the township, appointing in each a resi-
dent district fire warden. The State fire warden
nas the supervision of all township and district
lire wardens, sees that all vacancies are reported
ascertains the origin of fires when not reported' '

supervises bills against the State for fighting forest
fires etc. The town and district fire wardens are
to establish a fire patrol to prevent and extinguish
torest fires during such seasons and in the locali-
ties prescribed by the Commissioners, and enforce
the laws of the State. They also have the ri^ht
to summon men, horses, etc., to aid in extinguish-
ing forest fires, there being a penalty of $10 for
refusal to assist. The cost of the fire service to
be borne by the township in which the fire occurs
unless the State fire warden is present, when he
can call to his aid fire wardens from surrounding
townships with their assistants, in which case the
btate bears the expense of such as reside in the
townships which the fire does not enter, and also
ot hres which occur on State reservation. The
Commission has the right to prescribe the duties
ot the fire wardens, and purchase such equipment
as is necessary to carry out the act.

The town committee or governing board is to
fix the rate to be paid fire wardens and persons
employed by them. If the rate is not fixed, then
lire wardens are to receive $3 per day when fight-
ing forest fires and $2 while otherwise employed •
helpers, when extinguishing fires, ^i, or 20 cents
an hour when engaged more than five hours, and
when employed as a patrol or otherwise, ^i
per day. ^

The act also makes provision for reporting for-
est-fire damage, prohibiting the burning of brush
etc., between March loth and May 31st unles^
permission is obtained from the resident fire
warden ; and it also gives the right to arrest per-
sons without warrant, who have broken the pro-
visions of this act, and prescribes the method to
be followed in the trial of offenders, and the col-
lection of damages or imprisonment if convicted
One-half of any penalty to go to the State, and
t*ie balance to the person whose evidence secures
conviction.

Mr. J. Gordon and others are interested in a
project to establish a 100,000 acres timber, fish
and game preserve. It is the desire to purchase
this land in the rough and mountainous section of
the reservation of Choctaw and Chickasaw na-
tions at its appraised value. This land can never
be of great value for agricultural purposes, and at
a meeting of the Choctaw Council a resolution
approving the project, and the sale of the land,
was passed. Before this resolution can become
active, it must be passed on by the U. S. Con-
gress, and should receive careful attention from
that body, for the effort to protect the game, fish
and timber, if properly carried out, is commend-
able, and should receive encouragement.

Ii*i

I

102

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

103

Forest Planting in Northeastern
Pennsylvania.

THE question of reforesting waste mountain
land in Wayne County, Pa., has been in-
vestigated by the Forest Service, in con-
nection with the preparation of a planting plan
for lands controlled by Mr. Richard Knight, of
Middletown, N. Y. ,

The plan recommends the planting of com-
mercially valuable trees on 1,500 acres of denuded
land. Whatever young growth is at present
occupying the ground will be favored where it
will not detract from the value of the future stand.
There is a second-growth forest of 700 acres ad-
jacent to the land to be planted, and the recom-
mendations will include directions for the right
management of this forest, as well as measures to
protect the whole property from fire.

The principal trees suitable for planting in this
locality are chestnut, European larch, red pine, and
red oak. Black locust has many desirable quali-
ties, but its susceptibility to insect damage makes
its use on a large scale somewhat hazardous, so
that it will be planted only to a limited extent.

The growth of all these species is fairly rapid,
so that they may be expected to make a substan-
tial yield in from thirty to forty years. The ,
yield from thinning in the meantime will also be
of value. When the plantation is from fifteen to
thirty years of age a good deal of material can be
utilized for such purposes as mine props.

The nursery stock needed for the plantation
will be grown on the tract. This will reduce
the first cost, and the seedlings, when ready for
planting, will already be acclimated. To furnish
these seedlings, a nursery capable of rearing some
200,000 plants annually will be established in
the coming spring. •

The project is one of great interest to land-
owners of the region, as an example of what may
be done with these waste lands. It is reasonably
certain that the experiment will increase the value
of the property and prove an excellent business

investment.

The demand for timber of all kinds in north-
eastern Pennsylvania is far in excess of the local
supply. This is especially true of the better
classes of material. The coal-mining companies
require enormous quantities of timber annually,
and, to obtain the amount needed, they are forced
to accept woods which are of small value. In
many cases, however, the use of strong, durable
timber is imperative, and to supply this demand
large quantities must be imported.

The second-growth hardwood forests which in
many places have replaced the original stands are

an illustration of what would have been general
had the cut-over lands been protected from tire.
The absence of protection, however, has resulted
in large areas of brush land, absolutely worthless
in their present condition. This waste land, if
forested, is capable of fully supplying the local
market, and it is probable that large areas will be
planted to forests in the near future.

Report of Committee on Forestry and
Irrigation of the National Board

of Trade.

TT7HE Committtee on Forestry and Irrigation

I of the National Board of Trade, of which

"^ Mr Wm. S. Harvey was chairman, at its

meeting on January i6th and 17th, presented a

valuable report, from which the following excerpts

have been made : * , r ..v, i^^

It is gratifying to note that much of the leg-
islation on forestry and irrigation matters which
has been consistently urged by the National Board
of Trade has been enacted into law.

In the matter of forestry legislation the National
Board of Trade recommended the passage ot the
bill providing for the consolidation of the various
forestry branches of the government ^into the
Bureau of Forestry of the Department of Agricul-
ture. This bill was enacted into law at the last

session of Congress. , ' , -4.

The National Board of Trade has stood against
the practice of exchanging worthle^ ''^?"Pi
land in the national forest reserves for valuable
public lands outside of the reserves, and has re-
peatedly recommended the repeal of the law
permitting this practice. This law was repealed
at the last session of Congress. . u .u '

A Public Lands Commission, appointed by the
President, consisting of W. A. Richards, Com-
missioner of the General Land Office, Frederick
H Newell, Chief Engineer of the Reclamation
Service, and Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the Bureau
of Forestry, has during the course of two years
made a study of the public lands' condition, and
has brought in a report which has been forwarded
to Congress by the President, with a special
message recommending the repeal of the Timber
and Stone Act and the substitution of a rational
forest policy of selling only the stumpage from
the public timber lands, retaining the lands for
future timber growth ; recommending the radical
amendment of the commutation clause of the
Homestead Act and a like amendment of the
Desert I^nd Act, in such manner as to require
actual residence and improvement under both ot
the latter named laws, amounting to their prac-
tical repeal.

Under the Timber and Stone Act the sales of
public timber lands during the last five years have
been as follows :

f^^' 396,445-61 acres.

XI 545,253.98

112 1.765,222.43

^904 1,306,261.30

'905 696,677.06

ti

it

tt

i(

4,709,860.38

((

A large proportion of these lands have been
in the heavily timbered belt of the far northwest,
and is of the class of timber described by the
Secretary of the Interior in his report for the
fiscal year ended, June 30, 1903, in which he
says :

*'The Timber and Stone Act will, if not re-
pealed or radically amended, ultimately result in
the complete destruction of the timber on the
unappropriated and unreserved public lands The
rapidity with which the public timbered lands are
being denuded of their timber, and the opportu-
nity offered under the Timber and Stone Act for
the fraudulent acquisition of title to public tim-
bered lands at the uniform price of ^12.50 per
acre, when they are in many instances worth
forty times that («ioo), has been heretofore set
lorth in the pages of my annual reports and those
of my predecessors."

As far back as 1902, the Commissioner of the I
General Land Office said in his annual report •

^'Many lands which the Government disposed
of a few years ago for $2.50 per acre are now
worth $100 an acre, or even more. Under
this law the Government has disposed of more
than 5,000,000 acres of valuable timbered lands
and has received therefor about $13,000,000!
Ihe law has been too often violated. Individuals
without funds of their own have been employed
to make entries for others with large capital, who
paid the expenses, and some wealthy speculators
have made enormous fortunes.

J* Considering the forests simply as property
whose only use is to be converted into lumber
and other material of commercial value, the Gov-
ernment has disposed of them at an actual loss of
considerably more than $100,000,000. In other
words, through the operation of this law public
property worth much more than $130,000,000
has been disposed of for about $13,000,000."

Since that report was made, nearly 4,000,000
additional acres have been disposed of under this
law, the value of timbered land in the meantime
constantly increasing.

But estimating the values only of the 4,709,860
acres of timbered lands disposed of in the last five

years, and at only $25 per acre, the Government
has, in that time, parted with the title to land
worth $117,746,500. The price received for
this land has been at the uniform rate of $2 50
per acre, or $11,774,650, a loss to the Govern-
ment of over $100,000,000. Your committee
endorses the recommendation of the President
and his Public Lands Commission for the repeal
of this Timber and Stone Act and the substitution
of a rational forest policy, by which the title to
the public timber lands shall remain forever in
the Government, the stumpage only to be dis-
posed of, at its market value.

Under such a plan as this, and under an agree-
ment whereby one-half the proceeds could be
devoted to the Forestry Service and the other
half to the Irrigation Fund, two policies of great
internal improvement and importance could be
I generously maintained, while at the same time
j the forestry question would be to a great extent
I solved, public forest lands being lumbered in
I such manner as to preserve the young growth and
' leave the forests as a perpetual source of income
to the nation and at the same time conserve the
water supply.

In this connection, your committee is much
impressed with the importance of the creation of
federal forest reserves to preserve the water supply
of eastern streams, upon the continued flow of
which depends much of our manufacturing indus-
tries. The western half of the United States has
over 100,000,000 acres set aside in national forest
reserves, as a source of future timber supply and
for the preservation of the flow of streams for
irrigation ; but the east has no such advantage,
whereas the menace to her water supply from
forest destruction is equally as great. Large areas
in the Southern Appalachian and White Mountain
Ranges should be created into forest reserves.

The creation of the Appalachian and White
Mountain Reserves cannot be left to the States ;
the question is an interstate and therefore a na-
tional one. Nearly all the rivers of New England
head in the White Mountains of New Hampshire,
and it is of supreme importance to the industries
of all the New England States, representing tens
of millions of dollars, that the forest cover at the *
river sources shall be preserved and improved.

National delay in the acquisition of these *l re-
serves " would be dangerous and wasteful. Tim-
ber land which a few years ago could have been
purchased at $1.50 to $3 an acre has now trebled
and quadrupled in value. Additional delay will
mean a further increase in cost. Congress should
act at once, and preserve from destruction one
of the greatest resources of the nation.

■■gz>€:^

104

FOREST LEAVES.

The Kimberton Elm.

A LARGE American elm, illustrations of
which are found herein, is growing in a
lawn at the rear of a hotel in the village
of Kimberton, East Pikeland Township, Chester
County, Pa. The owner of the premises, Mr. L
Newton Davis, the proprietor of the hotel, takes
a just pride in this remarkably fine tree, and is
according it the protection which it well deserves.

On November 6,1905, Mr. JohnO. K. Robarts,
Editor of the Phoenixville Messenger, invited me
to accompany him to view the tree, and make a
record of such data regarding it as might be use-
ful for future purposes.

At the level of the ground the tree measures
in circumference 27 feet, and the spreading out
or buttressing of the roots is not so pronounced
as in some others of its species. At a height of
five feet from the level of the ground the circum-
ference of the tree is 18 feet 6 inches. The
spread of the limbs measures 80 feet, and a com-
parison of spread with height resulted in an esti-
mate of height greater than spread, probably about
85 or 90 feet.

No satisfactory conclusion, of course, can be
arrived at as to its age. The tree has stood for
years in an open place, the air and sunlight hav-
ing free access on all sides, and its roots no doubt
penetrate to the moist meadow soil immediately
adjacent.

Mr. David Thomas, one of the oldest residents
of the neighborhood, states that when he was a
young man twenty years of age this tree was large,
very sturdy and substantial in appearance. The
time of which he speaks was sixty years ago.

A neighborhood story is to the effect that one
of the earliest buildings in that locality was a log-
house erected within the shadow of its branches.
It may be that some early settler planted the tree
beside the humble cabin which he erected in the
wilderness. Within the spread of its branches can
be seen the outlines of a foundation of some
former building, and an old-fashioned dug well,
now covered over and unused, still remains.

At a height of about seven feet from the sur-
face of the ground the tree is forked, dividing
into two branches, either one of which is in itself
a large tree. The whole tree appears to be en-
tirely sound, no mark of decay or fungus disease
being anywhere apparent. The bark is smooth
with the well-known corrugations of the elm, and
with a fair amount of protection, barring storms
and lightning, it bids fair to add many years to its
span of life.

L C. Williams.

How Should Our Future Forest
Lands be Taxed?

THE following is a tardy compliance with a
promise made several months ago to dis-
cuss in the columns of Forest Leaves the
very important and pressing subject of taxation
affecting the reforestation of the waste, barren
and cut-over lands in our State.

All observing persons, all land owners, and all
those who have to do w^th the lumber interests of
our country, know that as conditions now are no
reforestation of those lands, whether naturally or
artificially attempted, can take place while fires
are allowed to devastate them or assessors al-
lowed, as heretofore and now, to fix such values
upon them and the young timber growing thereon,
as may make it so unprofitable to owners as to
cause them to refrain from attempting it.

It is well-known that in the past many owners
of valuable timber tracts have been forced, from
heavy taxation, to cut and throw their product
upon a glutted market to save that product from
practical confiscation ; and this sort of work Has
done much towards bringing about the present
deplorable state of depleted forests.

Forest fires can and must be controlled, and it
is gratifying to know that public sentiment is
awakening to the necessity of it and that fires,
especially upon State reservations, are less fre-
quent. While it may seem hopeless now, awak-
ened public opinion brought to bear upon the
careless, heedless offender, and the law upon the
wilful one, will and must settle the matter without
disagreement ; but it is not so with the question
of taxation. Regarding that men may disagree
as their varied interests may be involved, but all
should admit that taxation should be so adjusted
that it shall be e(iual, just, and fair as possible,
and the general welfare subserved.

There is no tax for State purposes levied upon
land in Pennsylvania, and whatever may be levied
upon realty mi^t, therefore, be local. The rate
of such local taxation varies with the needs of the
community, and only the so-called rural districts
can, in the very nature of the case, place a tax
upon land with young and growing timber on it.
Therefore, any tax that shall fall upon land, con-
sequent upon growing young trees thereon, must,
necessarily, fall heavier upon rural districts than
on towns and cities. That inequality should be
relieved as much as possible, for the towns and
cities require timber as much as the rural districts.

Article IX, section i, of our State Constitution,
provides that *'all taxes shall be uniform upon
the same class of subjects. " It is held that, under
this clause, land cannot be exempted from taxa-

.ft-

«••

•^.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. 7.

AMERICAN ELM. (ULMUS AMERICANA, L.)

KIMBERTON. CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

I

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. 7.

TRUNK OF AMERICAN ELM. (ULMUS AMERICANA, L.)

KIMBERTON, CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

CJ

FOREST LEAVES.

105

tion, save where it shall be used for public pur-
poses. This view is certainly logical and must
be correct, and in the scheme I shall propose for
relieving young growing timber from taxation,
until such time as it shall reach an age wherein it
shall have a commercial value when cut, will in
no way conflict with that conclusion.

There can be no truthful denial but that the
assessor of the past (and he of the present time is
of the same mind), persistently laid a heavy valua-
tion upon all land having growing or standing
timber upon it, and what he has been doing in
the past he will be almost certain to do in the
future, unless positively forbidden.

Our legislature has endeavored to circumvent
him to a certain extent by providing for a rebate
of taxes, not to exceed forty-five cents per acre,
on land which may have three hundred or more
growing young trees upon it, but he promptly
puts that rebate out of action by increasing the
valuation on that or the remainder of the owner's
holdings, and in this it may be reasonably ex-
pected that the county commissioners will uphold
him. It must in some way be so fixed that it
will be impossible to impose a tax on growing
trees, or the owner thereof, until such trees have a i
value as a merchantable commodity if cut. With- '
out that restraint no one need expect that land
owners will plant or care for trees when they must
wait a half a century for returns on their invest-
ment and, in addition, endure increasing taxation
besides.

But can this be done ? Can we separate the
products of the land from the land itself for the
purposes of taxation ? It is an established prin-
ciple in taxation that land taxes may be measured
by area, or they may be measured by rents— which,
in a sense, is a product— or by value ; and no
matter which system prevails we primarily fix the
value, in most cases, by what the land may pro-
duce. But suppose the rental or the product of
the land shall not be available in any possible way
for half a century or more ; can any one give a
good reason why such rental or product should be
subject to an annual and increasing tax?

That a tax should be levied and paid when the
rental or product is received or becomes of mer-
chantable value is not questioned nor proposed :
but what is suggested is, that such an extension
of time should be given as will permit the holder
of the land to be in a position to realize on his,
thus far, non-paying investment, and then tax for
full worth as on other property. In other words,
tax the land annually as land, according to the
Constitution, but at no higher rate than if no
trees were growing upon it, and when such trees
arrive at a marketable age, and saleable, if cut for

any purpose, then tax the trees, which are simply
the product, as well as the land.

Do we separate the land from its products in
the matter of taxation in our State? Most as-
suredly. The act of the legislature referred to
(see act approved April 20, 1905), practically
does that by partially relieving the land of taxa-
tion. Timber growing on land may be assessed
to one party while the land is assessed to another.
The case is the same with coal— both products of
the land. Whether timber of suitable age, or
coal lying in the ground, should be taxed before
removal for sale is a question not, at this stage
of the argument, under consideration, but the
United States Government, by act of Congress,
permits dutiable goods to be stored in bonded
warehouses without payment of duty until re-
moved for sale, and the law is the same in certain
cases where an excise duty— Internal Revenue— is
I not collected until the goods are taken from the
I bonded warehouses. But in regard to the timber
! trees referred to, the difference claimed between
: them and young growing ones is, that one is ripe
and now merchantable, if cut, while the other is
not, nor can be for a long time, and the conten-
tion IS that taxes should not be levied until the
growing trees shall have, at the time taxation be-
gins, a then present value.

In this State we do not tax colts or young cattle
until they are four years old— an age in which
they are esteemed to have a merchantable value.
A farmer may thus make a business of growing
young cattle and young horses and disposing of
Uiem without being subject to taxation at all.
Thus is the product of the land separated from
the land itself in taxation.

The value in young trees is purely prospective.
It may never materialize. Fire, disease, or in-
sects may destroy it. It has no marketable value
until large enough for use, and it cannot be con-
ceived that our Constitution contemplates taxing
non-existent or prospective values. It is real ones,
actual ones, present ones that should be the sub-
jects of taxation.

It is pertinent to remark that there is more or
less land in every county in our State that is un-
suited for the general purposes of agriculture-
land from which all merchantable timber has been
removed or killed by fire. All such is subject to
taxation under our Constitution, and, as the law
now stands, any trees that may now exist there,
or may come to grow upon it in time, may be
considered by the assessor as having a value,
when, in fact, the only value that can be con-
ceived is a prospective one. The assessor may
assume such value as he sees fit and add it, in-
creasing it each year, to that of the land for the

106

FOREST LEAVES.

purposes of taxation. That is our present system,
right in the face of the fact that no revenue can
be received for many years, and the further fact
that this prospective value may be wiped out at
any time by fire or disease. At the very best,
land devoted to tree-growing cannot escape bear-
ing a heavy burden. It should be placed in a
separate class from that devoted to the general
purposes of agriculture. A little computation will
show how unequally it stands when compared

with others.

It is certainly fair to assume that three dollars
per acre is the net annual income from cultivated
land after taxes and all legitimate charges in cul-
tivating it have been considered. In forty years
—the time required for nearly all our valuable
timber trees to grow to be at all suitable for mer-
chantable timber, and most of them require sixty
or more years— the sum received will amount to
$120. As the owner gets the money each year
he has the use of it, and it is but right that in-
terest should be added. Simple interest at five
per cent, would increase the sum to $240, while
• compound interest— and that is what should be
reckoned — would make it amount to $376.14.

Now, take an acre upon which trees shall be
planted. No income at all equal to cost of plant-
ing and care, up to forty years, can be received,
except in the case of one or two species of quick-
growing trees used for special purposes, and,
should no additional tax consequent upon the
growth of tps.iis be put upon it, and a tax of only
three cents per acre be levied upon it to meet the
requirements of the Constitution, the owner will,
in forty years, have paid out $1.20 in taxes, and
putting compound interest on this the amount
will be $3.76. One case shows a gain of $376.14,
and the other a loss of $3-76, to say nothing of
the use of the money invested in planting trees
and caring for them. One shows an annual net
return of five per cent, on land valued at $60 per
acre that in all probability was not assessed at
one-half that amount, and the other a loss of three
cents per acre on whatever sum you choose to
value the land at. One must look in vain for uni-
formity here.

But what can be said in defence of adding to
the burden of the timber land by assessing an
assumed, prospective value upon it? If such
shall be persisted in it will amount to absolute
prohibition of reforestation in this State. Under
the very best system that can be devised the
owners of land will not be eager to engage in an
enterprise that will take so long a time to ma-
terialize.

But can a better system than that now in vogue
be devised ? That is the problem before us, and

it is a very serious one. Taxation is a profound
and perplexing question and, at best, must be a
matter of compromise. However, the task of
reforming our system will never be accomplished
unless some plan shall be proposed, and, claiming
that a better plan is possible, the following is put
forth for consideration :

Let a board of competent freeholders of the
county be appointed by the court, or elected for
that purpose, whose duty it shall be to fix a valua-
tion on any and all lands which the owners thereof
shall elect to devote exclusively to growing trees
of such species as are suitable for merchantable
lumber. This valuation to be made every ten
years, and in no case to be any greater per acre
than the lowest valuation placed by the assessors
on any non-agricultural, barren, treeless or waste
land of any sort within the county. An appeal
to court from this valuation shall be allowed any
landowner, and, upon hearing, the court shall
have power to determine the sum.

If any landowner, whether non-resident or resi-
dent, shall elect to devote any portion of his land
exclusively to tree-growing for commercial pur-
poses he shall give notice, in proper form, to the
assessor of the district in which such land may be
located, and the assessor shall at once report the
same to the county commissioners, who shall
promptly lay it before the judge of the Court of
Quarter Sessions of the county. Thereupon the
court shall call upon the Department of Forestry
of the State to appoint an expert in forestry, who
shall at once examine the premises and decide
whether they are suitable for growing trees of
such species as will make good marketable lumber,
and to decide what species of trees shall be cared
for, if any such are growing on the land, and also
to decide what additional ones, if any, must be
planted, or whether all must be planted, and in
I all cases to determine how many and what species,
i If the report shall be favorable, and the land-
I owner become obligated to the county to conduct
' tree-planting and tree-growing on said land in
accordance with the directions and conditions
which the Forestry Department may formulate
and exact, then, when so planted or devoted to
tree-growing, said land shall not be assessed at a
higher rate nor taxed more per acre than the
valuation set upon it by the board* appointed for
that purpose or the court, on appeal, had fixed,
until the trees growing thereon shall be large
enough to produce good merchantable lumber and
cut therefor. In case of planted trees this period
of time should not be fixed for less than forty-five
years, except where quick-growing trees shall be
raised for special purposes other than sawed timber.
If, at any time, the owner of any such land

FOREST LEAYES.

107

shall fail to maintain, in some stage of growth,
such a number of trees as the Department of
Forestry shall deem requisite— a designation of
such number to be furnished the county commis-
sioners—then the land shall be removed from the
list of tree-growing lands and be subject to taxa-
tion as other lands in like condition are in the
county.

Whenever the owner of any such tree-growing
land shall deem it desirable to cut and remove
any or all of the trees growing thereon, he shall
apply to the commissioners of the county for a
valuation of such timber trees growing thereon as
he shall elect to cut and remove for use or sale
and on such removal he shall pay to the proper
collectors a total tax of not more than two per
cent, on the sum fixed by the county commis-
sioners. Appeal to the court from this valuation
shall be at all times a matter of right.

If any trees shall be removed at any time in
order to permit a better development of those
remaining, the value of the trees so removed shall
not be liable to any tax unless the value in the
vicinity shall be more than the cost of removal
or sale, nor shall such firewood as may be neces-
sary for use in the owner's house, or the house of
any tenant thereon, in his service, be liable to
any tax.

The tax which may fall due at the time of
cutting of said trees shall be a lien upon the same,
and upon the land on which they grow, and when
the same shall be cut and removed the tax must be
paid by the party so cutting and removing them.
Much detail is necessarily omitted in the fore-
going, the object being to show, in a general
way, a method to relieve tree-growing land from
unjust taxation, yet give to the public fund its
due and equitable proportion of tax on property
when that property becomes of merchantable
value, but not before.

If putting a tax on timber when sold shall not
be thought advisable, then when the trees shall
arrive at an age when some can be profitably re-
moved for sale, say at the age of forty-five years
from time of planting or electing to care for
growing trees for lumber that may be growing
on the land at such time, a certain portion of
said land may become taxable as timber land now
IS. If, on arriving at the age of forty-five years,
one-twentieth shall be set apart for such taxation,'
and a twentieth each year thereafter until all shall
become taxable, an age of sixty-five years will be
reached. Some of our timber trees will have
then arrived at a suitable age for the manufacture
of lumber; but if the owner shall not then elect
to cut the timber he will be paying tax on his
land same as now. In this system there should

be no tax levied when the timber is cut, for the tax
began before that was fit and suitable for lumber.
But it may be said that in both these proposed
systems the timber has all the time been growing
in value, but has paid no tax. True, but it has
all the time been costing its owner money— the
use of money invested in the land and in the
planting of trees and caring for them, and he has
received no revenue — nothing to pay taxes with.
The same can be said of buildings or construc-
tions for any purpose which may be going on for
the improvement of property. But who claims
the right to tax such improvements until com-
pleted, providing they are pushed forward to
completion as rapidly as possible?

To suppose that our National and State govern-
ments will be able, from their limited holdings,
to supply this country with the requisite amount
of timber that our civilization demands is to sup-
pose what cannot occur. Individuals, munici-
palities, corporations, companies and trustees of
estates must engage in tree-growing, and that
speedily, or there will be so disastrous a timber
famine that the car of progress in this country
will not only cease to advance, but will go back-
ward: Some relief and protection to tree-grow-
ing must be given or it will cease. Whoever may
engage in it will suffer enough in waiting for it
to mature and in tieing up money invested in the
enterprise, and should be exempt from taxation
in any form. Full relief cannot be given under
our Constitution, and it should be amended. It
should conform to the changed condition of
things. With us tree-growing is new. It is un-
like any other enterprise, because of the long
period of time taken to bring returns. At present
only such relief as has been here suggested, or in
some other form which will prevent confiscation,
can be given by our State. But the government
of the United States can and should aid in the
matter. A bounty on tree-growing would be of
far more benefit to the country at large than a
bounty on beet sugar, and a free distribution of
tree seeds and young trees of equal, if not greater,
benefit than free garden seeds.

S. B. Elliott.

W. J. Palmer and Dr. W. A. Ball are said to
have presented to Colorado College an extensive
estate known as Manou Park, situated twenty
miles west of Colorado Springs. The park con-
sists of 15,000 acres of land, two-thirds of which
is covered by forest, and the gift includes a fine
hotel and a number of cottages. The purpose of
the gift is to establish a school of forestry for
Colorado College.

108

FOREST LEAVES.

Correspondence.

Philadelphia, Pa., February 2, 1906.

Editor Forest Leaves.

My Dear Sir : — Since writing the foregoing, I
have discovered that Dr. J. T. Rothrock, former
Commissioner of Forestry of this State, now of
the Forestry Commission, held substantially the
same views of the injustice of taxing growing
timber that I have set forth. This he did in an
article entitled *' Vanishing Industries," published
in the Report of the State Board of Agriculture
for 1894, page 223, a part of which is here given.
I make this reference with great pleasure, as the
doctor thus saw, in the early days of the forestry
movement, what must sooner or later be met. I
was not aware of this declaration of the doctor's
when I sent you the article, or I most certainly
would have given credit to this worthy pioneer,
whose clear vision saw what should and must be
done. , Very truly yours,

S. B. Elliott.

*' As for the taxation of standing timber, one
may as well come out on a distinct platform at
once ; it is a wrong, both to the owner and to
the Commonwealth, but chiefly to the latter. It
is false in principle, for it taxes a man for a bene-
fit which he has not yet received. If a timber
owner holds land twenty years and then sells them
at an advanced price, he then receives his incre-
ment and income, for both of which he should
pay. So also he should when he realizes on his
investment by cutting the trees. But, taxing
standing timber is not only false in principle, but
it is pernicious in its results, because it is confis-
cating (practically) the lands, to avoid which the
owner cuts the trees, and so inflicts an injury (as
things now are) on the State. Let the State re-
ceive its income when the owner gets his. There
are known methods of doing this.

'*It is objected that if growing timber is ex-
empted from taxation, it would work a wrong to
the poorest counties, because it would leave them
without requisite funds for opening and repairing
roads. This, of course, would be bad enough,
but is it any more than taking the taxes and fail-
ing to repair the roads? The argument may
prove too much.

*' Let us look just a little down into the future :
This good-road question is a rising one. It will
not down. It has come to stay, and we may
frankly meet the issue. The State requires ready
means of communication from place to place.
Without them we should be largely at the mercy
of the railroads. In proportion as these are good,
we are less dependent of the railroads.

*' Now, is it not possible that we should be tak-

ing a step on which the wisdom of the future
would pronounce favorably if we were to do this?

<* Remove the tax from standing timber until
it is sold or cut. And whatever revenue a town-
ship loses, by thus exempting the timber, let the
State restore, to be expended under competent
supervision in maintaining a proper road system
in that township.

'' It will be observed that this grants the largest
aid just where need of development is greatest,
and that the State helps itself as much, or more,
than it helps the townships."

Conservative Forestry Pays.

WE are reliably informed that the abstract
from the New York Lumber Trade
Journal^ given below, is substantially
correct, and an option taken which expires March
ist, the grantees after examination having indi-
cated that the deal will probably be consummated.
This is a convincing proof of the value of con-
servative forestry.

*' It is stated that Mr. George W. Vanderbilt,the
owner of 130,000 acres of woodland in western
North Carolina, has given an option on 80,000
acres of timber land known as ^* Pisgah Forest,''
to certain Charlotte parties.

**The option provides that the grantees of the
option shall have the right to cut annually the
one- twentieth part of the property or 4,000 acres,
paying the owner the sum of $60,000 for the
privilege granted. The areas to be cut annually
between 1906 and 1926 are marked on a topo-
graphical map of Pisgah Forest and the grantee
is bound to cut in a given year that district which
appears marked on the map.

^'By these means conservative forestry is safe-
guarded. In 1927 the tracts cut over in 1906
will be ready for a second cutting, consisting of
chestnut, hickory, oak, and yellow poplar of a
size fit for pulp wood.

'* The annual payment of $60,000 means, finan-
cially, a great victory for conservative forestry.
Mr. Vanderbilt has invested in the property, up to
the present time, approximately $300,000, which
has been spent for the purchase of the property,
its interior holdings, its access to railroads, for all
improvements and the construction of a perfect
system of transportation, spanning the forest.

"■ Forestry at Biltmore has been in the foreground
of public attention for ten years. Obviously it is
impossible for conservatism to show immediate
results, and it is rather amazing that ten years of
conservative development of the forest have se-
cured, from an investment of $300,000, a revenue
of $60,000 per annum.

> >

FOREST LEAVES.

109

Annual Meeting of the American
Forestry Association.

THE annual meeting of the American Forestry
Association was held at Washington, D. C, '
on January i6th and 17th, the Hon. Jam"^s
Wilson, President, making an address of welcome,
in which he gave a warning of the danger in the
reduction of the woodland area of the country
He said :

*'No nation on earth is as successful in the
work of destroying its forests as the United
States.

''The indiscriminate mutilation of the forests
must be stopped," and he asserted that the matter
had become one of national interest which could
not be ignored.

''In view of the wide clearing of timber lands
the one thing to be done is to re-forest the coun-
try." He thought every day should be an arbor
day, and that every year should mark an advance
of notable significance in the effort to recover lost
ground.

" How to plant the right kind of trees in the
right places is the great problem for us for the
future. ' '

Mr. H. M. Suter, Secretary, presented his report
showing the growth of the association, which was
followed by the report of the Treasurer, Mr. Otto
Luebkert, after which addresses were made by
Dr. Edward Everett Hale and Mr. Bainbridge,
and the various committees were appointed:

In the afternoon the topic discussed was '' For-
ests and Water Problems," while in the evening a
reception was given to visiting members by Mr
and Mrs. James W. Pinchot.

On the 17th, the question of the proposed na-
tional Appalachian and White Mountain Forest
Reserves was discussed. The committee appointed
on the Forest Reserve Bill reported that it had
considered the four bills introduced in Congress,
and recommended that they be amalgamated into
one, as follows :

A Bill for the purchase of two national forest
reserves in the Appalachian and White Mountains,
to be known as the Appalachian Forest Reserve
and the White Mountain Forest Reserve, respec-
tively.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives of the United States of America, in
Congress assembled. That the Secretary of Agri-
culture is hereby authorized and empowered, in
his discretion, to purchase land suited to national
forest reserve purposes, in the Appalachian Moun-
tains within the States of Maryland, West Virginia
Virginia,North Carolinia, South Carolina, Georgia'
Alabama and Tennessee, and the White Mountains

in the State of New Hampshire, to be known as
the Appalachian Forest Reserve and the White
Mountain Forest Reserve, respectively, and to
care for, protect, use, and make accessible the
said reserves, under the laws governing National
forest reserves.

Sec. 2. That the Secretary of Agriculture shall
advertise in the several States named in this Act
for lands to be purchased under the provisions
hereof, and as between lands of equal value for
the purposes of this Act, the lowest bids shall be
accepted : Provided, That the Secretary of Agri-
culture shall have the right to reject any or all
bids; Provided further. That the Secretary of
Agriculture is hereby authorized and empowered
in his discretion, to contract for the purchase of
lands, exclusive of the timber thereon of kinds
and sizes to be specified in the contract, said
timber to be cut and removed in accordance with
rules and regulations to be established by him for
that purpose: And provided further. That the
Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized and
empowered, in his discretion, to contract for the
purchase of lands, exclusive of the mineral rights
therein ; and on such lands mineral deposits may
be mined under such rules and regulations as the
Secretary of Agriculture may prescribe, and the
rules and regulations, as provided in this section
for cutting and removal of timber and mining of
minerals, shall be embodied in the contract for
purchase and conveyance of title.

Sec. 3. That in the acquirement of lands for
the purpose of this Act, the Secretary of Agricul-
ture shall, in each of the several States named
herein, conform to the conditions prescribed in
the present or future act or acts of the legislature
of each such State ceding to the United States
the right to acquire and control such lands, and
the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized
and empowered to exercise, as to such lands, all
the rights and powers granted in said act or acts :
Provided, That when the owners of lands sought
to be acquired for the purposes of this Act are
unwilling to sell the same on terms satisfactory
to the Secretary of Agriculture, condemnation
proceedings for the acquirement of such lands
shall not be had so long as the said owners pro-
tect and perpetuate the forests on said lands
under such regulations as may be prescribed by
the Secretary of Agriculture for the control of the
forests on lands purchased by the Government
under this Act, so far as the same may be appli-
cable. ^^

Sec. 4. That the Secretary of Agriculture is
hereby authorized and empowered to accept gifts
of lands for the purposes of this Act, and such
land shall thereafter be known by such names as

110

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

Ill

it

the donors, with the approval of the Secretary of
Agriculture, may prescribe.

Sec. 5. That the Secretary of Agriculture may
do all things necessary to secure the sale title in
the United States to the lands herein provided to
be purchased ; but no payment shall be made for
any land purchased under this Act until the title
to such land shall be satisfactory to the Attorney-
General and conveyance thereof duly executed
and accepted, and immediately upon such execu-
tion and acceptance the land thus transferred shall
become and be administered as National forest
reserve land.

Sec. 6. That the Secretary of Agriculture, as
far as practicable, shall make provision for the re-
foresting of clearings on lands purchased under
the provisions of this Act, whenever he shall con-
sider such action necessary for the protection of
the soil or the water supply.

Sec. 7. That the Secretary of Agriculture is
hereby authorized and empowered to make con-
tracts for the purchase of lands and accept con-
veyance thereof in accordance with the provisions
of this Act to the amount of not to exceed three
million dollars, which sum shall be available im-
mediately until expended and is hereby appro-
priated to carry out the provisions of this Act,
out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise
appropriated: Provided, That the Secretary of
Agriculture shall each year make a detailed report
to Congress of his doings in the premises : And
provided, That no part of said sum appropriated
shall be expended for the purchase of land under
the provisions of this iVct until a valid title to the
same shall be vested in the United States, and
until the State in which the land lies shall have
ceded to the United States exclusive jurisdiction
of the same, during the time the United States
shall be or remain the owner thereof, for all pur-
poses except the administration of the criminal
laws of said State and the service of any civil
process therein.

The resolutions adopted at the meeting were :
Resolved, That we urge upon Congress the re-
peal of the timber and stone act, so long a source
of fraud and loss to the government, the imme-
diate withdrawal from entry of all public timber
land, and the sale of the timber thereon at its
market value under proper regulations.

Resolved, That this association again protests
against the attempt to reduce the area of the Min-
nesota National Forest Reserve, and against any
step that would render more difficult the perpetua-
tion of the forests upon it.

Resolved, That the need of establishing national
forest reserves in the Southern Appalachian and
the White Mountain regions grows more urgent

day by day ; we, therefore, earnestly urge the
prompt passage through Congress of a bill now
pending which will create these reserves, and
thereby not only preserve the natural resources of
two exceedingly important regions, but at the
same time contribute largely to the stability of
the national prosperity.

Resolved, That the American Forestry Associa-
tion again recommends an increase of opportuni-
ties for general forest education in schools and
colleges, and for professional training in post-
graduate schools ; and we earnestly request Con-
gress to take favorable action at its present session
upon the bill now pending which appropriates
funds for the promotion of forest education and
forest experiment work in the agricultural colleges
and experiment stations of the United States.

Resolved, That the American Forestry Associa-
tion believes that the nation should own the
Calaveras Grove of Big Trees, and earnestly re-
commends the prompt enactment of legislation by
Congress for the purchase of the trees.

Resolved, That we concur emphatically in
President Roosevelt's desire for the preservation
of Niagara Falls, and pledge him the support of
the association in his wise effort to that end.

The following officers were elected :

President, Hon. James Wilson.

Vice-Presidents at Large, James W. Pinchot,
F. E. Weyerhaeuser, Dr. Edward Everett Hale,
Dr. B. E. Fernow, John L. Kaul.

Treasurer, Otto Luebkert.

Board of Directors, Hon. Jas. Wilson, Wm. S.
Harvey, Geo. K. Smith, J. H. Cutler, Gififord
Pinchot, Geo. P. Whittlesey, Prof. Henry S.
Graves, N. J. Bachelder, Samuel Spencer, Wm. L.
Hall, Allan Chamberlain, Dr. Albert Shaw, F. H.
Newell, H. A. Pressey, R. P. Hayes.

No vice-presidents were selected.

It is remarkable how little uniformity there is
in the use of tree names. Even scientific names,
which are, of course, always more exact than the
common names, are in many cases unsettled, but
common names are often used almost at random.
The Forest Service has devised plans by which its
co-operation may be secured in correctly identi-
fying the public trees of any community, Where
the work is on a large scale, a representative of
the Service will visit the town or city and iden-
tify the trees by examination on the spot. In
most cases, however, identification by correspond-
ence will prove entirely adequate. This will re-
quire merely that specimens of the trees be sent
to the Forest Service, together with a rough sam-
ple plat showing their location.

Biltmore Forest School,

BILTMORE, N, C

0000

The Biltmore Forest School is the
only technical school of forestry in this
country. It illustrates its teachings on
a large scale, on a tract of land owned
by George W. Vanderbilt, comprising
130,000 acres of forest.

The complete course covers twelve
consecutive months.

Write for particulars, addressing ,

C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director,

BILTMORE, N. C.
gXPERT advice on any forestal proposition fur-
nished, and estimates of timber, valuation, surveys
and working plans made by

PAUL E. ARNOLD,
Consulting Forester, READING, PA.

L-Elrti^IS' TREE CHARTS.

PARTlnf^^hrof ''*®^K^'''**^^v,^^a?u^®«^ numbers, divided into
PARTS of three numbers each. They may be Durchased sino-lv

5o?e'tLT'h;^/n5VH^" '"V ^I?^«'^^ the^ric'i^naS bel?^^
More than half of the series has already been printed The

drawings are completed, and the remaining chartl^ will be du}^
hshed at the earnest practicable date. One thousand paid sSb^

onEe whole fer?es.*'^ ""^^'^ '"'"'" '^" immediate p/bllcation

TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE.

Price of single number, 50 cents each.
Price of Part, «1.40 each.

A liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education or
others purchasing in large numbers. i^aucatlon or

NOW READY.— (These with a * as yet unprinted )

Part I -THE OAKS. Forty-two species.

No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies
No. 2. AnnuaX PruUed Oaks. White Oak and Allies.'
NO. 3. -Sot^crn. t^cyic. Hardy, Foreign, and examples qf

Part H.-THE NUt" BEARERS. Numerous species.

No. 4. The ChestnnUi and Beeches. American, Japanese and
HiUropean Chestnuts.
The Walnvis American, Japanese and European
species and varieties. "pcau

The Hickories. American species and varieties.

No. 5.

No. 6.
Part III.—

No. 7.

No. 8.

No. 9.
Part IV.—
*No. 10.
♦No. 11.

No. 12.
Part v.—
♦No. 13.
♦No. 14

The Willows and Poplars. Numerous species.

The Birches, Elms ayid allies.

The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species.

The Magnolia and related trees.
The Horse Chestnuts and allies.
The Maples. (Printed in advance.)

}

Locusts and allies of Pea Family of several genera
WM Cherry, Mountain Ash, Sweet Oum, Sour Qurn
Persimm/m. *

No. 15) Ashes, Catalpas, Paulovmia, and others.

For Airther information address the author, publisher and

proprietor,

GRACEANNA LEWIS,

Media, - - . . Pennsylvania.

Yale Univer^itj fm$t School

NEW HAVEN - - CONNECTICUT

A two years' graduate course
is offered, leading to the de-
' gree of Master of Forestry.
Graduates of collegiate institu-
tions of high standing are ad-
mitted upon presentation of
their college diplomas.

The Summer School of
Forestry is conducted at Mil-
ford, Pike County, Penna.

For further information address

HENRY S. GRAVES, Director,

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA.

30 minutes from Broad St. Station.

BOARDIXG SCHOOL FOR BOYS.

Illustrated Catalogue upon application,

JAMES L. PATTERSON,

Head Master.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES:
Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., President.
Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President.
George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer.

FRANCIS I. GOWEN.
E. WALTER CLARK.'
WALTON CLARK.
JACOB S. DISSTON.
JAMES MAPE8 DODGE.

JAMES M. BECK.

EDGAR DUDLEY PARIES.

J. LEVERING JONES.

FRANCIS D. LEWIS.

RANDAL MORGAN.

RT. REV. HENRY Y. 8ATTERLEE, D.D.

112

FOREST LEAVES,

ANDORRA'S

PIN

}

A justly popular tree is the Pin Oak. It presents points which dis-
' tinguish it readily from other Oaks, and it is undoubtedly the most valuable
variety for all practical purposes. The foliage is dense, finely divided, of
a beautiful shining green that colors to sparkling red and yellow in Fall.
The tree is easily transplanted and grows well on wet or dry ground ; is,
in fact, the quickest-growing of all the Oaks. As an avenue tree it is un-
equalled. It is also a good street tree, and one of the best for park planting.

» •

This desirable tree will thrive in all sections
of the United States, in all soils and situations.
Our stock (over 30,000) of this Popular Tree
is clean and healthy, with plenty of fibrous roots.

EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN.

OUR BOOKLET "MORE SPECIALTIES:' 3d EDITION. DESCRIBES THESE AND MAIVY OTHERS.

SPECIAL OFFER.

REMEMBER! EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN!

Each Per lo Per loo

6 to 7 ft. Stocky Trees, $i oo $8 50 $40 00

7 to 8 ft. ** •* I 25 10 00 50 00

8 to 9 ft. ♦* ♦* I 50 12 50 55 00

9 to 10 ft. ** *♦ 2 00 17 50 60 00

10 to 12 ft. *' ** 2 50 22 50 75 00

Prices on Larger Specimens on application.

Send for SPRING PRICE LIST and booklet " HINTS ON PLANTING."

ANDORRA NURSERIES,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Philadelphia, April, 1906.

No. 8.

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

loij Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter.

WM. WARNER HARPER, Prop.

