Title: Forest leaves, v. 13 Place of Publication: Philadelphia Copyright Date: 1911 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg061 .4 /^3 if* i£t. flergu»m ^f^a-g out how the mill may profitably market a part of what now goes to the burner in sawdust, slabs and trim- mings. Statistics of the wood-using industries of Mas- sachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina and Wis- consin, lately gathered by the Department of Agriculture in co-operation with these States, show that of their total sawmill output 36 per cent, is used in the form of rough lumber, and 64 per cent, is manufactured into other forms of output. If the same ratio holds for the entire country as for these States, about 13 billion feet of lumber is used yearly in rough form and 23^ billion feet is further manufactured. This is the first time that detailed figures have been obtained on this subject. The study which has yielded these figures has also in view to ascertain what commodities are made wholly or partly of wood, the various kinds of wood used, their origin and cost, as well as other data of value to the growers of timber and to the sellers and buyers of lumber. In making up the figures, lumber used as bridge timbers, house frames, farm fences, trestles, board walks, walls and similar classes of struc- tures, with only such cutting and fitting as is given it by carpenters, was classed as rough lumber ; that made into flooring, finish, siding, sash, doors, frames, panels, stairs, boats, vehicles, boxes, bask- ets, turnery, wooden-ware, cooperage, musical instruments, farm implements, furniture, spools. handles, and like forms, was placed in the class of finished lumber. The present aggregate population of the four States is estimated by their respective State offi- cials to be 9,155,975 ; the population of the United States in round figures is 90,000,000. The average lumber cut in the four States for 1907 and 1908 — the one an active, the other a dull year — was 3,753,293,000 feet, and for the United States it was 36,740,261,000. Calcula- ted on this basis, the ^per capita use of sawn lumber in the four States was 410 feet, and in the United States 408 feet. The per capita use in the four States of lumber further manufactured was 263 feet. These figures indicate^a lavish use of lumber in the United States, for our per capita consumption is from three to ten times that of the leading nations of Europe. ** Professor Somerville's paper before the British Association on the timber supply shows that the world is steadily approaching a timber famine. Already Britain pays each year ^25,000,000 for wood ; Germany, with nearly twelve times the area of forest possessed by Britain, annually pays ^12,000,000 for imported timber; and, although the United States of America exports wood and wood products to the value of ;^2o,- 000,000 per annum, she has to pay as much foi imports. In Europe, Sweden and Russia are, of course, the chief timber-exporting countries, but in both cases the vast inroads on supplies is seri- ously felt, and exports are being appreciably re- duced. There are, of course, Canada and Siberia, but in Canada, at all events, wood is being used up at a rapid rate." :.t.'> Some Recent Phases of the Forestry Problem. -^^ UNTIL within a year most men of culture believed, I St. That forests conserve the waterfall. 2d. That forests tend to prevent freshets. 3d. That they tend to lengthen the period during which snow lies on the ground unmelted, and, in so doing, diminish the danger of sudden freshets. 4th. That forests tend to moderate extremes of temperature. 5th. That forests directly diminish soil wash from the surface. Our faith in these time-honored beliefs has, * Lecture delivered by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, at Lehigh University, as part of the lecture course on forestry. • CO ? UJ UJ > z UJ " I- ^ CO F UJ Zo/ FOREST LEAVES. 9 however, been rudely shaken by a labored paper I prepared and read by a no less distinguished | person than Prof. Willis Moore, Chief of the National Weather Bureau. Prof. Moore distinctly takes issue upon each of these conclusions, and either dissents entirely from them, or casts serious doubts upon them. However startling such an announcement may be to our scientific creed, we may not lightly cast it aside, for utterances from so distinguished a source must command our respect, in spite of the fact that by a strange coincidence the revelation of our errors was made just at the time when it could be most effectively used as a spur to legis- lation in our National Capital. Whether fair, or unfair, to do so, it has been urged that this co- incidence was not accidental. I do not offer any opinion upon this aspect of the problem. Nor, as a matter of fact, have I formed any opinion upon it. I do, however, dissent from every one of Mr. Moore's conclusions. We may consider our first and second theses as parts of the same proposition, and standing to each other in the relation of supplement and com- plement. Therefore we affirm that forests do pre- vent freshets because they increase the absorbing capacity of the 'surface, and by so doing much diminish the **run off" of the rainfall. I will endeavor to make this clear by the facts which Mr. Moore absolutely failed to refer to in his paper, and from which one might infer that temperature had no bearing upon the volume of water absorbed by the earth. Fortunately, I can put my argument in concrete form. In eastern Pennsylvania the winter of 1909 set in after a prolonged drought. The soil was so dried out that, when ploughed, it was almost in a dusty condition, as was noted by our farmers. Springs and wells, which were regarded as **never failing," ceased to flow. It is, therefore, fair to assume that the soil was in a most receptive con- dition for rain or snowfall. On December 13th, there was in Chester county (of this State) a phenomenal rainfall of two and seventy-eight one hundredths inches, and in addition some little snow before Christmas ; most of this moisture being speedily absorbed by the thirsty earth. On Christmas day the dry condition of the country was already marked and commented upon. But on that day there came a snow which on the level measured from sixteen to eighteen inches in depth. This was followed by freezing weather. The mean temperature of the 28th was 21° ; on the 30th the mean was 10° ; on the 31st it was 17°, and the cleared ground was frozen solidly to a depth of several inches. The new year opened with a thaw. The snow melted rapidly, though •not entirely, for it was a large deposit. I now noted two things. First, that in the forest, under cover of the fallen leaves and the superficial humus, the soil was not frozen at all and that the ground was absolutely permeable to water; second, that in the open field, whether the snow remained on the surface or not, the surface was solidly frozen and that there was no possibility of the water going into the ground in any great quantity. I would remark here in passing that water from the melting snow on the open ground was, for the most part, absorbed by the remaining snow which was transformed into ** slush." The only exception that I could find to the statement that the surface of the open ground was frozen was where there was an unusually dense mass of long grass covering it. The thaw was broken by a falling temperature on January 4th, when the mean temperature was to°. This alone prevented a considerable rise in our streams. From this until January i8th, the mean temperature was at or below the freezing point, except on Janu- ary 6th it was 33°. On the iSth, however, it rose to 40°. For four days, until the 2 2d, it was well above the freezing point, and at the same time there was a considerable rainfall at Mont Alto in Franklin county, to which point my observations were then transferred. In spite of the thaw I found the surface of the open ground still frozen and impervious to water, though in the woods less than one hundred feet distant, the ground under the leaf litter was not frozen and I could push a cane down more than a foot into the earth with ease. During this thaw and rain, the snow on the open ground, on the mountain plateau (altitude 1,650 feet), was melting and pouring off in a flood, overflowing roads and producing a torren- tial condition, the like of which I had not seen there before during a residence of six years. The drainage of the forest land was by another stream, which was but slightly swollen, and then only after a longer period of thaw. The comparison here could be easily and effectively made. From January 2 2d until February 6th, the tem- perature varied but little above or below the freezing point. The open ground was still frozen. From February 6th to 25th the mean temperature was below the freezing point thirteen days, and the surface of the fields remained frozen. **The breaking-up of the winter" happened on February 27th. From the head waters of our great rivers vast volumes of water were poured into the channels. Most of this came from the open grounds, because the surfaces were frozen. \ ZoZ 10 FOREST LEAVES. Comparatively little came from the woodland, because the melting snow there was still being absorbed; and the tributary streams were but little swollen. There was along the north branch of the Susquehanna a flood which would have satisfied Mr. Moore fully, in his requirements as to what constitutes a flood. There is a sequel to this statement. From | March ist until April 17th (almost seven weeks) but one and thirty-seven hundredths inches of rain fell at West Chester. Spring farm operations | were halted because of the drought. Shortage of j water for home purposes was commonly experi- j enced. If we could have had the water which ; ran ofl* in the spring flood, it would have been a ! godsend. It is not too much to say that what prevented a disastrous condition in early April, | was the water saved by the forest lands at the time the floods originating on the cleared areas were hastening out of the State, leaving a deso- lated surface behind them. Mr. Moore's allegation that forests increase the severity and frequency of floods by maintaining an even surface of snow instead of allowing it to concentrate in smaller areas by drifting, seems to be completely set aside by the well-known fact that in the greater part of this State, at least, the snow remains in the mountains from five to ten days after it has left the open grounds. In the relation of forests to soil erosion, Mr. Moore's conclusions seem to me to be not only erroneous, but positively vicious, in their ten- dency. There is no cultivated region having slope enough to convey a distinct current to a main channel in which erosion does not occur after a heavy rain. The severity of the erosion, other things being equal, will depend upon the steepness of the slope. Every turbid stream is carrying away the tribute of the farms to the flood. This is distinctly visible at times, when the water coming from the forested lands is still transpa- rently clear. I have studied the West Branch region during several periods of severe freshets, and found that, under similar conditions, the streams from the cleared ground became muddy, hours and often days, before those from the forest land. And bear in mind, gentlemen, that in such cases mud is the measure of the damage being done by erosion. No one believes that even when the entire sur- face of a country is covered with forests, there will be a satisfactory stage of water in the streams during periods of exceptional drought. All that is claimed is, that the forests hold back what water falls, and that this limits the number and fre- quency of freshets on the one hand, and, on the other hand, in so doing reserves water for the drier period. The region on the banks of the Aroostook river (Maine) is practically w^holly in a forest condition ; yet there are freshets there, and at the present time the river and its tributary streams are reduced to their lowest terms. There always have been stages of high and low water, and there always will be ; but their number and severity will be reduced in proportion to the size of the wooded areas. Do forests moderate climate? This is fairly a mooted question. The answer in great part depends upon our view of it. First, if we con- sider protection against the direct action of the storm a factor in the problem, they undoubtedly do. It is a matter of common observation that the occupants of houses or barns, living under the shelter of a belt of timber on the windward side, require less heat and food to maintain a comfort- able existence than those not so protected. This is especially noticeable in our western prairie States. This, however, is simply because the pro- tection prevents the heat of the body from being carried away, and is probably not because of any great increase of temperature due to presence of the trees. Experienced campers always seek the shelter of the woods for their winter camp. The second, wider and more scientific aspect of the problem, is : — Do forests furnish heat or increase the temperature? Professor Worthley, of the State Forest Academy at Mont Alto, has furnished the following interesting data for the period from June to October (both included), 1910. Obser- vations over a longer period are required to be entirely satisfactory. I Deductions from Summary (graphic and tabular). Curves. I. The maximum daily air temperature is lower in the woods than in the open. II. Wood's air is cooler than open air at 5 p.m., the time at which readings were made. III. The minimum daily air temperature is lower in the open than in the woods. IV. The daily range of temperature is less in the woods than in the open during summer. This diff*erence in range lessens rapidly with the approach of winter and the falling of leaves. V. Wood's soil is cooler in summer and warmer in winter than soil in the open. Note the crossing of lines during September ; this reversal will be emphasized by November's report ; in addition, it means a contrast when air temperatures are equalizing, late in the day, 5 p. m. Daily ranges in soil temperatures would doubtless show much greater differ- ences. £^>3 FOREST LEAVES. 11 Moisture. VI. During hot months, wood's air is more humid than open air; this condition is reversed with the appearance of cold weather and fall of leaves, which latter (leaves) doubt- less increase the humidity of wood's air. VII. Fess rain reaches the ground in the woods than in the open, probably aiding in form- ing the relations mentioned above. VIII. Evaporation occurs more slowly in the woods than in the open. Combine this with VI. and the trees must be credited with break- ing up air-currents and so checking evapora- tion, in other words conserving the moisture which falls, and which they themselves transpire. Whether or not forests increase the volume of aqueous vapor in the atmosphere, appears to be one element of the problem. I have not time to go into the statistical side of the question. The following facts, however, may be given. Forest soil receives probably twice as much mois- ture as enters the soil of the open region. If covered with a dense coat of leaf mould, it on the average evaporates only about one- fourth as much as the open ground in a given period. Hence, long after the open ground has become dry, and has ceased practically to give an appre- ciable quantity of moisture to the air, the forests out of their abundant soil content are returning by evaporation from the trees a steady supply of moisture. Here seems to me to be the most im- portant contribution of forests to climate and its productive capacity. Just at the time when our streams are lowest, and their evaporating surface most reduced and the cleared ground has practi- cally ceased to yield moisture to the atmosphere, the forests are pouring out theirs, to ward off premature frosts and to prevent the thirsty air from sucking the moisture from our growing crops. This forest-furnished moisture is to our interests what the reserve troops are to an army in time of battle— something to be called in at time of greatest need to turn the tide of victory in its favor. Modern medicine, too, has opened up some new relations to this forestry problem, and they are relations which no man may overlook. A host of diseases, instead of coming by accident, are known to be the result of implanted germs. Of this class of diseases a large share of the sufl*ering, mortality and financial drain comes from the water we drink. The new doctrines of conservation impregnate all of our surroundings ; but no phase of it is so important as conservation of man. For him the whole problem of conser- vation exists and without him the word conserva- tion would have never been uttered. In the forestry work in this State, those who shaped its course have never lost sight of the fact that it was a legitimate function of forestry to protect and to preserve the headwaters of the streams for the domestic uses of the population. No other in- terest, motive power, or manufacturing can come in ahead of a proper water supply for our people in their homes. South Renovo, Lock Haven, Clearfield, Lewis- town, Waynesboro are either wholly, or in part, supplied with pure water collected from the State Forest Reserves, and Chambersburg will soon de- rive its entire supply from them. Furthermore, it should be noted that this water must come to the people through the town itself. No exclusive water right is ever granted to any company for town supply by the Forestry Department. It is enough that water as a source of power shall be taken after human life has been provided for. Artesian wells often furnish an abundant supply of water which is presumably pure. It is quite in order, however, to closely scrutinize the sani- tary conditions of water so obtained, especially when the point to" be supplied is in a limestone region and at a moderate elevation above tide ; because it has become a custom in some portions of this State to bore into limestone to find chan- : nels by which sewerage may be carried ofl". It is \ extremely probable that some one at a lower level ! is drinking that sewerage, ignorant of the filth, or the possible disease in the water supply. I regard this as of so much importance that I should hesi- tate about artesian water if that from mountain stream heads could be obtained. j Any utterance of mine before this body, upon I the general appplication of water-power, would be trite; for that is a matter in which you are pro- j fessionally concerned and are more fully acquainted ' with its possibilities than I am. There is, how- i ever, a feature of it which I wish to allude to. I The Susquehanna river has been harnessed by a \ dam at McCall's ferry for the purpose of genera- I ting light and power. There can be no doubt ' that in the near future that river will have a suc- I cession of dams from its mouth to Harrisburg at least, and thence, via different branches, to Hun- tingdon, Lock Haven and Wilkes-Barre, and probably to points still more remote. These dams will probably restore or create a system of **dead water" navigation, by means of which the question of transportation within the State would be partially solved. In view of the pros- pective importance of this, it seems to me that ^e>^ 12 FOREST LEAVES. no charter should issue which does not provide that every dam thrown across a principal stream of this State should provide a lock fully adapted for any possible purpose of navigation which might arise in the future. Closely related to the public uses of our State forests as a source of water supply for the people, is the utilization of these same forests as outing grounds for those requiring rest and rejuvenation. Modern medicine is nothing, if not preventive in character. There are between four and five thousand permits issued annually now to citizens of this State to camp on the State forests reserves. Most of these permits go to hunters and fishermen. But the lesson of Mont Alto has not been for- gotten. Every year increases the number of those who are tired, below par, but not sick, and who desire to avoid becoming sick by a return to nature, to rest, to open air and nourishing food. We wish to have camping grounds opened for such people and will ask the legislature to provide the means by which it can be done. It is cheaper to prevent than to cure disease, and wiser and more humane to keep a strong man well than it is to try to restore him when sick. There is every reason now to think that this measure will meet with legislative approval this winter. This move- ment will not only aid those who need rest and recreation to keep them in the ranks of our pro- ductive citizenship, but it will interest the public in forestry work and produce the favorable senti- ment which comes from a sense of ownership. We can hardly hope to secure the most active co- operation from those who are not allowed and encouraged to participate in the direct advantages of the forest reserves. Furthermore, the dread that opening such camp- ing grounds will increase the liability to forest fires is ill founded. The campers would recog- nize that every forest fire would be a danger to themselves. Early experience at Mont Alto proves that the campers were always ready to render efficient assistance in fighting fire when they were needed. This whole question of forest fires requires full consideration on the part of those who regulate the appropriations of the State. There is abso- lutely no reason why this Commonwealth should pass through an annual burning-up of its forest resources ; Init there is every reason why it should not. And 1 may add that it is not more, or other legislation that is required ; but a more vigorous application and enforcement of existing legisla- tion. No law is of value unless it is enforced. The owners of woodland should recognize the fact that human laws will not enforce themselves, and that it is their bounden duty to become prosecutors of the parties who cause forest fires whenever there is *a chance to secure a favorable verdict. It is noteworthy that the very persons who complain loudest of the inefficiency of our State laws against these fires are the ones who sel- dom give active aid in enforcing those laws. Year after year from fifty to one ^hundred thousand dollars are spent in the suppression of forest fires in this State. In addition to this we must consider the value of the timber destroyed. If fifty thousand dollars a year were spent in employing an efficient police force during periods of danger from fire, it would prevent this drain upon the State, and would lead so frequently to the arrest of those who create the fires, as to make it an unpopular and dangerous business, and soon practically end it. ^.s The most urgent need, not only in Pennsylva- nia, but in all of the States, is a wise system of taxation as applied to growing and maturing forests. There is probably no resource of the State or nation in which so many vital interests are concerned as in the protection of our other- wise unproductive lands by a dense growth of valuable timber. Public health, the agricultural and wood-working, power producing and mining interests are all intimately associated with it. We can neither lessen nor evade the relationship. Yet, in spite of these facts, our system of taxation obliges the timber owner and producer to impov- erish the State and nation by removal of mature, and often immature timber. Whatever system of taxation exists for the land itself, it is clear that there should be no taxation of standing timber. Tax it when it is cut. Place upon it at that time a sufficient income tax to reimburse the State for loss of revenue and for protection accorded whilst the timber was growing. The vast majority of our public servants are men of strict honesty, though they have thus far failed to give us a just and equitable system of forest taxation It is a great pity that along with so much integrity there has not been associated sufficient statesmanship to perceive the fundamental error of driving the State to impoverish itself, and so handicap the future and place upon our children burdens heavier than we have ever carried. Within recent years a new application has been made of the old common law maxim, that we must so use our own as not to injure another, in an effort being made to restrain the timber owner from cutting his timber except by permission of proper legal authority. As an abstract principle this is right. But when applied to our own State it is in direct violation of that portion of our Con- stitution, which says : ** Nor shall private property be taken, or applied to public use, without au- ^o FOREST LEAVES. 13 thority of law and without just compensation being first made or secured" (Article I., Section lo). ! This is that fundamental portion of the Constitu- I tion which is commonly designated ** The Bill of | Rights," and of which the last section expressly , declares : ** To guard against transgressions of the j high powers which we have delegated, we declare 1 that everything in this Article is excepted out of the general powers of government and shall remain forever inviolate." i If language has any meaning, no legal sophistry can alter the fact that we have no right to interfere with the owner of the timber, in the manner pro- posed. I To be within the power of the maxim quoted, we must first provide just compensation, or alter i the Constitution of the State. | It is clear that the one proper thing to do is to provide *' just compensation." | Concentrated wealth has been responsible for , many wrongs. But, on the other hand, it has created so many public utilities, without which our wonderful national growth would not have been possible, that it is well for us to halt and consider before we join in the popular clamor against it. Even agriculture, the bedrock of our prosperity, would have made a limping progress into the new West but for the great railroads which carried the farmer there and brought his product' to the market. There are many instances where a well-regulated trust has rendered public service, and there are some inst^ances where the absence of such a trust has led to public calamity, and one such example presses so forcibly upon me that I wish to call your attention to it. In central Potter county of this State, as one, standing at Cross Fork Junction, looks around, the eye will embrace an area of at least one hun- dred square miles (that is ten miles square). Over almost the whole of this region absolute desola- tion reigns. There are but few farms opened up. The timber has been removed, after the Croodyear method, which leaves nothing of marketable value behind it. Fires consumed the slashings, and with them all undergrowth and much of the soil. The showers of summer and the snows of winter have carried off, and will continue to carry off, the best soluble plant food so long as the law of gravitation operates, until no more of the precious freight remains ; unless in the meantime active reconstructive measures are adopted by the farmer, or the forester, and at present there is almost no sign of the presence of either on the ground. The surface is a rolling table land about two thousand feet above tide, deeply gulched here and there into wide ravines. If there is any mineral wealth there, it has yet to be revealed. The only outlooks for the country are forestry and farming, with the latter tending in the direc- tion of grazing. So far as one may now predict, it will be years before any serious attempt will be made to protect that area, or to utilize its produc- tive possibilities. In the meanwhile, however, under the exposure to destructive agencies, the soil is becoming poorer, and has, in part, reverted almost to a desert condition. That area should support six hundred and forty families, and allow to each family a farm of one hundred acres. It does not at present support a tenth of that number, and the prospect of an early increase is becoming exceedingly remote, because of the progressive impoverishment of the soil. Unless some, not now visible, inducement brings settlers into a region, from which they now seem to be going, that area may be marked on the map as productive of nothing but floods, and ten years hence may be designated as desert It is proper now to 'inquire through what agency has the present deplorable condition been brought about. Has any personal, corporate. State or national good been gained sufficient to counter-balance the calamity wrought ? So far as one can see there can be but one answer. The vast resources of the region have been squandered and no good sufficient to atone for the sin returned by any one. This is a serio"s arraignment to make. Let us see what of justice there is in it ! Forty years ago the country was practically an unbroken forest. Timber, from ten to forty, or more, thousand feet per acre, covered the plateau and the hillside. Deer roamed through the forests i and trout swarmed in the streams. The condition of things was primeval. Lumbering had become, in the big sense, a business. Here were the acres bought long before, by far-seeing men, for that very lumber. The growth of the country was prodigious. The forests of Maine had been depleted of their virgin pine, and spruce was not yet commanding a market, and the Pine Tree State was sending her sons down to Pennsylvania to open our forests and supply the demand for lumber. Thus far all was well. There was no wrong of either a moral or a business character in meeting a healthy demand for anything the coun- try produced. But there were many owners to the land. One lumbering industry stimulated another, until the supply so far exceeded a heal- thy demand that hundreds of acres of splendid hemlock (hemlock, whose growth had required centuries) were cut for the bark alone. Logs sufficient to produce millions of feet of lumber lay on the ground to rot. And so it continued until white pine became scarcer and hemlock became I king of the woods. \ \ ^oe, -■r ■*■•-. ■i tP-'l ' laJ-Vri.-. j'.««f*>--.'«C « JkVixwi* •**•»-•• I J* I »*'^*^ ^^T' 14 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 16 li Then, and then only, did it pay to convert its timber into lumber. Meanwhile, let us ask, were any great fortunes amassed by this prodigious waste? I know of but few. Though I do know of more, whose for- tunes came from holding what hemlock they had until it became scarce, and I know of still more who are nursing a life-long regret because they were not wise enough to do likewise. So then it appears that wealth reaped small ad- dition for this calamitous invasig)n of the district in question. I do not forget that the lumber industry gave employment to thousands of men there, that it built railroads and mills and towns. All this it did. The hum of business pervaded the atmos- phere—for a few years. And now the question is, what is to support the towns, preserve the mills, or furnish trade to the railroads, for the naked hillsides proclaim the terrible truth that the source of all this prosperity, the timber, is gone, and that there is nothing in sight to maintain the prosperity that it created. Now let us turn this picture and ask how any intelligent trust would have managed that splendid heritage of timber. In the first place, it would have said : any business which does not produce a dividend over and above expenses is not worth conducting. The price of lumber is too low, be- cause there is too much of it on the market. We will reduce the supply until the market yields a fair profit, and the surplus mills would have been shut down. Only those nearest the market would have been operated. This would have saved each year millions upon millions of feet for the time when there would be an actual imperative need for it at a remunerative price. Every year would have brought its reward in some shape ! No real worthy enterprise or business would have suffered from this diminished supply of lumber, for if it was worthy or requisite for the development of our national life it would have been able to pay a proper price for the lumber it required. But on the other hand a diminished supply of lumber would have curbed our national, wasteful, wicked extravagance in the use of lum- ber. Per capita, we use or destroy from thirteen to fifteen times as much here as the Englishman does at home ; and our assumed requirements here are several times as large, per capita^ as those of any European nation. Yes, a properly directed lumber trust operation in this State would have prolonged the lumber industry, until increase of knowledge had shown us how to prolong it forever by a rational system of forestry. Instead of blackened, naked hill- sides, instead of abandoned mills and deserted villages, we should have had prosperous farms and permanent mills and thriving towns on that very land, and had them so far as we can, or care to look down into the future. From North American, Nov. 8, 1910 : ''The town of English Center, on Little Pine Creek, is being razed. The tannery, which was the only means of livelihood in the village, was closed down for good this summer, and the nearly two hundred families were compelled to go elsewhere for employment. The company is engaged in tearing down the houses, using such of the mate- rial as is worth anything and the balance is being burned up. English Center was a town of twenty years' existence, and at one time was one of the leading tannery towns in Pennsylvania. But the bark supply went out with the hemlock timber, and the hides had to be hauled from Waterville, nine miles away, and the finished leather back to that place for shipping, so that the tannery was a high rater on maintenance." New Publications. The Development of British Forestry, by A. C. Forbes. 8 vo., 274 pages, illustrated. Bound in cloth. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. $3.00. Mr. Forbes, who is the Chief Forestry Inspec- tor to the Department of Agriculture for Ireland, presents a general review of the problem of affor- estation in Great Britain, as it must appear to both the landowners and forester. Mr. Forbes gives some national aspects of forestry, and then treats of the forest requirements of the United Kingdom, which he says possess but 5 per cent, of forest or 2,767,00c acres, and estimates that an addition of 4,000,000 acres more is required for economic timber growing, equal to about 10 per cent, of the entire land surface. The annual imports of lumber, according to the Board of Trade, is ^^25, 000, 000. He then takes up the relation of agriculture to forestry, and shows the desirability of afforesting the poorer lands ; the climate as influencing tree- growth, which is not considered as particularly favorable to the rapid development of timber in the United Kingdom is described ; the effect of the soil and surface conditions are treated in detail ; also the need of improved methods and practice, together with the economic value of the different forest flora and the financial aspect of afforestation. The book closes with a chapter on State and private owners, the latter being recom- mended for the more thickly populated and bet- ter utilized sections. J. T. ROTHROCK, CoNsui-TiNG Forester, FOI(E^T LEi^VE^. 4 ii oo WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. \ i THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania Forestry L-3inZ:iS' TREE CHT^tRTS. Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species. No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies. No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies. No. 3. S(mthem, Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples of Extinct Oaks. Part II.— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species. No. 4. The CheMnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and European Chestnuts. No. 5. The Walnuts. American, Japanese and European species and varieties. No. 6. The Hickories. American species and varieties. Part III.— No. 7. The Willows and Poplnrt. Numerous species. No. 8. The Birches, Elms and allies. No. 9. The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species. Part IV.— ♦No. 10. The Magnolia and related trees. ♦No. 11. The Horse Chestnuts and allies. No. 12. The Maples. (Printed in advance.) (Those with an * as yet unprinted.) Price for the ten Charts published, $4.00. For further information address the author, publisher and proprietor, GRACEANNA LEWIS, M^dia, - - - - Pennsylvania. Association. ^2^(^^ The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. ^^^^^ RATES. I inch, . . ^ page, . . X • • insertion. $1.00 4.00 7.00 12.00 6 » insertions. insertions. $4.00 17.00 30.00 50.00 $8.00 34-00 60.00 100.00 1 ■MM*" ZoB 2.c>f 16 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry — preparing men » for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping' .and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Biltmore Forest School, BILTMORE, N. C 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL. PHILA. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS. llUuiirnied Catalogue upon application, JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Master. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., President. Samuel F. Houston, V we- President. Georoe Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLABK. JACOB 8. DIS8T0N. EDGAR DUDLEY FABIES. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MCCOUCH. GIFFORD PINCHOT. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditiona. 1 1 No. 2, Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, xoia AValnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. w«.-«..- «. CONTENTS. Editorials ^7 Summer Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association 18 Arbor Day Proclamation ^° Convention of Pennsylvania Foiesters "*■ Free Scholarships for Foresters 20 Need of Farm Woodlots in the Central States 21 Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, 1908-09 23 Some Natural Dangers of Trees 24 The Farmer's Interest in Trees 24 National Forest Reserves for the East 26 Under What Conditions and to What Extent Should Artificial Reforestation be Resorted to on State Reserves? 27 Railroad Co-operation in Forest Fire Protection 28 Government Ready to Buy Land for Eastern Forest Reserves.... 30 Subscription, $x.oo per Year. Tiie attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages 0/ FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising tnediutn. Rates will be fur' nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, FOUNDBD IN JUNB, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership fee ^ Two dollars. Life membership. Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, loia Walnut Street, Phila. President^ John Birkinbine. Vice- Presidents, Wm. S. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis. General Secretary^ Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer^ Charles E. Pancoast. Council-at- Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Hon. Robert S. Conklin, Samuel L. Smedley. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. LaWy Chas. C. Binney, Chairman ; Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson. J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Publication, \o\vn Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, Alfred Paschall, and Harrison Souder. Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman; Miss Mary Blakiston, Mrs. George T. Heston, Miss Florence Keen, William 8. Kirk, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. County Organization, SsLtnucX Marshall, Chairman; Eugene Ellicott, James C. Haydon, and Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger. ; Opficb of thb Association, loia Walnut St.. Philadelphia. EDITORIALS. IT has been our pleasure to record many evi- dences of the growth of a popular apprecia- tion of forestry, but we question whether the various items which make up this advance of public sentiment are widely recognized. The millions of acres reserved as forest land by the general government, and other millions of acres set aside by States with their accretions, attract first attention; but many other factors may be instanced to demonstrate the people's interest. The number of what may be termed ** private " reserves is constantly increasing — these include clubs or associations organized for pleasure or to secure health advantages, owning or controlling considerable areas of woodland, to the protection of which careful attention is often given. Many fine growths of trees are maintained and well cared for by individual owners, and the number of these will be augmented as legislators recognize the un- desirability of encouraging denudation by excessive taxation levied upon standing timber. The nurseries and plantations of progressive railroads or mining companies, the purpose of which is to insure a future supply of railroad ties or mine timbers, are forest reserves. Attention given to the transplanting of trees and of staying decay has developed the **tree mover " and the ** tree doctor," while combating destructive insects, fungii, and parasitic growths is widely practiced. More study is given, more is written and read concerning trees than ever before, and such study or reading develops active interest in and atten- tion to arboriculture and to forestry. Although the public has not reached the stage of determined protest against forest fires, which brings terror to an incendiary, the verdicts which have brought to grief some offenders exert a healthy influence, and the many efforts made to 1 \ 1 ^/^ mm iiiiiiiiiii»Miiiiiir ~'i — * ' "*"** 2// 18 FOREST LEAVES. Fi FOREST LEAVES. 19 i prevent forest fires indicate the development of healthy public sentiment. The unanimity with which the press approves of progressive forestry, and the favor which well conceived restrictions receive from those who make our laws, are among the best evidences that the propagation, preservation, and protection of forests are appreciated, and legislation, which has become effective in Pennsylvania and other States, indicates decided advances. The favorable action by the United States Con- gress and the approval by the President of a law providing for forest reserves in the eastern part of the country, has more than territorial effect, for it plainly announces that the government of the United States looks upon the forest everywhere as influencing stream flow and navigation facili- ties. J. B. * * The Arbor Day Proclamation of Governor Tener will encourage observances in rnany schools throughout Pennsylvania on April 7th and 28th, the former being considered suited for the section of the State where the spring season is most ad- vanced; the later date is for the northern or mountain portions. The proclamation, however, is not addressed to school children, but to the whole people of the Commonwealth, the Governor recommending that on one of the two days indicated some effort shall be made by each to express interest in trees. The Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry As- sociation has contributed fifty large trees to the public schools of Philadelphia for planting on Arbor Day, and a department store has offered to supply a seedling catalpa tree to each scholar who will care for it. J- B. :J^ * * * * On March 25th a meeting was held under the auspices of the Pennsylvania Fish and Game Pro- tective Association, at which representatives of the Game Protective Association, the State For- estry Preservation Commission, the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, etc., were present to consider pending legislation. At this meeting three of the bills to which attention was called in Forest Leaves were approved, viz., the Act creating Auxiliary Forestry Reserves, its companion bill providing that one dollar per acre be the maximum rate at which land in the Auxiliary Forest Reserves could be assessed for the purposes of taxation, and the Act asking for the opening of recreation camps on the forest reserves, and no doubt the others would have been approved if presented. Summer Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association will hold a summer meeting at State College, Pa., on May 24th, 25th, and 26th. Papers and addresses (some illustrated by lantern slides) will be presented. This meeting is held at the invitation of the Faculty of the Pennsylvania State College, and there will be an opportunity to inspect its excellent Forestry Department ; also a visit to the Sand Barrens. State College can be reached from the east and south by the Pennsylvania Railroad, via Montan- don Junction, to Lemont (two miles distant), where conveyances will be provided, and from the west and north via Lock Haven and Bellefonte direct to State College. Due notice will be sent to all members of this meeting, and any who desire to present papers should communicate with the Secretary of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Arbor Day Proclamation. In the Name and by Authority of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. (Coat of Arms.) Executive Depart- ment. Proclamation. IT has become a National custom to observe Arbor Day. In Pennsylvania, as in other States, the observance of such a day is wisely enjoined by law, and the purpose of the annual Proclamation by the Chief Executive is to empha- size the importance of planting trees and of caring for them as part of our National wealth. In for- eign countries, where large areas have been en- tirely denuded of trees, the frequency of floods, freshets, and famines has shown the evil effects of the wanton destruction of forests. Those gov- ernments which have established rational systems of forestry have thereby set an example worthy of imitation by other States and Nations. A far- sighted policy of conservation and reforesting should, therefore, be pursued everywhere for the benefit of present and future generations. If Arbor Day is to be properly observed, trees must be planted, and something of practical value con- cerning trees should be taught in the school and at the home. Thkrefore I, John K. Texer, Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, do hereby issue this my Proclamation, designating Friday, April seventh, and Friday, April twenty-eighth, 1911, ARBOR DAYS THROUGHOUT THE COMMONWEALTH, I and earnestly urge their observance by the plant- ing of trees and by other suitable exercises. Two days have been designated so that every section of the State may find a day for tree plant- ing suited to its climatic conditions. Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the State this fourteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord, one thousand nine hundred and eleven, and of the Commonwealth the one hundred and thirty-fifth. By the Governor : John K. Tener. Robert McAfee, Secretary of the Commonwealth. Convention of Pennsylvania Foresters. ON February 28th, 191 1, the Fourth Annual Convention of Pennsylvania Foresters met in the Senate Caucus Room, State Capitol. There were present all the members of the State Forestry Reservation Commission, all of the thirty-nine foresters in the State Service, the graduating class of the State Forest Academy, a number of rangers, and visitors. The morning session was devoted to the subject of reforestation. Mr. H. E. Bryner read a paper ** Under What Conditions and to What Extent Should Artificial Reforesting be Resorted to on State Reserves." In discussion, the mem- bers of the Commission, the foresters, and others took part, and from the first to the last paper a keen interest was maintained. John W. Seltzer brought out in his paper, *'The Economic Value of Red Pine and Pitch Pine in the Colder Por- tions of Pennsylvania," the importance of these two species on the northern reserves. Raymond B. Winter described **Some Methods of Refor- esting Burned Over Land." Mr. Winter had with him a new planting iron, which he had made for planting acorns on his reserve, but which he thinks will be suitable in other localities both for nuts and for seedlings. At the afternoon session the foresters consid- ered the matter of utilization of material on State reserves. The following papers were read : **Stumpage Prices of the Future," by Prof. E. A. Ziegler. ''Utilization of Fire Killed Standing Timber," by H. J. Mueller. *' Is It Advisable to Establish Public Creosot- ing Plants?" by T. O. Bietsch. **The Relation of the Saw Mill to Improve- ment Cutting ; Some Notes on Mill Setting," by L. E. Staley. Prof. Filibert Roth, of Michigan, and Hon. C. R. Pettis, of New York, were present and took (( n part in the discussions. They brought out many points of value and of interest, especially con- cerning the work in their own States. Professor Roth referred frequently to conditions and forest policies of foreign countries, especially of Ger- many, France, and Holland. Mr. E. A. Sterling, Forester for P. R. R. Company, was also present at this meeting, and set forth some interesting facts concerning the creosoting of wood and of the work the P. R. R. is doing. In the evening Professor Roth delivered an interesting and instructive lecture in Fahnestock Hall, Y. M. C. A. Building, setting forth by a beautiful series of lantern slides and by a pleas- ing presentation of facts, some forestry work done in foreign countries under adverse condi- tions, and the necessity of doing something at once in every part of the United States. The program for Wednesday was as follows : Is There Need of a Large Centralized Nur- sery?" by P. H. Mulford. A Definite Program for Rangers," by John L. Strobeck. ** State Reserves as Recreation Grounds," by W. G. Conklin. '* The Depleted Condition of the Soft Coal and Coke Regions in Southwestern Pennsylva- nia," by Walter D. Ludwig. '* Should the Department of Forestry Advocate Farming Upon State Reserves in Thinly Popu- lated Regions?" by H. C. Evans. ''What Should Constitute Present Practical Forestry in Pennsylvania?" by R. Lynn Emerick. In the discussion of the need of a large nursery centrally located. Professor Roth advised strongly in favor of nurseries on each reserve, to be de- veloped as necessity demanded. Dr. J. T. Rothrock made a strong plea for recreation camps to conserve the health of those not yet in the stage of constitutional ill health. The story of the depleted condition of south- western Pennsylvania brought out in discussion some idea of the great area of land in the State that is unproductive at present and that should be under forest cover. The great task of remedying the evils already upon us is almost hopeless. The discussion following a paper by Mr. W. E. I Houpt on "The Nineteen-ten Chestnut Blight I Survey," gave everyone a better knowledge of the I blight itself, its workings, and the great damage it is causing. Following this was a paper on the " White Pine Weevil and Methods of Control," by Mr. A. E. Rupp. These two papers pointed clearly to the fact that the trees of the State, indi- vidually and collectively, are becoming more and more subject to serious attacks by fungi and insects. i I f I MMttl mmm ,.?■*..■ TTX^'f-'W'--''-^-" 2 /^ 20 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 21 Each year reforestation and careful forest man- agement is put off such work becomes more difficult and success less certain. Prof. I. T. Worthley, of the State Forest Academy, explained by charts the methods and results of *^ Climatic Records at Mont Alto." The work which is being done at the Academy is in the right direction, and will in time prove to be a valuable addition to the few data on the relation of forests and climate. The feature of Thursday morning's meeting, which aroused most enthusiasm, was the an- nouncement by Dr. Drinker, President of Lehigh University, that the Trustees of the University will grant scholarships to graduates of the State Forest Academy who desire to extend their forestry education along engineering lines. This magnificent offer was greatly appreciated by the Reservation Commission and the Alumni of the Academy. It opens up a great opportunity to the personnel of the State Forest Service, and will be a long step towards maintaining a high standard of efficiency in the Service. (The cor- respondence leading up to this offer is given else- where in this issue.) The last session of the Convention was devoted to the subject of forest protection, the following papers being read : ** How Should a Forester Meet Minor Infringe- ments of the Law ? " by Frank D. Jerald. ** The Principles of Back-Firing and the Equip- ment," by John L. Witherow. '* Railroad Co-operation in Forest Fire Protection," by F. H. Dutlinger. Immediately after adjourning, those attending the Convention were received by Govenor Tener in the Governor's Reception Room. The fact that about twenty of the rangers, nearly one-fourth of the force, were in attendance at this convention, indicates that this branch of the Service is very much interested in the great work which they are doing, not being simply *'job holders." They came to learn, and some few took part in the discussions. Among the visitors who were present were Miss Florence Keen, of Philadelphia; Prof. Filibert Roth, of Michigan ; Hon. C. R. Pettis, of New York; Mr. Alfred Gaskill, of New Jersey; Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Dr. Hall, and Mr. Cranmer, of Lehigh University ; A. Mitchell Palmer, U. S. Congressman ; Mr. John Birkinbine, Pres. Penna. Forestry Association ; Hon. N. B. Critch- field. Sec. of Agriculture ; E. A. Sterling, of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company ; Prof. Hugh P. Baker and Prof. W. D. Clark, of State College ; Mr. Grimes and Mr. Curtis, of the Pittsburg Shade Tree Commission. Free Scholarships for Foresters. 71 TTENTION is called to the following cor- j4A respondence relative to educational privi- ^ leges that Lehigh University extends to the graduates of the State Forest Aademy, located at Mont Alto. Comment is unnecessary, for the correspond- ence is sufficiently explicit. The friends of the forestry movement in Pennsylvania will be greatly gratified by this generous recognition of the im- portance of the cause in which they have been so long and so earnestly interested. J. T. ROTHROCK, Secretary Penna. Forestry Reservation Commission. Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa., March I, 1911. Miss MiRA Dock, • Member State Forestry Reservation Commis- sion, Harrisburg, Pa. **My dear Miss Dock :— Confirming our con- ver^tion of last evening at Harrisburg, when you asked me whether I thought it would be possible for this University to offer scholarships for free tuition to graduates of the Mont Alto Forestry School to come to Lehigh and take as post-graduate courses subjects in which forestry training proper could be supplemented, which would strengthen such training and aid the student in the practice of his profession, I beg to say that I have con- ferred to-day with the President of our Board of Trustees, and he cordially endorses what I said to i you, viz., that we are in a position to offer scholar- I ships from funds with which the University has ' already been provided for purposes of this kind, and we know at the present time of no direction in which we would more gladly apply such funds than in forwarding the cause of Forestry in this State. ' ' Very truly yours, Henry S. Drinker, President. South Bethlehem, Pa., March 2, 191 1. To the State Forestry Reservation Commission. ! *n\irsuant to our conference to-day, I beg to i emphasize the expression of active deep interest i taken by Lehigh University in the promotion of I Forestry in our State and country, and to say that Lehigh University will be only too willing to add to the admirable work that is being done in Forestry education and training at the State For- estry Academy, at Mont Alto, by offering scholar- ships for free tuition at Lehigh to your graduates for special advanced work in subjects taught at Lehigh, but which may not be embraced in the courses of forestry training proper at Mont Alto, and by which such training can be supplemented. <* In doing this, Lehigh University will feel -^ that the University is only taking advantage of an opportunity to express and to practically show the abiding sense of appreciation and gratitude that every Lehigh man feels to the State of Pennsyl- vania for the vitally important aid the State gave to Lehigh (an institution founded by Asa Packer, a Pennsylvanian, for the benefit of his native State), when the State, over a decade ago, came forward with generous and timely financial help that enabled Lehigh University to tide over and leave far behind the days of her then serious finan- cial depression and need." Sincerely, Henry S. Drinker, President of Lehigh University. In acknowledging this offer the members of the State Forestry Reservation Commission united in the following letter : March 3D, 191 1. Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. '' My dear Sir : — Your communication of March 2d has been received. The State Forestry Reser- ' vation Commission of Pennsylvania has already recognized the generous sympathy of the trustees of Lehigh University with the work which the Commission has endeavored to do in perpetuation of the forests of the State. **The offer of scholarships in Lehigh Univer- sity, made by your trustees through you, comes as a crowning evidence of their interest not only in the work itself, but in the young men to whom this work is to be entrusted ; for it will enable them after graduation at the State Forest Acade- my, to round out and bring to the highest effi- ciency, their knowledge of practical forestry by supplemental instruction under wise direction of those eminent teachers who have already furn- ished so many distinguished directors of the industrial enterprises of our nation. *^To say that we accept your offer with a dis- tinct sense of gratitude is a faint expression of our feelings, for it relieves us of a sense of the respon- sibility which devolves upon us of providing com- petent successors to continue the work which we have commenced. <* Kindly convey to the trustees of Lehigh Uni- versity our thanks for this exhibition of their active interest in our work, and be assured we are with great respect," Very truly yours, Robert S. Conklin, Pres't. MiRA Lloyd Dock, j. t. rothrock, John Fulton, S. B. Elliott. State Forestry Reservation Commission. To the expressed satisfaction of all those whoX attended the Convention, Forest Leaves wishes to voice its admiration of this excellent method of co-operation, believing that good results will follow. Need of Farm \Voodlots in the Central States. A FARM can hardly be considered complete j^A in every way unless it has a good woodlot. ^ Every farmer who has one realizes fully its usefulness, necessity, and value. In the Central States, where there is so much open country, it gives the greatly needed protection against winds and storms to the farm buildings, the stock, and the crops, and yet every year the few remaining woodlots dwindle one by one to but a few, these few becoming more and more but the skeletons of their former selves. A well conducted woodlot is a source for fence posts, poles, firewood, and other useful material. It often yields considerable revenue, and is in every wav an essential adjunct to the farm, enhanc- ing its value. Moreover the woodlot does, or gen- erally should, occupy land, which is of compara- tively small value for any other purposes. Many farms contain rough, broken, stony, or swampy lands, which are poorly adapted to ordinary farm- ing purposes, but which, under proper care and with the right kind of species, can be made to produce excellent timber. In such cases, then, the growing of trees on such lands is making the best possible use of them. The disappearance of our forests within a short time, and the ever increasing price of lumber and other forest products, offer an additional reason and necessity for the establishment and maintenance of farm woodlots. The extent of this on any farm must, of course, vary to meet the local con- ditions and needs. It is probably safe to say that the average woodlot should have an area of 10 to 15 per cent, of the entire farm. Assuming that the farm is to have a woodlot, this may either be a survival of a body of natural forest which was left when the country was cleared, or a plantation of forest trees put out for the express purpose of producing timber. Naturally the methods of treat- ing these woodlots must vary according to their origin and condition. ^Natural Woodlots. — The condition of the natu- ral woodlot, as it occurs on the ordinary farm, is apt to be unsatisfactory. It is commonly pastured with the result that many of the young trees are broken or damaged by browsing and trampling, and the natural growth of brush and shrubbery 1 which protects the forest is destroyed. Many of li l< ^/-^ Z/s- \ 22 FOREST LEAVES. the larger trees are left to become hypermature, and therefore to deteriorate. Others are partially or entirely dead, and many are crooked and more or less decayed. Fallen trees are often left lying to decay, and thus afford breeding places for insects and fungii. Fires occur frequently and interfere greatly with the reproduction and the development of the timber. It is evident that the timber product, under such conditions, is much less in quantity and poorer in quality than it should be. The first thing to do in the rejuvena- tion of such a woodlot is to protect it from fire and exclude the stock. The ordinary farmer scarcely realizes that the presence of any considerable number of stock in a woodlot is highly undesirable, and it should be given such protection that nature may have a chance to do her best. It should be cleaned up ; the mature trees removed ; crooked trees which can never attain a good form and partially dead trees should be taken out ; also all trees which are known to have no value in the market or for use on the farm, for some trees are really no bet- ter than the weeds in an orchard or wheat field. The cutting out should be done in such a way as to favor the thrifty young specimens of the more valuable kind. The most valuable trees which are most likely to be found in a natural woodlot in the Central States are the following : Black wal- nut, oaks, ash, hickory, butternut, locust, cherry, maples elms, basswood, catalpa, white pine, red pine, juniper, and others. The wood of all these trees serves many useful purposes, and is bringing increasingly higher prices. No farmer who has timber to sell should part with it until its possible market value has been fully investigated. It often happens that the woodlot contains dense stands of young timber. These stands must be thinned in order to produce conditions under which the greatest quantity and the best quality of material may be produced. Nature's method of producing the best timber is to sow the seed thickly and then let the strongest sur- vive. This method is wasteful, and man can facilitate the operation and at the same time utilize material which otherwise would be wasted. The quantity of wood formed by any tree de- pends directly upon the area of the leaf surface which is exposed to the light, a small amount pro- ducing but a limited quantity of wood, and vice versdy large leaf surface a large amount of wood. A healthy tree is constantly endeavoring to in- crease its leaf surface, and it is by taking advan- tage of this inherent tendency that the forester or farmer is enabled to control the amount and quality of wood produced. Trees increase their size in two ways : growth in height and growth in diameter. Trees which are crowded while young grow rapidly in height through their effort to get their crowns into the sunlight, but the diameter growth is correspond- ingly slow. Crowding produces long slim stems, which serves as a basis upon which to form the valuable timber of later years. When the stem or trunk is of a sufficient height, thinning gives room for an increased crown development, and, in consequence, a larger leaf surface in the re- maining trees. Height growth becomes then less rapid and the diameter growth increases in rapidity. In other words, the desired height and straightness of the stem having been obtained the wood tissue that is now added goes to increase the tree's diameter, and then commences the trees most profitable development. Thus the natural tendency of trees toward rapid height growth when young is strengthened by crowding, and the later growth to a larger diameter is encouraged by thinning. Stands of young timber under ten years of age may contain from one to three thousand trees to the acre ; this will be gradually reduced to per- haps one hundred trees per acre at maturity, de- pending of course on the species and other fac- tors. The annual growth of timber on a well managed woodlot should be from one to two cords per acre, depending upon the species, the condi- tion of the soil, and the climate. The well handled woodlot should be so managed that there I is, on the average, no more timber cut than is annually produced, or, in other words, the annual increment only should be removed. This in for- j estry is called the principle of ** sustained yield," I and a woodlot managed according to this rule is I a source of perpetual timber supply. Forest Plantations, — The farm which is devoid of a natural woodlot should have a planted one. The species selected for planting should be those which grow most rapidly on the given soil and climate, and thus produce the most timber or other material in the shortest time. x\t best the growing of timber is a rather long time proposi- tion, and the ordinary farmer cannot afford a long time investment. The species which the farmers of the Central States should especially consider for planting are those most directly useful to the farmer, such as trees for posts and poles, as, for example, the locust, the catalpa, ash, mulberry, cedar, oaks, etc. Among those considered best for windbreaks are the arborvitae, spruces, pines, I osage orange, poplars, maples, etc. I In the southern half of the Central or south i Central States the two locusts do well, and they produce in a short time a large number of exceed- I ingly durable fence posts. The best results are I FOREST LEAVES. 23 secured if about two thousand are planted to the acre, and cut when of a size that will produce small to medium posts, requiring ten to twelve years. The locust sprouts readily from the stumps and the second crop of posts can be produced in about one-half the time. With two thousand posts every seven or nine years, at the price that fence posts will bring six or eight years hence, it will not be hard to figure out the amount that land, which is considered unfit for agriculture, will be worth if covered with a fine crop of locust or some other species of trees. . For a commercial plantation, besides the locust, catalpa, and mulberry, might be mentioned the bald-cypress, tulip-tree, white ash, white pine, chestnut, Norway spruce, European larch, white oak, black walnut, and others for certain locali- ties. Thinning of Trees. — Any plantation of forest trees, if it is to be maintained for a considerable length of time, will require thinning as much as a dense stand of young natural timber. The prin- ciples mentioned in the discussion of natural woodlots apply equally as well to the woodlot or forest plantations. By the choice of species, and by correctly spacing and thinning a forest planta- tion, the owner can, within certain limits, produce any 'class of material desired. Thinning, how- ever, is much more complicated, and should not be undertaken without a clear idea of its objects and of the methods by which it can be best done. The frequency and extent of thmnmg should depend upon the kind of soil, the age of the plan- tation, and the class of material desired. In prac- tice, it is best to thin only at stated periods, when enough material can be taken out to compensate for the cost of removal. . Whether the woodlot is one of natural genera- tion or a plantation the effort should be made to bring the land covered to its highest timber-pro- ducing capacity, just as with the farm land, to obtain the greatest possible yields of wheat, corn, or hay. To do this it is necessary that the species should be carefully selected, having their ultimate value in view, and the rates of growth should be known. The timber which is cut to-day in our country is timber that has been produced by nature . with scarcely no help at the hands of man. The time is not far distant when the virgin forests will be no more. Our future timber supply must come as it has in Europe, through the intelligent appli- cation of scientific principles to its productipn. In my opinion the farmers' woodlot will occupy a most important place in the supplying and filling the local needs for wood and forest products. C. H. GOETZ. Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, 1908-09. THIS interesting report shows that on January ist, 1910, there was a total of 916,440 acres in the Pennsylvania Forest Reserves, of which 75,230 acres were added in the year 1908, and 88,717 acres in 1909. In 1909 the first considerable area was purchased on the water-* shed of the Ohio River, viz., 8,533 acres in Westmoreland and Somerset Counties. 26 coun- ties were represented in the reserves at the opening of the year 19 10, the largest areas being in Clinton and Potter Counties, in the five nur- series and experimental plantings in 1908, there were 3,611,280 seedlings,, which, at the close of 1909, had risen to 5,846,869, the bulk of which were coniferous seedlings. In the year 1908, the total plantings were 88,098, and rose to l^o,i\% in 1909. Forest fires and their severity are referred to. In the year 1908 the fires on State lands covered 20,955 acres, and in 1909 the total burned over was 39,630 acres. The new forest fire warden I act had not been in existence a year, and because i of a reduction of the appropriation, part of the ' act was rendered wholly inoperative. Some per- sons have suggested that in place of the present system the police power of the State might be invoked, where no compensation is given, so as to take away any inducement to start forest fires on account of compensation received, and crystal- lize the sentiment against forest fires. If the forest fire warden act does not quell the nuisance after a fair trial, some such procedure might be worthy of study. The popularity of the forest reserves as public outing places is shown by constantly increasing number of permits, rising from 243 in 1904 to 622 in 1909. The report gives the text of the new forestry legislation passed in 1909, refers to the chestnut blight, the road and school taxes on forest re- serves, successful prosecution of suit for illegal grazing, the progress of surveys of forest reserves and county lines. The foresters who were in charge of the various reserves made reports covering usually the topog- raphy, geology, soil conditions, cleared areas, growth of timber, roads, plantations made if any, ; fires occurring, improvements made, etc. State- I ments of work done at the different nurseries and I at the Forest Academy all show a great advance. I Dr. Rothrock contributes several inspection re- ports. Tabulated statements of the timber cut by coun- .^.» .-.-.-. ---.».'»M«—M— J« ^/^ 24 FOREST LEAVES. ties in Pennsylvania in show the following : Number of acres cut over, . White pine cut, Vt. B. M., Hemlock cut. Ft. B. M., . Other woods cut. Ft. B. M., Cord wood cut, Cords of bark peeled, . . Cords of wood for pulp, . Cords of wood for alcohol, etc Mine props, Ft. B. M., . . Railroad ties, Ft. B. M., . Telegraph poles, P't. B. M., the years 1908 and 1909 1908. 105,736 . 51,678,063 . 415,829,709 . 320,270,726 385,139 250,868 169,724 135,008 . 5i»o75,i35 • 13,515,543 485,450 1909. • "8,779 53,264,979 312,828,179 429,311,524 278,956 310,200 132,190 103,9.^6 59,665,078 14,140,595 561,650 The above figures will give the reader an idea of the magnitude of the lumber industry of Penn- sylvania, which has not been given more promi- nence on account of the immense mineral wealth and manufacturing industries of the State. It would certainly seem that forest reserves and plant- ing of private lands should be encouraged to retain this valuable business, which, if properly con- served, should be a permanent one. A map shows the location of the forest reserves in Pennsylvania, while numerous illustrations aid in understanding the value and benefit of the property which has already been secured by the State. There are also papers on **Tree Planting at Echo Lake, " *' What can be done in Pennsylvania in Private Forestry," the ''Tree Nursery," etc. Any one interested in forestry in Pennsylvania should write to the Commissioner of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pa., for a copy of the Report of 1908-09. Some Natural Dangers of Trees. THERE is destruction of timber from natural causes, in addition to insects and fungi i, of which but little is heard. In the great mountain chains of the West, snow-slides and ice cause serious damage, as shown in illustrations Nos. I and 2 of the paths made by snow ava- lanches, which are often easily prevented from starting,but once in motion are irresistible, uproot- ing and piling timber in great mounds at the bottom. Plate No. 3 portrays the difficulties under which trees grow at or near timber-line on the Rocky Mountains, concerning which Prof. L. G. Carpenter, of Colorado, to whom we are indebted for the illustrations, says : '* The winds become so fierce as they are pushed across the range that it is sometimes absolutely impossible to stand upright. Gravel and stones of considerable size are blown against the sides of exposed trees, bruising them so that in course of time the growth of branches is almost entirely found on the lee-ward side. It is common to see trees near the timber-line that give the impression of bushes ; only after careful examination does one see the condition, which is that the trees have been bent over when small, and have become procumbent. The branches of the upper side grow to a height of 4 to 6 feet, and the stem of the tree may extend along the ground for 20 to 40 feet, its full length. The attempt to arrive at these mountain conditions is dangerous, requiring great physical endurance and intimate knowledge of conditions to escape the risks in- curred ; the breaking of a limb or being caught in a snow-slide would mean almost certain death.- In Switzerland trees are planted on the mountain sides in order to diminish the risk from and for- mation of snow-slides and avalanches, and im- proved conditions are reported from their use." The fourth cut shows the damage occasion- ally wrought by sleet, in a Philadelphia street at the time of the great storm on February 2TSt, 1902, and gives an excellent idea of the destruc- tion wrought. Some idea of the great weight of ice may be obtained from the fact that a twig which with the ice on it weighed 1 5 pounds, the weight of the twig itself being but 9 ounces. The Farmer's Interest in Trees. (Read at the Foresters' Convention at Harrisburg, Pa,) IT seems that during the early history of the State, the farmer regarded trees as a hinder- ance to the farmer's prosperity. **The forest primeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlocks," were a barrier in cultivating the soil for obtaining a living. His only interest in trees, in order to obtain a prosperous home, centered in their destruction, and fire and axe were pro- miscuously and ruthlessly used. It was not realized then that time would come when the trees would be needed — he was exerting the utmost energy to sweep from the face of the country. Naturally, too, this habit of destruction of trees, which may have been a necessity at the time, was similarly imparted to his children. But as the destruction went on great changes took place in the landscape of the country, and in the beauty and utility of the farms, as well as in the price of lumber which enters so largely into the industry of the farmer. It resulted somewhat in the awakening of thoughtful minded farmers to the necessity of tree culture. The deforesting of our mountains has caused floods, destruction, and ruin to many farms, and has brought the agriculturist to realize by experi- ence, that his interest in trees does not lie in their destruction, but in their restoration and preserva- t ^j\jg<^^gj;-|[^'^'^?f7Wi'^>g!Ww»rCT7tT^y:>'«T?',tT^ii«^ *i'f ■;?•.".• •^t<.-,-. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 2. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiil, No. 2. SWATH CUT BY SNOW SLIDE THROUGH THE FOREST. EFFECT OF WIND ON TREES IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. ii \ 111 AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SNOW SLIDE. RESULT OF A SLEET STORM, PHILADELPHIA, PA FOREST LEAVES. 25 .•^_ *» • tion for wise use. Forestry and agriculture work hand in hand. Destroy the forest and you destroy the farms ; destroy the farms and you drive away the farmers and ruin the business of the commu- nity. While everybody is aware of the influence trees upon the mountain sides bear to the farm and farmer, we find that trees in the immediate vicinity or upon the farm itself are of even greater interest to the farmer though he may be unaware of the fact. Trees serve many general purposes. For revenue and protection they are a farm neces- sity. In making a farm comfortable, beautiful and attractive, they are unequalled. Farmers are successful only in proportion as they utilize time and energy in developirg and cultivating all their land and raising such crops as are best adapted to the soil. Many farms in the State contain lands that are producing no revenue and which could be made remunerative by raising trees. While others contain lands which are pro- ducing income, but would be more so if trees were added. All over the State there is an awakening to these conditions, and to the neces- sity of timber growing, which at one time was thought to be merely an experiment, but has proved to be a certain and complete success. This interest of farmers in timber raising should be met by hearty approval and encouragement from all good citizens. No farm is ' complete without trees, and every farm, from the most fertile to the exhausted and abandoned, should have a portion of its area in trees. The most fertile farms, possibly, should have only their waste land, such as hillsides, ravines, swamps, sand dunes, and creek banks planted; or if they contain no waste land, a strip around the farm as a wind break could be held in trees, while, of course, all abandoned farms should be reforested. The revenue derived from timber by having a portion of the farm in trees is often greater than the value of all other crops. On many farms in the central mountain regions of the State it is the only crop from which a revenue has been derived. Such a revenue might be continued indefinitely if the trees were cared for properly. In addition to the revenue, the farm could be supplied with a large amount of useful material, as wood for fuel, fence posts, rails, and tools. The protection trees afford to farm buildings is of great value. Buildings so situated as to be wholly unprotected from strong winds, o^ National Forest Reserves for the East. I FOR a decade bills have been presented in Congress for the establishment of National forest reserves in the White and Appala- chian Mountains, but as the direct appropriation of money from the Treasury of the United States for such purpose was claimed as illegal, the project was renewed in the ^' Weeks bill," which was passed by the House of Representatives last sum- mer, and by a vote of 58 to 9 approved by the Senate in P^bruary, 191 1. By this Act Congress consents to agreements with the United States and each of the several States, which do not conflict with any existing law, for the purpose of conserving the forests and water supply of the States entering into such compact. $200,000 is appropriated to enable the Secretary of Agriculture to co-operate with any State or States when requested to do so, in the protection from fire of the forested watersheds on navigable streams, on such conditions as are deemed wise, provided that no such agreement shall be made with any State which has not provided by law for a system of fire protection, and in no case shall the amount expended in any one State exceed in any fiscal year the amount appropriated by that State for the same purpose. The original bill as it passed the House called for an appropriation of $1,000,000 for the year ending June 30, 1910, and for each fiscal year thereafter a sum not to exceed $2,000,000 for use in the examination, survey, and acquirement of lands located on the headwaters of navigable streams, or those which may be developed for navigable purposes, pro- vided that the provision for such appropriation expires on June 30, 1915. As the bill did not become effective until the year 191 1, this first million dollars may not be available, but the balance of the appropriation will be. The National Forest Reservation Commission, consisting of the Secretaries of War, Interior, and Agriculture, two members of the Senate and two members of the House, is to be created to pass upon such lands as may be recommended for purchase. t • j The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to examine and recommend for purchase such lands as in his judgment may be necessary to the regu- lation of the flow of navigable streams, but before these are purchased by the National Forest Reser- vation Commission, they shall be examined by the U. S. Geological Survey, and a report made to the Secretary of Agriculture showing that the control of such lands will promote or protect the navigation of streams on whose w^atersheds they lie. Lands which have been approved by the Commission will be purchased by the Secretary of Agriculture in the name of the United States at prices fixed by the Commission, provided the Legislature of the State in which the land lies shall have consented to its acquisition, but no payment is to be made until the title shall be satisfactory to the Attorney General and vested in the United States. - Such acquisition of lands may be conditioned upon the exception and reservation to the owner of the minerals, and of the merchantable timber, or either' or any part of them, but in such cases the time within which the timber is to be removed, I together with the rules and regulations under I which cutting of timber or mining is done shall be expressed in the written instrument of convey- ance Small areas of land more suitable for agriculture which are included in such purchased tracts, may at the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture be ofl*ered for sale as homesteads at their true value, to actual settlers, in tracts of not exceeding 80 acres. The lands acquired are to be permanently re- served and administered as National forest lands, and the Secretary ^f Agriculture may from time to time divide the lands into specific National for- ests. Civil and criminal jurisdiction over persons upon the lands acquired shall not be afl'ected by the change except so far as the punishment of offences against the United States is concerned. Five per cent, of all moneys received in any fiscal vear from each National forest shall be paid by the Secretary of the Treasury to the State in which said forest is situated for the benefit of the public schools and roads of the county or counties in which the National forest is situated, but there shall not be paid to any State for any county an amount equal to more than 40 per cent, of the total income of such county from all other sources. The sum of $25,000 annually is appropriated for the expenses of the Commission and its mem- bers. i.'.i'" ." ^.vj'i.idS Z/9 r FOREST LEAVES. 27 Under What Conditions and to What Extent Should Artificial Reforesta- tion be Resorted to on State Reserves ? (Read at the Foresters' Convention at Harrisburg, Pa.) ii ^n^OREST history repeats itself. There is r^ first a period of forest destruction, then ^ comes forest conservation, and lastly, usually too long delayed, forest restoration." The forest policy of Pennsylvania aims to pro- mote the last two periods. The period of resto- ration depends largely upon artificial reforesting. In some cases the reforesting of cut-over lands will result from natural causes if they can be pro- tected from fire. This has been found to be true in cases where the largest and best trees were cut and the land protected. But with the increasing demand for all kinds of lumber and forest pro- ducts, these same areas have again been cut over and practically culled of everything. Nearly all young growth has been injured by lumbering op- erations, and scarcely any good seed trees have been left. The condition is such that there is little remaining to reproduce a forest of valuable trees. Aside from these conditions, there are barren and desolate wastes where no trees are growing. These areas were, after lumbering, left to the ravages of fire, which impaired the reproductive power of the forest to such an extent that plant- ing has become a necessity if it is desired to restore them to forest. Where the crop is to be started anew on aban- doned fields, or on areas where natural reproduc- tion is lacking, artificial reforesting is the only method applicable. It may be done either by sowing the seed or by transplanting seedlings secured from nurseries or from the woods. The planting or sowing is done after more or less careful preparation of the ground, the method and manner of planting depending on soil conditions, species, and financial considerations. On many of the reserves there are areas of land varying in size from several acres to fifty or more, which were cleared and cultivated for a time, but which afterward, principally through loss of fer- tility, deteriorated in value and were abandoned. This land, lying idle, is not producing any reve- nue because it is non-productive. Such lands, because of their freedom from brush cover, offer exceptionally good opportunities for forest planting and should be set out to grow a forest crop and produce future profit. In some instances, natural reproduction is coming along satisfactorily on these abandoned lands and pastures. Many of them grow up to pine, locust, oak, or hickory. Where the pro- cess is going on rapidly enough, no thought need be given to planting. Most of the reserves, especially those in the northern part of the state, contain large areas of forest lands which have been lumbered and then swept by successive fires. Repeated burning has destroyed about all the young trees of valuable species, and these have been succeeded by poorer kinds, as aspen, wild cherry, scrub oak, red maple, and shrubs. Such land presents to the tree planter a difficult problem. Not only will the expense of planting be rather high, owing to the dense growth already on the ground, but the young trees are likely to be overcome in compe- tition with it. Added to these difficulties is the great danger from fire. The land is, however, worthless in its present condition, and where adequate fire protection can be provided, forest planting is recommended. On recently cut-over areas which have not been burned, tree planting is seldom necessary, because the more valuable species will usually come in without artificial aid. Cut-over lands which have recently been burned so that the growth of worthless species is checked, offer satisfactory conditions for planting. Land on which sprout or seedling growth is scarce or poorly distributed may be reforested by planting the bare areas. It is not practical to plant in those regions which are yet well timbered and in which the reproductive power is sufficient to renew the stand, as the trees now standing are cut away. In many cases there are protective as well as financial considerations. Forests furnish the best possible cover for the protection of watersheds. I They regulate the flow, keep the water pure, pre- vent erosion, and make waste areas beautiful and i productive. When the reserves were first estab- j lished, one of the main purposes was to provide ' for the preservation of the water supply. There- I fore, wherever natural reproduction cannot be \ depended upon to cover the abandoned and cut- I over lands of watersheds with forest growth, tree i planting should be practiced ; and while the j immediate object of planting will be protection, remunerative timber will be maturing. It is not possible to give an accurate estimate of the cost of planting, because the price of plants and wages paid for labor vary. Protection to forest plantations must be assured before success is possible. Fire rnust be guarded against, and local conditions made such that the danger from fire is reduced to a minimum. Under certain conditions there are instances where protection from fire is easy ; in other cases, \ 2t.o 28 FOREST LEAVES. very difficult. Abandoned farm lands are not usually much grown up to brush, and by cutting and plowing fire lanes they may without much expenditure be quite secure from damage by fire^ Where cut-over lands occur in large tracts and there are sufficient funds for protection, it is usually possible to devise systems of contro whereby they may be protected from fire ; but where they consist of small scattered tracts in localities where fires are frequent and difficult to control, the risk in planting is very great. The extent to which artificial reforesting should be resorted to, depends upon the degree to which protection may be assured. Planting amounts to little in the absence of protection. The more funds that are available for protection, the more efficient the system of protection will become. There will not only be a decrease in the number of fires and the cost of fighting them, but the greatest danger to planting will be averted or lessened sufficiently to warrant planting on niany cut-over areas which were previously exposed to danger from fire. We cannot wholly solve the fire problem and insure areas against fire, but the danger may be so lessened that tracts now little more than barren wastes may be planted with safety, and with species of trees best adapted to the location. Harold E. Bryner. Railroad Co-operation in Forest Fire Protection. (Read at the Foresters' Convention at Harrisburg, Pa.) PROTECTION is, perhaps, the most im- portant factor entering into the subject of forestry. Of the various forms of protec- tion the most important, that of forest fire pro- tection, will be dealt with in this paper. All are aware of the damage caused yearly by fire, not only on the various State reserves, but on individual and corporate lands as well. Probably the latter lands bear the larger part of the loss, due to insufficient protection. It is also a well known fact that before we can execute any plan or scheme of forest management, or forest con- servation, some system must be devised whereby the control or suppression of fires will be assured. The annual plantations that are being made on the reserves are open to more or less danger from destructive fires that yearlv cause thousands of dollars worth of damage. It is hoped that with the present system of protection fves may be prevented from running over our plantations. But with the individual, what can be expected? Will he plant trees for profit, or undertake some form of forest management until reasonably as- sured that the investment will not be lost through fire? „ The individual, and corporate owner as well, claims that he cannot profitably protect his lands. This being the case there devolves upon the State the responsibility for protecting this property, in fact the property of all citizens. It is the duty of the State in the interest of ^the public and future generations to protect all forests, whether State or private, corporate or communal, against fire and against the careless or malicious actions of individuals. It is a well known fact that this function of the State has never been fully per- formed in the forested districts of this country. This defect can be remedied only by the enact- ment and enforcement of adequate laws. We are aware of the good work that is being accomplished on the various State reserves in this respect, as well as the rapidity with which laws are being en- acted to protect our neighbors' land ; but it will be years before an efficient system of fire protec- tion can be established. Whatever this system might be it must be worked out according to local conditions embodying all the factors entering into the forest fire question. The main causes of forest fires vary with the locality. With few exceptions, as from an un- avoidable natural cause, such as lightning, the majority of fires are caused either directly or in- directly by the carelessness or maliciousness of man. According to statistics and from general, as well as personal observation, locomotives de- serve first place among the causes of forest fire. Thirty-eight per cent, of the fires in the National . Forests in 1909 were caused by railroads. As before stated, no set rules can be laid down for the suppression or control of fires originating from locomotives, or from any other cause. They must vary with the locality. ^rhroughout the various State reserves numerous fire lanes, trails, and roads have been opened with the idea of being used as a base in back firing in the event of serious fires. Other than this very little has been done, or in fact, can be done on the reserves to prevent or to control fires origi- nating from locomotives. Success means co- operation. To be sure the railroads have their rights of way that are cut over every spring, and, as the order reads, ^^ cleared of all inflammable material." This same material is piled along the ! edge of the right of way, serving as a tinder-box i for the first locomotive that passes by. A large I number of the railroad employees that work on I the track are indifferent as to fires. Sometimes I they endeavor to extinguish them. At other mm Zz/ FOREST LEAVES. 