Title: Forest leaves, v. 19 Place of Publication: Philadelphia Copyright Date: 1923 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg063.2 Volume I I 1 FOREST LEAVES 'v^<^ Qt Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as seoond-class matter, imder Act of March 3d, 1879 % iV Vol. XIX— No. 1 PHILADELPHIA, FEBRUARY. 1923 Whole Number 213 Editorial AT the late Annual Meeting of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association a resolution was unanimously adopted favoring a loan of $25,000,000 by the State of Pennsylvania, for the purchase of wild lands for use as State forests. The text of this resolution is found on page 7. The State Grange, the Pennsylvania State Conservation Council, composed of representa- tives of the game and fish organizations of the State, the Grange, Anthracite Forest Protective Association and the other forestry organizations of Pennsylvania are heartily championing such a loan. Ex-Governor Sproul in his message of January 2nd, 1923, to the new Legislature of Pennsylvania said: '' Permanent projects like the building of roads, the acquisition of forest lands, the con- struction of the Delaware river bridge and the purchase of toll bridges, should be financed from loans, if need be, as is the case with other States and the larger cities. Unfortunately our Con- sitution makes this difficult.^' The loans made by the Commonwealth are for meritorious purposes such as public roads, which add to the convenience of transportation, and aid in the upbuilding of the State, but these roads are constantly and necessarily deteriorating in value. A loan for the purchase of mountain lands for State Forests however is a real investment, which if properly protected is constantly increasing in value. The 1,130,510 acres which the State now owns and has protected and cared for, is worth at the present time twice what the State paid tor them, including the costs of administration. If this loan became a law and a total of 5,000,000 acres were secured by the State, it is estimated that at the end of fifty years, the revenue to be derived yearly from these forests in perpetuity would be more than enough to defray the entire cost of our educational system. There are numerous other advantages derived from the reforesting and protection of our de- nuded mountain-sides, which are now the gather- ing place of floods, the water rushing unimpeded down the steep slopes, carrying away the soil, devastating the fertile lands below, and filling our streams with silt. Game and fish are afford- ed a home, cities can secure pure, uncontaminated water from the forest clad slopes. They serve as outing places for the public, and aid in con- serving the health of our citizens. The home is the most sacred of American institutions, and these forest reserves would supply an abundant and cheap source of timber for houses, as well as for our wonderful mining industries, railroads, and wood working plants, eliminating the con- stantly augmenting cost due to long railway hauls, as the nearby forests are cut and our principal future supplies will have to be obtained from the Pacific Coast States. There are numerous other advantages such as decreasing the flood damage, sustaining minimum stream flow, preservation of our wild flowers, etc. Can any other loan show as many advantages >r reasons for its enactment? F. L. B. A Pennsylvania State Forest Loan THE Legislature will have presented to it a bill asking for a loan of $25,000,000 for the purchase of wild lands for forest reserves, and the following are some pertinent questions in regard to this matter, together with the an- swers : (1) How many acres of State forest land does the State Forestry Department think we should have? At least 5,000,000 acres, of which the State already owns 1,130,510 acres. The State- owned forest land has been purchased at an average cost of $2.27 per acre and has now an estimated value of $10.88 per acre. All expendi- tures for administration, development, and im- provements, and the purchase price of the land have been paid, and there is left an estimated net profit to» the Commonwealth of almost $;3,ooa,ooo. (2) How many acres of forest land is it pro- I>osed to buy by a bond issue? A conservative estimate shows that there are at least 3,500,000 acres of forest land in Pennsylvania now in an unproductive condition and available for acquis!- FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES tion by the State. Of this area at least 2,000,000 acres are located on mountain slopes and high plateaus about the headwaters of streams. Forest restoration is essential on this vast area to safe- guard water supply, regulate stream flow and supply wood. An additional 1,500,000 acres is located on the lower mountain slopes and com- paratively level stretches. This land is not suited for any other purpose than wood production. (3) Can forest land be purchased as cheaply as that already acquired by the State, namely, $2.27 per acre? Written sale offers of 488,353 acres have been received by the Department of Forestry at very reasonable prices. In addition, verbal offers have been made covering 277,691 acres, making the total acreage offered for pur- chase 766-,044. The average price for the entire acreage offered is $2.44 per acre. While, as in- dicated, the land offered can be purchased about as cheaply as that already owned by the State, subsequent puichases will undoubtedly be at a higher price, because the land offered is largely the least productive in the State. Additional offers will include more desirable, hence more valuable, tracts for timber production. A bond issue of $25,000,000 should purchase at least 3,500,000 acres, and probably much more. This should include the cost of title and land examina- tion. (4) If the State should vote the $25,000,000 asked for, how would it be si)ent? It would be spent to purchase at minimum cost lands pri- marily suited to timber production. All expendi- tures would be made under the immediate direc- tion of the State Forest Commission and in ac- cordance with its well-established policy of forest land acquisition. Only lands offered at reason- able prices would be considered for purchase. Other things being equal, the cheaper land would be acquired first. (5) How long would it be before this area would be in full timber production? The forest land that would be purchased through a bond issue is now entirely unproductive or is produc- ing wood at a very slow rate. The average acre of it now grows each year less than one-fourth of a cord. If cared for this land should in ten to fifteen years increase its procluction to one- half of a cord per acre per year. In 40 years it should reach full production. Then it will pro- duce at least a full cord of wood each year on every acre. (6) What are the total State School expendi- tures? The expenditures of the Department of Public Instruction from December 1, 1919 to November 30, 1920, were $14,401,756.07, and from December 1, 1920 to November 30, 1921, were $15,804,282.71. Funds derived from the State Forests help support the public schools of the State. To date (January 1, 1923) $268,372.34 have been deposited in the State School Fund. When 5,000,000 acres of State Forest land have been developed to full productive capacity, there will be available each year for the public educa- tion at least twice the amount now contributed annually by the State for educational purposes. (7) What will be the per acre income when the land is producing a full timber crop? The un- productive forest land of Pennsylvania can be made to produce annually at least one cord of wood per acre. It is very conservative to predict that the yield from these lands when fully pro- ductive will return a net annual income of at least $6.00 per acre. This means that the income from the 3,500,000 acres will be $21,000,000 over all maintenance and overhead charges. (8) Are our forests at the present time self- supporting, that is, does the revenue accruing from them equal the cost of maintaining them? The State Forests of Pennsylvania are not self- supporting at present. There is an obvious rea- son for this. When the land was acquired it was among the most devastated in the State; many acres being barren, others having little growth upon them, and only a few being well stocked. The growth thereon is still young, and therefore unsalable, but it is rapidly growing in volume and approaching merchantable size. It will not be long until specific State Forests will become self- supi>orting and in 50 years the average net in- come from all of them will be at least $6.00 per aere. (9) What is the present per acre cost of main- tenance? The amount expended by the State for the administration of State Forests during the fiscal year June 1, 1921 to May 31, 1922, was 17 cents per acre. The total cost to maintain the State Forests for this period, excluding expendi- tures for equipment and permanent improve- ments, amounted to 32 cents per acre. (10) What will be the maintenance cost of the State forests per acre? The total cost of main- taining the State Forests will increase as their management becomes more intensive and addi- tional operations are necessary to develop and ^j utilize their resources. The present cost of main- taining* the State Forests is 36 cents per acre. In fifty years it should not exceed 60 cents per acre. This charge includes forest protection, supervision, forest tree planting, road, trail, and telephone line repair, ujvkeep of equipment, and other necessary maintenance expenditures. Ex-Governor Sproul on Forestry IN his message delivered on January 2nd to the new Legislature of Pennsylvania, the Governor summarized a list of the achieve- ments of his administration, one of which was as follows: ^'Organized efficient forest protection and in the most perilous season in a generation have been successful in preventing disastrous fires. *' The last Legislature passed an appropriation of one million dollars for the protection of our forests from forest fires. This sum of money was distributed over two years, and enabled the erection of numerous additional steel fire tow- ers, installation of telephone systems, clearing of roads, trails and fire lanes, together with em- ployment of additional fire wardens, etc., so that the forest fires could be combated efficiently. It is to. be hoped that the present Legislature will duplicate this appropriation so that the per- manent part of the Forest Fire Protective Sys- tem can be completed, and in the future equally good protection can then be secured with a smaller appropriation. Governor Sproul also made the following state- ment in regard to our streams, on which our forests have a most direct and important bearing : ^'Pennsylvania has made relatively little prog- ress in the matter of protecting her beautiful and useful streams from pollution as the result of sewage and industrial waste. ''All over our favored area may be found evidences of this lack of care for the first principle of conservation. Numerous waterways, which once running clear and pure served not only to beautify the landscape but afforded a supply of wholesome water for farms and com- munities, are now reeking with filth or are con- taminated by poisonous waste from mines and factories. "The Department of Health and the Depart- ment of Fisheries, which have some jurisdiction m these matters, have neither the power nor the force to render thorough service in preventing this flagrant abuse of one of the finest of our natural resources. The Fisheries Department, ^vlth its few inspectors, is unable to cope with the situation, and when arrests are made and convictions secured, the penalties are ridiculously low. The fines which are imposed are trifling as compared with the damage done. ''A great public good will have been accom- plished when really stringent and enforceable Jaws have been enacted to save our streams for public use and enjoyment. '* Report of the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association IN reviewing the progress of forestry in Penn- sylvania during the past year its friends may well feel encouraged. The biennial ap- propriation made by the last Legislature for the purchase of forest lands was vetoed by the Gov- ernor on account of lack of revenue. Conse- quently the only land added to the State Forests during 1922 was 2,859 acres contracted for prior to June 1, 1921, to which title was perfected dur- ing the year. The total area of the State Forests is now 1,129,096 acres purchased at a total cost of $2,588,695, an average of $2.27 per acre. At the last meeting of the Legislature, an amendment was made to the law giving the United States Government the right to purchase lands within the Commonwealth for the purpose of establishing National Forests. The original law gave the State of Pennsylvania the right to repossess these lands at any time by paying the purchase price plus 2 per cent, interest per an- num. This right of repossession was eliminated. The National Forest Reservation Commission then formally approved, on May 24th, the pur- chase of 74,025 acres within' the Allegheny National Forest, situated on the headwaters of the Allegheny River, in Warren, Elk, Forest and Mc- Kean Counties. This unit is expected to ulti- mately include 440,000 acres now authorized, and may be enlarged to 1,000,000 acres. The new forest is situated at a point where problems both of watershed protection and forest perpetuation reach a climax. There is scarcely another region in the United States where a tim- ber supply is so important, for in a radius of one hundred miles there are hundreds of wood- using plants, representing investments of mil- lions of dollars. To the south lies Pittsburgh, whose serious flood losses have necessitated un- precedented flood-control measures. Below Pitts- burgh are other large cities which have also suf- fered greatly from flood. The creation of this one unit will not materially reduce flood losses on the Ohio River, nor perpetuate the enormous wood-using industries of the region, but it is important because Federal participation in the solution of the two outstanding problems, in co- operation with the effective work of the State it- self, will eventually introduce new conditions of forest protection and management throughout the entire region. The plans of the National Forest Reservation Commission call for buying 50,000 acres more during the current fiscal year. FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES The Borough of Coudersport has established a miinicipal forest of 100 acres in Potter County. The Department of Forestry had a forestry dis- play at nine county fairs, where there was a g'ood attendance, 62,500 small potted trees being dis- tributed. A motor truck equipped to display motion pictures on lumbering operations and for- est fires toured six forest districts early in 1922. rive regional meetings of Foresters and For- est Rangers were held in the summer of 1922 to further the work in the State. A Forest Manual was prepared, which was approved by the Com- mission on October 18th, and will be issued later. During 1922 special attention was. given to the further improvement of the fire protective organ- ization, regarded by the National authorities as the best State system. The primary forest fire observation tower sys- tem, with telephone communication and co-ordi- nated local detection and suppression organiza- tions is now practically complete, the appropri- ation for the Bureau of Forest Protection for the year being $500,000. There are now built 72 steel forest fire towers, and 28 more ordered, all of which are equipped with telephone stations. There are also numer- ous wooden towers, tree and mountain outlook stations. Six hundred and eighty-seven miles of telephone lines, over 3300 miles of fire lanes, trails and roads aid in controlling and extinguish- ing forest fires. Direct contact is now maintained with 2500 forest fire wardens in all parts of the State, some of whom are equipped with the necessary fire fighting equipment. Railroads are co-operating more fully than before in the burning of safety strips along their rights of way, and in the ex- tinguishing of forest fires. The most gratifying development has been the crystallization of public opinion to the needlessness of forest fires and a willingness to support all necessary measures to prevent and control them. Notwithstanding the length and severity of the spring fire season, and the extremely dry forest conditions for long periods, there were from Jan- uary 1, 1922, to June 1, 1922, but 2,231 forest fires, which burned over 256,457 acres of land, of which 155,068 were brush land, 97,210 acres of timber and 4,179 acres of grass land. While more fires than ever were reported during any previous period in the Department's history, the size of the average fire was only 115 acres. The data in regard to the total forest fires in 1922 are subject to revision, but show a total of 3,590 fires burn- ing over 329,734 acres, the total damage being $665,387, and the cost of extinction $187,512. Good results have also been secured by the Forestry Department through its thorough in- vestigation of the causes of forest fires, and from its policy of recovering the cost of fire extinc- tion from persons responsible for fires. A number of local organizations have rendered aid to the Bureau of Forest Protection. The Pocono Forestry Association is composed )f owners of land and of others interested in the Pocono Mountains. They have an active, well organized fire fighting organization. Five wooden towers have been erected and equipped %vith telephone lines. Its members are also in- terested in tree planting and forest improve- ents. The Anthracite Forest Protective Association s formed of owners of 114,000 acres of land in the anthracite region. They have erected six steel towers, . and repaired and placed in com- mission an old wooden tower. In addition to fighting forest fires, they maintain an educational propaganda. The Blair County Game, Fish and Forestry As- sociation is active in suppressing forest fires in that section; also in tree planting* and the pro- tection and propagation of game and fish. The Central Pennsylvania Forest Protective Association, the McKean County Protective As- sociation and the Lycoming County Protective Association have all rendered valuable aid in their respective communities. Mt. Carmel has now a fully organized forest fire fighting company with thirty active firemen, divided into three crews of ten men each, said to be the first established in the United States. They have a bungalow on the mountain side south of Mt. Carmel. The Department of Forestry has supplied the needed fire fighting tools, while the coal companies affected will provide additional equipment, such as fire fighting pumps, uniforms, etc. The Boy Scouts have been enlisted in the forest fire fighting and educational work, and there are now 20,000 Forest Guides as compared with 14,- 213 in 1921. Many of the water companies of the State have men employed to look after the thousands of acres of plantations and second growth timber on their drainage basins. The coal companies of the State are also utiliz- ing and caring for their lands to secure a future supply of mine timber. Three large and one small forest tree nurseries are maintained by the Department of Forestry, and it also maintains twelve additional nurser- ies in co-operation with State institutions. During 1922 these nurseries had an output of almost 4,000,000 trees, of which 183,323 were planted on State Forests, and the remainder dis- tributed to owners of forest lands throughout the State. There are now in the nurseries 25,000-,000 seedlings, of which 7,000,000 will be available for planting in the spring of 1923. The output will reach its maximum — 20,000,000 trees — about 1925. A co-operative program in roadside forest tree planting was made between the Department of Forestry and the State Highway Department, under which 10,534 trees were set out along the highways of the State in 1921 and 1922. The Department has also supplied trees to the Ameri- can Legion Posts and other organizations for roadside planting. Six public camping grounds have been estab- lished and equipped in the State Forests for the use of automobile tourists and others. No fee is charged for the use of the grounds which have space for tents and fireplace, a supply of pure water, two comfort stations, four garbage con- tainers, four tables and eight benches. Where these grounds are located along telephone lines public telephones have been installed. Five other public camp grounds have been prepared, on secondary roads for smaller camping parties. In order to have the camps serve the greatest num- ber of people occupancy is limited to two days unless a permit is secured, which is limited to ten days in a year for a specific camp. The State Forest Academy at Mont Alto has now the largest enrollment in the history of the school. The curriculum has been improved, and a four years' course is now being given under most favorable environments. Pennsylvania State College has a Forestry De- })artment where students are given a four year course, supplementing this by summer camps in the woods for practical outdoor instruction. Lehigh University has continued its elective course in forestry> its forest experiment station and its arboretum, and continues its reforestation of denuded forest lands. Many other educational institutions and schools are now giving short courses in or talks on forestry. The game and fish organizations are also lend- ing supiK)rt to the movement to protect and in- crease the forest area in Pennsylvania on which their sport depends. The press, the women's clubs and others show their interest. The two spring and one fall Arbor Days, pro- claimed by the Governor, were quite universallv observed by the schools throughout the State, with appropriate exercises, including tree plant- ing where conditions permitted. Much progress has been mad© in Pennsylvania Forestry, but it is only a start in the right direc- tion. It is desirable that a full measure of forest protection be continued, that forest practices be further improved, and that there be acquired by the State, from funds made available by direct appropriation for immediate use, and by a bond issue for acquisition during the period of 1927 to 1935, of the eight millions of acres of mountain land now idle in all parts of the State. We can- not afford to neglect such a valuable and vital ^sset as our forests. We owe it to ourselves and to those who follow us to handle properly the forests the State now owns, and to restore to production the idle forest lands. The chestnut tree blight has made rapid ad- vances in the northern and northwestern sections of the State, and this valuable tree will soon cease to exist here. Special efforts have been made to utilize the diseased and dead chestnut on the State Forests. The White Pine Blister rust has been found in Lackawanna, Susquehanna and Wayne Coun- ties, and is being closely watched by the State authorities and steps taken to prevent its spread, and eradicate it from the Commonwealth. The summer meeting of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association was held at Warren, Pa., June 29th,* 30th and July 1st. It was well attended and most successful. Three sessions were held, at which admirable addresses on forestry were made by well known State and National foresters. Automobile trips were arranged to Kinzua, giv- ing a splendid idea of the character of the country included in the new Allegheny National Forest, stops being made at two lumber mills, showing the manufacturing end of the forestry problem. Another trip was made to the virgin white pine and hemlock forests of Messrs. Wheeler and Dusenbury, one of the few remaining tracts of virgin timber in Pennsylvania. Luncheon was served at their lumber camp. The last trip was to points of interest around Warren, with a luncheon at the Conewango Valley Country Club, after which the members attended a Farmers' Basket Picnic at the Fair Grounds, where in- teresting addresses were made on forestry foi* farmers. At the invitation of Mr. Samuel L. Smedley, the Council of the Association, on April 29th, paid a visit to the Painter's Arboretum with its rare trees and shrubs, and to the Westtown School, with its six giant tulip poplar trees, the FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES Arboretum, and the interesting auxiliary forest with its pine plantings. During the year the Hon. Gifford Pinchot, after serving for two years, resigned as Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsylvania, and Major R. Y. Stuart, former Deputy Commissioner, was ap- pointed in his place. The position on the Forest Commission of Pennsylvania formerly held by Dr. Rothrock, has been filled by the appointment of our President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker. During the year 22 new members were added to the roll of the Association, 18 died, and 36 resigned or were dropped, making the present membership 1114. Among those who passed away was Dr. J. T. Rothrock, President Emeritus and one of the founders of the Association. He has well been called the '^Father of Forestry'' in Pennsylvania. He was a member of the original Forestry Commission, and subsequently the head of the Division of Forestry, which was later made the Department of Forestry. After his resigna- tion as Commissioner of Forestry, he retained his connection as a member of the State Forest Cora- mission. His place cannot be filled, and friends, both in this State and throughout the Nation, lament his passing away. Two members of our Council, Mr. C. Q. McWilliams and Roland C. Rogers, Esq., have also died, and their wise coun- sel will be missed. During the past summer a Western Branch of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was or- ganized, and it is hoped will aid in promoting forestry in that section of the State. F. L. BITLER, Recording Secretary. A Correction AN error crept into the article on *' Plant- ing Carolina Poplar for Paper Pulp." which appeared in the December, 1922, is- sue of ''Forest Leaves.'' Page 179, second col- umn, lines 14, 15 and 16 should read: ''In 20 years there should be 350 trees per acre that should produce one-fifth cord of wood each, oi- more than 4200 cords on the tract." John W. Keller. The number of States having State Forests have steadily increased, and sixteen of our Com- monwealths now have nearly 4,250,000 acres of State Forests. They range from 340 acres in ^orth Carolina, to 1,936,492 acres in New York Ten States also have State Parks with a total acreage of 35,591. Treasurer's Report THE fiscal year of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association ends December 1, 1922, and the statement of finances on that date was as follows: Treasubeb's Statement to Di.c. 1, 1922. Dr. To Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1921 $1,036.60 Cash, annual dues to Nov. 30, 1922 1,802.00 Cash, donations and subscriptions 285.61 Cash, sale of Forest Leaves and adver- tisements 61.17 Cash, interest on Life Membership bonds ' and deposits 710.59 Cash, Life Membership fees '. . . . 425.00 Cash, proceeds of bonds called 2,000.00 Total $6,320.97 Cb. By cash, sundries, postage, office rent, etc. ..$ 698.07 Publication of Forest Leaves 2,013.37 Assistant Secretary's salary 600.00 Meetings 92.23 Life Membership fund 400.00 Forest Lea\t:s fund 52.00 Portion of Life Membership fee to Western Branch 25.00 Membership in Pennsylvania Conserva- tion Council 25.00 Reinvestment 2,147.60 Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1922 267.70 Total $6,320.97 « Forest Leaves Fund. Invested $2,665.42 In Bank 26.00 $2,691.42 Special Bequest for Forest Leaves invested 500.00 Life Membership Fund Invested $6,510.00 In Bank 225.00 $6,735.00 General Fund Bequests, etc $6,108.31 F. L. BITLER, Treasurer. Accordinji' to the Forest Service, U. S. De- partment of Ao^iculture, there has been a marked and fairly steady decline in our national output of lumber from about 46,000,000,000 board feet in 1906 to less thaii 34,000,000,000 board feet in 1020. The decline is from over 500 board feet per person in 1906 to about 320 board feet in 1920. Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association THE Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was held in the Gold Room of the City Club of Philadelphia, on Monday, December 11th, at 3 P. M. The reports of the Council and of the Treas- urer were read and approved. They will be found on other pages of this issue. The report of the Nominating Committee was read. The President appointed Samuel Marshall and J. C. Crammer as Tellers of Election. The bal- lots were collected, and it was found that the fol- lowing officers were elected for the coming year: President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker. Vice-Presidents, Robert S. Conklin, J. Freeman Hendricks, Albert Lewis. Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Samuel Marshall. Recording Secretary and Treasurer, F. L. Bitler. COUNCIL Adams County, C. E. Stable. Allegheny County, H. M. Brackenridge, Frank J. Lanahan, George M. Lehman, Hon. Walter Lyon, John E. Potter. Beaver County, Robert W. Darragh. Bedford County, W. L. Byers. Berks County, Mrs. Edward Brooke, Geo. G. Wenrick. Blair County, Jos. S. Slllyman. Bradford County, C. S. Maurice. Bucks County, Mrs. Elizabeth F. James. Henry C. Mercer. Butler County, Dr. J. Linwood Eisenberg. Cambria County, P. L. Carpenter. Cameron County, Josiah Howard. Carbon County, M. S. Kemmerer. Centre County, Theodore D. Boal, Prof. J. A. Ferguson. Chester County, Alexander Brown Coxe. Miss Esther G Leggett, Mrs. David Reeves. Clarion County, F. L. Harvey. Clearfield County, W. F. Dague. Clinton County, Forrest H. Dutllnger. Columbia County, C. R. Woodin. Crawford County, E. O. Emerson, Jr. Cumberland County, J. S. Illick. Dauphin County, W. Gard. Conklin, Geo. H. Wirt. Delaware County, F. H. Shelton, Miss Ethel A. Shrigley, Hon. Wm. C. Sproul. Fayette County, C. L. Snowdon. Franklin County, Alfred E. Rupp, John R. Williams. Greene County, M. E. Carroll. Huntingdon County, Hon. Geo. B. Orlady. Indiana County, S. J. Sides. JeSerson County, W. N. Conrad. Lackawanna County, Mrs. J. Benjamin Dimmick. L. H. Watres. Lancaster County, Hugh M. North. Jr. Lebanon County, William C. Freeman. Lehigh County, Colonel Harry C. Trexler. Luzerne County, Dr. Alexander Armstrong, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, Alvan Markle, William R. RIcketts, Samuel D. Warriner. Lycoming County, L. Clyde Smith. Mercer County, W. A. Addlcott. Mifflin County, F. W. Culbertson. Monroe County, Dr. Wm. R. Fisher. Montgomery County, C. P. Birkinbine, Dr. H. M. Fisher, Miss Mary K. Gibson, Samuel Rea, -_ , ^ John Wanamaker.* Montour County, H. T. Hecht. Northampton County, Dr. John Henry MacCracken. J. Clarence Cranmer. Northumberland County, Charles Steele. Perry County, H. E. Bryner. Philadelphia County, Dr. J. M. Anders. Richard L. Austin, Charles Biddle. Mrs. Rudolph Blankenburg. Owen M. Bruner. Mrs. Brinton Coxe, W. Warner Harper, John W. Harshberger, Bayard Henry, J. Franklin Meehan, J. Rodman Paul, Harold Peirce, Eli K. Price, John H. Webster, Jr. Albert B. Weimer, Dr. W. P. Wilson. Pike County, Hon. Giflford Pinchot. Potter County, George A. Retan. Schuylkill County, A. C. Silvius. Snyder County, W. J. Bartschat. Somerset County, V. M. Bearer. Susquehanna County, Edgar A. Turrell. Tioga County, Paul H. Mulford. Union County, Raymond B. Winter. Venango County, S. Y. Ramage. Warren County, A. J. Hazeltine. Wayne County, Hon. Alonzo T. Searle. Westmoreland County, D. J. Snyder. York County, Samuel Small, Jr. ♦Now deceased. It was moved and carried that the recommen- dation of the Council that the Life Membership fee be increased to fifty dollars be approved. The following resolution was proposed and carried : '^Whereas, It is of vital importance to the State of Pennsylvania that active and efficient steps shall be taken, without delay, looking to the re- forestation of the vacant lands of the State adapted to forestry. And Whereas, It will be impracticable for such vacant lands to be acquired by the State with money to be appropriated from the annual income of the State. Resolved, That the Pennsvlvania Forestry As- sociation heartily endorses the plan of a bond issue by the State of Pennsylvania for twenty- five million dollars, to be applied to the acquisi- tion by the State of such lands as a part of the State Forestry Reserve.*' 8 FOREST LEAVES The meetino- was then declared open and re- marks were made by J. M. Sloan, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, J. C. Crammer, J. F. Hendricks, C. P. Birkinbine, Oliver C. Hillard, S. B. Detwiler, and F. L. Bitler. The meeting reaffirmed the need of continuing the enforcement of the quarantine against impor- tation of foreign trees and plants, which had brought in so many destructive diseases and pests, such as the San Jose Scale, Chestnut Tree Blight, White Pine Blister, Kust and the Japanese beetle. Big and Historic Trees of Lancaster County By Joseph S. Illick WHEN the white man came to Lancaster County, he was confronted by an endless wilderness. Dense stands of big forest trees covered every acre of the fertile soil that is now among the most productive in the United States. Hardwood forest trees prevailed in the original forests of the county. The oaks, hickories, and walnuts were common in the fertile valleys. Chestnut and chestnut oaks prevailed on the mountain slopes and ridges. 8olt maple, river birch, swamp hickory, willow, and other mois- ture-loving trees bordered the rivers and their main tributary streams. The fertile soil that made Lancaster famous as an agricultural county also produced big and stately forest trees. In the original forests of Lancaster County occurred some of the finest stands of white oak that have been found in the entire range of this valuable forest tree. ISfost of these fine stands were cut to make way for set- tlement and agriculture, and to supply the de- mand of wood-using industries. Today less than 15 per cent, of the total land area — once com- pletely stocked with forests of big trees — is now covered with a growth of forest trees. Most of the forest stands that are left have been cut over and pastured until they bear little resemblance to the glorious forests that once covered every val- ley and all the hills. Here and there one finds a small grove of mag- nificent trees that have been preserved by some generous landowner and tree lover. These few glorious groves are all that is left to help build up a picture of the forest heritage that was avail- able to our forefathers. Individual trees have also been preserved— some for their historic value, others for the adornment of home grounds, and a few because of an honest-to-good ness brotherhood that sometimes grows up between man and trees. Adjoining the historic Donegal Presbyterian Church, between Marietta and Mt. Joy, is a glor- ious grove of majestic white oaks. All of the big Avhite oaks are impressive, but one of them stands out in grandeur, loveliness, and interest above all its associates. It stands before the main en- trance of the church where it has been welcoming n]embei*s and friends ever since the day the first group of worshippers assembled. The great and glorious tree has a story in history to tell. Almost 150 years ago this white oak — then already past middle age — witnessed an impressive expression of national patriotism in the shadow and shade of its stately trunk and sturdy branches. At the base of the tree is a tablet that gives the record of the great historic event that took place beneath its spreading crown. The inscription reads: ^'Beneath this witness tree a new patriotism found notable expression on a Sunday morning in September, 1777. An express rider came to tell the congrega- tion of Donegal Church that the British army, under Lord Howe, had left New York to invade Pennsylvania. This news demanded from all a new attitude to- wards the facts which challenged them to show proof of their patriotism. Their pastor, Rev. Colin McFarquhar, had been accustomed to offer pravers for the kinjr of England. Pastor and congregation gathered under this historic tree and to- gether joined hands under its shade and pledged their loyalty to the cause of liberty and the founding of a new nation in this Western World.'' This historic white oak embodies a stately l)eauty that approaches grandeur. It is one oV rhe grandest white oaks of Pennsylvania—a \ eteran of more than 300 years, and may live for a full century or more. This white oak 'MVitness Tree" is probably the only historic tree in Pennsylvania for which a roadside sign has been erected directing travel- ers and tourists to its exact location. Anyone traveling along the highway between IlaiTisburg and Lancaster can find this tree, for at a prom- inent place on the roadside stands a sign erected l>y private enterprise that gives the exact location of the tree. Thousands of people visit the his- toric Donegal Church annually and amidst the shade and shadow of the historic white oak ''Witness Tree" reaffirm their approval of the FouKST Lkavkk, Vor.. XIX, No. 1. A WKI.L MANAGKD FARM WoOOLOT OP BlC, ThkKS. LaNCASTKU TouXTV HAS 4S.4 17 AriCKS OF Faum Woodi.ots. TiiK Most Massivk Svcamoki.; Tim:k in Pknnhylvania FoKKHT Lkaveh, Vol. XIX, No. 1. < K z a. X y K '■'J 1 \ FOREST LEAVES new patriotism that found notable expression on a Sunday morning in September, 1777. Let us all hope that the tree will be preserved as long as nature will permit it to live and tell its story of patriotism. What is probably the most massive and wide- spreading tree found in Pennsylvania stands on the farm of Grant Noll, near Roherstown, about four miles west of Lancaster. At 18 inches above the ground this giant among trees has a circum- ference of 27 feet and 6 inches; at 5 feet above the ground its circumference is 22 feet and 3 inches. The height of the tree is 102 feet, and its branch spread (from east to west) is 118 feet; and from north to south, 138 feet. This mam- moth sycamore tree has three principal branches. They are 70, 72 and 84 feet long, respectively. These branches are already as large as an ordi- nary tree. One of them measures more than 9 feet in circumference at two feet from the main trunk. The lowest of the three main branches leaves the trunk at about 8 feet from the gi'ound, and at 40 feet from the main trunk it is less than 6 feet from the ground. This is truly a massive and wide-spreading tree. The largest cottonwood tree in Pennsylvania stands near the house on the farm of Jacob Bach- man, located on the east side of the Lincoln Highway, about half-way between Soudersburg and Paradise in Lancaster County. At one foot above the ground this giant cottonwool is 25 feet in circumference, and at breast-high it has a cir- cumference of 22 feet and 4 inches. It has a height of 82 feet and a branch spread of 00 feet. Adam Brown, the present tenant of the farm, reports that during a storm a few years ago a branch broke from the tree. It extended almost to the house, and after falling to the ground was measured and found to be 102 feet long. This giant cottonwood t-'tands on wet ground, where a watering-place was formerly maintained for travelers along the old Lancaster Pike. It is reported that a former owner of the property, while visiting in Kentucky, was impressed with the rapid growth of cottonwoods in the blue grass region of the South and brought back with him the cutting from which this magnificent tree has since grown. The big cottonwood of Lancaster County should l»e preserved) for the great size which it has al- '•^ady attained, attracts the attention of thou- >^ands of travelers on the Lincoln Highway over which its branches hang. Two big honey locust trees stand on the front lawn at the home of George L. Buckwalter, lo- I'ated about three miles east of Lancaster along the Lincoln Highway. These magnificent trees attracted the attention of the late Dr. J. T. Roth- rock many years ago, who took accurate measure- ments of them and reported that they are among the highest honey locust trees east of the Alle- gheny Mountains. The larger of the two trees is 18 feet in circumference at the base, and at breast-high it measures 10 feet in circumference. It has a total height of 90 feet and a branch spread of 70 feet. Mr. Buckwalter relates that he helped his mother plant the trees when he was a small boy and estimates that their age is approximately 80 to 8o years. The seed from which the trees developed was collected several miles west of the Buckwalter home and planted in the garden by his mother. When the trees were large enough for transplanting they were set out in the front lawn where they have since developed into stately trees with their branches overhanging the Lin- coin Highway. The Buckwalter residence is an old historic house that was formerly called ^^The Runnin^^ Pump Hotel." This was in the days of the Conestoga wagon, when people drove by team from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh; and it is re^ ported that General Lafayette stopped at this house on one of his trips between the two cities. Another big honey locust tree stands before the main entrance of the summer home of Judge J Hays Brown, of Lancaster. It is within view of the Lincoln Highway at the small town of Para, dise, in Lancaster County. It is probably the biggest planted honey locust tree in the State The tree is 129 inches in circumference at breast- high, and at one foot from the ground it is 141 inches in circumference. Its estimated height is 9e) feet, and its age is approximately 75 years This tree is in excellent condition and is one of the outstanding adorning features of this beauti- ful country home. There are other big and historic trees in Lan- caster County. Not all of them can be mentioned in this short article, but every one should be protected and preserved, for they are the only remnants that are left of the vast forests of big trees that once covered the entire county. To*^ day there remain only 99,177 acres of forest land in the whole county. Of these, 48,417 are in wood lots and 50,760 occur outside of farm wood- lots. The population of Lancaster County ac- cording to the 1920 census, is 173,797. This means that there remains in Lancaster County only about one-half of an acre of forest land foV each inhabitant. This is not enough to supply the people with wood. The time is now at hand to take good care of the forests that remain and to preserve all trees of historic interest. -«. 10 FOREST LEAVES 'r Forestry for Water Companies (Read at the 26th Annual Meeting Pennsylvania Water Works Association) IT is now quite generally a'>reed that if there is to be a supply of lumber available at reasonable prices for the future needs of our country, it must be secured as a result of a forest policy which includes something more than mere- ly cutting virgin forests. Numerous articles from various sources show the awakening public interest in the matter of future lumber sources. The purpose of this article is to call attention to the experience of water companies in forest ownership, and more particularly to show the possibilities which are offered to water companies by practicing fores- try. To some water companies this is by no means a new subject, as after the railroads and coal companies, water companies are probably doing the greatest amount of work in practical forestry. The requirements of public authorities compel water companies to furnish their supply of water free from impurity. In order that 'the many water companies which do not filter their water supplies may do this, it is necessary to avoid contamination arising upon the water shed. The ideal way to bring this about is to control the water shed through ownership of same. While it is seldom possible for a water company to own the entire water shed, it is always possible for it to own a part of it, and usually possible to in- crease its holdings from year to year. In order to ascertain to what extent water companies control forest lands, also to what ex- tent same are being developed, letters of inquiry were sent to a number of members of the Associ- ation and ideas are freely quoted from such re- plies as were received. The inquiry developed that the majority of water companies believe it is advisable for water companies to own their water sheds, and that in most cases they believe such holdings can be made profitable by reforest- ing same. However, but few water ^companies have thus far acquired any considerable area of land on the water sheds, the area of the holding's being small, and in only eight cases report^ were they in excess of 2,000 acres ; only two cases have reported holdings in excess of 25,000 acres. The necessity for a water company to own land above its dams and reservoirs in order to aid in preserving the purity of the supply was recognized by the State Ugislature in passing the Act of 26th of May, 1893, P. L. 158, author- FOREST LEAVES 11 izing the use of condemnation proceedings for such purposes. Owning the land for the purpose of protection of the water shed, it is the natural desire to secure the greatest possible advantage therefrom. The cultivation of forest products seems to offer an excellent means to such an end without in any way jeopardizing the purposes for which the land was acquired. In a paper presented on June 16, 1921, before the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Fores- try Association, the writer stated that in his judgment the most important feature of a suc- cessful forest policy is the prevention of forest fires which destroy existing and future sources. Water companies as well as other owners of tim- ber lands have been greatly discouraged by the frequency and destructiveness of forest fires, one member of the Association advising as follows : ''This company owns 2600 acres of brush land purchased for protection of our water supply. Some of this land has been owned by us for 50 years, with the hope that a new growth of timber would take the place of that which was cut off before we purchased the land, but repeated forest fires have de- stroyed all new growth of timber.'* This is possibly an extreme case and indicates a most serious condition which will, no doubt, be improved as a result of the establishment by the State Department of Forestry of its Fire Pro- tection service under the appropriations granted by the last session of the Legislature. If the danger of loss by fire can be overcome by a permanent protection policy, the financial at- tractiveness of forestry, particularly to compan- ies having extensive forest holdinigs, will be greatly increased. The protection by the State is now well organ- ized and beyond question will prove its value the first dangerous fire season. The State has been divided into districts, each under the charge of a trained forester. Reporting to him are in- spectors who check up general results. About seventy fire towers, most of which are sixty feet high, are now in service and more will be con- structed next year. Roads, telephones and cabins have been built, fire fighting tools purchased and stored at convenient locations. While the old volunteer fire warden system is retained, fire bosses are also provided who are paid a retainer during the hazardous seasons in order that they may be available when needed. During the dan- ger season, lookouts will be located on each tower; telephones are provided both on the towers and in the cabin nearby where the look- outs will live. The Department of Forestry is also investi- gating the possibilities of insuring growing tim- ber against damage by fire. A sound fire pro- tection policy coupled with reasonable insurance lates against loss by fire will greatly aid in re- moving forestry from the realms of speculation and placing it among the investments. The above by no means completes the activities • of the Department of Forestry in its efforts to aid in reforestation, andj in answer to a request for advice as to the extent to which the Depart- ment is prepared to co-operate, the writer was advised : ''The Pennsylvania Department of For- estry will gladly co-operate with water com- panies of the State by making an examina- tion of their properties and submitting a report as to the best methods of handling lands and by furnishing free of charge forest tree seedlings for reforesting.'* Any water company having forest holdings will undoubtedly find it to its advantage to ac- cept this offer unless it is already receiving tech- nical advice in the care and management of its forest lands. The Department advises further that the water companies in Pennsylvania have not been planting as many trees as they should, although the work is getting a good start, and reports that sixteen water companies planted 392,740 trees in 1921. The kind of trees which the Forestry Depart- ment recommend planting are given in detail in a table which is printed below. Very serious failures have occurred with lo- cust, chestnut, Scotch pine and white pine, and it is the opinion of competent foresters that the use of these trees could well be avoided unless they are to be used in localities where they have proved successful under similar conditions. While many plantations have failed, in general it can be stated that where trees have been planted of kinds which prevail locally under similar conditions and with due regard to the surroundings, they have thrived. Floods and droughts, as a rule, are due to such widespread conditions that the ability of forests to influence their occurrence is seriously ques- tioned. It is generally agreed, however, that be- tween such extreme limits a valuable regulating influence is exerted on stream flows by forests nnd certainly there is much less erosion on a orest covered than a cultivated shed; this in- tlnence being one of the reasons for the passage ot the Weeks Act under which the Federal Gov- ornment has acquired sites for National Forests on the head waters of navigable streams and now proposes to acquire about 500,000 acres on the head waters of the Allegheny River in Pennsyl- vania. The relative advisability of planting seedlings or depending on natural reproduction depends largely upon local conditions. Where natural reproduction of desirable types of trees can be secured, this is by far the cheapest, but in many instances it has proved diffijcult to secure a stand of sufficient density. In view of this the writer believes that planting should be resorted to and as many trees set out each year as the circum- stances of the respective water companies will admit. The type of tree to be placed is often a difficult question to determine, and in general may well be left to the judgment of trained foresters. The evergreen trees or conifers have many advan- tages over the deciduous or broad leaf trees. Conifers are of comparatively rapid growth, suit- able for practically all uses except cabinet work, and as their leaves or needles drop continuously throughout the year, seldom cause difficulties by clogging the screens or intakes of water com- panies. The leaves of the broad leaf trees are so much larger and drop within such a short period during the fall that they frequently cause very serious difficulties in maintaining the supply by reason of clogging the screens. As the annual water requirements of conifers are less than broad leaves and probably interception losses not greatly different, a conifer covered water sh^ should yield a maximum quantity of waters-ex- perience shows that forest covered water sheds are less liable to turbidity than those which are bare or under cultivation, and as in general the habitations on such water sheds are few, the bacterial count is usually low and B. coli infre- quent. Where the acquiring of land on water sheds by water companies is for the purpose of protecting the purity of the supply, in estimating the possi" ble return through the practice of forestry on same, the cost of the land can properly be omit- ted from the calculation. In view of the grow- ing scarcity of timber in this country and the resulting increase in value of same,' it is the opinion of many well-informed people that the practice of forestry can be expected to be profit- able in the future. After a suitable forest cover has been established upon a water shed, the for- est can be so maintained by cutting only mature trees that the annual cut is not in excess of its r>roductive capacity, and it will continue to afford a maximum protection to the water supply. It is the practice of one of the water company or- I 12 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES ganizations owning more than 25,000 acres of forest land in Pennsylvania, to cut only those trees that are eight inches and over in diameter measured three feet above the ground. In areas of uneven aged trees, this insures continuous protection of the water supply by natural repro- duction. In some instances dead trees constitute a particular fire hazard which can only be elimi- nated by the removal of the trees. In many cases this IS advisable, even though such improvement cuttings do not yield a net return. Under favorable conditions, with a dense stand, an average growth of one thousand feet board measure per acre per annum may be se- cured for a period of fifty years. With a rea- sonable stumpage value, this would be a satis- factory return on forest lands. Undoubtedly the most imix)rtant water shed forest is that on the supplies of New York City. Very extensive areas adjacent to the larger reservoirs have been acquired and are under the care of foresters. The open areas have been planted very largely with the conifers, and in general the plantations can be considered as en- tirely successful, although there has been some damage due to blights and other timber diseases. A number of water companies in the New Kinr. land district own considerable portions of theTr water shed areas and have been successful in obtaining a satisfactory return therefrom. Several of these forests are described in various 13 Kind (^arolina poplar Black locust AVhite ash Red oak Black walnut Sugar maple Larch (Kiiropean or Japanese) Scotch pine Pitch pine White pine Red pine Norway spruce Hemlock Where to Plant Moist fertile soil Dry sterile soil to fertile loam Rich moist soil Loam to sandy or gravely soil Rich, moist bottom lands Deep fertile soil to rocky hills Well drained medium fertile soil Dry ster'le soil Medium fertile soil to dry slopes Feitile well^;lrained soil to gravely hillsides Deep loam to dry sand and gravel Deep moist to thin cold soils (will not thrive in wet locations) Moist loam soil to rocky hillsides issues of the Journal of the New England Water Works Association, from which considerable in- formation of value can be obtained. In several instances cuttings are made by the water com- pany operating forces during the winter months thereby enabling the company to maintain its forces intact during the winter season when out- door work is usually at a standstill owing to the severity of the winter. Originally the major portions of Pennsylv^ia were forested and for many years the State pro- duced large quantities of lumber. Owing to cut- tings greatly in excess of the productive ''capacitv of the land, the State is now compelled to im^- port from beyond its boundaries approximately 80 per cent, of its annual lumber requirements and approximately 6,000,000 acres are waste laml which IS unproductive and capable of producino- nothing other than lumber. The necessity for a future supply of lumber is apparent and if loss due to forest fires can be prevented, the returns from forestry are probably as certain as from any other crop which is produced by the land. Therefore, the practice of forestry offers to water compaiiies the possibility of profit and in addi- tion the performance of a service to the country by assisting in providing a future source of lum- ber such as is absolutely necessary to our do- mestic and industrial activities. — W. B. McCALEB. Years to Mature on Best Site 25 Pulp, crates. Posts, ties, insulator pins. Implements, furniture, handles. Furniture, interior finishing, ties. Furniture, gun stocks, veneer. Furniture, interior finishing, (maple sugar). Poles, posts, ties, mine tim- bers. Construction timber, mine props, ties. Construction timber, mine l^rops, ties. Lumber, interior finishing, ^ Avooden ware, excelsior. Construction timber and huii- ber. Construction lumber, pulp, thinning for Christmas trees in eight years. Construction timber, mine timbers, lumber pulp. Use of Wood 30 50 60 75 40 40 fiO 50 60 75 75 The Forest Situation in Pennsylvania J. S. Ulick THE forests have, in all ages and in all countries, for a time at least, been squan- dered by man with a careless disregard of the future. Pennsylvania— the only State in the Union that embodies the word ^^ forest'' in her name— is no exception, for her forests have been wastefully exploited, and, until recently, no effec- tive measures for their renewal have been put into practice. The first settlers lived among a rich forest heritage which made possible much of the pros- perity of the past and resulted in good that is still flowing forth to all of us. Great and green forests once covered every hill and all the valleys of the State. The original forest was an enorm- ous wood reservoir. It has been drawn upon so heavily and neglected so long that it is now almost empty and in a very unsatisfactory con- dition. This great forest heritage was received at little or no cost. People began to use it un- sparingly and gave little or no conscious care to Its perpetuation. Where once stood fine stands of choice timber there now remain vast stretches of devastated forest land. In 1860 Pennsylvania stood first among the states of the Union in lumber production. Now she holds twentieth place. She has passed from a position of leadership to a place of dependencv in the field of lumber production. Once the State was forest-rich. Now we are forest-poor. Our present forests are poorly stocked with inferior material. They are producing through growth only about one-tenth of the wood they are capable of turning out. Most of them lack order, are unattractive, and in an unsanitary condition. Civilization cannot progress without forest products. We need wood now and future genera- hons will not be able to get along without it. Nothing comes out of the earth or grows upon Its surface that is more adaptable to man's needs than wood. It is our duty to take steps towards upbuilding Penn's Woods. We cannot afford to be visited by a serious wood shortage. Oui- joafing hillsides must be converted into ^'row- ing forests. The application of simple and sound 'orestry methods will bring about the require.! improvements. An orderly management of our orests will make them highly productive, attrac- tive, and sanitary. The data set forth in this report shows the real forest situation of the State. It aims to tell (1) what we once had, (2) what now re- mains, and (3) what is needed in order to supply our people with necessary forest products. The original forests of Pennsylvania covered the entire land surface of the State, excepting a few natural meadows and some rough mountain tops. Of the 28,692,480 acres of land in the State at least 28,650,000 acres were originally stocked with a forest growth; and in 1682, when the State was created, there remained about 28,592,000 acres of forest land. The following table gives, by years, the ap- proximate area of forest land in the State : Year 1600 1682 1820 1860 1922 Acres 28,650,000 28,592,000 24,500,000 18,800,000 13,024,399 The foregoing table shows that the march of forest destruction in Pennsylvania was rapid. In the early days most of the cut-over land was cleared. This was particularly true prior to 1860. Most of the large lumbering operations between 1860 and 1900 were conducted in the mountainous parts of the State and only a small percentage of the lumbered areas were cleared tor agricultural purposes; and of the land that was cleared during this period a large percentage has since been abandoned and is now being re- stocked naturally with a growth of forest trees. The forest area of Pennsylvania reached its minimum about 1900, when there were approxi- mately 12,000,000 acres of forest land in the State. From 1900 to 1922 a large acreage of farmland was abandoned, for it was found that most of the cleared mountain land was not suit- able for agricultural purposes. This abandoned farmland is being re-stocked naturally with trees and the total forest area of the State is now (1922) 13,024,399 acres. On the basis of present indicating factors ii seems conservative to estimate that there will be approximately 14,000,000 acres of forest land in Pennsylvania 50 years from now (1972). The original forests of Pennsylvania were not only vast in extent, but were made up of im- portant timber trees that produced large quan- tities of valuable wood. The wood yielded by the original forests flowed forth in large quantities and was of a superior quality. The following table gives an estimate of th% amount of wood in the forests of Pennsylvania at specified times in her development: 14 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES Year 1600 1820 1860 1922 Volume Board Feet Cords 501,375,000,000 286,500,000 428,750,000,000 245,000,000 370,000,000,000 186,200,000 11,676,211,200 48,650,881 The original forests of Pennsylvania covered approximately 28,650,000 acres. The average acre carried approximately 17,500 board feet of lumber and 10 cords of wood. On the basis of this estimate there were 501,375,000,000 board feet of lumber and 286,500,000 cords of wood in the original forests of Pennsylvania. By 1820 the area of original forest was reduced to 24,500,000 acres. On the basis of the original estimate there were 428,750,000,000 board feet of lumber and 245,000,000 cords of wood in the forests of Pennsylvania in 1820. By 1860 the area of forest was reduced to 18,500,000 acres of original forest and 300,000 acres of completely cutover and second growth forest land, making a total of 18,800,000 acres. The average acre of original forest carried 20,000 board feet* of lumber and 10 cords of wood; and the cut-over and second growth forest land was stocked with an average of approximately four cords of wood. On the basis of this esti- mate there were 370,000,000,000 board feet of lumber and 186,200,000 cords of wood in the forests of Pennsylvania in 1860. The forest area of Pennsylvania was reduced rapidly, and now (1922) 13,024,399 acres remain, of which only approximately 25,000 acres can be classified as original forest. The amount of wood on all of this forest land of the State is estimated at 81,084,801 cords. This represents an average of six and one-fourth cords per acre. Of the total amount of wood— 81,084,801 cords —approximately 60% is of cordwood size and 40% may be converted into lumber. On the basis of this estimate there are at present (1922) 48,650,881 cords of wood and 11,676,211,200 board feet of lumber in the forests of Pennsylvania, that is, approximately three and three-fourths cords of wood and 896 board feet of lumber on the average acre. Cords are converted into board feet by using 80 cubic feet per cord and 4.5 board feet per cubic foot as converting factors. The area of forest land in Pennsylvania in 1922 and the wood present thereon is given in the following table, which divides the forest land into (1) farm woodlots; (2) State Forests; and (3) forest land outside of farm woodlots and State Forests: 15 Volume on Average Acre Total Vol. Area (Acres) (Cords) (Cords) Farm Woodlots 4,043,902 12.0 48,526,824 State Forests.. 1,126,237 4.5 5,068,067 Outside of Farm Woodlots and State Forests 7,854,260 3.5 27,489,910 13,024,399 6.2 81,084,801 It is also estimated that by 1972 the forest area of Pennsylvania will have increased to ap- proximately 14,000,000 acres and that the amount of wood on the average acre should be about 26.5 cords. This gives a total wood volume of 371,000,000 cords in the forests of the State, of which about 45% will be cordwood and 55% workwood (lumber). On the basis of this esti- mate there will be in the forests of Pennsylvania 73,458,000,000 board feet of lumber and 166,950,- 000 cords of wood. This estimate gives 5,247 board feet and 11.9 cords as the amount of wood on the average acre of forest land in the State in 1972. The estimated increase in the wood volume on the average acre of forest land in Pennsylvania during the next 50 years is given by decades in the following table: Year 1922 1932 1942 1952 1962 1972 Amount of Wood on Average Acre (Cords) 6.2 8.5 12.5 17.8 23.0 26.5 • The average acre of original forest left in 1860 con- \^Jo^^J^°^^ ^?»r? feet than the average acre in 1600 and . :; . ??°^*^ **' ^^® hardwood forest, which was stocked relatively light had been cut-over and most of the heavily stocked white pine and hemlock stands still remained. The above table shows that during the next fifty years the amount of wood on the average acre will increase from 6.2 cords to 26.5 cords— an increase of 20.3 cords on the average acre. The present value (1922) of Pennsylvania's forests is as follows: Average value Area (acres) per acre Total value State Forests (Jan. 1, 1922) .. 1,126,237 $10.88 $12,255,439.51 Farm Wood- lots 4v043',902 21.00 84,921,942.00 Other than State Forests and Farm Woodlots 7,854,260 4.75 37,307,735.00 This estimate of value is based upon an ap- proximate land value of $2.00 per acre, $7.00 per thousand for lumber, and $0.50 per cord for fuel wood. During the next fifty years the forests will not only increase in wood volume but also in quality and value. There will be a marked improvement in forest composition and forest conditions, and a big increase in forest values. An estimate of the value of the future forests of Pennsylvania in 1972 follows : Land Value: 14,000,000 acres @ $8.00 $ 112,000,000 Wood Value: a. 73,458,000,000 board feet at $20.00 per M 1,469,160,000 b. 166,950,000 cords at $2.00 per cord 333,900,000 $1,915,060,000 On the basis of the above estimate the value of the average acre of forest will be approxi- mately $137.00 in 1972. In making estimates of forest values, it is im- ix)rtant to consider the determining- factors that affect value. Unstocked or poorly stocked forest soil is valued at the local sale value of unpro- ductive forest soil. The introduction of forestry methods and practices transforms unproductive into productive soil. The forest soil is changed from a passive to an active commodity. It is made revenue producing. By way of example, let us assume that a business enterprise sells stock at par, $100.00 per share, and pays 8% dividends. Business improves and the concern's output is enlarged. Financial conditions permit the company to raise the dividend to 12%. As a result, the stock sells for $150.00 per share. Capital value has been created by the increased earning capacity. The same increase in value occurs when barren— unproductive — forest land is made to produce a larger quantity and a better quality of forest products for which a constantly increasing demand exists. (To be continued.) 13,024,399 $10.33 $134,486,116.51 Canada has had large forest fires, and while (lata as to the grand total for 1922 is not yet avail- able, reference is made to the holocaust which overtook Haileyburg and the surrounding district in the Province of Ontario, on October 4th. The forest fires became uncontrollable, whole towns were wiped out, and the railroads damaged. The in order tc pro- vide for the future. 10. A Tree is Brave : We struggle against diffi- culties and persist in growing in competition with others, and even in discouraging surroundings and among enemies. 11. A Tree is Clean : We take care of ourselves and clean ourselves of worn out branches. Al- though growing in dirt, we produce clean wood. 12. A Tree is Reverent: We constantly look up at God and do not rebel. We respect the rights of others and acknowledge the right of God to rule our lives. Prof. Illick reported that $241,786.95 has been put into the State School Fund by the Depart- ment of Forestry. This amount represents re- ceipts from the State Forests. In 1921, more than $18,000 was turned over to the fund. 16 Hi I FOREST LEAVES New Publications Study af Natural Resources, Applied to Pennsyl- vania's Resources.