^ CONTENTS.

Editorial 113

One Hundred Dollars in Awards for Tree Planting on Arbor

^^ays-- 114

Arbor Day Proclamation u^

The Celebration of Arbor Day uc

Pennsylvania Buys 17,000 Acres for Forest Reserves 116

Sale of Forest Reserve Timber ug

Report of Forestry Committee of National Wholesale Lumber

Dealers' Association x\n

Planting Forests on the National Reserves n^

The Banyan Tree (Ficus Benghalensis) X20

An Ohio Farmer Forester... 120

California Sugar Pine .".*..!!.*.*.*.*."* xai

An Old Massachusetts Elm ."!*...*..!. 121

Forest Fire Protection !..*.!!.*.**.*."! 122

Forestry on Dominion Lands .'.*.*.*.*.*.'!!!!!! 123

Vineland, New Jersey, Shade Trees Spared .*.".'.*.'.*..*.*.*.*.'...'..* 126

Persia Hears of Forestry Work in Pennsylvania , !!.'...!." 126

Subscription, $z.oo per Year.

The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
e/] Forest Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nished on application.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

Founded in Junk, 1886,
Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and
methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact-
ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and
National.

Annual membership fee. Two dollars.

Life membership, Twenty-five dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended
to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership
Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila.

President, John Birkinbine.

Vice-Presidents, Wm. S. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis.
Richard Wood.

General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.

Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy.

Recording Secretary, ¥. L. Bitler.

Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast.

Counctl-at- Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, Charles
Hewett.

Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W W
Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul.

Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman : Mrs. George F. Baer,
Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin. Hon. Lucien W. Doty,Charles
W. Freedley, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, Dr. Samuel Wolfe
and Hon. S. P. Wolverton.

Law, Hon. W. N. Ashman, Chairman ; Henry Budd, Charles
Hewett, and John A. Siner,

Publication. John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott,
Alfred S. Haines, Alfred Paschall, and Harrison Souder.

Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Chairman ; Mrs. George T. Heston, Miss
E. L. Lundy, Mrs. John P. Lundy, William S. Kirk, J. Franklin
Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp.

County Organization, SsLvnucl Marshall, Chairman; Eugene Ellicott,
James C. Haydon, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Richard Wood.

Opficb of thb Association, 1012 Walnut St.. Philadblphia.

EDITORIAL.

^ 906 marks twenty years of life of the
J^ Pennsylvania Forestry Association, and
the Council has decided to recognize this
anniversary in a special manner. During the
early months of the year 1886 conferences were
had at the home of one of the ladies who was
and Still is earnest in her advocacy of the cause of
forestry, and in May, 1886, the first public meet-
ing was held in the hall of the Pennsylvania
Historical Society. The time seemed to be well
chosen, and the meeting received favorable
notice from the Philadelphia and State press. On
June 2, 1886, a permanent organization was
formed and a constitution adopted on June 10. In
July, 1886, the first number of Forest Leaves
appeared, and it has never missed an issue from
that date to the present.

It was the writer's privilege to be present at
these initial meetings and also to have been
active in the management of Forest Leaves up
to the present. And as he takes a retrospect for
two decades, many changes in the personnel of
management of the organization pass in review.
A number who took prominent part in the early
public meetings and in the preliminary assemblies
have passed away, but others still in the manage-
ment of the affairs of the Association have con-
tinued as valued counselors for two decades.

The Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association has designated two features, which
will assist in publicly recognizing the twentieth ,
anniversary of the organization, and others may
be added later. These two features are announced
at the present time so that they may receive the
active co-operation of all the members.

The first is an anniversary meeting, which by
invitation will be held at Wilkes-Barre, commenc-
ing June 5, for the actual anniversary day (2d)
coming at the close of the week would not en-

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FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

115

\i

;i >

HI

courage as large an attendance as desired. To
this meeting all the members of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association are invited, and an effort will
be made to have it both instructive and enter-
taining by the attendance of delegates from other
organizations.

The second feature decided upon is a distribu-
tion of one hundred dollars in prizes for the most
successful tree planting on either of the Arbor
Days mentioned by Governor Penny packer,
April 6th or 20th. The prizes to be awarded at
the Fall Arbor Day designated by the Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction. The general out-
line of this award appears on this page.

During the life of the Association it has had to
pass through troublesome times in its finances, but
these have always been overcome, and every bill
paid, but it would be gratifying to the friends of
forestry if, on this twentieth anniversary, a reserve
fund could be established which would permit
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association to extend
its work, by placing at the command of For-
est Leaves sufficient money to have it appear at
shorter intervals.

Another suitable recognition of the anniversary
year would be a large increase in membership,
which in itself would go far toward accomplishing
the above result. The purpose of the Association
and the results achieved largely through its influ-
ence, entitle it to the active support of all pro-
gressive residents of Pennsylvania. J. B.

One Hundred Dollars in Awards for Tree
Planting on Arbor Days.

THE Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association has decided to recognize the
twentieth anniversary of its organization,
by awarding prizes aggregating one hundred dol-
lars for trees planted in the State of Pennsylvania
on the Arbor Days appointed by the Governor
(viz., April 6th and 20th, 1906), and which shall
-be properly cared for until the Fall Arbor Day.
Individuals, associations or schools may parti-
cipate in the contest, the requirements being a
properly authenticated report giving the number
and description of trees planted, together with
the location, etc.

The awards are intended as recognition of suc-
cess in tree planting, and, to determine this,
-decisions will be based upon the condition of the
trees, their freedom from insects, etc., on or
about the Fall Arbor Day, which will be designated
by the Superintendent of Public Instruction of
Pennsylvania. All reports of tree planting en-
tered for the contest will be filed and committees

appointed to decide upon the merits and distri-
bute the awards.

It is not intended that individuals, schools or
associations will be judged upon the same basis,
the purpose being to encourage individual as well
as co-operative tree-planting and recognize the
success achieved.

The number of contestants, the record of their
work, and the advantage which it is believed these
efforts will be to the State of Pennsylvania and the
cause of forestry, will determine the distribution
of the fund.

The contestants will file the reports with the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association, 1012 Walnut
Street, Philadelphia, prior to May i, 1906.

Arbor Day Proclamation.

SINCE the seventeenth of January, 1903, the
Forestry Reservation Commission have
bought four hundred and twenty thousand,
seven hundred and twenty -six acres of forest lands.
The State now holds in all seven hundred and
fifty -three thousand, seven hundred and forty-one
acres of such lands, and this Commission is doing
much to preserve and maintain our forests and
our streams. It behooves every citizen who cares
for the welfare of the Commonwealth to lend
assistance and to give encouragement to this im-
portant work. The lives of men and of trees are
so interwoven that without the other neither can
exist. The growth of the grove means both hap-
piness and benefit to mankind.

In order that all of our citizens, men, women
and children, may participate in the pleasure and
profit of planting trees, I, Samuel W. Penny-
packer, Governor of the Commonwealth of Penn-
sylvania, do hereby, in accordance with law, issue
this, my proclamation, designating Friday, the
sixth day of April, and Friday, the twentieth day
of April, A.D., 1906, to be observed as Arbor
Days throughout the Commonwealth.

Two days are set apart in order that whichever
may be best suited to the climate of the locality
may be selected.

Given under my hand and the Great Seal of
the State at the City of Harrisburg, this twenty-
eighth day of February, in the year of our Lord
one thousand nine hundred and six, and of the
Commonwealth the one hundred and thirtieth.

By the Governor :

Samuel W. Pennvpacker.
Robert McAfee,

Secretary of the Commonwealth,

1

The Celebration of Arbor Day.

IT is no exaggeration at all when it is stated
that upon the influence of school teachers,
perhaps more than upon any other factor or
factors of our economic life, depends the future
of our magnificent country, blest with an immense
extent of territory, resources of unlimited varieties
and of apparently inexhaustible quantities, and
with a government off'ering privileges and advan-
tages unknown in previous times. Upon their
instruction and example depends, at least in a
majority of cases, the attitude which the children
under their charge take in relation to questions
concerning themselves and the public or the pub-
lic good. It has been said that the school houses
are the fortresses of our republic — in other words,
within our public schools should be formed the
ideas which finally combine to make good citizens,
for the children of today must become the men
and women of the future.

Good citizenship includes more than even a
thorough knowledge of common school branches,
more than any amount of classical or scientific
knowledge. A good citizen is one who fits him-
self to be of most service to himself and to the
greatest number, whether along professional, scien-
tific or practical lines, whether in community,
commonwealth or nation. A college president
recently said, '' The spirit of service is gaining
possession of our entire education, scholarship
and service — scholarship for service — the service
of the public and the service of man."

The citizens of a country may have sufficient
knowledge to frame and to put into force a sys-
tem of government suitable for a Utopia. The
populace might be satisfied and, at the same time,
able to carry out every mandate to the fullest de-
tail, and yet the most perfect government, unless
backed by natural resources, cannot stand for any
length of time. Everyone knows that our coun-
try has natural resources and, in a vague way,
knows something of their value, but it is a fact
that the appreciation of the extent, the value, the
importance and proper utilization of the resources
of our vast country is sadly lacking in the instruc-
tion given within our schools and it is now time
that this omission be corrected. The lack of this
knowledge should be inexcusable in any citizen of
the future.

It is not asked that a new branch be added to
the already tiresome curriculum, but it may be
asked, and properly too, that in teaching the sub-
jects required, other knowledge be presented than
merely the science or art in hand. This will be
no hardship whatever, for in this way morals, his-
tory, sciences, nature study, etc., can be intro-

duced with reading, grammar, arithmetic, geogra-
phy, etc., and has the advantage of making a
usually *Mry " subject interesting to the scholar.
In the last decade great strides have been made
in this very way towards stimulating nature study
and the love of nature.

A provision for this very kind of work which,
if taken advantage of, will result in incalculable
good, has been made in many States of the Union .
including Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, it is en-
tirely overlooked and disregarded by many of the
superintendents and teachers in our State. It is
the celebration of Arbor Day. This neglect may
be laid partly to officials and yet this does not en-
tirely free the teacher from his responsibility to
his students and his duty to the State. The Leg-
islature has recognized the value of celebrating
the anniversaries of historic events and the birth-
days of famous men and, in addition, the value of
a day set aside especially for the study of nature.
If the ruling body of the State believes in such
work, what right has an individual teacher to dis-
regard it ?

Arbor Day was originally intended to benefit
the treeless States of the West by stimulating the
desire to plant trees for fuel, timber, shade, pro-
tection to buildings, orchards and crops, and for
beauty. From there it spread to almost every
State in the Union. The idea back of it is mostly
an altruistic one, for the man who plants a tree
cannot begin to keep the benefits derived from ,
the growth of the tree to himself. Others will
get the benefit of its shade, protection, perhaps
its fruit, and its beauty. Furthermore it was to
interest the child in the study of trees as he
watched the development of those planted by him.
It opened a field for research and observation to
him in which he could not help being interested.
With the study of the tree and the care for it
would come a love for it, and from this idea sprang
the idea of making the day one entirely devoted
to the whole field of nature and not to trees alone.
Again, with the study of nature, the natural re-
sources of a country will be considered, their ex-
tent, value and use. Anything which tends to
increase the benefits derived from these, or which
betters the welfare of the people is a patriotic
work. So, finally, we have as the idea of Arbor
Day, patriotism because of the study and love of
nature as manifested in our beautiful country.

It is a question as to whether or not and how
religion can be taught in the public schools, but
it is not a question as to whether morals can or
should be taught. An immoral man is not a good
citizen, consequently, the obligation resting upon
the teacher is hot a slight one. There is no bet-
ter way of building up the proper moral fibre and

\-

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FOREST LEAVES.

POREST LEAVES.

of helping to build a good character than in con-
nection with the study of nature and especially
on Arbor Day as the one day in the school year
for such work.

The advantages of Arbor Day then might be
summed up thus : It changes the idea in young
people of caring only for the present to that of
providing for the future ; it creates love for the
beautiful and with this teaches certain lessons of
carefulness and cleanliness ; it increases the love
for one's home and neighborhood because of the
effort to make it beautiful and desirable to live in ;
it teaches love of country and service to one's
country; it takes one from ** nature to nature's
God, ' ' and all these tend to produce good citizen-
ship.

Is it worth while ?

George H. Wirt.

117

Pennsylvania Buys 17,000 Acres for
Forest Reserves.

THE purchase by the State of three extensive
tracts of land in Huntingdon and Mifflin
Counties has added 17,000 acres to the
forest reservations. The land was purchased from
the Logan Iron and Steel Company, of Burnham,
and the price paid was $56,535.

The land comprises the tracts formerly owned
^ by the Greenwood Furnace Company in Jackson
township, Huntingdon county, and the Edwin
Furnace Company, in the same township, and in
Wayne township, Mifflin County. Included in
the former is nearly all of Stone Mountain, the
apex of whose ridge is the dividing line between
the two counties. It is contiguous to and will
now be a part of the large State forest reserves,
extending from Barre almost to the Susquehanna
River.

Charcoal furnaces, located on the newly ac-
quired properties, which had large timber land
holdings and adjoined the State reservations, and
it was partly due to this that the authorities con-
cluded to redeem the land. A seventy-two page
deed conveying the three tracts of land has been
recorded in Huntingdon. — Public Ledger,

State Fire Warden^Welty will ask the promi-
inent timber owners and mill men of the State of
Washington to contribute to the fund to maintain
the forestry service. The last State Legislature
appropriated money for this and provided for ad-
ditional appropriations from the counties, but
much of this money is not available and the fund
has been exhausted.

Sale of Forest Reserve Timber.

THE Government has sold about 50,000,000
feet of timber on the Montana division of
the Yellowstone Forest Reserve to a con-
tracting company which will convert most of the
timber into railroad ties.

This is one of the largest sales ever made of
Government timber ; the price is advantageous ;
and a large percentage of the cut will be a species
which a few years ago was without market value,
namely, lodgepole pine. Further, it may be said
with assurance that had not the preservative treat-
ment of ties been shown to be both practical and
economical, such a sale could not now have been
made, for 60 per cent of the cut, or approximate-
ly 1,000,000 ties, is to be treated with preserva-
tives by a process which experiment and trial have
placed on a sound business basis.

The purchasers of the timber have contracted
to supply the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy
and the Northern Pacific railway companies with
ties for a period covering three years. The tim-
ber for which application was made to the Gov-
ernment consists of lodgepole pine, red fir, and
spruce. A large proportion of the stand is lodge-
pole pine, which grows very densely. Conse-
quently after all the specified timber has been re-
moved, a plentiful stand of young trees will be
left, which in a few years will again form a forest
of merchantable dimensions.

The Government will receive a stumpage price
of J 2. 50 per thousand feet for the red fir, and
§2. 00 per thousand feet for the spruce and pine.
The story of the entrance of lodgepole pine
into the timber market is an interesting chapter in
the history of the use of forest products. Five
years ago this tree was classed among the nearly
worthless, inferior timbers growing in the North-
western States. It had never come into extensive
use. Its liability to attack by fungus and to check
in drying, its softness and lightness, and the large
percentage of sapwood in its structure were disad-
vantages which seemed to handicap it permanent-
ly. Yet the possibility and the need of finding
substitutes for scarcer woods had already led to
the closer study of a number of unexploited
species, and devices were being sought by which
artificial treatment might be made to take the
place of natural adaptability to a specific service.
Among these devices were improvements in
seasoning methods and the use of preservatives.
It was found that preservative treatment, which
greatly prolonged the life of certain timbers, de-
pends largely for its success upon the penetra-
bility of the wood, which permits the preserva-

tive to enter the wood substance easily. The
loblolly pine was seen to be exceedingly well
adapted for preservative treatment, and also lodge-
pole pine, whose softness is combined with a high
degree of permeability. In 1902 the seasoning
and preserving of lodgepole pine was thoroughly
taken up by the Forest Service, in cooperation
with the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail-
road and with the present purchasers of reserve
timber in Montana. The results established its
serviceability and thus opened a new field for the
supply of ties, upon which the railroads are draw-
ing so heavily.

Report of Forestry Committee of

National Wholesale Lumber

Dealers' Association.

TT T the Annual Meeting of the National
X^ Wholesale Lumber Dealers' Association,

^ held at Washington, D. C, March 7-8,
Mr. George F. Craig, Chairman on the Commit-
tee on Forestry, presented a report of so much in-
terest that liberal extracts are given.

The general interest in forestry has increased
to such an extent and there are in consequence
now so many sources of public information on
the subject that anyone seeking after the princi-
ples of this latter-day science reads as he runs.

For this reason it has seemed best for your
committee to consider more particularly the
practical side of the question as possible and pro-
fitable to the operating lumberman.

The work of this committee has been largely
carried on by correspondence among the mem-
bers, owing to an early and rather explicit inti-
mation from the executive committee that there
would be no appropriation for forestry expenses.
The meetings have been confined to casual inter-
course and to the conference with Mr. Pinchot
and his bureau associates at Washington.

From a careful review on the subject, and
largely by a process of elimination, the committee
has arrived at the conclusion that forestry for the
individual and particularly for the individual
lumberman must resolve itself into (i) the pre-
servation of the smaller growth of the forest and
(2) the natural reforestation of cut-over lands.

The larger works of forest reservation, even
when coupled with scientific cropping ; of plant-
ing waste areas ; and of replanting deforested
tracts can only be accomplished by the govern-
ment so long as the present basis of stumpage
values exists and trees which have been hundreds
of years jn growth represent but a few dollars in
money.

This view of the forestry situation has the en-

j dorsement of that court of last resort in all for-
estry questions— Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Chief
Forester of the United States — to whose hearty
co-operation and valuable suggestions much of
the credit for the work of this committee is due.

The practical working of forestry in the United
States is much hindered by the facts of the fee
simple ownership of lands by individual holders
and the lack of ability on the part of the general
government to legislate for the encouragement of
proper forestry methods.

All legislation of such nature must emanate
from the lawmaking bodies of the several states,
and this legislation affects not only the state at
large but the various counties, towns, districts
and other subdivisions of the commonwealth.
The people of the states, being as yet insufficiently
educated as to the great importance of this
subject, and as yet not awakened to the necessity
of husbanding and increasing a crop which has
heretofore stood ready ripened at their doors, are
slow to offer that legislative encouragement which
is absolutely indispensable.

In this respect, if in no other, our sister states,
the Canadian provinces, have a tremendous ad-
vantage over us.

The increase in the number of state forestry
commissions and of forestry associations is largely
contributing to the proper education of the masses
and encourages the belief that before many years
the enactment of beneficial forestry laws will be
not only a possibility but an accomplished fact.
Indeed, in some of the older states the time seems
already ripe for effort in this direction.

Such legislation is absolutely necessary to per-
mit owners of timber to adopt even the two more
elementary methods of forestry which we have
selected for their present consideration.

The foes which present themselves to prevent
the adoption of these methods are more powerful
than numerous and may be easily catalogued under
the headings of *'Fire" and "Taxation."

Until an ax has been put into a body of timber
the questions of fire and taxation enter but
slightly into our calculations. Outside of excep-
tional seasons of drought fire will not run in green
timber readily, and the natural increase in timber
values takes care of the taxation feature.

While the crop of matured timber is being
gathered these two enemies are still kept in the
background, though they are nevertheless surely
gathering strength for the final issue. With men
at command and a going business to pay the ex-
pense, fires can be fought if not prevented and
taxes can be paid if not sworn off.

But when the merchantable trees have all been
cut and there is no longer a general expense ac-

118

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

119

I

count to hide the tax bill then the burden descends
upon the shoulders of the operator and he sighs
for a paternal government to relieve him of his
unprofitable responsibility.

The subject of legislation has already been
taken up in several states and effort made for
adequate provision, but the results are not very
gratifying.

The difficulties in the way of proper results are
three -fold : (i) Hesitation on the part of the
commonwealth itself to assume the entire financial
responsibility; (2) fear of laying too heavy a
burden upon the county or other sub-division of
the state which directly benefits by the taxation
of real property, and (3) indisposition on the
part of legislators outside of the large cities to vote
for any measure which may render them even
temporarily unpopular with their constituents.
This latter difficulty can only be overcome by a
most energetic campaign of education.

The State of Pennsylvania, for example, has
laws on these two subjects which are admirable
in many points but which have been restricted to
such an extent by limiting classes as to practically
nullify them, evidently with the object of con-
forming them to the breadth of mind of the
country member.

In a matter in which the general public receives
in such a large degree the eventual benefit it
would seem that the general State Government
should shoulder the whole financial responsibility,
at least temporarily and until the holder of the
lands can, by the appreciation of his property,
make such partial restitution as may be considered
equitably proportioned to his share of the accrued
advantage. In counties, particularly those which
are made up in a large measure of timbered and
deforested lands, it would be manifestly unjust to
throw all or any large percentage of the burden
upon the county government.

As a matter of fact, it would perhaps be only
fair to confine the operation of such laws to unpro-
ductive or unprofitable holdings or to lands form-
ally entered or registered with state forestry
bureaus to be held for forestry purposes under
such agreements as the state might provide. This
would prevent any accusation that the public
moneys were being expended for private advan-
tages.

The prevention and suppression of forest fires is
not so difficult to regulate by legislation, the main
stumbling block being the division of the expense
attendant thereon. Some of the state laws are
fairly satisfactory and are perhaps all that the
present temper of the people will permit ; in other
states they are equally unsatisfactory and an effort
should be made to amend them. The Bureau of

Forestry has framed a fire law in connection with
a model general foresty law for the State of Cali-
fornia. This law contains a number of excellent
features particularly for the organization of the
fire fighting department, but it might be changed
to advantage with regard to the distribution of
the attendant expenses.

The regulation of taxation on cut-over lands is
a matter much more difficult and needing intelli-
gent adjustment.

There seems to be a disposition on the part of
tax gathering authorities to inequitably and un-
duly assess such holdings, the owners of which are
largely non-residents of the district. The length of
time which must elapse before a second crop of
timber can be gathered, even in a quantity suffi-
cient to meet the fixed charges on the land is so
great and the risks of obtaining even a fair crop
are so hazardous that there is little encourage-
ment at the present time to induce anyone to
undertake timber culture, particularly when the
benefits ultimately accrue to the remote decend-
ants and to the public.

The conference held at Washington was largely
for the purpose of considering the formation of a
law or laws covering these matters and which
might be easily modified to meet the conditions
existing in the several states.

The result of this conference was a unanimous
decision that the proper taxation of deforested
lands was a deeply involved proposition and one
on which it would be impossible to obtain too
many ideas and opinions. At Mr. Pinchot's sug-
gestion it was, therefore, determined to invite dis-
cussion of the subject at this meeting and to use
as a basis for such discussion a paper prepared by
Alfred Gaskill, Chief Forest Inspector. Accord-
ingly a copy of this paper with a circular letter
prepared by Mr. Pinchot was mailed to each
member of the association.

Since the time of our conference, Mr. S. B.
Elliott, whose opinions on such subjects are well
worthy of careful consideration, has written an
article which was published in Forest Leaves,
the official organ of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association, and can be obtained from the Sec-
retary.

To obtain the enactment of such laws as will
fully cover the necessities of the case will fully
employ the time of future forestry committees and
at best such efforts can only be in the direction of
advice and assistance to the combined effort of
lumbermen interested in particular states. The
National Bureau offers its services freely, and the
forestry commissions of the several states will no
doubt be not only willing but anxious to add
their influence.

Planting Forests on the National

Reserves.

FOREST planting on the National forest re-
serves has gained far wider scope and a
wholly new importance since a year ago.
This work now forms a leading part of the activ-
ity of the Forest Service and gives great promise
for the future.

This change is due to a fuller appreciation of
the needs of timber supply and water conserva-
tion, and to the knowledge that nature, unaided,
can not repair forest ravage and waste of the past.

The area now under forest in the West is less
by millions of acres than the area suitable for
forest growth. In the first place, fire has des-
troyed an enormous quantity of forest, denuding
mountain slopes so completely that forest renewal
by natural means has been rendered impossible
for ages. Again, vast areas, scores of millions of
acres, like the chaparral lands of southern Cali-
fornia, which once bore forest growth but long
since lost it, must remain indefinitely unproduc-
tive wastes unless brought again, by planting, un-
der forest. Moreover, the demand for timber,
even the local demand, can not long be supplied
from the reserves unless they are developed to the
highest productive capacity, and, for this, forest
replacement and extension, quite as much as con-
servative logging, are essential. Finally, the in-
direct use of the reserves is not less impressive.
The vital importance of water for irrigation
would, in the case of several of them, alone
suffice to render forest planting on watersheds
imperative. In southern California forest exten-
sion on the mountains is strongly favored by pub-
lic sentiment, at almost any expense, because it is
water, not the supply of fertile soil, which limits
agriculture, so that land worth $2,000 an acre
with water could hardly be given away without it.

There are now six permanent reserve planting
stations, two in California, one in New Mexico,
one in Colorado, one in Utah, one in Nebraska.
Others will be established as it is found advisable.
, The past winter has been extremely favorable
for planting in California. A large force of men
has been employed, both in the San Gabriel and
in the Santa Barbara mountains. Since the be-
ginning of the rainy season about one hundred
thousand seedlings have been set out. At least a
dozen kinds were tried, to ascertain which are
most suitable for use at different altitudes and
under different exposures. Besides the seedlings
set out on the mountain slopes, from two to three
hundred thousand more have been transplanted
from covered seed beds to open nursery beds,
there to be held for use in the winter of 1906-7.

The prime object of the operations in southern
California is the improvement of important water-
sheds.

With the approach of the spring season plans
are being made for active work at the other sta-
tions. The most extensive planting will be done
in the Dismal River Reserve, near Halsey, Nebr.
Here five hundred thousand two-year-old pine
seedlings will be planted in the sand hills adjoin-
ing the nursery site. This Dismal River Reserve
is located in the typical sand-hill country, where
the ground is of little value for agriculture, but
well adapted to tree growth. The forestation of
this large reserve will create an important future
timber supply, and will at the same time demon-
strate that these sand-hill lands generally can be
put to productive use.

On the Pikes Peak Reserve planting will be
done near Clyde. From thirty to forty thousand
yellow pine and red fir seedlings will be shipped
from Nebraska for that purpose, since seedlings
in the Clyde nursery are too small for transplant-
ing. The planting will be done on denuded
watersheds for the conservation of water and for
a future store of timber.

In the recently established reserve in the vicin-
ity of Garden City, Kans., extensive experimental
planting will be carried on. For this project fifty
thousand pine seedlings will be shipped from
Nebraska, and thirty thousand broadleaf seedlings
will be purchased from nurserymen. A section
of land will be fenced, and fire guards will be
plowed to protect the planted area.

The success which accompanied seed sowing in
the Black Hills Reserve last spring has encouraged
the Forest Service to plan similar work for this
spring. Broadcast sowing had never before
proved successful in reserve work, but the 300
pounds of yellow pine seed cast upon the snow
in this experiment produced results far beyond
all expectations, results which appear to indicate
the practicability of this method on thousands of
acres in this region. Of all methods of forest
planting it is the simplest and cheapest, and local
demand for timber for mining purposes is great.

Nursery work will be carried on extensively at
all the stations. At the Fort Bayard station. New
Mexico, permanent headquarters will be estab-
lished and open transplant beds constructed. With ^
the new nursery beds at the Wasatch stati on, Utah^.
at the Bear Creek station in the Pikes Peak Re-
serve, and at Clyde, Colo., and the enlarged beds
at Halsey, Nebr. , the total area of seed beds will
have an annual capacity of about twelve million
seedlings.

At the end of the planting season nearly five
hundred acres will have been newly reforested.

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FOREST LEAVES.

fi

The Banyan Tree (Ficus Benghalensis).

THE Banyan tree {Ficus Benghalensis) is an
East Indian tree of the order of Urticaceae,
and while extensively planted, occurs in a
wild state only in the lower Himalayas and the
Deccan Hills. It has been raised in other lands,
fine specimens being reported in Honolulu and
elsewhere.

' It is noted for its roots, which descend from
the branches and become accessory trunks, per-
mitting the tree to extend over a wide area. As
the tree ages the original trunk dies and decays,
leaving the younger trunks to support the life of
the tree. The first illustration shows the banyan
tree in Royal Botanical Garden in Calcutta, India,
while the second gives a good idea of the main
trunk with a number of its accessories, 230 of
which vary from 2 to 3)^ feet in diameter, with
a main trunk 13 feet in diameter. This specimen
is known to be a century old.

A banyan tree on the Nerbudda River is re-
ported to have had more than 3,000 small trunks,
Among these trunks and leafy aisles it is said 7,000
people could stand. This tree is now much re-
duced in size by floods. The tree is not high, the
maximum being usually about 70 feet.

The leaves are heart shaped, 5 to 6 inches long ;
the inconspicuous axillary flowers are succeeded
by cherry -like scarlet fruits growing in pairs from
the axils of the leaves, which are eaten by the
monkeys. The seeds seldom germinate on the
ground, but usually among the leaf bases of palms,
being deposited by birds ; the roots descending
the palm trunks, embrace and finally kill them.

Its light porous wood, its juice and its fruit
have no economic uses. The bark is regarded by
Hindu physicians as a powerful tonic. The white
gelatinous juice is used to relieve toothache and re-
duce inflammation of the soles of the feet, also to
make bird lime. Gum lac is obtained from the tree.

The Hindus regard the tree as sacred, and it is
described by Southey in his poem, **The Curse
of Kehama."

Its close relative, the Ficus Indica, is some-
times erroneously called the banyan tree.

The Frick Coke Company, of Pennsylvania, is
reported to be considering the advisability of
growing trees on its coal lands in order to enhance
their value, and at the same time be able to secure
mine timber near at hand. Some of these lands
are not fitted for agriculture, while on others the
removal of the coal has caused a sinking, thus ren-
dering it worthless. The Company is said to be
considering the planting of 500 acres of this land
with chestnut, European larch, etc.

An Ohio Farmer Forester.

IN 185 1 the father of George B. Horton, *'the
farmer forester of Michigan, ' * bought eleven
thousand acres of * * half cleared ' ' farm lands
in Lenawee county, Michigan, five miles from the
Ohio line. The elder Mr. Horton was a great
lover of trees and woods, and in the usual sturdy
American fashion he turned this sentiment to
practical benefit to himself and his posterity. He
early demonstrated that a reasonable proportionate
acreage of a farm given to woodland would ac-
tually pay in dollars and cents, besides the inesti-
mable pleasure it would be to those who watched
its growth.

In 1 87 1 George B. Horton inherited these lands
from his father. Mr. Horton followed his father's
plan of keeping all live stock out of the three re-
maining wood lots of thirty, forty and sixty acres
respectively, which were his forest reserves, and
allowing no timber to be cut from them unless it
showed positive signs of full maturity.

Timber buyers from time to time have tried to
convince Mr. Horton of the folly of his theories,
but he has been able to silence them by actually
showing that the timber will now sell for more
than he could have produced had the land been
cleared, putting aside the fuel and lumber that is
taken out annually.

Mr. Horton is a farmer both by birth and in-
clination. His farm and forest are not mere the-
oretical ideas. He has eleven large cheese fac-
tories which turn out nearly two million pounds
of cheese annually. He augments his dairy farm-
ing with rotation in crops of corn, oats, wheat
and grass. Cows and hogs consume the products
of the cultivated fields and in turn bring in rev-
enue enough to make the land investment net, on
an average, six per cent.

From his forest reserves he gets annually sev-
eral hundred cords of wood, sells some trees,
besides drawing and sawing large quantities of
building and repair material, fence posts, etc.

Mr. Horton says : ** In my estimation no farm
is complete without a woodlot and an orchard.
Both, with proper care, can be made to pay well,
besides the charm they give to country life.

** A man gets far away from the general sordid -
ness of everyday life when

** A grove born with himself he sees
And loves his old contemporary trees.

*' If some power could have been exercised in
an early day to the end that one-tenth of every
section of land were left covered with natural
forest it would be difficult to estimate the pleasure

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MAIN TRUNK OF BANYAN TREE. (FICUS BENGHALENSIS.)

ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDEN, CALCUTTA, INDIA.

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Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. 8.

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ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDEN, CALCUTTA, INDIA.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

FOREST LEAVES.

121

and profit it would be to the people of the State.
It is useless to remind ourselves of that now, how-
ever. We must do the next best thing and adopt
a rational method to save the remnants, and more
wisely plan for the future.

'* Forestry is one of the most important ques-
tions in the economy of the State, and that par-
ticular part known as farm forestry is of greatest
importance because it gets right down to the hearts
and homes of the people in their wide distribution
over the whole country. ' ' We wish all Pennsyl-
vania farmers would follow Mr. Horton's example.

California Sugar Pine.

FEW users of wood know that on the Pacific
Coast there is a vast quantity of lumber
comparable in all essential qualities with
the best grades of white pine produced in the
East. This is furnished by the sugar pine, a tree
commonly found along the western slopes of the
Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. Even
when compared with the giant **big trees'' with
which it often is found, the sugar pine is not a
puny tree, but frequently reaches a diameter of lo
feet and a height of 250 feet. A single tree has
been known to yield 54,000 board feet of lumber,
and trees smaller than 18 inches are seldom cut
at present. These facts make it evident that
sugar pine lumber, in respect to the sizes fur-
nished, is far beyond the eastern white pine — even
the pumpkin pine of early days.

The wood is scarcely distinguishable from white
pine. It is practically of the same weight and
the same color. It is somewhat more resinous,
however, and perhaps a little brasher. It is soft,
straight-grained, and easily worked. It is used
for everything for which white pine is available,
and is especially valuable for pattern work. The
wood is already finding its way into the Eastern
markets, and, while it is not at all likely that any-
thing but the best grades can be shipped long
distances, there is no doubt that sugar pine lum-
ber will more and more replace its Eastern rela-
tive. There is no difficulty whatever in furnish-
ing plank up to four feet in width and absolutely
free from any defect, at a price that is low for
material of that quality.

The cut of sugar pine lumber in California has
increased from 55,000,000 board feet in 1900 to
120,000,000 feet in 1904, and it is estimated that
there are 25,000,000,000 feet of it still standing.

Sugar pine does not form extensive forests by
itself, as the white pine of the East once did, but
grows with western yellow pine, white fir, incense
cedar, and the *'big trees." In northern Cali-

fornia it is found at altitudes between 2,000 and
6,000 feet above the sea, and in southern Cali-
fornia at altitudes between 5,000 and 10,000 feet.

The tree produces a large quantity of seeds, in
cones that often are 20 inches long. The seeds
are large and edible, and consequently are sought
by squirrels and other animals. The Indians also
gather them to eat. On this account and because
the seedlings are easily killed during the first five
years by lack of moisture or proper shade, the
sugar pine does not reproduce itself readily ; but
the lumber is so valuable that there is every reason
why an effort should be made to replace the trees
that are cut down by others of the same kind.

A second growth of sugar pine may easily be
secured by affording the forests in which the old
trees are found reasonable protection, and by
giving the young growth some aid in its struggle
with the more vigorous competing species.

An Old Massachusetts Elm.

¥UCH concern is being felt by the people
of Canton generally and those living in
the village particularly over the contem-
plated removal of the old ** Ellis" elm which
stands on Washington street, opposite Church
street, and is said to be the oldest if not the
largest elm in this section of the State.

According to tradition, says the Boston Globe,
this tree must have been planted some time in the
year 1755, ^ox iX. was not very long after that that
Peter Crane, a blacksmith and ironworker in
Canton, in order to try a scythe which he had
just made, went to this spot to mow the brush
and weeds thereon, and while engaged in this
work he observed a small tree, which he left
standing. This is the tree which forms the sub-
ject of this story.

It measures 12 feet 9 inches in circumference at
its base, some of its boughs being as large as the
trunk of an ordinary elm tree. Its spreading
branches have sheltered generation upon genera-
tion from the rays of the scorching sun, and the
general sentiment is that the removal of the old
tree will take away the most beautiful natural
adornment that Canton village ever had. Tree .
Warden Gallivan is using every effort to save the
old tree from destruction.

The small group of forest reserves near Boze-
man, Montana, have been united and enlarged,
and is now known as the Gallatin Forest Reserve,
containing approximately 850,000 acres. It lies in
a mountainous region which contains some of the
headwaters of the Yellowstone, Madison and Gal-
latin rivers.

'S^i^ki^

122

FOREST LEAVES.

Forest Fire Protection.

MR. A. B. RECKNAGEL in the Forestry
Quarterly describes a system of fire pro-

^ tection used by the Laquin Lumber

Co., of Laquin, in the Northeastern portion of
Pennsylvania, which he states has proved quite
effective.

The tract consists of 14,000 acres of first
growth hemlock-hardwoods type. Annually 1700
to 1 800 acres are cut over clean so that, it is es-
timated, the operation will be concluded in another
five years.

The Laquin Lumber Co. is merely doing the
cutting, the land is owned by the Central Penn-
sylvania Lumber Co. The two companies share
the expense of .protection. Every spring as soon
as the snow goes, all the slash and brush around
the skidways is burnt 25 to 100 feet (usually 50
ft. ) back from the track.

If it were not for the proximity of green tim-
ber the company would burn all the slash every
spring. During the dangerous season, a body of
men is put to patrolling the railroad tracks and
the boundaries of the tract. For this foreigners
are employed — mostly Hungarians and Italians,
who are paid $1.25 to gi-^S a day with an aver-
age of $1.49, and find their own board. These
men are provided with axe, pail, hoe, and shovel
and always carry the latter three utensils. The
shovel is found to be the most efficient imple-
ment, except in few places.

Twelve miles of the main railroad (Susque-
hanna & New York) run through the company's
holdings, and from this branch logging roads
radiate in either direction. Along the track the
patrols are stationed at half mile (or even less
than half mile) intervals where there is especial
danger, as near slashings on the main line, or at
intervals of a mile where the danger is less.

Patrols are also posted at intervals of about a
mile along the boundaries of the tract where
farmers are apt to be careless in burning their fal-
low, and in order that all parties entering the
woods can be cautioned and watched. The com-
pany patrols not only the standing timber but all
their old slashes.

There is a regular system of communication
and report between the patrols. Each man has
his individual beat for which he is responsible.

The patrols extinguish all incipient fires — by
means of water, where it is available, or by beat-
ing out the flame, raking away the leaves and rub-
bish, or by trenching where this becomes
necessary. The cost of patrol varies with the
season, the region of slash, etc.

All logging train crews are instructed about fire

fighting and stand ready to assist if the alarm for
fire is sounded by the engine. Each camp has a
complete set of tools for fighting fire. Each of the
logging engines is equipped with a one inch hose,
50 feet long, for extinguishing small fires, Where
possible water from a nearby creek, otherwise
that in the engine's tank, is used.

Firemen of engines and log loaders are required
— and this is rigidly enforced — to dump all ashes
in a safe place — /. e., in a creek, or else to wet
them down with the hose.

All the engines operating in or through the
tract are fitted with double spark arresters — the
ordinary one in the front of the engine and a
cone-shaped, fine-meshed wire cap which fits over
the top of the stack and efficiently prevents all
dangerous sparks.

Best of all, the engineers say that these spark
arresters do not interfere with the draft. In the
fall these caps are removed and stored till the fol-
lowing spring.

On a convenient siding stands an old tank car
of 4970 gals, capacity, rigged with a hose and
double pump. This is the company's fire engine.

This tank car was obtained for about $250, and
fitted with a four inch suction three inch discharge
pump, costing $120. Further, two 100 ft. lengths
of water hose costing 43c. a foot (2^ in. Phoe-
nix fire hose, N. Y. Underwriters Standard, rub-
ber lined, though a smaller hose i^' in. or
preferably 2 in. would be better), and 10 ft. of
steam -hose, was purchased with 35 ft. of 4 in.
wire-lined suction hose, which with strainer and
connection cost $3.86 a foot.

At first a one inch nozzle was used, but a S/^
inch was found fully as effective and less wasteful.

The steam goes through a pipe from the dome
to either end of the engine, with a valve at the
end and a steam-hose connection to the pump.

When the pump is in operation it can throw
two streams, or only one as may be deemed best.
From the nozzle the water is thrown 150 ft., so
the maximum distance of one stream would be
350 ft. from the tank.

The whole equipment costs about $600.

During the winter the pump is boarded up and
the hose stored away.

This tank car is especially useful for saving logs
already piled along the track. Together with a
system of patrols and spark arresters it furnishes a
highly efficient scheme of protection. Here, as in
most cases, the proof of the pudding lies in the
eating — although sometimes as many as three in-
cipient fires occur a day they are promptly ex-
tinguished and the company has had no serious
fires since the lumbering began.

The total amount actually paid for patroling,

FOREST LEAVES.

123

fighting fires and fire protection generally in 1905
was only $1710, of which $1500 was for patroling
and cleaning up brush along the railroad. The
estimate of $3000 may be considered an outside
figure.

The fire problem impossible of solution ? Let
us but cease talking about it and go at it with good
will, good common sense and application, not
afraid of the relatively small expenditure, if we
would meet this greatest need of American
forestry.

Forestry on Dominion Lands.

By E. Stewart, Dominion Superintendent of

p'orestry.*

I will ask your attention, first, to the extent of
the forests under Dominion control ; second,
to what we are doing at present regarding
them ; third, what in my opinion should be
done ; and fourth, make up a very brief reference
to afforestation on the plains.

When our northwestern possessions are men-
tioned, the picture generally suggested is that of
vast prairies stretching for hundreds of miles on
every hand unrelieved by a single tree. Now,
while this is true of a very large extent of coun-
try, it represents only a small part of the total
land area owned and controlled by the Federal
Government.

According to the census returns for 1903 the
total land area under the control of the Dominion
Government is 2,656,200 square miles. Of tlfis
the bare prairie probably occupies 160,000,000
acres, or 250,000 square miles. The barren
lands of the far north I have (elsewhere) esti-
mated at four times that of the prairie, or 640,-
000,000 acres, or 1,000,000 square miles. These
two would make 1,250,000 square miles of tree-
less land, and, subtracting this from the total land
area under federal control, will give us 1,406,-
200 square miles, which is more or less wooded.
The total land area owned by the provinces ag-
gregates only 963,618 square miles, so that the
Dominion timbered land, according to this esti-
mate, exceeds the total land area, both timbered
and cleared up, of all the old provinces, by 442,-
582 square miles.

But it may be truly said that on a very large
proportion of this the forest growth is of little
value for commercial purposes. Let us make due
allowance for this and estimate that only one-fifth
of this land contains timber fit for such purposes.
One-fifth of 1,406,200 gives 281,240 square
miles.

* Read at the Canadian Forestry Convention.

We have now taken from the total land area
under Dominion control the barren lands of the
far north and the prairie land, and then taken
only one-fifth of the remainder in our estimate to
represent the area of land containing merchant-
able timber; and we have still left 281,240
square miles. Suppose that the latter area con-
tains only 2000 feet, board measure, to the acre,
or 1,280,000 feet to the square mile, over 10
inches at the stump, and we have left, after all
these reductions, 359,987,200,000 feet of mature
timber, which, at the low rate of royalty to the
government of $\ per thousand, would be $359,-
987,200, which sum represents but a small part of
its value to the community, and does not include
the smaller growing timber, which should, be re-
garded as the agriculturist does his growing crop.
It is true that much of this timber is not at pres-
ent available, but it is a portion of the nation's
inheritance, and the government, as trustees of
the state, are in duty bound to conserve it whether
it is used by those now living or reserved for future
generations.

I This vast area represents Canada's woodlot.
Let us save it while we may ! The greatest part
I of the timber is growing on land unsuited for
agriculture either from its high altitude or high
I latitude. We have in that great region, which is
well described as our subarctic forest belt, a vast
! tract of such land. The spruce tree abounds
everywhere, and as it is the most desirable of all
varieties for pulp, it is even now being looked
after for that purpose. This region, too, is the
home of a great variety of the most valuable of
the fur-bearing animals, whose existence is de-
pendent on the preservation of the forest. Within
it are many great lakes and rivers, which, owing
to the cool temperature of the water, contain fish
of the finest quality.

We have also in those wilds, owing to the rough
character of the country, rapids and waterfalls in-
numerable, which will furnish sufficient power for
all purposes at little expense. Of its mineral
wealth it is too early to speak, but the example of
the Yukon teaches us that the explorer need not
confine himself to the lower latitudes ; and as tim-
ber is one of the great requisites for mining, the
forest is necessary to its success.