29 times they never see it, as is the usual expression heard. The section foremen say they have their own work to do and cannot stop to fight every little fire ; but they should be compelled to stop. It is true that fires are small when they originate, but without any check soon spread, and all know the consequence and the work it means to ex- tinguish them. If the old saying **an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure ' ' could be applied in this case the problem of forest fires would be of secondary importance. To prevent fires means the co-operation of everybody, farmers, hunters, fishermen, lumber- men, and corporations, whether it be compulsory or of their own free will. Some of the Lake States, particularly Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan, have obtained good results by combining the interests, especially in the case of the railroads. The following rules give an idea of the manner by which this co- operation has been carried out : A clean right of way, free of all inflammable material ; co-opera- tion with fire wardens in maintenance of thoroughly cleaned up and burned off* right of way ; absolute prohibiting of the setting of fires along rights of way by railroad employees, except under direc- tion of or order of fire wardens ; installation of very best appliances in locomotives for preven- tion of fires; abandonment of freight service during daylight hours, in particularly dry periods ; maintenance of section patrols to follow trains moving through the district and to extinguish fires starting on the right of way. Surely with the enforcement of these orders good results must be obtained. Articles of agreement have been signed with the United States Forest Service by the Great Northern Railway Company and also by the Northern Pacific Company, which provide for co-operation to prevent fires along the lines operated by these companies. The agreements have in view both the reduction of the fire risk from the operation of the railroads, and joint action by the Forest Service and the railroads to fight all fires which may start along the lines. Among numerous good points, the companies agree to cut and keep clear of inflammable material a strip of varying width as conditions demand, up to 200 feet beyond the right of way ; to co-operate closely with the Service in fighting fires and to pay for all fires which start within 200 feet of the railroads, unless not responsible for the same. New Jersey compels her railroads to construct and maintain fire lines no feet wide on each side of the track wherever it crosses a body of forest. Ten feet of this width on the extreme outside is plowed up exposing the bare earth. I have seen these lanes personally and believe that very few fires will escape beyond them. They are very satisfactory in New Jersey owing to the regular topography, but they would be practically im- possible on the steep slopes to be found along the railroads operating in the mountainous districts of Pennsylvania. The State of New York requires a large number of railroads operating in her forests to burn oil as fuel, thereby eliminating the possibility of fire from sparks; also to maintain an efficient fire patrol along the rights of way from April ist to November ist. Through the courtesy of Mr. H. P. Lincoln, Superintendent of the Williamsport and Susque- hanna Divisions of the Erie Division of the Penn- sylvania Railroad, I received copies of orders and notices issued to railroad employees in 1909 rela- tive to the prevention of fires along the right of way. These divisions are almost entirely within Clinton County. The orders that have been issued are general, directing the co-operation of all employees in preventing and extinguishing fires, especially in preventing their spread to large areas and thereby causing great loss. The co-operation is needed not merely of rail- road employees, but of everybody, more especi- ally fire wardens, foresters, forest rangers, and any kind of employee that may be at work on the reserves. More rangers are needed, both for permanent service and during the spring and fall fire seasons. Other oiders issued by the railroads demand perfect spark arresters and ash pans on all loco- motives, but the sparks are thrown out just the same, regardless of their condition. Upon ex- amination, locomotives emitting sparks are often found to be equipped with perfect spark arresters. Modern locomotives equipped with the best spark arresters will, on an up-grade with heavy train, emit sparks. Most of the iron netting used for locomotive screen has a mesh five -sixteenths (tV) ^^ ^^ \nQ\i square or two and one-half (2 J^) openings to the linear inch, and experts assert that a locomotive cannot ** make steam " with a mesh of smaller size. Nevertheless, live coals as large as a pea will be thrown by the heavy exhaust through nettings of this pattern. This being the case, the railroads should be compelled to use either electric motors, oil burners, or, as on Pennsylvania lines west of Pittsburg, under feed machines ; or where this is not done, to patrol their lines during dry seasons, and to extinguish the live coals and sparks wherever they fall out- side the tracks. The mere ** cleaning up*' of the railroad rights of way and the piliii(g of the \ 11 Z22 .am 30 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 31 brush along the edges of it are not sufficient ; the material should be burned with the help of rail- road men, and only under the direction of a rep- resentative of the Forestry Department, either fire warden, ranger, or forester. The law defin- ing the duties of fire wardens does not permit them to employ men until a fire is seen ; it makes pro- vision for patroling and for the prevention of fires, but no money was appropriated to put this part of the law into effect. Nevertheless, the names of the various fire wardens, with their addresses, should be placed into the hands of the railroad supervisors in order that they may be summoned as quickly as possible in the event of fire. The rangers and foresters ought to make themselves known to the railroad officials for the same reason. Train crews should be compelled to stop their trains wherever practicable and extinguish fires found along the right of way ; or, in cases where their own or other trains would be endangered by such stops, word should be left with the first agent or section crew, and all available help sent to put out the fire. All rangers' and foresters' houses should be equipped with telephones in order that definite information could be received from the railroad officials in case of fire. As to the payment of persons engaged in fight- ing fires started by the railroads on State or other lands, there has been some trouble. The Depart- ment claims that it is the duty of the railroad employee while on duty to assist in extinguishing all fires started by the railroad and without further com{)ensation. In the case of railroads they make no provision for the payment of employees fighting fire after the usual day's work has been done. I know personally of several cases involv- ing this very condition of affairs in which rail- road employees worked over time under the direc- tion of an employee of our Department without receiving compensation either from the railroad or the State. Surely there is need of co-operation in the settlement of this question, for we cannot afford to lose the help of these men, especially in districts where assistance is difficult to obtain. Fighting* fire properly is the hardest and most exhaustive work that men are ever called upon to do, and wages should be paid to the men by someone. Men have refused to fight fire after hours until this condition of affairs has been remedied and they are assured of payment either by the railroad company or the State. Railroads must either apply strict means to prevent the numerous fires that occur along their rights of way, or pay out yearly thousands of dollars for damages caused by the fires they set. The claims for damages that are being filed by the residents of Lycoming, Clinton, Clearfield, and the northern tier of counties against railroads operating therein resemble almost an epidemic. Everywhere the courts are deciding against the railroads in suits by individuals for recovery of damages. It is for the best interest of the rail- roads to take more care than hitherto for the prevention of fires along their lines, and it will be only a matter of time until a decided move- ment for co-operative work in the prevention and control of forest fires must be undertaken. The protection of forests means a conservation of the revenues of the railroads, and to many of them it will mean their future life and prosperity. Forrest H. Dutlinger. Government Ready to Buy Land for Eastern Forest Reserves. THE Department of Agriculture announces that it is ready to begin operations for the purchase of land by the National Forest Reservation Commission under the Weeks law, as set forth in another column. Owners of land de- siring to sell to the government are expected to make them known to the Forest Service, which will conduct the work. The law is not restricted to particular regions, except that lands may be bought only in certain portions of the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Caro- lina, Tennessee, South Carolina, and Georgia, whose legislatures have consented to the acquisi- tion of land by the United States for the purpose of preserving the navigability of streams. The first lands to be examined will be in the Appalachian and White Mountains, which, because of their altitude, steepness, and lack of protection, are in a class by themselves. The area which is believed to need protection is much larger than can be purchased, but by careful selection it is believed that much can be done for the permanent improvement of the watersheds. Timbered lands may be bought either with the timber standing on them or with reservation by the owner of the right to cut the timber under certain rules. Since the government cannot pay high prices, it is not regarded as probable that much land bearing a heavy stand of merchantable timber can be bought. Culled and cut-over lands may be purchased, as well as land covered with brush, which is useful for watershed protection, burned land, and abandoned farm land. Lands acquired by the government will be held as National Forests, protected from fire, and the growth of the timber improved as much as possible. FOREST LEi\VE^. J. T. ROTHROCK, > / I \ Consulting Forester, WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. oo THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE L.E3n£IS* TREE CHKRTS. Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species. No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies. No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies.- No. 3. Southern, Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples qf Extind Oaks. Pabt II.— the nut bearers. Numerous species. No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and European Chestnuts. No. 5. The Walnuts. American, Japanese and European species and varieties. No. 6. The Hickories. American species and varieties. Pabt III.— No. 7. The Willows arui Poplars. Numerous species. No. 8. The Birches, Elms and allies. No. 9. The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species. Pabt IV.— ♦No. 10. The Magnolia and related trees. ♦No. 11. The Horse Chestnuts and allies. No. 12. The Maples. (Printed in advance.) (Those with an * as yet unprinted.) Price for the ten Charts published, $4.00. For farther information address the author, publisher and proprietor, QRACEANNA LEWIS, Media, . - - - Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Forestry Association, »Si^Pi^ The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street. I Philadelphia, Pa. *5^^?^ RATES ■ I 6 insertion. insertions. insertions. I inch, • • $1.00 $4.00 $8.00 K page, . . 4.00 17.00 34-00 J^ " . . 7.00 30.00 60.00 I • • 12.00 50.00 JCOtOO mi-Z^ i 32 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry — preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply.. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Biltmore Forest School, BILTMORE, N. C/ 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, FHILA. JO minutes from Broad St. Station. BOABDINO SCHOOL FOB BOTS. nitistrated Catalogue upon applieationm JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Matter. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., President. 8as(uel F. Houston, Vice-President. George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer, JAMES M. beck. WALTON CLARK . JACOB S. DISSTON. EDGAR DUDLEY FARIES. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MOCOUCH. GIFFORD PINCHOT. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. ! . 4^\ I Philadelphia, June, 1911. No. 3, Published Bi- Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, zoxa Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials 33 Narrative of the State College Meeting of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association 34 Private and Municipal Forests in Pennsylvania 37 Tree Planting near Reading 39 Mutual Forest Interests of Pennsylvania and Maryland 39 Pennsylvania's Problem in Forestry 41 Subscription, $z.oo per Year. The attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages et/ FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising- medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, FOUNDSD IN JUNB, 1 886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact, ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual member ship/ee^ Two dollars. Life membership. Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Wm. S. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis. General Secretary ^ Dr^oseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, t. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Council-at- Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Hon. Robert S. Conklln, Samuel L. Smedley. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Liicien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Law, Chas. C. Binney, Chairman : Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson. J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Publication, ]ohn Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, Alfred Paschall, and Harrison Souder. IVork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Mrs. George T. Heston, Miss Florence Keen, William S. Kirk, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. County Organization, Samuel Marshall, Chairman; Eugene Ellicott, James C. Haydon, and Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger. Oppicb op thb Association. loxa Walnut St.. Philadblphia. EDITORIALS. THIS issue of Forest Leaves is devoted to the narrative of, and some of the papers presented at the meeting of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association at State College, Pa. We feel confident that our readers will be gratified to recognize the interest in forestry exhibited by this institution under patronage of the State of Pennsylvania, as one of the factors which main- tain the prominence of the State in this important movement. The illustrations will also add to an appreciation of local conditions which could only be grasped by those who were fortunate in being able to par- ticipate and enjoy the generous hospitality offered. J. B. * We go to press in advance of final action upon all of the bills passed by the late Legislature which affect the forest service of Pennsylvania, but will take opportunity, upon a subsequent occasion, to present a summary of these for the information of our readers. We, however, make special mention of the fact that the approval by Governor Tener of the bill providing for a Commission to inves- tigate and combat the chestnut blight, with an appropriation of $275,000, is an evidence of ap- preciation of the efforts made to protect tree growth in the Commonwealth. The insect and fungus enemies of trees were most intelligently presented by Prof. H. A. Sur- face, Economic Zoologist, at the State College meeting, and strong testimony presented to indi- cate that many of these enemies are unchecked because of the diminution of the number of in- sectivorous birds, resulting from the desire of so many to *'kiU something." J. B. 2C. J^'Z'T 34 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 35 I Narrative of the State College Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association, on May 24th-26th, inclusive, held a meeting at State College, Center County, Pa. At the opening session in the new auditorium, Dr Alva Agee, on behalf of the College faculty, welcomed the Association. He said it was most fitting that the meeting should be held at a place where the interest is so great in forestry. Dr. Hugh P. Baker having built up a, strong de- partment, where good experimental work is done. Of 600 acres owned by the College, 200 were being used in experiments. He had come in con- tact with the forestry students, finding them good, intelligent, earnest workers. In conclusion he offered the visiting members the freedom of the College, and presented Mr. John Birkinbine, President of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- In replying, Mr. Birkinbine stated that he felt at home, having been one of the Trustees of the College when the building in which this meeting was held was dedicated. After expressing grati- fication at being at State College, he called on a representative of another institution of learning. Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of Lehigh Uni- versity, to reply to the address of welcome. Dr. Drinker heartily seconded President Birk-. inbine, in expressing the thanks of the Asso- ciation for the cordial welcome given by State College, and appreciation of its heartiness and sincerity. He spoke of his visit during the past winter to State College, as the guest of President Sparks, when the wrestling teams of Lehigh University and State College met in friendly contest, and adverted to the fact that the baseball teams of the two institutions were on this very date of the opening of the forestry meeting contending for victory at Bethlehem. In commenting on the principles of pure, clean sportsmanship— of play- ing the game for the game's sake, not as a busi- ness, but in friendly rivalry— Dr. Drinker quoted the old Spanish proverb as Lehigh's maxim in defeat or victory— *' To-day to thee, to-morrow to me "—and good friends always. Dr. Drinker reviewed the work that Lehigh has been continuing to do in the spread of forestry knowledge and the promotion of interest in for- estry in the region reached by the University's sphere of influence, and expressed the hope that the other universities and colleges of the State, who, like Lehigh, do not maintain regular courses of instruction in forestry, would join in the work of promoting interest in the great cause in their respective localities and student bodies. He spoke of the recent rise and growth of public interest in the general conservation question, and pointed out that though the interest of our poli- ticians and statesmen and of the general public has only recently been attracted to it, the engi- neers of the country have had it under study and discussion for years, and referred to the valuable papers and discussions on the conservation of coal that have been had in the American Institute of Mining Engineers. He emphasized the great service that had been rendered in the conservation of coal by the great corporations, who were and are, large and strong enough to mine economically and with far-sighted discretion and judgment to save and take out the coal with the smallest pro- portion of waste, contrasting their practice with the wasteful methods characteristic of the indi- vidual operator, who, on a short lease wnth small capital, is almost compelled to mine w^astefully to make both ends meet, and also gave credit to the great coal companies of the State as pioneers in forestry and forest conservation in the steps taken years ago by many of them for the conser- vation and reproduction of timber supplies. Dr. John VV. Harshberger, of the University of Pennsylvania, then delivered an illustrated lec- ture on **A Country's Scenery as a Financial Asset," which will be printed in Forest Leaves. At the close of the lecture. Dr. J. T. Rothrock was called on, as representing the State Forest Academy. He recalled his early experience at State College where, 42 years ago, he commenced married life and taught. There was one large building, a small number of teachers, and a hand- ful of scholars. At the State Forest Academy the number of students was limited to 10 a year, selected after a competitive examination. The institution had accommodations for 32, there were no politics in its management, a strong faculty, and a good building, situated in the heart of a large reserve, offering special facilities. But it was no better than State College, and he would like to see part of the State reserve turned over to the latter institution for experimental purposes. Second Day, May 25th. In the morning there was an opportunity to inspect the Forestry Building and its Museum, where a session was held. Mr. S. B. Elliott, State Forestry Reservation Commissioner, gave an address on *' Pennsylva- nia's Problem in Forestry," being followed by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Secretary of the Pennsylva- nia Forestry Association, and the Forestry Reserva- tion Commission, who preserfted *' A Prospective ^; '(• Forest Policy for Pennnsylvania. " In discussing these papers Dr. Harshberger stated that he thought the forests were regenerating themselves, if the fire and cattle were kept out, and that there were relatively few trees of importance, viz., the white pine, oaks, and hickories. He also spoke of the difference between the growth on the barrens in acid soil and the limestone country. On the ridges chestnut trees were found, but there were few on the limestone formation. Prof. J. A. Ferguson, of State College, then read a paper on ** Private and Municipal Forests in Pennsylvania," All of the above papers it is expected will appear in Forest Leaves. F. L. Bitler, Recording Secretary of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association, spoke of the ** Chest- nut Blight," bill (appropriating $25,000 for the expenses of the Commission, and $250,000 for fighting this destructive disease), which had passed both branches of the Legislature and was now in the hands of the governor, offering the following preamble and resolution : Whereas, The chestnut timber of Pennsylvania is infested to an alarming extent with a fungal disease which threatens in a few years, unless checked, to destroy all chestnut trees and inflict on the Commonwealth and its industries incalula- ble damage, and Whereas, up to the present time, no effective remedy for chestnut blight has been discovered, be it Resolved, That the representatives of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, assembled at State College, earnestly request his Excellency, John K. Tener, Governor, to act favorably on the bill making an appropriation for investigating the causes of the disease and the possibility of discovering means by which this blight may be controlled or eradicated, and the theatened damage to the State averted. Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Forestry As- sociation expresses its earnest thanks to the Gov- ernor for the enlightened view he has taken of the situation and the support, which it is understood, he has accorded the measure in its passage through the Legislature. The subject was then thoroughly discussed, and the work of the State foresters who visited the properties of the Main Line Association in the suburbs of Philadelphia was mentioned. It was also stated that unless the various neighboring States co-operated with Pennsylvania, much if not all of the good which might be accomplished would be neutralized, and the expenditure of money useless. On the other hand it was urged that the Committee of Main Line citizens called in the Department of Forestry to investigate the chestnut blight. After the Department made a preliminary statement the U. S. Department of Agriculture was appealed to, and through Senator Penrose an appropriation of ^5,000 secured. Mr. Rane, State Forester of Massachusetts, expressed hearty sympathy with the movement, stating he would detail men, and if necessary, destroy any signs of the dread disease. Cornell University had detailed two men to look after the ravages of the chestnut blight in New York. In New Jersey it was claimed to be too late to do any good, and it w^ould appropriate no money. Maryland was will- ing to co-operate. West Virginia would aid, and Washington, D. C., would help also. The state- ment was also made that at the present time no way was known of stopping the disease, but it would be well to spend some money to see if the blight could not in some way be destroyed or at least controlled. As the *• Chestnut Blight " bill pro- vides for a new Commission with no appropriation for salaries, this was deplored, as well as the fact that it might make divided authority between it and the Forestry Department. The resolution was then put and unanimously carried. Dr. W. A. Buckhout, of Pennsylvania State College, expressed his appreciation of the visit of the Association to State College, and his faith in forestry. The work often goes slowly but pro- gress is being made. When he came to Pennsyl- vania forty years ago he was impressed with the conditions, but could now see the improvement and was hopeful that it would continue*. No at- tention was then given to the forest except for what it could produce, no one considering de- nuded hillsides, but this subject was now being taken up. Years ago the waste was tremendous, trees were cut simply for the bark, leaving the trunks to decay, everyone looking on the material as practically free, never thinking the policy would be changed. Now the State is buying lands for the purpose of forest reserves, there has been a change in public sentiment, and the preservation and conservation of the forest re- sources is demanded. Much has been accom- plished in the perpetuation of game and fish by the thorough revision of the laws in regard to them, which at the start it was thought would be of little avail. Forest laws are having the same history, with it is hoped the same result. It was also a matter of congratulation that something was to be done in regard to the chestnut blight. There was a large area, and the disease could be fought from the border line, the affected parts of diseased trees cut out and destroyed, so that it could be at least controlled and held within limits. On Thursday afternoon there was a demonstra- ^^r 36 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 37 tion at the Forestry Building, when the visitors were shown the classes at work — some laying out a preliminary sketch of a woodlot made by means of plane tables, while others in the class room were identifying a number of different species of wood by physical examination. In the Museum are exhibits of the various tools used in forestry, seeds of different trees, pieces of wood showing cross sections both longitudinally and transverse, part of the section being in its natural condition, while the other was varnished. Pic- tures of the various trees, their blossoms and fruit, also a model of a saw-mill, etc., were on exhibi- tion. It had been planned to visit part of the State reserve near Boalsburg, but conditions pre- vented this, and it was viewed from the hospitable home of Mr. T. D. Boal, who kindly supplied a buffet supper. In the grounds were some fine trees and shrubbery, among others a balsam fir, which attracted attention. In the evening a meeting was held in the Audi- torium, when illustrated addresses were made by Prof. Edmund Secrest, head of the Department of Forestry, of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, on ''Co-operative Forestry in Ohio," while Prof. H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist of Pennsylvania, treated the subject of ''Some Friends and Foes of Forestry. ' ' Friday, May 26th. In the morning, conveyances were taken and the party inspected the experimental plats where there was an ocular demonstration of the effect of a continuous thirty year treatment of the same kind of ground by different fertilizers, both the crop of grain and clover being shown. The ex- periments in horticulture, the students vegetable plots, the hot house, etc., were in turn visited. The forestry plantations were next seen. On an area of 17 to 18 acres, were planted locust and catalpa trees, with some black walnut and butter- nut, four years old from seed. The locust trees flourished the best, although the borers had troubled a few of them in the second year, and were cut out, after which there was little damage from this source. The rabbits and mice during the winter had eaten some of the catalpa trees, which were cut back and sprouted from the root, but it was evident that the plantation would not be profitable, and where the trees had died ash were put in. On the top of the hill there was an acre of red oak, one year old. A seven acre woodlot was next seen, which had been cut clean except for a wind-break of trees which were allowed to remain, and planted this spring with twelve different western conifers. There had been no preparation of the soil, 1,250 trees being set out per acre, the seedlings for the entire tract costing ^58.00. Returning to the college, a session was held in the Agricultural Assembly Room, Prof. F. W. Besley, State Forester of Maryland, delivering the first address, on " Mutual Forest Interests of Penn- sylvania and Maryland." In discussing this paper Mr. Birkinbine referred to the action of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, giving to the United States the right to purchase lands on the drainage area of navigable streams for national forests, reserving however the right to repurchase the lands for State reserves. In this way it was hoped that the floods in the Monongahela, Ohia and other rivers might be mitigated. Mr. Jacob Nolde gave the details of "Tree Planting near Reading," and in closing spoke of the difficulty of securing seedlings in this country. In the discussion on the paper reference was made to the fact that the Department of Forestry was willing to supply 25,000 to 37,000 seedlings under proper restrictions. It was also stated that every reserve should have its nursery, and from 20,000,000 to 30,000,000 seedlings set out each year. Mr. Walter D. Ludwig, one of the Penn- sylvania State Foresters, stated that in the re- serve under his charge 99,400 young trees from Greenwood nursery had been set out last year, and 306,600 this year, making a total of 400,000 in two years. Dr. Thomas F. Hunt, Dean of the Depart- ment of Agriculture of the State College, ex- pressed interest in some forestry problems, and thought there were four lines of attack. First, individual forestry, and instanced a farmer who had sunk hundreds of dollars in forestry, plant- ing a ten acre lot with trees spaced 4 by 4 feet, 40 different varieties of trees being set out, of which 39 were not suited to the soil. Second, the national problem, which was being solved by the United States government. Third, the State forestry problem, already well inaugurated in Pennsylvania and elsewhere, and Fourth, com- munal forestry. He would not say that the time had yet arrived for communal forestry, but a study of some poor townships in a neighboring State leads him to believe that this would be the solution in many localities when people became able to work together for the common good. An important factor in the future advancement of forestry is more research work, the effort in the past being necessarily largely of the promotive type. It would also be well to start some funda- mental investigations in forestry, as in some of its branches there was but little knowledge available. In the discussion which ensued attention was ,., called to burned over and barren land, which was being sold for taxes and which must ultimately be planted. The municipal forest act which was passed about two years ago, giving communities the right to purchase lands for this .purpose, was also referred to. Dr. Hugh P. Baker, head of the Department of Forestry of the Pennsylvania State College, then delivered an illustrated lecture on " Refores- tation of Waste Lands. ' ' In the afternoon a drive was taken to the "Barrens," where an opportunity was offered to see the flora growing on the sandy soil, as con- trasted with the limestone region at State College. On the " Barrens" are many chestnut and other trees, which are only occasionally found on the limestone soil. On behalf of the visiting members and the Association, the President returned thanks to the faculty and students of the College for the in- terest shown in its meetings, and recognized the efforts of Dr. Hugh P. Baker, who was instru- mental in arranging for the meeting and untiring in making it in every way successful and enjoyable. Saturday, May 2yth. The drive to the "Barrens" ended the State College meeting of the Association, but ten of those present accepted the invitation of Mr. C. K. Sober, of Lewisburg, Pa., to visit his chestnut groves near Paxinos. Conveyances were waiting at the station, and after a drive of four and a half miles the Sober farm was reached, and dinner was served — one of the dishes especially appreciated was chestnut hot-cakes, made from chestnut flour, a staple article of food in Italy. The fine chest- nut nurseries and chestnut groves were then in- spected, and a description of these will be found under the article " Chestnut Culture," which will be given in a future number of Forest Leaves. F. L. B. Private and Municipal Forests in Pennsylvania. P Y private forestry is meant, in its narrowest sense, the raising of crops of trees for pro- fit. It is distinguished from government forestry in that the aim of government forestry ownership is not primarily to make money. The function of the government in owning forests is to provide for the present and future welfare of the people, by conserving the remaining supplies of timber, by putting the forests in a productive condition, and by maintaining forests in moun- tainous regions to protect the soil from erosion and the streams from flood and drought ; and in general it is the duty of the government to prac- tice forestry on those lands that are too poor to grow timber at a profit. The question of a money return does not enter the problem. Private forestry, on the other hand, whether the ownership be individual or corporate, or by com- munities or municipalities, must be based on financial considerations. It demands an adequate return in money for the investment made. Con- sidered from this standpoint, private forestry can hardly be said to have begun in this country. It is the goal toward which all our efl'orts are directed. It is the final stage in the develop- ment of the profession. The first stage was the creation of the national and State forests and the placing of them under management. The second stage is the undertaking of forestry operations by wealthy land owners, clubs, and such business concerns and corporations as own land of no particular use or value, who desire to obtain a certain efl'ect or grow a certain kind of product. It is at this second stage in the development of forestry to which we have arrived. The future development must be along the line of the prac- tice of forestry for profit, not only by individuals and corporations but also by municipalities and communities. The conditions that determine whether private capital shall be invested in any enterprise, are the safety of that investment, its stability and the as- surance of a reasonable profit. Forestry is a pro- fitable investment compared with other long time investments. Even with the present prices of stumpage, and the present rate of taxation and other expenses, it is possible with our fast grow- ing species to figure as high a rate of interest as is received from similar investments; and with the rise in the values of stumpage that is sure to come in the future, a remarkable profit over and above the compound interest earned, can easily be re- alized. So that the problem that now confronts us in the development of forestry, is in insuring the safety and stability of an investment in forestry. On the solution of these problems depends the future development of the forestry movement. An investment in forestry is an investment in real estate, and there is none of greater stability. But the factor of uncertainty which enters and deters private capital is that of forest taxation. It is not so much the amount of the tax, although the system of levying an annual tax on the value of a property, from which an income is secured only after the lapse of many years, is a payment to the government of a disproportionate amount of the final proceeds from the sale of the timber, 38 FOREST LEAVES. an amount far out of proportion to the benefits derived ; but it is the fact that whereas it is cus- tomary to assess forests under the general property tax at one-third or one-half its full valuation, the law states that they shall be assessed at their full valuation. The present tax is not now perhaps unreasonable, but because of its uncertainty, it has a deterrent effect on the investment of money in private forestry. The question of recovering damages for the de- struction of a forest crop from any cause is also one which must be considered in the near future. As it now stands the present value of the crop is the only value recognized. Private capital will not be attracted to an investment in forestry until damages to the present crop, commensurate with the loss sustained and to future crops, are re- cognized. The destruction of the rental value and of the productive capacity of the soil must be compensated for ; and in the case of injury to growing stands of timber, a value must be re- ceived based on the future sale value of the mature crop. But the problem which demands almost imme- diate solution is that of insuring the safety of an investment in forestry, from the devastating forest fires that sweep every spring and fall almost at will through our forests. In spite of the agita- tion for conservation during the past few years, and in spite of the fact that the greater part of the timber of the State has been cut and there is need to conserve and protect what is left, no effec- tive means have been put into force to stop these destructive conflagrations. The whole future of forestry depends on the solution of this fire problem. There is no use in carrying on forest operations until these fires are under control. The raising and planting of seedlings, the making of improvement thinnings or the fighting of forest insects and fungi, is money thrown away usless forest fires are controlled. The people are look- ing for a remedy and will be willing to apply any- thing that is reasonably certain to succeed and that is not beyond reason in expense. The present fire law is based on the principle of fire fighting and makes no provision for fire prevention. The one is as essential as the other. In its present form the law has proven inadequate to protect large forest areas from fire. By this law fire rangers are appointed in each district, whose duty it is when fire is discovered to take methods for their extinguishment. The law makes no provision for preventing fires or for confining it within certain limits. On small tim- ber tracts that are easily accessible the law is effec- tive ; but on large tracts by the time the fire is discovered and the fire wardens have gathered a force sufficient for fighting it, the fire is beyond their control, and generally burns until it can find nothing combustible or until it is extinguished by rain. The only possible way to prevent forest fires gaining such headway or becoming of such proportions as to be impossible of extinction, even with a force of 4000 men, which was recently employed in fighting the fires in northern Penn- sylvania, is by efficient fire patrols established in dry and dangerous seasons in such localities as need protection, and by properly built fire lines which will confine the fires when started to defi- nite areas. Irt Germany fires are as inevitable as in this country. Provision is made not only for the' organization of fire fighters, but the forests are so divided into blocks by fire lines that when a fire starts it is easy to confine it to the particular tract on which it started. The forests of Pennsylvania are peculiarly ad- apted to some such scheme of blocking off into districts by fire lines. For the most part they cover the long mountain ridges. A fire starting at one end of such a timbered mountain burns without hindrance to the other end. If fire lines were run from one side of such a mountain over the top and down the other side, dividing the forest into blocks, a fire could easily be confined to the district where it started. If in acjidition to their other duties fire wardens were obliged to run out such lines, under direction from a central authority, in the timber between their districts, and to maintain them in good condition and to patrol the timber during the dangerous season, the question of controlling fires in large and in- accessible forests would be solved. Some such scheme has been tried on some of our forests by cutting fire lines here and there at advantageous points. The kind of fire lines that h^vG been made by cleaning a space 10 or 20 feet wide through the forest, are of value only so long as they are kept clear of leaves, dry grass and other inflammable debris. After the first fall of leaves such a fire line aids in the spreading of fire rather than in checking it, because the re- moval of bushes and small trees in their construc- tion tends to make the lines dry out the more quickly. Unless such lines are cleaned out each year at considerable expense, they are of little value in our deciduous forests. In India, where the danger from fire is very great, owing to the rank growth of grass, the forests are protected by the use of fire lanes. These consist in clearing two narrow paths, about one or two hundred feet apart, of all in- flammable material and burning the grass between. This makes an effective barrier over which fire / ■ l> FOREST LEAVES. 39 cannot pass except in the strongest winds. In addition a fire patrol is established during the dangerous seasons to see that the fires do not cross the line. Some such scheme could be used with good effect in our deciduous forests. The method would vary with the forest floor, but in most re- gions it would consist in raking or hoeing clean a path a few feet wide on each side of a lane to con- fine the fire, and burning the strip between after each fall of leaves. In many places water from a force pump could be eff"ectively used to confine the fire. Two men to clear the paths, one on each side of the lane, a third man to fire the lane and make it burn clean and evenly, and two men to follow and ex- tinguish fire lingering in old stumps and logs would comprise a crew for this work. The ex- pense would depend on the number of feet burned in a day, which would depend on how fast the fire would run. Carried out on the State forests it would pro- tect the timber and forest plantings and prevent the spread of fire over the State holdings. Lum- bermen could surround their valuable timber at little expense. Placed between fire districts it would confine the fire to' the district in which it started. If railroads were obliged to burn such a fire lane on each side of their right of way, it would stop one of the most prolific causes of forest fires. Some such scheme of constructing fire lanes through our timber lands and establishing fire patrols must eventually be worked out, as has been done in other countries. The State of Pennsylvania is far ahead of the other States in the matter of forest policy. It is far behind most of them in this matter of protecting the forests from fire. Until some scheme is put into opera- tion for controlling these annually recurring con- flagrations, there can be no further advancement in forestry. J. A. Ferguson. Tree Planting near Reading. fall, but the southern pine and Douglass pine seedlings did well. In the spring of 1908 the southern pine seed- lings were transplanted direct on the hilly farm land, and the Douglass pine transplanted in the nursery. ^ In the spring of 1907 a trial planting of 5,000 Norway spruce (three-year transplants), pur- chased in Germany, 100 red elder, and 100 Jap- anese larch was made. These plants did so well during the summer of 1907 that it was decided not to raise any more seedlings of Norway spruce and white pine, but buy three-year transplants from Germany; and in the fall of 1907 about 125,000 pine varieties were secured and set out in the spring of 1908 ; while in the spring of 1909 50,000 pines; 1910, 105,000; and this year about 65,000 were imported, which, with yellow pine and Douglass pine, the seedlings raised in the nursery, made up a total plantation of 500,000 trees of coniferous varieties. Owing to the long dry spells during the sum- mer months of the last three years, a large number of the transplants dried up, and a great deal of re- planting was necessary during 1910 and this spring. Of all the varieties tried, the southern pine, white pine, Douglass pine, and Fint/s Sylvestris, or common pine, were found best adapted to the soil, especially the common pine, as those planted two years ago made a growth of over 2 feet last summer. The Norway spruce roes not do as well in the open as on cleared timber land, and wherever a tract of chestnut is cut down it is replanted with Norway spruce. About 15,000 Japanese larch were imported, and this tree seems to be the most rapid grower, as most of them made a growth last year of from 3 to 4 feet. There is room for a few hundred thousand more trees, and it is expected eventually to con- vert a great number of acres of farm land into the most beautiful pine forest in Pennsylvania. » Jacob Nolde. IN 1905 I bought about 500 acres of timber land in Cumru Township, Berks County, Pa. This forest contained all kinds of broad leaf timber but no pines, except one nice white pine tree, and, as about 150 acres was hilly farm land, it was decided to plant pines on the same. A practical forester from Germany was secured in 1906, and a forest nursery started, being seeded with white pine, yellow pine, Norway spruce, Douglass pine, and other coniferous varieties. The white pine and Norway spruce dried up in the Mutual Forest Interests of Pennsylvania and Maryland. IN these days of easy communication and rapid transit, we are beginning to realize how small this country really is and how much we are influenced by the actions of distant States. There is much talk of interstate commerce, uni- form laws and many other matters, concerning which the States themselves are arriving at a ^3Z 40 FOREST LEAVES. better mutual understanding. We are learning that the problems of one State are not unlike those of other States, and that what is done by one, often exerts a potent influence far beyond its own boundaries. This idea has found expression, in the past few years, in two or three conferences of Governors of the various States, and other meet- ings of more local significance. It was a feeling of mutual interest in our forestry problems that prompted the Eastern States Foresters Association. This Association was organized about two years ago for the purpose of bringing together, inform- ally, about twice a year, the men engaged in State forest work from Maine to Maryland. It has proven a strong incentive for progress and en- ables each of us to profit by the experiences of others and to adopt, according to our conditions, the best methods that are being worked out suc- cessfully. Pennsylvania is ably represented in this alliance. Pennsylvania and Maryland have many things in common. Maryland borders Pennsylvania for 200 miles, and one-fifth of her total area is within 10 miles of the State line. Naturally over this 10 mile strip there has been a considerable inter- change of ideas and of neighbors. There is strong evidence of Pennsylvania thrift everywhere. As I travel over this part of the State, I am im- pressed with the large number of Pennsylvanians who have settled in Maryland. Indeed, if this continues, you are likely to lose a good share of your agricultural population. I will not attempt to explain the cause of this migration — the people of course had their reasons — suffice to say that we are the gainers and you the losers. I dare say some of the best blood of the South has been added to the Pennsylvania stock, helping to main- tain its high industrial standards. In a change of commodities, this mutual interest is even more apparent. We get from Pennsylvania much of our iron and steel, and many manufactured articles. On the other hand, one of your large pulp mills is being supplied almost entirely with pulpwood from Maryland. A goodly share of the mine props you use are cut from Maryland forests. Most of the product of the largest saw mill in Maryland is used in Pennsylvania. Three of the Maryland Forest Reserves are on the water-shed of the Youghiogheny River, a branch of the Monongahela (one of the rivers of Pennsyl- vania) ; hence as a water-shed protection — one of the most useful purposes of a forest reserve — their influence is exerted largely for the benefit of Pennsylvania. On the other hand, two of your Reserves, in the southern part of the State, lie along the water-sheds of streams flowing into Maryland and are, therefore, of great benefit to us. Pennsylvania has adopted an admirable policy of creating large State Forest Reserves which are of benefit, not only to her own citizens, but their beneficial influences are felt outside the limits of the Commonwealth. There are large areas of mountain forests especially adapted for this pur- pose. In Maryland the great bulk of our forest lands are in small holdings, in woodlots owned by farmers and, therefore, the acquisition of exten- sive reserves is out of the question, ,even if we were able to get large appropriations as' you are apparently able to get, with little difficulty. You evidently have reached that happy state where your people realize the importance of forest con- servation, and feel that State ownership of the mountain lands is the best assurance of carrying out this idea. Where the State is able and will- ing to do this, it seems to me by far the best course to pursue and not to turn this work over to the National Government. In Maryland, with our limited resources, we feel that the problem is too big for us to handle, and rather than wait a great many years when we may be able to handle it, although at a greatly increased cost, we have allowed the Federal Government to acquire lands for reservation purposes under the recently enacted Appalachian-White Mountain Forest Reserve bill. I hope the time will soon come when we can create a reserve in the Blue Ridge Mountains that shall join your Mont Alto Reserve, which I had the pleasure of visiting a few years ago, and be a further link to bind us in mutual forest interests. In the mountain sections the forest fire danger is the most serious problem. On many occasions the forest wardens of Maryland have met on the State line, the fire wardens of Pennsylvania in combatting forest fires. The fire fighters of Penn- sylvania have frequently prevented destructive fires from coming over into Maryland, while through the efforts of the Maryland wardens, a number of threatening fires headed towards Penn- sylvania have been controlled in time to save Pennsylvania property. Both Pennsylvania and Maryland have good fire laws but, unfortunately, in the mountain sections there is often a lack of vigorous public support in forest protection, which makes it difficult to derive the full benefits from even the best of laws. In your State law there is a provision for a fire patrol during dangerous seasons. This is decidedly a move in the right direction, for after all, the prevention of fires is infinitely better than allowing them to occur, even though there may be the best system possible for dealing with fires after they get under way and do considerable damage. Of course, a patrol system will not prevent all fires, but it will prevent most of them and stop a large part of those that do % r -t IP- f- Forest Leaves, Vol. xin., No. j. *^ Forest Leaves, Vol. xiil, No. 3. STUDENTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, NOTING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TREES ON THE CAMPUS OF STATE COLLEGE. FORESTRY STUDENTS MAKING CUTTINGS FROM SMALL WILLOW PLANTATION NEAR STATE COLLEGE. J ♦ THE OLD WILLOW, PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE. A CLASS IN WOOD TECHNOLOGY IN THE FORESTRY BUILDING, STATE COLLEGE, PA. Forest Leaves, Vol. xifi., No. j. Forest Leaves, Vol. xlil, No. 3. ir STUDENTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, NOTING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TREES ON THE CAMPUS OF STATE COLLEGE. mmmmmmma^mm4amhmmMtmmmKmt^wummjm\ « ■J m f-f i^jit 'Wm\i 1 *. t i ■ 1* "^' ■•* y FORESTRY STUDENTS MAKING CUTTINGS FROM SMALL WILLOW PLANTATION NEAR STATE COLLEGE. 1 . ♦ THE OLD WILLOW, PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE. A CLASS IN WOOD TECHNOLOGY IN THE FORESTRY BUILDING, STATE COLLEGE, PA. ntentional second exposure Z33 FOREST LEAVES. 41 'I - ' occur before they do much damage. The Mary- land law is deficient in this particular, but we are going to have a fire patrol in the mountain coun- ties of the State this fall as soon as the fire danger season begins with the hope of showing the value of the service to our legislators, and on the strength of it, ask for a special appropriation to meet the expense. There is another matter of recent occurrence that has been emphasized, in the strongest pos- sible way, the need of close co-operation between Pennsylvania and Maryland. Descending from the northeast has come to us a fungus disease, which attacks the native chestnut with deadly effect. I refer to the chestnut bark disease which appeared a few years ago in the vicinity of New York city, and has since spread north and south very rapidly, and threatens the extinction of one of our most valuable timber trees. Already south- eastern Pennsylvania has become so infested that there is little hope of saving any of the chestnut trees in that section. The only hope lies in checking its further spread. It has appeared in more or less widely separated parts throughout the eastern half of the State. Your Forest Com- mission, with its usual energy, has adopted prompt measures for its control, and for stamping it out of infested areas outside of the region now regarded as beyond hope. We in Maryland, and those of other States to the southward, wherever chestnut is abundant, are watching your efforts with the keenest interest and for Maryland I as- sure you of unqualified support. The disease has already appeared in the northeastern part of Maryland and in Virginia. New places of infec- tion are being constantly discovered, as our vigilance is increased. We are planning an active campaign in Maryland this summer. There wijl be experts in the field to make a thorough ex- amination, to determine the extent of the infec- tion and devise, if possible, some method of control. With this as a basis, guided by the knowledge and experiences of Pennsylvania and other States, it is hoped that some means may be devised to save the millions of dollars represented in the chestnut forests of the east. In this in- vasion of a common enemy the cause should serve to eliminate, for the time, State boundaries, and unite us in mutual support which brings us back to the original proposition that the forest interests of Pennsylvania and Maryland are mutual, and will always so remain. F. W. Besley. Pennsylvania's Problem in Forestry. It is estimated that the timber owners in Mon- tana, Idaho, and Oregon spent ^667,000 in fight- ing forest fires in 1910. ■PENNSYLVANIA'S total area is not far from _L 28^000,000 acres. A large am.ount of this- can be set down as non -agricultural land — land which is either too stony, too steep, or too- sterile to be profitably cultivated. Some of it lies in large bodies, some in small and widely sep- arated pieces, and portions of it form part of nearly every farmer's holding; scarcely a farm but what has on it an area of such land running, from a few rods up to several acres in extent. Besides this there is more or less ground on almost every farm that should no longer be cultivated as at present, for it brings no net returns. That is^ to say : when interest, taxes, cost of cultivation, exhaustion of fertility by constant cropping with- out making any return to the soil, and consequent erosion from long continued cultivation, are all taken into account, they exceed the value of the annual return ; and continued attempts at such I cultivation as it has formerly received serve only j to render the land less valuable, and if persisted i in will create such a condition that reclamation [ will cost more than the land would be worth when* I reclaimed ; and, hence, it should be added to the ! non-agricultural area. It is probably safe to say- that quite 50 per cent, of Pennsylvania's area is^ ! now practically non-productive. It has not always- I been so, but, on the other hand, it has been pro- ductive of a crop of valuable forest trees, and can- and should be again made to produce such a crop. Nature clothed it with a growth, of unsurpassed! value, and she would have maintained that condi- tion and given us the surplus had we but accepted her generous offer. But we did not. We have prevented her from so doing ; and on our part with apparently little less than malicious intent. Now, if this area is not such as can be profitably cultivated ; if it is wholly unsuited for agriculture,, is it wisdom to let it remain unproductive when the future needs of our State will require all that can be produced upon it? That it cannot, at the present time, be profitably cultivated is beyond question ; but no doubt when our population be- comes more dense by our natural home-increase, and that increase is augmented in the future, as it has been in the past, by the influx of hordes from over-populated countries ; and when a consequent density of population reduces the price of labor, as it always has done and always will do, and when subsistence becomes more difficult, then some of this now non-productive land may be tilled ; but that day is not in the near future, although we are approaching it much faster than we should do. In any event there certainly can be one or more crops of valuable timber trees grown on this now — c 2.3 ^ 42 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 43 non-productive land before any considerable area of it will be needed for agriculture ; and such use will not only prevent its deterioration but will actually improve its fertility; and furthermore, such use \v\\\ serve to protect our springs and streams. Hence no attempt to devote any of this non-productive land to general farm purposes need now be made, and it most certainly would fail if now undertaken. Over a large portion of it repeated fires have destroyed the humus, and for agricultural purposes such land is little better than a desert. The only use it can be profitably put to is tree-growing, for which it was once admirably fitted ; and although some of it has been greatly injured for that purpose, the greater portion can again be made to grow a good stand of trees ; and Pennsylvania's Problem in Forestry is how to bring that about. I am well aware that there are many persons who take little or no interest in making this non- productive land productive. Neither do they deem it a matter of necessity or one of duty. They do not even admit that there is any need for it to be done. Now, however much a lack of comprehension of the needs of this country and the failure of the present generation to perform its duty is to be deplored, I will not, at this time, discuss those features of the forestry problem for the reason that I believe that my auditors are fully informed of their importance. No Pelion need be piled upon Ossa for the members of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association, but if there are any present who have not already learned these things it may be well to say that a little study and obser- vation will show them the necessity of making every foot of land productive, and that it is mani- festly our duty to ourselves and posterity to grow trees wherever possible on land not fitted for profitable agriculture. We certainly should not wait until disastrous experience demonstrates the fact ; but I greatly fear there are many who will learn in no other way. Leaving, then, the question of necessity to be solved by experience, if it cannot be by existing facts, we will discuss the problem of how to bring about a reforestation of such portions of our State as are not adapted to agriculture, for reforestation it must be, as we have little virgin forests left. It must be understood at the outset that no claim is made that any land suitable for general farm pur- poses—except the farmer's ^yoodlot where he may possess only such land as is suited for cultivation, but some of which will actually pay him better in growing trees for his own use than for other pur- poses— should be devoted to tree-growing. In some parts of Europe it has been found advisable to devote fairly good agricultural land to forestry, but we have no need to do that here ; certainly not now. How, then, can reforestation be brought about ? A large majority of our people claim — and they are strong in the faith — that all that is necessary to bring about a restoration of our forests is — in some way but just how not clear to many — to pre- vent destructive forest fires, to stop what is com- monly called waste, and, likewise, to stop reckless cutting, and that when this is done unaided Nature will bring about a full and satisfactory res- toration of abundant and valuable species of trees. This is firmly believed to be a *^ dead sur-e cure " for all the evils which beset our forests. Now, this claim is true in part, but not wholly so. That forest fires should, and what is more, must be suppressed is above and beyond all con- tention or controversy. No matter what system of forestry may be adopted it will fail unless forest fires are prevented. Even if a fire is not fatal to a mature tree it is to one in its babyhood. No Nation or family can long survive without children, neither can a forest be perpetuated without young trees. It is a sad commentary on our neglect to realize that there are larger areas burned over about every year in some one or each of many of the counties of our State than there is in the whole German Empire during the same period, where 26 per cent, of the country is forest. The fault with us lies not so much in the insufficiency as in the non-execution of our laws. A healthy public opinion, one that will consider forest burning equal in badness with barn burning, will soon put a practical end to forest fires. In the matter of preventing forest fires there is not, nor should there be, any diff'erence of opinion among those who seek our country's welfare. So, too, there is complete agreement that wanton waste and reckless cutting should cease ; but there may be a disagreement as to who is responsible for what is commonly known as waste, which is the material that the lumberman leaves in the woods or burns up at his mill. For that waste the purchasing public is mainly responsible. The manufacturer would take everything out of the forest and save all at the mill if he could sell it at a profit. As long as fairly good lumber can be secured at moderate prices no one will buy inferior stuff*, though cheap, and much such waste will go on until forest products bring a higher price than now. The time is not far off", however, when the price of all forest products will, as in the case of wheat, corn, or any other farm crop, be the cost of production, plus a fair profit. The reason why that does now prevail is that we found the forests already grown, and at no cost to us ; but when they must be grown, that is, seeds planted and \ trees cared for for 50 or 60 years, conditions will be changed, and when that time is reached forest products, like all other commodities, will be worth what it costs to produce them. When we come to that portion of the claim where it is insisted that acceptable restoration will naturally occur when fires are suppressed, there is opportunity for a wide difference in opinion. It is freely admitted that if our forests had been properly exploited, if due regard had been paid to the young growth, and seed trees in sufficient number had been left, and that fires had not been permitted to practically devastate nearly all of what was once forest -covered land, that so- called natural reforestation would, after a fashion, occur over considerable areas ; this being especi- ally, so where chestnut and some species of oak constituted the original stand. But none of this necessary care was taken, nor did chestnut and oak grow on any great area of our land. No care for young growth prevailed, no seed trees were left, and fire has been allowed to devastate vast regions just as often as there was a growth of vegetation sufficient to support it, and over large areas of what was once forests there are now to be found few trees of valuable species, and in some places none of any kind. I do not believe that there is on any considerable portion of our former forest area, probably not exceeding 30 per cent., either a near or remote possibility of natural re- forestation with a sufficient number of useful tim- ber trees. I can see nothing but failure in de- pending upon that system and can hope for an acceptable restoration of our forests only through artificial planting. To my mind no greater or more fatal error in forestry can enter the mind of any individual than the belief that, in our State, natural restoration can to any great extent, be depended upon. I know very well that the cor- rectness of this contention will be disputed, and probably it will be severely criticised. No doubt many will think it a cry of ** wolf " when there is no wolf; and some may hold that if correct it should not be now proclaimed because of its dis- couraging tendency. So far as this latter feature is concerned it is admitted that there is some force in that view, and I will say right here that for a long time, and for that very reason, I have refrained from making the declaration so positive or so public as now; but believing that at last the time has arrived when we should understand what conditions are I can no longer withhold it. But be that as it may ; the subject has been carefully considered and the words weighed. I believe I know whereof I am speaking ; and, furthermore, it is my desire to go on record in this matter. It is no frenzied or hasty conclusion. It is a con- viction which has been forced upon me by con- ditions which have confronted me for a long time. Concerning those who may disagree with me I will say it is my belief that if they had enjoyed the same opportunities I have, or have had the same experience as an observer and student in practical forestry, and, likewise, that of a lumberman, that has fallen to my lot, they would see the matter in the same light that I do. When any of you who may now disagree with me shall have had more than three-score years' ex- perience in the forests of our country, when you shall have had actual contact with them and ob- served their conditions and studied their growth you will see the conditions are quite diff"erent from what you now imagine. Call me heretic if you will. If I am not now orthodox in the be- lief expressed please wait a few years and see what is then orthodoxy. It is not denied but that there are some tracts where natural regenera- tion is coming on, after a fashion, good in some places and poor in others ; and none will rejoice over the good ones more than your speaker. He simply accepts conditions as he finds them and will not blind himself to avoid seeing them. It would be true that natural reforestation could be successfully carried on had we virgin forests to cut conservatively and hence permit a young growth to come on. But, as already stated, there remains only a small amount of such forests in our State. We have practically wiped them from the face of the earth. We have left nothing from which a forest can grow. I cannot deny, how- ever, that those who hold that our forests will naturally restore themselves if permitted to do so, have any excuse for that belief, for they certainly have had that preached to them, and it is still held by some professional foresters, but all that I ask of anyone is to examine the present stand and see the character of the growth that may there be found. Because a growth of trees can be seen coming on over considerable of the cut-over and burned- over land many jump to the conclusion that this growth is of the same species as that which stood there before, when, if they will but carefully ex- amine the stand of trees, they will find it, except where chestnut and some species of oaks have grown, almost entirely made up of worthless spe- cies ; or, if of valuable species, they will be fire- scarred, short-stemmed, full of large limbs, or crooked. Who is there that desires to grow trembling aspen, bird cherry, sumac, scrub oak, or other worthless stuff"? No one, I apprehend ; yet these are what are generally found where fire has permitted any tree growth whatever. Now this, in sober truth, is the condition of a great 237 44 FOREST LEAVES. portion of the non-agricultural land in our State heretofore denuded of trees, and which must hereafter be reforested ; and we must not expect anything better from that portion where the trees have not been removed, for the modern system of hmibering takes everything, even down to trees 2 or 3 inches in diameter, paying no regard for smaller growth, and leaving the ground practically a barren waste, when, if fire succeeds, which it generally does, there is left no tree-growth of any sort. Something cannot spring from nothing. There is still another important feature incident to natural reforestation which should not be ignored, and that is the long time which must ensue, even under the most favorable conditions, before a full restoration can be brousfht about. Few of our important timber trees bear seed in the forest before the age of 35 or 40 years, and then, on an average, not oftener thali once in 5 or 6 years. Unless a full stand of seed trees is left, and the conditions for germination are prac- tically perfect, there will be an uneven and par- tially open seeding, and no further restoration can take place until another seed year or, more likely, not until trees from those first sown are old enough to bear seed. It is possible, but not at all proba- ble, that a fairly full stand can, by natural seeding, be secured in from 100 to 150 years, and then be of uneven age, while by artificial restoration a full stand can be grown and the trees all become mature in from 65 to 75 years. In short, the productive capacity of the land under artificial planting will be far greater than by natural seeding and harvest- ing of the crop materially hastened. I will further add that even if natural reforest- ation could take place there would not, nor could i there be, any satisfactory control of the species that would come on, which is a very important I matter, in fact, so important is it that in many i cases it would, no doubt, be best to remove, even I from virgin forests, all existing tree growth and i plant such species as the needs of the country de- j mand. And this presents another important element of ! our State's forestry problem which should not be overlooked when its solution is undertaken ; and \ that is, to determine the species of trees to plant. ! Now, trees are grown in the forests mainly to pro- duce what is known as forest products, such as lumber, fuel, pulpwood, railroad ties, telegraph, telephone, and other like poles, and the numerous purposes to which wood is put, and little or no attention is paid to sentiment or the adornment of the landscape. Hence forest trees should be of such species and so grown as will be useful for the purposes intended. Therefore it is important to know which species will thrive best under our climatic and other conditions, and which will best meet the demands that will be made upon the forests. To determine which will thrive best one has only to ascertain what species naturally grow here, and any wandering outside of that field should be undertaken with great caution. Of course there are trees whose botanical range extends far beyond their natural habitat, as, for instance, white pine, indigenous only to this country, flourishes in Europe ; Norway spruce, a foreigner, does well in some parts of our country ; but, unfortunately, ' trees indigenous to the Pacific Slope do not, in the United States, flourish east of the Rocky Mountains, although they do well in Europe ; and few of the species indigenous to the Southern States will thrive in the Northern ones, and vice versa. So whatever is done to introduce trees which do not naturally grow here should be done with great caution, for a mistake in this cannot be easily or quickly corrected. I wish to empha- size this point because of the efforts recently made — conjointly by parties who grow trees with but little cost and sell them at a profit, and mer- cantile firms — the latter, no doubt, having been misled, and who conscientiously thought they were doing a patriotic act — to extensively plant so-called hardy catalpa trees, when it is not known that they flourish in any part of our State, but it is known that wherever tried they are proving to be failures. While it is urged that we should mainly confine our planting to indigenous trees there should be great care exercised in their selection. We have a large array of forest trees indigenous to our State from which to choose, yet one may almost count upon his finger ends all that will prove profitable. To illustrate more fully and to show what should be done here, I will state that there are in the United States about 500 different spe- cies of trees — certainly a large number — but re- turns to the United States Census Bureau and the United States Forest Service, show that in 48,000 sawmills of our country there was cut, in 1909, the enormous sum of 44,509,761,000 board feet of lumber, and 99.9 per cent, of that amount was cut from 31 species. Two of these 31 species, southern yellow pine and Douglas spruce, neither of which can be successfully grown in our State, produced 47.5 percent., while all the species that do flourish here yielded only 37.1 per cent. It will be well to give the names and percentages of the several species which grow here and which go to make up the 37. i per cent. They are oak, 9.9 per cent.; white pine, including Norway pine,. 8.8 ; hemlock, which will soon be practically ex- tinct here and cannot for several reasons be con- FOREST LEAVES. 45 \ sidered a profitable tree to grow, 6.9; maple, 2.5 ; yellow poplar, 1.9; chestnut, 1.15 ; beech, i.i; birch, i.o; basswood, 0.9; hickory, 0.8; ash, 0.7 ; with walnut, cherry, and sycamore each o. I per cent. It must not be forgotten that white pine once, and not many years ago, produced more than half of all the lumber cut in the saw- mills of our State, and would do so to-day were it not so greatly exhausted. Now what call is there to attempt to grow trees here to any great extent outside of this list ? The fact is that for legitimate forestry purposes we can, except in the case of the farmer's woodlot, where he may profitably grow some others, practically discard all but oak, pine, maple, yellow poplar, chestnut, basswood, hickory, ash, walnut and cherry, remembering that the last four can be grown successfully only in favored locations, as they are quite exacting — some defiantly so— in their demands. Of course there are some others which it may be well to plant, but it should be done sparingly. I speak thus pointedly in this matter because there is a tendency to indulge in a long list of species, something which I think should be avoided. Of course there may and should be added, such foreign species as have proved themselves adapted to our climate and conditions, such as Norway spruce and, according to present indications, European larch, and pos- sibly—but with great doubt — Scotch pine. Sur- prise may be felt that locust has not been included in the list of suitable trees to cultivate. 7'he reason is that it is being destroyed, wherever grown, by a species of borer which cannot be controlled. The honey locust will, no doubt, prove a good substitute as it is equally as durable in contact with the ground and is not attacked by disease or insects. To be sure, there are several species not named which produce lumber suitable for some purposes, or that are substituted for more valuable kinds, but why grow an inferior tree when a good one can be grown as well and, in most cases, easier? A white pine planted at the same time and in the same location as a hem- lock will reach as large a size in 60 years as the hemlock will in 85, and the value of the pine will be fully twice that of the hemlock. While it would be folly to grow trees that are not profitable it would be equally as unwise to grow less than a full stand on the ground occu- pied, and it is a safe statement to make, that even of the virgin forests that once covered our State, not T acre of them in 10 produced one-half the product that an acre of planted forest is capable of doing, and which European planted forests are uniformly doing. We would have little respect for the farmer's intelligence who would plant a poor variety of corn and grow but one hill where he should grow ten. An average acre of ground is capable of growing from 175 to 200 mature white pine trees and from 125 to 150 oak, ash, I and cherry, and all perfect — for the defective ones i would be removed in thinning, which is not the I case with naturally planted forest trees, and who- ! ever will carefully examine a virgin forest will see I the discrepancy. I Possibly it may be thought that I have, in my I contentions respecting the course that should be i pursued with the forests of our State, already com- mitted too many offenses to be forgiven, but I am constrained to add another, if offense it be, by insisting that by far the most important work in forestry to be followed in this State, and for that matter, largely so throughout the entire .country east of the Mississippi river, should, for the next 50 or 69 years, be mainly along the line of grow- ing trees either by planting seeds where the trees are to stand in the forest or, far better, planting in the nursery and, when old enough, removing them to the place they must occupy until mature. Unless this is done our efforts will avail little, but if begun quickly and carried on intelligently we will be successfully solving our problem in forestry. Practical tree-growing, selecting the species best adapted to local soils and climatic conditions, learning by actual observation the life-history of a tree — technically its dendrology — the rapidity of growth, the uses to which each can be put, how to gather seeds, how to plant and care for the trees from their infancy to maturity, must for many years to come, be our study and our work. The ** plain people," as Abraham Lincoln loved to call the great mass of citizens, must learn to know why a tree grown all its life in the open will not produce good merchantable lumber, when one of the same species and standing in substan- tially the same location will, if crowded by com- panions until it has reached what is known as its *' height-growth," grow tall, straight and free from limbs for half or two-thirds of its height, and produce such lumber as the market demands. Our landowners must learn how to grow trees in the nursery and how to plant and care for them, and more than that, must learn that they can and should depend largely upon themselves. I do not mean by this that educated, or if you please to so call them, professional foresters are not essential, for they are essential, just as highly educated agriculturists are necessary; but the landowner must, in forestry, do just as does the intelligent farmer who largely depends upon his own know- ledge and experience. I must, however, be al- lowed to say, for I deem it the truth, that, in FOREST LEAVES. 47 46 FOREST LEAVES. order to grow trees from seed, it is no more ne- cessary, although it would be well, to have a pro- found knowledge of the technics of forestry than it is necessary for the farmer to understand the technics of agriculture to grow his corn and oats. The practice of forestry in Pennsylvania, and in fact in most of the Eastern States, will be quite different from that in the National Reserves, or in any other section west of the Mississippi river. Here, in the main, it will be creating forests and there exploiting and preserving them ; and the trees which must be grown here are of different species from those in the west. Here the forester must needs grow trees by planting the seeds ; there, in virgin forests, he will simply accept and care for them after Nature has planted them. It would be well to know all things, but that is im- possible; but it is likewise well to thoroughly learn some things, even though less important ones be neglected ; hence, I would say to the student in forestry if you are to serve your country in Pennsylvania, first — as you should under all circumstances— see that your education is well grounded in the fundamental features of the science and then devote your best energies to a full and complete knowledge of Pennsylvania's forest conditions and demands ; learn what trees are best adapted to her domain, their life-history, manner of growth, location best suited to each, how to plant and care for them, the uses that each is best suited for, and come to know each and every one as you would know your best friends ; and when all this is accomplished, but not before, you can afford to roam elsewhere in the domain of forestry, still keeping your thoughts on grow- ing trees for your successor to exploit and harvest. While I have not discussed all the elements of our forestry problem I have considered substan- tially all except one, which for the lack of a better name, I will call the education of the people at large ; and by this I mean acquiring a knowledge of the necessity for reforestation and the manner of accomplishing it ; and also a knowledge of the burden that must be borne in bringing it about. Unless our people first come to a full comprehen- sion of our present conditions and see the absolute need of restoration of our forests they will be loath to take up the burden. When they have learned this need they will then see that the burden must be borne. We have, in the past, learned something of forestry, but there is more to learn hereafter. We must realize that we have a greater work to do than has ever before come to the people of our loved Commonwealth. We have sown to the wind and now must reap of the whirlwind. But bear the burden of growing new forests we must, for it will be a lighter burden than that which will be laid upon our shoulders in doing without them. There is our salvation on one hand and utter ruination on the other. But I am forced to tell you that Pennsylvania's forests cannot be restored without an enormous expenditure of money, labor, and time. Unfortunately neither the people nor the law makers appear to have any just conception of the vastness of the undertaking. Ere long they will awake to a realization of the situation and then there will be condemnation loud and strong against those whom they may think responsible for their not being informed in time. I shall get my share, no doubt, but I here indicate to such as may hear me what is coming, and insist that we must at once take up the burden of growing new forests, and thus solve Pennsyl- vania's problem or suffer the consequences. The restoration of our forests is more than an economic proposition, and there should abide with it senti- ment, duty to those who are to come after us, patriotism, and love of country. All these should prompt us to act. Will our people act, or do they prefer Niagara. S. B. Elliott. The Forestry Commission of New Hampshire has issued its biennial report for the years 1909- 1910. By the forestry law enacted May i, 1909, a Forestry Commission of three members was ap- pointed, who shall select a State Forester at a salary not exceeding $1,800, whose duties are defined, and Mr. Edgar C. Hirst was appointed State Forester on June 22, 1909. The first work undertaken was the appointment of forest fire wardens, one being selected for each town, and these have been doing effective fire fighting. Large cloth fire notices were printed, and about 12,000 posted. The expenses of fight- ing the fires are shared equally by the towns or cities and the State. In the northern section of the State, with the assistance of contributions from lumbermen, 13 lookout stations have been established, and in ad- dition, one of those maintained by the neighbor- ing State of Maine is utilized. Although these were in use but a short time, 44 fires were re- ported from them. A map shows the location of the stations established, together with 16 proposed locations for additional outlooks. During the two years ending August 31st, 1910, there were 24,283 acres burned over, the damage being estimated at $113,586. The State Forester also delivered a number of lectures on forestry in different parts of the State, and started a forest nursery. The State owns two tracts of forest land, containing a total of 660 acres. I J. T. ROTHROCK, Consulting Forester. WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. i(t n LEinilS' TREE CHT^RTS. Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species. No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies. No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies. No. 3. Southern, Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples of Extinct Oaks. Part II.—THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species. No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and European Chestnuts. No. 5. The Walnuts. American, Japanese and European species and varieties. No. 6. The Hickories. American species and varieties. Part III.— No. 7. The Willows and Poplars. Numerous species. No. 8. The Birches, Elms and allies. No. 9. The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species. Part IV.— ♦No. 10. The Magnolia and related trees. ♦No. 11. The Horse Chestnuts and allies. No. 12. The Maples. (Printed in advance.) (Those with an ^ as yet unprinted.) Price for the ten Charts published, $4.00. For further information address the author, publisher and proprietor, GRACEANNA LEWIS, Media, - - - - Pennsylvania. FOKE^T LEi^VEp. o<|t>^ THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association. .Si^^i^ The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa. >^(p^ s « RATES • I insertion. j 6 Insertions. IS insertions. I inch, . . $1.00 $4.00 $8.00 % page, . . 4.00 17.00 34-00 73 • • 7.00 30.00 60.00 I2.C0 50.00 JCOrOO M Z'^o 48 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate K:ourse in technical forestry — preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field >work in surveying, mapping and forest , measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk • of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of 'superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Biltmore Forest School BILTMORE, N. C 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the, school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, FHILA. ', 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS. nUiatrated Catalogue upon applicatiatu JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Master. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: Rt. Rev. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., President. Samuel F. Houston, Vice- President. George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. XANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DI98TON. EDGAR DUDLEY FARIE8. FRANCIS I. GO WEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MCCOUCH. GIFFORD PINCHOT. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. ^-^/ ^ «^ ^\^ %^ ^^ w^ ^^ ^^ ^% *y» We suggest that our readers, interested in arboriculture, note how comparatively few re- ally shapely specimens of trees are seen in a ramble or during a journey, for many enemies are busy despoiling the foliage or damaging the trunks and limbs. Caterpillars, moths, locusts, beetles, scale, rust, blight, and various insect or fungus enemies are more active in destroying than the would-be protectors are in saving trees. The claim that these pests are more destructive than formerly, seems substantiated by the deple- tion, and in some sections of the country, the practical extermination of insectivorous birds. The domestic fowl too are more restricted in their liberties, and the areas which they cover are less than in ''the good old times of yore." But trees have other enemies which have mul- tiplied as urban life became more general and modern facilities have extended. The smoke from mills, factories, and railroads, affect the leaf life being particularly destructive to many evergreens. The stringing of wires for telegraph, telephone, or electric light service has resulted in the butch- ery of many fine trees, usually carried on with little or no regard to the symmetry of the plant. Unnecessary hacking of bark, gnawing by horses tethered to trees, and the savagery which charac- terizes much of the so-called pruning, create scars and encourage decay of unprotected portions. Adding to these and other causes which could be enumerated, the breaking of limbs due to wind and sleet storms, with no effort to protect dam- aged portions, there need be little surprise that one finds so few perfect trees. J. B. 5i« * * 5}C # As this issue of Forest Leaves goes to press, stories of the terrible destruction of towns and mining camps, with serious loss of life are reported as the results of forest fires in Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Ontario. The details of these disasters are renewed illustrations of the great damage which results from forest fires, and were it possible to trace the genesis of each one, it is probable that the initiative was some insig- nificant blaze which was neglected, or some care- less act on the part of an individual. These disasters are additional evidence of the import- ance of using all possible means io prevent forest fires. Salutary laws, rigidly enforced by drastic punishment of offenders go far towards encourag- ing carefulness on the part of individuals, rail- roads, or industries which are responsible for many of the conflagrations, and promptness in combating the fire when in its incipiency may result in saving millions of dollars in standing timber, improved property, and prevent the sac- rifice of life. J. B. Pennsylvania Forestry Legislation in igii.. WHILE, unfortunately, the bills creating auxiliary forest reserves, and the com- panion act in regard to the taxation of these reserves, designed to encourage private re- forestation by relief from excessive taxation, were defeated, a number of acts in the interests of for- estry were passed by the Legislature, and approved by the Governor, a resume of which appears below. Act 103. Makes an appropriation of $30,000 for the payment of a deficiency which has arisen in the expenses for the prevention and extinguish- ment of forest fires to and including May 31, 1 9 1 1 . The efforts made by the Forestry Reserva- tion Commission demanded expenditures beyond the appropriation, hence this deficiency. Act 115. Provides penalties for violation of the rules of the Forestry Department protecting the forest reserves. Thus persons kindling fires on the reserves, except in accordance with the rules, are subject to a fine not exceeding ;J 1,000 or im- prisonment not exceeding six months or both,, together with costs. Cutting the bark or in any way damaging a tree or trees, is subject to a fine not exceeding $500 or imprisonment for not ex- ceeding three months or both, with costs of the . suit. Violating any of the rules for the govern- ment of the reserves, or injuring or destroying notices relating to forest administration are subject to a fine of $100 or imprisonment not exceeding 30 days or both, with costs of suit. While these rules appear drastic, it is necessary that the For- estry Reservation Commission be in position by salutary examples to educate the public in the care of our forests. Act 173. Permits the United States to acquire by purchase or by making adequate compensation under condemnation proceedings, such lands in Pennsylvania as the Federal government may need for the establishment of National Forest Re- serves, provided the approval of the State Forestry Reservation Commission, and the Water Supply ' Commission shall first be obtained, and also that at any time in the future, if the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania shall desire to resume complete ownership and control over said lands, it may do so by appropriate legislative action provided the Federal government is repaid all moneys spent in acquiring lands with interest thereon at the rate of two per cent, per annum. The Commonwealth also retains concurrent jurisdiction with the United States in civil and criminal processes in and over such lands. This act does not confer the power to condemn land already held as State forest reserves, or certain acts of assembly to pre- serve the purity of water, the health, and regula- tions for control of disease. This places Penn- sylvania in position to have some of its forested areas held by the national government under the provisions of the Weeks bill. Act 270. Any person who wilfully and mali- ciously clubs, stones, cuts, or breaks, climbs upon, injures or destroys any shade or fruit tree growing on or along any street, road, or highway, upon conviction is sentenced to pay a fine not exceed- ing ten dollars or imprisonment not exceeding five days. Act 280. The Department of Forestry is em- powered to grant rights of way through the forest reserves to individuals or corporations when it shall appear that ** the said rights of way will not interfere with the use of said reserves, and when it shall further appear that the interests of the Commonwealth or its citizens will be promoted thereby.'* Under judicious supervision the grant- ing of rights of way may work to the protection of forested areas by the creation of desirable ave- nues to combat forest fires. Act 333. Is a companion of 115, and provides the same punishment by imprisonment and fine for setting fire, cutting, or destroying timber on private woodlands as in State reserves. It also provides a fine not exceeding $500 or imprison- ment not over three months or both, with the costs of suit for persons purchasing or receiving stolen trees or lumber knowing the same was re- moved without the consent of the owner. For cutting down or felling trees on the land of an- other without the consent of the owner, there is a penalty of double the value of the trees, or in case of removal from the land treble the value, with the cost of suit, and in addition to damages, the owner may follow the same and retake them from the possession of any person when identified. If the person in whose possession they may be found refuses to deliver them, said person is guilty of a misdemeanor, and may be fined not exceeding $500 or imprisoned not over three months or both, with the costs of suit. All fines become part of the general fund of the county. Act 713. Provides for the appointment of a commission of three persons, who are experienced in forestry, who shall serve without compensation other than traveling expenses to make an exami- nation and report on the property of A. W. Cook and others in Jefferson, Clarion, and Forest coun- ties, to determine the propriety of the purchase of the tract by the Commonwealth as^ State Park and forest reserve. $Z^o is appropriated for this purpose. The tract referred to comprises about 10,000 acres, a part of which is reported to be primeval forest. We understand the purchase of this property was brought before the Forestry Reservation Commission, which doubted the ad- visability of buying this as a reserve. ^; Act 725. Makes an appropriation of $25,000 for the expenses of a chestnut blight commission of five members, who shall serve without pay, and be called **The Commission for the Investigation and Control of the Chestnut-tree Blight Disease in Pennsylvania. ' ' They are to employ assistants and collaborate with the Department of Forestry. Any member or employee of the Commission can enter premises, to determine the condition of chestnut trees, and when the blight is found to exist shall co-operate with the owner in the eradi- cation of the disease. If the owner refuses to do this the Commission may take such measures as it deems best, cutting down and destroying any trees or parts of trees, notifying the owner of the expense, and if this is not paid within 60 days, may proceed by law to collect the same. If any trees not affected by the chestnut-blight are de- stroyed for the purpose of establishing a quaran- tine, the Commission will reimburse the owner for the trees so destroyed the stumpage prices of such trees. Any person interfering with an agent or employee of the Commission in the performance of his duties, shall be punished by a fine not ex- ceeding $100, or imprisonment not exceeding one month, or both. There is a further appro- priation of $250,000 available on the approval of the Governor, for the performance of the duties required, as for quarantine, removal of diseased or other trees, etc. This bill has been editorially commented on. The Legislature also passed and the Governor approved the following appropriations to the De- partment of Forestry, covering the two years be- ginning June I, 1911: Foresters, $110,000; rangers, $125,000; labor, $100,000; surveys, $10,000; draughtsmen and supplies, $12,000; examination of titles, $5,000 ; expenses mem- bers of the Forestry Reservation Commission, $3,500 ; incidental, $55,000 ; contingent, $6,000 ; expenses Forest Academy, $20,000 ; and purchase of lands, $50,000. Belgium has a total area of 7,270,000 acres, of which 1,320,000 are forested. The State owns 511,000 acres of the timbered area, which yields a net income of $4- 16 per acre. I . 1 ? 52 FOREST LEAVES. Co-operative Forestry in Ohio. OHIO'S woodlands and idle lands, with the exception of some large coal and furnace tracts in the southern part of the State, are almost exclusively owned in relatively small tracts There are no mountain ranges or large bodies of waste land characteristic of your State or our sister States lying under the influence of the Appalachian plateau. The average farm is not over loo acres in extent, and almost every one contains a woodlot of some description, aver- aging in size about lo or 15 acres, together with more or less non-agricultural land. .These condi- tions have brought about the development of two main lines of effort, viz. : operations in the care and management of the woodlot and larger forest tracts, and the working out of methods of refor- estation in the non -agricultural areas. The former is decidedly of greater importance, since it in- volves larger areas common to most farms, and because of the desirability of conserving the ex- isting growth. Many woodlots in the agricultural districts of the State are absolutely unproductive, and yet exist on good tillable land. Both phases are largely experimental, and certainly both re- quire demonstration. There is a dearth of defi- nite knowledge as to the best methods of proce- dure in these operations. We are hampered at every turn by our lack of definite knowledge, experience and clear-cut object lessons. We have no reliable data or results first hand which we know to be applicable to our peculiar conditions. While we have the experience of our friends across the water of over a century's endeavor, and gen- eral principles of Old World toilings will aid us in the solution of our problems, yet the details of feasible methods of procedure adapted to our conditions we must learn for ourselves, and the work has just begun. The large portion of the general public is with- out understanding of what forestry is, or what it aims to do. On the other hand, where the for- ester's efforts are understood, we are at a loss to outline plans of operation based upon actual, definite experiences. We are unable to suggest feasible details of management. To say the least, our answers to the woodlot owner's questions must be vague and not to the point. If we tell him to regard his timber as any other crop, we are unable to tell him how best to sow, cultivate and harvest that crop. _ . r^u- A peculiar economic condition arising in Uhio has had the effect of making our woodlot problems more complex. In practically every section of the State coal and gas have practically driven fire-wood out of the market. It was worth more forty years ago than it is to-day. Culled and unmerchantable timbers requiring removal may in some cases be disposed of for mine props and charcoal, but, aside from this, are practically unmarketable. The problem of management is therefore a difficult one. _ It was after a careful study of conditions that the co-operative plan was adapted as being the best method of learning facts which would be helpful and at the same time bring results before the people. Moreover, different woodlots present individual problems, and the solution for one might not apply to the other. The farm woodlot presents to-day the most complex of forestry problems. It deals with a heterogeneous mass of species, and usually in a state of unproductiveness both with respect to kinds of trees and condition. The merchantable species have long since been ! removed, and in some cases even seed trees do I not exist. To add to the difficulty, the majority I of these areas are pastured by live stock to the extent that no regeneration or undergrowth exists, and the process of culling has been carried so far that many times the result is a mere woodland pasture of little value for either forestry or pasture. Unfortunately, also, the weed species are present in greater numbers, and are most prolific in their production and dissemination of seed. I have known of cases where iron wood-seed trees six or eight inches in diameter have entirely regenerated areas four or five acres in extent. The extreme tolerance of this species to shade is favorable to its preponderance and establishment to the exclu- sion of the merchantable regeneration. No one realizes better than the forester the economy and satisfaction in woodlot reconstruc- tion through natural reproduction. By this means he takes advantage of all the natural assets, yet in over 50 per cent, of our woodlots this system would avail nothing by itself. Artificial rein- forcement must be the controlling influence, and it is here, again, that another problem is to be met, viz. : that of determining the adaptability and utility of species for this purpose. Two phases of operations are being carried on, viz. : with private owners and with the various classes of State, private, municipal and county institutions which possess land. The latter class has met with special favor, since there is greater assurance of permanency. Sixteen of these classes of institutions have asked the forestry department to inaugurate forestry work on their tracts, and on all but one work has been started. In the event of penal and charitable institutions the labor is performed by the inmates. Where the areas are large enough to warrant, nurseries have been established, which are cared for at the Z'fs^ FOREST LEAVES. 