— First Attempt to Teach Conservation of all Natnral Resources of a State. Folio, 150 pages, Illustrated, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D. C. A forward step in the vital matter of conserv- ing our natural resources has been taken in the preparation of an educational handbook of the resources of Pennsylvania. This book, prepared for use in the Pennsylvania schools to carry out the Smithsonian Institution's purpose of the ''increase and diffusion of knowledge among men,'' presents in novel and striking ways the present situation, causes of waste and how to stop it, and future problems in connection with the conservation of resources. The book will be placed in practically every school in Pennsyl- vania) and by including the resource material'in the geography course, it will be possible to in- stil into the minds of the school children, the citizens of tomorrow, the necessity of under- standing and conserving the resources provided by nature. Pennsylvania's primary resource is coal. In this one State is produced 31 per cent, of the country's bituminous and all of the anthracite coal. In the handbook are shown the methods of mining and utilization. It is well known that the amount of available natural gas in Pennsylvania is rapidly decreasing. The rate of that decrease will be strikingly shown by the fact that the consumption of natural gas in 1921 was just about half of that in 1917. ^ The electric power resources of Pennsylvania are fully discussed, and the present and future conditions with regard to the use of electricity are shown in suitable diagrams. In connection with the fullest development of the State 's resources there is described the super- power system as proposed by the U. S. Geological Survey. These are but a few of the problems treated. Among the others are oil, water resources and flood prevention, forests, iron, lime, glass, cement, and stone and clay. Part one closes with a list of concrete examples of loss and waste in the utilization of resources with suggestions as to how to stop them. Part two consists of a series of maps and graphs showing the extent of Penn- sylvania's human and agricultural resources. In the last analysis, the effectiveness of a conservation program depends on enlightened public opinion, and it is hoped that through this new method of bringing the resource situation as a whole vividly to the attention of both adults and school children, much will be accomplished in the present and even more in the future to- wards economically utilizing the resources which Nature has so abundantly supplied in this coun- try. It is also hoped that other States will take up this method and apply it to their own problems. The National Museum of the Smith- sonian Institution has a division actively engage.! in moulding public opinion along these lines, and there are installed in its exhibition halls models and other materials designed to instruct and in- terest the many thousands of visitors in the country's mineral resources. ALTHOUGrH chaulmoogia oil has been in use for hundreds of years by the natives of India in the treatment of leprosy, it is only in recent times that general interest has been taken in it. Now scientists and medical men of various countries are studying the chaulmoogra tree with speeial consideration of the curative properties of the oil and its constituents, which already have been thoroughly examined chemi- cally. The United States Department of Agriculture has had plant explorers in the Orient studying the true chaulmoogra and collecting the native lore regarding the value and uses of the oil from different related species. In Department Bulle- tin 1057, The Chaulmoogra Tree and Some Re- lated Species, is collected all the recent infor- mation regarding these trees and the oils used in the treatment of leprosy and some other skin dis- eases. According to the bulletin, some investigators accept it as established ''that the fatty acids of the chaulmoogric series are specific in leprosy. ' ' The modern method is to use hypodermic injec- tions of the esters prepared from the peculiar fatty acids of the oil which have been found to possess curative properties. The natives of India have been using the crude oil in local applications or internally, and investigations have shown that many of the seeds sold for the purpose are not of the species known to have curative qualities. The author recommends that a thorough sur- vey be made of the chaulmoogra tree and all the known species related to it; that all promising localities be visited; that seeds be secured in quantities for germination and chemical ex- amination; and that samples of soil and speci- mens of flowers, fruits and the wood be col- lected and preserved. If plantations are to be established, he says, it is of the utmost impor- tance to know which of the numerous species should be planted. The best yielder of fruits, the largest fruited, and those yielding the proper oil m largest quantity should be selected. / FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Port-Office as eeoODd-daM matter, under Act of March 3d. 187© Vol. XIX— No. 2 PHILADELPHIA. APRIL. 1923 Whole Number 214 EDITORIALS AT the present meeting of the Legislature there has been introduced into the House of Representatives a bill (H. R. 134), pro- ])osing an amendment to the Constitution of the State of Pennsylvania, empowering the State to authorize bonds to the amount of $25,000,000 for ''The purpose of acquiring land in the State for forest purposes. ' ^ This amendment to be submit- ted to the voters on the Tuesday next following the first Monday of November in the year 1925. On going to press the situation was as follows : The bill has been reported out of committee and has passed second reading. In regard to the Appropriation Bill would say that the Budget as authorized by the Governor appropriates $1,315,000 to the Department of Forestry for the two years 1923-1924 to cover all expenses, including that of Fire Protection, as against an allotment of $1,870,000 in 1921-22. This is a reduction of nearly 30 per cent., and if all of this is allowed, it will only be by the strictest kind of economy, and a large reduction of employees, that it will be possible to make the $657,500 per annum apportioned meet the expenditures. Eight bills have been introduced into the House of Representatives, all of which are amendments of the act passed in 1915 (pamphlet laws 797), establishing a Bureau of Forest Protection with- in the Department of Forestry. These bills are numbered H. R. 720, 721, 722, 724, 725, 727, 728 and 729, and are intended to clarify, improve and strengthen the original act in such ways as ex- I)erienee has shown would be a benefit. Bill No. 723 H. R. authorizes counties, cities, boroughs and townships to appropriate moneys to any forest protection association co-operating m forest work with the State Department of Forestry, or to be expended in direct co-oper- ation with said Department of Forestry in forest work. Bill No. 826 H. R. amends sections 2701 and -'02 of the School Act, passed in 1911 (pamph- let laws 309) so that only the *'net'^ receipts and proceeds derived from or on account of the State forest reservations are turned over to the State School Fund, instead of the gross receipts, thus making it a more equitable proposition, and not adding the amount necessarily spent by the Department for conversion. Our members should support all of this pro- posed forestry legislation. Bill H. R. 503 is legislation aimed at the land- owner who posts his land, and is not favorably thought of, as it is believed its passage would interfere with an effective protection policy. Flood Control Lands to be Bought by the United States Government AT an average price of $4.45 per acre the National Forest Reservation Commission has authorized the purchase of 68,566 acres of land for Eastern national forests. This in- creases the total acreage to more than 2,200,000 located in 12 national forests in 11 States from Maine to Arkansas. Of this purchase 29,502 acres will be added to the Allegheny National Forest in Warren, Elk, Forest, and McKean Counties, Pennsylvania, on the headwaters of the Allegheny River — one of the sources of the Pittsburgh flood waters. This is burned-over, cut-over, or second growth tim- berland, and includes some merchantable timber, admirably serving the purpose of soil protection and flood water control. The average price is $3.02 per acre. In eastern Tennessee the Unaka Forest is in- creased by 17,670 acres in Sullivan, Cocke, and Greene Counties — some of it well timbered, but most of it cut-over and burned. West Virginia gets 8,520 acres in Pocahontas and Hardy Coun- ties; and Virginia 8,847 acres in Augusta, Shen- andoah, Rockbridge, and Bedford Counties. Two thousand one hundred and seventy-six acres will be purchased in Burke, Watauga, and Avery Counties, North Carolina, 1,425 acres in Winston and Lawrence Counties, together with 122 acres in Grafton County, New Hampshire. M 'lil ^1 i u ! I if it 18 FOREST LEAVES Spring Arbor Day Proclamation "I, GIFFORD PINCHOT, Governor of the State of Pennsylvania, do hereby desig- nate and proclaim Friday, April 13th, 1923, and Friday, April 20th, 1923, as Arbor Days and Bird Days, to be appropriately observ- ed throughout the Commonwealth by the plant- ing of trees, and study of bird life and such other exercises as will develop a fuller appreciation and a better understanding of our birds, trees and forests. ''Arbor Day means Tree Day. It is not an ordinary day but a special day set apart for the study of trees and forests. For more than 50 years this important day has been observed. Now more than ever before, it is urgently necessary to think about our trees and our forests in an earnest and practical way. ''Pennsylvania was once the first State in for- est production. Now she holds twentieth place. Our forest heritage has been squandered and our mountain land is idle. Millions of waste acres are now awaiting forest restoration. In no other State is the duty to restore the forest to health, beauty, and production so clear and urgent. We cannot afford to turn away from this duty. We must not withhold our hands from the duty that is ours. The future of the State is not safe without the planting and protection of trees. We need the products of the forests every day of our lives. The only way that we can be assured of a future wood supply is to grow it on our native hills. "Trees are close to the lives of every Pennsyl- vania boy and girl. For ages tl»ey have been catching the sunlight and converting it into wood for man's use. No boy or girl can serve our State well who does not appreciate the service of trees and understand the relation of the for- est to everyday life. They add to our wealth by every day they grow. "As we cannot have agriculture, pure water, equable climate, and good health without forests, so we cannot have forests without birds. All varieties are useful in maintaining Nature's bal- ance and destroying insect enemies. We need their cheery presence in our forests. They de- serve our fullest protection by restraining the thoughtless gunner and by preserving their natural nesting places. "Trees, apart from their practical side, make for better manhood and womanhood by inspiring higher thoughts and cleaner ideas about lif^ The spiritual value of loving them and being with them is beyond counting. "I am anxious that no school in the State shall let Arbor Day pass without the planting of a tree. I commend to every citizen of the State, and especially to the pupils and teachers of our schools, the planting of shade and ornamental trees near schools and dwellings, along highways and streams, and also the planting of young trees upon our mountain sides. And what we plant let us protect so that Pennsylvania, the only State in the Union that embodies the word for- est in her name, may become Penn's Woods again in very truth." Bemhard E. Femow WE regret to chronicle the death of Dr. B. E. Femow, at Toronto, Canada, on February 6th, 1923. Dr. Fernow had been in ill health for some time and was com- pelled to relinquish his work at the University of Toronto three years ago where he was Dean of the Forestry Faculty. Dr. Fernow was one of the foremost authori- ties on forestry in the United States. Born in Posen, Germany, in 1^31, he studied under Heyer and other noted foresters. He came to America in 1876. He was forced at first to work as a bookkeeper in New York City while awaiting an opportunity to engage in forestry work. He was one of the organizers and founders of the Ameri- can Forestry Congress, afterwards changed to the American Forestry Association, and for 15 years was active in its work. Dr. Fernow was present and spoke at the for- mation of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associ^ ation in the meeting held at Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, in the winter of 1885-1886, and ever since has been an Honorary Member. Dr. Fernow on numerous occasions pointedly said that of all the efforts in forestry among the States, Pennsylvania was far in the lead. In 1886 he was appointed as Chief of the Division of Forestry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It was during his office that the first setting aside of large areas of public lands in the western section of the United States as forest reserves was inaugurated. There was much opposition at first, but the value and im- portance of these acts is now evident. He served in this capacity until 1898 when he was appointed head of the College of Forestry at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. The trustees of this institution were authorized to purchase 30,000 acres of land in the State Park in the Adirondacks, for the purpose of establishing the FOREST LEAVES 19 New York State College of Forestry. He re- mained there until its suspension in 1903. In 1922 he was honored by having Fernow Hall of the Department of Forestry of Cornell University named for him. He organized the Department of Forestry at Pennsylvania State College about 1906 and for a time was its head and chief- instructor. Later he became Professor of Forestry at the University of Toronto, Canada. He wrote many newspaper and magazine articles on forestry, and prepared or collaborated in the preparation of numerous Government Bul- letins. He was author of "History of Forestry*' and the '* Economics of Forestry, '» also a book on ornamental trees and for 14 years edited the *' Forestry Quarterly, '* and then became Editor- in-Chief of the 'Mournal of Forestry, *' which superseded it. He was a leader in forestry in this country when this subject was but lightly esteemed, but during his lifetime saw it firmly established as one of the important Government institutions. His work and advice were freely given, and after a well spent life ''his works do follow him.*' Report of the Forestry Department for 1920-1921 THt] Pennsylvania Department of Forestry has just issued its report for the years 1920-1921. The Department has not only control over the State Forests, but also is charged with the protection of other forests withm the State which, including woodlots, make u grand total of 13,000,000 acres, comprising 40.47 per cent, of its total land surface. It is greater than the combined land area of New 'lersey, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and al- most equal to the combined forest area of Italy, Switzerland and Belgium. There is IV2 acres of lorest land for every inhabitant in the State, u'nple If made productive and protected from fire to tully meet his needs. l>uring this period the Department was reor- ganized; the State was divided into 24 districts, ^ith a trained forester in charge of each, a com- prehensive fire plan was prepared and put into ettect a campaign of education carried on. i^etailed data in regard to the forest nurseries, vh .P^.^"/''^^' «*«-. i« 1920 and 1921 are given, eadt ' n "'''^'^" ^^' ^^''^^^^ ^^^" ^^^'^^^ *<> our readers. Descriptions are also given of land pur- chases, the State Forest Academy, and appropria- tions. There is included in a folder a very complete map of the State Forests showing their location, the State Forest Districts and their Headquar- ters, the State Highways, the State Game Pre- serves and Refuges, the railroads, locations of fire observation towers, forest monuments and parka, as well as State Parks, and public campin^' grounds. ° The Department of Forestry has also issued this map on a larger scale of 3 by 5 feet, suitable for placing on the wall and forming a most valu- able reference map. Forestry on the Girard Estate Thomas Kelshaw IT will no doubt be of much interest to know that the Girard Estate was the first private land-owner in the State of Pennsylvania, and probably in the entire United States, to realize the importance, for its own interest and tor that of the general public, of the preserva- tion of its timber lands as evidenced by the em- ployinent, as early as 1855, six years before the Civil War, of a Wood Ranger whose duty it was to patrol the lands of the Girard Estate in the caretaking of the timber. This Wood Ranger named Michael Clark, was a typical woodsman. He resided in Catawissa Valley upon a farm be- longing to the estate and was formally appointed as Wood Ranger of the Girard Estate upon the organization of the Board of Directors of City Trusts in 1870. He died on the tenth day of November, 1888, having served thirty-three years in an active, vigilant and conscioniious perform- ance of his duties, and was successful in pre- venting depredations. It was of particular interest aud pleasure to me to learn, since becoming connected with the Girard Estate and Girard Water Company a httle over four years ago, that when I was a boy seven years of age venturing into the beauti- ful forests of the north of England in 1877, watching the English Foresters marking, with paint, trees which I presumed had for some rea- son been selected for the woodsman's axe, the first planting of forest trees as an experiment on the Girard Estate was in that very year (1877) under the direction of the late Mr. Heber S. Thompson, Mining Engineer and Agent for the Girard Estate. Mr. Thompson was deeply in- terested in Forest Culture and with the full and n 'i f 20 FOREST LEAVES hearty co-operation of the Board of Directors, he made every effort for thirty-seven successive years, from 1874 until his death in 1911, to re- forest the lands of the Girard Estate and in later years, the lands of the Girard Water Com- pany. During the period of tree planting, 23 years, from 1877 to 1899, inclusive, a total of 252,050 forest tree seedlings of various varieties were set out, including: 143,750 European Larch 42,000 Scotch Pine 32,900 White Pine 24,500 Catalpa Speciosa 3,500 Wild Black Cherry 3,000 Douglass Pine 1,000 Russian Mulberry 1,000 White Oak 200 Austrian Pine 100 Norway Spruce With the exception of 500 plants set out in 1877 on the hillside, north of Girardville, all of the planting was confined to 1,488 acres of land now owned by the Girard Water Company, which covers the water sheds of Lost Creek and Raven Run. This planting was protected by fire strips 100 feet in width and patroled during Sundays and all holidays. It was enclosed by a stone wall 5 feet high and 6 1-3 miles in length be- gun in 1902 and completed in 1905. In 1880, the late Henry M. Phillips, then Presi- dent of the Board of City Trusts, in his report for that year, said: *'The subject of Hree culture' continues to re- ceive the consideration of the Board of Directors which its importance demands. ''With the water springs cut off by mining operations and the hills denuded of all their trees, for use as mine timber, the Anthracite Coal Region is in continual danger of drought with all its attendant disadvantages. The experi- ments made by the Board for the re-establish- ment of forest trees upon the Girard lands have been reasonably successful and have received the endorsement of the State Botanist, M!r. Thomas Meehan. * * The ever increasing number of destructive for- est fires in the early nineties so deeply concerned the officials of the Girard Water Company that it accepted the offer of assistance made by the United States Department of Agriculture, Di- vision of Forestry, by circular No. 21, of October 8, 1898. Accordingly, an application was filed with the Department on December 16, 1898, under its offer to assist private owners of forest land in devising plans for the cutting and re- foresting of timber lands. FOREST LEAVES On May 26th and 27th, 1899, Mr. Henry L. Graves, Superintendent of Working Plans, for the Department, with an assistant, went over the planted area of the Girard Water Company and adjacent lands of the Girard Estate, and al- though he commended the Work accomplished by the Girard Water Company, in its method of planting and protection, as being the most in- teresting of any forest experiment by private concerns he had seen in the United States, his opinion was that the whole problem of forest management depends on the possibility of pro- tecting the land from fire, and so long as forest land is burned over repeatedly, it is not business policy to invest any money in planting or even careful thinning. Consequently, planting was discontinued in 1900 and subsequent efforts, with the exception of 47,500 White and Scotch Pine Seedlin-s planted in 1917 and 1918, by the Girard Water Company on newly acquired water shed land, in the Catawissa Valley, were confined to the main- tenance of fire lines and patrol to prevent, as far as possible, forest fires. It is, therelore, obvious that the prevention of forest fires is the first requisite of forest renewal. Without this everything else is useless. When it is considered that in the territory covered by the Weiser Forest District alone, which IS but a very small part of the State, there occurred in 1922, 985 forest fires, burning over 10M8O acres, costing $53,339.70 to extinguish ^^foTo^f'^i"? ^^'' ^y ^^™^"^ *^ property of over $163,481.43 in the Uhigh and Schuylkill coal helds, which are only a part of the Anthracite | Region, the water supply of which is seriously menaced by droughts of increasing severity due to the denudation of timber on its mountains and m Its valleys, it is visible that some definite policy be established which will more effectually niinimize the causes of forest fires in general, in the making of which, the State Government should lead the way. Despite the discouraging conditions, as describ- ed through 68 years of efforts by the interests I represent, owning approximately 13,000 acres of land in Schuylkill and Columbia Counties, di- vided between coal land, wild land beyond the coal measures, water shed land on lA>k Creek, North Mahanoy Mountain, and the water sheds of Dresher's Run and Whiskey Mill Creek in the Catawissa Valley, on which are located the reser- voirs of the Girard Water Company, I feel, that in addition to the continuance of the present pro- gram of the State Forestry Department in con- junction with the various Protective Associations, a system of patrol should be established on en- 21 tirely different lines than has been attempted so far. The employment by private land-owners of Wood Rangers or Patrolmen, who could never command the respect of the element that for many years has been the cause of a lai^e pro- portion of the forest fires, has been a failure. The title of *'Wood Ranger'^ or '^Patrol Man'^ should be supplanted by that of ''Forest Police,'' men in uniform and with authority to place under arrest, not only persons caught committing depredations, but also suspicious characters. This, as an experiment, at least on one water shed area in each district, I think would soon show results and would be a step forward in, first, the reforestation of water sheds by early plant- ing, and second, by the natural regeneration of forest land by the extension of the Policing sys- tem. *^ Splendid progress has been made durino' the past few years, by the State Department of^For- estry and the Anthracite Forest Protective As- sociation of corporation and individual owners, by the erection and equipment of numerous Fire Watch Towers, the organization of Fire Wardens and crews of fire fighters and the maintenance ot fire lines in the extinction of forest fires The question with the individual land-owner IS, what has been done along the line of Fire Prevention? If all energy and money are cen- tered on the extinction of fires, there will al- ways be fires to extinguish and consequently no guarantee can be given even to corporations hav- ing a continuity of existence that money spent in reforestation will yield a return on the invest- ment. I t^'l"!"'"'*' P^e^ention," I have not over- looked the fact that the broadcasting of propa- ganda has resulted in much good with certain JuZ\°LT ""==ensI''P. yet there remains an herefore, that class of people must be brought to a realisation, by Forest Police, that they can- noUonger destroy our forests and escape punish- Lct the old adage "An ounce of prevention is IZl .r^u °^ ''"'■*" ^^ "^ fi™'.V fi'^e*' in our 'mnds, that the result of these meetings will be a stronger determination to "Prevent Forest Plant Free Trees John W. Keller er 1 an*^! cr? *?. *" P"*"'" "^V^^^itures by Fed- s?s i'- '. Governments in the proteciion of bv pr vat?'" ""■"• ,*'"' '''""""*« "ow expended f'.est totar^'"""' '"■■ *•'•' I^'-"**"""" «* their a-eordin!. f' W'-o^'n-tely 11,000,000 a year. Serv ce """""' '^^^'^ "' *>>« ^ores THE Pennsylvania Department of Forestry will distribute 7,000,000 forest tree seed- lings for reforesting idle lands in Pennsyl- vania during the spring of 1923. The trees are distributed free of charge, but the applicant is required to pay the packing and transportation charges which amount to approximately 75c. per thousand These trees are from 5 to 18 inches high and are to be planted for future timber. They are not suited in size or shape for orna- mental planting and will not be distributed for this purpose. More than 5,600,000 trees have already been allotted There is remaining a supply of pitch pine, white ash and rock oak and applications will be granted in the order in which they are received A short description of the available trees follows: Pitch pine is one of our best and most rapid growing native hard pines. On State Forests it has reached a height of 14 1/2 feet -in twelve years It will thrive on medium fertile soils and dry sterile hillsides, and is the most fire resistant ot our native evergreens. It is hardy and the timber is used for paper pulp, mine timbers and general construction. White ash is a valuable native hardwood and will grow best on medium fertile and moist soils. It IS rapid growing and the wood is in high de- mand for handles, implements, athletic goods and furniture The lumber can be used in small sizes and planted trees will be large enough for the market in a comparatively short time. Fourteen year old plantations of white ash on State For- ests have reached an averse height of 25 feet Rock oak is rapid growing and will thrive on hillsides on medium to dry soils. It is the natural tree to take the place of the blight killed chestnut It is hardy and plantations on State forests have reached an average height of 18 feet in seventeen years. During the past five years the trees increased in height on an average ot 2 feet per year. The wood is used for rail- road ties, general construction and fuel Tree planting for wood products is not new in Pennsylvania. More than 18,000,000 trees grown m nurseries conducted by the Department of Forestry have been planted by private land owners and 34,000,000 have been planted on State Forests. The results are very encourag- The idle acres in Pennsylvania must be put to m f I 22 FOREST LEAVES work. Steep hillsides, stony areas, fields that will not grow a satisfactory agricultural crop, open places in the woodlot and small areas cut off by streams or roads should be planted with trees. Application for free trees and informa- tion concerning planting should be made to the Commissioner of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pennsyl- vania. Hi National Forests ON June 30, 1922, there were in the 148 National Forests a total of 156,837,282 acres, an increase of 171,237 acres over the previous year. All of these forests are west of the Mississippi River, except the Luguillo in Porto Rico, the Florida, the Michigan, and nine others. These nine forests are located in the White Mountains and Southern Appalachians, and have an area of 1,729,923 acres. All of the latter area, except 29,409 acres, was purchased under the terms of the -'^ Weeks Law" at an average price of $5.36 per i.cre. At the close of the fiscal year there remained a total of 402,198 acres approve^! for purchase by the National Forest Reservation Commission and under proc- ess of acquisition as rapidly as funds are avail- able. During the 1921 fire season 5,851 fires occurred of which 78 per cent, were extinguished before they had covered an area of ten acres each. The o^fono^ National Forest land burned over was ^PIPiL'^'t!' ""^'I^ i^' estimated damage was $212 182. The cost of fire fighting, exclusive of the time of forest officers, was $532,811, as com- pared with nearly $1,000,000 in 1920. The three districts located in Montana, northern Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and California, together, had 66 per cent, of all fires, as against 73 per cent, m 1920. While the number of fires de- creased, man-caused fires increased 41 per cent This was undoubtedly the result of the greatly increased tourist travel in the National Forests and IS a condition which will in all probabilitv p-ow worse instead of better. The only remedy IS the education of the public in the importance of care with fire in the woods-education which should begin with the children in the schools and reach as many people as possible The receipts from the National Forests for the l^Tin^r ^T. ^''' Hi71,903, a decrease of $197,037, or 4.4 per cent, from the year 1921 Operating expenses during the past few years* not including expenditures to meet extraordinary fire conditions, compensation in the form of bonuses, and appropriations for research and field investigative work have been about $4,000,000 per annum. Co-operation in fire protection was continued by the Forest Service with 26 States on the same basis as in recent years, the total appropriation for this purpose being $400,000. The appropri- ation for a like use for the current fiscal year is also $400,000, while the States will expend ap- proximately $1,750,000. The great blow-down of timber on the Olympic Peninsula in the State of Washington, which took place in January, 1921, \yas described in last yearns report. Owing to the very comprehensive system of fire protection which was immediately put into effect on the area there have been no fires since the blow-down took place. The scheme of protection involved placing the area under the care of an organization headed by a supervisor building 95 miles of trails, and 87 miles of tele- phone lines, prohibition of camping except at selected places which were improved for the pur- pose by the Forest Service, and patrol by three motor trucks equipped with large water tanks and pumping apparatus and carrying two men each. '^ Forest Protection Week'' was again pro- claimed by President Harding. The week se- lected was April 16 to 22, in order that the -olden anniversary^ of the birthday of J. Sterling Mor- ton, the founder of Arbor Day (April 22), mi^ht be celebrated in connection with the observance of Forest Protection Week. Sixteen Governors also issued State proclamations of a like nature, and through the efforts of forestry organizations, the press, and various national societies the week was generally observed in many parts of the country. FOREST LEAVES 23 Anthracite Forest Protective Association THE Annual Meeting of the Association was held at Hazleton, Pa., in January, 1923. During 1922 much progress in fire*^ protec- tion m the anthracite region has been made as will be seen from the following abstracts from the report of J. M. Sloan, Secretary-Treasurer: Two 42-foot steel towers with enclosed cabs were erected and placed in commission durin? the spring fire season. One, the Bull Head Tower, is located on Mauch Chunk Mountain south of Summit Hill in Schuylkill County, ami tl?e other, the Flag Staff Tower, is situated L300 feet west of Flag Staff Park above the Borou-^h of Mauch Chunk in Carbon County. One-half ot their cost was refunded by the Department of Forestry. From the Bull Head Tower a tele- phone line VA miles long was run connecting with the Mahoning Valley Rural Telephone Co., giving service over both Bell and Consolidated lines. The Flag Staff line connects at Flag Staff Park with the Consolidated and was put up by the Forestry Department employees during the fall.'* ''Double-faced signs, 4x6 feet, were erected beside the highway near the Brockton Broad Mountain, Upper Lehigh, Glen Summit, Aristes, Flag Staff and Bull Head Towers. These serve to call attention to the traveling public to the towers themselves and their purpose, and also act as a fire warning. The Hazleton Automobile Trades Association co-operated in the erection of four of the large metal slogan signs on the main motor roads leading out of Hazleton, proving again that the responsible people in all com*^ munities are waking up to the fact that forest protection must be improved to insure prosper- ity to the region. A large number of posters and placards furnished by the Department of Forestry have been posted along the roads and in the woods, and cards have been furnished various interurban electric roads for use in the cars Through the co-operation of the officials of the Mauch Chunk Switchback Railroad Com- pany, the announcers on the cars gave a verbal fire warning, and also called the attention of the tourists to the Bull Head and Flag Staff Towers, both of which are visible during the greater part by the Association distributed twenty thousand circulars during the fall to motorists on the Zt vZ ^u""'^ ^^""^' ^^^^^*«"' Wilkes- ur^' P^^tsville and Catawissa.'' . The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company is ^ 'porously pushing forward with its foreVt pro ^ram under the direction of its forester Mr! of m ^?™""^/^ ^J^« i« a member of the Board of Directors of this Association. Fire preven Son\y""^^ 'n '^'^^^ *^^ P-P^^ '"that tTctfon 11 "'"'"P*"^ telephone directory. Pro- V ris" effi"^"r"'"* "^^' '' ""^'-^ h-^»e<^ tensivrnlant?''"'* '"'P' "^ '^"^^^« ^"^ «" e^" ZTten/ I P'^^'^'" ^« b«i"^ ^-arried out in SsSin;"! <^-eouraging fire losses during the »>- w\'ieh"hY«f 7''" ^r^^"^' ^"^*h- -em- '•e^non hi h "^ """'^ ^^" ^^'•^^t^.V in this ^^rCht to Jr \l ' r^*^"" ^"^^'^^ th- recent thrad? Re,^^^^^^ '^' ^^f^^ turning^n the An- to operaL llT /'^"^^'^-^ '"PP^^^^ ^«r« able obtafnTfrr^thi :^^^^^^ ''',C'''' ^' ^'''' ' torapany. fhe company sup- plied coUenes from Delano to Sunbury during the later stages of the drought. While their storage capacity is no greater than that of some other water companies they alone had the supply avail- able because their water sheds are heavily for- ested and well protected, and a good run-off was in evidence at all times. They also have several flourishing plantations made some years ago." The Roaring Creek and Bear Gap Water Compames have considerable acreage near Shamokm where m the past they have made a nunaber of plantations. They are zealous in the protection of their forest growth, fully realizing Its value on a water shed." "During the past year the Association has tto\^ """' ^^'''"'y ^^*'**''- On January 1, 1922, there were on the rolls 36 Active Members holding 97,944 5 acres, and 12 Associate Members On January 1 1923 there were 35 Associate Members and 77 Active Members, with 114,313 5 7iT' "■? 11""!! "' ^^ '" "•* ''^^^"'"^ niefflber- fc^ }^'^^^ "«'■<'»' ««• 16.7 per cent." For the year 1922 the number of fires was 985, area burned 106,385 acres; cost of extin- guishing $53,339.70 ; damage, $163,481.43. X proximately one-third of the fires in the who^ State occurred m this district. The best avail! able sources giving the forest area for this dis Z r ^T'"^ '""•«^' approximately 10 p^" pis ■ This r. 'r"*' """"^ '»•« y-^ j- and thJ,«fi "'^•" "**' »" ^"^••''le record and these figures point to one thing which is V la ly necessary-closer co-operatio^ between all the agencies interested in forest protection tending toward more intensive education ol? he through forest fires. Our neighbor, Canada, has been equally unfortunate, and whi e data m to the grand total for 1922 i; „ot yet available ref" erence IS made to the holocaust which overtook Haileyburg and the surrounding district in the Province of Ontario, on October 4th. The forest fires became uncontrollable, whole towns w^e wiped out, and .he railroads damaged. The de- 000 and 44 lives were lost, while several thou- sand people were rendered homeless President Harding has called attention to the mportance of forest preservation to the We of the nation, and by proclamation has set aside the week of April 22-28 as Forest Protection Week U ;i m 24 FOREST LEAVES i ■ ! The Spraul State Forest F. H. Dutlinger THE Sproul Forest was named by the State Forest Commission in honor of Governor Wm. C. Sproul who did so much during his administration for the advancement of for- estry in Pennsylvania. The Sproul Forest comprises the Hopkins, Snow Shoe, Young Woman ^s and Otzinachson Divisions, all of which are situate in Clinton and Centre Counties, the greater portion being in Clinton County. The area of this State Forest is 107,314 acres. There are numerous large private holdings which adjoin the various divisions of the forest and that have been offered for sale to the State. These offers approximate about 60,000 acres, and if added to the present State Forest, would make it one of the largest State Forests in Pennsyl- vania. The original cost of the lands now comprising the Sproul State Forest was $188,020.08, or ap- proximately $1.76 per acre. The valuation of these lands has increased rapidly since pur- chased until today $10.00 an acre is a fair price for the land. This increased valuation is due largely to the improvement of the forest growth as a result of the elimination of forest fires. The forest growth on the Sproul Forest is more valuable than on most of the State Forests in the northern part of the State, and compares favorably with that of southern Pennsylvania. On the higher elevations and mountain tops the original growth was pitch pine with scat- tered short-leaf pine, all of which was and is today called yellow pine. Mixed with these pines were scattered hardwoods, such as the oaks and chestnut. In the lowlands and stream valleys, reaching well toward the uplands, the original growth was white pine and hemlock. These mixed stands excelled anything of like nature found in the eastern United States. On the up- per slopes of the stream valleys and on the slopes along the West Branch of the Susque- hanna River, the growth was originally and is today of the hardwood type with the oaks and chestnut predominating, but with the pitch pine creeping in along the extreme tops of the moun- tains. Along the streams and river bottoms, where the soil is deeper and richer, ash, maple, butternut, poplar and occasionally black walnut are found. In the early 50 's rafts composed of the finest white pine found in the reosters, stickers, bulletins, etc., the number of forest fires has decreased materially, while the average area of each fire has decreased as a re- su t of increased road, trail, and telephone de- velopment, and above all, a forest fire fightinc^ organization, fully equipped, that is quick to re°- «lK)nd to all calls has helped reduce the fire dam- age The burning of safety strips by the rail- roads, both standard and narrow gauge, as well as the elimination of forest fire hazards of all ••ascriptions, has greatly reduced the number and consequently the area of forest fires annually in the district. The Sproul Forest as a whole is well watered, the various divisions being drained by numerous streams. The majority of the streams are about six miles in length and abound in trout. There are several large streams, such as Young Wo- man ^s Creek and Lick Run, that are exceptional trout fishing streams. These streams contribute greatly to the sustained stream flow of the State, and in one instance, that of Hall's Run, the en- tire water shed of the stream is within the State Forest and the water thereof is used exclusively by the Borough of South Renovo. Regardless of the fact that practically all of the merchantable timber was removed from this forest before it became the property of the State, a neat sum has been realized to-date from the sale of timber, props, firewood and other sources. The following figures give an idea of the reve- nue from this forest within recent years: Timber, firewood, etc $7,477.00 Camp site leases 700.00 Water rents, etc 162.50 $8,339.50 There are several contracts in effect at the present time covering the cutting of chestnut timber. Additional contracts will be let as buy- ers for the same are found. All moneys from the sale of products from the forest are for- warded to the Harrisburg office at the end of each month, and a receipt for the same given by the State Treasurer is placed on file in the district office. Receipts from sale of products from State Forests are deposited to the credit of the State School Fund, which helps support the public schools of the State. To-date (January 1, 1923) $268,372.34 have been deposited in this fund from State Forest receipts. The last few years have seen a remarkable increase in the numbar of permanent camp site leases issued. There are sixty-seven (67) leased camp sites in effect on the Sproul State Forest and of this number sixty-three (63) contain permanent and substantial camp buildings. These camps are of great use in the administrative work of the for- est for housing men while constructing roads, es- tablishing plantations, and during emergency forest fire periods. In addition to the persons who occupy permanent camps, a large number of persons visit the forest for the day and for longer periods by securing temporary camping permits. It is an indisputable fact that there is no bet- ter hunting or fishing anywhere in the whole State than within the Sproul State Forest. Deer 26 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 27 are plentiful and unquestionably becoming more so each year regardless of the large number killed. This region is a natural feeding ground for bears, due to the large percentage of hard- wood trees, such as oak, hickory and chestnut that make up the forest. Small game, as squir- rel, both black and grey, the raccoon, rab- bit, both cotton-tail and snow shoe, and muskrat abound. The 100,000 acres of the Sproul State Forest afford a wonderful opportunity for the citizens of the State for fishing, hunting and recreation. Substitutes for Wood in Francer'* WOOD is indispensable to man: he needs it for heating, for housing, for transpor- tation. The aphorism: ''The forest pre- cedes the population,'' which expressed this fact, is true in the majority of cases, and the difficul- ties of colonization in countries without forests, like the steppes of Russia and Asia, the prairies and pampas of South America, confirm its truth. The first men who wish to settle in these coun- tries have, in truth, to replace wood by various substitutes: for heating, they use grasses, peat, or even, as in Mongolia and the Sahara, the dried dung of their beasts of burden; for their dwell- ings, they use beaten earth, rushes or stems of graminiferous plants. In the regions far from forests, where wood is consequently lacking, it becomes necessary to find substitutes for it. Man's intelligence is exerted to find them ; his labor endeavors to pro- duce them. In wooded regions, partieulariy in those long colonized, where the forests have been managed with a view to providing for needs of consumption, the development of substitutes lor wood risks disturbing the existing order ot things and producing a crisis from which the torest ownership will suffer. That is what happened about 1860 in France, where from time immemorial the forests had been exploited principally for fire-wood and charcoal for domes- tic heating and for industry. At that date, the development of railways facilitating the tmns- portation of coal to a great distance, brou-ht about a considerable augmentation in its produc- Znf.r\ competed with fire-wood, then sup- planted It entirely m industrial heatin- and 'he iS p'^^^^--^^^ P-Poses. By the ^nd S he 19th Century, the owners of forests could no longer se 1 the products of their coppices and Che^ir' ^.^^^-/^^ management an, lengthen the rotations of their forests in order T:!:!llVet,'y\tofoTi^^^^^^^^^ of Forests. to continue to draw a revenue from them. The question of substitutes for wood presents itself, therefore, under two different aspects: either it is a question of regions not wooded or only slightly wooded, where substitutes are searched for, with the intention of increasing their number and use, to supplement the lack of wood, or it is a question of the wooded regions in which the forests are regulated with a view to satisfying the needs of the population, and where the use of substitutes will necessarily have an unfortunate effect upon the sale of the prod- ucts of those forests. France, which Colbert feared would perish for lack of wood, has ever since the 13th century regulated the exploitation of her forests, with an eye to supplying her needs in wood. But owing to the changes that have come about in economic conditions, she finds herself today with a superabundant production of fire-wood and a deficient production of building-timber. So that for her, the question of wood substitutes should be considered, so far as fire-wood is concerned, from the point of view of the effect of the use of these substitutes on forest ownership, and so far as timber is concerned, from the point of view of the resources which the use of these substitutes can provide for consumption. The industrial products which can replace fire- wood and charcoal are: coal under its different forms (sea-coal, coke, anthracite, etc.), gas, kero- sene and electricity. We shall not consider the products of wood; such as saw-dust, tanner's bark, etc.; nor peat, which has alwavs been used m the regions where it exists and where wood is lacking. The chief competitor of fire-wood is coal. In the mining regions, it has replaced fire-wood in all cases. Elsewhere, industry has for a lon^r time now used wood as a fuel only exceptionally, It prefers coal, which occupies less room and can be kept in the open air. In towns, the use of wood has been (generally) abandoned for cook- ing and for the heating of offices and shops; in the larger towns it has become a luxury for the heating of apartments. In the smaller towns, where space is not so limited, it is still used for domestic heating because it is more cheerful and cleaner than coal, but it is being used less and less, because of the conveniences offered by cen- tral heating. This, it is true, sometimes uses wood as fuel, but only where its cheapness com- pensates for the extra labor required in keeping up the fires. In the country, wood remains the usual material for heating, chiefly in the regions tar from the railway, and in all the communes owning forests, where wood is given to the peo- ple as ^^free use" for a modest price, scarcely more than the price of felling and chopping, the transport being by the users. Cooking by gas has, in the towns, replaced charcoal for the kitchen. They are beginning to use it in bakeries. Gas burned in radiators is also used in the heating of dwellings, but gener- ally speaking only for small rooms, or where the temperature is not very low. Factories use g:as for certain machines; in the country they make use of a poor quality gas or wood gas made from the refuse of saw-mills. In the last ease it is rather a question of the use of a by- product of the wood-industry than of a sub- stitute for wood. Kerosene is used for heating living-rooms or for the kitchen in special stoves or heaters. The odor, when the combustion is not perfectly regu- lated, is an obstacle to its general employment. It is most used in small places, baths, summer watering-places, where, in the absence of gas, it replaces charcoal. Industry uses crude oil as a substitute for coal rather than for the fire^wood (which industry no longer consumes). On the other hand, French agriculture is today making interesting experiments in substituting wood al- cohol for gasoline in tractors. Alcohol is used in the kitchen like kerosene. It is also used, not as a substitute for but as a help in lighting char- coal, whose consumption it increases, in districts where there is no gas. Electricity is still but little used in France for heating. Produced generally in factories oper- ated by steam, its price is too high for its use to be an advantage. In mountainous districts, where the Communes are usually the owners of the forests, the people continue to heat with wood for the reasons already given. However, it is evident that when the installation is completed of the powerful hydro-electric works now being erected or projected, electricity will be delivered to the consumer at a modest price that will al- low of its general use. This means of heating Will replace in living-rooms, and often even in the kitchen, the other substitutes of wood. It will penetrate into all the cities, into small watering-places, into the little tourist centres, and perhaps even into the villages. Fire-wood will be less and less utilized and it is to be ex- I)ected that its value will fall to almost nothing. The owners of forests should, therefore, con- tinue the conversion of their forests, manage thera with a view to produce other than fire- wood, mine-props, wood for pulp, for small car- pentry, and to that end lengthen the rotations and replace the simple coppice by coppice-under- standards and even, in certain cases, substitute conifer forests for deciduous forests, since these yield wood-pulp more quickly. It is to be sup- posed that the provision of cheap electricity and its general use will not be realized under some twenty years. This delay, necessary for the adaptation to new economic conditions, will give the owners of forests time to modify their methods of exploitation, against the day when wood will no longer be used for heating, except accidentally. As France does not produce enough timber for her needs she is interested in the developments in the use of substitutes for timber, which may en- able her to satisfy her requirements without hav- ing to resort to importation. The substitutes used up to the present are steel and reinforced concrete. In cities steel replaces timber princi- pally for rafters; for joists supporting the roof, it is not commonly used except in factories and industrial buildings, and wooden rafters and joists are almost exclusively used in dwelling- houses. In the country it is only very excep- tionally that any use is made of steel, for the setting up requires special tools and work- men rarely to be found in villages, while work- ers in wood may be found anywhere. Also, in the wooded districts, wood is cheaper than steel. Attempts have been made to substitute steel for wood in railway ties, but on the roads with heavy traffic, especially heavy express trains, the substitution has apparently not given satisfac- tion. : r Steel also replaces wood in the construction of railway cars, at least of freight cars, since be- cause of its too great sensitiveness to the vari- ations of temperature, and its failure to deaden vibration, it has not hitherto been employed for passenger cars (except in the United States). The use of insulators will, however, remedy the first of these disadvantages. It has been pro- posed to replace wood-pavement by metal-pave- ment, but the substitution has not been tried in France. Reinforced concrete replaces timber in con- struction, at least for hangars and shops. It is seldom employed for dwelling-houses, where its resonance is a drawback. It has been experi- mented with for boats and ships, but up to the present, not seriously. Reinforced concrete is also made use of for the pylons serving for the transmission of electricity; for that matter, it is not in this case, properly speaking, a substi- tute for wood, since there is here a question of new construction for which wood had never been used and which would in any case have been 28 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 29 made, at least in part, of masonry (or steel). As to telegraph poles, they are always made of wood. Reinforced concrete has also been tried for props in mines, but has the serious defect of giving way without warning, where wood announces its breaking by preliminary crackings. Another substitute for wood may be found in corrugated iron which sometimes replaces shingles for roofing or covering of partitions and the square tiles in plaster or cement which replace the fibre board in light construction, but their use is as limited as that of the wood products which they replace. The use of steel and cement more generally in building will reduce the consumption of timber, but these substitutes will not take the place of wood in carpentry, door frames and floors. For these and for paneling, ceilings, etc., pressed cork is sometimes used, but this use is very limited and will never, apparently, be extended to the houses of the rich or even of the middle classes. Unless there is a complete transformation in construction, the consumption of timber will con- tinue to increase for a very long time. If, so far as heating is concerned, we can foresee that wood will be abandoned more and more in favor of substitutes whose use is more economical and requires less labor, and conse- quently a smaller personnel, the substitutes for timber in its multiple uses are still to be found. It is, therefore, to the production of (softwood) timber, of medium dimensions, that the efforts of forest-owners (State, communities or individ- uals) should be devoted; they will be thereby assured of a considerable revenue, and one which can but increase, for a long time to come, along with the demand for building-timber. Forest Protection THE Bureau of Fire Protection of the De- partment of Forestry of Pennsylvania, is sending out letters this Spring to farm- ers' magazines, to Sportsmen ^s publications, and to Railroad Superintendents and Section Fore- men throughout the State, in the endeavor to decrease forest fires. The one sent to the agri- cultural magazines calls attention to the need" of care in burning brush, which causes 8 per cent, of the forest fires in Pennsylvania and can be prevented by exercising proper precaution. The communication to sportsmen's publications states that 12 per cent, of the forest fires are started by carelessness on the part of tourists, fisher- men, hunters and autoists. The letters to the railroad offfcials call attention to the necessity of burning safety strips along the railroads of Pennsylvania. During 1922 there were 2153 miles of these strips burned. These safety strips should be not less than 100 feet in width on one side of the tracks and in dangerous places 150 feet to 200 feet; and also give directions as to the time and methods for burning. George H. Wirt, Chief Forest Fire Warden of Pennsylvania, has also prepared and sent to the newspapers of the State weekly '^ Lessons in Forest Protection," in the endeavor to interest the public in protecting our rapidly diminishing forests from the ravages of fire. One of these is printed herewith as an illus- tration. < ( A Heritage Destroyed by Fire" Few people realize the amount of damage done by forest fires because they do not take time to go into detail, to follow from cause to effect, or to trace back from effect to cause. There are direct and immediate losses, but there are also indirect and future losses. The latter are more difficult to analyze and to appraise, but never- theless, are usually far greater than the former. Fire Injures Growing Timber.— When the trees are large, the bark heavy, and the fires light not many trees are killed and perhaps only a few may be injured. But with heavier fires or lighter bark the damage increases. The removal of the litter and humus from the soil may be sufficient to injure the roots, or to scorch the cambium layer at least partly around the tree. On the lee- ward side of trees the material burns a little longer by reason of the tree itself shielding the fire from the wind. Debris frequently accumu- lates on one side of a tree more than on another, especially on the uphill side. In this way the trees are partially girdled, bark drops off on one side of the base, insects and fungi begin work, and succeeding fires continue to eat into the tree and finally destroy a good part of it or kill it. It is subject to breakage by sleet, snow or wind. The removal of the humus, as mentioned be- fore, either by one or more fires will weaken the vitality of the tree because of changed soil con- ditions. The blossoms and fruit may be injured directly or indirectly by the fire. Trees of weak- ened vitality are always more subject to insect and fungi attack even though the bark is not broken. Not only is the rate of growth retarded in trees injured by fire, but the quality of the wood pro- duced, and the quantity finally harvested are also reduced. Though a tree may have sufficient vi- tality to cover a fire scar^ nevertheless the defect is still there, and in the majority of cases it orows with the size and age of the tree. When the injured tree is cut there is consider- able loss due to heart rot, stain wind shake, etc. This is particularly so in coppice forests. Fire Kills Growing Timber. — As noted above, if a tree is girdled by the scorching of its cam- bium layer or of its roots, it dies. Fire thus kills a varying proportion of the stand through which it burns, but especially the small growth, and the sensitive species. Trees that are not killed immediately, die later as a direct result of the fire. Uecent plantations are, therefore, liable to destruction by fire and demand extra means for protection. If this cannot be given them it is taking a great risk to make them. Such damage to standing growth results in an immediate loss made up of several items. 1. There is the loss of dead trees of merchant- able size which, for various reasons, cannot be marketed while still sound, or decrease in market value by reason of some delay before harvesting. 2. The loss of value occasioned by the market- ing of material not yet grown to the size which would yield the highest value per unit of meas- ure. ii. The loss in final cut which must be expected if injured trees are permitted to stand until they reach what would otherwise be a merchantable age. 4. There should also be considered the fact that there may be and usually is some expense connected with the inconvenience of harvesting before maturity or of harvesting a smaller crop at the proper age for maturity. Fire Destroys Seeds, Small Seedlings and Sprouts. — Upon the forest floor, mixed with leaves and humus, and preserved by the latter, are many tree seeds of various kinds waiting for favorable conditions to germinate and grow into trees. In most places where stock and fire have been kept out of woodland for several years, thousands of young trees have started to grow either from seed or from roots, but they are hardly noticeable. Fire destroys all of these as a very small amount of heat will destroy the ^'erm within a seed, and cook the life out of the tender plants. Even the lightest fires do con- siderable damage in this way, destroying the irerms of prospective forests. On the basis of the value of seed or seedlings for a new crop of trees after the older growth was removed, it can be figured out that this loss amounts to from $3.00 to $10.00 per acre. By reason of these three effects of forest fires, repeated burnings may change entirely the char- acter of a forest in almost all of its phases, or forest conditions may be destroyed totally. The better species of trees may give place to fire cherry, quaking aspen, birch, or other light winged and inferior species. All tree growth may give place to scrub oak, sweet fern, huckle- berry, bracken, or common herbaceous weeds. So it is reasonable to say that forest fires destroy forests and the possibilities of future forests. The Forest Situation in Pennsylvania J. S. Illick (Continued) IN 1860 Pennsylvania stood first among the States of the Union in lumber production. Then she produced much more lumber than her people needed. She held a prominent place in the field of lumbering until about 1890 when she suddenly changed from a lumber exporting to a lumber importing state. Today more than 84 per cent, of the lumber and 74 per cent, of the pulpwood used in the State comes from without her borders. The following table shows the relation between lumber production and lum- ber consumption in Pennsylvania: Lumber Lumber Consumption Production Year (Board Feet) (Board Feet) 1880 1,567,538,000 1,733,844,000 1890 1,992,787,000 2,113,267,000 1900 2,791,837,000 2,231,284,000 1910 3,242,342,000 1,241,199,000 1918 2,632,965,000 530,000,000 1919 2,694,526,350 630,471,000 1921 2,719,200,000 •510,000,000 The per capita lumber production is a better indicator of the actual forest situation than the total lumber production, for with the rapid de- crease in lumber output, due to forest depletion, there has been a continuous increase of popula- tion. The per capita production of lumber in Pennsylvania during the past thirty years is shown in the following table: Total Per Capita Lumber Lumber Production Production Year (Board Feet) (Board Feet) 1890 2,113,267,000 420 1900 2,321,284,000 387 1910 1,241,199,000 162 1918 530,000,000 63 1921 510,000,000 58 The low stage of lumber output in Pennsyl- vania has not yet been reached, but will come in * Estimated. 30 FOREST LEAVES about five years from now when practically every acre of mature timber, excepting small scattered stands, will have been cut over. Then and there- after, until the effects of adequate forest protec- tion and good forest treatment make themselves felt in an increased forest output, the painful ef- fects of a timber shortage will be keenly felt. The foregoing tables show that the people of Pennsylvania consume annually 309 board feet of lumber per capita, while the production of lumber is only 58 board feet. This indicates that our forests at the present time are supplying only 19 per cent, of the total lumber needs of our peo- ple. The present total cut of lumber in Pennsyl- vania is less than the amount consumed in the Pittsburgh district alone. The right way to rectify the present unbalanced relation between wood consumption and wood production in Penn- sylvania is not to reduce consumption but to in- crease production. The reduction of wood con- sumption will work unnecessary hardships on in- dustries.and deprive homes of essential comforts, whUe an increase of wood production can be ac- complished without a hardship or a big sacrifice on the part of anyone. We cannot hope to get much relief for the wood situation from nearby States, for Pennsylvania is almost completely surrounded by wood-import- ing States. West Virginia is the only borderin- wood-exporting State. The only nekrby wood" exporting States are West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. These four States are rapidly approaching the wood-import- ing stage. Their lumber surplus at present al- most exactly equals the lumber shortage in Penn- sylvania. The annual surplus of these States is rapidly decreasing, and consequently the wood situation is serious, for in a few years the Penn- sylvania deficit must be made up from more re- mote sources of supply. Our wood needs will con- tinue to grow. Each year greater difficulty will be experienced in satisfying them. It is, there- lore, imperative that special efforts be put forth to increase the output of our forests. We have plenty of forest land. All that is necessary is to put the land to work and, in time, it will pro- duce most of the forest products needed to satisfy our people. ^ The growth of the forests of Pennsylvania is ex remely subnormal. They are now producing only about one-tenth of the wood they can b^ made to turn out If the forests are given proper protection and handled carefully, their ^owth will gradually increase, for forest land refunds promptly to any conscious care that is given to It. Ihe estimated annual growth per acre dur- ing the next fifty years is given in the following table by decades: '' Average Annual Growth Per Acre Growth Per Acre During Decade Decade (Cords) 1922—1932 0.25 1932—1942 0.50 1^42—1952 0.75 1952—1962 0 90 1962—1972 100 (Cords) 2.5 5.0 7.5 9.0 10.0 \. ^^^*»1 34.0 cords Under proper care and treatment, the forest land of Pennsylvania will produce at least one cord per acre per year. This estimate is fully supported by numerous measurements of the growth of forest stands in Pennsylvania and withm similar forest types in New England. A yield of a cord per acre per year was secured on second cuttings of mixed hardwood stands on the Michaux and Mont Alto State Forests when charcoal furnaces were in operation. Recent growth studies show that middle-aged white oak stands in Huntingdon County are growing at the rate of 1.2 cords per acre per year. Dr. R T Fisher, Director of the Harvard Forest School* states that ^^it is safe to count on 35,000 board feet of saw timber to the acre at a rotation of 00 years in mixed pine (85 per cent.) and hard- woods.- Prof. J. M. Toumey (-Seeding and Planting,- pages 57-58) writes that -a white pine plantation near Keene, N. H., planted in 1871 and measured in 1915, contained approxi- mately 30,000 board feet of wood per acre/' The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry estimate of forest growth-one cord per acre per year— IS conservative compared with the growth of well-managed European forests upon which growth conditions are in many cases less favorable than in Pennsylvania. For example, a 60-year old plantation of American white pine in Germany is growing at the rate of 135.5 cubic teet (1 1/2 cords) per acre per year. The com- munal forests of Boveressee, Switzeriand, pro- duced 138 cubic feet per acre in 1892 and 140 cubic feet (almost 1 2/3 cords) in 1916 Thp average annual timber growth in Saxony is 93 cubic feet (more than one cord) per acre. The annual timber growth in the Sihlwald, Switzer- land, IS 124.6 cubic feet (more than 1 1/3 cords) per acre The total cut per acre of the forest land in Baden, Germany, has reached 107.5 cubic feet (1 1/D cords). This is probably the highest yield in Germany from a forest area of 236.000 acres. ' A plantation of Douglas fir, native to western FOREST LEAVES 31 INCOME FROM STATE FORESTS OF GERMANY State Area (Acres) Total Yearly Income Wurttemberg, 1908 SAXO^fY, 1911 490,000 $4,906,000 Years 1830 1850-59 1860-69 1870-79 1880-89 1890-99 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 431.000 $4,015,000 Bavaria. 1912 2,330.000 Prussia, 1912 Income Per Acre Gross Income Per Acre $16,156,000 Income Per Acre Net $3.60 4.73 5.77 4.99 6.35 9.20 10.05 10.90 10.00 9.90 $.82 2.11 2.89 3.45 2.70 3.87 6.10 6.78 7.47 6.50 6.35 Gross Net $3.03 4.46 5.76 6.47 7.13 8.44 8.28 9.60 9.22 8.96 9.15 9.20 $1.10 1.94 3.21 3.92 4.33 4.50 5.39 5.08 6.17 5.58 5.24 5.36 6.03 North America, made a growth of 159 cubic feet per acre per year; another plantation made a mean annual growth of 274 cubic feet (3 cords) per year. With a probable future forest yield in Penn- sylvania of one cord (90 cubic feet) per acre per year, the average annual production in board teet and cords per acre at specified ages will be : Age (Years) Forest Yield Per Acre 50 270 board feet and 1/2 cord of wood* 1 la ^^^ ^^^^^ ^®®* ^"^ ^/^ ^^^^ <>f wood i"0 405 board feet and 1/4 cord of wood . When the annual yield of one cord per acre IS reached by 1972, then the 14,000,000 acres of UOmZ ^"""^^^^.^'^i^ wi» be yielding annually 14^00,000 cords of wood, or its equivalent, if other units of wood measure are used. It is " tra-conservative to predict that they will yield east 10,000,000 cords of which 55 per cent vood. This mean^ that the forests of Pennsyl- 400000,000 board feett of lumber and 4,500,000 cord^of wood. This estimated yield of lumber timbeT^wnrcontaln lloZTTf^'? 50 year-old stand of a cord of wood for JJiJ^^'^'^ ^^^ «' lumber and % of of 13.500 Wd ?Lt «? i^^^'l **' "» growth, or a tota below lumbe? size. "*"***'' *"^ ^5 cords of wood t Equivalent to 5.500.000 cords of 485 board feet each. Gross $2.32 2.95 2.64 3.73 4.55 4.95 4.90 5.50 6.30 Net 6,796.000 $38,490,000 Income Per Acre $.46 1.35 1.66 1.30 1.81 2.00 2.55 2.55 2.95 3.30 Gross $.97 1.43 1.98 2.20 2.68 4.26 4.27 4.54 4.45 4.53 4.42 5.19 Net $.44 .54 .83 .97 1.01 1.29 2.42 2.27 2.51 2.21 2.02 1.93 2.98 IS greater than the largest annual output (2,321,- 284,000 board feet in 1900) of lumber in Penn- sylvania during the big lumbering days. AVhat the income of the forests of Pennsyl- vania will be in fifty years from now is difficult to predict. Many variable factors influence the price of forest products. Stumpage prices have increased remarkably during the past thirty years, particularly during the past five years. The price of some wood has increased 400 per cent., and a few kinds of wood have increased as much as 500 per cent, in fifteen years. From the experience of foreign countries and the trend of prices of forest products and forest land values, it is absolutely safe to predict that in fifty years the net income from the forests of Pennsylvania will be at least $2.50 per acre per year, and it may reach $4.00 per acre .per year. This predic- tion is supported by financial data of the princi- pal state forests and selected municipal forests of Europe. The gross and net income derived from these forests is shown in the above table. In about sixty years the net income of the city forest of Chur, Switzerland, has increased nearly fivefold, and the famous Sihlwald, belonging to the city of Zurich, also in Switzerland, is now yielding as mueh as $12.00 per acre per year. The increase in net income per acre from the Chur forest is shown in the following table: Z2 FOREST LEAVES Period 1857--1866 1867—1876 1877—1886 1887—1896 1897—1906 1907—1916 Net Return Per Acre $1.40 2.40 3.15 3.90 4.40 6.00 New Publications The foregoing estimates of yield and income may seem high, but we must remember that our eyes are continuously confronted by pictures of scrub oak, fire cherry, fire-scan-ed stumps, dead snags, and waste places which produce little or no wood value. We do not fully comprehend the yield possibilities of our forest land. Reli- able financial calculations show that the forests of Saxony have not only paid 3 per cent, con- tinuously in revenue, but have appreciated in value 24 per cent, by mere accumulation of ma- terial and increase in productive capacity. If we give proper care and treatment to the forests of Pennsylvania we, too, will get a high net yield, and it will not take us so long to reach the goal as it took in Europe. Mr. A. C. Neumuller, Forester of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, Lansford, Pa., has issued a circular in regard to an educational and publicity campaign to interest the public schools ot that district in forest fire prevention The company will give $100 in prizes for the Dest lorest fire slogans accompanied by the best essays on Forest Protection, to public school chil- dren from East ]\fauch Chunk to Tamaqua. The first district prize is $5.00, and the second dis- net prize ROO (one yearns subscription to American Forestry-). The pupils winning hrst and second grand prizes to compete for the recln'' T.'"'"'"