But here, too, important as the forest is for the
purposes I have named, it is even more so for its
influence in various ways. Time will not permit
me to notice at any length, perhaps, the most im-
portant of all reasons for immediate attention to
our forestry problem, and that is the necessity that
the country at the sources of our water supply
should be kept fn forest. Denude, for instance,
the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains of its

124

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

125

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forest growth, and as sure as result follows cause
you will destroy the great rivers that have their
sources there. You will create a raging torrent for
a few weeks in the spring, and after that a water
famine. You will destroy the North and South
Saskatchewan, the Athabasca and the Peace
Rivers, and you will make a desert of our new
western provinces. Your irrigation canals in Al-
berta will be raging torrents for a short time and
devoid of water when it is required. You will
simply bring about a condition of affairs which
any one can see to-day in Southern Europe, in
Northern Africa and in Asia Minor, where large
areas of country once fertile are now, owing to
the denudation of the timber on the mountain
side, practically a desert. •

. But let us look nearer home. The future of this
city of Ottawa as an industrial centre depends on
the valuable water-powers of the Ottawa and
Gatineau so near at hand, but, unless precautions
are early taken to preserve the forest at the head-
waters of these streams, we will have raging
floods for a short time in the spring, followed by
great scarcity of water later on, which will ren-
der the power so unstable as to be practically

worthless.

Again, to say nothing of the evil effects on the
fertile lands further south that would follow the
destruction of the forests lying north of the prov-
inces, which, at present, form a barrier against the
northern air-currents, the severe winter of those
high northern latitudes would be made almost in-
tolerable by the Arctic winds that would then
blow uninterruptedly over the denuded land.
The fact is that voices come to us from all quar-
ters calling us to protect our timber areas.

What are we doing ? I shall in a few words
try to answer this question, so far as the Dominion
lands are concerned, but it must be admitted that
our efforts are small indeed compared with what
should be done, but nevertheless sufficient to show
remarkable results. Fires are the great enemy of
our natural forest, and these usually accompany
the early opening up of the country. The build-
ing of railways, the use of fire in clearing the
land by settlers, and the camp-fires of travellers
are among the agencies that have caused great de-
struction of timber in the past. Lightning has
also contributed, but in a much smaller degree.
The latter is uncontrollable, but the destruction
from the other causes may be greatly lessened by
due precautions and the enforcement of regula-
tions. Not only during the construction of rail-
ways through the timber are great precautions
necessary, but after the roads are in operation the
sparks from the engines are liable to start disas-
trous fires. This latter is a question which I will

not pursue further, but it is worthy of further at-
tention at this meeting.

In 1 90 1 a system of forest patrol and guardian-
ship on Dominion lands was started, which has
been somewhat extended since. I cannot give
details of the system ; suffice to say that rangers
are assigned certain territory where it is deemed
their work is most required. Each of these men
is under the supervision of some one in the dis-
trict, usually the head forest ranger. Crown timber
agent, or some one known to the department. It
is the duty of this supervising officer to instruct
the ranger when to start work and when to quit,
and to certify to his time of service before his ac-
count is paid. In case of a dangerous fire start-
ing which requires more men to control it, the
ranger has authority to engage such men for that
particular purpose.

During the past season we had about forty regu-
lar rangers employed, principally in the railway
belt in British Columbia, along the foothills of
the Rocky Mountains, along the North Saskatche-
wan River and country north of that river, along
the Athabasca, and in the wooded districts of
Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

As to the result of such a service, the railway
belt in British Columbia furnishes the best exam-
ple. Prior to the adoption of the fire service,
five years ago, there was annual destruction of
large quantities of merchantable timber, while
during the past five years practically none has
been lost, notwithstanding that they have had a
succession of very dry summers, and outside of
this railway belt hundreds of millions of feet of
magnificent timber have been destroyed.

No better investment of public funds can be
conceived of than in this protective service.
What town or city would be guilty of such folly
as to refuse to afford some system of protection
against fire for its buildings, and why should the
nation fail to take similar precautions to protect
its own forest property ? The buildings in a town
or city can be replaced in a year, while a century
or more would be required for the restoration of

a forest.

Within the past year the Forestry Branch has
started making a careful examination of the forest
reserves, and it is the intention to continue this
work until we have a complete knowledge of the
timber on them, the quantity, varieties and quality,
rate of growth, etc., with a view of removing the
dead and down timber and harvesting the full
grown crop and fostering a permanent reproduc-
tion. It is also hoped to be able to employ ex-
pert men in the examination of other timber areas
in order to obtain information as to what areas it
is desirable to further set aside as reserves.

One difficulty in our work is to know what we
have. We know practically nothing of our timber
and other natural resources extending over a large
proportion of our possessions. In the early history
of Canada the pioneer was very much in evidence,
but when the people settled down to sedentary
occupations the spirit of adventure seemed to die
out, so that to-day we know no more, perhaps
less, of our unoccupied wilderness than did the
voyageur of two hundred years ago.

Exploration in advance of settlement is a ne-
cessity. With the knowledge that this would
furnish us we would be able to assign such dis-
tricts to agriculture as would be best suited for
that purpose, and to leave in forest land not
adapted for agriculture but suited for the growth
of timber.

Canada is practically the only country in the
northern hemisphere to which the eyes of the
world are turned for a timber supply in the time
of great scarcity, which is fast overtaking us.
Let us at once take means to preserve what we
have for this contingency. Let us remember not
only our present supply, but that we are dealing
with that kingdom of nature where the life forces
are at work and where reproduction and growth
may indefinitely prolong the supply if nature is
not prejudicially interfered with.

The attention that has hitherto been given to
the forest in this country has been in cutting it
down either for the value of the timber, or to get
rid of it in order that the land might be more
profitably employed for agriculture ; but the day
has now arrived when we should cease to regard
our productive forests as mines from which only
a fixed amount of wealth can be obtained and
then abandoned. We should recognize the fact
of continuous growth and reproduction of the
same varieties, crop succeeding crop for indefinite
periods of time. To be sure, it takes about one
hundred years for the growth of a mature timber
crop, but it requires no labor on our part, and it
asks only that we allow nature without interrup-
tion to do its part, and generally too on land use-
less for other purposes.

Owing to the long period required for the pro-
duction of a mature timber crop the individual
cannot be expected to take the same interest in it
that he does in agricultural crops that mature in
one year, and for this reason forestry belongs
more to the State whose life is not measured by
years but by centuries. There is another reason
why forestry in this country belongs more exclu-
sively to the State than in perhaps any other
country in the world, and it is owing to the fact
that most of the land on which our valuable
timber grows is still held by the Crown ; and

considering that the nation is the owner it is most
appropriate that this meeting is called in order
that the Government may have the views of those
competent to give advice on a matter that they
are called to administer.

Most of the countries of Europe make the ad-
ministration of their forests one of their most im-
portant departments of government. India, through
the efforts of Sir Diedrich Brandis, now possesses
a forestry service which is not only producing
excellent financial results, but is also working on
lines that are greatly benefiting the country in
conserving its water supply that was rapidly be-
coming exhausted. The United States within the
past few years has awakened to the necessity of
action, and is now wisely expending large sums in
the service, and there is no reason why Canada,
with the timber wealth it possesses and with the
advantages of government ownership to which I
have referred should not take a leading place
among the nations of the world in its forestry
management, and this convention, which might
be called a forest parliament, can do very much by
resolution or otherwise to further this desirable
end.

In this connection, there is just one more point
that I would like to submit for your consideration.
It is one that I have had in mind for some time,
and which I am fully persuaded could be adopted
without difficulty and would be greatly in the pub-
lic interest. It is this, that in all future patents
of timbered land a proviso should be inserted that
at least 10 per cent, of the area conveyed should
be left in timber ; that the timber growing thereon
should be the property of the patentee, but only
to be cut under the authority and supervision of
the Government. I believe such a reservation was
made in some of the seignorial conveyances in
Lower Canada, and the old Upper Canada Land
Company, if I am not mistaken, made a similar
provision in some of their deeds.

I have little time left to say anything on tree
planting on the plains which the forestry branch
of the Department of the Interior has started
there in co-operation with the settlers. It is suffi-
cient to say that when we have sent out in the
spring the nursery stock now ready for shipment
we will have distributed in all about 7,000,000
trees free of charge to settlers living on the bare
prairie. The system we have adopted is meeting
with gratifying success, and it is confidently pre-
dicted it will prove of incalculable benefit to the
great plains region.

Bordeaux mixture is said to be effective in pre-
venting *' Schutte " (damping off) to which pine
seedlings are exposed.

126

FOREST LEAVES.

Vineland, New Jersey, Shade
Trees Spared.

JUSTICE DJXON, of the Supreme Court,
handed down, on February 27th, an opinion
setting aside an ordinance of the Township
Committee of Vineland which ordered the re-
moval of one of the double rows of shade trees
on East Landis avenue. The opinion sustains the
property holders, who have spent thousands of
dollars protecting the trees.

The fight began several years, and was twice
argued before the Supreme Court.

When the township officials ordered workmen
to cut a portion of the trees Justice of the Peace
Miller swore in a number of officers and arrested
a dozen workmen.

Two lawsuits for damages grew out of the ar-
rests. The main objection to the trees came
from the farmers, who wanted the road widened
on account of the trolley.

Persia Hears of Forestry Work in
Pennsylvania.

THROUGH the courtesy of the Department
of Forestry we are permitted to copy the
following from letters sent to the Hon.
Robert* S. Conklin, Commissioner of Forestry of
Pennsylvania, by Hon. John Tyler, Vice Consul
General of the United States at Teheran, Persia.
This would indicate that the work of the Commis-
sion is appreciated and recognized : —

I beg to acknowledge the receipt of a copy of
your very interesting report for 1903-04.

I regret to inform you that while Persia has
on the south of the Caspian a belt of very val-
uable forests nearly 300 miles long and 40 deep,
containing very large supplies of elm, lime,
box, walnut, hazel, pomegranate and a wide va-
riety of other trees, little or no attention is paid
ta their protection, felling, removal or improve-
ment. It is the home of tigers, panthers, leop-
ards, wolves, bears, wild hogs, wild cats and nu-
merous other animals. Eagles, vultures, cormo-
rants, storks, greves and many other birds find
their prey and shelter in its dark recesses.

There is also a considerable tract of forest,
running east and west, at varying distances from
100 to 150 miles from the southern border of Per-
sia, consisting chiefly of stunted oak, with an ad-
mixture of other trees. In this cover maneless
lions, jackals, wolves and wild pigs are found.

From these forests large quantities of box and
burrs of walnut have been exported to Europe,
chiefly to France, the latter for veneering and or-
namental carpentry, cabinet-making and art work.

Although these forests contain such vast quan-
tities of valuable lumber, during a residence of
many years in Persia, and an acquaintance with
all the ministers of the crown and governing au-
thoiities, I have never seen or heard of an official
report on forestry either in Persian or any other
language. After looking at your valuable and
useful publication, I feel more than ever how far
Persia, and perhaps we who live here also, have
fallen into the rear of modern progress and de-
velopment.

I presented your very interesting and elegantly
prepared Report on Forestry to the Shah in per-
son. His Majesty was very pleased, and asked
me to express his gratification.

The Shah is a great admirer of ornamental
trees and shrubs and a lover of flowers, as his
gardens at the difl'erent palaces testify, especially
in the spring season. Just before leaving His
Majesty he asked me to write you and say how
much he would like a little seed of difl'erent
American trees and shrubs and flowers. Some-
thing difl'erent to what we have here, which are
of no great ornamentation, the trees consisting of
elm, ash, sycamore, Scotch firs, cypress, poplar
and accasia, and the silk tree. If you could ob-
tain some seeds of western and southern trees,
and the hickory, which would no doubt grow and
flourish here, they would give great pleasure. A
small collection of seeds of flowers or shrubs, es-
pecially some of such as are natives of America.
I should be very glad if you could send about
two pounds of Kentucky blue grass seed for the
palace lawns, which have only native grasses
which die off" in the autumn and look worse than
nothing.

Dr. Judson F. Clark, Forester for the Province
of Ontario, states that burning the debris in lum-
bering operations in the pineries costs according
to local circumstances from 12 to 25 cents per M.
feet board measure of the timber cut. He recom-
mends making a similar practical test of burning
the brush on spruce lands in the Canadian Pro-
vinces, stating that it would pay better to take 10
or 15 cents less per cord for pulpwood, and secure
the safety and advantage to reproduction which
goes with the burning of the brush, than to secure
the largest monetary return, and leave the acres
cut over for pulpwood in the deplorable and
menacing condition which is to-day characteristic
of the slashings. The State rather than the lum-
berman should bear the expense of such safety
measures, as it is in the interest of future citizens
of the State that they are undertaken.

FOREST LEAVES.

127

Biltmore Forest School,

BILTMORE, N. C.

] 0000

The Biltmore Forest School is the
only technical school of forestry in this
country. It illustrates its teachings on
a large scale, on a tract of land owned
by George W. Vanderbilt, comprising
130,000 acres of forest.

The complete course covers twelve
consecutive months.
. Write for particulars, addressing

C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director,

* «

BILTMORE, N. C.

J^XPERT advice on any forestal proposition fur-
nished, and estimates of timber, valuation, surveys
and working plans made by

PAUL E. ARNOLD,
'Consulting Forester. READING, PA.

L.B^n£IS* TREE CHKRTS.

n^llm^^]^^^® series consists of fifteen numbers, divided into
FARTS of three numbers each. They may be purchased sinirly
--bythepart,-or by the full series, at the prices named below.
More than half of the series has already been printed The
drawings are completed, and the remaining charts will be pub-
lished at the earliest practicable date. One thousand paid sub-
scriptions of «6.00 each would insure the immediate publication
of the whole series. ^

Yale OniVEP^itj Forest School

NEW HAVEN - - CONNECTICUT

TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE.

Price of single number, 50 cents each.
Price of Part, $1.40 each.

A liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education or
others purchasing in large numbers.

NOW READY.— (These with a * as yet unprinted.)
Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species.

No. 1. Biennial PruUed Oaks. Black Oak and Allies
No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies '
No. 3. SoiUhem, Paciflc, Hardy, Foreign, and examples of
Extinct Oaks. ''

PartH.-THE nut BEARERS. Numerous species.

No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and
European Chestnuts.
The Walnuts. American, Japanese and European

species and varieties.
The Hickories. American species and varieties.

No. 5.

No. 6.
Part III.--
No. 7.
No. 8.
No. 9.
Part IV.—
•No. 10.
♦No. 11.
No. 12.
Part v.—
♦No. 13.
♦No. 14

The Willows and Poplars. Numerous species.

The Birches, Elms and allies.

The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species.

The Magnolia and related trees.
The Horse Chestnuts and allies.
The Maples. (Printed in advance.)

Locusts and allies of Pea Family of several genera
WUd Cherry, Mountain Ash, Sweet Oum, Sour Oum

f Persimmon. '

Ashes, Oatalpas, Paulownia, and others.

For ftirther information address the author, publisher and

proprietor,

QRACEANNA LEWIS,

Media, - - - - Pennsylvania.

A two years* graduate course
is offered, leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry.
Graduates of collegiate institu-
tions of high standing are ad-
mitted upon presentation of
their college diplomas.

The Summer School of
Forestry is conducted at Mil-
ford, Pike County, Penna.

For further information address

HENRY S. GRAVES, Director,

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA.

30 minutes from Broad St. Station.

BOABDIXO SCHOOL FOR BOTS. .

nitistrated Catalogue upon application*

JAMES L. PATTERSON,

Head Master.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES:
Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., President.
Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President.
George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer.

FRANCIS I. GOWEN.
E. WALTER CLARK.
WALTON CLARK.
JACOB S. DISSTON.
JAMES MAPES DODGK.

JAMES M. BECK.

EDGAR DUDLEY PARIES.

J. LEVERING JONES.

PRANCIS D. LEWIS.

RANDAL MORGAN.

RT. REV. HENRY Y. 8ATTERLEE, D.D.

128

FOREST LEAVES.

ANDORRA'S

PIN

^1(1

A justly popular tree is the Pin Oak. It presents points which dis-
tinguish it readily from other Oaks, and it is undoubtedly the most valuable
variety for all practical purposes. The foliage is dense, finely divided, of
a beautiful shining green that colors to sparkling red and yellow in Fall.
The tree is easily transplanted and grows well on wet or dry ground ; is,
in fact, the quickest-growing of all the Oaks. As an avenue tree it is un-
equalled. It is also a good street tree, and one of the best for park planting.

This desirable tree will thrive in all sections
of the United States, in all soils and situations.
Our stock (over 30,000) of this Popular Tree
is clean and healthy, with plenty of fibrous roots.

EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN.

OUR BOOKLET "MORE SPECIALTIES," 3d EDITION. DESCRIBES THESE AND a ANY OTHERS.

f

REMEMBER! EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN!

Each Per lo Per loo

6 to 7 ft. Stocky Trees, $^00 $8 50 $40 00

7 to 8 ft. - " » ^5 10 00 50 00

8 to 9 ft. " " '50 12 50 55 00

9 to 10 ft. ** •• 2 00 '7 50 60 00

10 to 12 ft. " " • •. ^ 50 22 50 75 00

Prices on Larger Specimens on application.

Send for SPRING PRICE LIST and booklet " HINTS ON PLANTING."

ANDORRA NURSERIES,

WM. WARNER HARPER, Prop. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILADELPHIA, PA,

w

■*..

^}^^^^:.^h^^

Vol. X.

Philadelphia, June, 1906.

No. 9.

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

loia Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter.

CONTENTS.

Editorial 129

Narrative of the Twentieth Anniversary Meeting of the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association 130

Sketch of the Forestry Movement in Pennsylvania 134

California Redwood — Sequoia Sempervirens 136

Address of President Pennsylvania Forestry Association 137

Work of the Pocono Protective Fire Association 139

Forest Reserves as Outing Places and Sanatoria 141

Subscription, $1.00 per Year.

The attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
o/FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nished on application.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

FOUNDBD IN JUNB, 1886,

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and
methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact-
ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and
National.

Annual member ship fee. Two dollars.

Life membership. Twenty-five dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended
to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membershio
Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila.

President, John Blrkinbine.

K/W-/'r^«V<V«/j, Wm. S. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis.
Richard Wood. '

General Secretary., Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.

Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler.

Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast.

Council- at- lAirge, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, Charles
Hewett.

Finance. W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher W W
Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul.

Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F Baer
Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin. Hon. Lucien W. Doty.Charles
W Freedley, Dr J T. Rothrock,W.W. Scranton, Dr. Samuel Wolfe,
and Hon. S. P. Wolverton.

Zaw, Hon. W. N. Ashman, Chairman ; Henry Budd, Charles
Hewett, and John A. Siner.

Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott
Alfred S. Haines, Alfred Paschall, and Harrison Souder.

Work Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Mrs. George T. Heston. Miss
E L Lundy, Mrs. William 8. Kirk, J. Franklin Meehan, and
Abraham S. Schropp.

County Organization, iiAvnucl Marshall, Chairman: Eugene EUicjtt
James C. Haydon, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Richard Wood. '

Opficb op thb Associ

, IOI2 Walwut St.. Philadelphia.

EDITORIAL.

THE meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry
As.sociation at Wilkes-Barre, Pa., and
vicinity, June 5 to 7, 1906, was an appro-
priate celebration of the 20th anniversary of the
organization of the Association. The papers read
and the discussions were evidence of the remark-
able progress made by the forestry movement in
two decades, and we commend these papers to
the careful consideration of our readers.

The selection of Wilkes-Barre was most appro-
priate, for nowhere in Pennsylvania are there
better evidences of the co-operation by owners
of large tracts of woodland. In 1900 Forest
Leaves reported a visit of the Council of the As-
sociation to Bear Creek and Harvey's Lake, and
in 1903 another visit to Ganoga Lake, where
Colonel R. Bruce Ricketts demonstrated how
owners of timber land protected standing forests,
encouraged new growths, and preserved some of
the virgin forest of the State. While Ganoga
Lake was not revisited. Col. Ricketts, as Chair-
man of the Committee on Arrangements, was ac-
tive in caring for the comfort of the visitors, and
participated in discussions and in the profitable
conference during the various excursions.

Mr. Albert Lewis, who owns large wooded
areas and carries on an extensive lumber industry,
demonstrated to the association how a lumberman
could cut down trees and still love them, and how
with wise forethought he protected new growths
to perpetuate the lumber industry. Mr. Lewis is
an advocate of preventing disastrous fires by con-
structing and maintaining in good order roads
through the timbered area and of burning the tops . ^
of felled trees at the time they are cut. Both of
these features were practically illustrated to the
visitors, who enjoyed the good roads and who saw
a fine hemlock felled, stripped of bark, cut into
logs and lagging, and the top destroyed by fire in
a short time.

130

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

131

While a heavy rainstorm interfered with tramp-
ing through the woods at Laurel Run, the inspec-
tion made of Gen'l Paul A. Oliver's efforts at
forest protection and re-forestration was most
instructive. The removal of underbrush leaves
little for forest fires to feed upon, and the system-
atic planting of many thousands of young trees
under the cover of older ones now standing, which
are subsequently removed, proved a most valuable

lesson.

The demand for small timber for mining pur-
poses in the vicinity of Wilkes-Barre offers en-
couragement to the owner to clean away food for
fires, and protect his property by roads which
may not be found so practicable in other sections,
but the demonstration was sufficient to indicate
possibilities worthy of study from all owners of

woodland.

The suggestions for making the State forest
reservations useful, which were presented at the
meeting, will be carefully considered and reported
upon by a special committee of the Association.
They represent an earnest desire on the part of
the friends of forestry to show that they are en-
gaged in a practical and not a theoretical reform.

A pleasing feature of the Wilkes-Barre meeting
was the prominence given to forest education,
and descriptions of the work done by the Yale
Forest School at Milford, and at the State Forest
Academy at Mont Alto, demonstrate the advances

made.

Co-operation between the Pennsylvania Fores-
try Association and State Forest Reservation
Commission was evidenced by the Commission,
fixing its meeting at Wilkes-Barre, by the partici-
pation of the members of the Commission in the
proceedings, and in the cordial and unsolicited
endorsement of the work of the Commission by
the Association.

To the local members and citizens of Wilkes-
Barre, those who attended the meeting feel much
indebted. In addition to the three gentlemen
named above, ladies and gentlemen strove with
each other to make the visitors' stay enjoyable,
and they succeeded most admirably, in fact, there
was such a wealth of courtesies offered that all
could not be accepted. J. B.

*

*

The editors of Forest Leaves desire to pre-
sent in full all of the interesting papers which
were read at the Wilkes-Barre meeting, but the
number and length of these prohibit placing all
of them in the present issue, already late. The
remaining papers will appear in the August num-
ber, which it is expected to mail to readers next
month.

Narrative of Twentieth Anniversary

Meeting of the Pennsylvania

Forestry Association.

THE Twentieth Anniversary of the formation
of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association
was celebrated at Wilkes-Barre, Pa., June
5th-7th, and will be long remembered as one of
the most interesting and enjoyable meetings yet
held, all the local members forming a Committee
with Col. R. Bruce Ricketts, Chairman, and S. R.
Miner, Secretary, and doing all in their power to
make it successful.

The members from different parts of the State
assembled on the evening of Tuesday, June 5 th,
in the ball-room of The Sterling hotel, where a
business session was held, presided over by Presi-
dent John Birkinbine, whose opening address will
be found on another page.

This was followed by a paper by Mr. S. B. El-
liott, a member of the State Forestry Reservation
Commission, on the '' Problems that Confront Us
in Forestry," which will be found in the next

issue.

This opened the way for a discussion on taxa-
tion of timbered and cut-over lands which were
to be reforested.

Dr. J. T. Rothrock spoke of the purchase of
lands for forest reserves being at first unlimited,
but varying from 8 cents to $2.50 per acre. That
later on, when a limit of $5 per acre was placed
as a maximum price for purchases, complaint was
made by a large land owner, who stated that the
law was being violated because the Commission
did not purchase all his lands at the maximum

price.

Mr. John Ruddle, Superintendent of Canals and
Real Estate of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation
Co. , was prevented from being present, but sent
the following communication : —

'' In connection with the business that is to be
brought before the Association, I would suggest
the redrafting of the laws of the Commonwealth
regarding timber lands. Under the present laws
all lands held for retimbering are subject to local
taxation and the valuations are placed on them
by the local assessors, the consequence is that as
the timber grows the local assessors increase the
valuations and the taxes increase, so that there is
no incentive on the part of the holders of large
tracts of land to keep them under their control
and spend money to protect them from fire and to
protect the timber. The laws, as I understand them,
at the present time exempt from taxation fifty
acres of land in one holding if held for reforest-
ing purposes. It seems absurd in considering a
large territory like the water-shed of a stream to

limit the exemption area to such a small amount
as fifty acres. I have given considerable thought
to this matter, and I think that an effort should be
made to get the Legislature to pass laws exempt-
ing from the control of the local assessors tracts
of land in one holding in acreages of 500 acres
or more. Of course, the question of good faith
as to the holding of the land for reforesting will
come up in this connection. In order to show
good faith, therefore, the owners of the property
should be required to file at some office of record,
within the county in which the land is situated,
a statement of the acreage desired to be exempt
and its location, then each year before they should
be exempt from the taxes they should be required
to present affirmative evidence that they have
spent money, employed men and done work look-
ing to the putting out of fires and encouraging
the growth of timber.

^*At the present time, in the townships where
large tracts of unseated land are held, the care of
the roads and of the schools depends very largely
on the taxes now raised on land held for reforest-
ing. In order that these roads and the schools
may not suffer under any change of the tax laws
governing these lands, it might be provided that
the owners of the lands have entire charge of the
public roads passing through them and shall be
held responsible for their keepup, and any failure
to keep the roads in a reasonably good condition
to compare favorably with other roads in the
same township would have the effect of making
the lands liable to road tax. This would be some-
what similar to the acts under which coal com-
panies now maintain the roads in townships where
they have large holdings in lieu of the payment
of cash road tax.

**In regard to the care of the schools. It
occurs to me that as the holding of large bodies
of land for retimbering on the water-shed is a
benefit not only to the owner of the property but
to the people in the vicinity, also to the Common-
wealth at large, that these schools might be taken
care of either by the Commonwealth or from
funds raised generally by the county in which
the exemption is made. The effect of this law,
however, should not be to relieve all parties
located in the townships of their school tax, but
such persons as hold lands for reforesting and
present evidence of good faith.

** The companies that I represent hold in fee
in the neighborhood of 50,000 acres of land, lo-
cated in Monroe County, in Coolbaugh, Toby-
hanna and Tunkhannock Townships. We are
holding this land solely for the purpose of refor-
esting, and in order to control the flow of water
in the Lehigh River. This work that we are

doing redounds to the benefit of the Counties of
Luzerne, Carbon, Lehigh and Northampton in
this State, and it would seem as if the cost of
holding these properties should not increase as
the growth of timber increases-, certainly not until
such a time as the growth of timber should be-
come such that a revenue can be secured from
cutting it."

Dr. Rothrock mentioned an instance where
$2 1 8. 66 had been paid out for road taxes on
some State reserves, not one cent of which had
been spent on the roads going through the res-
ervation which yielded the revenue.

Mr. George F. Craig, Chairman of the Forestry
Committee of the National Wholesale Lumber
Dealers' Association, expressed his belief that the
owners of timbered tracts did not need to be
taken care of by the exemption of taxes, as the
increasing value of the holding compensated for
this. Care should, however, be taken to prevent
forest fires, and the cost of fighting them should
be placed entirely on the State, as the counties re-
fused to bear it. Forest fires and taxation were
the obstacles to retimbering cut-over lands, and
his suggestion was that owners who desired to re~
forest their holdings should have them registered
as auxiliary forest reserves, and then the State,
under proper safeguards, should exempt them from
taxation, or make some reduction, until such time
as the timber became of value. He was interested
in 8,000 acres of land in Clearfield County, Pa.,
which was taxed at 10 cents per acre. If this
; were reduced to, say, 5 cents, it would pay to

reforest the lands.
I Dr. Rothrock stated that the trouble was not
I with the laws ; if so, why had the losses from for-
I est fires in Pennsylvania decreased from $1,000,-
000 to $500,000 per annum. The chief criminals
were the courts, because of their non-enforcement
of the laws making it obligatory for constables to
report forest fires and punish the starters. If
honest constables and intelligent county officials
were elected, the enforcement of the forestry
laws would be of such a nature as to make them
of more value.

Mr. Craig replied that probably the decrease
in the loss by forest fires was because there was
not so much lumber in the State as formerly.
That the law making it obligatory upon county
authorities to fight forest fires was made practi-
cally of no avail by the provision at the end, that
in no instance must the payment exceed J500 in
any one year.

Mr. S. B. Elliott mentioned two counties where
the Commissioners had recently refused to pay
for putting out forest fires. He also stated that,
according to newspaper report, one of the Presi-

i

132

FOREST LEAVES.

dent Judges of the State had pronounced the law
allowing a rebate of taxes, not exceeding 45 cents
per acre, on lands on which a given number of
trees are growing, to be unconstitutional, and he
feared that such would ultimately be decided to
be the case, and the only remedy would be an
amendment to the Constitution.

Mr. T. L. Hodge, assistant to the President of
the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co., presented a
paper showing the workings of the Pocono Pro-
tective Fire Association, which will be found in

this issue.

Mr. Albert Lewis instanced a fire which had
occurred near White Haven, where fifty men had
been able to extinguish it, not, however, until
considerable timber had been destroyed, together
with many birds and other forest denizens. That
if the lumbermen would clear up the tops of trees,
it would aid in reducing forest fires. During the
anthracite coal strike he had given the miners
wood, and they in turn, instead of, as is sometimes
the case, starting forest fires, generally through
carelessness, had taken especial care to prevent
them. He also instanced some land bought 19
years ago for $3 per acre, which had been pro-
tected from fires, and was now worth $40 per

acre.

Mr. Charles Hewett advocated a law making it
compulsory to place a fire line 50 feet wide around
each wooded tract, if this would be constitu-
tional.

Dr. Rothrock spoke of a somewhat similar in-
stance which was constitutional.

Col. R. Bruce Ricketts mentioned a forest fire
which occurred a number of years ago on Kitch-
ens Creek, which destroyed the ferns and under-
growth, burning for weeks.

Dr. Rothrock described the system of fighting
forest fires at Mont Alto, by means of barrels of
water carried on the backs of horses to the fire, a
force-pump throwing the water 40 feet and doing
the work of 30 men.

Mr. J. Franklin Meehan stated that the courts
did not enforce the laws in regard to forest fires,
and it was impossible to get men to fight them
because they were not paid. When their wages
were guaranteed, no trouble was experienced in
getting fire fighters.

Mr. Lewis advocated burning the slashings right
where the tree is. He cuts annually 40,000,000
feet, B.M., and uses the tops down to 6 inches in
diameter. If all the lumbermen were compelled
to burn the slashings, it would cost more, but be
an advantage in preventing forest fires. This could
not be done unless a law to this effect were made.
Mr. Craig said that, in West Virginia, they
could only use, owing to the location, the tops to

10 inches or 12 inches in diameter, and on ac-
count of the larger amount of heavy wood, if the
slashings were burned it would kill all the young

growth.

Gen'l Paul A. Oliver described the roads
which had been made by Mr. Lewis, which were
used as fire lanes to prevent the spread of forest
fires. He had experience in fighting forest fires
on the mountain for 36 years, and when a strong
wind was blowing nothing would stop them.
Most of the fires in that section were caused by
sparks from locomotives, along which he had five
miles of frontage. He advocated burning the
dry leaves in the fall on both sides of the railroad
for a distance of 150 feet to 200 feet, thus doing
away with most of this danger.

Mr. Lewis told of the method of protecting the
Bear Creek lands, where, during the danger
season, a man was stationed as a lookout on an
elevated point. As soon as a fire was observed he
announced it through the megaphone, and the
fire fighters at once started for the scene of the
conflagration.

Mrs. Horace See spoke of the increased num-
ber of forest fires, which she attributed to the use
of bituminous coal instead of anthracite.

Mr. Hillard said that at Glen Summit each resi-
dent was required to keep a sprinkling can ready
for use in extinguishing forest fires.

A Committee on Resolutions was announced,
consisting of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Samuel Mar-
shall, Gen'l Paul A. Oliver, Charles Hewett, Col.
R. Bruce Ricketts.

Also a Committee to prepare a memorial of the
late Mrs. J. P. Lundy, consisting of Wm. S. Har-
vey, Miss Mira L. Dock and Albert Lewis. The
memorial will appear in the next issue of Forest

Leaves.

After announcements were made in regard to
the program, and the hospitalities of the West-
moreland Club proffered to members, the meeting

adjourned.

On Wednesday, June 6th, the party, on the in-
vitation of Mr. Albert Lewis, left on a special
train on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, at 10 a.m.,
for Harvey's Lake. On arriving at Alderson the
log cabin of Mr. Lewis was first visited. The
house, made of rough hewn logs unbarked, with
wide porches, formed a model summer home, and
the polished native woods, forming the walls and
ceilings of the rooms, with the open fire places,
were much admired.

Carriages and a four-in-hand conveyed the
party to the first stopping-place, where a fine hem-
lock tree, which showed at its base the first sign
of decay, was felled, and an instructive object
lesson given of the proper way of cutting timber

FOREST LEAVES.

133

and disposing of slashings. After the tree was
trimmed, barked and sawed into logs, the tops and
branches were made into cord wood, the smaller
boughs being piled and burnt, while the bark
was dried prior to piling. The tree felled will
yield somewhat over 400 feet of merchantable
lumber.

Re-entering the conveyances, the party pro-
ceeded through the woods of Mr. Lewis bordering
on the lake, some of which is virgin timber, with
magnificent specimens of hemlock and beech,
while other portions had been cut over, but had
a fine stand of young timber, the drive ending at
the Oneonta Hotel, where luncheon was served.

Owing to a shower, a walk through the virgin
forest was abandoned, and instead a session held
at the Oneonta Hotel, where Dr. Rothrock read a
paper on ** Forest Reserves as Outing Places and
Sanatoria," which will be found elsewhere in this
issue. Resolutions of thanks to the Lehigh Valley
Railroad and the Steamship Company were passed,
and the members embarked on the steamer, which
skirted the edge of the beautiful Shawnessee or
Harvey's Lake, viewing the many pretty cottages
and boat houses, passing the excursion ground at
the upper end of the lake, to the special train,
which took them to Wilkes-Barre.

In the evening, another business session was
held at the Sterling Hotel, at which the following
papers were read, all of which will be published
in Forest Leaves: Miss Mira L. Dock, ^'For-
ests and^Parks;" Dr. J. W. Toumey, Professor of
Forestry at the Yale Forest School, an illustrated
talk on the Yale Forest School at Milford, Pa.,
and observations on the growth of white pine •
while Mr. George H. Wirt, State Forester, de-
scribed ''Pennsylvania's School of Forestry."
A general discussion followed, which was partici-
pated in by Dr. Rothrock, Mr. Elliott, Dr. Tou-
mey and others.

Mr. Harvey stated that the two most important
factors necessary, and in most cases essential, for
the encouragement of private forestry on cut-
over lands are a system of taxation which will be
equitable to both the owner and the State, and
protection from forest fires. These two subjects
were informally discussed at the initial session of
the Association, and in order that they might be
put in practical shape, he moved that a commit-
tee of five be appointed to make suggestions as to
legislation on these subjects, said committee to
report at the next meeting of the Association.
The motion was unanimously carried.

On Thursday morning some of the members
visited the Dorranceton Nurseries, where from
7,000 to 9,000 cut roses are shipped daily, view-
ing the excellent system of caring for from 65,000

to 75,000 bearing rose bushes, while in addition
thousands of cuttings are raised annually.

The members inspected the splendid collections
of the Wyoming Historical and Geological So-
ciety, being deeply interested in the finely dis-
played exhibits in the Ethnological, Historical
and Geological rooms.

At noon, special trolley cars were taken at the
Square for a visit to the beautiful house of the
Wyoming Valley Country Club, situated on an
elevated tract of 6;^ acres, with a fine golf course,
tennis courts, etc. After a short Council meeting
luncheon was served through the courtesy of the
Local Committee, while an orchestra discoursed
pleasant strains. The following resolutions were
offered and unanimously carried : —

Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation thanks sincerely the Chairman and local
Reception Committee of Arrangements, for the
delightful entertainment given at the Wyoming
Valley Country Club ; and also for the oppor-
tunity it afforded of personally meeting the friends
of the forestry movement in Luzerne County,

Resolved, That to Mr. Albert Lewis we 'are
greatly indebted, not only for the most instructive
outing he gave us, but also for the hospitality and
care which insured the comfort and pleasure of
every visitor, and

Resolved, That to General Paul A. Oliver, the
pioneer forest planter in Pennsylvania, we owe
a double debt of thanks for the privilege of in-
specting his work and partaking of his hospitality,
and

Resolved also, That to the Westmoreland Club
of Wilkes-Barre, and to the Wyoming Historical
and Geological Society, the Lehigh Valley Rail-
road, to Mr. C. J. Capwell for the privilege of using
looms at Hotel Sterling, and to all who in any
way have so kindly provided for our comfort and
instruction, we hereby return our sincere thanks,
and

Resolved, further. That a copy of these reso-
lutions be forwarded to each party named therein.

Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation requests that the next General Assembly
place the care of the roads which run through or
border upon the State Forest Reservation Lands,
under the direction of the State Forest Reserva-
tion Commission, or the Highway Department,
and provide funds to repair and maintain them
in creditable condition.

Whereas, The work of the Forestry Depart-
ment of this State has commended itself to the
intelligence of our people, and been widely cited
as an exaniple for other States to follow, there-
fore, desiring to give formal expression to our
appreciation of what has been done, we do

134

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

135

/

Resolve, That the work of the Pennsylvania
Department of Forestry and of the Forestry
Reservation Commission associated with it, meets
our approval. And, further, we desire to express
our opinion that in this department, where there
are so many details to acquire, and so many mis-
takes to avoid, it would be unwise to change the
personnel of the department, simply because of a
change of administration.

Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation desires to thank Hon. Samuel W. Pen- .
nypacker. Governor of Pennsylvania, for appoint-
ing Hon. Robert S. Conklin, as successor to Dr.
J. T. Rothrock, when, by reason of advancing
years, the latter was obliged to resign his office
as Commissioner of Forestry. Mr. Conklin' s
long service in the forestry work had made him
familiar with every detail of the office. No
stranger could have assumed the heavy duties
without injury to the public service, and the ap-
pointment of Mr. Conklin was one which reflects
credit upon the Governor, and insured a success-
ful administration of the duties of the office.

Returning to Wilkes -Bar re, a special train con-
veyed the party to Laurel Run, where, through
the courtesy of Gen'l Paul A. Oliver, teams were
ready for a drive through the woods. Some 12
years ago Gen'l Oliver cleared out about 400
acres of land (through which fires had passed
several times) of underbrush and poorer trees,
giving the balance more room to grow. At first,
about 50 acres, unfit for agriculture, were planted
with three-year-old white pines from the nursery.
Later, 350 acres more were planted, chiefly with
white pine. Altogether, about 150,000 trees
were set out, mostly white pine, with some wil-
lows and several varieties of hemlock and spruce.
In fair ground the seedlings could be planted by
two men at the rate of 200 per day, one man dig-
ging holes and the other planting It was found
that the Austrian pine grew the best, but was not
so desirable a wood as the other species ; the next
best growth was white pine, followed by the
spruces. Although rain fell, it did not dampen
the enthusiasm over the practical demonstration
of the value of tree-planting by the pioneer in
this movement. In addition, owing to the mar-
ket near at hand for all varieties and sizes of tim-
ber, the young trees which are taken out in the
thinning process find a ready market at remunera-
tive prices, being used as lagging in the mines.
During the drive the chapel was passed, in front
of which stands the scion of the Penn Treaty
Elm, which was brought here from Bay Ridge,
N. Y., as has been described in Forest Leaves,
and it was a pleasure to see how well the tree was
flourishing in its new home.

Dinner was served at Gen'l Oliver's picturesque
home, '' Fern Lodge," where the time was pleas-
antly spent until nightfall, when carriages con-
veyed the party to the top of the ridge bordering
the Wyoming Valley, passing through the grounds
of Mrs. J. C. Phelps' ^' Wyndcliff-e " cottage
where the road passed through unique lines of
torches formed of iron baskets elevated on sup-
ports, filled with lighted pine knots, to *' Lee-
hurst," the beautiful place of Mr. Charles Lee,
where light refreshments were served, and a mag-
nificent view obtained of the illumination of the
Wyoming Valley by myriads of electric lights
stretched out in a vast panorama at the base of

the ridge. '

Returning to the special train, the party were
conveyed to Wilkes-Barre, where, after thanking
the many friends in the Wyoming Valley for their
splendid hospitality, the members separated for
their homes, thus ending a most delightful and
instructive meeting. .

Sketch of the Forestry Movement in

Pennsylvania.

I

N the winter of 1885-1886 public-spirited
women of Philadelphia, impressed by the
rapid destruction of the forests of Pennsyl-
vania, and recognizing the need of concerted ac-
tion towards forest preservation and replanting of
waste lands, held informal conferences— prelimi-
nary to a public meeting— in the hall of the His-
torical Society on May 26, 1886, when a tempo-
rary organization was eff'ected. A permanent
association was formed at an adjourned meeting
on June 2d, and a constitution adopted on June
10, 1886. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association
was incorporated September 18, 1889.

The Association promptly commenced an active
propaganda by the issue of Forest Leaves, cir-
culars, etc., and late in the year 1892 secured as
Secretary Dr. J. T. Rothrock, who made success-
ful lecturing tours through the State to arouse the
citizens to the importance of the subject. In
1893 the Association prepared a bill advocating
the formation of a Forestry Commission to study
the subject of forestry and report in the year,
1895. This bill was considered by the Legisla-
ture, and carried by a substantial majority. The
Governor appointed Dr. Rothrock the botanist
member of the Commission.

When this report was presented to the Legisla-
ture in 1895 a bill was introduced creating a Bu-
' reau of Forestry in the proposed new Department
of Agriculture, which was established the same
year. This, in turn, was followed by the creation

of a Department of Forestry by legislative enact-
ment in the year 1901.

In 1897 the Pennsylvania Forestry Association
prepared a bill which was presented to the Legis-
lature and passed, authorizing the creation of
three forest reservations of not less than 40,000
acres each— one in the drainage basin of the Dela-
ware River, one in the basin of the Susquehanna
River, and the remaining one in the basin of the
Ohio River.

Another act was also passed authorizing the
purchase by the Commonwealth of unseated
lands sold for the non-payment of taxes, for the
purpose of creating State forest reservations.

When the Department of Forestry was created
in 1 90 1, it included a State Forestry Reservation
Commission, which had charge of the reserves
' already secured, and which was authorized to
. .purchase other properties, the price not to exceed
^5 per acre. In 1903 a law was enacted limiting
the amount to be expended in any fiscal year for
the purchase of forest reserves to $300,000.

Various laws were also passed from time to
time rebating a certain proportion of taxes on
lands (not to exceed 50 acres) maintained in tim-
ber, or which were being replanted, or where the
spontaneous growth was allowed to mature ; to-
gether with enactments providing for the ferreting
out and punishment of those starting forest fires.

Under the laws outlined above, progress in se-
curing forest reserves was rapid. On January i,
1899, the State owned as forest reserves 19,804
acres, which have been from time to time in-
creased as opportunity offered to secure suitable
areas at moderate prices, until at the present time
the acreage of forest reserves in Pennsylvania ap-
proximates 800,000, distributed in twenty-two
different counties. These lands are, where pos-
sible, in large tracts, to which additions are made
from time to time. The largest amount is in
Clinton County, where over 100,000 acres are
owned, the smallest, 860 acres, in Cumberland
County, where it is expected to connect with one
of the larger tracts in an adjoining county.

William Penn was impressed with the necessity
of preserving a proper proportion of timbered to
cleared lands, and in an instrument dated July
II, 1 68 1, stated *'That, in^ clearing the ground,
care be taken to leave one acre of trees for every
five acres cleared ; especially to preserve oak and
mulberries for silk and shipping." This is now
considered about the proper ratio between forest
and cleared land, and although Pennsylvania has
made a good beginning, its 1,200 square miles of
forest reserves to a total area of 46,000 square
miles falls far short of Penn's suggested propor-
tion.

New York has a larger forest reserve than Penn-
sylvania, the acreage being over 1,400,000 acres,
principally in the Adirondack region, but this is
simply a reserve, as the present laws do not per-
mit cutting, thinning or selling the timber.

No other State has as yet done anything look-"
ing to a comprehensive purchase of lands for
forest reserv^es, although New Jersey and Minne-
sota, etc., have taken steps which, it is hoped,
will lead to this. The United States government
has, however, set aside large areas in the western
portion of the country, the total of these, includ-
ing Alaska, but omitting our insular possessions,
amounting to over 105,000,000 acres.