53 expense of the institution. In all cases labor is provided at their expense. Over 200,000 trees have been supplied, not including those grown from seed, which would add at least 100,000 more. It is the purpose to add to this stock each year. Upon the lands of these institutions may be found conditions common to forestry operations in all parts of the State, since they are distributed so as to include these conditions. A 1200-acre tract situated near Lancaster, in one of the most rugged and non-agricultural sections of the State, includes varying stands of second- growth tulip poplar, oaks and chestnut. Here are also the eroded and worn-out fields peculiar to the hill lands of the State, where operations of reforestation may be carried on to good advantage. This tract is virtually a forest reservation under the management of the Experi- ment Station by an agreement entered into be- tween the managing boards of each institution. The Oberlin Municipal Farm, consisting of no acres, lying in a good agricultural region, offers opportunity in forest extension and woodlot reconstruction. The entire area will be reforested for the protection of the city water supply. The operations are mostly experimental, but are so planned that they are in most cases quite sure to yield good results. Catalpa and locust were used to some extent at \ the outset, but it is designed to employ our best native trees almost wholly in this work. Most of the plantings and those planned for include tulip poplar, white ash, red oak, walnut, white and shortleaf pines, not neglecting other promising species both European and American. It is not known how much land there is in the State belonging to the various classes of institutions, which may be properly devoted to forestry, but there is enough of it to afford means of most excellent demonstrations. Such work will grow increasingly useful and in time become invaluable. Whatever the results, they will be useful, and sometime they will answer the questions which the people will be urgently asking. We can get these answers none too soon, for there are so many things which we do not know about forestry, that when we become aroused to our necessities, we will begin to earnestly seek for knowledge. Experimental forestry ought to be at least twenty-five years ahead of practical forestry. The outset of forestry in Ohio was brought about by those seeking information in the pro- duction of post and pole material. Since interest in this matter was aroused by the growing scarcity of such material, the State took up the work. They had no sooner done this than they found themselves confronted with the real forestry problems, and let me say here that the co-opera- tive work conducted through the medium of these few quick-growing post timbers has done more in arousing a general forestry interest than all other means combined. We have followed the policy of visiting parties making application fqr planting- plans and trees. This afforded an opportunity to become familiar with the land owners' forestry problems. In case he maintained a native wood- lot, we always made a careful examination of this, and reported to him, in as far as our knowledge extended, what could be done. If the conditions were problematical, we so informed him, and in the majority of cases he is willing to co-operate with us in attempting a solution. Co-operative forestry, in order to attain results, must have leadership and direction. In short, the operations must be closely followed. Enthu- siasm on the part of the landowner is apt to minimize under the influence of the long-time element, and there are countless obstacles to be encountered and overcome. The press of other duties is liable to conflict with the forestry end, and the latter will invariably suff'er, since it can be neglected. Profitable forestry in Ohio entails intensive details, and, consequently, considerable expense and labor to perform these details. A woodlot owner may be imbued with sufficient en- thusiasm, but cannot see his way clear to accom- plish his desires. At the outset trees were given gratuitously to interested parties, and this policy has been continued up to the present time. While this feature has not met with the approval of many well-known authorities, yet I believe that up to the present time we have accomplished more good by making free distribution than we I would have done by charging for stock at cost. We have taken this stand because we believe that every eff"ort should be made to encourage the co-operator' to undertake operations of doubtful utility. The arousing of interest in favor of for- : estry work, however, will warrant a change in : policy, and it is our purpose to charge for stock so distributed, except in cases of experimentation where results are doubtful. It is true that much i of the co-operative work among private owners I will fall short of results, but the promising ones we follow closely, offering every encouragement in our power. The fact is worthy of special mention that our forestry laws permit the experimental planting of ornamental trees and shrubs beyond the Station farm. In time this feature ought to yield excel- lent results, as it makes possible the publishing of full reports of the behavior of considerable lists of ornamental trees and shrubs. It is not the pur- 54 FOREST LEAVES. pose to carry on landscape gardening at the insti- tutions, but it will be necessary to plan the forestry work so that it will harmonize with the surround- ings. Neither is it the purpose to make plans for ornamental planting. Such work will fall to gardeners, but trees and shrubs will be furnished in limited quantities for trial, to be used in such places. There is another field of forestry, which is undeveloped but which is full of promise. Peo- ple living in cities and towns have an interest in forestry, but not many of them have come to see how they might practice it or help the cause along. The ordinary city park is an expression of a natural feeling or sentiment common to humanity. A costly park, well swept and garnished with its ostentation and its ** improvements " does not mq^et the wants of the real nature lover. It may be possible that the artificial pleases the majority of people, but those who love the natural ought to have their taste gratified, and besides the educa- tion of the public taste is a matter worthy of consideration. If cities, towns or counties were to take up the conservation idea to the extent of preserving bits of natural scenery and at the same time practice forestry, the good that would come of it would be inestimable. Our cities can and ought to take part in forest conservation. It is as much their business as it is for country people. At present and for some time to come we need experimental and demonstration planting and management. If every city had its forest park, much benefit and lasting pleasure would result. Such parks need not be made up of forests altogether, but there may be open groves of such trees as occur natu- rally in the region, and there may even be open fields and especially valleys. Wherever nature is at her best in open fields, valleys or groves, in thickly wooded areas, in streams or rocky bluffs, or where appropriate planting may be done or necessary thinning, there may be made a forest park which will illustrate many facts in forestry and to show and accentuate any number of beauty spots. Various arguments might be made in favor of . such parks, but the most obvious benefits are to demonstrate useful facts in forestry and to stimu- late an interest in the subject and to afford means of becoming acquainted with and enjoying nature. In some cases the protection of the sources of water supply may enter in also. The State can materially help this work by co-operation, and in this way obtain much data for publication. It may be claimed that no area of actual forests can be added to the total of that now in existence, even if this plan were generally adapted. Even if this were true it does not weaken the argument. We need forests, but we must first have much ex- perimental work and numerous examples of forest practice. A large forest reservation would be more useful than a number of small tracts as far as the production of timber and the protection of water sheds are concerned ; but for the time be- ing that which is most needed is to get some illustrative work before the people. For this purpose a: thousand small tracts would do more good than one large one. We have now many small tracts in the hands of private owners, but greater permanency is needed, and at this time the institutional tracts offer the better opportu- nity. It is desirable that the State shall create forest reserves for the purpose of growing timber, con- serving and developing water power and preserv- ing scenery. It will readily be seen that the production of timber and the conservation of water power are worthy objects, and perhaps no one will deny the desirability of fine scenery ; but there are those who would set a small value on beauty alone. In the forest connection, how- ever, it seems worth while to again speak of the fact that the cause of forestry must receive much of its impetus from a love for trees. It is worth while to cultivate the sentimental in every way possible, but to accomplish the most lasting good we must get away from the purely utilitarian point of view. On the other hand the gardenesque style of using trees for mere display, to show off striking colors of flowers or foliage or symmetrical or graceful forms is not conducive to correct notions regarding forestry. A trained gardener would never make a forester because he would have no place there to display his speci- mens of cutleaf or colored foliage or round headed trees, or whatever would appear to him as the most unique or striking in form or color. A forester may only by accident make a beauty spot ; but nature makes both forests and beauty without premeditation. It is not beyond our power to discover some of her secrets. In the first place she makes no ostentatio i about her work. She makes beautiful things, but does not shove them all to the foreground. You are not only privileged to enjoy these beauties, but permitted to discover them. Then too, in spite of nature's seemingly helter skelter way she does love to. see things in their proper places. A man might spend a lifetime and a fortune trying to make a beech or maple grove thrive on the dry steep hill tops in the habitat of pines, chestnuts and oaks, and vice versa; but his efforts would be poorly rewarded, and even if he could make the transfor- 2^V FOREST LEAVES. 55 mation the trees thus transposed would look un- happy and out of place. There is plenty of material with which to fortify the argument that environments and conditions must be considered in planting trees. One would look in vain in most parts of our State for such bold or sublime scenery as can be found in the eastern or western States, but the beech groves on the cold, almost level lands of some portions of Ohio are scarcely excelled any- where in grace or beauty, and so we might con- tinue to particularize regarding many species of trees, but allow me to cut the argument short by saying that when gardeners and foresters get back to first principles, they will find themselves upon common ground, and then the artist will discover something good in the work of both. Following this will come the realization by the people that forests are no longer to be regarded as cumberers of the soil, but are worthy of administration and reverence. These things will not come speedily. We must first be made to suffer for our wantonness and wickedness in despoiling more than we use. We are not going to lock the stable door, but the time we spend hunting the horse is going to make us appreciate his value. I doubt if this flood of talk about conservation will make us plant many trees or care for those we have, but the matter which seems most im- portant to me now is to get things ready so that when the time comes and people are brought to a thorough realization of their loss, and will begin to practice forestry, there will be a basis upon which to work. If there could always be kept before the people examples which not only show how to manage trees for the sake of their products but awaken lively interest in them on other grounds, much good will result. We must combine the aesthetic with the useful in order to reach the greatest number of people and in order to keep alive sentiment for trees. Then in order to be on safe ground we must get back to nature, forgetting a goodly share of our garden knowledge of trees and in our forestry operations, not overlook beauty nor adapta- bility. In short, in the kind of work proposed there is need of real landscape architecture along with forestry. Edmund Secrest. A Country^ s Scenery as a Financial Asset. IN 1909, not an unusually crowded year, the transatlantic steamships carried across the following: 130,017 first cabin passengers, and 167,250 second cabin passengers. Now, if we assume that each first-class passenger paid on an average $160 for the round-trip passage, that made a total of J 20, 802, 7 20 paid by that class to cross the Atlantic. The second-class passenger, we will assume, paid $100 for the round-trip pas- sage, so that the total sum paid by that class was approximately $16,725,200. The total amount of passage money for both classes of passengers was $37,527,920; but that does not represent the total amount expended in the year 1909 for Euro- pean travel, because each traveler carried consid- erable amounts by money order and by travelers' cheques for incidental expenses. Now, if we estimate that each person that left America in 1909 carried on the average, over and above the passage money, the sum of $500, we find that it makes a grand total of about $148,633,500 carried away from our shores to Europe. To this we must add the total passage money of $37,527,920, and that makes the grand total of money expended by Americans for European travel approximately $186,161,420, and this amount does not include the money spent by Americans living temporarily abroad, as students, invalids, or men and women engaged in governmental and commercial pur- suits. No wonder that the cities, towns, and countries of Europe energetically compete with each other to attract part of the American travel to their borders, and cater in everyway to their trade and for their patronage. The hotel-keepers, shop- keepers, and railroads, well know that Americans are liberal, and much of their volume of trade is due to American purchases. Time will not per- mit me to consider, what is done to attract tour- ists, but the general policy of European countries in this respect is illustrated by Switzerland, where the railroads and steamship lines are largely in the control of the government. Here the Swiss Federal Railways issues season tickets at the follow- ing prices, which includes a deposit of 5 francs : First Class, Tickets available for 1 5 days, Tickets available for 30 days, Tickets available for 45 days, $18.24 27.84 35.52 Second Class, Tickets available for 15 days. Tickets available for 30 days, Tickets available for 45 days, $13-44 20.16 25.42 95 Francs. 145 Francs. 185 Francs. 70 Francs. 105 Francs. 135 Francs. Third Class, Tickets available for 15 days, Ticketi available for 30 days, Tickets available for 45 days. $ 9.60= 50 Francs. 14.40= 75 Francs. 18.24= 95 Francs. These tickets give the privilege of an unlimited number of journeys by all trains and boats con- 56 FOREST LEAVES. trolled by the Swiss Federal Railways. In fact, a man could travel night and day continuously for 45 days in any direction, through Switzerland, without transgressing 'the contract which he made at the beginning with the railroad management. The American willingly pays his money to visit the historic places of the old world and points of scenic beauty are naturally included in his itiner- ary. He demands only adequate railway service, and certain creature comforts on his visits to the Rhine Valley with its mountains covered with vineyards and picturesquely crowned by weather- beaten ivy-covered castles. The forest protected slopes are a magnificent setting for the snow-cov- ered peaks and glaciers of Switzerland and the Tyrol. Some of the far-famed scenery of Europe is found in the Italian lake region, where lakes, Garda, Maggiore, and Como, are set as jewels in a landscape of great natural beauty augmented by beautiful villas that occupy every vantage point. For this and for a chance to study the cathedrals, ruins, and priceless art treasures of Europe, the American tourist is willing to pay liberally for the education it gives to himself, his wife, and his children. But the thought naturally arises in the mind of the man, who loves America, could not much of this money spent abroad be kept at home. Should not the well-known saying '' See America First," be observed by all native Americans, who love to travel. America affords much wonderful and awe- inspiring scenery. We have the Hudson River, Lake George, the St. Lawrence, Niagara Falls, ! the Great Lakes, the geysers and hot springs of , the Yellow^stone, the Rocky Mountains, the Grand ' Canyon, the Yosemite, the forests of the north- west, and other places of magnificent scenic beauty. The money spent abroad might as well be kept at home to encourage trade and traffic. In conclusion, it is self evident that one of the strongest arguments for the conservation of our forests, of our rivers, and of our national monu- ments is that they have, as we have attempted to prove, a great financial value. Destroy the natu- ral beauty of a country and you destroy the tourist travel to that country and cut off the financial benefits which come to a place that encourages strangers to visit it. That is my excuse for show- ing the members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association the views of Europe and America, because I believe it a strong argument to conserve our forests and our natural resources, because it pays to do so. John W. Harshberger. The University of Missouri has established a Department of Forestry, with Prof. J. A. Fergu- son at its head. Chestnut Culture. PURING the past year the number of inqui- ries concerning cultivation of the Sober Paragon Chestnut have far exceeded those of previous years, letters coming from every State in the Union ; from our neighbors, Canada and Mexico, and from foreign countries. Groves have been started in the south, the east, and the west ; the State of Washington being prominent. These inquiries, the augmented number of visi- tors, and the demand for nuts and grafts, demon- strate increased interest in this valuable forest product, and show appreciation of the commercial value of the chestnut. Believing that a recital of personal effort in chestnut culture may interest, the following data is offered : Fifteen years ago I began a series of experi- ments with the Paragon Chestnut on a tract of nearly four hundred acres of waste mountain land, from which the marketable timber had been re- moved and which was covered with a second growth of chestnut and oak. This land, situ- ated in Irish Valley, four and a half miles from Paxinos and six miles from Shamokin, Northumberland County, Pa., was very rocky in many places, and most of it when cleared, was of no value for agricultural purposes, for if it had \ been sold, perhaps not over fifty cents to one 1 dollar per acre could have been obtained for it. The first work was clearing the mountain side, removing and burning fallen tree-tops, brush, de- caying logs, and other debris which were left by the axemen. Roads and lanes were so located that prospective chestnut groves should not be de- stroyed by fire ; the passage-ways being from ten to twenty feet in width. One year after the land was cleared the new sprouts from the stumps had reached the height of from four to six feet, a proper size for the graft- ing. Early in May these young sprouts were grafted with scions of the Paragon Chestnut, care "^being taken to select the most healthy native sprouts. From four to six sprouts about one stump were grafted with the intention of ulti- mately sparing the most vigorous. It is usually best to preserve in the final clearing of stumps the sprout which started lowest down on the stump, or which protrudes from beneath the sur- face of the ground. The ungrafted sprouts remaining on the stump were allowed to stand one year as a wind shield to protect the grafts from being blown off in case they grew. If none of the grafts grew then the following season the remaining sprouts could be grafted. Two or three times during the summer the sprout was cleared of all buds and shoots t .♦ i >< ^1 3 u ^ UJ > O CO LiJ o UJ GQ CO UJ Forest Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 4. . GRAFTING PARAGON CHESTNUT SEEDLINGS. HARVESTING PARAGON CHESTNUTS. \ o X > < OS o li I Forest Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 4. UJ > O oc o h- D Z h- co LiJ I o o < cr: < Q. CC LU CQ O CO u. O UJ i GRAFTING PARAGON CHESTNUT SEEDLINGS. HARVESTING PARAGON CHESTNUTS. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES. 57 (suckers) starting to grow below the point of juncture with the graft. If this was neglected,' the new graft, robbed of its strength, would either die or not survive the first winter. By this means I secured a vigorous stand of healthy young chestnut trees, pushed on by a strong root-system. The trees do not stand in rows but in groves just as they grew originally in the forest. Wherever vacancies occurred we planted seedling trees, previously grafted, and if the grafted trees stood too thick they were care- fully thinned out and the most thrifty allowed to grow. This weeding or thinning process of trees must be continued for several years in order that they shall be distributed over the ground uni- formly or at proper distances apart. 1 use the ''whip" or ''tongue" graft, as it gives a more perfect union between the sprout and the scion, which varies in diameter from one- fourth of an inch up to one -half of an inch or even larger. One bud is left on each scion. These scions are cut during the winter months ; are kept in metal cases in an ice-house with a temperature of thirty-six degrees or less. By this method of storing the scions can be kept dormant for one year. In May, earlier or later, when the sap is pushing forth the buds of the sprouts, the grafting is begun, and it can be continued until as late as the middle of June, providing the scions are properly preserved in a dormant state. When the scions are set in the sprouts they require to be carefully capped with wax at the tops, and also must be well waxed at the point of juncture with the sprout. The second year gave the young trees a better chance for growth, because the ground was then cleared of weeds and underbrush. A gang of fifteen or twenty laborers are kept busy at this work all the year, going over the ground twice during the summer. In the third year, as soon as the trees were tall enough to be beyond danger or damage from browsing five hundred sheep were introduced. When the trees grew larger cattle followea the sheep. Swine can be used to good advantage in clearing up the groves. Danger from fire is a continual menace to chestnut culture until the trees have attained a ten or twelve years' growth, and the ground on which thev grow is divested of all underbrush and debris and becomes pasture land. To combat insect pests in the chestnut grove much trouble and expense was experienced. Do- mesticated fowls, such as guineas, chickens, and turkeys, were liberated in the grove. Guineas proved to be the most useful of all in this work ; turkeys destroyed many insects, but their wander- ing propensities are such that they will leave the premises. Chickens consume numerous forms of insect-life, but their timidity and domestic habits are such that their work was not satisfactory. Insect pests, especially the weevil and bur worms, are a source of great annoyance. The weevil is more easy to handle than the bur worms. In the month of September the weevil deposits its eggs in the chestnuts, and by the time the nuts have matured the eggs have developed into the well-known chestnut worm, which soon cuts its way through the nut and burrows in the ground. All wormy and defective nuts should be removed as soon as possible from the groves and fed to hogs or destroyed. There are two distinct species of bur worms. One we discovered, which is new to science ; Prof. Davis called it Holcocera Soberii. This bur worm makes a cocoon in the bur or among the leaves or grasses in the groves. The best means of destroying it is to clear away and burn all burs, leaves, grasses, and weeds. The other bur worm, which has not as yet received a scientific name, has habits similar to Soberii, Cleanliness is one of the greatest aids in ridding the premises of the weevil, bur worms, and other insect foes which inhabit the grove. All burs, leaves, weeds, and rubbish which collect in the grove should be collected and burned as soon as the nuts are harvested. Harvest time at the Chest- nut Grove Farm comes about the first week in October, at which time the burs have turned a golden brown, and they fall or are shaken from the trees, and the nuts are gathered. The chest- nuts are harvested by men or boys who wear stout buckskin gloves for protection in removing them from the burs. The Paragon Chestnut differs from all known chestnuts by retaining most of the nuts in the bur when ripe. A quart of Paragon Chest- nuts will usually average about forty-eight nuts. Chestnuts of this variety as large as a fifty cent piece are common, and some that will cover a silver dollar can readily be secured. Four hundred acres are now bearing nuts, and nearly half of the remainder of my farm has been turned to the cultivation of this most promising nut. Three hundred thousand seedling trees from one to three years old are now ready to be grafted. During April and May from 20 to 30 men have been engaged in grafting, and fully 150,000 trees will be ready for market by the fall of" 191 1 and the spring of 1912. This spring between 300,000 and 400,000 nuts were planted. These were put in nursery rows,^and in two years most of them will be ready to be grafted. Never have the trees looked better than this spring. All are growing rapidly, and the condi- tions have thus far been most favorable. The rate of growth is governed by the nature of the :v.| I I 58 FOREST LEAVES. soil to a great extent, but like any crop, chestnuts need care and fertilization to bring the best re- sults. The trees on the 40c acres are now about the size of large peach trees, and many last fall bore from ten to fifteen quarts to the tree. The attempt to improve the resources of the country and to extend the range of the chestnut by planting and transplanting, have proved most encouraging. The greatest value of the native chestnut lies in its root sprouts, which furnish '* stocks " upon which to graft the Sober Paragon Chestnut. , . /v- The fertile soils of our Western plains offer desirable locations in which to start chestnut or- chards, and there chestnut culture becomes a branch of horticulture. The chestnut orchard thus situated has the advantage of location, ac- cessibility to market, freedom from underbrush, and lessened danger from fire, while as an ad- ditional advantage the purely artificial orchard may be started in a region where the chestnut is not indigenous, and where the insect enemies are not yet introduced. The trees are usually set about thirty feet apart each way, and while the young trees are growing the other crops may be raised between the rows. In France, Spain, Italy, and Japan, the chest- nut has many uses. The American people have not yet learned the full value of chestnuts, but they are fast learning that the Sober Paragon Chestnut is unsurpassed in flavor, and a very nutritious food. 'C K. Sober. [The larger of the illustrations gives a good idea of the chestnut trees in the groves, while the smaller ones show the grafting process and the harvesting of the crop. — Ed.] Some Methods of Reforesting Burned- Over Land. (Read at the Foresters' Convention, Harrisburg, Pa.) THREE general classes of burned-over land in Pennsylvania are: Rocky, swampy, and mountain land areas. Upon the condition in which these classes of land are left by fire depend the methods that must be worked out for their reforestation. Following is a brief description of the condition of each class in Union County, caused by fire a year ago last fall ; also a few suggestions as to how nature may be aided in reforesting each area. But, first of all, it must be remembered that all methods are useless unless fires can be guarded against in the future. I. Th^ Rocky Areas,— Uere the soil is almost or sometimes entirely covered with stones and large rocks. There is no definite dividing line, but two well-defined conditions exist. a. Areas covered with large-sized broken rocks, with the soil very deep beneath, usually found along the steep side of hills. These areas never supported anything but a scattered growth of stunted trees, of which many have been left standing by the lumber-men. Often the fire killed only the outside trees, because the rocks acted as a barrier, which it could not cross. ^. Areas covered with rocks of smaller size, with sml not so deep beneath. Here hem- lock and pine grew in abundance. Where this bed was lumbered over years ago and burned over frequently, many places are thickly covered with young saplings of birch, aspen, cherry, and alder. The fire badly burned the roots of this growth, and the prevailing west winds have mowed them down, almost comple^tely covering the rocks. The more recently lumbered areas have been cleaned up well with the exception of large fallen, or scat- tered and standing trees. The rocks now lay whitened and broken on the surface, due to the intense heat. The first division of the rocky areas is of little importance so far as this generation of foresters is concerned. Reforesting the second division is a slow process, but there is no great haste. Serious erosion cannot take place, and hundreds of acres of better land are now idle in Pennsylvania. Na- ture can be aided in this work by, 1. Protecting the remaining seed trees on or near this land. 2. Planting up adjoining land which is of better soil composition (especially to wind- ward), with light seeded species, in order that their seeds may blow over in later years. 3. Planting seeds or seedlings of the light seeded species in patches on the best spots, distributed more or less evenly over the land, for the express purpose of growing seed trees. 4. Keeping down rodents so that the seeds are not destroyed. The chipmunks, or ground squirrels, in places are plentiful, and are the worst off*enders. Last fall was a poor seed year, and the ground squirrels gathered up all the good seeds almost as quickly as they fell. On these areas it looks as if measures would have to be taken for their destruction. This may sound harsh, for we all like the little animals, but forests cannot be built on sentiment. £S-/ FOREST LEAVES. 59 2. Swampy Areas. — These are the boggy flats- and very low grounds along streams. Here we have two conditions, though often mixed or merging into each other. a. The Alder Thickets : These were mostly killed by the fire, now break off or tear up at the roots, and will soon be replaced by sprouts or shoots of the same species. b. Hemlock and Pine Swamps : Part of this was a thick growth of pine and hemlock poles with some standards. The sphagnum and other swamp growth was dry and burned readily. The shallow roots of these trees were burned so badly that most of them were killed, and, their hold on the ground being broken, many have blown over. The following methods of reforesting will apply to both conditions, because alders can be shaded out by the tolerant species, and over- topped by most species. The pure, isolated alder thickets may not be helped much by the first, but the mixed places will be aided. 1. The dead and down timber that can be taken out at the cost of operation should be removed. This will stimulate the re- maining trees to develop and bear more and better seeds. It will prevent a worse tangle of windfalls, thus removing a fire and insect danger. It will leave the sun- shine in, which will help to make the ground better for natural regeneration. It will tear up the ground for a better seed bed. 2. Protect and plant seed trees of such spe- cies as maple, ash, basswood, and tulip at the heads of and along the banks of the small streams. The seeds from these trees will fall into and along the banks of the streams, ahd then will be carried down by the freshets and planted. Along the edge of Buffalo Valley is a good example of this fact. About seventy-five or eighty years ago a sugar maple was planted on a bank a distance west of a brook. When it grew up and produced seeds, the winds carried them into and along this brook. A freshet carried them down and deposited them, high and dry, on a piece of flat ground, a good distance below the tree ; and to-day there is a growth of tall, straight sugar maple poles on this tract of ground. In all probability, twenty years ago this was an alder thicket. 3. General Mountain Land Areas, — These areas include the remaining side hills, plateaus, and dry flats. They may be classified into four general divisions. a. Old Pitch Pine and Rock Oak Areas : Here, only the undergrowth was killed, and little damage done to the old trees except where this undergrowth and hunms , were thick. b. Sapling Areas : Most of these young trees were killed, and they now stand dry, hard, and unsightly. c. Low Brush Areas: Where thevbrush was very thick everything was burned up. Where it was not so thick, the partly burned dry, hard scrub oaks stand scattered over the land singly or in clumps. d. The Recently Slashed Areas: On the areas thickly timbered with pitch pine, everything, except the very worst old trees and tops, were burned. On the mixed oak and pine slashes, where the timber was not so thick, and not lumbered so heavily, the ground is littered with partly burned tops, fallen trees, dead brush, and worthless standing stuff. Reforesting the Old Pitch Pine and Rock Oak areas will be just the same burned as unburned. The method is to cut in such way that reproduc- tion is assured. On some of the Rock Oak areas, the quicker this can be done the better. At present my operation on these areas would not pay ex- penses. The undergrowth of value is chestnut and oak. It has sprouted again, as the fire was not severe enough to kill the roots. The small Sapling Areas, where the growth is dense and the burn not the hardest, will produce enough sprouts to reforest the area. At other places a full stand will not be produced. Counts, however, show an average of about a thousand chestnut and oak sprouts per acre, with the disad- vantage of being bunched in groups of three to ten. More will likely come in, and these areas, as a whole, with some fire protection, will take pretty good care of themselves. It would no doubt be profitable to plant up the failed places with seeds or seedlings. The Low Brush Areas have been burned a num- ber of times. Some of the growth was worthless, and much that was of value was entirely killed by the fire. Counts show at some places six or seven hundred valuable sprouts per acre. More may come on, but still there will not be enough for a full stand. Many other places were almost en- tirely without valuable sprouts, but a growth of scrub oak and other valueless species is coming on to prevent erosion. Other places will remain nearly bare, and erosion will follow sooner or later. These Low Brush Areas, with the recently slashed areas of pitch pine, present the worst problems. On portions having seed trees, no i I I 60 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 61 h y sprouts, and no soil cover, the only thing to do is to plant. Then, what and how to plant is the next question. The extensive experiments in Centre County on areas of this kind will no doubt throw some light on the subject. In some places, with little or no clearing, the ground can be torn up for a seed bed with a horse and spring-tooth cultivator. Seeds can then be sown or they may be sown first ; and then by going over the area with the cultivator the covering of the seeds may be accomplished. The latter would probably be the better method. The cost of this work would depend entirely upon conditions and the thorough- ness with which it would be done, but should not be too excessive. Expensive seed could hardly be used. , 14.^ Hardwood seedlings maybe grown and planted at approximately the same cost as pine. Ihe large seeds of these species may be planted at once with mattocks. This has been done on some of the reserves. Last fall's experiments cost for labor at the rate of three dollars per acre, and about one dollar for seeds. The disadvantages of j the mattock for work of this kind are many, , among them are, 1 In many places the brush interferes with the stroke. 2 Stones, roots, and forest sod often require several strokes to make a hole of sufficient size and depth. . 1 The hole is large, and often the mineral soil is scattered, leaving only the forest sod to cover the seeds. This soon dries out, leaving no moisture for germination and growth. , \fter having some experience with mattocks, Mr. Elliott's story of the man planting hickory nuts with his cane, set me to thinking, ihe ground is too hard and stony in most places for a heavy, iron-pointed cane. Putting a step on one side for the purpose of forcing the point down with the foot, makes possible a side as well as a downward pressure. By placing the point to one side of a handle, so that the foot of the planter rests directly over the point, you can readily see that this side pressure is eliminated. I he tirst instrument was made in this way. With it, /§ of an acre laid out in plots was planted in one hour, using a flag at each end of the rows and carrying the acorns in the left coat pocket. 1 he seeds were covered with the heel. Counting labor at fifteen cents per hour, it would cost one dollar and twenty cents per acre. The defects of this instrument were, I When a hard stony spot was struck, pres- sure with the foot gave it a tendency to turn. 2. The cramped position of the right hand caused by the straight handle. Both these defects are eliminated by the D- shaped handle at right angles to the point. The size of this instrument was determined by that ot the red oak acorn, so no trouble was found along this line. That size would also be about right for a hickory nut, while for a smaller seed the point need not be thrust entirely down to the end of the handle. By making a detachable handle of smaller size so the step can be moved, holes ot different depths and sizes can be made, so ditter- ent sized seeds may be used. The advantages of this instrument over the mattock are, ''^ . 1 . Ivcss and easier labor. 2. Can be used on rougher and more brushy ground. 3. No large hole to dry out. 4. Forest sod pierced and mineral soil sure to be around the seed. The disadvantage of only one seed to the hole is remedied by using a flat point. This flat point maybe used for planting small seeds; also tor small hardy seedlings, one man making the hole and a second man with a pail of puddled seed- lings inserting the little tree at the right depth. The first man closes the hole, the second firms the ground around it. With a box built purposely for seedlings and carried at the left side of the planter, one man ought to be able to do the work alone. The practical uses of this instrument are, 1 Planting seeds and seedlings on the best spots, scattered over the rocky areas, for the purpose of growing seed trees. 2 Planting up small scattered failed places 7* Planting of seed and seedlings on ground either too stony or too brushy for good work wi!h mattocks. 4 For a ranger to carry on his rounds, fall and spring, to plant seeds wherever he finds a suitable place. Raymond B. Winter. The Principles of Back Firing and the Equipment. (Prepared for the Foresters' Convention. Harrisburg, Pa.) IN all mountainous regions of the State where forest fires are of frequent occurrence, and it is necessary for owners to protect their homes and property from fire, back firing is used with more or less success. In former times this was done in rather a dif- ferent manner than at present, the methods having ^ changed somewhat with the character of the forest, and from new ideas gained through experience. Men formerly were not well equipped for fighting fire, and their work principally was that of start- ing a back fire from the nearest road or stream, even if such points were not properly located with respect to the fire, nor within a reasonable dist- ance of it. Large areas were quickly burned over in this way, and the back fire often became diffi- cult to control. The greatest departure from old methods now lies in the preparation, where needed, of a base for back firing, in guarding the firing base properly, and in the general plan of the work determined from the surrounding condi- tions. In all cases, the object of the work is to ex- tinguish a running fire in the least possible time, by creating a burned area of proper size, either entirely around it or simply in advance of those points where it can be put out in no other way. This is accomplished by starting back fires at the proper point and distance, guarding the line from which these are started, and by undertaking the work only when the conditions afford a reasonable expectation of success. Back firing is a satisfactory means of putting out large fires, but it should be kept in mind that the method is to be used only when necessary and advisable. With fires in woodlots or small fires in the forest where a working crew of sufficient number is at hand to allow a direct attack, it would be useless and would show a lack of skill on the part of the one directing the work. The advantages of the method are that it may be used when a more direct attack is not effective, and that a large number of men may be employed systematically. In doing the work from a base prepared in ad- vance of the firing, a narrow opening is made by clearing all leaves or other inflammable material from the surface. The back fire which is started from this base burns mostly against the wind and toward the main fire, leaving a burned area on the outside, which is guarded to prevent any spread of the fire over the base. Success, when this is undertaken, depends mostly upon the speed with which such firing can be done, and on the improbability of the fire's crossing such a base and getting beyond control. After a fire has been surrounded in this way all that is necessary is the patrol of the boundaries ; but if it is allowed to cross over and get beyond control at any time, all that has been accomplished is lost, and the fire is burning over a given area faster than if nothing had been done. Where back firing is done from roads or fire lines, which already exist in the forest, it is less difficult and the results more certain. In a forest which has no complete system of roads^^fire lines, and trails, the choice of a prepared firing base or of those which exist within a reasonable distance of the fire, is determined from the value of growth on the area in question and the facilities at hand for the work. On account of the different conditions under which the work is done, there can be o THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association. ^G^^^^ The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, ioi2 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa. *«^^^ RATES ■ I insertion. i 6 Insertions. 19 insertions. I inch, . . $I.OO $4.00 $8.00 'A page, . . 4.00 17.00 34-0O >4 *' . . 7.00 30.00 60.00 X " • . I2.CO 50.00 JCOrOO 1 i 64 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestr>'— preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Kature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Biltmore Forest School BILTMORE. N. C. 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing . C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS. Illustrated Catalogue upon application, JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Matter. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: Rt. Ret. Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., PresiderU. Samuel F. Houston, Vice-PrestderU. George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB 8. DI8ST0N. EDGAR DUDLEY PARIES. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H.GORDON MOCOUCH. GIFFORD PINCHOT. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. ^^^M'6TiUSO' 2s 7 ^ Vol. XIII. Philadelphia, October, 1911. No. 5. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, xoxa Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials 65 The Value of Birds in Relation to Insect Attacks 66 Experimental Tree Planting in Pennsylvania 68 How Can We Get a More Complete System of Combating Forest Fire? 69 The Saxon State Forest Academy of Tharandt 72 Autumn Arbor Day 75 Foreign Forestry 75 New Publications 78 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. The attention of Nurserymen andothtrs is called to the advantages ^ FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in Junb, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership fee ^ Two dollars. Life membership y Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. President y John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents^ Wm. S. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis. General Secretary^ Dr. Joseph T. Kothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer^ Charles E. Pancoast. Council-at- Large ^ Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Hon. Robert S. Conklin, Samuel L. Smedley. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Law, Chas. C. Binney, Chairman : Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson. J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, Alfred Paschalf, and Harrison Souder. IVork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Mrs. George T. Heston, Miss Florence Keen, William S. Kirk, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. County Organisation, i^3imuc\ Marshall, Chairman; Eugene Ellicott, James C. Haydon, and Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger. Opficb of thb Association. loia Walnut St., Philadblphia. EDITORIALS. 7\ S forestry education is accepted as a neces- X^L sity for good management, we feej satis- fied that our readers will welcome the description of the ** Saxon State Forest Academy of Tharandt," for it gives an idea of the careful method pursued in a European forest school, and also because it is claimed our Forest Academy follows a somewhat similar line of instruction. Prof. lUick is Instructor at the Forest Academy, where he will have an opportunity to impress the students with the methods followed at European forest schools. J. B. ***** The commencement exercises of the Mont Alto Forest Academy were of the most interesting character, and the graduates were all assigned either to work on reservations or at the Harris- burg office. The principal address was presented by Prof. Richard Conrad Schiedt of the Franklin and Marshall College, and was a masterly ac- count of forestry. The President of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association expressed satisfac- tion at the progress which was made, not only in forestry education, but in forestry propagation and protection, and congratulated the students on reaching the goal they had started for. The diplomas were awarded by the Commissioner of Forestry, R. S. Conklin. J. B. JfJ Sp 1* 'P 1> The attention of our readers throughout the State is invited to the announcement by Dr. Nathan C. Shaeffer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, that October 27th has been set apart as Arbor Day, to be recognized by the schools of the State, and we hope this will be an impressive feature at many of the schools, as we must look to the younger generation to maintain our forests. J. B. 66 FOREST LEAVES. The Value of Birds in Relation to Insect Attacks. (Prepared for the Foresters' Convention at Harrisburg, Pa.) THE books and reports concerning this sub- ject are limited. For this reason the sources of most of the material in this dis- cussion is an article by F. E. L. Beal and the various reports furnished by the Bureau of Bio- logical Survey, at Washington. The principal factors working for forest destruc- tion are man, animals, atmospheric conditions, fire, and plants. Of the above, fire, man, and animals occupy a pre-eminent place. Fire, as we well know, holds first place. Man, bacteria, and fungi cause great damage, but there still re- mains an amount of destruction, both to crude and finished product, that must fall to the work of animals. Of all the animal kingdom, insects have long been known to lead and are hardest to combat successfully. There is perhaps no visible plant that does not have some insect enemy to prey upon it, and most plants have several. There are many that have more than a hundred insect enemies. It is said that over 400 insects prey upon the oaks, 170 upon the hickories ; upon the locust there are 41; maple, 100; birch, 105; willow, 186; and pine, 165. All this shows that most of the valu- able American timber trees are infested with not one insect enemy, but with scores of them ; and do not oak, maple, hickory, locust, birch, and pine rank among our best timber trees ? During the past few years this subject has been studied more carefully. It is estimated that the injury done by insects annually to crude timber and finished products amounts to $100,000,000. Another writer on this subject has said that the aggregate loss to the manufacturers of fin- ished product, and to the consumer, from insect injuries to wood, will amount to a million dollars, in addition to the estimated loss of crude product ; and this amounts to at least three per cent, of the mill cut. The principal agencies used to reduce insect attacks are : 1. Unfavorable climatic conditions. 2. Beneficial insects. Disease. Parasitic fungi. Beneficial birds. 6. Man. By spraying in orchard or field, man can re- duce insect damage ; but this is impracticable in a forest. On such scale this is out of the question. 3- 4- 5 Man may aid and direct some of the other factors ; otherwise, they work as the chance comes. Among the other agencies mentioned that re- duce insect damage, we come now to the one under discussion— birds. Of the birds that in- habit wooded areas and prey upon insects of a destructive nature, woodpeckers take first place. They easily out-rank all other beneficial birds. Mr. Beal states that the value of woodpeckers cannot be estimated in dollars and cents ; but a careful study has brought to light much of prac- tical importance showing which species are harm- ful and which helpful to the forest. By means of their wonderful combination of acute hearing and ability to peck into wood, woodpeckers may pro- cure for themselves larvae, grubs, and beetles which no others of the feathered tribe are able to obtain. The insect diet of these birds consists of wood boring beetles {Cera?nbyddcE)y metallic wood boring beetles {BiiprestidcB), caterpillars ( Cossidcz)^ and wood boring larvae (^SesiidcB), Ants, which honeycomb the wood, are a source of considerable injury to our forest trees, and form another of the principal articles of diet in this family. Bark lice and scales are eaten by the smaller species of this family. Do7vny Woodpecker. — From an examination of some 300 stomachs of birds of this species, over 75 per cent, of its food was found to be animal matter, as follows : Per Cent. Beetles, mainly wood boring, adult and larvae, 24 Ants and lice, ^ Caterpillars and hoppers, • lo Other insects, about, 3° Of the caterpillars, the most abundant was the tent caterpillar. Hairy Woodpeckers. — One hundred and seventy - two stomachs showed that 76 per cent, of the food of this species was animal matter, as follows : Per Cent. Beetles, 24 Caterpillars, 21 Ants, ^7 Other insects, ^4 In a single stomach of one of these birds, ash boring beetles were found to the number of 25, and pine boring beetles to the number of 35. Red' Headed Woodpecker.— This species eats more vegetable matter than the other kinds, though it is fond of the Prionus lafico/lis, which is one of the most destructive of the boring insects. Flicker. — It was ascertained from an examina- f FOREST LEAVES. 67 tion of some 400 stomachs, that 60 per cent, of this bird's food is animal matter. From a single stomach over 5000 insects have been taken. It is fond of the white ants, and 8 per cent, of its food is beetles. Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker. — It is thought that its principal diet is insects, though it will eat cambium and drink sap. Mr. Bolles says that this bird will die if fed upon sap and cambium only, and that insects, attracted by the sweet sap, are really what the birds are after when they make holes in trees. Taking all into consideration the value of this bird is problematical. The Titmouse. — In the United States about seventeen species of this family are found. The most common one is the black capped chickadee whose diet consists of caterpillars, beetles, ants, bugs, insect eggs, and larvae. These birds, like the woodpeckers, remain the entire year in the northern part of the United States. The Nut Hatch, — Four species of nut hatches are found in the United States. It is interesting to note that these birds will run up or down a tree and on the under side of large branches, with equal ease. For this reason they obtain worms and insects that others would miss. Their food is nearly the same as that taken by the tit- mouse. The Brown Creeper goes after the titmouse and cleans up all that the latter misses. The Warblers. — Many species of this family are known to be insect eaters. In addition to insects of various kinds, in an examination of the stomach contents of 5 birds, 271 weevils were found. The Kinglet. — These birds are hard workers, though one species only is said to be of much im- portance. The food is mainly insects, as weevils, ants, bugs, and caterpillars. The Cuckoo. — From an economic point of view, this bird takes high rank. It is fond of cater- pillars, and eats the tent caterpillar, fall web worm, and the white tussock moth. The Baltimore Oriole, next to the cuckoo, takes rank in the destruction of caterpillars. This bird inhabits the edge of the forest, and will be found feeding where insects abound. The Robin. — Leaf destroying caterpillars are 8 per cent, of this bird's food the year round. The Vireos. — These birds prefer deciduous trees to pines, and their principal diet consists of bugs (^Heffiiptera), and caterpillars. The following are insects found in stomachs of vireos : soldier bugs, buffalo treehoppers, plant lice, spittle bugs, and scale. The wood pewee, the swallow, the night hawk, the whippoorwill, and several species of the sparrows, as well as numerous other insectiverous birds, are known to pick up insects ; but they cannot be said to rank as special enemies to forest insects. I have obtained a list of the insects said to work most damage to our forest trees, and from this list have tried to find out what birds are known to eat them. The results are as follows : Locust carpenter moth {Frionoxystus robinice)^ woodpeckers. Chestnut weevil (^Balaninus), eaten, but species not given. Forest tent cater- pillar, the following 32 birds : Yellow and black cuckoos, flicker, crow, blue jay, red-winged black- bird, Baltimore oriole, four species of the sparrow, chewink, scarlet tanager, rose breasted grosbeak, robin, purple martin, cedar bird, four species of the vireos, black-and-white creeper, four war- blers, redstart, brown thrasher, nuthatch, catbird, chickadee, and wood thrush. Locust borer (^Cyllene robinice), hairy woodpecker. Hickory borer, rose breasted grosbeak. Elm leaf beetle, warbling vireo, cedar bird. Tussock moth, six species. White pine weevil, yellow-billed cuckoo, blue bird, woodpecker. Larch saw fly, species not definitely known. Brown tailed moth, twenty- nine birds. Gypsy moth, forty-six birds. In the foregoing, I have tried to show that many birds of many species are known to eat in- sects which are a menace to forest trees. There are perhaps many which have not been mentioned. In view of the above, however, one is impressed that the avian tribe must exercise an important check upon insects. That birds are an efficient check upon insect multiplication is impossible of denial, and it is to be doubted if anywhere in the animal kingdom there is to be found any more restraining influence so important. Predatory in- sects at best may destroy only a comparatively small number of insects each day. Parasitic in- sects may deposit eggs on several hundred hosts and eventually kill them, thus doing efficient service in checking increase of insect pests. But from three thousand to five thousand insects as a single meal have been found in the stomach of a bird. It is true that birds are not so numerous as predatory or parasitic insects, but it is to be doubted if this fact is not over-bal- anced by the greater capacity for destruction in the case of the birds. Another point in favor of birds is their ability to fly over long dis- tances, and in case of local outbreaks they may rally to that place. Professor Forbes says, in speaking on this point : ** The wonderful locomo- tive power of birds enables them to escape scarcity in one region which might decimate them, by simply passing over to another region more favor- able, without the loss of life, thus fitting them above all other animal agencies to arrest disorder \^^ ICO 68 FOREST LEAVES. at the start, to head off aspiring and destructive rebellion before it comes to a head.*' It is said that birds eat beneficial insects as well as others. It is true that they do this, but does not this in itself work to our benefit ? Suppose that only destructive insects were eaten, would not this cause severe trouble, as it is known that in- sects, beneficial ordinarily, eat vegetable matter as well as destroy pests. The true function then of insectiverous birds is not to reduce the number of kinds of insect pests, but to keep them at a lower level. This is easily seen by the fact that they have lived together for countless ages and a balance maintained. Who can say that man has not increased insect pests by his destructive habits, and that the decrease in birds has not, in proportion, worked untold hard- ship for him ? The value of birds in relation to insect attacks then is to reduce possible damage and preserve a balance. They are to be recognized as one of the most important factors aiding in the great work of destruction of insect pests. C. C. Miner. Experimental Tree Planting in Penn- sylvania. MR. WM. G. KOHOUT of the Spring Brook Water Supply Company, Wilkes- ^ Barre, Pa. , states that among the isolated tracts owned by that company is an island in the Susquehanna River near Plymouth, the soil upon which (sandy loam) appeared on investigation to be suitable for the growth of the basket willow. Two acres were planted with the so-called Welsh willow, and for three years to the close of 1910 showed the following result : Second Year. Four cultivations (one horse) at 75 cents each, . Hoeing, weeding— 4 laborers at ^1.50 per day, . Cutting — 10 laborers at $1.50 per day, Total expenses, . . . Profit from sale of 4>^ tons of green rods at $16.00 per ton, ....••• Net profit, $3.00 6.00 15.00 24.00 72.00 00 Third Year, One cultivation at 75 cents, .... Weeding, destroying caterpillars— 3 laborers at $1.50 per day, . • • . ^ . . . Cutting, bundling, delivering to cars, etc. , . Total expenses, ..... Profit from sale of 8 tons 242 lbs. green rods at $16.50 per ton, ...... Net profit from one acre, Recapitulation of Expenses and Profits for Three Expenses first year, • Expenses second year, . . . . • Expenses third year, Total expenses for three years, Profits first year, . ... Profits second year, ...... Profits third year, . . . . • Total profits for three years, Basket Willows. Experiments showing cost of planting, cutting, etc. expenses to plant one acre. 10,000 cuttings at $3.00 per thousand, Ploughing, cross- ploughing, harrowing, smooth- ing, marking, ....•• Planting— 3 laborers at $1.50 per day. First Year. Nine cultivations (one horse) at 75 cents each, . Hoeing twice and weeding— 4 laborers at I1.50 per day, ....•.• Cutting — 6 laborers at $1.50 per day, . Profit from sale of half a ton of green rods, first year, ...••••• Net expense, . . Total 330.00 8.00 4-50 2.50 $6.75 6.00 9-50 $64.75 10.00 $54.75 .75 $4-50 62.63 $67.88 135.99 $68.11 Years. $64.75 24.00 67.88 $156.63 $io!x)o 72.00 135.99 $217.99 The rods were sold green without any difficulty. (It will be noted in this statement that no allow- ances are made for interest on cost of the land or for taxes. — Ed.) As the condition of the soil was found to be of good character for the Catalpa speciosa, one pound of seed was planted, the seedlings being replanted the next Spring in regular rows, being spaced 4 by 4 feet. They thrived exceptionally well, being now trees 9 to 12 and 14 feet high, averaging from i )^ to 2 inches in diameter, breast- high. The first year 4,230 trees were planted, while in the next two years 5,800 additional seedlings were set out, forming a promising grove of 10,000 catalpas. About a year ago 560 were injured by the ice during a river flood. Those damaged were cut back and shot up last year from 3 to 5 feet. In 19 10 a plantation was started on a patch covered with about 5 to 7 inches of coal culm, on which the seedlings did well. The forest plantations of the company at the commencement of 191 1 were as follows : / FOREST LEAVES. 69 O rH So i 4 •I I •saiDV 's8ui»n3 )U3UIdAOJdtUX M M •l^'OX o M o o IT) ON 'sSuifpasg O 00 10 •^oiHM i^nsTBa 'Bsopads Bdi^iB^ puB sonidg •qDiBi uBadoan^ •auij qojODS •auij uBiJjsnv •aaij aii^AV I O On O O 00 8 00 8 tr> to O M o 8 00 8 On 8 O 00 8 > 1 a o CO O 00 v8 O N NO On fO 8 00 00 O ON 00 ON *•» O H o M ON T3 1 C/3 How Can We Get a More Complete Sys- tem of Combating Forest Fire ? (Prepared for the Foresters' Convention at Harrisburg, Pa.) THE first thing necessary for the forester to do in behalf of successful forest manage- ment, is to devise means of protection against the forest* s greatest enemy, fire. Unless this be done, there is little use of hiaking provi- sion for natural reproduction, planting trees, making improvements, or doing any extensive work toward continued forest production. The ways and means of combating fires will depend largely on the condition of the forest, the topography of the country, and the character of the fire. First we have surface fires, burning the upper layer of dry leaves and other forest litter, grass, brush, and twigs. Nearly all forest fires start as surface fires, with usually the following peculiari- ties : At first the fire burns in a small circle, eating out gradually in all directions. If there is a wind, it will burn with greater rapidity on the leeward side, and assumes an oblong shape. Should the wind be strong, it may go out entirely on the windward side ; burning rapidly on the other side, it develops into a front with wings running diagonally and forming a broad irregular line. The intensity with which the fire burns alsa depends upon the amount of inflammable mate- rial, the topography of the country, the character of soil, and the atmospheric conditions. The amount of inflammable material depends on the species found in the stand and the amount of accumulated litter under the stand. A layer of resinous softwood needles burns with a more intense heat than the hardwood leaves. The amount of dry wood, as limbs, twigs, brush, dead and down trees, governs the amount of damage done to the standing timber. As a rule these fires do not kill the entire stand of living trees, after the trees have reached a diame- ter of from six to eight inches or over. Of course, a great deal depends on the thickness of the bark, different species having diff'erent bark. The thin barked species are readily killed, while the heavy corky barked species suff*er little from these fires, unless brush, limbs, or poles are lying near the base. More or less damage is always done to the forest proper. Burning the litter makes the soil more or less open, more easily eroded on slopes, causes greater evaporation of moisture from the soil, and takes more or less fertility from forest. It hinders growth for one or two seasons, and I 70 FOREST LEAVES. i especially ruins any chance of natural regenera- tion until sufficient litter has again accumulated for a seed bed. Surface fires usually start from locomotive sparks, saw mills, dinky engines, camp fires, careless smokers, incendiarism, lightning, clear- ing land, burning brush, and burning to improve pasturage. Methods used to combat these fires are : Beating the fire with brush or blanket soaked in water. Raking a clear line around the fire and back firing, or taking a road or stream when convenient, and stopping the fire there. Plow- ing or digging a shallow trench around the fire where ground is not too rough. Secondly, ground fires which occur where the mineral soil is covered with a deep accumulation of vegetable mould. This has a peaty character and burns much more slowly than surface fires. Here we often have one or two feet of partly de- composed leaves, needles, and other forest litter. This material absorbs moisture readily and retains it for a long time. Evaporation is slow, and dur- ing damp seasons of the year this substance is not readily ignited. Fire in this material burns slowly, but with intense heat, and is difficult to extinguish. In dry seasons these fires are usually started from the same causes as surface fires, or may develop from a surface fire which has gone beyond con- trol. Ground fires have been known to burn for a considerable time after a rain and even under a layer of snow, breaking out again during a dry period. These fires, as a rule, burn over only a few acres in a day. The rate of burning depends largely on the condition of the soil, topography, and the atmospheric conditions. It smoulders with little visible flame, and is usually distin- guished from a distance by a heavy dark smoke. These fires usually damage trees not killed, by making fire scars on base or root, injure the soil, reduce growth of trees not killed, and adversely aff"ect reproduction both from seed and sprouts. Ground fires are checked usually by digging a trench below the forest mould, or, on rocky slopes, by quarrying stone to a sufficient depth ; or by taking a stream or old road, and checking here by back firing, after clearing a space of all inflammable material. In the third place we have crown fires which burn through the tops of the trees. These inva- riably start from surface fires, or from lightning striking a dry stub or resinous tree surrounded by a dense stand of conifers, or by flames from a clump of burning sprouts where the bark is loose and the flames run up the trunk, or from injured trees where resin has exuded. These fires are common in turpentine orchards where trees have been boxed. As a rule these fires occur only in coniferous forests. Hardwood crowns do not burn so readily, although they have been known to burn during dry seasons in late fall or winter on flats where scrub oak retains its leaves late, or where there is a mixed forest of hardwoods and conifers. This, again, depends on the velocity of the wind and the intensity of the fire. Crown fires usually kill all standing trees, and are difficult to control or retard. Felling trees in wide strips ahead of the fire, thus cutting off* the supply of top mate- rial, will convert it into a surface ^re. An open or cleared space will produce the same eff'ect. In this way a crown fire may be brought under con- trol. Thus we have three kinds of forest fires, and each has its characteristics. The first two named are common in this State, while the third rarely occurs, except on brush or scrub oak barrens. To protect the forest from fires successfully, we must First, eliminate as far as possible the cause of fire. Second, remove and dispose of all slash and dead wood where possible, open and construct roads, trails, and paths through the woods. Third, have efficient patrol during the danger seasons of the year. Fourth, have adequate force of men with proper implements to fight fire. Under the first proposition we would have laws governing the following : Spark arresters on locomotives, saw mills, and dinky engines. Rights of way cleared of inflam- mable material. All camp fires built in a depres- I sion in the ground, and loose material cleared 1 away from around the same. Try to educate ' careless smokers and incendiaries to the fact that forest protection means much to the land and those who live on it. In case of lightning, there is only one means of lessening the danger, and i that is by keeping the forests as free as possible from dead, down, and refuse material of an in- flammable character. Allow the burning of brush and pasturage land adjacent to the forest during only certain seasons of the year, and under the supervision of a forest officer. Under the second proposition, is the proper disposal of all slash, brush, and tops from logging operations. If there is no material on the ground other than the accumulation of leaf litter, a surface fire is easily extinguished. It is the accumulation of dead stubs, limbs, brush, and twigs on the forest floor which causes the fire ^^^ FOREST LEAVES. 71 to burn with a heat which destroys most of the standing timber. The next step is to dispose of this dead mate- rial. No fixed rule will apply to such disposal. Where the stand is mature it may be burned broadcast, piled, or in rows. While some may think this will cost too much, I am of the opinion that if a careful study of the situation were made it would be found cheaper and give better results from a protective point of view than to maintain a constant patrol. Where a lumber operation is going on, the brush may be disposed of variously. It may be piled while logging proceeds, or after it is com- plete. These methods have been used in the West and in some eastern states at a cost of from ten to fifty cents per thousand feet of timber ; the difference in cost occurs according to size of tops and physical difficulty in handling the brush. Small piles burn better and cause less heat than larger ones. Therefore, the piles should never be over six feet high or ten feet across. During a damp period or after a light snow is the best time to do the burning. There is then little danger of damaging the stand or the forest floor. This plan is most successfully accomplished in conifer- ous forests, as the tops are not as heavy to handle as hardwoods Hardwood tops are heavy and awkward and do not bum as readily as the coni- fers. In the second growth forests of New England, where everything was utilized to about three or four inches in- diameter, the cost of piling and burning was from ten to twenty -five cents per cord of wood removed. In ordinary lumbering operations this could not apply, as the limbs are larger and tops always of considerable size. The lopping of limbs from the tops and scatter- ing the brush would lessen the danger of burning. The brush would lie closer to the ground, become damp and soon decompose, thus making fire fighting easier than if left in rows, or the tops propped off" the ground by heavy branches. Here must also be mentioned the opening of roads, trails, and fire lines. Dirt roads make the best fire lines. A forest well cut up with roads is more easily protected than one with few roads, and these may be located so as to be used in lum- ber operations. They make easy access into the forests for patrol, and aff'ord quick transportation of fire fighting appliances and supplies. Roads should be from 15 to 20 feet wide, cleared of all inflammable material, and the sur- face made smooth and bare. Fire trails should be constructed where there are no old roads. These may be along some stream, an old path, or in an undeveloped part of the forest. They can be used also as patrol lines, or to pack provisions, and afford easy access to the seat of fire. '*" Fire lanes should be cleared of all inflammable material to a width of 10 or 12 feet. While these need not be so smooth or so easily passable as roads, they serve the purpose of quick access to the seat of fire. However, I believe that if the logs and wood were removed from these cuttings^ the brush burned, the stumps and stubs grubbed out of the center to a width of from four to six feet, they would be of more value and cost little more. It is contended that the burning of brush in roads and fire lanes adds too much to the cost of construction. I shall try to show that the addi- tional cost in construction will be greatly offset by lessening the fire danger. In opening or clearing roads or trails, pile the brush in the center of the road instead of dragging it to the sides and thrusting back into the standing timber along road. This makes a fire trap and increases possibility of the fire's crossing the road. I believe it takes more time to carry or drag a load of brush to the sides of the road and thrust it back among the trees and standing brush than to pile it in the center of the road. Brush piled by the roadside does not decompose by the time it is necessary to sprout. Each sprouting adds to the pile of brush and makes it more of a fire trap. It becomes a doubtful place in which to check a fire. All logs and wood may be piled at a convenient place and hauled away at leisure. Make brush heaps three to six feet high and six to ten feet wide. This will be regulated by the width of the road or trail and the age of the tim- ber. During the early morning hours while dew is still present, or after a thunder shower, or on damp days, the brush may be burnt with little danger and slight additional cost. As to the cost of burning, I am unable to give figures from experience, but if the Forest Service can pile and burn brush after a logging operation for from 10 to 50 cents per thousand feet of timber removed, this operation should not cost more than fifty cents per hundred linear feet under ordinary conditions ; besides, clearing the center of the road from stumps, stubs, and roots justifies the additional cost. It quickens access, forms a better base from which to check, and saves time in caring for the backfire. It also saves cost of sprouting the road, because required only at longer intervals. Under the third proposition the supervision and patrol of forests can be considered. 1 The purpose of supervision and patrol is to pre- II ^€>^ ■ 72 FOREST LEAVES. i)|j i vent fires, detect them as soon as possible after start- ing, and to make every effort to extinguish them. It is true that a closely patrolled tract is safer than one unpatroUed, because persons thereon or cross- ing the tracts are more careful in their conduct. The posting of fire warnings in conspicuous places, the use of lookout stations, and the tele- phone are aids in suppressing fire. All this aims at the main idea, the discovery and suppression of fire before it goes beyond control. Signal sys- tems would be of little value in this State. The air is heavy and usually hazy during dry sea- sons, making it almost impossible to distinguish signals at a distance. Under the fourth proposition we consider the fighting force and their implements. A fire fighting force should be well organized. Each man should have his place and know his work. The officer in charge of a crew should be quick to grasp a situation, and then use the best method as conditions present themselves. As to the use of implements, this depends upon conditions. Appliances used on smooth and rather level country are useless in steep and rug- ged regions. Where the land is smooth and mountains not too steep, a wagon equipped with shovels, mattocks, axes, rakes, water buckets, and pumps, with perhaps a tank or barrel makes an efficient fire fighting equipment. In the steep rugged country, axes, mattocks, collapsible water buckets, and bucket pumps may be packed to the fire. With an additional horse, water may be packed in small kegs from the nearest spring or stream. The small bucket pump is a valuable addition to fire fighting equip- ment. With it, one may extinguish fire in old logs, in stumps, and dampen the fire line. Where these appliances cannot be used, axes, mattocks, and food should be packed as nearly as possible to seat of fire. Without them it is diffi- cult to sustain anv attack. The future condition of our forests does not depend so much on the planting of trees, their judicious cutting, the fighting of insects or dis- ease, as it does on a more efficient protection against their great enemy, forest fire. William H. Kraft. That the hardy catalpa is one of the best fence post trees that can be grown in Iowa, is the con- clusion reached by the Iowa Experiment Station. Eighteen-year old trees that have been properly cared for will yield from 2,000 to 2,500 posts to the acre. The gross annual return per acre per year on the Iowa plantations studied varied from J10.77 to $20.34. The Saxon State Forest Academy of Tharandt. JUST about 100 years ago Henry von Cotta, with his private forest school, came to Tharandt. The school had its origin at an earlier date, for in 1786, when Cotta was em- ployed as a surveyor in Fischbach, young hunters, or men of the chase, were with him, receiving special instruction in forest surveying. Slowly and quietly this school developed, and in 1788, at the termination of his survey employment, it had an enrolment of ten students. In 1 789 Cotta received his first appointment as forest ranger in Saxe Weimar, at a small salary.' Earnestly and faithfully laboring in this small Weimar country, constantly receiving promotions, and continu- ously developing his school until 18 10, when he received a call as director of forest surveys at Tharandt, where, on Easter, 181 1, he went with his school. On June 17, 1816, the school was raised to a state institution, and Cotta continued PS Director of the Academy until his death, Octo- ber 25, 1844. ' Such was the origin of an institu- tion which has been *' the cradle of conservative forestry," the model for the only technical state school in America,* and, during the last century, the nucleus from which practical and progressive forestry principles have radiated. At the present time the school is under the complete control of the Ministry of Finance of the state of Saxony. The management of the school is vested entirely with the director and faculty of professors, the director being appointed by the king upon the recommendation of the reg- ular professors of the institution of one of their members. His term of office is one year. The faculty is composed of professors, assistant pro- fessors, tutors, and assistants. At present there are ten regular professors : three in forestry, four in the natural sciences, two in mathematics, and one in political economy. In addition to these, there are special lecturers in law, agriculture, and health. Each professor is allowed a certain num- ber of assistants, according to requirements. Complete instruction is given in the various for- estry subjects, and such ground and auxiliary subjects as is considered necessary. The build- ings are two in number, a main building (Fig. i) and a smaller laboratory building. They have a modest appearance, and, like many other German ' educational buildings, show that big buildings do not make great schools, but big men do. The % \ * The Pennsylvania State Forest Academy at Mont Alto, Pa. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 5, o Forest Leaves, Vol. xiil, No. 5. 1. MAIN BUILDING OF THARANDT FOREST ACADEMY. 3. CUTTING SERIES OF SPRUCE WITH A PUBLIC ROAD THAT FORMERLY SERVED AS A SEVERANCE CUTTING. THE DIRECTION OF THE PREVAILING WIND IS FROM LEFT TO RIGHT. I 2. GRAVE OF HENRY VON COTTA AMIDST THE SHADOW OF EIGHTY OAKS. 4. SEVERANCE CUTTING IN SPRUCE, 17 FEET WIDE. 1 Forest Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 5. r?:' * 1. MAIN BUILDING OF THARANDT FOREST ACADEMY. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiil. No. 5. r.'- Til I '^^■ I* 3. CUTTING SERIES OF SPRUCE WITH A PUBLIC ROAD THAT FORMERLY SERVED AS A SEVERANCE CUTTING. THE DIRECTION OF THE PREVAILING WIND IS FROM LEFT TO RIGHT. 2. GRAVE OF HENRY VON COTTA AMIDST THE SHADOW OF EIGHTY OAKS. 4. SEVERANCE CUTTING IN SPRUCE, 17 FEET WIDE. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE ^6S FOREST LEAVES. 73 r ^ best ability on the intellectual market is eventu- ally the cheapest, and fosters the development and perpetuation of an institution, which is not possible by mere material structure. The Academy is exceptionally rich in educa- tional appliances like library, school forest, forest arboretum, and collections in the various depart- ments. Lectures and exercises are supplemented by excursions, which usually cover a half day and extend to the forests and industrial plants in close proximity to the Academy. During the summer most of the afternoons and the whole day on Saturday are devoted to excursions. In each alternating year, in the month of August, a forestry- natural science excursion of 10-14 days' duration takes place, and in the intervening year, at the same time, a geodetical excursion of equal dura- tion. The student body during the winter semester of 1 9 10- 1 1 numbered 84, of whom 50 were Germans and 34 foreigners. They are divided into three grades ; regular students (Studierende), who are candidates for a degree and are 48 in number; regular students (Horer), who are not candidates for a degree and are 28 in number; and 8 special students (Hospitanten), who only take lectures in special subjects. Examinations are semi-annual, at the close of each semester in all subjects, and a final examination after the com- pletion of the course of studies. The annual tuition fee for regular students is $36 for Germans and $60 for foreigners. In addition, special stipulated fees are charged for entrance, matricu- lation, certificates, diplomas, use of laboratory, etc. The special students pay each half-year for each weekly lecture hour $0.75 and $1.25 re- spectively for Germans and foreigners. A number of full and half-scholarships are available for poor and worthy Saxons who expect to enter the state forest service. A certain sum of money is also available by which the pavment of the last year's living expense at the Academy can be postponed, and with which the cost of extended excursions of poor and worthy students can be defrayed. In order to enter the higher state forest service, one must make application and have his name placed on the waiting list before entering upon the university and Academy courses. The minis- terium retains the privilege to decrease the annual number of registrations as conditions may require. The following credentials and qualifications are required : the applicant must be a citizen of the state of Saxony ; he must have a certificate from a military doctor relative to physical condition and fitness for military service ; he must present certificates from a German secondary school, and must have studied at least two semesters at a German university in political economy, finance, and law, and, in addition, taken lectures in natural sciences and mathematics ; he must have completed his three-years' course at the Tharandt Forest Academy, and have spent two full vaca- tions, during his courses of study at the university and the Academy, upon a state forest range, and present a diary of the same, together with a recommendation from the forester vin charge relative to the time spent there, his ab'llity, appli- cation, conscientiousness, and general character ; finally, he must have passed a satisfactory diploma examination at the Academy. Upon receiving an appointment, he is detailed for two years' ap- prenticeship in the preparatory service of the state under some superior forester, bears the title Forstreferendar, and receives a daily compensa- tion varying from 3 (Jo. 71) to 3.50 ($0.83) marks. The superior forester gives him instruc- tion, advice, and the privilege to broaden in all the branches of forestry. The apprentice is obliged to work faithfully, and assist his superior in whatever tasks present themselves, and should he fail to do this, upon sufficient ground, he may be asked to resign his position. After a period of not less than two or more than six years of apprenticeship, the Forstreferendar, upon pre- senting an acceptable diary of apprenticeship and proper credentials from the superior under whom he served, is eligible to take the examination for the higher forest service of the state. This examination is both written and oral. It is con- ducted by an Examination Committee consisting of five members, who are appointed by the Min- ister of Finance. They are chosen from the professors of the faculty at Tharanadt and from the members of the higher state forest service. The written part consists of a thesis which em- braces, at a maximum, 120 pages, of 25 lines each, and written answers to questions embracing the whole field of forestry. The oral examination consists of two parts, the one in the forest and the other in the room. In the oral examination in the forest each member of the examining board has the privilege of asking oral or written ques- tions. No more than six applicants can be examined in one day. In case of failure, the applicants have the privilege of two re-examina- tions. For the privilege of taking the examination and each re-examination the applicant pays a fee of J25 and %\ for a diploma. In case he passes the examination, he enters the higher state service and bears the title Forstassessor, and receives a salary, depending upon the group and class to which he belongs, varying from 4 ($o-95) marks per day to 5,400 ($1,286) marks per year. Later he may advance to Oberforster, receiving ' 74 FOREST LEAVES. y an annual salary varying from 3,600 ($857) to 7,200 ($1,715) marks, or to Oberforstmeister, receiving an annual salary varying from 6,600 ($1,571) to 9,390 ($2,215) marks. In close proximity to the Academy is a forest arboretum, used primarily for the practical de- monstration of lectures and laboratory exercises, and offering objects for the self-instruction of students, the investigations of specialists, and the edification of the general public. It covers an area of over 28 acres, and contains over 1,700 species and varieties of trees and shrubs. Origin- ally, the specimens were arranged into systematic groups, but since 1874 this has been changed, and now plants are grouped according to their natural habitat. Species too old to be transplanted were left in their original position, and, by means of special labels, are now shown to be out of their natural group. The specimens comprise many exotic species, amongst which are numerous American representatives. This natural grouping of native and exotic species gives an excellent opportunity to make parallel studies relative to growth, response to various factors of the habitat, disposition to disease, etc. The management, realizing that the results of these studies could not be conclusive with so relatively few specimens of each species, obtained permission to make larger experiment plantations on the state forest ranges. In the three years, 190 2-1 904, a total of 339,520 plants were set oiit. The most im- portant species were Douglas Fir, Sitka Spruce, White Pine, American Red Oak, American Ash, and Mockernut Hickory. The tentative results of these experiments so far published, together with their later development, will undoubtedly be of much value to the American sylviculturist. Within the forest arboretum is a forest botanical museum, various plant houses, and also a few excellent lookout points which afford excellent views of the adjoining valley. Upon the slope of the forest arboretum overlooking the Academy one finds the statues of Henry von Cotta, the founder of the Academy, and Max Pressler, the champion of a new era in forestry. Upon the slope of the hill, on the opposite side of the valley, is the statue of Frederich Judeich, a later director of the Academy. These statues stand as memo- rials in commemoration of service to the Academy and forestry. Beyond the forest arboretum, upon a plateau in the quiet forest, one finds the grave of Henry von Cotta (Fig. 2) amidst the shadow of eighty oaks planted on his eightieth birthday, October 30, 1 843 , by former students and friends. One cannot help but tarry to pay passing respect and reverence at the grave of the * * father of forestry ' ' and the founder of an institution which has been the ** cradle of conservative forestry." In addition to the forest arboretum, the school forest and the state forest ranges offer object lessons for the practical instruction of the students. The forest area of the state of Saxony aggregates about 448,000 acres, or 25.8 per cent, of the total acre- age, which is divided into 108 ranges of approxi- mately 4,000 acres each. The forest structure consists mostly of spruce (80 per cent.), which, together with other softwoods, is managed in rotations of 80 years, while the hardwoods are given 120 years. The matured stands of timber are clear cut, which is subsequently followed by artificial regeneration at a cost varying from eight to ten dollars per acre. Wind is one of the most potent destructive agents of the spruce forests. Its damage in Saxony is minimized by means of cutting series (Fig. 3), which present a roof-like front to the prevailing wind, and by severance cuttings (Fig. 4), which shorten the cutting series, and from youth adapt the adjoining trees to the effect of the wind. The state forests, comprising about 45 per cent, of the total forest area of. the state, are managed on a financial basis, and are famous for their financial efficiency. The invest- ments per acre amount to about $235. The net returns per acre are about $6.18, which represents 2.63 per cent, net cash surplus dividend. In addition, records of the past century show that the forests have risen in value at the rate of 2 per cent, per annum (latent dividend). It is plausible that the rate of revenue in conservative forestry will for some time remain low as compared with other industries, but it is also evident that the chances for financial returns are increased where the future may develop a market for small timber and thinnings. Shorter rotations — /. e,, decreas- ing the investment — and early saleable thinnings are the financial gateways to successful conservative forestry, as shown in the management of the state forest of Saxony and taught at its Academy. By means of the returns from early thinnings the initial constructive expense of the plantation may be offset, and by developing our manufacturing efficiency we will be able to utilize the products of shorter rotations and thinnings. This develop- ment of manufacturing efficiency, as shown in Germany, can be accomplished by the co-opera- tion of manufacturers and scientists, which will i prove, even within a decade, that many a waste, even a nuisance of to-day, will be a treasure of to-morrow. The waste of a country with exten- , sive wood utilization methods like America would I be wealth in a country with intensive wood utilization methods like Germany. J. S. Illick. FOREST LEAVES. oZ^^ 75 Autumn Arbor Day. Summer or winter, day or night, The woods are ever a new delight ; They give us peace, and they make us strong. Such wonderful balms to them belong, . So living or dying, I'll take mine ease Under the trees, under the trees. — R. H. Stoddard. IV "] OT only in Pennsylvania, but also in other [^ States has it become customary to observe ^ arbor day both in the spring and in the fall of the year. This laudable custom should be perpetuated by the annual planting of trees, vines, and shrubbery on the school grounds, along our highways, in public parks, and wherever there is need of shade or beauty. The most permanent ornaments are shade trees ; the most valuable are fruit trees ; the most useful and enduring are the forest trees ; and a most unselfish act on the part of an aged or middle-aged man is the planting of trees whose shade, fruit and beauty others will live to enjoy. The habits which are formed and fostered in youth abide through life. The young should be taught to appreciate what nature under the guid- ance of art has done for man ; and they should learn to take thought for the welfare of those who will live after them. The habit of planting trees, | of caring for them, and of thus providing for the future needs of the community, is strengthened by the double observance of arbor day, each year, both at home and at school. In accordance with the long established usage of naming an arbor day in the fall of the year, Friday^ October 27, /p//, is hereby designated as Autumn Arbor Day, and the teachers and pupils in our public and private schools are earnestly urged to oberve the day by the planting of trees, and by other appropriate exercises. Nathan C. Shaeffer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Foreign Forestry. THE Hon. J. B. White, who at the Third National Conservation Congress at Kansas City, Mo., September 25th to 27th, 191 1, was chosen as President, made an interesting address on forestry, of which the following ab- stract is given : *'In Europe the experience of more than a hundred years in forest management has resulted in a more or less scientific and practical policy, although it cannot be said that a well defined, universal policy has yet obtained. This is largely due to conditions of ownership, with consequent variance in ideas as applying to various local con- ditions, as well as the difference in necessities and financial ability of individual owners to carry out in successful practice the best approved methods. Hence, there is a growing tendency toward greater governmental control, which under the most economic working system, suited to different conditions of soil, climate and kind of forestry, would be intelligently considered and properly installed. **In the German empire 47 per cent, of the entire forest area is privately owned ; 32 per cent, by the State ; 19 per cent, by institutions, com- munities and associations, and 2 per cent, by the crown. Of this 33 per cent, is hardwood and 67 conifers. They are now cutting about their annual growth, taking an average of hardwood and conifers. ''Austria-Hungary's forests cover 46,500,000 acres, or a little over 30 per cent, of the total land area, and are composed principally of coni- fers, spruce, pine and fir, only 15 per cent, of the acreage being of hardwood. Sixty- one per 1 cent, is in the hands of private owners ; and one- half of this, or 30 per cent, of the entire forest, in the hands of small owners. The State owns less than 1 1 per cent, of the forests ; the balance belongs to churches and communities. The average yearly growth of all the Austrian forests is said to be about forty- two cubic feet to the acre, or an annual growth of about 1,100,000,000 cubic feet. ** In Hungary about 75 per cent, of the total forest area is oak, beech, maple and other hard- wood species, and only 25 per cent, of conifers. The annual yield of conifers is about fifty-eight cubic feet to the acre, and that of oak about forty- one cubic feet to the acre. Of the total acreage in Hungary 60 per cent, is private forests, about 18 per cent, is State forest, and 22 per cent, communal and church forests. The annual cut in Hungary is estimated to be less than the annual growth. ** Of England's 3,000,000 acres of woodlands, mostly devoted to parks and the chase, the State owns only 2 per cent. *' France has 24,000,000 acres of forest, or 18 per cent, of its land area, of which only 12 per cent, of its wooded area belongs to the State. *< Switzerland has about 25 per cent, of its total area under forest. The Zurich forest, known as the Sihlwald, containing 2,760 acres, is 85 per cent, hardwood, and is worked on a rotation period of 100 to no years. The forest director claims an annual growth for the Zurich forest of sixty-five cubic feet to the acre, while the general average of all the forests is only fifty cubic feet to II 76 FOREST LEAVES. the acre. This means the entire growth, wood, poles, limbs and all. ''In Switzerland, one pays taxes when the crop is harvested. In Germany and Austria, the methods of taxation vary in different States, but laws are always favorable to encourage private forestry. In some cases one pays no tax for twenty years. ''It was pointed out to us that mixed growth or conservative forestry is expensive. The most economical and profitable plan is the destructive method. That is, a forest is planted and grown like any other crop, and whenever interest, carry- ing charges and total cost meet the market value at age and time of greatest profit, then trees are cut and they are all about of a size. The entire acreage is cut clean and the cost of logging is cheap. Trees are again planted and another crop grown. Under the old plan of conservation of mixed growth and mixed sizes, or the shelter- wood system, not as much can be grown to the acre ; the cost of logging out the large trees is vastly more expensive ; and damage is done to other timber in felling them, while in the de- structive method all is taken, and a large crop harvested. "In growing forests in Europe, lands that are better adapted for agriculture are not used. The degree of utility is considered. And in determin- ing the value of a forest property, one has to figure compound interest, as the crop may not be harvested and the capital returned for sixty or eighty years. Because of absolute protection from forest fires, capital is regarded as safe, and investors in forests are satisfied with a low rate. In times of temporary high prices, one can take advantage of the situation and harvest more than the annual growth, and can then wait and let the trees grow when prices are low. This is the usual practice. The rate of interest generally charged to the forests, and compounded, is some- times determined by the rate yielded by govern- ment securities, which is usually about 2j4 per cent. "It has been ascertained by careful observa- tions that Scotch pine (which grows rapidly, like our shortleaf yellow pine) yields on medium soil in every sixtieth year rotation in best quality of location 5,255 cubic feet to the acre, of which an average of 565 cubic feet has been removed in thinning as the forest has been growing, figuring the thinning out as being done on an average of about ten years, leaving at the end of sixty years an average of 4,690 cubic feet to the acre. If allowed to remain, this has increased in ten years to 5,250 feet to the acre, besides 536 cubic feet that has been profitably taken out in thinning in the last ten years, leaving at seventy years 5,250 cubic feet. Now in the next ten years there will profitably be taken an average of 493 cubic feet in thinning as against the 536 cubic feet taken out the ten years before, leaving at the end of eighty years standing on each acre an average amount of 5,720 cubic feet to the acre. "With average values of lumber products, as in the year 19 10, an 80 -year rotation period with Scotch pine would pay 2 ^ per cent, compound interest on soil value of $97 an acre. With a 90-year rotation period it would pay this interest rate on land worth only $94 an acre. On a 70- year rotation period, it would pay such interest rate on land worth $94.60 an acre, and on 60- year rotation it would pay such rate of interest on land worth $85 an acre. The greater the varia- tion from this 80-year period, the less favorable the financial results. The maximum age for hard- wood trees for best profit is said to be rotation periods of about 100 years with a low rate of in- terest suited to the safety of the investment. "But it is safer to figure at a compound in- terest rate of 4 per cent. A high rate of interest demands a low value of soil, and vice versa. Under a low rate of interest, the expectation value of soil culminates later than under a high rate of interest. So that under a 2^ per cent, interest rate, the timber could stand about eighty years ; under a 3 per cent, rate, about seventy years ; under a 4 per cent, rate, it should be cut every sixty years. Or to further illustrate, if a party is satisfied with 2)^ per cent, compound in- terest on his investment in European forestry, he could pay $97 an acre for his land, and must cut it at 80 years of age. " If he desires 3 per cent, interest, he must not pay over $55.50 an acre, and must cut his timber when 70 years of age. And if he demands 4 per cent, interest rate, he cannot pay quite $15 an acre for his soil and must cut his trees when 60 years old. "Now this is the best that can be done in Europe (which according to statistics is 37 per cent, above the average yield), with the best re- sults as to soil and favorable location, with low priced labor, with most favorable consideration by the government as to taxation, and with the most approved economical methods, where the limbs and twigs are sold for fuel, and forest prod- ucts are fully 50 per cent, higher than they are in the United States. So it is fairly well estab- lished that from sixty to eighty years is the most profitable rotation period for growing Scotch pine forests in Europe. The higher the rate of in- terest demanded, the shorter the rotation. " With advancing age the value of the stump- ^9 FOREST LEAVES. 