^ ^'^°^ P"^^"« ^^^ th^ entire ^«ion. These are respectively $20.00 and $15.00 No slogan now in use in forest protection will be considered The contest starts March 1st and ends on March Sl«f 109*? rpi . ! ^"^ 1 itxarcn dist, lyjj. The prizes will be awarded on Arbor Days. That it pays to educate the public in Forest Fire Prevention has bfeen demonstrated by this company as shown by the reduction in the^nlm 111; 192t^79Tl^^^^^^^^^^^^ ''-^^ ^'-'' 1^^^^ "The rorests of New York State."— Prof A B Becknagel. 8 vo., 167 pages. Illustrated' Bound m cloth. The MiacMiilan Compa.iv' New York. Price, $2.50. Mr. Recknagel is Professor of Forest Manaoe ment and Utilization at Cornell University, ,an,l trom his knowledge has given a comprehensive resume of the economic aspect of the forest prob- lem .n the State of New York. Forty per cent, ot the State is better suited to the growing of forests than to any other purpose, and while 70 years ago the State was pre-eminent in the lurn- ber industry, now vast sums are si>ent annually tor imported timber. The author's aim has been to show what the forests of New York meant in th« past develop, ment of the State and nation, and to give some Idea of their present significance and their vast potentialities for the future. The book treats of the character of the land and the forest, the development of the lumber pulp and paper and other wood using industries! The development of a State forest policy is de- scribed, while forestry as a land and industrial problem as well as an investment is dealt with Appendices give the geological features of the htate, the forest conditions, wood lot areas standing timber, forest products, reforestation,' torest fire losses, proposed legislation, etc. fer?d'a^So""'-^"7'''-\^«''>'"''«o„ has of- lerea a $25.00 pnze for the best thinning in ty It"*!!:;?^;; to taxpayers in Litchfield Coun 19th at h^ K ." '")?*' P"''"" "^^""^ January lath, at the Hamden Town Hall, and active stei« Ca^el "Trsf: '^""'l^' ae-^uisition"/ mT *"; ^^^ ^'•'^P'ng G»ant," as a State park. The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry has announced its second Summe- Extension Course m Forestry to be given at a mountain camp ad- jacent to the State Forest School, at Mont Alto, fh^f ^'"^/\'"P '». one of the best located spots that could be selected for the purpose. The course which will be given by the r^ular for- tT^t ""f^ ^•" *^**'"'l ^™«' Jnne 16th to nnnL M.^"** '"" '"*'"'''■* "omings only. After- noons wi I be given to recreation and sport, or additional work may be given. The course will appeal to out-door people gen- sT^dv'f J" particular to botany and nature- eadL ."f •■''/"'■'"."'"'™' '''Sh school teachers, clnl f r"**' Zi '"""P^""^ "'••'« and natural science students The opportunity to learn our we L r'/^v^T"' ^''^^ '"'I animals, as Itl Z *** "'*"*;?. *'■« '^"*«^«nt kinds of w;„d, course /"^r ?«''"'' *•••""«' ^••'' "nake thi iZZ^ TT . *^'"'^"°"- Anyone in- est School, Mont Alto, Pa, FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Poet-Office as seoood-daas matter, under Act of March 3d. 1879 Vol. XIX— No. 3 PHILADELPHIA. JUNE. 1923 Whole Number 214 EDITORIAL THE Summer Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association will be held at Pocono Manor, Monroe Co., Pa. (Poeono Summit Station, D. L. & W. R. R.) on June 27, 28, 29. The opening session being on the eve- ninii' of Wednesday, June 27th at 8 P. M. There will be interesting excursions to several local points of interest. Arrangements are being made for a number of interesting talks on various forestry topics by well known experts. Members who expect to attend will please promptly notify F. L. Bitler, Recording Secre- tary, 130 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pa., so that provision can be made for their entertainment. IVrsons desiring room reservations should make them direct with the Pocono Manor Inn, l'o(ono Manor, Pa., stating when they exj>ect to arrive. The Rothrock Memorial THE committee having in charge the Roth- rock Memorial— Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Major R. Y. Stuart, Col. H. W. Shoe- niak« r, Mr. George H. Wirt, and Professor Jos- <'pli S. Illick, has been subjected to delay in ob- tainiiio; the formal permit required to place the Kolhrock tablet and medallion in the Capitol Bmlding at Harrisburg, necessitating many trips to Harrisburg by Dr. Drinker and Colonel Shoe- maker, and many wearying delays; but all diffi- culties have now been surmounted, ahd work on the tablet is being pressed. The bronze medallion ix)rtrait of Dr. Rothrock, which is to be inserted in the tablet, was cora- I'leted by the sculptor, Dr. R. Tait McKenzie, sometime ago. The present prospect is that the tablet Will be completed and in place sometime in August next, when arrangements will be made w its presentation to, and acceptance by, the ^tate, at some time thereafter, of which due notice will be given to the subscribers to the tablet fund, and to all friends of Dr. Rothrock. The Governor has been, and is, heartily in support of the tablet project, and Dr. McKen- zie's design for the medallion, and its proposed location in the Capitol Building were duly ap- proved some time ago by the State Art Commis- sion, but when the project was submitted to the Board of Commissioners of Public Grounds and Buildings, certain members of that Commission deemed that it would be advisable to have direct legislative authority for placing the tablet on the walls of the Capitol ; so, after some delay, a resolution in the following form was introduced in the Senate on the evening of May 21st by the Hon. Frederick W. Culbertson, (a life member of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association), Sena- tor from Mifflin County, in which county Mc- Veytown, the birthplace of Dr. Rothrock, is situ- ated : ^'RESOLVED (if the House of Representa- tives concur). That authority is hereby given to the Board of Commissioners of Public Grounds and Buildings to permit the placing, without cost to the Commonwealth, of a memorial tablet on the wall of the main corridor of the Capitol Building, at a point just southeast of the rotunda, in honor of the late Dr. Joseph Trimble Roth- rock, a gallant and patriotic soldier and offiicer iiv the Civil War, the first Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsylvania, founder of the Mont Alto Sanatorium, and of the Mont Alto Forest School.'^ This resolution was immediately passed unani- mously, and on being sent to the House of Repre- sentatives, was there also passed unanimously on the same night. Next morning, May 22nd, it reached Governor Pinchot, and was at once signed by him. Dr. Drinker then called the attention of the Commissioners of Public Grounds and Buildings to the signed resolution, and they held a special meeting at noon on May 22nd, and formally granted the necessary permit for the erection of the tablet, which fact Dr. Drinker then tele- graphed to Philadelphia to Mr. Edwin H. Fet- terolf, the architect who is in charge of the tablet erection, and who promptly gave the necessary ^ ~J> 34 FOREST LEAVES instructions to Mr. Milione (who is in char-e of the marble framing, of the medallion), to pro- ceed at once with the lettering of the inscription, which work had necessarily been held up, pend- ing the receipt of the permit to place the tablet in position. It had been hoped that the tablet could be com- pleted and installed soon enough to enable the -iune meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- ciation to be held at Harrisburg, and to have the presentation of the tablet a feature of the meeting, but the delays that have occurred have made this impracticable. FOREST LEAVES New Pennsylvania Forestry Legislation LEGISLATION passed at this session of the General Assembly affecting the work of the Department of Forestry : Act No. 66, (H. R. 720; Senate 672). This amendment to Section 703, Article VTT, Act of June 3 1915, provides, in effect, that owners of torest land who expend, in addition to their ordi- nary taxes, for better protection, management and development of their lands, an average of at least ten cents (10c.) per acre annually, in- dividually or in co-operation with a forest pro- tection organization, may receive compensation under the Act for the actual necessary expense incurred by them in extinguishing fires upon their Act No. 67, (H. R. 721; Senate 716). This amendment to clause (j), Section 102, Article I Act of June 3, 1915, authorizes the Chief Forest lire Waiden, with the consent of the Commis- sioner of Forestry, -to receive from any person, firms corporations, or associations, contributions tor the prevention and control of forest fires All such contributions shall be paid into the State treasury and shall be credited by the State Treasurer to the fund of the Department of For- estry for forest protection pui-poses and such moneys are hereby specifically appropriated to the said Department of Forestry for the purposes for which such fund is appropriated and for the purpose of making refunds to contributors of amounts severally paid in by them in excess of their obligations respectively under such a-ree- ments.'' * Act No. 106 (H. R. 722: Senate 673). This amendment to clause (h). Section 102, Article I rhl fV"": ^'- '''}''' «P«-fi"a".y authorizes the Chief Forest Fire Warden to lease, buy and erect elephone lines in connection with forest pro e^ t.on^work. This authority was needed to make effective fire towers and observation stationTal r.'udy provided or to be provided by the Depart- The amendment further p,-ovides that funds derived from rentals shall be used for extension maintenance and up-keep of the lines Act No. 65, (H. R. 723; Senate 674). This Act authorizes County, City, Borough and Town- ship officials to expend funds for forest protec tion work in co-operation with forest protection associations, or with the Department of Forestry Act No. 107, (H. R. 724; Senate 675). TheTe amendments to Section 1005, Act of June 3, 1915 will facilitate obtaining the conviction of ner' sons responsible for the setting of fire Amendment (a) makes it unlawful* to set fire on the land of another without the consent of the owner, including not only the direct settin. of fire on such land, but the setting of fire on cnie s own land and failing to restrain it within the limits of one's property lines The maximum penalty for setting fire unlaw- fully IS red 1 by the amendment from one housand dollars ($1,000) to five hundred dollars ($oOO) in belief that the smaller maximum ,,en- alty will lead to a more willing attitude on the l)art of juries to award verdicts of guilty Amendment (b) provides that any per'son ma- liciously setting fires shall be guilty of a felony and upon conviction shall be sentenced to a fi^e not exceeding five thousand dollars ($5,000) and be imprisoned for not exceeding ten (10) years Act No 69, (H. R. 725; Senate 676) 'th- amendment to Article XII, Act of June 3 1911 contains definitions which' give a tZ dealr understanding of the provisions of the Act so that magistrates and others can give a prefer interpretation to them. ^ ^ Act No. 108, (H. R. 726; Senate 677). This amendment to Section 2701, Act of May 18, 1911 Schoof F f '71' '^^" ^^"'"^ P^'-t «f the State School Fund of Pennsylvania. The omission of Ld T Z' "^ ^^P^^^^ *^ ^^««ipt« ^«d pro- ceeds from State Forests in the Act of June 3, 1915 has seriously handicapped the Departnient in securing the maximum returns to the Com- monwealth from State Forest resources! otW /"""m""'"* ™^^"« P^««ib^« timber and bv fh. n ' f operations on State Forest Land s^urPnT "''''* ^^''' '^ '' impracticable to tZZZ y^, T'^*"'' *" ^" *^^ ^^'•k and nmk- tZ ^T r^ ' ^}'' utilization, it will bring into Me '"'''''^' "^* otherwise obtain- Act No. 64, (H. R. 728; Senate 718) This amendment to Article X, Act of June 3, 1915, 35 prescribes a penalty for the destruction of notices posted by the Department of Forestry for the better protection of woodlands from fire. Act No. 68, (H. R. 729; Senate 719). These amendments to Sections 1002, 1003, and 1004, Act of June 3, 1915, provide for summary convictions to secure more effective law enforcement against the setting of forest fires. The violations of the law specified in the three amendments are: Refusing to aid a fire warden> Hindering an officer in his duties, and Non-abatement or removal of nuisance. Under the amendments these violations can be dealt with by minor judicial officials and with nuieh less expense than is possible under the existing law. The amendment to Section 1001, Act of June 3, 1915, also included in Act No. 68, increasing tlie penalty for neglect of duty by a Fire Warden Ironi one hundred dollars ($100) to five hundred dollars ($500) and the alternative imprisonment penalty from not exceeding three (3) months to not exceeding six (6) months. Both fine and im- piisonment may be imposed in the discretion of the court. Act No. 109, (H. R. 933; Senate 940). This act authorizes County Commissioners to appropri- ate county funds to assist in the planting of trees and the establishment of tree nurseries in furtherance of reforestation of woodlots or other land denuded of trees. Act No. 186 (H. R. 1235; Senate 1093). This Act authorizes the Department of Forestry to jriant the use of State Forests for dams, reser- voirs, canals, pipe lines and other water con- duits for water supply purposes. Act No. , (H. R. 1238; Senate 1095). This Act authorizes the Department of Forestry to lease for periods of not more than fifty (50) .years State Forest land for dams, reservoirs, canals, pipe lines and other water conduits, power houses and transmission lines for the de- velopment of water power. Concurrent resolution of May 22nd, 1923. This resolution authorizes the placing of a Memorial Tablet on the wall of the main corridor of the Capitol Building at a point just southeast of the rotunda in honor of the late Doctor Joseph rnmble Rothrock. The funds for this memorial were secured by private subscription. H. R. 134; Senate 904. A Joint Resolution proposing an amendment of the Constitution to permit the issuance of bonds to an amount not noA?^^^^^ twenty-five million dollars ($25,000,- "eople of the Uniteound interest rate this will conditio^ .^ f"'-''- ''^ ^— «f -^trenu. re^ohT " ^^""'^ ^"^ protection costs shouM t will n'* ^""^T" ^''' ^"^"^ ^ ^'^y fai^h cost, t will accumulate to $188.72 in fifty years If ^LTT ^^\'''' ''' establishment'and'40e. Lre t Iflr^r'^ r^"' ^"^'"^'^ ^' compound in- Imount f ^.nT«/"'' ^"' Pennsylvania it wouM amount to $303.83 at the end of fifty years If fi5c. per acre were the annual charges it won d amount to $370.42. the'^'acrp' "v^^.^^I f ^^^ '^''''' *^^^« ^^ould be on ?^0 00 n ;. ^T^ ^''' "^ ^"^^^»^«^ worth .$-0.00 per thousand stumpage, or a total of FOREST LEAVES 37 .ftJOO.OO. In addition, the land will be available for another crop of timber. This yield is less than figures of actual cuts in the New England States, where 30,000 board feet per acre were grown in forty-six years, and as much as 41 000 per acre in sixty-one years. White pine of good quality is now worth $20.00 per thousand, and we may expect a higher price in fifty years when timber prices will undoubtedly be materially in- creased. Fires have wrought much damage to the tim- herlands of Pennsylvania. It is also true that when a fire burns over a plantation most of the trees are killed. However, it is worthy of men- tion that the best available records show that a total of onb' 283 acres of plantations have been destroyed by fires during the past twentv-two years out of approximately 38,000 acres that^have been set out with forest trees. This indicates that the fire risk is usually not great. Tabulated Expenses and Receipts at 6% Interest Annual Charge of 40c. for Protection, Taxes, etc. COSTS Land $10.00 per acre with interest for fifty years ^.o. ^, Planting Costs $10.19 .' .' mfo Annual Charge 40c. for fifty years .*.*.'* .' 116.' 13 Using these figures and considering an annual expense of 40c. per acre, the compound interest on the investment with land purchased at $10 00 per acre will amount to CyVj per cent. If $15 00 per acre were paid for the land the interest re- ceived on the investment would be approxi- mately 6 per cent. If $20.00 per acre is paid, the interest will amount to 5V. per cent, plus, and if $30.00 per acre is the purchase price the interest will be about 5y. per cent. If an annual expense of 65c per acre is used the investment will pay more than m per cent, interest when $10.00 per acre IS paid for the land; 5% per cent, plus, when $15.00 is paid; 5^2 per cent, when $20.00 is paid and 5 per cent, when $30.00 is paid This shows that white pine plantations even at present prices will bring in returns equal to the Pennsylvania legal rate of interest of 6 per cent when the land is valued at $15.00 per acre and higher than this rate with cheaper land As a general rule, land valued at more than $40 00 can be more profitably used for agricultural or other purposes and should not be used for the fZZZ "' *^^^^-P-»«>'J^-»- Department of Total Costs .^8go3 •jam over 6 per cent 111.97 r,,^ $610.01) RECKIPTS .W.M b(l. ft. stiimpajfe at $20.00 .«600 00 Land ... ■ ■ i^"""-"" 10.00 Annual Charge of 65e. for Protection, T.Hs'e!! COSTS r-and $10.00 per acre with interest for hUy years ^.q. Planting Costs $10.19 ^]^f. Annual Charge 65c. for 50 yea^s! .' .' .' .' [ [ [ 188.72 Gam over 6 per cent $49.38 Recently Commissioner of Forestry Stuart awarded gold medals for meritorious sjrvic to Boy Scout Troop No. 2, Knoxxille, Pa., for edu- cating he public in the prevention of forest fires by putting up posters and assisting in the e.x- inetion of forest fires, and to Scout Troop No 1, of Emporium, Pa., for educating the public in putting up posters and for having carried on the systematic campaign of education. Letters of commendation for able leadership in troop work were sent by Commissioner Stuart to Maurice E. Trout, Scoutmaster, Ridg«av Pa ■ Roy W. Edgecomb, Scoutmaster, Knoxvili; Pa' and Harry Rebenack, Scoutmaster, Mt. Jewett,' A letter of commendation was also sent to Troop No. 1, Ridgway, for activity in forest pro- tection performed during 1922. $610.00 RECEIPTS Land'"'' "• ""'"'"'"* "' •*-"■"" '^On-OO 10.00 $610.00 Practically all forest fires are due to careless- ness. The Commonwealth needs the active as- sistance and co-operation of every citizen in pre- venting needless loss of lives and property from the burning of forests. I ask for such assistance and co-operation. Above all, take no chance of setting a forest fire carelessly or accidentally with a match or cigarette or in any other wav. and If you learn that one is burning notify the nearest forest warden and then help him put it out.— Gifford Pinchot. 38 FOREST LEAVES The Tree and Good Citizenship Robert Y. Stuart, Commissioner of Forestry in Pennsylvania ONE of the purposes of ''Clean Up Week" is to improve forests, lawns and parks. There should be a ready response to the appeal because of the immeasurable benefits to be derived from their proper care. Man has no more valuable ally than the tree for his pros- perity and happiness. With reasonable care it serves him well materially and spiritually. The tree lives for service. It has wonderful l)owers for adapting itself to its environment. On a park or lawn, where complete freedom for *^ro\vth. and development is ^-iven, it attains its most attractive form. Planted along- hij-hways trees add «»:reatly to the joy and comfort of the road traveler. A residence or farm with trees well placed near the buildings, alon.i? driveways, OH the lawn or in the fields has the appearance of coziness and hospitality. Trees inspire friend- ly associations. It is the exceptional individual who has not formed associations with trees diir- ino- his life that are pleasant to think back upon. Beautiful and inspirinji; as the tree may be it has also a material mission. Wood is absolutely essential to our type of civilization. It is an economic necessity to us all. It is used in every phase of our domestic and industrial life. It has been an indispensable factor in the development of our country and it will continue to be es;^n- tial to our progress. It is in the forest that the tree under competitive conditions with its neighbor becomes a i)roducer of wood for use in home and industry. It is remarkable how little the avera-e citizen knows the extent to which wood is used by him The .sreneral conception is that its use is confined to Its natural form, such as in buildin- construc- tion, railroad ties, fence posts, telejrraph and telephone poles, boxes, and in other ways in which It IS plainly apparent. He does not ap- preciate the fact that his newspaper is made of It— that many articles of his clothing- are pro- duced from it-and that it has a -reat variety ot hijrhly essential but not readily detected uses. It IS difficult for him to see how' silks furs books, rope, and many other articles in common use^ can be manufactured from wood. Kven the substitution of other material for wood has failed to decrease its consumption. In tact, it has created new wood uses. The cartons in such common use for containers in substitu- tion for wooden boxes are simply wood in an- FOREST LEAVES other form. The laying of concrete, the mining of coal, the transportation and delivery of all products in common use involve to a greater or lesser extent the use of wood. As individuals and a people we have used our timber resources extravagantly. Millions of acres of forest land have been stripped of their timber without provision for a succeeding sup- ply. Fires have succeeded cutting operations and have completed the devastation of the land. Man has heaped abuse after abuse upon nature's ef- forts to restock these areas. The situation has become so serious that a timber famine is in sight. States once exporting timber in large quantities must now draw their supplies at great expense from distant sources. Over GO per cent, of the standing merchantable timber in the United States lies west of the Kocky Mountains. In Pennsylvania, originally covered with tim- ber and the greatest producer of all the States in timber production in ISCO, four-fifths of the lumber used must be brought from beyond our border; yet Pennsylvania is naturally endowed with timber land which, if given the chance, is highly productive. The high development of the State and its industrial prosperity was made possible by Pennsylvania's wonderful timber growth. It is proi>er that the timber needed for our progress should have been so used, but the devastated condition of forest lands following its exploitation has created a situation to be met only by constructive action. Forest restoration must be undertaken immediately and vigorously P ires must be kept out of the woods. Forest land must be so managed in timber production and utilization that its productive power is kept at the maximum. We have passed the time when timber should be skinned from the land. It must be bar- vested as other crops are; that is, in accordance with sound practice. Timberland owners must be taught to appreciate the value of forest lands under proper treatment. The welfare of the btate requires that every acre of forest land be made and be kept highly productive. In the restoration of Penn 's Woods the State bas taken the leadership. It must continue to be the leader in forestry for some time. It has recognized its responsibility by acquiring State lorests and providing for State-wide forest pro- tection. It must maintain leadership if for no other reason than to assure a reasonable timber supply to future citizens of the State. Additional Idle forest land should he purchased and made productive. As Governor Pinchot has said, the bond issue of $25,000,000 now before the Legisla- ture to purchase land for forest purposes ^^is of 39 supreme importance to Pennsylvania as a great industrial Commonwealth. ' * The success of forestry in Pennsylvania hinges upon the support given the Department of For- estry's efforts toward the elimination of fire and fhe up-building of the timber resources on State and private lands. Such support must be as en- during' as the tree itself because the forest crop is a crop of comparatively long time. It has been aj)tly said that one tree will make a million matclies— one match will kill a million trees. This is the Spring fire season. The woods are tlry and highly inflammable. A lighted match, cigar or cigarette carelessly thrown from the road, an unguarded or deserted camp fire, or the binning of brush to clear land at this season rnay start a forest fire with serious consequences. As you travel through or near the woods be care- ful with fire. Be as guarded with fire in the woods as you are with fire in the home. If you know of any forest fire hazards report them to fhe Department of Forestry at Harrisburg or to the nearest forest officer. When a fire occurs put it out if you can. If you cannot put it out unaided notify the nearest fire warden promi>tly, so that a crew may be sent to your assistance. These are acts of good citizenship, because ''Everybody loses when timber burns." Emphasis has been placed upon the protection of forests from fire because without such protec- tion the forest investment is not secure. Im- portant as it is, protection is by no means the goal of forestry. Forest crops are susceptible of intensive management, as are agi-icultural crops. The largest production of timber in a forest can be secured, granted protection, only by proper methods of cutting the timber and of providing a satisfactory crop to succeed that which is c'lit. The cutting on the State Forests is done on these pnnciides and the Department eagerly co-oper- ates with timberland owners who desire advice on the j)roper handling of their forest lands. The proper management of timberiands is simply put- ting into effect the plan of making timberiand work. In caring for the tree, whether on lawn, park ^^i* in^ forest, man serves his own ends. A mo- •nent's reflection will bring to your mind the deso- 'ation of a tree-less worid. The proper care and 'Mlization of the tree is good citizenship. At tbis season when nature is brightening our sur- loundmgs it is appropriate that we as good citi- zens do our part in improving conditions on '•'^^-ns, parks and in forests so that the tree, al- ^^ays a willing worker, will be given its chance 10 serve us well, Planting Tree Seeds in Pennsylvania JOHN W. KELLER, Chief of the Bureau of Silviculture in the Department of Forestry, reports that 1,600 pounds of evergreen tree seeds, 1,200 pounds of hardwood seeds and 430 bushels of nuts and acorns were planted in the State nurseries last fall and this spring. This IS the largest amount of seeds that has ever been planted in one season in the nurseries operated by the Department of Forestry. Most of this tree seed was sown in the nurseries of the De- partment of Forestry at Mont Alto, Clearfield, Huntingdon and Greenwood Furnace. The leading evergreen tree seeds sown included white pine, pitch pine, Seot^W pine, Norway spruce and white spruce. White ash, hard maple, tuhp poplar, black locust, wild black cherry, black walnut and shellbark were among the principal hardwood seeds that were planted. Keller estimates that 15,000,000 seedlings will be produced from the seed sown during the past season. This number of seedlings will reforest approximately 12,500 acres of waste land in the State. The scellings that will develop from these seeds will be kept in the nurseries until they reach a height of from 6 to 12 inches. They will then be distributed free of charge to private forest land owners for reforesting idle land in the State. The prizes offered by the Uhigh Coal and Navi- gation Company to the school children of the Panther Valley have been awarded. The rivalry and competition was keen, there being a total of 1357 contestants. The grand prize for the best essay and slogan was won by Miss Marian Fidler, of the Lansford High School. The slogan she submitted was '* Fires Come— Forests Go- Stop Fires and Forests Grow.'^ Francis Kleck- ner, of Summit Hill, was the winner of the sec- ond grand prize. The slogan submitted was, '*A Flame, a Breeze, Gone the Trees." Miss Anna R utter, of Lansford, received honorable mention. Preventable losses in seasoning lumber total around $50,000,000 every year, according to the Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, which announces a new handbook on kiln drying. Fundamental facts about the drying of wood which a kiln owner or operator must know in order to get the most satisfactory results with his kilns are presented in the booklet, together with information concerning different types of kilns, instruments, and apparatus employed in kiln drying. 40 FOREST LEAVES The Mont Alto Forest THE Mont Alto State Forest, located in the bouth Mountains south of the Lincoln • .u ^'?^7^>^ ^^ ^^^^k^i^ and Adams Counties, IS the 23,000 acre forest laboratory of the Penn- sylvania State Forest School. It is the largest schoo forest directly connected with a forest school in America. It has on it one of the largest and most successful state nurseries (shipping over 3 million forest tree seedlings during 1923) But It IS not this linking of forestry teaching and forestry practice-which places this school in the lore-front of the new pedagogical movement among scientific and engineering schools-that is to be the theme of this article. It is the brief story of 22 years of forest development. It is the story of how forestry has stepped into a section of the South Mountains and changed it ±rom a section of badly burned mountain rid-es containing little game, dotted with stru-clh,- mountain farms, traversed by roads difficult for horse and wagon-to a progressive community with auto roads, better schools, prosperous homes, and a campers' and hunters' paradise. True his has not all been done with timber income tor the main timber yield is still ahead. While timber yields are the main aim of the forester linally the more immediate and (I will venture to predict) more valuable benefits to the people of the fetate have already begun to come bountifully through the health restoring air of the now ac- cessible forest; through the multiplying game and the vigorous outdoor exercise for the thousands ot sportsmen who frequent this forest; throu-h the charming camps by the crystal springs that bring out the city dweller for a renewal of life- through the excellent protected water supplies tor the growing industrial communities nearby and through the steady labor furnished many workers as the forest increases timber production l5ut 1 anticipate the story. icent resource during the 100 years of privatp ownership that the State purchased it in 1902 for about $80,000. Of course no forest propel can be handled so as to keep the entire area ! mature timber. Proper management with thp correct number of trees of all ages growing uZ 1 to 100 yeai-s old would show a value rou,ht 01 one-hall that of the virgin forest or in the neighborhood of $4,600,000. In other words i this forest had been in the hands of a trained forester from the first he would have reduce the virgin timber by one-half, and then cut over only the equivalent of 230 acres each year He would have rigidly excluded forest fires and from 4,600,000 board feet of timber and probably 4,600 cords of fire-wood or other small stuff As timber kept rising in price his annual revenue would have gi-own from almost nothing, when timber seemed a nuisance a hundred years a^o to about $96,000 net per year today Instead of this the Mont Alto Iron Comnany and other owners reduced the virgin timber nuieh below one-half its original volume. They cut the timber into lumber and burned charcoal without calculating the proper cut the forest could sustain. Hut worst of all, forest fires were per- mitted to sweep the mountains and blot out the young forest trees coming on by the hundreds and thousands of acres. These fires destroved more of the trees that should be mature and ready to cut today, and caused more destruction than all the lumber cutting and charcoal burning ot the Iron Furnace people. These fires reduced virgin timber areas to brush areas and so burned out the soil that tree growth is now much slower. Historical The Original Forest sh^w« 7w '".^•''''' "^^-^^^ ^''^^"^' ^^"^^ Patents shoivs that this portion of Penns Woods was parcelled out by original warrants to settlers about the years 1788 to 1794. Remnants of virgin forests show that this land originally held a magnificent forest of chestnut, oak, hickory and pine averaging at least 20,000 board feet per acre which would be worth today in this location $9,200,000 would be its present worth. Lack of vision permitted the original owners and their successors to so deplete and abuse this ma-nif- In the early days natural resources like timber received little consideration. They were drawn on to the utmost to put primitive industries on their feet. Thus in 1806 the Mont Alto Iron Furnace was started by Daniel Hughes. Most of the Mont Alto Forest was cut over twice in the next 90 years and portions three times (as shown by the old stumps) for charcoal. The chestinit reproduced rapidly and yielded well. Until coal and coke were combined with the rich Lake Su- perior ores at Pittsburgh in the new and cheaper methods of iron smelting, the Mont Alto char- coal iron property, based on the South Mountain forests was in the fore-front of iron production. At hrst the wagoning of the iron 90 miles to Baltimore-then the building of the canal alon? the Potomac and the new wagon route to the canal at Williamsport, Md.; then the buildinsr of railroads and the connecting of the Mont Alto Forest Lkaves, Vol. XIX, No. .s. Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX. No. 3. Pennsylvania State Forest Apade MV. Main Hall in Rear an.. School Forest in Hacko ROUND. The Entrance RRinoE to the Camptts. The Faculty Cottage. The Whole School is Off to a Forest Fire. FOREST LEAVES 41 and Caledonia Furnaces with the eastern cities by lail, would well illustrate the development of tiie transportation industry of our country. The Civil AVar surged past and over the property through Lee's invasion in 1863. The Furnace was not destroyed although Thaddeus Stevens' Caledonia Furnace 7 miles north on the Michaux State Forest was burned. The Hughes Brothers, Samuel and Daniel sold to Col. Geo. B. Wiestling and the Mont Alto Furnace Company. The last owners in common with the large number of charcoal furnaces were forced to the wall in the late 80 's and early 90 's. Mont Alto Park Colonel Wiestling developed a wonderful beauty spot in the Mont Alto Park or the ^'Valley of the Thousand Springs." Excursions of five thousand people to this forest park were very frequent. The park later was leased by the Cumberland Valley Railroad. This lease was lapsed only within ten years. This park included among its many springs the noted '^Tarburner" spring flowing 90,000 gallons in 24 hours ; ^ * Pearl ot the Park" spring flowing 75,000 gallons; and ''Foresters Spring" flowing 60,000 gallons. The Beginning of the Mont Alto State Forest In 1902 Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Commissioner of Forestry, purchased this property from the Mont Alto Iron Company for the people of the State. With local areas excepted like Mont Alto Park, the forest was badly devastated by ax but more by lire. Mr. George H. Wirt was put in charge as Forester in 1902 and Mr. David Knepper was apiK)inted woods superintendent. The newly authorized Forest Academy (now the Pennsyl- vania State Forest School) was at once estab- lished here (1903) and has been a large factor since in the rapid development of the forest. Buildinif of Roads— Fire Protection One of the first activities of the forester was the building of better roads so forest fires could he f|uickly reached and suppressed. The Forest- ers in 20 years have built 15 miles of road (at ahout $2000 per mile) that can be used by auto trucks during most of the year. The Health De- partment has built about 5 miles more. Two steel fire towers and one wood tower with 11 niiles of telephone have made the fire detection t'<|uipment most efficient. During the spring of l'^-."3 fire season, for example, a fire was reported by telephone by the forest ranger as just starting in Swift Run Hollow — a most dangerous locality. The day was dry with some wind. The two 1 crews of students at the Forest Sehool were away in 5 minutes by truck, drove 4 miles over a forest road, climbed one ridge, cut a fire line and with a back-fire conquered the blaze with the loss of only two acres. The total time from receiving the alarm to the extinguishing of the fire was approximately 90 minutes. Appreciative acknowledgment is made of the rapidly growing sentiment and general assistance in suppression of fires on the part of the South Mountain population. It is this organization, equipment, and public cooperation that have en- abled this Forest District to report for the 1923 spring season a fire loss of only 17 acres on the 27,000 acres of private forest and only 3 acres on the 23,000 acres of State forest. The annual cost per acre of fire in the Mont Alto' District for 1914 to 1920 is: Protection expenditures 4.2 cents Fire loss 5.3 * * Total charge 9.5 '' For 1922 these figures are: Protection expenditures 5.8 cents Fire loss 1.2 '^ Total charge 7.0 '' These figures show that as protection expendi- tures increase fire loss decreases with an abun- dant margin of profit. The figures for 1923 in- dicate an even better showing than 1922. These figures prove that fire loss can be reduced to a nominal risk by spending about H cents per acre. The above expenditures for protection include fire fighting; one-half forest road maintenance charges (about $500); towermen's salary; lec- tures and publicity (about $600); and equip- ment maintenance (trucks, towers, telephones) ; all totalling $2,887 in 1922 for the District (50,- 000 acres forest). Health Dr. J. T. Rothrock established a tuberculosis sanatorium on the Mont Alto Forest about 1902. This was later taken over by the State Depart- ment of Health. This hospital has since been expanded and has housed as many as 1000 patients at one time. Many cures have been worked here, and the forest for rebuilding the sick and keeping the well healthy has added volumes of evidence here, if such were needed. The value of the restored health of these patients would be a rich income alone to the credit of the Mont Alto Forest and the State Health Depart- ment. 42 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 43 Game and Fish Among the forests of Pennsylvania the Mont Alto Forest and possibly the Miehaux, adjoining, alone have multiplied deer so rapidly that it is a serious question as to whether the number must not be reduced by the shooting of does, to protect adjacent farms and orchards. The annual kill of bucks on the Mont Alto Forest is in excess of 65. The writer has counted 40 deer at one time in one cleared 60 acre area within this forest. The rushing mountain streams forming the source of the Little Antietam and Conococheague Creeks make angling a pleasant sport since they are well stocked with brook trout. A large State game refuge on the Mont Alto Forest is a material help in game propagation, along with wise game laws. Recreatian Recreation is one of the public services per- formed by the forest that is growing by leaps and bounds in the South Mountain State Forests. (Cabins and camps on the *' permanent leases ^^ from the State dot the forest roads and trails. This use of the forest alone justifies the State in approving the bond issue of 25 million dollars to complete the purchase of forest and mountain lands all over the State for the use of all the people. The hundreds of automobiles that come out into this forest w^eekly show the real pleasure the people get from it. As the roads are im- proved the numbers increase. If the people of the State are willing to make the per capita ex- ]>enditure for public forests as outing grounds, that the large cities make on their very necessary but very limited parks, Pennsylvania will approve the forest bond issue and thereby secure such State recreation grounds as are to be found in no State outside the States with National Forests. In a few years motorists may enter the South Mountains on the Maryland line at Pen Mar Park and travel north for 30 miles through the Mont Alto and Miehaux State Forests through scenery which for sheer beauty can not be excelled any- where in the world. The educational camp in the Mont Alto Park with its Summer Course in Forestry and Nature Study is an example of the planning of vacations with profitable educational features. The State Forest School gives this course as an extension course. Its attendance is growing rapidly. The Waynesboro Boy Scouts are developing a camp with a generous dam for swimming on the south end of the Mont Alto Forest. Along with their regular activities they will learn trail build- ing and the protection and care of the forest — real lessons in good citizenship. The Torest For Water The many cold, rushing, sparkling mountain brooks, fed by a generous rainfall over the forested slopes, make an ideal water supply for the towns nearby. Waynesboro, a growing in- dustrial town of 10,000, gets an abundant supply of pure water from the Mont Alto Forest. The town has a most economical gravity system from a mountain reservoir. The Borough of Mont Alto has a generous supply of the best water — a large cold spring in the bottom of their re- servoir— and enough gravity pressure for fire protection. The cost is nominal. This advantage to the village is bringing house builders more rapidly than before. Fifty years from now such water supplies will be more properly appreciated as our urban population grows and pure, potable water becomes harder to secure in suitable quantities. The State Forest School, and Sanatorium (4 miles east) both have abundant supplies of spring water from this forest. Two feeders of the Potomac River, Little Antietam and Conococheague Creeks have sources in this forest, giving it an interstate significance. Forest Labor The building up of the Mont Alto Forest has been giving employment to an increasing number of men. When the iron furnace still operated, a large number of colliers were employed. These men lived in and near the forest. Often they worked small mountain farms in addition to the charcoal burning. After the closing of the furnace this population had for some years a very precarious living. Then came State owner- ship and the upbuilding of the devastated forest resource. The Sanatorium followed with labor for more people than the iron furnace required in the woods. The forester at first in 1903 employed about 9 men with an annual payroll of less than $5,000 except when road construction temporarily in- creased this number. In 1923 the forester em- ploys about 30 men (with a payroll of over $30,- 000) largely engaged in cutting and transporting: stave wood and extract wood (blighted chestnut). About 40 cords a day are taken out. This means a cut of 12,000 cords a year which can be easily maintained when the forest is fully built up again. The cutting in 1903 began with about 700 cords (all sizes) of wood. Most of this was fuel wood. Financial The Mont Alto Forest is a very young third (growth forest. Its trees average about 36 years of age. Some small areas are ready for the saw. Some fire areas are only 7 years old and the trees are just emerging from the brush. The forest averages about 8.6 cords of thrifty growing trees to the acre. The chestnut blight has destroyed the most valuable single species — chestnut — which formed 40% of the forest stand 4 inches and over. The present cutting is confined to the removal of- this dead chestnut — about 3.4 cords per acre, or a total of 114,400 cords of chestnut. It is needless to say that not more than one-third of this will be disposed of before it deteriorates. The gross cash income of the forest has in- creased from about $400 in 1903 to over $28,000 in 1921, about $20,000 in 1922, and (at the rate of the first 5 months) $36,000 in 1923. Wood Production As previously stated, the present stand of thrifty timber is 8.6 cords (770 cu. ft.) per acre (trees over 4 inches in diameter). With an average age of 36 years this represents an in- crement of 21^ cu. ft. per acre each year. The chestnut added 8% cu. ft. or a total increment of 30 cu. ft. per year up to the present. That this was not larger is due to the excessive forest fires that have just been brought under control within recent years. Allowing for the loss of the chestnut (already offset about one-half by in- coming- oak) and the increased increment due to the suppression of fires, and the growth under 4 inches (not included in the general stock taking) it is evident that the present increment is about 30 cu. ft. per acre. This will be increased by planting, further fire suppression-, and improved soil and management conditions to about 50 cu. ft. in the next 25 years. Assuming 45 cu. ft. as the average (very con- servative) growth annually in the next 64 years on each acre, there will be a total wood produc- tion of 3,650 cu. ft. by the end of a 100 year rotation (770 -f 64 X 45). Thinnings of 40% will have been removed leaving for final cut 2,190 on. ft. or about 10,950 bd. ft.' (allowing 5 bd. ft. per cu. ft.) Increasing Revenue Permitting the thinnings to just pay for them- selves (they will really add profit however) a yield at 100 years of 10,950 bd. ft. means an annual growth of 109V^ bd. ft. per acre and year. At $20.00 per thousand on the stump this means a net income of $2.19 per acre or for 23,000 acres $50,370. Excluding harvestinig labor and capital ex- penditures (road building) present forest ex-, penditures are about $10,000 annually, or 43 cents per acre. It is readily seen that the management of the Mont Alto State Forest is financially con- servative and promises good profit for the State. To regularize the forest as rapidly as possible it is seen that something less than 503,700 cu. ft. of larger timber and 201,480 cu. ft. of thinnings should be removed annually when final cuttings commence. This point should be in about 30 years when the total growing stock has reached a ''temporary normal '^ of 1,850 cu. ft. per acre. In fact thinnings up to 2,000 cords and final cuttings (100 year old stuff) may be begun as fast as their removal becomes desirable. This will prevent overcutting. Summary The writer has tried to indicate that in the Mont Alto Forest of 23,000 acres the State bought a devastated forest property and in 20 years of forest management has built it up so that it is now showing large public services ditticult to overestimate in dollars as follows: (1) In the cure of the sick (Sanatorium). (2) In propagating an abundant supply of game. (3) In furnishing recreation camps and outing for thousands of citizens. (4) In furnishing about 11,000 people with the best of water for domestic use; and con- tributing to the maintenance and regular- izing the flow of the Potomac River and decreasing the silting up of its channel. (5) In that it has brought labor directly and indirectly to an increasing number of citizens, with an increased payroll. (6) In that it promises to bring in a net an- nual income of $2.19 per acre or about $50,000 after 30 years more development. The total investment then should appear roughly as follows, without interest added: Purchase price 23,000 acres $80,000 Excess expenditure over income 1902-22 (averaging $7,000).. 147,000 Excess expenditure next 30 years (averaging $7,000) .... 210,000 Total $437,000 The services (1) to (5) above can well be off- set a4?ainst interest charges although a $437,000 property promising $50,000 net income will re- 44 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 45 II turn a fair interest in addition to the invaluable services rendered above. This property shovvinji: advanced development of all of the above forest uses is the most effective forest laboratory for training Pennsylvania students of forestry. How to Fight Forest Fires George H. Wirt, Chief Forest Fire Warden of Pennsylvania THFiRE are many methods of %hting forest fires. Some are jrood and some are not. A jrood Warden is always ready for use- Jul sujjjETestions, and is willing to give them fair tiial. Methods of fighting vary with the char- acter of the tire, type of the forest, condition of the atmosphere, strength and direction of the wind, rapidity of the fire's advance, topography and material on the ground. Tree Fires. — These are stopped by shutting off the air which makes a draft through the hollow trunk. Close the hole at the ground if possible with dirt. If this cannot be done, the ground around the burning tree should be cleared, and the tree should be felled. The fire can then be bmothered inside and outside the tree. If water is a\ ailable, the fire may be put out with force pump or sprayer or chemical extinguisher without fell- ing the tree. Dea 1 snags in iorests should be felled as a matter of fire prevention as well as for the benefit of the forest. Soil Fires. — These fires can be stopi)ed only by digging deep enough to prevent their spread. The ditch, as well as the surface, should be flooded if possible. This, however, is seldom possible. Where a soil fire has a good start it may be cheaper to blast a ditch than to dig one. Well- placed dynamite will do effective work in a short time. Crown Fires. — We have few crown fires in Pennsylvania. Natural conditions as to topog- raphy and growth which serve as a check are the most effective means of stopping any that may occur. Surface Fires. — This is the kind of fire which occurs most frequently in Pennsylvania. If there is little wind the flames may be put out b,v beating with branches (pine preferred), shovels and wet burlap. Fire fighters should beat the flames with a side sweep toward the fire to avoid spreading sparks. The burninir material may be pushed back upon the burned-over ground with brooms, rakes, sticks, forks, or other tools. The idea is to separate the burning material from that not yet afire. Water is always effective but too frequently dependence is placed on it and when it is not available fire fighters seem to be at a loss to know how to make their attack. The tire can be smothered by throwing on dry or moist saml or dirt. If it is possible to plow, a furrow may be thrown up quickly to restrict the spread of the fire. It no trail is cleared to the bare ground entirely around the burned area, here and there small pieces of smouldering wood may be fannei into flame and the fire may again break out. The only safe practice is to make a clean trail with exposed mineral earth entirely around the binned area. Chemical extinguishers are sometimes used. Careful tests have been made by foresters and it has been found that the chemical spray is of no more value in the woods than is plain water with a little force back of it. This force can be sup- plied by a foot pump, or by air pressure, as in the ordinary fruit spraying devices. Sprinkling water in front of the fire reduces the loiee of the flames and permits close beating and raking. To be effective, considerable water is rc(|uired when it is sprinkled directly on the flames. Water is used to the best advantage when the stream is thrown at the ground immediately in front of the flames. The water and force combined will stop the flames' advance. It is also satisfactory to spray water against the base of the flames from the rear particularly if there is much smoke. Back-Firing. — When the wind is strong oi- when the flames are in slash, fallen logs, dead ferns, bracken, or grass, the fire becomes so intense that it is unsafe and impracticable to atteinj)t close- attack. Back-firing is resorted to in such eases. It should be remembered that fire is a dangerous force and that when fire is fought with fire ex- treme care and keen judgment must be usel. If a fire starts some area will be burned-o\er and some growth will be damaged, but in order to re- duce the damage as much as possible some addi- tional sacrifice may have to be made by starting' a back fire. The area to be covered by the back- fire should, however, be kept as small as is prac- ticable. A satisfactory an-angement of crews is as fol- lows: The warden or foreman directs the course and location of the fire-break, if one must b? made. He is in charge of the whole fire-fi-ihtin': force and should urge each man to do his best. According to the amount of brush to be cut one or two axemen or brushcutters follow the warden. Four men with small wooden rakes, or some other tool, one working close to the other, make a clean trail, exposing the mineral soil, raking the ma- terial to the side away from the fire unless it is )iee(leosed> where, if conditions are favorable, germination takes place and decay follows. A wound dressing may accomplish its purpose either by so covering the surface that spores can- not come in contact with the wood or by supply- ing poisonous substances which kill the germi- nating spores. That the substances commonly used as dressings fail more or less in their pur- pose, is probably an important reason why they are not more widely used. Most of them form but an imperfect cover or are but temporarily effective. Paints and similar insoluble substances do not penetrate into or even stick well to the moist surface of freshly cut wood. Soluble sub- stances, on the other hand, are soon washed away by rain or even by the flow of sap from the wound. Since the spring of 1919, experiments have been under way to develop a wound dressing which will be effective and free from the disadvantages of those previously used. A substance has now been discovered which seems to meet the require- ments. All the experiments with this new dress- ing have been highly successful and it is now desirable that it be given a thorough, practical trial. The material used is a solution of sodium silicate, commonly known as water glass. It is the substance largely used for preserving eggs. The commercial solution is a sirupy liquid which becomes quite thick in cold weather so that it is more convenient and economical to use when di- luted slightly. A solution containing three parts of the commercial water glass and one part of water has given practically as good results in the ox[>eriments as the full strength solution, and is the strenirth recommended. It is easily applied with a paint brush and api^ars to be entirely harmless to the tree. Owing to its solubility, the water glass readily unites with the sap of the tree and is thus able to penetrate slightly into the pores of the fresh surface of the wood. Upon exposure to the air, through drying, oxidizing, and iwssibly chemical reaction with some substances in the sap, it soon hardens, apparently forming silica, the principal constituent of glass and also of quartz rock, which forms an insoluble cover over the surface to which it is applied, preventing both the escape of sa)) and the entrance of harmful organisms. Thou'zh fresh water glass appears to have some sliirht antiseptic properties, it is probable that they are lost when the substance hardens. Its effectiveness is, therefore, due to the mechanical protection afforded by sealing the surface of the cut. Experiments are now in progress to de- termine whether the water glass can be combined with a disinlectant in such a way that the wound dressing may also become an active fungicide. Much of the success of the dressing depends upon the condition of the surface to which it is applied. Trees which bleed badly should be pruned, if possible, when the sap is not flowing Bleeding from large wounds is more difficult to stop than from small ones and may require more than one treatment. In the case of prunin" wounds, the cut should be made parallel to the surface from which the branch is removed. In order that a callus may form at the edge of the cut and quickly cover it, the cut should be made very close. Stubs of a half inch or more in length are likely to heal poorly. The bark on the stub is apt to die back and a callus lorms lower down. It is then necessary for the trunk to increase in thickness before it can grow over the stub. In the meantime a ring of untreated dead wood is exposed which may allow the rot to penetrate below the dressing. This may hap- pen if only one edge of the cut is elevated. In treating rough splintered wounds which have resulted from mechanical injury, the surface should be trimmed smooth before applying the dressing. If the trouble is of long standing and decay has already begun, the rotten bark and wood should first be removed, cutting back to sound wood. If a cavitv is formed, the in- terior may be disinfected and filled in the ordi- nary way. In that case it is probably necessary to ai>ply the water glass only to the sap wood around the edge of the opening. The Ignited States Department of Agriculture stated that: '^Only 30 per cent, of the wood in a forest now gets into the form of seasoned, un- plancd lumber. Of this an additional 10 to 2') per cent, is lost in the process of manufacture. In extreme cases as little as 3 per cent, of the wood in the forest may reach the finished i)rod- uct. ' ' a One example of the extension of wood uses, says the U. S. Forest Service, '^is the expanding use of pulp wood not only for paper products of various kinds but also for fibre containers, wall- board, and recently even for making actual arti- ficial boards. The chemical utilization of wood for the production of various by-products is still in its in'ancy; the next few years may see the use of wood for the production of alcohol on a large scale to take the place of gasoline. Wood is already used for the manufacture of artificial silk, rope, and carpets and other fabrics." Reduction in Strength of Lumber Due to Insects F. M. Trimble, Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Pa. FEW people realize the extent of insect in- juiy to lumber of our commercial forest trees. From the time a tree is felled or killed it is subject to damage by various insects and not until it is transformed into finished prod- ucts can we calculate the total loss due to the insects. By proper! forest management these losses can be somewhat reduced in the foi^est, but once a tree is infested the injury by wood-boring insects continues until the log is cut into lumber and seasoned. A few insects such as the powder- post beetle and the white ants attack finished lumber alter it has been used in construction work, but these will not be considered in this article. The more common species of insects injurious to white pine in Pennsylvania belong to the groups of insects known as metallic wood borers, pine sawyers and ambrosia beetles. All of these attack the merchantable part of living or dead and (lying white pine by boring holes through the sap- wood and into the heartwood. In order to illus- trate the loss in strength of infested lumber a large series of tests were conducted on seasoned pieces of white pine measuring 1% in. x 1% in. x 24 in. infested with metallic wood borers. An Olsen hand testing machine was used in the test, the pieces being suspended one inch from either end and the weight applied at the centre. The load was applied for static bending until rup- tured or the breaking point determined. The damaged pieces broke at an average weight of 273.07 pounds, while the undamaged pieces broke at an average of 349.70 pounds. The loss in strength due to the borings of these insects is 21.91 per cent. Chestnut barrel staves: 0.38 in. thick, 2.61 in. wide at the ends, 2.81 in. wide at the middle and 13 in. long; injured by the borings of Brenthids, were tested under like conditions in comparison with uninjured staves. The injured stav^ broke at an average of 146.692 pounds and the unin- jured at 170.042 pounds. This shows a loss in strength of 13.73 per cent. These tentative comparisons only give us a sliirht insight into loss of strength to lumber due to insects, and do not take into account losses >» reduction in value, and in production which are of equal importance. Fires in Timber Destroy Much Valuable Wild Life THE conservation of forested areas and par- ticularly their protection from fire must go hand in hand with the conservation of most game, in the opinion of the U. S. Biological Survey. Shelter and food are necessities in the lives of the majority of animals and birds. De- crease one or both of these vital elements, which are supplied to a large degree in our forests, and the numbers of valuable wild creatures are corre- spondingly diminished. Forest fires not only destroy the forest but eliminate the necessary food and shelter. The belief that burning over in certain localities is beneficial because it promotes a new growth of grass, ignores the fact that the grass thus ob- tained does not compensate for the destruction of trees and the shelter and food required by animals. Partridges in particular suffer from forest or brush fires. When their favorite places are burned over and their food and shelter are gone they are obliged to seek new localities and face new dangers. Indiscriminate setting of spring fires in the Southern States dislodges deer, opossums, rac- coons, foxes, squirrels, rabbits, and other animals and endangers ground-nesting birds in the timber, such as the woodcock, pheasant, wild turkey, and whip-poor-will. The woodcock is in some danger of extermination at the present time and deserves all possible protection. In seasons of drought, forest fires even invade marshy places and drive out fur-bearing animals as well as waterfowl and shorebirds. Many think that burning results ' merely in temporary inconvenience to the game, and may not realize that the food of many birds is largely the seeds and benies of the year before. Burning the brush also eliminates for months all shelter from natural enemies. Burning of the ground cover in forests of long- leaf and short-leaf pines kills the young trees as they emerge and results in thin, straggly growth. The burning of timber and other ground cover which should absorb and retain moisture also ac- celerates the run-off and affects the stream flow at different seasons to such an extent that the supply of fish may be materially decreased. During forest fires, game and other wild ani- mals may be surrounded by flames and killed out- right. If they succeed in escaping to adjoining areas they come into direct competition for food and shelter with the game already on that area and the chances of survival are lessened for all. > 48 FOREST LEAVES I' Spring Forest Fires in Pennsylvania THROUGH the co-operation of the press the public has been kept more fully informed this spring on the occurrence, extent, and damage of forest fires in Pennsylvania than ever before. I want to thank you sincerely for your help. The editorials have been particularly ef- fective. The thoughtful citizen has undoubtedly been impressed by them. There is naturally a cause for every forest fire. In Pennsylvania 99 per cent, of the fires are traceable directly to human agencies. To cure the forest fire evil we must win over the individual to the seriousness of it — not only those responsible, but their associates, the local public, juries, and law enforcement offiicers. Laxness by individuals must be met and over- come by strong public opinion and disapproval by fellow citizens. Those responsible for un- controlled fires in the woods should be regarded with the same attitude of disapproval as those whose carelessness with fire indoors causes the loss of lives and property. The outdoors can no longer be considered '^No Man's Land." Every- body loses when woodland burns. The education of the individual to the proper point of view toward forest production is of prime importance. It will bring the desired re- sult in the long run, but is a slow process. The immediate need, in my judgment, is to check the indifference of the average individual with tire in or near the woods during the dry season, by a public sentiment, backed by aggressiveness of local police and court officials, which regards a forest fire as too serious to be classed as *^ acci- dental." Fire is not natural to the woods; it is introduced there. The spring forest fire season is not over, further fires, serious ones, will occur unless the greatest precaution with fire is taken. Any further assistance you may give the Department of Forestry in strengthening individual and pub- lic opinion against forest fires from any source will be much appreciated. Sincerely yours, R. Y. STUART, Commissioner of Forestrv. Preliminary Summary of Forest Fire Reports Received to Noon May 14, 1923 Number DisTRicvr OF Fires 1. Michaux 24 2. Buchanan 47 3. Tuscarora 14 4. Rothrock 27 5. Logan 16 6. Penn 11 7. Bald Eagle 20 P. Moshannon 71 10. Sproul 46 1 1. Sinneniahoning 38 12. Tiadaghton 28 13. Elk 19 14. Cornplanter 4 15. Susquehannock 31 K). Tioga 41 17. Valley Forge 33 18. Weiser 207 19. Delaware 36 20. Wyoming 68 21. Lackawanna 122 22. Forbes 66 23. Gallitzin 78 24. Kittanning 45 Total 1,092 Additional reports received morning of May 14, 1923 196 Total 1,288 Area Burned Amount of Cost of ( Acres ) Damage EXTINCJTION 313.50 $2,067.21 $ 234.31 1,554.51 5,144.72 1,412.56 248.25 145.00 327.34 1,058.25 1,084.50 470.13 1,980.50 2,465.50 555.65 568.71 1,015.50 662.06 665.00 5,119.00 486.98 3,363.00 8,561.50 1,472.30 1,917.08 9,146.85 2,640.58 763.20 1,038.25 288.72 1,584.63 5,944.00 863.87 417.85 677.00 399.85 290.00 90.00 22.40 6,871.12 7,002.50 1,223.67 3,242.75 3,986.25 1,059.95 1,055.00 1,588.00 258.72 13,146.77 12,694.75 3,070.40 1,056.75 1,353.00 461.61 2,204.01 5,879.25 994.24 7,289.00 8,406.00 2,581.09 1,386.00 2,934.85 643.57 3,695.7 r 4,848.00 1,409.86 1,665.60 9,315.00 346.76 56,337.19 $100,506.63 $21,886.21 25,699.38 52,543.75 9,353.15 82,036.57 $153,050.38 $31,239.36 FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Poet-OflSce aa Mooad-daM matter, under Act of March 3d, 1879 Vol. XIX— No. 4 PHILADELPHIA. AUGUST, 1923 Whole Number 215 The Rothrock Memorial MR. Louis Milione, well-known for his sculptural work on memorial tablets, and who has in hand the mounting of the Rothrock medallion and the lettering on the tablet, went to Harrisburg with Dr. Drinker on July aist, to confer with the Capitol building authorities in regard to the affixing of the tablet in the wall of the Corridor, a task of some delieaey and care. It is now expected that the tablet will be com- pleted and duly installed in its place by the end of Sei)tember, so that the dedication may be had duriii',' October. Due notice will be sent to all subscribers of the date that will be fixed for this. The late Legislature of Pennsylvania passed a bill authorizing the Governor to appoint a Com- mission of five citizens, to be known as the Joseph T. Rothrock Memorial Commission. The Com- mission is authorized to secure a boulder from any of the State forest lands and locate the same in an appropriate spot in the Borough of Mc- Veytown, as a memorial commemorating the services to the forestry interests of the State of Josei)h T. Rothrock, an early pioneer in forestry in Pennsylvania. The sum of $1,500 or so much thereof as is necessary is hereby appropriated to the Commission. This bill has been signed by the (Jovcmor, but up to the time of going to press, the Commission had not been appointed. Major R. Y. Stuart states that he is impressed with the way forest tree planting is progressing. Uurin.o- the last 15 years more than 25,000,000 trees, -rown in the nurseries of the Department ot Hrestry^ were set out on privately-owned land and (luring the last 20 years about 35,000,000 trees were planted on the State forests. Appli- (^ations for more than 1,000,000 trees have al- ready been filed with the Department of Forestry tor trees to be planted during the spring of 1924. Recording to present plans, the total annual out- K onV^^^ Department of Forestry nurseries will be 20,000,000 by 1925. Address of Welcome By S. L. Smedley AS the president of the Pocono Manor As- sociation is unable to be with us on this occasion, the very pleasant duty of wel- coming the Pennsylvania Forestry Association to Pocono Manor seems to rest with me. And I assure you that on behalf of the Pocono Manor Association it is not only a great pleasure, but a great honor to again welcome you for the third time within the past fifteen years to hold your annual convention here. In so welcoming you I shall have to extend my responsibility to include organizations of Monroe County, for as soon as it was noised about that you were coming to the Manor this year, we immediately received com- munications from the Pocono Forestry Associ- ation, the Monroe County Resort Association and the Monroe County Automobile Club as to what they could do to assist in making this occasion a success in every particular. So you see any mention or action relative to the question of forestry always receives a hearty response from Monroe County, and so it should be, for it is fast becoming one of the principal recreation grounds for Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York. Pure air and water, elevation combined with forest growth make ideal conditions for recre- ation, and I assure you Monroe County is alive to the possibilities that here exist. Those of you who attended the first forestry meeting at the Manor will recall that the for- est growth was very meagre hereabouts. The year before we purchased the propertj^ which was in 1901, a large portion of the original 750 acres had been burned over. One of the first things we did was to apply to the U. S. Forest Service at Washington for professional advice as to the proper care of our property. A representative vas sent us and a careful study made of the situation, with the result that inasmuch as there already existed a good stand of young hardwood and the soil con- ditions seemed very favorable for the growth, the 50 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 51 only thing to do was to keep out forest fires which had continually swept these mountain sides for years. In this we have been quite successful as only twice have they made any serious inroads on our property. In 1903, the year followini;' the opening? of the inn, we imported 10,000 seedling conifers. These were set out in a nursery and after a few years were planted along the drives and paths. In 1915 we received Irom the Pennsylvania State Forestry Department 4,000 white pine, 3,000 red pine and 3,000 black spruce. These were planted on the north side of the road leading from the Swiftwater to Pocono Summit, and are now mak- ing a satisfactory growth. Since 1915 about (),()00 additional seedlings hr.ve been received from the State Department, and have been placed in our nursery and later have been or will be permanently located. Many of these we hope to show you on our trip tomorrow morning. The acreage of the Manor has been increased till now it contains about 2500 acres. Sufficient, we think, to warrant the employment of a trained forester which we hope to do in the near future. Our local State Forester, Mr. R. W. Stadden, has laid out a very interesting itinerary for our trip on Friday, through the State lands in Pike Countv. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association has ever stood for every good move for the pro- motion of forestry in the State. We look upon your visit to Monroe County as an inspiration and a boost for the cause we are all so mutually interested in; hence von have our hearty welcome. President Drinker's Address THE members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association attending this meeting greatly appreciate the kindly words of welcome in Mr. Smedley's address, and they value this op- portunity of re-visiting Pocono Manor. Those who attended the convention here in 1918 carry very pleasant recollections of their stay. It is, to the friends of forestry, a great satisfaction to see so large an attendance at this meeting, and the announced program gives promise of inter- esting and instructive sessions. We miss the welcoming presence, cordial greet- ing and active co-operation of our friend, Joseph Elkinton, who has passed away, and who was for many years so e(Ti.cient and intoresteorted progress on the Rothrock Memorial Tablet. The expectation now is that it will be completed and in place on the wall of the main* corridor oi the Capitol Building during September, so that we shall be able to arrange for its dedication earlv in the autumn. Our Association has for many years quietly but strenuously forwarded forestry interests and de- velopment in our State. We were able to sub- stantially aid Mr. Pinchot in his early experienee as the Forest Commissioner of the State, in pro- moting the comprehensive legislation enacted by our Legislature at its session in 1921. Diirin? our coming excursions at this meeting wo will have an opportunity of seeing some of tho fire protection observation towers erected puisuant to that legislation. We have, as an Association, the further satisfaction of knowing that the legislation originated by Dr. Rothrock and Mr. Elliott, promoted by our Association, and i)asse(l by our Legislature in 1913, (after failures in two previous Legislatures), providing for the estab- lishment of Auxiliary Forest Reserves, is now being acted on throughout the State, to the bene- fit of growing crops of young timber. Our Association in its work and growth sinff its foundation in Philadelphia in 1886, has seen forestry grow and develop from what was at first looked on as a fad of the nature lover, into national recognition of a great economic and in- dustrial question, in which our National Govern- meiii and the State organizations are taking ac- tive and constant interest, and our members have the right to feel that as members of this or- ganization they are doing and promoting a great substantial work of increasing value to our State and country. Address of J. A. Seguine, President, Pocono Forestry Association IT is a great privilege for me to speak in the presence of the Pennsylvania Forestry As- sociation. I have done nothing for the suc- cess of this meeting except to appoint the com- mittee. They have done the work so well that all 1 have to do tonight is to talk. Mr. Stadden has just remarked that I was the first individual who planted trees in Monroe County. I am glad that I planteil trees, but my regret is that it was not done 20 years earlier. What a pleasure and satisfaction it has been to watch those trees grow! We planted white pine trees in a place where they had hardly a chance to succeed, the land having been burned over every 3 or 4 years previously. Two years before I came to my present home, 25 or 30 acres of the best timber had been cut. Before that the streams on the place had not gone dry for 20 years; but the year following the cutting of timber they went dry, and did so frequently thereafter. After 10 years or more some trees be«,^an to grow— mostly oak and chestnut. The springs increased in volume and became more numerous. For 15 years our lake has not gone tlry. Some may say there is no relation be- tween trees and streams, but >ou may draw your own conclusions. When I came to Creseo in 1891, the extensive advertising of the Delaware Water Gap by hotels and railroads was just beginning to in- terest people in this section because of its beau- tiful scenery. The Creseo section was then lamous for huckleberries and hoop poles. Hoop poles and hoops meant work, work meant busi- ness, business meant money. As a merchant I was |>ersonally interested, and went extensively into the cutting of hoop pole3. We had 40 men jn our employ shaving hoops. The forests were, I believe, benefited by cutting out the hoop poles. Ihen with the march of progress came steel noops, and these, together with the higher cost ot hand-made hoops, gradually put us out of the hand-shaved hoop business, and our attention was directed to mine timber. We stopped purchasing hoop poles and began to buy mine props. There were then only a Jew sawmills. After the mine props, as the smaller timber was called, came the demand for larger timber, 9, 10 and 12 inches in diameter, "a great quantity of timber was cut and marketed. Our firm alone sent out from Creseo sometimes 5 and 10 carloads a day, and 60 to 100 carloads a month, of mine props, mine ties, railroad ties and switch timber. Six inch mine props were then sold as low as $11 per thousand lineal feet ; ihey are now $30 to $40. Larger timber was 3 cents to 4 cents per lineal foot; now, 10 to 15 cents. After 20 years of wasteful timber cut- ting, sawmills sprang up, and today we have more sawmills than in those days. This shows the need of protection of forests from fire and of reforestation. Huckleberries have undoubtedly been an im- portant factor in the many forest fires annually. Before coming to Monroe 1 lived in Northamp- ton County and we could often see the smoke from the fires burning on the Poconos, and were told it was in order to produce huckleberries that the fires were started. Our Association has been trying to impress on the owners and lessees of huckleberry land> and on huckleberry pickers as well, that while it is not unlawful to burn their own land— it is unlawful to set fire to the land of others. The work of the Pocono Forestry Association can best be divided into three cycles : First, 1902 to 1912; second, 1912 to 1922; third, the present. The first cycle of exactly ten years was one of protection from fires on the land of its members, who were assessed one cent per acre to pay its cost. At the start of the second cycle (1912) there were but 15 members active, and 15 delinquent. Being a new member of the board, I was not so modest as the older members about showing the public what the Association had accomplished, and I suggested that we get the 'Might out from under the bushel. '* This we proceeded to do, and, as Doctor Fisher told you here a few years ago, we ''went to the mountain, instead of wait- ing for the mountain to c^me to us." We started at the bottom and got ba«'•< 'inity to become forest guides, and many are now legistered as such. All educational campaign is being carried on at all times. <''»nsultations with persons interested in for- estry or who desire information about their trees also takes up some of the time of the workers in tlie district office. Hunting and fishinj? clubs are becoming in- terested and are greatly aiding us. The business men and the resort men are help- ing us in fire prevention and many are now plant- ing trees. Before closing I want to give you a few figures in regard to the spring fire season that has°just passed. The Delaware District had 81 fires which burned over 9,116 acres of woodland, costing the State $3,328.46 for extinction, and doing dam- age to the woodlands to the extent of $24,614.46, and yet this spring has not been a severe fire season in this district. Listen to last sprin^^s report: One hundred and thirty-nine fires burned over 48,477 acres of woodland, costing the State $14,758.18 for extinction, and doing damage to the woodlands to the extent of $93,639.50. From the reports just listened to you can see that a great deal more is yet to be accom- plished before the Delaware District will stand out as an example of what we have been plan- ning for our future ideal forest. Childs Park By Arthur M. Adams WHEN Mrs. George W. Childs, of Phila- delphia, presented to the State of Penn- sylvania the property knows as Childs 1 ark, in Delaware Townshio, Pike County, Penn- sylvania, the Commonwealth came into possession of a tract of land of great scenic beauty and his- torical interest. Its interest begins in 1820 when the property was acquired by Joseph Brooks, of Yorkshire, England. Mr. Brooks was connected with a large wool manufacturing concern in Yorkshire and he came back to this country alwut 1810 and was connected with Bullock and Davis, of Philadel- phia, in a woolen factory on Frankford Creek. In 1820 he decided to look for a location to i?o into business for himself and as water power in that period was looked upon as essential to manufacturing, it is stated that he started out on foot in search of what he thought was a de- sirable location. After many days, in which he traveled through a part of New Jersey, he crossed the Delaware River at Dinuman's Ferry, Penn- sylvania, and when about three miles up in the hills he was attracted by the roar of the water as it plunged over what is now known as Factory Falls. It is stated that he looked no further, and the records show that on July 27th, 1820, he purchased from John Gustin and wife, a large tract of land in about the center of which are located these beautiful falls. He immediately FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 55 broke ground for what was considered a very large factory in those dayi, using the natural stone in construction. The power was obtained by turning the water from tlio brook, above the falls, through a race, over an overshot wheel and discharging it in the pool btlow. The machinery was made by John H. Gill, at New Hope, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and was hauled by mule team Co its destination. Mr. Brooks' plan was to go into extensive sheep raising with the expectation of producing large jiortions of the wool required for his own manufacture, but at that time there were so many wolves in this part of the country that preyed upon the sheep, also a large quantity of dwarf laurel (commonly called sheep laurel) which poisoned the lambs, that this part of the enterprise had to be abandoned. This necessitated the carting of all the wool and all other supplies from Philadelphia by teams. Wagons drawn by six mules each would leave the factory with the finished product, going to Philadelphia by way of the Wind Gap and return laden with the raw material and other supplies, taking ten days for the round trip. A number of Yorkshire men followed M(r. Brooks into this locality and houses were built for their accommodation and a school house for the education of their children. The factory continued ouerations until the death of Mr. Brooks, which occurred March 1st, 1832, in his 41st year. His family were unable to continue the business and compete with manu- facturers who were near the market. The machinery stood in tho building for some years and was disposed of at odd times, being greatly sacrificed. The only piece of equipment still left in this locality is a large hand-made steel screw> three inches in diameter and three foot long which was used to press the cloth into bales for shipment. Some twenty years ago the roof of the build- ing fell in and all that is left to show of a busi- ness venture of about $50,000.00 are the four ruined walls of the factory and the old house which was built of a solid onk frame and has defied nearly one hundred years of weather. Its two old stone fire places with their brick tops (the first bricks used in this part/ of the country) are mute evidence of the careful workmanship of by-gone days. Mr. Brooks was buried in a private cemetery which overlooks the factory and the beautiful glen through which the Dinofman brook pursues its course. Beside him lies his wife who lived to the great age of 100 years snd 10 days. One of the men who came to this country with Mr. Brooks and deserves special mention was John Retalic, who, seeing the need of religious services in this locality, removed from all churches, became a licensed itinerant preacher, and when the roads were impassable for vehicles, went on horseback to hold religious services, per- form the marriage ceremony, and bury the dead. He was hale and hearty at the age of 90 and had the respect of the whole community. The scenic beauties of Childs Park are well worth a visit by any tourist coming through this section. At the head of the glen are the Fac- tory Falls which are about 00 feet in height, have a most beautiful setting, being surrounded by fern-clad rocks througli which the water dashes in a foaming torrent; the brook then winds its way down the glen through stately hemlocks to the Fulmer Falls. This has a pe- culiar beauty of its own. As the water plunges over a perpendicular rock it strikes the side of the gorge which gives it a turn as it dashes on in its mad course to the pool below, giving it a rugged grandeur which is hard to surpass. Last, but not least of the fulls in this beauti- ful glen, are the Deer I^ap Falls at the head of which the water is confined in a narrow passage between the rocks and makes its plunge about 80 feet in a solid column, striking the rocks be- low and sending up a spray which, when the sun is in a certain position, produces a miniature rainbow. This fall obtains its name from an incident which occurred in the days when deer in this locality were hunte which had been leased from the Department of Forestry, for ten year periods. . A short distance farther on was the* first plan- tation made by the Department of Forestry, of Cottonwood trees (Populus Deltoides). These were set out in 1899 by Walt Adams under the direction of Dr. J. T. Rpthrock on land j)ur- chased at Commissioner's sale in 1898. Of the 1,000 cuttings about 300 still remain. In 1900 500 njore cuttings were planted, and 1,000 seed- ling Catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides). In 1915 the entire area was burned over, and the plant in• T* 0 r .r-'i:*5l^ .. r:-^', M^^^j^^^^^^ PocoNO Manok Inn LocKiNcj East Across Paradise Valley from the Inn, Pocono Manor, Pa. Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX, No. 4. K O z < o z o u o 55 < Forest Leavi:s, Vol. XIX, No. 4. A "-#■ :flP«? *, / ^%i^. •■,a?»-v *w)(iw^(%l f ■ ra I n" i.iitMiii PocoNo Manor Inn Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX. No. 4. c o 2: o u o cu a < •ir. ^ * - .■ * , . > L.H,KLN(: KAST AcnosH Pakaiuhk Valley from the Inn, Pocono Manor, Pa. 0 o y. < INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES 57 with some fine views of the Delaware River Val- ley to Dingman's Ferry, settled by the Dutch from New Amsterdam. The Delaware River Road was thence followed to Stroudsburg, and en route a fine private road- side planting was noted at Echo Lake. Most of tht'se trees were planted by the Rev. Charles E. Xiui Allen in 1875, and the balance in 1884 and 1885. From Stroudsburg to Pocono Manor the Lmkawanna Trail was followed, and just after h'a\ing Stroudsburg a State roadside tree plant- in- was seen. In the spring of 1923 the State liiuhway Department and the Forestry Depart- ment working in conjunction planted 304 Nor- way spruce (Picea Abies) placed 30 feet apart on both sides of the road. The total cost was 30 cents per tree. Some of these have unfortunate- ly been stolen by thoughtless or malicious per- sons. This trip was arranged by District Forester Stadden, who prepared an itinerary and map for eaeh car, and also marked the points of interest so that everyone could see them, and have de- tailed information. He also personally conducted the party. The very hearty appreciation and thanks of the members of the Association are due to him. Tn the evening at 8 P. M., a third session was held. Mr. Samuel Marshall-, Chairman of the Com- mittee on Resolutions, presented resolutions, whieh were unanimously adopted and will be lound on another page. Mr. Seth E. Gordon, Secretary Board of Game Commissioners of Pennsylvania, then made an a.ldress on ^'The Game Sitimtion in Pennsyl- vania^ followed by George H. Wirt, Chief For- est P^re Warden Department of Forestry of 1 ennsylvania, who spoke on ''Our Campaign Ajrainst Forest Fires.'' The balance of the evening was devoted to moving pictures, three being shown. ''The For- est and Everyday Things,- by the Department ot Forestry of Pennsylvania, illustrating how the iHTs and the wood procured from them plav a prominent part in so much of our life. "Lum- 'H;nn,Jn Pennsylvania,- was a moving picture or cutting primeval forests and manufacturing ""d»er at the camp and n.iil of Wheeler & >Msenb„ry m Forest County, Pa. This forest ^as Msited by the Pennsylvania Forestry Associ- at on last summer, and the film was exhibited th.oucjh the courtesy of the Commercial Museum ot 1 hiiadelphia, and the Department of Forestry 0' I Hinsylvania. The last one, "Hearts Aflame.- ^^as adapted from "Timber,- by Harold Titus It depicted one of the last stands of virgin pine timber in Michigan, and a terrific forest fire started by incendiarism, showiqg the wild ani- mals fleeing from the forests to the streams to escape the flames^ a village surrounded by the fire, and only saved by terrific efforts and back nnng. This ended one of the best attended and most successful of the summer meetings. The final meeting on the evening of June 27th, actually continued in full vigor and attendance until mid- night, and the attendance was so large that chairs had to be placed along the aisles to accommodate tnose coming m. Resolutions Adopted THE following resolutions were adopted -^by the Pennsylvania Forestry Association at the close of its Summer Convention held at^Pocono Manor Inn, June 27th, 28th and 29th, wl^!^ "'T''*''' !"'' ^"^""^^ ''^ '•'^ Pennsylvania Forestry Association, assembled at Pocono Manor tor their Summer Convention, extend to the Pocono Manor Association, and to Edwin A. Hoopes, Superintendent, an.i Garrett S. Hoa-. Manager, hearty thanks for the hospitality, kind- ness and constant attention they have received. The beautiful location of the Manor, and its admirably efficient management, have made of the Convention a charming social outing as a set- ting for the technical and economic discussions 01 the meetings. Their fellow members gratefully appreciate the labors of the local committee, E. A. Hoopes, R •^'"4'^'*-^' ^- ^- ^*'"1'1«"' J- H- Kunkle, and Roy M Houser, and of J. A. Seguine, the Presi- dent of the Pocono Forestry Association. Every- thing possible appears to have been done by them to promote the interest and success of the meeting, and most efficiently done. c^"^? ^ ^' ^'*''<^«n' the District Forester of the State Forest Organization, the Association is in- debted for the careful and exhaustive advance study made by him in laying out plans for the inspection by the members of the Association, of existing and potential forest conditions in the region. The aid and services of the Automobile Club of Monroe County and of the Hotel Association of Monroe County are acknowledged with appreci- ation and thanks. To pro/ide as they, and the other friends of the Association have done the transportation required for the various inspec- tion trips, was no light task and this kindly 58 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES service was rendered with a degree of efficiency and good-will that went far to insuring the pleasure and success of the Convention. His fellow members of the Association extend to Albert Lewis cordial greetings and thanks for his hospitable welcome on the occasion of their visit to his home at Bear Creek. 59 Forestry and Some Related Subjects By W. B. McCaleb, General Superintendent Water Supply, Pennsylvania System TWO years ago I had the pleasure of ad- dressing the annual meeting of this As- sociation on the subject of '^Forest In- terests of the Kailroads in Pennsylvania." The purjwse of the present paper is to bring this dis- cussion up to date, also to consider our relation to the railroads from another standpoint. At that time I mentioned the appropriation which had been made by the Legislature, provid- ing for an extensive forest fire fighting organi- zation throughout the State. Proceeding under that appropriation, many observation towers were erected, telephone lines constructed to the tow- ers and observers stationed there during critical periods of the year. Notwithstanding this gieat- ly improved fire fighting organization, the losses recently have been very hii^h, due mainly to the exceedingly dry weather which has prevailed al- most without interruption during the past year. While very valuable educational work is being done in informing the general public as to the enormous losses caused by forest fires> there is still much to be done in this regard as the pre- vention of the destruction of growing timber by fire is the only method of augmenting our supply of forest products which will presently produce results and meet future demands. Under present conditions, the danger of loss by forest fires is so great as to deter many indus- tries and individuals from investing in forest lands, even though they fully realize the absolute dependence of our present day civilization on our forests. The writer is still of the opinion that some method should be found whereby forest areas could be insured against the fire hazard. Tn going about over the State, one cannot help but be impressed by the appearance of many of the cut-over forest lands as a new crop of trees is growing, and our mountain sides are beginning to present during the summer the appearance of a forest. This situation also impresses one with the absolute necessity of giving these forests a chance to mature by protecting them from forest fires. The writer believes that forest fires must be prevented at any cost, and that too much at- tention cannot be given to this subject. For many years the anthracite region was more seriously damaged by forest fires than any other area in our State, but owing to the valu- able work of some of the larger corporations and of the Anthracite Forest Protective Association, much progress has been made in protecting this area. Educational measures have been adopted and posters have been very freely used, calling attention to the value of forests in affording bet- ter supplies of pure water, increased revenue from taxation due to forests, more game life and thus better hunting in forest covered lands, and the general improvement of living conditions which follows the substitution of forests for bar- ren mountains. These measures are certainly to be commended and should be generally used. It is interesting to note that in spite of the substitution of other materitils for lumber in many industries, the per capita consumption of 'orest products has continued to rise. In the former paper, methods of timber con- servation were discussed at some length, and it is to be noted that the railroads continue to practice the various methods therein outlined to an increasing degree, and it is still true that railroads treat with wood preservatives far more lumber than all other industries combined. Tlie writer would call attention to the fact that while prevention of forest fires is tlie only method by which the present stand of lumber can be pro- tected, it is equally true that reforestation, natural and artificial, is the only method by which the required future supply can be secured. l!i view of the" enormous areas to be reforested, it is obvious that dependence must continue to be placed chiefly on natural reproduction for the reason that it is the most practical and cheapest method. While seedling trees can be secured free of charge from the State nurseries, the cost of planting them is still so high as to be prohibitive in many cases, but in such instances as where the industry has men permanently in its employ who can do such work in odd moments which would otherwise be devoted 1o less valuable work, it is believed that considerable areas of planta- tion could be set out. The futility of attempting reforestation by planting any material portion of the enormous area of the State requiring reforestation, can best be illustrated by calling attention to the fact that planting trees five feet apart requires 1800 per acre, and that this is a very common spacing. One million trees, therefore, will only relorest 550 aeres, equal to about three ordinary farms. The private corporations which have done the most valuable work in reforestation are unques- tionably the railroads, coal mining companies and water companies*, probably in the order men- tioned. The railroads are most interested in the forest problem as they are one of the largest users of forest products. They are also in- terested as carriers of forest products, which constitute 4 or 5 per cent, of their traffic. So far as the writer knows, all of the railroads which have engaged in reforestation have done so in order to assure themselves of a partial supply of lumber in the future, of which their most important requirement is for cross ties. The work done by the coal companies has gen- erally been undertaken for the same reason, as for each ton of coal mined, considerable lumber must be used in supporting the roof. The coal companies are quite favorably situated to engage in this work as large areas of our coal lands underly districts where the surface value is rela- tively low and in many instances the coal com- pany already owns the surface. The water companies make comparatively little use of lumber in their ordinary operation ; their requirements being chiefly for construction pur- poses. Many water companies own very large areas of land which have been acquired in order to piotect the purity of th»3 water supply. In many cases such ownership is essential, as under present decisions the courts of Pennsylvania do not afford adequate protection to water com- panies from the contamination of their supplies. If a water company owns or controls its water- shed, it is in a position to control the develop- ment of same, thus insuring the continued purity of the waters. In such cases forestry is about the only means by which the water company can nope to obtain any return on their investment in watershed lands. Owing to the length of time which It takes for lumber to mature, reforestation penerally cannot be undertaken except by corpor- ations, r ^ f In the management of forest lands it is essen- tial that very serious consideration be given to he amounts annually expended thereon, as owincr to the long time which it takes the forest to mature, even a small sum expended annually amounts to quite a large aggregate when the lum*- er ,s p„t. Under a recent act of the Legisla- ture, the owner of forest lands may be reim- bursed for expenditures incurred in fighting fires on his own property, provided an average an- nual expenditure of 10 cents per acre is^ made on the property in question for forest protection or improvement. Ten cents per annum at 6 per cent, interest, compounded annually for fifty years, equals $29.04. This thought r^alls to my mmd a very interesting discussion which I re- cently read as to whether forest products should be considered as a crop or a mine. The virgin American forests were cut, considering them'' to be a mine, to be exhausted ac^. rapidly as possi- ble. It is apparent that we can only have a future lumber supply by considering forest prod- ucts to be a crop. Corporations, such as railroads and coal com- panies, previously mentioned as having large for- est interests, must in the future secure 1 sup- ply of lumber from their forests at a reason- able cost or else must derive a proHt from the operation of their forest holdings. Water com- panies are much more favorably situated in that not only are they able to derive financial profit from their holdings but they can secure a direct return by reason of the protection of the purity of the supply afforded by the forest and also to some extent, an increased supply by reason of the forest covered watershed. The latter subject IS still of a controversial nature, but while there may be just cause for doubting the ability of forests to prevent great droughts or floods, in the writer's judgment, there can be no question of the ability of the forest to prevent minor vari- ations between these wide limits. For instance the fall of 1922 was one of the driest seasons throughout Pennsylvania which has been experi- enced for many years. Considering only certain cases of which I have knowledge, the regularity ot flow was much greater from the watersheds which were forest covered, while the drought ap- peared to be far more severe with respect to those companies whose collecting ground was a bare mountain sidey and the supply of water in the reservoirs in these cases deeretosed yery rapidly and the water companies were unable to supply their eonsumers. Another yery important function of a forest covered watershed is in protecting the area from erosion, which is the basis for the acquisition by the Federal Government of National Forests in the Appalachian region. Unfortunately, the ap- propriation for the acquisition of lands in the Allegheny National Forest, which is chiefly with- in the State of Pennsylvania, w^as so reduced that very little progress has been made in acquiring these lands, other than to prepare the necessary I i 60 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 61 papers for settlement. At the last session of the Pennsylvania Legislature a joint resolution was adopted, calling on Congress to continue to provide two million dollars per annum for the acquisition of Eastern National Forests, which is the same amount as has been previously provided. It is to be hoped that the $25,000,000 bond issue which will be submitted at the fall election of 1925, will be adopted, as it is such an important step forward in providing for the future lum- ber needs of the Commonwealth. It is also to be hoped that the passage of this measure will not lead the various corporations to discontinue their activities in the matter of ownership of timber land and reforesting same. The dependence of transportation companies on lumber for daily uses, but especially in emergen- cies, can best be illustrated by the recent fire at Broad Street Station, Philadelphia. It was necessary to restore the tracks and platforms as (luickly as possible so traffic in and out of the station could be resumed, and the engineers upon whom this work devolved, naturally turned to timber as the one means bv which the desired end could be accomplished. Urgent orders were at once sent out by telephone and wire for the necessary trestle, timber, boards and plank which a small army of men quickly put in place under the bent and wari>ed girders and on the plat- forms, so that traffic was soon restored, and to- day the trains in and out of Broad Street Sta- tion are moving over tracks supported by timber trestles. In the early days of railroad construction tim- ber trestles were quite commonly used, and while more permanent types of construction are now used, yet the incident cited above shows that serious delays and inconveniences would result if a supply of timber were not available, even in this age of steel and concrete. As previously stated, the greatest menace to the future timber supply is the fire hazard, and it must be admitted that the majority of the fires are unnecessary and could be avoided as they are mostly caused by carelessness or maliciousness. The remedy, therefore, lies in education and in securimr the interest and sympathetic co-opera- tion of all those who reside near or in any way make use of the forest lands. This forestry problem, therefore, is no different in its general aspect from many other problems confronting the people of this country today, among which I might mention stream pollution, radicalism, and as it is commonly called, the railroad problem. While it may seem inconsis- tent to. mention these vastly different subjects under one head, yet upon reflection I believe it will be admitted that they have this in common- that they can only be solved by every one see- ing things in their real proportions and by hav- ing a resulting due regard for the rights of others. »! As I am most familiar with railroad matters I would ask your indulgence to dwell for a short time on the so-called railroad problem. This is a matter which concerns the shippers of lum- ber as well as all other shippers. In fact, they and the users of lumber are in a more serious situation than many others by reason of the fact that the timber resouices of the country have receded, requiring a longer haul and conse- quently a greater dependence upon transporta- tion. What is the railroad problem, which is con- sidered to be of so great importance that the President delivered a speech a few days aj,'o about it? It affects every individual in the nation. It involves great moral issues such, for instance, as the question whether or not, as a nation, we will respect the property and savings of individual citizens. In the broadest sense we may define it as the problem of providing ade- quately for the immensely increased volume of transportation service which our country abso- lutely must have if its progress is to continue. Without trying to be too exact in these mat- ters, it certainly seems safe to say that the service which the railroads are now called u|>on to perform, as represented by the traffic units, i. e., ton-miles and passengerrmiles, has been growing more than twice as fast during the last twenty years than the capacity of the raihoad plant has grown. The results have been in- evitable. The reserve capacity of our railroads, which was one of the biggest assets of the coun- try at the opening of the present century, has disappeared, and we now have a deficiency of facilities every time the volume of production and trade rises to normal or higher. That is a con- dition which every man of intelligence in the country realizes urgently requires correction. There is only one remedy — to attract more capital into the railroads. There is only one sound way to bring that about: that is to make railroading a profitable industry once more. In this connection I should like to refer to the question of the return earned upon the in- vestment in the railroads, as a whole. Not once in the last fifteen years has it reached 0 per cent. The highest was 5.9 per cent, in 191^), and it fell as low as 8/10 of 1 ])er cent, in 1920. At present, Federal regulation is proceeding on the theory that a return of 5 3/4 per cent.— which is not, however, being realized^^i* enough to put new life into our railroads. Some of our law- makers say that no return at all is necessary. Now all, or most of you, are practical busi- ness men and women and competent to pass judg- ment upon such matters. C want to ask you to think over this one question and answer it for yourselves: If 5 3/4 per cent, was all that coukl be earned from manufacturing, jobbing, re- tailing, or banking, would that be suffiteient re- turn to attract the increasing amounts of capital annually, being invested in these industries? In answer to the . question * [ What Are the Raihoads Doing to. Meet the Situation f I would say: We have in this country an organization known as the American Railway Association, of which practically all of the railroadsv in the. United States are members. This association aims to co- ordinate the activities of all the railroads in the interest of service to the publie. It makes regu- lations, for instance, governing the car supply for all territories. In furtherance of the aims of this association . a meeting of the railroad executives was held in New York, where they ; pledired themselves to what is called. an adequate trans|K)rtation program. This program involves the lol lowing: . »,:■ . , . Put all cars and engines in good repair before fall. A-, \ ■ . '•••?.'?! Increase the load per freight oar. Increase the miles per day each freight car is moved. Store coal for railroad uses before September. Kstablish a pool of freight cars. Kach road to purchase new equipment and to provif the most serious situations which confronts: ^the people, and the construction of additional houses required to meet the situ- ation will be facilitated if the railroads have sufficient facilities to move promptly lumber and other commodities whick ate used in the con- struction of bouseslj;;In other words, adequate transportation will tie more closely together the forestry interests and the housing problem. ■ i — r— ^ .-•■ ■;■. .•: ' i American Forest Treves in Germany Their Cultivation and Adaptability and the Degree of Success Connefcted With ^ '»• i :: Their Itttroduction ^ ^■''- Theodor a. Ahrens UPWARDS of a hundred and fifty years ago the first attempts were made to introduce foreign, and particularly American, forest trees into Germany. The degree of success ob- tained may be judged from the fact that in vari- ous parts of the country American trees of over 100 years of age are flourishing today. The first efforts were ably seconded by notable literary contributions to the subject, so that interest be- came widely spread. Pioneer work was done under the direction of various rulers of German federal states who introduced, planted and raised all kinds of foreign trees in their parks and for- ests. Specially to be noted are in Anhalt the parks and forests of Dessau, \yorlitz and Zerbst; Harbke in the Prussian province of Saxony near Helmstedt; in Hanover the famous park of Her- renhausen, adjacent to the city of Hanover; in Brandenburg the parks near Berlin and Potsdam; in Mecklenburg and Oldenburg, in Holstein and Thuringia in different parks and forests, and in South Germany, notably Darmstadt, Heidelberg, Schwetzingen, Karlsruhe, Silesia, Alsace and the Rhine districts have also a large number of for- eign trees. The efforts of the smaller rulers have not all been continued to the present, and the revolution which put an end to the various dynas- ties, in many cases also put an end to the bene- fits conferred upon the people by these beautiful parks which were almost always open to the iff m 62 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES public and generally maintained out of the private means of the princes. Nevertheless, in most cases the new governments endeavor to continue the old traditions, and this is notably the case in Prussia, Anhalt and Brunswick and other states. The principal nurseries and dendrological academies continue to carry on the culture of foreign trees, raising them from the seed, etc. Here, again, Brunswick (city), Chorin, Ebers- walde, Tharandt, Munden, Aschaffenburg are to be noted. Very fine results have been achieved by the owners of large estates who vied with the princes in maintaining fine parks and forests. The late Prince Bismarck in Friedrichsruhe, Count Wilamowitz in Gadow (Brandenburg), Count Berckheim-Weinheim (Hessen) may be mentioned among them. The above remarks are intended to show how great the interest for for- eign dendrological specimens has been, and still IS, in spite of the discouraging present con- ditions. A very important factor in the observation of the degrees of success attending the cultivation of exotic trees in Germany is the acquisition of reliable data concerning climatic conditions and the behavior of foreign trees, when subjected to them. This subject has been worked out by Prof. Oscar Drude, Dresden, and published by him in the Journal of the German Dendrological Society in 1900. According to Professor Drude, Germany may be divided for this purpose into approxi- mately eight climate zones, as follows: I. Rhine Province (S. W.) (S. W. Germany to Mosel valley, Aschaflfenburg in the Main valley and lower Neckar valley.) A short duration of frost is the rule here, with the earliest spring and the highest average temper- ature. n. Atlantic Province. (N. W. Germany to Hamburg and western Hol- stem.) Later spring than in I, low average tem- perature, considerable rainfall. in.— -Southern Province. (Southern and Central Germany from the Danube to Hessen-Darmstadt, southern part of Hanover, Thurin^a, Elbe valley in Saxony.) Mean average duration of frost, mean commence- ment of spring, dry summers with a high average temperature. IV. Central Province. (From the Harz to the Oder and eastern Hoi- 63 stein.) Damper summers with lower average temperature than under 111. V. Eastern Province. (Upper Silesia, Posen.) Frost continues into March and April, raw climate, cool summers. VI. Baltic Province. (Northeastern Germany from northeastern Pommerania across the Vistula to the former Russian frontier.) Longest duration of frost, commencement of spring later than the beginnin{> of May, low average temperature, cool summers. VII. Foothills in South and Central Germany Which correspond in temperature about with Provinces IV and V (Rhon, Thuringian forest, Lower Erzgebirge Sonabian Alp., etc.) An even, continuous winter, snow lying for a long time late spring, damp and cool summer. Vni. Mountains in Southern and Central Ger- many to the Limit of Regular Grain Cul- tivation. (Certain parts of the Upper Harz to Upper Bavaria.) The temperature is lower than in VI, because of the lack of summer warmth. Very long snow cover and very late spring. Naturally the above described zonic conditions do not al- ways maintain, and violent cold and frost periods and extreme heat often extend over the whole country, causing great damage. Now remarks as to the general adaptability of American trees to Germany are in order, drawn from average observations. I will begin with the Coniferae and amonfj these with Abies. Abies concolor has in general produced favorable results, as it can stand j^reat cold, is not sensitive to spring frosts and grows fast. Notably in Northern Germany this species surpasses all other Abies. A. nobilis, A. grandis, A. magnifica, A. ama- bilis which are also to be seen in various parts of Germany do well, but are of value chiefly for decorative purposes in parks, etc. Of Picea, four species, chiefly, have been in- troduced and cultivated: P. Sitchensis, P. pun- gens, P. Engelmannii, P. alba. P. Sitchensis flourishes notably in the north along the coasts of Schleswig-Holstein. It does well in damp. peaty soil and in sand, provided the latter he not too dry and thrives, apparently, where no other conifer can get along. This tree is of lesser im- portance in south Germany, as it is there sur- passed by the local P. excelsa, but in the north P. excelsa will not flourish, and thus a great future can be predicted for P. sitchensis. P. pungens is valuable and promises good re- sults under certain restricted conditions, notably when mixed in with other coniferae. It is not touched by game. P. Engelmannii is principally of value as a park tree, because of its great beauty. Of P. alba, finally, nothing very particular is to be said. It too is a fine tree and to be seen flourishing in many parks. We find several American Pinus varieties in Germany. P. Strobus has been cultivated for so iiijiny years in certain sections, that it has prac- tically become indigenous and is much valued for its excellent wood. \\ ponderosa does not thrive uniformly. It has been frequently planted in German forests, and although aesthetically of a certain value, econom- ically it does not offer much encouragement. Cli- matic conditions are against it, notably in the noith. Both P. strobus and P. ponderosa are oiten much damaged by game and both grow slowly. P. Banksiana has also been frequently l»lanted, but satisfactory results have not been obtained. P. rigida, P. Murrayana, etc., are found here and there, but present nothing noteworthy. They can only be cultivated under restricted con- ditions, or when mixed in with other varieties. The widely introduced members of the Cupres- seae, Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, Ch, nutkatensis, Thuja gigantea, Juniperus Virginiana, but princi- pally Ch. L. deserve especial mention. Ch. L. ^nows and flourishes practically everywhere in Oeimany. From Konigsberg in the east, to the Kit el mountains in the west. It is noteworthy that this tree, which in America only grows in a relatively limited ten-itory, should do so. The wood is very valuable for veneering, as no German wood approaches it for this purpose. Ch. nut- katensis is seldom met with; Thuja gigantea is also wide-spread, but being more sensitive to fold, is found at its best in southern Germany in the warmer sections. Of Juniperus Virginiana, which in general is a failure, the climate being too severe, the fol- lowing interesting experiment must be related: As is well-known better class pencils are made of the wood of this so-called Virginia ** cedar,'' 'Tuniperus Virginiana. The A. W. Faber Com- pany has been trying for a long time to acclima- tize these trees in Bavaria, at Stein near Nurn- berg, where their pencil factories are situated. About 1875 Lothar V. Faber planted an area of 6 ha. or about 15 acres with them, having ob- tained seed in America, and cultivated the little plants in a nursery till they were three years old. Now the average height of the trees is eight metres with a circumference of 55 cm. How far this attempt will be finally successful from an economic point of view can not yet be said, as the experiment cannot be considered closed. The proof has been given, however, that Juniperus Virginiana can grow in Germany in forest con- ditions. Of all American trees introduced into Germany Pseudotsuga Douglasii takes the first place, and here the variety ''viridis," as opposed to '^glauca" which has not produced satisfactory results. In all large German forests Ps. D. has been successfully raised, has spread and is found mixed in with other forest trees pretty nearly everywhere. It is not sensitive to the severe early and late frosts which are common in vari- ous parts of Germany; the only things it cannot stand are too great dampness in the soil, and sites exposed to high winds, such as f. i. the coasts of Schleswig-Holstein. Care should be taken, when raising Ps. D. from seed to import this from that section of the Pacific coast situ- ated on the western slope of the Cascade Range, in Oregon and Washington, and in southern Can- ada, from the 45th-50th degrees of latitude, be- tween Salem (Oregon) and Seattle (Washington), including Mount Olympus and Vancouver island. Thus many years' experience, and expert opin- ion concur in judging Ps. D. the most valuable foreign tree in Germany, the results far out- weighing the expense and trouble. It is believed that in a few decennials large portions of the German forests may consist of Ps. D. Sequoia gigantea and Sequoia sempervirens are also met with in German parks and gardens, principally in southern Germany, f. i. in the park of Count Berckheim at Weinheim, where a splen- did grove is to be seen, and at the other extreme limit of Germany, in the island of Rugen at Put- bus. I refer to S. giguntea, as S. sempervirens does not succeed at all, but generally dies before reaching any noteworthy size. Tsuga Canadensis and Mertensiana, Taxodium distichum and Larix varieties, as, f. i. L. occi- dentalis are met with in various places, and several successful attempts have been made with Tsuga, but in general all the first mentioned trees serve well in parks decoratively, but have no noteworthy economic value, as they only flourish • rl 64 FOREST LEAVES li under restricted conditions, and if mixed in with other trees. American deciduous trees do not occupy quite as important a place in Germany as the Coniferae, yet a considerable number of varieties are to he found. Robinia pseudacacia has been so long intro- duced and has spread so greatly, that it can al- most be considered indigenous. It gi'ows every- where in Germany. Quercus abound and belong to the most use- ful and admired of foreign trees, notably Q. rubra and Q. palustris. These trees are to be found in parks and scattered through all the large forests, where their brilliant autumn foliage add much to the beauty of the landscape. Q. rubra has been cultivated for raor« than 100 years, flourishes even in poor soils, where the German oaks Q. robur or pedunculata and Q. ses- siflora do not get along. It grows fast in the beginning, but the wood is not as good as that of the German oaks. Besides Q. rubra and palustris, Q. coccinea and Q. tinctoria are frequent. Q. alba in many parts of the country, but Q. macrocarpa only in the warmer parts of southern Germany in the vine- yard districts. Q. coccinea and Q. tinctoria also get along well in damp, sandy soil and grow much faster than the German oaks. Liriodendron Tulipifera, a tree of greatest beauty, is also found everywhere in fine old speci- mens and all ages. In Wilhelmshone and Karls- ruhe there are fine avenues of tulip trees. American hickories, Carya, are also met with in various parts of Germany. They need good and rich soil, and are, therefore, only to be found in fertile sections. C. alba is the most important. C. amara, porcina, sulcata and tomentosa have no particular value for Germany. C. alba does best in the Oder Valley, Breslau district and in the meadows of the Mulde and Elster, Merse- burg district. Even in eastern Prussia fine speci- mens of Carya alba are found, trees of over 100 years old, as f. i. in Gumbinnen, planted between 1788 and 1799. The American maples, Acer sac- eharinum and A. dasycarpum have also been con- siderably introduced and are found everywhere, often in splendid examples. Compared with the German '*Acer,'' A. campestre, A. platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, which are quite equal in growth and assimilation, Acer saccharinum and Acer dasycarpum are to be recommended rather for their beauty and rapid growth; they often at- tain considerable dimensions. An A. dasycarpum in the park of Count Berckheim, Weinheim, is 34 m. high and 2.10 m. in circumference. Liriodendron> Carya and Acer are also dis- tinguished by their beautiful coloring in the autumn. The American white ash, Fraxinus Americana, has flourished over 100 years in different parts of the country. In general it equals the German ash, Fr. excelsior, and surpasses it in its power of resistance to the effects of inundations and will grow in soils where Fr. excelsior cannot exist. Trees 80-100 years old are as large as equal-aged German ash. Juglans nigra is one of the most valuable of foreign trees and splendid examples are to be seen here and there. It acclimatizes well, but demands a good soil, and is perhaps the most difficult to raise of foreign trees of value. Populus Canadensis has been most satisfactory in southern Germany. It grows very fast and produces a large amount of wood. In the forest of Count Berckheim, Weinheim, there is a P. Canadensis 40 m. high and 2.50 m. in circum- ference. Castanea vesca, var. Americana which, al- though found here and there in the north or cen- tre only flourishes in the warmer south and notably in Baden. Prunus serotina, Catalpa speciosa. Magnolia hypoleuca, are found in various parks, and while C. speciosa and M. hypoleuca have no especial economic value, Pr. serotina has been quite ex- tensively grown and used. The United States uses niore wood than any other country. In fact the consumption in this country equals about two-fifths of the entire con- sumption of the world, or, expressed in round figures, about 22% billion cubic feet, declares the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. The per capita consumption in this country is 212 cubic feet, of which 110 cubic feet, or a little more than half, is saw timber, and the balance consists of cordwood, continues the department's report, which was recently printed for public distribution. Including the losses by fire, insects, and disease, the total drain on the country ^s forests is close to 25 billion cubic feet. At the present time this country is growing only about 6 billion cubic feet. However, according to the data contained in the report, if the entire forest area of the country — some 470,000,000 acres — were placed under intensive forestry about 27 billion cubic feet of timber could ultimately be produced each year. This amount would exceed the present drain on our forests by a relatively small margin. FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Port;Office a. .eocmd-cU-. matter, under Act of March 3d. 187© Vol. XIX— No. 5 PHILADELPHIA. OCTOBER, 1923 Whole Number 216 The Rothrock Memorial MONDAY, October 29th (at 2 P. M.), has been named as the date for the dedica- tion of the Rothrock Memorial Tablet, ill the Capitol Building, at Hariisburg. The exer- cises will take place in the Rotunda, on the first floor, and will not be protracted. The presenta- tion address will be made by Dr. Henry S. Di'inker, Chairman of the Committee, which con- sists of Major R. Y. Stuart, Secretary of the Department of Forests and Waters, and Chair- man of the Forestry Commission ; Colonel H. W. Shoemaker, Member of the Forest Commission; George H. Wirt, Chief of the Bureau of Forest Protection; Joseph S. Illick, Chief of the Office of Research, and Dr. Drinker. The tablet will be accepted by His Excellency, Gifford Pinchot, Governor of Pennsylvania' whose address will be followed by one by Major Stuart. All friends of forestry are invited to be present. Meeting of Pocono Forestry Association THE Annual Meeting of the Pocono Forestry Association was held at Buck Hill Falls on August 31st, 1923. There were two sessions, the one in the afternoon being for the presentation of reports and routine business, while in the evening there was a public meeting at which Dr. Arthur Charles Watkins, of the U. S. Forest Service, gave a lecture, illustrated by moving pictures. The report of the Board of Directors gave an interesting account of the activities of the Asso- ciation in directing public opinion. It called at- tention to tree planting, over 150,000 trees hav- ing been set out in Monroe County in 1922. Spe- cial attention is given to the prevention and ex- tinction of forest fires. During the Fall fire season of 1922, there were 17 fires, burning over i T^^^' *^® damage being $798, the expense to the State for fighting them being $421. In the i!T^ ""^ ^^^^^ *^^^^ ^^^^ ^ fi^es^ burning over 4^40 acres, with a loss of $16,322, the cost of fighting them being $2321. Special attention is given to the introduction' of the subject of '*for- estry" in the public school curriculum. The membership has shown a gratifying increase, being now 407. The officers elected were : Presi- dent, Charles N. Thompson; Vice-President, Roy M. Houser; Secretary, J. H. Kunkle; Treasurer, J. A. Seguine; these gentlemen, together with E. A. Hoopes, Mrs. G. A. Stratton and George E. Wagner, constituting the Board of Directors. Making good the words of the college song has involved the planting of over 108,000 trees at Lehigh University. The chestnut blight played such havoc with campus trees that the lines of the ''alma mater'' song, extolling their beauty, would have lost significance except for the whole- sale planting of new trees. The progress of re- forestration work is revealed by extensive mea- surements of the University arboretum just com- pleted by the Forest Reservation Commission of Pennsylvania. These measurements were made to determine the percent, survival and average growth of the 180 varieties of North American trees which the 6 acre arboretum contains. In this comparatively small area is a specimen of each of the 137 species native to Pennsylvania. A seed and transplanting nursery containing thousands of young trees is also maintained. The forest demonstration plot, which is the only one in the United States maintained for the purpose of studying trees under forest conditions^ contains 22 varieties of North American timber trees. Douglas fir from the Pacific coast has succeeded in every instance as has Western yellow pine. Among the horticultural and orna- mental varieties are Japanese flowering cherries and Japanese dwarf maples. The Trustees of the Pennsylvania State College have decided to discontinue the teaching of pro- fessional forestry. This subject will be taught at the Pennsylvania State Forest School at Mont Alto, Pa. ml]' I i 66 FOREST LEAVES Our Campaign Against Forest Fire George H. Wirt, Chief Forest Fire Warden of Pennsylvania THE campaign against forest fires in Penn- sylvania began with the founding of the province and was carried on intermittently until after 1877 when more concrete activities began. It increased in intensity until 1915 when a definite State organization was formed for the prevention, control and extinction of forest fires and was put into effect. The campaign reached its height just previous to the legislature of 1921, the result of which was the obtaining of $1,000,- 000 from the legislature and Governor Sproul for the protection of forests from fire. It may be said that the campaign ag'ainst forest fires has been consistently and persistently carried on for the last fifty years and yet in spite of all this campaign we had more fires this spring then ever before. There was more acreage burned over than in any spring season of which we have record, more damage done, more people killed and more buildings destroyed. The immediate damage from these forest fires amounted to more than a million dollars. Apparently one has to wonder what the outcome of an educational campaign is. In this particular instance certain things look anything but promising, but it appears to me that surface indications are not a fair basis for judgment in this instance. The conditions which existed in Pennsylvania this spring were in line with similar conditions which prevailed in all of the other States where forest protection organiza- tions are active, so that our conditions are not peculiar. My impression is that for several years to come we may still expect an increase in the number of fires, especially those caused by transients and perhaps from other sources as well, but I am just as thoroughly convinced that we are on the verge of a very material and very definite improvement in the forest fire situation. I believe that the next ten years will see a greater improvement than has developed in the last 100 years. This situation, however, does not indicate that we have any chance for letting up our campaign against forest fires, but rather indicates the necessity for our keeping everlastingly at it. There is no question as to the necessity of pre- venting and controlling forest fires if we want to grow forests in Pennsylvania. There is no ques- tion as to the place of our forests in the economic life of the State. It is our duty to keep up this work and we have every reason to believe that it will be successful because more and more people are beginning to see the relationship which the forest has to every activity in their lives. We must ultimately win out because the protection of forests from fire means the salvation of Pennsylvania. FOREST LEAVES 61 The Forest Bond Issue* R. Y. Stuart, Secretary, Department of Forests and Waters of Pennsylvania. THE forest bond issue is one of the most vital measures ever presented to the people of Pennsylvania. For the substantial prog- ress already made toward its realization great credit is due the ofiicers and members of this Association, who have given it such strong sup- port. For this assistance and cooperation the Department is deeply appreciative. As all of us realize, much effective work remains to be done before the goal is reached, and no effort should be spared to impress the public with the import- ance of it. A careful survey of the forest situation of the State shows that our future wood supply is a serious problem. To restore Pennsylvania's forests to productiveness is a big job. To do it quickly enough that the effects of the wood short- age may not be too keenly felt requires aggressive action now, before it is too late. To do the work well and promptly will require a large amount of money, more in fact than can be expected by direct appropriations from the current revenue of the State. Some other way of meeting the problem had to be devised. A forest bond issue of $25,000,000 was the most practical remedy presented. There are no doubt many of you who remember the great lumbering days of Pennsylvania. In 1860 she stood first in lumber production. In 1890 she became a lumber importing State. Now she produces only 16 per cent, of the lumber that her people and industries need. Today there remain less than 25,000 acres of original forests in the State. Where once stood heavy stands of fine timber, there now are vast stretches of dev- astated mountain land. To say that the forest situation is serious, is putting the problem mildly, for each year the forests of Pennsylvania are turning out less than 1/5 of the wood that her people and industries use. Each citizen of the State uses 309 board feet of lumber annually and of this amount only 58 board feet are supplied by our forests. The rest of the lumber used comes •Presented at the summer meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association at Pocono Manor, June 28, 1923. from a great distance which means a long haul and big freight bills. I hope all of you have read Professor Illick's recent statement concern- ing the forest situation in Pennsylvania, con- tained in a short bulletin of only fourteen pages. It is full of facts that show clearly and con- vincingly that the situation needs the serious thought of all citizens. The forest bond issue of $25,000,000 is the one practical remedy to meet Pennsylvania's serious wood situation. At first thought such an ex- penditure may seem large, but a careful consider- ation of it will show that in time it will develop into a revenue producing heritage that will benefit many generations; that it will not be a burden but a blessing; and that it is essential to pros- perity. It will become a profitable, revenue pro- ducing investment that can be easily converted into cash, and when the forests are made fully productive the revenue derived from them will more than meet the bonded indebtedness It A^ ould not be fair to have the taxpayers of oday pay all the money required to buy the forest land the State should now own, because the taxpayers of tomorrow will reap most of the profits The citizen of the future should help meet the costs, and he will do it if the forest bond issue .s successful. The issuance of forest bonds Hill distribute the purchase price of the forest Z "-l.T T'^f^"" ^^'^' ^"^^'^^ ^" the people 't''i" be benefited by the expenditure. lUe bond issue was approved by the last le-is- ature of the State by an overwhelming majS It will come before the next legislature, n the pnng 0 1925. If passed successfully' by it! LedSv f"'^^"" ^^" -^-^^edly proWde^m: mediately for -an enabling act- to designate h w the „,oney is to be spent, the kind and terms lu^ f '^'^ '^^.'^ "^ ^'^^^''^^t ^^d such other tipulations as will place the issue on a sound opTa ttN ^\-^"/^- -- beforeThe l^opie at the November election of 1925 the bm.r"' ''"'-'' *" P"' ^"^^ ^""-^^t situation and when t,l ^ T"'' ''" "^'P' ^""y informed so that not In ^^^ *■»* *«'"'' '«s"«' and that it is ve tLmrnrtS'""*,,"!"""''^' •»"' « ^- them .^ t„ f f """ '"■'"^ '"•n'fo'd benefits ■em .ind to future generations. ««1 be no l^l T- ^" "^y "Pin'on^ tbere "■in? fo. „!/„ H \ '''""*''•" thoroughly. The "• The dL^/° 'f *° T *•>"' *bey understand department of Forests and Waters will do everything it can, but it alone can not ac- complish this big task. The help of the press, associations, clubs, organizations and individuals IS needed.