After the purchase of forest reserves, the next
logical step is the proper care and utilization of
the timber. Provision has been made for this in
Pennsylvania by the establishment of a Forest
Academy, where young men are given a thorough
practical and theoretical training, such as to enable
them to take charge of these reserves, securing
the best results therefrom. The first of these
students will soon be graduated.

The lumber industry, in the Census year
1900 had a product value in this Commonwealth
of ;?35»749,965, the total cut of timber being
2,398,616,000 feet B. M., this product being only
exceeded in value by Wisconsin, Michigan and
Minnesota. Although the State will add from
time to time to its reserves, in order to maintain
this industry, preserve our water supplies, etc., it
is desirable to encourage private holdings of tim-
ber. Our progressive citizens who would enter
this field of investment, are deterred from doing
so, owing to its unremunerative character, due
to taxation, while lands are being reforested,
and lack of proper protection from forest fires. It
is hoped that some equitable alterations and
amendments can be made to legislation, which
will lend encouragement to those willing to re-
forest cut-over or barren lands.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association is the
oldest organization of its character in the country
which has maintained its name unchanged in the
United States. Its nearest contemporary is the
American Forestry Association, formed in 1890,
from the old American Forestry Congress, which
was organized in the year 1883.

Of the original fifty members of the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association, the names of twenty-
five are still found on the roll.

F. L. BiTLER.

During the year ending January i, 1906, the
forest fires burned 152,557 acres of the national
forest reserves, or but 0.16 per cent, of the total
area.

136

FOREST LEAVES.

li

4

California Redwood— Sequoia Semper-

virens.

THE State of California practically possesses
all the redwood there is in the world. It
is true that southwestern Oregon has a
small amount, but the trees are small and by no
means vigorous. What California has lies along
the Pacific Coast from Santa Cruz northward to
,^he Oregon line, and in no place does it extend
inland more than thirty miles. There is but little
left south of San Francisco, and in fact but little
to be found south of the northern part of Sonoma
County. Mendocino, Humboldt and Del Norte
Counties are where it is to be found in all its
glory. There is a grove near Santa Cruz, how-
ever, which contains some of the largest trees
known of that variety of sequoia. The very
largest ones are in a grove not exceeding 5 or 6
acres, which is owned by private parties. The
State has a reservation near there, but the trees
are not very large, and a landslide in March last
seriously injured it, and the recent earthquake

still more.

The tree is remarkable in several ways : First
is its prodigious size. It is surpassed only by
Sequoia gigantea, known as the Big Trees of Mari-
posa County, Cal. The largest known redwood
measures 72 feet around it, breast-high, which
would make it about 23 feet in diameter. Of
course, this is outside of the bark, which is well
on to 10 or 12 inches thick. This particular tree
is estimated to be 263 feet high, and the top has
been broken off by the wind. It stands in what
is known as the Santa Cruz grove. There are
other trees in the grove over 10 feet in diameter.
There is one near Sherwood, in Mendocino
County, over 16 feet in diameter and more than

250 feet high.

Another remarkable thing about the tree is that
it is the only conifer that will throw up shoots.
Its botanical appellation tells that it will do that —
sempervirens, if you cut it down it will grow again.
For many purposes there is no wood its superior, if
its equal. It is very durable, lasting 30 or 40 years
for fence-posts. Probably no tree grows which
is so uniformly straight-grained as that. Split
shingles, 6 inches wide, one-fourth inch thick and
3 feet long are kept for sale in lumber yards, and,
though not shaved, are nearly as true and uniform
their entire length as though sawed. Railroad
ties are split out and seldom hewed. Fence
palings, 3 by 4 inches and 6 feet long, are
largely used. They are pointed and driven into
the ground about 4 or 5 inches apart, and such a
fence is considered good for 30 years.

It is the principal lumber used for building south

of San Francisco, and there is much of it used
there. It does not check or warp when drying,
nor shrink much more than white pine. It
paints well, and will take a good finish without
paint. Its color is a darker red than our so-called
red cedar, which is used for pencils.

Yet, notwithstanding all these good qualities,
there is no tree that is so ruthlessly destroyed as
this. A great deal of it— clear stuff, too— is cut
for tire-wood. A lumberman scorns to cut a tree
of less than 2 feet in diameter. The way he har-
vests his redwood is to cut the trees when the bark
will peel. He will then trim the limbs, peel
the bark, and let things rest until these are dry
enough to burn, and then he deliberately sets fire to
the tract, and of course the fire kills all the young
trees. Then he cuts his logs and draws them to
the mill, frequently having to split the large ones
with dynamite.

Relative sizes and positions, 12 feet above the ground, of
a California Redwood Tree, with offshoots growing close to
the parent tree.

It is a beautiful tree in form and foliage. Its
habit is to grow tall and straight. It prefers
moist ground, and unquestionably will not thrive
away from the moist, warm air of the coast.

The tree is a prolific cone bearer, but the cones
are very modest in size, being but one inch long
and three-fourths of an inch in diameter when
dried and open. The seeds must lack fertility, for
seedlings are rarely found. Its second growth is
mainly from sprouts.

The accompanying photographs and sketch
shows its peculiarity in regard to sprouting. These
sprouts will spring up from the roots even after
the parent tree has been killed above ground by
fire ; and if fire should be kept out of the region of
its natural habitat it would be reforested in time.
But no care is taken of it, and fire succeeds fire
until the redwood is forced to succumb. It is not
a rapid grower, seldom laying on an annual ring

.»<•

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SANTA CRUZ BIG TREE GROVE, CALIFORNIA.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. 9.

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SANTA CRUZ BIG TREE GROVE, CALIFORNIA.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

FOREST LEAVES.

137

of over one-eighth of an inch, and then only dur-
ing Its first 40 or 50 years of life. The butt of one
that had been blown down and cut up into logs
showed close to 2000 years of age, and it meas-
ured a little less than 6 feet in diameter.

Unless California shall step in and buy the cut-
over redwood lands, as Pennsylvania buys our cut-
over lands, there will be practically no redwood
lumber 50 years hence, and probably not after 40
y^a^s. s. B. Elliott.

h,

Address of President Pennsylvania
Forestry Association.

^ T the meeting to celebrate 20 years of life
.CpL of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association,
It would be eminently appropriate for the
President to present the history of the organi-
zation in considerable detail. Such, however, is
not my purpose, for while there are numerous
causes for congratulation, and ample reason for
pride in what has been accomplished, our time
can be better occupied in discussing the future
than in recounting the past. I, however, would
be remiss in failing to summarize the work of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association, and will there-
fore make brief mention of the salient points, re-
ferring the members to the excellent historical
sketch prepared by Mr. F. L. Bitler, Secretary of
the Council, which is published in Forest
Leaves.

Like many other progressive measures, forest re-
form received its initial impetus from public-
spirited women, and their influence has continued
during the life of the Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation. To mention names of women whose
activity has been persistent and continuous for
two decades might cause offence, for while always
ready to render their best service in the cause of
forestry reform, they ask no public mention. But
justice demands that I record the fact that the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association owes its exist-
ence primarily to the late Mrs. J. P. Lundy and
to Mrs. Brinton Coxe.

The former has, within a month, passed from
earth to receive the reward for many eood deeds
during a life full of interest in her fellows. Mrs.
Lundy was actively, earnestly interested in forest
protection in advance of the formation of our As-
sociation, and her interest never flagged. As cor-
responding secretary for years, she kept in close
touch with the forestry movement in other States,
and her pen was busy in encouraging individuals
to befriend the forests. Her influence has ex-
tended beyond the boundaries of the State, and to
her efforts much of the progress made is to be
credited.

Mrs. Lundy was as enthusiastic in other pro-
gressive movements as in the cause of forestry
and exerted her influence to improve conditions
n- ''}''' ^}^'^^ ^h^o^gh the City Parks Association,
Civic Club and other similar organizations. To
announce the death of Mrs. Lundy is to tell of a
great loss to the Association, and to bring sorrow
to many friends of the forest reform.

From a mere handful of so-called enthusiasts
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association has devel-
oped into an organization of 1,600 members. Its
charter members found the State (whose name in-
dicates that originally it was well wooded) had
been denuded of most of its forested areas. The
timbered tracts seemed to have no friends • fires
annually devastated large sections and none sought
to check them, unless his home or property were
in jeopardy. Lumbering interests 'cleared great
tracts, leaving in their wake windrows of tops
and brush heaps to spread fires in coming years
With the improvidence for which America has
become noted— because of the lavishness with
which nature has endowed the country— the for-
ests were rapidly becoming a history, and this in
the face of a nearly universal interest in or often
actual love expressed for forests. In short the
forces inimical to forest development were legion
and the friends of the forest, while numerous, were
unorganized or not in harmony for action.

The story of the life of the Pennsylvania For-
estry Association is practically one of persistent
rather than spasmodic growth in numbers and also
m results obtained. There have been years when
the enactment of laws relating to forest care have
indicated decided advances, and in the early days
there were many discouragements, but a review of
twenty years shows nearly continuous progress, and
we have much reason for congratulation and satis-
faction.

A brief summary of some of the reasons will
include : —

ist. The creation of a State Forestry Reserva-
tion Commission as an integral part of the State
government, whose broad patriotic policy has won
the respect and support of the citizens of the State.
The Association welcomes the Commission, and
appreciates its co-operation by meeting with us to
celebrate the 20th anniversary.

2d. The acquisition by the State of 800,000
acres of forest reserves, which are being cared for,
and new growths propagated under progressive
management of the State Commission.

3d. The appreciation of the beneficent influence
of life in our State forest in the treatment of
invalids, who formerly sought relief in other
States.

I 4th. The enactment of laws which provide for

i^M •<:<'■•. ■■ ■^''■^■\^

*' :

138

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

139

extinguishing forest fires, and for the punishment
of those responsible for starting these destructive

conflagrations.

5th. The establishment of schools where the
theory and practice of forestry is taught.

6th. The recognition of Arbor Days by procla-
mation by the Governor and by the Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction.

While claiming with justice that the Pennsylva-
nia Forestry Association has been responsible for
the initiative in the results obtained, the present
status could not have been attained except for the
cordial support given by the public press, which
has done much to create an appreciative public
sentiment, and by those who make and execute
our laws. During successive administrations the
Governors of the Commonwealth have, in mes-
sages to the Legislature and by public utterances,
demonstrated a personal interest in forest protec-
tion, and the Forestry Association has, in this,
reason to honor the names of Pattison, Beaver,
Hastings, Stone and Pennypacker.

Various Legislatures demonstrated a progressive
spirit in enacting laws which are considered mod-
els, and in no instance has partisan or factional
politics been a feature in forest legislation, and the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association has strenuously
held aloof from any political affiliations. The as-
sistance given by the press, which has been noted,
has been general, locality or political prejudice
having no apparent influence upon editorial en-
dorsement.

Let us look forward and judge what is to be the
future work of the united friends of forestry.
Pennsylvania has, owing to generous appropriation
of the Legislature, a magnificent domain of 1,200
square miles of forest, administered under ad-
vanced business methods which command the re-
spect of its own citizens, and which is being
watched by other States. There is no reason to
anticipate that future Legislatures will fail to add
to this domain if its utility is demonstrated. In
the care of existing forests, in propagating new
growths, in educating young men to protect these,
in providing sanitaria for the invalided, the For-
estry Commission will need public support, for the
policy of administration must be free from parti-
sanship.

The laws which created and control these forest
reserves are in some particulars imperfect, but they
are better than those of other States, where re-
strictive measures limit the utility which the forest
may be to the State ; minor imperfections may be
allowed to continue rather than jeopardize the
value of present legislation, and it is hoped that
changes will be made only after careful investiga-
tion and study of possibilities.

The question of taxation of forest land demands
attention. If the State encourages individual
owners to maintain existing wooded areas, and
refrain from denuding them until the trees reach
full maturity, new growths will be facilitated,
the supply of timber will be maintained, and the
return to the State treasury will aggregate more
than if the land owner is driven to obtain imme-
diate value by cutting immature trees from land
on which taxes are assessed.

The application of metal in place of wood is
growing apace, the latest effort being to replace
railroad ties by those made of metal. This is a
problem which has long been before metallurgists
and railroad officials, resulting in many experi-
ments, but it appears that the desired result may
now be near attainment.

But while the substitution of metal for wood
in construction of buildings, etc., the utilization
of saw-dust, etc., for wood substitutes, decreases
the demand for lumber, other applications of
wood, such as the construction of conduits of
great length, aid in maintaining the draughts
upon our forested areas.

Proper consideration of future requirements,
and present necessities, demand liberal provision
for an industry so important as that which pre-
pares our lumber, for true forestry provides for
the judicious use of trees when mature, opposes
immature or wasteful cutting, and combats the

ravages by fire.

The administration of our State forest reserves,
and additions to these, the enforcement of laws
intended to protect forests from destruction, the
equation of wood-land taxes upon a just basis,
and the utilization of the forests for the health
and prosperity of our citizens, are subjects which
the friends of forestry must consider. The re-
serves are a State asset whose value depends upon
the care bestowed upon them and the use made

1 of them.

The maintenance of large areas of woodland
may be expected to exert decided influence upon
the flov^^ of streams, ameliorating freshet damages
and suff*ering from droughts. They will aid in
protecting game and fish, improve the physical
condition of water flowing from them, and give to
the citizens opportunities to enjoy nature as God

made it.

That the State of Pennsylvania possesses the
liberal area of forest reserves mentioned is largely
due to the eff*orts of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association, and the people of the State will nat-
urally look to our organization to take the lead in
suggesting methods of increasing these forest
reserves in the State, either by originating plans
or endorsing after careful investigation those

which may be suggested by the Pennsylvania For-
estry Reservation Commission. Believing that the
State forest reserves may be of material value to
the Commonwealth for the maintenance of the
lumber industry, for the regulation and protection
of stream discharges, for the improvement of the
health of the citizens of the State, and in the ex-
pectation that these reserves will be augmented by
purchases by the State, or by additions under
private ownership, watchful care will be essen-
tial.

Forestry cannot aff"ord to be handicapped by
mistaken legislation, and all laws which are pro-
posed which will in any way afl^ect the forest
interests of the State demand thorough study by
the friends of forestry, so that when these laws are
considered by the Legislature the weight of in-
fluence by the Association either for or against
them may be well directed.

It will also be the duty of the organization to
support a wise progressive policy by the State
Forestry Reservation Commission, and to encour-
age in every way possible the maintenance of this
department of the government free from partisan
or factional interest.

With the record of 20 year§ as encouragement,
we may look forward to greater advance in the
future, if, as in the past, the friends of forestry are
united in the single purpose for which the Asso-
ciation was formed. John Birkinbine.

Work of the Pocono Protective Fire

Association.

THE Pocono Protective Fire Association was
incorporated in November, 1902, to pre-
vent and control forest fires in the Pocono
region, embracing the townships of Barrett, Para-
dise, Coolbaugh,Tunkhannock, Tobyhanna, Chest-
nuthill and Pocono, in Monroe County. This land
was originally covered with hemlock forests, the
last of: which were cut off" 25 or 30 years ago, and
on a good deal of it there is a second growth of
good timber. Much of the mountain, however,
has been burned over every few years, so that
what growth there is is of very inferior quality,
being principally fire cherry, sumac, scrub oak,'
and some birch. These fires have been so fre-
quent that in places even the sod has been de-
stroyed, the earth being baked and cracked so
that it has been blown away by the wind, leaving
nothing but blackened, broken stones. Under
such circumstances, natural reforesting, of course,
has been impossible, there being no soil in which
seeds could germinate.

The principal causes of fires in this locality are
three in number : —

(i) Those caused by sparks from locomotives
on the railroads, there being two railroad lines on
on the mountain.

(2) What are called negligent fires, caused by
hunters and campers, who throw away lighted
cigars, ashes from pipes, and leave camp fires un-
protected.

(3) Incendiary fires. These have hitherto
been the most serious, and were mostly started by
berry pickers, who depend to a great extent for a
livelihood on picking the huckleberries which
grow in great quantities on this mountain. As
IS well known; these bushes do not bear well
after they are three or four years old, and, to en-
courage the younger growth, the old bushes are
burned off". These people never concern them-
selves about the damage done to other property,
their only thought being the conservation of the
berry crop. Consequently, these fires have often
extended over thousands of acres of land, destroy-
ing much property.

With the view of preventing and eff'ectually
fighting fires, the owners of upwards of 100,000
acres formed the Pocono Protective Fire Associa-
tion. Under the provisions of the law, which
provides for the appointment of deputy constables
by the court upon the application of a certain
number of citizens, they secured the appointment
of deputy constables in each of the seven town-
ships in which the Association operates. These
men have all the powers of fire-wardens, with
authority to call on any citizens to assist in fight-
ing fires. The fact that these men are appointed
by the court, and not dependent on the votes of
their fellow-citizens for their election, makes them
much more independent in their actions, and they
are of much more service to the Association than
the regularly elected constables. They are paid
Jig per month for the three months in the year
in which there is the greatest danger from fire,
namely, April and May in the spring, and Octo-
ber in the fall. Of course, they are expected to
be watchful at all other times, and to extinguish
any fires which may occur. In two or three cases,
employees of large land owners have been ap-
pointed deputy constables, and their services gra-
tuitously given. The Association also makes itself
responsible for the payment of the men who may
be called out by its wardens in fighting fires, in-
stead of making them look to the County Com-
missioners for compensation, which, otherwise,
would be necessary. The promptness with which
these claims are paid makes the men much more
willing to lea^e their work and respond to calls for
aid.

Immediately upon organization, the Association
offered a reward, first of $50, and then of $100,

ii

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140

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

141

for information leading to the arrest and convic-
tion of any persons starting fires, or for such in-
formation as could be used as evidence against the
railroad companies. Publicity was given to these
rewards by standing notices in the daily papers,
and by muslin signs tacked on trees along, the
road and in conspicuous places throngh the woods.
Through its attorney, the Association notified
owners of timber lands which were being cleared
that they would be held responsible for any dam-
age caused by fires which might occur in tree tops
or other rubbish on their operations and spread to
adjoining lands. Fortunately, there has been no
occasion to make this threat good.

The expenses are met by an annual assessment
of six mills per acre of land owned by the mem-
bers. The officers receive no pay, the money being
used for the payment of legal expenses in securing
appointments, paying the wardens and men as-
sisting them, printing, etc. The charge per acre
is so small as not to be a burden on any one, espe-
cially on the owners of small tracts, amounting as
it does to but 60 cents per 100 acres. Notwith-
standing the insignificant pecuniary contribution,
effort is being made to secure the co-operation of
the owners of small lots, the idea being that the
greater the number of members, the greater and
more extended will be the interest in the work of
the organization. One member has only one
acre, but his home is there.

A novel method of fighting fires has been
adopted in this region by the use of the ordinary
portable fire extinguisher. A number of these are
put in a wagon, with barrels of water, and taken
to a fire. One man with an extinguisher can put j
out or check 50 feet of fire, running at top speed, \
before exhausting the extinguisher. When this is |
empty, another is ready at hand for use, and the
men following are able to beat out what fire re-
mains. We do not know of this plan having been
adopted elsewhere, but we have used it with signal
success. (Since this was written, I have heard that
this plan is also followed in the White Mountains. )
This Association has been in existence three
and a half years. During the first year there were
but two fires not directly traceable to the railroads.
Nearly all the fires which occurred during the
second and third years were proven to have been
caused by the railroads, but fortunately only one
of these was very serious. As a result of our
efforts to secure evidence against these companies,
one of them has taken the precaution to burn all
the grass, etc., on its right of way, and for some
distance beyond, so that the danger from this
source is minimized.

The principal result, therefore, of our three
years' work has been the creation of a public

sentiment against these promiscuous fires, and a
wholesome respect for the Association, backed as
as it is with its officers and members, and the
money at their disposal necessary to prosecute all
offenders. There have been but three incendiary
fires during the existence of the Association, two
of which were caused by persons through revenge,
and the other by berry pickers. There have been
no negligent fires which have not been put out by
those who started them, and the railroad com-
panies have been forced to clean their right of
way to a greater extent than heretofore. Many
thousand acres have thus been saved from devas-
tation, which in time, if protected from fire,
might gradually be reforested by natural means,
if not by scientific methods. All this has been
accomplished by an expenditure of a little over
$1,000 for the entire period. Last year the Asso-
ciation secured from the County Commissioners
the return of $141 on account of payments made
to men called out by its wardens to help in ex-
tinguishing fires.

While the work of the Pocono Protective Fire
Association has been somewhat limited in area,
the principle is one of general application.

We have enlisted the co-operation of the Com-
missioners to the extent of having the judge at
the beginning of the term call the attention of the
constables to their duty under the law to report
all cases of forest fire, and the causes thereof.
We have also demanded that the County Com-
missioners appoint detectives, as provided by law,
to ferret out the persons starting fires. If they
fail or neglect to do this, or appoint incompetent
men, appeal may be made to Department of For-
estry, who may, at its discretion, appoint such

detectives.

Within a few days the Association has caused
' the arrest of a man charged with firing the woods ;
he has been put under bail, and will be tried at
the next term of court. As we are sure of hav-
ing good ground for conviction, we will push the
case to make an example of him.

Reference has been made to the offer of rewards
for evidence to be used against railroad companies
where fires are started by sparks from their en-
gines. In this State, it is necessary almost to see
the spark fall and fire arise from it in order to
fasten liability for fire upon railroad companies.
The Pennsylvania Forestry Association can aid
very materially in reducing the number of fires
from this cause by securing the passage of an act
by the Legislature which will make it possible to
place on the railroads responsibility for fires start-
ing on their right of way, or on adjacent ground,
after the passage of trains. This is a large subject,
and worthy of consideration. T. L. Hodge.

Forest Reserves as Outing Places and

Sanatoria.

VIGOR, of body and mind, is the one im-
portant element which assures us every-
w.K . "^ else that is desirable or lasting.
Without It a race degenerates into weaklings and
imbeciles, and then it succumbs before those of
greater strength. This is natural, necessary and
just The human race is here for progress, and
whatever fails to measure up to the aggressive
standard of a forward movement becomes an im-
pediment.

■■ Individuals not only give character to the race
but they are the only elements which can deter-
mine Its destiny. On the other hand, the race
standard and impulse of an existing generation is
reflected back upon and will determine the direc-
tion which the energy of the next generation as-
sumes.

During twenty years this organization has stood
for protection to and restoration of our forests.
It has done so mainly upon the ground that forests
were nece.ssary to the wood consuming interests,
that they equalized and continued the flow of
water in our streams and tended to purify the air
It was thus upon a single-sided, material basis'
that we made our wonderfully successful plea to
the public, the Legislature, and to our five con-
secutive Governors. Man himself, as a factor of
the problem, was not considered, except in, I may
say, a commercial way.

I now ask you to take one step in advance, and
1 hope that Pennsylvania may again surpass her-
sef by promulgating and defending the thesis that
alter all the highest purpose which these State
forest reservations can serve is to re-create, make
over, elevate and strengthen man himself, and
thus to fit him better for his work, while at the
same time he is enabled to rise to a higher enjoy-
ment of a nobler life. ^ ^

It would be folly to assert, as is often done, that
our strongest men are those who are in constant
immediate contact with nature, for that would

T' ^A u'"^." ^^ '' probably best that no man
should be in such contact, for he would tend
sooner or later to degenerate. On the other hand.
It IS true that long-continued confinement indoors
does weaken the physical powers, and that with
this weakening comes loss of usefulness and loss

Y'^T-^^ *° ^^^ ^^^ '""^^ ^'^a* 's best out of life
A distinguished German, whom I have forgotten
has said that when a nation loses its fondness for
the woods it loses its virility. His own nation is
a most conspicuous illustration of the truth of this
statement. All that is great in civilization is ex-
emphfied in the German character. Strong men

physically, forceful thinkers, these Teutons still
retain their love of the woods just as they did in
the times of Caesar. The German student, after
wearying himself in the laboratory, seeks and finds
his recreation in the woods, where for the time
wanderiust " takes possession of his soul. He
then returns to civilization to work out more ef-
fectively his duties there. The example should
not be lost upon us.

The natural outing places of this region are
limited. The seashore with its invigorating in-
fluences IS to the one side of this district. In fact
It does not even touch our State. It is practically
given up to pleasure-seekers, and those with more
or less abundant means. So far as the mass of our
people are concerned it might as well not exist
for It confers upon them no invigoration whatever!
H here shall our masses turn for that rest and
recreation which is their heaven born right, and
which is being more desired every day >

Pennsylvania is in actual or prospective speedy
possession of a million of acres of forest reserva-
tion land Like all other State property it is
merely held in trust for the people. True, it is

>^"^!f .J° ^''l^^ ^'■^'^''^ ^""i fores' purposes,
with all that these carry with them. But it is

well to add that these uses and purposes are in-
finitely wider than the cultivation and perpetua-
tion of timber. That is the apparent use, but it
IS only one of several others. The mission of
these forest reservations will never be worked out
until all our citizens shall have received from them
every possible benefit.

Nearly half a century ago the entire country was
orsla!? '" "termination of the black plague

To-day it is struggling with the white plague of
tuberculosis, the extermination of which the safety
of our nation demands. For centuries it has
scourged humanity, and carried into premature
graves untold millions of men and women. Druss
have utterly failed to arrest the advance. Man-
kind during all this time has lived in the only
known remedy, which is as free as the fresh ai'r
and as cheering as the sunshine, and yet failed to
recognize the fact until within the most recent
years.

Of the thousands of citizens of this State who
are afflicted with the disease, probably not one in
a hundred could find means to go to distant health
resorts. Probably but few of them would actu-
ally be any better off" if they could go. Some
States are a ready endeavoring to enact laws which
prohibit railroads from carrying consumptives into
them. In our own State, I am ashamed to say,
capital IS seeking to shut out the consumptive from
the most salubrious portions of the Common-

J. •

11

gEBaaaaa

142

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

143

wealth. What is to be done ? Are we to turn
our ailing people out to die like brutes? Are we
to ostracise and banish them on the one hand
and on the other hand to deny them a place
where they may have a chance for life ? Do you
realize that in many of these cases the disease was
contracted by the forgetfulness of self which made
the victims, in the exhibition of a Chnst-hke
character, risk life to care for some other su..erer ?
Surely we must halt long enough to solve this
problem. If we fail to do so our neglect of duty
will bring its own curse upon us in a lengthened
list of the victims to the disease we are endeavor-
ing to avoid ! By failing to provide for others
we may be inviting tuberculosis into our own
homes, for unguarded germs fly on the wings of

the wind ! ^ .

I now ask that the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation, while celebrating its birthday and rejoic-
ing over the great work it has done, leave the
past to itself, and advance a step further, again
lead the movement into a new field which has
been occupied by no Forestry Association, and
ask that these State lands be, under proper restric-
tions, made the healing grounds of our people.
There is a peculiar glory in pioneer work. Let
us embrace the opportunity that others may fol-
low^ in the path we have opened.

There is no special credit due to those who be-
come converts to an established idea. I am jeal-
ous of the reputation of this organization, and I
desire that we place ourselves unequivocally on
record, and ask our next Legislature to make it
possible to widen the usefulness of our State For-
est Reservations bv opening them up to the heal-
ing of our people. ' Nothing that I know of would
be so directly beneficial in its results, because
there is no known method by which so many
people can be so placed in the only condition
where the disease most destructive to mankind can
be so certainly arrested. It is a safe prediction
that this will be done in the future, for public
thought is tending in that direction. We can
neither halt the movement nor change the course
of the current, though we may hasten and help it
by asking our Legislature to promptly grant to
our people what is theirs by divine right— pure air,
sunshine, health and happiness.

It will, no doubt, be urged that the people can-
not be trusted to roam the woods, and it may be
predicted that they would injure or destroy the
timber. It is not proposed to grant them un-
restricted liberty, but simply to make it possible
for them to receive such advantages of the out-
door life as can be had without injury to the for-
estry work. That this can be done is proven by
the splendid results already gained in our little

camp at Mont Alto. Not a single case of viola-
tion of forest law by our campers has ever been
observed during the four years since the camp was

opened.

The history of mankind has always been one
of education, and there is no better way of edu-
cating men into respect for the forests than by
familiarizing them with the blessings which the
forests confer upon us.

The money expended upon the charities of the
State approximates the sum devoted to our public
schools, and still probably half of those who, un-
der existing regulations should be cared for, are
receiving no help from the State. If caring for
our insane, or our consumptives, is a State duty,
as it appears to be, then it would seem necessary
to devise means by which the other half should be

provided for. .

To increase the State appropriations for chan-
ties enough to provide for those lacking care, upon
the scale now existing is out of the question. It
simply cannot be done.

The experience gained during the past four
years at Mont Alto has been invaluable. We have
now treated 138 consumptives. In 67 per cent,
the disease has been arrested or cured. Yet until
ten months ago the State provided for the camp
inmates only shelter, fuel and medical attendance.
Provisions, bedding and light were furnished by
the campers. Yet the results were surprisingly

I write now with knowledge gained by actual
trial of several years and assert : —

ist. That it is possible to provide suitable
camping grounds and cabins on the State Forest
Reservations for consumptives.

2d. That by employing, for each camping
ground, a competent physician and a superinten-
dent a great relief could be brought to numbers
of our consumptives at a minimum of cost aud
without danger to the community or to the for-
estry interests. J- T. Rothrock.

One of the most important aspects of forest
administration is the sale of timber. All timber
on forest reserves which can be cut safely and for
which there is actual need is for sale. Applica-
tions to purchase are invited. Green timber may
be sold except where its removal makes a second
crop doubtful, reduces the timber supply below
the point of safety, or injures the streams. All
dead timber is for sale. The cutting of this tim-
ber is done under the local supervision of the
Forest Service and in accordance with certain
clearly defined and practical rules.

In the year 1905 the total sales reached a value
of ^273,659.82.

Biltmore Forest School,

BILTMORE, N. C.

0000
The Biltmore Forest School is the
only technical school of forestry in this
country. It illustrates its teachings on
a large scale, on a tract of land owned
by George W. Vanderbilt, comprising
130,000 acres of forest.

The complete course covers twelve
consecutive months.

Write for particulars, addressing

C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director,

biltmore, n. c.

EXPERT advice on any forestal proposition fur-
nished, and estimates of timber, valuation, surveys
and working plans made by

PAUL E. ARNOLD,
Cofisulting ForsMter. GIBRALTAR, PA.

I-Ein^IS' TREE CHARTS.

PARTS ^f^''hlf'' *^^ consists Of fifteen numbers, divided into

Yale M\mM Foi'e^t jSchool

NEW HAVEN - - CONNECTICUT

A two years' graduate course
is offered, leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry.
Graduates of collegiate institu-
tions of high standing are ad-
mitted upon presentation of
their college diplomas.

The Summer School of
Forestry is conducted at Mil-
ford, Pike County, Penna.

For further information address

HENRY S. GRAVES, Director,

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE

Prici Of Pa7t!*,l"4Te^/ri ^ '=«'"« *»<="•
otht,4'^u?c'hXlnfa^'^'.rm'r„' '° «»"<'» of Education or
NOW READY.-(These with a * as yet unprinted.)
Part I.-THE OAKS. Forty-two species.

M^i' ''}^'^"^ Pitted Oaks. Black Oak and Allies
No'i- C?j;l^^''«^'^ White oak and Allies

'■ ^ir7^rJ^,2^.''^^n- Numerous species.
'^"'- "^u^a^cTel^^^ Americ-in. Japanese and

"^peTj^sSd vlri^tts."' •"•"""='« ""^ «"«>P«»°
The Hickories. American species and varieties.

No. 5.

No. 6.
Part III.—
No. 7.
No. 8.
No. 9.
Part IV.—
♦No. 10.
♦No. 11.
No. 12.
Part V.—
♦No. 13.
♦No. 14

TO^ ^^^2^* S?"* ^"^i^^f- Numerous species.
TJc Birches, Elms and allies. p^^icb.

The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species.

The Magnolia and related trees.
7J« Iftfrse Chestnuts and allies
The Maples. (Printed in advance.)

^^ctwteand allies of Pea Family of several irenerft
ferSX^. ^'^''^'' ^*^' ^ ^"^. &mf Sim;
Ashes, Oatalpas, Paulovmia, and others.

For ftirther Information address the author, publisher and

proprietor,

QRACEANNA LEWIS,

Media, .... Pennsylvania.

♦No.

"1

15)

CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA.

30 minutes from Broad St. Station.

BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS.

nitiatrated Catalogue upon application,

JAMES L. PATTERSON,

Head Matter.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES:
Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., Pre»ideni,
Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President.
George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer.

FRANCIS I. GOWEN.
E. WALTER CLARK.
WALTON CLARK.
JACOB 8. DISSTON.
JAMES MAPES DODGE.

JAMES M. BECK.

EDGAR DUDLEY PARIES.

J. LEVERING JONES.

PRANCIS D. LEWIS.

RANDAL MORGAN.

RT. REV. HENRY Y. 8ATTERLEE, D.D.

I

I 'aMtaKnimas!Kr:x

144

FOREST LEAVES.

ANDORRA'S

PIN

A justly popular tree is the Pin Oak. It presents points which dis-
tinguish it readily from other Oaks, and it is undoubtedly the most valuable
variety for all practical purposes. The foliage is dense, finely divided, ot
a beautiful shining green that colors to sparkling red and yellow in Fall.
The tree is easily transplanted and grows well on wet or dry ground ; is,
in fact, the quickest-growing of all the Oaks. As an avenue tree it is un-
equalled. It is also a good street tree, and one of the best for park planting.

This desirable tree will thrive in all sections
of the United States, in all soils and situations.
Our stock (over 30,000) of this Popular Tree
is clean and healthy, with plenty of fibrous roots.

EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN.

OUR BOOKLET "MORE SPECIALTIES, '• 3d EDITION. DESCRIBES THESE AND MANY OTHERS.

SPECIAL OFFER.

REMEMBER! EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN!

Each Per lo Per loo

6 to 7 ft. Stocky Trees $i oo $8 50 $40 00

7 to 8 ft. " «• I 25 10 00 50 00

8 to 9 ft. " •• I 50 12 50 55 00

9 to 10 ft. " •• 2 00 17 50 60 00

10 to 12 ft. " " 2 50 22 50 75 00

Prices on Larger Specimens on application.

Send for SPRING PRICE LIST and booklet " HINTS ON PLANTING."

ANDORRA NURSERIES,

WM. WARNER HARPER, Prop. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

^ .^'.U,

Philadelphia, August, 1906.

No.

10,

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

loia Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. '
^"^"'^"^ ^^ '^^ Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter.

CONTENTS.

Editorials xac

In Memoriam ^

146

Problems that Confront us in Forestry.

Forests and Parks....

150

Hexenbesen. Witches' Brooms ,.

Pennsylvania's Forest Academy

Work of the Vale Forest School at Milford, Pennsylvania 157

The Midland Reafforesting Association ,53

Subscription, $1.00 per Year.

The attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
of Forest Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nished on application.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,
Founded in June, 1886,

Labors to disseminate information in r#>crar/i f« *u

method, of for.,, cul.ur. and p «"rv2. "^and .o secu^Th',:'!: "".''

Annual member ship fee. Two dollars
Life membership, Twenty-five dollars.

^oIT^^^:'^,TT:^::^1,-^\^^^^ ^l^^^ .» ^tended

members should send their name^Vo ?hi ^k • ^ desiring to become
Committee, 10x2 Walnut Street Pl^U^" Chairman of the Membership
President, John Birkinbine. '

RiSlrd^'wo^t'"'' '^"- ^' ""'■^^^' J*""" C- «^y<^-. Albert Uwis.

General Secretary, Dr Joseph T. Rothrock.

Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler.

Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast
^C^^--cil.at.Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, Charles

Frfrt''r''?Ao^- ^'J^^^^""^* Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher W W
f razler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J Rodman Paul "*"*=^ W. W.

H.^«.', a"„Tj„J!^ A'sinc'r "'"' ^'""^'""" ' ^'"^7 Budd, Charle,
A,»&J-1S;^^^^^^ |i.,„ S. B. B,Ho...

*c. .^» r*"- Benton Coxe, Chairman • Mrs Georo-.- T ir .

Omc. OF TH. Association, 10,2 Walnut St.. Phiiadelphia.

EDITORIALS.

/A ^ I''^7"'^"','^''' Anniversary Meeting of
^ ^e /Pennsylvania Forestry Association at

^'.'kes-Barre, a number of important sub-
jects were mtroduced by papers or by discussions,
and the members present feeling that some of
these subjects demanded more detailed consider-
ation than could be given at a public meeting
deeded to refer these to a Special Committef.'
It IS not our purpose to do the work of this Com-
mittee nor to anticipate its conclusions; but as
he subjects presented appear to be of importance
to the cause of forestry we call attention to them
again, so that any who are interested may offer
their views for the consideration of the Committee
The subjects referred to this Committee were
(,a) The equitable taxation of forest lands, with
the purpose of having the State encourage the
mamtenance by corporations, firms or individuals

nf S^^K uT^.\'^^'' ^"'^ ^^^ reforestration
of lands which had been denuded : the eeneral

purport of such taxation being to relieve the owner
of the land from a part of the taxes assessed dur-
ing the time that the trees are growing to matur-
ity, but to obtain additional revenue from these
forested areas when they are utilized

(3) Reducing the risk of damage to forests by
fires by securing the co-operation of railroads and
of others in maintaining fire lanes or cleared areas
where sparks are liable to start fires.

(<•) The utilization of portions of the State
forest reserves as sanitaria, especially for the ame-
lioration of tuberculosis.

(</) The practicability of having the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association empowered to act as
custodian or trustee for forest areas, and of con-
verting a portion of these into parks

It is not improbable that the Committee in its
deliberations may have some additional subjects to
present to the Association, for it should be remem-
bered that the Pennsylvania Legislature meets in

4,

146

FOREST LEAVES.

annual session in January, 1907, and the Council
of the Association realizes the importance of
going before the Legislature with recommenda-
tions which have been well considered, and which
will meet with the approval of the public.

Our readers will readily see that for each of the
problems indicated there will be divergent views,
and it is hoped that the Committee's delibera-
tions will present practical solutions of them. If
by any method equitable to the owner of forest
or protected land and his neighbors, the forest
area in the State can be augmented, this will be
a step in advance. If by some method the risk
of fire and its resulting damages can be lessened
the State at large will be the gainer.

And if the State reserves can under proper regu-
lations be utilized to relieve the suffering and
prolong the life of invalided citizens they will
perform a valuable public service.

The propriety of the Association departing from
the general policy which has been followed with
so much success and assuming the responsibility
as trustee will receive full consideration. The
Pennsylvania Forestry Association's policy is to
advance, it has never stood still, and hence every
such suggestion will receive careful study. J. B.
*****
The Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Com-
mission has removed its offices into the new Capi-
tal building at Harrisburg, and has been assigned
a suite of five commodious rooms on the third
floor. Here Mr. Conklin, his colleagues and as-
sistants will be able to continue, under most fa-
vorable conditions, the work which has been
committed to it. This is a department of State
administration which is constantly growing in ap-
preciation, and the work which the Forestry
Reservation Commission has accomplished com-
mends itself to the citizens of Pennsylvania.

— ^

Below will be found a list of young men who
have passed a satisfactory examination as students
of the State Forest Academy at Mont Alto. The
examination was held on July loth and nth in
Harrisburg, some 19 applicants being present.
Thirteen of these obtained averages which entitled
them to appointment, and will be admitted to the
Academy on September ist next. This is another
evidence of the business merits of the State Forest
Reservation, which is educating young men in prac-
tical knowledge of forest care and forest culture.
George A. Retan, Tioga County; Harry E. Elliott,
Tioga County ; John L. Strobcck, York County ; R. Lynn
Emerick, Centre County ; Carl L. Kirk, Jefferson County;
Harry J. Mueller, Dauphin County.; J. W. Seltzer, Schuyl-
kill County; J. R. Williams, Luzerne County; A. E.
Rupp, Centre County; H. S. Metzger, Union County ; Elmer
Houpt, Franklin County ; J. A. Bastian, Lycommg County,
Harry A. Thomson, Philadelphia County.

In Memoriam.

IN the last issue of Forest Leaves we chron-
icled the loss which the Pennsylvania For-
estry Association met in the death of Mrs.
J. P. Lundy, Corresponding Secretary, and noted
the fact that at the Wilkes-Barre Meeting a spe-
cial Committee was appointed to prepare a Me-
morial on behalf lof the Association. The fol-
lowing minute and resolutions were unanimously

adopted: —

«*It is with profound sorrow we record the
death on May 8th of our highly esteemed associate
and friend, Mrs. J. P. Lundy. Mrs. Lundy was
one of the founders of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association in 1886, and has been continuously
throughout these 20 years a member of its Council
and during most of the time Corresponding Sec-
retary. Her courageous, earnest, untiring and
wise devotion to the cause of intelligent forestry,
especially in the early years of this movement,
when the heroic quality of the pioneer educator
in a great and beneficent cause was the essential
element of success. Mrs. Lundy was, by her words
and deeds, an inspiration and example that won
advocates for the cause so dear to her, and we are
thankful she was spared to see the fruits of her
labor and effort in the almost universal recogni-
tion of and the adoption and application of meas-
ures she so ably advocated that are becoming
beneficent in results not only to the State but the

entire nation.

''Therefore be it resolved, That the members of
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association hereby ex-
press their deep sense of the loss to the cause of
forestry, of the wise counsel, the earnest work,
the splendid example, the noble exalted life and
the true friend that, in the Providence of God,
has been taken from us, whose memory will al-
ways be cherished by all true lovers of the forest.

* 'Be it also further resolved, That we hereby
tender our sincere sympathy to the members of
Mrs. Lundy' s family in their great bereavement.

"Resolved, That a copy of this Minute and
these Resolutions be sent to the members of Mrs.
Lundy' s family, to Forest Leaves, to Forestry
and Irrigation, and a copy entered on the records
of the Association. <<Wm. S. Harvey,

**MiRA L. Dock,
''Albert Lewis,
* * Committee on Resolutions of Condolence,

The Appalachian and White Mountain Forest
Reserve Bill, of which mention has been made in
previous issues, has passed the U. S. Senate and
has been reported as a committee measure in the
House of Representatives.

FOREST LEAVES.

Problems that Confront Us in Forestry.*

147

T n^rf ?P^^^^ ^ ^^7 that the great and im-

JL portant problem of perpetuating a timber

supply that shall be ample for the needs of

this country is not much nearer a solution than

Tnd nh/r' T^ \ prescience born of experience
and observation, first proclaimed the fact that
unless prompt measures should be taken to pre'
serve our forests, this country would, in the life-
time of a vast number of people then living, ex-
perience a timber famine of severe and long du-
ration. And It must be confessed that there are
apparent grounds for the belief that but little
headway has been made, and that conditions

tTh?rr '^' T""''^ ^^ ^^' ^^^^^"t great hope
for the future ; that we must wait until the timber

famine IS upon us, with all its consequent disas-
ters^,^ before reasonably fair progress shall be

Still when we look and realize what the opin-
ions of nearly all the people were twenty years
ago, we know that to have declared that even the
present conditions would ever exist— letting alone
proclaiming the fact that they would occur in the
Sf ""^ ?K T.^u^ "^^'^ living-would have been

admTt th .' ^'^^r ' ^^ ^""^- ^"^ ^^^ ^^en would
admit that our forests could ever be exhausted,

and It was claimed that if those in each one's im^
niediate neighborhood should be, there was an
abundant supply of timber elsewhere. When we
remember all this, and contrast that state of
things with the present, we must see that real
genuine progress has been made.