77 age increases so that the value of the soil for- forestry becomes nearly positive. But in time a maximum is reached, and it falls again. This maximum with 2>^ per cent, money is eighty years' growth ; and with 4 per cent, money, only sixty years' growth. The value of the soil under a very brief rotation would be negative, so that the yield might not even cover the cost of harvest- ing. And under a very long rotation the value of the soil would again become negative, because it could not stand the compound interest and other expenses for an excessively long term of years. "So much for European forestry. Now how will this system apply to us, under our conditions of taxation, high priced labor and low priced forest products, and considering the fact that j there is little or no demand for the thinnings | until large enough for telegraph poles, and no \ market for the tops and necessary waste in manu- 1 facturing? We are lacking in statistics, because ! we have not sufficient experience along the lines of growing new forests, at either private or public | expense. But we are soon to be interested in what it will cost to reforest and grow commercial timber in the United States. And surely our present supply of old growth timber from 150 to 300 years old is worth more than the cost of grow- ing timber 60 to 80 years old. The United States owns in national forests 192,931,197 acres. The State forest reserves of 3,253,185 acres, the national parks of 4,562,265 acres, and the Indian forests of approximately 10,000,000 acres make the total of public forests over 210,000,000 acres. Chief Forester Graves estimates the area of private forests as over three times that of the public forests, and containing five times the timber that is on the public lands. "The climate and other conditions in some countries render them not so well adapted to growing trees as for growing other crops. They find it more profitable to exchange their products for the wood products of other countries that either have a present surplus or whose climate, soil and land values enable them to grow trees at lower cost. This is true with the different States in our own country. Illinois and Iowa, for in- stance, will never grow what timber they require. They can more profitably grow corn, and ex- change for lumber products with those States which have low priced and mountainous land with plenty of moisture, so that trees will grow twice as fast as in those prairie States where land is very expensive and climate not so well adapted. Trees will be grown here, as in Europe, where they can be grown cheapest and they will be harvested at an age which will bring the greatest net profit. The market price of the product will be finally and surely governed by the cost of growth and manufacture, insurance and risk, and the price of money used in the business. " If the government of the United States itself can get money at 2^ per cent., as it can, while private owners have to pay 5 per cent, or 6 per cent., it follows that the States and the govern- ment can, for this very important reason alone, grow commercial trees cheaper than private indi- viduals, and can remove the maximum rotation period to a more mature age, giving better lumber from older trees at the same cost at which private owners would have to furnish poorer lumber, be- cause coming from younger trees. But the peo- ple pay the cost, whatever it may be, whether the government or private interests grow the trees. The consumer is interested that they be grown as cheaply as possible. It is likely true here as in Europe that forestry will be a more general suc- cess with private owners, if they are in some im- portant methods placed under the practical rules of government forestry. It will be found here as over there that private forests will not prove so generally productive, or as a rule so economically \ administered, as the government or State forests under the management of expert foresters. And, parenthetically, is it not equally true that many j farms and farmers would be better off if directed ! by government or State experts ? ! "In Europe they have no forest losses from I fire, for the reason that fires are prevented from starting. The railroad locomotive has been the I cause of most forest fires in the West, and I ob- j serve that these western roads are now equipping hundreds of their locomotives with spark arresters, so as to prevent the starting of these fires in the future. United States Chief Forester Graves very truly says : ' Private owners do not practice forestry for one or more of three reasons : First, the risk of fire ; second, burdensome taxation ; third, low price of products.' Forester E. T. Allen has pointedly said : * Forest protection is the cheapest form of prosperity insurance a tim- bered State can buy.' It is not the present generation, so much as it is the future generations, that will be affected disastrously by our neglect. The principles of agriculture, horticulture, for- estry, and the science of conservation of soil and trees, and of life itself, should be taught in our public schools. " In Denmark, a country which fifty years ago was one of the poorest in Europe, they have erected a statue to Captain Dalgas, who refor- ested Denmark and changed a desert heath into a rich farming country. Now Denmark is said to be, according to its size, one of the most pros- perous nations in the world. ^2^7^ 78 FOREST LEAVES. I ** We are as a nation too young to understand the dangers before us, for we are just emerging from a condition of burning log heaps to make farms ; from a condition of too much timber for a small population to a condition of too little timber for a large population. Yet we have enough if we will now conserve and reforest. Our ancestors did the best they could under the conditions and the light they had ; what now seems waste had then no market and was un- avoidable. As a nation we are proud of our past and we should also be more proud of what we expect to become. As was said not long ago by one of our greatest statesmen : * Conservation of our resources does not mean that we shall become great in the present at the expense of the future, but that we shall show ourselves truly great by striving to make the nation's future as great as the present.' " . New Publications. Phytogeographic Survey of North A//terica, by Professor John W. Harshberger. Being Part XIII of Die Vegetation der Erde. Edited by Professors A. Engler and O. Drude. This exceedingly important contribution to our knowledge comes to us fresh from the press of Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, with one map, eighteen plates, and thirty-two figures in the text, 790 pages. It certainly merits a much longer, more detailed notice than our space here permits. Briefly, it may be said that the author has given us the re- sult of twenty years' study and travel in this vol- ume, the special object of which is to transmit to future generations an exact knowledge of the ex- isting condition of plant life in North America before the changes incident to an advancing civili- zation have wholly altered them or obliterated them. Such a book cannot be reviewed here. We must simply say that the following is a synopsis of its contents. It is encyclopedic in character. Part First. — History and Literature of the Botanic Works and Explorations of the North American Continent : Chapter I, History ; Chapter II, Bibliography : A. General Work on North American Botany and Plant Geography. B. Special Works on the Ter- ritories. Part Second, — Geographic, Climatic, and Flor- istic Survey. Chapter I, Geographic Character of North America ; Chapter II, Climate of North America ; Chapter III, Statistics of North American Plants. Part Third. — Geologic Evolution, Theoretic Considerations, and Statistics of the Distribution of North American Plants. Chapter I, Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras ;: Chapter II, History and Development of North American Flora during the Glacial Periods ; Chapter III, Postglacial and Recent History of the North American Flora ; Chapter IV, Affini- ties of the North American Flora ; Chapter V, North American Phytogeographic Classifications. Part Four. — North American Phytogeographic Regions, Formations, Associations. Chapter I, Arctic and Sub-Arctic Zones; Chapter II, North American Temperate Zone, Atlantic Section ; Chapter III, North American: Temperate Zone, Xerophytic Section of the In- terior ; Chapter IV, North American Temperate Zone, Pacific Section ; Chapter V, Mexican Sub- tropic Zone and Mountain Regions ; Chapter VI, North American Tropic Zone, section of Mexico and Central America; Chapter VII, North Ameri- can Tropic Zone, West Indian Section. Under one or another of these heads Professor Harshberger has given a most painstaking and ac- curate synopsis of the literature and existing knowledge of plant life in North America to-day. Chapter I of Part I is to be specially com- mended, and so also is, in our judgment, the chapter devoted to the formation and associations of North American plants. Of course, there may^ be some differences of opinion as to what species should be taken as characteristic of any given region ; but the author's views are certainly as satisfactory as any that have been, or can be, stated at present. In any library of scientific character this book should have a place, as it is the only reliable, or even available, compendium upon the great field it covers. It is quite proper that the organ of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association should congratulate Professor Harshberger, whose interest in our State forestry is so pronounced, upon the fact that he has placed himself by this fine book in the very front rank of American philosophical botanists. J. T. Rothrock. A forest exhibit, conducted under the auspices of the Pittsburgh Exposition, was held at Pitts- burgh, Pa., August 30th to October 21st, and was liberally visited. JZ"?/ FOREST LEAVES. 79 J. T. ROTHROCK, Consulting Forester, FOHE^T LEi^VE^. o WEST CHESTER, PA. THE OFFICIAL ORGAN Terms upon Application. OF THE Pennsylvania Forestry L^B^n^IS* TREE OHKRTS. Pabt I.— the oaks. Forty-two species. No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaka. Black Oak and Allies. No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies. No. 3. SmUhem, Paciflc, Hardy, Foreign, and examples qf Extinct Oaks. Pabt II.— the nut bearers. Numerous species. No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and European Chestnuts. No. 5. The Walnuts. American, Japanese and European species and varieties. No. 6. The Hickories. American species and varieties. > Part III.— No. 7. The Willows and Poplars. Numerous species. No. 8. The Birches, Elms and allies. No. 9. The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species. Pabt IV.— •No. 10. The Magnolia and related trees. •No. 11. The Horse Chestnuts and allies. No. 12. The Maples. (Printed in advance.) (Those with an * as yet unprinted.) Price for the ten Charts published, $4.00. * ■ For ftirther information address the author, publisher and proprietor, GRACEANNA LEWIS, Media, - - - - Pennsylvania. ! Association. The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa. ^5^^^ RATES ■ I inch, . . X insertion. i $1.00 6 nsertions. $4.00 If insertions. $8.00 Yi, page, . . 4.00 17.00 34-00 J4 " . . 7.00 30.00 60.00 I " . . 12.00 50.00 JCOcOO ^^-2 ^^3 80 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestr>' — preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Biltmore Forest School. BILTMORE. N. C. 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa, CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, FHILA. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOB BOTS. Illustrated Catalogue upon application* JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Master. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: The Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylyania, Pr€»ident. Samuel F. Houston, Vice-Prmdent. Geoboe Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLABK. JACOB S. DIS8T0N. EDGAB DUDLEY FABIE8. FBANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVEBING JONES. DB. HOWABD A. KELLY FBANCIS D. LEWIS. BANDAL MOBOAN. H. GOBDON MOCOUCH. JAMES B. SHEFFIELD. FBEDEBICK W. TAYLOB. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. ^b^3^< Vol. XIII. Philadelphia, December, 1911. > No. 6. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, xoxa Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorial 8i Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association °* Report of the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association.. 84 Treasurer's Report °5 Pennsylvania °5 The Progress of the Fight Against the Chestnut Blight 88 Annual Report of the General Secretary 89 The Present Situation in Forestry 9^ Subscription, $1.00 per Year. Tht atUntion of Nurstrymen and others is calUdto the advantages ^FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, FOUNDBD IN JUNB, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact, ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership fee ^ Two dollars. Life membership^ Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desirine to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, loxa Walnut Street, Phila. President , John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Wm. S. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis. General Secretary^ Dr Joseph T. Kothrock. Recording Secretary, Y. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. ^ ^ , „ Council at- Large ^ Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Hon. Robert S. Conklin, Samuel L. Smedley. ^ ^^ ,, „. , ,„ „, Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman : Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Law, Chas. C. Binney, Chairman : Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson. J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. ^ , ^. , ^ „ _„. ^^ Publication, ]ohu Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. t-Hiott, Alfred Paschalf, and Harrison Souder. tVork, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Mrs. George T. Heston, Miss Florence Keen, William 8. Kirk, . Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. County Organization, ^Simucl Marshall, Chairman; Eugene EUicott, mes C. Haydon, and Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger. Officb of thb Association. loia Walnut St.. Philadelphia. EDITORIAL. 7^ NOTHER year added to the life history of j^A the Pennsylvania Forestry Association '^ marks a progressive step in practical con- servation, emphasizes the hold which forest pro- tection and preservation has upon the people, and demonstrates the prominent position attained by the State of Pennsylvania, with one million acres of forest reserves administered upon business principles. The efforts of the Association, per- sistently sustained for a quarter of a century, free from political entanglements or from personal interest or gain, have borne excellent fruit, and encouraged felicitations between those who long championed forest care, for steady advance is better than phenomenal spurts. However, the very satisfactory present status must not be assumed as a contest won, but rather an, incentive to continued activity and earnest watchfulness, that the movement may progress and that it be kept aloof from influences which would apply its growing popularity to personal advantage. A perusal of the reports presented at the Annual Meeting must impress upon our readers the fact that in Pennsylvania forestry is as firmly established as in any other portion of the country, and that the reserves are being administered with proper consideration of the future as well as advantage to the present. "Although much has been said combating the influence of forest cover upon stream flow, we are satisfied that this is well established, and that any eff*ect which forests have upon water courses is of importance to the present and for the future. Diminution of freshet damage is also of immediate as well as prospective value, and all means of studying stream discharges will influence them as producers of power, a use which may be expected to increase as electricity is applied. J. B. ;- J17^ \ \ 82 FOREST LEAVES. Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. THE Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was held on Monday, December nth, 1911, at 3 p.m., at the office of the Association, President John Birkin- bine in the chair. The Reports of the General Secretary, of the Council, the Treasurer, and address of the Presi- dent, were then presented, and will be found on other pages of 'this issue. The President stated he had been called upon to refute publicly the assertions to the effect that forests were practically of no value to the country, not influencing the rainfall ; and that in 28 years would be all cut off, their product being sup- planted by other more durable materials. He as- serted that wood would continue to be a valuable product, and that the forests were particularly useful in conserving and keeping pure the water supplies, as well as equalizing the flow of streams. In response to a query as to the proposed Forest Park mentioned in the Report of Council, Mr. A. B. Farquhar said that it comprised about 10,000 acres located in Clarion, Forest, and Jefferson Counties, most of it containing a growth of magnificent primeval forests— the Clarion River flowing throught it for about 9 miles. The tract had belonged to an estate for 60 years, and the owners were anxious that the State should pur- chase it as a park, offering to sell it below its real value for such a purpose. Mr. Farquhar referred to the importance of pro- tection from forest fires, and suggested that com- mittees be appointed by the Pennsylvania For- estry Association and the Pennsylvania Conserva- tion Association, to secure legislation for this purpose. Dr. J. T. Rothrock stated that 20 or 30 years ago the loss in Pennsylvania through forest fires was $2,000,000 annually, being made from very imperfect data and probably underestimated ; but in late years this has been reduced so that it did not average over $500,000 to $600,000, and in one year had been as low as $300,000 — the infor- mation being secured through from 3,000 to 4,000 reports, which make full allowance for all damage done. He thought that prevention was better than cure, and the best way to fight forest fires was by liberal appropriations for forest rangers who would prevent them. The Depart- ment of Forestry made as low an estimate as possible of the amount needed to fight forest fires, which estimate was cut down by the State govern- ment, and fire fighters often had to wait months and sometimes years for the compensation due them. If sufficient funds were furnished, the hands of the Forestry Department would be strengthened, and more forest rangers could be secured to prevent forest fires. Prof. R. W. Hall and Mr. Joseph Johnson were appointed tellers of the election, and after collecting the ballots announced that the follow- ing officers had been elected : President^ John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Wm. S. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Council. At Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, " - Robert S. Conklin, Samuel L. Smedley. Adams County, C. E. Stable. Allegheny County, Wm. A. Baldwin, H. M. Brackenridge, Hon. Geo. W. Guthrie, Thomas H. Johnson, George M. Lehman, Wm. Wade. Beaver County, Charles H. Stone. Berks County, F. C. Smink, J. H. Stembergh. Blair County, Jos. S. Silly man. Bradford County, C. S. Maurice. Bucks County, T. Ogborn Atkinson, Henry T. Moon. Cambria County, Hartley C. WoUe. Cameron County, Hon. Charles F. Barclay. Carbon County, M. S. Kemmerer. Centre County, Dr. Hugh P. Baker. Chester County, Wm. S. Kirk, Samuel Marshall, William M. Potts, Mrs. David Reeves. Clarion County, Jos. M. Fox. Clearfield County, M. L McCreight. Clinton County, Sidney D. Furst. Columbia County, S. C. Creasy. Crawford County, E. O. Emerson, Jr. Cumberland County, Frank C. Bosler. Dauphin County, J. Horace McFarland, Geo. H. Wirt. Delaware County, Joseph Elkinton, Dr. Samuel Trimble, Chas. S. Welles. Elk County, M. S. Kline. Fayette County, Hon. Nathaniel Ewing. Forest County, T. D. Collins. Franklin County, Miss Mira L. Dock. Greene County, A. H. Sayers. Huntingdon County, Hon. Geo. B. Orlady. Indiana County, S. J. Sides. Jefferson County, S. B. Elliott. Juniata County, S. E. Pannebaker. Lackawanna County, W. W. Scran ton, Hon. L. A. Watres. Lancaster County, J. H. Baumgardner, Prof. E. O. Lyte. Lawrence County, David Jamison. Lebanon County, Mrs. Bertham Dawson Coleman. ^^76 FOREST LEAVES. 83 Lehigh County, Dr. J. M. Backenstoe, Luzerne County, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, Sidney R. Miner, Gen. Paul A. Oliver, Gen. H. W. Palmer, Col. R. Bruce Ricketts, Maj. I. A. Stearns. Lycoming County, C. I^aRue Munson. McKean County, F. H, Newell. Mercer County, Jonas J. Pierce. Mifflin County, F. W. Culbertson. Monroe County, Joshua L. Baily. Montgomery County, Dr. J. M. Anders, Isaac H. Clothier, Dr. H. M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Montour County, H. T. Hecht. Northampton County, John Fritz, Abraham S. Schropp. Northumberland County, C. Q. McWilliams, Perry County, Mrs. John Wister. Philadelphia County, Henry Budd, Henry Howson, Joseph Johnson, J. Franklin Meehan, J. Rodman Paul, Albert B. Weimer, Dr. W. P. Wilson. Pike County, John E. Avery. Potter County, Arthur B. Mann. Schuylkill County, James Archbald, Somerset County, H. D. Moore, M.D. Susquehanna County, Edgar A. Turrell. Tioga County, H. L Fick. Union County, Andrew Albright Leiser. Venango County, James Denton Hancock. Warren County Hon. H. H. Cumings. Wayne County, Alonzo T. Searle. Westmoreland County, Hon. Lucien W. Doty. Wyoming County, James W. Piatt. York County, Dr. I. C. Gable. Mr. S. B. Detwiler, executive officer of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, was introduced and presented a paper on **The Progress of the Fight Against the Chestnut Blight," which ap- pears in this issue of Forest Leaves. A map which was exhibited aided in securing an under- standing of the methods it was proposed to use in the endeavor to prevent the spread of the dread disease. Mr. Joshua L. Baily stated that the chestnut blight had appeared in his young chestnut trees in Monroe County ; that the diseased trees had been cut down, and others trimmed and treated — the soil being enriched, and for two years no more of the blight had been seen. In a suburb of Phila- delphia he had many old chestnut trees of fine proportions, and had been told that 90 per cent, were infected with the chestnut blight. He did not cut them down, but when the trees came out in leaf employed a gang of men for a number of weeks to cut off the limbs where the leaves withered, treating the cuts with linseed oil. He could not as yet tell what the result would be. He also said that he heard red and white oaks were also attacked. Mr. Farquhar stated that the Conservation: Association was endeavoring to conserve and save the natural assets of Pennsylvania, of which the forests were one of the most important. Without them there would be no soil, the rains eroding and washing it away, and we would in time ex- perience the same conditions as now exist in some portions of Asia Minor and China, where every- thing is dried up. It was desired to conserve life by having parks and breathing places for the people. It was also the wish to prevent or reduce the loss of life from various diseases by the use of proper preventative and curative methods, and to have all persons, especially the school children, interested in the work. Mr. Detwiler responded to a number of in- quiries in regard to the chestnut tree blight, stating that the winter was the best time to remove dis- eased trees on account of there being less risk from the spores ; that the bark should be burnt on the spot, and removed from the stumps for a dis- tance of three or four inches below the ground ; that the disease seemed to spread more along the line of railroads, and well travelled roads, than through the forests. Specimens of the bark were exhibited, showing how the disease was spread by means of birds, or entered through cuts or wounds in the trees He also stated that sprouts of second or third growth were more subject to attack, and thought that a mature tree with its bark undamaged in any way would be immune from the disease. The relation of the blight to insects is being studied, and it is hoped important results may be obtained. It was moved and carried that the Association approved of the proposed Forest Exhibit, and re- ferred it to Council with the request to act, and that the chair include two ladies on the com- mittee to solicit funds for this purpose — Mrs. Brinton Coxe and Miss Florence Keen were appointed. The following resolution was presented and carried : Whereas, The Chestnut Tree Blight has caused a loss to the nation estimated at $25,000,000, and threatens the destruction of the chestnut forests of the country, and, Whereas, There is great need for further in- vestigation into the habits, distribution and methods of control of the Chestnut Blight fungus in this and adjoining States ; Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- ciation strongly urges the Pennsylvania delega- >^^^ 84 FOREST LEAVES. tion in Congress to support the bill which has been introduced into both Houses, appropriating $80,000 for the use of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in investigating the chestnut blight. HI Report of the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. PURING the past year forestry has progressed in many directions, principally in practical application, especially in Pennsylvania. The Legislature was in session during the early part of the year, and the following is a brief syn- opsis of the forestry laws adopted. An Act punishing persons starting forest fires on the State reserves, injuring or cutting trees, vio- lating any of the rules, or defacing or damaging notices, by fines varying from $ico to $1,000, or imprisonment from 30 days to 6 months, or both. Also a similar law in regard to private woodlands with the same punishments, and empowering the ©wner to recover any trees or lumber removed. The United States was authorized to acquire land in Pennsylvania for national forest reserves for the purpose of conserving the navigability of rivers, provided the consent of the Forestry Res- ervation and Water Supply Commissions was first secured. The State reserved the right to repossess the lands so acquired upon the payment of the money spent in its purchase, with interest at 2 per cent, per annum. The State also made some minor -conditions. The Act of June 7, 191 1, imposed a fine of $10 •or five days imprisonment, or both, for clubbing, [injuring, or destroying trees along the State roads. Another Act empowered the Department of 'Forestry to grant rights of way through the re- serves, A Commission for the Investigation and Control of the Chestnut Tree Blight in Pennsylvania, con- •sisting of five members, to serve without pay, was authorized. They are to ascertain, determine, and adopt the most efficient and practical means for the prevention, control, and eradication of the chestnut blight, and collaborate with the Depart- ment of Forestry. An appropriation of $25,000 is made for this purpose, and an additional $250,- 000 is available, on approval of the Governor, for the performance of all other duties, such as quar- . antine, removal of trees, etc. This Commission is now at work, and we trust may be able to at Ueast check the further inroads of the chestnut blight disease, which it is estimated has already caused a loss of $25,000,000 in the eastern sec- tion of the United States, of which about $10,- vooo,ooo was in Pennsylvania. A Commission of three persons was authorized to examine and report to the Governor on a tract of about 10,000 acres of timber land, most of which is virgin forest in Jefferson, Clarion, and Forest Counties, to determine the advisability of its purchase as a State Park and forest reserve ; $300 was appropriated for the expenses of the Com- mission. It is to be regretted that among the excellent forestry legislation passed, the bills creating aux- iliary forest reserves, and taxing these at a moder- ate rate, were defeated. , Until some such laws are enacted, private forestry in this State will be either hindered or prevented, and at the next meeting of the Legislature it is hoped this can be remedied. It is also regretted that the appropria- tion for fire wardens was not made large enough to secure the rigid enforcement of the good forest fire protection laws. The State of Pennsylvania now owns 962,580 acres of forest reserves, having acquired by pur- chase during the year 28,998 acres. It should be borne in mind that from one-third to one-half of the reserves are at present either treeless or covered with growth which is valueless, and about one-fourth of the total acreage must be replanted. Over the remainder, if the fires are kept out, a valuable young growth of white and red oak, chestnut, white pine, etc. , will come up. It will therefore be seen that the Department of Forestry will not only have to care for and protect the portions of the reserves which are at present tree clad, or with proper protection may be ex- pected to naturally reproduce valuable timber, but also a large area of about 250,000 acres which must be planted with trees. This is a tremendous undertaking, and one which will be of untold value to the State. A beginning has already been made, approximately 1,500 acres having been planted with forest seedlings, of which about 600 acres were set out this year, A total of over 3,250,000 seedlings have been planted on the re- serves, of which about 40 per cent, were used in 191 1. The various nurseries of the State now contain, approximately, 8,000,000 seedlings, which will be available for this purpose. The Forest Academy at Mont Alto is training young foresters, who, as they graduate, are placed in charge of the reserves, thus forming the nucleus of a skilled corps of foresters to superintend the work of caring for the State reserves and replant- ing where necessary. On May 24th-26th a meeting of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association was held at State Col- lege, Pa., where many interesting and instructive addresses were presented at the different sessions. The excellent Forestry Department of the CoK ^/y FOREST LEAVES. 85 lege, as well as other sections of the institu- tion, were inspected, and enjoyable trips made to nearby points. After the meeting some of the members visited the large Paragon chestnut groves of Mr. C. K. Sober, near Paxinos, Pa., and were much impressed with the good results ob- tained. Beside State College and the Forest Academy, Yale University has a Forestry School, which, during the spring and summer months, is located at Milford, in Pike County ; while Lehigh Uni- versity has a regular course of lectures on forestry and has established an Arboretum. Several of the high and other schools also give preliminary in- struction in forestry. In other States numerous universities and colleges have established courses in forestry. The railroad, telegraph, and telephone compa- nies are interested in timber preservation ; while some, such as the Pennsylvania Railroad, are planting their lands with trees, the company men- tioned having its own forester and nursery. The lumber companies, as well as private indi- viduals, are adopting scientific methods of timber- ing and protection against forest fires, thus con- serving the supply of lumber. Arbor Days, both in the Spring and Fall, have been well observed. The Association purchased 50 trees, 12 to 16 feet high, which were distributed among eight of the public schools of Philadelphia, and planted with appropriate exercises on Spring Arbor Day. The press, the various women's clubs, etc., have always extended cordial help to the movement. In other States, Arbor Day may be said to be practically universally observed, while quite a number have active State forestry departments and associations. In those having already ac- quired the nucleus of forest reserves, Pennsylva- nia stands second, being only surpassed by New York. The national government now has» approxi- mately, 190,000,000 acres of forest reserves, the reduction in area during the year being due to presidential proclamation eliminating portions which were better suited to agriculture than for- estry. We regret to again chronicle the heavy loss the Association has sustained by death, three being members of its Council. The total membership of the Association is now 1,448. The finances of the Association are flourishing, and it is hoped that, in the near future, the Com- mittee will succeed in completing the fund for a successful Forest Exhibit. F. L. BiTLER, Recording Secretary. Treasurer's Report. THE fiscal year of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association ends December i, 191 1, and the statement of finances on that date was as follows : Treasured s Statement to December /, igii^ Dr. To balance on hand December I, 1910, . . $ 477 2? Cash, annual dues to November 30, 191 1, . 1,920 00 Cash, donations and subscriptions, , . 186 00 Cash, sale of Forest Leaves and advertise- ments, . . . . . . . 89 60- Cash, interest on Life Membership bonds and deposits, 482 co- Cash, Life Membership fees, . . . 100 00 Cash, Badges, ...... ^ 7S Total $3*256 6^ Cr. By cash, sundries, postage, office rent, etc., . $ 510 6& Publication of Forest Leaves, . . . 962 so- Assistant Secretary's salary, . . . 600 oo> Meetings, 5^ ^^ Life Membership fund, . . . . 100 00 Membership Committee, expenses of, . . 94 4^ Trees for Arbor Day, 53 00 Taxes on investments, . . . . 12 80 Balance on hand December I, 191 1, . . 867 17 Total, ;S53,256 6^ Forest Leaves Fund. Invested, $2,067 4^ In Bank, 52 00 $2,119 42 Life Membership Fund. Invested, $3»7io 00 In Bank, 100 00 $3,810 00 General Fund, Invested, $4»o78 06 Special Fund for Forest Exhibit. In Bank, $325 CK> Subscriptions promised, . , , . . ^55^^^ Charles E. Pancoast, Treasurer, Pennsylvania. ANNUAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT. DURING the past year your President partici- pated in functions at the two institutions ^ sustained by the State, where forestry is a feature of the curricula — in May, at the meet- ing of this Association at State College, and in August, at the graduation exercises of the Mont Alto Academy. Both occasions emphasized ^"78 ^^9 \ 86 FOREST LEAVES. reasons why Pennsylvania should take and hold leadership in the advancement of forestry, as well as pre-eminence in industrial development ; and with a desire to encourage State pride, brief ref- erence to some well known but too often forgotten features is offered, illustrating the position and potentiality of the State. Measured by the political life of the nation, our State ranks among the older divisions which have been consolidated into the United States, but gauged by the history of foreign lands, we are young, for less than 270 years have passed since the area within the State boundaries was chris- tened **Penn's Woods," an expanse now cover- ing 45,126 square miles of valley and mountain, then clad, mainly by magnificent timber growth. The necessity of clearing land for crops to support the colonists was followed by larger cuttings to supply lumber for structures within and beyond the State, resulting in the development of a great industry which rapidly denuded forest lands. As canals and railroads made all sections accessible the population increased, the tree cutting was augmented, and repeated forest fires, against which public sentiment protested weakly, laid waste other areas until a remnant only of Penn's Woods is left. William Penn with apparent prophetic vision anticipating the destruction of forests, advised that for each five acres tilled one acre should be maintained in trees ; but unfortunately his advice was unheeded, and much of this valuable resource was sacrificed by wasteful methods and forest fires. While the rapid growth of the central and western States places Pennsylvania as among the older settlements, it cannot claim priority, for there was no settlement for 130 years after Colum- bus discovered the West India Islands, and Cabot sailed along much of the Coast of North America. One hundred and seventy years elapsed from the time Ponce de Leon sought the fountain of youth in Florida, and 117 years were numbered after the Spaniards settled in that portion of the country, before Pennsylvania as a colony existed. A century before Penn came into possession of his domain the Roanoke settlement of Walter Ra- leigh was established, and 75 years before the equally unfortunate effort in Virginia came to grief. Pennsylvania's early days are not recognized as covering such impressive features as Hudson's voyage in 1609 up the magnificent river bearing his name, nor of the landing in 1620 of the May- flower's p»assengers on Plymouth Rock. But the passage of the ship Welcome up the Delaware in 1682 was the initiative of a colony, which con- tinuing to prosper, was converted into a State whose name is recognized throughout the world because of its mineral and industrial development. Seeking, as did most of America's early set- tlers, homes where the God in whom they believed could be worshipped according to their ideas of religion, the Quakers of 1682 became the basis of a progressive Commonwealth, and the admix- ture of the Scandinavian, Dutch, and German elements aided in securing a steady development. The area of Pennsylvania causes it to rank 3TSt in size of the 47 political divisions of the United States (though its territorial expanse is nine-tenths that of England), but its develop- ment has for many years kept it as a leader. Its topographic features range from sea level to 3,000 feet above, and its mountains though smaller and less rugged than those of the west, are beau- tiful with verdure, rich in impressive vistas, and abound in mineral wealth. The precious metals of the Rocky mountains are not found in quantity in Pennsylvania, but it is pre-eminent in supplying the useful minerals, whose value far exceeds the combined output of precious metals from the great area between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. The mineral products won from Pennsylvania's soil or used within her borders represent a value of practically one-third of those of the United States, and this value for the State of Pennsylvania exceeds that of all the States and Territories west of the Mississippi River, including Alaska. No other State, in fact, no nation except Great Britain and Germany mines as much coal as Pennsylvania ; for each day an average of about three-quarler million of tons is won, utilizing the energies of about 350,000 employees engaged in mining, three-eighths of this coal being anthracite and five-eighths bituminous ; much of the latter being converted into coke. The present annual pro- duction (235,000,000 short tons) of coal in Penn- sylvania is greater than that of the entire country in any year prior to 1899, and the number of men in Pennsylvania engaged in mining coal, coking, and transporting it, probably exceed a half mil- lion, these wage earners being the direct support of two million inhabitants. Pennsylvania's total production since the beginning of mining, in 1814, has been 4,432,071,767 short tons, or more than one-half of the total production of the United States. The industrial supremacy of Pennsylvania is not traceable so much to pioneering as to well-matured efforts, subsequent to empirical work in other sections, for the initial attempt to produce iron in Virginia antedates the first iron work enterprise in Pennsylvania by 72 years, and successful ven- FOREST LEAVES. 87 ture in iron making in Massachusetts in 1643 pre- ceded that of Pennsylvania by 49 years. Penn- sylvania had existed as a colony for 10 years before iron was made in this Commonwealth, but the industry for which.it has gained pre-eminence was not firmly established until 25 years later. The United States leads the world as a pro- ducer of pig-iron, and the 11,272,323 long tons credited to Pennsylvania is 41 per cent, of the nation's total ; the production of mineral and metal products in the State, is valued close to ^2,000,000 daily, and the total of all its manu- factures would be treble this amount. Notwithstanding the rapid progress in other portions of the country, Pennsylvania produced, in 1 9 10, Portland cement, 26,650,000 barrels, valued at $19,500,000; coke, 26,000,000, short tons, worth $55,250,000; natural gas, 127,500,- 000,000* cubic feet, valued at $20,500,000 ; stone, $8,600,000, and slate, $3,750,000. Al- though outstripped by some of the other States in petroleum, it still produced about 9,000,000 bar- rels, valued at $12,000,000. Clay products were valued at $22,000,000. The State has sacrificed a large portion of its valuable timber, but the industries depending on forest products are by no means unimportant ; as there are now 3,000 mills, producing about one and a quarter billion feet B.M. of lumber, more than one-half being coniferous, and the remainder hardwoods, mainly oak, chestnut, ma- ple, beech, birch, hickory, poplar, ash, etc. To the above must be added a liberal number •of local railway ties, telegraph and telephone poles, fence posts, rails, wood-pulp, bark for tan- ning, and the conversion of a considerable amount into charcoal and by-products, such as wood alcohol, acetates, etc. The use of wood for fuel demands a large amount of forest products. Although an inland State, Pennsylvania reaches ocean traffic via the Delaware River, and that of the Gulf of Mexico by the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, profiting by any channel improvements in these waters. It also fronts on Lake Erie for 50 miles, and has a share in the marvellous develop- ment of the Great Lake transportation system. 11,241 miles of railroad, about 5 per cent, of the nation's total, gridiron its surface, and it supports • over 4,200 miles of urban and suburban trolley lines. The construction of these roads required over 30,000,000 railway ties. The three drainage basins which occupy the major portion of the State — the Delaware, Susque- hanna and Ohio — were formerly improved by a system of 1,200 miles of canal and slack water * 1909 figures. navigation upon which the State spent $40,000,- 000 and private companies nearly an equal amount. The wisdom of allowing this system to be practi- cally obliterated is open to question, i)ut the pos- sibility of re-establishing water transportation through a portion of the State invites attention, while the utilization of the volume and fall of many streams is adding to the wealth of the State by the improvement of the water powers. The construction of impounding reservoirs may materially aid in maintaining satisfactory naviga- tion conditions, and assist water power develop- ment, and these reservoirs, in connection with a systematic reforestation in areas surrounding the headwaters of streams may also be expected to materially reduce the damage from freshets and the losses resulting from drought conditions. The suggested storage reservoirs proposed to be constructed by the general government in con- nection with the Appalachian forest reserves, and those which may be constructed by the State or private enterprise will all affect the stream flow advantageously. The foregoing statement of the wealth and de- velopment of Pennsylvania has been presented to invite attention to the important position which it occupies, to show how its resources are util-» ized, and how some of them have been and are sacrificed, and to suggest that a Commonwealth with such a record should take a prominent posi- tion in the forestry movement. The wasteful methods followed in lumbering have been much reformed, the proportion of marketable coal to total vein matter is greater by reason of improved mining methods and recovery , of waste products, the possibilities of stream util- ization for navigation and power are receiving attention, and the creation of forest reserves by the State, corporations, and individuals i«i awak- ening interest in this important resource. Ranking second in population, with 7,665,111 inhabitants, Pennsylvania also ranks next to New York in total area of forest reserves, but is in advance of the Empire State in its forest admin- istration. Practically, one million acres of land have been purchased for forest reserves, whose protection and propagation are watched over mainly by graduates of the State Forest Academy, extensive nurseries being maintained at the Acad- emy and elsewhere, to grow seedlings for replant- ing the forest and for distribution. The total cost for the purchase and care of lands, maintenance of Forest Academy and nurseries, taxes and ex- penses incurred in fighting forest fires have, to date, amounted to about 50 cents for each in- habitant of Pennsylvania. With a record such as the State of Pennsylvania has maintained, in its -Y'gy' wjil«< J I wir»F-T o2^^ 88 FOREST LEAVES. i material advancement and wealth, it does stand j prominent in forest protection, and this position | is assured by the official recognition of State | authorities, by the assistance received from for- estry instruction at State College, and the Yale | Forest School, al Milford, by the lectures and i arboretum at Lehigh University, and by the in- I terest shown by public schools in the celebration of Arbor Day. Appreciating the practical efforts made, and representing the sentiment of the people, the press throughout the State has been practically a unit in supporting forestry legislation, and done much to make possible the satisfactory position of Pennsylvania in forestry. A position of which all should be proud, and to maintain which each member of this organization may well bend his or her best energies. John Birkinbtne. The Progress of the Fight Against the Chestnut Blight. THE Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, cre- ated late in June, 191 1, began its fight on the bHght in the latter part of July, by establishing an instruction camp in a four-hundred acre chestnut orchard at Martic Forge, Lancaster County, where <* scouts" were trained to identify the blight in its various stages. This training school was in charge of Prof. J. F. Collins, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. As soon as the men were sufficiently well versed in a knowledge of the disease, they were sent to south- eastern York County, where the scouting work was begun. Mr. L C. Williams, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, who had charge of the investigation conducted by the Main Line Citizens Association in 1 9 10, had charge of this scouting work during the early part of the s'eason. Every woodlot in a strip about three miles wide along Mason and Dixon's line in York, Adams, and Franklin Counties was examined by the *' scouts " to determine the per cent, of infection. A more general survey of the remainder of these counties was made. In southeastern York County the infection was found to be 50 per cent, to 100 per cent., but in the western portion it varied from 10 per cent, to 25 per cent. In Adams County there is a wide zone through the center, in which there are practically no native chestnuts. In eastern Franklin County the disease was found to be generally distributed in areas of considerable size, ranging from i per cent, to 10 per cent, of the chestnut trees on the tracts where found. The blight was found scattered here and there, on single trees or small groups, along both sides of the Cove Mountains, which form the boundary between Fulton and Franklin Counties. To the north, in Huntingdon County, an extensive infec- tion of the blight has been found near Orbisonia. In Miffiin County, the westernmost points of infection are near Newton Hamilton, and McVey- town, also near Belleville. In eastern Centre County the disease has been found near Paddy Mountain and in the Seven Mountain region. The blight is generally distributed through Union, Snyder, and southern Lycoming Counties. The disease has reached southeastern Clinton County in the vicinity of Carroll, and it has also been found at Waterville in western Lycoming County. On the north, the disease has been found in Wyo- ming County at Meshoppen. The blight has reached the exti;eme eastern edge of Susquehanna County in a number of places, and is widely distributed through Wayne County, ranging from 20 per cent, to 60 per cent, in southern Wayne County to only an occasional tree in northern Wayne. The advance line of the blight may be shown by a line drawn across the State from Susquehanna, in Susquehanna County, southwest to Waterville, in Lycoming County, to Orbisonia, in Huntingdon County, and then southward along the Tuscarora Mountains in Fulton County. In the limited time available this season, it was not possible to extend the scouting work over the entire State, but it is thought the known boundaries of the disease are approximately correct. Several field agents who have been detailed to visit points in the western half of the State, where the chestnut trees were reported as being in an unhealthy con- dition, have not found any cases of blight, but they report the chestnut trees to be suffering from borers and other insects, drouth, and fire. An isolated case of the disease was recently found by State Forester Dague on the Clearfield reserve, eight miles northwest of Clearfield, in Clearfield County. Another isolated case of blight found near Altoona several years ago by an agent of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has been eradi- cated. Prof. Fulton, of State College, examined this area recently, and reports that he was unable to find any traces of the disease. Two other points west of the general advance line, from which blight is reported, are Rome, in Bradford County, and Everett, in Bedford County. The only practical method of destroying the spores— and thereby checking further spread of the blight— is to fell the infected trees and destroy the bark and brush. The trees should be thrown so that they will break as few limbs as possible on adjoining sound trees. All trees that show infec- tion, no matter how slight, should be removed. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 6. 'Of- 1. TYPE OF ORNAMENTAL CHESTNUT TREE, OF WHICH THOUSANDS HAVE BEEN KILLED IN SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. $li' ,,Mm ^ .-^ Hi^i&site.' 2. ORNAMENTAL CHESTNUT TREE ATTACKED BY BLIGHT. COUKTKSY OP V. S. DIVISION OH FOKEST I'ATHOLOtiY Forest Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 6. Forest Leaves, Vol. xui., No. 6. i ■, 3. COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF CHESTNUT TREES BY BLIGHT. ^ — ., _ — 1 ^v ■ 1 V 5. BARK OF YOUNG CHESTNUT TREE, SHOWING CANKER COVERED WITH WART-LIKE POSTULES, WHICH BEAR THE MINUTE SPORES OF THE BLIGHT. .. 4. CANKER ON TRUNK OF CHESTNUT TREE ONE YEAR AFTER BEfNG ATTACKED BY BLIGHT. 6. POSTULES PRODUCING GELATINOUS THREADS, BEARING SUMMER SPORES (ENLARGED). Forest Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 6. 3. COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF CHESTNUT TREES BY BLIGHT. 4. CANKER ON TRUNK OF CHESTNUT TREE ONE YEAR AFTER BEfNG ATTACKED BY BLIGHT. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE Forest Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 6. 5. BARK OF YOUNG CHESTNUT TREE, SHOWING CANKER COVERED WITH WART-LIKE POSTULES, WHICH BEAR THE MINUTE SPORES OF THE BLIGHT. '*" ^'yBHH 1 jRSi^^^B ' y^wx^^^ \. 4f . jS^^^Pi ^^^^K |^H£ " n -^^^^^HhI i ^ " "^ ' v^Ik * • i^tiKSt ^ ■imSi , ''^ ^ - F 6. POSTULES PRODUCING GELATINOUS THREADS, BEARING SUMMER SPORES (ENLARGED). / FOREST LEAVES. 89 .i As soon as the tree is felled, the badly infected parts, that is the parts showing cankers and pus- tules, should be cut out and burned at once, if the condition of the woods permits the lighting of a fire without danger of its spread. The por- tions of the tree which are to be used should then be carefully peeled of bark, and the bark, together with branches and other unbarked portions of the tree, should be completely destroyed by burning. The stumps should be cut as low as possible, and the bark peeled to the ground line. It should be impressed on every one that every particle of diseased bark ?nust be destroyed. New infections are frequently found along roads, rail- roads, telephone, and telegraph lines, showing that there is danger in transporting the product of diseased trees unless the barking is carefully and conscientiously done. It is especially dan- gerous to haul cordwood and other wood from infected trees, unless all the infected bark has been destroyed before this material is moved from the spot where the tree is felled. It is expected that a zone free from blight may be maintained and the western spread of the dis- ease checked, by eliminating the scattered spots of infection on the advance line, and by scouting the western half of the State. Apparently most of the chestnut timber east of the present advance line is doomed unless chestnut owners learn at once to recognize the blight, and remove all cases of blight according to the recommendations given. This will be possible in counties west of the Sus- quehanna River, with the exception of York. In the counties east of the Susquehanna River and south of Susquehanna, Bradford, and L)xoming Counties, where the chestnut trees are generally affected, the most practical measure appears to be the removal and utilization of all the chestnut trees. Examinations in the vicinity of Philadel- phia show that practically loo per cent, of the chestnut trees are diseased. Rather than allow these trees to die and deteriorate, and thus lose their value to the owner and the State, it is evident that they should be turned into commercial pro- ducts as soon as possible. The Chestnut Blight Commission is carrying on a study of the market and utilization of chestnut, to obtain an approxi- mate estimate of the stand of diseased and sound chestnut now in the State, and to assist owners in the disposal of their chestnut timber. The Commission is also carrying on laboratory experiments in the control of the disease through the use of fertilizing, sprays, and medications. A green house is being constructed at the University of Pennsylvania, so that experiments may be tried with living trees during the winter. The Univer- sity has put a laboratory in the Botanical Building at the disposal of the Commission, and has equipped it with necessary material and apparatus. This laboratory, fitted up under the direction of Dr» Harsberger, is in charge of Dr. Caroline Rumbold. Dr. Rumbold has already obtained valuable data on the habits and life history of the fungus. A study of insects in their relation to the chestnut blight is also being carried on, under the direction of Dr. A. D. Hopkins, of the U. S. Division of Entomology. The U. S. Department of Agriculture, through Dr. Haven Metcalf, of the Division of Forest Pathology, the Pennsylvania Forestry Department, and the State Agricultural Experiment Station, are actively co-operating with the Commission, and have given valuable assistance. The people of the State have evinced much interest in our work, and in practically every instance are following our recommendations promptly and willingly. The present outlook is encouraging, but we shall need the full co-operation of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, and of every one interested in the future welfare of the State, if our work is to be successful. A bill was introduced into both Houses of Congress, on the opening day of the present session, asking for $80,000 for the use of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, to make a thorough study of the blight. It is urged that this Association, as a body and as individuals, support this measure, since such an investigation is urgently needed. Annual Report of the General Secretary. FORESTRY in Pennsylvania has already passed through two distinct stages. The first was that of agitation. The second was that of tentative restoration. Tentative be- cause we had no antecedent methods or results on American soil by which to direct our efforts, and we were driven to adapt, as best we could, our work to the established methods which were already well tried in Europe, and in addition to devise a system for ourselves. That we have been not wholly unsuccessful has been proven by the fact that public attention and approval have come to us, and led us into the third stage, where we now find ourselves, with a body of trained fores- ters, and with two well appointed forestry schools which are annually sending out men practically prepared for successful work. We may well congratulate ourselves upon the outcome, but we must also recognize the fact that our success has brought with it a change in policy. Amateur interest and enthusiasm, needful and helpful though they be, must now be directed by professional skill, which will avoid mistakes and ^S2 o^^3 90 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 91 lead most speedily to the largest results, for the trained American forester is now on the ground prepared and eager for his life work ; and I, for one cheerfully submit myself to his well consid- ered plans, without a trace of envy for those who ; supplant and succeed us. In the regular course of events, those for whom he is now building a ^ foundation, will in time, supplant and succeed i him. This is the law of progress, which has led the world constantly to better things. But as an organization, there never was a wider field for us. Forestry in this State, because of its very growth, has attracted the attention of some whose sole interest in it has centered in what they can make out of it. This hope of gam has taken two distinct forms. One in which at- tempts will be made to force upon the State large bodies of land at an extravagant price. And another in which some local political leaders will demand as the reward for their vote in the Legis- lature, the right to appoint the rangers for their district, and, it is needless to say that if this is granted, the appointments will often be made with small regard to fitness for the work. I do not hesitate to say that the forestry service of the State is now facing these dangers. Every Mem- ber of this Association is called upon to use his, or her, influence to thwart such plans. Every one of us can and should labor to prevent the ascendency of influences of so destructive a char- acter. I By the passage of the School Code, forestry in this State, has been indissolubly linked to the public school system, and we have the right now to count upon the active support of its powerful and intelligent agencies. The appropriation made by the last Legislature for the purchase of land was smaller than usual, j but we have been able, however, to secure the 19,000 acres known as the Pine Grove tract in | the South Mountain range of Cumberland, Frank- lin and Adams Counties. This purchase rounds out our large State Reserve in that portion of the Commonwealth, and provides ground upon which much planting may be done immediately. I have no fault to find with the policy which directs the attention of the Forestry Commission to care of what land the State now owns, rather than to the acquisition of more ground. A million acres, includes 1562.5 square miles, an area almost forty miles long by as many broad. Probably no State in the Union will ever possess in its forest reserves soil of a more diversified -character than Pennsylvania has secured in her million acres, or an area which promises to touch more interests at a greater number of points. It may not be out of place here to say that when our neighboring State, New York, set aside the Adi- rondack preserve, it was done solely to obtain an outing ground for the citizens. Water and timber, though considered, were reckoned of smaller im- portance. In Pennsylvania we have just reversed these elements ; with us timber and water came first, and health last. It is well, therefore, to say that' even under these circumstances, the great tuberculosis sanatarium at Mont Alto, is iii the heart of a State forest reserve, and that during the past year about six thousand of our citizens have availed themselves of the privilege of camp- ing in the State lands, where in addition to the scenic attractions, game and fish add to the inducements for such healthful exercise as makes weak men strong. . " , r Another element has entered into the forestry problem as a side issue, but nevertheless as a very important one ; that is the possible purchase by the State of a tract of ten thousand acres on the banks of the Clarion river. Most of this tract is still virgin forest. The purpose of this purchase is mainly to preserve it as a park, in its present primitive condition. . - -. It will be a costly purchase, both to obtain it, and to protect and preserve it. But considering all its possibilities, I think it will in future prove to be a wise investment if it is obtained by the State. I make this statement now, because I at first feared that it would be an unwise purchase. I More and more, as the years pass, we must have ' access to the open air if we are to maintain our national vigor. Unoccupied areas will be- come scarce, and the penalties for invading your neighbors premises more severe. There must be places into which our people can go for rest and restoration to the health required by our strenuous life. The great majority of our citizens are financially unable to avail themselves of the privileges and pleasures of summer resorts. They must find their outings in these public parks where no warning signs are visible. Pennsylvania should have not only one such place, but several of them. We spend vast sums in decorating our State capitol and in providing a suitable setting for it. Let us be at least as liberal in providing for the people for whom the Capitol exists. This is true conservation. The Department of Forestry never was more ably conducted than it is to-day. Nor was its use- fulness ever more apparent than it now is. i The question of forest fires we still have with us, and are likely to have for years to come. But it is well to say in the most positive terms, that our average yearly losses by forest fires are con- stantly becoming less. Those who assert to the contrary are either ill-informed upon the subject. or are unwilling to admit the fact because of rea- sons which are personal to themselves. Educa- tion on the one hand and increasing supervision on the other hand are leading to prevention of these annual burnings. It is a pleasant duty here to thank the news- papers of the State for the effective support which they continue to give the forestry cause. Respectfully submitted, J. T. Rothrock, General Secretary, The Present Situation in Forestry. (Lecture by Henry S. Graves, United States Forester, in Lehigh University Course.) TV REVIEW of the work of forestry in the p\^ country during the past year shows a ^ most gratifying accomplishment of prac- tical results. Public interest in forestry is greater than ever before. This public interest is, how- ever, no longer merely an inquiry about forestry, but it has crystallized into a vigorous demand that devastation be stopped and constructive forestry be introduced in the management of our forests. One of the most significant factors in the present situation is the increasing apprecia- tion that the benefits of forestry are essentially public in character, and that to secure them the public must directly participate in working out the problem. Public interest demands that there be ample forest, well managed, to furnish a continuous supply of forest products, to protect the mountain slopes and river sources, and to provide those general benefits which arise from the mere exist- -ence of forests. Experience has demonstrated that the forest problem of a country will not in the long run be solved by private owners without public co-operation and direction. This has been the history of forestry in Europe under most favorable conditions. The same results will follow in this country when conditions are even less favorable. The increasing appreciation by the public of its responsibility in forestry has been shown dur- ing the past year by the larger support given to the protection and development of public forests, and by legislation designed to secure better pro- tection from fire on private as well as on public lands. The public throughout the country has •expressed its desire for forest conservation, and in some sections its willingness to meet its share of the cost necessary to bring about the practice of forestry. The public may participate in forestry in the following ways : I. By direct ownership of forests. 2. By assistance to private owners in fire pro- tection and taxation and co-operation in working out practical forestry on the ground. 3. By public regulation of the methods of handling private forests. Public Ownership of Forests. — The extensive ownership or control by the public of large forest areas is essential to the working out of the country's problem of forestry. They constitute the nucleus for the development of forestry in every country. The best results would be ob- tained if the bulk of the forests were owned out- right by the public. There are, however, very few countries where the government has title to more than about 40 per cent, of the forests. In most countries the land policy has been similar to our own. The public land has been disposed of rapidly to encourage settlement, and the forests now publicly owned represent what was left when the people awoke to the realization that certain classes of land not suited to agriculture should be retained under the control of the public itself. In some European countries the proportion of public forests is even less than in this country, but the practice of forestry has been secured by placing restrictions on the methods of handling private forests. The publicly owned forests in the United States comprise approximately 30 per cent, of the total forest area of the country. They are situated chiefly in the mountains and on the less produc- tive land, the best timber having been absorbed by private owners. When measured in terms of standing timber, four-fifths is in private ownership. The public forests are chiefly owned by the Federal Government and by the States. In addition there are forests owned by counties, by municipalities, by public institutions and by asso- ciations which have acquired lands for public use. The federal forests fall into the following classes: 1. National forests comprising approximately 190 million acres. 2. National parks whose gross area is about 12 million acres, and which are largely covered with forest. I 3. Military reservations in which there are several hundred thousand acres of forest land. 4. Indian forests, covering some ten million acres. 5. Unreserved public forests whose area has never been determined, but which probably aggre- gate from ten to twenty million acres. The forest lands owned by the States amount to fully ten million acres. About three million acres of State forest land have been set aside as forest reservations, of which two-thirds are in New York and Pennsylvania. 92 FOREST LEAVES. The other classes of public forests aggregate only a small area, but are being constantly in- creased. Progress in Federal Forestry, — Very substantial progress has been made during the past year in federal forestry. From the standpoint of legisla- tion the most conspicuous feature has been the passage of the Weeks law. This provides for the purchase by the Federal Government of forest land which is important in the protection of the headwaters of navigable streams. The law carries an appropriation of g 2,000,000 a year until 191 5. It is not expected that the Weeks law will enable the purchase of all the forest land affecting navig- able waters which it would be desirable for the public to control. The aim, in the execution of this law, will be to establish a number of public forests on important watersheds, which may serve as centers of forestry and which will aid in bring- ing about the protection and better handling of the surrounding country. The first purchases will be made in the Southern Appalachian and White Mountains. A very important feature of the Weeks law authorizes the Federal Government to co-operate with the States in the protection from fire of forests situated on watersheds of navigable waters. There is, however, a condition requiring that the co-operating State expend an amount equivalent to that given by the Government. Under this authority assistance has been given during the past season to ten States with gratifying results. There has been great progress during the year in the administration of the National Forests. The most marked advance has been in fire protec- tion. The aggregate loss by fire during the closing season has been, comparatively, very small. This has been partly because in some sections the season has been more favorable than last year, but in large part the better results have been due to the fact that the organization of fire protection has been much more effective than ever before. In some forests where the drought was even greater than last year the protective force was able to check all fires which started without substantial damage. In several cases the Forest Service was not as fortunate, as for ex- ample in southern California where a fire on the Angeles Forest got beyond control and burned over a large area of brush slopes whose protec- tion is important for water control. Very great advance has also been made in the co-ordination of the National Forest interests with those of the people living in and near the forests. One of the most gratifying features of the work this year has been the way the people in the National Forest districts have given their active co-operation and help in working out the fire- problem, as well as other problems on the forests. It is unnecessary to enter upon the various other problems of National Forest administration in which there has been very real progress. Opposition to National Forestry. — Local oppo- sition to the Federal forest policy is decreasing rapidly every year. It was very natural that when the policy of public regulation of the use of the forests was first introduced there were many local difficulties. Many of these were the result of misunderstanding of the purpose and methods of forestry. These difficulties are rapidly being adjusted and opposition is being replaced by co- operation and support. On the other hand there is still strong opposi- tion to the whole system by some who do not desire the public regulation of the use of the re- sources of the public lands. Some aim to abolish the whole system ; some are endeavoring to have large portions thrown out in order to secure special privileges in grazing or valuable sites for water power development ; some seek to obtain valuable timber under laws not applicable to the National Forests ; and some endeavor to bring about a change in the policies of administration which will result in the removal of that oversight which is, in my judgment, absolutely necessary to- protect the interests of the public. The people of the United States have made up their minds definitely that the Federal Forests be retained under the control of the Federal Govern- ment and be managed in the interest of the public as opposed to that of special privilege. Progress in State Forestry. — A great obligation rests on the State governments in working out the problems of forestry. Only a few States in the entire Union are meeting this obligation. The great problem of the States in forestry to-day is to bring about the protection and proper handling of private forests. Organized fire protection under State direction, establishment of a reason- able system of taxation of growing timber, con- servation management of State forest lands, education of woodland owners in methods of forestry, and such practical regulation of handling forests as may be required for the protection of the public — these are problems requiring immedi- ate action in all States. During the past year there has been more real progress in State forestry than in any previous year. The feature which stands out most strongly is that a number of States have gone beyond' merely passing forest laws, but have begun to- provide the money necessary to achieve practical results. The principal work in the different States has; FOREST LEAVES. 93 been directed toward fire protection. At length it is realized that the prevention of fires is the fundamental necessity, and that this can only be* accomplished by having a thoroughly organized State Forest Service. Excellent laws are being passed in various States looking to the removal of the causes of fires, as restrictions placed upon railroads to prevent fires from locomotive sparks, regulations regarding the burning of brush, care- lessness of campers, etc. But these laws are in- effective unless there is adequate machinery to •carry them out. A fundamental principle of fire protection is preparation. A forest region must be watched for fires, both to prevent fires from being started and to reach quickly and put out rsuch'fires as may start. The new State legislation recognizes these principles and already fully twelve different States have inaugurated a measure of fire patrol or watch- ing under State direction. Still another element has been introduced into State forestry — namely, restrictions upon lumber- men to make a proper disposition of their slash- ings, in order that the lumbering may not be a menace to the surrounding forests. The scope of this paper does not permit of an analysis of the various laws recently passed in different States. Special attention may be directed to the new forest laws of Minnesota and Oregon, and to the organizations which are being developed. Important new laws or amendments to old laws have been passed also in Maine, Ver- mont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Maryland, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Mon- tana, Washington, Oregon, and Louisiana. The fiew Conservation Commission established in California promises to lead to important results in forestry and other branches of conservation. Illi- nois has made a beginning, making an appropria- tion to study the conditions of the State looking toward the development of a system of State forestry. Several States have made a beginning in forestry through their State institutions, as in Colorado and Missouri. Idaho and South Dakota have entered upon a policy of exchange of lands with the Federal government, which will lead to the consolidation of the State forest lands and the establishment of a State Forest, a move which I hope will be followed by other States having similar holdings. While the record is good in some States, there are still many which are doing nothing whatever in forestry. Progress in Private Forestry. — The real ad- vance made in private forestry during the past year has been in fire protection. Woodland owners are coming more and more to realize the damage done by forest fires, and are taking action on their own initiative to secure better protection. Taking the country as a whole, the damage by fires is becoming more and more localized. There have been, for example, during the past summer, very serious fires in certain localities, chiefly in centres of prolonged drought; but the number of disastrous fires is decreasing and they are not as widely distributed as formerly. The average farmer is to-day endeavoring to keep fire out of his woods, so that the damage to the small wood- lots has been greatly reduced. Among the large timber tracts the situation is also better than ever before. Not only have the individual private owners on many sections increased their efforts in fire protection, but there has been an extension of the idea of co-operative fire protection among owners of contiguous lands. The work of the fire protective associations is from year to year more effective as the organization is perfected and the force gains experience. An important factor in the fire protective work on private lands has been the increased assistance given by the States and by the Federal government. The problem of fire protection on private lands is as yet bv no means solved. The great gains during the last few years, however, show that in certain regions at least we are on the road to gaining mastery over this worst enemy of the forests. Protection from fire is only the first step in forestry. Protection alone will not ensure the continuance of forest production. Without the use of forestry methods, ordinary lumbering results in a continued reduction of growth of valuable species. The problem of forest production is making advances only in those regions where there is a good market for forest products. In such re- gions, as for instance in New England, the wood- land owners are coming to adopt careful methods of cutting, and in many instances are planting trees. On the other hand, the handling of large tim- ber tracts with a view to continued forest produc- tion has made but little progress. The number of large owners doing any work in forestry be- yond fire protection is exceedingly small, and very few of them see any prospect of much being accomplished by them under the present condi- tions. The problem of the large owner is a peculiar one. Ordinarily, he has purchased the land for the merchantable timber upon it and does not expect to retain ownership of the property after cutting. He usually has no special plans regard- ing the future disposition of the land. He may hope to sell a portion of it for agricultural de- ■,rr^m 94 FOREST LEAVES. velopment, the balance, which is unsuited to agriculture, will be disposed of in whatever way will bring the greatest returns. But there is seldom any idea of holding a considerable por- tion of the land for the production of new crops of timber. The problem of the permanence of use of land for forestry is fundamental. The average owner does not make investments in forestry on land which he does not expect to hold for this pur- pose, or which will not have an increased value for sale later on by reason of his investment. Wherever there is a measure of permanence in ownership of forest land, forestry becomes a practical business proposition. Forestry requires a consistent policy of use on account of the length of time needed to produce a crop of trees. Land subject to speculative holding does not attract in- vestments in forestry, because the element of stability of policy in use for forest production is lacking. It is estimated that our private forests comprise some 350,000,000 to 400,000,000 acres. About one-half of this area is in small holdings, much of it comprising woodlots attached to farms. The farm woodlot presents very favorable condi- tions for forestry. A good woodlot is a great asset to any farm. Ordinarily the area devoted to the woodlot is not suited to agriculture and will be left to tree growth. It is just as much to the advantage of the farmer to maintain the pro- ductiveness of his woodlot as of his fields, not only for his own benefit as long as he owns the property, but because of the enhanced sale value of the farm. Public education and demonstra- tion of the practice of forestry will go far to meet the woodlot situation. There are also some large lumber companies which are organized on a basis of permanence, which expect to hold their lands for successive cuttings rather than to strip them and then either dispose of them or allow them to revert to the State for taxes. For such large owners forestry is a necessity. We have therefore the very small and the very large owner in the best position to practice fores- try. The reasons are the same in both cases, namely, that there is a permanent tenure of the land. The problem most difficult of solution and in which the least progress is being made concerns the holding of the average lumber company. We may assume that a small portion of this land will be absorbed by the government and the States as public forests. A portion also will be found after cutting to be chiefly valuable for agriculture and will be used for that purpose. Such areas may in the present discussion be left out of con- sideration. The first necessary step is to remove the two greatest obstacles in the way of private forestry — namely, risk from fire and an unfair system of taxing growing timber. This can only be accom- plished by the action of the public through State agencies. This action will in itself encourage the holding of land for timber production. The public will, however, not be satisfied with a mere encouragement of forestry, if it makes in- vestments in fire protection and concessions in taxation. It will very properly demand that the private owners do their part not only in prevent- ing dangerous slashings in their operations and also continuing good productive conditions on those lands not suited to agriculture. Already several States have introduced the principle that the slashings after lumbering shall be so disposed of as not to be a menace from fire. It is inevitable, in my judgment, that there will be an exercise of a greater measure of direction by the public over private forests than is now the case. I look for the time when the States will designate certain lands z.% protection forests within which the cuttings must be made with a view to the continuance of the forest. It is commonly said by land owners that forestry is not practical. This is usually due to the fact that they do not fully appreciate just what forestry requires and what would be gained by it. As a matter of fact, the practice of forestry would in a very large number of cases not only be practical but wo/lild result in a con- siderably increased return to the owners. I have repeatedly urged lumbermen to make an actual beginning of forestry on their own lands, even if the first work is purely experimental. Mr. J. G. Dillon has kindly presented the As- sociation with a curious freak of a Black Oak tree which grew on Jericho Mountain near Brownsburg, Bucks County, Pa., and was cut early in February, 191 1. The tree was 12 inches in diameter, 4 feet above the ground, and was about 70 years old — there being a swell butt on one side. This butt on being cut showed that on the inside was a rectangular piece of old wood embedded in the new wood of the butt. This old piece of wood was evidently the remains of a tree which had been cut off, but did not decay, and was sur- rounded by the bark and fibre from a tree either close to or from the same stump. The section taken of the butt, shows this old stump embedded in it— some of the bark of the latter being pre- I served. JZS7 FOREST LEAVES. 9& J. T. ROTHROCK, FOREST LEi^VE^. c> Consulting Forester, WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE I.Bln£IS* TREE OHKRTS. Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species. No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies. No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies. No. 3. Southern, Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples qf Extinct Oaks. Part II.— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species. No. 4. T%e Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and European Chestnuts. No. 5. The Walnuts. American, Japanese and European species and varieties. No. 6. The Hickories. American species and varieties. Part III.— No. 7. The Willows and Poplars. Numerous species. No. 8. The Birches, Elms and allies. No. 9. 77^6 Lindens, and allied families of numerous species. Part IV.— •No. 10. TTic Magnolia and related trees. ♦No. 11. The Horse Chestnuts and allies. No. 12. The Maples. (Printed in advance.) (Those with an * as yet unprinted.) Price for the ten Charts published, |4.00. For further information address the author, publisher and proprietor, GRACEANNA LEWIS, Media, .... Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Forestry • i\ Association. ^o^^^P^ The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. ■8 RATES • ■ • t insertion. i 6 nsertions. IS insertions. I inch, . . $1.00 $4.00 $8.00 % page, . . 4.00 17.00 34-00 Ji •♦ . . 7.00 30.00 60.00 I *• . . 12.00 50.00 TC0,0O •awMWWNM ass 96 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry— preparing men j for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Biltmore Forest School, BILTMORE, N. C 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA. JO minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS. niustrated Catalogue upon application. JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Master. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: The Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, President. Samuel F. Houston, VUx-PrtiideTa. GEORGE Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DIS8TON. EDOAR DUDLEY FARIB8. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MCCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. O! twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. l^--<.fu^. i: ^jfc^Ar ^U y^ ^> *X* *T* *1* In response to the toast, * * The State, " at a banquet in Philadelphia, which fully five hundred prominent persons attended. Gov. John K. Tener laid especial stress upon the efforts towards forest preservation made by Pennsylvania, and empha- sized the extent of its forest reserves, practically one million acres. We are confident all of our readers will appreciate the value of this volun- tary expression to such an audience by the Gov- ernor of the State. J. B. Chestnut Tree Blight Conference. THE Pennsylvania State Legislature in 191 1 . passed an act appointing a Commission of five citizens, at whose disposal was an ap- propriation of $275,000 for the investigation and scientific study of the chestnut tree blight disease, to ascertain its exact extent, and devise ways and means through which, if possible, it might be stamped out. This Commission organized and began work by sending out a large force of experts into the field. The reports of these experts together with the results of the work of the pathological staiT, will, among other matters^ be presented for discussson to a convention called by the Hon. John K. Tener, Governor, to be held at the Capitol at Harrisburg on February 20th and 21st, 191 2. The Governors of all the States in which the chestnut tree is found, viz., Vermont, New Hamp- shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ten- nessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana and Michigan, the State forestry associations, State forestry departments, members of the ex- periment stations, etc., have been invited to at- tend this convention *^ for a consideration of ways and means in the hopes that the States may be aroused and their active co-operation secured. All the members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asocciation are invited to attend. Pennsylvania Department of Forestry Convention. THE Foresters' Convention will be held at Harrisburg, Pa., March 5, 6, and 7, 1912, and the program has been arranged as follows: Tuesday, March 5th. '* The Forester and His Community ,^ ^ Morning Session 10.30 o'clock. Addresses of Welcome by Hon. John K. Tener,. Governor, Members of the State Forestry Reservation Commission, and Visiting Friends. 1. The favorable or unfavorable attitude of the community toward forestry. (a) The reasons for this attitude. A. C. Silvius. (b) How may causes leading to an unfavor- able attitude be removed or ameli- orated? Alfred E. Rupp. Afternoon Session 2.30 o'clock. 2. The attitude of the forester toward his com- munity. (a) The reflection of his attitude toward his ranger's and employees. Raymond B. Winter. (b) His contact with the community. 1. His attitude toward his work. Tom O. Bietsch. 2. Interest and help in matters out- side his work. Harry F. Elliott. (c) The results of reaching school teachers and pupils. R. Lynn Emerick» Evening lecture 8.15 o'clock, House Caucus Room, Capitol. Wednesday, March 6th. ^^ Forest Utilization ^ Morning Session 10.00 o'clock. 1. The importance of an early removal of dead and defective trees. (a) Protection at a profit. William F. Dague. (b) More rapid regeneration and growth. T. Roy Morton. (<:) Early returns and their effeots on the investment. Prof. E. A. Ziegler. (d) How clearing may be done with least expense to the Department. Harold E. Bryner. Afternoon Session 2.30 o'clock. 2. Impossibility of utilization without knowledge of markets and specifications. (a) Importance of obtaining detailed local information by each forester. John A. Bastian. (b) Assistance of Department. James E. McNeal. (c) Department a clearing house with refer- ence to these matters. George H. Wirt. 3. Detailed record of cost of marketable forest products under varying conditions. Lewis E. Staley. 4. The relation between roads and markets. (a) Study of markets before road develop- ment. Harry A. Thomson. (b) Silviculture dictated by road condi- tions. Forrest H. Dutlinger. Thursday, March 7th. * * Management, ) > Morning Session 10.00 o'clock^ 1 . Study of Plantations. (a) Expedient methods of reforesting wholly or partly deforested areas. Hon. S. B. Elliott. (b) Protection of plantations. John W. Seltzer. (c) Importance of careful plantation rec- ords. Prof. I. T. Worthley. (d) Records and protection of plantations in foreign countries. George A. Retan. Afternoon Session 2.30 o'clock. 2. Business methods in forestry. (a) Forest reserves a State investment. John L. Strobeck. (b) An immediate or future profit for each operation. Homer S. Metzger. (c) The importance of detailed records from the beginning of operation. Prof. Joseph S. Illick. (d) Scientific management in forestry. 1. Combination and concentration of abilities and resources. Walter D. Ludwig. 