^ We must do more than bring the situation to the attention of the people. We must convince them so thoroughly of the need of the bond issue that they in turn will convince othei^. Only by unanimity of effort can we e>- pect to nave success. ^^^^ To the members of this association and to all others who are willing to help with this important project, we shall gladly send all the literature that IS available. A bulletin has been prepared on tlus important subject and was issued rec«.tly by the Pennsylvania Conservation Council. It sets forth the fact of the forest situation and shows convincingly that the prosperity of the State and the welfare of her citizens hinge heavily on the forest bond issue. We have plenty of forest land available. The thing to do now is to turn It into a sound investment that will bring profit, prosperity, health and recreation to the people of the State. Many organizations of the State have already adopted resolutions favoring the bond issue and many more will join as the movement pushes forward. The time to act is short, and the im- portance of the measure so great, that no chance can be taken with it. It must be passed by the next lepslature, and in order to accomplish this, the facts in the ease must be presented so clearly and convincingly to the people in the State that there €an be no doubt about their voting for it Its passage will spell prosperity and endless good! It IS unquestionably the most progressive and far-reaching measure that has recently been . placed before the people of the State. It de- serves our immediate attention and full support until It ceases to be an issue and becomes a fact The Province of Shansi, China, now has a Bureau of Forestry, with six branches, and tree planting on government-owned land is proceed- ing steadily. *^ The Shansi Government, according to advices received by the Department of Commerce, is also encouraging private forestration with the slogan Plant a tree a year;" every private landowner IS urged to plant at least one tree in every piece of uncultivated ground on his estate. It is said that an average of 100,000,000 trees are being planted annually. The total acreage of vacant hill land which the government hopes to reforest completely in the course of time is estimated at 30,000,000 acres % I i 68 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 69 Protection Problems in the Anthracite Region By J. M. Sloan, Secretary-Treasurer, Anthracite Forest Protective Association BEFORE telling of some of our problems in the anthracite region, it might be well to give a brief outline of our Association and the work which it is doing. In 1917 a number of the land owners in the anthracite region met together at the instance of the Chief Forest Fire Warden in an effort to formulate some plan of reducing fire losses in this district. The Anthra- cite Forest Protective Association resulted from several preliminary organization meetings. The Association has passed through; many vicissi- tudes of life, and is at last beginning to accom- plish something of the work for which it was organized. In the early days of its existence, an effort was made towards active extinction work. Under its direction, and in co-operation with the Department of Forestry, the first forest fire ob- servation towers in the district were erected, and for a number of seasons a most efficient motor- cycle patrol was operated. With the reorgani- zation of the State's field forces, bringing with it the erection of numerous towers, and an over- hauling of the forest fire warden personnel, the operation of the towers was turned over to the Department of Forestry, and since that time the Association has, in the main, directed its efforts towards education and publicity. As most of you know, the membership of the Association is made up of land owners la»'ge and small, and of other interested persons living mainly in the Middle and Southern Anthracite Fields. Our boundary line follows the Susquehanna River from Wilkes-Barre to Harrisburg; thence east along the southern foot of the Blue Mountain to Lehigh Gap; following from there the Carbon- Northampton and Carbon-Monroe County boun- dary lines to the intersection of the latter with the old Wilkes-Barre and Easton Turnpike, fol- lowing the Turnpike into Wilkes-Barre. There is in this territory approximately 1,- 079,000 acres of timberland; 126,613 acres of which are owned by Association members. You will see from this that we have barely scratched the ground, and that we have lots of room for expansion. We have two Honorary Members, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, of Drifton, and your own good Dr. Drinker; 36 Associate Members and 83 Active Members. By Active Members, T mean those owning or controlling timber lands. Our smallest member has 8 acres, and our laro-est 30,000. In this list are included farmers, tim- ber operators, water companies, and coal com- panies. I would like to tell this evening something about what we are up against in fire prevention work in the anthracite fields. Coming from all parts of the State you perhaps are not familiar with the conditions which exist there, and per- haps when you read forest fire statistics, you wonder why it is that one-third of all the fires in the State of Pennsylvania in 1922 occurred in this relatively small portion of the State. Not only did one-third of the fires occur here, but approximately one-third of the area burned over was in this region, and required one-third of all the money spent for fire extinction. Figures for the Spring fire season of 1923 are not available as yet, but from present indications, it looks as if the same figures would hold good this year. As you know, this district is one of the richest in natural resources in the State, and depends almost entirely upon the output of the anthracite mines. The whole region is organized and laid out with but one thought, that of coal produc- tion, in mind. The population, while large, is mostly confined to small towns and villages — bet- ter known as patches — in the immediate vicinity of the various operations. The farming dis- tricts are few and of not very large extent. The greater part of the territory is mountainous. This all means that there are large unbroken stretches of woodland making it possible for an uncontrolled firel to sweep over many square miles of territory in a comparatively short time. Nowhere in the State is there a greater amount of railroad trackage than in the anthracite resfion. In addition there are many miles of what ve call *Moky** roads in and about the workings. Both the railroads and the loky roads are cursed with heavy grades and heavy loads. These roads are the source of a very large percentage of the fires which we have to combat. The extremely large percentage of foreign born residents who apparently have a total lock of regard for the property of others, more especial- ly corporation property, is another factor which cannot be neglected. Many of these people spend a great deal of time in the woods and at times their actions there are a menace to the timber. The beautiful scenery within the anthracite region — and it is beautiful, even though barren and fire-scarred in many places — attracts an enormous amount of tourist traffic as well a? hunters and fishermen, and transients hnve had laid at their door no inconsiderable amount of fire damage. Many fires are started from burn- ing tobacco and matches thrown from moving machines, and burning cars have been known to set fires in the brush. And there are such people as careless sportsmen. Carelessness in connection with lumbering operations, land clearing, etc., is responsible for some of the damage. The great Humboldt fire of this past Spring was caused by brush burn- ing operations, and, besides burning a large area, cost the life of a 13-year-old boy* In this region, we cannot help but lay a large number of- forest fires each year to the incendi- ary, either to the malicious minded individual who deliberately fires the Avoods simply to dam- age property of another, or to that equally repre- hensible character who fires a large area of mountain land each year in order that the huckle- berry and wintergreen crops may be increased, or that grazing may be improved. He does not seem to care that the fire will cross the boundary of his own land and bum over large areas, the owners of which may be more anxious for timber growth than for a good crop of huckleberries. You will see from this that practically all of our fires are a direct result of someone's care- lessness, as I think we may include the incen- diary fires under this head ; for it is carelessness on our part to allow such persons to run at large -caielessness on our part that they have not been educated to a better idea of property rights. So much for the causes of fires. In addition to fighting the fires themselves, we are called upon to combat an almost unbelievable degree of public indifference to the forest fire question. I am glad to say that within the last few years, this indifference is becoming less, for each year we hear more and more people talkino- about forest fires, and the damage resulting therefrom. When people are talking and think- ing of forest fires, they are apt to be much more careful. I hope that the Association has been responsible for doing away with some of this mdifi-erence, for a large portion of our energv is directed toward a campaign of education, ^be- ginmng with talks to school children and con- tinuing to the use of printed literature, posters, s^?:ns, etc., for the grown poHion of our popu- Corporation indifference has been a great tumbling block. When the corporation ownin- a large block of timberland will do almost noth- n^ towards its protection, it is not remarkable nat we have considerable difficulty in enthusing 0 her people to the point where they will exer- cise extreme care with fire in the woods and ^'^^0' give tbeir services for extinction work. The indifference of the individual land owner IS not so marked, by reason of the fact that he IS an individual, and as a rule interested in his property. xVevertheless we find cases where the individual owner does not seem to give a whoop whether his land burns or not. Active opposition to our work is not unheard of, especially when an attempt is made to im- press labor into the extinction forces. I am very sorry to have to say that e^en some sportsmen, usually our most loyal supporters, seem to be of the opinion that an occasional fire is a good thing rather than a detriment to the forest because it makes traveling easier for the hunter and the fisherman. Perhaps the biggest obstacle we have to over- come is the lack of the sense of responsibility tor the protection of forests from fire on the part of many land owners. For many vears for- est protection has been a function of Govem- naent, and many people have gotten the idea into their heads that this matter is solely a function of State, and that they have no responsibility whatever. Although the State forest law dis- ^ tinctly says that nothing which the State may do shall be construed as relieving the individual from the responsibility of protecting his own property, we find many timberland owners adopt- ing the " Let-George-do-it '' attitude. While we have so many difficult problems fac- ing us m the anthracite region, we do not feel that conditions are hopeless hv any means. The Department of Forests and Waters is maintain- ing at present within our district 18 observa- tion towers with two more located just over the boundary line. In most places there is a well- organized force of local forest fire wardens, and these have been functioning in as satisfactory a manner as we can expect. The volunteer sys- tem of forest fire fighting has its limits, of course, and in more hazardous portions of the district, namely the region around Pottsville and Hazleton, we are advocating some other means of extinction. Other phases of the Department ^s work are carried on in this district the same as m other parts of the State end' are familiar to everyone. Year by year more individuals and corpora- tions are becoming interested and are commenc- ing to do something with their timberlands. A number of years ago, the Girard Estate made a beginning at forestry practice with plantations of considerable size, but this policy was later abandoned on account of the difficulty in protect- ing the plantations. The officials of the Girard Estate, however, hftve always maintained their f 70 FOREST LEAVES I interest, and are doing theii utmost to protect their holdings. The first corporation to enter the field on an extensive scale was the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company, which employs a forester and a force of trained rangers. Under the direction of the forester, who also has charge of all the protection work, considerable silvi- cultural work has been carried on. Its cam- paign of publicity and education have brought forth much fruit. Another corporation which has made lengthy strides within the last few years is the Phila- delphia & Reading Coal & Iron Company, which now has a well established forestry department under the direction of a forester and two as- sistants. The Reading Company has a vast acre- age of timberland in the Southern Anthracite Field, and the result that its forestry depart- ment has accomplished has been remarkable. The Bear Gap Water Company and the Roar- ing Creek Water Company have been active in the protection of their water-sheds, and have carried out an extensive planting program. They even go to the extent of prohibiting all trespass whatever on their water-sheds, and take some pains to enforce this rule. Their efforts have been amply repaid. The Colonial Colliery Company and Madeira, Hill & Company have for the past four years been planting in the neighborhood of 100,000 seedlings per year. These companies are making every effort to protect their holdings from fire, and are giving splendid co-operation to the As- sociation and to the Department of Forests and Waters. The lands of the Dauphin Consolidated Water Supply Company in Dauphin County are being handled in a scientific manner. The Hudson Coal Company, with lands in Schuylkill County, has been most active in fire prevention and extinction work in addition to planting many thousand seedlings. Extensive improvement cuttings and clearing operations have been undertaken by the Her'- cules Powder Company, Hazieton Council, Boy Scouts of America, Tamaqua Water Company, and Alvan Markle. The New Jersey Zinc Company of Pennsyl- vania has been most active in the protection of its lands in the vicinity of Palmerton and Le- high Gap. The Kingston Coal Company with lands lying m upper Luzerne County has for years been most active in protection and planting work and has carried on a splendid publicitv campaign. The Pottsville Water Company and the Mauch Chunk Water Company are also active in water- shed protection. All of the above mentioned are members of our Association with the exception of the Read- ing Company, and are only a few of the many examples of active interest Avhich might be cited. The railroads, too, have been giving some co- operation in safetj^-strip development and in- stallation of spark arresters, but there has been some neglect of late and much of the missionary work will have to be done over. It is 'the general feeling that if the railroad fires can be controlled the situation will be well in hand. So you can see that while things look black we are really making progress, and that wc are not in the least downhearted. There is still much to be accom- plished, but with the support and co-operation of such people as yourselves, we will yet make the anthracite region a fit place for a forest to live in. FOREST LEAVES ■n Planting of Forest Trees John W. Keller, Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters. DURING the last 20 years more than 58,- 000,000 trees were grown in the nurseries operated by the Department of Forests and Waters. All these trees have been planted on the State Forests and on the privately-owned forest land of Pennsylvania. These 58,000,000 trees planted more than 45,000 acres of forest land that was absolutely idle. From 1,000 to 1,500 trees were planted on an acre. Each of these acres will produce 30,000 board feet of lumber in 50 years. This means that the trees planted during the last 20 years will produce almost one and one-half billion board feet of timber Avhen they are mature. This is an enormous amount of wood and will do much to relieve our present wood shortage. The amount of wood that these trees will produce is actually three times as great as the entire lumber cut of the State in 1922. Forest tree planting is a new thing. Less than 25 years ago, to be exact in 1899, forest tree planting was started for the first time on the State Forests of Pennsylvania. That year only 1,000 trees were set out on all the State Forests. Each year thereafter trees were planted and the practice of planting trees grew rapidly. Only ten years after forest tree planting started 1,000,000 trees were set out. There seemed to be no let-up to the forest tree planting business. For a few years as many as 8,000,000 trees were set out on the State Forests alone. This year more than 500,000 trees were planted on the State Forests and, in addition, over 5,000,000 trees were set out on privately-owned forest /and in this State. In 1910, for the first time, forest trees were supplied to private owners from the State Forest Nurseries. The demand has now become so great that it is impossible to grant all the requests that are received. Mining companies, water com- panies, schools, churches and individuals in every county of the State are planting a large number of forest trees each year. In the spring of 1923 private owners of forest land set out trees in every county of the State, excepting one. None were planted in Union County this year. Since 1910 the Department of Forests and Vaters has supplied to private owners throughout the State almost 24,000,000 trees. It is difficult to under- stand such big figures, but as time goes on the ?:ood that will come from this planting of trees will be felt by everyone. Not only those who live now, but also those who will come after us, will be benefited by this good work. There is still plenty of room to do more plant- ing of forest trees in Pennsylvania. There are a least 3,000,000 acres of land that should be planted with trees right now. The private forest and owners have planted more than 5,000,000 rees in 1923, yet at this rate it would take more than 20 generations of people before this work could be completed. The prosperity of the many industries that are located in this State and the happiness of our people depends upon the prod- ucts that trees yield. We cannot do without the wood that trees give to us. We need it every day of our lives. It is hard for us to think of a single thing we do without using some products derived from trees. It wm interest you to know that the Pennsyl- vania Department of Forests and Waters dis- tributes these trees free of cost. The only ex- pense to the land owner is the cost of packing and transportation, which, as a rule, amounts to only about 75 cents per thousand trees. Do you Know that two men could plant an acre of forest ZT '"n^ ^'"^^^ ^^y- ^* is not such a big job af or all and the good that will come from it According to the applications that are already 1000 ,'nnn ^^ '^^' '"^ predicting that at least 10,000,000 forest trees will be distributed for" pmnting m Pennsylvania during the coming fall" ^^d next spring. If you want to join the big army of forest tree planters that are doing such a noble piece of work, please write the Depart- ment of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, for an application blank. We will send you a list of all the trees that are available, and give you full in- structions about planting them. Let the Depart- ment of Forests and Waters help you make Pennsylvania green a^ain. Will you help plant trees on idle acres, waste places, in the opei. woodlot and on the bare mountain sides? ira tew years you will see the results of your work and your children will bless you ' The Game Situation in Pennsylvania Seth E. Gordon, Executive Secretary, Pennsyl- vania Board of Game Cominissioners. I AM, indeed, pleased to be present at the meetings of this organization, especially in a section blessed with the most Wonderful out-door heritage to be found anywhere in the eastern part of the United States, and the dis- cussions at these meetings cannot help but be of much benefit to all of us interested in conserva- tion. This IS true especially of those of us who are connected with the various administrative agencies of the State Government, so that we may become more fully conversant with the views of the rank and file of such prominent conservation organizations as The Pennsylvania Forestry As- sociation. *^ I have been requested to tell you something about the game situation in Pennsylvania as we see it today, and while there are in our ranks many who are inclined to be rather pessimistic about the future because of the ever-increasing amount of improved road mileage and a constant increase m the number of our people who enjoy various phases of out-door recreation, especially hunting, the fact that the rank and file of our citizens who participate in hunting are becoming more fully conversant with our laws and the conditions surrounding us leads many of us to look upon the future with mueh optimism. The game situation generally throughout Penn- sylvania IS quite favorable, and through the aid of large areas set aside for refuge purposes, restocking, improved laws, and the whole-hearted assistance of an army of sportsmen, practically every specie of game is more than holding its own at this time. The reports from the hunting season of 1922 are quite encouraging and indicate that the sportsmen of Pennsylvania are obeying the law better now than ever before. Under the old law r- . f ■ U n FOREST LEAVES however, it wa& diflSicult for the average sports- man to grasp the intent of the entire law, be- cause it was so voluminous and intricate that it was absurd to expect the sportsmen of Pennsyl- vania to understand the law as they should in order to obey the law at all times. Had it not been for the fact that the Board of Game Com- missioners made it a practice to publish on the back of the hunter's license a brief summary giving the seasons, bag limits, and references to some of the important provisions of the law, it would have been much more difficult to secure anything like the law observance that has been obtained in recent years. To overcome the handicap under which our sportsmen have been laboring, there was strong sentiment in favor of codification of our laws, and after a number of months of laborious effort the Legislative Reference Bureau and the Game Commission working together prepared a very much simplified draft, covering all the old laws with many short-cuts ; also some few new features which, from conferences with sportsmen through- out the State, it was anticipated would be needed within the next half dozen years. The draft of the Game Code was submitted to sportsmen's organizations for examination and further sug- gestions, and many of the suggestions received were embodied in the draft as finally introduced. The bill was introduced early in February and was finally passed and approved on May 24th after quite a stormy career in the Legislature, but as a result Pennsylvania today has, beyond any question, the most modern game code in use anywhere in the United States. Among the important new features in the game code are: 1. Change in the hunter's license year so as to take in the entire hunting and trapping season. Licenses will expire April 30th of each year in- stead of December 31st as heretofore, and a hunter's license is necessary to hunt any kind of birds or animals. Landowners are exempt under certain conditions. 2. The Resident Hunter's License fee has been increased to $1.25, and the Non-Resident fee to $15.00, giving the Department $1.15 net from the resident fee, and $14.50 net from the non-resident fee. A goodly portion of the increase in the fees has been taken up by the Department assuming all printing expenses, office expenses, etc., here- tofore borne by other fiscal Departments. 3. Every licensee is now required to make a report covering the birds or animals killed under the license not later than 30 days after the ex- piration of same in order that acci^rate data may be collected. 4. All fur dealers purchasing or receiving raw furs for commercial purposes are now required to procure a fur-dealer's license. This was inserted in order to protect the country boys against un- scrupulous fur buyers. 5. The open seasons under the new game code remain practically the same as heretofore. Pro- visions are made, however, for more protection for ring-neck pheasants by protecting female ring-necks at all times, and more protection for deer by prohibiting the killing of male deer until they have two or more points to one antler, with a suitable safety feature added that will protect both the sportsmen and the deer. 6. The bag limits remain practically the same as under the old law, except the daily bag limit for male ring-neck pheasants is changed from three to two and the camp limit for bears has been increased to four instead of three. 7. Counties may now be closed to any kind of game for all or any part of the general open season, and under another special feature the season may be extended under certain conditions. This now places the oi>en seasons in each county almost entirely in the hands of the sportsmen. Where the sportsmen take no action to obtain a different or no open season, the general law as it applies throughout the State will govern open season. 8. The law no longer permits a division of fines, so that in the future no person bringing prose- cution for a violation of the game laws will be charged with prosecuting simply for the purpose of securing a part of the fine. 9. The three funds heretofore held in the State Treasury to the credit of the Game Commission are all merged into one fund known as the '^Game Fund," and the purposes for which such moneys are to be used are clearly defined. 10. The law on State game refuges has been much improved upon and made more flexible, so that the creation of more game refuges may be undertaken. Next in importance to good laws upheld by an army of law-abiding sportsmen is the fzame refuge system of Pennsylvania and I make no apology to this organization for once more bring- ing this matter to your attention. We now have set aside in Pennsylvania for game refujjes a total of more than 75,000 acres on which lands 31 regular game refuges are established, nach with a keeper in charge, and 8 auxiliary same refuges without keepers. These refuges arc* be- yond question a guarantee of a future game sup- ply in many closely hunted sections, and are producing game not only for the territory im- mediately surrounding the refuges, but many of Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX, No. 5. ^^M*.>^. .•M\ ...^•^.?- "..#i- '.» ^^V ■^ t . ''.a :;:'^-??^/5 '.';'■:•,■% ■^^■v . ■\v%4* Sfi TH.RE IS NO BETTER PLACE TO PLAY AND REST ThAN AmONO THE THEES. ThE PeNNSYLVANLx DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS ANH WATERS IS MAINTAINING 26 PUBLIC CAMPING GROUNDS ON TH.. State Forests. v--^- ^?» .-lib* r^>::: 11 •» • r IN THE State Forests of Pennsylvania are Many Attractive Drives ano Rest Places. Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX, No. 5. HAVING A GOOD TIME AMONG THE Bl<. TREES AT A PUBLIC CaMP.NC; GROUND ON THE STATE FORPST IN POTTER COUNTY. PENNSYLVANIA. ruKKHT ii "''hioL\TSZ7J'''"'''"T" "^ "^"'"^ ''""' '" P'*'"-"V'-VAN.A m GROWINO ALONO THK LINCOLN HIGHWAY ON THE MiCHAUX STATE FOREST NEAR CALEDONIA IN FRANKLIN COONTV, PENNSYLVANIA. It FoRKST Leaves, Vol. XIX. No. 5. Forest Leaves. Vol. XIX. No. 5. T.MKHK IS Xo IJKTTKR PLACK TO PLAV AND RksT Than Among THE TUEES. ThK PkNNSYLVANM DEPARTMENT OP FoRESTS AM, WATERS ,S MAINTAINING 2.. PUHLU- ('aMPLVO GROrNI.S ON TH.. State Forests. HAVING A GOO., T.MK A.... T„E U.: TREES AT A PvUUr ('^^,P,NO ,Uun'SU ON THE STATE FoREST IN Potter CorNTv. PENNsvLVAxrA. r<>if».si IN THE STATE FoRESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA ARE MANV ATTRACTIVE DRIVES AXa, KksT PLACES. " Hiclnvlv'orT^^KV"'''''^"" ^"' '''"''"'■ '''""^ '" PENNSYLVANIA .s (Jr<.w.n<; Alono THK L.NCOLN HH.inVAV ON THE MiCHAUX STATE FOREST XeaR TALEUONIA IN FRANKLIN CoUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES 73 them have now reached the stage where trapping game for stocking purposes in other sections is possible without seriously affecting the local supply. There are still a number of sections of Penn- sylvania where large game refuges should be established, but the most imperative need now is a larue number of the small or auxiliary refuges, which may be established almost anywhere in the State by the landowners turning over to the Department the hunting rights on a thousand or more acres in a block for a term of ten (10) or more years. In the Eastern part of Pennsylvania there are not many game refuges, largely because the lands are held by coal companies and other large corporations who have up to this time not seen fit to turn over to the State the hunting rights on part of their lands for this purpose. In many of the counties in which lands have not yet been placed at the disposal of the Board of Game Commissioners for refuge purposes, it is also quite noticeable that the forest fire situation is extremely bad. Upon taking the matter of refuges and curbing forest fires up with interested sportsmen in some of the sections where private lands should be set aside for game refuge purposes, the writer has been told time after time that if the landowners (very frequently the employers of those speak- ing) Avould turn over to the sportsmen in different localities a tract of land for a State game refuge, \vhich might be looked upon as the property of the sportsmen for a period of ten or more years, the forest fire question could be controlled quite easily, because the hunters in the surrounding territory would take a personal interest in the refuge and surrounding lands, whereas at this time they simply look upon it as some of the com- pany's land, the burning of which means nothing to them. I would suggest that every member of this organization urge upon the large holders of lands in the Eastern part of the State the advisability of turning over to the State the hunting rights on certain portions of their holdings in order that crame refuges may be established, and I am satisfied that they will be repaid many times over for this cooperation with the sportsmen in their respective localities. In order to protect our forests we must appeal to the personal interest of every man, woman and child, and this is one way in which the eastern section of the State, especially the mining districts, can be given badly needed protection. A new Allegheny National Forest has been created in Pennsylvania. Trees and Religion J. S. UUck TREE worship is probably one of the very earliest forms of divine rituals. Sacred trees appeared in the most ancient mythol- ogies and lingered in the last remnants of heathenism. No one knows exactly how tree worship started, but it was a common practice among primitive races who believed that any- thing that shows signs of life must possess a soul or spirit. A thing so stately and so inspir- ing as a tree, which lives so much longer and gets so much bigger than man, could not but win the adoration of early jnankind. The Bible from the beginning to the end is dotted with references to trees. From the third chapter of Genesis to the last chapter of Reve- lation the tree is used as a medium conveying great spiritual truths to humanity. In Biblical times the Caananites planted a sacred tree beside each altar, and the Israelites, adopting their custom, set up sanctuaries under the shade of groves. At Shechem, Joshua took a great stone and set it up under an oak. It was also under an oak that the Angel of the Lord came, sat, and spoke to Gideon. The Prophetess Deborah dwelt under a palm tree. It is believed that Solomon planted some wonderful trees in his temple. When David inquired of the Lord how and when he should attack the Phillistines, he was told to * * come upon them over against the mulberry tree.'' Isaiah draws a more vivid pic- ture when he says, '*He heweth down cedars and taketh the cypress and oak which he strengthen- eth for himself among the trees of the forest and he planteth an ash, and the rain doth nourish it.'* At one time in the world's history it was the belief that two trees were the progenitors of the human race. The Eddas had it that after the creation of heaven and earth, Odin and! his brothers while walking by the sea came upon two trees and changed them into human beings, the one a male and the other a female. The name Ash was given to the male (having come from the ash tree), and the name Embla was bestowed on the female (having come from an elm). We may be inclined to relegate tree worship to the dim and shady past, but history tells us that spiritual reverence of trees has a wider footing today than would seem possible. If one were standing in certain parts of Arabia at this mo- ment he would see tribesmen worshipping under the heglik tree. Traveling on the Congo Coast one could not touch certain sacred trees in peril 74 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES of life. In Guinea there appears a holy tree before each village. In Bengal the people re- gard the Sal tree as a national protector. The old peasant in Austria begs the pardon of trees when he fells them, for he believes that trees suffer pain. Philippine Islanders believe that the souls of their ancestors are in certain trees, which they, therefore, spare. The peasants of South Slavonia and Bulgaria believe that tree spirits may be forced to do their duty for by threaten- ing a barren fruit tree with an axe three times on Christmas eve it will, through fear of death, bear bountifully the next season. No farther away from us than the Bohemians the first apple borne on a tree is sometimes plucked and eaten by a mother of many children. This gives assurance of productivity for the trees. To this day the maidens of Silesia place an apple — a tree product— under their pillows on New Year's Eve and expect to see their future husbands in a dream at midnight. Whether they do this or not probably depends upon the tran- quility or perversity of their digestion; but even her American and English sisters lapse occasion- ally into a romantic tree superstition which has -come down from the barbaric past. ^ These beliefs are not confined only to ancient times and foreign lands, but are found among us. Among the many tree superstitions of Penn'^ sylvania are the following: 1. Trees that do not bear well should be shaken or whipped on Good Friday. 2. Drive nails in trees that do not bear well. 3. Hang pieces of iron on trees that do not bear well. 4. An apple tree will bear well if a dead lamb is hung on its branches. 5. When planting a tree tramp the ground in the direction of the sun, that is, east to west. 6. Wood from a tree struck by lightning must never be burned in a house for fear of fire. 7. If trees blossom in the dark of the moon, they will never bear fruit. 8. A sprig of Mountain Ash is placed on the lapel of the coat or on the dress of young folks to keep away evil spirits. This custom was wide- ly used in northern Pennsylvania bv parents when their sons and daughters left home on a loni> journey or a stay at school. It was their be"^ lief that the Mountain Ash sprigs would keep away evil spirits and ward off evil hands. J). A sprig of Mountain Ash was tied to the tails of cows to keep away the evil spirit and thus prevent them from giving bloody milk, meet- ing an untimely death, or other misfortunes. Indeed, we may not go away from, home to find examples of tree superstition and beliefs They come to us from the ancient past. Let us ask ourselves why we decorate our homes with holly and mistletoe at Christmas time? This is a festive custom originated by our barbarous an- cestors, who believed that the holly and mistletoe brought into the house the spirit which inhabited them and kept them bright and green on this day. Men ^s attitude towards the woods has changed. In medieval times the woods were the abode of evil spirits. They filled the medieval mind with fear. To Dante it was a dreadful thing to be lost in the wild woods. He pictured forest gloom where owls peeped out of every hole, bats fly about blindly, wild cats lay in ambush at every turn, and snakes wiggle among the roots. To the modern mind the woods is the wonder- ful handiwork of a beneficent God. Emerson says ^'In the woods a man casts off his years as the snake his slough, and at what period so ever in life is always a child. In the woods is perpetual youth.'* Robert Louis Stevenson delights in lying among the trees and being afield. He sees the beautiful in trees, admires their makeup, en- joys their shade and shelter, and feels their warmth and affection. The modern child may he fearful of mighty trees. This is nothing other than proof that the thoughts of the child are akin to those of the childhood of the race. Tom Hood wrote so well when he said: ''I remember, I remember. The fir tree dark and high; I used to think their slender tops Were close against the sky." In tree worship we find nothing but beauty and idealism. There occurs nothing repulsive or revolting in it. As we look upon the grace, sym- metry, nobility, and grandeur of stately trees, it is not hard for us to imagine the circumstances and conditions under which we ourselves mi?ht worship them. 75 ■ -e-. .r -'«.%.:r~ii.^ Sugar maples are often found marked h\ heavy ridges going obliquely part way around the tnink or partially encircling a large limb. The foliage on the tree above the affected portion dies. This ridge is made by the larva or grub of beetle known as the sugar maple borer. It re<]uires about 18 months to become full grown, when it is about 2 inches long. The only suggestion for control is to put some carbon bisulphide on each burrow and plug the entrance with mud. Chemical Wood Plants in Pennsylvania FIGURES compiled by the Department of Forests and Waters show that there are 40 chemical wood plants in Pennsylvania. They have an annual capacity of 400,000 cords of wood. Each day they use about 1,375 cords. The distillation of wood for chemical products is a young business in Pennsylvania. The first plant was erected in the State in 1869 at Brandt in Susquehanna County. This was only 17 years after the first chemical wood plant began operat- ing in the United States. Most of the plants in the State are in the north-tier counties where birch, beech and maple wood are plentiful. These three woods are the best that are available for the manufacture of chemicals. Of the 40 chemical wood plants in the State, 18 are located in McKean County. The largest plant in the State is at Betula in McKean County. It has a capacity of 140 cords each day. The second largest is at Mayburg in Forest County. It has a daily capacity of 104 cords. The distillation of chemical wood is nothing more than the carbonizing or roasting of wood for the purpose of deriving from it charcoal and chemical products. The principal chemical prod- ucts are wood alcohol, acetate of lime, wood tar and wood gas. From each cord of wood are derived approximately 9 gallons of alcohol, 189 })ounds of acetate of lime and 47 bushels of char- coal. The wood tar and wood gas are not market- ed. The total value of the products turned out by all the chemical wood plants in Pennsylvania during 1920 was almost $8,000,000. The products derived from the distillation of hardwoods are used in hundreds of ways in every- day life. The alcohol is used for fuel, in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, celluloid, analine dyes, smokeless powder, photographic films, transparent soap and artificial leather. The acetate of lime is used in the manufacture of white lead, chloroform, drugs, varnishes, paints, artificial leather, high explosives, in the textile industries and in the manufacture of artificial vuiegar. The charcoal is used for fuel, chicken aud cattle feed, as a deodorizer, also in the manu- facture of high grade steel, powder, medicines, artitieial fertilizer and as a filtrate in the manu- lacture of chemicals. All the chemical plants of the State were visited and the woods operations were carefully studied. It was found that the companies now operating in the State own 136,000 acres of forest 'and. This land will supply much wood, but not enou 1923, as Arbor Day and Bird Day, and in his proc- lamation has pointed out the reasons that make the study of the birds and trees of importance to every citizen. Poetry, song, and story in countless Avays teach us the importance of the forests and the birds. On this day, let us fix our attention upon the needs of the birds and the trees. Let every school plan its exercises for the observance of Arbor Day and Bird Day in such a way that pupils and teachers have vividly before them the conservation of our forests, the reforesting of our bare hillsides, the prevention of forest fires and the deepening of our appreciation and affec- tion for the trees. Let us learn what is now being done by our State, through its Department of Forests and Waters, to further these ends, and let us learn how we may most effectively co-oper- ate in this work. Let us also recognize our duty to conserve and protect the birds, in return for the beauty and cheer they bring to us, as well as for the inestimably valuable services they per- form in fields and woods. To insure the greatest value to the special exer- cises arranged for Bird Day and Arbor Day, let every school endeavor to plant one or more trees on the school grounds, along the highway or on the neighboring hillside, as an integral part of these exercises. In the same way, let active measures be planned or executed, looking to the provision of shelter, food or protection for our birds, as the need shall appear in each commu- nity. As this Arbor Day and Bird Day passes, let us all keep in mind that the services rendered the State and Nation by the trees and birds go on continually throughout the year, and let us see to it that in return their interests are observed and protected all through the year. Let each school make this Arbor Day and Bird Day celebration a time of awakening and stimu- lating enthusiastic and sympathetic understand- ing of the contributions of the birds and trees to the life of our Commonwealth and Nation, to the end that these inarticulate friends may be more intelligently safeguarded in the perform- ance of their vitally important tasks in our be- half. J. George Becht, Supt. of Public Instruction, FOREST LEAVES 77 President Coolidge Creates Allegheny National Forest ANEW National Forest, to be known as the Allegheny, has been created in PeniisyK vania pursuant to a presidential proela- mation, dated September 24th. This is the first national forest to be created during President Coolidge 's administration and brings the total number of forests under the supervision of the United States Department of Agriculture, up to 146, embracing a total net area of about 157. 337,000 acres. ' The Allegheny National Forest is also the first forest under Federal control to be established in Pennsylvania. Unlike the national forests which were created out of the public domain, this newly-created for- est is to be built up entirely of lands to be pur- chased from private owners and about 100,000 acres are now under purchase agreement. The outside boundaries of the new forest embrace a gross area of about 740,000 acres in Warren, Mc- Kean, Forest, and Elk Counties. This acreage is situated on the watershed of the Allegheny River, a tributary of the Ohio River and a troublesome factor in the frequently recurring floods which menace navigation, industry, property, and lives in the region centering at Pittsburgh. The Government's purchase program contem- plates the eventual acquisition of all forest lands within the proclaimed area for the primary pur- pose of affording protection to this section of the Allegheny River drainage. A secondary purpose is to assure this highly industrialized region a continuous supply of locally-grown essential for- est products. Department of Agriculture offilcials state there is probably no other section in the United States where forest resources are as closely utilized as in this region. Practically all forest growth down to two-inch diameters can be used, making it possible to dispose not only of mature trees for lumber, structural timbers, and railroad ties, but also of the limbs and small branches for man- ufacture of charcoal, wood-alcohol, etc. The region as a whole has been closely cut and much of the watershed has been repeatedly dev- astated by fires. Possibilities for future tim- ber growth are excellently illustrated, however, by a magnificent stand of virgin white pine tim- ber which is still to be found in one section of the new forest. It is said that this stand of white pine represents the maximum development ever attained by this species in quantity per acre and quality of wood. The West African Oil Palm tHE West African Oil Palm {Elaesis guineensis) has an interesting natural dis- tribution for it is confined to tropical Africa and occurs most abundantly in the coun- tries bordering the Gulf of Guinea. Maximum development is reached in a coastal beft of about 300 miles wide, stretching round the Gulf from the Gambia in the west to Angola in the south. This region, as is well known, is the area of maximum rainfall on the coast and also closely corresponds to the limit of the famous evergreen **rain foresf in which the oil palms, and many other economic plants, occur in great abundance. By far the most important producing country is Nigeria, other large contributors being the Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, the Congo, Dahomey, the Ivory Coast, Togoland, the Cameroons and Portuguese Guinea; while smaller quantities are derived from the Gambia, Angola, French Guinea, Senegal, Gaboon, etc. The extent of the trade may be gauged from the estimated amount of the annual export of the oil products of this palm, which is put at prob- ably not less than 530,000 tons — a volume of raw material which directly and indirectly affords employment to many thousands of people and re- sults in the ultimate turnover of many millions of pounds. The plant which is the source of this wealth is a magnificent palm with a straight trunk covered with leaf scars, reaching at maturity a height of about sixty feet, and bearing at its top a graceful arching crown of beautiful feather-shaped leaves which may attain a length of sixteen feet or more. In favorable districts, the pvalms occur in dense forests and, taking into account the existence of probably millions of plants, it needs little bo- tanical experience to surmise that more than one race, or even species, of oil palm! may occur. The commercial oils are obtained from the fniits of the palm, and these in their turn are derived from the flowers. The latter are of two kinds, viz., male and female, but both kinds of flowers occur on one and the same palm, though they are grouped in separate clusters or "inflor- escences." The small (and in themselves inconspicuous) male flowers occur in thousands, arranged in spikes situated on a stout central stalk. The whole '*head" (inflorescence) of male flowers, which at first is enclosed in a leaf-like sheath, measures from 6 to 10 inches in length, and occurs among the leaf bases in the upper part of the crown of leaves. These male flowers produce relatively enormous quantities of yellow pollen which, of course, is required for the fer- tilization of the female flowers. The latter, like the male flowers, are arranged in spikes which are massed together in ** heads,'' but the female I* heads'' are much larger than the correspond- ing male structures. Later, when in full fruit, they sometimes measure a foot or more in diame- ter and weigh many pounds. They also occur among the leaf bases, but are situated below the male flowers. It is, of course, the female flowers which, when fertilized by the male pollen, give rise to the oily fruits, which are the basis of the palm oil trade. Nature, however, has arranged that the pollen of any particular oil palm shall not fertilize the female flowers of the same palm, inasmuch as the male flowers of any one palm are ready to shed their pollen before the female flowers are suflSeiently developed to be pollinated. By this means cross pollination is secured, and although comparatively little definite information on the subject is available, it seems likely that the pollen is transferred from one palm to another by in- sects, and possibly also by the agency of the wind. A well-developed fruiting head contains up to a thousand fruits or more, each fruit being a yel- low (sometimes whitish) oval, pointed body from U to 1% inches long. A brief description of these fruits will indicate their remarkable char- acter and explain why they render the African Oil Palm one of the most valuable commercial plants in the world. The outer part of the fruit consists of a thick, yellow, fibrous layer, containing abundance of a yellow oil. This layer is now known even in commercial circles under its botanical designation of "peri- carp," and yields the yellow "palm oil" of trade. When the pericarp is removed we find a black- ish nut, somewhat larger than a well developed Barcelona nut, with a thick wall of stony hard- ness. Inside this nut we have the oil palm's sec- ond string to its bow in the shape of the (usual- ly) single kernel ("palm kernels" of commerce), which is the actual seed of the palm. This kernel is covered with a dark brown or black skin, but inside, is composed of firm, pearly white tissue, rich in the white "palm kernel oil" which is somewhat more valuable than the yellow palm oil. So that in the fruit of the West African Oil Palm we have two distinct kinds of commercial II 78 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES I I oils derived horn different parts of the fruit. The first step in obtaining the oils is the col- lection of the fruits. This is not a simple matter, for the palms must not be injured in the process. The native, there- fore, climbs the trees by means of an ingenious bodysling, and cuts out the ripe fruiting heads which fall to the ground. The fruits are then separated from the head, and put on one side for the extraction of the oil and kernels. As regards the actual winning of the two oils yielded by the fruits, it is important to note that, so far, all the palm oil (yellow pei-icarp oil) ex- ported from West Africa has been prepared on the spot and exported as such; while in the case of the palm kernel oil, local work hitherto has ceased at the separation of the kernels from their shells, the kernels being exported to Europe for extraction of the oil by modern processes which have not been feasible under the conditions ob- taining in West Africa. Recently, however, a start has been made under European auspices to prepare palm kernel oil on the spot, and, at the present time, a small but increasing export of the oil is developing from Nigeria. The native methods of preparing the yellow palm oil are crude and wasteful, and vary con- siderably in different parts of the coast. The best qualities of oil (e. g., the better grades of the Lagos ^^soft^' oils of the trade) are pre- pared by boiling the fresh ripe fruits in water to soften them, and then pounding them to reduce the pericarp to an oily pulp, from which the palm nuts are removed, and set aside for further treatment. The pulp is then transferred to a pot of boil- ing water, and when the melted oil rises to the surface it is skimmed off and subsequently dari- faed by straining and boiling, until a clear, limpid product is obtained. At the other end of the scale, however, are the more or less rancid '^hard^' oils, of which the U)ngo qualities are good examples. In preparing these oils, trouble and fuel are saved in effect! ing the softening and separation of the pericarp by burying the fruits in the ground for a period varying from three to eight weeks or more, when the pericarp undergoes a partial decomposition or termentation, enabling it to separate readily from the nuts. At the same time, however, the oil it- self has been partially decomposed and become rancid. As m the previous case, the pulp is then boiled in water, and the liquid oil rising to the surface is collected and allowed to set in earthen- ware receptacles. 79 A large part of the palm oil entering the mar- ket, however, is known as ''mixed'' or ''medium" oil, a term which does not necessarily imply that hard and soft oils have been bulked together, but rather that the mixed oils are more or less inter- mediate in character between the oils mentioned Tliis intermediate character results from methods of preparation which cause a limited fermenta- tion, involving, of course, a restricted decomposi- tion of the oil. The relative "softness'' and "hardness" of the oils plays an important part in determininc^ their market value. The partial breaking down of the oil resulting from the fermentation, causes the separation, within the oil, of the "free fatty acids" (the "F. F. A." of the trade) which are of greater physical hardness than the oil from which they are derived. The objection of the manufacturers to oils of this class, is based mainly on the fact that such oils, and also inferior "mixed" oils, yield less of the valuable by-product glycerine when used in soap manufacture (one of the principal indus- trial uses of palm oil) than do the soft oils. These facts are reflected in the prices obtained for oils of the two classes. Thus, taking typical prices before the war, market quotations in Liverpool in 1913 were £31 5s. to £31 7s. 3d per ton for Lagos "soft" oil, as against £26 to £25 OS. per ton for Congo "hard" oil. Down to quite recent years, virtually the whole of the palm oil produced in West Africa has been laboriously and crudely prepared by hard labor, chiefly that of women and girls, while the quality ot the product has been admittedly below attain- able standards ; moreover, it has long been known that enormous quantities of oil are lost annually in consequence of the wasteful methods adopted. The situation would seem to present a splendid opportunity for the introduction of machinery, and It is remarkable that only within the last decade or so have serious attempts been made to tackle the question. At the present time, however, serviceable machinery is being employed which removes the pericarp from the fruits, the oily pulp being then transferred to presses where the expression of the oil IS effected under controlled conditions of tem- perature. The employment of such machines effects great economies in production, and also results in the production of a clean oil of good, dependable quality. So far, a plant of this kind is almost en- tirely in the hands of European companies. The palm "nuts" which were separated from the oily pericarp, and set aside for subsequent treatment, have now to be dealt with in order to obtain the kernels. As a first step, the nuts are spread out in, the sun for a week or more in order to cause the kernels to shrink from the shells and so render their removal easy. The subsequent procedure, however, is almost incredible. Millions upon millions of palm kernels are exported from West Africa every year, yet, until comparatively recently, every single kernel has been obtained by the deliberate cracking by hand, between two pieces of stone, of the sep- arated individual nuts, one by one, followed by the picking out, separately, of the individual kernels. Effective machines for this purpose are now available, but, in spite of their increasing usq (chiefly by European undertakings), the great bulk of the palm nuts are still cracked by hand. The kernels are collected and shipped to Europe where the oil is obtained either by pres- sure in machine presses, or extracted by solvents from which the oil is obtained subsequently by evaporation. The nut shells form a good fuel, but at present have no regular industrial use. During the war, however, palm nut shells (as in the case of coco- nut shells) were largely used for the manufac- ture of a charcoal which was found to be admir- ably suited for use in gas masks as an absorbent of noxious fumes. The primary value of palm oil to the West African native is as a foodstuff which is chiefly used as an oily basis for the preparation of soups, stews, and dishes of all kinds; and "palm oil chop" is familiar enough to Europeans on the coast. The oil used for this purpose is, usually, care- fully prepared from fresh fruits, and has con- siderable dietetic value. When fresh, it has an odor of violets, and is much appreciated by the natives. In certain districts the natives are also ac- quainted with the use of the oil for making soap, ^ich they prepare by mixing the oil with ashes obtamed by burning banana leaves. This fact is interesting, since the manufacture of soap and candles is one of the chief uses to which palm oil IS put in industrial Europe, where enormous quantities are employed for soap making. Another important use is the Welsh tin-plate I'ade, where palm oil (commonly mixed with cot- ton-seed oil and certain mineral oils) is exten- sively used for coating the heated iron plates previous to the "tinning" process, in order to prevent oxidation. It will also be remembered that, as mentioned in a recent issue of Imperial Commerce, oil engines have now been designed which successfully use palm oil as a "fuel." The oil from the kernels (palm kernel oil) finds somewhat different uses. Like palm oil> it is solid fat (white) at temperatures obtaining in this country. Relatively small quantities of the kernels are used locally, the bulk being exported. Before the war this trade was very largely in the hands of Germany as is shown by the fact that in 1913, of a total export of 174,720 fons of palm kernels from Nigeria, valued at £3,109,820, no less than 131,886 tons, valued at £2,405,624, were sent to Germany, the British import being only 30,345 tons, valued at £511,541. Further, Germany in the same year obtained an additional 100,000 tons of kernels, worth over £1,000,000, from other West African countries, British and foreign. During the wai', however, the kernels were sent to England and an important trade in them has been built up which it is to be hoped will be retained. Two products are obtained from the kernels, viz., white palm-kernel oil, and oil-eake. The oil has a pleasant nutty taste and is used not only for making soap and candles, but also to an increasing extent for the manufacture of margarine, vegetable butters, cooking fats, and fats used in making chocolates and confectionery. The oil is well suited for margarine and it is esti- mated that probably 40,000 tons are now used annually in Europe for this purpose. The oil-cake is a most valuable feeding stuff for live stock and is especially useful as a food for dairy cattle, for which purpose it was highly prized in Germany and other European coun- tries. In this country, however, it is by no means widely known. One of the most remarkable facts in connecr tion with the palm oil trade is, that practically the whole of the palm oil and palm kernels enter- ing commerce are derived from wild plants. In many parts of West Africa, the more intelli- gent natives have realized the advantages result- ing from even a limited amount of attention to the palm, e. g., clearing the jungle from the im- mediate neighborhood of the individual trees, and removing from the trunks the accumulated old leaf stalks and debris; while in certain districts, plantations and groves of the palm have been established. Nevertheless, the great bulk of the palms are quite wild and receive no attention at all. The abundance of the palms, and relatively cheap labor, has hitherto left West Africa in an 80 FOREST LEAVES it iP ill apparently unassailable position as regards oil palm products, but there is clear evidence that the position is now to be definitely challenged by the European planter, in other parts of the tropics, who knows the power of the combined weapons of organization and sound agricultural methods. For some years past, successful experiments with Elaeis guineensis have been carried out in Malaya and Sumatra, and impetus has be^n given to the embryo industry by the misfortune which, for the time being, has fallen upon the rubber in- dustry. Rubber planters, in looking round for alterna- tive crops, have fixed attention upon the African Oil Palm, and already thousands of acres are carefully laid out with this plant which, almost for the first time in its history, is being regularly cultivated, and its needs carefully studied. Further, oil is already being produced for export. From the beginning of the experiments, it was clear that the oil palm in the East yielded earlier and more abundantly than in its native home of Guinea, and this fact gives well-founded hopes as to the possibilities obtainable with scientific culti- vation and study of the plant. With the quiet common sense that usually characterizes the agri- cultural undertakings of the Dutch in the tropics, botanical study of the palm in Sumatra has al- ready been commenced, and has achieved results which are thoroughly deserved. The remarkable exhibits of fruit heads obtained by artificial pollination (/* fertilization^') which were ex- hibited by the Dutch botanical authorities at the Rubber Exhibition last year, were an object les- son of the value of such scientific work. The moral is clear. West Africa (and in par- ticular British West Africa) should take immedi- ate steps to organize the palm oil industry on lines as modern as circumstances will permit. It is known that the yield of an average oil palm on the coast can be greatly increased by simple cultural methods and, when necessary, the planting of selected varieties of palm should be undertaken. Further, the use of machinery in the prepar- ation of the oils should be seriously taken in hand, for it goes without saying that the planters in the East will make every effort to obtain and use the best labor-saving appliances, thus providing better qualities of the product at a lower cost. The situation for West Africa is not without its serious side when one takes into account the degree of dependence of that region upon the oil palm. An analogy full of valuable teaching may be found in the history of the rubber industry. At the beginning of rubber planting in the East nothing, was clearer, to short-sighted persons' than that the position of Brazil as a rubbei-pro-' ducing country was unassailable; the abundance of wild trees, and cheap native labor experienced in the industry, rendered her position safe. Never- theless, the Brazilian rubber tree, transplanted to the East, and cultivated with great skill in highly organized plantations, has, in thirty years reduced the once predominant Brazilian rubber industry to relatively negligible proportions. Ab- sit omen. Agricola. New Publications Farm Woodlands— By James Berthold Berry, M.S. In New-World Agriculture Series, edited by W. J. Spillman. 8vo. Cloth. 425 pages. Illustrated. Price, $2.00. World Book Co., Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York. Farm Woodlands is a textbook for students of agriculture in schools and colleges and a hand- book for practical farmers and estate managers. It is a guide for the study and practice of farm or woodland forestry. The book covers practical- ly every phase of the subject, from a chapter on the calculation of costs and profits to a short paragraph on the inspirational effect of forests. The utilization of waste land in the produc- tion of wood for fuel, the establishment of shel- ter belts, the plantin^r of eroded slopes, and the proper use and care of shade trees are treated most effectively. The chapters on the utiliza- tion of wood products and by-products, such as turpentine and maple syrup, are worked out so that the method of production and the market and possible returns can be readily comprehend- ed. The way in which to determine the amount of growing stock, the purposes and methods of improvement cutting, and the factors in reorgan- izing the woodland are all fully explained. While the practical aspects of farm forestry occupy about three-fourths of the book, the author has included an ample treatment of the tree as a living thing. He also explains in a readable way, the many varied influences of the forest upon civilization, climate, erosion, navi- gation, etc., and gives a clear view of the con- dition of the world's wood supply and the forest situation in this country. Tree and wood descriptions are not included, but separate pamphlets on the northern, south- ern and western trees are prepared for the dif- ferent forest regions. FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia I'oat-Office as seoood-daM matter, under Act of March 3d, 1879 Vol. XIX— No. 6 PHILADELPHIA, DECEMBER. 1923 Whole Number 217 Editorials THE Annual Meeting: of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association for the election of officers and the presentation of reports will be held in the Gold Room of the Citv Club, 31.) South Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa., at 3 P. M., on Monday, December 10th, 1923. We trust all of our members who can will be pres- ent. ON Monday, October 29th, at 2 P. M., the Memorial Tablet to Dr. Joseph Trimble Rothrock was dedicated. The bronze medallion portrait with a suitable inscription has been placed in a prominent place on the wall of the main corridor close to the rotunda of the Caj)itol at Harrisbur^, Pa. A larii-e and representative audience attend- ed the dedication to render just tribute to the 'VFathov of Forestry in Pennsylvania," who has g:one to his reward. The dedicatory services wore opened by an invocation by Bishop James Henry Darlington. The presentation address was made by Dv. Henry S. Drinker. The tablet was re- ceived on behalf of the State of Pennsylvania by His Kxcellency, Gifford Pinchot, Governor, in a lew well chosen remarks. Major R. Y. Stuart, Secretary of the Department of Forests and Waters, ijiade an address, givinti: a summary of Dr. Rothrock ^s connection with the forestry in- t(Mests of Pennsylvania. All of these addresses will be found on other pages of this issue. Forest Policy of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States TO assure a permanent future supply of timber, the Chamber of Commerce of the United States has advocated the adoption «^' 51 broad national forestry policy. The Cham- '>er's i)osition is taken as the result of a referen- |iini. vote just completed among more than 1,300 Inisiness organizations making up the national organization's membership. A preliminary canvass of votes cast shows that seven out of eight specific proposals contained in the referendum carried by a wide margin. The recommendation which was not endorsed provided for the setting up of a national forest advisory council. Commercial and industrial organizations in forty-seven states, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Cuba and Haiti participated in the ref- erendum. The recommendations submitted and vote on each follow: I. *^That the federal government should, for protection of headquarters of navigable streams and to the extent permitted by existing law, ac- quire, reseedj, and replant waste lands on which reproduction of forest growth cannot be obtained by natural means, with discretion in the Secretary of Agnculture to prefer lands in states which provide at least an equal amount of funds for acquisition of such lands. For, 1887; Against. 201. > » & ; IL *'That states and municipalities should ac- quire, reseed, and replant the remainder of such waste lands. For, 1887^; Against, 1963^. III. ^ ^ That Congress should enact new legisla- tion with reference to other classes of timberland, to make provision for cooperation of federal government, state governments, and timber owners in protection and reproduction of timber. For, 1724; Against, 356. IV. ^'That such new federal legislation should condition use of federal funds upon the state : Having a forestry or conservation commission: Formulating a code of forest management ac- ceptable to the federal Department of Agri- culture and aimed to secure continuous forest production, observance of the code to be ob- tained through voluntary agreements entered into between the proper public authorities and the land or timber owners of considerable areas within the state; Maintaining adequate protection of timberlands from fire, with funds coming from state and private sources at least equal to federal funds used for this purpose; Basing taxation of growing timber upon the 82 FOREST LEAVES principle of the yield tax, with reasonable uniformity among the states in such taxa- tion. For, 1556; Against, 523. V. *^That Congress should create a national forest council to have functions of advice to ad- ministrative officials and a membership of nine, one to be the federal forester and the others to represent views of the public, timber men, and foresters, members of the council to serve without remuneration. For, 1358%; Against, TOVA; Necessary to carry, 1373; Not committed. VI. ^'That Congress should provide for a national survey and inventory of forest resources. For, 1761H ; Against, 292^. VII. ^'That Congress should increase the federal appropriations available for protection of timber lands against fire. For 19873^; Against, 98H. VIII. ''That Congress should provide for en- largement of federal research and experiment in forest products. ' ' For, 1908j^ ; Against, 164^. Blister Rust in Pennsylvania AFTER weeks of careful scouting for fur- ther evidences of White Pine Blister Rust in the northeastern part of the State, specialists of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Penn. sylvania Department of Agriculture, report this disease as being confined to the small area origi- nally discovered in the extreme northern end of Wayne County in 1921. The customary summer inspection of the northeasterly section, including Lycoming, Pot- ter, Tioga and McKean counties, was made dur- ing the first half of September by the Pennsyl- vania officials in co-operation with the Plant Dis- ease Survey Office in Washington, D. C, to de- termine if the disease had made additional spread southward out of New York. Blister rust is an important economic disease of the white pine, readily killing the young trees especially. It has caused heavy losses in the New England States, particularly in areas where there is much young second growth. It was im- ported from Europe in 1905 and a little that was brought into Pennsylvania in 1916 was sup- pressed through the prompt action of the State Department of Agriculture. No trace of the dis- ease was afterward found in this State until 1921 although during the same period, it had become quite prevalent in New York and New England. In spite of the danger of this destructive dis- ease, the State Department of Forests and Waters has not found it necessary to discontinue the rearing of white pine in its nursery plots FOREST LEAVES because the method of controlling blister rust is comparatively easy, albeit strange. Though it is a far call in the plant kingdom from th6 stately white pine to the lowly currant or gooseberry, yet a relationship exists that few would at first suspect. By one of those strange and freakish combinations that the scientist is constantly bringing to notice, the spread of blis- ter rust in white pine is entirely dependent on wild or cultivated gooseberries and currants. The removal of these useless or unimportant plants from the vicinity of a white pine plantation has therefore been found to give ample protection from a disease which would otherwise destroy the plants very rapidly. 