When the Pennsylvania Forestry Association
was formed, and its founders saw, with clear and
tar-reaching vision, what was to come, the public
mind was so fixed in its ideas that a perpetual sup-
ply of timber was assured that only the esthetic,
the sentimental features of forestry could be ven-
tured upon. To have told the timber-owner the
sawmiU-man, the dealer or consumer that in this
year of grace hemlock lumber would bring
twenty dollars per thousand at the mill, that clear '
white pine would cost from seventy-five to one
hundred dollars, and difficult to get at that, or

Sn T'f''.^".'^ P^^^'^^' P^^^' ^^^ so-called
mil cu s" of former days, would sell for

twenty dollars per thousand, and all other mer-

chanteble lumber in proportion— to have said this

would have subjected the one who did it to un-

bounded ridicule. But we realize all this now

and while it is admitted that the progress has been

vL^^^^ ^' S"^ Twentieth Anniversary Meeting of the
rXiff''' "^ Association, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Ju^e

slow in one sense, yet in another it has been rea-
sonably rapid considering the circumstances It

ness to moderate and increasing light

We have passed the period when only the sen-
timen^l side can be presented with reasonaWe

grounded arguments. We have passed the sta^e
when the only economic feature in forestry tha7it
would do to present was that the preservation of
our forests would bring about the continuance of
the even flow of our springs and streams, and we

thT.r''''''' \V ^"^^J^dge of the further fact
hat the price of lumber has greatly advanced and

t: wiK 1 T^'' d-inishing, Ld the people
are wil hng to listen to statements of the reason
why this IS so. It is clear to the minds of observ
ant people that a timber famine is already beiri

Slha 'f ' "^ ''f/' "" "^"^^ -^^ ^h-" bf
a cemurv .?""'''' ^^"^^^^^ niore severe for half
a century to come. Even those who have not
given the subject much thought realize the hS

cause. "^''' '"^ ''' ^""'^"^ ^^^-^ 'orZ

To the people who see the true condition of

and those who do not now must in time— there

are presented some very serious problems yet to

be solved before the famine can be checked! no^

o say relieved. We have reached a point where

Sliced "'^"'' ""^^ ''' '^^^^"^^^ --^ b-o"
Now, the first requisite for a solution of the dif-
Acuities that beset the advocates of forestry is o
ttZ'^^'.u^f^'' ^" understand the real condi^
Z is tl""'""''. ^'^'^ country and the demand
that IS being made upon them. Unfortunately
many sincere and earnest advocates of forestry are
imbued with the belief that the present stand of
growmg trees in this country will, if dealt with
judiciously and according to the accepted princi^
pies and practices of economic forestry, mLt the
future needs and demands of the people. How!
ever unpleasant it may be to state otherwise, truTh
and the cause of forestry make it necessary to em

oJe 'i %^n''''T'' '^"^ conception a mistaken
one. A thorough investigation of the demand
and supply will satisfy every seeker of truthX ^ *
at the present rate of consumption, without tak-
ing into consideration any increase of population
in this country there is not a timber supply n he
United States for over thirty-five years

Another fallacy possesses the minds of many
advocates of forestry, and it is that the second
growth-sometimes called sprout growth-w^lMf
allowed to mature, reforest our cut-over territory
Whoever shall examine tracts upon which such

.1

148

FOREST LEAVES.

trees may be found growing will discover how very |
few trees of valuable species there are on them, j
Furthermore, they will discover how small a por- i
tion of the land, once covered with valuable ,
species of trees, and entirely unfit for agricultural |
purposes, has any trees at all growing on it. In i
by far too many instances they will find nothing
but briars, shrubs and weeds, and that quite large
areas have not even these but are actual, barren

wastes.

That there are some sections of our country
where a good growth of valuable varieties of trees
is coming on is by no means denied, but, on the
other hand, is gladly admitted, but with great re-
gret that there are no more. Because hills may
look green in summer is no certain indication that
valuable species of trees are growing there. A
tree is a tree, but all trees are not timber trees.

Another serious problem in the minds of nearly
all is, how to re-clothe with valuable species lands
denuded of their trees. In this case most people
feel an utter helplessness. They do not understand
how it can be accomplished, except by the slow
and very uncertain process of natural reproduc-
tion. Many look upon tree-raising from seed as
a wonderfully mysterious operation, and one be-
yond the ken of man, when it is no more difficult,
except in the matter of time, than growing a crop
of corn. Reproduction of forests may be safely
left to the advice of the educated forester and the
instructions he can and will impart to others by
object lessons in tree-growing, just as soon as the
people shall be willing to learn.

But, then, over and above all, there are two
veritable lions in the path of economic forestry,
especially in Pennsylvania. These are forest fires \
and a vicious system of taxation of growing timber
before it shall reach a marketable age. To place
these beyond the power to do harm is the most
difiicult problem to be solved by the American
people, and unless they shall be successfully solved
no reforestation should be expected. It will be
impossible. A burned forest is practically a dead
forest, especially if succeeding fires shall occur.
That forest fires can be prevented is proved by
European experience.

To secure immunity from forest fires here the
people must be educated to the fact that property
in growing trees is as sacred as any other property.
Public opinion should brand the man who care-
lessly or maliciously permits a fire to escape as a
destroyer of the people's prosperity. Carelessly
letting fire escape from one's own premises should
be made a misdemeanor by law, as maliciously
starting it is now a crime. Railroads should be
compelled, by law, to effectively patrol their lines
in times of danger, and such corporations made

responsible for all damages arising from failure to
do so, and the principal officers held to a personal
responsibility for failure to have their subordinates
faithfully execute such a law.

Improper taxation should be more easily over-
come than forest fires, but, unfortunately, such
taxation is widely believed to be the right thing.
In many portions of our State such taxation has
been going on until townships and counties have
literally taxed valuable timber tracts, located
within their borders, out of existence. They have
killed the goose of fable that laid the golden egg.
Instead of a moderate tax that could have been
endured for a long time, they laid so heavy a
burden on the owner that he was forced to remove
the timber ; and now the only tax that can be se-
cured is such as the owner is willing to pay rather
than to let the land go to a tax sale, and the
county be compelled to buy it in, when no tax
whatever can be laid upon it. Such a policy is
hardly conceivable, yet that same idea is lodged
in the minds of most people who reside in coun-
ties where there were once forests of valuable tim-
ber trees. That idea must be removed, and the
Legislature should enact equitable laws ; laws that
will tax the owner of growing timber only when
such timber shall become a merchantable com-
modity and when cut and sold.

The man who grows trees for future generations
is one of the greatest benefactors of his race, and
he should not be compelled to pay taxes upon the
prospective value of property that may not mate-
rialize while he lives. It is claimed, and with
truth, that some townships will be unable to
maintain schools and keep up roads if deprived of
money raised by taxatiou of growing timber.
But if so heavy a tax shall be laid on land with
young growing timber on it that its owner shall
I let the property go to tax sale and no purchaser
i but the county can be found — for if one man can-
not afford to pay the heavy tax another cannot —
what then ? Is anything gained?

We should not forget why the tax laws of Penn-
sylvania make it possible to tax timber land heavier
than any other property. In the early days of
our history forests were considered a thing to be
got rid of, and the sooner the better, that the land
could be made use of by the settler. A timber
tract was looked upon as an obstruction to the
country's growth, hence laws were so framed that
a heavy burden could be laid upon it, and it was
done. Now the very reverse is the case. If, in-
stead of Pennsylvania having within her borders
12,000,000 or more acres of barren land, she had
that amount covered with valuable timber, who
would deny that she would be vastly richer than
she now is? Who would not rejoice in the even

FOREST LEAVES.

149

flow of her springs and her streams ? Whose heart
would not be gladdened that an ample supply of
lumber was her's, and that she could give employ-
ment for thousands and thousands of her citizens
in preparing it for market ?

To meet this reversed condition our tax laws
and even our Constitution should be changed.

That there should be some sort of relief to the
community deprived of taxes is true, and as tree-
growing helps the public, the township, the
county, the State and the nation, these should
bear the burden. The grower of trees should cer-
tainly not be asked to bear it alone, and, what is
more, he will not, and all future tree-growing if
done at all, will have to be done by the State and
JNational governments, unless owners shall be
treated fairly. There is no justice in taxing a
prospective value. Present value only should be
liable.

If any shall suppose that Pennsylvania or any
other State, or the United States, for that matter
can grow timber enough to supply the needs of
the people, such person should look to see if such
a thing can be possible. Take our own State :
We had 8,369,663 acres of land returned two
years ago— under an old law— as '^ timber land "
when in reality it is destitute of timber, and
withal, unfit for agriculture, but fit for tree-grow-
ing. Really, there is close on to 1 2,000,000 acres
of such land, but it is scattered all over the State
and largely belongs to farms. The State has al-
ready secured nearly 800,000 acres, but it is very
doubtful if It can ever secure more than twice
that amount. But supposing it can obtain 2,000,-
000 acres? Would that amount grow timber
enough to supply the demand ? By no means.

We must, then, in order to have anything near
a commensurate supply of timber in proportion to
the demands, endeavor to lead the minds of the
people at large up to the necessity of individual
tree-growing in order to bring about the renewal
of our depleted forests. Furthermore, if the
owner of land shall be willing to plant trees
thereon the State can make no better use of a
small portion of its revenues than to furnish young
trees gratis for that purpose, under proper regula-
tions. France and Saxony have done this, and
the plan works well. There is no provision in law
for this, but there should be.

These are the problems before us, but whether
they may be solved to-day is problematical ; but
solved they will and must be in time. This coun-
try is too great to have its prosperity strangled bv
neglect. ^ ^

Whether the present generation will act, or any
one will act, until the timber famine is upon the
country in all its severity, whether forest fires shall

be suppressed and unjust taxation of timber lands
be abolished, is for the people to decide. If fully
informed of the true condition of the country to-
day it would be speedily remedied. A want of
knowledge is the great hindrance to action.

In this effort to provide for the future wants
ot her citizens it should be both interesting
and instructive to learn what Pennsylvania has
been doing, and what she now is engaged in, to
restore and perpetuate, when once exhausted, \he
only natural resource within her borders that can
be reproduced. It may be truthfully stated, and
without a boastful spirit, that our Commonwealth
has the best organized forestry department of any
State in the Union, and that it is not, in anyway
second to that of the National Government. From
a beginning set on foot to ascertain what effect
had been, or might be, produced on her three
largest rivers by denuding their watersheds ot
their forests, there has been developed an inde-
pendent Department of Forestry, but one still
subject to ample safeguards in the expenditure of
all moneys through supervision and approval of
the Governor and Auditor General.

As constituted, it consists of a Commissioner of
I^orestry and four Forestry Reservation Commis-
sioners. These five constitute the State Forestry
Reservation Commission. The first named is the
president and executive officer of the Commission.
I here is also a Deputy Commissioner of Forestry
whose duties are those falling to all deputies!
I he Commissioner and his Deputy receive a sal-
ary, and are reimbursed for all necessary expenses "
of travel, but the other members of the Commis-
sion receive no compensation except necessary
traveling expenses. This is not consonant with
the biblical doctrine that *'the laborer is worthy
of his hire," but it certainly eliminates the sus-
picion that the position is sought for mercenary
motives or is sought at all.

The Reservation Commission meets monthly
or oftener as may be necessary. When lands are
offered to the State they are examined by a com-
petent expert and most generally by one or more
of the members of the Commission. Under the
law no lands can be purchased at a greater cost
than five dollars per acre. Thus far none have
ever been purchased exceeding an average of *
$2 20 per acre. Still, for all that, it would be
well if the Commission were given power to pay
any reasonable sum for any tract that might be
necessary to secure protection from lumbering
operations on adjacent lands, or to connect
tracts, or prevent annoyances detrimental to the
State's interests.

The Commission is empowered to dispose of
minerals and timber from any State land under its

150

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

151

control when the interests of the State shall be
conserved thereby, and such sales are being made
from time to time as conditions justify, and the
receipts turned into the State Treasury as part of
the revenue of the Commonwealth. The sale of
timber and minerals is well guarded by law.

To the end that a competent force or body of
men, qualified both theoretically ^nd practically
to discover and carry out the best methods for
American forestry, a Forest Academy was estab-
lished under the law on the State Reservation at
Mont Alto, in Franklin County, for the education
of young men who will become Assistant State
Foresters or Forest Wardens, and who will, after
graduation, be assigned to the several reservations,
with forces under them, to develop and care for
such reservations, under the general direction of
the Commission, and cause them to be as pro-
ductive and profitable to the State and as bene-
ficial to the people as possible. Ours is the only
f-- Statfc that has organized a School of Forestry.
/» A suftable area of reservation will be assigned

to each of these graduates, and men will be em-
ployed by them to carry out the policy that may
be adopted for each particular case and condi-
tions. Nurseries for raising young trees to trans-
plant into the reservations, where advisable, will
be established at suitable places as soon as con-
ditions will permit. There is a nursery now con-
nected with the Academy at Mont Alto, and the
successful raising and planting of young trees is
being carried on. Success in this line fully jus-
tifies its energetic continuance.

The students of the Academy not only follow
the course of study laid down in the curriculum
of the School, but they have daily practice in the
forests in surveying, laying out and construct-
ing roads and fire lines, making improvement
cuttings, and otherwise administering the affairs
of the reservation so as to insure the best results
for the future.

If the law shall be so amended as to permit the
graduates of this School to not only give advice,
but aid in directing and even giving superintend-
ence, in a general way, to all land owners of the
State who may desire the services of an expert
in forestry, it would, no doubt, prove of far more
value to the Commonwealth than the small ex-
penditure of time by such experts would amount
to. A complete system of fire drill for putting
out forest fires is taught at the Academy, and it
has proved very efficacious, and has just been
adopted by one of the largest lumbering opera-
tions in the State.

The State has already purchased and paid for
661,555 acres of land, and has under contract
2fbout 130,000 acres in twenty-two counties of the

State. It has been impossible to comply with the
law which provides for the purchase of 40,000
acres on the watersheds of each of the largest
rivers of the State. This has come about because
of the fact that lands on the watersheds of the
Ohio are held at too. high a price to permit the
State to purchase under the law, or are so encum-
bered with reservations or leases for coal, oil, or
gas, as to make it impossible to sebure a good title.
Every effort has been made to obviate such diffi-
culties, but without a'vail. To be sure, there are
some small tracts which could be secured, but it
certainly would be unwise to purchase small, iso-
lated tracts, with no probability of ever afterwards
acquiring adjacent land sufficient to warrant plac-
ing a warden or forester on them.

With an earnest desire to promote the welfare
of the future people of the Commonwealth, the
State Forestry Reservation Commission is doing
all that it can do under the circumstances sur-
rounding it. With proper and needed modifica-
tions of the law, it would be able to do more to
help solve the difficult problems that confront the
advancement of Forestry. S. B. Elliott.

-*C3':

Forests and Parks.*

THE very fact that this Association is cele-
brating its twentieth Anniversary in the
beautiful and historic Wyoming Valley is
of itself cause for congratulation, but when the
achievements of the past twenty years are recalled
there is additional cause for felicitation.

The presence to-day of so many of those who
founded and first carried on the work of this
society, recalls to us sadly, in the midst of this
reunion, that you who established the work, and
we who came into it later, are now linked in a
common sorrow, in the death of our dear and
revered Mrs. Lundy, who has so recently passed
from mortality to immortality that we cannot yet
accustom ourselves to the thought of our loss.
Only those who have been practical workers can
fully appreciate the value of her constant interest
and her uplifting encouragement in any cause she
helped to promote or sustain.

In the matter of ** Forests and Parks," using
the term *' Parks " in the modern sense of a pre-
served natural woodland and not an artificial crea-
tion, we can best appreciate the achievements of
the past ten years, if we recall a prophetic sug-
gestion made in the Atlantic Monthly of January,
1897, in an article on '* Park-making a National
Art," by Mrs. Robbins.

* Read at the Twentieth Anniversary Meeting of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., June
5-6, 1906.

The writer, after tracing the marvellous growth
of the Park movement in our country during the
last quarter of the last century, made the prophetic
suggestion that within a short period it might be
possible '' to travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific
on noble tree-bordered highways, which linked
park-belted cities with tree-embowered villages,
and through great State or national forests pa-
trolled by foresters."

At that time the law authorizing forest reserves
in Pennsylvania had not been passed. New York
was the only State with a forest reserve, and the
Federal Reserves of the Western States were less
than one-sixth their present area.

Boston and a few Western cities had begun
great park systems on what is now known every-
where as ** the American park system," the link-
ing together by means of parkways, of streams,
valleys, woodlands, and hill-crests in order to
preserve the characteristic features of a district
for " the use and enjoyment of the people for-
ever," but the word '' park " was still almost un-
heard in small cities throughout the land, and in
our own State the word '* Civic Improvement"
was limited to a few societies of women who be-
lieved in good housekeeping out of doors as well
as within.

In the past ten years not only has Dr. Rothrock
made '^forestry" a household word in Pennsyl-
vania, but the general interest has been so great,
that our State has attained the highest position of
any State in its treatment of the forest question,
and our Commissioner is appealed to from all over
our country for information and suggestion.

The continuity of idea, the devotion to the fun-
damental principles on which the work was estab-
lished has been marvellous, yet the work has not
crystallized, but constantly enlarged and devel- l
oped. When Dr. Rothrock, our first commis- |
sioner, resigned, the work had reached a point in
which a new and untrained hand might have
caused a strain, if not disaster, but to the great
relief of all who had devoted themselves to the
cause. Gov. Pennypacker wisely appointed as his
successor, the one man, Mr. R. S. Conklin, who
not only knew every detail of the administrative
work of the Department of Forestry, but was
familiar with the aims and principles on which
the work was founded.

The map shows how closely the reserves are
knit into the frame of our State ; how every main
line of railway crosses or passes near them ; how
each great shining river washes their borders or
receives their tribute.

Here are cities with protected water supplies ;
here is an active industry employing upwards of
200 men in a once decaying region.

Here is a beautiful and vast old furnace domain,
now beginning a new lease of life as a recreation
park.

Here are splendid cascades and mountain
brooks, here is the Forest Academy, and here,
what perhaps appeals to all more than any one'
feature, the Sanatorium at Mont Alto.

Then in many places are bare fields now planted
with little trees, the beginning of a new forest.

It might seem as if everything had been done,
if there were not yet the one great enemy to be
really conquered — fire.

It is most important that all who think they
are interested in tree planting, or forestry give
active and vigorous help in creating a right feel-
mg as to the prevention of fire. It is not so much
that more stringent laws are needed, as is a real-
ization that these forests belong to the people,
and that their co-operation is needed to protect
them.

At present, besides the great State Reserves of
New York and Pennsylvania, there are reserves
actual or authorized in Massachusetts, Connec-
ticut, New Jersey, Maryland, Indiana, Wiscon-
sin, Michigan and Minnesota.

The same spirit which has been so active
throughout the country in rousing an interest in
forestry, has been even more active in creating a
! demand for parks, open spaces for recreation,
' and in general civic improvement. Pennsylvania
from being a backward State has now become so
I active in all these progressive measures that what
this Association and Dr. Rothrock have done for
j the promotion of practical results in forestry, the
! State Federation of Pennsylvania Women, the
American Civic Association and most notably its
President, Mr. J. H. McFarland, have done for
general civic betterment, and Pennsylvania now
supplies leaders in this once neglected field.

In one respect we are yet backward, and that
is in the absence of provision for the preservation
and protection of areas urgently needed for open
spaces, if not now, yet in the near future, in and
near our growing towns.

I believe the time has come when this Associa-
tion can do for villages, boroughs and cities in
Pennsylvania, the same great work it has done for
forestry in developing the idea of reservations, if
it will assume the burden of trusteeship of gifts '
of land in any part of the State, by so amending
Its constitution that it can be authorized by law
to hold land in trust.

It is one of our curious inconsistencies, that
while we constantly laud the value of fresh air,
the benefit of sunshine, the beneficent effect of
trees and other verdure upon soul, mind and
body, and annually use up energy in urging every

152

FOREST LEAVES.

one to plant trees, yet we allow and encourage
towns to develop in such a manner that rest, air,
sunshine and tree-planting are first difficult and
finally impossible to the large majority of the
population.

We constantly hear the cry,--*' Back to the
farm," but we Pennsylvanians must bear in mind
that we are an industrial and not an agricultural
State, when only 14 per cent, are engaged in
farming and 80 per cent, in trade, manufacture,
mining, etc.

Many more than half our people live in towns
of from 3,000 population upward, and, excepting \
Massachusetts, no other State has so many cities 1
possessing a population of over 25,000 (18 in
Pennsylvania' in 1900).

This is a condition which will increase if our
industrialism increases. When we find the late |
Prof. Shaler, out of his experience as . Highway |
Commissioner of Massachusetts, stating in his i
American Highways the benefits that would accrue ;
to Massachusetts, if at intervals of every few miles, i
along its highways, there were rural parks estab- \
lished of from 5 to 20 acres, and giving the prob- |
able cost as not exceeding $100,000, it brings !
park-making home to every community in a most
practical way. |

** In many States the preservation of noted trees
and beautiful places is the work of special socie-
ties devoted to that purpose. As yet no such or-
ganization exists in Pennsylvania, and though the
law of 1 90 1 achieves somewhat the same end in
giving cities the right to condemn land beyond
city limits, if deemed advisable to take it for
park purposes, it seems so far to be but little
known, appreciated or acted upon, and only re-
lates to cities.

** If ever a law was needed this one is, for in
almost every community there is a borderland of
once beautiful woods, lying between the gradually
approaching building line and the real country.
Usually these tracts become the resort of the
tough and the tramp ; the neighborhood acquires
a bad name, and soon becomes the beginning of
a so-called slum-quarter."

Or, as recently occurred near Philadelphia in
the almost incredible destruction of Sherwood
Forest, the trees are entirely cut away, crowded
dwellings usually take their place, and, though
the neighborhood may be respectable, it certainly
is not beautiful, but dull and repellant, increas-
ingly undesirable, and finally unhealthy because
of the human congestion, dust, hemmed in noises
and entire lack of verdure.

** When woodlands, or meadows, or hill-crests
become public property, they are policed, and
some one is responsible for order ; the tough and

tramp disappear, and within an incredibly short
time whole neighborhoods are improved, while
the woodlands or open spaces are saved to the
people who most need them.

'' A special instance of this mutual benefit may
be seen in the Brandywine Park of Wilmington,
Del., where the most humble part of the town
merges into beautiful wild woods, and the neigh-
borhood conscience protects the native shrubbery
from careless hands."

This Association has a special call to consider,
at this time, the preservation not only of our
great forest tracts, but of countless smaller spaces
which cannot be included in forest reservations
proper.

Mrs. Lundy was not only one of the founders
of, and the Corresponding Secretary of this Asso-
ciation, but also of the City Parks Association ;
her interest was in humanity at large, and in one
of her last letters to me occur these words, — " I
cannot tell you how deeply I am interested in the
Academy, the School, and all the work of the
Commission. Then the work of the Federated
Clubs, and parks everywhere, play -grounds,
school gardens and all the advances in solid
practical work."

It is significant of her devotion to the ideals
she ever maintained that she did not lose sight of
them even in her last illness, but carried with her
to the very gate of Heaven her desire to leave
the world happier, and even more beautiful, than
she found it. At this time of year, when the
laurel-bordered cities of Pennsylvania woods pre-
sent a spectacle that can be matched in no other
part of the world (for it is only in Eastern
America that the mountain laurel grows), I wish
j that each of us might be so saturated and filled
with the uplift and beauty of our wild gardens
and woodlands that when we separate for our
homes we shall be filled with a determination to
unite in preserving all over our State open spaces
to be held for the people ' ' as long as grass grows
and water runs." Mira L. Dock. •

The Northern New^ York Forestry Association
was incorporated on June 29, 1906, with an office
at Watertown, N. Y., for the purpose of spread-
ing ** sound information in relation to the pro-
tection of the forests and the cultivation of forests
on waste lands throughout Northern New York. ' *
It is stated that one mission of the Association is
to advocate proper use of the ripe timber in the
State forest reserves. We wish the new associa-
tion the fullest success in its endeavor.

!•<

%

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. io.

WHITE OAK TREE, WITH * WITCHES' BROOMS."

V

FRANKLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. io.

TRUNK OF WHITE OAK, WITH A "WITCHES' BROOM."

FRANKLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., N(;. id.

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Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. io.

((

A "WITCHES' BROOM."

SINSYLVANIA.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

FOREST LEAVES.

153

Hexenbesen. Witches' Brooms.

THE illustrations show on the trunk and
branches of a fine white oak, a condition
known as Witches' Brooms. There is a
certain uncanniness about it which renders the
name, not inappropriate. It is supposed that the
cause is a fungus which locates in a bud or branch
and, by living from year to year, causes excessive
branching, the fungal threads extending through
the branches and continuing the mischief which
they have started. What species of fungus is the
cause in this particular case has not been deter-
mined. In the European forests witches' brooms
on the hornbeam, the cherry and the birch are
caused by various species of Exoasciis. An Agla-
ospora is reputed to cause, elsewhere, this condi-
tion on oaks.

The disease, for such it is, is not uncommon
among our forest trees, but I do not remember to
have ever before seen so conspicuous an example
as those shown in the illustrations. In all there
are about fifty of these bunches.

In July, the leaves turn yellowish green. Here
and there among the others are seen some twigs
having leaves of a normal green, which probably
indicates that the twig is in healthy condition.

It is interesting to note in the special broom
seen on the trunk of the tree that the branch at
point of emergence from the trunk is only about
two inches in diameter, but a little further out it
developes into an enormous canker. This canker-
ous enlargement is not seen on the brooms of the
branches of the tree. Certainly, it does not seem
to grow so large in the latter position.

Hexenbesen are by no means rare among the
cone-bearing trees. They have been very care-
fully studied in Germany.

It is thought that an insect puncture might result
sometimes in the production of witches' brooms.

The tree bearing these brooms is about three
feet in diameter and fifty feet high, and stands in
an abandoned, impoverished field.

J. T. ROTHROCK.

The first planting on barren sand hills in the
Garden City reserve, Kansas, has just been com-
pleted. Honey locust, Osage orange, Russian
mulberry, red cedar, and Western yellow pine
were used, the 51,000 seedlings coming from the
government nursery near Halsey, Neb. The
planting progressed satisfactorily under favorable
weather conditions, the total cost of the planting,
exclusive of the trees, being $^,8S per acre. A •
fence was built to exclude stock from the area
planted, and a fire guard placed around it.

Pennsylvania's Forest Academy.*

NOTWITHSTANDING the fact that an im-
mense amount of energy and labor has
already been expended for the education
of our people in the matter of forestry, and not-
withstanding the fact that large resujfs have been
accomplished in our State, nevertheless the subject
of forestry education is still one of the most impor-
tant to be considered by the press, the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association and the Department of For-
estry. There are two lines of work which must
receive, in the future, just as earnest considera-
tion as has been given them in the past, namely,
the education of the general public and the edu-
cation of a special corps of men who shall become
centres of influence for good, wherever they may
be located within the State — a corps of men
whose duty it shall be to develop systematically
and most profitably the forest property of the
Commonwealth.

The education of the general public, I trust,
will be considered elsewhere. I am limited in
this paper to a brief consideration of special
forestry education in our State.

From the time an active interest in forestry be-
gan in Pennsylvania there have been expressed at
infrequent intervalasuggestions and ideas in regard
to a school of forestry that ought to be established
within our borders. There are those here, no
doubt, who will remember the meeting of May 26,

1886, in the hall of the Historical Society in
Philadelphia. That probably was the first public
meeting held within the State on behalf of fores-
try, and as a result of it our Association was
founded.

At that meeting attention, was called to the
schools of forestry in foreign countries as con-
trasted with the lack of any means for the study
of forestry in our country. In the first issue of
Forest Leaves it was stated that forestry should
and would become an important branch of a gen-
eral collegiate course, a prophecy not yet real-
ized, but indicating, I believe, the sentiment of
a number of people at that stage of the movement.
During the following winter, that is, 1886 and

1887, a series of four lectures was provided by
the Forestry Association in response to a request
by the Scientific Society of the University of
Pennsylvania. These ** were well attended and
widely appreciated." At the first formal meet-
ing of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association,

Dr. William Pepper, Provost of U. of P. spoke

— — — .^ — ^

* Read, at the Twentieth Anniversary Meeting of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., June
5-6, 1906.

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164

FOREST LEAVES.

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on forestry from an educational standpoint, and
suggested the propriety of establishing a chair of
forestry in one or more of our colleges.

In the spring of 1888, several papers of the
State called attention to the training of foresters
in Germany, and *'the fact that as our settle-
ments are extended and land becomes occupied
and timber i^ hewn down the necessity for some
sUch training becomes apparent." The Philadel-
phia Inquirer asked the coming Legislature to
take action along the line of the suggestion.
During 1389 the trustees of the U. of P. estab-
lished a chair of forestry, to be filled as soon as
sufficient funds could be raised. In January,
1890, Forest Leaves published the following
communication : * * Think of the numerous schools
of Forestry in Europe, and yet we in the United
States, who have an area greater than that for
which all these schools labor, have not a single
well -endowed, fairly furnished school. Shall not
this State individually have within its limits a
school fairly up to our needs? One thing, at
least, might and should be done, that is, provide,
in a few lectures, for reaching the future teachers
who can be so powerfVil in moulding the senti-
ment of the next generation. This might be
done at our Normal Schools." In March issue
of Forest Leaves < tor 1890', there appeared a
suggestive curriculum for a forest school to be
carried on in connection with a University. This
was taken almost entirely from the curriculums of
foreign schools, and was, no doubt, a model, but
just about this time there seemed to be a change
in ideas. While the school was not entirely
dropped, yet it seemed to be pretty generally
recognized that for ^ some time to come it would
be much more important to instruct the general
public. Hints were occasionally dropped to the
effect that trained fore'sters were not yet wanted.
In fact, at that time there was little that they
could have done for themselves.

The suggestions that had b^en made up to this
time did not materialize, but they were not en-
tirely lost. In the meantime; th/s general forestry
movement was growing apace and people were
at last getting awake to the conditions which ex-
isted and to the fact that something had to be
done. During 1892, several articles appeared in
current magazines recognizing the need of govern-
ment work, reserves, etc., and in connection
therewith the need of men for carrying on that
work. These were to be supplied by a school of
forestry carried on by the Government to suit its
own needs. It was during the winter of 1892
and '93 that the Legislature of our State was pre-
vailed upon to establish a Forestry Commission,
and while it was sometime after the appointment

of this Commission that any actual need for a
school arose, yet the Commission indicated a lot
of possibilities for the future. It was not until
1898 that Dr. Rothrock formally asked for a
course of forestry at State College or at U. of P.,
and in connection therewith he asked for the set-
ting aside of lands for practice. It was during
that year that Cornell founded its School of For-
estry and that the Biltmore School was established,
and in 1900 Yale University opened its course in
forestry.

Dr. Rothrock' s suggestion did not result in any
immediate action being taken, but as his work as
Commissioner of Forestry progressed, and especi-
ally when forest reserves were in sight, and still
more so after the first land came into the posses-
sion of the Commonwealth, realizing the lack of
trained men to place in charge of these lands, and
feeling that it was only for the good of the State
to have trained men, he, finally, in 1901, pre-
sented his plan of having the State educate its own
men for its own use.

This plan was based upon an absolute need. A
large area of forest land was soon to become State
property. A body of good strong men, both
mentally and physically, would have to look after
it, but ordinary wood-choppers would not answer
the purpose. A training was necessary, but what
was needed primarily along this line was the prac-
tical work rather than the scientific training. It
takes the Legislature of Pennsylvania sometime
to wake up to some things, but when the good
friends who are back of the forestry movement in
this State see that a thing is an absolute necessity,
that thing is usually brought to pass, and so the
Forestry Academy was established by an Act of
the Legislature in 1903.

Like most institutions of value the Forest Acad-
emy had a most humble beginning. In the spring
of 1902, the State Forester was sent to Mont
Alto to establish a forest tree nursery. With him
was sent a young man who was to be his assistant
in the work. There were several buildings on
the Reservation, and they picked as their abode
what had once been the office building of the
Mont Alto Iron Company. In the middle of the
summer another young man was sent as an assist-
ant, but his idea of forestry work was very much
warped, so his assistance was not long desired.
In November he was replaced by another. Durinj?
that winter the young men Avere given number of
talks on the theory of forestry, as well as assisted
in some of the auxiliary branches, as mathemat-
, ics, business, law, botany, etc. In January of
1903, there was received into the family a real
German forester, who could speak but little Eng-
lish. He was unable, of course, to do much in

FOREST LEAVES.

155

the way of instruction during that winter, but he
helped some. In April of 1903, a young man
then employed as a ranger was transferred to
Mont Alto to receive some special instruction, so
during the summer of 1903, before any school of
forestry was officially opened as such, three stu-
dents of practical forestry were under the direc-
tion of the State.

After the passage of the Act of 1903 much con-
sideration was given to the subject of the school.
The questions of how the boys should be chosen
and under what conditions, how many there
should be, what the term of service should be, and
many more important details had to be decided.
The matter of the students and their appointment
was settled first. It was thought wise to limit the
number in any class to ten, because of the lack of
necessary accommodations, lack of funds to care
for more, and so as not to supply the market too
rapidly, as well as for the sake of better instruc-
tion in small classes. Applications were had from
all over the State, and no doubt from all kinds of
people. From these, ten were chosen, six of
whom were from the immediate neighborhood of
Mont Alto, one from Chambersburg, one from
Centre County and two from Lancaster City.
These young men reported for duty on the first
•day of September, 1903, after having signed a
contract in which they promised to work at any
labor upon the reservation for at least half their
time, and to study assigned lessons during the
other half, as lessons and labor might be arranged.
In consideration therefor they were to receive
from the State thirty dollars per month. This sal-
ary was attached with the idea of having them feel
from the very beginning that they were State ser-
vants, and that they were here for a particular
purpose, for which the State was willing to pay
them during their apprenticeship. Each one was
to furnish a horse, which should also be kept by
the State, but all other expenses, as boarding,
clothing, etc., were borne by the students them-
selves. The contracts were for one year.

The Act of the Legislature establishing the
school reads : '' The Commissioner of Forestry is
hereby directed .... to establish and provide on
said Reservation practical instruction in forestry,
to prepare forest wardens for the proper care of
State Forestry Reservation lands." In accord-
ance with a limited interpretation of this act the
work done during the winter of 1903 and 1904
was just such as would give the young men an
idea of what forestry is, its importance, and the
fundamental principles on which they would have
to work, together with such things as would en-
able them to carry on the business entrusted to
a warden, and to make somewhat respectable re-

ports to headquarters. In the fall they were
given considerable nursery work, and again in the
spring of 1904. Then they made improvement
cuttings, helping to mark the trees to be cut, and
chopping 'the wood itself. They laid out and
made forest roads, opened fire lanes, and did
many other kinds of practical work in the woods,
as well as many other things which had to be
done, but which could not be called forestry
work. Nevertheless, this latter experience also
will be valuable to them.

During the winter, as instructors, there were in
addition to the forester and the matron of the
Academy, the German forester and W. F. Hill,
Master of State Grange, who had moved into
the neighborhood and intended to remain over
the winter. The latter could give only a part of
his time, but his help was considerable. In the
spring of 1904 these two men left, and in January
of 1905, Miss Jeannette Conklin was sent to help
teach.

By the time the second class came, in Septem-
ber of 1904, a formal curriculum was established,
and a three-year course instead of a two-year one
was arranged for, making it possible for the young
man who would work, to prepare himself to fill
any position the State might have to g\\^. It was
recognized by this time that a more liberal or
rather extended meaning of the term *' forest
warden" should be taken. The State was in
need of a grade of men above that of ranger or
warden.

The course as planned was an adaptation to the
needs of the State of the courses given in the for-
estry schools of this country and of foreign coun-
tries. With the adoption of a definite curriculum,
we at once began to work up to it, of course, and
I are just now making up the last back work.

During the summer of 1905 the older class did
' some rough surveying, laid out more roads, and
did some forest measurement and stem analysis.
The new class did the nursery work and worked
at the improvement cuttings, cutting over about
150 acres of land, each student being placed with
a man brought up with an axe. They were taught
to care for their axes, to use a cross-cut saw and
file it, and many other things in woodcraft in this
way. They also did a great deal of plantation
work in the spring of 1905. Dr. A. M. Rothrock
delivered a course of lectures to both classes on
emergency cases.

I should not omit the change of conditions
under which the second class was admitted to the
school. Each prospective student had to file with
the Commissioner of Forestry a medical blank
filled by his home physician, also another blank
certifying to previous occupation and answering

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156

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

157

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many other questions in regard to study and work
done, experience, etc., very similar to the applica-
tion blanks sent out by the National Government
to men desiring positions under civil service. At
an appointed time all applicants reported at Har-
risburg and underwent an examination covering
the common school branches, and from the results
of this examination the requisite number of stu-
dents was chosen, the seven having the highest
marks being successful. These students signed a
contract covering the three-year course. They
would receive no pay, but would receive, in addi-
tion to their tuition, board, books, stationery,
room and room outfit, including bedding, towels,
etc., their ordinary washing and their horse feed.
At the same time $15 was taken from each of the
previous year's men to make up for their boarding,
etc., which now was furnished them, the same as
the others. The third class was admitted on con-
ditions similar to the second, except that the De-
partment of Forestry had a physician to make the
physical examination previous to the mental ex-
amination.

In September of 1905 two instructors were se-
cured, one, M. J. Fred Baker, a graduate of the
Yale Forest School, and the other, Mr. H. R.
Kreider, a graduate of Franklin and Marshall
College. They have made possible a higher pro-
ficiency in the work, also the carrying out of the
curriculum as planned. There are now the three
classes of boys, and, for the most part, their work
is separate from each other, especially so with the
first-year men. The steadily growing library, in
which at present there are over 500 volumes on
forestry, botany, zoology, geology, surveying and
various other subjects more or less allied to for-
estry, has been a material aid in the advancement
of the work. A good beginning has been made
toward a physical and chemical laboratory, and a
very complete set of microscopes, botanical in-
struments and charts has been installed.

The following is a list of the various kinds of
work upon which considerable time was spent by
the students during the year 1905 : —

Field botany.

Field surveying.

Forest measurement.

Working plan.

Improvement work.

Planting of seedlings.

Treating of various species of seeds.

Nursery work.

Rangeing and fire drill.

Cutting fire lanes.

Making roads.

Building fire outlook.

Special experiments in nursery.

Cavalry and infantry drill.

Building fences, etc.

This list does not cover half of what they did
do, but it includes the most important.

During this past winter the work of the three
classes has been as follows : —

ist Year Men —

Passed by exaftiination higher arithmetic.

Passed by examination algebra.

Completed Davis' text on ^'Physical Geogra-
phy."

Almost completed a full course in bookkeeping

and business practice.

Finished White's **Business Law, "supplemented
by lectures by Hon. I. C. Williams, Deputy Com-
missioner of Forestry.

One year's practice in writing and speaking
English.

Completed Wood's '^Elementary Botany, "com-
bined with numerous references, and a good
amount of laboratory and microscopic work.

Completed Roth's *' First Book of Forestry,"
and Green's *' Principles of American Forestry,'*
as texts, with references and additional lectures.
Also covered the study of forest influences.

2d Year Men —

Dendronology, Sargent's ** Manual " as a text.
Chemistry, 6 hours a week for 30 weeks.
Physics, covering Gage's '* Principles of Phys-

ics.

> »

Civil government.

Plane trigonometry.

Advanced botany.

Geology.

German.

Forest mensuration.

3d Year Men —

Dendronology.

Physics.

Trigonometry.

Surveying.

German.

Geology.

Political economy.

Forest technology.

During the year we have had a number of lec-
turers come to the school and supplement the
school-work with expert knowledge gained by ex-
perience, or to deliver a lecture on some subject
related to forestry. This feature we hope will
develop more in future years. There is no reason
why the Forest Academy should not have the best
talent that is to be had. We must come in con-
tact with foresters of other sections. We cannot
go to them as a school, but possibly they can
come to us and tell us their experience. Lumber-

men, manufacturers and others, as well as scien-
tists, have valuable things to tell to a body of for-
estry students. I see no reason why some satis-
factory arrangement could not be made along this
line with the professors of any of the schools or
colleges of the State, or even of the University
itself.

As to location, the Academy is ideally situated.
It is just on the edge of one of the largest reserves,
and yet about half way from either end of the
reserve. It is surrounded by lands which prac-
tically cover conditions found anywhere in the
State, except the spruce and tamarack swamps of
the northern part. There are all manner of for-
ests and all ages of growth. There are a large
number of open fields, affording places for experi-
mental work in planting and seeding. About
the Academy is a beautiful scope of country
adapted for establishing an arboretum, and there
are many other advantages which might be enu-
merated. The question is often raised as to why
such a school should not be in connection with
some college already established. A moment's
consideration of the State's greatest need at this
time is sufficient answer. We are in need of
practical men who can go into the woods and
work as well as direct the work. We need men
who know how to do things from having done
them themselves, men who can make roads,
improvement cuttings, thinnings, plantations,
fight fire, etc., rather than men who can tell
whether or not the growing stock of a forest is
above or below the normal ideal growing stock
which would give an equal annual rental of so
many dollars or of so much wood. The practical
questions which must be met by good judgment
and common sense are the ones which are press-
ing us more than any other ones just now, and
the best place to teach a man how to deal with
such questions is in practical work, and practical
work in forestry is not associated with colleges.
True, we believe that no man can bring order out
of chaos without first having some idea of order,
so while practical work and demonstration shall
be paramount the theory must be given to start
the man in the right direction, and auxiliary
branches must be given to round out a man, to
give him a wider and happier view of his labors
and of life. The demands of the future can be
taken care of as they present themselves, but as
for the present and the immediate future their
needs can best be supplied under present condi-
tions with some few changes.

First of all, we need a new barracks, where all
the students can be housed together instead of
being scattered in four buildings as at present.
This is almost a necessity for the matter of dis-

cipline if for nothing else. However, it would
be more economical and more satisfactory to the
Director, the instructors, and to the students
themselves ; there should be four instructors, in-
stead of three ; there should be opportunity for
the student to spend some time in a lumber camp
during the course, and several other minor ar-
rangements, all of which must now be curtailed
on account of insufficient appropriation.

Beginning with the class of students to be taken
in this year, each student will be obliged to pre-
sent a bond covering his expenses during his
course, and to promise at least three years' ser-
vice to the State after graduation. Previous to
this time those who left for one reason or another
forfeited nothing. Such shall no longer be the
case.

In the near future seven young men will be
graduated and placed upon State Reserves. They
will go out well equipped, and will no doubt
prove equal to any task which will face them
during the next decade at least, and if arrange-
ments are made for their occasional return to the
Academy so as to keep pace with the develop-
ment of forestry, there is no reason why in a few
years they should not be able to hold their own
anywhere. They will go out as missionaries,
and by their work and example bring people to
realize the great value and importance of the for-
est growth of our Commonwealth.

George H. Wirt.

Work of the Yale Forest School at
Milford, Pennsylvania.*

THE Yale Forest School is an endowed school
of Yale University, and was established
in 1900. Since its organization approxi-
mately 200 students have received instruction,
and nearly 100 men have been graduated with
the degree of Master of Forestry. The school is
a graduate department, and only those who hold
diplomas from first-class colleges or universities
are candidates for the degree. The course covers
two years. A large majority of the trained for-
esters in the United States Government Forest
Service are graduates of the school, and nearly all
of the professors and instructors in forestry in
other American institutions hold a degree from
this school. A number of our graduates are in
the employ of large lumber interests in various
parts of the country.

The time at jny disposal does not permit a de-

* Summary of Address delivered at Wilkes-Barre Meet-
ing of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association June 5-6,
1906.

158

FOREST LEAVES.

tailed account of the work of the school. I will
therefore confine myself to the work of the sum-
mer course at Milford, Pike County, Pa. This
camp has ample accommodations for 75 men, and
is fully equipped for the work in hand. The work
in the camp begins the first week in July. Two
separate courses are given, namely, the first term's
work of the regular course, arranged for those
who are candidates for our degree, and the regu-
lar term of the summer school. The first term of
the regular course is almost entirely given to work
in the field. Three subjects are taught : Survey-
ing, including level, transit, compass and plane-
table work ; forest mensuration, including meas-
urement of trees and entire stands, the making of
volume tables, etc.; and forest botany.

The summer school term is also largely given
to work in the woods. A lecture is given by one
of the instructors each morning, and the class is
then taken into the woods for the remainder of
the day to put into practical application the work
covered by the lecture. In the summer school
course special attention is given to forest botany,
silviculture, forest mensuration and forest protec-
tion. Two purely lecture courses are given,
namely, *'The Introduction to Forestry" and
'' The Forest Regions of the United States."

The camp is beautifully located, over-looking
the Delaware River. The summer in the woods
gives the men familiarity with the forest and
trains them in woodcraft, as no other experience
can.

The photographs thrown on the screen will
show far better than words the superb location
and important features of the camp.

Each spring the Senior class again spends a
number of weeks in Milford in topographic work,
forest mapping and other problems allied to for-
est management.

A forestry experiment station, under the direc-
tion of the school, is also located at Milford.
For the past three years experimental work in
planting, the making of thinnings, etc., have
been in progress. J. W. Toumev.

The Forest Service has issued a notification of
its intention to establish the Heppner forest reserve
in Oregon. The tract selected embraces about
299,520 acres on the north fork of the John Day
River. This brings the total area of Oregon's
forest reserves to 6,340,550 acres, or over 9,900
square miles. This is a greater area than is em-
braced in the State lines of Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, New Jersey or Vermont.