2. Scientific study of operations. John R. Williams. (e) Outline for uniform reports by foresters. D. Kerr Warfield. The convention this year will not be so much for the presentation of papers as for the discussion of present forest problems. After the discussion has been opened by the leader it is expected that as many more persons will continue the discussion as may care to do so. The Alumni Association of the State Forest Academy at Mont Alto will hold its annual meet- ing on Friday, March 8th, at 9 o'clock a. m. The Adirondack Problem, IN discussing the forestry conditions in New York before the Camp Fire Club of America ^ Mr. Gifford Pinchot directed attention to some of the limitations which legislation in that State places upon forestry. Attention has been called to these from time to time in Forest Leaves, but it is believed its readers will scan with interest excerpts from Mr. Pinchot' s address, which demonstrate the drawbacks of the New York State forestry legislation as compared with Pennsylvania. The Constitution forbids the practice of forestry on New York State lands, and scarcely a single tract of privately owned forest, either in the Cats- kills or the Adirondacks, is to-day being cut under the rules of practical forestry. On the other hand, within the last ten years, the destruction of forests by fire and bad logging has been greater than ever . before. The Adirondack forest is one of the most pre- cious possessions of the people of the State of New York. In conserving water-flow and supplying timber, as a recreation ground, and as a vast sani- tarium, it is indispensable to the growth and wel- fare of the State. The purchase of the Adiron- dack Park is probably the best investment the citizens of New York ever made. The Adirondack Preserve consists of all State lands in the twelve Adirondack counties, and in- cludes about 3,300,000 acres. The Adirondack Park includes only the State lands within the so- called **blue line," 1,500,000 acres in area, or about half the total. The other half is owned by lumber companies, associations, clubs, and individuals. Substantially all of it is useless for any other purpose than to grow trees. The first duty of the State towards the North Woods is to protect them from fire. Because of previous neglect not less than a quarter of the whole area has been burnt. Of late, and espe- cially since the great fire of 1908, good work by the State fire patrol has much reduced the number of fires. But it is not enough that there should merely be fewer fires in the Adirondacks. There should be no fires there at all. The principle of controlling a fire in a forest is precisely the same as that of controlling a fire in a city. The essential thing is to get the neces- sary fire fighters on the spot without the needless loss of a second. To this end mountain out-look stations have been established through the Forest Preserve and connected by telephone with villages and towns, so that fires may be promptly discov- J?^ r ^93 100 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 101 \ ered and fire fighters concentrated upon them with the least possible delay. The foundation for an admirable organization has been laid, but at least ten additional stations are required. The present cost of fire protection is six-tenths of one cent per acre per annum for a property whose average value in timber alone is not less than ten dollars per acre. Stated in another way, there is but one fire patrolman on forest lands in the Adirondacks to 100,000 acres. Lumbermen in some of the Western States are now spending nearly four cents an acre for fire protection on lands of their own, which are no more valuable in money and far less important to the community than the North Woods. More than double the present force is badly needed. The present fire law, which rigidly forbids any burning of brush at certain seasons, regardless of the weather, and permits it at certain other seasons, equally regardless of the weather, often increases the danger from fire. Burning should not be allowed at any time except under permit, arid with the personal presence and supervision of a forest officer. The law now requires that the tops of conifer- ous trees shall be lopped immediately after fell- ing. The snow crushes lopped branches close to the ground, so that they keep moist, rot more promptly, and lessen the risk from fire. Some criticism has been made of the value of lopping tops. From personal observation on land lum- bered as much as twenty years ago, where no tops were lopped, and on similar land in the Adiron- dacks, lumbered ten years ago, where lopping was practiced, I can assert with confidence that lop- ping does accomplish its purpose in making the forest safer against fire. Spruce tops honestly lopped rot down in ten years more thoroughly than unlopped tops in twenty, and even at the end of six or seven years present little or no mate- rial to feed a fire. Fire on areas well lopped is much easier to fight than on unlopped lands, re- production of the forest is not hampered, and the general effect is entirely good. The Adirondack Park contains not less than 120,000 acres of forest land so completely de- nuded by fire that planting is necessary. In many places not only the forest but the soil itself has been burned entirely away, and the bare rock is exposed. There is also about 50,000 acres on which planting is desirable to reinforce the pres- ent sparse young growth. It is most fortunate that the State is admirably prepared for the plant- ing work. Its forest nurseries, under the direc- tion of Mr. C. R. Pettis, Superintendent of State Forests, have become models both in the quality of the stock produced and the low cost of growing it, while the forest plantations sent out by the State are among the most successful in any country. During the last few years very little forest plant- ing has been done on the State land, because the sale of seedlings to private owners at cost has taken nearly the entire product of the nurseries. Private owners should be able to buy seedlings from the State, but it is at least equally important that the State should begin on an adequate scale and without further delay its own great task in forest planting. For this purpose the capacity of the nurseries has recently been increased to produce about eleven million young trees a year. At least 5,000 acres a year should be planted up. At this rate, if no more land is devastated by fire, it will still require a quarter of a century to reforest the denuded State lands within the Adirondack Park. But in face of a quarter of a century of explana- tion and agitation, conservative lumbering in the Adirondacks has made little or no progress. The usual destructive treatment of private timber lands to-day makes it perfectly clear that the general adoption of forestry in the Adironacks can be brought about by law, and in no other way. One of the most important recommendations I have to make is working out the details of prac- tical legislation, which shall protect the interests of the lumbermen at the same that it prevents the destruction of the forests. In my judgment, a perfectly practicable scheme can be worked out under which the added cost to the lumbermen of practicing forestry as against destroying the for- ests should seldom, if ever, exceed a cost of 25 cents per thousand feet of logs cut. I recommend the passage of a law which will require the lumbermen inside the Adirondack Preserve to carry out such a degree of practical forestry on their timber lands as will reduce the damage from fire to the lowest practicable point, and insure the perpetuation of the forest. To compel private owners to cease cutting alto- gether on certain mountain lands, which should be kept untouched for the protection of the slopes and of the water supply, would be an unfair burden upon them. The private lands of the Adirondacks should, therefore, be divided into so-called ** pro- tection forests,*' on the steep high slopes, which should never be cut at all, and the commercially valuable timber on the lower slopes and rolling lands, upon which cuttings should be regulated by the State. As rapidly as possible the State should acquire the protection forests and look after them. Section 7 of Article VII. of the New York Con- stitution is as follows : "The lands of the State, now owned or here- after acquired, constituting the forest preserve as now fixed by law, shall be forever kept as wild forest lands. They shall not be leased, sold or exchanged, or be taken by any corporation, public or private, nor shall the timber be sold, removed or destroyed. In practical effect this section does more to limit and restrict the use of the Adirondack Park by the citizens of New York than all the other causes combined. Under it citizens of the State are prevented from constructing cheap wooden camps along the borders of lakes and streams controlled by the State, leaving the wealthy own- ers of elaborate so called ** camps" undisturbed by the proximity of poorer neighbors. The State should lease small camp sites on terms which will encourage the enjoyment of the Park by as many people as possible, keeping open, how- ever, not less than one-quarter of every lake and stream for the general public. Section 7 likewise prohibits the construction on State land of roads and trails needed to make the people's property accessible to the people. It is well known that roads and trails form an admir- able protection against fire. Because of their ab- sence the Adirondack Park is needlessly exposed to the risk of conflagration. Under this section the development of water power by storage on State land is forbidden be- cause it cannot be done without killing some trees. Thus one of the principal resources of the State is kept unused, without any corresponding benefit to the people. Section 7 forces the State to hold lands outside of the **blue line" boundary of the Adirondack Park, which in many cases are far more valuable for cultivation than as forest. It ought to be possi- ble to exchange those small isolated areas of State land, now merely a burden and expense, for land inside the *^blue line," which the State really needs for park purposes. Good forestry on State lands in the North Woods demands cutting so moderate as not to destroy forest conditions, or seriously disturb the forest cover. Practical forestry in the Adirondack Park should begin slowly and at first should cut not more than i per cent, of the Park each year. The first consideration in all cuttings should be to improve the forest. Clean cutting should be for- bidden by the Constitution. So should cuttings so heavy as to impair or interrupt the forest con- dition or require the planting of trees after log- ging. All logging in green timber should be directed to encourage young growth, and all sound spruce trees below 14 inches or hardwood below 18 inches in diameter should be left standing. Tree Planting in New Zealand. VICE-CONSUL GENERAL HENRY D. BAKER, in the Consular Report, says : During a visit in New Zealand great improvement was noted in the appearance of large sections of barren country, especially on the hill slopes in the Thermal district, in the centre of the North Island, by the planting of millions of larch trees, in close even rows, which have given the landscape a bright, verdant aspect, where be- fore was only monotonous scrub or ash-covered land, on which there was no vegetation at all. The specially interesting feature of this great work of afforestation which is steadily changing the face of the country, and which in time will doubtless be a source of large revenue to the State, is that it is carried on mainly by prison labor and by the labor of discharged prisoners, who are given em- ployment and a new start in life, at planting trees at a wage of $2 per day. I visited the tree-planting camp in the famous Rotorua Hot Springs district, where most of the i planting is done on ** pumice" land under the I shadow of Mount Tarawera, a volcano whose erup- tion 25 years ago devastated many miles of the I surrounding country, which it covered with scoriae i and a clayey kind of volcanic ash. A great deal of this district was stripped of all vegetation by erosion, caused by the sudden boiling up and overflow of lakes in the district at the time of the eruption. None of the native trees of New Zea- land will grow in this volcanic area, and while the valleys contain fine land suitable for agricultural and pastoral purposes, on the mountain slopes, which presented a most forbidding appearance to the eye, the land seemed absolutely useless, until it was proved that imported larch would grow well here, give verdure to the district, prevent ero- sion of hill slopes in times of heavy rainfall, and become in time a valuable source of wood supply and of profit to the New Zealand Government. The trees are planted in rows 4 feet apart, after- wards to be thinned to 8 feet apart, and event- ually, according to their growth, to about 16 feet apart. At the end of 40 years it is expected that about 750 trees to the acre will remain. The trees are planted from a central nursery in April, in holes which have already been dug. The same amount of work is not expected of all the prisoners, those who have been in sedentary pur- suits previously not being able to do the same work as those accustomed to manual labor, but when each prisoner does all the work that can be reasonably expected of him, he is given a credit of 8 marks each day, and pro rata credit of less than 8 marks is given according to lesser merits ^?f 102 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 103 in his work. By receiving 8 marks a day credit every day without fail, the term of the prisoner's sentence is shortened one-fourth, but in propor- tion to whatever credit marks he receives his term is shortened accordingly. The prisoners engaged in this work number at present over 8o, which is about one-tenth the total number of prisoners in New Zealand. Only first offenders, those with light sentences, who are con- sidered reasonably trustworthy, are selected for tree-planting camps, where the discipline is not so strict as in town prisons, and where the prison- ers are to a certain extent on parole. The prisoners are worked in groups of four, but are not in any sense of the word chain gangs, and their overseers carry no firearms. The great ma- jority of the prisoners seem always to recognize their responsibility not to take advantage of the special liberties accorded them, and there has very rarely been any attempt at escape, and never has any escape been effectual. Quite a number of the prisoners continue tree- planting after their release, and in this way make enough money to get a new start somewhere else. These released prisoners can buy prison food at nominal prices, and as they work at camps rather far removed .from city opportunities for spending money, it does not take long for them to be fairly well provided financially for again assuming re- sponsibilities as free men. While off duty the prisoners have the advantage of a library, and also can amuse themselves play- ing checkers and in other ways permitted by the regulations. The camps are supposed to be per- manent for several years at least, and are well laid out, each prisoner having his own hut. There is also a large building where meals are taken to- gether, games played, and religious services held on Sundays. Last year at this camp 3,500,000 trees were planted by the prisoners, in addition to the work of preparing the ground, digging pits, new build- ings for the camp, etc. At one plantation alone, near Rotorua, 2,679,525 trees were planted last year by about 28 prisoners, while 773,200 trees in the same district were planted by recently re- leased prison labor for monetary compensation. The total cost of the State nurseries and plantations has, up to 191 1, amounted to about $930,000. On account of the steady consumption of tim- ber (about 400,000,000 superficial feet annually) from the indigenous trees of New Zealand, it is officially estimated that the present supply will have given out within 50 years and will not be able to cope with the demand for sawn timber for more than 35 years, even if none of it is destroyed by forest fires. It is recognized that only by ex- tensive afforestation can the steady loss in present standing timber be in any degree offset, and quick- growing commercially useful timber, chiefly the larch, which seems to thrive best, must take the place of the old indigenous woods, such as the famous New Zealand kauri. It is expected that in about 20 years, at the present rate of planting by prisoners, the Govern- ment will be producing about 4,500,000 poles annually. This timber will be used partly in Government works, such as fencing railway lines, railway sleepers, scaffolding, etc., and will also be sold for fencing material, mining timber, etc. The prisoners engaged in this work are also trained to fight forest fires, and in several big bush fires in the neighborhood of their camps they have performed invaluable work in arresting the progress of the flames. The work seems ideally suited to most of those engaged therein, and both moral, and physical improvement seem to have resulted therefrom. Coppice Growth and the Chestnut Tree Blight. ¥R. T. L. HOOVER, of New York, ad- dressed a communication to the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, in regard to the Chestnut Tree Blight, which is given below, together with one from S. B. Detwiler, Executive Officer of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, which will be of interest to our readers. Never before in the annals of forestry has disease wrought such havoc with any species as has the chestnut tree blight. On Long Island, and in western Connecticut, southern New York, and New Jersey, the scourge has utterly devastated the chestnut forests. And the last Pennsylvania legislature manifested its concern over the situation by appropriating one-quarter million dollars to investigate and combat this fatal and progressive disease. While the origin of the infection is a mystery, and although its remedy remains undiscovered, certain well known facts suggest some reason for the complete and overwhelming fatality of the blight. It is significant that the habitat of the chestnut along the Atlantic seaboard is co-exten- sive with the earliest settled parts of America. Thus from colonial times the species invited de- struction, commending itself, as it does, to man's use through the many distinctively admirable qualities of its wood. And not alone the stand- ing timber, but the succeeding generations were endangered through the popularity of its edible fruit. So complete has been the consumption of chestnuts that the species, deprived of opportunity for natural regeneration, must have been doomed long since, were it not for the remarkable faculty of producing sprout growth from the stump. Fortunately the chestnut possesses the power of coppicing to a degree far beyond most other trees. The inevitable result — as is evident to every careful observer — is that the present-day stand of chestnut consists of about ninety per cent, cop- pice (not merely second, but third and fourth growth), a small number of aged giants — ancient survivors of the primeval forest — and only a negligible quantity of seedling trees. But the power of coppicing, unfortunately, is a diminishing one, exhaustive of the tree's vitality and at length fatal. A forest composed of mem- bers, either aged and falling or else with vitality depleted and vigor impaired by ill-treatment, can offer little resistance to a malignant foe. Admit- ting on the other hand, such a forest .condition, and presupposing, on the other hand, the exist- ence of an infectious disease, and one compre- hends the awful ravages to be witnessed wherever the blight has spread. Whatever success we may have in curbing the present epidemic, one lesson stands forth clearly : The viciousness of the old method of successive and excessive coppicing, practiced and handed down by our forefathers. There remains to devise a correct silvicultural system for the chestnut, if we hope to save and maintain the species in the future. For verily, the iniquities of our fathers have been visited upon the chestnut and upon us unto the third and fourth generation. T. L. Hoover. ***** The successive coppicing of chestnut forests is not a vicious silvicultural practice, but the cop- picing of chestnut as ordinarily practiced is detrimental to the forests, because of improper methods in applying the system. It is the rule to cut the stumps so high that the sprouts grow out above the root collar, and cannot form roots of their own. Such sprouts must depend upon the roots of the old tree for nourishment and apparently these roots are not able to supply the sprouts as well as when they form new roots of their own. The vitality of such sprouts is also weakened by the decay which starts in the old stump and finally eats into the heart of the sprout at the point of its attachment to the stump. Sprouts which are sent forth from the root collar, close to the soil, ultimately form roots of their own, and with the decay of the old stump are left as independent healthy trees. The old stumps and the decaying bases of trees of sprout origin are favorite breeding places for insects and fungii. It is possible for insects to breed in the decaying portions of the tree or stump and later work into the living parts ; it is conceivable that such insects carry with them the spores of fungii and hasten the work of decay. I believe that there may be such relation between insects and the blight. By this is meant that certain insects which naturally breed in decaying chestnut wood and bark, are especially attracted to the moist rotten bark of the blight lesions, and that these insects find conditions so favorable that they mul- tiply more rapidly than would otherwise be the case. On emerging and passing over the spore bearing surface of the lesion, they undoubtedly carry away some of the sticky spores on their feet, legs, ovipositors, etc., and these spores are probably later deposited with the eggs in trees not hitherto infected with the blight. There are many agencies which undoubtedly help to lower the vitality of the chestnut trees. They are easily injured by surface fires, and if not killed to the ground, are badly scarred and weakened. Fires also destroy the leaf mulch and causing drying out of the soil with a consequent weakening effect on the trees. Cattle trample the soil and destroy the wind shield of shrubbery at the edge of the woods, causing loss of soil moisture. One or more of these influences may combine to increase the injurious effect of pro- longed droughts and severe winter temperatures. It has even been suggested that a succession of surface fires and improper forest management may induce the formation of acids in the soil which are harmful to all plant growth. All of the above factors should be considered before condemning a legitimate system of forest management. The coppice system of manage- ment when properly applied is one of great useful- ness to the small owner in managing his woodlot for profit. This is especially true in a country where forest management is still in its infancy and where there are many species which are well adapted to this system of management. It is through the very fact that chestnut forests are so easily and profitably handled under this system that foresters have- held the chestnut in such high regard, and why its elimination is so keenly felt. If it is possible to secure seedling reproduction easily and cheaply, it is the most desirable. However, where stumps are cut very low, with a smooth, sloping surface, and thereafter protected from fire and cattle, the resulting sprout growth will be vigorous and sound and very nearly the equal of seedlings in point of vitality. A good example of this is found in the Wichita Moun- tains in southwestern Oklahoma ; the prairie fires have been of such frequent occurrence that young ^^ 104 FOREST LEAVES. growth of post oak has been killed to the surface of the soil year after year, but each year the sprouts grow more numerously and more vigor- ously. A year old seedling when burned sends up a sprout 2 to 4 inches high. Some stumps through many years of successive sproutings are 2 to 4 feet across the top, and send up 20 to 50 sprouts 3 to 5 feet high in one season, and the second season the sprouts often bear acorns. I attribute the increased vigor of the sprouts to the fact that the stumps are under ground and that each year many new roots are formed. ^ S. B. Detwiler. Work on the Pennsylvania Forest Reserves in 1911. TOURING the year 191 1 the foresters on the \J State reserves have been busy opening up '* new roads, brushing old roads, and re- brushing and improving those that have been opened heretofore. The work is being done in a. more satisfactory manner than in any previous year and at a less cost per mile. A number of the reserves are now very satisfactorily divided by roads and trails, and the protection which is being given to the forests as a result is making itself apparent in the decreased area injured by fire and the consequent growth of valuable species which is coming up upon the areas so protected. Fires in the past year have been kept down to a very small proportion of the total reserve area. In 1 9 10 the area of State land burned over was only 3^4^ per cent, of the total reserve area. During 191 1 it is altogether likely that the per- centage will be considerably lower. The fall season was one of the most favorable ones that we have had for some time. Rains came at fre- quent intervals and kept the woods moist at all times. The nurseries of the Department of Forestry, during 191 1, produced approximately two million seedlings. With the exception of about fifty thousand which were furnished to private individ- uals, all these seedlings were planted on the State reserves. The nurseries are improving in pro- duction, and the cost of raising the seedlings is being reduced wherever possible. The year has seen a general improvement on most of the buildings which are occupied by for- esters or rangers. A great deal of this work has been done at odd times by the members of the Forest Service themselves. In some instances, of course, some little expense had to be put upon them to make them comfortable. Two new houses have been built, one in Union county and one in Clearfield dounty, both of which are a credit to the service. A very interesting experiment has been started in conjunction with the Du Pont Powder Com- pany. One acre of land is broken up by dynamite and an adjoining acre having approximately simi- lar conditions is laid out. This coming spring these two acres will be planted with seedlings of the same kind, and a careful watch is to be made to compare the difference in growth so as to learn whether or not it pays in the planting of forest trees to make a previous preparation which loosens both the surface and the subsoil. Such dynamiting has been done in the following coun ties : Pike, Clinton, Tioga, Franklin, Lycoming, and Westmoreland. During 191 1 there were issued from the De- partment of Forestry 749 permits to camp upon State land, to over 4,500 individuals. According to this it is safe to assume that at least 10,000 people have used the State reserves for hunting or fishing. This exceeds the number of persons in 1 9 10, of which the Department has records, by from 2,000 to 5,000. From January i, 1911, to January i, 1912, 32,713 acres of land were purchased and paid for^ by the Reservation Commission. In addition to a number of other tracts, the Pine Grove Furnace lands in the South Mountains were contracted for. This tract aggregates about 20,000 acres, and when finally in the possession of the State will make a reserve in the South Mountains of about 80,000 acres, extending along the mountains for a distance of about forty miles. In accordance with the appropriation providing for the building of a dam in Pike county, the Department of Forestry let out bids for the con- struction of this dam and completed it towards the end of the year. The artificial lake which is formed by this dam now covers about 800 acres, and will be one of the most attractive fishing places in the commonwealth. Geo. H. Wirt. The annual meeting of the American Forestery Association was held at Washington, D. C, on January 9th, 191 2. Addresses were made by Henry S. Graves, Forester, U. S. Department \ of Agriculture, Hon. Robert P. Bass, Governor of New Hampshire, and Dr. L. O. Howard, i Chief of U. S. Bureau of Entomology. A number of important resolutions were passed \ in regard to the chestnut tree blight, equitable I timber taxation, forest fire protection, co-opera- tive fire protection, and timber conservation duties of the States. Officers were elected for the coming year, and the meeting closed with a banquet. % iiiMb FoKKST Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 7. r FIRE OBSERVATION STATION ON SOUTH MOUNTAIN RESERVE. ■>■ 0 *ji>' V"** Forest Leaves, Vol. xiil, No. 7. '^^ ._1H 'f-h/- -^•?^ ^•l*^ r 'y. '»"!?» ■- . ■■■ ..ys ?-* ^^■#. r r^«3fe *».'•♦• **-'^. 'V^*:. .^.A 1^ IMPROVED ROAD ON GREENWOOD DIVISION, HUNTINGDON COUNTY RESERVE. FoKKST Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 7. FIRE OBSERVATION STATION ON SOUTH MOUNTAIN RESERVE. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 1' Forest Leaves, Vol. xiil, No. 7. IMPROVED ROAD ON GREENWOOD DIVISION, HUNTINGDON COUNTY RESERVE. *Z?7 FOREST LEAVES. 105 I Annual Report of the Forestry Commis- sioner of Minnesota. THE Sixteenth Report of Gen. C. C. An- drews, Forestry Commissioner of Min- nesota, .for 1 910, has just been printed. The fire wardens reported 936 forest fires, which burned over 1,051,333 acres of mostly cut-over land with damage of $1,721,752. The number of persons who fought the fires was 15,260. There were 82 prairie fires, which burned over 140,117 acres, with damage of $97,697. Number of fire fighters, 1,091. With reference to the unprecedented dry season of 1 9 10, culminating in the tornado-swept fatal Baudette forest fire of October 7th, in which 29 people perished and a million dollars worth of property was destroyed, he thinks that if the legis- lature of 1909 had appropriated the $39,000 he asked, instead of only $21,000, he could have continued ranger service after September ist, and that probably the calamity would not have oc- curred. For pay and expense of patrols and rangers, and necessary fire lines, lookouts, and telephones, and for suppressing fires, he recommends an an- nual appropriation of $200,000, and $30,000 in addition for prosecutions. * * The forest fire laws, ' ' he says ** will not be respected unless enforced. The State cannot keep a watchman over every heedless person in the forest regions. Examples must be made of those who violate the law, so that others will be restrained from negligence in the use of fire.'* He recommends that **from April 15th to November 15th no one shall set fire to brush, stumps, or meadows in the forest regions without first making a fire-break of bare earth a rod wide between the place of fire and the property of another." The report contains the new forestry law, which appropriates $75,000 annually for each of the next two fiscal years for the Forest Service, and which authorizes the appointment of a State For- ester by the Forestry Board, he to appoint an assistant forester, and which abolishes the town fire warden system. The Minnesota forests are stated to be worth $100,000,000 ; they are being diminished by cutting at the rate of $10,000,000 annually, while their increase in value by growth averages two per cent, or $2,000,000 annually. There is a statement of the vote on the adop- tion of the proposed constitutional amendment for a tax of 1/15 of a mill on each dollar (equal to seven cents on each $1,000) to enable the forestry board to buy land at not exceeding $3.00 per acre and plant it with forest. The tax, which was defeated, would have raised $72^000 a year and planted 6,000 acres annually. The feport contains some sketches of forestry in twenty European countries. There are sev- eral illustrations of Minnesota and German forests. Hindrances to Private Forestry. THE Western Forestry and Conservation Asso- ciation has issued a brochure on ' ' Practical Forestry in the Pacific Northwest," which treats of the protecting of the existing forests and growing of new ones from the standpoint of the lumberman. In this connection the Association says : To insure a second crop the lumberman has to lose more or less money when cutting the first. The methods must be more expensive and he must forego present profits on the trees left. If planting is resorted to, the outlay is considerable. But let us suppose all this is done, not because of philan- thropy, but because he wants more trees to run the mill some day. It is a comparatively simple matter to start the second crop. American forestry has solved this problem fairly well. It is also easy to calculate in most cases, beginning with the sale value of cut-over land, using the safe estimate of the next yield and the time required to mature it, and set- ting a conservative future stumpage value, that growing timber ought to be a profitable invest- ment. If that were all, we could leave the lum- berman alone and count on him to perpetuate the forests because it will pay to do so. But the whole calculation, consequently the public's interest as well, is upset by two factors — the danger that the investment will burn up, and the practical certainty that taxes will eat up all profit before the harvest. If he figures on fire protection at private expense against the hazard as it now exists, and the tax burden on cut-over land which is indicated at present, the engage- ment in forest growing will be negligible from the point of view of public welfare. In some cases he may hold the land awhile, in a few afford to protect it, in still fewer be justified in actually doing anything to insure reforestation. If a man proposes to build a factory or railroad in a community the inhabitants usually encourage it. They do not refuse fire protection in the first place and then, if the plant burns down, threaten to burn it again and keep up full taxation on the vacant land. They offer every fair inducement to get the industry and keep it flourishing. They expect it to pay its just share of taxation, but want it to continue to do so as long as possible. .Jiss- ^ f9 106 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 107 r It has been shown that the first obstacle to re- forestation of private land can be removed only by supporting a fire patrol and creating public sentiment which will reduce the number of fires. The second is even more wholly in the hands of the people, for by the system of taxation imposed they decide whether it shall continue an earning power and a tax source forever, or be abandoned to become a desert, non-productive, non-taxable, and a menace to stream flow. Whether its owner has made money on the original crop has no bear- ing on the result, nor has his being rich or poor, resident or alien. Cut-over land presents a dis- tinct problem to him. He willand should pay a full tax on its earning power, which will be demon- strated when another crop is successfully brought to maturity. But one cannot carry an investment for fifty years or more without return, with a risk of total loss by fire up to the last moment, at a cost which would bring better profit in some other business. These facts are recognized by all students of forestry. The following authorities approached the subject solely from the side of the people. Theodore Roosevelt: ''Second only to good fire laws is the enactment of tax laws which will permit the perpetuation of existing forests by use. " National Conservation Commission : ''Present tax laws prevent reforestation of cut-over land and the perpetuation of existing forests by use. An annual tax upon the land, exclusive of the timber, and a tax upon the timber when cut is well adapted to actual conditions of forest investment and is practicable and certain. It would insure a per- manent revenue from the forest in the aggregate far greater than is now collected, and yet be less burdensome upon the State and upon the owner. It is better from every side that forest land should yield a moderate tax permanently than that it should yield an excessive revenue temporarily, and then cease to yield at all." H. S. Graves, Chief Forester of the United States : " Private owners do not practice forestry for one or more of three reasons : i. The risk of fire. 2. Burdensome taxation. 3. Low prices of products. ' ' Prof. Fairchild, Yale University: "Forestry must come some time, and its early coming is a thing generally to be desired. We can hardly hope to see the general practice of forestry as long as the present methods of taxation continue. With regard to its effect on revenue, there is little to be feared from the tax on yield. It is equitable and certain. If a tax at once equitable and depend- able is guaranteed, the business of forestry will not need to ask special favors." Forest Instruments by Pennsylvania Foresters. INCE the graduates of the State Forest Academy have been in charge of various State reserves they have had to solve many problems without very many instruments which have been ordinarily used in connection with forestry work. Often it was necessary to devise their own tools and try them out, in some cases taking as a basis instruments in use. In other cases, their own ideas have been worked out, and tools made which are very serviceable. Some of these instruments are destined to be of great use in the forest service of the State, an there is no doubt but that from time to time other ideas will be worked out ; so that in the course of several years we will have satisfactory instru- ments for every phase of the work. While still at the Forest Academy, Mr. John A. Bastian perfected an instrument for measuring the height of trees, and at the same time deter- mining the diameter of a tree at a given height. This instrument was based upon Christen's hyp- someter. Mr. Harry J. Mueller, forester on the Union- County reserve, together with his ranger, worked out a kind of pruning shears with which the cost of brushing roads was reduced quite materially. They also manufactured a stone cant -hook with which to move large stones in the building of roads, an instrument with which one man can move a stone which would otherwise require three or four men to displace. Mr. Raymond B. Winter, forester, also in Union County, designed a machine for planting acorns and various kinds of nuts, to be used especially on stony soil. Mr. Walter D. Ludwig, forester in Centre County, perfected a practical mallet to be used in the planting of seedlings. Mr. W. Gard. Conklin, forester in Snyder County, had manufactured from rough pieces of steel, a sprouting axe, which has surpassed the shears of Mr. Mueller in the matter of reducing the cost of brushing out roads and fire lanes. This young forester has developed plans also for a cheap and serviceable road roller and a harrow for tearing the roots and growth from roads and fire lanes. Mr. Tom O. Beitsch, forester in charge of the Mont Alto nursery, has perfected a planting board which is equal to or will surpass the Yale planting board. These young men are endeavoring in every possible way to reduce the cost of the labor on the reserves to a minimum. They are handi- capped in the matter of expense, and to get results have to devise means whereby things can be done very cheaply. The young men are to be commended for putting their ideas into concrete form, and it is be hoped that if they are able to improve on tools which they have or to develop new ones for special purposes, they will not hesitate to make their success in the use of such improvements or tools known to other foresters, not only in the State but in the United States. Following is a description of the planting mal- let as submitted by Forester Walter D. Ludwig : " To any one who has assisted in planting operations on a large scale, where seedlings or transplants from one to six years old are used, the need of an instrument of some sort to aid in the proper planting of the trees, is obvious. A suit- able stone with flat face has been generally used for this purpose by the Pennsylvania foresters and their employees. But it presents several disad- vantages such as cramping of the fingers, lack of sufficient weight and leverage, and an uneven face. To remedy these evils a planting mallet was designed and used successfully. In design- ing this mallet there had to be considered, sufficient weight and leverage to thoroughly pack the earth about the roots of the tree with a few blows of the mallet ; the fact that the head was liable to crush with continued use ; that frequently roots and briars must be removed from the imme- diate vicinity of the hole made for the tree ; and that at times in making the hole the earth is somewhat scattered and must be raked together again to be placed around the roots and to fill the hole. " Keeping these points in view, the mallet was constructed. An iron band around the head pre- vents crushing and adds weight. The handle gives leverage, so that in all ordinary cases a few blows are sufficient to set the tree solidly. The other end of the mallet is edged with a piece of steel, which serves to cut away any roots or debris from the hole and pull the dirt into the hole, to be placed around the roots of the tree which is being planted. The shape of the handle is a matter of personal taste, as any style of handle may be fitted to the mallet. " The use of the mallet is simple. The holes for the trees are made in the ordinary way with mattocks. The tree is set in the hole and the mallet held point downward. The roots and debris^ if any, are cut away and the earth is pulled into the hole. A half turn of the handle brings the flat face of the mallet down and a few blows serve to set the tree. Several types of mallet were tried, but the type herein described and shown in the accompanying illustration was constructed and found to be most serviceable and satisfactory in every respect. It is economical as a time saver and is cheap. Such mallets can be constructed in quantity at a cost of about twenty - cents each. A trial in actual work with this type of mallet will demonstrate its desirability, its serviceability, and its superiority. It is a necessary forest instrument in extensive field planting, and as such should commend itself to all interested in forest work." Practical Work on the Woodlot. THE woodlots of our country may be classi- fied into two kinds. I. Those used for a pasture lot, giving protection to stock, and furnishing now and then some wood for the farm, for posts, fences, etc., but where no attention is paid to the future crop of trees. 2. Those where no pasturing is allowed, and in which the trees are treated the same as any other agricultural crop. It is of this second class that I wish to speak as to the practical work that ought to be done if good results are to be expected. 1. A woodlot of this kind should have as good a fence as any other field on the farm. 2. All mature and ripe timber should be cut and sold if it can not be used on the farm. 3. There should not be allowed to remain " weed " trees (trees of no commercial value). 4. Decayed and injured trees should be cut up into stove wood or burned on the ground. Having done all this, there will naturally be room for trees of commercial value. Have the right kind of trees started. This may be done in two ways, either by sowing the seeds of the kind ^6/ 108 FOREST LEAVES. to be desired or by planting. The seeds may either be collected or bought and sown into the soil somewhat prepared by plowing, harrowing, discing, etc. The seeds may be rolled in, sown on the snow, or placed in furrows, or individual holes for the larger seeds such as the nuts. If this is not feasible, the seeds may be sown in a nearby field and the seedlings, after one or three years, transplanted to the forest or woodlot. Sow- ing, however, should give in most cases the results expected. If the trees are transplanted, they must be pruned, both crown and roots, but never be topped. They should always be planted two to three inches deeper than they stood in the field or nursery, and placed close enough so that they will shade off the lower branches, the dis- tance depending on the species. If sown, they should be allowed to come up very thick over the whole woodlot, and after four to five years should be thinned out, transplanted if need be, sold or destroyed, so as to make room for those remaining " to develop into better shapes and larger trees. Enough trees should be left so as to form a solid canopy for shading the ground. In the autumn, when the leaves have not yet fallen, the trees to be removed for transplanting or cutting should be marked, so that the canopy will not be disturbed too much. Where all the ripe timber on a woodlot or on part of it is to be cut, and the land cleared and used for agricultural crops, such as wheat and corn, etc., and the farmer desires to form some estimate as to the amount of timber on the land, the following simple rules may be used to give a fairly accurate result. Measure the diameter of all the merchantable trees at breast height with an ordinary tape, taking the circumference and dividing by three, or by a caliper. Then regardless of the height, square this diameter, multiply the result by two and divide by ten. This will be the number of cubic feet of wood in the tree. Take the cubic feet and multiply by eight and you will have the board feet contents. The reason for taking eight rather than twelve is that four inches have to be deducted for slabs and kerf, or in other words waste. Another method that gives good results and is perhaps somewhat more conservative is this : Find the diameter at breast height of all the merchantable trees, square the diameter, then multiply by three and divide the result by two, which is the number of board feet in your tree. These rules are called the rules of thumb, and they are based upon many measurements and long time experiments. If they are used on 600 to 1,000 trees they are self compensating. One ex- ample as to how the rules are used. A tree is 25 inches in diameter, squaring this gives us 625, multiplying this by two gives us 1,250, dividing it by ten gives us 125 cubic feet, and multiplying this by eight gives 1,000 board feet. In the other rule taking 625, the square of the diameter, and multiplying it by three gives 1,875, dividing this by two we have 937.5 board feet. This being more conservative than the first. The man that sells the timber should also be acquainted with the market prices of timber and the cost to log the timber. It is well to remember that it costs the logger or lumberman about half the amount that he gets for the finished mill product. So that if he sells white oak for, say, $75 per thousand he pays at least $35 for the cutting, logging and milling of it. Cv H. GoETZ. Injury to Trees from Filling Earth Around Them. IN readjusting the surface of the ground it frequently happens that it is necessary to fill in more or less earth where there are grow- ing trees, and experience proves that when such filling is done to any considerable depth it either checks the growth or kills the tree, while the dam- age done seems to be proportional to the depth of the filling. But the injury is not alike with all species of trees. In other words, certain species of trees will stand a greater depth of fill- ing above their roots than will others. To understand why this is so one must compre- hend the fact that naturally the several species of trees send their roots into the ground at such depth from the surface as best suits the require- ments of each. With some the roots naturally lie close to the surface ; in others they go mode- rately deep ; while there are still others where there are few roots near the surface, but practi- cally all go down deep into the earth. Among the shallow-rooted ones are white pine, beech, the birches, all the spruces — including hemlock — the elms, tulip tree, the poplars and some others. Those that go down moderately deep, but have roots near the surface as well, are the maples, basswood, cucumber, liquid amber, and some of no moment as shade trees. Included among those that send their roots down deep, with but few or none near the surface, may be named the hickories, walnuts, and some others not suitable for the lawn. Again there are others that start FOREST LEAVES. 109 out early in life with a distinctive tap-root, frequently sending down, at the age of one year, a root 30 and sometimes 40 inches into the earth, with few or no lateral ones, but as age creeps on that peculiar feature of growth lessens and lateral roots are sent out near the surface. This is true of the ashes, cherry, chestnut, and practically all the oaks. The surface roots of all trees no doubt grow there to get air, as we know that bald cypress, when continually standing in the water, sends up above the surface enlargements of its roots, known as ** knees," but when standing on dry ground no such growth appears. There is little or no doubt but that the demands of some species of trees for access of air to the roots is greater than in others, and it logically follows that trees which send their roots deep into the earth do not demand as much air for them as do others, and hence such will stand a greater depth of filling above them; and my observation has proved this assumption to be correct. I have known beeches and white birches killed with only six inches of filling and a whole clump of hemlocks and Norway spruces severely injured with from only four to six inches of earth added to the natural depth. On the other hand there is a case near my home where, some five years ago, there were two and one-half feet of earth placed on the roots of a sugar maple with apparently little injury. The growth was checked for two or three years but it has now apparently entirely recovered. Besides all this there may be a matter of drain- age to be considered. But few species— the so- called ** swamp" trees — can continually endure ** wet feet," which filling in around them may bring about. Such a case might be partially remedied by laying tile drains before filling. This would be advisable in case of compact soils, but might not be of benefit in open or porous ones. Thus it will be seen that any filling of more than a few inches— and even that much may in- jure— is liable to do damage, and the amount of damage will depend upon the species of trees, the character of the soil and the depth of filling. Only with a full knowledge of all the conditions can a correct estimate of damage from filling be be formed. It is certainly best to avoid filling if possible. It should be added that leaving a small area around the stem may do a little good, but not much, as the working part of the roots is far away from -there, generally reaching out as far as the limbs do, and even farther. It is there where the relief must come, if at all. S. B. Elliott. The Letch worth Park Arboretum. THE American Scenic and Historic Preserva- tion Society has now under way, and will soon establish, a great arboretum at Letch- worth Park, near Portage, in New York State. It will be a collection of the valuable timber trees , of the world and its contribution to the cause of forest conservation in the United States will be of great economic and scientific value. There will be planted singly and in groups specimens of every important tree species with which experi- ment under local conditions of soil and climate is justified by reasonable promise of success. Op- portunity will thus be given to study the value of trees of many kinds for ornamental planting and for landscape purposes. But the object lesson of economic significance, will be blocks of planted forest, in each of which will have been set out one or more kinds of trees of commercial im- portance. In these blocks, irregular in form, each an acre or more in area, and set out with due regard for landscape and color effects, planting will be so close as rapidly to establish forest conditions, so that Letchworth Park will contain in miniature a forest of richness and variety. When this experi- ment is completed, the visitor can pass over winding forest paths, through forest growth in which will mingle the valuable commercial trees of the South, the far West, of Europe, and from little-known quarters of the world, which here find the climate and soil suited to their needs. The principle upon which the Letchworth Park Arboretum is established is that it shall consist of a permanent collection of the various species of the world's timber trees likely to thrive in this northern climate, planted scientifically, to test their value and illustrate the processes of devel- opment^ so supplying knowledge for practical use. It is intended that the value of the arboretum to the State and the nation will not consist mere- ly in a demonstration, clear to every eye, of the results which may be expected from forest planta- tions of many different kinds of trees. The pos- sibilities of the arboretum for extending the exact knowledge of tree growth will also be fully de- veloped. In each of these miniature forests sys- tematic and skilled observations and records will be made. The growth of the trees will be meas- ured periodically, their liability to disease will be noted and their capacity for seed bearing, their behavior in pure stands and in mixture, their in- fluence upon the forest floor, and other practical considerations bearing upon their value for com- mercial tree planting will be carefully observed ^oZ 110 FOREST LEAVES. and recorded. By this means the arboretum will aid materially in laying an exact scientific basis for the successful extension of practical forestry in the United States. Circulars describing the ex- periments in forestry being carried on will be made available for distribution, while labels and placards will facilitate the identification of trees in the arboretum. Thus this arboretum will be of interest not merely to the professional forester, but the land owner who contemplates tree planting will find within it a field of observation and study in reach- ing a wise decision in the selection of species and mixtures, for there will be available in an area which can be easily covered in an afternoon's walk, a sample case, so to speak, from which to make selection of species for forest planting upon his own lands. From **A Great Living Tree Museum," Ameri- can Review of Revieivs. Work of the U. S. Forest Service in igii. THE Forest Service expended in 191 1, $5,919,939.96, and received in returns from all sources, $2,026,906.15. These receipts it should be explained are the returns from sales of timber and other privileges, for the work performed by the Service in general is con- servation rather than production. Some state- ments made by the Chief Forester in the report are suggestive. For example, it states that **an average annual increase of only 6 cents a thousand feet for the 518,000,000,000 feet of merchantable timber on the national forests (exclusive of Al- aska) would be equivalent to $30,000,000 added each year to the value of the present stand. There is also the increase which takes place through the growth of small timber. The Government can well afl*ord, in consideration of the rising value of its property, to give it protection, irrespective of what the forests are now bringing in. It would be inexcusable folly to do otherwise." Answering the self-propounded query, **Why cannot the receipts be largely increased to meet the expenses? '' the Forester declares that ** The market is now glutted through overproduction from private lands. To sell public timber when it is not really needed, at prices below its value and under conditions which would be injurious to the forest itself, thus sacrificing the great public reserve, which will be badly needed later on, would be nothing less than a betrayal of the peo- ple's trust." Forest fires last year burned over 3,805,572 acres of forests, inflicting an estimated loss of $26,59^7,228. The total cost of fighting these fires, exclusive of the time of forest officers, was $1,037,254.03. In outlining the work to be pursued during the coming year the Chief Forester states that the principal effort ** in connection with sales of na- tional forest timber will be to secure the disposal of as large a quantity as possible of the fire tim- ber still unsold. This effort will be combined with the encouragement of large sales under long term contracts in localities where inaccessible bodies of mature timber exist, for which there is no local demand. The most significent feature of the investigative work undertaken by the service will, the Forester states, be an extension of the system's local ex- periment stations to include additional forest types and regions. New Publications. Types of British Vegetation, by members of the Central Committee for the Survey and Study of British Vegetation. Edited by A. G. Tansley, Cambridge Press, i2mo., 416 pages, bound in cloth. Illustrated. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. Price $2.00. This excellent book offers an account of British vegetation from a new standpoint. An endeavor is made to recognize and describe the different types of plant community existing in the natural vegetation of these islands^and to trace their rela- tions as far as these can be elucidated, to climate and soil, and to one another, thus presenting a scientific classification of British vegetation as it exists to-day. The work of systematically survey- ing vegetation has been carried on for a series of years by numerous workers, and from this nucleus, and in co-operation with other gentlemen the material for this volume was secured. The book treats of the physical character, climate and soils of the British Isles, and their effect on plant life, also the influence of civiliza- tion. It describes the distribution of the chief forms of existing vegetation, and the plant forma- tion of each of the principal soils, as well as aquatic, marsh, arctic — alpine, and sea coast vege- tation. A bibliography of papers on British vegetation, an index of plant names, a general index, together with 36 plates, aid in a thorough understanding of the subject. The student of ecology as well as the general reader will find much of interest and value in the volume. 3&^ FOREST LEAVES. Ill American Forestry Company Forestry Experts and Wholesale Growers THEODORE F. BORST FOREST ENGINEER TT7E have supplied many land-owners of Pennsylvania with "Little Trees for Big Plantations*' from our extensive nurseries. 20,000,000 in stock. We contract for every kind of forestry work, and annually carry out operations second only to the government service in extent and importance. Write for our instructive catalogue and price list. J. T. ROTHROCK, Consulting Forester, WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. L.S^n£IS* TREE OHKRTS. Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species. No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies. No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies. No. 3. Souihem, Paciflc, Hardy, Foreign, and examples of Extinct Oaks. Part II.— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species. No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and European Chestnuts. No. 5. 77i6 Walnuis. American, Japanese and European species and varieties. No. 6. The Hickories. American species and varieties. Part III.— No. 7. The WiUows and Poplars. Numerous species. No. 8. The Birches, Elms and allies. No. 9. The Undent, and allied families of numerous species . Ask us about your particular problem, partiv.- *No. 10. 77ie Magnolia and relaled trees. American Forestry Company "LITTLE TREE FARMS" SOUTH FRAMINGHAM, MASS. (near boston) p. O. BOX 52 •No. 11. The Horse Chestnuts and allies. No. 12. The Maples. (Printed in advance.) (Those with an * as yet unprinted.) Price for the ten Charts published, |4.00. For farther information address the author, publisher and proprietor, QRACEANNA LEWIS, Media, .... FennsylvaDia. 3'^i' 112 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry^— preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. ' Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. FORESTERS CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Biltmore Forest School. BILTMORE, N. C. 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. • Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, FHILA. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOTS. Illustrated Catalogue upon application, JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Matter. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: The Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, FretUUnt, Samuel F. Houston, Vice-PresidaU. George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DIS8T0N. EDGAR DUDLEY FARIE8. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MOCOUCH. JAMBS R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. ■l. M ^5 .- -... -.'». '.^--fe- V^ Vol. xiii. Philadelphia, April, 1912. No. 8. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, zoia Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials "3 Spring Arbor Days '^5 Protection of Plantations ^'S Gov. John K. Tener's Opening Address at Chestnut Tree Blight Conference , ^'6 Resolutious of Chestnut Tree Blight Conference "6 Narrative of the Fifth Annual Convention of Pennsylvania Foresters "7 Proper Method of Transplanting Trees "8 A New Sprouting Axe and its Advantages , ii8 Forestry of a Railroad 1*9 The Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Commission 120 Forest Fires and Taxation 121 Notes from the Foresters' Convention 121 New York State Forestry 123 Fighting Forest Fires 124 Methods of Reforesting 125^ Subscription, $x.oo per Year. Th4 attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages of Forest Lravbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be bur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in June, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership^e^ Two dollars. Life membership. Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1012 Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Wm. S. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis. General Secretary, Dr Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, r. L.'Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Council- at- Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Hon. Robert S. Conklin, Samuel L. Smedley. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazler, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Law, Chas. C. Binney, Chairman ; Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson. J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, William 8. Kirk, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. County Organization, ^3im\xc\ Marshall, Chairman; Eugene Ellicott, James C. Haydon, and Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger Office of the Association. 1012 Walnut St.. Philadelphia. EDITORIALS. IT is not the desire to weary our readers by re- peated emphasis of the leading position Penn- sylvania has taken in the forestry move- ment, but it is due to them to direct attention to two notable conventions which demonstrate the truthfulness of the claims which Forest Leaves has made. On February 20th and 21st, the Conference called by Governor John K. Tener, of Pennsyl- vania, to discuss the Chestnut Blight, assembled in the House of Representatives at Harrisburg, and the attendance filled that commodious hall. Delegates were present from many organizations, 15 States and the Dominion of Canada, being officially represented, and the four sessions held were replete with interest. If no other result fol- lowed than that hundreds were impressed by the papers and discussions, and many thousands in- formed by liberal press notices of the character of the blight, and damage which it causes, the conference would be ranked as a success. When the proceedings are published, and widely circu- I lated as the Governor of Pennsylvania stated they i would be, the status of the chestnut blight and possibilities of ameliorating its injurious effects I will be brought to the attention. of the people of ! the nation. I Governor Tener, the members of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, and its Executive Officer, Mr. S. B. Detwiler, also Deputy Commis- ! sioner of Forestry, Irvin C. Williams, have reason ' to be gratified upon the success of what was as- 1 gerted to be **the first congress called by any I national or State executive to discuss a disease of ! any particular species of tree. " ' The fact that during some of the discussions the enthusiasm of participants led to emphatic I statements, added interest to the proceedings, and ' crystallized the sentiment as expressed in the a. ^o^ 114 FOREST LEAVES. resolutions adopted to the effect that common cause would be made against the enemy of a val- uable tree. The remarks of Governor Tener, and the reso- lutions adopted by the Convention, will be found in this issue. Within two weeks, March 5th, 6th, and 7th, followed the Foresters' Convention called by the Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Commission, which was attended by 48 foresters in personal charge of reservations, a number of forest rangers, members of the faculty and senior class of the Mont Alto Academy, members of the Commission, and a large audience of others interested in for- estry, among whom were representatives from other States. Governor Tener opened the Convention, Commissioner of Forestry Conklin presiding, and members of the Commission, foresters and visitors took part in topical discussions at the six sessions, no formal papers being presented. A feature of the Convention was an address, illustrated by numerous lantern slides by Mr. Filibert Roth, Pro- fessor of Forestry, University of Michigan. The intimate knowledge of, and enthusiasm concern- ing forestry exhibited by the speaker held the close attention of a large audience throughout the evening. These two notable assemblies, of which neces- sarily brief mention is made, may be taken as an indication of the leading position which Penn- sylvania holds in true conservation as repre- sented by practical forest protection, preservation and propagation. J. B. ***** The forestry movement in Pennsylvania owes much to the women of the State who were active in its organization, and have been its firm support individually and through their clubs and federa- tion, and a number have been liberal contributors to the support of the Association. Lately the officers were advised of a bequest of one thousand dollars from Mrs. William Lowber, which sum, as well as that of five hundred dollars from Miss Mary C. Coxe, has been invested to- gether with fees from life memberships, and sur- plus added from time to time help to place the organization on a satisfactory financial basis. It is gratifying to recognize that the interest taken during life is given permanent expression by the bequests to the organization which will assist in maintaining its activity. J. B. ***** Governor Tener has designated April 12th and 26th as Arbor Days for the State of Pennsylvania, and issued a proclamation which is printed in this issue of Forest Leaves. Attention is invited to a Forest Fire Circular issued jointly by the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- ciation, the Pennsylvania Conservation Associa- tion, the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, and Lehigh University. It is addressed to the school boys and school girls of Pennsylvania, and is an appeal to our boys and girls to enlist in the fight against forest fires, in the campaign of instruction for conservation of our woods and forests. A copy will be sent to each person receiving this number of Forest Leaves. Free copies for distribution can be obtained by applying to any one of the four bodies above cited, by whom the circular is issued, and the friends of forestry are urged to secure wide dis- tribution of these. J- B. ***** The Nazareth Item states that the trustees of the Moravian church at that town, last year, pur- chased and planted 6,300 black walnut, black locust, red oak, white oak, white ash, sugar maple, and Norway spruce, and this year have ordered 1,200 additional catalpa, red and white oak trees. The borough of Nazareth has 60 acres of timber land, and many of the people who are interested wish this kept up. Many farmers throughout the county are also looking with favor on forestry and planting trees. We certainly hope other bor- oughs will follow the example of Nazareth. ***** Dr. Hugh P. Baker, Head of the Department of Forestry at the Pennsylvania State College, on April ist resigned his position to accept the deanship of the new New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. The good wishes of Dr. Baker's numerous friends in Pennsylvania follow him to his new field of usefulness. A conference was held at the office of the Mayor of Philadelphia for **The Promotion of the Sys- tematic Planting and Care of Shade Trees in the City." The Engineers' Club of that city passed the following resolution endorsing the movement : *' Resolved, That the Engineers' Club of Phila- delphia recommend that the sum of $50,000 be appropriated by Councils to the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, acting as the Shade Tree Commission of this city, to be used in encour- aging and assisting the planting of shade trees in the streets of the city, and in maintaining such trees as now exist or may hereafter be planted." ^ ^6 7 FOREST LEAVES. 115 Spring Arbor Days. IN the name and by authority of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, Executive Depart- ment. Proclamation. The forests were one of the greatest gifts to man. They surrounded him with beauty ; they cradled his streams ; they furnished him with shelter and food ; they gave him a material which was easily fashioned to his simple needs. Every work of man owes much to the forests. The products of the forest are becoming scarce, so that to-day the best efforts of the brain and brawn of men are being exerted to produce suit- able substitutes, but with only partial success. It remains then for man to reforest the land ; his must be the unselfish task of conserving the beauty and wealth which were so liberally bestowed upon him. It is also fitting that the young be taught this duty to future generations. Therefore, I, John K. Tener, Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, do hereby issue this my proclamation, designating Friday, April twelfth, and Friday, April twenty-sixth, 191 2, ARBOR DAYS THROUGHOUT THE COMMONWEALTH, and respectfully urge that the school children and other people of the State observe one or the other of these days by the planting of trees and by hold- ing such exercises in connection therewith as may be suitable. Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the State, at the City of Harrisburg, this eighth day P ^ of April, in the year of Lord, one [SEALJ thousand nine hundred and twelve, and of the Commonwealth the one hundred and thirty-sixth. John K. Tener. By the Governor : Robert McAfee, Secretary of the Compionwealth. Protection of Plantations. (Read at the Foresters' Convention, Harrisburg, Pa.) nv ■] O matter how choice the location, the 1^ quality, and condition of the soil may be, ^ with the cheapest of labor, the best of seedlings, and with all conditions favorable to growth, it is of no avail without adequate protec- tion. Protection must assume the nature of guar- dianship over every plantation, and must take steps to cope with its enemies, which may be divided into three general classes : 1. Danger from fire. 2. Damage caused by grazing. 3. Damage by insect and fungus growths. Taking plantations in general, the chief danger and the one most difficult to cope with is that of forest fire. Every plantation should have some form of protection or fire guards. A fire guard can be established most advantageously by having the plantation surrounded by a stream on one side, or on both sides of it, or so locating that it may be surrounded by roads, or having it near the headquarters of a ranger or forester. Between fields, or wherever the conditions may permit, a satisfactory fire guard is made by plowing two or three furrows around the plantation next to the seedlings, and a second series of furrows about fifteen feet outside of the first. These lines may be kept free from vegetation by replowing or hoeing each year, and the space between the fur- rows should be kept clear of all debris or combus- tible matter. Whenever artificial regeneration is necessary to make a stand of commercial value, a fire line should be cut to a width of at least fifteen feet around the plantation. It should be kept free of all combustible material by burning out several times. Planting along railroads may create a sentiment favorable to tree planting, but here are found the greatest percentage of fires, and therefore it is inadvisable. One large plantation is better than a series of scattered small ones, because the plantation can be more cheaply and efficiently protected. Dangers from grazing. — Grazing should be rigorously excluded from all tree plantations even after the trees have grown to such a height that they will not be broken off by the cattle, because they will browse on the branches and destroy the conditions that are favorable to shade, under- growth, and litter, which are desirable in a plan- tation. In a well-established grove, cattle may do little harm, but should not be admitted until the crowns have grown beyond their reach. Even then there is an effect upon the soil by trampling. A heavy soil will become packed and impervious to water, while a sandy one will become worn and be blown away, exposing the roots. The damage to large trees growing in a situation where there is an abundance of moisture is not very great. To protect a plantation against insect or fungus growths, perhaps the best policy is to keep up a close observation of the plantation to detect the first appearances of trouble, and then apply the generally accepted remedies for the same. John W. Seltzer. State Forester Samuel N. Spring, of Con- necticut, stated that last year 1,000 fires in that State burned 50,000 acres of timber land. :^of 116 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 117 Gov. John K. Tener's Opening Address at Chestnut Tree Blight Conference. THIS conference has been called for the pur- pose of obtaining all information possible concerning the best methods of fighting the destructive fungus known as the chestnut tree bark disease or chestnut tree blight, which was first detected in the neighborhood of New York City about eight years ago, and has since spread to the northeast as far as eastern Massachusetts, and to the southwest as far as central Pennsyl- vania, Maryland and northern Virginia. This tree disease is virulent in character. To date no specific remedy to be applied to indivi- dual trees is known. It seems almost unthinkable that a disease of this character should so invade a large area, and that no means of preventing its spread is at hand. Unless this disease be stopped by concerted ac- tion among the States, it is certain that within a few years very few living wild chestnut trees will be found in America. It is, therefore, entirely in accord with the American spirit that we make every effort to destroy or check the advance of this disease. The value of the standing chestnut stock to-day in America is enormous. In Pennsylvania alone, the wild chestnut tree is found native throughout the State, and in the southern counties of the State forms the principal remaining forest tree. The value of this tree in the State of Virginia is reliably computed by competent authority to be not less than thirty-five millions of dollars. The best chestnut in the world is still remaining in the mountains of North Carolina, West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and Tennessee. The chestnut stock of the future must necessarily be drawn from these States. To date the blight has not reached this region, but is steadily tending in that direc- tion. This tree is also of great value in Ohio and the remaining Atlantic seaboard States, and by reason of the all too prevalent forest destruction going on the tree can ill be spared, much less its value wasted, as it largely will be should the re- imaining chestnut stock be attacked. The destruction of the wild chestnut trees in New Jersey, in southeastern New York, western Connecticut, and Massachusetts, and southeastern Pennsylvania, is marked to be complete. The industries depending upon the wild chest- nut tree for their support are of large proportion and great value. Every part of the tree is valua- ble for making tannic acid, used in the tanning industry. Telegraph and telephone companies depend most largely upon this tree for their stock of poles. The railroad companies are largely de- pendent upon it for railroad ties. The nuts pro- duce no inconsiderable amount of valuable pro- duct. Many thousands of men are employed in the industries depending upon the saving of the wild chestnut tree, and many other thousands of real estate owners will find their land values seri- ously depleted should the tree ultimately be de- stroyed. Two great facts to be borne in mind are, first, that the plague is with us and it must be reckoned with ; and second, that harmonious action and complete co-operation among all the interests in- volved, as well as the Governments of the various States, can and will be the only means of check- ing this disease, if it can be checked at all. We are not so much concerned with its origin as we are with its presence and effects. While its bo- tanical history and pathology are of importance, the real thing is preparedness to repel the invader, using every means known to science and practical experience. It is, therefore, with the hope that this aspect of the problem will be thoroughly taken hold of and discussed from every point of view, with the belief that concerted action should be immedi- ately established and no effort left unemployed likely to produce desirable results. The time to act is now, and not after the scientific world has more fully worked out a history and pathology of the disease. Present day practical measures may well be aided by scientific inquiry, but the one by no means must wait upon the other. Resolutions of Chestnut Tree Blight Conference. A COMMITTEE composed of 24 gentlemen from 15 different States, and the Domin- ion of Canada, prepared the following resolutions which were adopted by the Conference. Whereas, this Conference recognizes the great importance of the chestnut tree as one of our most valuable timber assets, having an estimated value of not less than ^^400,000,000 ; and Whereas, a most virulent fungus disease has made its appearance in wide sections of the chest- nut timber region, and already many millions of dollars of damage have been sustained, and the total extinction of the chestnut tree is threatened by the rapid spread of this disease ; and Whereas, we recognize the importance of prompt action. Therefore, be it Resolved, that the thanks of this Conference are tendered to Governor Tener for calling it, and for the courtesies he has shown. That we appreciate the interest of the President of the United States, as evidenced by his com- munication to Governor Tener, showing, as it does, that the head of the National Government is not unmindful of the great danger presented by the Chestnut Blight problem. That the Commission appointed by the Gov- ernor of Pennsylvania be commended for the earnestness and diligence they have shown in the conduct of their work. That we urge the National Government, the States, and the Dominion of Canada, to follow the example of Pennsylvania, which is analogous to that of Massachusetts, in starting the fight against the gypsy moth, and appropriate an amount sufficient to enable their proper authori- ties to cope with the disease where practicable. That we favor the bill now before Congress ap- propriating J8o,ooo for the use of the United States Department of Agriculture in Chestnut Bark Disease work, and urge all States to use every means possible to aid in having this bill become a law at the earliest moment. That we believe trained and experienced men should be employed in field and laboratory to study the disease in all its phases. That we believe definite boundaries should be established where advisable in each State, beyond which limits an earnest endeavor should be made to stamp out the disease. That we believe an efficient and strong quaran- tine should be maintained ; and that it should be the earnest effort of every State, the Federal Gov- ernment, and the Dominion of Canada, to prevent the spread of the disease within and beyond their borders. In accord with this thought we strongly commend the efforts being made to pass the Sim- mons bill now before Congress. That we believe strong efforts should be made in all States to stimulate the utilization of chest- nut products, and in order to do so, we recom- mend that the Interstate Commerce Commission permit railroads and other transportation compa- nies to name low freight rates so that chestnut products not liable to spread the disease may be properly distributed. That we recommend the National Government, each State, and the Dominion of Canada, to pub- lish practical, concise, and well illustrated bulle- tins for educating owners of chestnut trees. That we believe further meetings on the line of this Conference advisable, and we hope the Pennsylvania Commission will arrange for similar meetings. That we thank the State of Pennsylvania for its intention to publish immediately the proceedings of this Conference. . That copies of these resolutions be forwarded to the President of the United States, to the Gov- ernor of every State, to the Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada, and the members of the Federal and State Legislatures, with the re- quest that they do all in their power to aid in checking the ravages of this dread disease. Narrative of the Fifth Annual Convention of Pennsylvania Foresters. TV S a result of a suggestion made by Robert /^ G. Conklin, a member of the first class ^ graduated from the State Forest Academy at Mont Alto, it was decided by the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry to call its foresters to- gether once a year for the discussion of questions which concern them and their work. The first convention was called in March, 1908. Each succeeding one has proved itself to be more inter- esting and more valuable than the last. On the 5th, 6th, and 7th of March, all the forty-nine foresters of the Department, except one, many of the rangers, and friends of for- estry, met with the Reservation Commission and discussed a few of the live questions. The pro- gram which had been prepared had been arranged 1 so that discussions rather than set papers would be had. It was desired also that the discussions be limited to few subjects and to practical work and needs. The first day was devoted to ''The Relation of a Forester to his Community." An effort was made to find out the various attitudes of different sections of the State toward forestry, the reasons for these attitudes, and how the causes leading to such attitudes might be changed. It seemed to be the opinion of the convention that in most cases wrong impres«?ions of forestry work were due to the lack of knowledge as to what forestry is and what the Department of Forestry is trying to do. The remedies are education of the public along forestry lines and a close and helpful rela- tionship of the forester with his laboring force and with the community as a whole. The second day was devoted to the subject, ''Utilization," and principally to the necessity of the foresters having a knowledge of market conditions and requirements before they could satisfactorily carry on their work. It was sug- gested that each forester should learn every detail of market requirements in his own neighborhood and that the Department should make a detailed study of the market conditions of the State as a whole. Further, a discussion was had upon the relation of markets to proper forestry methods ^/l> 118 FOREST LEAVES. and to the development of a proper road system on the forest reserves. In the evening Prof. Filibert Roth, of Michi- gan University, gave an illustrated lecture on for- est conditions in Michigan as they were, are, and might be. He brought out very clearly the facts that forest fires are responsible for more damage than the lumberman ; that it is extremely unwise to deforest non-agricultural soil ; that our States are permitting a disastrous economic condition to prevail in the matter of disregarding waste and brush land, and that all such land might very easily and profitably be growing trees. On the third day the discussions were devoted largely to planting, to protection from fire, and to a more systematic and *' scientific" manage- ment of affairs on reserves, especially with refer- ence to the records of operations which must be carried on and reported upon. The presence of Prof. Roth, several practical lumbermen, and others who were interested in the work, and the wisdom which they brought to the young foresters, made the meetings spicy and of inestimable value. The attendance of the Gov- ernor of the Commonwealth, and his expression of confidence, sympathy, and continued help in the forestry work, was extremely encouraging to all of us. G. H. Wirt. Proper Method of Transplanting Trees. IN the matter of transplanting trees, the first thing to observe is that just as many as possi- ble of the small fibrous roots must be taken up with the tree. The second is to keep in mind that the roots should not be allowed to dry out while the transfer is made. The prevention of this drying can be accomplished in various ways. Sometimes the seedlings may be wrapped in wet moss or burlap as soon as the removal is accom- plished ; or as soon as the roots are taken out of the ground they may be dipped in a puddle of thin mud, and then wrapped with moss or some other material which will prevent evaporation. Sometimes it is possible to remove the tree with a large ball of earth still covering a number of the roots. This form of removal is very fre- quently done in the winter time, the size of the ball being determined, and a ditch dug around at the proper distance from the tree, making possi- ble the freezing of the earth, and in this frozen condition the earth remains compact and can be very readily handled. If the transplanting be done in winter time it is necessary to dig the hole into which the tree is to be set, and fill it with straw, manure, leaves, or some such material so as to prevent as much as possible the freezing of the earth around the hole itself. Then after the set- ting, unfrozen ground should be packed thor- oughly in the open spaces, and the whole thing in turn covered with some kind of good warm mulch. The tree should be well staked so as to prevent upsetting or tilting by the winds. The third thing is that if any of the roots or rootlets have been badly broken or bruised, they should be removed just back of the injury with a very sharp knife, making a smooth surface. This will permit of a callous being formed in a very short time, and consequently a number of fibrous roots being produced as soon as growth begins. The fourth thing to remember is that when the tree is set in its new position the ground should be packed very thoroughly about all the roots after they have been placed in natural position out- ward and downward. Any air spaces which may happen to be about the transplanted roots will permit their drying, and consequently cause them to die and decay. These ideas hold good with reference to trees of all kinds and sizes. In the case of coniferous seedlings, however, more care is necessary generally than in the case of hard- woods. George H. Wirt. A New Sprouting Axe and Its Advantages. ONE of the most important features in con- nection with an adequate system of forest fire protection is that of clean roads, trails, and fire lanes. By clean is meant clear of brush, weeds, and sprouts. For a few years after a road, trail, or fire lane has been brushed out, numerous sprouts spring up from the old stumps. These should be removed toward the end of the following growing season, and every year thereafter until the stumps are killed. After this, with only laurel and weeds to contend with, trails and fire lanes require little attention. The annual brushing-out work is commonly done by simply mowing with brush scythes. This is not altogether satisfactory, since stubbles from the sprouts are certain to be left several inches higher than the old stump. These become dry j and hard by the following year, and will then j interfere with mowing, resulting in still higher snags being left. The method of first cutting off 1 sprouts and following this with mowing, where I needed, has been practiced on the Jacks Moun- I tain Forest Reserve, situate in Snyder and Union Counties, for the past three years. It is possible that mowing merely requires some- what less work, but in the end the latter method will prove more economical, since all stumps will be killed in a shorter time. To kill stumps <>// FOREST LEAVES. 119 quickly, sprouts should be cut off close to the old stump, and the bark cut and bruised. To accomplish this special double-bitted axes were made by the local blacksmith. An axe is made from two pieces of old steel wagon springs of the proper size, each lo inches in length, i^ inches wide, and J^ an inch thick. Two were made from farriers' worn-out rasp files. The pieces of steel are laid with their broad faces together and 4 inches of their length welded. A steel die, 2 inches broad and tapering off both ways from a ^-inch center, is then inserted to make the eye for a handle, and the remaining 4 inches of the length is welded. The ends are drawn out, sharpened and tempered. This makes an axe weighing about 2 pounds, the same as the small pole axes used extensively for brushing-out. It is 10 inches long, thin, with bits about 2 inches broad. A 15-inch handle has proved a good length. The axes complete cost 50 cents each. With this type of axe all sprouts can be cut off close to the stump and the bark on the stump is generally cut and bruised. The long, narrow bits make it especially advantageous in rocky places. Sprouts coming up between rocks can be reached, where shorter and broader axes would be of no value. An advantage to be considered in connection with these axes is that they can easily be dressed and re-sharpened by the blacksmith whenever necessary. There need be little time lost by picking away rocks in order to reach the sprouts. It is not advisable to have the bits as sharp as axes usually are, for it is impossible to avoid strik- ing stones at times, and .the sharper the axe the greater the damage to the blade. W. Gard. Conklin. Forestry of a Railroad, THE logging operations which have been con- ducted by the Pennsylvania Railroad's foresters during the last three years over a total area of about. 1,350 acres form only one of the means which are being used by the road in an effort to solve the problem of procuring ties and other timbers. It has used during these three years 2,700,000 board feet of lumber and 16,000 ties produced from woodlands, which are being managed by its foresters. The tracts on which they are working in- clude small areas along the right of way which have no value to the company except from the timber which is growing on them ; also the more extensive areas of land which are the catchment basins for the mountain reservoirs which supply water for locomotive and shop use. The methods adopted are well illustrated in the work done on the Brush Mountain tract, near Al- toona. Pa. This tract includes about 700 acres in the drainage basin of the reservoirs which store the water for use in case of fire at the Altoona shops. Forest growth conserves and purifies the ground water supply, and in order properly to care for the timberlands in drainage areas the offi- cers responsible for the water supply were glad to avail themselves of the services of the company's foresters. Up to the present time about 1,200,000 board feet of lumber, 9,444 cords of charcoal wood, 250 cords of paper wood, 130 cords of tanbark, and 189,000 lath have been made from this tract. The products that could not be used by the rail- way were sold to outside parties. All products taken by the company are charged at market prices, and on this basis the operations on this tract have netted a profit of more than $13,800 to date, including in the expenses all supervision and technical administration of the work. The cost of practicing forestry in this manner is calculated by the department at about 5 cents for each 1,000 board feet. Since the net profit on the 1,350 acres logged has averaged about $23 an acre (stumpage not charged), and this is typi- cal second growth land, which has been consid- ered of little value, it is evident that if the exam- ple of conservative logging set by the railway were followed by other landowners in the State the amount and value of forest products, both present and future, would be greatly increased. In order to provide seedlings for planting, the company conducts a nursery at Morrisville, Pa., where commercial trees are grown and orna- mental stock is carried for use on the system. The total area under cultivation is 38}^ acres 120 FOREST LEAVES. and the annual capacity is about a million trees. The planting of trees on unused land has been carried on since 1902. During the nine years up to and including 191 1 there were set out 4,615,- 227 trees. This planting has been done on tracts of various sizes and under different conditions. Whenever a tract is turned over for forestry pur- poses a careful examination is made to determine how it can best be used. If it is already wooded the timber is inspected and if the stand is suffi- ciently valuable, the tract is carefully logged and i conservatively managed. If it must be cut clean or if it is already a clear area the advisability of planting it is considered. If it is to be planted, the species which will grow best in that soil must also be decided on. The wooden snow fences commonly used re- quire considerable maintenance and it is thought desirable to substitute growing evergreen trees where conditions are favorable. Their use, how- ever, requires a wide space between the track and right of way line. In these plantings the first row of trees is Scotch pine planted 100 feet from the track, while the outer row of Norway spruce is planted along the property line. To save expense small trees are used, but it is thought they will be large enough in a few years to drop the snow behind them successfully. In addition to the other activities of the forest- ers the two wood-preserving plants operated by the company are also under their technical direc- tion. John Foley. The Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Commission. TV DEPARTURE from our usual type of il- /^ lustrations is made in this issue to assist ^ the readers of Forest Leaves in forming the acquaintance of four of the five members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Commis- sion to whom are delegated the care of the million acres of forest reserves owned by the State, and give oversight to the Forest Academy at Mont Alto, and the extensive nurseries of young trees. We offer no biographies, or fulsome praise of the members, but are gratified to present to our read- ers reproductions of photographs, and are confi- dent that there will be regret that the one woman member. Miss Mira L. Dock is not represented. Believing that our readers would be gratified to know something of the personelle of the Com- mission we months ago requested the use of photo- graphs for reproduction, but have respected the wish of Miss Dock in the matter of publication. Her keen interest and her efforts to enlist the women of the State in forestry prove Miss Dock's value as a member of a Commission whose work speaks for itself in practical results. As Commissioner of Forestry Mr. Robert S. Conklin presides over the Commission, and has charge of the administration of the Department which demands much detailed attention. He .was formerly Deputy Commissioner when Dr. J. T. Rothrock was head of the Department, and the State is to be congratulated that when the duties became too arduous for him to continue as the head Dr. Rothrock remained as a member of the Commission and acts as its secretary. Mr. S. B. Elliott's intimate knowledge of tree life, of lumbering and of practical utilization of forest products proves of material service in the many problems which must be solved by the Com- mission, and in this he is ably second by Mr. J. Linn Harris, who entered service as a successor to Mr. John Fulton last summer, and who is giving to the work his enthusiastic co-operation. With the exception of the Commissioner of Forestry, none of the members receive compen- sation, a condition which we hope will speedily be changed, for the State should not claim as a gratuity so much of the time of citizens as the duties of members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Commission demand. The necessity for careful investigation of each tract available for forest reserves, the purchase at satisfactory prices of such as are deemed desirable, determination of the administration and care of the reserves, studies of proper legislation to be recommended are some of the problems the Com- mission must solve. The present status of forestry in Pennsylvania is a tribute to the ability, integrity and devotion of the Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Commission. At the annual meeting of the Wood Preservers Association in Chicago Mr. A. Meyer presented a paper on '* Cutting and Seasoning Timber," in which he said that : Four spruce trees, which were growing very close together in the same kind of soil, of the same age, and apparently alike, were cut down as follows : One in December. One in January. One in February, and One in March. By testing the strength of the wood in these four trees it was found that the wood in the tree cut in January possessed only 88 per cent., the wood of the tree cut in February posssessed only 80 per cent, and the wood of the tree cut in March possessed only 62 per cent, of the strength of the wood cut in December. .» Forest Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 8. ROBERT S. CONKLIN, Columbia, Pa. COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY AND PRESIDENT STATE FORESTRY RESERVATION COMMISSION. J. T. ROTHROCK, M.D., WEST CHESTER, Pa. SECRETARY STATE FORESTRY RESERVATION COMMISSION. Forest Leaves, Vol. xih., No. 8. S. B. ELLIOTT, Reynoldsville, Pa. MEMBER STATE FORESTRY RESERVATION COMMISSION. J LINN HARRIS, Bellefonte, Pa. MEMBER STATE FORESTRY RESERVATION COMMISSION. ^/3 FOREST LEAVES. 