83 Presentation Address* Invocation* By the Rt. Rev. Dr. James Henry Darlington OGOD, whose days are without end and whose mercies cannot be numbered, whose care is over all that Thou hast made, we ask Thy blessing upon us, citizens of Pennsylvania, now, as we gather to honor the memory of Dr. Joseph Trimble Rothrock, who, by his long, unselfish and loyal life, dedicated to the service of commonwealth and country hon- ored his official position and the people he so eminently represented and served. We feel that by his example he is still with U9, energizing ever to higher ideals and greater devotion to public and private duty. We bear affectionate testimony to Doctor Rothrock 's truth, sincerity and uprightness. We believe, in the words of Holy Seripture, that *'The words of his mouth, and the meditation of his heart were always acceptable in Thy sight, 0 Lord." He exemplified most remarkably in our day and sight, the words spoken thousand* of years ago by the Hebrew prophet, Micah, portraying the highest type of manhood. ''He hath shewed thee, 0 man, what is good; and what doth the I^rd require of thee; but to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God.'' May we be equally true to conscience, our country and our state, and may this richly de- served tablet, which we dedicate here today, re- mind us of our duty to live courageously, but peaceably with all men, and to be eternally and entirely loyal to our country, to this Keystone State, aiid to the community in which we dwell. We ask this gift of patriotism and faithful- ness, and Thy continued blessing on our State, through Jesus Christ our Ix)rd. Amen. •Made at Dedication of Rothrock Memorial Tablet. By Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association WE are met here today to dedicate, and to present to the State of Pennsylvania, this Memorial Tablet commemorating the services to our State and Country of our be- loved and revered friend and associate. Dr. Jos- eph Trimble Rothrock. Horn at McVeytown, Pennsylvania, on April 9th, 1839, his long life presented an ideal pic- ture of patriotic devotion to duty and to the service of the State, of his Country, and of his fellow men. As a boy, he attended school at the Academy at Academia, and at Freeland Semi- nary in Montgomery County. Later he gradu- . ated from the Lawrence Scientific School at Har- vard with the degree of Bachelor of Science, and in 1867 from the Medical School of the Univers- ity of Pennsylvania, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He practiced medicine in the earlv 70 's at Wilkes-Barre. In the Civil War, he was quick to rise to the service and defence of our Union and served first as Corporal in the 131st Pennsylvania Infantry, and later as Captain of Company E in the 20th Cavalry; he was wounded at Fredericksburg, and was known as a brave and able soldier and officer. He was devoted to life in the open, and yearly visited and camped out in Maine for a deer hunt. In I860 and 1866, he was engaged in exploration work in British Columbia and Alaska in connec- tion with the then proposed overland telegraph line from the United States to Russia via Bering Strait ; later, as surgeon and botanist, he accom- panied the Wheeler Exploring Expedition of the United States west of the lOOth meridian. Dr. Rothrock held the professorship of Botany at State College, and later, in 1876, at the Uni- veisity of Pennsylvania. He attended botany eetnres at the University of Strassburg under I'e liary, and demonstrated in Europe for the nrst time, the triple stain in microscopic botany, jvhuh he had previously developed in America, lie was appointed the first lecturer in the Mi- f'haux Course for the promotion of Forest botany and Forestry under the auspices of the AMKMioan Philosophical Society. l>r. Rothrock ^s main life work was devoted to the Pause of forestry. He was one of the or- Jjani^ers, in 1886, of the Pennsylvania Forestry j'Vssonation, and its first president. In 1893 ^^^^i^vania passed a law looking to the water •Made at Dedication of Rothrock Memorial Tablet. supply and timber interests of the State^ and Dr. Rothrock was appointed Botanist, and rendered in 1895 so convincing a report in regard to for- est conditions in Pennsylvania, that ike Legisla- ture established a Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture, and Dr. Rothrock was appointed Commissioner of Forestry. In 1901, the State created a Department of Fores- try, of which Dr. Rothrock became the he©d, serving in that capacity until 1904, when he re- signed as Commissioner, but remained an active member of the State Forest Commission until I his death on June 2, 1922, at the age of 83. He was. the founder of the State Forest Acad- emy at Mont Alto, now the Pennsvlvania State Forest School, and he established the State Sana- torium at Mont Alto, the first free Sanatorium for the open-air treatment of tuberculosis, which has done so much good, and which is now under the jurisdiction of the State Department of Health. Dr. Rothrock was universally looked up to and esteemed as a leader, devoted to unselfish, patri- otic work of a high order. He died, literallv in harness, energetic, active and devoted to for- warding the forestry interests of our State and Country, the importance of which he had seen and appreciated long before the coming exhaus- tion of our forests brought home the lesson to our people at large. On the tablet Ave are dedicating, Dr. Rothrock is named as **The Father of Forestry in Penn- sylvania. »^ He exemplified the typical traits and virtues of American manhood. He has left us the memory and example of one who embodied in his character and life, ''whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, what- soever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report. '' He was indeed, as Terence ex- presses it, ''Homo antiqua virtute ac fide.** *'A man with the old-time qualities of worth and faithfulness.** Mr. Governor, on behalf of the forest lovers of our State I present and deliver to the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, through you, the Gov- ernor of the State, this tablet, commemorative of a great Pennsylvanian, one whom you knew well, and whose memory you well know is worthy of the honor of being enshrined in this, the Capitol of our State, as that of one who loved and served and deserved well of his State and Country. Secure a copy of Bulletin 31, ''In Penn's Woods,** from the Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa. A splendid handbook of our State Forests. 84 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 85 Address of Acceptance By His Excellency, Gifford Pinchot, Governor of Pennsylvania DR. DRINKER) on behalf of the Common- Avealth of Pennsylvania I accept this tablet in memory of a man who has set us all an example most worthy to be followed. Dr. Rothrock was the Father of Forestry in Pennsylvania, but he was more. What he did for Forestry in this State has never been equaled in the history of our country by any other man in any other State. Dr. Rothrock 's service to his day, his State, and his Nation was varied as Roosevelt's service was varied. He was a man of many facets, who put supreme eneroy in each of the paths he fol- lowed. Soldiei-, sailor, botanist, explorer, farm^ir, forester, and much beside, he brought into every one of his multitudinous activities not only a degree of power which was most rare, but a qual- ity of citizenship which was larer still. Dr. Rothrock gave his service to the State ut- terly without regard for himself or the toil and pain which might come to him through that serv- ice, and he gave the best that was in him to the State of Pennsylvania until the last days of his life. Through the time of his greatest strength, through the time of his growing weakness, until his work meant the keenest sulTering, Dr. Roth- rock unswervingly and most gladly gave to his I>eople and to his Commonwealth the type of service which no other citizen of the State was able to render in his chosen field. It is most fitting from every point of view that a life such as his be remembered thi'oughout this State and throughout this Nation, for generations after he is gone. The result of his work will be felt in restored forests, protected industries, full streams, and prosi>erous j)eople, when even his name may be forgotten. It is most fitting that we should gather here under these circum- stances to receive as the gift of his friends, and on behalf of the Commonwealth which he loved and for which he labored, this most appropriate tribute to his memory. Dr. Drinkery I feel that I am expressing the deep obligation of the State to you and y«)ur associates for the gift of this memorial, and I think I may add the continuing obligation which those who follow us will increasingly owe not only for the tablet, not only for the sculpture, but for the inscnption, which is due directly to yourself. Dr. McKenzie, I wish to express to you also the obligation of the State, and to all those who made this memorial possible; and as a Forester I cannot refrain from saying in closing" how great is my pride that the man who above all else was a forest lover, a forest conserver, a forester, should be so honored, so beautifully and fittinuly honored, by his fellow citizens. The Father of Pennsylvania Forestry* •Mado at Dodlcatlon of Rothrock Memorial Tablet. By Major R. Y. Stuart, Secretary of the Depart- ment of Forests and Waters and Commissioner of Forestry DR. JOSEPH TRIMBLE ROTHROCK is justly praised as the Father of Penn- sylvania Forestry. He gave almost a half century of continuous and conscientious service to the promotion of forestry in bis native State. To him more than to any other individual belongs the honor of having developei] a public sentiment favorable to forestry in the early days of this important undertaking in Pennsylvania. In 1S55 F. Andre Michaux left a legacy of $14,000 to the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, which became available for for- est instruction in 1870. In 1877 Dr. Rothrock was appointed Michaux lecturer in forestry, in whiidi capacity he served until 1891. Durnig these fifteen years he taught and talked forestry wherever he found an audience willing to hear him. Then — almost fitty years ago — it was diili- cult to interest people in this subject, regarded bv many as little more than the ho-bbv of senti- mentalists. In spite of the small audiences that heard liim, he made many earnest advocates hy his clear and convincing statements about the forest situation and the future timber supply in Pennsyl /ania. In the course of time Dr. Rothrock 's efforts brought substantial results. In 1893 Governor Pattison appointed a commission to study and reiwrt on the forest conditions of the State. It was natural that he should appoint Dr. Rothrock a member of this first Forest Commission of Pennsyhania, when the initial attempt was made to })ring together a comprehensive statenu'nt of the actual forest situation in the Keystone State. The report was submitted to the Legislature on March 15, 189.5. The forest part of the report, prepared by Dr. Rothrock, comprised 342 pages, •Made at Dedication of Rothrock Memorial Tablet. and set forth in a clear, convincing way the real ('()n(lition of the State's forest growth and its relation to the dependent wood-using industries. This report will ever remain a memorial to his keen observation, prophetic vision, and sound judgment. In this early report are given the vast areas of desolation in the State, i)rincipally in the mountainous regions. Dr. Rothrock pointed out most emphatically the folly of retaining this land in an idle condition. He recommended strongly the acquisition of a considerable portion of it by the State as a means to control freshets, regulate stream flow, and support industries, so essential to the welfare of our people. To him State Forests were more a business and health insuring than a sentimental enter- l)rise, valuable as they are lor charm of scenery and recreational use. He was a pioneer in advo- cating and establishing outdoor sanatoria for llioso of our {X)pulation who do not desire or can not go elsewhere for the renewal of their health. As a natural outgrowth of this able rejwrt, a I)i\ision of Forestry was created in the Depart- ment of Agriculture in 1895. Dr. Rothrock ^\as ai)p()inted the first Commissioner of Forestry, the earliest oppor-tunity given liira to develop in a l)raetical way the forest policy his keen iniel- h'ct and wonderful vision ha 150.00 $441 00 Hoads (one-half maintenance cost) 266 00 i''^^'^^;^o\ 319;^^ ,^7^;*^^«ts 50.00 lelephone Costs 265 00 General Protection— I^bor ....'.'.*!.*!!! 356*00 ^"^'^'■^■^^i«^ 400.'00 Total Average Annual Cost $2,097.00 Or 4.2 cents per acre for 50,000 acres. Fire Damage Averatce Annual Area Burned (Acres) State Private Total 1»1 4-1921 823 Avera«j:.3 Annual 1921-1922 15 264 209 1087 224 Fire Damage Average Annual 1914-1921 $1878 Average Annual 1921-1922 .... 59. Money Loss State Private $782. Total $2660. 501. 560. Period 1914-1921 1921-1922 Money Lost Per Acre (Cents) State Private Average 8.1 2.9 5.3 0.2 2.1 1.1 From the above it will be seen that the annual acre cost of protection (1914-1921) has been 4.2 cents; and the fire loss (1914-1921) 5.3 cents. Total fire expense per acre, annual, 9.5 cents. In 1922 the above protection expenditures grouped somewhat differently amount approxi- mately as follows for the Mont Alto District. Fire extinction: Hired Labor and Expense $103.00 Student Labor 227.00 $330.00 Road (one-half maintenance) . , 499.00 Prevention (lecture, posters, etc.) 595.00 Detection 712.00 Equipment (trucks, towers, telephones) 463.00 Supervision 288.00 Total Fire Charge for Year $2,887.00 This would show a protection charge for 1922 of 5.8 cents per acre; while the fire damage was 1.2 cents per acre. Or a total fire charge of 7.0 cents per acre. It will be seen that the protection charges have been increasing mainly on the side of prevention and detection but that the fall in fire damage has much more than met this increase. When the public becomes better educated these charges will decrease. As the timber lands emerge more and more from the slash and brush-land stages into sizable timber, the fire hazards will be re- duced and the cost per acre and the loss per acre will fall. A further evidence that the larger prevention campaign is bearing immediate results in this district is the reduction in area of incendiary fires from an average of 762 acres annually from 1910-19 to 172 acres annually during 1920-22 (only 20 acres in the spring season of 1923). This class of fires have their cause hardest to reach, and although a 12-year period may not be conclusive the present intensive protection cam- paign seems to be bearing ftbnndant fniit in tbi? district. 88 FOREST LEAVES Protecting New Brunswick's Forests By E. L. Chicanat NEW BRUNSWICK might be considered essentially the forest province of Canada, with all that this means in a Dominion where practically every section of a very ex- pansive territory values its arboreal growth as a premier asset. New Brunswick and its forerits cannot be separated in any consideration. The woods are the province's national life, vital to its continuance as an economic area. Upon them depend industries, trade, tourist traffic and di- rectly and indirectly the employment of the greater part of the province's 388,000 people. So fai it has not been jwssible to arrive at even an approximate estimate of the province's spacious stands of spruce, fir, cedar, white pine, red pine, hemlock and hardwoods. More than 70 per cent, of New Brunswick is forest land, or roughly there is about 82 acres of timber for every person living in the province. Crown for- est lands comprise 7,500,000 acres, or more than half the entire forest area, whilst it is estimated that 4,500,000 acres are owned by large com- panies. Forests of farmers' woodlots and of small owners aggregate about 1,000,000 acres, making the forest area of the province something like 13,000,000 acres. The entire provincial life and the prosperity of its peoide centre about the forests in their var- ious phases. The export trade of the province which last year amounted to $()(i,2r)0,000, in 1921 , to .$112,000,000, and in 1920 to $139,000,000, is almost entirely made up of the products of the woods. The lumber cut alone amounts to be- tween 300,000,000 and 400,()()(),00() feet annually worth from one to two million dollars. There t-re 09 i)lants engaged in logging operations and 224 saw mills, with a capital invested in forest oper- ations of $45,000,000,000. There are in addition 5 pulp and paper mills with an invested capital of $23.vi00,000. From the tourist point of view it is diflTicult to arrive at an estimate of the value of the woods, but taking the average num- ber of hunters, their license fees, and the aver- age expenditure per visitor, the traffic should be worth at least $150,000 a year to the province. These facts are merely by way of introduction to show not merely the wisdom bnt the absolute necessity of the establishment and maintenance of an elaborate and thorough system of forest protection in the province and the rigorous en- forcement of such regulations as may be promul- gated to effect the preservation of the source of the province's first industries. It may be said that matters of forest protection in New Bruns- wick have always been taken with the serious- ness and thought they warrant; the departments concerned are always prepared to adopt new methods devised, to give suggestions a trial, and are continually extending preventative and pre- servative measures. The tremendous losses New Brunswick sus- tained in past years from forest fires caused the government to annually redouble their protective efforts until at the present time a very thoroiu>h and extensive system under a large patrol has been built up, which are every year more than justifying their existence in results and financial savings. The foundation of the service is the patrol of forest rangers whose work is aided and supple- mented in various ways. In 1920 the first 40 miles of forest telephone line was completed and this sysJem is being extended each year. The line is built on the most modern method of tree con- struction. Tie wires are stretched across the road between opj)osite trees; the main wire is at- tached to the tie wires by split insulators in such a position that it remains suspended over the centre of the portage about 15 or 18 feet Ironi the gi-ound. These lines link up the headquaiters of the ' arious patrols. A method of forest survey and superintendence which has been tried out with considerable suc- cess and which the province is, therefore, extend- ing is that of lookout towers. These towers, con- structed of steel or wood, and advantageously lo- cated with wide prosi>ects, have proven extremely efficacious, and justified their extension. Fires are quickly detected and their approximate loca- tion fixed, and being connected with other branches of the forest patrol, crews are rapidly transported to the scene of the conflagration. Efficient as has been the forest protective sys- tem organized by the government its results would never have been so effectively thorousrh and so highly gratifying had the people of the province not become imbued with the urgent ne- cessity of the completest co-operation with the organization and all worked in harmony for the preservation of the province's first asset, (case- less propaganda, posters which strike the eye of the wayfarer everywhere he goes, the distribu- tion of circulars and literature, lectures in schools and churches, tlie journeyings of the Exhibition Car of the Forestry Association, have all con- tributed to keep permanently before the people the fact that the forests are their national life and to constitute each man who lives near a for- est area a voluntary and earnest worker for the preservation of the woods. r] r.;l I [Forest:Leaves, Vol. XIX. No. 6. Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX. No."6. [FoRKST Leaves, Vol. XIX. No. 6. Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX. Nor 6. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES 89 hi all counties except one last year municipal eoiiiu'illors were appointed fire wardens with the result that any outbreaks of fire on private lands were ably attended to by these councillors with the co-operation of the individual owners. In the one remaining county a separate government act provided for forest fire protection on an as- sociation plan, the owners of all parcels of forest land of 50 acres or more uniting in the selection of a lire protective organization, the expenses beiim pro-rated on a per acre basis and the county officials collecting the tax. This system has been found especially suited to areas which are largely settled and consist almost entirely of private lands, and the means of forest fire pro- tection adopted by the Westmoreland County, New Biunswick, are considered the most ad- vanced in force in Canada today. The material result of the thorough system of foiest protection carried out in New Brunswick in recent years, the effectiveness of which was re- doubled last year, is very evident and rather staitling. Compared with the forest fire losses or pievious years the damage in New Brunswick in 1!)22 was 95 per cent less than the average for the lour previous seasons. The area burned over last year was 86 per cent, below the average aci'e- aire devastated for the same period, and 92 per cent, below the acreage burned during the season ol heaviest losses, 1921. There was a total of only 113 fires reported during the season as com- pared with 495 in the previous year and 250 per year lor the 4 years previous. The average acreage over which the fire raged last year be- t'oie being extinguished was (35 acres as com- paiel with an average of 197 in the 4 years previous to 1922. A knowledge of timber values at the present time fnakcs it fairly easy to judge the immense '""•nicia! saving to the province effected by its P';<»tective policy. The province of New Bruns- ^vn'!< is in 1923 richer by $500,000 because of the elhcHMit control of forest fires in 1922. Against this IS a total provincial expenditure of $38,000 lor forest fire protection in that year. It is little wonder then that the province is preparing to yot inrther extend its protective system, that it i>('Iu'\os that such arrangements can never be too tnoroudi, and regards such moneys spent in the "I'kcep of staffs and equipment in the light of very profitable investments. . 'Hiis year a total of $75,000 is to be expended "1 currying out the plans of extension projected oy the Department of Lands and Mines. This "lay not seem such a gigantic sum but looms up aj-iie when spent by a single department of a province which has to carefully consider every Item of expenditure. The fact that no opposition was offered to the making of the appropriation IS the best testimony of the province's whole- hearted support of the work of the preservation of its first resource. The two systems of fire precaution upon which additional expenditure will be made this year are those of lookout towers and the telephone serv- ice linking up these towers through forest tele- phone lines with the commercial system. Two new towers are to be erected on the headwaters of the Tpbique River and the narrows of the Naswaak. These new towers will be of steel, it having been proven after the use of both steel and Avood that the former is more economical, and the cost of erection will be borne equally by the government and the private owners who will be benefited by their location. With the object of reducing the danger of fire to a minimum and impressing the need for care and precaution upon every tourist and camper as well as being able to accurately keep track of these the province of New Brunswick has this year made a drastic departure and adopted the forest permit system after that which has worked out so admirably in the province of Quebec. Visi- tors will be permitted to enter government or other forests only by securing a license, for which no fee will be exacted. Whilst this imposes no hindrance upon those desiring to travel or camp in the woods, the necessity for such permissicm naturally directs attention to the destruction they may occasion and experience has proved in areas where this system has been enforced that the moral effect has been decidedly marked. The effectiveness of forest protection in New Brunswick, where fire losses are rapidly being reduced to a minimum, arises primarily from the fact that the entire population has been banded and welded together into a zealous organization which is determined to jealously guard its wood- land fastnesses. The legislation giving county councillors the authority of fire wardens, em- powering them to call out men to extinguish fires on private lands without pay has not only re- sulted in more effective and less expensive for- est protection, but has brought home more clearly than ever before to the people of the province the menace forest fires are to their very existence. New Brunswick is doinc most effective work in forest preservation with a minimum of ex- pense and without imposing undue hardships upon anybody. It is able to do this so effectively because it has the enthusiastic and intelliirent support and co-operation of its people who have been brought in a body to realize that in the permanency of its forest resources lie the only 90 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES assurances of continued prosperity. Similarly effective are the means employed of impressing foreign visitors, even the most selfish of whom is forced to face the fact that his carelessness must inevitably result in the diminution of those ex- quisite woodlands where he and thousands of his kind arc wont to sojourn each year because few other parts of the American continent now offer the same entertaining holiday prospect. Swedish Forests, Lumber Industry and Lumber Export Trade AN exhaustive examination of the Swedish lumber industry by the Department of Commerce shows three principal phases of interest to American lumbermen. First the measures taken to preserve the forests and elim- inate Avaste in lumber; second, the inferior char- acter of Swedish lumber; third, that by combi- nation of all Swedish lumbermen in the export trade and superior selling methods, thej^ manage to market their inferior lumber for the same price as the superior American lumber. Sweden occupies the leading position in the lumber world, according to the report, not on ac- count of the quality produced, but on account of scientific forest management and efficient manu- facturing and selling methods. Fifty-one per cent, cent, of the country consists of 55,000,000 acres of forests, of which 13,000,000 are public. Because of the realization in Sweden of the supremo importance of forests in the national life, stringent laws with regard to cutting have been adopted. A Swedish forest expert is quoted as saying that ^^the position of Sweden as an in- dependent nation and as a civilized country is contingent ujwn the existence or non-existence of forests. ^ ^ Dui-ing normal years before the war the ex- ])orts from Sweden of forest j^roducts aggi-egated $90,000,000, or 44 per cent, of the total exports. The Swedish government accordingly considers the perpetuation of the forests of such vital im- portance that no one is allowed to endanger the future of the timber stands by reckless exploita- tion for the sake of immediate profit. This point of view is so generally accepted that no difficulty has been experienced in connection with the gov- ernment's control of the cutting of timber on private lands. Because the cutting is thus restricted and it is a matter of necessity to get the utmost value out of the cutting permitted, particular attention is paid in Sweden to the elimination of waste in the forests, The high stumps prevalent in America 91 are unknown in Sweden. Top logs, too, are not left in the woods. The closest possible attention is paid not only to price but to the utilization of waste products in logging operations. Strict laws govern -the management of the Swedish forests, varying only with difference in climate. These laws have to- do with cutting and with the forestation of cut-over lands. Lately a law has been enacted to prevent the cutting of immature trees unless such cutting is necessary in order to improve the condition of the forests. Reforestation has been carried on in Sweden by both public and private enterprise. The forest owners regard it as a commercial and paying proposition. The cutting of saw logs is carried on only dur- ing the winter in order to prevent deterioration in the quality of the logs through discoloration. Stumps seldom exceed three inches in height. The utmost care is given to the cutting of suitable log lengths and sizes so that the best possible re- sults may be obtained when the logs are cut into lumber. No logging machinery of any kind is generally used in Sweden, though American trac- tors have lately been introduced into that coun- try for hauling logs. The logs are loaded on sleighs and taken on the snow to the nearest waterway, where they are piled on the river bank or on the ice ready to be dumped into the water in the spring. The floating of logs is usually car- ried on by a number of floating associations es- tablished by log owners, the logs being floated for joint account. Cheap transportation from the forest to the mill accounts for the fact that Sweden can effect a very close utilization of its forest products. Top logs, even down to one or two inches in top diameter, are bunched and strapped with steel wire and floated to the nearest charcoal plant, where they are converted into charcoal. The saw logs are on the average from 6^ to 7 inches in top diameter and average in length from 17 to 18 feet. The logs are generally barked in the woods, in order to prevent an accumulation of bark in the river and at the mills, which would seriously hinder floating. Through long experience in lumber manufac- ture the Swedes have producefl a type of machin- ery especially adapted to the Swedish conditions. Following the increased value of stumpage, their machinery has been constructed with a view to accepting the largest possible saving in raw ma- terial. The gauge of the saw blade is always very small. All large mills are equipped with gang saAvs. Only the smaller mills have circular saws. The gang saws give the best results be- cause they saw lumber in exact sizes. Careful manufacture is the principal feature of Swedish sawmills. The green lumber is given a certain excess to provide for shrinkage. After it has been seasoned it is exactly the required dimen- sion. The method of obtaining the most profit- able dimensions of lumber is calculated with scientific exactness. Particular attention is given to edging the lumber so as to obtain the largest possible sizes, because the price of lumber is de- termined by the size rather than by the thick- ness. The lumber is not trimmed in the mill. It is cut to almost any dimension, according to Eng- lish measurement. Metric measurements are se^l- dom used in lumber for export. The lumber is edged on the half inch and in thickness is cut to almost any size, but usually on the quarter inch. The actual waste in the Swedish sawmills is negligible. Even the smallest piece of lumber is turned to some use. If too small to produce laths, broom handles, box shooks, etc., it is con- verted into charcoal or pulp. The sawmills are generally run in connection with pulp factories, and many mills also operate planing mills or box factories. The planing mills are equipped with Swedish planers, which show some excellent fea- tures in the way of saving material and perfectly smooth products. The operation of Swedish box factories, planing mills and sawmills is based on a skillful utilization of the raw material. The profit often hinges on the thickness of the saw blades used. Swedish mills season their lumber in the open air and it is never shipped unless air dry. This seasoning requires from 2 to 7 months, depend- ing u|)on the season and the location. The lum- W IS trimmed before shipment. The trimming is effected on the odd and even foot. The mill ends are carefully collected and retrimmed. Then it IS sold to local box factories or exported. Lately tbe Swedish lumber merchants have combined in selling for export. The Swedish laws permit com- binations of manufacturers for these purposes. ine lumber men have taken advantage of this condition and have been in a position to obtain such prices as would give them a reasonable return on the investment. The prices of lumber have in- creased very materially since the war, as have tne pnces of stumpage and labor. The position If- ^^;?^^sh lumber m«n is now considered exceptionally good because the war and the high tinn'^rr^''^ ^"^^^^^ *^^™ to better their condi- TK n ^""^"^ '^ ^"^^ ^^"^^" ^ee* annually, to .7v rP^*°^^^t ^^ Commerce repori^ goes on ^ say that there i^ a marked difference between Swedish lumber and the principal species of American lumber exported to foreign markets. Swedish lumber is to be considered as good con- struction lumber. Its many knots render it un- suitable for special purposes to which the better grades of American lumber are adapted. The sizes of Swedish lumber run smaller than those obtainable in the United States. There should be no question, therefore, says the report, of serious competition between Swedish and American lum- ber if the exporters in both countries are familiar with the character of the lumber exported. The best species of American lumber have sometimes been sold m foreign markets at the same prices as Swedish lumber. This is considered due to the unfamiharity of American exporters with the character of the lumber shipped from Sweden, and to the excellent Swedish manufacturing and marketing methods. A demand is found in most countries for American lumber because it has qualities seldom if ever found in lumber from other countries. The market is apparently so extensive that there is no need of cutthroat com- petition because the accessible forest areas of the world are limited in comparison with the demand for lumber and lumber products. Making a Success of the Wood Lot MANY plantings of trees have turned out failure because of selection of species unsuited either to the climate or to the soil. The best trees for planting on a home farm usually are those which grow well in similar soils in the re^on, according to the recommendation of forest specialists of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, in Farmers » Bulletin 1123, Growing and Planting Hardwood Seedlings on the Farm.'' In determining what species of hardwood trees should be grown, the bulletin says, the object of growing the trees and their adaptability to the climate of the r^on should be kept in mind As illustrations, the bulletin points out that boxelder IS not a good tree to plant for timber ; the yellow poplar, because of climatic conditions, can not be grown successfully in the plains region of the central United States, and hardy catalpa will not thrive m poor, sandy, or heavy clay soils. To a certain extent trees may 'be grouped as those most valuable for lumber, for posts and poles, for windbreaks, etc. Some of the varieties listed m the bulletin as suitable for lumber are: Ash, basswood, beech, birch, black cherry, cotton- wood, cucumber, elm, hickory, sugar maple, red 92 FOREST LEAVES oak, white oak, red giim^ sycamore, black walnut, and yellow poplar. Varieties suitable for posts and poles are: Hardy catalpa, coffee tree, red elm, eucalyptus, black locust, honey locust, Russian mulberry, oaks, osa^e orange, and white willow. Varieties best suited for windbreaks are: Green ash, boxelder, cottonwood, eucalyptus, hackberry, silver maple, Russian mulberry, osage orange, Russian olive, white willow, and yellow willow. A mixture of two or more kinds of trees in a plantation sometimes is desirable, says the bul- letin. For best results, trees such as the cotton- wood should be spaced widely, while others, such as black walnut and black locust, have such scant foliage that their shade does not prevent the growth of a heavy sod. A mixed planting of cottonwood with either of the other two varieties mentioned will more completely utilize the ground, increase the yield, and bring about a better forest condition. Frequently, less expensive and less valuable varieties can be planted as fillers with trees that are to make up the permanent planting. Mixed plantings also are desirable as a protection against diseases and insect attack. When chest- nut and black locust, which are susceptible to such attacks, are planted among trees not so liable to injury of this kind, the latter will pi-o- vide a stand of trees if the former are killed. l^nless intended for windbreaks, ])lantations shonld be located on the poorest soil of the farm, that least suited to the production of agricultural crops. Odd corners cut off by streams or drive- ways and hillsides or poorly drained soil should be selected. In starting a grove, seedlings one or two years old are preferable to seed or cuttings. Nut trees, such as walnut, hickory, and oak, develop a deej) taproot and f(^w lateral feeding roots during their first year. They can not, there- fore, be transjdanted as successfully as other trees. The nuts or acorns should be ])lanted on the permanent site. Sometimes it is advisable to sprout the nuts before this planting is made. Cottonwood and willow plantations are most easily started with cuttings— 12- to 14-inch sec- tions taken from one- or two-year-old twigs of living trees. Cuttings should be colle<'ted during early winter and buried in moist sand in a cool plju-e preparatory to planting in the spring. In general, early spring i)lanting is preferable to planting at any other season. As compared with fall planting, it has at least two distinct advantages — the stock has an entire growing sea- son in which to become established before it is subjected to the rigors of winter, and it is not in immediate danger of being heaved out of the ground by alternate freezing and thawing. FOREST LEAVES 93 Forestry Experts Seek to Americanize Chinese Chestnut WHETHER Chinese chestnuts shall in the future contribute largely to the timber supply of the United States is a matter of considerable interest just now to the forestry specialists of the United States Department of Agriculture. They are investigating ^^C. molk. sima,^- ^^C. vilmorianaj^ ^ and others to find a species that will be a fitting substitute for the American species and at the same time resist sue- cessfully the chestnut blight which is now sweej)- ing through the South Atlantic States and threat- ening to destroy utterly the American chestnut. Experiments are under way at the Experimen- tal Farm near Washington, D. C, and also at the Ap})alachian Forest Experiment Station, Ashe- ville, N. C, while in China an explorer sent out by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Fntro- duction of the Department of Agriculture is searching the Himalaya uplands for new si)ecips and varieties of chestnut and closely related genera for further research work in this country. The Indian chestnut {^^0. diversifolia^^), a large evergreen from the mountains of Benu:al, Assam, and Siam, stands in equal favor with the Chinese species; but a Japanese tree that has been tested CC crenata^^), while a good blight resister, is out of the running because of the very bitter quality of the nuts. Our native chinquapin {^^C. pumila^^) has also entered into the tests, which include cross- breeding as well as blight exposure and ^arious climatic ordeals. The work must go on for some time yet before a definite decision can bo pub- lished. Two small plantings of the Chinese en- trant have been made on the Natural Briilge Na- tional Forest, and two of the Indian trees on the Florida National Forest. These will be watched especially for timber yield. Wild Black Cherry in Northern Pennsylvania By J. N. Morton THE wild black cherry {Prunus scrotinn, Ehrhari) is found throughout most of the eastern half of the United States. The best sj>ecimens were probably found in the virion forests of northern Pennsylvania, where this for- est tree sometimes attained a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 4 to 5 feet. The averaire di- ameter of mature trees was usually about 2 feet. The trunk cross-section of the wild black cherry (lisi)layed in the Jessup collection in the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History in New York City was obtained in Wyoming County, Pennsyl- vania. The wild black cherry prefers rich moist soil, although it may be found growing on rather dry slopes having eomparatively poor soil. By rea- son of the fact that it grew on rich alluvial soil, it suffered destruction in the early days for the same reason that black walnut did. The land was needed for farming and the trees were cut down and either burned or split into fence rails. It was soon discovered that it was a valuable wood for furniture and large amounts were taken out of the forest for this purpose. Today the large stands of cherry timber are practically all none. One stand of about 200 acres — 85 years old— occurs in Summit Township, Potter County. Foity-three per cent, of it is cherry. The re- mainder of the stand is composed of hard maple, beech and yellow birch. This cherry has an aveiage diameter of 17 inches and an average total height of 83 feet. Forest giown trees such as aie found in this stand, shoot up tall, smooth and straight. Their slightly tapering stems are without limbs for more than half their length. When found in the open this tree branches out low down, and as it grows older, large special- ized limbs are formed and the tree is almost woi'thless for lumber. In the second growth hardwood forests of noitherii Pennsylvania the wild cherry comprises .1 to 15 per cent, of forest stands. It is rarely fouixl in abundance, but mixed with other broad- leaf trees, with occasionally a grove of 10 to 20 trees within a small area. Near Hull, Potter bounty, Pennsylvania, the wild black cherry and white ash are frequently found growing natural- ly in mixture with the other northern hardwoofl trees. In this vicinity one stand about 26 years old is made up of 39 per cent, white ash and 13 per cent, wild black cherry. The remainder of the stand consists of maple, beech and birch. The white ash in this stand has an average diameter 'xeast-high of 5.8 inches and the wild black <'hen y of 0.4 inches. The v/ild black cherry is a good seeder. It t»e(|nently yields a large quantity of fruit. The seed is leadily carried by birds which feed upon |ne liuit. In Renzinger Township, Elk County, in a s,eeond growth stand of hardwoods~24 years ohl-^'ontaining 13 per cent, wild black cherry, fis many as 525 one-year-old cherry seedlings ^ver(> eounted on an area 10 feet square under a tree U) inches in diameter. This is erpiivalent to almost 29,000 trees per acre. The abundance of the cherry seedlings throughout the entire stand indicates that the seed are fertile. As many as eleven seedlings in one clump were noted. This is evidently caused by the dropping of the fruit in clusters. Rarely were any seed- lings more than one year old observed. The tree is intolerant of shade and does not live long under the dense cover of the larger trees. The wild black cherry tree also reproduces well by sprouts. As many as 30 healthy sprouts with an average height of 4 feet were counted on one stump one year after cutting. Its capacity for reproduction by sprout as noted in different stands is as follows: J 1 9 -M ^ TS a fl § . ^^^ &fj 1 o P verage Nu prouts froi ne Stump verage Dia reast-High 1— 1 verage Hei (Feet) < oIicy at all and nothing constructive until within the last few years and the efforts made since the importance of the issue has been recognized have all been too puny to stay the big economic fact that a timber shortage is in sight. The government has adopted a jwlicy of con- servation which, however, applies largely to the Western domain. Pennsylvania and other near- by states as well as the larger coal companies have adopted a reforestation policy and are carrying It out vigorously. This takes the land after it has been denuded of its timber, and by a long, tedious and costly process restores in part its timber productivity, but the pity of it is that forest lands should ever have been allowed to become a wilderness when a far-sighted construc- tive policy in their handling would have kept them torever m a productive state. This is a crime against civilization and posterity, and, as usual our children will pay the bill. It is worth our while even in this late day to examine the matter critically and to see what may be done to ameliorate the situation — to study how we may change our present destructive policy to a con- structive one. The two main elements which enter into this problem are wrong methods of cutting and neglect. The section in question, the northeastern por- tion of the United States, has been blessed with some of the finest forest-growing conditions in the world, with a great variety of timber growth well adapted to the varied needs of its inhabit- ants. The conifers which so abundantly clothe its valleys are easily reproduced in a natural way by seedlings as quickly as an opening is made in the ground, and the hard woods which cap its hills and ridges immediately respond through sprout- ing to the great laws of reproduction. Nature has done well, but man has deliberately defeated her most beneficent plans. He has walked with the precision of a devastating army throughout the length and breadth of the land and for the sake of a little quick gain, which has been fol- lowed by neglect, has absolutely destroyed a golden heritage, a most precious possession— the reproductivity of our forests. The devastation of the Germans was child 's play to the destruction wrought by the '* lumber jacks ' ' in our own land during the past fifty years. But as we talk time passes. It serves no good purpose to dwell on the mistakes of the past except as we learn the lessons they teach. Our problem now is to look into the needs of the ' future and prepare as best we may by wise, con- structive and courageous action to meet them. In order to accomplish this we must analyze some- what our present methods of cutting and make such changes as the conditions demand. It would seem that in the serious situation now facing us every branch of the trade— owner, producer, dealer and consumer— would cheerfully co-oper- ate in any common-sense methods that would conserve their interests for the future and per- petuate their chosen industry. We have inherited an entirely wrong concep- tion of handling our timber lands, coming down from the days of our unlimited primeval forests. Methods that might have been excusable in those days may be absolutely inexcusable in the changed relations of the present. Germany, France, Switzerland and other European conn- tries have long since been forced to adopt im- proved methods^ and our time is at hand. Will we have the courage and determination to en- force those measures which are absolutely neces- sary to conserve our already sadly depleted for- est reserves? Planting forests is all right but the old adage applies — an ounce of forest conserved is better than a pound of forest planted. Coming back to basic facts, the trouble is that by wrong methods we are destroying our forests by wholesale. We cut them clean and then abandon them. We kill them ruthlessly and then do not even obtain the services of an undertaker to care for the re- mains. Then along comes the kindly disposed, fatherly State, takes over the corpse and by am- ple funds, tender nursing, loving care and watch- ful waiting, attempts to bring the dead to life a^ain. J submit that this is not fair, that it oug-' b to stop and stop quickly. The love for quick gain ought to submit to a broad conserva- tion policy for the good of all. Such methods of cutting as will preserve our forests should be put into practice. Provision should be made for the reproduction of timber and every protection against fire afforded. When this is accomplished we can look forward to a time when the forest growth will take care of the people's needs, which will, of course, adjust themselves to the supply. Then our forest prob- lem will be placed on a sound economic basis in- stead of the uncertain, slipshod, headlong con- ditions now prevailing. The methods needed are exceedingly simply. To apply them is not so easy. Fust of all, education is necessary, to create a wholesome public sentiment that will welcome and stand by any measures necessary to the end HI view. It is surprising how a new policy will eham^^e the whole attitude of a people. Evidence of this may be found in the public viewpoint as to forest fires. The ^* Smith and his woods be damned" attitude has changed to '^'11 be glad to help you put it out.'' Every timber owner and lumberman realizes the devastating effects, the losses, the ruin, of present policies and, I be- lieve, would submit more easily than we think to a curtailment of his privileges and a slight re?ulation of his methods to the advantage of all. He would soon learn that his interests in im- P'ovcd methods would be largest of all for it )vonl,l protect him by assuring him that his "•'•"Hliy would last indefinitely. The public is ready .i-ht now, in my judgment, for such action as would assure protection to our remaining for- ests. ^ ^'oad visioned and firm, yet fair and practical 'ejrislatiMn should be passed and strictly enforced P^evenlnig any owner from cutting any forest clean except for a clearing that can be justified. No cuttings should be allowed under certain limi- tations except for improvement purposes. The protection of young timber should be encouraged in every possible way. By this method the con- ditions of the problem would be radically changed. All privately owned forests would im- mediately become part of a general conservation system. Every forest owner would stand for pro- tection on account of the equity which he is forced to retain in his forest. The general in- difference to cut over land would give place to an increasing interest and to a careful study on the part of owners to get by prudent manage- ment the greatest productivity from their hold- ings; self-interest thereby advancing conserva- tion. The greatest force for conservation remains with individual owners. They should be encour- aged, instructed, urged and legislated into handling their forests in the interest of conser- vation. In the final analysis it is their job, and I submit that a host of interested owners scat- tered all over the State, living mostly near their hc/ldin-s, incited by self-interest and economy can better work out this problem than the State. It is a question that belongs to the State only should others fail. The Commonwealth cannot do it as well nor as cheaply and should not under- take it except as a last resort. What has been done by Pennsylvania and other States has been forced on them by the mistakes of private owner- ship. It is not my intention to discuss the impor- tance of care in culling, cutting and handling to protect the younger growth, and the importance of greatest and best utilization. These are de- tails of the general problem -of conservation and bear an important part in the policy as a whole. Other matters now may be suggested whose in- fluences are not so obvious, but are nevertheless real in their bearing on the question. One is the fact that the local railroads serving the territory in question, the anthracite coal roads, are dis- criminating heavily against local timber shippers m their rates and favoring shippers of the South and West. They probably have their own argu- ments, for this policy, but I venture to say that in arriving at their conclusion they have not taken into consideration the influence which a fairer rate, meaning a greater realization to the local timber owner, would have had on his atti- tude toward conserving and preserving his tim- ber supply. I wish to suggest that a close community of in- terest should and must obtain between the eon- 96 FOREST LEAVES sumer and the grower of wood products if i-he best results are to be attained. The purchaser should understand the problems of the lumber- man in his relation to the general conservation scheme and be willing to adjust himself in as far as he can to the interests of the scheme as a whole. He may have to discard some of his old customs, theories and requirements, but he will be glad to do this when he sees the interrelation of his business with the conservation idea. One of the most important groups in local tim- ber conservation should be the anthracite coal companies' timber purchasing agents. They are being forced by economic conditions to open their eyes to the problems involved, but if they were fully awake there would be less discrimi- nation and greater co-operation in their contact with timber growers. To cite one instance, if during the devastation caused by the chestnut blight the purchasing agents had found ways and means to use more of the dying chestnut in lum- ber and mine timber, thousands of cars of valu- able forest products which have been going- to waste could have been substituted for other ma- terial which might then have stood untouched for the future, when it will be so badly needed. The tax question is most intimately associ- ated with forest conservation where this work is being undertaken by individuals. The State has a great advantage over the private owner, but inasmuch as it is greatly concerned that individ- ual owners shall practice conservation and re- forestation, every effort should be made to lighten the burden on forest lands undergoing re- habilitation or subject to conservation. A long series of years must elapse while nature by a slow process restores the wealth which has been taken from the land. Forest lands on which conservation methods are practiced are put at a great disadvantage because the costs of cut- ting, skidding and hauling are higher than with the old clean-sweep methods of lumbering. As a matter of fact the interest on the invest- ment, the taxes and the interest thereon for many years, the cost of fire protection, the haz- ard of investment and the long deferred return must cause any individual to pause before at- tempting to rehabilitate in forest growth a de- nuded piece of land. Finally to cap the climax the Federal Government, according to present laws, comes alons: and says that when the long- deferred harvest is reaped from lands purchase'd since March 1, 101.3 (that deadlv dead-line date), the onginal investment alone, which is only a small fraction of the total investment constantly increasing by accruing interest, can be depleted and that all other net returns are subject to Fed- eral income taxes. In the face of conditions such as these it takes a courageous investor and one of large faith to attempt forest rehabilita tion on any considerable scale. The whole prob- lem is so acutely serious that all who are fa- miliar with it should unite to obtain a fair show to the man who seeks to perform a great public service and at the same time obtain a practical and sound investment for his posterity. Our own and other States have done much to lighten the tax load on land under timber, but the ])rob- lem is one that goes to the heart of conserva- tion and deserves careful thought and action, especially in its relation to Federal taxes. The railroads and mining companies are shoAv- ing greater interest in forest protection. Never- theless one of the principal causes of fires is the cloud of ashes from their locomotive stacks. These in both large and small locomotives should be equipped and carry at all dangerous times some form of spark arrester that will anest. Many mining companies as well as the railroads every year through sheer carelessness unneces- sarily burn over thousands of acres. A pointer should be given to forest owners whose chestnut has been destroyed by the bliijht. The roots on this land are now sprouting and forests of the same kind of tree probably will ultimately be re-established. We believe that many oi these sprouts will be immunized from the blight, just as mankind is freed from certain diseases by once having been subjected to them. We are becoming more confident of this each year and now have on our own lands foui-year sprouts free from blight. We notice these have a lighter colored bark than those they succeeded. Let us encourage these growths in every way iwssible, especially in the way of fire protec- tion, for if this land is burned over it probablv will forever lose all chance of ever coming back in chestnut, which in many ways was our most valuable timber. To sum up, let us by every force of education, encouragement and law protect our reniaininii forests from denudation. Let us make it easy and profitable to conserve timber and thus en- courage forest rehabilitation and conservation by individuals and corporations, and wherever the people fail individually to promote these ends. let the State carry forward its splendid plans to reforest those large areas which were so blind- ly denuded many years ago. — Courtesy ^'Coal Age. FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Po«t-Office as ^Kxmd-daM matter, under Act of March 3d. 1879 Vol. XIX— No. 7 PHILADELPHIA. FEBRUARY, 1924 Whole Number 218 iy Plant trees on all waste lands. Narrative of Annual Meeting THE Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was held in the Gold Room of the City Club, Philadelphia, Pa., on Monday^ December 12, 11)23, at 3 P. M. Presi- dent Drinker in the chair. The report of the Council and of the Treas- urer were then read. These will be found on other pages of *^ Forest Leaves. '' The report of the Nominating Committee was then read. Messrs. Marshall and Birkinbine were appointed as auditors, and after collect- . ing ballots announced that the following officers were unanimously elected: President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker. Yice-Presidetits, Robert S. Conlclin. J. Freeman Hendricks, Albert I^wis, Samuel L. Smedley. General Secretary, Samuel Marshall. Recording Secretary and Treasurer, F. L. Bitler. COUNCIL Adams County, C. E. Stable. Allegheny County, H. M. Brackenridge, Frank J. Lanahan, George M. Lehman, Hon. Walter Lyon, John E. Potter. Beaver County, Robert W. Darragh. Bedford County, W. L. Byers. Berks County, Mrs. Edward Brooke Geo. G. Wenrick. Blair County, Jos. S. Sillyman. Bradford County, C. S. Maurice. Bucks County, Mrs. Elizabeth F. James Henry C. Mercer. Butler County, Dr. J. Llnwood Elsenberg. Cambria County, P. L. Carpenter. Cameron County, Josiah Howard. Carbon County, M. S. Kemmerer. Centre County, Theodore D. Boal, Prof. J. A. Ferguson. tieskv County, Alexander Brown Coxe. Miss Esther G. Leggett, ^, Mrs. David Reeves. ^tonon County, F. L. Harvey. <^learfichl County, W. F. Dague. ^J^nton County, Forrest H. Dutlinger. (^olumbia County, C. R. Woodin. ^jatcford County, E. O. Emerson. Jr. ^mberlund County, J. S. Illick. '^^min County, W. Gard. Conklln. Geo. H. Wirt. Delaware County, P. H. Shelton. Miss Ethel A. Shrigley, Hon. Wm. C. Sproul. Erie County, Miss Dorothea K. Conrad. Fayette County, C. L. Snowdon. Franklin County, Alfred E. Rupp, John R. Williams. Greene County, M. B. Carroll. Huntingdon County, Hon. Geo. B. Orlady. Indiana County, S. J. Sides, Jefferson County, W. N. Conrad. Lackawanna County, Mrs. J. Benjamin Dimmick, L. H. Watrcs. Lancaster County, Hugh M. North, Jr. Lebanon County, William C. Freeman. Lehigh County, General Harry C. Trexler. Luzerne County, Dr. Alexander Armstrong, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, Alvan Markle, William R. Ricketts, Samuel D. Warriner. Lycoming County, L. Clyde Smith. Mercer County, W. A. Addicott.. Mifflin County, F. W. Culbertson. Monroe County, Dr. Wra. R. Fisher, Montgomery County, Mrs. Albert C. Barnes, C. P. Birkinbine, Dr. H. M. Fisher, Miss Mary K. Gibson, Samuel Rea. Montour County, H. T. Hecht. Northa7npton County, Dr. John Henry MacCracken, J. Clarence Cranmer. Northumberland County, Charles Steele. Perry County, H. E. Bryner. Philadelphia County, Dr. J. M. Anders, Richard L. Austin, Owen M. Bruner, Miss Mary A. Burnham, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, W. Warner Harper, John W. Harshberger, Bayard Henry, J. Franklin Meehan, J. Rodman Paul, Harold Peirce, Eli K. Price, John H. Webster, Jr. Albert B. Weimer, Dr. W. P. Wilson. Pike County, Hon. GIfford Plnchot. Potter County, George A. Retan. Schuylkill County, A. C. Silvius. Snyder County, W. J. Bartschat. Somerset County, V. M. Bearer. Susquehanna County, Edgar A. TurroU, Tioga County, Paul H. Mulford. Union County, Raymond B. Winter. Venango County, S. Y. Ramage. Warren County, A. J. Hazeltine. Wayne County, Hon. Alonzo T. Searle. Westmoreland County, D. J. Snyder! York County, Samuel Small, Jr. 98 FOREST LEAVES The desirability of having Painter's Arbore- tum with its sunounding woods preserved as a Public Arboretum and Park was discussed. The unnecessary mutilating of trees along the public highways by electric light, telephone, tele- graph and ti-olley companies was commented on. There is a law preventing these companies from mutilating trees on private property, but where these corporations have received their charters prior to the planting of trees along the public highways, it is not possible to prevent them from trimming the trees so as not to interfere with these public utilities. This matter has been, and is now receiving the active attention of the State Department of Forests and Waters. FOREST LEAVES Report of the Council of thei Pennsylvania Forestry Association THE review of the forest situation in Penn- s\lvania and what has been aceomplishcd in the past year is encouraging. As the Legislature made no appropriation for the pur- chase of additional land for State Forests, the only land added during 1923 was 766 acres, of which 330 was vacant land and 436 acres ac- quired by gift. This makes the total area of State Forests now 1,131,277 acres, purchased at a cost of $2,559,240, or an average of $2.26 per acre. In addition to the State Forests proper, the Board of Game Commissioners have purchased 7 tracts of wild lands having an acre- age of 46,883 acres, ^^hich will be cared for as State game lands, and have leased 5 tracts which aggregate 37,200 acres, which may be purchased in the future. There are also 9 auxiliary State Game Refuges, which aggregate 6,682 acres. President Coolidge by a Presidential Proclama- tion on September 24th, created the Allegheny National Forest, the outside boundaries of which are intended ultimately to embrace 740,000 acres in Warren, McKean, Forest and Elk Counties, on the headwaters of the Allegheny River. About 100,000 acres of this are under purchase a^-ree^ ment. ° At the last meeting of the Legislature a Joint Resolution was passed proposing a State loan of $25,000,000 for the purchase of wild lands for for- est reserves. This resolution will be re-intro- duced in the legislature of 1925, and if passed will be submitted to a vote of the people in No- vember, 1925. It is important that this loan be authorized so that purchase can be made of suit- able lands for State Forests, and then have these lands devoted to forest growth so that when the approaching timber famine in the United States materializes Pennsylvania can aid to make up the shortage for its people. Competent authorities estimate that if this loan is obtained, the total acreage which can be secured, together with that already owned, will give the State about 5,000,000 acres of State Forests. When these lands all' be- come fully productive the net annual revenue is estimated at $6.00 per acre, or for the total area $30,000,000 over all maintenance and overhead charges. The last Legislature in passing the Code Bill created a new Department of Forests and Waters. This combined under one head the De- partment of Forestry, the Water Supply Com- mission, the Topographic and Geologic Cominis- sion and some of the Park Commissions, the object being part of a general plan to combine, systema- tize and simplify wherever possible the various State Departments. The Commissioner of For- estry, Maj. R. Y. Stuart, was made Secretary of the new Department, and Mr. Lewis E. Staley was apix)inted Deputy Secretary. A number of laws were also passed makini? changes to improve the Act of 1915 creatin-; a Bureau of Forest Protection, making it stronger and easier to enforce. A concurrent resolution w.roxi- mately 700 miles of State Forest telephone lines and over 3,400 miles of fire lanes, trail« and roads. 99 There are more than 3,000 forfest fire wardens, all of whom are equipped with the necessary fire fighting apparatus. The number of Boy Seouts enlisted as Forest raiides, is now 21,886. IVlr. Geo. H. Wirt, Chief Forest Fire Warden, stat(^s that the spring of 1923 was the third spring in succession when it seemed that an in- creased activity for the prevention and extinc- tion of forest fires only resulted in more fires and moie areas burned over. Looked at from these two factors alone it was not encouraging. Preliminary tables show that there were close to 2,800 forest fires reported between February 1st and May 31st, 339,000 acres were burned over, of which 8,000 acres were grass lands, 138,- 000 timber land, and 193,000 brush land. This is equivalent to a swath across the State from the northern line to the southern line and more than three miles wide. The reported damage was approximately $700,000.00. This condition was not common in Pennsyl- vania but was evident in many other States. There is no doubt that weather and moisture conditions are the greatest factor determining the frefjueney and extent of forest fires. This spring conditions of moisture in the soil were the accumulated results of three years of de- ficiency of rainfall and snow at periods when it would become underground supply. Springs and wells were low, indicating a sinking of water table of the soil. Fires burned deep, and even though the surface flames were extinguished the fire would smolder for days and break out at unex- pected places. Men were played out and the •supply in many localities was used up so that when entirely new fires would start they could not he attacked promptly. Men had to "be sta- tioned on fire lines and fed and this made the work costly. Notwithstanding this condition the protective orce was able to hold the average area per fire to almost as low an average as for any sprinc^ season of record. ^ f » There was a continuous fire season from the niiddio of March to the middle of August. Some ttie worst fires in years occurred durin"' the s^mnie.- season. The light surface rains of the ''i-owino; season did not go deep enou-h to wet tne sub-soil. In October, in Tioga County, fires omnt three feet under ground and broke out a ter several rains. In Erie County a fire con- "»<^d to burn under ground for seven weeks, jue, 01 course, to improper attention. Unless the inl T''''^ ^"'^ '^''^^^'' ^"^^^« ^''^ effective in ra.is- ^ng the water table the prospects for next year are not good. During the latter part of the fall season conditions have been unfavorable for for- est fires, very few have occurred, and none of very large size. Notwithstanding the large number of fires, there is a stronger sentiment against forest fires than ever and more is being done to prevent them When the railroads of the State realize the fact that it is poor policy for them to burn up their own future business and then when they prevent fires from their operations, which is pos- sible, 50 per cent, of the trouble will have been done away with. A greater effort has been made to get fire cases into court than ever before. Some have been successful but others indicate conclusively that the local sentiment is not for law enforce- ment. It seems to show itself more in sympathy for the fellow who breaks the law and is likely to be penalized than with the community or individ- ual who has already suffered unnecessarily and unjustly. Likewise, when it comes to enforcing the law against a corporation the courts are so tied up with technicalities that in nine cases out of ten the corporation escapes. The individual then claims persecution and discrimination at the hands of the State. It is true that the forest fire problem is one of education, but together with the usual forms of education, there must be from now on a rigid law inforcement policy insisted upon and sup- ported by those who desire to see the forests of Pennsylvania perpetuated. Many local organizations are engaged in vari- ous forest activities, particularly the extinction and prevention of forest fires in their localities. Among these may be mentioned: The Pocono Forestry Association is now 21 years old, composed of owners of land and per- sons interested in the Pocono Mountains. They have erected 5 fire towers equipped with tele- phone lines, and maintain an effective fire fight- ing organization. In 1922 over 150,000 trees were planted in Monroe County. Special attention is now being given to forestry in the publie school curriculum. The Anthracite Forest Protective Association is made up of land owners large and small, and of interested people who live mainly in the mid- dle and southern Anthracite fields. This terri- tory embraces 1,079,540 acres of timberland, of which 124,113 acres are owned by members. ' In this section of the State one-third of the forest fires occur and here 18 observation towers are located. At Mt. Carmel a volunteer fire fighting company of 30 men has been organized with 100 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES headquarters at a bungalow located on the moun- tain south of the town. This association also carries on a vigorous educational propaganda. The Blair County Game, Fish and Forestry Association is interested in the extinction of for- est fires, the planting of trees, the protection, propagation and distribution of game and fisli. The Central Pennsylvania Forest Protective Association, the McKean County Protective As- sociation and the Lycoming County Protective Association are all active, particularly in regard to fire extinction. The best way to reproduce the forests on bar- ren lands is by planting desirable trees. The De- partment of Forests and Waters maintains 3 large and one small forest nurseries. It also main- tains 9 additional small nurseries in co-operation with State institutions. During the last 25 years 58,642,723 forest trees have been planted! on 45,000 acres of forest land. Of these seedling treeS) 23,735,444 were supplied to private land owners. In the spring of 3923 private owners planted 5,079,930 trees, and 357,887 were planted this fall. This year 551,462 trees were set out on State Forests, the average cost for planting being $12.12 per acre. There are now in the nur- series 33,000,000 seedlings of which 10,000^000 will be available for planting next spring. Many of the coal and water companies of the State are planting thousands of trees on their lands, which are being protected so as to furnish timber for mining purixjses and conserve the water. 