The Midland Reafforesting Association.

IN the coal districts of England large mounds
of black culm or refuse material from the
mines, and pits, often of immense size, from
which coal has been taken in open cut operations
are frequent, so much so, that a section of
about 54 square miles in Midlands is known as
the ** Black Country," of which Dudley is the
centre, and numerous black pits and mounds
would indicate that it is fitly named. It is deso-
late and almost treeless, somewhat similar to what
is known as the anthracite region in this State.
The pit banks in the Black Country are estimated
to cover about 30,000 acres of land, once virgin
forest land, now waste and worthless.

To encourage the planting of trees in this dis-
trict ** The Midland Reafforesting Association"
was formed in 1903. It has proved that the pit
banks in spite of their unpromising nature will
support trees, and it is hoped that this practical
demonstration will not only offer an object lesson
of the desirability of planting trees in the Black
Country, but also in other coal districts in Eng-
land where similar conditions exist. Several
parks have been laid out, a letter from the Secre-
tary of the Council of the Association, Mr. P. E.
Martineau, stating that at the close of the year
1905 there were nine plantations in the Black
Country varying in size from forty acres to less
than one-half acre. Trees were contributed in
large numbers by many landowners, among them
being the King. He also says: ^'The public
too in the Black Country are taking up the idea
pretty well, so that we hope in another season to
be able to make a visible change in the aspect of
one of the most desolate looking regions in this
country." This work is being entirely carried
on by the Association, aided by the landowners,
the cost including planting, fencing, etc., is given
as about ^^5 ($25) per acre, the government
not yet having taken the matter up, although the
officers hope ultimately to interest it. The trees
best suited to this district are the poplar, fir,
bush willow, ash and sycamore.

We certainly wish the Midland Reafforesting
Association every success in its work, and if a
similar policy could be pursued in the coal regions
of Pennsylvania, and the fires kept out it would
result not only in a more picturesque scenery,
but in addition furnish a growing crop of trees,
which would be constantly increasing in value.

It is stated that the annual value of Canada's raw
and manufactured forest products is $35,000,000,
the timber exports alone representing $5,000,000.

%

FOREST LEAVES.

159

Biltmore Forest School,

BILTMORE, N. C.

0000

The Biltmore Forest School is the
only technical school of forestry in this
country. It illustrates its teachings on
a large scale, on a tract of land owned
by George W. Vanderbilt, comprising
130,000 acres of forest.

The complete course covers twelve
consecutive months.

Write for particulars, addressing

C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director,

• BILTMORE, N. ,C.

gXPERT advice on any forcstal proposition fur-
nished, and estimates of timber, valuation, surveys
and working plans made by

PAUL E. ARNOLD,
Consulting Forettter. GIBRALTAR, PA.

YalB Hniver^itg Forest School

NEW HAVEN - - CONNECTICUT

LEin^IS* TR

CHARTS.

PARTqnf^^hraf^!f^K^''*'^^V^^!l^^®^ numbers, divided Into
I'ARTS Of three numbers each. They may be purchased sino-iv
-by the part -or by the full series, at the prices nSbe^f^
More, than half of the series has already been p^tedThTe
drawings are completed, and the remaining charts will be pub-
lished at the earliest practicable date. One thousand paid ?Sb-

oftEe whofeferTel."'^ ^""^^ '"'"^^ '^^ immeSe puCaUon

TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE.

Price of single number, 50 cents each.
Price of Part, 81.40 each.

A liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education or
others purchasing in large numbers. i^-aucauon or

NOW READY.— (These with a * as yet unprinted.)
Part I.-THE OAKS. Forty-two species.

No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies
No. 2. Annual FniUed Oaks. White Oak and Allies *

J^Ui O^^' ^^^^y* Foreiffn, and examples qf
Part II.— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species

No. 4. Th€ Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and
European Chestnuts.
The Walnuts American, Japanese and European

species and varieties. *^

The Hickories. American species and varieties.

A two years' graduate course
is offered, leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry.
Graduates of collegiate institu-
tions of high standing are ad-
mitted upon presentation of
their college diplomas.

The Summer School of
^ Forestry is conducted at Mil-
ford, Pike County, Penna.

For further information address

HENRY S. GRAVES, Director,

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

No. 5.

No. 6,
Part III.—
No. 7.
No. 8.
No. 9.
Part IV.—
•No. 10.
♦No. 11.
No. 12.
Part v.—
♦No. 13.
♦No. 14

. 14|

. 15J

The Willows and Poplars. Numerous species.

The Birches, Elms and allies.

The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species.

77i« Magnolia and related trees.
The Horse Chestnuts and allies.
The Maples. (Printed in advance.)

Locusts and allies of Pea Family of several genera
WiJd Cherry, Mountain Ash, Sweet Gum. Sour Qum
Persimmon. '

CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA.

30 minutes from Broad St. Station. .

BOARDING SCHOOL FOB BOTS.

niustrated Catalogue upon application*

JAMES L. PATTERSON,

Head Master..

BOARD OF TRUSTEES:
\ Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., President,
Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President.
George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer,

♦No. 15 j Ashes, Oatalpas, Paulownia, and others.

For further Information address the author, publisher and

proprietor,

GRACEANNA LEWIS,

Media, .... Pennsylvania.

FRANCIS I. GOWEN.
E. WALTER CLARK.
WALTON CLARK.
JACOB S. DISSTON.
JAMES MAPES J>ODOE.

JAMES M. BECK.

EDGAR DUDLEY FARIES.

J. LEVERING JONES.

FRANCIS D. LEWIS.

RANDAL MORGAN.

RT. REV. HENRY Y. SATTERLEE, D.D.

160

FOREST LEAVES.

ANDORRA'S

PIN

A justly popular tree is the Pin Oak. It presents points which dis-
tinguish it readily from other Oaks, and it is undoubtedly the most valuable
variety for all practical purposes. The foliage is dense, finely divided, ot
a beautiful shining green that colors to sparkling red and yellow in Fall.
The tree is easily transplanted and grows well on wet or dry ground ; is,
in fact, the quickest-growing of all the Oaks, As an avenue tree it is un-
equalled. It is also a good street tree, and one of the best for park planting.

This desirable tree will thrive in all sections
of the United States, in all soils and situations.
Our stock (over 30,000) of this Popular Tree
is clean and healthy, with plenty of fibrous roots.

EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN.

OUR BOOKLET ••MORE SPECIALTIESr 3d EDITION. DESCRIBES THESE AND MANY OTHERS.

REMEMBER! EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN!

6 to 7 ft. Stocky Trees $,00 $8 50 $40 00

7 to 8 ft. ** *'

1 " I 25 10 00 50 00

8 to 0 ft. ** •«

' ^ " I 50 12 50 55 00

9 to 10 ft. *< u -i^

^ ^ 2 00 17 50 60 00

10 to 12 ft. ♦*••... . ^ e« «« ,

2 50 22 50 75 00

Prices on Larger Specimens on application.

Send for SPRING PRICE LIST and booklet "HINTS ON PLANTING."

ANDORRA NURSERIES,

WM. WARNER HARPER, Prop. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

■^^^BWiipiP»«*

mm laifB^^wp^^wa

^^^<:^^h^

Philadelphia, October, 1906.

No. II.

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

I0I2 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter.

CONTENTS.

lia's Anthracite Coal

Editorials.

Autumn Arbor Day Announcement

Timber Used Underground in Pennsyivani
Mines in 1905

The Pack Saddle as Used on the'So\uh'Mou'ntkVn'RVseVvati'o'n

tor Iransporting Water for Fighting Forest Fires

I ree Planting on Coal Lands

Fire Protection in California .V/.....

Notes on the Growing of White Pine From Seed...

1 he Story of a White Pine Seed

The Forest Wealth of Minnesota ............."! '

Chestnut Groves

Tp„ . - -. •.

H^conomics of Protection.. .

R.j.^ - ., 7 -. ,
apidity of Growth of Trees

Pennsylvania as a Lumber Producing State..."..!...............!..!..!!

161
162

163

163
164
166
167
168
169
170
172

173
173

Subscription, $1.00 per Year.

Tfu attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
0/ FoRKST Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates 7viil be fur-
nished on application.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,
Founded in June, 1886,

Labors^ to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and
methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact-
ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and
National.

Annual member ship/ee. Two dollars.

Life membership. Twenty-five dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended
m.m W ^l,"^ ' M ^^ ""Tt ^^ P«""«y'vania. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membershio
Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. icmuersnip

President , }o\\n Birkinbine.

Ri^hl^r/wood '"^' ^'"* ''^^ "^'^^y' -^*'"" ^- "^ydon, Albert Lewis.
General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.
Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler.
Treasurer, Charles E. Paucoast.

Council at- Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn Charl^
Hewett. ^ ' ^""»'«=»

Finance ^ S> Harvey , Chairman; Dr. Henry M. Fisher W W
Irazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul.

Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman : Mrs. George F Baer
Edwin Swift Batch, Robert S. Conklin. Hon. Lucien W. Doty.Charles

^•/^^^^^^J^^\J\ r- Rothrock, W.W. Scranton. Dr. Samuel Wolfe
and Hon. S. P. Wolverton. '

Z^7<;, Hon W.N Ashman, Chairman; Henry Budd, Charles '
Hewett, and John A. Siner,

Ai^^'j^'o'*^""*- J^^" Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott
Alfred S. HAines, Alfred Paschall, and Harrison Souder. '

^M^''^^' ,M'*^- brinton Coxe. Chairman ; Mrs. George T. Heston
Miss E. L. Lundy, William S. Kirk, J. Franklin M«ehan. anJ
Abraham S. Schropp.

County Organization, '6amnG\ Marshall, Chairman; Eugene EUicott
James C. Haydon, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Richard Wood. '

<)-MrR 'M' THE AS.SOCIAT10 <, 1012 Walnut St.. Philadelphia.

EDITORIALS.

TT is doubtful if even the pronounced friends
J^ of forestry appreciate the number and pro-
visions of legislative enactments for the pro-
tection of the forests of Pennsylvania. In the re-
vievv of Forest Fire Legislation in Pennsylvania
by Mr. I. C. Williams, which appears in the re-
port of the Department of Forestry for 1903-04
attention is directed to a law promulgated by the
Duke of York to prevent forest fires, not because
of the injury to forest, but because of the inci-
dental damage to crops.

The Provincial Assembly in March, 1683; made
the party setting fire to woodland responsible for
resulting damage, and in 1700 the time for firing
woodlands was limited to the months of January
and February in each year. In 17 12 prohibi-
tion was made against firing within one mile of
I fences or buildings without giving notice to the
possessors.

Further legislation was provided in 1735, and
m 1794, when the area of forests was greatly in
excess of that now existing, and when the de-
mands upon the woodlands were much below
those which must be met at the present time
there was a law enacted *' To prevent the damaged
which may happen by the firing of woods."

This law was intended to stop the indiscrimi-
nate finng of wooded tracts to facilitate clearing
or for other purposes, which it recognized as doing
injury to the soil and destroying timber.

In 1824, ownership in trees was recognized by*
making the person who cut a tree or trees on the
property' of another liable to treble the value of
these.

In the admirable Digest of Game, Fish and
Forestry Laws of Pennsylvania, the compiler,
Dr. Joseph Kalbfus, enumerates thirty-six enact-
ments concerning forest protection and preserva-
tion, creating forestry commissioners, and defin-
ing their powers.

162

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

163

ti

Nine of the laws antedated the organization of
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, but the
scope of later legislation, which provided the
means for reorganization and enforcing penalties,
show plainly the influence of an awakened public
sentiment for which the Association is responsi-
ble. For many of the beneficent laws the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association has been sponsor,
and its members have been instrumental in secur-
ing their passage.

Within three months the general assembly of
Pennsylvania will be in session, and its acts will
be watched by many of the citizens, interested in
various phases of legislation. Those favorable to
the cause of forestry will need to be alert to see
that no backward step is taken in Pennsylvania.
It will be good policy for each one interested in
forestry to acquaint the senator or assemblyman
who represents the district in which he or she
lives, or other members of either house who may
be personal acquaintances, with the fact that he or
she is friendly to forestry, and to request informa-
tion upon any bill presented for action which
affects the forests of the State.

Members of the Senate and the House of Repre-
sentatives desire to represent their constituents,
and favor legislation which is acceptable to those
who elect them, and we believe most of the legis-
lators will welcome information of the wishes of
their constituents.

The State Forestry Reservation Commission and
the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation will be ready to support any measures
which mean an advance in real forest protection
or combat those which have a contrary effect.
But without the support of general public senti-
ment their efforts, if not abortive, may be limited
in results. J. B.

Jjc * * * >ic

At the last session of the New York State Leg-
islature a concurrent resolution was passed by a
large majority, in both Senate and Assembly,
providing for an amendment to the Constitution
which will permit of constructing storage reser-
voirs on State forest reservations. This amend-
ment, which will come before a later Legislature,
is in harmony with a scheme to improve river
discharges by a conservation of water in forest and
swamp sections. We give the phraseology of the
changes in the proposed amendment in italics.

It will be noted that the amendment continues
the forest policy formerly adopted by the State of
New York, which prevents any utilization of the
forest growth, differing in this particular from the
Pennsylvania legislation, which permits cutting
of timber under the supervision of the Commis-
sion.

The proposed amendment is as follows :
**The lands of the State now owned or here-
after acquired constituting the forest preserve are
now fixed by law excepting such lafids as the
Legislature shall provide by law shall necessarily
be t4sed for the storage of water for public purposes
and the construction of dams therefor^ shall be for-
ever kept as wild forest lands. They shall not
be leased, sold or exchanged, or be taken by any
corporation, public or private, nor shall the tim-
ber thereon be sold, removed or destroyed."

, J. B.

Autumn Arbor Day Announcement.

OF all nature's children in the school-room of the plants,
The most studious and faithful are the trees ;
For they stand in quiet order, just wherever they are
placed,
While they bow before the ringing of the breeze.

See them raise their arms together, hear them gently turn
their leaves ;
They perfect themselves in every branch and line.
At the ojiening of the school year they are fresh and green,
indeed,
But they graduate with brilliancy divine.

— WiLDiE Thayer.

The school can be made the place to which the
children best like to go. The school-room can
be made attractive by pictures and flowers ; the
school grounds can be beautified by trees, walks
and other adornments. At suitable times the
pupil should be taught the value of trees for fruit,
for shade, and for use in the arts and industries of
civilized life. He should be taught the effect of
trees in distributing rainfall and modifying cli-
mate. He should learn the simple lessons in the
science and art of forestry, especially how to
plant trees and care for them, and how to fight
the enemies which destroy trees and their fruit.

Every school should observe Arbor Day at least
once a year. Since some rural schools are not in
session during the April Arbor Days, it has be-
come customary in Pennsylvania to designate an
Arbor Day in the fall of the year. In harmony
with this established custom Friday, October 19,
1906, is hereby named as Autumn Arbor Day,
and teachers, pupils and school officials are urged
to celebrate the day by the planting of trees and
by exercises designed to stimulate an interest in
the growth and care of trees. Let poems and his-
torical incidents connected with famous trees be
studied and recited, and above all else let trees
be planted that will live long and prove a benefit
to future generations.

Nathan C. Schaeffer,
State Supt. of Public Instruction.
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Timber Used Underground in Pennsyl-
vania's Anthracite Coal Mines in 1905.

/COMPARATIVELY few persons consider the
V^ mimense amounts of timber which are
used underground in the large mining in-
dustries of the United States, and the Forest Ser-
vice and U. S. Geological Survey have co-oper-
ated to secure statistics in regard to the total
amount used in the year 1905.

The figures for the anthracite coal industry of
Pennsylvana, just issued, show that reports were
received from 216 collieries, producing approxi-
mately %i^ per cent, of the total anthracite ton-
nage of the United States, and estimates were
computed for the remaining 17 per cent., using as
a basis the reports received.

So far as reported, the kinds of wood have been
tabulated separately, but in many cases the opera-
tors were unable to furnish information in regard
to the quantity of each species used, and it has
therefore been necessary to classify a large amount
as ** mixed" or '* miscellaneous."

Cubic Feet.

444,000
2^6,00::
165,000
I 15,000

Round Tifnber.

X!'^^" ^"^"^^ 9,250,000

u ', • 6,220,000

Hemlock, .... t iS^ ,^«

r)^ , „. 1,100,000

Pitch Pme, ..... rr»r.^^.^

r-u . . 590,000

Beech,

Jack Pine,

Spruce,

Mixed Hardwoods, .' '. [ [ [ [ ] ] [ [ [ .* io,263;ooo

Mixed Softwoods, ^^^^^do

Miscellaneous, 23.500,000

'^°^^^ 52,440,000

Of the species used for round timber, yellow
pine, of which a large amount is loblolly pine
from the south, stands first. Oak ranks next,
but furnishes a nmch smaller proportion ac-
cording to the reports. The oak would unques-
tionably be increased if the large items reported
as ^Miiixed hardwoods" and ** miscellaneous "
could be separated into species, and it is not im-
probable that oak would then displace yellow pine
in rank.

Saived Timber.

T, , ^'"^- Board Feet.

^7'^"^;. • . . 63,6oo,oco

Ye low Pine, 14,200,000

?/^', 2,860,000

M^P'^' i,740,00D

,000
,000 I
...,„, 84,000 I

Mixed Hardwoods, . 28,642,000

Mixed Softwoods, r, ^70,000

Miscellaneous 8,370,000

For sawed timber, hemlock holds first place in
quantity, while yellow pine ranks next, l^he
amount of oak reported is doubtless too small, but
an explanation is found in the classification for
'* mixed hardwoods" and ^* miscellaneous,"
which contains over 37,000,000 feet board meas-
ure, of which probably a large amount is oak.

The results of the tabulations show that 121,-
565,000 feet board measure of sawed timber
(equivalent to 10,130,000 cubic feet) and 52,-
440,000 cubic feet of round timber were used
during 1905.

The total value of the sawed timber was Ji,-
842,000, or $15 per thousand feet board measure.
The total value of the round timber was nearly
double that of the sawed timber, being i;3,468,-
000, or ^6.60 per 100 solid cubic feet— the ap-
proximate equivalent of the average standard cord
of 128 cubic feet. The total value of the round
and sawed timber combined was J5, 310,000, or
about 81^ cents per long ton of coal mined, using
as a basis for the calculation the production in
1905 — in round numbers 61,000,000 long tons.

^;;"^V 371,^

White Pine, ^^c ,

'tch Pine c, ,

'^o^^l, 121,565,000

The Pack Saddle as Used on the South
Mountain Reservation for Transport-
ing Water for Fighting
Forest Fires.

IN Forest Leaves for June, 1904, Dr. J. T.
Rothrock described the system he success-
fully inaugurated for fighting forest fires in
the South Mountain reservation by means of
small kegs of water carried by pack saddles on
horses to the scene of the conflagration, and Mr.
Byers, a student at the Forest Academy, has fur-
nished the following more detailed description of
the equipment used for this purpose : —

The pack saddle, as it is used on this reserva-
tion, consists of a ** saw-buck" double cincha
saddle, the form most common in the Rocky
Mountain region, a lash rope which is used to
lash the kegs on tight, and a canvas sling which
fits over the saddle, and into which the kegs are
put. The sling, with the kegs in it, is lifted to
the saddle and then put on, and the kegs lashed
tight by means of the diamond hitch. It takes*
the place of the strong ropes ordinarily used in
pack trains. The kegs have a spigot in the end
from which the water is drawn, and this is always
turned to the rear of the horse. The outfit carries
two canvas buckets, which can be folded up and
put into -a very little space. With these, water
can be dipped out of a stream of moderate depth.
A funnel, with sieve to catch foreign material,

/

164

FOREST LEAVES.

^j<

goes with the outfit ; also a pump, which is
worked by hand, and to which is attached about
twenty five feet of hose the size of the spigot. A
smaller hose is on the other side of the pump, with
a small nozzle attached to it with a stop-cock, so
as to prevent the unnecessary waste of water when
not in use. The blanket that is used under the
saddle is of the army style, folded so as not to
have any wrinkles in it, which might hurt the
horse's back.

This outfit was first introduced into the State
Forestry Service by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, former
Commissioner of Forestry, and, with kegs filled,
weighs about two hundred and twenty pounds. It
is used to prevent back fires jumping across the
road or trail, or to put out old pine stumps or
other stumps along the fire line, which otherwise
would burn for days and nights, throwing fire
across when nobody was there to watch.

The back fire is the fire that is started on the
same side of the road or trail as the main fire, and is
made to burn towards it, so that when the two fires
come together they will go out for lack of fuel.

There should be three men to each outfit, — one
to look after the horse, one to work the pump, and
one to tend to the hose. There are three outfits
at present on this reserve, which, together, can
carry sixty gallons of water.

As the pump will force the water about twenty-
five feet on each side without changing its posi-
tion, and uses about one to one and a half gallons
of water for each fifty feet, except in extreme
cases, each keg will cover about three hundred
and fifty to five hundred feet of fire line, and the
three outfits, or six kegs, will cover about twenty-
five hundred feet of fire line with one filling.

When the kegs become empty, they are taken
to the nearest spring or creek, and by means of
the canvas buckets and funnel are refilled and
taken back to the fire line. There are only a few
places, owing, to the nature of the ground, in
which this equipment cannot be used on this
reserve. The fire outfit so far has proved a suc-
cess, and it has been used at a number of fires
this spring. William L. Bvers.

Tree Planting on Coal Lands.

Seven different varieties of eucalypts, 15 years
old, were tested at the State University at Berke-
ley, Cal., showing diameters of from 8 to 30
inches and heights of 38 to 101 feet. The blue
gnm (^Eucalyptus globulus^ was by far the fastest
growing species, the increase in diameter being
considerably more than the others. It also ranked
first as regards crushing strength (12,310 lbs. per
square inch), and second in modulus of rupture
(23,265 lbs. per square inch.)

THE U. S. Forest Service has just issued Cir-
cular No. 41 entitled * 'Forest Planting on
Coal Lands in Western Pennsylvania,"
by S. N. Spring, Forest Assistant, in which he dis-
cusses the problem of raising some of the timber
used in winning coal on ground owned by the
operators either over or close to the mines, ex-
tracts from which are given below : —

The occasion for forest planting rests primarily
upon the growing need of pit props, and is inti-
mately related to the whole, industrial develop-
ment of southwestern Pennsylvania.

In communities where prosperity now depends
wholly upon the mining industry, its conclusion
will be the first step in a general decline. As the
communities dwindle in size, fanning will con-
tinue, but less prosperously, and it will tend to
become extensive rather than intensive in charac-
ter. The introduction of other industries is vitally
essential to such localties, and one of these should
be the lumber industry, made possible by exten-
sive forest planting commenced at the present
time.

On nearly every farm there is some portion
which has small productive capacity and should
be utilized for the growth of forest rather than
field crops. The use of such land for forest plant-
ing would furnish an added and growing value to
the farm. For all the timber planted now there
will be an excellent market at maturity for mine
timber, railroad ties, etc. Excellent railroad facil-
ities exist to furnish transportation of the products
to the mines or to the cities and towns of the re-
gion.

The coal companies, to whom a future supply
of mine timbers is of so great importance, must
take the initiative. The source of timber supply
is becoming farther and farther removed. Within
a few years a growing difficulty in securing pit
props has been experienced, and correspondingly
higher prices are being paid each year. In for-
mer years only oak was accepted for posts ; to-
day all kinds of wood are utilized by the coal
operators. The local timber supply adjacent to
the new lands will be exhausted long before the
supply of coal from the more accessible and im-
portant veins are gone.

From the standpoint of the ownership and use
of the land the opportunity of forest planting pre-
sented to the coal companies is a remarkable one.
In acquiring the land for a mining plant and its
accessory properties a coal company gains title to
considerable surface. It is sometimes necessary
to purchase the whole farm in order to secure
ownership of the underlying coal vein. The

FOREST LEAVES.

165

majority of such properties must be retained by
the company until the coal has all been worked
out. The use of these farms is sometimes a per-
plexing problem. Many coal companies do not
care to enter into a system of farming, especially
if only a small number of farms are acquired.
Others find that their holdings steadily deterior-
ate through wasteful management of the farms by
tenants, and that the income under such a system
is relatively small. Still other companies raise
crops on the better soils, and allow the poor por-
tions of the farms or the areas covered by sink
holes to lie idle except for a little grazing.

Under these conditions not only is forest plant-
ing advisable from the standpoint of complete
utilization and productiveness of all the land, but
a great opportunity is presented to improve the
final sale value of such lands when their posses-
sion is no longer essential to mining operations.
In addition, forest planting will furnish a valuable
supply of pit props before the underlying coal
veins are generally exhausted. Several coal com-
panies have had this matter under consideration,
and have begun to make plans for forest planting j
One of these is the H. C. Frick Coke Company,
which owns many farms in the Connellsville
basin, the great coke district in Westmoreland
and Fayette counties. Pa. The principal sites
considered for planting are located in the vicinity
of Scottdale.

The topography consists of a succession of hills i
about equal in height, 1,150 to 1,200 feet above
sea level, which rise from 75 to 150 feet above '
the intersecting runs and valleys. They are ,
rounded in shape and gentle or moderately steep
in slope. . v 1

In general the lower slopes and runs have a 1
deep fertile soil of slow drainage which formerly '
supported a nearly pure growth of white oak with
a small percentage of shagbark hickory, white
ash, red oak, yellow poplar, maple, etc. Along
the streams this forest type included walnut, black
ash, beech, and basswood. The hilltops have a
thin, quickly drained, less fertile soil. Here
chestnut oak was the predominant tree, with red
oak, black oak, chestnut, and red maple the prin-
cipal species in mixture. The intermediate situ-
ations usually bore either one of these two types
of forest or a combination of both. The depth
and physical condition of the soil and the steep-
ness of the slope were the factors which deter-
mined the character and composition of the forest.
The object of the company in undertaking for-
est planting is to utilize to better advantage the
sterile parts of the fiirm land or those much dot-
ted by sink holes. It is expected to grow timber
trees of permanent worth in order to increase the

value of the land; and it is desired, if possible,
to plant some early maturing species which will
furnish pit props for the mines within a short
period. The recommendation of species for for-
est planting is usually based primarily upon the
natural forest of similar sites in a locality. In
the case of the Frick lands, however, the charac-
ter of some of the land is modified by the break-
ing of the surface due to mining.

A preliminary examination of the site proposed
for forest planting resulted in the rejection of
about 270 acres on account of the nearness of
coke ovens. A planting plan was made for ap-
proximately 456 acres of waste land of two gen-
eral classes: (i) Unproductiveagricultural land,
and (2) areas modified by mining.

For the first class mentioned species of trees
were chosen for planting which formerly grew
well on these sites. For example, on sites suit-
able only for white oak or chestnut oak, respec-
I tively, these species were recommended for plant-
I ing. Red oak, chestnut, and yellow poplar were

chosen for their natural situations.
i A study of the sites modified by mining showed
I that the quickened drainage rendered the soil
\ drier and hence more suitable for species natur-
ally occupying the more shallow dry soils of the
upper slopes. White oak land thus modified was
suitable for planting red oak, and in some in-
stances chestnut and chesnut oak.
1 Two species, the European larch and hardy
I catalpa, which are not native to this region, were
; recommended for planting. The European larch
[ is a quick-growing conifer adapted to this region.
[ The wood is strong and durable, suitable for ties,
poles, fence posts, and pit props. The tree re-
(juires a well-drained but not necessarily fertile
soil, and should do well on some of the sites
modified by mining. It has been grown success-
fully in Illinois and other States.

The western or hardy catalpa was recommended
for trial on 3 acres to test its value for the region.
It grows quickly to post size and is very durable.
If it proves successful, this will be an important
•tree for the production of fence posts and pit
props. It has been grown successfully in Ohio.
This tree requires a fertile, well-drained soil of
moderate depth and a carefully selected site is of
primary importance.

The sites rejected for forest planting at present
on account of the injurious effect of the coke
smoke may be reforested as soon as the adjacent
coke ovens are abandoned. It was recommended
that on some of the sites not subjected contin-
uously to coke smoke, but doubtful in character,
small test areas be planted now to determine
definitely the advisability of planting.

166

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

167

m

Since a little over a half million young trees
will be required, the establishment of a nursery
by the company was advised. This generally
affords a good quality of stock and is convenient
and economical if the owner can secure a capable
man to care for the nursery. The larch will re-
quire two years' growth in nursery beds ; the
other species will be ready for planting after one
year's growth. For the Frick plan it was esti-
mated that the total outlay per acre for forest
planting would be approximately $io if the seed-
lings were home grown.

The first returns from planted timber on these
lands may be expected from the quicker growing
species. The European larch may be cut for
mine props between the ages of 15 and 20 years.
In the oak and chestnut plantations moderate re-
turns will be yielded from thinnings when the
trees are 20 to 25 years old, and a final crpp will
be secured from 40 to 60 years after planting,
when the forest may be cut clear for lumber and
mine timbers. P^xact estimates of yield under
the conditions in western Pennsylvania are not
available, since no planted timber of sufficient
age exists. It is, however, practically assured
from the history of planted stands in other States
of this general region that forest plantations on
these sites will equal the net annual income ob-
tained from field crops on fertile agricultural soils
in this locality. Furthermore, these waste lands
on which planting is recommended are not capa-
ble of yielding any valuable returns except in
forest.

Considering the loss of income from waste farm
lands in the hands of coal companies, the feasi-
bility of increasing the sale value of such lands
and the great need of pit props and timber in
mining operations, the advisability of forest plant-
ing is established beyond doubt. Extensive
activity in forest planting throughout the region
will result in a great saving, to be realized by
returns within a relatively short time and with a
small initial outlay.

When rain falls over a dense forest from less»
than one-tenth to about one-fourth of it is caught
by the trees. A small part of this water may
reach the ground by running down the trunks, but
the greater part is evaporated and so increases the
humidity of the air. That which passes through
the crowns falls upon the forest floor, which
sometimes has an absorbing power so great that
it can hold for awhile a rainfall of 5 inches. This
water runs off into streams, is evaporated, or
sinks into the ground, and is taken up by the
roots or goes to feed springs and water courses.
— Primer of Forestry, Part 2 .

Fire Protection in California.

AN item of news to limberland owners is the
announcement that a California lumber
company, which applied a plan of fire
protection to a single township during the sum-
mer of 1905, is now preparing to extend the
same protection to the rest of its large holdings
of cut-over land.

Except in the National forests, but little at-
tempt has as yet been made to protect from fire
the forests or cut-over lands of the Pacific coast.
In California the State forester has taken up fire
protection as one of the most pressing problems
of his administration. But in Oregon and Wash-
ington particularly, and on private holdings in
California, fires are so destructive that little hope
is cherished by owners of securing crops on cut-
over land before fires have prevented or destroyed
them. The severe losses which have come from
these fires have,# however, made a deep impres-
sion upon lumbermen. Where timberlands are
owned, too often the investor must be contented
with the profits of his first lumbering operations,
since, despite the excellent natural reproduction
which would, under better conditions, restore the
lands to forest, fire is almost certain to burn over,
killing seedlings, scorching larger growth, and so
deferring future crops indefinitely.

In the summer of 1904 the McCloud River
Lumber Company, of McCloud, Cal., appreciat-
ing the seriousness of the fire losses common to
lumbering operations in the region, agreed to at-
tempt to protect its land. The area chosen for
the plan was cut-over land, a township in extent,
on which the amount and character of the young
timber was, as is commonly the case, sufficient to
warrant expending something to guard it until it
should establish a renewed forest.

Last summer the plan was put in operation. It
called for clearing and burning broad fire lines
from 200 to 300 feet in width, to serve as base
lines from which to fight possible fires ; organiz-
ing a patrol ; locating tool houses for the storage
of fire-fighting tools; erecting telephone lines to
summon aid ; and other similar measures. In
making the fire lines, the old logging trams were .
followed aj? far as possible. Twenty miles of lines
were cleared.

During the dry season of 1905 the operation of
this plan proved so successful that the company
took steps to extend the protection to the rest of
its holdings — from three to four hundred thousand
acres — and may now api)ly to the Poorest Service
for another plan to cover an additional 20,000
acres recently purchased in southern Oregon.

The holdings of the McCloud River Lumber

Company are in a region where the danger from
fire is unusually great, since the long dry season
and the abundance of slash and chaparrel not
only make the starting of fires very probable, but
also render their control difficult in a high degree.
One of the most important and significant
points in connection with this use of a fire-pro-
tection system by a private owner is the fact that
it means the recognition of the future value of
young timber, proof that forestry has made rapid
strides in California.

Notes on the Growing of White Pine

From Seed.*

WHITE pine is now and will remain the
most important forest tree for planting
in the northeastern States. Trees for
planting can be obtained as wild stock from the
woods, or as stock grown under cultivation in
nurseries. Where extensive planting is to be
done, cultivated stock must be used, because it is
much better and usually not more expensive where
the operations are on a large scale. Nursery-grown
stock must be purchased from a commercial nur-
sery, or else grown by the planter.

In this country there are a number of serious
objections to purchasing white pine stock of suit-
able size for forest planting from commercial nur-
series. There is no certainty as to cost ; some
years the cost being two or three times what it is
other seasons; there is no certainty as to the
quality of the stock ; some seasons one may obtain
fairly good stock, but in my experience, covering
nearly 10 years, the chances are that the stock,
particularly of two-year-old seedlings, will be
poorly grown or poorly packed.

I am convinced from my experience that every
person desiring to plant white pine on an area
exceeding 10 acres should grow his own stock.
With reasonable care and attention a farmer
should be able to succeed in growing white pine 1
from seed. The essential requirements are as fol-
lows : —

1. A deep, well-worked, sandy loam free from
weeds and grass ; in other words, a good garden
soil.

2. Make the seed beds 4-feet wide, leaving two
feet between adjacent beds for paths ; the beds
can be of indefinite length.

3. Thoroughly till the soil, throw up the beds
and sow the seeds during April.

4. Sow the seeds broadcast at the rate of one
ounce to 6 square feet of seed bed. Be careful to

* Summary of Address delivered at ihe Wilkes-Barre
meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, June 5-6,
1906.

sow evenly, and cover the seeds very lightly, y^
to y^ inch. After the seeds are sown, roll the
bed or firmly pack the soil by placing boards on
the bed and walking on the boards.

5. Immediately cover the beds with a 2-inch
mulch of old leaves. In about five weeks the
seeds will begin to germinate. After germina-
tion starts, remove the mulch and cover the beds
with a lath or other screen producing a half-
shade. The screen should be at least one foot
above the bed.

6. If English sparrows or other seed-eating
birds are abundant, place wire screens of i-inch
mesh over the beds underneath the lath for three
or four weeks after germination begins.

7. Give the beds necessary weeding and water-
ing during the summer. If the weather is unusu-
ally cloudy and rainy, it may be necessary to tem-
porarily remove the lath, or other cover, while
the sky is overcast. Under no conditions allow
the cover to remain off during bright sunshine.

8. For a full stand the seed beds should show
in the fall from 100 to 144 seedlings per square
foot.

9. Later in the fall, after the ground has frozen,
the seed beds should be mulched with leaves and
the lath screens placed on the leaves to prevent
their blowing away. This keeps the young plants
from being thrown by the frost. The pressing
down of the young seedlings by the mulch and
screens will not injure them.

10. The latter part of March the mulch should
be removed, and the screens again raised over
the beds. (It is best to leave the lath screen
over the beds the second year, although it is not
essential. )

IT. In April or May the beds should be thinned
down to 40 or 50 seedlings per square foot. After
the beds are thoroughly wet down, the excessive
plants can be pulled without injuring them. These
excess plants should be lined out in other beds in
rows 6 inches apart, and the plants placed two
inches apart in the rows. (It is not necessary to
shade these plants, although the seedlings will
ordinarily do a little better under cover.)

12. The seedlings that have remained in the
seed beds for two seasons are ready for planting
in their permanent situation. Those that were
pricked out at the end of one year's growth should
ordinarily be placed in their permanent situation^
when from two to three years old.

Under the above method of growing seedlings
and placing the stock in the permanent situation
when two to three years old, the cost of planting
at the rate of 1,210 per acre, that is, six feet apart
in each direction, should fall between $4 and $7
per acre. J. W. Toumev.

168

FOREST LEAVES.

'Wj;

The Story of a White Pine Seed.

WHITE pine — Finns j'/r^^/zj' — possesses
characteristics which make it fore-
most in the rank of the useful trees
of the world. As an all-around lumber tree it
has no equal, and of all the soft-wood trees none
surpasses it in adapting itself to varying charac-
ter and condition of soils within its botanical
range. There is no tree that can be so easily
grown, or that will mature so quickly, whose wood
can be at all compared with it in quality, and it
is strange that, for a tree so useful and important,
so little is known of its life and habits, especially
of its early life. But few men can be found who
have ever seen a white pine seed. Even most
old lumbermen are without knowledge of where
the seeds may be found, or how they are scat-
tered, or would know a seed should one be shown
them. Ignorance of all this has caused many to
believe that white pine cannot be propagated by
artificial methods, when the real fact is that by
proper and inexpensive treatment success is almost
certain.

In response to many inquiries this article has
been prepared to show the various stages of seed-
growth of white pine from the blossom to full
maturity. Like many other forms of vegetation
white i)ine has two kinds of blossoms ; one, the
pistilate, from which the fruit, or cone bearing
the seed grows, and the other the staminate,
which furnishes the pollen to fertilize the pistil-
ate or female flowers.

It should first be stated that the cone — the fruit
— of the white pine requires two seasons' growth
to mature. That is, if a tree blossomed in May
or early June of 1906, the cones will not mature
nor the seeds ripen until the last of August or first
of September, 1907. In other words, the cones
enjoy two summers and endure one winter.

The illustration here given — photographic —
shows one-half the average size of flower, fruit
and seed of white pine. Beginning at the right
hand side are the staminate flowers ; next are the
small cones at the end of the first yearns growth ;
then a cone full grown, with ripened seeds under
its scales and the scales ready to open ; then the
cone with its scales open and the seed fallen out ;
and, lastly, a scale, — at one end of the lower
cone — with two seeds with wings attached.

Each seed has a wing from five-eighths to an
inch long and from three-sixteenths to five-six-
teenths of an inch wide in the broadest part.
This wing is so formed that when the seed falls
from the cone it will gyrate like the propeller of
a vessel and be a long time falling to the ground,
thus enabling the wind to scatter the seed broad-

cast. -The average seed is about the size of an
ordinary apple seed and quite similar in form.
One side is generally dark brown in color and the
other a dark mottled gray.

The staminate flowers shown are of a golden
yellow color, tending to orange, and usually very
abundant in seed years, which occur only about
once in five years. They may be found on nearly
all of the limbs of the tree. They shed a large
amount of golden pollen. Their form is plainly
shown in the illustration (one-half size).

No attempt has been made to show the pistil-
ate flowers for the reason that they are so small
and inconspicuous and so closely resemble, in
form, the buds on the spray on which they appear
as to render it very difficult to distinguish them
in a photograph from terminal buds. They are
really diminutive cones with scales of a purplish
color, tending towards pink, and about one-fourth
of an inch long. They arc not abundant on the
tree, are on the tips of the branches, and are
mainly confined to the limbs at or near the top.
These little pistilate cones increase the first year
to twice the size shown, and their purple color
grows in depth.

In early June of the second year the cones
begin to grow very rapidly, and by August have
attained full size, and on vigorous trees frequently
reach a length of six inches and even more. They
soon take on a green color, but when full grown
and ripe assume a rather dark golden brown. As
the seeds ripen a drop of clear turpentine appears
on the tip of most of the scales. The appearance
of the turpentine indicates that the seeds are
ripe, and the cones may be safely gathered soon
after.

At full maturity the scales will open out on a
dry day, as shown in the lower cone, and the
seeds liberated. They nearly all fall out within
a few days if dry weather ensues. There are two
seeds under each scale. Those at the ends of the
cone are seldom fertile, although they may closely
resemble the fertile ones, which are mainly pro-
duced in the middle of the cone. On an average
only about 75 per cent, of the seeds produced are
fertile.

The cones must be gathered before they open,
and be spread out in thin layers so as to dry with-
out molding. Molding of the cones greatly tends
to the destruction of vitality. If laid on a woven
wire screen, such as is used for poultry yards, and
not more than two cones in depth, with a tight,
clean floor or cloth, a foot or so below, and daily
stirred, no injury will come to them and the most
of the seeds will fall out. When fully dried and
open the cones may be put in a bag, filling it
about half full, and the bag seized at the top and

COPYRIGHTED, 1900

Forest Leaves, Vol. x., No. ii

BY J. T. ROTHROCK

'Tl

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ORIGINAL WHITE PINE FOREST.
DUBOIS, CLEARFIELD COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

FOREST LEAVES.

169

a few vigorous blows made with it on the floor,
which will loosen all the fertile seeds.

When the seeds are all out th? wings must be
rubbed off and the whole run through a fanning
mill or slowly dropped on a tight, clean floor or
cloth, in a light wind, to remove all superfluous
• material. Most of the infertile seeds will also be
carried away. Then the seeds can be put in
boxes or bags, away from mice and squirrels, and
placed where it is cool and neither too dry, wet,
or cold, although they can endure quite a low
temperature, as will naturally be the case in some
sections.

For instructions in rearing the young plants for
forestry purposes the reader is recommended to
secureacopy of ^'Bulletin No. 29"— U. S. Dept.
of Agriculture— entitled *'The Forest Nursery*
by George B. Sudworth." This publication can
be obtained by sending ten cents— not in stamps
— to Superintendent of Documents, Union Build-
ing, Washington, D. C.

S. B. F^LLIOTT.

Reynolds VI LLE, Pa.

[In Forest Leaves for June, 1900, there ap-
peared in an article entitled ^*A Bit of Primeval
Forest," two illustrations of the interior of an
original white pine forest near Du Bois in Clear-
field County, Pennsylvania, an example of the
growth which at one time covered thousands of
square miles in this State. One of these views is
inserted here to show what can be done with
white pine in Pennsylvania under the best con-
ditions.— Ed.]

E

The Forest Wealth of Minnesota.

)ROF. SAMUEL B. GREEN, in the Minne-
sota Horticulturist, gives the following re-
sume of the forest conditions in that
State : —

According to the best available figures in regard
to the lumber industry for 1900, the value of the
lumber product is put at $57,000,000. The total
number of employees was 22,500.

This gives some idea of the great value of the
lumber industry to Minnesota, but we are working
our great forest resource as if it were a mine, and
at our present rate of manufacture this resource
will be practically exhausted within the next ten
or fifteen years. Although experts do not expect
Minnesota to cease being a lumber producing
State, yet the end of its great lumber industry is
now within sight.

The State of Minnesota holds 2,500,000 acres
of land within the forested area. This amount

has been received for various purposes. Under
the constitution, the State cannot dispose of its
land for less than $5 per acre. A large amount of
land now held by the State is of no value for
agricultural purposes, as it consists of land which
is very rocky and ledgey, and of inferior soil. On
its land the State now has about one and one- half
billion feet of timber, valued at $6 to $8 per 1000
feet, board measure, or a total of about $10,000,-
000, which will probably be converted into cash
within a few years. This State resource is also
being worked as if it were a mine, and would
never grow again, although it might be used as a
permanent endowment for the school and other
funds.

There is probably at least 5,000,000 acres of
land in Minnesota that is of little, if any, value
for agriculture, but much of it will grow' valuable
trees; and there is probably 5,000,000 acres
more that is now in trees, but which is of such
quality that it will not be needed for agriculture
for many years, and much of this will yield better
returns in forest than in farm crops. If this land
was in normal forest condition, it would, accord-
ing to the minimum estimates of experts, give an
I annual yield of not far from one billion feet,
I board measure, per year, or considerably more
I than one-third the present annual cut in Minne-
sota. In other words, if properly protected it
would serve to perpetuate our great lumber in-
dustry.

Something should be done by the State to show
the possibilities of reproducing valuable timber
growth on the cut-over timber lands which to-day
are growing little but brush.

As a good example of the returns from forest
lands, due entirely to the use of right methods of
handling, it might be well to compare Spain with
Germany. The German people over one hundred
years ago began to comprehend something of the
importance of forests to their national develop-
ment, and since then they have given much at-
tention- to this subject. As a result, the German
forests are improving in condition from year to
year, and form a stable and important source of
national wealth. The same is true of Denmark,
Sweden, Norway, France and Switzerland. In
Spain, however, there was followed the short-
sighted policy of over-grazing their natural timber
lands with sheep and goats, and the result has
been very disastrous for the country, not only in
nearly destroying its forest wealth, but in injuring
its manufactures by destroying the permanency of
its streams. The opportunities for forest manage-
ment were just as good in Spain as they were in
France or Germany, and its forests might have
been a source of great national wealth.