121 Forest Fires and Taxation. THE Hon. N. P. Wheeler, at the Foresters' Convention made some interesting re- marks as follows : When the question came up of the utilization 'of dead and down timber, which many think can- not be done successfully, my experience for the past 25 years occurred tome, and I am well sat- isfied that it has paid well to gather up the trees that are defective, struck by lightning, or are down and going to waste. Lately there has come into our section the tur- pentine beetle, which attacks the finer white pines, hardly ever more than five feet from the ground. A little dust will be noticed coming out and some pitch, the tree turning red in the top. Then the borers will begin and in a few years it is dead. I have been gathering up such trees as that, piling up and burning the bark and taking in the tim- ber. It was hoped that possibly an extremely cold winter, with the thermometer 20 to 40 de- grees below zero might help get rid of the pest. We have tried not to have our timber burned by fire. For the last 30 years the positive orders are ** no matter where you are or what you are doing, the moment you see smoke on our land or anybody else's, you drop that work, and go and put it out." The result was expensive in the be- ginning, but it has paid well. The longer you keep a fire out of the forest the less liable you are to have it. A fire can hardly be started in a dense forest unless something is down, such as tops or slashings. We have only had one fire to amount to anything in 30 years. It is a little ex- pensive to take out the dead trees but it pays. If you gather up the defective timber in that way what is left is healthier and grows better than if this were not done. Collecting the dead timber keeps fires out. The tops are picked up, all ex- cept the oaks and hickories, and whatever goes for firewood, the hardwoods and hemlock, par- ticularly, but I take pine so that there is not enough left to make a bad fire. The only place we had a serious fire was where the pulpwood, tops, and limbs were not gathered up in time. There is a good deal of natural reforestation done, and it comes along faster than one would think. Nothing has been done in the way of re- planting, but the fire has been kept out and the trees are coming on nicely. The question of taxes is a serious one in at- tempting to care for timber lands. The lumber- man has been often absolutely compelled to cut his timber off. We own tracts in two different counties, and where this was treated liberally it was left, one purchase being allowed to stand 2 1 years. • I purchased recently with the expectation of trying refprstation about 1,200 acres, bwt found it impossible as the assessment on it was more than was paid for the land. It was a pine tract once, and it was expected to plant it to pine tim- ber. Several States have a nominal tax upon the land, and do not pay tax on the timber until it is cut. Unless there is an amelioration of the sys- tem of taxation in this State no individuals can reforest. Notes from the Foresters' Convention. IN the last issue of Forest Leaves a list of the papers to be presented at the Convention was published, and in this issue are given some of the subjects discussed. In addition to the speakers on the program, others who were present took part in the proceedings, and below will be found excerpts from the remarks made by some of these. Much has been said about the conservation of our natural resources, our reforestation, and all of that, and we know that Pennsylvania, this old State, long before the exploitation of that idea by Pinchot, Roosevelt, and others, had initiated and had advanced considerably in that work, and we are to-day very, very much interested. I like to meet and mingle with those who act- ually do things in this State, do them unselfishly, and for the interests of the State and the whole people of the State. That is really the work that we of the State are engaged in, and while we may be criticized, and we hear our State maligned, and all of that, still we should have confidence that, if we are right, and know we are right, we are bound to win, and our work is bound to be recognized. It will be my special pleasure when convinced that larger appropriations should be made for this splendid work, to so recommend to the Legisla- ture.— Gov. John K. Tener. If we bring before the public its real needs, the community at large are certain to be with us. We are trying to do our share not only in the way of public lectures at Lehigh University, but also by an arboretum and plantations on our mountain sides to show what can be done. — Dr. Henry S. Drinker. At the Chestnut Tree Blight Convention, the question of the slope of the land and the exhaus- tion of the soil was discussed. It was thought that the exhaustion of the soil might be a cause of the blight, also the slope of the ground. At Mt. Gretna Park the land is in the form of a 3/^ 122 FOREST LEAVES. horseshoe and slopes in all directions. The Park is about 30 years old, and as the leaves fall they are raked up and the soil exhausted, not only from lack of leaves, but also the trampling of the people ; but the chestnut trees on this exhausted soil show no signs of the blight. On the Cha- tauqua Park, next to Mt. Gretna, the blight was found. On land about a mile from Mt. Gretna, the chestnut trees seem healthy, but some have been attacked by blight, but only on the top, not the bottom. — E. A. Weimer. About ten years ago, approximately 800,000 acres were burned over in Pennsylvania annually. Now the annual burned area does not rise above one-eighth of that amount.— Irvin C. Williams. The purchase of land by the State in any county is a good thing for three reasons. It raises the value of every acre of land without timber ; it causes the regular payment of taxes into the county treasury; and, lastly, it is putting better roads and better schools into every county where it goes as a purchaser of land. These are three good rea- sons, even if the person does not believe in the growth of timber. — Dr. J. T. Rothrock. We planted last year six or eight thousand white j pines and spruce trees on the mountain at South i Bethlehem. A school teacher with some chil- i dren pulled up quite a number. This may seem insignificant, but through it the attention of the whole community was brought to the fact that Lehigh University was attempting to reforest that denuded mountain. The Superintendent of pub- lic schools took it up, and instructed the children when they visited the Park not to remove plants or shrubs or destroy trees, and through the chil- dren sentiment in the community was created. — W. A. Cranmer. The Shade Tree Commission, of Pittsburg, are setting out trees which are suited to the condi- tions, and are taking good care of them. — Prof. Jennings. The New York State College of Forestry is to be placed at Syracuse because it is near the Adi- rondacks. The first appropriation of $40,000 is to be spent for 100 or 200 acres for a nursery and experimental forest near Syracuse, and a consider- able area in the Adirondacks for a working forest. A ranger school will be a feature, with a two-year course. An undergraduate five-year course is also to be developed, also a strong experiment station. —Dr. Hugh P. Baker. Forest Leaves is anxious and ready to chroni- cle anything about Pennsylvania and care of its forests. We are caring for them better than any other State, and know that the administration of the forest reserves is not excelled anywhere by any State or by the national government. The Association is kept entirely free from factional or partisan politics, its purpose being solely to advance the forestry movement in Pennsylvania. — John Birkinbine. I come from Centre County and have been watching forest fires for years. There are now fewer fires than formerly. I hope the work in this line will go on, and that finally the question of forest fires will be minimized. — Prof. Gramley. When a forest fire was started years ago in Centre County, nobody paid any attention at all to it. Through the forestry movement the people are becoming educated, and will go and extin- guish a fire. There are lots of cases where peo- ple have gone out and aided in suppressing forest fires without any expectation of remuneration. — J. Linn Harris. We are using up our timber at the rate of prob- ably fifty billion feet a year, literally cutting over a territory as big as an ordinary State every four or five years. »The population is approaching the one hundred million mark, and we are going to use more timber, especially as we are still on the increase per capita. The whole situation is a serious one, and we must raise timber. To-day we are planting at such a magnificent rate in the United States that all the trees planted would not keep the saw mills going two and a half hours, even if they were mature. Plant trees, and I hope the day is not far off when you will put in one hundred thousand acres a year. Europe has dem- onstrated that the government, with its long-lived policy, with its care, regardless of costs, is best able to rehabilitate the country, improve the for- ests, and in the end make the best revenue. The more money you put in, the greater the revenue, both gross and net. In the German States about $2 an acre is spent per year in taking care of the forests, and they make a net income of over $5 per acre per year. — Prof. Filibert Roth. Some of our second growth timber is not and never will be saw log timber. If planting is made amongst the second growth, so that valuable tim- ber will grow up, it would be doing good work. If we give the Lord an equal chance with us, and buy a thousand acres for the Lord to take care of for every thousand acres we are going to try to take care of, I do not think we will lose anything by it. — Josiah Howard. It is related of one man in the Mt. Pocono dis- trict, who owned thousands of acres of woodland, that if he knew a forest fire was raging in that vicinity, he did not even send out a man to see where it was, let alone put it out. To-day this could not possibly be, because if he did not care, the community would send out a force, and the fire would be put out. — Egbert S. Gary. 3/6 FOREST LEAVES. 123 New York State Forestry. AT the Foresters' Convention, Prof. F. A. Gaylord, of New York, said that their State forest reserves were about 1,600,000 acres, the largest amount held by any State, and there are probably 300,000 acres of mature virgin timber in the Adirondacks, of which the State owns about one half. On the other hand ^there are 400,000 acres which are absolutely denuded of all kinds of forest growth. The remaining acres are in bad condition. As to the utilization, according to the Constitu- tion it is impossible to cut a stick of timber on State land. There are provisions to allow the cutting of roads through the Adirondacks, but this is impossible as a road cannot be made with- out cutting trees. If the law was rigidly carried out no one could go on any of the State lands in New York and build even a camp fire. How- ever, the law is overlooked so that campers can use the dead and down timber to the extent of building fires that are actually needed for cooking, and smudging. Last spring when engaged in making a grow-study of poplar, permission had to be secured from large owners to let me cut enough poplar for this purpose, as on the State lands not a single tree can be cut even for scientific purposes. Reforestry is a strong point. Nurseries are lo- cated in the Adirondacks and also one in the west near Buffalo. Last year a nursery was built at Saratoga, and at the present time about 10 acres have been broken at Comstock. All told there are about 40 acres of State land in nurse- ries. It is in a great measure due to Mr. C. R. Pettis, Superintendent of State Forests, that the nurseries are in their present state of high effi- ciency, turning out this year in round numbers about 11,000,000 trees. In the past we have not been able to put on the market more than 2,000- 000 trees, last year 1,700,000 being sold to pri- vate individuals. The policy is to sell these trees as nearly at cost as possible to anyone in the State of New York who wants them for reforesting pur- poses. The farmer primarily is supplied, his wants usually are small, generally 1,000 to 10,000 trees. Next the water companies are an important con- sideration. Several of the largest of these are already planting extensively, and this policy is being carried on. The lumber companies do a great deal of reforesting, and still better many of the larger ones are starting nurseries of their own, but at the present time these are not so far advanced that they can supply many trees, the State filling the deficiency. The trees that are left over are set out by the State, which has sev- eral quite extensive plantations, about 2,000 acres having been set out. This year the two year-old seedlings sell for $1.50 a thousand, which is very low. Governor Dix, last summer, conceived the idea of using prison labor in the various nurseries. A great deal can be said in regard to this on both sides. At Comstock about 10 acres have been cleared. The prison which is being built there will be a fine one, and only first term men will be sent because of good behavior. It is expected this will be the best class of labor at any of the State prisons, but not over half as efficient as paid labor. There comes in a point which might be debated as to whether, considering that the out- put can hardly be superior to the nursery stock now being put out, and probably inferior, this dif- ference in labor conditions will really not offset the good that such a nursery as that would to the State, Probably, in the near future, nominal wages will be paid to prisoners in practically all the States in the Union, leaving these accumulate so that he will have something to start in on when turned out into the world, or let this wage go to his family if married. If this is done and the ef- ficiency is only one-half it is more or less of a question whether this will be a success or not, but a few years would tell. In 1908 a comprehensive fire law was passed which entirely changed the method of fighting forest fires. This law seeks to get at the bottom of the situation by preventing fires, as well as making a system of putting them out. In addition to this comes top-lopping. It is an offense against the State laws to cut any soft wood timber within the forest reserve counties, and not lop the tops of the trees after they are cut. The State has a sys- tem of patrol men which enables it to rigidly en- force this law. With this top-lopping a new sys- tem of administration of the forests has been put into effect. The Adirondack region was divided into four fire districts, and at the head of each district a superintendent of fires was appointed. In both the Adirondack and Catskill regions ob- servation stations were made on mountain tops which commanded any great stretch of country, and a man was on continuous duty throughout the fire season. He was not supposed to leave except on rare instances, such as going down for supplies. These observation stations were con- nected with headquarters by telephone. The telephone companies are friendly to the idea and have allowed connection to be made at any point. The man on the observation station, who is usu- ally familiar with the country, as soon as he sees smoke coming from some place where there should not be a fire, telephones headquarters and men are hastened to the scene of the fire. There is a weak 3^"^ J^/^ 124 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 125 side to it, that when fires are so bad as to make the atmosphere hazy, the observer cannot see far over the country. It is hoped at a near day to have forest fires under such control that the smoke will never be as dense as that. With the system of observation stations there are about seventy patrol men who spend all their time going through their assigned districts, post- ing fire notices, and looking out for occupants on State lands. He is usually a temporary employee for the fire season. There are, however, about thirty of these men who are kept the year round to look after top-lopping and the occupants of State land. The latter is a practical question. There are between 500 and 600 occupants of State land with all kinds of title, some good and some bad. It is a great question as to just what the State will do, as the turning out of the occupants of State lands would probably mean the political death of any man that did it. Fighting Forest Fires. /~r ONDITIONS are important things in fighting \^ a forest fire. Our forests are heavy, the ground is covered, the old dead stubs were until recently left standing up, some being from 25 to 40 years old, with the tops rotten. We come to the fire as near as we can stand it. The best axmen we have cut the stubs down on both sides of the fire line, because the fire will run up them, and the wind going with the fire blows the soft stuff* that is rotten or dried 30 or 40 rods into the woods beyond, which would start another fire. A man goes ahead, a woods engi- neer, to pick out the fire line, arranged so as not to come in contact with old dead trees lying on the ground ; as if it is run across a dead tree a fire may work under it twelve hours after and set fire to the other side. If a dead tree cannot be avoided, then a hole is cut through it. This man selects the line and half a dozen follow, raking the leaves right in toward the fire, making a path three feet wide, which is clean down to the ground. Then a man fires these leaves which lay in wind- rows, which catch quickly and burn toward the forest fire. Then the most important thing is to keep the fire from coming back across the line. There is where many fail because anxious to go ahead and around the fire. Two men should be constantly at watch to see that the fire does not cross the line ; if the fire is going up a stump, put it out, then go on, leaving a man, say every 10 rods to begin with, and up to 20, 40, and 80 rods, to watch the fire line behind. In this way the fire can be conquered. In clearing pick out a spot 5, 10, or 20 acres in the chopped over area, which is covered over with slashing leaves and brush. Cut a road around it, and rake the leaves up in the same way. About the time the wind is going down in the evening, and the dew begins to fall, say 5 p. m., take your men and fire all at once entirely around the piece to be cleared, leaving the fire burn in toward the center, watching the fire line to see that it does not cross. The next morning put out every fire that is within 40 rods of the line. If this is done I never in my life saw a fire get over. It should, however, never be fired until night when the wind has gone down and the dew is falling. T. D. Collins. Mr. A. B. Farquhar, at the Foresters' Conven- tion at Harrisburg, stated that there was nothing more important than the forestry work which was being done. It is altruistic. Our lives, of course, depend in a measure upon it, because the soil as well as the water is dependent on the forests, and we are suff'ering now from denudation. The re- forestation is a great work, and the State can be congratulated on what has been accomplished. There is no use in planting forest trees if we are going to let them burn up. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. The best wav to make fire practically impossible, as they do in Germany, is by cleaning up the underbrush and leaves, burning them before a fire ever takes place. Travelling through some of the large German forests, I was told there had not been a fire in fifty years — sometimes in a hundred years. In many places in Belgium, Bavaria, etc., they re- ported that as much as twelve dollars per acre was made annually. Of course, there the slashing and small timber is all used. The U. S. Census has just issued a preliminary report of the leading industries of the country for the year 1909. This shows that in the average number of wage earners the lumber and timber products ranked first, with a total of 695,019, or over 10 per cent, of the whole number of 6,61 5,- 046 employed in all the industries of the United States. The value of the products was $1,156,- 129,000, of which the increase added by manu- facture was $648,011,000, being only slightly surpassed in this respect by the foundry and machine shop products. California State Forester reported 1,064 forest fires in 191 1, burning over 55,182 acres of forest land and 227,102 acres of open chaparral. Methods of Reforesting. 7f T the Foresters' Convention at Harrisburg, • j^A Mr. S. B. Elliott opened the discussion on ^ the subject of plantations, and the notes of his remarks will be of interest. The land in Pennsylvania which must be refor- ested can be divided into five different classes, omitting reference to the virgin forest, of which but little remains. The first class is abandoned fields, that is, cleared land which has been abandoned and come into possession of the State. There is no revenue derived from them and they should be planted at once. It will not cost any more to plant now than ten years hence, and there will be the ad- vantage of growth for that time. When you plant be sure and have the roots of your trees in as nat- ural a position as possible, fill the fine earth all around the roots, and stamp it down solid. In the open fields, if there is any sod or vegetable matter which must be cleared away, after the tree is planted, draw this up around the seedling, turn- ing the sod over, so the grass will not grow, and it will act as a mulch to prevent the evaporation of water. At Mont Alto, where small pines had been planted in stony ground, the vegetable mat- ter had been drawn around the trees, and where there was none, small stones were placed, the re- sults being the most successful of any in the plan- tation. In Pike County, where the stones had to be dug away to plant the young trees, the same policy was pursued, with good results. This planting was done in an old slashing after it had been swept by a most destructive forest fire. In planting the trees must be made to fit the ground, that is, a tree suitable only for moist or low ground should not be planted on the high mountain tops. Jack pine should be planted only on exposed situations, and not black walnut or cherry. Much of the ground is covered with a growth of small vegetation, weeds, briers, bracken, etc., which has been repeatedly burned over until every vestige of tree growth is destroyed. An experi- ment was made at Black Walnut of planting pine in among the bracken, and the result was satis- factory, except where a portion of it was killed by fire. The same was done at Mont Alto. Pulling the grass gave no better results than where it was left. Another class of land is covered with bird- cherry, sumach, scrub oaks, trembling aspen, yel- low birch, and on the mountain top, where it has no business to grow, and does not do well as a tree, red maple, and several other lesser species of trees. Fire has killed all the useful species. My recommendation would be to burn it over early in the spring. The objection would be that it is burning the humus. You are destroying it, but in this State, after the slashings have been cut down, and when the great fire came and burned them up, the damage was practically done, the humus being mostly destroyed then, and what has since been stored up does not amount to much. I do not believe the sprout growth would be as vigorous from burnt trees as it is under the axe. This is my only reason for advocating it, and it will cost a great deal of money to cut it off". There is no proposition more difficult to solve than where a vigorous second growth of worthless species has come on. There is another class of ground, where it has been recently cut over. The modern system of lumbering is clean cutting, everything being taken that will make a saw log, down to 5 and 6 inches in diameter at the top. Then the railroad tie- man comes along and takes the material that could not be made into saw logs, removing all sorts, as the railroad company will pay as much for beech, birch, and maple ties as for chestnut, and until within a few months 5 cents more, as the chestnut would not take chemical treatment while the others would. Then comes the pulp man and clears the ground of all that will make paper pulp ; hemlock, basswood, soft maple, etc., and in turn is followed by the acid factory man, who takes down to an inch or an inch and a half in diameter. At Corbett I saw thousands of cords of that small stuff piled up, probably 4 or 5 inches some of it, but the most no bigger than my wrist. If trees could be planted at once there would be a good growth, regeneration, but as this is not done, in a few years the yellow birch, sumach, and bird-cherry will come in ; nothing but immediate planting will ever restore the tim- ber without great expense. Transplants would be best, because the white pine has to take 4 or 5 years to get ready to grow rapidly. After its root system is established in the nursery, then in the fifth and sixth years, while it may not have increased more than 3 or 4 inches before that, it will grow 16, 18 or, 20 inches a year until it at- tains the age of 30 or 40 years. Another class, probably the most important in one sense of the word, is one which has been lum- bered, with more or less second growth of valua- ble species coming on, and has never been burned. The forester should make an actual survey, an ex- amination of every tree on an acre or two, and see what is really there, as we want the greatest amount of production from a given acre at the least expense — intensive forestry. Count the num- ber of useful trees, note their age, whether seed- lings are almost ready for the saw, the conditions, whether slim, straight poles, free from limbs, or u I t i 126 FOREST LEAVES. whether grown in the open with limbs low down, which never would make a good tree. Then work it out. Suppose you find on that acre 20 trees in good condition, the rest may be useful as nurse trees, but that is not the point. I am not talking now of improvement, but good lumber. These trees may be any age from seedlings up to almost ready for the saw. We will concede that it takes 65 to 70 years for the interest on the investment to overtake and go beyond the increment of the tree ; that will tell where the commercial maturity is, not physical maturity. Now we have 20 trees that will mature in 80 years ; suppose that as fast as one is cut, another starts, and we keep on con- tinually cutting that way. This will give 20 ma- ture trees in 80 years, or a quarter of a tree a year. Suppose each tree contains 250 board feet, that will be 62j4 board feet per acre per year. Can we endure that ? Suppose the stumpage is $8 per thousand. That will give us 50 cents gross income per acre. Now there are certain fixed charges against that. There is the money invested by the State, which averages about $2.25 per acre ; if we take simple interest at 6 per cent., that will be i3>^ cents annually; now there is paid to the township for roads and schools about 4 cents, making 1 7 }4 cents. Then there is the salary of the forester, the warden, improvement cutting, etc., say 2)^ cents more, making 20 cents as fixed charges, against 50 cents gross receipts, or 30 cents net per acre. Can we stand that sort of work for the forests of this State ? Suppose we double the number of trees, and put it at 40, then there will be received, instead of 50 cents an acre, $1, while the fixed charges will substantially be the same. If the number of trees be again doubled, it will be $2 per acre, or if 160 trees are raised per acre, you have $4 as income, and only 20 cents expenses. This is no exaggeration, and in European for- ests the returns are as follows : At Wurtemberg for planting, thinning out and caring they ex- pended $2.05, and the net income was $6.60 per acre. In Saxony the expenditures were $3 per acre, and they received $5.30, in Baden S3. 58 and $4.42, Hesse $1.25 and $4-29, respectively. When I was there they said they had 212 pine trees on an acre. Switzerland pays out $1.32 aud receives net $2.55 per acre, Prussia paid out $1.58 and received $2.50, Bavaria $1.99 and $2.22, France 95 cents, and received $1.75 ^^^t. . Some of the trees on these lands may be small, others medium, while some are almost mature. It may be better instead of cutting off clean to let the trees that are almost mature actually ma- ture ; this would have to be financially and mathe- matically worked out. What shall we plant? If I were to plant a forest it would be white pine, Norway spruce and Norway pine, because they are practically of the same rate of growth. They should be placed in alternate rows, first white pine, then Norway pine and then Norway spruce. Now if the white pine is affected by the weevil or other disease, you would then have the two other varieties to fall back on. If they were not affected then in thin- ning out, the Norway pine and spruce could be removed, leaving a pure stand of white pine. Broadleaved trees should not be mixed with coni- fers. If the Norway spruce was removed early in life they could be sold for Christmas trees. If older it is excellent wood for pulp. The Secre- tary of the Waterville Paper Company said he had just planted 75,000 trees of that species as it was better than a life insurance for his children. This is the last of the conifers, although the European larch might be experimented with. After the conifers come the oaks. The white oak is slow growing, and I am afraid it will be- come extinct. Red oak is a rapid grower, one tree which was noted showed a full eighth of an inch addition in thickness of annual rings. The pin oak is easy to transplant, white ash and black ash are others, while black walnut, the hickories and some others are hard, and never amount to anything. Hemlock will soon be practically ex- tinct as a timber tree, being not only difficult to transplant, but slow in growth. Western pine {Piniis ponderosd), if the seed were obtained from the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, is a variable tree but it might be tried as an experi- ment on high land. No tree is as common as the sugar maple in Pennsylvania, Cypress, yellow poplar, chestnut (which has the blight), beech, which is much affected by a white fungus could be used. White elm could be planted along the rivers. The cedar cannot be raised, but the hick- ory should be planted as it is a valuable tree. Two white ash trees cut down on the Capitol ground were over 2 feet in diameter, and 68 years old. They are one of the most valuable trees we have, and rapid growers. Plant all you can, but be sure in gathering seed that it is fertile, because the staminate blossoms are on one tree, and the pistils on another. Sycamore could be grown on low land, and cherry on good arable soil. I have some of the called 17 years old that are 13 inches in diameter, and over 40 feet high. Carolina poplar should never be planted on lawns or streets, but if there is a piece of damp ground which can- not be plowed, and you are in a hurry to make money, it can be planted, but it will not stand close planting. It is only good for pulp wood, and will reforest itself. FOREST LEAVES. 127 American Forestry Company Forestry Experts and Wholesale Growers THEODORE F. BORST FOREST ENGINEER TT7E have supplied many land-owners '^ of Pennsylvania with " Little Trees for Big Plantations '' from our extensive nurseries. 20,000,000 in stock. We contract for every kind of forestry work, and annually carry out operations second only to the government service in extent and importance. Write for our instructive catalogue and price list. Ask us about your particular problem. American Forestry Company > SOUTH FRAMINGHAM, MASS. (near boston) . p. O. BOX 52 J. T. ROTHROCK, Consulting Forester, WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. FOREpT LEi^VEp. THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association, The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. RATES. I 6 xa insertion. insertions, insertions. I inch, . . $1.00 %, page, . . 4-00 j^ ** . . 7-00 I «• . . 12.00 $4.00 17.00 30.00 50.00 $8.00 34-00 60.00 JCOrOO 3^0 J !^ It 128 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry^ — preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, ^ STATE COLLEGE, PA. FORESTERS CONSULTING AND OPERATING •>> The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to [•roperly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Biltmore Forest School, BILTMORE, N. C. 0 0 0 0 The BrtrmoRE Forest School is the oldest school of "fo^j^try and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. r' The complete cour^se covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- low^d by six >^3on^ecutive months of practical prenticeship. .Write for particulars, addressing I C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, FHILA. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARBINO SCHOOL FOR BOYS. Tlluatrated Catalogue upon application^ JAMES L. PATTERSON, % "t\] ) '■ Head Masttr. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: The Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, President. Samuel F. Houston, Vice-PrmderU. Geoboe Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB 8. DI88TON. EDGAR DUDLEY FARIB8. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MCCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. FORESTRY DEPARTMENT The Pennsylvania State College. A- Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, xoza Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials •••• ^^9 The Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association at Bush- kill, Pa ^30 A New Contributor ^••« ^3^ Forest Fires in North Carolina '3' Records and Protection of Plantations in Foreign Countries 132 Forest Reserves a State Investment ^34 Cork Industry of Spain '35 Views in Pike County, Pennsylvania *36 The Effect of Forests Upon Stream Flow »37 The American Forestry Association Meeting in the Adirondacks.. 138 Tree Growth in Indiana *39 Paper Pulps from Various Forest Woo^s '40 New Publications '+° Subscription, $x.oo per Year. Tilt atUntioM 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages ^ FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- mished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, FouNDRD IN Junk, 1886, l^abors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact* using public sentiment on the fire question. He has posted in places fre- quented by hunters and fishermen, copies of the following notice, typewritten in red and purple in a manner sure to attract attention : '*To All Good Citizens: **The time of particular danger from forest fires is at hand, and all who spend any time in the woods during the dry season should be especi- ally careful. Don't throw lighted cigars, cigar- ettes, or pipe ashes around carelessly ; don't drop lighted matches without being absolutely sure that they are out; don't set your camp fire on top of the ground and expect Providence to keep it from spreading— dig a hole for it, or put a trench around it ; don't go away while the fire is still burning— put it out, and be sure that it is out ; don't bum brush near the woods on a dry, windy day— blown sparks will carry fire a long distance. **The State forest lands are being held and cared for as a benefit to you and your children ; they are paying taxes into your treasury which help to support your schools and keep up your roads; they protect your streams and hunting grounds ; they furnish labor for some of your citizens ; and fire is their greatest enemy. Does it seem right to you that one man's carelessness with fire should endanger the forests of a whole community ? Do you not know of many acres of forest land which once had a good growth of young trees but which are now barren because of fires ? And do you not know of many acres of forest land from which the fires have been kept out and which are now producing a good second growth stand? In view of these facts, do you not think that all good citizens should be particu- larly careful with fire while in the woods ? '' The law of June 9th, 191 1, provides a fine of ;Ji,ooo and costs, and six months' imprisonment, for any one setting fire to any woods whatsoever, without the consent or against the wishes of the owner, regardless of whether the fire is set wil- fully or through carelessness. ' ' Forester Arthur B. Wells of the Grey's Run lands, Lycoming county, is disposing of fire killed and damaged chestnut on some portions of his reserve. The smaller material is shipped to the T. H. Mosser Company, at Williamsport, to be used in making extract. The larger material is used for ties. The wood is sold by contract on the stump and removed under the supervision of the forester. The sale of this material is facili- tated by the excellent road system, consisting of twenty-three miles of graded dirt road. The dead material brings fifty cents per stacked cord, and ties ten cents each on the stump. , \' J^^ 132 FOREST LEAVES. Experimental plantations aggregating three acres have been made by Mr. Wells. He is try- ing red oak, Norway spruce, white ash, sugar maple, honey locust, and willow. The Grey's Run lands were surveyed in the summer of 191 t, and the same difficulties were encountered as are met on most northern reserves. The successive lumbering operations which removed the pine, hemlock, and hardwoods, also destroyed most corners and line trees, or else established numbers of them to aid in obtaining a few stray trees. It is almost impossible to determine an accurate line under these conditions, and the utmost care and patience in hunting *^ evidence" must be exer- cised by the forester. Forester Kirk of the Penfield, Clearfield county reserve, is planting i73>ooo trees this spring. He is experimenting with clearing and burning the poor sprouts and planting the cleared area. Seven of the foresters are making small experi- mental plantations of Pinus ponderosa, bull pine. As far as we have observed this pine does very well in Pennsylvania. The 14,000 seedlings shipped from the Greenwood Nursery were ex- ceptionally healthy seedlings. They were well watered during the dry spring of 191 1 and responded finely to care. Forester John L Strobeck of Pike county, writes that in spite of local difficulties of rough land, long haul, and poor quality material, he has obtained a market for the product of defec- tive trees, and is making cleanings and improve- ment cuttings in chestnut, oak, and maple. He sells mine ties at 7 cents f. o. b. car ; railroad ties and 6 inch mine props at $18.00 per M. ; sprags at $1 1. 00 per M. ; 5 ft. hooppoles at $6.00 per M. He has a small nursery in which he will sow 20 pounds of seed this spring. He says that the sentiment is becoming more favorable for for- estry, largely due to the economic benefits of steady work. He has a fire line system, of which 40 per cent, is drivable road made by repairing old lumber roads at little expense. He believes in roads be- ing no more expensive than warranted by market conditions. Most of the foresters have expressed pleasure at the prospect of a summer convention held on some reserve.. It is proposed to have this as an experience meeting for foresters only, and any forester wishing the convention to be held on his reserve must guarantee something worth while. Mont Alto has been mentioned by several as the most suitable place for the first convention. All the old graduates are anxious to see the planta- tions and improvement cuttings made with their l^elp George A. Ret an. Forest Fires in North Carolina. THE destruction caused by forest fires in North Carolina during 191 1 was little less than that reported for 19 10, according to a compilation being made by the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, and soon to be published. The loss is estimated to approximate j45o,ooo, including the damage to young growth, which in many cases exceeds that of the standing timber. The number of fires reported was 637, slightly less than those reported in 19 10. The area burned over is given as 160,000 acres, which is less than one-third of the area reported burned over in 19 10. The average area of each fire has in this way been reduced from 667 acres in 1909, and 820 acres in 1910, to 250 acres in 191 1. This is the one encouraging feature of this year's figures. It seems to show that some attempt is being made to control fires after they are started. It would, however, be much better to prevent the fires. According to these figures, the average damage per acre burned over is steadily increasing. This was given as 66 cents per acre in 1909, 97 cents per acre in 1910, and $2.80 per acre in 1911. There are several causes for this very large in- crease in the average damage per acre, but the principal one, outside of the weather conditions in 1 9 10, which seemed to favor destructive fires, and of the inaccuracies unavoidable in collecting these figures, is a growing realization by the peo- ple of the actual damage which is done by burn- ing the woods. Records and Protection of Plantatioifs in Foreign Countries. (Read at the Foresters' Convention at Harrisburg, Pa.) IN foreign countries detailed records of planta- tions, as plantations themselves, do not exist. Records are continuous for every plot of ground, compartment, or sub-compartment, as the case may be. The record shows, not only the fact of forming the plantation, but the continuous development of the plantation from seedling to plant, and is a portion of the work of the forester. Summary records of all plantations are kept, show- ing the total number of plants, species, costs, and other items, all of which are included in our own plantation report at present. Any forester taking up the work of another can tell on any particular plot of ground what species have been tried in the past, whether 25, 35, or 125 years ago. He can tell what course those plants went through, whether or not they were subject to disease, what diseases, and the total success, physical as well as &r^ ^ FOREST LEAVES. 133 financial, of the plantation. The methods which Prof. Worthley has pointed out are entirely suit- able for the plantations ; for the foresters in the field they are, perhaps, too detailed, but the im- portance of accurate and yearly reports cannot be too strongly insisted on. The foreign reports are both written and carto- graphic, the map being as accurate as the written work. The map shows not only the geological characteristics of the soil, the physical and other conditions of the reserve, but also the species planted, the plantations, their age, and what work is to be done on them. Coming to the subject of protection of planta- tions, the first is protection from fire. German conditions are so entirely different that methods of protection from fire there, on the whole, may be said to be inapplicable here. But there are some points wherein we are very similar. One condition in southern Germany is the humidity of the atmosphere, and for this reason they have never had the fires there that we have. Another thing is the adequate protective force of foresters and rangers, well distributed and with good com- munication. The third is the labor force, which is continuous on the reserve. A force is always at work under the forester and his rangers, always ready for instant duty. German protection may be summarized very largely in one word, ** roads." It is not always the amount of money which is put on a road, but scientific principles must be applied. The first cost of the road, as well as the first cost of the plantation, increases by compound interest at a tremendous rate. In the development of roads, care should be exercised to make them economi- cally feasible. Good roads are a necessity, but they must not cost too much. Forestry cannot be developed, nor any kind of protection from fire, unless there is an adequate road system, which must be made at the least possible cost, good dirt roads, from which any part of the re- serve can be quickly reached, and which do not charge too great an expense against the forest as a whole. Protection from fire is there a matter of indi- vidual ownership of property. Every man, either peasant or prince, has a pocketbook interest in the forest. Whether he cuts two cords of wood a year from the forest as a proscriptive right, or whether his taxes to the community as a whole are lessened because of the revenue derived from the forest, he knows that the forest affects his pocketbook, and when a fire breaks out, it is his property, and he puts out the fire as soon as possible. If the people of Pennsylvania can be brought to that sense of ownership in the forests, to the idea that the State forest is the people's forest, that their own prop- erty is being destroyed, a great deal will have been done toward adequate protection from fires. There the litter is raked away, a proposition which here is, at the present time, neither feasible or practicable. Protection against man in the plantations is al- most entire. Everywhere the sign is seen, '' Ein- gang verboten " ( * * Don' t walk in here " ) . You are not allowed to enter the plantations, but that is the only part of the German woods which is closed up. Erosion is guarded against, usually by furrows, either one or two being plowed out, in which the seedlings are set. In France, where the work is more elaborate, terraces are made, but the furrow is the method which might, perhaps, be adopted in Pennsylvania on steep hillsides where erosion is likely. Protection against sand and wind is simply a matter of wind breaks or small cutting areas. On the sand dunes there is more elaborate planting of grasses, followed up with pitch pines, etc. In the pineries of the Rhine Valley, where sand dunes are prevalent, it is now a matter of cutting by small areas. Protection from shade brings up something which may be of interest in the matter of coppice growth in the central and southern region of the State. Protection from the sun for the planta- tions, especially for the very young trees, is a matter of cutting either in strips or by groups, or any other small cutting area method. In the Ger man forests a simple and practical method is used, of cutting every stump sprout, except one, the strongest, which is left. This sprout furnishes shade and protection for the plantation, takes up the energy of the stump so that it does not give out other sprouts or suckers. When the planta- tion is started, this last or strongest sprout is cut, and it is left unshaded. This method is less ex- pensive than cutting the whole area clean, as it must be repeated once or twice before the planta- tion is established. It is also of great value in localities where early and late frosts are prevalent, the overwood affording a protection. Protection against wild animals brings up a sub- ject which may become prominent in Pennsyl- vania. The German forests are greatly bothered by deer, and protect their plants by wire or wooden fences. In the spruce plantations the terminal shoot is carefully tarred. In addition, the German hunting clubs have the privilege of shooting all they want during any season. Whether Pennsylvania deer may become so numerous that it will be necessary to tar the terminal shoots of plantations is rather doubtful. J 134 FOREST LEAVES. Protection against insects and fungi is too large a subject to go into specifically. The German forester watches his plantation carefully, removing at once any diseased plant or tree, inspecting the spruce and the pine especially for the honey fungus, oftentimes spraying his plantation with Bordeaux mixture to prevent the shedding disease of the pine. The important part is to watch the plantation and remove the diseased tree at once. Another method is the fact that plantations are not made in large areas, nor close together, except after periods of about five years. The German forester figures that after five years the usual crop of ^* children's diseases," as they are called, will have run through, and that then a plantation may be made adjacent to the first one. So plantations are usually made on smaller areas and not adja- cent, except after a considerable interval of time. The last item which needs to be emphasized, and especially here, is the care and protection of the birds, who will often prevent insects and fungi. There, food is furnished in winter, and watering and bathing troughs in summer for the birds. Little huts are built all through the woods, in which the food is placed, also the water trough. It is figured that the birds will do a large part of their protection for them. George A. Retan. Forest Reserves a State Investment. (Read at the Foresters' Convention at Harrisburg, Pa.) THE State of Pennsylvania owns a consider- able acreage of forest land to-day, and probably contemplates many more pur- chases. This enterprise was a consequence of results which became evident through forest de- pletion. The forest is a resource which admits of reproduction, and, therefore, the forestry move- ment received incentive and was started. The fact that the forest admits of culture, or yields to methods of intensive management, indi- cates its value as a progressive factor in the com- merical world. Coal is an exhaustible resource, and consequently the old workings are abandoned. With the forest this is different, as soon as the product is removed it reproduces itself, if not by nature, then by the placing of man or animal. The same area which produced a stand of timber is capable of reproduction, but the quantity and quality of the second stand is of vital importance in a commercial sense, in that these qualities de- termine its value in its use by man. This quality and quantity is produced by Nature to just such an extent as is permitted by conditions, and from that point any increase must come from the efforts of man. The State owns a large expanse of forest /a/tt/, of which a large part is Imd-only, not forests. The ultimate use to which this land is to be put is a serious question. The larger part of it has reached its maximum rate of production in its present condition and time, if left to natural agencies only, but is capable of increases by the cultural methods of man, and in such culture and management lies its only hope as far as commer- cial use is concefned. The forester's mission is to cultivate or to manage intensively, no matter what methods may be used. The question arises will such methods pay, and the money invested by the State bring a fair re- turn, or is the State trying to support an institu- tion which is of no material benefit to its citizens? There are chance circumstances attached to forestry practice, but these may be reduced to a minimum by the vigilance and care of man. Fires are preventable, if the mind of society in general is one, but this state of entire harmony can hardly be hoped for. Even those fires caused by the ele- ments can be reduced to a minimum in their de- structiveness, by proper watchfulness on the part of man. Insects and fungus growths are cir- cumstances which affect the efficiency of cultural methods. Wind is also a dangerous element. It is against these dangers that the more strenuous efforts are put forth by the foresters for their sup- pression. In Pennsylvania, forestry practice cannot suc- ceed to any extent unless the fire question is solved. Precedent can be followed in these mat- ters, in that there are other countries which began to grapple with our present day conditions long ago, and we know it can and will be done. 'I'here are many other conditions which could be named in the attempt to bring the forests to some cul- tural point, but the fire question must have suc- cessful attention if results are wanted. It paid to deplete the lands which the State now owns, in fact, no regard for the future was shown, it was a case of business with these men. Whether they should be censured need not be dis- cussed, but the fact that it was profitable to ex- ploit these virgin forests, and in many cases sec- ond and third growth, is positive proof that it will pay to cut them over again when the timber becomes of size. I know of a piece of timber which a man bought about 35 years ago for an inconsiderable sum, and some time ago was sold at the rate of $50 per acre. Another man, who did the same, sold for $40 per acre. This timber grew during the time these men had their invest ment, it being a few years sprout-growth when bought. However, it must be remembered that this timber land was free from forest fires for the ^ FOREST LEAVES. 135 entire period of time, the trees grew of their own volition, according to the laws of nature, and were not subject to culture in any way, being left to grow wild. Does it not seem reasonable that if a crop of trees, growing in an entirely wild condition, will pay for their raising it would be even more remunerative if forestry practices are applied. The treatment to which forest reserves are des- tined is forestry practice. A forest crop, like any other, will produce most and of the best when nurtured and cared for, and considering the gen- eral condition of the forests of the State, it must be concluded that drastic measures are necessary for their recuperation. Intensive management has been found to be the most profitable in all legi- timate growing ventures, and forest growing is no exception. I therefore conclude that the forest reserves of the State are a good investment, in that they offer a crop under intensive practice whereas, under the old-fashioned conditions, they seldom produced sufficiently to pay. The fire question, however, must first be solved. John L. Storbeck. >c^^ Cork Industry of Spain. U. S. CONSUL CHARLES S. WINANS, of Seville, in the Consular Report, gives an interesting description of the growth and use of cork. The cork tree is a species of oak ( Quercus Ilex, better known as Q. Suber^, whose outer bark, which is the commercial cork or corkwood, is first harvested when the tree has a circumference of about 16 inches, and thereafter regularly every 9 or 10 years throughout the life of the tree. The best bark, commercially speaking, is produced when the cork tree is 50 to 100 years old. Instead of injuring the tree, stripping the bark seems to add impetus to the growth of a new coat. Stripping the bark, which is usually done during the summer months, is necessarily a rather delicate operation, as great care must be taken not to wound the tree. The local method of cutting is by a hatchet, which perforates the bark in complete circles at the base of the tree and at the lowest fork of the branches ; this cylinder-like coat, by a downward slash is then generally loosened from the inner bark of the tree and is removed by pry- ing with a wooden wedge. The same treatment is accorded such larger branches as will yield bark at least one-half inch in thickness. The bark taken from the tree trunk sometimes measures more than 2 inches in thickness, and the total yield of the tree occasionally reaches 500 pounds, though this yield varies from 50 pounds upward, in accordance with the age and size of the tree. After having been stripped the bark is generally left for a few days to dry. It is next weighed and then taken to the boiling station. The simple boiling process makes the bark soft and flexible, and, quite as important, renders easy the scraping off of the woody, weather-hardened outer coating, which is commercially useless. Occasionally the boiling station is located near the cork forest ; in other instances, at the shipping point, where the cork factories are situated. At these factories the bark is sorted very carefully, according to quality and thickness, and is then (if for sale as raw corkwood) baled for shipment. It may be said that by far the greater quantity of the cork yield of Andalusia is exported in this unworked state to England, Germany, Austria, Belgium, and the United States. Local factories produce for domestic and export purposes a relatively small number of manufactured articles, although with the installation of machinery the output is gradually widening in scope and increasing in fquantity. In the manufacture of these articles there is a very great amount of un- avoidable waste, which is largely exported in the form of cork shavings, for use in making linoleum and other by-products of cork. Of all the uses to which corkwood is now put, the manufacture of corks themselves still remains pre-eminent. Formerly in this consular district corks were made almost entirely by manual labor ; the workers cut the bark into small cubes, from which they whittled out each cork by hand. At the present time this method is still employed in the small and unimportant ** home " fac- tories, where the family constitutes the working force, but the larger local establishments use very satisfactory machinery for the production of corks and disks. One local factory, to supply the ex- port demand for the typical ** handmade" cork (an almost square cork with rounded corners), has installed a simple moving blade machine, operated by hand, which combines speed and accuracy, and turns out the desired ** hand- made " type of cork. The manufacture of a cork is a rather interest- ing process. Before use at the factory the cork bark, in loose bales, is boiled for about half an hour to render it pliant ; upon drying, it is sorted into at least ten grades of differing quality and thickness. This sorting is most important, if waste is to be reduced to a minimum, for corks are cut from the bark transversely, and are hence limited in their diameter (rather than in their length, as might at first be supposed) by the thickness of the bark. After sorting, the sheets c9^^S 136 FOREST LEAVES. of bark are cut into strips and squares, according to the length of the cork desired. Next the cork itself is carved out of the small square block, pol- ished by a sand-papering machine, washed, sorted, and disinfected. The corks are counted by an ingenious French machine, and shipped in sacks of strong burlap containing generally loo to 150 pounds. Cork disks, for use in lining metal stoppers, are fast becoming an important article of trade in the cork industry. Among the other arti- cles in the manufacture of which cork is increas- ingly used are insoles, life-preservers, cigarette tips, instrument handles, polishing wheels, car- buretor floats for automobiles, and insulating for pipes. The enormous waste of cork which is inevitable in the manufacture of cork articles^approxi- mately from one-half to two-thirds of the total material — is not in reality a loss. Naturally the best of the cork bark is utilized in cork pro- ducts, and the refuse and shavings are exported to England, Germany, and the United States, to be used in such valuable by-products as lino- leums, cork tiling, and other composition arti- cles. Barcelona and Seville are the chief Spanish ports from which cork is shipped to the United States, the total value of the corkwood, shavings and waste, corks, disks, soles, life-preservers, etc., sent to this country from this section of Spain being valued in 191 1 at $3,653,585. The Forest Service is raising several acres of Bigtree seedlings on the Tahoe National Forest in California. The most northern existing grove of Bigtrees is about 34 miles southeast of the site selected for planting. This site is on a moist flat not far from Nevada City, and is about 2,700 feet above sea level. The first seeding was done in the fall of 1 910, with successful results, and last fall an additional area was seeded. The method used in planting the seed was that known to foresters as **the seed spot method." Spots about 6 feet apart each way were prepared by pulverizing the earth with a garden hoe. Seeds were then dropped on these spots, and lightly pressed in the soil with the foot. The flourishing condition of the young seedlings gives good reason to expect a future growth of Bigtrees at this point. With protection of forests from fire there seems to be no reason why the Bigtrees should disappear, even though scientists regard them as survivals from a past age, botanically speaking. Views in Pike County, Pennsylvania. THE illustrations in this issue have a two-fold purpose. Those of the Big Bushkill are merely to fire the <* red-blooded " man '*who has heard the Call of the Wild," and tingles at the thought of the fine fishing suggested by the rushing water and placid pools. Incident- ally, too, the Bushkill may revive the thought, once entertained, that when Philadelphians grew tired of filtering dirty water for domestic purposes, they would realize that clean water filtered would be none too good for home use, and that the mountain streams might be gathered in for that purpose. The pitch pine illustrations come from Pine Flat. They are simply a sample. A close estimate of the mature standing timber now on the State Forest Reserves in Pike and Monroe Counties has not been made. It is probable that, taking all kinds, nearly or quite twenty million feet, board measure, could be removed, if that were the pur- pose of the Forestry Department. Calls are already being made for it. It is quite clear that all chestnut timber for which a remunerative price can be had, should be cut as early as possible and removed. It is a matter of hardly less serious import that the pin oak of that region is dying as rapidly as the chestnut. And it is quite proper that the pin oak should be converted into money as soon as possible, and its place taken by some better species. The case is difl*erent, however, with the pitch pine. Thus far we have failed completely to realize its importance to the State. Pike County, on State lands, reveals the fact that beside it the Scotch and Austrian pines are shabby ; and if we should leave Pike and Monroe Counties, and wit- ness the natural regeneration of pitch pine (when protected) in Lycoming County, where our Black Forest stood twenty years ago, no doubt would remain as to the possibilities of pitch pine in Pennsylvania. It is to be hoped that this valuable tree will be allowed to remain on State land until its dying tops show that it has passed its prime. It will be worth more then than now to our lumbering industries. J. T. Rothrock. The Forest Service has just issued Bulletin No. 107, entitled ''The Preservation lof Mine Tim- bers." In this brochure Mr. E. W. Peters gives interesting data as to the agencies destructive to mine timbers, methods and costs of increasing their durability, the economy of such treatment, i etc. nNx n u. Forest Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. 9. THE BIG BUSHKILL, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. THE BIG BUSHKILL, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA 'M^-m-^ "^^ T. lit ) w^-Jt:^^'- ■'^;^%:r,m:^f '■*^-#^^'i ^■'^y^ LU > CO UJ o > I- H — z O O J u ll^^ «.IL^ «»:■';:*. T ---.■„ ^ UJ < > o uJ CO UJ ff;:H 4lJ^ •»:^ ^ f -^r *^j*. CO CO -» UJ .tlJ«-,:y>>":^*?'- ■-♦.- ->.••'*•.*-■ Ui Ov S3 CO UJ CO UJ O o UJ UJ < > — UJ O « _ UJ OC DC CO CO UJ UJ CO i 3 ^:^9 FOREST LEAVES. 137 The Effect of Forests upon Stream Flow. THE Flood Commission of Pittsburg which was organized in February 20, 1908, has just published an elaborate report, ac- companied by maps, giving the results of the sur- veys, investigations, and studies made for the pur- pose of determining the causes of, damage by, and methods of relief from floods in the Alle- gheny, Monongahela and Ohio rivers at Pitts- burg, together with the benefits to be obtained by river regulation. The report states that the direct loss at Pittsburg in the last ten years through floods is over j5 12,000,000 and between March 15, 1907, and March 20, 1908 three floods caused a loss there of $6,500,000. It recom- mends for the abatement of floods storage reser- voirs, the erection of a wall within the city limits to confine the water, and the protection and re- forestation of the water shed. The report has a valuable appendix on '*The Forest Conditions on the Allegheny and Monon- gahela River Basins,*' giving the conditions of the forests and humus on the watersheds of these streams, and showing the eff'ects they exert on the runoff and erosion. In summing up it states that there is a constant deterioration of the soil, humus, and forest growth. Erosion seems to be confined almost entirely to cleared land, which has been abandoned or is in poor cultivation, in the lower courses of the Allegheny, the Youghiogheny, and the Monongahela rivers. The streams are notice- ably clear, except during freshets, and then the turbidity occurs largely in the lower courses. The greater part of the remaining forest areas are on steep rocky slopes, most of which are too poor to cultivate. Virgin forests are confined to small isolated patches in the Allegheny watershed, and to some eastern tributaries of the Monongahela river. Second growth forests are generally in- ferior in quality, and the more valuable species which include the conifers are conspicuously ab- sent. Cutting for mine props, pulp and chemical wood, since logging operations ceased, has stripped most of the growth from the larger forest areas of the Allegheny water shed. The clearing of land is still taking place to some extent within the heavily forested sections ; in the agricultural reg- ions there are few new clearings made, and a tendency for some cleared and abandoned lands to revert to forest. Cleared lands which are abandoned and lying waste, and cannot be;come reforested naturally, should be planted. The great needs of the region are an increase in the humus covering of both agricultural and forest soils, and an increase in the density of the forest, in order to lessen the rapidity of the surface runoff. The only practicable way to bring about these condi- tions is to protect the forest lands from fire and to maintain agricultural lands in a high state of cultivation. The influence of forests upon stream flow, has received a great deal of attention from engineers, foresters, and others both in this country and Europe, but owing to the complexity of the subject, there is difficulty in arriving at definite conclusions. The facts which have b^en estab- lished may be summarized as follows : The forests lower the temperature of the air inside and above the forest, thus reducing con- densation of vapor over the forest, and in this way perceptibly increases local precipitation (dew, mist, rain, snow). Observations taken at Nancy, France, since 1866, show that without exception more rain fell, inside than outside of the forest. If the rainfall at the center of the forest be designated as 100, that at the edge of the forest would be 93.9, and outside of the forest 76.7. The forest more than any other vegetative cover, intercepts atmospheric precipitation, and prevents it from reaching the ground. The amount of precipitation thus lost, however, is offset except in dense, old stands of pure spruce by the greater precipitation over the forest, and the greater condensation of vapor within the forest in the form of dew, hoar-frost, etc. It is safe to assume that coniferous forests retain more precipitation than broadleaf forests, a spruce forest intercepting about 39 per cent, of the precipitation, and a broadleaf 13 per cent. The amount of precipita- tion in a young stand is intercepted the least, and the most in middle-aged stands. The summer temperature of the air and soil in the forest is lower, the relative humidity of the air is greater, the movement of the air is less in the forest than outside of it. This, together with the protection afforded to the soil by the mulch of fallen leaves and humus, tends to reduce the direct evaporation from the soil. European observation extending over a long period show that in forests in a level country, the yearly mean temperature is about 0.9° F., less than outside of the forest, this diff*erence increasing with the altitude, and at an elevation of about 3,000 feet is 1.8° F. The forest soil is 1.8° F., warmer in winter, and from 5.4 to 9^ F., cooler in summer than soil without a forest cover. The average evaporation from soil deprived of leaf litter in the forest during the summer months. May to September, amounted to 39 per cent, of that in the open, while from the same soil covered with a fairly deep layer of leaf litter, the amount evaporated was but 15 per cent, of that in the open. In other words, while the forest cover Jj^ 138 FOREST LEAVES. alone diminished the evaporation 6i percent., the forest cover and leaf litter reduced it 85 percent, making it only 15 per cent, of that in the open. In a level country, where there is no surface runoff, forests act as drainers of the soil ; hence their importance in draining marshy land, and in improving hygienic conditions. The afforestation of swamp lands in Europe has resulted in a lower- ing of the water table. In hilly and mountainous countries forests are conservers of water for stream flow. This effect is greater the steeper the slope, the less permeable the soil, and the heavier the precipitation. Ney, a German investigator, places the amount of water which the forest cover saves to the soil by reducing the surface runoff, and changing it to underground seepage for forests at a lower altitude where the rain is not heavy, and the soil less subject to freezing, at 20 per cent., for forests of moderate altitude at 35 per cent., and in mountain forests of 50 per cent, of the precipita- tion. Forests retard the melting of snow, and thus provide for the gradual feeding of mountain streams. Ten years observation at the Imperial Agronomic Institute at Moscow, show that the period of snow melting within the forests is from 26 to 57 days, while in the open situations it disappears within 5 or 6 days. The species, den- sity, age, and location of the forest influence the rapidity of melting of the snow. By preventing surface runoff, the forest, more than any other vegetative cover, protects the sur- face soil from erosion, and thus reduces the amount of sediment carried by streams. The erosion and washing away of the soil also depends on the steep- ness of the ground, the character of the soil, and the geological formation of the region. Where the soil is thin in mountainous regions, underlaid with hard rock, the destruction of the forest may result in the complete desolation of the region, as may be seen in portions of Greece, Palestine, southern France, and Italy. In the mountains, the forests, by breaking the violence of the rain, retarding the melting of snow, increasing the absorptive capacity of the soil cover, preventing erosion, and checking surface runoff, in general, tend to equalize the high and low stages of streams and to maintain a steady flow of water in them. A series of experiments at Nancy, with typical soils from spruce and beech forests, showed that spruce needle humus, dried at 100° C, contained, when saturated, 4.15 times its own weight of water, while the beech humus contained 5.38 times its own weight. If simply air dried, beech leaf humus would absorb 4.41 times its weight and air dried spruce 3.38 times its weight of water. Air dried beech and spruce types of humus were found to have a retentive capacity per acre of 46.44 and 22.2 tons of water, respectively. This amounts in volume to 1,510 cubic feet for beech, and 712 cubic feet for spruce humus, and is equivalent to a rainfall of 0.41 and 0.2 inch, respectively. By stimulating the absorption of water by the soil, forests act as a filter in purifying the water supply. From the above statements of the effect of for- ests on stream flow, it is only natural that the Flood Commission, in a summary of its report, says : *' Flood prevention can, to some extent, be effected by retarding the runoff by reforestation, and it is generally believed that a certain amount of improvement in low-water flow can also be obtained by this means. It is probable, also, that the increase in the frequency and height of floods could be prevented through preservation of exist- ing forests. For these reasons the attitude of the Flood Commission is to recommend and support such national and State legislation as will tend to preserve and increase the present forest cover." The American Forestry Association Meeting in the Adirondacks. THE Directors of the American Forestry As- sociation, on May 2d and 3d, carried out a new plan of holding quarterly meetings at points where interesting forestry work is being carried on, and of inviting friends of the cause to join with them on the inspection trip. The party of twenty-four left New York city in a special car on the evening of May 2d, and spent the next day in visiting the nurseries and plantations of the New York State Conservation Commission in the Adirondacks. The party, under the guidance of C. R. Pettis, Superintendent N. Y. State Forests, visited a series of extensive plantations established by the State from three to seven years ago. These plantations were of particular interest because they represent a complete series of experimental plantings by seed spot methods, direct seeding, and the use of nursery transplants, and also include a large variety of species. The broadcast sowing of white pine seems to promise ultimate success, although at present the stand is not as uniform as from planted trees. The seed spot method showed a great variation in results, due partly to damage by mice and squirrels. Even where good germination had I been secured in the seed spots, one drawback ap- I peared in that a little group of seedlings had to be thinned out and the extras used for filling in blank spaces, which adds materially to the ex- ;^3 J FOREST LEAVES. r39 pense. Of the various species tried, Scotch pine, Norway spruce, and, strangely enough, western yellow pine showed the best results. Douglas fir and Colorado blue spruce being almost a total failure. Near the seed spot planting an extensive flat, which, according to local history, had been open land for probably over fifty years, although still showing evidences of an original stand of white pine, offered an interesting lesson as to the influence of soil on the growth of seedlings. This particular flat is of a sandy nature, probably under- laid with clay or hardpan, producing conditions so unfavorable to tree growth that, although the plantation had been once replanted, the trees were not in a vigorous condition, and were making very slow growth. The ultimate success in the planting of heath lands in Europe, leads to the conclusion that the trees will eventually become established in this poor Adirondack land. On the slopes, the growth of planted trees is very vigorous, and many of them show a height growth of one to two or more feet annually. The plantations near Lake Clear Junction, which were established 10 years ago, showed a solid forest of fast-growing Scotch and white pine from 10 to 15 feet high, covering land which had been a barren, burned-over waste. The Adirondack nurseries of the State were also inspected, and the various operations from seed planting to trans- planting were seen. New York this year is planting about 1,000,000 trees on State lands, and has disposed of about 4,000,000 seedlings to private owners. The striking lesson of the developments in New York State for 10 years is that in this short period the attitude of the lumbermen. State officials, and of the public generally, is absolutely changed. When the first planting was done by the State, and the nursery work was started, the whole scheme was subject to more or less ridicule. Ten years later some of the largest lumbermen in the East study, with the greatest interest, the meth- ods of nursery practice and planting in vogue. Several companies have, in the meantime, in- augurated work upon their own lands, specific cases being the International Paper Company, which is planting at the rate of 500,000 trees a year ; the Union Bag Company, which has also been setting out young forest trees exten- sively ; and the Brooklyn Cooperage Company, which is planting about 100,000 trees per year. There is no prophet who can foretell what the next 10 years will bring forth ; but if the legisla- tures will give equitable forest tax laws, and the fire problem comes under a fair measure of con- trol, it is not a vain hope that the lumbermen, in addition to replanting, will be managing some of their properties on a long-time basis and cutting ' under methods which will insure natural regenera- tion instead of denudation, which has to be fol- lowed by artificial reproduction. Tree Growth in Indiana. THE State Board of Forestry has just issued its report for the year 191 1. About ten years ago, shortly after the Board was created, a forest experimental station of 2,000 acres was pur- chased in Clark County, and on this tract many experiments are in progress, in which the habits of various species are studied, and an effort made to discover laws of growth. The terminal growth of 100 young trees was taken during the growing season at 15-day intervals, and the percentage of growth of species at the end of June, expressed in percentage of the year's growth, was as follows : Per Cent, -^sn, gQ Catalpa, g'j Chestnut, go Chestnut oak, ye Coffeenut, m Kim, 61 Locust, yy Pecan, ^2 Poplar, y5 Walnut, gy Dr. Stanley Coulter, of Purdue University, made a study of the length of time necessary to bring certain species of trees to marketable size, and gives the following table as what might be expected in Indiana. Average Tiire, Average Time, 6" Diameter. 12" Diameter. „. , Years. Years. «»rch, 48 100 Chestnut, 29 60 Seech, 73 ,50 White ash, 44 no Black hickory, • • . • . 95 150 Shellbark hickory, .... 100 210 Black walnut, • 32 70 Sweet gum, 48 100 Yellow poplar, 28 60 Black or sour gum, ... 74 150 Scrub or Jersey pine, . . . 25 go Sycamore, 60 94 White oak, 60 120 Scarlet oak, 42 go Chestnut oak, 41 go Black oak, 44 73 White elm, ........ 27 56 These figures emphasize the importance of protecting a resource whose reproduction demands intervals of time generally exceeding the life span of man. Mr. Chas. C. Deam contributes descriptions of each of the different species of trees found in Indiana. :^33 140 FOREST LEAVES. : \ Paper Pulps from Various Forest Woods. THE Forest Service, of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, has issued a book- let entitled, ^^ Paper Pulps from Various Forest Woods," in the Forest Products Laboratory Series, which contains proof of the great practical progress being made in the utilization of forest products. . . u The book is presented in five divisions— the purpose of the experiments ; preparation of the pulps; raw materials tested; experimental data, and the index to the pulp specimens. j The purpose of this report is to indicate the j possibilities for paper pulp of certain woods, of | which some have been used commercially to a j slight extent, and others not at all. | To show the degree of success achieved in the production of paper pulps, there are 54 specimens of commercially valuable paper, made from various forest woods, bound together, making a conclusive argument as to the practicability of the work now being done along the utilization of forest products in different lines of usefulness. The tests on which this report is based were made at the pulp and paper laboratories of the Forest Service, at South Boston, Mass., at the Washington Laboratory, and the Forest Products Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin, at Madison, Wis. Some of the pulps in question were made at each of the laboratories mentioned. Their final collection and running into sheets, however, was made at the Forest Products Lab- oratory. The species used in the experiments were as follows : Aspen, bald cypress, beech, cotton gum, Douglas fir, Engelman spruce, grand fir, hemlock, incense cedar, jack pine, loblolly pine, lodgepole pine, longleaf pine, red alder, red maple, red spruce, scrub pine, sycamore, tamarack, tulip tree, western hemlock, white fir. New Publications. The Important Timber Trees of the United States, hy Simon B. Elliott. 8vo., 382 pages, illustrated, bound in cloth. Houghton Mifflin Co. , Boston, Mass. Price, J2.50. This interesting volume by Mr. Elliott, mem- ber of the Pennsylvania Forestry Reservation Commission, who has during his whole life made a thorough study of forestry problems, both here and in Europe, is a manual of practical for- estry for the use of foresters, students, lumbermen, and all who contemplate growing trees for eco- nomic purposes; and the book is such that a careful study of its contents, and the exercise of good judgment, will enable the successful growth of trees for commercial uses. Wherever possible, technical terms are omitted, except where abso- lutely necessary, and a glossary of those employed are given. The volume discusses the present conditions ot the forests of the United States, their restoration and treatment; reforestation, both natural and artificial, and its difficulties; the demands of the forests in the way of moisture, light, etc. ; what kind of trees should be planted and where, with the time of harvest, are set forth. Interest- ing features are the life history of a tree, the classi- fication and character of woods, the care and sowing of forest seeds, the forest nursery, trans- planting, including instructions of when to plant, proper spacing, etc. , . j r Part 2 enumerates all of the various kinds ot timber trees in the United States, each specie being taken up in detail, giving a description of the individual tree, its range, habitat, wood, leaves, flowers, fruit, uses, etc. The appendix, in addition to the glossary, con- tains tables of the average height seedlings of different species reach in one and two years, the approximate range of germination of seeds, also their number per pound or ounce, and the number of lineal feet of seed driF. covered by each quantity. This country has been wonderfully endowed with forest growth, but at the present time the rate of consumption far exceeds the reproduction, and it would be well if the desolate hill and moun- tain sides— now the breeding place of floods- should be reforested as speedily as possible, safe- guarding the valuable lumber industry, rendering more stable the flow of streams, protecting the springs and the wild inhabitants of the forests ; and Mr. Elliott's book describes in a common sense, easily understood manner, the best ways in which this can be accomplished. Sixteenth Annual Report, Forest, Fish and Game Commission of New York, for the year igio, Albany, N. Y. Svo., 224 pages, bound in cloth, illustrated. This interesting report, which has just been issued, shows that the total acreage of the forest reserves, January i, 191 1, was 1,643,004 acres, 1,491 acres having been acquired during the year ; of this total, 1,530,783 acres are in the Ad- irondack preserve, and the balance in the Cats- kill. During the year 12,679)^ acres .were burned over in the Adirondack and Catskill reg- FOREST LEAVES. 141 ions; the loss was $17,803, the greater portion being on private land. During 1909 and 1910, twenty observation stations were established, from which, in 19 10, 169 fires were reported. Of these stations 13 are towers varying from 12 to 65 feet in height, and costing to construct from $38.46 to $1,064.44. They are connected by telephone. The top lopping law has met with some criticism, and Mr, H. Leroy Austin, Commissioner, recom- mends that the law be amended so that in place of the provision that lopping be done at the time of cutting of the tree, it can be performed within 60 days after the cutting. He also calls attention to the several hundred people who reside on forest preserve lands, and recommends either that camp sites be leased, or, if this is not done, that all be evicted. Increased appropriations are urged for reforestation. Five nurseries were operated in 1910; the total supply was 2,733,200 seedlings and transplants, of which 1,700,000 were sold to private owners for reforesting purposes. A large number of two-year old white pine seedlings, im- ported from Germany in the spring of 1908, were found to have the white pine blister rust, and were destroyed. The grand total of seedlings in the nurseries, December i, 19 10, was 11,763,900. There are also excellent chapters on the forest conditions in Warren County and in Oneida County. Reports were received from 2,308 mills, show- ing amount of lumber manufactured during the year ; the output of some of the more impor- tant varieties being: hemlock, 162,783,500; spruce, 127,864,000; pine, 104,658,500 ; maple, 75,023,500; beech, 42,334,500 5 o^k, 36,520,- 500 ; basswood, 36,058,000 ; birch, 31,990,000 ; chestnut, 18,829,000; elm, 16,280,000 feet, B.M,; besides the millions of shingles, lath, staves, etc., there were 445,701 cords of pulp and paper wood, and 250,435 cords used for miscellaneous purposes. The volume closes with reports on the fish and game of the State. Logging and Lumbering, or Forest Utilization, by Dr. C. A. Schenck, Biltmore, N. C. 8vo., 189 pages, bound in cloth, illustrated. Dr. Schenck, Director of the Biltmore Forest School, has prepared this excellent treatise as a text -book for forest schools. He estimated that the amount of money spent annually between tree and manufacturing consumer is likely to ex- ceed the billion dollar mark in America, and the manufacturing consumer to put another five hun- dred million dollars into the value of the raw material improved by him. Part I treats of logging operations, and deals with the labor employed, the different styles of camps, the duration and method of employ- ment, remuneration, animal labor used, what it should do, and its cost. Woodman's tools and implements are described, also methods of felling and cutting the trees. The transportation of logs is next taken up, such as snaking, chuting, slides, flumes, driving, rafts, etc. The system of roads used in the forest, both for animals and loco- motives, and essentials which should be known in their construction are described, also the various vehicles used in the transportation of timber over these roads, such as sleds, wagons, traction engines, logging trains. The different arrangements for loading logs on these vehicles, such as manual, animal, and log loaders, are next considered, fol- lowed by aerial logging by means of cableways, etc. Part 2 deals with the manufacture of wood products, the motive power used in mills, such as animal, wind, water, steam, and electricity, and the methods of transmission of power by belts, pulleys, shafting, etc. An interesting chapter is that showing the various uses made of the trees by species ; and the technical qualities of trees, both botanical, chemical, physical, etc. The de- scription of the manufacturing industry includes the various kinds of saw mills, such as circular and band, together with the carriages used ; the log hauls, edgers, pointers, and trimmers ; the yard work of sorting, piling, and drying kilns. The various sub -divisions of manufacture are taken up, such as planing, molding, veneering, box making, etc.; also basket, cooperage, wagon, ! shingle, lath, novelty, excelsior, and match works ; I wood pulp and chemical fiber mills, and the pro- cesses employed in each, together with a reference to use in textile fabrics ; farming material and tanneries ; the manufacture of charcoal in meilers, kilns, and retorts, and the recovery of by-products from the latter. It also treats of artificial silk made from cellulose, oxalic acid, the maple sugar industry, naval stores, their production and manu- facture. The uses made of different forest fruits are mentioned, and methods of preserving woods described. The illustrations taken in connection with the text enable the reader to obtain a comprehensive idea of the lumber industry and its various pro- cesses, which, in the United States, employ a larger number of persons than any other single industry. Forest Conditions in Western North Carolina, Bulletin No. 23. The North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, Raleigh, N. C. Large 8vo., 116 pages, illustrated. In this brochure, Mr. J. S. Holmes, Forester J^3^ ^3 S" 142 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 143 ii il North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, and Forest Examiner of the U. S. Forest Service, gives the results of a two year's study of the forest conditions in the western part of the State. Of a total of 4,139,520 acres in 16 counties, 3,127,- 961 acres, or 76 per cent., are forested. On this area the estimated amount of standing timber in trees, 10 inches and over in diameter, is 10,714,- 715,000 feet B. M., of which over one quarter is chestnut, and a somewhat smaller amount red oak. The cut in 1909 is estimated at about 59,- 000,000 cubic feet, or an average of 19 cubic feet per acre over all the forest land of the region. The uncared for hardwood forests are growing at the rate of but from 12 to 15 cubic feet per acre, so that the timber is being cut much more rapidly than it grows. By protection from fire, and en- couraging the more rapid growing of valuable species, it is estimated the yield of timber could be largely increased. The timber of each of the different counties in this section are described in detail ; also the tim- ber industries, methods of transportation, with valuable suggestions in regard to forest manage- ment and fire protection. A map shows by means of colored areas the stand in feet, which vary considerably, and this and the illustrations aid in securing a good under- standing of the situation. Eighth Annual Report, igiJ, of the State Forester of Massachusetts, 8vo., 154 pages, il- lustrated. Boston, Mass. Mr. Frank W. Rane has prepared an interest- ing account of the work done during the past year in Massachusetts. Examinations were made of 8, 202 acres of private woodlands, and inspection of 880 acres. There are nurseries at Amherst and Sandwich, with a transplant nursery at Hopkinton, but the output from these was insufficient to sup- ply the demand under the reforestation act, and seedlings had to be purchased. There will be available from these nurseries for 191 2, about 500,000 transplants and 350,000 three-year-old seedlings, which, with the two-year-old stock, is expected to take care of the entire planting work. The total number of transplants and seedlings at the nurseries is 7,379,071. The State plantations have an area of 860 acres. In the year 191 1, forest fires devastated 99,693 acres, the damage being estimated at $537,749. If this continues it would destroy every acre of present forest land in the State — estimated at 2,500,000 acres — in 25 years. The origin of nearly one-half of the fires was unknown, but of the re- mainder, one-half is attributable to the railroads. The chestnut tree blight disease is spreading rapidly, being reported in 72 townships, located in eight counties. The State is still waging its warfare against the gypsy and brown tail moths, the annual State ap- propriation for this purpose being J3 15,000, and great improvements have been made in spraying equipment. Individuals and municipalities con- tribute to this work, and the total expenditures up to the present time are estimated at ;^6,ooo,- 000. In addition the United States government has spent $700,000. Experiments will be made with Wilt and Fungus diseases on these moths. The Metropolitan Water Board has planted 1,200 acres of land with white pine and hardwoods, and many other municipal water supplies have sought advice. The Migration of Birds, T. A. Coward, Man- ual 28, and Earthworms and their Allies, F. E. Beddard, Manual 32, of the Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature. i6vo., 137 and 150 pages, respectively, bound in cloth, Cambridge University Press, England. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 40 cents each. The first of these two scientific manuals relates to the cause and origin of the migration of birds, describes the routes taken, the height and speed of the flight, orientation and route finding, the distances travelled by birds, the effect of weather on the flight, perils and early ideas of migration. Four maps show the routes different birds take. In this brochure, Mr. Coward has endeavored to elucidate the problems connected with the migra- tion of birds, and has brought together some of the more important theories, giving prominence to ascertained facts, and shedding light on what the ancients described as the ** mystery of mys- teries." A bibliography and index completes the little book. Mr. F. E. Beddard, in Manual 32, has given an interesting treatise on earthworms, dealing mainly with the phenomena of distribution, and has included nearly all of the usually admitted genera of worms, particularly of the terrestrial forms. There are nine chapters dealing with structural and systematic features of the worms, mode of life, the external features of earthworms and their relation to habit and environment, sense organs and senses of worms, relative frequency in different regions of the world, peregrine forms, the earthworms of the Oceanic Islands, movement and migration, and geographic distribution. The manual closes with a list of the literature referring to earthworms and an index. The illustrations aid in a thorough understanding of the subject, and, as presented in the volume, give many won- derful facts in regard to these humble Oligochaeta. American Forestry C ompany Forestry Rxperts and Wholesale Growers THEODORE F. BORST FOREST ENGINEER TT7E have supplied many land-owners of Pennsylvania with " Little Trees for Big Plantations '' from our extensive nurseries. 20,000,000 in stock. We contract for every kind of forestry work, and annually carry out operations second only to the government service in extent and importance. Write for our instructive catalogue and price list. Ask us about your particular problem. American Forestry Company "LITTLE TREE FARMS" SOUTH FRAMINGHAM, MASS. (near boston) p. O. BOX 52 J. T. ROTHROCK, Consulting Forester, WEST CHESTER, PA. Terms upon Application. M^^^TT^^^TTff^F'W^TTWWPW^^ffff^^^^PWTTTW "Jusl Ihe Information We Need' 1 I I I r I I I I I I i-n- ^^^^^^mJ^^^MMMlMllM^n^^^^l .. Webstei^ New International -THEMERRUMVteSTER Every day in your talk and reading, on the street car, in the office, shop, and school some new question is sure to come up. You seek quick, accurate, encyclopedic, up-to- date information. This NEW CREATION will answer all your questions with hnal authority. 400^000 Word* Defined, 2700 Pages. 6000 Uluatra- tioiu. Coat $400,000. The only dictionary with the new divided page. A "Stroke of Genius." Write for specimen pages, illustrations, etc. Mention this publi- cation and receive FREE a set of pocket maps. C A. C MERRIAM CO., Springfield, Mass. U. S. A. ^3^ 144 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry^ — preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. FORESTERS CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Biltmore Forest School BILTMORE. N. C. 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore. Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. * The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CEESTNUT HILL, FHILA. 30 minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARBING SCHOOL FOB BOTS. Illustrated Catalogue upon application, JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Matter. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: The Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, PrmderU. Samuel F. Houston, Vice-Pregident. George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DI8STON. EDOAR DUDLEY FARIES. FRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MOCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered I college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered without conditions. ^3^ \(f^cS3^. m^^ Vol. XIII. Philadelphia, August, 1912. No. 10. Published Bi- Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, zoia Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials i45 Narrative of the Bushkill Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association 146 The Possibility of Reproducing our Eastern Forests by Natural Means 149 The Effect of Trees on Health 151 Forest Taxation in Pennsylvania 153 Pennsylvania Forest Reserve Notes 156 New Publications 158 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. Th« attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages 0/ FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be bur- nished on application. ThXn^ennsylvania Forestry Association, ' FOUNDSD IN JUNB, 1 886, LAbors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership Jke^ Two dollars. Life membership^ Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, loia Walnut Street, Phila. President t John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Wm, 8. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis. General Secretary^ Dr Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, ¥. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Council-at- Large ^ Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Hon. Robert S. Conklin, Samuel L. Smedley. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Zaw, Chas. C. Blnney, Chairman ; Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson. J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Publication,\o\in Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, William 8. Kirk, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. County Organisation fSaimne\ Marshall, Chairman; Eugene Ellicott, James C. Haydon, and Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger OmcB OF THB Association, xoia Walnut St., Philadblphia. EDITORIALS. A S was to be expected, the chestnut blight jM^ and Other tree diseases commanded much attention at the late meeting of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association. The work being carried on by the Chestnut Tree Blight Commis- sion was ably presented and discussed, samples of diseased trees were exhibited and explained — at- tention being incidentally directed to the injury done to some of the oak, locust, willow, maple^ and sycamore trees by fungi or insects, of which those in attendance saw evidences en route to or while at the convention. While the studies being prosecuted by the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission direct attention to the particular fungus which encouraged the Commission's creation, they are serving a good purpose by awakening interest in other tree dis- eases or enemies, and thousands of our citizens, now critically examine trees to which a year ago they would have given but a passing expression of regret at their decline. The influence which birds and wood animals exert in preventing or propagating tree diseases, the effect of present conditions of population and industries upon tree growth, the claim that wholesale denudation has limited the available number of trees to be attacked, thereby mag- nifying troubles, are among the subjects to be investigated. The enlistment of Boy Scouts as voluntary investigators will be of far-reaching effect in the future, for a youth taught how to look for and distinguish causes of tree decay may be expected to maintain this interest when of mature years. The wisdom of the State of Pennsylvania appro- priating $275,000 for the study and eradication of a special disease has been questioned, and the Com- mission has given no assurance that it will be able to save the chestnut trees ; but if an entire *;• .V- ■- - •■ •*^. \'^^ iy-c--*^--'. .y^ ■^-'■■■:i-\: i>. ^%::^L-\.'-^-y' FACTORY FALLS, CHILDS PARK, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. VIEW IN GLEN, CHILDS PARK, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. ? \ \ / / 152 FOREST LEAVES. could quote many other diseases and abnormal conditions due to its absence. While speaking of this phase of the question, I wish to mention the impossibility of obtaining air free from impurities except in the close neighbor- hood of woodland. For this reason all institutions seek locations where trees abound and where there is a large area between the buildings and roads or smoke-produc- ing railroads and factories. These are all points in relation to the manner in which trees help restore health. Very few people realize how many diseases are produced from what we now call infection, and still fewer understand that the dissemination of these various infections is largely by means of dust from streets and roads which are subject to the constant rays of the sun. How grateful it is, in these days of dusty and dirty streets and highways, to strike a forest road or lane, and drive for miles between the trees, with no need of goggles, with no danger of cinders getting in one's eyes, and with no need of dark glasses to prevent the midday glare. Most dis- eases of the mucous membranes of the eye, nose, throat, and lungs are caused by infection distrib- uted from dusty surfaces through the air. This would either not obtain at all or be materially lessened were the subject of tree growth properly considered in the building of our city streets and our country roads. And this could have been done at an insignifi- cant cost when these projects were first started, and in many instances it simply meant transplant- ing from adjacent lots or land. The prevention of dust, then, is another great useful element which trees have which enables us to prevent disease, also helps to restore health when attacked by dust-borne affections. The question of water has been very fully discussed, and I think you will all admit the value of trees in its conservation. There is probably no economic question so troublesome to municipalities as the one of adequate water supply. You may ask where does health come in here. I need only to mention that coincident with the destruction and waste of forests comes the waste of water. Freshets could be averted, and when natural streams become polluted, as they are at the present, we should have been able to draw on springs which have gone dry, on brooks and rivu- lets which cannot be found, they having gone with the trees, the source of their life. It is still a mooted question as to the source of artesian water, but scientific men are inclined to think that this supply, on which we counted so much, is also dependent on surface percolation, and, if so, on trees. Without an abundance of water for both inter- nal and external use for both man and mammals, health would not only be impaired but restoration after sickness would be next to impossible. Beauty of surroundings has a place in maintain- ing health, and especially in its restoration. Under this head I would first mention the functional nervous disease, neurasthenia. The rest and quiet furnished by a grove of trees supply the necessary environment for the recovery of these cases, and the expression, ** getting back to Nature," is also applicable to many gastric neuroses or conditions which respond to the same treatment. I know that many attribute the improvement in these cases to the change of scene and occupation. This has been disproved by trying to treat these cases in hospitals near the home of the sick person, and has usually failed, unless the hospital is so arranged as to simulate in surroundings the above description. The change mentioned as being needed in these cases is largely change of surroundings, from a dull, prosaic place to a locality where the outlook is beautiful, where the scenery is attractive and interesting ; and how unattractive would be the scenery without trees and vegetation. The question is often asked, Do trees, by the emanation of vapors, aromas, or balsams, promote health or cure disease? I can say positively that no cure of a well-defined organic disease can be effected by this property which trees possess in a measure. As you all know, pine groves and forests have long been believed to have curative properties in diseases of the lungs and throat, and certain parts of New Jersey and some locations in our southern States have grown more or less famous as health resorts on this account. It is readily admitted by medical authorities that the balsamic emanations are grateful to an irritated surface, and that, therefore, such an atmosphere is conducive to a return to health in many cases. It must be borne in mind, however, and due credit given to the points already men- tioned in this paper concerning the purity of the air in forests and its freedom from irritating parti- cles which aggravate inflammatory conditions. The shade and moisture in woods prevent the formation of dust or other impurities in their par- ticular locality, and such particles which pollute air elsewhere are barred out by the closeness of the foliage in summer, when the sun is so respon- sible for conditions which give rise to dust. We now come to an important phase of the Forest Leaves, Vol. xiii., No. io. ^.r/.''' ■*^»''?^v',. ''^crx^- • * "* ■^^'^^j' FACTORY FALLS, CHILDS PARK, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. ^wj-fJ^V- . -, „v; "^^.'v^ : • 't^-' ^fi^^. •;^^- XV^'-.-f L ,a>-- ^:.^' 3i*r <«% .; :.J^' /.* VIEW IN GLEN, CHILDS PARK, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. \ / NTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FoRKST Lkavks. Vol.. Xlll., No. lO. UPPER BUSHKILL FALLS, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. N i Forks I Lkavks, Vol. xiii.. No. id. LOWER BUSHKILL FALLS, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. y FoKKST Leaves. Vol. xiii., No. id. FoKEsi Leaves, Vol. xiil. No. io. ■^^ t ^*» iv-lH,^ I ^^^ 4'v 1 &' ^ k,-r> :.-y^--t.t .-•hi*- •^i «• 7:^ I '^S •'■;>. •**-', <^5s=- •'C- UPPER BUSHKILL FALLS, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. I --*-*<» '>j|[^«w<4b. ■"^I*,:- ••4. ..'^iw-.-i^ms^ 3«ier*^' LOWER BUSHKILL FALLS, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE v^^-^vT FOREST LEAVES. 153 Forest I.kavks, Vol. xiii., No. lo. RESICA FALLS, MONROE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. MAPLE TREE NEAR BUSHKILL, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. subject, which refers to the product of trees, such as medicines, fruit, and nuts. From time immemorial the medical profession has depended upon trees and plants for most of its dependable medicines. From a tree we secured the first medicine which has absolutely curative power over a disease ; I refer to the use of quinine in malarial fevers. This acts, as you know, by killing the plas- moidium, or germ, while it is circulating in the blood. The bark of the cinchona tree furnishes us with this very important remedy, the tree being indig- enous to South America and found on the slopes of the Andes Mountains. It has been propagated in other countries. Camphor is another important remedy which is a tree product. This tree grows in Corea and China. Strychnia is one of our very dependable medi- cines, and we are indebted to the Strychnos-Nux Vomica tree for it. Turpentine, as you well know, comes from our pine trees. Others which should be mentioned, as they are still in daily use by the medical profession in the cure of diseased conditions, are : Eucalyptus, Ben- zoin, Quassia, Wild Cherry, Cinnamon, Balsam of Peru, Balsam of Tolu, Pix Liquida or Tar, from which creosote is made, all of which are obtained from trees of the same name. Some of our essential oils are tree products, such as the Oil of Birch and the Oil of Sandal Wood. These examples could be multiplied many times, and many of these medicines have life saving properties ; all of them help in restoring health. The health giving properties of fruits are well known, and the apple, pear, peach, lemon, orange, need only to be mentioned to show to what a great extent we depend on trees for nutriment for our bodies. That fruit is essential to health is a settled fact, as it is also well known that the withdrawal of fruit causes well known and well defined symptoms and diseases. Nuts also have a definite food value, and should be placed on the asset side of trees. Life has been sustained on this food alone, and, as you well know, is used as a sole article of diet in certain cures. The chestnut, walnut, beech-nut, hazel- nut, are examples of the more common ones used in this country. I have not gone into the question of healthful- ness of the work in forests, as that comes more properly under a discussion of exercise. It could be readily asserted that, compared to many vocations in cities, which are not remunera- tive, work in forests at improvement, cutting, or transplanting, would be one way of lessening the many diseases caused by close application in fac- tories or offices where conditions are not conducive to health. Alexander Armstrong. Forest Taxation in Pennsylvania. Proposed Legislation. OUR readers will remember that bills looking to the creation of a just method of taxing private forest lands have been under con- sideration by the legislature during the last three sessions. Increasing interest has been shown in this matter, and it is believed that the time has come when public opinion is in favor of the establishment of a system by which our citizens shall be encouraged in forestry promotion, and the counties and townships duly protected in the collection of proper taxes on the land and its forest product. The following acts having been carefully pre- pared, were considered and discussed, and the origi- nal drafts amended, at the recent meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association held at Bushkill, Pennsylvania, in June. They are now submitted to our members for consideration in advance of the annual meeting in December. Our members should use their influence with legislators to secure the enactment of this needed and important legislation. AN ACT TO DEFINE AND ESTABLISH AUXILIARY FOREST RESERVES AND PROVIDING A PENALTY FOR THE VIOLATION OF THE PROVISIONS THEREOF. ^ Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That in order to encourage the growing of such trees as will at the proper age be suitable for mer- chantable timber and sawed lumber, whether such be of natural reproduction or from seed sown or trees planted out, or all combined, all surface lands which may be set apart according to the provisions of this act, and exclusively used for growing such trees, are hereby constituted a separate and distinct class of lands, to be known as auxiliary forest reserves. Sec. 2. When any owner of surface land desires to have such land placed in the class established by Section i of this act, such owner shall notify the Department of Forestry of his desire in manner and form to be prescribed by said Department. < Forest I.kavks, Vol. xiii., No. lo. RESICA FALLS, MONROE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. » >i; '. '..^•*^ =-- ^-^^^ *• %X •>«t^ .,..:- A '' /^-^ -i( /.-ui I. * f-^ • f^'. MAPLE TREE NEAR BUSHKILL, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. Hi INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE :5>^s^ FOREST LEAVES. 153 subject, which refers to the product of trees, such as medicines, fruit, and nuts. From time immemorial the medical profession has depended upon trees and plants for most of its dependable medicines. From a tree we secured the first medicine which has absolutely curative power over a disease ; I refer to the use of quinine in malarial fevers. This acts, as you know, by killing the plas- moidium, or germ, while it is circulating in the blood. The bark of the cinchona tree furnishes us with this very important remedy, the tree being indig- enous to South America and found on the slopes of the Andes Mountains. It has been propagated in other countries. Camphor is another important remedy which is a tree product. This tree grows in Corea and China. Strychnia is one of our very dependable medi- cines, and we are indebted to the Strychnos-Nux Vomica tree for it. Turpentine, as you well know, comes from our pine trees. Others which should be mentioned, as they are still in daily use by the medical profession in the cure of diseased conditions, are : Eucalyptus, Ben- zoin, Quassia, Wild Cherry, Cinnamon, Balsam of Peru, Balsam of Tolu, Fix Liquida or Tar, from which creosote is made, all of which are obtained from trees of the same name. Some of our essential oils are tree products, such as the Oil of Birch and the Oil of Sandal Wood. These examples could be multiplied many times, and many of these medicines have life saving properties ; all of them help in restoring health. The health giving properties of fruits are well known, and the apple, pear, peach, lemon, orange, need only to be mentioned to show to what a great extent we depend on trees for nutriment for our bodies. That fruit is essential to health is a settled fact, as it is also well known that the withdrawal of fruit causes well known and well defined symptoms and diseases. Nuts also have a definite food value, and should be placed on the asset side of trees. Life has been sustained on this food alone, and, as you well know, is used as a sole article of diet in certain cures. The chestnut, walnut, beech-nut, hazel- nut, are examples of the more common ones used in this country. I have not gone into the question of healthful- ness of the work in forests, as that comes more properly under a discussion of exercise. It could be readily asserted that, compared to many vocations in cities, which are not remunera- tive, work in forests at improvement, cutting, or transplanting, would be one way of lessening the many diseases caused by close application in fac- tories or offices where conditions are not conducive to health. Alexander Armstrong. Forest Taxation in Pennsylvania. ! Proposed Legislation. OUR readers will remember that bills looking to the creation of a just method of taxing private forest lands have been under con- sideration by the legislature during the last three sessions. Increasing interest has been shown in this matter, and it is believed that the time has come when public opinion is in favor of the establishment of a system by which our citizens shall be encouraged in forestry promotion, and the counties and townships duly protected in the collection of proper taxes on the land and its forest product. The following acts having been carefully pre- pared, were considered and discussed, and the origi- nal drafts amended, at the recent meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association held at Bushkill, Pennsylvania, in June. They are now submitted to our members for consideration in advance of the annual meeting in December. Our members should use their influence with legislators to secure the enactment of this needed and important legislation. AN ACT TO DEFINE AND ESTABLISH AUXILIARY FOREST RESERVES AND PROVIDING A PENALTY FOR THE VIOLATION OF THE PROVISIONS THEREOF. Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same. That in order to encourage the growing of such trees as will at the proper age be suitable for mer- chantable timber and sawed lumber, whether such be of natural reproduction or from seed sown or trees planted out, or all combined, all surface lands which may be set apart according to the provisions of this act, and exclusively used for growing such trees, are hereby constituted a separate and distinct class of lands, to be known as auxiliary forest reserves. Sec. 2. When any owner of surface land desires to have such land placed in the class established by Section i of this act, such owner shall notify the Department of Forestry of his desire in manner and form to be prescribed by said Department. < 154 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST . LEAVES. 155 Said notice shall contain a description of the land, its location, boundary, area and character, and state, as far as practicable, the species, number and size of trees per acre growing thereon, and also their condition and whether they are of natural reproduction or are from seed sown for the purpose or have been set out on said land, and such other information as the Department may require. If, upon receipt and consideration of this notice, the Department may deem the conditions such as to warrant action on its part to determine whether such lands should rightfully be placed in the class established by Section i of this act, it shall cause the same to be examined by some person learned in the principles and prac- tices of forestry and a report made thereon, and if, upon receipt and consideration of such report, it decides that such land should be placed in the class established by Section i of this act, it shall so declare and certify to the Commissioners of the county in which said land is located. Sec. 3. Upon receipt by the County Commis- sioners of such certificate of the Department, it shall be their duty at once to place said surface land in the class established by Section 1 of this act, and keep the same therein until the trees growing thereon shall, in the judgment of the Department, become sufficiently large and suitable for merchantable timber and sawed lumber, or the land be devoted to other purposes ; provided, however, that the certificate of the Department shall not become operative to place said surface land in the class established by Section i of this act until the owner of said surface land has agreed, in writing, with the Department to care for and treat the trees growing thereon according to the instructions and directions of the Department, and until such trees become suitable for mer- chantable timber and sawed lumber ; and if any such owner at any time fails to care for and treat the trees growing on said land as agreed with the Department, and due proof thereof is made, the Department may remove said surface land from the the class established by Section t of this act. And this Department shall remove said surface lands from the class established by Section i of this act at any time that the then owner shall petition for such removal. In case of removal, the County Commissioners shall, on notice from the Depart- ment, proceed to recover from said owner, for the use of the county and township, by an appropriate action at law. if necessary, the difference in the amount of tax which would have been paid by the said owner at the rates established for the years for which recovery is sought, and the rate pro- vided for auxiliary forest reserves, with costs of suit and to be recoverable from the time when such lands were placed in the class of auxiliary forest reserves. Said difference in the amount of tax shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of an act entitled '* An Act to provide for the taxation of auxiliary forest reserves,'* approved . Sec. 4. Whenever the trees growing on said surface land have become suitable for merchantable timber and sawed lumber, and the owner thereof desires to cut and market the same, he shall give to the Department at least three months* notice prior to the time when it is his desire to begin such cutting and marketing." The Department shall then make an examination of said lands, and designate for the owner the kind and number of trees most suitable to be cut for the purposes for which the owner desires to place the same on the market, if, in the judgment of the Department, there be any, and the cutting and removal of said trees so designated shall be in accordance with the instructions of the Department. Sec. 5. If the owner of said surface land faith- fully carries out the instructions of the Department with regard to the removal and marketing of such mature or other trees as may be designated in the instructions of the said Department, and shall immediately replant other trees of valuable species for timber and sawed lumber, or so protects the young growth that the said land may immediately become covered with young forest growth, and does so in accordance with the instructions of the Department, then such surface land shall remain in the said class established by Section i of this act ; otherwise, the Department shall notify the County Commissioners that the said lands are not being maintained in accordance with the written agreement of the owner and the instructions of the Department, in which event the County Commis- sioners shall immediately remove said lands from the class established by Section i of this act. All expenses attendant upon the examination of the said surface lands by the Department shall be paid out of monies appropriated for the mainte- nance of the Department of Forestry in like man- ner as other expenses for maintenance of said Department are now paid. Sec. 6. The owner of the said auxiliary forest reserves shall at all times have the right to remove therefrom trees or portions of trees which may be killed by fire, thrown or broken by the wind or injured by other natural causes, and shall, under I the direction of the Department, be privileged to make necessary thinnings or removal of undesira- ble species of trees in order to improve the con- dition of the remaining trees, and under the same direction may be privileged to remove therefrom such timber from time to time as may be neces- sary and essential for use upon the cleared lands of the said owner for general farm purposes Sec. 7. The placing of any tract of land within that class of lands to be known as auxiliary forest reserves, as provided for in tjiis act shall in no wise be construed in limitation of the sale or con- veyance of said lands by the owner thereof, and no such sale or transfer of title, either by volun- tary deed of conveyance, assignment for the bene- fit of creditors by insolvency or bankruptcy pro- ceedings, or under a process of execution by reason of any judgment or decree obtained or had in any court or by device in any will or descent under the intestate laws of this Commonwealth shall operate for the removal of said lands from that class of lands to be known as Auxiliary For- est Reserves, but that such lands shall continue in said class, and shall not be removed therefrom except in accordance with the provisions of this act. The continuance of such tracts within that class of lands known as Auxiliary Forest Reserves shall not be construed or regarded as an incum- brance on said lands which, under existing laws, may be removed or discharged by judicial sale. Sec. 8. That all acts or parts of acts inconsist- ent herewith be, and the same are, hereby repealed. AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE TAXATION OF AUXILIARY FOREST RESERVES. Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same. That all surface lands which may hereafter be classified and set apart as auxiliary forest reserves shall be assessed for the purpose of taxation in an amount not in excess of one dollar per acre, and shall continue to be so assessed so long as the said lands remain within the class designated as auxili- ary forest reserves. Provided, however, that if said surface lands be underlaid with coal, iron ore, oil, gas or other valuable minerals, said mineral or minerals may be separately assessed. And Provided, further, that the assessors shall in the several districts in which such lands are situated also assess such lands as if they had not been set apart as auxiliary forest reserves, and shall keep a separate record thereof, such dupli- cate assessments not to be levied, but to be subject to the usual course of exception, appeal and final adjustment ; to be made of record in the office of the County Commissioners, and to be available and to come into force in computing the amount due the county and township in case such lands shall be removed from the class of auxifiary forest reserves established under the provisions of an act entitled **An act to define and establish auxiliary forest reserves and providing a penalty for the violation of the provisions thereof,*' approved . Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the County Commissioners to furnish each year to the several assessors of the county a statement of the names of the owners and a sufficient description of the tracts which have been classified as auxiliary forest reserves. Sec. 3. Whenever timber on land which is included in the class of land known as auxiliary forest reserves is cut and marketed, the owner of said land shall pay to the County Commissioners, for the use of the county road districts, poor dis- tricts and school districts, ten per centum of the selling value of the marketed stumpage, and said amount shall be ascertained by statement under oath or affirmation furnished to the said Commis- sioners by the owner of the lands, setting forth the number of feet and selling value of both coniferous and broadleaf timber respectively, and to be distributed at once pro rata and in accord- ance with the tax millage for county, road, poor and school purposes levied in the year in which the distribution is made. Should the County Commissioners be dissatisfied with any such re- turn, the Court of Common Pleas in any such county, on petition of the Commissioners, shall appoint a board of three appraisers, who shall go upon the land in question, estimate the quantity of timber cut and marketed, and make a return thereof to the Court, which said return shall then be made the basis of the estimate provided for in this section. The said appraisers shall be duly sworn or affirmed before entering upon their work, and either party, if dissatisfied with the report of the appraisers, shall have right of appeal to the Court of Common Pleas of the county. The said appraisers shall be allowed their expenses and a compensation to be fixed by the Court, both to be paid by the County Commissioners. Sec. 4. This act shall take effect only begin- ning with assessments made for the purpose of levying taxes for the fiscal year one thousand nine hundred and fourteen. On July 17, 18, and 19 a Forestry Conference was held in the White Mountains under the auspices of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, with the co-operation of the New Hampshire Forestry Commission, the Amer- ican Forestry Association, the Association of Northeastern Foresters, and the New Hampshire Timberland Owners Association. *^V^« II "1 III' ^ 3^9 156 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 157 i Pennsylvania Forest Reserve Notes. FORESTER R. LYNN EMERICK, of the Potter County Reserve, is enthusiastic over the results of his as yet uncompleted tele- phone protective system. Two of his rangers hive telephone connection with the forester's office. The wires are strung on the Western Union Tele- graph poles, which grants the free use of their poles for the public welfare. The rangers have field telephones which can be attached at any point. Nine incipient fires were extinguished by the forester and rangers without outside help during the last spring, three being due to railroads and six to lightning. No large fires occurred on the reserve. What might have happened with- out the 'phone is hard to estimate. Forester Emerick planted 295,000 seedlings this spring: White pine, Norway spruce, red oak, Scotch pine, bull pine. The season was favorable and the plantations are looking fine at present. These are interesting because they are on steep hillsides, several times burned, and supporting only the most meagre soil cover. Three lookout stations have been established, and it is hoped to complete the 'phone system by joining these and the other rangers with the pres- ent line. Mr. Emerick says that Forest Inspector George H. Wirt visited the reserve the first week in June, and aided in putting into operation an experi- mental system of bookkeeping. He says, **This visit was most beneficial and inspiring." The foresters in general feel that they are visited too infrequently. We need closer contact with the Commission and office. These visits lead to a better understanding of the needs of the reserves and the work that is going on. A note appeared in the Canadian Forestry Journal concerning the use of wood ashes in '* damping off." The forester at Greenwood Furnace Nursery used hot wood ashes on Scotch pine with marked results. Although the day was unfavorable, the spread of the fungus was checked. Mr. Emerick sends an interesting lightning re- port covering a period of one year. Twenty-six trees were struck. April and May were months of greatest frequency. The trees struck in order of frequency were: Hemlock (dead), white pine (dead), hard maple, chestnut, hemlock (alive), white pine (alive), beech (i). The dead hem- lock and white pine' were most frequently ig- nited. The following reports by three foresters are worthy of being given in full. The two reserve reports represent a wide diversity of conditions, one being from a county in the '' Northern Tier " and the other from the >' Southern Tier :" The Blackjvell Reserve.— Tht Blackwell Divi- sion of the Stone Reserve, located in southwestern Tioga County, comprises nearly 30,000 acres of ravine and plateau land. A forester and two rang- ers are regularly employed. All the land has been surveyed, except about 5,000 acres recently pur- chased. The primary duty is protection, and to meet this need a fire-lane system has been laid out, and at present includes 24 miles of drivable roads, 26 miles of fire lanes, and 5 miles of trails. All points between Blackwells and Cedar Run, where the railroad passes by or through woodland, have been cleared to a distance of 60 feet from and parallel to the railroad right of way. All brush, dead and down trees, and logs have been cut and burned, leaving the fire lane free from refuse and inflammable material. All valuable trees were allowed to stand. This fire lane will be gone over before each fire season and all combustible mate- rial removed. In this way an attempt will be made to lessen the danger from sparks and cinders of passing locomotives. The plantations are doing very well. During the spring of 1910, 12,000 white pines were planted by Forester George A. Retan, and they are showing remarkable growth. These were three years old when planted, and at present will aver- age 20 inches in height, with 90 per cent, grow- ing. The experimental plantations of honey locust and white ash made during the same year show poor results. The loss is probably due to soil conditions. In the spring of 1911, 40,000 white pines were planted. About 86 per cent, are growing, but they are not very large. These were only two years old when set out, and they were too young to do well under the dense shade of the sweet fern. They do well under the bracken. During the fall of 191 1, 5,000 willow cuttings and 15,000 red oaks were planted. The former are doing very well. The latter were planted in an abandoned field, with a northwestern exposure, and the frost heaved out many of them. The late frosts of the past spring stripped the leaves from the ones which lived, and it is a question whether they will be strong enough to leaf again. 60,000 white pine, three years old, were planted in the spring of 191 2, and a good percent- age is growing. 6,000 of these were planted, with the same number of red oaks, one row of pines alternating with one row of oaks. Another tract of the same size, which is coming up with white oak sprouts, three years old, was under- planted with pine. These two plantations should show the ability of the seedlings over the fire- stunted sprouts in mixed plantations. Experimental plantations of Scotch pine, Euro- pean larch, and bull pine were made, and they are starting very well. If the soil and climatic conditions are right, these species should prove valuable for future plantations. 12,650 Norway spruce were planted. Of these, 2,000 were two years old, 9,300 were three-year- old seedlings and the remainder were three years old, one year transplanted. All of these show high percentages living, but the older trees are recovering from the shock of being set out much quicker than the younger ones. Since the planting season, a crew of six men have been opening fire lanes and repairing roads. In six weeks they have opened four miles of fire lanes, repaired four miles of roads, and converted three miles of fire lane into drivable roads. It is hoped that this crew may be kept busy through the summer and fall. To the present time, the results from the work are very encouraging. The people in the vicinity of the reserve are friendly toward the work and seem to be in sympathy with the forestry move- ment. With their good will and assistance, for- estry in this locality should have a great future. John W. Keller. The Bedford County Reserve, — This reserve consists of about 11,000 acres of land situated in the southern end of Bedford County, located on Tussey and Evitt Mountains, and includes Martin Hill, said to be the highest point in the county and the second highest in the State. The reserve is about twelve miles long, four miles wide at its greatest width, and extends to within six rods of the Pennsylvania and Maryland line. The reserve was surveyed in the fall of 1909 and summer of 19 10. Considerable difficulty was encountered in locating the old lines and corners, as, in most cases there existed no trace of them upon the ground. The lines were marked, painted, and posted at that time, and were given a second coat of paint in the fall of 191 1. During the spring just past about 28,000 seed- lings were planted in the old fields of this reserve, which planting covered about 14 acres of ground. This year's planting practically completes the planting on the reserve, as far as the old fields are concerned. Some experiments have been tried this year, and in years past, of planting dif- ferent species upon land overgrown with other trees and barren oak. It is too early to obtain any definite results from these experiments ; but, to a certain extent, upon their results, as well as those carried on along similar lines upon other reserves, will depend just what species will be most suitable for planting upon barren oak lands upon this reserve. During the coming summer 2 miles of road will be built and about 9 miles will be repaired. ■ At the present time there exists i6j^ miles of fire lanes and 6 miles of good roads. One and a half miles of fire lane will be constructed. It has been the practice to locate the fire lanes with the idea in view of making them over into roads at a later date. In accordance with this practice, 6 miles of fire lanes will be made passable this year, which will then give us about 1 2 miles of roads and i2j^ miles of fire lanes. At the present time these roads are built for the purpose of communication and as means of protection from fire. With a very small expenditure they can be constructed for the hauling of heavy loads. As a rule, the citizens of the county are friendly to the work. From time to time articles have been published in the county papers setting forth the work, aims, and results of the forest reserves. No material has been sold from the reserve, owing to the conditions upon and surrounding the re- serve, and to the fact that we have not, up to the present time, been able to make an investigation of just what marketable material exists upon the reserve. It is hoped that we will be able to take up this branch of the work in the near future. After making a study of just what timber exists upon the reserve, and in what quantity, we shall be in better position to make recommendations for its utilization. W. L. Byers. System of Accounting, — To be capable of being used uniformly over the whole State, an account- ing system must be flexible — be able to undergo slight variations without a disarrangement of the general plan resulting. Such a system can well be based on a broad general division of the ac- tivities which occupy the time of the forester and his assistants. Hence, for an accounting system which would cover every possible contingency in State-wide use, it would be necessary to have ledgers capable of carrying many accounts in such a way that a balance for each separate division of forest work — such as Protection — could be struck without the necessity of wading through all the other unrelated accounts. In the system which is being tried on the Kart- haus reserve allowance has been made for this in the following way : Cash Book and Journal, the books of original entry, are much the same as in the usual set of books. Entries are minutely detailed and sepa- rate columns are provided in which operations are debited and credited by ** hours " and ** rate per Irl ^d^O 158 FOREST LEAVES. hour," it being a recognized fact that the number of hours expended should be the basis of compari- son of the cost of operations, rather than the actual cash outlay, since the cost of labor varies greatly over the State. In addition to these columns, a column is provided on the left of the Journal sheet in which is entered the name of the General Division Ledger to which the entry is to be posted. Four of these General Division Ledgers are used : Protection, Administration, Reforestation, and Utilization Ledgers. Accounts are opened in these ledgers with the various operations of the reserve : Wykoff Run Improvement Cutting, Fire Extinction, Hamlin Fire Lane, Collection of Data, etc. These accounts are debited and cred- ited with their respective expenditures and re- ceipts, and with their just proportion of charge for foresters' and rangers' time. These accounts are closed at the end of the year by an appropriate debit or credit to a Profit and Loss account which is carried in another ledger, which may be called the Current Ledger. (That is, all accounts except those which carry an inventory, such as a ** tools " account. Such an account cannot be closed as long as an inventory exists. ) This Current Ledger may be said to be the ledger of personal accounts, and to summarize the accounts from the General Division Ledgers. An account in this ledger must be debited when an account in one of the General Division Ledgers is credited and vice versa. Let us suppose, for example, that in extinguishing a fire, a bill of $io has been contracted with John Jones, the local liveryman. The Journal entry for this would read : Protection — Fire Extinction, Dr., $j[o.oo. To John Jones, Cr., $10.00 The Fire Extinction account in the Protection Ledger would then be debited with Sio, and John Jones, in the Current Ledger, would be credited with $10. The charge in the Protection Ledger would stand until the account is balanced to Profit and Loss, but the personal account of John Jones in the Current Ledger would be balanced by a debt of $10 from the Cash Book when he received his check. It has been suggested by Mr. E. A. Ziegler that it might be well to run another General Division Ledger under the heading ** Permanent Improve- ments, which would make it necessary to subdi- vide such charges as those for roads. When reading over the above description, the system seems cumbersome and unwieldy, but in the actual working the subdivision of accounts under general heads is a decided advantage. This general subdivision would make it possible for the Department of Forestry to print an outline which should take into account every possible charge a forester might have, and which should allot these charges to their proper accounts, and tell him when, where, and how to open accounts for them. Such an outline in general use by the foresters would greatly simplify their work on accounting, and would make the auditing of their books a comparatively simple matter. While we are still some little distance from the introduction of the Compartment System of man- agement, this general scheme will lend itself readily to use with that systern. N. R. McNaughton. The Engineering and Mining Journal , in a late editorial, referring to the Pennsylvania Fire Cir- cular, says, * ^ The greatest waste of our forests has always been, and continues to be, their de- struction by fire. The U. S. Forestry Bureau has laid the blame upon the failure of Congress to make adequate preparations, and leading members of Congress retort that they have striven in vain to have this department of forestry work more thoroughly covered, and that the Forestry Bureau had defeated such increase of specific appropria- tions, while receiving immense sums for other and less vitally important operations. Whatever be the merits of this controversy, the fact remains that conflagration annually destroys more than * conservation,' in its widest and wildest aspect, can save." New Publications. The Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Conference, 8vo., 253 pages, illustrated. Harrisburg, Pa. This report contains the proceedings of the Harrisburg Chestnut Blight Conference held Feb- ruary 20th and 2ist, 191 2, and the numerous papers and discussions thereon present many valuable facts in regard to the history, pathologi- cal aspects, eradication, and control of the chest- nut blight. The Committee say, '*It is believed that the ultimate worth of the Conference will lie in the fact that it brought home to the eastern United States the truth concerning a most serious tree dis- ease, and started discussions and a new trend of thought which must evolve real benefit for the whole people. If the Conference can produce a better understanding and higher appreciation re- specting the value of trees, and of one tree in particular, its calling will have been of great public benefit." 3^-^/ FOREST LEAVES. 159 FOREST LEAVER. o<^ THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association. The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. *«^^^ RATES ■ I inch, . . 1 insertion. 1 $1.00 6 nsertions. $4.00 xa insertions. $8.00 Ya, page, . . 4.00 17.00 34-00 %' " . . 7.00 30.00 60.00 I " . . 12.00 SO.oo 7C0,00 The New York State College of Forestry AT Syracuse University, SYRACUSE, - - - NEW YORK. Undergraduate course leading to Bachelor of Science in Forestry ; Postgraduate course to Master of Forestry, and one and two-year Ranger courses. Summer Camp of eight weeks and Ranger School given on the Col- lege Forest of 2,000 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. Forest Experiment Station of 90 acres and excellent Library offer un- usual opportunities for research work. For particulars, address : HUGH P. BAKER, D.Oec, Dean. Jusl the Information We Need' "■■ ' ■ ' ■ . Webstei^ New International -THEMERRIAMVtaiSTER Every day in your talk and reading, on the street car, in the office, shop, and school some new question is sure to come up. You seek quick, accurate, encyclopedic, up-to- date information. This NEW CREATION will answer all your questions with Unal authority. 400,000 Words Defined. 2700 Pages. 6000 Illustra- tions. Cost $400,000. The only dictionary with the new divided page. A "Stroke of Genius." Write for specimen pae:es, illuBtrations. etc. Mention this publi- cation and receive FHEE a set of pocket maps. G. & C. MERRIAM CO., Springfield, Mass. U. S. A. ^ ^^ ill "ii I i 160 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestr>' — preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. ' - Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to [troperly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Biltmore Forest School, BILTMORE, N. C. 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CEESTIHTT BILL, FHILA. 3o minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDIXO SCHOOL FOB BOYS. TUugtrated Catalogue upon applieationn JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Maater. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: The Bishop of the Diocese op Pennsylyania, PregiderU, Samuel F. Houston, Vice-PrenderU. George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DIS8T0N. EDOAB DUDLEY PARIES. PRANCIS I. GOWEN. J. LEYERINO JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLY FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MOCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. « Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seYenteen entered without conditions. Vol. xiil Philadelphia, October, 1912. No. II Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, xoxa Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. CONTENTS. ^^^^.mm Editorials i6i Autumn Arbor Day '^^ Some Benefits of the Chestnut Blight ^^a How Private Forestry Can be Brought About 165 Planting Operations in the Bear Meadows Division of the Centre County Reserve, Pennsylvania ^^^ Planting Timber Trees • 170 Foresters' Summer Convention ^7' Public or Private Forestry »73 Subscription, $x.oo per Year. Tht attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages 0/ Forest Lkaves as an advertisings medium. Rates will be fur- nished on amplication. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded -IN June, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual member ship/^e, Tvf o Ao\\9it%. Life membership^ Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, loxa Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. Vice- Presidents, Wm, 8. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis. General Secretary , Dr^oseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, ¥. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Council-at- Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Hon. Robert S. Conklin, fiamuel L. Smedley. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Law, Chas. C. Binney, Chairman : Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson. J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Publication,\o\in Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, William S. Kirk, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. Omnty Organization, Saimnc\ Marshall, Chairman; Eugene Ellicott, James C. Haydon, and Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger Office of the Association, xoia Walnut St.. Philadelphia. EDITORIALS. THE campaign being carried on to awaken public attention to the damage resulting from forest fires is worthy of the support of all who favor conservation. We lately spent several days on the North Mountain of Pennsylvania, followed by a trip south along the same general range, securing in these journeys illustrations of the injury done by fire and the result of watchfulness to prevent such destruction. In 1902 the Council of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association was the guest of Col. R. Bruce Ricketts, at his summer home at Lake Ganoga, a glacially-formed saucer on the Appalachian pla- teau, 2,300 feet above sea-level. In the 9 years which elapsed there was little change noticeable in the preserve of virgin forest about Lake Ganoga. The big specimens of hemlock, birch, beech, and cherry seemed no larger to the eye, but the younger trees showed decided increase in diameter and height. Beyond the preserve, a section which had been lumbered, but from which forest fire had been excluded, exhibited splendid advance, while another nearby section, where fire had done damage before it could be extinguished, showed a decided contrast. In North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia the younger growth along the mountain range is healthy, but ^reat patches show the scars of late forest fires. While some of the land burned over does not promise much of value in merchantable timber, its forest cover serves as a protection against washing away the soil, and secures a spongy floor to hold back the excess water due to heavy rains. We also had occasion to notice how rapidly the alluvial wash develops bars or reefs in the Southern rivers. J. B. 162 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST . LEAVES. 163 i i! ' Our readers will be pleased to note the support and praise given to work of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association by the press in its campaign against forest fires, and in the efforts to secure a revision of the existing tax laws so as to encour- age reforestration by private parties. The Public Ledger, in a late issue, devoted nearly a page to an able article entitled ** Revision as Aid to State Forest Conservation," and in an editorial expressed the wish that ** Pennsylvania will be in the van of this important movement." Forest Leaves is gratified to direct attention to the above as added evidence of the powerful aid the cause of forestry has received from the public press. 5fC 5jC S|C *iC 4P The Pennsylvania Forestry Association is mak- ing preparations for a comprehensive public exhi- bition of Forestry, to be held in the spring of 191 3 in Philadelphia, and have secured promises of co-operation from kindred societies, the De- partment of Forestry, Philadelphia Museum, and others. It is hoped that each member of the Association will feel an interest in this exhibition and com- municate to the Secretary of the Council, 10 12 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, suggestions concern- ing exhibits which they believe will be of interest. The purpose of the function is to demonstrate to the people of the State the necessity of propa- gating and preserving the trees. Autumn Arbor Day. FORESTS were long regarded as an inexhaust- ible gift of a bountiful God. Although they were associated with many a sentiment and fancy, they were early recognized as a valu- able form of property. It is as much man's duty to protect this property as any other, and all such efforts should result in pleasure as well as profit. At the present time the State of Pennsylvania is engaged in a fight against an enemy of one of our noblest trees. The chestnut blight has gained great headway in the United States, and lately has made serious inroads upon the trees of Pennsyl- vania. At the last meeting of the Legislature a considerable sum of money was appropriated to fight this plague, and as a result a systematic campaign is being carried on against it. It is fitting, then, that this subject be given serious consideration by all our people. There- fore, in order to further the good work and to bring it to the attention of as many of our citizens as possible, the 25th day of October, 191 2, is designated and set aside as Autumn Arbor Day, and it is suggested that the teachers, pupils, and people of this Commonwealth use this day for the planting of trees and the carrying on of such exer- cises in connection therewith as will give a proper appreciation of the value of our forests, and that for this fall special attention be given in the vari- ous programs to the chestnut tree and its preser- vation. Nathan C. Schaeffer, Sup' t of Public Instruction, Some Benefits of the Chestnut Blight. IT may be difficult for some persons to believe that anything so destructive as the chestnut blight nevertheless may be in some degree beneficial. The Titanic disaster, while terrible to contemplate, has made ocean travel safer through increased safeguards. Similarly, the chestnut blight may advance the cause of fores- try, and in this way prove of lasting benefit, no matter what the ultimate success of the fight against it may be. The dark side of the picture has been before the public so long that it is well to contemplate the blight from another view- point. The chestnut tree has a high sentimental value as well as a high commercial value. The most sordid person is often unexpectedly influenced by sentiment. The cause of forestry has been aided by the sentiment which leads us to personify individual trees or certain species. The oak typifies strength, truth, devotion to duty and an unbending will. The elm suggests grace and dignity. But the chestnut is endeared to us because it typifies happy memories — the happiness of childhood days. The chestnut tree uncon- sciously calls to mind balmy autumn air, hilltops a blaze of glory, and the strange quietness of Indian summer days. Young and old alike are brought close to nature in the merry quest for the shining brown nuts hidden among the rustling leaves or nestling in their velvet-lined burrs. We often fear to admit a sentiment other than that of financial gain as an incentive to practical action, yet I believe that a movement without strong sentiment behind it cannot attain its full measure of accomplishment. One of the primary benefits of the blight is to call our attention to our friends, the trees. The business side of forestry is being emphasized more and more, and we are apt to underestimate the aesthetic side of the subject. If the blight will cause us to feel a personal loss through the destruction of the chestnut trees of a community, and thus bring more people to realize m in a greater degree that our trees must be cared for, we shall obtain a public sentiment that will do much for forestry in the future. As the Ger- mans so often tell us, when we get to the point where we plant two trees for each tree that is cut down, we shall begin to practice real forestry. However, there are more tangible benefits which we may derive from the blight. Briefly these are ; 1. A more thorough study of birds, insects, and fungii in their relation to the life of the forest. 2. National laws for the stringent inspection of imported nursery stock, to prevent the introduc- tion of pests, with rigid enforcement of these laws and adequate preparation to combat pests which have gained a foothold. 3. Better silvicultural methods in the manage- ment of private timber tracts. The subjects of forest pathology and forest entomology as distinct branches of science are of recent origin. The field is large and the need is increasingly great for exact scientific knowledge concerning the numerous pests which every year destroy millions of dollars' worth of forest prop- erty. If the scientists had previously known the life history and habitat of the chestnut blight fungus, our fight would be much easier, more effective, and more certain of success. Last year and this year an unstudied fungus has done con- siderable injury to the chestnut oak, and as yet there is not sufficient knowledge of this disease to predict what its ultimate effect will be. The time will soon come when each State will have its own forest pathologist and forest entomologist. . The data collected by these scientists will prove in- valuable not only in subduing pests which we now have with us, but in having the information at hand when new ones threaten us and in preventing the introduction of pests from abroad. The measures contained in the Simmons bill now before Congress have been advocated for many years, and it is hoped that the chestnut blight agitation will assist the passage of the bill. Millions have been spent in a losing fight on the gypsy and brown-tailed moths in Massachusetts, and more recentlv a fungus pest, the white pine blister pest, has been widely distributed in the East. Both of these pests were imported from Europe, and would have been prevented by adequate in- spection laws. The chestnut blight — if imported, as it is supposed by some to have been — might also have been prevented by such laws. However, unless the laws relating to the importation of stock are rigidly enforced by competent men, they will not prevent the introduction of pests. It is much more important, however, that the National and State governments be prepared to fight any pest promptly and efficiently before it succeeds in gaining a strong foothold. Even with the best inspection it is likely that some pests will be admitted unawares. The State pathologist and State entomologist should be empowered by law to apply without delay such measures as may be necessary for the prompt eradication of dangerous tree diseases and insects. A law with provisions similar to those contained in the bill under which the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission is working should be made to apply to all other pests, sup- ported with a sufficient appropriation for its enforcement. Had New York State such a law eight years ago, when the chestnut blight was first begin- ning its ravages in the vicinity of New York City, the control, and probably the eradication, of the blight presumably would have been a simple and inexpensive matter. The fight on the gypsy moth was not begun in time to make possible its eradication. Nevertheless, the fight, while not successful, has been effective in preventing the rapid spread of the pest and has given time for the introduction of parasites and diseases which may ultimately lead to its control. The third direct benefit which we may derive from the chestnut blight, that of better silvicul- tural methods in the management of private tim- ber tracts, will surely come with the development of forestry. However, the blight will cause timber owners to consider the matter seriously earlier than they perhaps otherwise would have done. It has needed the chestnut blight invasion to bring home to many persons the fact that man has greatly changed and disturbed the conditions under which our forests have grown, and which are necessary for their proper development. Ig- norance and indifference have prevented the nec- essary multiplication of our birds, destroyed bene- ficial snakes and other animals which help to maintain the balance of nature. We have per- mitted cattle to range in our woodlots, destroy- ing the wind-shield at the edge of the woods and the reproduction in the woods. The soil becomes congested, the leaf-litter is blown away by the wind and the soil mulch is destroyed, causing excessive evaporation of soil moisture, which, in turn, causes the trees to become stag- headed. We have not taken sufficient care to prevent forest fires. We have mined the earth and lowered the level of the water table. Oil wells and gas wells throw out poisonous streams of salt water and oil that kill or injure hundreds of acres of timber. Coal smoke is poured forth into the air to such an extent that the trees over large areas of the State are weakened and become an easy prey to insects or fungii. We invite calamity, and the chestnut blight, if its warning il as-^ I:f I 1 i ■ II 164 FOREST LEAVES. is heeded, may prove a blessing in disguise. The failure to give proper consideration to the general forest welfare is common to practically all timber owners, and some of these things can only be prevented by combined action. Protection from fire and cattle, however, can be given by all. Aside from this, the one great thing which must come is a better understanding by the owners of the elementary principles of forest management. The blight will give timber land owners better opportunity than ever before to learn improved methods of management which will benefit both themselves and the State. As the chestnut trees become diseased or die, it will give excellent opportunity to teach the owner the principles of thinning and improvement cutting. If the blight continues with unabated virulence, and our efforts to control it prove unavailing, it will mean the elimination of the chestnut, and in many cases the only resort will be replanting. Even when there is a considerable stand of other species beside chestnut, I believe owners would become interested in underplanting forests if the chestnut is gone. In spite of the fact that the prospects for success in our work appear brighter now than at any time since the Commission began its work, the fact that the blight has spread so widely is alarming. Within the past week Diaporthe has been found in North Carolina, Tennessee and western New York. Therefore, everyone truly interested in forestry should bend their efforts toward making the chestnut blight campaign of the greatest benefit in promoting better forestry methods. It is difficult to find a substitute for the chestnut in our forests. Its abundance in the forest, together with the wide range of utility of its products, and the ease with which it reproduces itself from sprouts, makes it exceedingly hard to replace it. Nevertheless, it appears wise, wherever possible, to favor other species in thinnings and improve- ment cuttings, and it is certainly unwise to use it in forest plantations. Several large chestnut orchards are being started in the State this year, in spite of the prevalence of the blight. The fact that no means known to be absolutely effective in combating the blight are at hand, makes it seem unwise to spend money in planting any variety of native or European chest- nut at this time. The rigid inspection of chestnut nursery stock enforced by the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission is not absolutely certain to prevent disease, since, in some cases, trees may be infected and show no outward signs of it. Furthermore, the blight may appear in the vicinity of a thrifty chestnut orchard and wipe out the investment. It is true that we hope to check the westward spread of blight by cutting out the diseased trees as they appear in the western part of the State, but it is not certain that even this will succeed. In the eastern part of the State we have little hope of doing more than teaching owners of chestnut timber to recognize the blight, and to cut their diseased trees before they lose their commercial value. So far as the treatment of individual trees is concerned, we have found no remedy which can be relied upon, although successful in some cases. By gouging out the cankerous parts with chisels, and treating the wood and bark with an antiseptic coating of tar mixed with creosote, and by cutting off diseased branches, we may delay the progress of the disease, and in some cases pre- vent the death of the tree. In most cases, how- ever, all measures for the treatment of individual trees, including spraying, have proved of no avail in the long run. Persons who are starting chestnut orchards, or contemplating doing so, should know of the danger presented by the blight. If they choose to take the chances of having the trees destroyed by the blight after the facts are known, they cannot blame anyone but themselves if their money is lost. It is quite possible that the blight may be kept out of orchards where a close watch is kept for the first appearance of the blight, and where surrounding woodlots are kept clear of diseased trees. Spray- ing and fertilizing may assist in keeping the disease from gaining a foothold. It is also possible that before the blight seriously attacks young orchards, a cheap and efficient means will be found by which trees may be made immune from attack. In that case, those who invest their money in orchards at the present time will be well paid, since the value of the chestnut crop seems destined to become greater each year. The Japanese chestnut appears to be the only variety which has any power at all to resist the blight, and even this species is not entirely immune. Where the Japanese chestnut is crossed with other varieties, as is the case with trees pro- duced from seed grown in this country or Europe, the resultant strains appear just as liable to be at- tacked as the native variety. Furthermore, the fruit of the Japanese chestnut is not nearly so desirable as that of the Paragon and other varieties, as the flesh is tasteless, coarse, and covered with a thick leathery skin. If it is desired to plant nut trees, attention should be given to the black and English walnut. In the southern parts of the State the pecan may be worthy of experimental plant- ing. For fence row trees, cherry, apple, mulberry, or other fruit trees, will not only produce revenue from the fruit, but also may be utilized for live fence posts and for shade. For forestry purposes, FOREST LEAVES. 165 European larch, red oak, and white pine can be highly recommended. It is believed by many that unusual weather conditions have favored the growth of the fungus, and that it will decline again naturally. It is quite probable, also, that some medicinal remedy will be found to save valuable individual trees. At the present time, however, the only hope of saving the chestnut appears to be sanitation through removal of diseased trees. S. B. Detwiler. How Private Forestry can be Brought About. I HAVE taken for my task to show how private forestry, which now cannot profitably be car- ried on, can be brought about ; and thereto will be added the absolute necessity for such a consummation. By private forestry is meant all other than that which is. carried on by State or National government. While private and govern- mental forestry aim at the same results, there is a wide difference in the conditions, surroundings, and the burdens that each must bear. As is well known, neither State nor National governments levy a tax upon their own holdings, nor upon any operations carried on by them, but all other hold- ings or operations are deemed proper subjects for taxation. Neither does the question of time have any bearing on governmental forestry, for the gov- ernment is supposed to live for all time, and it is as much its duty to provide for the future as for the present, while private forestry must take into consideration the life of one or more gener- ations of men. Therefore it wili be seen that a great burden rests upon all forests not owned by State or National governments, and all not so owned are not only subject to taxation, but are considered fit objects upon which to lay a heavy burden ; and to encourage private forestry that burden should be relieved in some way. The conclusion that private forests should be taxed naturally arose, no doubt, from the fact that the forests had cost nothing, but, on the other hand, were actually a hindrance to the settlement of the country by civilized people. Consequently, laws were enacted, and especially so in Pennsylvania, permitting the proper authorities to levy any amount of tax upon land covered with forests that the courts would permit ; and that is the law in this State to-day, and I do not hesitate to declare that so long as this law shall stand, and the same power be exercised under it as heretofore, there will be little else than governmental forestry car- ried on in this State ; and, what is more, if allowed to stand, it will wipe out all present private hold- ings, for, as now enforced, it practically compels owners of forest lands to cut off the timber to avoid what can be correctly termed legal but deplorable confiscation. Now, this may not be believed by the cursory observer, and undoubtedly is not so believed by a large majority of our people, but every lumber- man, every owner of land covered by forests, knows that it is so. Instances too numerous to detail can be cited where owners of timber have been forced to cut and dispose of it on a depressed market for the reason that taxation and interest on the investment were greater than the natural increment and possible advance in price com- bined ; and to hold it longer would have been an actual financial loss. This is not only true of virgin forests, but it is true where a second growth has sprung up from early cuttings. In such cases the assessments have been, and still are, so great that everything marketable is fast being removed and the land left an actual barren waste. It is true, also, that in some cases where parties own land upon which stands an immature growth — a stand of trees that will not be large enough to cut for lumber for many years — the value put upon such land by the assessors is act- ually above the price paid for it, with interest added for the time between the purchase and when the trees will mature. I am not condemning the assessor — it is the law that I find fault with — for he is obeying, in part, the law as construed by the courts, and, in part, a certain human sel- fish disposition. He is bound by the law to put what may be termed a proportionate value on such young trees ; that is, if they shall be half grown, their value would be one- half as much as when mature. Besides this, there is no uniformity, nor can there be, when left to the judgment of men who are interested in raising as much. revenue for their township and county as the law will permit. In some of the counties of this State, land wholly destitute of tree growth is assessed at the rate of one dollar per acre, while in others precisely sim- ilar land is rated at from two to eight dollars per acre, all depending on how much tax is needed for the locality, and whether the owner is or is not a resident thereof. That such a condition should continue to prevail is neither just to the individual nor is it good public policy, and it should be promptly terminated. To be sure, all this has kept and still keeps the price of lumber low — far below what it will be when the present supply shall become exhausted, and when, of necessity, the price will be what it may cost to grow trees, plus a fair profit, just the same as now prevails with other products of the soil — but it is resulting in the premature exhaus- tion of the supply, and will cause the prosperity 166 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 3^9 167 '\ \ of our country to be irreparably injured, and future generations be deprived of what is justly their inheritance. We should not be blind to either of these features. Patriotism and love of country re- quire us to do what we can to maintain our pros- perity, and our obligations to those who are to come after us cannot, nor should they, be lightly set aside. What would we think of our forefathers had they done with the forests of the country just what we are doing with the forests they left us ? ** A decent respect for the opinions of mankind ' ' should not now be ignored any more than when Jefferson declared it, in the Declaration of Independence, to be our duty to entertain. I very well know that by many all this is looked upon as idle talk, or that it is a cry of danger when there is no danger ; or that it is a view held only by those who wish to escape what they may deem as burdensome taxation. Be it so now ; but when the country is divested of its timber supply ; when necessary forest products cannot be had at any price ; when fuel becomes scarce, as it surely will in the not distant future ; when erosion of the soil on lands from which all forest growth has been removed by the axe of the lumberman, and forest fires shall have rendered such land a barren waste ; when all this and other evils that will come upon us from such a course are realized, then those now indifferent to the future welfare of our country will awake to the truths I have stated. But I fear that all this must come to pass before it will be believed. If so, then a recognition of the facts will be too late for much to be accomplished, and what it may be possible to do will be at enormous expense and great loss of time. Now, is there a remedy for this? Is it possible to so adjust taxation that forests and forest prod- ucts shall pay their due share of taxes, and the owners of the forests be relieved of unjust burdens, unjust because imposed at the wrong time and in an illogical and burdensome manner? Any ad- justment or modification of our tax laws calculated to give relief to private forestry should be so formulated as to place the payment of the tax where it will fall on the consumer, as is now practically the case with all other products of the soil. While we do not directly tax a crop of wheat, we do tax the land on which it grows, and the tax can be immediately added to the other cost of pro- duction, but in the case of forest products, the tax runs from the beginning of growth to maturity, which cannot be less than half a century. In one case the owner is reimbursed within one year, and in the other he must wait a full lifetime, and then may never receive it, for disease, fire, winds, or insects may utterly destroy the crop. In this State we do not tax young cattle or colls until they are four years old, not until they are mature, and why should not the same rule apply to forest products, which take more than ten times longer to mature ? All this can be remedied by placing a minimum tax on the land, as naked, unproductive land alone, irrespective of any crop of trees standing on it — this to be done to meet the requirements of our State constitution — and when the timber is cut and marketed, then put what may be called an ad valorem tax upon that. In other words, tax the product when marketed and let the land stand only as naked land, which it would do when the trees should be removed. And this should apply to not only immature but to mature forests. This is no new proposition. For the last three sessions of our Legislature efforts have been made to secure the enactment of such a law as would give relief to private parties who desire to engage in the laudable undertaking of growing trees for economic purposes, and in each case it has failed by a narrow adverse majority, and I understand that it is again to be brought before the Legisla- ture at the coming session. The provisions were — it was necessary to have two bills to conform to the requirements of the State constitution — that any party owning immature timber trees, and desiring to have the benefit of the law, could apply to the Forestry Reservation Commission of the State, and have the tract examined by one learned in the principles and practices of forestry, and if found adapted, and the owner should enter into a written agreement with the Commissioners of the county in which it was located, to comply with the requirements of the Forestry Reservation Commission, then the County Commissioners should place the land in a class to be known as Auxiliary Forest Reserves, and the land should be assessed at only one dollar per acre, until the tim- ber should be cut ; and when cut there should be a tax levied upon the product. This tax was named in the bill at a fixed or stumpage price per thousand feet B. M., but a better way would be to place a percentage tax upon the market price, say lo per cent., or any other rate that would make the land bear its just share of taxation. Safeguards were provided against fraud, and coal or any other mineral on the land could be taxed, as now. Strong opposition prevented the farmer's wood lot from being placed in the list ; but that should be done, and that much of his domain should be assessed separately, and not combined with the rest of his farm. He should be encour- aged to grow trees for fuel and the general pur- poses of the farm without being encumbered with unjust taxes. If there are any reasons why this system as set forth should not be adopted, I shall be glad to have them given. The only reason for opposing it that I have ever heard is that the taxes are wanted now, and that large landowners would accept under it, and thus an opportunity to lay present heavy taxes upon them would be lost. Well, if you think it best to consume all your food supplies to-day and leave nothing for to- morrow, well and good. You will then be on a par with the farmer who feeds his seed oats to his horses, his seed corn to his chickens, and his seed potatoes to his pigs, or himself and family con- sume them. He looks out for the present, irre- spective of the future. And what if the large landowners should reforest their lands? Would any harm come? Is not that exactly what is needed ? Let me say, right here, to all who pro- pose to hold fast to our present system, that to continue the present rate of taxation of cut-over and barren lands will soon place all such lands in the hands of the counties where located, and where will your taxes come from then ? But there are some, and many of them, too, who propose to solve the problem of reforestation in our State in another way. They have no faith in private forestry as a practical measure. They propose to have the State purchase the cut -over lands and do the work, notwithstanding the fact that State or Governmental ownership in Euro- pean countries is not largely indulged in. In the German Empire, where 25 per cent, of the area is forest, the Crown and State own but 33 per cent, of the forests. In France the State owns but 1 7 per cent., and in Austria but 7 per cent. Now I do not propose to discuss whether or not the State should own our forests or any other natural re- source. That question need not be met until it is shown that it is possible or practical for it to do so. I have always wondered whether those advo- cating such a measure have ever given any thought as to what sort of an undertaking it would be ; and, especially, how the State could raise the funds to carry it on. It is an old adage to look I)efore you leap. Suppose we take for a moment a general view of what will be met. According to reports to the Secretary for Inter- nal Affairs, there are 8,250,000 acres of land in our State which we know to be cut-over and mainly unfit for agriculture, but suited for tree- growing, as its past history proves. For conveni- ence let us call it 8,000,000 acres. Then there are, besides this, upwards of 5,000,000 acres of unproductive land in the State, mainly belonging to farms ; in all, over 13,000,000 acres of land out of a total of 28,500,000 acres in the State. No one claims that these 5,000,000 acres belong- ing to farms should or could be purchased by the "State, and I would like to know to what use these 5,000,000 acres could be put unless it be made possible for their owners to reforest them without loss, for now they are practically useless for any other purpose than growing trees. But no matter for that now ; we will accept the 8,000,000 acres as the area that it is claimed that the State should purchase and reforest. The State has already purchased almost 1,000,- 000 acres, at an average rate of $2.25 per acre, and if the remainder could be secured at that rate — but who supposes that it could be were it known that the State was pledged to that scheme — the cost of purchase would be $18,000,000. Interest on that sum should be reckoned for at least forty years, or until returns from the forests could be had to meet it, for, in all probability, the money would have to be borrowed, or appropriations for schools, charities, and roads greatly reduced, or taxes largely increased. At 3 per cent., for forty years, this interest would amount to $21,600,000. In addition to that, there would have to be, as now, an annual reimbursement of four cents per acre to townships — and there should be something to counties, for they now get nothing from land belonging to the State — to compensate for taxes which they would be deprived of by State owner- ship, and for forty years this would amount to $12,800,000. Add the purchase money and in- terest to the reimbursement, and we have the nice little sum of $52,400,000 for ownership alone, and not one cent expended for reforestation, care, or exploitation, and with but very little receipts from the forests to meet it with. At a very low estimate, at least one-half of this 8,000,000 acres must be planted with trees to ever bring forth a growth of useful timber. That will cost at least $10 per acre, and the cost of planting the 4,000,000 acres will be $40,000,000. Nor is this all. The forests must be constantly cared for, and the average cost of care per acre in the six most important German States is $2.24 per annum — the maximum being $3.58, and the minimum $1.25 — and where the cost for labor is much less than here. In forty years that will amount to $358,400,000. We will now add the cost of planting — which, as stated, is $40,000,000 — to the cost of care, and we are confronted with an expenditure for planting 4,000,000 acres, and care of 8,000,000 acres for forty years, of $398,- 400,000, which, added to the purchase money, interest on same, and reimbursement to townships, makes a total of $450,800,000, and up to that time there cannot be enough revenues received to even defray the interest charges. Of course, after that period the net gain will, or should, grow rapidly, and by the end of sixty or seventy years 1 produce a net return of from two to four dollars 168 FOREST LEAVES. :i M per acre. At least that is what properly managed European forests produce, some running as high as J6.60 per acre in one German State. The out- come of the investment is not questioned. It is the magnitude of the undertaking and the difficul- ties which must be encountered in bringing it about that should be considered. I very well know that it can and doubtless will be claimed that this purchase need not necessarily all be made at once, and that only so much should be taken as State funds will allow. This is quite true, but would it be best ? If State ownership is to prevail, why not secure the land at once and properly care for it? If not all purchased at once, may I be allowed to ask what will be done with that not purchased ? For under our present tax laws no one need expect the owners to reforest it. Would it be well to let that lie unimproved and uncared for until money could be raised by taxation — unproductive as it would be and, like- wise, subject to erosion as barren lands always have been and always will be? Of course we can let the tooth ache and ulcerate, but in the end it must come out. The money would have to be paid some time, and it is only a question of in- terest offset by loss from erosion and delay in securing forest products which could be grown upon the land if once planted and cared for. It would be a postponement with attendant losses. It may be objected that I have made no allow- ance for forest products before forty years expire. My reply to that is, that from the 4,000,000 acres that must be planted, practically nothing can be received under fifty years, for such trees will not be mature enough for merchantable timber under fifty years at the very best, and in most planta- tions sixty to seventy years will be required, and from the 4,000,000 acres not planted, little can be received before forty years have gone by ; for it must be remembered that we have very little mature forests left in the State, and such as there are could not be purchased at any figures which the State could afford to pay. It is greatly to be regretted that so few people have any accurate conception of the task before us. If we should plant 20,000,000 trees annually on the lands now belonging to the State, it would take fifty years to cover the land which must be planted, if it is to grow a valuable forest — and then we would be doing less than little Switzer- land that plants 22,000,000 trees annually. I do not mean to discourage people, but I cannot for- bear telling them the truth. The task before us is a tremendous one, whether undertaken by State or private effort, or by both ; and I am forced to say that I fear, even if such relief as I have sug- gested be given to private enterprise, there will be little done for a long time; but that little would be better than nothing ; and when I tell you that my further belief is that the State would better give this relief and add a bounty for tree- planting, than to let the conditions now prevailing continue, or the State be compelled to do the work, I am only uttering that of which I am firmly convinced. There is a way out of this unfortunate condition, and it should be provided before our forests are completely exhausted, and with no provisions for the future. Whatever way we look at it the task is a tremendous one, but we have brought it upon ourselves, and must provide for it, and to let all or any great portion of the now non-productive lands of our State lie idle, and our prosperity consequently seriously affected, is what no patriotic citizen should consent to. S. B. Elliott. Planting Operations in the Bear Meadows Division of the Centre County Reserve, Pennsylvania. T3 ECAUSE of the many abandoned farm fields Jj suitable for planting, extensive operations * have been carried on consistently and con- tinually on this Division of the State Reserves since 1909. We believe that more planting has been done here than on any other similar Divi- sion of the State Reserves, and with considerable degree of success. Naturally, the favorableness of the season following the planting largely gov- erns the success or failure of the work. Fortu- nately, rather favorable seasons have followed all plantings, except in 1909, when the extremely dry weather killed hundreds of the seedlings. These were successfully replaced in the spring of 19 10. Most of the seedlings used were two years old ; but this year (191 2) 40 per cent, of our seedlings were three years old. The latter are much stronger, have a better developed root system, and are in every respect more desirable for plant- ing ; besides, the cost of planting is only a few cents more per thousand. The table on the fol- lowing page gives concisely all data and infor- mation regarding the planting operations. The treatment of the many areas of scrub oak ( Quercus pumila-7iana) on the State Reserves pre- sents a complicated and difficult problem. There is no precedent to follow, and only actual experi- mental field work will solve the problem. Several experimental underplantingswere made under scrub oak ; the first, in 1910, of honey locust ( Gleditsia triacanthos), which was a total failure ; the second, in 1911, ofwhitepine (^Pinus sttobus^, of which about 60 per cent, are living and look very favor- able. This year (191 2) >^ lb. Douglass fir, i lb. ' 1--.-t--^ ■-^■- Forest Lka\ ks, Vol. xiii., No. ii. I : FoRKST Leaves, Vol. xhl, No. ii. r- \S^ PLANTERS AT WORK, REFORESTING SOME OF PENNSYLVANIA'S BARREN HILLSIDES, BEAR MEADOWS DIVISION, CENTRE COUNTY RESERVE, PENNSYLVANIA. MIXED PLANTATION OF SCOTCH AND WHITE PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS AND STROBUS), PLANTED IN 1910. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN APRIL, 1911. BEAR MEADOWS DIVISION, CENTRE COUNTY RESERVE. mM TWO YEAR OLD WHITE PINE (PI N US STROBUS) SEEDLI NGS FROM STATE FOREST RESERVE, GREENWOOD FURNACE, HUNTINGDON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. VIEW OF SAME PLANTATION PHOTOGRAPHED JUNE, 1912, SHOWING EXTREMELY RAPID GROWTH OF THE SCOTCH PINE. Forest Lkaaks, Vol. xiii., No. ii. PLANTERS AT WORK, REFORESTING SOME OF PENNSYLVANIA'S BARREN HILLSIDES, BEAR MEADOWS DIVISION, CENTRE COUNTY RESERVE, PENNSYLVANIA. Wd TWO YEAR OLD WHITE PINE (PINUS STROBUS) SEEDLINGS FROM STATE FOREST RESERVE, GREENWOOD FURNACE, HUNTINGDON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. FoRKST Leaves, Vol. xiil, No. ii, MIXED PLANTATION OF SCOTCH AND WHITE PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS AND STROBUS), PLANTED IN 1910. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN APRIL, 1911. BEAR MEADOWS DIVISION, CENTRE COUNTY RESERVE. VIEW OF SAME PLANTATION PHOTOGRAPHED JUNE, 1912, SHOWING EXTREMELY RAPID GROWTH OF THE SCOTCH PINE. t^4> / FOREST LEAVES. 169 i ^ I o — o c — < V > PU O bfl c« o.Sg Pi S O 3 « ;z;S I/) o a C/3 13 cJ eU (U 't-' •'-) a E a. a. a; u >>feCi- rt wwwww t-i u, O O > > o o 0) o S o o VO rz; 00 00 o o O M CO O "^ • • 11 c* <« Ss On to o O 00 6\ LO ro 4 d r< 00 n fO O « O CO ro d to 1 i-I ocT Tf fO 881 •^ •\ •^ O O O goo 8 8^8 8| f<5 O O "^"^ "^ M Q i-> "^ O 1-1 O w CD C3 Wi i-i »-i add V (U ^ QJ CO d 00 00 NmMNN .»-h d O 5 4-) o 4; (A 4J U (A c P-t >r o". Pk o ■4>J o o 4^ i^ 4> ^ o «^ *J <-> <-> j= ^ o -^ '^ -^ 3 u o G d o OS (A C o i-I £ < Oh a O u -1^ o g^ 2 o\ (A 0) too Sir CO CJ C .2 a c OS >-l CA 3 0) '3 > ci d T3 0) o H O Scotch pine, and 5 lbs. of white pine seed were used for experimental work in underplanting and in spot-planting several open areas in the woods. The * * Bear Meadows, ' ' a large, cold swamp of about 1,200 acres, also presents a difficult silvi- cultural problem. This swamp lies at an altitude of about 1,800 feet above sea level, and was once covered with a dense growth of black spruce {^Picea marianayzxiA balsam fir (^Abies balsamea). This was lumbered over fifteen years ago, and the ** Meadows ' ' is now a veritable tangle and wilder- ness. Steps to reclaim a portion of this were taken in 191 1, when 2,000 willow cuttings were planted in the swampier part. These cuttings grew well during the year, but the past severe winter has killed at least 70 per cent, of them. It seems plainly evident that something hardier than willow is required for this purpose. On the borders of the ''Meadows*' some white ash {^Fraxinus americana) and American elm ( Ultnus americana) were planted, both of which seem to be growing well and thriving. Red oak {^Quercus rubra) as a tree for exten- sive forest planting was experimented with, but has not been very successful, because of the rav- ages of the common rabbits. These pernicious little animals chewed off the seedlings near the roots, thus destroying them entirely. We feel rather pessimistic about recommending extensive planting of this species on that account. The successful plantations of Scotch pine (^Pinus sylvcstris) deserve special mention. In the sf»ring of 1909, 2,000 of these were placed in alternate rows with white pine (^Pinus strobus), and everyone of them survived the drought following, and to-day they are growing very rapidly. This is shown very strikingly in photograph No. 4. This year' s (191 2) growth of the Scotch pine to the right is 21 inches, while the total height of the white pine (the top of which the boy is holding) is only 18 inches. Besides, it does not seem so susceptible to insect attacks, especially to the white pine weevil {Pissodes strobt). While 5 per cent, only of the white pine has been attacked by this weevil, yet we have noted none on the Scotch pine. We believe that there are great possibilities for this much-abused pine. Since 1909 there have been planted a total of 784,000 seedlings, consisting primarily of these species: White pine {Pinus strobus)y 737,900; Scotch pine {Pinus sylvestris), 13,400, and red oak (^Quercus rubra), 30,000. The lowest cost of planting was attained in 191 1, when 249,000 white pine seedlings were set out for $1.53 per thousand. This record was bettered this year (191 2), when 216,000 seedlings were planted at a cost of $1.57 per thousand, if we consider that i| i ii' i: 170 FOREST LEAVES. all those set out in 191 1 were two years old, and that 40 percent, of those planted in 191 2 were three years old, necessitating larger holes and more labor in planting. As the proper species for this region, white pine seems to meet the requirements best, because of its natural adaptability to the soil, relative hardiness, and comparative freedom from insect, animal, and fungal attacks ; however, the development and growth of the Scotch pine will be watched with considerable interest. Walter D. Ludwig. Planting Timber Trees. THE subject of forestry is a many-sided one, volumes have been written on the economic and scientific aspect, verses have been composed, and songs have been sung on the poet- ical and sentimental view point, and much has been said on even the pathetic side of the ques- tion. I will, however, endeavor to confine my remarks to a commercial phase of the situation— namely, planting timber trees, and will it prove profitable to do so ? I do not think that any one in my presence has a doubt that the time is near at hand, if it has not already arrived, in our own Commonwealth, if not in the entire country, when we must plant timber trees in the same manner as fruit trees if we expect to furnish a supply of lumber for the generations who are to follow after us. I have had it said to me many times, that the cut over and denuded lands of our State and country will reforest them- selves by natural regeneration if the forest fires are kept out. This is undoubtedly true in some cases, and is especially so in the lands that we have just so thoroughly enjoyed visiting in this vicinity. Nature has indeed been generous here, and will always do her part if given a chance, but the past methods of lumbering have robbed her of an opportunity, and we must therefore assist by arti- ficial methods. Nature sows with a prodigal hand, but not all the seed scattered will bring forth trees of a useful and valuable species. If you were to examine a large portion of the cut over lands of the State, you would find that a large per cent, of them were covered with a growth of trees and shrubs of a worthless variety, such as scrub oak, fire cherry, sumac, and such varieties of small commercial value as quaking aspen, white birch, and the soft maples, and that if a scattered tree or sapling of a commercially valuable species was to be found, that it would, in all probability, be fire scarred, and if left to grow for years would scarcely attain a more dignified place in the lumber market than a railroad tie, or a two by four scantling. It is true that the worthless varieties mentioned serve a useful purpose in preventing erosion and furnishing humus, and it would be poor policy to remove them until the time had arrived to replace by replanting with valuable kinds, but there is no disguising the fact that they are cum- berers of the ground, and that as soon as possible should be removed, and trees of a valuable species planted, which would serve the same purpose of preventing erosion, furnish humus, and at the same time be growing into timber of a commercial value. We must, therefore, plant timber trees of a good variety in order to harvest a crop of valuable lum- ber. If we do plant, the all-important question arises : can the plantation be protected from its worst enemy— FIRE ? I think that the object can be accomplished if gone about in a practical and systematical manner. For instance, let us suppose that there is a large tract of cut over and deforested land, fit only for forestry purposes, on which there is no natural regeneration, upon which it is desired to start a plantation. A beginning is made by clearing off and preparing for replanting a certain acreage, say, ten or twenty acres, upon which the first year's crop is planted ; a wide fire lane could be cut out on each side of the tract, which would serve as a protection for the acreage planted, and be in condition for the second year's planting. The second year the space used for a fire lane could be planted, and a new fire lane made, which would be the ground upon which to plant the third year crop. This process would be continued until the whole tract was planted, at which time a per- manent fire lane should be established, which should at all times be kept in such condition so that a fire coming from any point of the compass could either be conquered at the lane by burning itself out, or back firing from the lane with a comparatively small force of fire fighters. One will guard well the place he considers valuable, and to a forester, either professional or amateur, the plantation would be the valuable possession. The species of timber trees to be planted should be governed largely by the location and sur- roundings. We can do no better than go to Nature for this information ; for although it may seem possible to at times improve, she is seldom wrong, and if we study her teachings we will seldom err. If, before the advent of the lumberman, the prop and tie men, and the pulp wood and extract fac- tories, which have taken every kind of valuable timber and sapling from the lands, she had cov- ered the coves and slopes of the mountains with a mixed variety of white pine and hardwoods, that would be the place to plant the white pine in pure stands. If the crests produced red, yellow, and 3^ 3^ FOREST LEAVES. 