2,041 trees were planted along the high- ways of Pennsylvania in the spring of 1923. The Department of Forests and Waters and the De- partment of Highways co-operated in this work. Schools, churches and private individuals also have planted large numbers of forest trees. The State Forest School at Mont Alto has been improved and its four years' course, supple- mented by excellent practical work out of doors, makes it an ideal school for forest instruction! Recent legislation permits the State Council of Education to confer degrees upon graduates. The trustees of the Pennsylvania State College decided to discontinue the teaching of profession- al forestry. Forestry as related to farms, particu- larly the farm woodlot will however be continued at this institution. Leliio}. University has an elective course on forestry, has continued its Arboretum and Forest Experiment Work and extended its reforesta- tion of denuded mountain sides. Some of the other colleges and high schools have short courses or talks on forestry. The Department of Public Instruction has also 101 given forestry its support and the public schools celebrate Arbor Days with appropriate exercises. The two Spring and one Fall Arbor Days pro- claimed by the Governor are being quite univer- sally observed. The Board of Game Commissioners and the De- partment of Fisheries through their officers and wardens aid in the enforcement of forestry laws and also encourage the movement to create and perpetuate forested areas in Pennsylvania. The public press, the women's clubs, wild flower clubs and others have also aided the gen- eral forestry movement. The State Forests are becoming more popular among the tourists who appreciate 26 pubHc camping grounds provided for their accommoda- tions. Eleven of these are Class A camps. They are located on the main roads, have a fire place, a supply of pure water, comfort station, garbai,^e containers, tables, benches, and space for tents. There are also 15 Class B camps on secondary roads, provided with an open front ^Mean-to," stone fire place, pure water supply, table and benches and garbage containers. More than 400,- 000 people have visited the public camps durincr 1923. A total of 1,122 permanent camp sites have been leased to individuals and clubs, 218 of which were granted in 1923. The chestnut tree blight has continued gradual- ly working its way westward through the State, and will ultimately kill all of these valuable trees which were once so plentiful in this Common- wealth. No cure has been discovered for this disease. In seven of the State Forests the chest- nut is being removed for lumber, poles, posts, staves, railroad ties, mine ties, and cordwood. The white pine blister rust appeared a few years ago in a few localities in Pennsylvania. It was eradicated, and no further indications of its presence were found in 1923. It can be con- trolled and little alarm need be felt. Precautions are, however, being taken to guard against the importation of the G.^T)sy moth and the brown tail moth which have been so prevalent and destructive in the New England States, and are reported to have invaded New York. The destructive Japanese beetle has invaded Pennsylvania from New Jersey and quarantine regulations have been established to prevent its spread. A U. S. Experiment Station has been established in New Jersey to endeavor to find some efTective insectide, but thus far unsuccess- fully. The Summer Meeting was held at the Pocono Manor Inn, Pocono Manor, Pa., June 27th, 28th and 29th. It will long be remembered as one of the best attended of many such enjoyable oc- casions. The local organizations helped to swell the audiences at the different sessions at which many interesting forestry papers were presented. At the last session, which was made attractive by moving pictures, the audience elected to remain until near midnight to see the close. Attractive automobile trips to various points of interest in this beautiful section of Pennsylvania contri- buted to the pleasure and instruction of the visitors. Oil October 29th, the memorial tablet to Dr. Rothrock was dedicated with appropriate cere- monies. This consists of a large bronze medal- lion portrait with a suitable inscription, which was placed on the wall of the main corridor at the side of the Rotunda in the Capitol at Harris- buig. It was a fitting testimonial to the ^^ Father of Forestry*' in Pennsylvania, and a large and representative audience gathered to do honor to one who has passed to- his reward. The last Legislature also authorized the ap- pointment of a Joseph T. Rothrock Memorial Commission, to consist of 5 j^rsons. An appro- priation of $1500 was made to enable this Cora- mission to secure a boulder from one of the State Forests, and locate it at an appropriate spot in the Borough of McVeytown, where he was born, as a memorial of the services of I>r. Rothrock to the forestry interest of the State of Pennsylvania. During the year 27 members were added to the Association, 20 were reported deceased, in- cluding Dr. B. E. Fernow, one of the organizers of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, and the first head of the Division of Forestry in the U. S. Department of Agriculture. He also was head of the New York School of Forestry, at rornell University, and later Dean of the Forest School at the University of Toronto. The losses through death and resignations have left a mem- bership of 1095. A determinefl effort is now to be made to endeavor to largely increase the number of members on our roll. F. L. BITLER, Recording Secretary. Report of the Auditors of the Rothrock Memorial Fund AT Dr. Drinker ^s request, Major R. Y. Stuart, President of the State Forest Com- mission, appointed auditors to examine the account of receipts and expenditures in the Hothrock Memorial Tablet. The persons ap- Pomted were W. E. Montgomery, Chief Office of Maintenance, and G. H. Wirt, Chief Bureau of Forest Protection. Their report follows: ^^We, the undersigned auditors appointed by Major R. Y. Stuart as President of the State Forest Commission, certify that we have exam- ined the account of receipts anl expenditures of Dr. H. S. Drinkor, Chairman and Treasurer of the Rothrock Memorial Committee, and have found the account correct, and that the entire amount contributed has been expended in neces- sary work on the tablet. The actual amount ex- pended was in excess of the original contribu- tions, but the deficit was covered by additional gifts from certain contributors. ' * GEORGE H. WIRT, W. E. MONTGOMERY, December 18, 1923. Auditors. Treasurer's Report THE fiscal year of the Pennsylvania Fores- try Association ends December 1, 1923, and the statement of finances on that date Nvas as follows: Treasurer's Statement to Dec. 1, 1923 To Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1922 $26*7 70 Cash, annual dues to Nov. 30, 1923... 1,93L00 Cash, donations and subscriptions 539.00 Cash, sale of Forest Leaves 99.72 Cash, interest on life membership and Forest leaves, bonds and deposits.. 773.22 Cash, life membership fees ] 50.00 Total $3,760.64 Cr. By Cash, office expenses, poatage, etc $132.13 Office rent 620.00 Publication of Forest Leaves 1,590.69 Assistant Secretary's salary 600.00 Expense of meetings " 87.43 Life membership fund 150.00 Forest leaves Fund 62.00 Membership in Pennsylvania Conser- vation Council 25.00 Assessment for Imnd protection 20.00 Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1923 483!39 Total $3,760.64 Forest Leaves Fund Invested $2,665.42 In ^nk 7g.oo c, . , , $2,743.42 Special bequest for Forest Leaves invested $500.00 Life Membership Fu.xd Invested $6,510.00 '" ^«"k 375.00 $6,885.00 General Fund Bequests, etc $6,108.31 F. L. BITLER^ Treasurer. 102 FOREST LEAVES Annual Repoit of the U. S. Forester LAND use and timber supply are the two major problems confrontino^ the country in its use of forest lands, according to the annual report of Col. William B. Greeley, Chief of the Forest Sendee, U. S. Department of Ajp-i- culture. The report states that the annual drain on the country ^s forests amounts to 25 billion cubic feet, while growth replaces only 6 billion cubic feet. In referring to this vast discrep- ancy between drain and growth and the necessity for intensive forestry practices on all forest land the report said: ^ ^^The investigations conducted during the year by the select committee of the United States Senate is one of the most helpful and stimulat- ing steps the Federal Government has taken in attacking the reforestation problem as a whole, and It is disclosing beyond doubt or question that the time is at hand for enormous progress in timber growing if public agencies will give the landowner a fair chance. This should be our next step in our national forestry policy. '^ More timber was cut from the national' forests during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1923, than ever before in a similar period of time, and the receipts paid into the United States Treasury were greater than for any previous vear, accord- ff I . ^n.^ ""^P^"*- ^^^ ^"^<^""t «f timber cut totaled 991,982,000 board feet, the amount sold was over two billion feet, and the receipts from sales totaled $2,641,244. Sales of timber on the national forests are made only with care to cut no more timber than the growth in order to in- sure a perpetual supply. The increase in timber sales from the Alaskan forests during the fiscal year was 73 per cent over the previous year. One of the factors af^ fectmg the volume of timber business in the national forests is the continued westerly mi- gration of forest industries from the depleted timber regions of the East, and this is reflected in sales of timber from the western fronts. The extent to whieh national forests are being nW- u r'?"^"^^ P""P^«^« i« shown em phatically by the fact that well over 6 000 000 people visited the forests during 1923. -The use of the national forests for r^reation is in aU respects deserving of encouragement,- the re port states. -It means for no small ^art of the coun ry's population a valuable opporhmity and usTiTadd T^L ^T'"^ ^^^^ recreational "se wll add valuable elements to our national hfe without impairing the capacitv of the W to. create wealth or render other public services - FOREST LEAVES Forest fires swept over 373,214 acres of na- tional forest land during the calendar year 10'^2 ^^o^ or^'*'''^^ *''^^^'' ^"^ property valued It' .1>4J4,9b5, exclusive of damage to young groA^ th The area burned in 1922 was nearly equal to the area swept by flames in 1921, but the danuu^e was almost twice as great, because of more seri- ous fires in stands of merchantable timber. Man- caused fires again were responsible for 64 per cent, of all fires, and lightning fires accounted tor about 36 per cent, of the total. One of the outstanding facts in connection with the 1922 fire season, the reix)rt says, is that except for highly localized ''sore spots'' of in- cendiarism., man-caused fires on the national for ests seem to be decreasing. The rapidly oto^. ing use of the forests for recreational purposes would naturally lead to many more smokers' and campers' fires, but man- as they are apt to do if not pruned. The Purple or Copper Beech is also a Euro^ pean contribution. It is one of the most ad- mired of our adopted trees. Not only its dense compact head and fascinating mode of branch- ing and Its characteristic ashen-grav bark, but particularly the shading of color' which its foliage undergoes as the season progresses, make It mghly prized as an ornamental tn^ There is never a neighborhood where it is planted, that Its foliage is not watched regulariy and reli- giously as it exhibits an elusive * change of coloration Its form and habits of growth adapt It to single planting on spacious lawns and op^n ftttT' ^i^^-^t-««J^ady places. WithTs It IS hardy and has no unusual foes. The sneci s"ands1n"th N r'' .^--P-y-g iHustra'^^^rn stands m the National Cemetery at Gettysburg The Purple Beech is a variety of the common species Fa,., sylvatica^ which is one of th~- portant timber trees of Europe, ranging from the middle continent south and east to Ihe Caucasus The species has long been planted ornamenta Iv m England, where sentiment and song have ^ It famous, and pure beech forests are often seen in Germany and in Denmark. Most of the Purple Beeches of cultivation today are believed to S been derived from a tree discovered during the 19th century in a forest of Thuringia, Germany south of the Harz Mountains. " ' The Lombardy Poplar, as its common and scion- tific names suggest, is associated with Italy and Its province of Lombardy. It has long been cultivated and widely plantedj, and when its unique form is observed we do not wonder why It IS most picturesque, and has a high artistic appeal. It is supposed to have originated in Afghanistan, whence it was taken first to West ern Asia in early times, thence to Europe, and much later to America. It was the first orna mental tree introduced into the United States Like the Norway Maple and the Purple Beeih It, too, fills a particular place in ornamental planting and offers special advantages to land scape development. Without one or more Lorn bardy Poplars, appropriately placed, the Italian villa presents an incomplete picture. As a wind break tree it offers the dual advantage of satis- factonly checking winds and at the same time easting but little shade. Soldiery files of these poplars line many a European highway, and nu, be used to advantage here. It could be advan- tageously planted along our highways where the objection is offered that highway planting shades unduly the farmer's crop and the traveler's road- bed. The Lombardy Poplar is often objected to on the grounds that it is short lived, and subject to insect and fungus attack. Its short life need not be much objection to its use along highways, tor there it is readily replaced and soon fills the gap m a row of its kind; and it is usually the mature trees, in the decline of life, which be- come unsightly from their foes— trees that are ready to be replaced. True, we have other trees generallv more de- sirable for roadside use. But our many miles of Pennsylvania roads through such diverse coun- try and conditions, offer variety aplenty for diversified artistic treatment. I should like to see more and more nut trees used. Lombardv poplar finds particular favor in its rapid gi-owth and unique form, which always attract attention —and tree attention is what the Commonwealth needs and the forest situation demands. The home of the Weeping Willow is in Asia. It is reported as abundant on the banks of the Euphrates, near Babylon, whence its scientific specific na,me—Bah?/lonira. It preserves its natural haunts in Pennsylvania, for we usually find it planted along streams, and we feel that its appearance suits an environment of water. It seems well pleased to be with us, for of the decidu- FoHKST Lkavks, Vol. XIX. No. 7. FoRKST Lkavrs, Vol. XIX. No. 7. ^ * V* i Weeping Willow in Pknnsylvama. This Tukks Rkal Homk is in Aslv and Ecjyi-t. < H O <: o H as i-i CO O < H O H Z o o Eh < o a. o TlIK AlLAXTin-H IS T}IK CIILNAMAN'H TKEK OK Hkavkn INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES 105 oiis trees to retain verdure long, it is one of the very last On observing the fall of deciduous leaves in the vicinity of Harrisburg this autumn, I see that m early December it is the greenest of deciduous trees. It is noteworthy that many of the introduced ornamental trees keep their verdure longer than our own— indeed, it is a prime feature favoring their adoption ' Of for eign kinds with such representatives among us note for instance Willow, Elm, Oak, Linden, Ash and Sycamore. The Tree of Heaven, or Ailanthus, comes to us from China. The Chinese name is Chou Chun or stinking chun-for it lias quite a disagree^ able odor. It was introduced into Europe in Jrl ro/*i® •I*'*"* D'Incarville, and into the ["■'"' ^t T ^- ^ ^"^ ^^^^""^ nurseryman in ]820. The tree has a tropical appearance, with Its long compound leaves of 11-41 leaflets, each 3-0 MK-hes ,n length. The Chinese And the leaves palatable, gathered in spring and pickled in salt I am afraid we would not find them so if we but gathered some and observe their odor. The odor of the foliage and of the flowers especially, re- mn,ls us of rats and mice. The Ailanthus is a favonte shade and ornamental tree in Pekint'- It may be seen along the parks and boulevarxis of I ans, and in Washington, D. C. It has become e.xtensive y naturalised in Pennsylvania and es fapes cultivation freely. While it still finds favor among many people for ornamental plant- "^, It has won disfavor on farms and alon- era,l, cdte. Never plant it in such places unless ou o not care whether a thicket rLxZ S n ,'f ':r' ''*'^ ^""^ '•^"y '^"'^"ve and b IwT*^'" ^P««"«»«- On« of the lai^est Kiver C rp'^.^^r^ "^'^■- *•>« SnsquehannT in 'ron:, A-, r^"' T"""^ ''' f""-- f««t above r Di : "^''""'hus will grow to good size, and ^ap ■">'« "f teenth century £ l„^h ' ?"'•"« **^ ^^e nine- K>-oe,l of gold^^ !:r^"" ^'"'^' ^on>inated by «"'! the ri.thlLo I ^ "^' "*» Monomic law -'inuedlt'eirSt "'"•• '°'"'^-^'' »■- 'l^ea.le or so ago 1 wa "not unT" '*" °"'y » oiir forest.. n«M 1 ^ uncommon to find in S-'"!! "Incl^TS 1 '" '^\*''«'-« they fell. «■•« "II that remain of T!.'. '1*"^^ "' "'"''er covered more^aL h/lf ^'f^"^ ^"^^'"^ *''«' «"<'<' '^-"tMries a4 cent '^ i "^ ^""^ States. ^'»> "'■ oonseXtion Tn , "'T' '"-"'■"^^ *he les- "o^-'M timber e'^Lf"'? "'"**^ ^"«« 'aws to '^aste: ever^^'t of , f u^"^"'^' '^'""•^ '« no ••ranches and ^yLLl f '" ""^ '« utilized-the "fa'tnvo of oTs V^: *^'^ f '"? into the man- "^- f is ind^d'strangrtC""'"^''''^ '""- wu sirange that this country failed 107 Inomt I'T"" "^ ^o'^d^-ful demonstration of wonomic development, but such is the case sUy caitt^^^^^^ ^ai nrt^:n«rr::^,.---p-i- ihe best we can possibly do at this Inf^ ^of ly heritage to posterity A Ion., tv, T ^, *" already n^ade a be^„n^ng ^^r nnl '.^^ ^^* established courses in ^' * universities have owners are ~ hoShtfu7' "". "^^ '""'' reforestationrour irSs a eTof rn^" *" mencing to realize the value of f t,! m ^ .^'"" but are utilizing poor so 1 anH \ ^'^ '*"' lands for tree plantin- L? "^"^^ °'" ^""^""^ having lai^e suS if'i/- °"""^ companies the future rZ warrant, are planting for of th» .^ . response to the economic need Bituminous coal mTi^L Anthracite co,il 61 fina'nnn Iron ore ... X^'^^^ Other ores (es«mat;d)\\\\\iSS This?oLlmp«;„-;„„p;/3j;vfw^^^ per cent, of the timber „^T„' ^ is ft" '' = ?5^^xrs/p:;rt£iT— the end^mlrfhe^'^r-^L'^eimE "iT" "''' "" use would reduce bv «f loo f V^ ^^^ universal su.pti. Of tirb.:^t';-vxr .iftrtr^eteatLZntSorP*^-' f "- Perhaps no other StTte Tn h« n '^'''''"'"• a terrain so diversified " * t ^"'°° P'-^^ents in broad fertile'Sws and n'T"'*,"""'"'^-"' Pennsylvania stands ^re-emfnJ^" BuTh'^i.' — v%£":^d^ri:^h 7r ' '— "«" .hostlike amids^s '^siTJi:!;^^!^:: 108 FOREST LEAVES sadly of the good old logging- days and the pass- ing of that two-fisted, hard-boiled specimen of humanity, the lumberjack. His like may doubt- less never again be seen, but the forests which produced him can and will be made to grow and in due course be productive. For administrative purposes the State of Pennsylvania is divided into twenty-five forest districts, each of which is numbered and given a distinctive name. The part of the State best adapted to reforestation is what is geographi- cally known 35 the Allegheny Plateau, compris- ing the western half of the State. It is on the eastern edge of this plateau, or the central part of the State, that the principal forests are lo- cated. They stretch from the north to the south boundai-y in a belt approximately seventy miles in width. The only extensive forest lo- cation outside of this belt is that situated in Pike County. The Department is receiving splendid support from the mining industry. During the spring of J923 thirty-eight coal companies set out more forest trees than any other group of tree planters in Jhe^ State. The trees planted aggregated 1,- 137,175, which is sufficient to reforest 1,200 acre's of idle land. As shoxring the great interest taken in this direction, it is only necessary to state that .KlTr!'^ """"^ ^^'^ ""'^"^- companies planted only 7,600 trees. Of the above mentioned thirty- eight companies, the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation led with 163,000 trees. This virile subsidiary of the New York Cen- tra Railroad Company came into being in the early 80 V A sturdy infant at the start, it weathered the prevailing vicissitudes of that period and grew in stature and substance until under the presidency of Frank E. Herriman, it occupies today a commanding position in the in- dustrial organizations of the State. With broad acres, and enough coal in reserve for the next hundred and fifty years at an annual rate of two mil ion tons, it was eminently fitting and proper that this corporation should take the lead in forest regeneration. The forestry department of the Clearfield Bi- tuminous Coal Corporation was organized in the spring of 1020. The corporation's coal holdino-s amount to 150,000 acres, of which 24,000 acres are owned in fee and available for reforestatioi;. A survey of this Mirface proved that 2,000 acres were covered with virgin timber, 16,000 acres with natural reproduction, 4,000 acre« barren IfZ ^r ^7^-^^^f • "^^^ "^i"es, and 1,000 onthZ ^r"^;^"'^- ^^^^'h ^his acreage to work on three forests were established as follows: Name Acreage Peale 15,000. Bigler... 1,700. Patton... 4,500. C^^<>unty District Center and Clearfield . . Moshannon ( 9 ) Clearfield Gallitzin (23) Cambria Gallitzin (23) FOREST LEAVES Total . . 21,200 The balance of the acreage is scattered in small tracts near the corporation's mines, notably at Sample Run and Barr Slope, Indiana County Pa. To the north, east and south are located the extensive forest lands under State control. A study of the soil and geographic location of the various tracts indicated that the best results would obtain by planting white, Norway, Scotch and pitch pine; Norway spruce and European larch, and 431,000 seedlings supplied by the State have been set out since the spring of 1921. Un- fortunately, however, the department is unable to furnish more than 50 per cent, of annual re- quirement; and in order to make up the defici- ency and to carry out properiy the extensive plans contemplated! it has become necessary for the corporation to establish its own nursery^^ear the mining town of Clymer, Indiana County, Pa. Planting seedlings on barren land and water sheds is but a small part of the work accom- plished by the corporation's forestry depart- ment. In the Peale forest of 15,000 acres par- ticular care is given to natural reproduction and under planting. Fire lanes have been cut old roads opened and a fire tower erected and 'con- nected with State towers by telephone. In the important work of protection against fire, the lorester is r^eiving the hearty cooperation of the State Department of Forests and Waters and the Pennsylvania Fire Protective Associ- ations Through the heart of this forest mean- ders Moshannon Creek, as wild and picturesque as in the old rafting days when it served as an important artery in the transportation of locjs to mill. The corporation's mill was first located on the banks of this stream and operated there until It was found advisable, in the interest of economy and efficiency, to move it to Clvmer, Indiana County> near the center of mining ac- tivities. The Peale forest is made up of 2,000 acres of virgin timber, the balance consisting of forest growth in various stages of development. There is also in this forest a large amount of sound dead timber, fire killed manv years ago. Phis virgin and dead timber forms the source of the present mill supply. When this is gone the second growth will be ready for the mill, and there is enough of it to supply the mines until the seedlings planted today reach maturity In cutting the timber the selective method is 'em- ployed, which IS most essential where conserva- tion IS the main objective. In three years this forest has produced 3,032,751 board feet of lum- ber, of which 50 per cent, was used for minin- purposes and the balance for new construction and repair work. The corporation, with a confi- dence born of past achievement, may well look forward to the- day when its timber supply will iaigely exceed the demand. The intense interest in reforestation displayed by the mining and other industries of the State is a most hopeful sign, indicating as it does that deep down beneath the sordid materialism of biff business there lurks the spirit of altruism. Sure y a new era is dawning; an era predicated upon he broad principle of patriotism and economics. ^^ e of the present generation are indeed fortu- nate t^ stand at its threshold and to be called upon to contribute with unflagging zeal to the end that posterity may be served.-New York Central Lines Magazine. 109 Tap Early for Maple Sugar MAKERS of maple sugar have lost half and even more of their crops many sea- sons by not being prepared for the first runs, says the United States Department of Agriculture. It is a good policy to Up earlv in the season, not only in order to obtain the eariier wetlLr"-''Tr1'"' are familiar with -sugar ^>eainer. In general, the season is readv tn 0.... .luring the middle' or last part of FeSa y m the southern sections and later in the north S'ars^riotr trr ^■' '"'' '^^ hr.okf -rosiy. n the days are verv .? '..r'"' ""•! r""^ '''^ ««P «'-ts with a £L '""^""'^'''^ ^«»ther causes it to start Jm^l "^ '*'"*'""" "'"^ '''**^'"? ''«tes kept in eulv Tu" '^™P ^^"^ "'« '>P^^"g season as KtT ^^'^V ""^ "' 18»1 and lOOfi The atest o,>enmj, date recorded was March 27th in 9 to -,/f,: "•""b^'- «; «'«.vs of flow varie,! fron, •'"' "'« a^eraffe beinjr about 30 days. svIpII'I f^* "l"'*^ ""^"'■■^ »-ainst which Penn- ^'^•"iiia s forests need protection. The Importance of the White Pine Weevil By A. r. Snyder, District Forester AMOKG the enemies of the forest are listed ftre insects, diseases and unrestricted lumbenng. Fires unquestionably do the greatest damage, for it is probably the only de! tX toonf *'^* ^"'^ ""' ^^'- -- pa - tiauty to one or more species of trees. Unrestneted lumbering has done considerable supr "Bnt\T; "' ""'""^ "- future tlmbt supply But both fires and wasteful methods of lumbenng can be dealt with by morarand ie<.al action against man. ° '®^a' Insect attacks and diseases of trees ar» th^ work of inhuman agencies and ca„^ pr^en ed ° Wh '■ tr'r''''^ '^« '"««-««« di^ec'ty! When the first sign of the chestnut blight was th?t i TStLr^S'-' ^7 -- - .TXrth-e - ^^^^--^^^^^^ wasTpSJ b^'uled to cheTwr"'' """ ''""'^'^ '''at should oe used to check the spread. The blight how ac'"; of z:r\ ?"'^^°^^ --J thSnd':; aeres of sturdy chestnut trees became covered W,gh^ and today very few sound chestnut tree^ li?„t !'h*' '"'^^"'' '" Pennsylvania. ^ About the same tune or a few years later forest pathologists were sreaHv »lo I ' count nf *►>„ \tru\ x^- greatly alarmed on ac- count of the White Pme Blister Rust, and it was only by consistent scientific methods that thl disease has been confined to as smalF an tl t But while a great deal of study and work have IS probably a less important insect damage but stil one that attracts considerable attent^n and will unquestionably have a marked effect u^f our future pine stands-the White Pine WeeW^ The principal characteristics of this insect at tack which makes it somewhat differenrfr^l some other diseases are : ^'lerent from (1) It does not kill the tree outrifl-ht k * merely kills the terminal shoot ^ ' ^"^ iJrthlnir/\'"^"'T^r "'^" '■•««« "^ trees less than 20 feet m height than on lar.'er an,' mature trees. '"rocr am. (■i) Jt may reoccur on the same tree as soon as the new terminal shoot has been developer mixture!" """■' '"*"""°" '" ^'""' "'""''* '^an in (.'>) Its life habits are well known, but as yet 7 if , > no FOREST LEAVES nothiiu^ practical has been devised to stop it from spreading. It is probably from the first two named char- acteristics that the detrimental influences of this disease have been underestimated, and it is only after a more detailed investigation that the dam- age of the insect is fully appreciated. During three years of experience in examining timberiands and plantations in the WVoming Forest District, the officers of the District have not examined a single tra«' plantations ruined by planting White Pine? Inasmuch as there IS at present no absolute remedy for the Weevil or the Bl ster Rust, these substitutes may be necessary only for a few years until either its !tf!T^ "/"u"'' "' "•« ^««^" has lessened Us attacks, and the danger of the White Pine iilister Rust has passed. FOREST LEAVES nX t5 of ^"""^P ^""^ of Lakewood, New Jersey, President of the American Tree As- Sr.'i fe«ented to The Pennsylvania which w '^ "^""^ "* ^^'^^'^■^^' the procee' ^'^ the MoCormicL .act of 310 acres on the county highway 6 mif^ irom Pescadero. ^ * j ^ uuie^ The"Sumbo!rV^ ^**:^"'"' '*""<'« »* t^ber. if , K °"^'" ^™^e is extremely im- IH)rtant because n constitutes the beginning of a.k along the highway north of Eureka «n,] leading to Crescent City. It is one Tlh \ iest stanHa n.t t;^i. . "® **! the heav- iest stands of timber anywhere in the Redwood io Tn •^^"^^^'''tt^'ely valued at over $10^ 000 In deedwg this tract Mrs. Russ asked that It be made a memorial to her hi^Zd Jos » And fbr h^ "T""''"'''^ ^**"^ to establish «„g collected and^aUrntia^amS Is^ thrr? " f •■' ''^ *he fund raised by Mr Aver of cio^ilTbt^crs Stn! V"^.^''^ J'hillipsville Grovp fvT V i^"^ adjoining the "vr-piu,^ ?sirat tr^.r^"'^'^ -"- """- ^Stl'fh'ete^Sz'""^ "'"rV"- ^voo(ls thflf Ko, 1 ^'-^^' ^res of Red- »-o c.;"^ ,J*[« h^-* P-^Berved out of 1,000,000 The new £1^/0'".'' "'°'*'" ^ ^^e State, '•■•ins oTo,""'^,^''*' ,C°""t.V Redwood Park con- -""'"^ PubHc parks "^""^ ^^^ '^' ^ave been Tl- report deals .-ith the passage of the Rosen- shine Act which provides for « St«t^ m vpv n.f n.» r> 1 "'luBs ior a btate-wide sur- ey of the Redwood belt with the view to IZ lining a system of State parks *" Shall We Prevent Forest Fires or Merely Control Them ' By George H. Wirt THE eariier we recognize the human side of favor H ^'^.''hange it, so as to have it in our X beobtrei'ot "'""T ""' '""^ P^hltm «TL" """T ^^ *''"'"^- the forest will burn as 01^ as trees produce leaves and branches fal" of f h! ft"^^ ^""^ •'^""•"^ ^^y ^ tinder. Some af a ceH^' "^^ "^ *'^""^ "P ^"'^ disposS^^f -me XI" XT r/ *^ *^« satisfa^ion li M>me people. The fuel for fires can be regulated L rH^"" ?'""*• The fire itself can be ef facToi ' upon human than upon phyla' sta^r"^f°"si^::rt ^""^ •" P-nsylvanla's forests fit I ^^P?"taneous combustion may cause a few Lightning causes a few-probaWv ten or twelve a year. The other 1 500 to Toon SslnLr • ^'.TV'' " ^** *»•« started by ;rSn 'If teT rthui^"n'^""lr '''^ *''' , does any individ^l ^it^ tn"s ^^Ta sp'IS I :°ter; Z vXte rperifE '^^-^' a forPQf? P« u property as tor example ( t; lorest fires happen in spring and fall and not so many in winter and summer f ' 80 aT'to Th """ ?u '"'"*'* '^^ •»«'^ he reached .T„ l*. ^*"^* their attitude from one of thoughtlessness and indifference to onT of care- t^Uness, of comeuinity interests! Even without s n:t Th";;* ^^""""""^ "•« physical opeitn L"l K.\''''"?" oP^'-ation wherever firceTs available for the purpose. But in the Srftv of cases his means men, women, and bo^ with Wa'sThTre w h" " " '"""'"* *° ^' this'foS thoLh thU 7;"'"^^^^ •»• ""Willingness t Even exeS th! '"''. P""""^"' """!«• duress, who actl^ fi, 1 P'^^^'^e^ Was it lawf Who en- acted the law, or who would enforce itt No & 112 FOREST LEAVES matter from what angle you look at it, you face a human problem. The only logical way we have of producing change in the human mind is by education. It is well to investigate and tabulate <3auses, but it is better to control and extinguish fires when they occur. To do these things there must be an organization large enough to cover the forest to be protected. There must be a head to the organization and sufficient help to keep it going. There must be inspection, and there must be a number of alert, interested, efficient men ready to do promptly, whatever must be done. Fires must be detected promptly, reported promptly, extin- guished promptly. A force of helpers and sufficient equipment must be available at a mo- ment's notice. Other details must be worked out and through all the details runs the human ele- ment that can't be avoided. The point of contact may be established by enlucation, and education will result in prevention. Measures for Conservation of Swedish Forests SWEDEN has recently promulgated a new forestry law which brings into force better measures of preservation and set up restric- tions against extreme exploitation says Consular advices to the Department of Commerce. In some parts of Sweden the proprietary rights of the owners of private forests have been limited by sf>ecial laws and the forests in these districts have been well preserved, but on the whole the forests have been threatened by excessive felling. It is therefore hoped that the new law will fill the long-felt need. The farmers alone have criticized the measure, basing their criticism upon the regulations pertaining to the protection of young forests. They fear that these regulations will involve economic diffiiculties for the owners of small farms. The new law may be characterized as a conser- vation and regrowth law. It makes ample pro- visions for adequate maintenance and scientific cultivation of the Swedish Forests. Strict regula- tions are imposed with regard to the felling of young timber and the care of old forests. Much attention is also given to the measures insuring regrowth and special regulations have been made with regard to forests difficult to reproduce. The Swedish authorities are now keenly alive to the necessity of better care of the forests and with this in view the new law places considerable obli- gations upon private timber owners to exercise great care in their felling operations. Sweden is among the largest lumber exporting countries of the world and more than half of the 41,000,000 hectares (one hectare=2.47 acres) constituting the total area of Sweden Eire covered by forests. The number of hectares of forest lands in Sweden to every 100 inhabitants is 392 and the corresponding numbers for Russia Germany, and Great Britain are 168, 22 and 3 respectively. Area of State Forests in Pennsylvania INQUIRY was made at the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association as to the number of acres of State Forests by counties. So that all of our members may be advised, there is given below a table prepared by the Department of Forests and Waters of Pennsylvania, showing by counties the area of State-owned forest land in Pennsylvania, as of January Ist^ 1924: County Acres Adams 20,887 Bedford 10,756 Butler 11 Cameron 83,056 Carbon 436 Centre 79,388 Clearfield 65,069 Clinton 143,829 Cumberland 21,720 Dauphin 3,808 Elk 22,767 Franklin 34,677 Fulton 6,396 Huntingdon 62,431 Jefferson 5,681 Juniata 3,534 Lackawanna 5,275 Lycoming 104,306 Mifflin 50,382 Monroe 6,400 Perry 29,468 Pike 58,193 Potter 158,785 Snyder 20,320 Somerset 6,198 Tioga 67,069 Union 54,193 Westmoreland 5,065 Wyoming 1,177 Total 1,131,277 This shows a total to 1,131,277 acres or 1,768 square miles, or not quite 4 per cent, of the land area of the State. FOREST LEAVES PUBUSHBU Bl-MONTHLY Vol. XIX— No. 8 Entered at the Plul«leIphiaP<«.Offi«M«oea,n flow and controlling the flood waters of ho Allej.heny and Monongahela Rive.^ and their tr.ln,tanes. This bill was referred to the Ch i^rowth; and ' Whereas, the most formidable agency of forest destruction an.l prevention of reforestation is hie and, of the (ires which annually devastate vast areas, four-fifths are ascribed in ori-in to "".uui agencies and virtually all mav be con- trolled and made innocuous through ■prudence, tare, and vigilance; ' lilted States do urge upon the Cxoveniors of he various States to designate and set ai.ar he week- of April 21-27, 1924, as Fo tX ect.ou Week and, wherever practicable ami not " oonf l.ct with State law or accepteeriments are for the most part long-tij: experiments and many years must elapse befo" lesults can be obtained. Special ei^phasis given to forestry problems related to ag^icultur such as wood-lot thinning experiments, market mg of products from the wood lots, browsino of cattle on hard wood in the spring, maple su^a l.roduction, reforestation of scrub oak land Tnd other land covered with useless growth Ihe demands for forestry extension service especially as to the management of wood lots W been greater than the limite.l facilities of the department could supply. Many of the graduates of this department are employed by coal and lumber companies in re- forestation work and by various wood utilization industries. "-oum FOREST LEAVES (Seal) By the President: HfARLES E. HUOHES, Secretary of State. CALVrNT COOLlDfJE. New Mexico's Forests to Receive Fire Protection A SYSTEM of fire protection for timber lands^ belonging to New Mexico will re- hM ^l. . ^'^^ agreement recently made U nilT'^^f ' '^"'horities and the Forest -Seivi.. United States Department of Agriculture Under the provisions of the agreement all of the State-owned timber lands located within or ad acent to national forests within New Mexieo will be included in the general fire protection organization that has been built up by the Fed- eral Government. The State of New Mexico will pay Its share of the costs. New Mexico owns about 1,200,000 acres of tim- ber land to which the fire protection will ex- tend. The adoption of the protective system brings New Mexico well to the front among the States from a standpoint of conservation ol Mate-owned timber. According to the statement of the Forest Serv- ice, 0. S. Department of Agriculture, in the course of a study of the eflfeets of grazing on for- est land in Virginia and West Virginia, Mr. F. \V. Haasis came uiwn a 21-inch yellow iniplar stump m the Shenandoah National Forest, with il8 living sprouts, all of ]92,S origin. The shoots varied in height from 1 inch to 56 inches Memorandum Concerning the Gipsy Moth I Situation US THE Gipsy moth is an insect which has been in this country for some fifty years or so but which is still limits in it's Sbution to (he greater part of the New En-land Stale, an, to about a 250 square mile ait fn nor^h centra New Jersey. In parts of this area enor mous damage has been done to forests, and many m l.ons of dollars have been expended in pro! tec n,g sha:«"o. Pa-, but this infestatio^ was Im ■'k"""'"'^''*"''' "* ^ «°«* of approximately •HIM), borne by the State. This infestation £ on. „uestion, originated with infested nursery stock comin<>- from th^ :^e * x- . " "urser^ New Jersey infestation m northern Ihning the past year and one-half sli-ht in Stations have been found in three wfdely sen" aiatei n aces in th^ «*„* ... "^'"eiy-sep- shiiMnrnt ofinf f / ^ resulting from the New Fir A ^'^ "'"■'^'■y ^'"^'^ f'O"' certain ^ew England nurseries. These three infesta *1M()0, the cost being borne by the State t ZZ \ Z ^^'^ "■^*''«'* shipments havin- es- of Cl,^ -nT "7" '" ""^ -tablishment insect in Pennsylvania, with tremendous 'he V<"^lTrL *•'!"'."?"•«•'* of stock from I sent Gipsy moth infested territory. trail a!;;''*^'- «f. "22-23, a group of men well ^eet ntro f^'^TT'^ '" agriculture and in- ''"'1 -e sent nr/r"'"''^-^ '".^'P^-^ ""''•' --k) ^•ana. New folk T""'t'''" ^"""""^ «»«*- . «ew York, New Jersey, and Pennsyl- rtun^yU^f pt7 J; T^' ''t «"-"-• was formnir^Ii fu attacking the problem .oth infestation "l^^t^T^Z:^, % "^ Sin-r^rLel^nt— infestation in New England tk! u ^ uorrtei and follows approximately, but not ex v.nampisin, (3) exterminat on of anv infWf. tions of Gipsy moth that may occur w4 ward or' souhwestward of this barrier zone; 4? the ' « ^n tion of escape of infestation f om the New i^ng and area by proper restriction of the moy" to carry theT' '"^K^"" "''''' P-''"**^ "^ely ensive matter to eradicate it. Responsible officials of both the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Forests and Waters of Pennsylvania are thoroughly familiar with the general situation, and indorse unquali- fiedly the request of the Federal Department of Agriculture for adequate funds for the Gipsy moth work. It is felt that the funds requested represent the minimum amount necessary to keep the situation under control, and that the Federal appro{)riation should be granted in the amount requested by the Department of Agriculture. How Quick Financial Returns Can be Realized from Forest Tree Plantings FOREST LEAVES By William F. Dague, District Forester State Appropriations for Forestry EVERY odd year, corresponding with the year in which most of the State legislatures n/eet, it is the custom of the Forest Ser\^- iee to compile a statement of the appropriations made by the States for forestry, exclusive of those for the educational work conducted by vari- ous universities, colleges, and schools. The state- ment for 1923 has just been sent out. It shows that 32 States having forestrv depart- ments appropriated a total of $5,410,000, ^of which $2,441,000 was appropriated by 18 States for the purchase and maintenance of State forests, $1,- 727,000 by 28 States for fire protection, $607,000 ^o.o^n.^.^^*^^ ^'^'' ^''^^''^ ^"^^ ^^s^ase protection, $212,000 by 18 States for nursenes and planting, and the remainder chiefly for administration and publicity. As compared with the appropriations for 1921 the net increase after deducting the item for pro' tec ion against insects and diseases, which was SlS8,m '^ '''' '^™^ '' ^'^ '''' ^^^^^"^-^^ iJTan^^^l^^ "'•''^'^ *^^"* ^"^^'^^ appearance in the 192o statement-New Mexico, with a small sum available for fire protection, and Alabama, with a special forestry fund of $50,000 derived It IS interesting to note, from privilege license •o.w ^""a ^!""^"^'"- turpentining, and other lorest industries. It is estimated that 18,000,000 sugar maple trees are tapped annually in the United States. DURING August of 1913 a row of Norway Spruce seedlings was planted alou" the west side of the Clearfield* Forest" Tree Nursery as a wind break to protect the nursery Irom the strong west winds which usuallv sweep the area and cause considerable damage from drying out. The reason for not planting the wind break in the early spring of 1913 was due to the great amount of pressing nursery and pro tective work during the spring months The main reason for planting in August was due to having received five student applications for a six weeks' try out on forestry work prior to at tending the Forest School, and as this afforded a means of accomplishing this work without any expenditure. A minor reason for this planting was to settle a question in the minds of the sin- dents as to whether tree planting at this time ot the year could be accomplished successlully The age of the seedlings planted was two vears and they were spaced 22 in. in the row. At the time of the planting the seedlings were watered similarly to the watering of cab'ba-e or tobacco plants at planting, during dry weather. All the seedlings grew and made better gjowth than like trees planted in brush or sod areas as there was very little root competition. These trees attained a height in 1923 of from 4 to 10 ft. The white pine weevil killed a few aiid in- jured quite a number of the trees. In 1922 the trees formed a solid hedge and from the road almost obstructed the view of the nursery, and it was then deemed advisable to remove about two-thirds of the trees in or.ler to open up a view of the nursery from the hiirh- way and give the other trees a better chance for root and top development. Those who came in contact with the nursery were very reluctant to see any of the trees removed, which seems to be a human trait among all planters. But as the growth increased the necessity of makiii- the thinning increased and in 1923 it was felt that the operation could not be delayed. In plannini; the thinning it was decided to leave every third tree and remove the intervening ones. At the same time efforts were made to arrange it so as to leave the best trees, which in a few instances ne- cessitated the spacing irre^ilarly and the remov- ing of from one to three trees. Ihe trees were too large to remove successfully for ornamental planting without injuring the trees lelt so It was decided to saw them off and sell them for Christmas trees, and these were sold at a wholesale price of 50 cents each, realizing T /u l^' '"T^"^- ^^^ *-- --e S retailed.by the purchaser at 25 cents per foot in heiuht, thus a tree measuring 3 ft. was sold for 75 cents, a 6 foot tree $1.50, and an 8 ft tree at $2.m. The final price paid for all the trees bv tlie users must have been close to $150 00 Throughout the north-central part of Pennsvl- vania there are very few farmers who cultivate more than half of their farm. Of the cleared area known as the farm area, possibly less than one-third of the average farm is cultivated, and eacii year the area cultivated diminishes. There IS a so throughout this district a vast number 0 .,00,000 acres of such farm land of which J-^^ than 200,000 acres is cultivated, thlre r^r-ionX '' ""^"^^i^^t^ area, which is more n 300,000 acres, is left to grow up in briers, MM grass weeds, etc., except in a few instances so ne small area, on account of the surroundin ' rela ,on to forest growth, has been reseeded and a tree growth established. These natural jnowths are usually the most valuable parts of the farm. The small natural or wood lot growth IS usually the one remaining asset left to the ;;r7n " T' '"'"^'- ^^^ ^"^^^-^^ ^-^^ ^^ unndtnated area is a liability to the owner This area could be planted, especially the uncul- tivated area and fair profits obtained, and in- e inl. Tu '•^^^^'^^'^^ « "ability it could ^e planted and become an asset to the farmer as we 1 as to the district and to the State A l>^an ation at the present time in this dis- • uould cost $18.00 per acre planted 4 by 4 to S) t ^"^ T^' *" -^^^^^ ^*" thinnings 1,000 e :,M f! pV"/'""' ^ *^ ^2 '^^^ ^'hi^h could a d InJ ?TT ''''' ^" '^' ^^-^"^i^i"^ -ties a h o .^^ *i" ^^^'' ^* ^^^"^ '^^ ^ents to $3.00 e 1 :> 1. ,' Sl^"*'"^ '""^^ ^' ^*^ft and at the iZwoo/ .^u^^ ^' "^^^^ ^"^ «till later vo 1 1 ;^^l->^ht be cut. Such thinnings alone •.""svr,rif ■■'"■■'•"»■■•»-'" ■"■>■' "^ -lore intensive methods nnd with larger Plow for S' . " "T "' ^"""■^ •'«" be "I lor ,$7.0a, harrowed sufficiently for plant- "■= tor about 17.00, and planted with a planter 117 I for less than $6.00, or at a total eost of $20.00 slced'so? P'"'^"''*'' *"'' P'«"ted, the trees spaced SO ,n. u. a row and the rows 3 ft. apart. This acre can be kept under cultivation the first wo years for $15.00 per year, and it can be fer .lized «,th a half ton of acid phosphate at tie beg«n.ng of the second growing^eason, and he ame a.noun at the beginning of the third grow! ng season for a total cost of $25.00, or at a Ota cost of $75 00 an acre containing 5,000 t^ 0,500 trees can be raised in from 5 to 8 years. These trees would be from 6 to 12 ft. in height and would then cost from 1% to 3 cents each The Experience of a Pennsylvania Wood Chemical Plant By Harry E. EUiott, District Forester THE Gray Chemical Company, with its operating plants and saw mill at Roulette. Pa., and Woods Offlee at Coudersport, is located .„ the central part of Potter Cou^y It owns about 21,000 acres on the Alleghenv Water ,n?r. ' f f °"*'' '" "^ 'he beech, birch an.l maple type. So.l conditions and climate bein^ fa orab e an excellent tree growth is obtained ,2 J ^"^ ^'*'' 'be company's forester, a num- ber of interesting facts were noted : That forestry practice is easy to follow. The chemical plant has a capacity of 60 cords aT Sint"' *'" ""' "'" '''''' ^-'- The chS eal p ant can run indefinitely and the saw mill bout cJir' 'Z "' '^"^' ""'•^y y««-' -""^ng aoout eight months in the year From growth studies made." the' company is per- f^Uy .^atisfied that they are getting In Average ber is ^ll7 "^ "1""'' '" '" """ ""«• the tim- lake up more room than thev deserve. Clear oMtt.ng on the beech, birch and maple t-pe pro trees, more desirable for chemical wood and « hetter quality than the mature origina stands «nd also a higher yield per acre. From thei': tame,! oflf a fifty year even aged stan I than from an absolute mature stand The rotation planned is from 35 to 40 vear, without taking into consideration the Targe .mount of wood available from individuals ^' _ fire protection is considered bv far the m«,t .".portant phase of the forestry policy, and eZ- 118 FOREST LEAVES ination of intensive grazing is also taken into consideration. During the last five years about three acres of their lands have been burned over. None of these fires started on their own holdings. As near as the forester can recollect, there has been only one large fire within the last 20 years. It covered about 50 acres. Facts like these speak lor themselves and show an effective activity against fire and a favorable attitude of the peo- ple in general toward their holdings. Instead ot waiting for fires to burn up their lands, a practice common with many lumber companies, aji effort is made to help extinguish all fires in the valley, irrespective of the ownership. This IS done because of their interest in fire protec- tion; and the more land protef'ted the more Juture chemical wood there will be available for purchase. Forest tree planting is being practiced on a sniall .cale. This is confined to the abandoned ±arm lands. The planting stock is evergreen species furnished by the State. No artificial reforesting is done on cut over lands as the sprout growth would choke iti outl On the entire area of 20 years of operation, the for- ester has found no place where natural re- lorestation was not satisfactory. Facts like these are only possible because the fires have been kept out, and the company from the start has been far-sighted enough to realize the value o fire prote<.tion Without it, the land in manv growth of ire cherry, aspen and briars. Instead Ind trctr^ '" '^"'' '''-'' ''-' "^'^'^ A definite future supply has been provided for $150.00 in Prizes for Forest Pictures THE Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company's coXstV'"'?""^' .'^^ inaugurated' a nnKi- '^''";^^\^« c'-^ate an interest amon- the ots" Ssf t ^'''^"^ " ^^^ prevention o lands This .n " T ""' ^^^J^"^^"^' '^^-^t anus, ihis company has alwavs displaved r deep interest in the welfare of Vf.. T u^f of this vfHri^r. o J weirare ot the inhabitants an appreciation" of helZ'^Zj^.^^'^:^'^ mountain streams, healthful IhTn^ ^ills clear their cameras in taking photographs that point out the value or need for the prevention of for est fires. To arouse the public 's interest in the need for care of the forests, the company offers $150 00 i„ cash prizes for the best pictures depictin- this subject Last spring this company promoted sue cessfuUy among the school children from East Mauch Chunk to Tamaqua, a contest for FoZ t ire Slogans. One hundred dollars were given to school children that were winners in this con test At that time the intense interest displaye,! by the schools in this district was highly com mendable No less than 1,357 school children en' tered, «nd the result was a better understan,li„., of forest conditions in this region, a greater love and appi-ec.ation for the gi-eat outdoors, a need lor greater care with fire in the woods, and a valuable collection of appropriate forest Hre slogans. This contest, however, is not limited to school children, but is open to the general public an,l covers a much larger ten-itoi^, namely, from'Kast Mauch Chunk to Pottsville, inclusive, and differs widely from last year's affair. The main object IS to arouse interest in the care of the forest, to get jo.i acquainted with your surrounding for- est eond;tions, to point out the need for extreme eare in the woods at this season of the year, and to demoMstrate that the curse of the Anthracite Kegion is the Forest Fire. I ,Jr">''""'*' ''"""''^ '" «««'' ^^i" I^e ffiven for the best picture which, with the name, slogan or tifc e, shows clearly the results of burning up the valuable tree growth or the good results obtaine,! by keeping fires out of the woods. The secon,l prize will be $15.00 cash, and $10.00 cash for the third prize A special inducement is offered to ** rio,f a!; *'"•'* *" comi)ete in the $50.00, .t,30.00 and $20.00 cash prizes for the best collections or groups of pictures that will emphasize the story ot denuded forests, or the resulting benefits of protection. Each gnuled school or high school class, a!id each club from any oi^anization must have ac least 25 members competing. Any c^ontestant may use any camera, select a jrood subject, or scene in Carbon or SchuvlkiU lounty, Pa., procure a print of the film or plate, give It a good title in as few words as possible, and submit then,, with the proper film or plate, to the^forester of the company on or before April Special attention is called to the fact that under no condition will any picture of smoking or burning objects be considered FOREST LEAVES Pennsylvania Forest Protection Notes For 1923 T hi: Department of Forests and Watei-s o m nL ' ^'"" "'^ protection of the 13,- 000 000 acres of forest land in the State there are Ji Foresters and 11 Assistants, 03 State forest fiangers, 105 Game Protectors, 507 Snec- ' >°"''i ^':?„ ^^^'•''^"^ ('•ai'road section fore- men), pnd 2,432 Local Forest Hre Wardens W ardens are paid only for the time actually onp^,'ed in fighting fire. In case of a forest fire notify the nearest wartlen promptly One hundred and six forest fire observation stations for the detection of fi,^s were manned. .Se>^enty.three mi es of new telephone lines were bn, t to make their use effective. (Seven hundred and torty-three miles of line are now owned bv the Department for forest pui-poses.) One thousand three hundred and thirtv-ei.-ht bills tor cost of extinction presented to those %- .IK.nsibe tor forest fires. Thirteen thousand five Im.ulred thirteen .lollars and ninety-eight cents wjis^ collected on account of forest fires durtg Three thousand five hundrerl and forty forest niHvinor''/'"'':^' ''"""'"'' amounting to .ca.ly .$800,000 and costing the State $157,180 to extingiKsh. Ninety-nine per cent, of these fires "':;, [nh"""^ T""^^ """ ^-« P-eventable Mne .v-three legal cases were started in 1923 ;;-• .ntnngement of the forest protection laws "Md, and 17 cases pending. Fifty-one cases «e.c investigate.1 by State Police fools distributed .luring the y^ar for fighti.i-^ 101 est fires were: " 1,692 Rich tools, 883 Canteens, 454 Canvas buckets, 316 Hand axes, 107 Other axes. As Forest (Juides plclged to protect the for- ^ , there are enrolled 838 Troops of Boy Scouts "itli a membership of 22 078 J' '"ours '"■ ■•«! Inspectoi-s employe.! .luring 1<)23 (30 in sprmj, a„,, .,„ ;„ ^^^ ^ttende, 2]" '■"ves.i::s, '567'fi:r"" *'•"'"'""' '^^ •"*^«'-"^' ■«'«'''.e'"fin;iH°'/""''fu''^^ ^'^' ••""*""""' '^"J ""e tmiahed during the year. All that has been done and all that can be .lone J "-e Department of Forests and Waters to 119 oacked by public sentiment asainst fires and bv T:::nrLf:V" ''':r' ^^ --y'ii to prevent and extinguish forest fires. ini"to^thrK' L^J^^'/^if-^f-Haut, Maine, accord vhit*;.^L'^!l.'"^.^. ?*«^- Museum, there is . Thf I r^'^"f whichTrpsThe bTie^^:-,^ ,: the lake. Anchored by its roots it standf a most erect in 4 fathoms (24 feet) of wa^er an I projects a foot or two above the surface Tha obSstrth" ""' P"^^"* ^''^^^^ condliioJs t otriirVh^Lrto^r' ^^^^^- ■«" i.1 1 , X licit; ^seem to be no cnrrpnfa from the shore, nor are there movements of iee .11 this httle lake which woul.l be at all com,^teut ttitS'^lo'"" *^^ ""T' ""'' '■"'" ■*«"-' attitude. lor some hundreds of vears no .lonl.t It has resisted decomposition. TWrarbor v tae ree stands forth as one of the many mysterious hmgs in this unusual bo.ly of water."^ Othi hule cedar trunks sprawl over the bottom ° Before the War Germany's supply of peg-wooproul asked the Superintendents of State fv, c.?*^.^ Hospitals and the AVardens of other State Institutions to confer with Hon. Gif- tord Pinchot, Commissioner of Foi-estrv, rela- tive to ascertaining what role these various in- stitutions might play in growing trees for re- torestation and ornamental planting. At this meeting the Commissioner presented a program outlining the activities of the hospitals in this respect which met the immediate response and co-operation of the representatives of the many institutions present. ' This program consisted briefly of each institu- tion utilizing an acre or more of land, prefer- hbor ^^" Tr' n''^ P"'^'"* "^ institutional labor Awhile the Department of Forests ami foJ^h ^r'"'t '^'?"' ""^P""' '«t»te Hospital otZlfl ""?:' "'■ ''"''''''' ^-t aside an Le ot ground for this purjwse. The obiect of this presentafon is to state briefly the .rft fyinVre snits obtained at this institution ^ value If f^/''?'^'""'= (^' The therapeutic value of the type of work for certain tvpes of inmates; (2) The value to the State Depart ment of Forests and Waters from the stand^i, j of production and the cost of the same TherapeuUo Fa/«..-Briefly the work was out- ined as follows: The District Forester laid out the plot according to nursery rules and the w,„k- from this point has been carried on by the „a lents with one of the male nurses supervising them, under the general direction of the hoa,l Hostftal ^^^ Agricultural Department of the The class of patients selected for this tvDo nf work were epileptic patients requiring rathe close supervision, and in whom epileptic seizures WtL rT"* •"^'^"'•'•«»'=««- This group was se- lected for two reasons: (1) They represent,..! „ class of patients to whom it has been rather dilhcult to approach with employment an 1 keen Z^t^Tf^^l^ The type of work .L such that if the patients were "seized with tre quent attacks, no harm could arise from lalli,,.' on the soft soil and no great damage wouM I,; done to the plants they were cultivating. From a therapeutic standpoint the nursery work his proven to be one of the very highest "types of o'c cupat.on for this class of patients. It gives to the patient outdoor employment, a pleasant" vo- cation and a vocation in which they take the greatest delight. It is not necessary to add. how- ever, that It does not cure epilepsy, but the |,hv- sical exercise, the fresh air and diversion wUlh they oofain is recommended not only for the in- stitutional type of epileptic but the extramural type as well. From a therapeutic standpoint, the plan has been decidedly successful. In fact, the mininnun amount of hospital supervision required le.irls the writer to suggest a greater possibility of the mental patient in forest tree nursery work an,l reforestation. Colonization, that is, establishi,,;: small colony units on inexpensive land ad.ja,.ent to well established mental hospitals would pro- vide a minimum cost of care for this great .noun ot patients and at the same time furnish an eco- nomic return to the State of considerable value. buch a proiv)sition is workable from the stand- point of administration of State Mental Hos- pitals and State Hospitals for Defectives and t^pileptics. Details of the Nursery Work By A. F. Snyder, District Forester Under the supervision of the District Forester and the Head Trucker of the institution, the pa- tients of the Danville State Hospital have per- ^ Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX, No. 8. MKN AT WOBK I« THK TRKH NubskRV AT THK DANVILLK. Pa. StaTK HOSP.TAL KOB THE IN8ANK OK FORHSTS AN,, WaT.RS ' "^""^ »'"-»"^" " THK PrnNSVLVAN.A DEPARTMENT Forest Leaves, Vol. xix, No. 8. It I. I' TREE Nursery at the Danville, Pa. State Hospital FOR THE Insane. OnowTH. OrEN Woods SHom.D be UnderplLxed! '^'"'"""" ™ *'*«^ *" *•"■' V.oo„o„« New FORKST Leaves. Vol. XIX, No. 8. Mkn at Wokk IX thk Thkk Xi-hskuy at thk Danville, Pa. State Hospital foh the Insane. Plantino Tkeeh on an Arandoned Cohnek of thk Pvrm t».. 1^ PLANTEo Fully One-half of the Fkfe Tp ,« n Fahmehh of Pennsylvania have OF Forests and Waters. " Distribute,, ny the Pennsylvania Department INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX, No. 8. T«EE NUBSEHV AT THE DaNV.LL., P.. StaT. HOSPITAL roR TH. I.SAN. s: ■■-»j»^ Many Farm Woodlots are iNroMPi itt, ^ o^ Ckowth. Ophn Woods Shou-.d TvZZlTstT "^"""'•'' ™ '^'^-^ ^'^ ™« V.^ouous New FOREST LEAVES 121 raising of Jormed the work necessary in the trees on an acre plot of land selected for'^thls ])iu'pose. ;nie hursery work was started in the spring of mi at which time three different phases of the woj'k were undertaken: (1) Raising trees from seeds. (2) Transplanting small seedlings, later to be taken out and used for reforestation plant- ing. (3) Transplanting of large trees, later to be removed and used for ornamental pur- poses. After the first year's experience, it was found necessary to abandon the raising of trees from secH s because of the exacting character of the work. In the spring of 1922, the entire acre plot was devoted to the raising of large and small transplants We feel that these two phases have pioven to be a success. The patients under close supervision have applied themselves well to the different forms of labor necessary. When the have be^n used for same patients similar work at differ- ent tinies, they have shown marked improve- ment There is a difference between the patients' adaptability to different forms of work, in the same measure as in rational men, so that there soon was made a division of labor, as follows: (a) Bed making and raking. (b) Planting. (c) Watering. (d) Weeding and hoein« (e) Lifting trees. (1) Packing and shippinc.. Some of the patients, especially those who were engaged in farming or trucking before their minds became defective, display a real aptitude for the more difficult phases, such as final raking, planting, etc. "'^ In the spring of 1923, over 16,000 transplants were shipped from the Danville Nursery. From an inventory made in the fall of lowing species and number »K. IP- Height (Inches) 5 ... 10 4 to 6 Kind of Trees Norway spruce Xorway spruce White pine . . . ^Vhite i>ine ^o '5Iue spruce . Aibor \itae . ^Ma[)le h'ed pine .... l>)uglas fir . . White ash . . . •Japanese pine iMirch l^Hi Ionia .... I'itch to be in the nursery: SMALL TRANSPLANTS Age 2-1 1923, the fol- of trees were found pine 12 24 18 18 15 18 15 24 36 5 2-2 2-1 3-2 2-2 2-2 1-2 2-2 3-2 1-2 2-2 White White White White Norway '-'Im .'... l-aich .. . , I^areh .. . . iJiiir oak J'mr oak , I'ltch pine J'aiilonia .. ash . . . . ash .. . . pine . . pine . . . S])ruce (Feet) 2-3 1-2 2-2-3 LARGK TRANSPLANTS 7y2 5 1% 3 10 6 2 3 2% 3 4 Age 2-4-2 1-2 2-2-2 2-3 2-2-2 2-3 2-a 2-1 1-3 1-2 2-3 2-2 Number of Trees 11,270 23,580 11,570 30,000 195 110 1,350 32 350 515 150 50 36 220 Number of Trees 72 132 74 273 93 40 6 105 5 24 6 15 79,428 845 Total 80,273 122 FOREST LEAVES In order to properly care for these trees, a j?reat deal of detail work is required, and the patients have been playing- their part well, con- sidering- the handicap which the hand of fate has inflicted upon them. Value to the Department of Forests and Waters By John W. Keller, Chief, Bureau of Silvi- culture, Harrisburg, Pa. Three million acres of idle land in Pennsyl- vania, grood only for timber production, should be planted with trees NOW. This area consists of abandoned improved farm land, unimproved farm land, worn out farm woodlots, idle corners on the farm and forest land that has been burned over and swept repeatedly by fire. During the year 1923, 5,*435,8i7 trees were planted on 4500 acres. At this slow rate of l)lanting it will require more than 000 vears to bring- back to a state of production the area that should be planted at once. The Department of Forests and Waters is authorized by law ^4o grow young forest trees imd to distribute them to those desiring to plant them in such quantity and under such regulation as may be prescribed by the Department.'^ The State Forest Nurseries have been run to capacity since 1920, but at no time since the law was I)assed in 191.3 has it been possible to meet the demand for trees. Additional nursery space and labor must be had immediately to satisfy this rai)idly growing demand for forest tree plant- ing stock. Labor is the largest item of expense in con- ducting a forest tree nursery. During the last fiscal year 62 per cent, of the cost of grow- ing trees was spent for labor. This labor is healthful outdoor work. By establishing tree nurseries near the buildings of State institu- tions It is not necessary to take inmates away Irom institutional grounds. The area worked is small so that inmates may be together, which makes guarding an easy matter. Lighty-four thousand one hundred and sixty SIX trees have been shipped from Pennsylvania ^tate Hospital tree nurseries since they worp started in 1921. The 1923 fall inventorj^how that 159,082 trees are to be supplied durin/the spring of 1924. In addition to these trees, more than 310,040 are growing nicely in these nurser les and will be shipped in 1925. The number of trees gi-own in these nurseries that will have been set out after the 1924 spring planting season will J>ring back to production more than 240 acres ot land that is good only for the production of trees, end the larger evergreen and shade trees will go far in beautifying the public buildin<>-s around which they are placed. The trees oro;v^i in these nurseries have a money value of more than $3000.00. ^ Success of institutional nurseries depends not so much upon the character of the inmates, but more especially upon the supen^ision and the eo-operation between the oflicials of the institu- tions and those directing the work. It is not hnancially practical to employ a forester or one trained in nursery practice to oversee a small nursery. For this reason, it has been necessan- to have the District Forester supervise institu*- tional nurseries in his district. He makes fre- quent inspections during the growing season and explains the work which should be done to the institutional oflicials in charge. Any lack of in- terest will show itself in the quality and quan- tity ot trees produced. Twelve institutional nurseries have been started in Pennsylvania, at insane hospitals. In three years six nurseries have been discontinued because of a lack of interest or the fact that in- mates were more urgently needed for other kinds ot work. Excellent results have been gotten in the nurseries continuing to operate and each vear they should produce large numbers of trees." A list of the State institutions that will continue this woik and the District Foresters in charire follows: FOREST LEAVES Name and Address State Hospital for Insane •^ Allen Jackson, Superintendent Danville, Pa. ' Homeopathic Hospital for Insane, Henry I. Klopp, Superintendent,' Allentown, Pa. State Lunatic Asylum Dr. E. M. Green, Superintendent, Harrisburg, Pa. District Forester in Charge A. F. Snyder, Dushorc, Pa. H. A. Smithy 6 North Centre Street, Pottsville, Pa. Supervision of Harrisburg Office. . State Institution for Feeble-Minded of Western Pennsylvania, J. N. Murdock, Superintendent Polk, Venango County, Pa. ' Western State Hospital for Insane, ('. K. McKinniss, Superintendent Torrance, Pa. ' State Asylum for Chronic Insane Samuel S. Plill, Superintendent ' Wernersville, Pa. ' J^'Sr^i'^g of trees at State institutions saves the Co-nmonwealth of Pennsylvania larsre sums of money, gives delightful and healthful out- cl.-or employment to inmates, makes it possible to bnng back to production many idle acres tl"o,.ghout the State that are good only for the ^Towmg of forest trees, and makes available 123 Charles E. Zerby, Clarion, Pa. V. M. Bearer, Ligonier, Pa. Supervision of Harrisburg Office. scnools institutions and other public places th«t otherwise could not be beautified. TheXnart n.ent of i'orests and Waters ..rpaflv ^P*"^'- the active interest J £lcl£ ^^^S:! m do'": '•T^-^.f-- these institutiofs I'd will do everything m its ,x)Aver to aid them in this important work. '" Burning Up Millions By George H. Wirt, Chief Forest Fire Warden IN tlie forests of America fires set by light- for. the time of Columbus. Some of them burned over extensive areas. After the vLzT tiers came forest fires were more fre<,ue it not w, sliding the fact that most of th7 rarl;. ' t." -r ^eir rreTfi^n;; ^^h- ^^^^--^ ;^.^. they found too m^ fo^ts^^Vh^i t/mT; In fmt wll'f u 7w\'^ "■■" '•''"^'» unchecked. a«ay llth '' '^^ ^'"'''' ^'"^ '° ''« ''""e ».eS"u;?tf%rrei""ij:™^ """ *° "« I'^'^'l tor buniimT in I ^^^ '^^''^ ^"^ ^"^ '"a^io the oZt of tT'"' '^'^ '"''"^^« --•- nnrul f" . ^ festive occasions. The de ^•>ilt to tra„'l.t 11"""' r'^ ^'■■'^ had to be '"""'' HnXTn„; '"■'"'"'■'■'' "^ 'he new land. f '" «'! ^irtrns-oraTedtrrr- ^■^'^"■'- «- '-we^wr s rStiorr-i: nmble n,aterial ready to feed the flames started b.v someone's careless fire or by an en-^ine spark In Pennsylvania, climatic condition^ wit? tt .hsturbed forest conditions, developed two ^sons of he year when forest fires became so common i: an':^' mr"' " "" ^'""^••''"^ believed that ;Wth the impression that^rr "ne'llf nTV:!: Srued'^^hTosfp^X'"^"^'''""^ ""' "-'"^ for?st land 'h '"\'''*" ."''** """'""^ "^ ««■•«« df rX|::;?;y:J7,„^;-;1.7-^ kept from that at Ip««f fi u^' ^ ^^^ ^^" estimated Pennsvlvanl I '"k'^"" "^''^ «^ ^^'^^' «oil in ienns3hania have been kept in a waste con ^1: UP '^""««l"e»t'.v not available fo. use ,, esult of such fires, than was ever harvested h! the State by lumbermen Verilv w^C u nn.l ot;r" „ u • verily, we have been and stil. are burning up millions and brine^^ about very unsatisfactory living condifinnl ^lu^ "..t a thought for the future. """''"'""^ '"th" Now the forests are limited in extent nc Pennsylvania's 28,000,000 acres of primeval for! i i It li 124 FOREST LEAVES '!' ests, stocked with timber, in quality unequaled by anything found in the P:astern States, there are now about 13,000,000 acres of woodlands. Only a few million acres have merchantable ma- terial i,pon them. The balance has only youn;.- growth and vast areas have nothins? but "brush of valueless species. But with the decreasing area of the forest and the decreased crop on the remaining forest area, the demands for wood have increased until al- most four-fifths of the wood used in Pennsyl- vania must be brought great distances from other btates. In this way everything we use is more expensive because of the lack of a local supply ot W00.1. The forest is no longer our enemy, but It is the most essential natural resource for our continued welfare. Therefore, our slogan must be— Prevent Forest Fires: It Pays." FOREST LEAVES White Pine Blister Rust in Western Europe WHITE pine blister rust has been known in European forests for a number of years and it was for the purpose of meth!n"' r "l^"™''""" --e^arding European metho-ls ot dealing with the white pine blis- er rust which wouhl assist in the control wwl m America that a representative of the V S l S.i lf\ "Tl '" '^"'■'*P^«" ^"'^^t^- As a result of his findings, a new brochure has ^en issue.! as "Bulletin I18C," White Pino Blister Rust in Western Europe, whi h di"! •usses the history of the disease, its dstnb- t.on, measures of control which have b^ , o'Th! ; "f ]"" "'^P'"''"''" «'' fhis informat" to the control campaign in this country The fo lowing ,s a summary of information s/cured some «1 T"' '''"'"■ '"'' "■'^^ «^«t '"^-ve ed }ZL% ^ ^"°/" P'"^ ""-l «'"-™"ts in the Baltic Provinces of Russia. Six years later it was seen to attack seriously .30 year o', white ,>.ne tiees in Finland. It ' is difflcTlt 1 ^ « wh<^e the disease originated, but the f ac- s avS ab e indicate that Russia was the original homt and Prnus remhra its host. From the-e it ^ Its occurrence was note.l with increasinc f.