170

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

171

Chestnut Groves.

THE cultivation of chestnuts in the United
States is beginning to attract considerable
attention, and there is an increasing inter-
est in the growing and marketing, especially of
the larger varieties, which have been introduced
into this country from Europe and Asia. Slowly,
but surely, the American people are beginning to
realize that the chestnut is a valuable food product,
and therefore it is fast becoming an extensive arti-
cle of commerce. In a few years a rapid increase
in its production may be looked for, and as the
uses of the chestnut become known the demand
for it will be augmented.

The chestnut is a cheap and nutritious food, and
in Europe it is extensively used, Italy alone ex-
porting some 20,000,000 kg. yearly. Chestnut
flour has been made throughout Europe for centu-
ries, and is manufactured from the dried nuis,
which are ground into powder. The flour is made
into a soup or a dough, which may be mixed with
cacas, sugar, rice, or potato flour. It is variously
prepared, and known as Kaiffa, Racahout, Castag-
naccio, Polenta, etc. It forms one of the princi-
pal articles of diet of the poor mountaineers. In
Corsica a very palatable bread is made from chest-
nut flour. Americans look upon the chestnut as a
luxury, and can scarcely think of it as taking the
place of wheat flour. The only time it is sold
here is during a few months in October and No-
vember. A few caterers know that it has many
uses besides filling chickens and turkeys. It may
be prepared as a vegetable, or ground into flour
and made into bread. Chestnuts made into candy
are also well known in Italy.

In the eastern United States, within the last
fifty years, the timber has been used from thou-
sands of acres of land that possess little value for
raising ordinary farm crops. Much of this land
was ordinarily covered with a heavy growth of
chestnut timber. The chestnut tree is one of the
most rapid-growing native timber of our country,
and in a comparatively short time after a chestnut
forest has been cut down, a luxuriant second
growth appears. Whatever may be said concern-
ing the utility of cultivating nut-bearing trees
upon lands adapted to the production of other
valuable crops, there can be no doubt that much
can be added to the income of owners of land
covered with new growth chestnut trees, by graft-
ing upon these trees the improved varieties of
chestnuts, such as the Paragon, Numbo, Ridgly,
Alplea, Reliance, Hall or Parry. The Paragon
is recommended as having produced the best re-
sults. The possibility of thus turning large areas
of land, that are now entirely unproductive, to

usefulness, and consequently largely increased
value, is assured.

My groves are situated in Northumberland
County, Pa., about seven miles from Shamokin.
When a boy, I conceived the idea of improving
the native chestnut by cultivation and artificial
propagation ; but this idea was not realized until
a few years ago, when the old homestead was
bought, which is now known as the *' Chestnut
Grove Stock Farm." Soon after the purchase of
the farm, preparations were made to carry out the
long cherished idea of cultivating chestnuts. Rec-
ognizing that the greatest value of the native
chestnut {Castanea dentata^ lies in its roots, the
sprouts from which furnish the best possible stocks
upon which to graft the cultivated chestnut, I se-
lected the Paragon.

Experiments were begun with the Paragon in
1896, and to-day there is not a more promising
chestnut grove in America than the one to be seen
on the Chestnut Grove Stock Farm. It was soon
learned that the Paragon does exceptionally well
on the stocks of the American chestnut, and as
the farm contained some three or four hundred
acies of waste mountain land from which the
valuable timber had been cut, I at once began to
reclaim it. The ground was cleared, and the
young shoots from the chestnut stumps were al-
lowed to grow until one or two years old, when
they were grafted. In this manner about three
hundred acres have already been reclaimed.

The native chestnut is widely distributed
throughout the eastern United States, and is found
from southern Maine through Massachusetts, Con-
necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Maryland, and southward along the Alleghany
Mountains to Alabama, and westward to Michigan
and Indiana. Wherever the native nut is found
it is possible to start a chestnut grove.

Prejudice and ignorance are among the factors
which keep many from attempting the cultivation
of the nut. The American people will soon
learn the value of chestnuts, and then the demand
for them will increase. Chestnut culture in the
United States is in its infancy, but the demand for
larger nuts has stimulated their production, and
now the chestnut is seriously considered as a factor
in the reclaiming of waste forest lands.

Chestnut Groves. — The chestnut grove may be '
started wherever there is a good stand of chestnut
timber. Seldom will the growth be pure, but if
one tree in three is a chestnut, no more are neces-
sary, and the Paragon, when grafted on the native
sprouts, will do well. Many oak trees have been
successfully grafted with the chestnut, especially
red oak, scarlet oak, and chestnut oak (white oak
grows too slowly) ; the scion soon becoming larger

in diameter than the sprout. The extent to which
cultivated chestnuts can be successfully grafted
upon other hard wood trees has not been deter-
mined.

Having selected the area for the grove, work
may begin at once, but preferably during the fall
and winter months. All trees in the proposed
grove should b^ cut down and the brush burned,
leaving the ground as clean as possible. Fre-
quently the lumber removed will more than pay
, for the clearing. If the selected ground is already
waste land, it may be ready for grafting the fol-
lowing spring, or it may be necessary to clean the
ground, removing the brush aud rubbish by burn-
ing. If there is a chance to select the location of
the grove, it should be located where it may easily
be protected from forest fires. It is desirable to
make fire lanes at once, before beginning the
grafting. Fire is the worst enemy of the chestnut
grove, but by keeping the ground clean it may be
controlled.

When to Graft. — Having cleared the ground
during the winter, it is necessary to wait one year
for the chestnut sprouts to grow before they are
ready for grafting. The following spring, which
is the second after clearing the ground, the graft-
ing should begin. The sprouts which come from
the lowest portion of the stump will become inde-
pendent trees before those which arise higher up,
and, therefore, should be selected. At least two
such sprouts, or more, according to circumstances,
should be grafted on every stump, and on opposite
sides, if possible. Both may remain for several
years, and if one is found to be superior to the
other, the poorer one may be used to furnish
scions. The sprouts which were not grafted should
be allowed to remain for a few seasons to protect
the young grafts from the wind and the frosts.
When the grafts are one year old they should be
cut back in order to get a good top. The growth
during the first year is usually fan-shaped, and will
not make the best shaped tree. On the original
scion only one or two buds are left, and these
grow with surprising rapidity during the first year.
When only one bud has been left on a graft, it
will sometimes make the enormous growth of nine
feet without a single branch. This growth is made
possible by the established roots on the old stump.
In cutting back such a sprout, from three to five
buds should be left. This will insure a low crown,
which is as desirable in chestnuts as in peaches.
In cutting back the young grafts, another supply
of scions is furnished. In exposed portions of the
grove, the young sprouts are protected from the
wind by allowing the undergrowth to remain when
clearing the land for the grove. After two or
three years, the grafts are firmly established, and

then everything is cleared away. By keeping the
orchard clean, the harvesting is facilitated, and
there is less danger from fire, and insect pests can
be fought with greater ease.

If grass is allowed to remain around the younger
trees during the winter, serious results may follow
from the destruction of the bark near the base of
the tree, as meadow mice will girdle the trees.

The sooner defective trees receive attention the
better. If a graft dies during the first summer,
the same stock may be grafted again the next
year, but, as a rule, it is better to remove the de-
fective trees entirely. The trees should not be
allowed to become crowded, for the orchard will
be improved by being thinned out, and improve-
I ment cuttings should be made whenever the op-
portunity occurs. By this method, within five or
six years from the time the first work began, a
I natural chestnut forest has been transformed into
I a Paragon chestnut grove that is giving returns,
I and the income will be large if no unforseen ele-
; ments enter. The Paragon nut is the general
I favorite. It is not expected that the crop will be
I large every year, but in temperate regions at least
, one full crop is expected out of every two or
three. The grove has never as yet had an *'off
I year."

i In the chestnut grove every year brings some-
thing new. Obstacles are constantly arising.
The insects are harder to control in a grove than
in an orchard. For several years we have been
experimenting with methods for controlling pests,
such as weevils, ** bur " or ** husk " worms, mice
and other enemies, such as fires, thieves, etc.
We trust that remedies will soon be found for
them all.

The Sober Grove'i. — There was nearly four
hundred acres of waste mountain land on the es-
tate, and the desire was to reclaim this. Origi-
nally it had been covered by a dense growth of
pine, but this had been cut off" years before, and
in its place oak and chestnut came up, with other
hard wood trees. This had again been cut down
and all valuable timber sold, only stumps, brush
and worthless logs remaining.

During the winter of 1896, the rubbish was re-
moved from one hundred acres of this land, and
the following spring and summer a vigorous growth
of sprouts sprang up around each stump, many
sprouts being from six to eight feet high, and over
an inch in diameter at the base.

In the spring of 1898, two years after the clear-
ing of the land, the grafting began. Professional
grafters were employed, but the results were very
discouraging, as less than 5 per cent, of the scions
lived. The wedge graft was used, but the union
was so imperfectly made that, although a fair num-

172

FOREST LEAVES.

-FOREST LEAVES.

173

ber started, most of them died, or were blown off
by the wind during the summer. The rapid
growth of the scion, made possible by the estab-
lished root system of the stock, was too much for
the young shoots (the weight of the leaves mak-
ing them top heavy), and many were blown off
by comparatively light winds.

In 1899, experimenting was begun on grafting
and methods devised to reduce the failures in the
various processes; gradually, one after another,
the difficulties were overcome. In 1900, I looked
after each grafter and instructed him in every
step. As a result, 75 per cent, of the scions
grafted in that year lived. The **whip" or
'' tongue " graft proved to be the most successful.

The trees first grafted were now in a condition
to furnish an abundance of scions, and each year,
during February and March, bundles of scions
were cut and kept in a cool place, packed in damp
sand or moss. The scions must be kept dormant,
and usually about May 1st they are placed in boxes
and buried among the cakes of ice in an ice
house, where they remain until wanted. May is
a month for grafting, although the season varies
somewhat from one year to another. During the
first few years of experimenting various methods
of grafting were tried.

Wedge (cleft) grafting proved good, if properly
applied, but it is not recommended for chestnuts.
A wedge graft may be inserted if the stock is
larger than the scion to be grafted upon it. It
takes more time to complete a wedge graft than a
whip graft, and it is more apt to be blown off be-
fore reaching the second year.

Budding was used for a time, but has been
abandoned. In budding, an *'eye" (bud) is
inserted under the bark of the stock. The
*' eye " is left attached to a piece of bark, which,
in the spring after the sap has started, is easily
separated from the wood. *' Buds with a woody
shield " were preferred, Z.^., instead of separating
the bark with a bud upon it from the wood be-
neath, the bud is cut off, together with a small
piece of wood beneath the bark. This method
of ** budding" is really '^grafting."

The method now used almost exclusively, and
the only one recommended for chestnuts, is splic
(tongue or whip) grafting. In this method a
• union is made with a young shoot containing one
or two buds, usually only one, and an approxi-
mately equally developed wild stock. The scion
and stock should be of nearly the same diameter,
but a perfect union may result when the stock is
larger than the scion. It is difficult to get good
grafters, and far better results are .secured bv using
**green" men and teaching them. This can be
done in a very short time. Carpenters and men

of some mechanical abili y make the best grafters,
because they make more perfect unions.

I extend a cordial invitation to anyone to visit
the groves. The latch-string is alwavs out.

C. K. Sober.

Economics of Protection.

IN putting any forested area under management,
one of the earliest considerations should be
■* the establishment of an efficient protection
from fire. In all cases an ounce of prevention is
worth many hundredweights of fire fighting. How-
ever, it may not be good economics to spend any
money at all for protection, as the returns would
not offset the outlay — as in the case of some Gut-
over lands. In general, the amount which can be
spent for the protection of any given tract, de-
pends on (i) the value of the timber, (2) the
situation — whether especially perilous, etc., and
(3) a reasonable interest on the capital invested —
say four or five per cent.

Working plans have, as a rule, recommended
certain protective measures without sufficiently
considerii.g the economics of the matter. It
comes down to a question of profit and loss which,
unfortunately, is far from simple of solution be-
cause of a great number of complicating factors.
Who can, for exam])le, correctly gauge the prob-
ability of fire running over a given tract in the
next ten years? Who can figure on the probable
soil depreciation and injury to growth which must
be set off again.st the cost of protection, or the
danger from insects and fungi ? In other words,
protection from fire secures a complexity of ad-
vantages, the economic desirability of which is
well-nigh impossible of determination in terms of
dollars and cents. And yet, however roughly,
we must make some calculations of probable profit
and loss, in order to fix, in a business-like way,
the amount which can be economically expended
for protection on a given tract.

Consider the concrete case of a lumber com-
pany operating in the southern pineries. They
desire to practice conservative lumbering, getting
an annual yield of 20,000,000 feet B.M., and
cutting over the same area every 30 years. It
costs them, say, $3,000 each year to protect from
fire the area cut over that year, which yielded
20,000,000 feet, and, in 30 years, will again yield
20,000,000 feet. This means an initial invest-
ment of 15c. per thousand board feet for protec-
tion, which, discounted at 4 per cent, to the end
of the 30 years, means $2 ])er thousand feet of
merchantable timber. Even allowing for the in-
creasing value of stumpage and lumber, $20 per
thousand would he. a very high figure for the

profit. This means that 10 per cent, of the profit
goes for protection— an extremely important item
in calculating the business economy of conserva-
tive lumbering.

Where fire protection is designed merely to
safeguard the logs during lumbering, and no at-
tempt is made to prevent fires in the cut-over
land, the expense of protection may be considered
directly as an insurance premium. "^For example, a
Pennsylvania lumber company cutting 50,000,000
feet a year, pays $2,000 annually for protecting
the merchantable timber. This means 4c. per
thousand cut, which, putting the profit at $10
per thousand, equals 5 per cent, of the profit.
This, in an endangered region, is thoroughly
sound business.

At the risk of re-iteration, this difference be-
tween conservative lumbering protection and log
protection should be strongly emphasized. It
means, in the one case, permanent forestry, and,
in the other, temporary exploitation— between
the two there is no economic similarity.

There would, however, seem to be the brightest
prospects for economically inaugurating efficient
fire protection in the various forest regions of the
United States. Stumpage prices are persistently
rising, more and more capital is being invested
in woodland, the old methods of rough -shod ex-
ploitation are giving way to conservative lumber-
ing, and the public sentiment against fires is daily
growing stronger.

One reason why adequate fire protection is so
much more difficult here than in Europe, is be-
cause of the less complete utilization of the wood
crop. Where, as in many parts of Europe, every
twig and chip is carefully gathered, the fire dan-
ger is, naturally, greatly diminished. In this
country the more complete utilization of the wood
crop which has already begun and which must in-
evitably continue, makes for a lessening of the
fire menace, and a consequent increased possi-
bility of economic, effective protection. This is
well illustrated by the pulp industry, which now
uses the small sizes of wood that a decade ago
found no market. A further case in point is the
rapid development of the ** chemical wood" in-
dustry in its various branches. They use much of
the material which formerly was left in the woods
to form a fire -trap.

J{\\ these are encouraging signs for the timber
owner who wishes to inaugurate a system of fire
protection on his holdings, and is hesitating over
the economy of such a course.

A. B. Reckna(;el.

Rapidity of Growth of Trees.

BEGINNING with a three inch sapling, the
following named varieties of trees will, in
twenty years, under favorable conditions,
attain a diameter approximately as follows : —

^in • ,.., ,, Inches.
White, or Silver, Maple, 21

American White Elm, ig

Kasswood, .• ly

Red Maple, . . . • .16

Yellow Locust, lA

Box Elder, j.

Hard Maple, .....-" j^

Red Oak, j^

Scarlet Oak, -.1^

White Ash, ... . 12

White Oak, 11

Hackberry, jq

The height which each species maybe expected
to attain is omitted here, as it will assume the
usual proportion to the diameter. — (From the re-
port of the New York Forestry Commission.)

Pennsylvania as a Lumber Producing

State.

FROM a lumber standpoint Pennsylvania is
perhaps the most wonderful State in the
Union. In points of maintained produc-
tion and of variety of output it stands close to the
head of all the States. It would be better recog-
nized as a lumber State were it not for its enor-
mous coal, iron and steel business, so that it does
not stand in the same position in the minds of the
public as do Maine, Michigan, Washington and
others and, indeed, in the lumber industry it has
not usually been credited with its due importance,
perhaps because its product has been so varied.

The early explorers in colonial times were at-
tracted most of all by the forest resources of the
territory which came to be called Penn's wood
land, and they reported with enthusiasm the won-
derful luxuriance of its forests and their great va-
riety. Hardwoods first attracted attention, and
then the white pine ; hemlock having been merely
the background of the picture until within a gen-
eration.

Back as far as 1850, when the first reliable cen-
sus figures were compiled, Pennsylvania was ac-
credited with 2,894 lumbering establishments, be-
ing exceeded in that particular only by New York.
In i860 it had passed New York and stood at the
head in number of establishments, which position
it easily maintained thereafter.''^ Undoubtedly
today there are more timber camps, saw mills and
woodworking establishments in Pennsylvania than
in any other State. Many of them, of course, are

174

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

175

small, but some of them are large. In the amount
of capital invested Pennsylvania was the leader in
i860, though in 1900 Michigan, Minnesota and
Wisconsin exceeded it. In the value of th^ lum-
ber product Pennsylvania occupied second place
in 1850, first place in i860, second place in 1870
and 1880, third place in 1890, and fourth place in
1 900. As far as volume of production is concerned
Pennsylvania seven years ago was also fourth, pro-
ducing in 1899, according to the twelfth census,
2,321,284,000 feet of lumber, of which 1,558,-
188,000 feet was hemlock, 22 1,047,000 feet white
pine, 44,614,000 feet chestnut, 342,268,000 feet
oak, 49,650,000 feet maple; the other woods
specifically reported being yellow pine, spruce,
ash, birch, cotton wood, elm, gum, hickory, bass-
wopd; poplar and black walnut.
^^Tenn-sylvania's first prominence as a lumber pro-

^ducer rested uj)on white pine. Its forests of that
wood were so situated that their products could be

. widely distributed. They covered the mountains
where originated streams flowing in divers direc-
tions. '1 he headwaters of the Allegheny and the
Susquehanna floated out white pine logs and lum-
ber by the hundreds of millions of feet, so that
Pennsylvania white pine was known not only on
the Atlantic seaboard but all along the course of
the Ohio and the lower Mississippi as far as New
Orleans. From the beginning of settlement along
the Ohio river, until twenty-five years ago, the
chief building material was white pine brought
from Pennsylvania. Cincinnati and Louisville
were great markets for this stuff, while to the east
Williamsport, Towanda and other places were cen-
ters of manufacture and distribution. Streams in
Pennsylvania, little heard of nowadays, were as fa-
mous in their time as the streams that, within the
last generation, have been familiar to the lumber-
men of Michigan, Wisconsin and 'Minnesota. The
Clarion was as famous as the Muskegon, the Tion-
esta as the Cass river, and the West Branch as the
Saginaw.

In addition, the cherry was the finest that ever
grew, while oak of several varieties, maple, poplar
and other woods abounded. It was not until the
white pine was nearly exhausted that hemlock re-
ceived much attention, but according to the 1900
census, as ()uoted above, the product of this wood
in the State reached one and a half billions of feet.
In 1890 no such census report as to varieties was
made, but it was estimated by lumbermen in the
State that the hemlock product, at that time, was
about 1,000,000,000 feet. The decade from 1880
to 1890 saw the rise of the wood to i)rominence.
Since 1899 the product has probably been declin-
ing, although, in 1905, 250 Pennsylvania mills,
perhaps not half of the total number, reported a

production of 869,000,000 feet to the American
Lumderman, as indicated in its annual publication
of statistics, while the industrial census reported
the 1904 product at 1,166,712,000 feet.

There is no way of closely estimating the total
lumber product of Pennsylvania, but considering
that its saw mill industry began back in colonial
times and that it has been growing ever since,
until within the last half dozen years, it might not
be far out of the way to say that the State has pro-
duced upwards of a hundred billion feet of lum-
ber. It has not only produced lumber but lum-
bermen, and Pennsylvania capital, muscle and
brains have had much to do with the development
of other sections. Many of the lumbermen of
Maine, who got their training in that State, but who
made fame and fortune in Michigan and Wiscon-
sin, emigrated via Pennsylvania and stopped there
long enough to add to their experience and capi-
tal. In its lumber exploitations of new territory
it has, perhaps, most favored the south, some of
its sons going to southern territory before the time
of the civil war. From eastern Pennsylvania they
drifted down the coast, and today some of the
largest operations in Virginia, North and South
Carolina and (Teorgia are due to Pennsylvania en-
terprise and thrift. More recently they have gone
into Alabama and Mississippi, while some are
found in faraway Texas and New Mexico. More
recently still they have gone to the Pacific coast.

It is perhaps worth while, at this juncture, to
emphasize the importance of Pennsylvania, both
in the past and in the present, in the lumber his-
tory of the United States, lest it should be for-
gotten that it is worthy to rank with Michigan,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Maine, Washington, Geor-
gia, Mississippi, Louisiana and other producers of
ordinary building materials, and with Ohio, Indi-
ana, Kentucky and Tennessee as a hardwood State.
Furthermore, it is likely to be a lumber producer
of importance when most of these have been prac-
tically denuded of commercial timber; for Penn-
sylvania is a State of forest rather than agricultural
land, and it has already set about the work of per-
petuating itj> forests resources in an effective way
that promises to maintain it as a producer of im-
portance for all time to com^.— The American
Lumberman.

The rotten wood of some varieties of trees, such
as beech, maple, ash, aspen and willow is used in
polishing the fine parts of Swiss and French
watches. In Switzerland it is estimated that
$4,000 of wood is annually used for this purpose.
Ordinary rotten wood is worth from 18 to 60
cents per pound, while the best quality some-
times commands $1.00 per pound.

Biltmore Forest School,

BILTMORE, N. C.

0000

The Biltmore Forest School is the
only technical school of forestry in this
country. It illustrates its teachings on
a large scale, on a tract of land owned
by George W. Vanderbilt, comprising
130,000 acres of forest. ;

The complete course covers twelve
consecutive months.
. Write for particulars, addressing

C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director,

BILTMORE, N. C.
EXPERT advice on any forestal proposition fur-
nished, and estimates of timber, valuation, surveys
and working plans 'made by

PAUL E. ARNOLD,
Consulting Foreater, GIBRALTAR PA.

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NOW READY.— (These with a * as yet unprinted.)

Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species

No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies
No. 2. Annual Fruited Oak». White Oak and Allies '
No. 3. Southern Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples of

PartII.-THE nut bearers. Numerous species

No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and
European Chestnuts.
The Walnuts. American. Japanese and European

species and varieties.
The Hickories. American species and varieties

No. 5.

No. 6.
Part III.—
No. 7.
No. 8.
No. 9.
Part IV.—
♦No. 10.
♦No. 11.
No. 12.
Part v.—
♦No. 13.
♦No. 14

♦No. 14 1
♦No. 15)

The Willows and Ptyplars. Numerous species.

The Birches, Elms and allies.

The Lindens, and allied families o/numerous species.

The Magnolia and related trees.
The Horse CheMnuts and allies.
The Maples. (Printed in advance.)

Tj)cust8 and allies of Pea Familv of several genera
Wild Cherry, Mountain Ash, Sweet Gum, Sour Gum
Persimmon. '

Ashes, Catalpns, Paidirumia, and others.

For further Information address the author, publisher and

proprietor,

GRACEANNA LEWIS,

Media, .... Pennsylvania.

Yale Univei^^tij Forest School

NEW HAVEN - - CONNECTICUT

A two years' graduate course
is ofifered, leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry.
Graduates of collegiate institu-
tions of high standing are ad-
mitted upon presentation of
their college diplomas.

The Summer School of
Forestry is conducted at Mil-
ford, Pike County, Penna.

For further information address

HENRY S. GRAVES, Director,

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

; !

CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA.

30 minutes from Broad St. Station.

BOARDINO SCHOOL FOR BOYS.

flluMtrnted Catalogue upon applieation^

JAMES L. PATTERSON,

Head Master.

BOARD OF TR US TEES :
Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., PreMdent,
Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President.
' George Woodwari^, Secretary and Treasurer.

WALTON CLARK.
JACOB S. DI8STON.
EDQAR DUDLEY PARIES.^
FRANCIS I. GOWEN. '
J. LEVERING JONES.

JAMES M. BECK.

DR. HOWARD A. KELLY.

FRANCIS D. LEWIS.

RANDAL MORGAN.

H. GORDON MCCOUCH.

RT. REV. HENRY Y. 8ATTERLEE, D.D.

JAMES R.SHEFFIELD.

176

FOREST LEAVES.

^i^f^i^c^d^Z^^hr.

ANDORRA'S

PIN OAKS

A justly popular tree is the Pin Oak. It presents points which dis-
tinguish it readily from other Oaks, and it is undoubtedly the most valuable
variety for all practical purposes. The foliage is dense, finely divided, ot
a beautiful shining green that colors to sparkling red and yellow in Fall.
The tree is easily transplanted and grows well on wfet or dry ground ; is,
in fact, the quickest-growing of all the Oaks. As an avenue tree it is un-
equalled. It is also a good street tree, and one of the best for park planting.

This desirable tree will thrive in all sections
of the United States, in all soils and situations.
Our stock (over 30,000) of this Popular Tree
is clean and healthy, with plenty of fibrous roots.

EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN.

OUR BOOKLET "MORE SPECIALTIES:' 3d EDITION. DESCRIBES THESE AND MANY OTHERS.

SPECIAL OFFER.

REMEMBER! EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN!

Each Per lo Per loo

6 to 7 ft. Stocky Trees, $i oo $8 50 $40 00

7 to 8 ft. " " I 25 ,0 00 50 OQ

8 ^° 9 ft. " , " I 50 12 50 55 00

9 to 10 ft. '« •• 2 00 17 50 60 00

10 to 12 ft. ♦* •• 2 5^, 22 5^ ^^^^

Prices on Larger Specimens on application.

Send for SPRING PRICE LIST and booklet " HINTS ON PLANTING."

ANDORRA NURSERIES,

WM WARNER HARPER, Prop. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Vol. X. Philadelphia, December, 1906. No. 12.

Published Bi-Monthly by the

PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

loia >Valnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Ofl5ce as second class matter.

CONTENTS.

Editorials

Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania f'orestry
Association .•••;

President's Address Pennsylvania Forestry Association

iieport of the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

Keport of the General Secretary

Treasurer's Report

Celebrated Cypress Trees

Idaho Forest Reserves

Report of Committee on Arbor Day Planting, 1906

Forestry Law Declared Unconstitutional

News Items in Regard to the Department of Forestry of Penn-
sylvania

A Practical School of Forestry

Damages for Butchering Trees

Railroad Ties Used in 3905

A Forestry Revival in Great Britain

Consumption of Tanbark in 1905

177

178
180
181
182
183
184
184

185

186

188
188
189
189
190
190

Subscription, $1.00 per Year.

T7u attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages
^ FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur-
nished on application.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,
" Founded in Junk, 1886,

Labors to disseminate information in regard T5 tKe necessity and
methods of forest culture and pi^servation, and to secure the enact-
ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and
National.

Annual member ship fee. Two dollars.

Life membership, Twenty-five dollars.

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended
to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become
members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership
Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila.

President, John Birkinbine.

Vice-Presidents, Wm. S. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis,

Richard Wood.

General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.

Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler.

Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast.

Council- at- Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, Charles
Hewett.

Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W.
FrazJer, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul.

Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman : Mrs. George F Baer,
Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Charles
W. Freedley, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, Dr. Samuel Wolfe,
and Hon. S. P. Wolverton.

Law, Hon. W.N. Ashman, Chairman; Henry Budd, Charles
Hewett, and John A. Siner. , „. , o t^ ^

Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott,
Alfred S. Haines, Alfred Paschall, and Harrison Souder.

Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Mrs. George T. Heston.
Miss E. L. Lundy, William S. Kirk, J. Franklin Meehan, and
Abraham S, Schropp.

County Organization, '^iTcm.Vi^X Marshall, Chairman ; Eugene Ellicott,
James C. Haydon, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Richard Wood.

Officb of thb Association, iota Walnut St.. Philadblphia.

EDITORIALS.

THE December issue of Forest Leaves has
been held so as to include the proceedings
of the Annual Meeting. The Publication
Committee feels that no apology is required for
giving to its readers the reports, which form an
important feature of the Annual Meeting, as
promptly as possible.

The readers of Forest Leaves may well be
gratified at the prevailing tone of all the reports,
which is to the effect that the Association is in a
prosperous condition, with a moderate money
balance on the credit side of the ledger, and that
the forestry cause throughout the State of Penn-
sylvania is in an advanced position as compared

with other States.

*****

The report of the Secretary of Agriculture for
i9o6ycontains an interesting account of the na-
tional forest policy. In area the reserves were
incr^sed during the fiscal year 1905-6 from
85,693,422 to 106,999,138 acres. In revenue
they brought in $767, 2 19. 96 as against $60, 142. 62
for the previous year. In timber sales they were
disposed of for immediate use or early removal
nearly 300,000,000 board feet of lumber at stump-
age prices ranging up to $4 per thousand (be-
sides other material to a large value), as against
96,060,258 board feet, with a maximum price of
$2.50 per thousand in 1904-5, and 69,257,710
board feet in 1903-4. By provision ofXongress
10 per cent, of the gross receipts from the re-
serves shall be made over to the several States in
which they are situated for the benefit of the *
counties which would otherwise receive no reve-
nue from a part of their area. As time goes on
the counties will find themselves far better off
I than they would have been without the reserves.
I There is now standing on the reserves not less
than 300,000,000,000 board feet of merchant-
able lumber.

178

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

179

Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

THE Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association was held in the room
of the Association, 1012 Walnut Street,
Philadelphia, on Monday, December loth, at
3.30 p.m., President John Birkinbine in the
chair.

The reading of the minutes of the last annual
meeting was dispensed with, and the Presidential
Address, Reports of the Treasurer, General Sec-
retary and Council, which will be found on other
pages of this issue, were then read.

The following report of the Special Legislative
Committee was presented : —

Report of the Special Legislative
Committee.

In the judgment of the Special Legislative
Committee, it has been found that under the
Charter of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association
it cannot hold land in different portions of the
State for park and forestry purposes. It would
seem that the first mentioned would more properly
come under the Park Associations, while in the
latter lands could be donated to the State, under
the control of the Forestry Department, and be
for the benefit of the citizens at large.

In regard to forest fires, the Committee would
recommend the following : —

In order to protect timbered areas from fire it
shall be the duty of every railroad company, or
person operating a railroad m this State, which
runs through forest lands or land subject to forest
fires, to have its track gangs, during the danger
seasons in the fall and spring, burn the leaves and
debris on the right of way, or on wooded areas
controlled by the railroad company, for a distance
of 100 feet on each side of the right of way, see-
ing that the fires so started are properly extin-
guished.

Where the railroads pass through or border on
the State forest reserve lands the railroads shall,
on written request from the State Forestry Reser-
vation Commission, take such other precautions
against fire as the public interest demands.

The locomotives shall also be equipped with
spark -arrestors or other adequate device to prevent
the throwing of sparks or cinders from the stacks
of the engines.

As the law whereby 80 per cent, of the taxation
on forested land in tracts of 50 acres or less has
been declared unconstitutional, it is recommended
that the laws in regard to taxation be so modified
that the tax shall not be burdensome and will en-

courage reforestration. Also, that further consid-
eration of this subject be again taken up by this
Committee in conjunction with the Law Com-
mittee.

A preamble and resolutions, which were pre-
sented at the Wilkes-Barre Meeting, and referred
to the Committee, are endorsed. These are as
follows: —

Whereas, Public safety demands isolation and
care of those who are suffering from pulmonary
tuberculosis ; and Whereas, No system of hos-
pitals or sanatoria can ever meet fully the large
requirements of the case ;

Therefore be it Resolved, That it is the hope of
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association that our
next General Assembly will, under proper restric-
tions, offer suitable portions of our State forest
reservations as sanatoria for the people, and espe-
cially for those who are suffering from pulmonary^
tuberculosis, and will provide means whereby
some adequate practical work in this direction caa
be done.

Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation requests that the next General Assembly^
place the care of the roads which run through or
border upon the State forest reservation lands,
under the direction of the State Forest Reservation.
Commission or the Highway Department, and
provide funds to repair and maintain them in
creditable condition.

The Committee also requests the Association to
authorize it, in connection with the Law Commit-
tee, to recommend such changes as may be neces-
sary in the By-laws and Constitution of the or-
ganization.

Mr. James P. O'Laughlin spoke of the defective
laws of the State. That parties cut timber on:
State lands, as the limits are not well marked..
When tried, they are fined three times the value
of the timber cut as punishment, but the smaller
trees were not protected, it being claimed they
were not timber trees. He thought there should
be some penalty by means of fines for breaking
and cutting small trees under 4 inches or 6 inches
in diameter. He also expressed the opinion that
railroads could not be compelled to burn the leaves
on the right of way, as this was owned by the
companies, being private property.

Mr. Alfred Gaskill stated that a somewhat similar
law had been tried in New York, but thought that
if this were enforced, then the railroads would be
relieved of all responsibility for damages, whereas
the responsibility should be increased. A good
taxation bill is hard to frame, and expert advice is
necessary. In New Hampshire, the claim was
made that the timber limits in the northern part
were not taxed high enough. The assessed value

J

i

was raised to $15,000,000, and this would make
it impossible to keep this section forested.

On taking up the report of the Special Legis-
lative Committe, it was approved, with the ex-
ception of the paragraphs in regard to forest fires
and of the care of public roads, which were re-
ferred back to the Committee for further consid-
eration.

The following resolution was presented and
adopted : —

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, having
a membership of 1500, heartily endorses the
efforts in behalf of establishing two forest reserves
in the eastern portion of the United States, to be
known as the White Mountain and Appalachian
reserves, and authorizes its officers to append the
name of the Association to the petition to be
presented to the House of Representatives in
Washington in behalf of these reserves.

Messrs. Gaskill and Russell were appointed
tellers of election, and, after counting the ballots,
declared the following officers elected to serve
during the ensuing year.

President, John Birkinbine.
Vice-Presidents, Wm. S. Harvey,

James C. Haydon,

Albert Lewis,

Richard Wood.
General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock.
Pecordinjs^ Secretary, F. L. Bitler.
Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast.

Council. * •

At Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe,

Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn,
Charles Hewett.
Adams County, C. E. Stable.
Allegheny Countv, Wm. A. Baldwin,

H. M. Brackenridge,
Hon. Geo. W. Guthrie,
George M. Lehman,
Henry Phipps, Jr.,
Wm. Wade.
Armstrong County^ R. M. Moore.
Beaver County, J. S. Duss.
Berks County, Mrs. George Brooke,

J. H. Stembergh.
Blair County, Jos. S. Sillyman.
Bradford County^ C. S. Maurice.
Bucks County, Mrs. Geo. T. Heston,
Alfred Paschallj
Dr. Howard Pursell.
Butler County, Wm. Campbell, Jr.
Cambria County, Hartley C. Wolle.
Cameron County, Charles F. Barclay.
Carbon County, M. S. Kemmerer.
Centre County, Prof. Wm. A. Buckhout.
Chester Countv, Henry T. Coates,

Alfred S. Haines,
Wm. S. Kirk,
Samuel Marshall.
Clarion County, Jos. M. Fox.
Clearfield County, John E. DuBois.
Clinton County, Wm. P. Mitchell.
Columbia County^ John R. Townsend.

Crawford County, George Frank Brown.

Cumberland County, Frank C. Bosler.

Dauphin County, Miss Mira L. Dock,

E. C. Felton.

Delaware County, Samuel A. Cfozer,

Charles Potts,
William Trimble,
Chas. S. Welles.

Elk County, N. T. Arnold.

Erie County, Isaac B. Brown.

Fayette County, Hon. Nathaniel Ewing.

Forest County, Samuel D. Irwin.

Franklin County, Geo. H. Wirt.

Greene County, A. H. Sayers.

Huntingdon County, Mrs. William Dorris.

Indiana County, M. C. Watson.

Jefferson County, S. B. Elliott.

Lackawanna County, G. Edgar Dean, M.D.,

Hon. L. A. Watres.

Lancaster County, J. H. Baumgardner,

Prof. E. O. Lyte.

Lebanon County, Mrs. Bertham Dawson Coleman.

Lehigh County, Dr. William Herbst.

Luzerne County, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe,

Sidney R. Miner,
Gen. Paul A. Oliver,
Gen. H. W. Palmer,
Col. R. Bruce Ricketts,
I. A. Stearns.

Lycoming County, Hon. J. Henry Cochran,

Dr. B. H. Detwiler.

McKean County, F. H. Newell.

Mercer County, Jonas J. Pierce.

Mifflin County^ Frank G. Kennedy, Jr.

Monroe County, Edwin R. Booth.

Montgomery County, Dr. J. M. Anders,

Dr. H. M. Fisher,
W. W. Frazier,
Dr. J. Newton Hunsbei^er,
Prof. J, Shelly Weinberger,
Dr. Samuel Wolfe.

Montour County^ Isaac X. Grier.

Northampton County, John Fritz,

Dr. J. S. Hunt,
Abraham S. Schropp.

Northumberland County, G. R. Van Alen.

Perry County, Mrs. John Wister.

Philadelphia County, Hon. W. N. Ashman,

Henry Budd,
J. Franklin Meehan,
Henry Howson,
J. Rodman Paul,
Albert B. Weimer,
Dr. W. P. Wilson.

Pike County, Arthur M. Adams.

Potter County, Arthur B. Mann.

Schuylkill County, Wm. L. Sheafer,

Heber S. Thompson.

Somerset County, H. D. Moore, M.D.

Sullivan County, S. E. Dunn.

Susquehanna County, Edgar A. Turrell.

Tioga County, H. I. Fick.

Union County, Andrew Albright Leiser.

Venango County^ Jamei". Denton Hancock.

Warren County, Hon. H. H. Cumings.

Washington County, Wm. Parkison Wame.

Wayne County, Alonzo T. Searle.

Westmoreland County ^ Hon. Lucien W. Doty.

Wyoming County, James W. Piatt.

York County, Dr. I. C. Gable.

On motion adjourned.

180

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

181

ii

President's Address Pennsylvania
Forestry Association.

THE reports of the Council, Secretary, Treas-
urer and Committees present the status of
the forestry movement at the close of an-
other year, and it is gratifying to recognize pro-
gress in every direction. That the people of the
United States are alive to the necessity of caring
for forests and encouraging their extent is evi-
denced by the favor with which additions to the
reserves of the Nation and of States are received.
Advanced sentiment, which sustains laws for pre-
venting fires and for punishing those who cause
them, is also a symptom of active public interest,
and the liberal support given by Congress to the
United States Forest Service, and by the Pennsyl-
vania Legislature to the State Forestry Reservation
Commission, demonstrate that the movement has
a strong hold on public sentiment.

This Association has for over two decades car-
ried forward a campaign of education through the
medium of Forksj' Leaves, and has been vigilant
and aggressive in securing legislation, but has not
sought credit or glory. It has never desired that
its roll of 1,500 of the best citizens of the State
should become a partisan power, for the cause
espoused is deserving of, and should receive, sup-
port from all good citizens, independently of
political faith. The aim of those who have di-
rected the policy of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association has been to keep it aloof from parti-
san or factional politics, and it should be so
maintained. Recognizing the beneficent object of
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association and its sin-
gleness of purpose, the press of the State has with
remarkable unanimity supported the movement to
secure full protection for existing forests and to
encourage the planting and care of additional
wooded areas.

Governor Pennypacker will retire from office
with appreciation from all interested in forest
care and protection, for during his entire term he
has been in sympathy with the efforts of the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association, and has encouraged
the work of the Commissioner of Forestry.

During successive administrations the support
of the Chief Executive of the State has cordiallv
been given to the cause of forestry, and there
is every reason to expect this to receive the co-
operation of Governor-elect Stuart. The acts
passed by several Legislatures, which have given
Pennsylvania its progressive forestry laws, will
also be sustained by the General Assembly, which
meets in January, if its members are informed of
the favor in which their constituents hold the
forestry movement.

While we may be pleased that the work of the
Association has been so well endorsed, and satis-
fied with the outlook, we dare not permit our
efforts to cease. On the contrary, the advanced
position which forestry has taken in Pennsylvania
should spur our activities — for our State is in the
van and should hold this place. Some of the for-
estry laws which have been passed have been con-
sidered defective by courts, some are opposed by
powerful influences. Hence it is our duty to co-op-
erate in correcting any apparent deficiencies in
laws, to assist in procuring additional protection
for our forests which may appear necessary, and
to combat efforts to neutralize or retard the ad-
vance of true forestry. The Association must
support the Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation
Commission in its purpose to enlarge the State
forest reserves, and continue the progressive
administrative policy which seeks to prevent
forest fires, which practices propagation of seed-
lings and tree planting on an extended scale,
which recognizes the value of education of forest
caretakers, and which establish sanitaria for the
unfortunate. All or some of these may need the
continued support of the friends of forestry in the
State.

At the Twentieth Anniversary Meeting of the
Association in Wilkes-Barre there was much con-
gratulation upon the work accomplished in Penn-
sylvania, for which our organization is more or
less responsible, for this has not been duplicated
in any other State. In numbers, in age as a con-
tinuing organization, in freedom from debt, in in-
fluence, and in results accomplished, the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association may justly claim leader-
ship— a position won without aid, and in some
cases in the face of discouragement from sources
which were justly looked upon for support. It is
perhaps better that the Association received no
** coddling" from without, for it is the stronger
for self-reliance. For a score of years it has sent
encouragement to others through the medium of
Forest Leaves, and it will continue to support
all just measures, whether by National or State
governments or organizations, to protect existing,
or to propagate new forests, and to administer
reserves on a business basis.

The strength of a movement may be a weak-
ness if this strength admits of jealousies, or self-
advancement, the power of numbers may prove a
hindrance if the object which brings these num-
bers into association is obscured by personal
interests. Gratification over results accomplished
fades rapidly if endeavor is chilled by satisfac-
tion. Therefore while each member may review
with pride the Association's record and status,
this should be accepted as a stimulus to further

1

k

effort. Much has been accomplished — there is
much yet to be done, and the united efforts of
all friendly to the cause of forestry are required to
maintain the ground won and increase its value.

Report of the Council of the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association.

PURING the year the forestry movement in
Pennsylvania has made progress, much of 1
its energy being devoted to the endeavor
to disseminate practical information in regard to '
the judicious caring for existing timberland, and I
reforesting cut over lands.

In 1906 the State forest reserves have been
added to from time to time as desirable tracts
could be secured, the present acreage actually
owned being 740,000 acres, with 80,000 acres addi-
tional contracted for. The first of the students at
the State Forest Academy have now completed the
course at that institution and are available for use
in caring for, improving and utilizing the State's
forest domain. Good results have also been se-
cured at the State nurseries. At the State Sana-
torium at Mont Alto, and also at the Mountain
Side Sanatorium for paid patients, situated a short
distance from the former, many have been dis-
charged as cured of the dreaded tuberculosis.
The details of the work of the Forestry Depart-
ment of Pennsylvania will be given in Dr. Roth-
rock's report, and will not be further referred to
here.

The continued interest in forestry is evidenced
by the almost universal observance of Spring and
Fall Arbor Days, particularly by the schools, and
to stimulate this it was thought advisable to offer
prizes for tree planting. The Council therefore
made an appropriation of $100 for awards for the
best examples of tree planting on the Spring
Arbor Days, taking into consideration the care
bestowed on them until Fall when the prizes were
awarded. Notices of such action were sent to all
the newspapers in Pennsylvania to insure pub-
licity. The Committee of Awards in making its
report stated that 388 trees had been inspected,
which were planted, and entered in the competition.
The Twentieth Anniversary Meeting of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association was held at
Wilkes-Barre, Pa., June 4th to 7th inclusive. All
present enjoyed the instructive papers presented
at the three sessions of the Association, the exam-
ples of practical scientific forestry seen on the
excursions, and the many courtesies shown by the
local members.

At this meeting two important subjects were
discussed, namely, ( i ) taxation of woodlands and

cut over tracts which are being reforested, and
(2) forest fires. The first named is at present
inimical to forestry, for, as a rule, the taxes levied
are so heavy as to force the owner of timbered
areas to remove the product in order to obtain
value from the land, and when cut over the rate
of taxation was not lowered sufficiently to offer a
fair remuneration to encourage reforesting.