171 pitch pine, these varieties should again take the place of their fellows. The question, will it pay to plant timber trees on land that is unfit for any other purpose, is one that is somewhat difficult of solution, but I think it can be made to be a paying investment, and especially is this true in Governmental or State planting, if for no other reason than the reforest- ing of our denuded mountain sides and barren ravines and gulches would mean better health and protection to citizens in supplying a purer and more bountiful supply of water, and in lessening the danger from floods and inundations. In this Commonwealth, preparations are being made to expend the enormous sum of fifty millions of dol- lars for the betterment of its roads, and is the State expecting any dividend from this investment other than in adding to the comfort and happiness of its citizens? I think all will agree that the policy in regard to the public highways is a good one, and let us hope that at some time in the near future the law makers will see the wisdom of replanting the mountains and wild lands now in her posses- sion, and appropriate, for that purpose alone, a sufficient sum to enable the Forestry Commission to plant each year a large acreage. The State can carry on this work at a much less cost than the individual, for the reason that the lands purchased are assessed at a certain valuation — a low one — and that valuation is not changed, as it would be in the case of individuals, thereby increasing the taxation on the land to such an extent that the individual would be compelled to dispose of the timber before it had reached anywhere near ma- turity. I am glad to learn that this Association is anticipating introducing a bill in the next ses- sion of the Legislature that will, if passed, tend to remedy that condition. As to individual planting and growing timber trees under existing circumstances, there seems to be some doubt as to whether it can be made a paying investment, but I think that under certain conditions it can. Let us look at the question in the same light as an insurance policy, for example : One takes out an insurance policy and pays the annual premiums without a thought of a personal gain, but purely as a legacy to his heirs or estate. Suppose that, instead of taking out the life insurance policy, he were to plant rapid growing, commercially valu- able timber trees, as, for example, the Cottonwood, or, as it is more familiarly known in this State, the Carolina Poplar. I have personal knowledge, as well as photographs, of two trees of this variety that were planted in my own town, and on the same street on which I reside, thirteen years ago. The trees were two years old when planted, mak- ing their age at this time just fifteen years. The trees measure 20 and 19 inches across the stump at 3 feet from the ground, are from 70 to 75 feet in height, and in each one is contained a full cord of pulp wood, the market price of which is now from $6.50 to J6.75 per cord, on board car, and for which anyone engaged in the business of get- ting out pulp wood would gladly pay from $1.25 to $1.50 per cord stumpage, if it were not more than four or five miles from a shipping point. These trees were not planted in an especially favored location for a rapid growth, and when it is known that 300 trees to the acre would not be crowding them, it is an easy sum in multiplication to figure out what the result would be in from fifteen to twenty years. I have also in mind a stand of second-growth white pine, which is located at the base of a mountain in Centre County. It comprises about five or six acres, that has now standing upon it a growth that will cut from 35,000 to 40,000 feet, B. M., per acre. The stand is a pure one, is about seventy years of age, five miles from a railroad shipping point, and is eagerly sought after by lumbermen, who have offered as much as J 9 per thousand feet stumpage for it, and have been refused. Twenty- five years ago, virgin white pine in the same locality sold at from $5 to $6 per thousand feet stumpage. It is hard to imagine what price such white pine, that now commands a price of $g per thousand feet stumpage, will bring in the market seventy-five years hence. I think that it would be a safe pre- diction that it will be double the price now asked. I will not go into figures and computations, as they are tiresome, but I ask you to take a pencil and paper, and figure out for yourselves, at your leisure, as to whether or not it could not be made a profitable investment to plant white pine now, not for yourselves, but for your children and your children's children. J. Linn Harris. Foresters' Summer Convention. THE summer Convention of the Pennsylvania State Foresters was held in VVilliamsport, July 23d, 24th, and 25th. It opened at 8.30 o'clock, Tuesday morning (in the Young Men's Republican Club rooms), with Mr. R. Lynn Emerick acting as chairman. The first business to be considered was the adoption of the program prepared by the Committee on Arrange- ments. In the program, as read, there had been made no provision to visit any of the State Re- serves ; but as conditions vary between the north- ern and southern parts of the State, it was deemed advisable to amend the program to include a trip to some reserve, and was then adopted. JB'^S' 172 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 173 First on the program for Tuesday was a visit to the J. K. Rishel furniture factory, Williamsport. Every courtesy was shown to us by the Superin- tendent, who acted as our guide. Before starting through the plant each forester was presented with a leather-bound note pad, on the front cover of which was stamped, in gilt, an extension table, with the quotation, ''A Child Can Operate a Rishel Table." We were conducted through the lumber yards and drying kilns. All the lumber used must pass through these kilns, remaining in them from 12 to 14 days at a temperature of 160° F. From the kilns we followed the successive steps in cabinet making, from the planing of the boards to the polishing of the finished products. As is generally known, most of the modern fur- niture is veneered. The cores are made princi- pally from chestnut (seed chestnut being preferred to coppice growth), poplar, and basswood. Some- times three layers of veneer are used on both the upper and the lower sides of the cores. These layers are all glued together and then subjected to great pressure, making such parts almost as durable as solid wood. At present, mahogany, Circassian walnut, oak, gum, and basswood are used for fin- ishing purposes ; and the other veneers, such as maple, cottonwood, and poplar, for building up panels to be finished with a choice wood. More waste is connected with Circassian walnut than any of the other veneers mentioned, due not only to defects in the tree, but also to the pecu- liarly attractive arrangement of the grain, as seen in the tops of tables, buffets, etc. While passing through such a factory one could not help noticing the contrast between the modern machinery and the patterns of the furniture. In the polishing or packing room you were carried back 100 years or more. Most of the furniture is of Colonial design. But the number of men and the length of time required to build a piece of furniture to-day must be reduced almost 50 per cent. ; yet, we feel safe in saying that the con- struction is just as durable and the workmanship as perfect as in those days. Tuesday afternoon we visited the Central Penn- sylvania Lumber Company's mills, located at Williamsport, and the Williamsport Planing Mill. These saw mills are the second largest in the State, their capacity being 120,000 bd. ft. per day. Both are under the same roof; the one saws pine and hemlock, the other hardwoods. To one who has never visited a large mill the sight of those two carriages, the one opposite the other, each going forward at a high rate of speed, then returning at a greater speed, is wonderful. Con- trary to the position on a portable mill, the head- sawyer stands off the carriage and directs the lead- man on the carriage how the log is to be sawed. Besides this, he operates two levers; the one throws the logs on the carriage and turns them into position for sawing, the other causes the re- turn of the carriage. The two men on the car- riage are kept busy handling the *' dogs " and the lever which regulates the thickness of plank to be cut. Band saws are used and the logs are sawed principally into 2}{ in. planks, which may be sawed afterwards into boards. The off -bearer, who is such an essential part of the crew of a portable mill, has no place here. , All his work is done by a system of 'Mive cogs,'* operated by steam power. As soon as a plank is cut, it turns over upon these moving chains, and is carried forward towards the yard. About 50 feet in front of the carriage is another sawyer, who operates a circular saw. As the plank comes opposite to him he presses a foot lever, which throws up a bumper in front of the plank, thus stopping it. At the same instant it is caught by another set of cogs, which run at right angles to the first set. These carry it a short distance, when it is again caught by a third set of cogs, running parallel to the first set, and is passed through the circular saw. The boards are then carried to the trucks by means of a fourth set of cogs, so that the number of em- ployees is greatly reduced from what it was several years ago. All of the edging falls below upon another set of cog wheels which carry it to the lath mill. Here it is sorted, all the pieces that can be sawed into lath are retained, and the rest are car- ried out for fuel. All of the operations mentioned are a great economy in labor and time, but the most wonder- ful of all these improvements is the device for rolling logs on to the carriage. On a portable mill large logs are rolled on to the carriage very slowly and with a great deal of hard labor, but on these mills the operation of rolling logs from the skids requires only a few seconds, and logs 3 feet in diameter are handled as easily as those of 6 in. diameter. At the Williamsport Planing Mill much of the work consisted in constructing doors, frames, col- umns, and screens. The method of making doors to-day is quite complex. Nearly all of the heavy doors are veneered, and the manner in which the different panels are built up is interesting, but time and space will not permit a description at this time. D. K. W. On Wednesday morning the foresters took the train for Lock Haven. Arriving there, they went immediately to the hotel, where an informal meet- ing was called to make arrangements for the third day's trip. Prof. J. S. Illick was made temporary chairman, and after some routine business, the matter of a reserve trip was taken up, which proved somewhat difficult of settlement, but it was finally decided to go to Asaph, Tioga County, to see the nursery and the Pine Creek region. After the meeting the foresters went by trolley to the pulp and paper mills of the New York and Pennsylvania Company, under the management of Mr. A. G. Paine, 3d, who acted as our guide through the mills. Under his direction the whole plant is under process of reconstruction, while turning out the usual amount of paper of a fine grade. The timber used in this case is almost entirely pitch pine (^Pinus rigida)^ which is treated by the soda process, and made into the better, stronger grades of wrapping and butcher's paper. The plant uses 100 cords a day and employs 200 men. Every step in the process was shown, from the grinders and digesters through the washers and bleachers to the two products obtained ; paper and recovered soda, from which the pitch is burned in massive burners. After returning to Lock Haven, Forester Wal- ter Mumma was visited in the hospital, where he was convalescing from an operation. We returned to Newberry and went to the tannin plant of the J. H. Mosser Co. Here was shown the distilla- tion of tannic acid from dead chestnut taken from the burned woods of that section. This was ex- ceptionally interesting to the foresters, because there are on the forest reserves in that region thousands of cords of dead chestnut going to waste. Only the problem of transportation prevents ob- taining an outlet for it to this plant. Forester Arthur Wells, of the Greys Run Lands, has shipped some wood to this plant. In addition to the distillation of the chestnut wood, the various foreign barks used by the com- ^pany in making up their different forms of tannin were also shown. After the inspection was completed, the party returned to Williamsport, and in the evening met Forestry Commissioner Robert S. Conklin infor- mally, and went over the various problems perti- nent to the work on the State Reserves. On Thursday morning we left on the New York Central for the trip to Asaph and through the Pine Creek region, where the State owns much wild land. In the party were the foresters who have charge of the work in that section, and who ex- plained the features oi the gorge. This is the section which Sargeant describes as supporting the finest growth of white pine in Pennsylvania, although there is little left now to bear evidence to the fact. The lumberman has gone through two and three times, and has been uniformly fol- lowed by the most disastrous fires in the history of the State. Now the plateau supports a scrubby growth in which sumach and berry bushes predom- inate, and will need the utmost skill of the forester of the future to plant and regenerate. The prob- lem of the present is one of fire prevention. The railroad and old habits are the two factors which must be overcome in this work. The foresters stationed in that section pointed out the measures which are taken to solve the fire problem. Among these, fire lines adjoining the railroad right of way form a very efficient means. The problem of the attitude of the people is being met by the improved economic conditions following in the wake of State ownership and care. At Asaph, under the guidance of Forester Paul H. Mulford, we were shown the nursery under his charge. This was in fine condition, and the seedlings which the foresters will receive from there next spring will be of large size and very stocky. The beds have a very good stand, and we believe as good results are secured as in any nursery in the State. The intensity of the man- agement was most interesting to all, as well as the records kept of the individual beds, and the treat- ment of those which are not up to par in order to bring them to the greatest productive capacity. In the afternoon the foresters parted company, and each started for his own work, feeling that the convention had been of real benefit in bringing him into contact with other problems and other habits of work, as well as giving him a better knowledge of the problem of utilization. G. A. R. Public or Private Forestry. FRIENDS of Forestry thus far have pushed the movement from small beginnings to one of more than respectable proportions, and in the agitation one must admire the general- ship shown. When the public or their legislative representatives are cold to the plea for rational forest management for the commonplace fact that it increases returns in the form of forest products, floods are made to rage in alternation with with- ering droughts ; navigation is hung up on mud banks that belong on the mountain sides ; China's destitution and Italy's barren mountains are brought forward, and finally our own impending timber famine stalks across the stage. I do not wish to be misunderstood, however, and leave the impression that unlimited forest destruction has no evil consequences. But these benefits, however valuable, are, as a rule, indirect and subordinate benefits. The need of proceed- ing by indirection in advancing the forestry movement seems to show that our educative move- 174 FOREST LEAVES. ment is not nearly as aggressive as it should be. Thus we are informed the clause in the Federal Act of 1 89 1 giving the President power to set aside forest reservations — perhaps the longest single step forward in our forestry movement — '* was not deliberately enacted, but slipped in as a 'rider,' at the last hour, in Conference Com- mittee.'* Again the '' Weeks Bill," providing for the Appalachian National Forests avowedly is passed only for the benefit of navigable streams, when we know the real object was and properly should be the continuance of our hardwood forests in a producing capacity. For advance in public forestry the pressing of the indirect benefits may still be useful, but for private forestry the motive of forestry for money returns in forest products must by necessity con- trol. In my mind this is the most important also in public forestry, and the government has peculiar financial advantages which should be considered in fixing the point where private forestry should end and public forestry begin. We are all agreed, I think, that those forest areas largely protective in character in which the owner's rights and revenue must be sacrificed to the public should be publicly owned forests. But why should the government own and manage forests mainly for the wood production and on a revenue basis ? And how far should the govern- ment go in acquiring these lands, particularly in Pennsylvania ? Unless there is a large and vital public advantage our governmental and industrial policy would indicate that the private forest owners should be allowed the field of forestry for revenue to themselves. Time and time again you hear the argument that the individual with his need for immediate investment returns, cannot go into a long time investment — or, at least, he will not voluntarily do so. This fact, though somewhat worn by re- statement, is exceedingly important. And when we take in conjunction with it the operation of the law of interest, we have an argument for ex- tended government ownership of forests which seems to me to be impregnable. Rates of interest depend largely upon the safety or risk and the consequent confidence in the investment. Government bonds represent the most stable investment, and consequently the investor is satisfied with 2 or 3 per cent.; well secured bonds of established corporations 4 or 5 per cent.; real estate mortgages 4 to 6 per cent.; and industrial stocks 5 to 7 per cent. Now an investment of say $10 (representing an average acre newly reforested) will amount in a seventy-year forest rotation to J79.18 at 3 per cent., but to ^590.77 at 6 per cent. Leaving, out taxes and other annual charges the amount of the investment at 6 per cent, is seen to be almost eight times that at j per cent. For long rotations such as those required for white oak, longleaf pine and a number of other species 5 or 6 per cent, is utterly impossible without exorbitant stumpage prices. It is at once seen that govern- ment forestry here has a financial advantage that imposes on it the duty of managing all the less productive forest lands and those forests involv- ing a long rotation. In fact when the lesser yields of the German private forests are compared with the corporation and government forests, we may easily think that the constant sacrifice of future for present by private owners is a large factor in their lower yields. Another factor is the private owners' inability to make the heavy investment needed for highest yield and still make the higher rate of interest they must demand. German State forests produce in the neighborhood of 6a cu. ft. of all kinds of wood per acre per year, while private forests produce about 40 cu. ft., or only two-thirds as much. This is in spite of the fact that the State forest lands would probably average poorer in quality than private lands. German State forests embrace 33.7 per cent, of the total forest area ; communal, institution and association forests 19.8 per cent. ; and private 46.5 per cent. The State is still increasing its holdings. In Pennsylvania we have over nine million acres, of which the State owns one million. On the German basis the State should own over three million and for best results five million acres. With the advantages of cheap labor, low interest rates, better system of taxation and higher wood prices the German private forest owner cannot compete with the government. In Pennsylvania these factors are all pitted against the private forest owner. In fact, some strong forestry advo- cates claim it is impossible to practice private forestry under present conditions, and they are pretty near right. Yet they say the State should buy no more land, but leave private forestry to care for it. After the forest tax has been equitably settled, after stumpage prices have risen, still the higher interest rate and the need of the early returns will prevent efficient private forestry — particularly on the poorer forest lands. If the State does not aggressively continue its policy of acquiring its uncared-for forest lands no7v when they are low in price and not com- pletely barren, even if nothing more than protec- tion can be vouchsafed, it will be forced to it later when they are in much worse condition and the general level of land values is much higher. c>^ y FOREST LEAVES. 175^ Forest planting will be necessary over large areas, but nature has been much undervalued in ' our reforestation ideas. Some parts of the present brush lands will reforest to a fair degree by pro- tection only, as has been shown on the older State Reserves. The State faces a bonding proposition calling for the expenditure of fifty million dollars for good roads. Good roads are essential every- where, but until the forests of the State are again producing their vast quantities of products which will demand proper transportation facilities. State roads in the mountain districts will remain a luxury rather than an economy. The develop- ment of the forests should accompany the de- velopment of roads. In fact, in the mountains where agriculture must give way to forest culture, road development is a subordinate though essen- tial step in forest development. This Association must be commended highly for its early aggressive and effectual support of forest protection and forest management, particu- larly on the part of the State. The Legislature and Governors and the people are to be congratu- lated. One million acres of State forest land, a non-political State Department of Forestry, fifty trained foresters and a training school for State forest service are substantial accomplishments by the State. The Department of Forestry at the Agricultural College ; lectures at other colleges, and private park forestry, and last, but not least, the push of the practical, progressive lumbermen into the front are most important in the State move- ment. But the chief danger at present lies in not realizing the size of the problem. We have only a beginning. The State must push steadily on in its policy, for it alone can handle the poorer lands with financial and sylvicultural success. Its tremendous financial advantage in a low interest rate, and its perpetual existence (not reckoned by the life of a private individual), place upon it the responsibility for the making of our moun- tain lands a huge State asset, producing material, work and homes with a net income, or making of these lands a huge barren, uninhabitable, pauper- izing waste. This Association, much as it has done, has tremendously more to do. The understanding of the Pennsylvania people of this problem de- pends largely on this Association, on the State Department of Forestry, and on us individually. Who will say the people in general understand the problem and the measures necessary to be taken? Aggressive work is being done, more aggressive work in putting the problem before the public is necessary. E. A. Zeigler. The New York State College of Forestry AT Syracuse University, SYRACUSE, - - - NEW YORK. Undergraduate course leading to Bachelor of Science in Forestry ; Postgraduate course to Master of Forestry, and one and tw^o-year Ranger courses. Summer Camp of eight v^eeks and Ranger School given on the Col- lege Forest of 2,000 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. Forest Experiment Station of 90 acres and excellent Library offer un- usual opportunities for research work. For particulars, address : HUGH P. BAKER, D.Oec, Dean, y^T^Tm^m^rrrf^^^^n^'r'n^F^^n^njj^^iF^F^ Just the Information We Need' ''""''■''■■■■''■' ■ I I I I I I I I I ii-rr-r . . Webstei^^ New International -THEMERRlAMVtesnR Every day in your talk and reading:, on the street car, in the office, shop, and school some new question is sure to come up. You seek quick, accurate, encyclopedic, up-to- date information. This NEW CREATION will answer atl your questions with final authority. 400,000 Words Defined. 2700 Pages. 6000 Illuatra- tiona. Coat $400,000. The only dictionary with the new divided page. A "Stroke of Genius." Write for specimen pages, illustrations, etc. Mention this publi- cation and receive FREE a set of pocket maps. G. & C. MERRIAM CO., Springfield, Mass. U. S. A. 176 FOREST LEAVES. The Pennsylvania State College FOUR YEAR COURSE IN FORESTRY. A thorough and practical undergraduate course in technical forestry — preparing men for all lines of professional and applied forestry. Special attention is paid to practical field work in surveying, mapping and forest measurements. One of the largest of the State Forest Reserves is within a short walk of the College. For information regarding entrance requirements, expenses, etc., address DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, STATE COLLEGE, PA. FORESTERS CONSULTING AND OPERATING The beauty and value of forest growth depends materially on the proper care and training of the trees. Nature is in many things a rough mother. Her method of pruning leads to decay ; she over- burdens the trees with superabundant growth ; the feeding matter is washed off the hillsides and in exposed situations the dropping leaves, the main source of food supply, are blown away. Proper and scientific pruning will prevent decay and relieve the tree of superfluous growth, while well advised planting will conserve the food supply. With our professional foresters and trained corps of scientific pruners we are prepared to give the best possible attention to forestry problems and to properly treat ornamental trees and shrubs of all kinds. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND ENGINEERS Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Biltmore Forest School, BILTMORE. N. C. 0 0 0 0 The Biltmore Forest School is the oldest school of forestry and lumbering in America. Its working fields comprise the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States, and Central Germany. It never leaves the woods. The complete course covers twelve consecutive months at the school, fol- lowed by six consecutive months of practical prenticeship. Write for particulars, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Director, BILTMORE, N. C. ^f CHESTNUT HILL ACADEMY, CHESTNUT HILL, FHILA. 3o minutes from Broad St. Station. BOARDING SCHOOL FOB BOYS. Tllu9trated Catalogue upon application, JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Matter. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: The Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, President, Samuel F. Houston, Vice-Prefident. George Woodward, Secretary and Treasurer. JAMES M. BECK. WALTON CLARK. JACOB S. DISSTON. EDGAR DUDLEY FARIES. FRANCIS I. OOWEN. J. LEVERING JONES. DR. HOWARD A. KELLT FRANCIS D. LEWIS. RANDAL MORGAN. H. GORDON MOCOUCH. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Of twenty-three graduates in 1910, twenty entered college, and of the twenty, seventeen entered withoat conditions. Vol. XIII. Philadelphia, December, 1912. No. 12 Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, , zoia Walnut St„ Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter. ^ CONTENTS. . ^^k.Mi Editorial '77 Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association *78 Address of the President of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- tion 179 Report of the Council 180 Treasurer's Report '81 Report of General Secretary 182 Pennsylvania Forestry Association — By-Laws 183 Pennsylvania Forest Reserves 184 A Forest Policy with the Punch 187 A Planting Experiment 188 New Publications 189 Subscription, $i.0o per Year. Th€ attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages 4t/ FoRBST Lbavks OS an advertising medium. Rates will be bur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, FOUNDBD IN JUNB, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual tnembership/^te^ Two dollars. Life membership^ Twenty-five dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desirins to become members should send their names to the Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1013 Walnut Street, Phila. President t John Birkinbine. ' Vice-Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, Wm. 8. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary^ ^'' J os^ph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary, v. L. Bitler. Treasurer^ Charles E. Pancoast. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, Charles E. Pancoast, and J. Rodman Paul. Law, Chas, C. Binney, Chairman : Henry Budd, Joseph Johnson. J. Horace McFarland, and John A. Siner. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. George F. Baer, Edwin Swift Balch, Robert S. Conklin, Hon. Lucien W. Doty, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, W.W. Scranton, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Publication,] ohn Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, S. B. Elliott, and Harrison Souder. Work, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Chairman ; Miss Mary Blakiston, Miss Florence Keen, William S. Kirk, J. Franklin Meehan, and Abraham S. Schropp. Officb of thb Association. loia Walnut St.. Philadblphia. Keep in mind the Forestry Exhibition in Philadelphia y May 1^-2 4th, igij. EDITORIAL. THIS number has necessarily been devoted to the proceedings of the annual meeting, and we trust our readers will find much of interest in the narrative of the meeting and the reports presented. Among those who attended the meeting were Commissioner of Forestry, Robert S. Conklin; •.Deputy Commissioner, Irvin C. Williams, and Geo. H. Wirt, Inspector of Forests, Pennsylvania Department of Forestry; A. B. Farquhar, Presi- dent of the Pennsylvania Conservation Associa- tion ; Harold Pierce, Secretary ; Mark A. Carlton, General Manager ; and Oliver D. Shock, Assistant to the Superintendent of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission ; Dr. Henry S. Drinker and Prof. R. W. Hall, of Lehigh University ; members of the •Council and the Association — all of whom testified to the interest and value of the meeting. The amended by-laws are also presented in this issue for the information ot members. J. B. ""^ The Beaver Borough, Pa., Shade Tree Com- mission has issued its first annual report, which contains two novel features. The Commission advertised that it would pay the boys 10 cents per dozen for the Qgg clusters of the Tussock moth. Within two weeks 300 dozen clusters, each containing from 300 to 500 eggs, were bought and burned, destroying in this way over a million caterpillars, and the town has since been practically clear of the pest. The Commission purchased 500 Norway ma- ples, which were planted by prison labor along the streets of the borough, replacing North Caro- lina poplars, which had been girdled before the Commission was appointed. The Shade Tree Commission also cleaned up trees in the parks, on streets and river fronts. j^;^ 178 FOREST LEAVES. Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. THE annual meeting of the Association was held at its room in Philadelphia on Mon- day, December 9th, at 3.30 p»m., Presi- dent Birkinbine in the chair. Amendments to the by-laws were read and adopted, in the form which appears on another page. An address by the President and reports of the General Secretary, Treasurer and Council were presented, which are printed in this issue. Dr. Henry S. Drinker, on behalf of the Legis- lative Committee, gave the prominent features of the work of the Committee in preparing bills for presentation to the Legislature creating auxiliary forest reserves, and their taxation. The subject was discussed by Messrs. Robert S. Conklin, John Birkinbine, Joseph Johnson, W. W. Montgom- ery, Samuel Marshall, Samuel L. Smedley, and others. The Committee also reported a confer- ence with the Game, Fish and allied associations, where the legislation required for forest protection was discussed, 'i'he Association approved the ac- tion of the Committee and continued it. Mr. Irvin C. Williams and Prof. R. W. Hall | were chosen as tellers of election, and after count- ; ing the ballots declared the following officers elected : Presidenty John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents^ Robert S. Conklin, Wm. S. Harvey, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis. Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary ^ Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Recording Secretary ^ F. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Council. Adams County, C. E. Stable. Allegheny County, H. M. Hrackenridge, Hon. Geo. W. Guthrie, Thomas H. Johnson, George M. Lehman, Beaver County, Charles H. Stone. Berks County, V. C. Smink, J. H. Stern bergh. Blair County, Jos. S. Silly man. Bradford County, C. S. Maurice. Bucks County, T. Ogborn Atkinson, Henry T. Moon. Cambria County, Hartley C. Wolle. Cameron County, Hon. Charles F. Barclay. Carbon County, M. S. Kemmerer. Centre County, Prof.- J. A. Ferguson. Chester County, Wm.S. Kirk, Samuel Marshall, William M. Potts, Mrs. David Reeves. Clarion County, Jos. M. Fox. Clearfield County, M. L McCreight. Clinton County, Sidney D. Furst. Columbia County, S. C. Creasy. Crawford County, E. O. Emerson, Jr. Cumberland County, Geo. H. Stewart. Dauphin County, J. Horace McFarland, Geo. H. Wirt. Delaware County, Joseph Elkinton, Dr. Samuel Trimble, Chas. S. Welles. Fayette County, Hon. Nathaniel Ewing. Forest County, T. D. Collins. Franklin County, Miss Mira L. Dock. Greene County, A. H. Sayers. Huntingdon County, Hon. Geo. B. Orlady. Indiana County, S. J. Sides. Jefferson County, S. B. Elliott. Juniata County, S. E. Pannebaker. Lackawanna County, W. W. Scranton, Hon. L. A. Watres. Lancaster County, J. H. Baumgardner, Prof. E. O. Lyte. Lawrence County, David Jamison. Lebanon County, Mrs. Bertham Dawson Coleman.. Lehigh County, Dr. J. M. Backenstoe, Luzerne County, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, Sidney R. Miner, Gen. H. W. Palmer, Col. R. Bruce Ricketts, Maj. L A. Stearns. Lycoming County, C. LaRue Munson. McKean County, F. H. Newell. Mercer County, Jonas J. Pierce. Mifflin County, F. W. Culbertson. Monroe County, Joshua L. Baily. Montgomery County, Dr. J. M. Anders, Isaac H. Clothier, Dr. H. M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, , Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger,. Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Montour County, H. T. Hecht. Northampton County, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Abraham S. Schropp. Northumberland County, C. Q. McWilliams, Perry County, Mrs. John Wister. Philadelphia County, Charles C. Binney, Henry Budd, Miss Mary A. Bumham, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Geo. F. Craig, Theo. N. Ely, W. Warner Harper, John W. Harshberger, Henry Howson, . Joseph Johnson, Francis F. Kane, Miss Florence Keen, George W. Magee, J. Franklin Meehan, J. Rodman Paul, G. Wharton Pepper, Eli K. Price, Jos. C. Roop. Albert B. Weimer, Dr. W. P. Wilson. Pike County, John E. Avery. Potter County, Arthur B. Mann. Schuylkill County, James Archbald, Jr. Somerset County, H. D. Moore, M.D. Susquehanna County, Edgar A. Turrell. ^^ J FOREST LEAVES. 179 Tioga County, H. I. Fick. Union County, Andrew Albright Leiser. Venango County, James Denton Hancock. Warren County Hon. H. H. Cumings. Wayne County, Alonzo T. Searle. Westmoreland County, Hon. Lucien W. Doty. Wyoming County, James W. Piatt. York County, Dr. I. C. Gable. Mr. Mark A. Carlton, General Manager of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, described the work which they had been able to accomplish during the year. According to a map which was exhibited, the disease had been eradicated in the western half of the State, over 32,000 infections having been destroyed. Coming eastward, the work was more difficult, there being so many more cases of contagion, but it was hoped by Jan- uary I St to complete the work to a curved line extending in a general north and south direction near the Susquehanna River. The speaker expressed the opinion that if the appropriation was continued for two years more the disease could be stamped out in Pennsylvania. Numerous questions in regard to the chestnut blight were answered. Mr. A. B. Farquhar stated that at the meetings which he attended he was told that Pennsylvania was doing more conservation work, especially in forestry, than any other State. He presented the following resolutions, which were adopted. Resolved^ That the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- ciation views with satisfaction the interesting and substantial progress made by the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission in the work of checking and eradicating the deadly blight of the chestnut tree ; that it looks with approval upon this and every other effort having for its object the preservation and restoration of Pennsylvania tree life ; that it believes the practical work of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission and the interesting and valuable scientific data which it is acquiring will be of un- usual future value to Pennsylvania and to the entire country in directing closer attention to our great need for better silvicultural practice ; and that it sets its complete approval upon the work of this Commission with the hope that its labors will be earnestly supported by all Pennsylvanians who have an interest in conserving tree life and promoting a more earnest study of our present silvical conditions. Resolved, further, that this Association is fully aware of the magnitude of the problem which the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission has undertaken to solve, and it believes that it is distinctly credi- table to the pride and dignity of Pennsylvania to have been willing to undertake a great work in spite of the unfavorable conditions prevailing at the beginning of their laudable task. Resolved, further, that this Association will lend the influence of its organization to promote still further the success of the efforts of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission to stamp out the disease, in the hope that its work may be continued to complete final success. ^< The meeting then adjourned. Address of the President of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association. THE coming year promises much for the cause of forestry in Pennsylvania, if active co- operation and not merely passive good will, of each member of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association is exerted to bring the desired results. The General Assembly which meets in January will be again asked to pass legislation which will equitably tax forested lands, on a basis radically different from that now in force, whereby forest owners are practically penalized for permitting trees to reach maturity. A Committee of the Association has given the subject most patient study, and acquainted itself with the forest taxation laws of the various States, investi- gated the problem in all its phases ; so as to formulate bills which the Association can com- mend to the Legislature as equitable to the forest " owner, to other taxpayers, to the various counties and to the State. While these bills are sponsored by the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, and by the Pennsylvania Conservation Association, they will need the individual endorsement of members to convince legislators that their constituents wish them to become laws. Personal endorsement is the only medium by which a member of the Leg- islature may recognize the desire of his constit- uents, and favorable comment of the press may also result from an individual presentation of the subject to editors. The Association recognizes the valuable assist- ance which the forestry cause has received from the press, and we are justified in counting upon continued support from this important ally, for measures which have received careful considera- tion from intelligent citizens. If the members of the Association throughout the State make the proposed forest taxation laws a matter of individual effort, the chances for se- curing their enactment will be much improved ; hence it is desirable that they familiarize them- selves with proposed legislation and exert their influence in its favor. We need to make a strong effort to have, on our statutes, laws affecting taxation which will encour- 1 age the maintenance of private forests to supple- ment those owned by the State, for without such 180 FOREST LEAVES. aid the efforts of the Commonwealth will of neces- sity be too slow to bring about conditions desired and necessary. A strong campaign for just taxation of wood- lands and for rigid enforcement of laws affecting forest fires, may be expected to prove of great ben- efit to the existing and to future forest growths. The Forest Exhibit to be held in Philadelphia May i9th-24th will also need the cordial co-op- eration of each member of the organization. It is easy to decide to have an exhibition, but individual effort is essential to the success of such a venture. After earnest investigation by a Committee as to the scope of exhibition and space required, it recommended and the Council approved, securing the use of Horticultural Hall on Broad Street, Philadelphia, and the installation of exhibits wor- thy of an organization which for more than a quarter century has persistently advocated forest care and protection. Assistance has been assured from our State For- estry Reservation Commission, from the National Forest Service, from other departments, both na- tional and State, and from various organizations favoring conservation of national resources. Through the generosity of members of the As- sociation a liberal fund is assured to cover the -expenses of the exhibition and the intention is to keep the outlay within the limits of this fund ; but as the exhibition is intended to be educational, with no charge for admission, additions to the amount already promised will permit of expanding the display and introducing interesting features, which warrant an appeal for contributions to the exhibition fund. We must make the Forest Exhibit a pronounced success and show to young and old the benefits of liberal forest areas, the damage done by fire, the injury brought about by insect or fungus enemies, and demonstrate the value to the State of such care and oversight as the State Forestry Reserva- tion Commission gives to our extensive reserves. By the exhibition we may aid in bringing to public notice the efforts made by the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission to check the ravages of a particular disease, and invite attention to the dan- ger of special growths to other than chestnut trees. The two activities named, if well supported, should demonstrate to the people of Pennsylvania and of the nation that our Association is not tir- ing in a work in which it has been long engaged, that its members are not satisfied that the Key- stone State has liberal forest reserves well admin- istered, and that its laws have done much to pro- tect the forests, but that they wish to keep this •Commonwealth in advance of all others. John Birkinbine. Report of the Council. PROGRESS in State and national forestry is showing development along practical lines. The Department of Forestry has now 974,891 acres of land in reserves, of which 8,595 acres were purchased in 191 2, and the important work of administering them has been advanced as far as possible. Parts have been thinned out, the weed trees removed, roads either reopened or built, fire lanes made, and most important, addi- tional acreage planted with young trees. 1,924,- 829 seedlings were set out during the year on 963 acres, bringing the total planted up to 2,800 acres. As several hundred thousand acres of the State re- serves must be replanted, the sooner this is done the quicker will the Commonwealth reap the benefits of its investment. While there has been some reforesting of de- nuded areas by private parties, principally by members of this Association, the present laws of the State do not encourage this. In fact, where private planting is done, there is such an aug- menting increase in taxation that the owner is either forced to cut his timber before it is ripe or else suffer a financial loss. Trees are as much an agricultural product as wheat, corn, oats, or other grains which, although they can be planted, grown and harvested in less than a year, are not taxed at all, whereas a crop of trees requiring 40 to 150 years to mature and subject to complete destruc- tion by forest fire is taxed at a constantly aug- menting rate. This subject was referred to a Committee, which in conference with a similar committee of the Pennsylvania Conservation Association is formu- lating drafts of laws to be introduced in the com- ing Legislature. Forest fires burned over 171,620 acres in Penn- sylvania in 191 1, the total loss being given as ^638,279, During the present year the indica- tions are that the damage will be considerably reduced. VV^hile the decrease is a source for con- gratulation, this useless waste should be almost, if not entirely, suppressed, and the efforts in this direction should not be relaxed. The Chestnut Free Blight Commission's inves- tigations will undoubtedly add much to the knowl- edge of the fungus enemies of tree life, and if it succeeds in checking the particular disease which brought about its appointment, the State will be benefited much in excess of the amount of money appropriated. During the spring and fall months an edition of over one million illustrated fire circulars, set- J"73 FOREST LEAVES. 181 ting forth the causes and effects of forest fires, were printed and distributed to the school children throughout the State. The very considerable sum required for this was raised and the distribution effected through the joint efforts of this Associa- tion, the Pennsylvania Conservation Association, the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Lehigh University and a friend of forestry. June 19th to 2 2d a well-attended meeting was held at Bushkill, Pike County, where at four ses- sions a number of interesting papers were pre- sented and discussed. Visits were made to the neighboring forest reserves and some of the beau- tiful waterfalls for which the section is famous, closing with a delightful trip to Buckwood Inn, Shawnee- on-Delaware. During the vacation season the Finance Com- mittee have been busy raising the necessary funds for a Forest Exhibit. Over $2,000 has been al- ready promised, and it is the expectation to hold this free public exposition at Horticultural Hall during the week May 19th to 24th, 191 3. The Association also purchased and presented to the State Forest Academy 54 books. There were 23 new members added to the roll of the Association ; 3 1 were reported deceased, among whom we regret to record Gen'l Paul A. Oliver, Hon. J. Henry Cochran, and Wm. A. Baldwin, members of the Council who were active in forwarding the cause of forestry. The total membership is now 1,392, and it is hoped that our members will make a determined effort to aug- ment the number, thus aiding in increasing the strength and usefulness of the Association. In the 163 national forests there were a num- ber of changes, chiefly due to withdrawals, the total area now being 187,616,686 acres. In 191 2 there were 6,174 acres set out in seedlings and 14,369 acres sown with seed. The total to date being 59,540 acres reforested, of which over two- thirds were sown with seed. The number of acres in the White Mountain and Appalachian reserves approved for purchase up to July ist, 1912, was 387,698. None of this land has as yet been put under administration as national forests. In other States forestry is advancing, Arbor Days have been established in practically all of them, while in some forestry departments, com- missions or associations have been established, and in a few State forest reserves inaugurated. New York leading in this respect, followed by Pennsylvania. Our sister State is also now form- ing a State Forestry Association, which we trust will be eminently successful. Of the States having forest reserves the acreages are as follows : New York, i,6oo,cxx> Pennsylvania, 974,891 Wisconsin, 385,000 Michigan, 231,350 Minnesota, 51,000 New Jersey, I3>720 Indiana and Massachusetts, each, 2,000 Maryland, I^Q^O Vermont, I>700 Connecticut, i)5oo New Hampshire, 660 The press throughout the State, the Women's Clubs, and other organizations have all given splendid aid to the cause of forestry. F. L. BiTLER, Recording Secretary, Treasurer's Report. THE fiscal year of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association ends December i, 1912, and the statement of finances on that date was as follows : Treasurer' s Statement to December /, igi2. Dr. To balance on hand December I, 19II, . . $ 867 19 Cash, annual dues to November 30, 1912^ , 1,7^4 00 Cash, donations and subscriptions, . . 116 00 Cash, sale of Fokest Lkaves and advertise- ments, ....... 120 16 Cash, interest on Life Membership bonds and deposits, ...... 494 80 Cash, Life Membership fees, . . . 100 00 Cash, Badges, ...... 2 25 Total, ..... By cash, sundries, postage, office rent, etc., Publication of Forkst Leaves, . Assistant Secretary's salary, Meetings, ...... Life Membership fund, Fire Circular, expenses of, . Books for State Forest Academy, Finance Committee, expenses of. Taxes on investments, Invested, ...... Balance on hand December I, 1912, . Total, Forest Leaves Fund. Invested, In Bank, Invested, In Bank, Life Membership Fund. $3,464 Cr. 5 460 996 600 40 02 00 '73 100 17 00 200 00 23 03 2 50 20 80 705 183 22 33 $3,464 40 $2,119 52 42 00 12,171 42 $3,885 25 00 00 General Fund. Invested, In Bank, $3,910 00 $4,783 28 Special Fund for Forest Exhibit. $1,015 00 Charles E. Pancoast, Treasurer, 182 FOREST LEAVES. Report of General Secretary. RECOGNITION of forestry as a State neces- ^ sity has become so general, that our Asso- ciation would miss a golden opportunity if it should fail at once to urge a vigorous cam- paign in support of measures pending, which are of pressing importance to the Commonwealth. I allude here particularly to the several proposed bills relating to the Auxiliary Forest Reserves and the measures growing out of the creation of such reserves. That some such division of forest land has become imperative, both in the interest of the State and the land owner, has long been evident. There have, however, been two difficulties: ist. To decide upon the plan of giving, to land owners, a reduction of tax on the land officially designated as an Auxiliary Forest Reserve which would be constitutional, effective, and not rob the counties and townships of revenues required for current expenses. 2d. To secure passage of such laws by our Gen- eral Assembly. The first of these difficulties has been, we think, largely overcome by the investigations and labors of the committee appointed by the President of this Association. It is fair to say that the chair- man of the committee. Dr. Henry S. Drinker, has spared neither time nor expense in full considera- tion of this very important question. I purposely refrain here from oroing into a detailed discussion of the bills themselves as they will come up for separate consideration. It is fair to say, however, that the underlying principles of these proposed bills have been mainly developed by our venerable colleague, Mr. S. B. Elliot, though they had been suggested years ago. We all recognize the extreme difficulty of placing new principles so clearly before deliberative bodies that each one may understand fully and approve of them. The conclusions reached by your com- mittee are in full accord with the views of men in all parts of the United States who have given seri- ous consideration to the problems of forestry. Fortified thus, we ask the hearty co-operation of each member of the Pennsylvania Forestry As- sociation in placing these measures fairly before our General Assembly during the coming session. Your General Secretary would say that active steps are being taken to secure fresh photographic illustrations to be used in conducting a new edu- cational campaign over the State. It is not now a question of anchoring scientific forestry in the policy of this State, for that has been already done, but such has been the growth of the forestry sentiment in other States, that the question now is. Shall Pennsylvania continue to lead in the move- ment, which has now become general ? We ear- nestly ask each member of this organization to obtain one additional member and to continue most vigorously to aid in conducting the forestry campaign in Pennsylvania. We have no war with allied organizations else- where, or in our own State. We sincerely wish them success ; but this Association stands for a great work, commenced, continued, and well ad- vanced before other bodies were started, and we ask you now to continue in your loyalty to it. No forestry association out of this State can, or will even try to, do as well for Pennsylvania forestry as Pennsylvania can and ought to do for itself. This statement is so self-evident that it would be a waste of time to discuss it. I wish also to call attention to the fact that a generous friend of forestry, Mrs. George W. Childs, has, by the presentation to the State of the tract of land in Pike County, hitherto known as Childs' Park, started for the State a movement which the State should have commenced for itself. This, however, increases, rather than diminishes, our debt of gratitude to that public-spirited lady. And we should here record our appreciation of it. The movement for public parks," commencing in the cities, has spread to the entire State. It is now seriously proposed to purchase a heavily-timbered, well-located, and beautiful body of land of 10,000 acres and dedicate it for ever to the purposes of a public park and an outing ground for the people of the State. In doing this, if it is done, our State will simply be following the example of the State of New York when it set apart the Adirondack region as an outing ground for its citizens. Our Association might well enough endorse this pro- ject, which is specially in charge of the Pennsyl- vania Branch of the National Conservation Asso- ciation, a distinct but affiliated organization. The reason for these State outing grounds merits a moment's consideration. The open air spaces in the cities are a step in the right direc- tion, and that they accomplish a noble purpose no one can or will deny, though it must be allowed that the momentary relief they grant to the dwell- ers in the congested districts is largely neutralized by the fact that the beneficiaries must spend the night in the bad air and among the unsanitary conditions of their crowded quarters. A large experience has shown me that it is pos- sible at an almost nominal expense to rescue many who are simply tired out and starved out from be- coming invalids and often perpetual charges upon the bounty of the Commonwealth. The early and successful experiment at the Mont Alto Camp abundantly proves both the wisdom and the econ- omy of opening camping grounds for our citizens FOREST LEAVES. 183 on the State Forest Reserves, to which our weak and weary ones may be encouraged to go and find new health and strength at a minimum of expense. A bill looking to this benevolent purpose was de- feated in the last two legislative sessions. It is incredible that it should much longer fail to meet with the success it so well merits. It is true that the novelty of the idea may satisfactorily account for its failure hitherto to pass. I have recently returned from the heart of our State Reserves and I am gratified to report that the plantations of young forest trees which have been made under direction of the State Forestry Department have convinced thousands of the im- portance of the planting already done and of the magnitude and urgency of similar work to be done. The vigorous young growing trees speak for themselves so eloquently that further cavil is hopeless folly and deserves no further attention. It remains for the Legislature to provide the requisite funds for increasing the output of our Department nurseries, and also to make the law operative which would furnish forest tree seed- lings at cost to such of our citizens as are willing to plant and care for the young trees under the direction of the State Department of Forestry. In this regard we may well copy the example of the Dominion of Canada. Forest fires we still have, but, in spite of all statements to the contrary, the most careful com- pilation of reliable statistics shows an average de- crease in frequency and in severity of these de- structive agencies. I would respectfully suggest that rigid enforcement of such laws as we now have is better than a constant unsettling of the workers by new laws or by modification of the old ones. The latest State Forestry Report shows that in 1909 the financial loss in destruction of timber from 329 forest fires was $145,104. I de- sire to add that no pains were spared to obtain all possible information upon this subject. Time was when the annual loss ran up to many times the above estimate. Of course, these figures do not include the loss by burning of soil and young trees ; nor, for that matter, neither did any fig- ures given at the time when our forest fire losses were much heavier. In conclusion, I believe we have abundant rea- son for encouragement in our work and for re- newed efforts to larger results. All that our organization has accomplished (and it has ac- complished much) simply imposes upon us new duties, that we may leave the State worthy of its name, and pass it along, in productive condition, to the next generation. Respectfully submitted. J. T. RoTHROCK, General Secretary. Pennsylvania Forestry Association. BY-LAWS. T Article I. — Members. THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association shall consist of persons nominated by the Mem- bership Committee and approved by the Council, unless otherwise herein provided. Mem- bers shall be classed as Ahnual, Life, Perpetual, and Honorary. Subject to this approval, any per- son, society, or institution, 1 . May become an annual member by paying to the Treasurer of the Association the dues of that year. But if any person, society, or institu- tion be admitted to membership during the last six months of any year they shall pay half of the annual dues only for that period. 2. Any person may become a life member by paying to the Treasurer of the Association the sum of $25, together with all arrears of dues, if already an annual member. 3. An incorporated society or institution Ihay become a perpetual member by paying to the Treasurer of the Association the sum of $100, and be entitled to delegate four representatives for ap- proval as members. 4. The Council of the Association may nomi- nate and the Association may elect as honorary members persons who have attained distinction or rendered notable service in forestry, agriculture, horticulture, or botanical science. No fees or dues shall be assessed upon honorary members. The dues of annual members shah be $2, as- sessed on the first day of January of each year, and the receipt of the Treasurer of the Association for the same shall be a valid certificate of mem- bership for the time covered by such payment, and shall entitle the member to receive the pub- lications of the Association. Article II. — Officers. There shall be a President, five Vice-Presi- dents, a General Secretary, Recording Secretary, a Treasurer, and members of Council, who shall be elected by the Association by ballot at its winter meeting, and a majority of the ballots cast shall constitute an election. They shall assume their duties on the first of January following their election, and shall serve for one year or until their respective successors are elected. In the absence or incapacity of the President, preventing him performing the duties of his office, these shall be assumed by the Vice-President selected by the Council. The officers, with the exception of the General Secretary and Recording Secretary, shall serve without salary. The compensation to be matam-'^^i.^ SV^ 184 FOREST LEAVES. paid the General Secretary and the Recording Secretary shall be determined by the Council. Article III. — Council. The Council shall consist of the officers above mentioned and representatives from the various counties of the State in the proportion of one member for every fifteen or fraction thereof, but a county having more than one hundred and fifty members shall be entitled to one member of Coun- cil for each fifty members in excess of one hun- dred and fifty members. Six members of the Council shall constitute a quorum. The Council shall have the authority to elect persons to fill vacancies occurring between the annual meetings. It shall be the duty of the Council to carry out the objects of the Association by the issue of pub- lications, and by such other means as may be deemed advisable. All funds in the hands of the Treasurer of the Association shall be subject to its order, but in no case shall any debt or obligation be incurred in excess of such funds. Article IV. — Committees. Immediately after the beginning of his term of office, the President shall appoint, to serve for one year, committees on Finance, Law, Member- ship, Publication, and Work. These committees shall consist of five members each, at least three of whom are to be members of Council, and by resolution of the Council may be enlarged to ten. The President of the Association shall be Chair- man of the Council, and appoint such other com- mittees as it may direct. In his absence a Chair- man pro tern, elected by the Council, shall perform his functions. Article V. — Meetings. The Association shall hold two regular meet- ings in each year ; the spring or summer meeting, and the winter meeting, the dates of which shall be decided by the Council. The annual election of officers and the presentation of annual reports shall take place at the winter meeting. Special meetings may be called at any time by the Coun- cil, or at the written request of twenty members, by the President or General Secretary, two weeks notice being given in all such cases. Article VI. — Amendments. Amendments to these By-Laws may be made at any meeting of the Association, at which two- I thirds of those present vote in favor of the amend- ment, provided every such amendment shall have been presented in writing at a meeting of the Council, held at least two weeks previously, and the subject of the proposed amendment be clearly stated in the notice of the meeting. Pennsylvania Forest Reserves. THE Commonwealth of Pennsylvania now owns for forestry purposes 973,000 acres of land distributed in various amounts in 26 counties. Needless to say, these lands pre- sent a great variety of topographic and geologic features, and a still greater variety of conditions of tree growth. Around some of the tracts clings a considerable body of interesting historical data. The record of what has transpired upon certain tracts since the State purchased them is not unin- teresting reading by any means, and a survey of future needs and possibilities is no less fascinat- ing. Few people know much of this vast domain which is in the hands of the Department of For- estry, and fewer still appreciate the keen business ability and foresight necessary to solve the many present problems in connection with its develop- ment, to direct the operations necessary, to plan and watch the expenditures from appropriations, and, above all, to conceive of an ultimate condi- tion satisfying the purposes for which the reserves have been established, and then to classify, adapt, unify, and harmonize innumerable conditions — a perfect chaos — so as to produce the results desired. To set forth the features of interest concerning all of the reserves within the limits of a paper of this kind is impossible, so several are chosen which may be taken as examples of conditions prevailing on others. The first Act of the Legislature authorizing the purchase of land for a State forest reserve was approved March 30, 1897, and on June 13, 1898, the first purchase was made under this Act, at tax sale, in Clinton County. Title was passed to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania June 13, 1900, by reason of the fact that within the two years allowed by law for the redemption of lands sold at tax sales no one redeemed these tracts. The first tracts coming into actual possession of the State were some in Pike County, purchased under Act of May 25, 1897, on March 30, 1900. Hopkins Reserve, — The Hopkins Reserve, in Clinton and Centre Counties, may be used as an example of the large body of land in the central portion of the State. It was one of the first large tracts purchased, and was named for a member of the former Reservation Commission who was in- strumental in getting the owners of adjoining tracts to offer their lands to the State, so that there might be one large contiguous body. This tract is on the Allegheny plateau. The tops of the ridges are on a general level and the valleys are the results of erosion. Along the Susque- hanna River and immediately back from it the w M X ^ u CO UJ lU UJ CO UJ cc o o UJ CO o INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE itamai(ft»-"A<-^ FOREST LEAVES. 185 slopes are steep and in many cases rocky. At the heads of the streams there are gently sloping basins with comparatively narrow outlets. In these valleys and basins there were found in the early days great quantities of white pine, hemlock, and in mixture with the conifers or in clumps, splendid hardwoods. On the ridges there was yellow pine mixed with a variety of species. Lumbering continued in this region from about 1850 to 1900. During that time and since, forest fires have almost completed the work of forest destruction. The pitch pine on the ridges has been able to resist the effects of re- peated burnings, and there may be a million or more board feet of such timber on this reserve that is still sound and growing. In several of the valleys, where swamp conditions exist over small areas, there are still some large white pine and hemlock. At the heads of the streams there are tracts of mixed hardwoods which have come up apparently after the old timber was removed, and notwithstanding the repeated fires and the result- ing defects, these trees have reached a timber size. Where fires have not been so prevalent for one reason or another, there is at present a remark- able growth of hardwoods with white and pitch pines scattered in it. In other places, amounting to thousands of acres, every possibility of valuable tree growth being restored without artificial plant- ing has been destroyed. Game in this region is plentiful, and a game refuge of about 3,000 acres is located on the re- serve. The work which has been done upon the re- serve by the Department of Forestry has been along the lines of protection. Roads have been opened and cleaned to make the land accessible and to serve as fire breaks. Last year contracts were let for the removal of some of the defective and dead timber. This work is now going on under the direction of the forester in charge of the Hopkins Reserve. Seven miles from the town of Renovo, the near- est settlement, is what is known as ** State Camp. ' ' A small one-story and a half house, with two rooms below and two above, which was built for the con- venience of the forest oflficers. A ranger has been assigned to the range in which this camp is lo- cated, and in the spring, summer, and fall he and his family live there so as to be closer to his work and that he may better protect State land. Re- cently a forest fire broke out in the valley below, with a wind coming up the valley. The ranger was alone, but he went to the fire. With the dry condition of the forest floor and with the wind as it was, he was not able to make any headway. His wife and children started to Renovo for help. He stayed to protect the State camp and his household property. Two and a half hours were necessary for those on foot to reach help, and then the wife had to be put to bed and was sick for a week. By hard work the Camp was saved, but by the time men came and the fire was extin- guished, several thousand acres of land had been burned over, with a loss of not less than $3,000. A telephone, which would have saved the self- sacrificing woman and limited not only this fire, but others as well, would not cost more than $250. Only a few years ago, one of our young forest- ers with a large force of men fought fire on and near this reserve for 13 days and nights. When fire starts on any of the steep slopes, it is but a short time until it is at the top, and then it is taken by the winds coming across the unprotected plateau lands and swept with a fury. In some sea- sons the region is so densely covered with smoke that it is almost impossible to detect small fires unless one is very close to them. The important part of management on such lands, as in the case of most of the reserves, is an intensive system of fire protection, and this in- cludes the removal of defective material under direction at as early a date as possible. Pike County Reserve. — Probably the feature most peculiar to this reserve is the number of swamps and lakes. There are to be found on it, too, the northern species, spruce, larch, and fir. For the most part, the area is of a rolling charac- ter. It lies back of the terminal morane, and the quality of the soil is poor, agriculturally consid- ered. Pitch pine and hemlock were the original species of trees most common, but along the streams and on the edges of the swamps there were large hardwoods of various species, as oaks, tulip, sugar maple, linden, ash, etc. Hemlock was cut for the bark, supplying tanneries of Monroe and Wayne Counties. There was considerable white pine cut and hauled to the Delaware and rafted. Notwithstanding the fires, which now are not very frequent, the greater portion of the reserve is covered with a fair young growth of hardwoods, and on a number of areas may be found large quantities of valuable pitch pine and hardwoods. The most important feature of management here is to provide for a profitable utilization of small and defective stuff that should be removed in im- provement cuttings. The only policy open seems to be the establishment of a plant utilizing such stuff near the reserve, and of hauling out the fin- ished product. No improvement can be made until this problem is satisfactorily solved. Stuart Reserve. — This reserve, named for ex- Governor Stuart, comprises about 8,500 acres on aJMHiten*-" S7^ 186 FOREST LEAVES. the border line of Westmoreland and Somerset Counties, along Laurel Hill. It is the only re- serve within the Ohio watershed. Laurel Hill is a ridge upon the Allegheny pla- teau, having a gentle eastern slope, but a steep and much cut western slope. Upon the top of the ridge was a large, more or less level, swampy area, known as *^ Spruce Flat." Its extent is about i,ooo acres and was formerly covered with a dense stand of large hemlock. With this excep- tion and a i^^N places along the streams, the area was thickly set with hardwoods, especially oak, of which Michaux makes mention in the record of his travels. This land was lumbered over, the operations continuing to 1908, and as usual, after the lum- berman came fires to clean up. Since the timber has been cut at least two thirds of the area within the reserve has been burned over, and in many places repeatedly. To-day there is nothing left of the primeval stand of hemlock except blackened stumps, as shown in the illustration. There is no regenera- tion and much of the swamp area is now dried up. The only timber left is some hardwoods on rough slopes at the heads of several streams where lum- bering was difficult. There is one small tract of primeval red oak. This tract is of more value to the State because of its minerals than for its present or future timber. There is a 3^ feet vein of coal under a great portion of it, valuable sand is found, and a **blue stone" quarry, now operating, is yielding several thousand dollars a year as royal- ties. On this reserve, too, a game preserve has been established. A railroad crosses Laurel Hill through the re- serve, and is a prolific source of fires, although considerable improvement is noted since a forester has been on the ground to keep the railroad offi- cials alert. The principal efforts will have to be along protective lines and plantings. Rothrock Resen^e. — The State purchased a tract of land along the boundary of Juniata and Mifflin Counties, and because of its proximity to the birth- place of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, McVeytown, and be- cause of its being an old tramping ground of his, the Reservation Commission named it for him. It is a very fitting memorial of the great work which Dr. Rothrock has done for his State. The tract almost touches the Juniata River in several places, extends over Froitt Mountain, Licking Creek Valley, and Blacklog Mountain into Blacklog Valley. It is one of the best tim- bered areas that the State owns, as will be seen from the cut. The soil is good and well watered. Even on the tops of the mountains, walnut, red oak, ash, linden, and such species, are found making rapid growth and reaching large size. The whole area has been lumbered over almost constantly for the last thirty years, but according to the selection method, good care having been taken of the young growth. In many instances large sound trees were left to serve as seed trees and because they were still growing at a good rate. Fires were excluded, and notwithstanding a great deal of pasturing, the entire forest is in fine shape. Our forester reports that there are no weed or scrub oak areas and only 160 acres that are likely to need artificial regeneration. Of course, protection and improvement work is necessary. With such conditions existing, pro- tection from fires is not so difficult as where the ground is exposed to sun and wind. The princi- pal work ahead is a proper system of improvement cuttings and an early formation of a definite silvi- cultural system. Here, too, some effort must be made to introduce wood-using industries near the reserve, but this phase of development is not as necessary as in some other situations. This re- serve is now and should always be one of the best timber producing areas in the State. It is best adapted to hardwood species. Potter County Reserve. — Topographically, the Potter County lands are like a lot of hills dropped promiscuously. There is no order of ranges. There are long streams with frequent branches extending to various distances and cutting what would otherwise be a range into odd divisions. The region is simply a part of the Appalachian plateau, very much dissected. The consequence is that the slopes are steep and valleys narrow, and in but a few instances is there much of the plateau land remaining. Fortunately, however, there is plenty of soil on top of the shale rocks, and only in a few places are there any boulders ap- parent. Lumbering is still going on in the county, but the timber is about exhausted ; one or two more years will see its finish. Crossfork now is dead, and others of the larger towns will be the same. Land that was lumbered over some time ago has been so frequently burned that all the slashings have been destroyed. Ten years ago, and even yet, much of this land looked very desolate and barren, but now where there have been no fires tor some time, there is coming on a fine regeneration of beech, birch, maple, linden, tulip, ash, oaks, pine, and hemlock. In some places the growth is so thick that one can hardly see 100 feet into it, and ranges from 10 feet to 50 feet in height. Along Crossfork Creek there is a remarkable FOREST LEAVES. 187 growth of hardwoods, considering the history of the area. The lumberman left many of the larger trees, no doubt because they were slightly defect- ive ; fires have killed some ; some of the stuff that was too small when the tract was lumbered is now above the general height of the young growth, and is of fair size. But the whole region is cov- ered with valuable growth of some kind. Up to this time the principal efforts of the De- partment have been toward creating a sentiment against forest fires and for the care of young growth. Among people who were used to cut- ting primeval forest all this seemed impractical, but largely through the efforts of Forester Emerick at Crossfork, this antagonism has been changed. He has carried on an educational campaign in the county that has accomplished results. He has talked in every town in the county and has the school teachers, from County Superintendent down, intensely interested in forestry. Arbor Day is a real thing in the county, and there is hardly a teachers' meeting of any kind that Mr. Emerick is not invited to attend. School chil- dren, sportsmen, lumbermen, railroad men, tele- phone men, and all classes are reached and, neces- sarily, results are showing themselves. In addi- tion to this work, the foresters and rangers are opening fire lanes, planting trees, and opening small nurseries with great success. The proposition before the Department is to get the most out of the reserves. Protection, at least in certain parts of the county, is in good shape and can be cared for easily in the future. Utilization is the large problem. There is mate- rial that might be made into small products, but the reserve will soon be in the same condition we find in Pike County, material to market if the right product is made, but a long haul to get it to market. The lumber roads are being taken up and the men are going, too. AVhen we need men we shall have a time getting them to move back into the mountains, once they are out. Of course, if forestry stands for any one thing, it stands for advancement, and in the mountainous regions of Pennsylvania it means good roads, telephone ser- vice, and all other modes of rapid communi- cation, also looking after the welfare of the people in the neighborhood of the forests. Where the State has reserves it is the especial duty of the Department to prevent, by proper means, emi- gration from the forests, for we do not want to have a problem of **back to the forest" if we can help it. Those who have to employ men for forestry operations in regions where men are not used to swinging an axe know what such a prob- lem will mean. Geo. H. Wirt. A Forest Policy with the Punch. SHALL Pennsylvania rest content with hav- ing attained first place among the States for an enlightened forest reserve system ; or shall she use this achieved result as the basis of a more far-reaching and still further effective policy? As demonstrating Pennsylania's suprem- acy, I quote from a letter of the Hon. Robert S. Conklin, dated May i6th, 191 2 : **The present area of Reserves runs to about 972,000 acres. The timbered area reported by the Secretary of Internal Affairs for 1910 is 7,654,252, and the waste farm lands amount to about 4,000,000 acres. " It is a matter of utmost pride to every member here, to record the magnificent estate of 972,000 acres, 12 per cent, of our timbered area, in State ownership and rapidly being placed under a scientific and practical forest manage- ment. But what of the 6,682,252 acres, the re- maining 88 per cent, of our woodlands, and the 4,000,000 acres of waste farm lands ? The most casual observer, not alone in our own State but throughout the country, cannot escape the woeful facts. Woodlands mutilated by saw and axe, devastated by fire, and ravaged by flood, are constant testimony to our unprincipled forest conduct. Even in the most favorable examples the mass of wasted material witnesses a lack of economic utilization. While the poor of our teeming cities suffer direly for want of proper housing and fuel, tons of trees lie rotting in the woods and cords of discarded ties are burning along the railroads, in evidence of an utterly inadequate distribution of forest products. Hon- esty forces th'e sad confession that forestry has entered little or not at all into the practical life of individuals. Up on Broadway, when a drama reaches out across the foot-lights, warms the hearts, fires the imagination, and stirs the souls of men, critics say ** it has the punch." Forestry has made mar- velous progress in America, thanks to the efforts, individual and organized, of a small band of pub- lic-spirited men and women, but so far as obtain- ing wide-spread and earnest acceptance of forestry principles on the part of individuals, and so far as enlisting them in the personal practice of such principles. Forestry in America has failed ; the policy has ** lacked the punch." The forest probletn of a State presents a t^vo- fold aspect : namely, the establishment and main- tenance of State Forest Reserves, and secondly, the encouragement and aid of forestry practice by individual owners on their private woodlands. Having established the public policy on a broad and solid basis, is it not time to consider the spe- J'SO 188 FOREST LEAVES. cial problems of private owners, and how the State shall best discharge her responsibility in the solution of these difficulties ? And is it not fitting that Pennsylvania should assume the leadership in the task of popularizing forestry ? Let me emphasize here that my remarks are in no sense a criticism of the men who, in the past, have given, and who now are giving, wisely and lavishly of time and effort in the service of the Forestry Department. Rather may my sugges- tions be an invitation to consider the means and the manner of enlarging and realizing the highest usefulness of all the woodlands of the entire Com- monwealth. Farmers and woodlot-owners are confronted with a multitude of obstacles to applying the art of forestry, difficulties arising from ignorance of scientific facts and from lack of well-defined silvi- cultural systems, from fire, from tree diseases, from oppressive taxation, from undeveloped mar- kets, and a host of vexing problems. The indi- vidual, of his own initiative and limited means, cannot be expected to dispose of these single- handed. The State fnust grapple seriously and intimately ivith local probletjis. Nor is it suffi- cient to issue learned reports and scientific bulle- tins based on work on a few mountain reservations. The State must supplement her sermons on the mount with living on the level, and I, for one, hope and expect to see the day when the State of Pennsylvania will maintain a model woodlot in every county in the State. Gifford Pinchot, early in his administration of the Federal Forest Service, inaugurated a far- reaching scheme of co-operative work. In our own State, in another department. Prof. Surface has proved the effectiveness of State co-operation in his warfare on the San Jose scale. Let us, then, extend the principle of co-opera- tion by such a splendidly co-ordinated system of model-forests. Their acquisition can proceed along the same lines as now pursued in the forma- tion of the larger reserves. The initial expense would be inconsiderable in proportion to the vast benefit derived. Assuming a maximum area of loo acres per tract in each of the 67 counties, and estimating an average price of $25 per acre (surely well outside the limit), the 6,700 acres would cost ;Ji67,5oo ; but, to make liberal allowance, let us say $200,000. Where will you find a better investment for State funds? And conceive, if you can, the force of such an object lesson in each locality. Here will be demonstrated the efficiency of protection against fire and grazing ; the value of improvement cuttings ; the practica- bility of reforestation ; scientific methods of har- vesting the crop ; economic utilization of crop ; and intelligent ways of marketing. Can there be any doubt that the people would avail themselves eagerly of such object lessons ? I predict it would revolutionize the status of forestry here in Penn- sylvania. The matter of administration can be handled easily by our present forestry corps. These small tracts will not require the constant presence of a forester in charge, but rather the supervision of work at periodic intervals, and the attention in the meantime of a responsible local foreman. The scheme should include mddel-forests of every possible description and stage of development, in order to include the whole scope of woodlot prob- lems, with the same difficulties to face and the same opportunity for profit as in the case of pri- vate owners. The stimulus of such a policy would quicken the whole conscience and consciousness of our Commonwealth. I look forward to that day when the State will face the very problems which confront the individual, when every county will contain an example of enlightened woodlot man- agement, whose influence will radiate and leaven the whole body politic, when the forest-resources of the State will emerge from a condition of mis- management, unthriftiness and waste, and be transformed into a source of wealth, health and joy for all the people. T. L. Hoover. A Planting Experiment. PURING the winter of 1910-11, while the writer and Prof. J. S. Illick, of the Penn- sylvania State Forest Academy, wete in Germany, we saw a method of conversion of cop- pice forest into high forest that was very interest- ing and instructive. This method was subject to slight variations, but the fundamental principle was the same throughout. One form was seen in the Odenwald, where a tanbark oak coppice was being converted. Chem- ical tannage was replacing vegetable, and it was necessary to convert the coppice into more mar- ketable material. The oak coppice was cut, save for one *' sap-sucker," the largest shoot, which was left to absorb the stump energy. This thinned stand was then underplanted with spruce trans- plants 2/2. The new shoots of the coppice stump failed to compete seriously with the spruce, be- cause they made poor growth, the sap-sucker drawing most of the nourishment from the stump. If necessary, though, these new shoots could be cut at the small cost of $3 per acre biennially for 4 or 6 years. A similar form of conversion was again seen on the plains of the Rhine Valley just south of Frank- / FOREST LEAVES. 189 furt. On cold, wet soil, where hardwoods were badly damaged by frost, the forester was con- verting areas into spruce and white pine by cut- ting all but the hornbeam (^Carpinus betulus), which served as a nurse and a means of keeping down the coppice. The first form showed even better results. At Krumbach, a municipal forest of the Odenwald, the forester reported a yield of five cords per acre from the overwood, with a well-established spruce plantation which was beyond the reach of coppice sprouts. These plantations so appealed to the writer that he made a report on this subject, in connection with one on *' White Pine in Mixed Stands," to the Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsylvania. During the Foresters' Convention in March, 191 2, the subject of what to do with the State's scrub ork area was under discussion. It was brought out that the State has extensive areas of Quercus nana in some localities, and in others of more valuable oaks dwarfed through the occur- rence of repeated fires. In the course of the dis- cussion Prof. Illick referred to this method of deal- ing with coppice growth, and suggested that it might prove practical. Real results from this agitation are now at hand and some conclusions are possible. The ex- periment is being carried out in several places, and in a few years its success or failure will be definitely known. At the end of the first year all appearances point to success. Forester Robert G. Conklin, of Graeffenburg, Caledonia Reserve, planted three acres, as follows : 1 . Scrub oak acre underplanted with white pine, no preparation. 2. Adjoining scrub oak acre underplanted with white pine, all coppice shoots except one ** sap- sucker ' ' cut and cleared away. 3. Adjoining scrub oak acre cut clean and planted with white pine. The scrub oak is not entirely Quercus nana, but rather a scrubby growth of other oak species due to fire injury. The white pine plantations are uniformly suc- cessful, over 90 per cent, of the trees being alive in October. This is true of the whole plot. The growth is no larger than is usual during the first year, nor is there any apparent difference in height-growth between the plots. This is to be expected after only one growing season. The check area need not be mentioned as to coppice growth. The coppice growth on the cleared area is from three to seven feet high, very thick, practically hiding the underplanted white pine. Probably two more years will make these shoots nearly equal to the check area in height. The results on the middle area are remarkable. The coppice shoots growing from cut stumps are dwarfed and spindling, with their leaves withered before the normal time. These shoots will hardly average over a foot high, and do not look as though they would prove a serious factor in the future. The white pine can be seen nearly across the piece, and the overwood will hardly furnish enough shade to suppress them for some years. Altogether, this area looks most promising. The points claimed for this method are : first, elimination of the competition with the under- planting until the plantation is thoroughly estab- lished ; second, a lower expense than a repeated cutting back of all the coppice ; third, the pro- tection afforded the underplanting from frost, and too great insolation and transpiration ; in short, the ** sap-sucker " acts as a nurse for the planta- tion. While the shade may result in decreased height-growth during the last year or two before removal, this is fully compensated for in the belter root development and sturdier plant. This method may contain the solution of the Pennsylvania scrub oak problem. George A. Retan. New Publications. The Story of Our Trees, by Margaret M. Greg- son. 8vo., 160 pages, illustrated, bound in cloth. The Cambridge Nature Study Series. Price, 75 cents. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, N. Y. This book, which has been prepared to help children study nature, and particularly trees, is divided into twenty-four lessons, treating, in turn, of fruits and seeds, leaf casting, the growth of seeds, winter buds and tree forms, tree planting and felling, evergreens. How a tree lives, de- scribing the root, trunk, and calkins, thorny and climbing plants, leaf buds, the leaf, the flower, together with four appendices and an index. An endeavor has been made to fit the chapters into the natural cycle of the seasons, which is the best order for nature studies. The book is adapted to classes where the ages range from 12 to 14 years or younger. This interesting book is embellished with 72 illustrations. Forestry. An Elementary Treatise, by Her- man H. Chapman. 8vo., 79 pages, bound in cloth. Price, $1.25. American Lumberman, Chicago, III. This volume, which has been prepared by Mr. Chapman, Assistant Professor of Forestry at the I Yale Forest School, is a volume essentially written for men whose knowledge of Latin is limited, but whose knowledge of the practical aspects of for- estry and its handicaps is large. :3^^ 190 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 191 ii The early part of the volume, which treats of the growth of different species, and the struggle of the tree in the forest for moisture and light, is interestingly related. The influences of the sea- sons and of latitude are also clearly portrayed. Another section deals with natural reproduction, and it is shown how this may be best encouraged. The author then takes up the practical subject of silviculture, showing how it is at present handi- capped by adverse taxation and inadequate fire protection. Forest fires and their prevention are carefully discussed, and a chapter treats of forest mensuration. The concluding chapter, *' Forest Policy," discusses the influence of forests on cli- mate and the influence of forests on streams and soil erosions ; Government regulation vs. Govern- ment ownership ; the history of national forestry in the United States ; State forestry ; agricultural soils vs. forest soils ; and the State as a producer of timber. Any man who owns trees or who is concerned in their growth or cutting will find much valuable information in this book, recording experience rather than theory, and explaining simply and scientifically the proven principles most likely to be of interest and value to timber owners and those concerned with the forest. The Origin of Earthquakes. Dr. Charles Davi- son. i6mo., 144 pages, illustrated, bound in cloth. Spiders. Cecil Warburton. i6mo., 134 pages, illustrated, bound in cloth. The Work of Rain and Rivers. Dr. T. G. Bon- ney. i6mo., 144 pages, illustrated, bound in cloth, and The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. By Julian S. Huxley. i6mo., 167 pages, illustrated, bound in cloth. These four brochures are respectively Nos. 34, 36, 44 and 48 of the Cambridge Manuals of Sci- ence and Literature. Cambridge University Press. 40 cents each. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York N. Y. In the first mentioned manual Dr. Davison has naturally, in the endeavor to compress a great subject into a small compass, omitted many de- tails, but gives in succinct form interesting data as to these tremendous convulsions of nature. The phenomena of earthquakes and the growth of faults are described, also simple, twin, and com- plex earthquakes and their origin. In addition fore-shocks, after-shocks, sympathetic earth- quakes, earthquake sounds, and the origins of all of the above are discussed, as well as the distribu- tion of earthquakes. Any one who desires infor- mation in regard to these wonderful seismic dis- turbances in condensed form will be interested in this volume, which mentions many famous earth- quakes, including those in California and Japan. In the Manual on Spiders Mr. Warburton not only describes spiders, of which there are 550 known species in Great Britain, but deals more especially with their habits and modes of life, de- scribing the methods of research and ingeniously devised experiments by means of which knowledge was obtained, in the hope that readers would in- vestigate for themselves. Instructions are given as to where to look for spiders, defining what they are, their mental powers, and describing the ingenious snares pre- pared, such as the circular and trap snares and balloons. Water, crab, wolf, jumping, and theraphosed spiders are all in turn treated. The peculiar arrangement by which stridulation or sound is produced by some spiders is detailed, as well as the spinning apparatus and feet, also the enemies of the race. The endeavor to under- stand the actions of the Arachnida has its own fascination, as will be evident from a perusal of the brochure. Geological treatises deal at length with the effect of erosion on topography, and in Manual 44 the aim has been to indicate the methods of observing, processes of reasoning, and conclusions reached by trained students of science, avoiding the use of technical terms. The different chapters are headed '' Carving and Carrying," *'The Making of Valleys," '*7^he Transport and Deposit of Materials," ''The History of a River System," ''Man's Learning of Nature's Lesson," and con- cluding with an Index. 19 illustrations aid in making clear the explanations and descriptions given. The subject treated in the last manual is large and capable of many ramifications. The author has tried to frame a general definition of the in- dividual sufficiently to permit of its application by the man of science, and also to show in what ways individuality as defined by him manifests itself in the animal kingdom. The volume treats of the idea of individuality, its biological founda- tions, together with some other definitions, the second grade of individuality and its attainment, the latter progress, as well as the relation of indi- viduality to matter, concluding with a bibliogra- phy of literature cited and an index. The 17 cuts and figures are valuable in demonstrating the different points mentioned. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association will hold a Forestry Exhibition in Horticultural Hall^ Philadelphia, Pa., during the week May i^th to 24th, igij. FOHEpT LEi^VE^. o<|>o THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association, The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. RATES ■ X • insertion. insertions. insertions. I inch, . $.1.00 $4.00 $8.00 % page, . 4.00 17.00 34*00 V^ " . 7.00 30.00 60.00 I " 12.00 50.00 JC0,00 STATEMENT Of ownership, management, etc., of Fokest Leaves, published bi- monthly at Philadelphia, Pa., required by the Act of August 24th, 1912. Editor, John Birkinbine, "| 1012 Managing Editor and Business Manager, F. L. Bitler. vWalnut Publisher and Owner, Pennsylvania Forestry Association. ) Street. No Bondholders, Mortgagees, etc. John Birkinbine. Sworn and subscribed before me this second day of October, 1912. Geo. W. Clement, Notary Public. My Commission expires January 5th, 1913. The New York State College of Forestry AT Syracuse University, SYRACUSE, - - - NEW YORK. Undergraduate course leading to Bachelor of Science in Forestry ; Postgraduate course to Master of Forestry, and one and two-year Ranger courses. Summer Camp of eight weeks and Ranger School given on the Col- lege Forest of 2,000 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. Forest Experiment Station of 90 acres and excellent Library offer un- usual opportunities for research work. For particulars, address : HUGH P. BAKER, D.Oec, Dean, 1 I 1 I I I 1. BE ■'''■■■'■■■■ H ■■■■■''■■■'■■■■■■'■'■'■ Jusl ttie Information We Need ""■"""""" ' ' -'■'■•^ Webstei^ New International -TheMerriamW^ter Every day in your talk and reading:, on the street car, in the office, shop, and school some new question is sure to come up. You seek quick, accurate, encyclopedic, up-to- date information. This NEW CREATION will answer all your questions with hnal authority. 400^000 Words Defined. 2700 Pages. 6000 Illustra- tions. Cost $400,000. The only dictionary with the new divided page. A "Stroke of Genius.*' W^rite for specimen pages, illustrations, etc. Mention this publi- cation and receive FREE a set of pocket maps. G. & C. MERRIAM CO., Springfield, Mass. U. 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