There are now on the statute books of Penn-
sylvania acts passed by Legislature of 1905 rebat-
ing a portion of the taxes on timber tracts having
at least 50 trees to the acre, which measure at
least 8 inches in diameter at a height of 6 feet
above the ground, also on lands which had been
cut over and were being reforested, on which
there are at least 300 trees per acre. This rebate
was, however, limited to 80 per cent, of the
taxes, and not to exceed 45 cents per acre. In
the first mentioned act the reduction was not
allowed on more than 50 acres, and in the last
300 acres.

Judge Cameron, of Tioga County, in the Septem-
ber term of Court, declared that the first mentioned
act of April 8, 1905, was unconstitutional because
it violates article IX., section i of the Constitution
that **A11 taxes shall be uniform upon the same
class of subjects." That the provision of the act
allowing a rebate destroys the uniformity of taxa-
tion in that it only applies to tracts of 50 acres
and under, and also, so far as its effects are con-
cerned, it offends uniformity of taxation unless
the 80 per cent, of the taxes assessed against the
lands within the legislative description amounts
to exactly 45 cents per acre. When considered
in connection with existing laws the act is impos-
sible of practicable application. Judge Cameron
also states that it would cause trouble in the case
of special cash taxes levied by the Court of Quar-
ter Sessions, causing delay and depriving the
county or district of the necessary funds for car-
rying on the machinery of government. Under
this ruling it is also probable that the act giving
a rebate of taxes on sprout lands would also be
unconstitutional.

These two important subjects of taxation and
forest fires will be reported on at this meeting by
a Special Committee on Legislation, and your
earnest attention and co-operation in carrying
out the recommendations outlined are requested.
With the coming of the New Year the Legisla-
ture of Pennsylvania will meet in its biennial ses-
sion, and our members should be ready to advise
the representatives and senators as to the desir-
ability of wise, or the danger of hostile forestry
legislation, especially advocating the suggestions
of the Special Legislative Committee.

182

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

183

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At the commencement of the year there were
on the rolls of the Association 1529 persons,
since then 91 have united with the organization
and 96 were reported deceased, resigned or were
dropped, leaving a total of 1524. The number
of members who passed away during the year
was especially great, many of these being con-
nected with the Association for long periods.
The severest loss was that of our Corresponding
Secretary, Mrs. J. P. Lundy, who, with Mrs.
Coxe, was the originator of the organization in
1886, and her earnest, unselfish, untiring energy
and counsel in the cause of forestry will be
missed. A determined effort should be made to
secure new members for the Association, thus in-
creasing its usefulness.

Our thanks are also due to the press, the wo-
man's clubs, and others who have been earnest
advocates of forestry.

F. L. BiTLER,

Recofding Secretary,
Report of the General Secretary.

THE year 1906 has been in many respects a
memorable one for our Association. The
twentieth birthday of the organization has
just passed, and though, in years, this represents
but a brief period, yet in work accomplished it
stands for a splendid record of achievement.

The work of the State Department of Forestry,
which is the outgrowth of the missionary work
done by this Association, has passed through its
period of development, is well advanced in casting
into final shape the Forestry Reservations of the
Commonwealth, and has now undertaken seriously
forest planting. During the past season not less
than one hundred and fifty thousand young white
pines were placed in their final position for forest
production. Henceforth the annual planting will
run up, it is hoped, into the millions.

The first black walnut plantation in our forest
reserves, containing about three thousand vigorous
young trees, is now well started, and in a most
promising condition.

One extensive nursery of forest trees is in
successful operation, and another is being started.

In addition to this, the State Forest Academy
has graduated and placed at work on State reserves
its first class of young men, who are prepared
to yield an intelligent service in care of the State
lands.

Then, too, not least in our record, is the fact
that the South Mountain Camp Sanatorium for
indigent citizens of the State who are suffering
from pulmonary tuberculosis has not only surpassed
its good work of earlier years, but has already

attracted the earnest attention of experts from
other States, because of the idea upon which it is
based, i.e.^ to place these sufferers into inexpen-
sive shelters in regions where good water and
good air can be found, and supervise them so that
they shall not become sources of infeption to
others, but have them provide their own food and
bedding. This is the original idea, and upon it,
for nearly three years, the camp was successfully
managed, with results which were astonishing to
all who took the trouble to investigate. It is
evident that the camp idea is here to stay. A
distinguished physician, who is in charge of one
of the most celebrated sanatoria of Colorado,
writes: **The work in this connection is of un-
usual interest, and opens up a wide field which
had never occurred to me before." Another
gentleman, a well-known writer, in the Adiron-
dacks, says of the South Mountain Camp Sanato-
rium : *' it is probably the most cheaply founded,
and, at the same time, the best natural sanatorium
in the world. ' ' The camp has also commanded
the favorable consideration of many of our most
advanced workers in the field of public charity.
We may well be satisfied that the camp idea for
cure of tuberculosis on a large scale originated and
received its first notable impulse in a Pennsylvania
forestry reservation. It cannot fail to strengthen
the forestry sentiment in this State when it is
recognized that the reservations are to be thus
utilized as outing grounds for sanatorium purposes,
in addition to being used for timber production,
which had hitherto been regarded as their only
function.

Having thus started in our purpose of protecting
the forest cover of the State, it is of vast import-
ance that we lose none of the ground already
gained. A blundering policy may lead to conse-
quences so serious that half a century will not
repair the damages. The campaign of education
should still be vigorously continued, because,
without legislative help, progress is impossible,
and this help, properly enough, can only be
depended upon when public sentiment is clearly
with us.

There is now before the Department of Forestry t
in Harrisburg the task of restoring to* a timbered
condition at least a million acres of the area of
this State. It should be vigorously undertaken,
as a task to be thoroughly hurried through. Suf-
ficient young trees should be had, and a large
force employed to accomplish this within the least
possible time. To do anything less would be to
trifle with the needs of the future, and, worse
still, it would be trifling with those natural forces
which, through flood and fire, are impoverishing
the Commonwealth.

\

I

To accomplish this requires the expenditure of
money. We may as well look this problem
squarely in the face. Forestry cannot be success-
ful here or elsewhere unless it can be made to pay
ultimately interest and principal, and it never can
do this unless the trees planted can be protected.
There should always be sufficient force available
to arrest those who start forest fires or who steal
State timber.

I have elsewhere urged that there should be a
warden for each five thousand acres, and a super-
intendent, to whom these wardens should report,
for each twenty thousand acres.

Nursery work is vastly important, but it is no
less important that in every part of the State's
holdings the little forest tree seed bed should be
started. It is an inexpensive means of placing in
the ground young seedlings, in good condition,
just when they are needed, and by means of which
the warden, on his daily rounds, can plant out
thousands of young trees each year.

My friend and colleague on the Commission,
Mr. S. B. Elliott, as a member of the committee
appointed by the chair at the Wilkes-Barre meet-
ing to consider the matter, is now bending his
energies to so change the laws governing the
taxation of standing timber, that we shall no
longer place a premium upon the destructicm of
it. No doubt his associates are also giving serious
attention to this most important matter. At pres-
ent, our laws upon this question are unwise, unfair
and destructive to the continued prosperity of the
State, because it can be shown that a liberal pro-
portion of forest land to cleared land is necessary
to every interest of the State. We need the forest
to equalize the flow of water in the streams, to
nurture the wood-working industries, to preserve
such meteorological conditions as will favor the
growth of our crops. The forest is more impor-
tant to the State than to its owner. Yet we tax
the standing timber on the one hand, and fail to
protect it on the other hand, until the owner can-
not afford to hold it. We drive him to cut his
trees, and thus force him to impoverish the Com-
monwealth. Such a policy is not only unphilo-
sophical and unstatesmanlike, but it is insane.
I bespeak for the bill presented by the committee
your earnest co-operation with your legislators
when this bill is before the Legislature.

The forest fire problem we have ever before us,
and while it is true that conditions have within
recent years been greatly improved, it is also true
that they can be still vastly changed for the better.

Within a few days I have seen a destructive
forest fire caused by hunters who carelessly, I sup-
pose, dropped an unextinguished match among the
leaves of the forest floor. There is no longer any

excuse for this. Public sentiment is now so mark-
edly favorable to the forestry work, that I have no
doubt it would justify the authorities for refusing
a hunting license to any one who had previously
started a forest fire, and treating such a one as a
trespasser when ever found on the State forest
reservations.

Respectfully submitted,

J. T. RotHROCK.

Treasurer's Report.

THE fiscal year of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association ends December, i, 1906, and
the statement of finances on that date was
as follows:

Treasurer' s Statement to December /, igo6»

Dr.

To balance on hand December i , 1905, . . %\\27^ \2
Cash, annual dues to November 30, 1 906, . 2183 10
Cash, donations and subscriptions, . . 255 25
Cash, sale of Forest Leaves and advertise-
ments, ....... 98 00

Cash, rent and office expenses paid by City

Parks' Association, .... 20I 25

Cash, interest on Life Membership bonds and

deposits, ...... 178 19

Cash, Life Membership fees, . . . 225 00

Cash, sale of badges, . . . . . 95 79

Cash, County Branch dues, , . . 28 00

Total,

. . . ;S>4387 70

Cr.

By cash, sundries, postage, office rent, etc., . ^479 10

PubHcation of Forest Leaves, .

Assistant Secretary's salary.

Official Badges, . . . . .

Meetings, ......

Life Membership fund,

Membership Committee, expenses of, .

Committee of Award, expenses of.

944 17
600 00

10 50

"7 59
225 00

145 37
7>Z 95

Invested, 1 204 78

Balance on hand December I, I906, . . 627 24

Total, $4387 70

Forest Leaves Fund.

Invested, $1859 42

Life Membership Fund.

Invested, $2835 00

Cash on hand, . . . . . . 50 00 ^

Invested,

;J>2885 00
General Fund.
$1788 15

Charles E. Pancoast,

Treasurer.
Audited and found correct.

William S. Kirk.
Albert B. Weimer.

184

FOREST LEAVES.

Celebrated Cypress Trees.

THE Cypress genus is represented by ten or
twelve aromatic trees and shrubs in North
America, the South of Europe, the East
Indies, China, etc.

The wood of the cypress is hard, close grained,
and very durable. Owing to its durability it was
used for mummy cases and images of the gods, a
statue of Jupiter carved out of cypress is stated by
Pliny to have existed 600 years without showing
signs of decay. The doors of St. Peter's Cathe-
dral at Rome were made out of cypress, and when
removed by Eugenius IV. were about 1,100 years
old, but in an excellent state of preservation.
Laws were engraved on cypress by the ancients,
and objects of value preserved in receptacles of it.
The cypress was regarded as a symbol of the
dead, and was perhaps for that reason sacred to
Pluto. Its branches were placed by the Greeks
and Romans on funeral pyres, and in the houses
of departed friends. In Turkish cemeteries it is
said to be a striking feature in some places, one
being planted for each interment.

The cypress of Somna in Lombardy, Italy,
according to an ancient chronicle of Milan, is
believed to have been in existence in the time of
Julius Caesar. It is said to be about 121 feet in
height, and 23 feet in circumference, one foot
above the ground. Napoleon in making the road
over the Simplon deviated from a straight line in
order to leave it stand.

At the village of Atlisco in the State of Puebla,
Mexico, is a cypress described by the Archbishop
Lorenzana, who states that the tree is hollow,
and the cavity in the trunk might contain 12 or
13 men on horseback. "

Probably the largest cypress tree in the world
is in the churchyard of the village of Santa Maria
del Tule, about 5 miles south of the City of
Oaxaca in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, about 10
miles from the ruins of Mitla. Two illustra-
tions of this tree, presented in this issue, were
taken by Mr. C. B. Waite, of the City of Mexico,
which is stated is now 154 feet 2 inches in circum-
ference, 6 feet above the ground. This probably
follows the interstices of the tree, as Baron Hum-
boldt on the authority of his informant, M. Anza,
says that at that time the trunk was 118 feet in
circumference. Mr. Exeter gives the circumfer-
ence as 46 varas or 122 feet. In neither case is
the height above the ground at which the meas-
urement is taken given. Mr. Galeotti, who visited
it in 1839 and 1840, measured it carefully at a
height of 4 feet above the ground, and found the
circumference to be 112 feet. The tree was then
said to be 120 feet high, and showed no signs of

decay. A tablet is placed on the tree which is so
overgrown by the bark that only a piece of it can
be seen with a part of von Humboldt's name on it.

The enormous branches which spring out of
the trunk some 30 feet high, make it appear
as if there were 3 or 4 trees united, although
as one bark encircled the whole grand trunk there
is little doubt of its being a single tree. Various
estimates have been made of the age of the gigan-
tic tree of Santa Maria del Tule, and De CandoUe
states that it can scarcely be less than 4,000 years
old, and may possibly be nearer 6,000 years.
The views show it to be still strong and vigorous,
evidently good for many more centuries of growth.

Mr. Exeter claims there are some cypress trees
near the ruins of Palenque, about the size of the
big tree of Tule. ..^ ^

Some magnificent cypress trees are growing in
the gardens of Chapultepec in the City of Mexico,
and in a future issue pictures of these trees will
be presented.

All of the Mexican trees mentioned are of a
different type from those found in Europe and the
United States.

Idaho Forest Reserves.

A NUMBER of additional forest reserves
have been created in Idaho. The new
reserves embrace 7,686,186 acres, which,
added to- the previous reserved area, gives a grand
total of 18,324,426 acres. Ardent advocates of
forest reserves should be willing to admit that this
acreage should be sufficient to conserve the water
supply. The reserved area represents about 34
per cent, of the total land of the State.

Provision has been made for the entry and set-
tlement of those lands which are adaptable for
agricultural purposes.

A list of Idaho's forest reserves, including
those created November 6 and 7, 1906, is as fol-
lows : —

Created Prior to November 6, igo6.
Acres.

Bitter Root, .
Priest River,
Pocatello,
Yellowstone,
Sawtooth,
Weiser, . .

3,860,960

541,160

49,920

177,960

1,947,520

1,059,520

Henry's Lake,
Payette, . .
Cassia,
Bear River, .

Total, .

Acres.
798,720
1,460,960
326,160
415*360

10,638,240

Created November 6 and 7, igo6.

Coeur d' Alene,
Kootenai,* .
Salmon River,
Sawtooth,* .
Raft River, .

Acres.
2,331,280 ' Lemhi,

165,242 Priest River,*
1,879,180 ,
1,392,640 Total, .

293,044 Grand Total,

Acres.
. 1,344,800
280,000

. 7,686,186
. 18,324,426

* Additional.

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INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

FOREST LEAVES.

185

1

Report of Committee on Arbor Day
Planting, 1906.

THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association will
appreciate the opportunity that has been
afforded through its ** Arbor Day Prize
Award ' ' of coming in close touch with some of
the many persons who quietly and persistently
throughout our State are endeavoring to practice
the ideals held by this society.

Your Committee believes that you will be espe-
cially interested in the truly patriotic efforts made
by some of our public school teachers, and in
some interesting experimental work, which is val-
uable as an object lesson, but which, had it not
been for the offer of your Arbor Day prizes, might
have been but locally known.

When the Pennsylvania Forestry Association
celebrated its Twentieth Anniversary by offering
Arbor Day prizes to the value of $100, the con-
ditions imposed were, that the awards were to be
based on the conditions of the trees, on or about
the Fall Arbor Day.

After the Award Committee was appointed the
work was divided geographically.

Prof. David Emmert of Juniata College, Hunt-
ingdon, consented to report on plantings in Bed-
ford and Huntingdon Counties, and Mrs. C.
Lewis, President of the New Century Club, Wya-
lusing, on the Wyalusing planting.
. Monongahela was reported by Miss Grimes, as-
sisted by Miss Teeters and the Chairman.

Mr. Wirt and Mr. McFarland, who represented
respectively a large experience in planting aiid
prize awarding, served as referees ; all reports be-
ing submitted to them separately, and conferences
were also held with them.

Of a total of 388 trees planted by the prize-
winners, all but 18 were of valuable species, and
on October 25th, 357 were living and 337 in good
condition.

After most careful work, your Committee rec-
ommend the following schools and individual
planters as entitled to an award : —

To the First Ward School, Monongahela, for
special interest in planting, and efforts to care for
trees under difficult conditions. 36 trees planted.
S15.

For special care given to the 10 best individual
trees by children of the Second and Third Ward
Schools of Monongahela. 56 trees planted. $10.

To the Tower City School District, Tower City,
Schuylkill County, Pa., for special interest and
successful planting under unfavorable soil condi-
tions. 59 trees planted. $15.

To Mr. J. Wilson Weaver, Saxton, Bedford
Co., Pa., for successful experiments in reforesting

by plantations of valuable species of native trees.
100 walnut and 75 ash trees planted. $15.

To Asa K. Mcllhenny, and Bath Public Schools,
for exercises of special interest and originality at
Bath, Pa., on Arbor Day, 1906. One hickory
tree. $15.

To Mrs. Kate L. Shoemaker, Hollidaysburg,
Blair Co., Pa., for meritorious example of road-
side planting, with valuable species of native
trees, i walnut, 38 sugar maples, planted. $10.

To Mr. Charles Van Allen, Coolbaugh, Mon-
roe Co., Pa., for successful farm and roadside
planting of valuable species of native trees. 20
sugar maples planted. $10.

To the Wyalusing High School, Wyalusing,
Bradford Co., Pa., for special interest taken by
pupils in Arbor Day Work, April, 1906. 3 trees
planted with interesting exercises. $10.

As the offer of awards was for plantings of the
sprirg of 1906, your Committee has been unable to
show, in concrete form, its appreciation of note-
worthy planting in former years by three of the
contestants, Mr. J. Wilson Weaver, Mr. Asa K.
Mcllhenny, and Mr. Charles Van Allen, in the
latter case extending over thirty years.

Your Committtee recommends the awarding of
prizes be continued, and will submit suggestions
in regard to so doing.

It seems proper here to say that if prizes con-
tinue to be awarded by this Association, special
prizes of stated sums might be named after per-
sons no longer living, whose memory is insepar-
ably connected with tree life, as the Lundy prize,
the Sterling Morton prize, John Bartram, Thomas
Meehan, etc. Respectfully submitted,

MiRA L. Dock, Chairman,
Helen Grimes
J. H. McFarland,
I. C. Williams,
Geo. H. Wirt.

President Roosevelt in his Annual Message to
Congress makes the following remarks in regard to
forestry, advocating reserves in the east as well as
in the west. He says : —

** Much is now being done for the States of the
Rocky Mountains and Great Plains thru the de-
velopment of the national policy of irrigation and
forest preservation ; no Government policy for the
betterment of our internal conditions has beea
more fruitful of good than this. The forests of
the White Mountains and Southern Appalachian
regions should also be preserved ; and they can
not be unless the people of the States in which
they lie, thru their representatives in the Con-
gress, secure vigorous action by the National
Government."

f

186

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

187

ii

Forestry Law Declared Unconstitutional.

IN Forest Leaves for June, 1905, the full text
was given of an Act passed by the Legisla-
ture and approved by the Governor on April
S, 1905. This law provided that an owner of
land having on it forest trees averaging not fewer
than 50 trees to the acre, each of said trees to
measure at least 8 inches in diameter at a height
of 6 feet above the ground, no portion of the land
being absolutely cleared of trees, upon making
proper affidavit through the county commissioners
to the assessors, is entitled to receive a rebate
€qual to 80 per cent, of all taxes, both county and
local, assessed on such land, or so much thereof
as shall not exceed in all the sum of 45 cents per
acre, but no one property owner is entitled to re-
ceive said rebate on more than 50 acres.

Under this act Mr. Tubbs, of Osceola, Tioga
County, filed an affidavit that he was the owner of
50 acres of land, which would come under the
above-mentioned act, on which he was assessed
;g59.o8, and demanded the rebate of 80 per cent,
of the taxes for 1906, or as much thereof as did
not exceed 45 cents per acre.

Tioga Township contested this claim, and pre-
siding Judge Cameron, before whom the case was
tried in the September, 1906, term, handed down
the following decision, which is given through
the courtesy of T. & J. W. Johnson Co. from the
advance sheets of the Pennsylvania Court Re-
ports : —

The defendant refused to allow the rebate on
the ground that the act above quoted is unconsti-
tutional in that it violates Art. IX., Sec. i, of the
Constitution, which is as follows: **All taxes
shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects,
within the territorial limits of the authority levy-
ing the taxes, and shall be levied and collected
under general laws ; but the general assembly
may, by general laws, exempt from taxation public
property used for public purposes, actual places of
religious worship, places of burial not used or held
for private or corporate profit, and institutions of
purely public charity."

To emphasize the exceptions just named, and
to put beyond question this restriction upon the
legislature in the matter of exempting property
from taxation, § 2 provides that **all laws ex-
empting property from taxation other than the
property above enumerated shall be void. ' '

The provisions of the act allowing a rebate of
eighty per centum in certain cases therein de
scribed, destroys uniformity of taxation in that it
only applies to tracts of fifty acres and under ;
and so far as its effects are concerned, it offends
against uniformity of taxation unless eighty per

centum of the taxes assessed against the lands
within the legislative description amount to ex-
actly forty-five cents per acre. Adjoining owners
may each own fifty acres within the legislative
description, one tract assessed at thirty dollars an
acre and the other at seventy-^iive dollars an acre.
If the rebate on the tract assessed at thirty dollars
amounts to just forty-five cents per acre, he will
be entitled to the rebate. If it amounted to less
than forty-five cents per acre, he would not get a
rebate of forty-five cents. If the eighty per
centum rebate on the tract assessed at seventy-five
dollars amounted to more than forty-five cents per
acre, he would not get the eighty per centum re-
bate. This law then would apply, so far as the
amount of the rebate per acre is concerned, only
to cases where the rebate would amount to exactly
forty-five cents.

To illustrate : '* A *' owned thirty-five acres of
land within the legislative description assessed at
thirty dollars per acre ; the total tax levy is
twenty-six mills on the dollar. The taxes on one
acre assessed at thirty dollars multiplied by the
twenty-six millage rate equals seventy-eight cents ;
of this seventy-eight cents the act provides that
**A" is entitled to eighty per centum rebate,
provided said eighty per centum does not exceed
on all taxes levied the sum of forty-five cents per
acre ; now eighty per centum of seventy-eight
cents equals sixty-two cents, and sixty-two cents
is seventeen cents in excess of forty-five cents —
the maximum limit fixed by the act.

On account of the rate of assessment combined
with the millage rate of taxation on ** A's" acre
of land, we find that seventeen cents of his taxes
cannot be allowed under the eighty per centum
rebate provision because eighty per centum of
seventy-eight is seventeen cents in excess of forty-
five cents, the maximum limit. **A," then,
instead of being allowed eighty per centum rebate
on his acre of land, is allowed fifty-seven per
centum rebate.

Take another illustration: *'B" owns land
within the legislative description with the same
tax levy of twenty-six mills, which is assessed at
nineteen dollars per acre. One acre assessed at
nineteen dollars multiplied by twenty-six, the
millage, equals forty-nine cents — the total taxes
per acre on *'B's" land. Eighty per centum of
forty-nine cents equals thirty-nine cents, the
amount of rebate to which **B** is entitled on
every acre. As thirty-nine cents, the amount of
rebate to which ** B " is entitled, does not exceed
the maximum limit of forty-five cents per acre,
** B " is then entitled to the whole of his eighty
per centum rebate. ** C " owns one hundred and
fifty acres within the legislative description, with

a twenty-six mill tax levy assessed at thirty dollars
an acre. As in the case of ''A," '* C " is enti-
tled to fifty- seven per centum rebate on fifty acres
of one hundred and fifty acres amounting to
forty-five cents per acre, and on the remaining
one hundred acres *' C " pays one hundred per
centum of the taxes of seventy-eight cents per
acre. We thus have three distinct taxes on for-
ested lands owned by **A," '<B,*' and ''C."
*'B" pays twenty per centum of the twenty-six
mill tax levy ; ** A " pays forty-three per centum
of the twenty-six mill tax lexy, and **C" pays
forty-three per centum of the twenty-six mill tax
levy on fifty acres of his one hundred and fifty
acres, and pays one hundred per centum on the
remaining one hundred acres.

Take another illustration : ' ' A " owns fifty
acres of land within the legislative description,
upon which he pays twenty per centum of the
taxes levied, he being entitled to the eighty per
centum rebate ; * * B " owns one thousand acres
of land within the legislative description. ** B "
pays twenty per centum of the taxes levied upon
fifty acres and one hundred per centum of the
taxes levied upon nine hundred and fifty acres.

Thus we see * ' A " is entitled to a rebate of
eighty per centum on all taxes levied on his lands
of a certain kind, whereas **B" is entitled to a
rebate in the aggregate of four per centum from
the taxes levied on all of his lands of the same
kind.

When considered in connection with existing
laws, the act is impossible of practicable applica-
tion.

We wish to call attention to the fact that the
provisions of the act in question relating to the
rebate apply to all taxes levied.

This must include special cash taxes which may
be levied by the court of quarter sessions upon
any township of the county at any time during
the year. This being the case, the county com-
missioners, who are charged with the preparation
of the tax duplicates for the collectors of taxes,
and who are also charged with the notations
thereon of the amount of rebate to be allowed
any taxable claiming the same upon timber lands,
cannot perform those duties without possible vio-
lation of the act in depriving certain persons en-
titled thereto to their proportion of the rebate, if
the commissioners make up the tax duplicates any
time before December 31 in each year. To delay
thus in putting out the duplicates would be mani-
festly impracticable, as the county and other tax
levying districts would be deprived of necessary
funds for carrying on the machinery of govern-
ment. And such a course would also be in flat
violation of the provision of law requiring the

duplicates to reach the hands of the collectors not
later than August i in each year. If the dupli-
cates are delivered to the collectors the first day of
August each year, this leaves five months of the
year in which special taxes may be levied upon
which no rebate could be allowed, as there is no
authority in the collector to allow any rebate
under the provisions of the act in question. In-
deed, the collector has no means of knowing,
from the face of his duplicate, who are and who
are not entitled so such rebate, as the assessor and
county commissioners are the only officials having
any knowledge of any claim for rebate under the
act' being considered.

The county tax is levied early in January, the
local tax early in March, the school tax any time
during the month of June, after the first Monday,
special cash tax any time during the year. A de-
duction of five per centum for prompt payment is
allowed on local taxes from the date of their levy
to June I ; the face of the tax is payable from
June I to November i, five per centum being
added after November i . A similar deduction is
allowed on county taxes for payment within sixty
days of the advertisement by the collector. The
face of the tax may be paid during the four months
following the sixty days, and five per centum is
added after the expiration of four months.

The amount of tax depending on the time of
payment, the county commissioners cannot know
what amount of rebate on any individual tax
should be noted on the duplicate.

Any attempt to apply the act leads to inextric-
able confusion.

For all these reasons we are constrained to the
conclusion that the act is unconstitutional and
cannot lawfully be enforced.

L. C. Hill, the horticultural agent of the Gulf,
Colorado and Santa Fe road, in an interview,
stated that in ''East Texas, in the counties
of Jasper and Newton, a gentlemen has leased
something like 10,000 acres of pine covered land
for the purpose of gathering the sap from the
trees and opening up a turpentine distillery. Mr.
Hill has long been an advocate of this industry
in Texas, at he is confident that its success will
be proven after the necessary experiments, and
some two or three years ago attempted to interest
some parties in the proposition, but was unsuc-
cessful."

The only obstacle which has confronted the
experimenter so far is that of the labor prob-
lem.

I

188

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

189

^

News Items in Regard to the Depart-
ment of Forestry of Pennsylvania.

IN accordance with a late resolution of the
Forestry Reservation Commission, a forest
nursery will be established in the near future
in Tioga County. A suitable location for it is
now being selected, and when obtained, prepara-
tions will be made to start work on it next
Spring.

All of the available stock in the Mont Alto
nursery will be planted on the South Mountain
Reservation, and it may be necessary to purchase
seedlings and plant elsewhere until the new nur-
series are in condition to furnish young trees.
Thus far, 200 pounds of white pine seed has been
purchased for nursery planting, and it is expected
to secure more while it is in the market. Efforts
are also being made to raise large numbers of
black walnut, white ash, white hickory, white
oak, red oak and tulip poplar.

A forest nursery was established this fall at the
Greenwood Furnace in the forestry reservation on
the edge of the Seven Mountains, in .the north-
eastern section of Huntingdon County. This
nursery is in charge of State Forester, Wm. L.
Byers, and all his efforts since leaving the Forest
Academy have been directed toward getting a
large quantity of the seeds of the forest trees in
that locality, either putting them directly in the
nursery, or holding for planting in the Spring, i
The Greenwood nursery is expected to furnish
seedlings for most of the lands in the large Cen-
tral Reservations, as at places much planting will
have to be done in this reserve.

Some experiments will be shortly undertaken
with the growing of coniferous trees not native to
Pennsylvania, but of rapid growth, and valuable
for timber purposes. Among these may be men-
tioned the Rocky Mountain form of Douglas Fir,
the Norway Spruce, as well as some other species
not yet determined upon. Experiments will be
conducted in broadcast sowing and planting of
seedlings, to determine the percentage of good
growth in both cases, together with the expense,
so that the results obtained can be used for the
purposes of comparison, and serve as a guide for
the future work of the Department.

At the present time the State of Pennsylvania
actually owns in fee simple about 740,000 acres
of forest reserve land, with contracts outstanding
for the purchase of 80,000 acres additional, most
of which will come into the reservations within a
couple of months. Many offers of large holdings
are received from time to time, and where the
lands adjoin present holdings are bought if the
title is good and the price satisfactory. In new

localities it is not desired to start reservations
unless an area of at least 10,000 acres can be
secured as a nucleus.

A Practical School of Forestry.

DURING a visit to the Pacific Coast last
winter, it was my good fortune to find a
School of Forestry in Portland, Oregon,
and to learn that even in a region of unsurpassed
forests — a region where it appears to be the con-
clusion of many that they have timber to burn, at
all events they burn it — there is a profound con-
ception, by some, of the necessity for caring for
the future as well as the present. This school is
in some way — I did not inquire just how —
connected with or is under the auspices of the
Young Men's Christian Association of Portland,
and is held in their rooms. Its aim is to give
instructions to lumbermen, mill-workers, owners
of timber lands, cruisers, foresters and wood-
workers, and, in all respects, is thoroughly prac-
tical. Its last term ran from January loth to
March 28th. Twelve sessions were held during
the time, at which lectures were delivered on the
most important features of forestry, ranging from
what forestry is, through forest industries and
products, forest finances and management, eco-
nomics of forestry, forestry as a profession, to
logging methods. Manufacturing, transportation
and other important points were likewise discussed
and considered.

It was with great pleasure that I attended one
of the sessions and had an opportunity to learn
what they were doing, and to tell them of the
deplorable condition of our forests in the Eastern
States, and admonish them to care better for the
future of their' s than we had for our's.

The direction of this practical school is in the
hands of Mr. Edmund P. Sheldon, and, as I
understand it, he originated and organized it, and
the credit for the work is due him. Mr. Sheldon
is Secretary of the Oregon Lumber Manufacturers'
Association, with headquarters at Portland, Ore.
He had charge of the Pacific Coast exhibit of
Forest Products at the St. Louis Fair, and also at
the Lewis and Clark Exposition at Portland. For
a time he was connected with the United States
Government Service, and is thoroughly conversant
with the forests of the Pacific Coast. He is the
author of a work entitled, T/ie Forest Wealth of
Oregon, which gives the best and most complete
description of the forest trees and shrubs of that
portion of our country that I have ever seen.
These are described in such plain words that one
not familiar with technical botanical terms can
comprehend and understand them.

While this school does not claim to give a full
course in forestry, yet its scope and effort is to
impart such practical information as every one
having an interest in that important subject sorely
needs. It is educating, in a practical way, those
who most need the education, but who, for various
reasons, are unable to secure more, and it also has
a tendency to create an interest in the minds of
the people at large. If the Young Men's Chris-
tian Associations in the east should follow the
example of the one in Portland much good might
come from it, or if our high schools throughout
the State should have one or two lectures on the
importance of caring for our forests each term,
or even once a year, great good could result.

S. B. Elliott.
Reynoldsville, Pa.

Damages for Butchering Trees.

A VERDICT of much importance to property
owners and civic improvement workers
was recently returned by a jury in Judge
Park's division of the circuit court at Kansas City,
Mo. Mrs. Ella S. Betz was awarded judgment
for $200 against the Kansas City Home Tele-
phone Company, whose employes had cut the top
out of one of her shade trees. The testimony
showed that the tree, a fine poplar, six inches in
diameter, interfered with the telephone wires,
and the workmen, without consulting Mrs. Betz,
chopped out the top and centre of the tree and it
died.^ This was in May, 1904. Mrs. Betz sued
for $300. Another decision of a similar nature
is reported in the October issue of Village Im-
provement. Mr. N. C. Brown, of Asheville, N.C.,
got a Supreme Court decision that the Asheville
Electric Lighting Company, even after it had
provided itself with the permission of the super-
intendent of streets, afterward approved by the
board of alderman, could not ignore his protest
and cut a tree standing on the outer edge of his
sidewalk. Mr. Brown sued the company for
damages, and the jury awarded him a verdict for
$499. Of course, the case was appealed, but the
judgment of the State Supreme Court, as sum-
marized by the American Telephone Journal, was
that while the city had the power, under its char-
ter, to control streets and sidewalks and to remove
obstructions when necessary, it did not, when it
condemned land for highway purposes, acquire a
title to the land, but merely a right of way over
it, so that the plaintiff was still the owner of the
tree. — Park and Cemetery,

Railroad Ties Used in 1905.

CIRCULAR No. 43 of the Forest SerN^ice
gives the statistics collected by Mr. H. M.
Hale, Forest Assistant, from returns fur-
nished by the various railroads.

Production.

The total number of ties reported is 77,981,227,
switch ties being reduced to an equivalent num-
ber of cross-ties. Of the total number of ties pur-
chased, 14,459,521, or approximately 18.5 per
cent, were for use in the construction of new
track, leaving 63,521,706 for renewals. Assum-
ing that the unreported 2.9 per cent, of trackage
required ties in the same proportion as the re-
ported trackage, the total number of ties purchased
by the steam railroads of the United States in
1905 was 81,562,150. Estimating 10,000,000
additional ties for the electric lines, the total
number of ties purchased last year in the United
States was, in round numbers, 91,500,000.

The table below shows the average cost and
the total value of the various kinds of ties. The
values given are based upon reports of represen-
tative roads in each region and are for ties deliv-
ered on the right of way.

Value of Ties Purchased by Steam Railroads of the
United States in igoj.

Kind of Wood.

Oak

Pine

Cedar

Chestnut ,

Red fir

Cypress

Tamarack

Hemlock

Redwood

Western larch.

Spruce

Birch

Keech

Maple

Miscellaneous.

Total

Number.

Average

Cost per

Tie.

Total.

34,677,304

$0.55

18,351,037

0.42

6,962,827

0.44

4,717,604

0.48

3,633,276

0.33

3,483,746

0.33

3.060,082

0.36

1,713,090

0.33

590,852

0.20

311,120

0.45

148,168

0.35

35,500

0.40

34,227

0.40

25,500

0.40

236,894

0.48

119,072,517.20

7,707,435.54
3,063,643.88

2,264,449.92

1,198,981.08

1,149,636.18

1,101,629.52

565,319.70

118,170.40
140,004.00

51,858.80

14,200.00

13,690,80

10,200.00

113,709.12

77,981,227 i $36,585,446.14

The table shows that oak, the greater part of
which is doubtless some variety of white oak,
furnishes 44.5 per cent., or almost one-half, of
the total number of ties. Assuming that the
average tie contains 30 feet, board measure, the
amount of timber represented by the white-oak
ties is over one billion board feet, or approxi-

190

FOREST LEAVES.

FOREST LEAVES.

191

;■ '

4

il

■'\

1 1
ill

mately one-fourth of the total amount of oak
lumber produced in one year, according to the
Twelfth Census. Nearly all of the oak is con-
verted into hewed ties, only 12.6 per cent, being

sawed.

Pine ranks next in importance, with 23.5 per
cent. , and while it can not be definitely stated
just what proportion should be assigned to the
various species, it is certain that more than
three-fourths of the pine ties are southern yellow
pine. The white and Norway pines should be
credited with from 3 to 4 per cent, and the west-
ern yellow pine of the Rocky Mountain and Pa-
cific Coast regions with from 17 to 18 per cent.
The statistics show that 7,510,000 ties, or nearly
10 per cent, of the total number purchased, were
given a preservative treatment of some character.

A Forestry Revival in Great Britain.

AND now it is England's turn to sit on the
anxious seat and brood over the coming
of a timber famine, bearing in its train
disaster to countless industries. A hundred years
ago the government ceased paying any attention
to home forests as a source of timber supply.
There were almost twenty million acres of waste
land in the United Kingdom ; which, had they
been planted with timber trees — following the
example of continental countries, some of which
had even earlier discerned the necessity of State for-
ests— would now be furnishing a perennial supply
of lumber. But the need was not then felt ; and
shortly afterward the introduction of steam navi-
gation and iron ships made even the famed British
oak obsolete as a necessity for the navy. All
sorts of timber could be cheaply imported from
abroad. So, while the imports of lumber grew
and grew, the home product declined to insignifi-
cance. Such waste lands as were reclaimed were
given to agriculture or parks. The dream was
that the supply to be obtained from America and
elsewhere was inexhaustible.

But now, when the British consumption of im-
ported lumber has grown to the enormous figure
of about $150,000,000 annually, word is passed
along the line that the permanency of the foreign
supply can no longer be depended upon. Associ-
ations in the United States demand a prohibition
of all further exports of lumber as a measure of
necessity to the continued existence of many
American industries. For the supply obtainable
in Canada and Scandinavia, Britain must now
compete not only with continental Europe, tree-
less China and Japan, but with the United States,

whose manufacturers will ' ' butt in ' ' powerfully
to keep their shops going.

So at the eleventh hour, England turns to the
consideration of home forestry. Plans are now
under discussion for the organization of a na-
tional forestry board, and for the appropriation
of many million of pounds sterling to the plant-
ing of trees. And ** experts" recommend the
planting of pines and firs as two of the trees
whose *' rapid growth " will bring the earliest re-
turns in merchantable lumber! — Maxwell's Talis-

man.

Consumption of Tanbark in 1905.

MR. H. M. HALE, Forest Assistant, in
Circular No. 42, gives the consumption
of tanbark in 1905, based upon the
reports of 222 firms operating 477 tanneries.
The total amount of bark reported is 1,104,045
cords, of which hemlock constitutes 799>755
cords, or 73 per cent., and oak 304,290 cords, or
2 7 per cent. The average price per cord reported
for hemlock bark is $6.32, and for the oak bark

! $10.44, making a total value of $8,232,457.

The tanneries of Pennsylvania lead in the •
quantity of bark purchased, the total being
428,709 cords, of which 379,806 cords were
hemlock and 48,903 cords oak. This is nearly
double the quantity of bark purchased in Michi-
gan, the State which ranks next in importance.

i In the purchase of oak bark Virginia holds first

I place, with 73,871 cords.

In addition to bark and chemicals, the tanneries

I use large quantities of extracts made from hemlock
and oak bark and chestnut wood, together with a
considerable amount of imported quebracho and
gambler. Sumach leaves and palmetto extracts
are also used to some extent.

Not only have substitutes for bark been found,
but the processes in use have been greatly im-
proved, so that in the best equipped tanneries at
the present time from 20 to 30 per cent, more
leather can be tanned with the same amount of
bark than was possible a few years ago.

On behalf of the State forestry commission of
Vermont, Ernest Hitchcock, commissioner, has
submitted to the governor a report showing that
4,000,000 acres of land in the State are of a
character suitable only for timber growth. At
present this acreage is nonproductive, but Mr.
Hitchcock claims that if handled properly a
revenue of $1 to $2 an acre could be realized
annually.

Biltmore Forest School,

BILTMORE, N. C

0000

The Biltmore Forest School is the
only technical school of forestry in this
country. It illustrates its teachings on
a large scale, on a tract of land owned
by George W. Vanderbilt, comprising
130,000 acres of forest.

The complete course covers twelve
consecutive months.

Write for particulars, addressing

C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director,

BILTMORE, N. C.
gXPERT advice on any forestal proposition fur-
nished, and estimates of timber, valuation, surveys
and working plans made by

PAUL E. ARNOLD,
Consulting Forenter. GIBRALTAR, PA.

I^BZ^IS* TREB CHKRTS.

The whole series consists of fifteen numbers, divided into
PARTS of three numbers each. They may be purchased singly
—by the part,— or by the full series, at the prices named below.
More than half of the series has already been printed. The
drawings are completed, and the remaining charts will be pub-
lished at the earliest practicable date. One thousand paid sub-
scriptions of $6.00 each would insure the immediate publication
of the whole series.

TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE.

Price of single number, 50 cents each.
Price of Part, $1.40 each.

A liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education or
others purchasing in large numbers.

NOW READY.— (These with a * as yet unprinted.)

Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species.

No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies
No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies.
No. 8. Southern, Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples of
Extinct Oaks.
Part II.— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species.

No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and
European Chestnuts.
77i« Walnuts. American, Japanese and European

species and varieties.
The Hickories. American species and varieties.

No. 5.

No. 6.
Part III.—
No. 7.
No. 8.
No. 9.
Part IV.—
•No. 10.
•No. 11.
No. 12.
Part V.—
•No. 13.
•No. 14

The Willows and Poplars. Numerous species.

TTie Birches, Elms and allies.

The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species.

TTie Magnolia and related trees.
The Horse Chestnuts and allies.
The Maples. (Printed in advance.)

Locusts and allies of Pea Family of several genera.
Wild Cherry, Mountain Ash, Sweet Oum, Sour Qum,
Persimmon.
•No. 15) Ashes, (kitalpaA, Pauloumia, and others.

}

For llirther information address the author, publisher and

proprietor, -

GRACEANNA LEWIS,

Media, - - - - Pennsylvania.

Yale HniVEP^itig hmi ^Ghool

NEW HAVEN - -CONNECTICUT

A two years' graduate course
is ofifered, leading to the de-
gree of Master of Forestry.
Graduates of collegiate institu-
tions of high standing are ad-
mitted upon presentation of
their college diplomas.

The Summer School of
Forestry is conducted at Mil-
ford, Pike County, Penna.

For further information address

HENRY S. GRAVES, Director,

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY,

CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA.

30 minutes from Broad St. Station.

BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOTS.

niuatrated Catalogue upon applieation,

JAMES L. PATTERSON,

Head Master*

BOARD OF TRUSTEES:
Rt. Rey. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., President.
Samuel F. Houston, Vice-President.
Georob Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer.

WALTON CLARK.
JACOB 8. DISSTON.
EDOAR DUDLEY PARIES.
FRANCIS I. GOWEN/.
J. LEVERING JONES.

JAMES M. BECK.

DR. HOWARD A. KELLY.

FRANCIS D. LEWIS.

RANDAL MORGAN.

H. GORDON MCCOUCH.

RT. REV. HENRY Y. 8ATTERLEE, D.D.

JAMES R. SHEFFIELD.

192

FOREST LEAVES,

ANDORRA'S

PIN

: A justly popular tree is the Pin Oak. It presents points which dis-
tinguish it readily from other Oaks, and it is undoubtedly the most valuable
variety for all practical purposes. The foliage is dense, finely divided, ot
a beautiful shining green that colors to sparkling red and yellow in Fall.
The tree is easily transplanted and grows well on wet or dry ground ; is,
in fact, the quickest-growing of all the Oaks. As an avenue tree it is un-
equalled. It is also a good street tree, and one of the best for park planting.

This desirable tree will thrive in all sections
of the United States, in all soils and situations.
Our stock (over 30,000) of this Popular Tree
is clean and healthy, with plenty of fibrous roots.

EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN.

OUR BOOKLET "MORE SPECIALTIES." 3d EDITION, DESORiBES THESE AND MANY OTHERS.

SPECIAL OFFER.

REMEMBER! EVERY TREE A SPECIMEN!

Each ' Per lo Per loo

6 to 7 ft. Stocky Trees, $i oo $8 50 $40 00

7 to 8 ft. •♦ " I 25 10 00 50 00

8 to 9 ft. " " I 50 12 50 55 00

9 to 10 ft. " " 2 00 17 50 60 00

10 to la ft. " " a 50 22 50 75 00

Prices on Larger Specimens on application.

Send for SPRING PRICE LIST and booklet " HINTS ON PLANTING."

ANDORRA NURSERIES,

WM. WARNER HARPER, Prop. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILADELPHIA, PA.