„ q>.ency fr„m 1880 to 1900, particula K^n tt. -untries. such as the British Ie'\)enm;rr Germany and Sweden, in which plant nlthM -s carefully studied ^nd in which trJI^' The first known occurrence of white pine i„ Europe was in the Royal Nurseries at Fontaine 0 eau, J ranee, in 1553. It was not extensivolv I plante.1 until after its first introduction into Fn.^ and in 1705, and later into other European conn" tries. Irom the outset it gained the high re- gard of arboriculturists and foresters abroad be cause of its distinct ornamental beauty and tho e.xcellence and suitability of its wood for many purposes. Ton localities where currant and gooseberry bushes were present, a practice which contributed lan^e ly to the spread of the fungus in Europe ami America. As the demand for nursery stock in- creased, European nurseries, particulariy those of Germany and France, undertook to meit the re ■ this disease can be controlled at a reason- • I 'ost by uprooting all cun-ant and gooseberry s hes withm 900 feet of white pine fcuests. T?e I l.sfer rust can not be eradicated from North i ":r' K "* • ''^ ''"*' ''««f-««o« of cui-rants " 'ne control area. 'I'he value of the commercial eastern wliite nine ; ;;;e amounts to ,t276,000,000-an asse we 0. h insuring against the rust. Recent caiX wTrk"" N ** ".^^ "' T^' ^' ''^ ^^ New York, New Hampahirev Vermont anH ssa,d,usetts show 1.5 per cent gener^r^infec fW Ihe i L" ' ^^^ '''•^""*"^ "f ^he invasion, i". been onT'or* ™'"P.'*™«v«".v .voiing here, hav^ " "'"• **'^y 25 years m the country and not im- l>orted to any appreciable extent until 1909 Dur- .1^' the next decade it will gain impetus, spread with ever-increasing force, and impress its seri- ousness upon the public mind. The crux of the situation lies in the fact that the young white pine growth which should become the commercial stands ot the next 30 years will be severely hit. ,h» T , f o'*' problems now confronting the J-ederal and State Governments is the safj^ g..arding o the five-leaved pines of the West iTJl^ •^"■"P*"'" P^*- ^"^ow that the disease has made its appearance in British Columbia and A\ash.ngton, what will be the result? The final outcome is difficult to forecast, but it is certain that the western five-leaved pine forests are in g.aye danger. Observations mada in Europe upon the susceptibility of sugar pine, western hat tr^'f"*^ ''"''*'• P'"" '*> '^' ^»"g»« showed that these trees are as readily attacked and as sev-erely damaged by the white pine blister rust 400 nnn' <^*1«™ ^f"*^ ?"'«• " means that $228,- 400,000 worth of growing timber is to become the prey to a vei-y insidious and dangerous disease. A widespread attack in this region is imminent and threatens to bring immeasurable loss to private owners as well as to the Federul Goyem- ment. To judge from the severity of the dis- ease on these species of pines in Europe, it is no exaggeration to predict that the presence of the blister rust in the Northwest threatens the future position of these valuable pine species in the tim- ber markets of the world. The action demanded by present conditions in followl" '°°"""' '''^ ''"''*'■ ""' '' «»""n«i='ed as vJl*K*'"r'''"'' "'"'^""^ "^ ""^ ''isease in the East by the general eradication of currants and gooseberries m pine growing sections. (-) Prompt and decisive action to control the disease in the West. (3) Eradication of the cultivated black currant the most susceptible alternate host of the blister rust and the most active agent in its spread and establishment. (4) Strict adherence to and prosecution of the .piarantine laws prohibiting the shipment of five- neclle pmes and currant and gooseberry plants from infected territory. Also the eontinu^ en! IXrT"*/''/''' 1"*™"''"^ P'a«ins an absolute embargo on foreign nursery stock, thus prevent- .n.r the entrance of the blister rust and other pests from foreign countries. Conditions de- mand such action. The scope of the problem is more than re- u-ional or national; it is international. Neither evasion of the quarantines nor laxity in the prose- cution thereof can be permitted. The liability is large and the hazard great. I 126 FOREST LEAVES Annual Meeting of the Connecticut Forestry Association THE strong public interest in Forestry in t'onneeticut is shown by the large at- tundanee at the annual meeting of the As- sociation held recently in New Haven. Features were talks by delegates from various agrieullural, civic and out-of-doors organizations ot the .State. Among them were: Mr. Walter Wood, President of the State Federation of Farm Bureaus; who pleaded for a reform in the State tax laws so that fo.-est lands could be taxed in such a manner that the farmers would find it more advantageous to grow timber. Mi'. Allen C Cook, Master of the State Grange, said that the grange, as an a,gi-icultural organization, real- ized that forests were an agricultural crop and looked to the Forestry Association for informa- tion as to how to so handle them. Mr. Christo- pher Callup, representing the State Chamber of Commerce, pointed out that the forests are in- adequately protected from fire and recommended stronger hre protection measures. Mr. Wilson H Lee, Chairman of the Manufacturers' Association Committee on Agriculture, endorsed the program of the I orestry Association for more i)ublic'^ for- ests, better tire protection and forest tax re- form Mr. N. B. Richanls, of the Conn-ectieut Retail Lumber Dealers' Association, dwelt on maiket. The achievements of the private water companies of the State in actually doing this was we set forth by Mr. S. B. Senioi-, of the Bridge! port Hydraulic Company. The point of view of the outdoor organizations, such as the Appalach- ian Mountain Club and the Federation of Nature Clubs, was well expressed by Mr. Frank Kil- bourne and Mr. Wilber Smith who told why forests are needed for recreation and nature s udy and emphasized the -lamage done by for! est fires to wild life and natural scenery. " Mrs K W. Oeranl, of the Fe,lerated Women's Clubs' St; hell' %^"f " °' ^"""""^■^ -' h-or' that If the 1. orestry Association said 200,000 acres welfare of Connecticut, the women of fhe State would see that the State acquired them ha" nea'rIv''","o;r"' 'I"" '"^ Association now raTsed for .h' •"«'"''«'•«' "'' that the fund t! ft^ cT . ^ P^'-'^hase of a forest to be given I\ ft'of '.r"""'^'^ '" ^'•'"'- The offer o miTof Mt''r "^ T' "'■ ^''"''' '«"'' °" the sum* Forest ?L"Z\ "''"' ''''^ "''^«"' "« « State rorest lark was also announced. Resolutions were passed advocating the estab hshment of 200,000 acres of State-owned forests" m Connecticut, for the oi-anization of town fo refo™"" The i""'*':^ "'"^ P"'*^«°" ^"-1 tax letoim The Association also called upon vari ous public agricultural and forestry agencies tn lh7n1>""\.^P'''^''"'" '"' '^^^'^""^ farmers b I handling their wood lots and upon the directo s ot the Connecticut Agi-icultural Colle-e to in crease instruction in forestry. More State park " better care of shade trees on highways an^ ,h; establishment of publicly owne.1 trails for hikers hrouga woodland areas were also asked for >Villiam Bazeley, Couservation Comniis.' sioner of Massachusetts, told interestingly of the forestry work of that State. . Several or-anizatious interested in forestry met at the same time as the Forestry Association and combined sessions were held. The CoTne t" out Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Cb combined with the Foresters in a mornin<. fie M tnp to he forestry plantations of the" New Haven Water Company and saw many exampl^ of forestry m practice. ' Over 40 forest fire wardens from Ne>r Haven and Fa..rfleld counties were in attenrnce a, hstened to expert fire fighters tell how to cha the red wolf out of the timber. Mr. W. T. Barber Claims Agent for the New Haven Railroa.C to f [oT'f^T ^^"'■** '" ^^^P ^'«»" fl'-es. Kverv acre ot timber growing in the State was ,K,te.;. tial business for the railroad, and every bmnerl rha,rt:"i;.' ''' '-'"'''' --' ''^ «--<''-- state ^ ^"^ '" '"'^'''■*'"' ^•*"»"^ "' the FOREST LEAVES tiJberin'^f .rTf'"'"" '"PP'y »' ^oftwoo^l Of Wa,b- i' ^"T ^"""^ '^ '" the three States ^ntSt!"^?.: ^'"5°"' ""'' Califoniia, which contain more than half of all the saw timber in Nation 'f'"''.''"'^ "r "">" two-thirds of the cordTn. fT\l" ",T'?'^ *"' coniferous woods, ac llt^f f T""^' ^"**«« Department of t^,Zl ^, "*'"'""" "•« ««««tal forests of aouther, Alaska, this Pacific coast region is half''? r't^'i'"^ ''""°" "--d feet^neaily half of which ,s Douglas fir, followed by western yellow pine, western hemlock, the true firs of severa species. California redwood, spruce, west m f h /i,""'' o"^""" P'"*- The amount of timber fLw *'":"\?'«t«« too small tor lumber luanu- Jacture probably aggregates 400,000,000 cords. New Publications '"^"F^rfK-^ Of Kun-Ja-Muck Cave' '-By Geo Pieatiu"^' °f Cam^of-the-Woods, on'Se neasant. Cloth, ]2 mo., 319 pp with colored prontispieee. Pric; ILSO."^* BriSI i;ress Inc., 409 Pearl St., New York. ° Ihe Mys ery of Kun-Ja-Muck Cave" is a m'ter" Tha't'l r*-"''" '"" '"^-"'^^^ '" « ^fang^ m. stery that lea Is on a trail through the beauti- i.l mountain and lake country of the Adhon oc : i r t% ri.t?'""' "^""'^ ''y '''^ I a lesc and outdoor recreation He v>oous.nen lor three vpavq \T,rw ^ t of solution is poss».Ie d fe tn>y.T^ ""'""' ueisonalifv nfx\t^ ''**' extraordinary peisonality ot Louie, the French-Canadian traiv per, who holds the key to the „,ystery "^ for the reader who likes a simple" tale "Th„ Mystery of Kun-ja-Muck Cave" holds a Z.i treasure of helpful information. The ^eS value of the book, however, lies in its sTrS ; styzrrt'h" T^r^ ^'•^^''^*- °^ -• -' th„ fl" \u\ " ''■"^ ^ns" the story reveals he forces that are at work in the world ^oTpWt ^i,rt"'\ "'"' "''" '''« ^•"•'^«« that are eve" out e . rVrha^ert T'' '"'"'"]'■ '^''^"^ «f.- pri:^£s' foi r'trsr^o-uiot |o.- an«. ErnhSaiit T^ltH^} l.e sentiment in their favor I growi^:. ''"' P"'" 127 j;lasses, viz.: "The Needle Leaf Trees " and " Tr. Broadlcaf Trees " Ti,„ :i, , , " -the divided intnff' ?u "^^'"•^ '^* ^"-^ ^--e sub- wmI 1 i ^ ''''''' needle-like leaves under •ed an! r' '''^'''""' *»"« ^''"e, pitch 'yellow pruce' Z bir '"T '''' "''"^' --^ -0 b'^k unde secttn 2 r ."'" ""u^ '^' ^^"'^'"'^- Then like leaves ".^ are described "trees with scale- iiKe leaves, comprising the arbor vitae and re« try tn th^ » Micanon of the principles of fores- a-/Cd id'el^ifilT"""'!- .'"'^ ^"'^J-t "f t7ee •'"l-lic school crri/T /' ''" *''"^''* '" *•»« -e;.anrurVf'':he":^r"''""^-'^ --• st:f-i^ rt'ot;";:rai The story of the Oak Tree-By Mrs. Ezra Bowen i-nte, «,1 50. Pubhshefl by the Chemi.'al Pub- lishing Company, Fasten, Pa. S Wi^erT ^"'^° '' "•' ''"""'•''^•- "f n.-. Henry nature took >„ ^''T^ " '""** interesting natuie book for a school reader, which ..i,es the eontinuous story of tho lif^ uL. " ""es the Treo Th„ .7 . "" history -of an Oak shTse Jted ^^''^TV ^'' ^'■'^^"^ states that She selected this "subject simply because its storv hTnl fK '■*'' ^""^ ihterdependence of all on Zn? , • T' "J^'"""'*' ""'' ^"bstance, of sou, plant, animal, and man " The first chapter tells of "Tree Feelin.^s " and .T4" mX """"'^^ "' "'^'"^ *^«-' - ->' - -The volume treats in a most entertaining way of the evolution of the oak, first the acorn then e:eswy7' *'* '^""'^ ""^' ^■'"' '"e Tssen Ual necessary for success. Then next came the stem and branches. The details and uses of each a"e .nterestmgly told. Then the leaves whl^h pre! pare the air and sunlight for the trees so -L/r ranspiration the carbon wil, V'XZ:':?^ hylflsTur^'" /''■":■' "''• ^'■^ "- "f -'•'"- pnyii IS fully explained. Ma^^i '^t^lf '? '^''™**^' '" "'^^at People Are Made Ot," and tells about the cells which mS up the body; also the way in which thev propa sate. In simple language it then shows how S Protoi.lasm, and anin.al protoplasm are one an" 128 FOREST LEAVES ; I the same, having*- the same beoiiinin«>-. When ^roAvn up, however, the cells ai-e fashioned and adapted for their own special kind of work. No men or animals have chlorophyll to help them fio-ht their battles of life. The way in which the cells build up, break down and are renewed is described. The meaning of the flower is well set forth to- gether with short descriptions as to why nations choose certain flowers as national emblems. The way in which the calyx, corolla, stamens and carpels are formed, together with their ramifica- tions. The part played by bees, insects and birds in pollenization is also given, together with the fact that they come for the nectar in the flowers and arc entirely guided by scent. The way in which plants were first created is told, showing the probability that millions of years were required to produce the gradual evolu- tion to the plants which we have today. The web of life shows how the propagation "of difl'erent plants, insects and animals are interdependent. Another chapter treats of the way the soil was formed, as well as the wonderful storT of ancient ages which is found written in the rocks The bacteria found in the soil help to enrich it, and the value of good humus to plant life is shown. ihe method of getting the wood cut and bringin^^ it to the mill where it is made into many differ'^ cnt forms is also set forth. The beauties of the forests and their uses are given. The volume closes with short descriptions of the work of Charles Darwin and Luther Burbank. The book is most interesting and instructive, full of attractive statements and anecdotes, and should have a most useful field in the instruction ot our youth. Clean Up Week in Pennsylvania THE State Departments of Health, Forests ami Waters, and Fire Protection of State nni • A '? f«^/ities, boroughs, Communities and individuals of Pennsylvania to observe the week beginning April 14th as general clean up practical, because m many parts of the State custom has establish^l April 1st as moving day A date later than the third week of April is not advisable, because fly breeding places should ^ c^one away with before the first spring mj.re leady to dei)osit their e^gs. Clean up week as conducted this year will combine health protection, fire protec'tion an forest protection. On Sunday, April I'Hh, clergj^men of all ,le nominations are asked to refer to clean up week Its object and results, at their regular services ' Ihe Departments of Health, Podice, and Forests and Waters suggest the following program lor the week: Monday-Street and AUey Day. Clean the streets and sidewalks, clear the gutters, open ditches, flush sewers, etc. Tuesday— Forestry Day. Clear away dead growths aiid underbrush, clean lawns and o-a^. dens, repair fences, whitewash, straighten tree boxes, etc. Wednesday-riy and Mosquito Day. Clean and hme cesspools, make outhouses flv proof cean stables, sprinkle floors with borax, clean stable yards, pig pens and chicken coops Fill water holes, mend sagging spoutingv scour oar. Ijage cans, see that lids are fly tight " Thursday-Junk Day. Remove trash, junk and other fire breeding material-old books, papers clothes, rags, etc. -general rubbish, such as l)ot' ties, cans, ashes. Clean and whitmvash cellars Clean the attic. Friday-Truck Day. Truck or wagons should oe provided to haul away refuse Saturday-Put in Order Day. Finish anvthin, which may have been omitted. The cibove program is merely suggestive. It may be vaiied to suit local convenience, but nei her this nor any other program can be ear- rieci out without organization. Some one should make the stari:, the Municipal Authorities pro|>erly, or failing in this, some Wei- tare Organization. Call a meeting and start the ball. Numbers of strangers motor through your town each .lay. I hey notice it and remark about it; whether they remember your town, because it looked so well, or whether they can't forget it, because it was so unsightly, depends upon you. CHARLES H. MINER, Secretary Department of Health. ROBERT Y. STUART, Secretary Department of Forests and Waters. LYNN G. ADAMS, Pennsylvania State Police. During 1923 there were consumed in the United .States J70 million board teet of lumber for agri- cultural implements, 250 million board feet were required for handles, 220 million for musical in- struments, 130 million for caskets and coffins, ami IJU million for refrigerators and kitchen cabiuets. FOREST I LEAVES Vol. XIX— No. 9 Published Bi-monthly Entered .t the Philadelphia Pb«.OfficeM-cadcl-cta«».tt^ . . ■twmg-claia matter, under Act of March 3d. 187© PHILADELPHIA, JUIsJE. 1924 The Summer Meeting Whole Number 220 THE Summer Meeting of the Pennsylvania Foi^stry Association will be held on Jun^ sion at h; k ^"^^^Zth, opening with a ses- sion at Jlarrisburo" Pa r,n wr a i ^ 25th, at 8 P. M. ' ^^inesday, June On Thursday, June 26th, there will be a motor b'SZ S H "'^^// '''^'^^>' ^"'» ^ham- et wUh a ' "'"^f '\' plantations, park sites' etc., with a picnic luncheon at Caledonia Park An ev«,ing session will be held at 8 P M inThe H.^ School Auditorium at Chamber bu;^ '^' Members wiH remain in Chambersbu^ over n.ght, and on Friday, June 27th, there wfl be a rvH^L ^'"■''' ^*'"">'' ^^^ forest "urs- eiy, plantations, woods operations etc will hi ZITtt '""I"?" ^•"' ^ «-e^'a?Mont'Al : amUt IS expected a short session will be held toiVtm'h''""' interesting papers on forestry ioi>ies wiil be presented. "^ roIl'irJS' HofT «'/«™«b..^ will be the .!;r. » s.,-;- -. -^ '"olaHons Tan t '"''"'"'' ^^ 'hat motor a<,com- laiions can be provided for them, and a dp ta'le.l program sent to them later. Third Summer Forestry Extension Course «hows an in " i ^ '^''''''"".'^ »""' ^^^ry citizen THE Department of Forests and Waters an- noinices Its third summer extension course Mint Alto PrT'-^'T'* ^^"'^ ^"••'^t School, Mont Alto, Pa., from June 23rd to August 1st the breflroTrh"'^ "i^"^^' '^'"' ^« ''^-^ f- meters, and .rr- '"'"•'" ^-Pemsors, scmit- T I and other lovers of the out-of-doors. for fl^°'^l^'''°°' '"'« ^" "•'^"ellent equipment for teaching Forestry and Nature study. BoX ing the school is a forest of 2.q nnn / '^oroer- forest tree nurse.^ S f„ ^fnuar^u^^^'o? |»-e than four million small fore^ Z^L^. The school forest is equipped with forest firP observation towers, telephon^^good ro J, atl numerous trails Within „ „i. _* v . ■*"'*' a™ schnni »,„ „ T .""""» a short distance of the school are extensive areas of old fields in which have been planted many different kinds of oiTe tTer ir'm "^' """^ ."^''^^ i-Portant*^ fS , tiees. In many ways the forest resembles thp I well managed forests of Europe. Th^e is a L schlr '"/"'' I '""'' ""» connJS'wirtt school, and on the State Forest is a timber ci^ srzth'rr""" '■'''' -"---"' Within ten minutes' walk of the school ».„ niore than 100 native woody plants^ and a Tarfe" of wild life IS plentiful in the nearby woods. I^ n«me,.us mountain clearings within^a st. at ^ Ir^O deert a^Sp!"" "* ^^^ "^'^ ^ »-^ ! otht?nati!rr,t ","'*"■■' '""'y ^''••'^ «tate that no otiier nature study course within the State offers fled r: """'r' -"'"'«t-al objects through fle d studies and out-of-door excursions This out^loor equipment adds much to the ^.ur'se and being located in a beautiful forest park miS atSal r-r/- *" 'I' '"''°°' ProvMes'^many r«t: ational facilities which make the outdoor lifflt raetiv-e. Accommodations for the stSftat mg the summer course can be arranged for at « well equipped local camp. *' " I 130 FOREST LEAVES Planting for Pulp By District Forester Charles E. Baer THE New York and Pennsylvania Company has a pulp mill located at Johnsonburg, Elk County, which has been in operation for a period of about 30 years. In order to in- sure a future pulpwood supply this company has acquired an area of 80,000 acres of forest' land m the counties of Elk, Wai*ren, MeKean, Tioga, Cameron, Clinton and Centre. It has only been within the past few years that a technically trained Forester has been employed. The first large planting was made in 1923 when 400,000 seedlings and cuttings were set out. Dur- ing this Spring they will plant the same num- ber. The species which thev are planting in- clude: Carolina Poplar, Nor\^'ay Poplar, I^rge Toothed Asi>en {Populus granidentata) , and Nor- way Spruee. The planting stock used is straight cuttings of poplar, and 2-year old spruce seed- lings. Where the ground is loose, the poplar cuttings can be forced into the ground without digging a ho e. But in heavy soils, such as clay loam, holes must be dug for the cuttings. For the planting of spruce seedlings holes must be dug. Ihe cost of planting about 1,000 trees to the acre ranges from $5.00 to $8.00 per acre. They are planted m mixture using half and half of poplar and spruce. They anticipate that a period of about 30 years will be required for a rotation, and that a yield of about 1% cords per acre per year can be secured from these planted areas ' In addition to poplar and spruce the other species of wood used by this company for making wh^h ' r l^"^ /" **^^ ^^"^^^"^? classification, ^hich IS the standard they require for all wood that they purchase: Class 1— Spruce and Balsam Fir sawed in sticks 48 inches long. '" Class 2--Jackpine, Yellowpine, Old-Fieldpine sawed m sticks 60 inches long. '^^'^Pme Class 3--Poplar, Bass, Linn, Cucumber, Quak- Class 4-Maple, Beech, Birch, Cherry, Gum Butternut, Buttonwood, Elm, Willow, L^Z sticks 60 inches, and 52 inches long In the preparation of pulpwood for market July. All wood must be sound and limbs and knots trimmed close. The sticks are u^cTdown to 4 inches m diameter at the small end. A Zd consists of 128 cubic feet for wood sawed in lengths of 48 inches, 138 2-3 cubic feet for wood sawed in lengths of 52 inches, and 160 cubic feet for wood sawed in lengths of 60 inches. At the present tune the average price paid is $9.00 per cord at the loading point. It has occurred to the writer that farmers and other woodland owners in this section could de vote a portion of their forest land to the rais mg of pulpwood, for which there is a close and ready market at all times. On account of the short rotation required for this ijrop, it would bring m eariy returns which would better enable them to carry a portion of their stand to ma- turity. It would give work to farmers and their teams during winter months. Individuals antici- patmg planting of their waste land could plant a I>ortion of It to fast growing species suitable for pulpwood. Those planting for a future timber supply would have a ready market for their early thinnings by working it up into pulpwood. In cutting mature timber the limb wood could be marketed instead of leaving it to lie in the woods. In general, the mountains in the Elk Forest District of Pennsylvania have a fairly deep soil *T^°« *^''" '"P"- ^°'' ^^'^ ••«*s'»» planting is not diffic.tlt and an even f?rowth can be expected throoighout On account of the soil conditions, the natural regeneration seems to make a rapid dI*weH **"' *''* '^* '■*""'" P'""'"* '■■•^^ At the present time, the greater part of the wood used by the New York and Pennsylvania Company for making p«|p is shipped in from Canada. It is quite likely that with the dwind- ling of this source of supply, the local prod- uct will bring higher prices in the same manner mat lumber has increased in value Whether you plant for pulp or plant for tim- ben, plant and make your waste land productive. FOREST LEAVES Distnct Forester Paul H. Mulfonl, of Wells- Z^' ft'- '"■•'^^ '•"" * M"-- Howell, of Antrim, showed him a timber record of forty years u?^ that fi^ve the details of an estimate made bv J. thZ/fxr 'L"u t ^'""P*' *•''' "■"•^'- estimators of the "North Tier." It showed that on several warrants containing 7,259 acres, there stoo.1 an TnH f^t.o ^^228,000 board feet of hemJock Ioks and 66,152 cords of hemlock bark. The estimate was made by lots and warrants and gave the amount of timber in each warrant, and indicated in what direction the logs were to be transport- ed, namely, Morris, Undrus, Antrim, etc. The Rothrock Forest District By Walter Leach. District Porestftr ^ to outline the forest work of the Pennsvl- vama Department of Forests and WaSn the Rothrock Forest District 1. On State forest land '(more than 33 000 a,Tcs) a. Management and ad^iinistraliion of lo.estry methods and results, b. Timber re sources carefully conserved and StatrForests' „pwi„g into wealth of untold value, c ExS! Ie.t hunting and fishing facilities offered to the public in woods plentifully supplied with game and along streams well stocked with fish-rivri .".? any section of Pennsylvania, d. R«,reation n,inion"a^S-' ^11^^'''''% ^''^ •>«'* « .iving adv;::^as t: m^e hTdrofTandJrr I^"' seedlings furnished for plan ingeLet^:! prevention, detection and control measures [n co-operation with owners of for^lts" '" J he Rothrock Forest District compri.ses seven een ownships in southern HuntinJ^orcrnr ve'■tlrsf''^'" ^^'^^^ Juniata"t"nfra& n\e townships in southern Mifflin r-^ / , embraces 538,979 acres oflan^^d ! ".J iSl S .Wio"n?^£' r ^?nfi?\^-"^« "» ^' of waves of hth **?"""""^ "^'''^ ^""n « series and vllTevs ttl T' """^"^ '**P mountains ^ttiieys, some quite narrow ryxA ^^\.^ . 1" physical formation the Broitd T„„ '" the southern part of the Rnfl. i. ^ P '■*^"" 'net is a hioh !^7 , ^"""^ock Forest Dis- make-up ^ "' "** S*'"*'^' Physical -'J^ "„t:Sn SS a?'fhff ^''^ ;'--' - settlement ^ffhJt 3 ■ ^^ '"°® »* the first »f elernng theLnS'to'' ^'""'*'"- '" t"^- ^-k ng tae land to raise a supply of corn and 131 oXtL^o'^Th'^r :„v°""' '"^ ■""''^^"^«-' to pTO-ress and ft! f"*' "" ™Ped™ent .h. !UT„,;r; r 3- J: ,'^-^-^-' destruction of many r^' ihl ^"^^^^ ^^ the areas of the district b^ • ^^^^'^^ ^^^est charcoal aL f .u .^^ ''^"^"'^ ^ ^^^nd for to rot on the ground. Soon after this period nf been c ?t IP ''f ""'' ""'"^ '''« ^'>^<^^- have dAnn» ..f ; ' ? ^ *" *''« abundant provi- dence of nature and the ease with which the%^k, and chestnut sprouted many areas have excellent stands of second growth timber. That pS of he forest lands which have not been burn^ In tinuously by forest fires is covered w-ithTSoJb money foT^"" "'"'' '' "^'"'y d-elopinT^So money for the owners. Owing to the nelrne^! o market the 300,000 acres of forest lands^? Ihe Commonwealth of Pennsylvania owns 33,167 acres of State Forest lands in the Ro^h Hunt. d eountf andtel^Slwl^S in he Licking Creek an,l Black Log Vallevs of eastern Huntingdon, southern Mifflin^and Ser„ Fori! ", T''"'- ™« '^^^ "'^i'ions of Ttate ethtti:"'' "' """^ "'^'"""^ -P-"*-' from The District Forester located at Mt Union Pa., is charged with the technical supen- sionTnd management of the State Forests. tC State Forest Rangers are employed for detai^S t, agement and administJion of the Stat lo^es^- li hJ5%o:1h:*st ft""-'- have been ^at rSTporl n- f ! ^**'*'' ^""^•"^ «f the Roth- rock Forest Distnct at the following places- 1 at the mouth of Licking Creek; 2. near Matia wana at the foot of Blue Moun ain; 3 nlr' iu "k '^f "''^ ^"'^'^ "'""^ Trough breek All abandoned fields and waste areas on State II 132 FOREST LEAVES Forest lands of the district have been planted to forest trees, thus affording: a growing stock on the entire State Forest. Over 926,300 pine and hardwood seedlings were used on the 664 acres which were planted. The 664 acres of planta- tions on the State Forest lands are today far enough advanced to form excellent demonstra- tion areas and are a valuable part of the grow- ing stock of the State Forests. The towns of Lewistown and Denholm obtain drinking water from streams which rise on State Forest lands of the Mattawana Division. It is thought that Mifflin and perhaps Mount Union also will soon need to draw from the State For- est lands for a suitable supply of pure water. For the use of camp and picnic parties on State Forest lands an abundance of pure springs and brooks are at hand. The State Forest lands are open to the pub- lic for fishing, hunting and recreation purposes. Permits to camp for a period of three weeks or less can be obtained on application to the near- est forest officer. Camp sites on State Forests may be leased for a period of ten years with privilege of renewal and such buildings as erected thereon used at will by the lessee. Recreational areas and picnic ground abound upon the State Forests. There are twenty-five permanent camp sites on the State Forests of the Rothrock Forest Dis- trict, and five leased buildings. Each camp site has a cabin and set of buildings erected by the lessee. In addition some score or more of camps have been built on the nearest adjoining private lands and thereby the campers make full use of the State Forest lands in hunting and fishing The Blue Mountain and Licking Creek areas of Mate Forest lands are conveniently located to the mam line of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Mount Union, Newton Hamilton, Ryde McVey town, Granville, Mifflin and Lewistown. Rail- road facilities to State Forest lands of Trou-h Creek are most convenient at Marklesburg and Lntriken Stations on the H. & B. T. M R R at Jacobs Station on the East Broad Top R R and at Mill Creek Station on the Pennsylvania Rail- road. To make the State Forests accessible to hunt- ers and campers and for management and ad- rninistration purposes fifteen miles of road, serv- iceable by automobile, have been built and main- tained by he Department of Forests and Waters in the Licking Creek Valley. In addition trails and paths totaling upwards of 80 miles have been kept m repair and are of great help in quickly reaching forest fires and for all the work of the I forest. Upon State Forest lands in Trough Creek section the old Juniata and Southern R. R. bed has been repaired by the Department of Forests and Waters and is made drivable for over five miles by auto. Moreover in the same section of State Forests the Depai'tment maintains some 18 /^ miles of roads serviceable for teams and 14 miles of trails and paths. Undoubtedly the best deer hunting in the Rothrock Forest District is found on the State Forests as well as excellent small game huntin- and good brook trout fishing. East and West Licking Creeks, Black Log Creek, Granville Run Carlisle Creek and Laurel Run are excellent trout fishing streams on State Forest lands offerin- a total length of over fifty miles to the fishernren all owned by the public and, therefore, not a single trespass notice all the way. Within the State Forests two -ame refu^-ees have been set aside for the propagation and breeding of game. The sites selecte'est tree seedlings free of charge for plantiuL' ' -poses and the furnishing of^ advice^Ts to ' a ';Li M ^ ""'"^^^ ^f ^^^^ owners have : of r^^ ^ opportunity to pLl an fh i^V^^^te places on their holdings h^^r^S'"' """ "" ""' *^« ---^- to nuu^n^ n"''^ '" ^^^^^^y «^n from the t of IrT "^1 ees tn ih^ tent of iQAQon ji- . tf^es to the ex- ''"'m jf seedhnRs in Hnntinffdon County ■ -•'.•>00 se«dhngs in Mifflin County, and 20S ' 133 an? r°'. "o "^"r *" '^°""*^'- Th« Ro^kMIl Iron their dn- "''"''^ '""'•^ ''^ ""'t y^' on RZ^^ f "fu ""' ^'■'"^ T«P Mountain near fhe ^ h ^^''S" ""^ ""''•• «™ <"• individual in the Bothrock Forest District lound that a fair proportion of the forest tree Pkntafons had been handled in a most "Lefu! and painstaking manner and that the ifrowth pride to the owners of the land; that a lar-e number of the owners were most interested! forestry methods of managing timber lands and Arm advocates of the conservation movement Under the discussion of forest tree seeepartment^ Park O^ T':i '7 P'""""" ■" ">« Biversid Park Owing to the lateness in 1923 ot the re- quest for trees the Mount Union Park Commis- sion was unable to obtain any of the larger~ but was furnished trees left after most otrer Sr//\ '""'^'?"'" '•"•' "^n «"PP««1- I» order to be sure of receiving trees the applica- tion should be submitted by November for trees desjred during the spring months of April and add"'fn''ri!'^!L'''f "'* °' ornamental trees would Sniit ^'^V^'y °f the excellent work at Jack's hpnng. Such a neat and attractive drinkin" foun am would surely prove more pleasing to Ih'e eye it the surroundings were beautified by re- moving untidy signs and buildings, and also by making use of fo«.t trees to be obtained from prove ^fV' ^7u ^"""'^ "' '•■« *<"^« «bould prove of help in the work. The Department of Forests and Waters re^ ceives many requests from timberland owners for examinations of their forests and advice as to ^Ift '°'^"> •n«'b<,ds to be applied in man- aging their timberlands. Weather conditions make the most dangerous April and May-with a few weeks in October and November of lower hazard. In the vear 1922 over half of the 61 forest fires occil^^e^Tn the two-month period of April and May, but due to extreme drought, the worst for many years mo ""r.^^^l in eve,7 month of the veT; 1922, and the forest fires of July, August 'and 134 FOREST LEAVES September burned deep into the ground and were controlled only at an increased expense. Railroads and farmers burning brush caused the greatest number of the forest fires. SaAv- mills, campers, hunters, fishermen and transients caused most of the other forest fires. Of the 61 forest fires in the year 1922, 32 were traced to railroads. Careful study of all the forest fires in the Rothrock Forest District for many years I)ast not only shows that human agencies were responsible for most of the fires, but also fails to reveal any number traceable to lightning, spon- taneous combustion or other natural causes. For the immediate discovery and reporting of forest fires three sixty foot steel forest fire ob- servation towers are maintained by the Depart- ment of Forests and Waters in the Rothrock Dis- trict as follows: 1. Blue Mountain tower, 3 miles east of Mc- Veytown, Mifflin County, elevation 2,000 feet above sea level. 2. Round Mountain tower, 1 mile north of ^ewburg, Huntingdon County, elevation 2080 leet above sea level. f^^/^'^'TT^''"''*"^" *^'^^^^ ^ '"i^^s southeast 9L0 r^l y"'"""' Huntingdon County^ elevation ^i54U leet above sea level. Besides heing of great help in locating the for- est hres the above mentioned towers afford ex- cellent view, of the rugged mountainous lands of the district, and are used to a large extent by many mountain climhers and lovers of nature n obtaining a view of the matchless scenerv of the Rothrock Forest District. To co-operate with private woodland mvners in he prevention and control of forest fire observa- SUTrb'ir ""'^^^^"^"^ '' Forests and 9^ forP.f fi 7 ^ P^'* *™^ organization of 9- forest fire wardens, three inspectors, two pa- trolmen, four tower men. The foi^est fire wlrd^ns are more m the nature of volunteer fire chS' being paid only for actual time in forest fire ex tinction duties, and being empowered by the Staie to summon and employ such help or take such Timberland o^vners have been quick to see that the mam responsibility in forest fire prevention TtTer^Zf rV^^'^ *^^* *^^ Statrthtlgh a system of forest fire wardens can only be of ZibiHtVf ''' "'^^ T'^'^ ^' indivlal%:! sponsiDiiity for care and effort in fii« i- • tion of forest fire danger eonSon". '' ''""'"'*■ Distribution of Shortleaf Pine in Pennsyl- vania By Prof. George S. Perry THE general range of this tree to the north IS a matter of question, as well as its oc eurrence in Pennsylvania. Nearly ]r,0 years ago, the elder Michaux records the tree in the Hudson Valley near Albany, N. Y., but to- day Sa,^ent and Brown flx its northern limits as Staten Is and, and Northport, Long Island. It is probable that its original rang* extended further north than the tree is now found. The reason tor the rece<]ing range are: (1) High quality work-wood yielde.1 by its massive, clean, sLiZ and cylindrical boles; causing it to be preferred by pioneers and early lumbermen. (2) Extreme intolerance prevented or greatly limited repro- duction in those forest regions where nearly all competitors were more shade-enduring. (3) A seedbed of mineral soil under full sun-light h necessary to germination and early growth. These conditions the tree rarely met in our northel forest types, ,f it was so fortunate as to escape aUentjon of the first axeman who enterj;": m Pennsylvania north and west of a line from foTd Offi I """^ southwest through Bed- tord. Officers in the northern forest districts and s iidents at the Forest School have cooperated during the past three years in an att^pt To definitely locate trees beyond this line. None 112 nT'i "Z^' "t^^ " "^ •" the mountain Tti^i^ but unauthenticated reports indicate an ,t«„T .K T "*"" "''•^''^™ ''"f""" specimens whne h ' ^r^^^ ^'*"'y ""»■• Thomp^town; Swl ""!' r*"*^™ °"*^ «'•« °" the Lincoln CoSrv^R^" -*^T".^ McOonnelbbuiV, Fulton County. Reports of the tree in Pike, Ti^ Wy- rTf' r?:",^'/"'' ^'''''- Counties, the ' Cook y^L i r^^-T'e"-" Tier" counties cannot be venfled; but instead, material from these locali- ses have turned out to be pitch, red or Jersey pine in every instance. o.nh'^l ^^^"^""^^^ S"'-P"8e if shortleaf ,,ine pI?;. J. I^^" °"""* '» *••« future of for- qualities attributed to red pine and is more rapid Z h«.r„ ■ ^*"'' "^•'^ ""^''h better, is easier t^l fh V "r'*"^' """^ «"««e«sf"lly sprouts f3nil ! P 7^? ""^ •'"'« the top during the juvenile stage of life. FOREST LEAVES 135 Both this tree and pitch pine resemble western yellow pine in. showing marked "Black-jack" phases; later taking on the color and form of bark which gets them the name "Yellow Pines " Probably shortleaf pine exhibits this change in bark at an eariier age than pitch but the latter tree also shows it in hypermaturity, especially on ^'ood sites where competition eliminates lateral branches before they grow large. This fact has caused lumbermen and even foresters to confuse these two trees when judging by bark and general apiJearance. The invariable 3-neetlle foliage and stout golden-brown twigs of pitch pine definitely ulentify it. The shortleaf pine has shorter needles occurring 2 or 3 to the fascicle on more slender purple to bluish twigs. Unless shortleaf pine occurs naturally in northern and western Pennsylvania, it is unsafe policy to plant it there on a commert?ial scale at l)resent; but experimental planting is justified everywhere within our borders, since the tree is a.laptable, aggressive and without serious insect or fu^s enemies. It should, in fact, be very desirable to extend the range of this pine into every county; since the general rule prevails for the genus: each species shows best form and most resistance to biological troubles toward the northern and inland limits of its range, while lK,orer form and less thriftiness is noticeable southward and nearer the ocean^ther factors being equal, especially barring timber-line con- ditions This rule is well illtfstrated by most of o,.r eastern U. S. species, especially Jei^ey, Banks 8 1 white pine^ From this rule we may deduce pf/ r ^^ '■*' ''"'' ^■'"■^^ P'°e i» southeastern ennsylvania is contrary to good silvics; as will .-..bably be demonstrated by lai^e pure planta- tions of such- trees in course of time. here IS much promise that shortleaf pine from no. them seed will develop succe«sf,ljly any- r»r '^*'"°«y'^'"''«- It «eems likely tLt the tura occurrence of the tree is here determined •')■ FffJ I J'^ isolation for germination. (-) Effects of mid- winter soil temperatures. notable Tn^"™*'?""'', *** ^^'^^'"^ P^« '^ i« e min ■>« "?u "' """^ """^bern counties it only at a^ ' iu " "r"^-^*^^ '" mid-summer, if n.tion ,• /. T"'""' P'"'* «»* the State germi- n.ition IS delayed until late June. Winter-«old and frost have never been known pXbK. ^ ""'^^T''^ «nd natural grewth of for wh- Z^^ "''' "'■ '*'«• These at times suf- inner cold. This seems responsible for Its limitation to the finer soils of agricultural val eys, shale hills, ridges and lower m^ist slopes of the mountains. It is absent or extremely rare on the coarse, sandy and highly mineral soils of interior momitain areas. Such soils have prob- fSd ' ?r "'^'5 '^^ Pe'-««»tage of pore-Ue loZ^l "'* °* .agricultural value Vnd their nonnal water content per cubic foot shows even greater differen<:es in favor of the finer soils. Ihis means our coarse sand soils possess high conducivity and low specific heat ^usW ex trenae tempemture fluctuations and deeper win- ter-freezuig than occurs in finer soils w th more pore^space and under same conditions of cover This deep freezing probably means death to 1- 9r 2-year old seedlings whose roots do not go deep enough to get moisture from the unfrozL £ut thlT'^ '"-""^P'^tion demands. After about the third year, sprouting ability is de- d Sed i7""' "'It P"-*^*"' •^-*h as abovt described. It is possible that the fine rootleto and root-hairs of the tree may be unZe t withstand freezing soil temperature In keeping with the above stated theory it ha. been found at Mont Alto that shortleaTJn occur at only three points behind the marginal wSy ellt' '"'' Mountain^ne a soS 11 ?SiI» T ^"""^ "'"* ^^^ '^ther two, moist %l"rt?:^icru;triti;-Xt Does this mean that the tree is exacting and such asM"'' T -"^ ""^ ^"'' """"^e sand/soils, such as characterize our mountains generally T It t/l^si *" ""^"^'- ^"'^ •'"-«°" -th fl-iaU Yet he tr. "^"r"'"' '"'''^ y^'^^ '"-it. ^et the tree IS so modest compared with all its rrnfei^L"'""'""'". " "^ •""•"•' *hat it 4 be inferred young trees established by planting on any kind of soil will succeed, if their ^It^ can attain sufficient depth the fi^t VSg^ son to resist the cold of the succeeding wint^ I A Michigan township had 177 people in 1890 During the next twenty years its extensive pTne forests were cut and manufactured at a thriving town with several sawmills. In 1900 it had 1 927 inhabitants; in 1920, 568. When the p^e w^I mchi r'' v"T!l ""^ P""'"^ "P- Anothrr Michigan to^Tiship had a population of 2,042 in 1000, supported by a hardwood chemical factory and a smelting plant for chareoal and iron. Both plants closed when the hardwood timber was ex- t^ 780 * ^^'^ *^^ population had dwindled I 136 FOREST LEAVES Beavers in the Bald Eagle Forest District * 'rt-.: (From a Forester's Standpoint) By Raymond B. Winter, District Forester EARLY in the spring of 1920 a dozen beav- ers, captured in Canada, were transported to the Bald Eagle Forest District of Penn- sylvania by the State Game Department. Six of them were planted in Game Refuge No. 22, and the other si.x in Game Refuge No. 6. Both ref- ug^ are surrounded by extensive forest lands. Refuge No. 22 is located in the northern part; ot Hartley Township near the western boundary ot Union County. It contains the head of Pine Creek which flows westward through Centre County^ and It is crossed length^^•ise by Branch or auttalo Rnn flowing eastward. This creek heads about two miles west of the Game Refuge m a rather wide mountain valley. The stream here is somewhat sluggish, but within the Game Refuge he valley is narrow and the creek ««itt. It IS naturally an unsuitable stream for beaver colonies. nJirt w "^""^ ^i"- ^ '' '°'"'*'^'' ■" t^e «o"the.n part of Hames Township, Centre County, near the boundary of the Forest District. It is should have been to the beavers' likin- Prob ably the f«>d supply here did not suit them, for they immediately scattered. Several temporary ' 'TX'' J^'^'-e abandoned. Four of the beavers soon left the Bald Eagle Forest entirely audio ^ sed'tie'd"^'"; '''*f ^•"•^'- ''^^ "'her two crossed the divide eastward and loo^ff^ nn « .mall tributary of Cherry Run. HJrTthly buiU a dam and proceeded t^ cut down all the qulk .ng aspen and birch trees near it. Later ttev" time ''^S'^- -" -ained there tr st^ time. Ihis dam was near a trail and a or^f many people found it, and either be^r„se off^' many visitors or lack of room to expand h^ b«,vers deserted this place, and now aTalMI Jd stagnant dam, surrounded by the dncavfnn. /• the sil i "■ ?r''"P'^"<'y- They traveled down a mile K T' *'■"' "P ^^^"^ R"" n«"e than fn^ In. w'" , '^ established themselves, build- «^er:rsn;a1ler*d;m:"\rof'':b"^ '? "' "''" abandoned, a^l thT beatL" w '„?! Trt T tance further up the stream and Slt\nttht tj dam with two houses and several smaller ones as before. These latter dams are still in use an, there are at least a dozen beavers living there Studies dunng the summer of 1923 indicate that other beavers have migi^ated from this location The tree cutting work done around these dams ash and other valuable species were destn,ve ' The cut timber was at least half utilized for food and dam construction. The greatest dama-e however was done by flooding. Fully two aci:;^' ot the best young hemlock of that region his been destroye<3, gi-eatly spoiling the scenic beau v along the stream. Evidence of migrating bea er appear along Bear Run and Weikert Run^lso o" ttr'streT^s."* "•' '^™^"-' --' -«^- - of^tr^/^'T^T..^"- 2^ ''^"" "«arer the center of the Forest District, the beaver planted here naurally remained within the confines of th Bald Eagle Forest. The Game Refu<.e keener ter 'l; n",f -r ":r* «- aboutl ' r: ter of a mile withm the Game Refuge. Three C i1 S" rr f "'^^^ ^' *•>'' p'-- May j&, 1920. They at once made themselves at H?w' "M''"'"'^f ""^"^ '" '^- water CpiW However, they only nibbled the bark from T Vew birch trees near the pond and then desert,., built" :7 «"-'";'"-ther into the Re^uge.^Th ?fi " ,(««' ^i-all dams, cut some good-si.e;! lurtJier down stream, while the other two mir on "^^J'^'T- ''"^ '■•«* P«'^ "i'l -m eutH : I thne to T ^ ""'■^Ju""'' apparently took a lon^ time to locate. They finally settled at the s^'e of the old Buffalo Mills Dam which oriSna Iv Hf r^ " ""^P'" °^ ^'"•««- H«-e they b^im a ini staTed";"^" '"' "!" ""«' --*-«'^ a hi coTsHemb I !T/- •'"''' ''"'"^ ''"•' '•«»««« and di.l considerabe cutting on private woodland Here they mul tiphed, but being disturbed, mosfo ^"^J""^ ""^'^ '" *•>« Buffalo Mills ^h^e thov tor destrov^ tC^T' "'*' ^"""'J' ^^"^ Protec- tor destroyed the houses and dams on private o the'rS of":."' *V ''^"^•^•^ '""' '-k ft b ' beavers ?. "/'■"u""'**"^- «'""« t^at time the beavers seem to be satisfied at Buffalo Mills S t !:„„;",". ''^T' ■"»'«?««<', and are not onTwhaTMrni'^rrt' Tr"^ r"'""" 'Th^o^he^f «^''r-" -' ^..c' hTntr '^ " of tSe stream "I T T"' **" ^P '<> ^^e he.^ the stream where they built a dam with a 250- 1^ I Forest Leaves, Vol. xix. No. 9. Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX, No. 9. Beaver Dam, Karoondinha P^ouksj Beaver House, Showing Flooded Timber destruction of valuable Young White Oak b Ev Beavers. ii Growth of Marsh Grass Coming Up m IN PLACE OF BRUSH LAND, DUE TO FLOODING. FoRKST Lkavks, Vol. XIX, No. n. PORKST Lkavks, Vol. xix. No. 9. Ukavku Dam, Kahoom.j^ji.v Forks Beaver House, Showl\g F LOODED Timber. U.;sT..u,,r,.,« „, v.,,..u:,,,.: v,„x.„ w,„,K „.,< nv „..«,.;„. GROWTH OF Marsh Gras.s - -.Nu I-.' IN J'L.cK OK u,a»H LAX,,, DUE ro Ktoomxc. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE ^-- FOREST LEAVES 137 « »■ V I foot breast, floodinyr about one acre of land Within this they built a lar8:e house, stayed some time and multiplied. Here they cut little except what they utilized for food and construction ttork. Apparently unsatisfied for some reason perhaps lack of abundant soft wood for food they turned down stream again. The place they left now IS a stagnant frog pond, fi-ora which the skeletons of mag-nificent hemlocks and hardwoods stretch their naked arms toward the sky The next dam floo' have a well-used f h h '/' ""'' r «"P«>-«"t'v tniveling balk and . th between P.„e Cre^k and the Branch. The In h? I ir:'"'""-"' ''^'"■'^ ••«"'«.• flat, the first to acre, TK ^^-ything on an area of about «o acres. The second dam is still larger and tetrof 10%*° ""r r^' '"'"-•^""^n the larger hi f , '"""'' °^ *''« P'*"'' P'ne and '•'•j^e. hanlwoods on the are^ were still living the Bafri ''?' ^ ^^'""^ ^^'^^ remained on !>'- te^ her tit Jhe "^ ■'"" ""T '""^ -- ZZl *"■*'' "'''"■"*• 1'h«'-« have been 22 "■■^jor dams and over 30 minor dams constructi which have flooded an area of approximately 12 ?S u "f^""^'' ^''^^'^ *" '"^'^e approximately 10,000 board feet of timber and 50 cords of wood, to say nothing of the smaller growth cut and de- stroyed. The scenic beauty has been extensively marred along the streams where the beavers work. They have already over-run practically the entire length of one of our good mountain streams, and are making rapid inroads on two other beautiful streams, ,n the first case changing the water ot the stream from a pure, wholesome condition to that of questionable character. At places along the streams the flats are being transformed from forest land to marsh lands, and the growth trom timber to beaver meadow. At the present rate of increase the Bald Eagle Forest District will be over-run with beavere in ess than ten years, if their protection is con- tinued. The foregoing study proves that the beaver IS not a conservationist. He cuts much more than he nee^ls and is wasteful. He is de- structive, flooding large areas and killing the imber. He is a rover, constantly changing his ocation and flooding new areas. His work in time would change the nature of the land alon- the streams from forest to meadowland, and the pure cold water of the mountain streams would become warm, colored, and unfit for domestic purposes. The beavers are a destroyer of scenic beauty. They will become destructive to game by de- stroying their harbors and food supply, and their water supply during the long, cold winters. Thev are a so a source of fire danger because theiV forel't '^^ *"'"'""' "■""*' "'"■^'^'^ P*'°P'^ '** th« f.."^"'.?' «^P'"-'e"«es in the Adirondacks prove that the beaver becomes a nuisance wrthin ten years after planting, and that merely destroying dams and houses is useless. " In some few instances he has proven beneficial by repairing old dams and creating frog and fish ponds. He is valuable as a fur producer and as a source of food supply. He attracts many peo- pl^e to the forest, increasing interest in outdoor As a temporary check, at some places within the Forest District dams and houses should be destroyed and within a few years an open sea- son should be declared on the beaver in Pennsyl- vania as on other fur-bearing animals. He should be absolutely protected only within Game Kefuges, parks and other areas set aside for siwific conservation piir|>oses. In this way they can be kept and will .never become a nuisance 138 FOREST LEAVES V. f The Importance of Utilization in the Tuscarora State Forest By Benj. D. McPherson, District Forester AT least 40 per cent, of the State land in the Tuscarora Forest District contains more or less timber that is merchantable at the present time. This represents an area of 15,000 acres. Upon 1500 acres of this land, chestnut should be removed as rapidly as con- ditions permit, for the following reasons: (a) Our chestnut is rapidly deteriorating. (b) In its present condition, it is an unequalled fire menace. (c) Removing the chestnut will cause increased growth in the remaining stand. (d) It will help to maintain a permanent labor- force near the forest. (c) Utilization projects should yield a profit. It is well known that our chestnut will not now produce lumber of as high quality as it would have produced a few years ago. It is also certain that more valuable products can be de- rived from it now than we can expect to secure two years hence. Much of it already is so cracked and shaken as to be of value only for extract Avood. With freight rates that we now have, extract wood, for which the company pays $5.00 on cars just 31 miles from the plant, costs them approximately $10.00 at its destination. This condition makes impossible the utilization of chestnut (which is fit only for such low grade material as extract wood), from the more inac- cessible parts of our State land. If the ties and lumber are taken from the chest- nut, leaving tops, saplings, and faulty trees on the area, it will leave a fire hazard on the area. This hazard, however, will not equal the menace that we now have and will continue to have if none of the chestnut is removed. It is believed that too much stress should not be laid on the condition in which the area is left, but remove as much chestnut as possible, using ordinary care in the matter of brush lopping. Practically every fire warden who fought firo in this district dur- ing the unusually bad spring fire season of 1923, made a statement to the effect that the standing dead chestnut trees made the fires unusually hard to control. Instead of saying that removing the chestnut will cause increased increment in the remainder of the stand, I believe it best, in many cases, to remove with the chestnut other mature timber whether living or dead, and thereby further in- crease the growth of the remaining trees. Pre- | cautions should be taken th'at sufficient seed trees of good form, and desirable species are left on the areas that do not have suffiicient growth to give a satisfactory stand. Remo^dng these trees will up-root the forest litter, and thereby insure more satisfactory regeneration. Removing other species with the chestnut will make possible profitable utilization, where other- wise the chestnut could not be removed at a profit. If mature trees of other species are not removed when the chestnut is cut, in many places, on account of the sparcity of mature trees of other species, they can not be removed profitably, until the rest of the stand reaches ma- turity, at which time many of the trees will be valueless. On areas with a fairly good stand of young timber, with a sprinkling of mature trees, many of the wolf type, by removing such mature and wolf trees, more nearly normal growth m\\ be acquired. Removing timber under these con- ditions is bound to damage some desirable younj? trees. This will be overbalanced by the increased growth that will result. If they fall of their own accord, or by wind-fall, they are apt to do as much damage to the sunounding growth. By maturity is meant financial maturity, rather than the point at which the tree starts to decline. If utilization is be^n at an early date, it may aid in retaining or perhaps in bettering the present railroad facilities. The matter of transportation by rail is an important factor in the utilization of timber in this district. There is every indi- cation that this problem will be more serious in the future. While cutting timber and manufacturing lum- ber a few experienced men will prove valuable. If utilization is beigun early, some of these men can be given work during such times as the De- partment does not have other work for them, thus retaining them in the forest community. Aside from the benefits above mentioned, utili- zation projects should yield a direct profit.- In order to move the chestnut and at the same time show a profit, it will be necessary to cut other mature timber along with the chestnut, and the Department will have to be lenient in the mat- ter of brush disposal. The following tabulation shows the actual cost of a timber operation conducted in the Tuscarora State Forest from February, 1923, to April 1, 1924: Salaries $2,176.29 Travel Expenses 84.08 Truck Transfers (Ford Exp.) . . 231.00 I^bor 2,535.20 Material and Equipment 572.70 FOREST LEAVES 139 One state team has been used on the operation smce September), 1923. /.?^«'nnr^'''' ^^ *^^«» and the cost of one horse .^136.00) is counted in with the cost of pro- Cost of sled, maintenance and exr>ense of truek nuaintenance of tools, and buildings (stable and camp) are included in the cost of production. balanes and traveling expenses of foresters and rangers have been included as indicated in the foregoing tabulation. The following tabulation shows the amount of .naterial sold or manufactured, and receipts from sales from February, ]923, to April 1, 1924- Extract wood, 310.64 C. @ $.5.00 $1,553.20 Kxtract wood, 1.77 C. @ $7.00. . . lalo Other materials ^^In Bonus on 60.57 C. wood @ 25c. 15 14 Idle Land and Costly Timber* By W. B. Greeley, Forester, Tonst Service IxeceiDts The following materials hk've'b^n'shipp^ but have not been paid for nor included in the alJe tabulation: «"vvc 476 ties, valued at $450.00 ^4 C. wood, worth 120 00 At points of shipment there are 800 ties Cost 0 manufacturing and hauling has been paid on WIO of these 800. No exjx^nses have been naW on the other 200. ^^ " Manufacturing cost has been paid on 1400 ad- 'I't.onal t.^ still in the woods. The hTli^ tu^ng^and loading expense on them hastft $5,599.42 flu '' W Ttt""' '"'^?'''"^' °'''«^^'«« known as inafntp 7' •"''''"' ^«^ ^P^^ed from ■ L hi P*""«y'^''«"' »nd New York and is Ml'Hlly becoming a menace in those States has n discovered by the U. R. Forest Products ; iania Sti " n """ "'""'' ^^"' "y'the'^^rn: in' some" ^f '"boratory with the hope of find- I-. some use for it, was made on the experimen .er'"The"""^''T 'l^" '''^ "-«1e^Wk WoaS verv „ .^-': y'^'-l of pulp. Since it thl ? -^ ®"^'''^' '*'® P»-<^'ict can be used in mi^^^ J ^T^^ ''^ ^^^ ailanthus tree is pro ices 25 r ^^"'''"^*''« »"«nth"s is said to Jeat "' "^ ^"""^ ^^ *•■« «<"•« «^«0- three TO the voyageurs and colonists of the seven- teenth century, America appeared a vast, t.nf .fTi. ^^° •^'"■^''- ^^«" »"«•• tbe full ex- ovlrfian r' "•""'' g«<^aPl'«rs found that over 820 million acres, or neariy half of our land area, originally bore commercial timber. For two and a half centuries these forests were cleared for cultivation or cut for lumber in the .miversal belief that the supply of timber was mexhaustible. But today a shortage of wo J growing more acute every year, thrusts itsel? to' which The n """:' *'' ^"'" "=°"^''' P™We-« which the present generation of Americans must About 30 per cent, of the original virgin stand board feet of merehantable saw timber. To fJl"!f/. ''"'' P°''''''y ^"0 billion feet in the tin^ tC'^! •*"■ "^^ ^"*''' "'' "»« oW cut- tings. The most important fact, however, is that oJer 'eoT • "' t'' f"""'"'"" ^'■^'" "-"er and over 60 per cent, of all the timber we have is TJ "^,'^u t'"' P''""^- In »» except the States of the far West and the far South, the largely run its course. The needs of the American consumer of wood are not answered by saying that eertain parls „f the count.7 contain enough timber to supply the present rate of cutting for 30 or 40 years Eger t may be said with almost equal" weight that there are vast forests in Siberia and South bertha. "'■" "Z "' """"^^ l^-- th«t lum 25 ye^s "" enormously during the last Looking beyond fluctuating markets and war aftermaths^ the fundamental reason for the Z- vancing price of lumber is the steady rise in the cos of tran^rting it. The constant mig at on has earned them farther and farther away from the average consumer of their products. In 1920, -S states produced less lumber than thev con- sumed, and only 9 States, all in the Sol^th or eS ; Z\^ .substantial quantity of lumber in excess of their own requirements. So far apart have the mam lun.ber consuming and lumberT^ ducing centers become that our annual frei.^ht j: 140 FOREST LEAVES I bill on lumber has reached $250,000,000. Many populous States now pay out from $10,000,000 to $28,000,000 annually to import the lumber which they require. Out of every 10 acres of the virgin forest Avhich Columbus discovered, 4% acres have passed under the plow; 4 acres more have been cut over but still lie untilled — an agg-regate area over 10 times the State of New York. Of the 4 acres, 3 contain culled timber, second-growth timber, or young trees, often scattered and incpmiplete to be sure, but enough to represent some small degree of forest replacement. The fourth acre is the idle acre, the acre which has been so de- nuded and burnt that it is producing nothing. The idle quarter of our cut-over forest lands represents 81,000,000 acres, mainly in the Eastern States. While most of our viiTgin timber is gone, most of our forest land remains. New York and Penn- sylvania contain 40 per cent, of forest land. Most of the Southern States have 50 per cent, or more. In New Hampshire the amount is 60 per cent., and in Maine it exceeds 75 per cent. In the condition of these forest lands of the Eastern States lies the root of the problem. Lumber has become dear to the eastern consumer, not because virgin forests were freely cut, but because the land which the logger left behind is so largely land without a crop. Loss of industry, depopulation, and the tear- ing up of railroads have followed in the train of forest destruction and the idleness of land. To many rural communities the idleness of this forest land means economic and social bank- ruptcy. Ninety-eight per cent, of our rural dwellings and from 59 to 98 per cent, of our urban dweFl- ings, varying in the different States, are still built of wood. From 25 to 28 billion board feet of lumber are used annually in building and con- struction, the farmers being the largest consum- ers and 9 billion shingles are laid annually in roofing these homes and other structures. An- other 6 billion feet of lumber are manufactured yearly into crates and boxes to carry our com- merce. Our railroads normally require from 100 to 325 million wooden ties annually. Our min- ing industry could not live Avithout timber, and consumes nearly 300 million cubic feet of stulls and lagging every year. A hundred million cords of fuel are cut annually from our forests and woodlots. To sup|x)rt a per capita consumption of paper which is double that of any other nation we cut 5 million cords of pulpwood from our forests every year, and still import from Can- FOREST LEAVES 141 ada and other foreign sources over half of our paper or paper-making materials. All told, we take nearly 22% billion cubic feet of wood from our forests annually. This is divided almost equally between timber of saw- log size and the smaller products, hut is equiva- lent roughly to 53 billion board feet. Higher costs and technical research are also teaching us to utilize our timber with gieater economy, to waste less in the logging camp and sawmill, to convert the refuse of the lumberman into a raw material for the paper maker, to save loss at the refabrication plant by sawing logs into the sizes which can be reworked for fuini- ture or vehicle parts with the least waste, and to prolong the life of railroad ties, mine tim- bers, and telegraph poles by preservative treat- ment. By such savings it is possible to reduce the yearly drain upon our forests by 6 or 7 billion board feet, while still obtaining the same economic service from them. This is equivalent to the present annual growth of wood on 170 million acres of forest land. But after all has been said, too little wood is being used in the United States today. We are paying the penalty for idle forest lands in unbuilt homes, poorly improved farms, and an uncertain future for many industries. It is im- possible to say exactly how much timber the United States does need. The United States has obtained its timber hitherto mainly from a temporary and exhausti- ble supply. Just as we have drained one oil field after another, we have drained one big reservoir of virgin timber after another. Seventy- five per cent, of the lumber cut and fully 90 per cent, of all high-grade timber products still come from virgin forests. The total yearly drain upon our forests is nearly 25 billion cubic feet, 22% billion cut for use and 2% billion destroyed by forest fires, in- sects, and tree diseases. This yearly drain is but partially replaced by new forest growth. We are using up the saw timber of softwood species over eight times as fast as it is being regiown, the softwood timber of all kinds nearly five times as fast as it is being regrown, and the remaining hardwood timber over three times as fast. The current cut of all timber varieties and products, including fuel wood and other minor products of the forest, is about four times the rate of replacement. In other words, 25 per cent, of our present use of wood may be said to represent our forest interest. The other 75 per cent, is a direct and unreplaced drain upon our forest capital. We must replace our present temporary and I exhaustible source of timber not with one equal- ly temporary and more uncertain on foreign soil but with a stable and self-sustaining supply at home. On 470 million acres of forest land, the United States is now producing about 6 billion cubic ieet of wood annually. If all our forest lands were protected from fire and the simplest meas- ures of reforestation practiced, sueh as leaving a few seed trees in logging, the current growth of wood could probably be increased to 10 billion cubic feet annually now, and ultimately, when most of the remaining virgin forests have been eiit, to as much as 14 billion cubic feet. This is obviously the first goal to attain; but it is only a half-way step. It will still leave us far short of a sustaining supply of timber. All the data obtainable on what our forest lauds will produce, once their growing power is brought fully into play by intensive forest cul- ture, go to show that an average yearly pro- duction of 58 to 60 cubic feet per acre is attain- able. This is comparable with the results se- cured in the well-managed forests of Europe. Once that rate of growth is generally attained, and it IS already exceeded in parts of the United States, we shall have an annual wood crop of 27 billion cubic feet, or a little more than the piesent total drain upon our forests. Growing crops of wopd like crops of wheat, requires an owner who has a permanent interest 111 the land and its earning power. Twenty-one I)er cent, of the 470 million acres of forest" land in the United States is owned bv the public- Nation, State, or municipality. Most of these public holdings, particularly the State and Na- tional forests, are dedicated to timber culture for all time. During the last decade public agencies have acquired land for this purpose at the rate ot nearly 1 million acres a year. Thirty-two per cent, of the total forest land area, or around 150 riiilhon acres, is in farm woodlots, a form of private ownership that is relatively stable and, t» a considerable degree, already ripe for for- estry. The remaining 221 million acres, or 47 per cent, of the whole, is owned by lumbermen, paper makers, mining companies, railroads, and others whose interest in the land is wholly com- >m*rcial and but few of whom have yet looked arther ahead than cutting the merchantable tim- '»er now standing. Aside from the creation of public forests, the ?ieatest gain thus far made in forest conserva- tion has been through reilucing the loss from nie. Forest fires have not only levied an enor- mous toll upon our commercial timber but have destroyed many millions of acres of young tree growth and kept a large part of our forest land in barrenness. We still have around 33,500 for- est fires annually, which sweep over more than 7,000,000 acres. Fifty-four per cent, of the for- est lands in the United States are now more or less adequately protected from fire. This in- cludes 95 million acres of Federal and State holdings, and about 160 million acres of private and. At least 150 million acres of forest land, largely m the Southern States, is wholly without protection. Tree planting thus far represents but a few drops into an immense bucket of denuded land on which every vestige and possibility of valu- able tree growth have been destroved. About 1^ million acres have been planted to date as against 81 million acres of fire-swept and barren land that once grew timber. Thirty-six thousand acres of planted land are being added to our pro- ductive forest resources yearly. On the other hand, it should be remembered that 10,000 000 acres of forest land is cut over yearly. ' In practically no instance have the recognized commercial timbers in any eastern forest region increased in value less than 200 per cent, durino- the last 20 years, and in many cases the enhanc^ ment has been much greater. The much closer utilization of the standin- timber brought about by higher values and more diversified markets has added greatly to the net returns from a forest crop. In other words, the very process of timber depletion is, though slowly, working out its eventual care. Region by region, it leads inevitably to higher price levels m favor of local forest growth. Region hy region, it leads inevitably to a point where plan- wise timber growing becomes commercially fea- sible and is well-nigh compelled by purely eco- noniic forces. On the 79 per cent, of our forest land in private ownership, the aggregate showing in real timber culture is still small. Public interest, indeed public necessity, must in time impose certain obligations of steward- ship upon the owner of forest land. The public has a right, if the right is reasonable and equitably exercised, to see to it that forest lands are kept at work, but at the same time must be ready to pay the price of reforestation as part of the cost of forest products. This, however, is not yet cleariy seen by the American people! It will be the course of wisdom to concentrate public efforts immediately upon the things all are agreed can and should be done now. These are (1) to reduce the hazards and uncertainties ^ ■J* 142 FOREST LEAVES in growing timber crops and thus give full play to the already powerful commercial incentives for reforestation; and (2) to extend public forest ownership, give ample public aid in tree plant- ing, and provide nation-wide education in tim- ber growing and economy in timber use. The greatest hazard to reforestation will dis- appear when fires are kept out of the woods. That alone would probably double the rate at which timber is grown in the United States. Another hazard often encountered in com- mercial timber growing is the risk of accumulated taxes beyond what a crop which yields a harvest but once in 40 to 50 years can carry. Annual tax- ation of young forests is not unlike taxing a field of potatoes 20 to 30 times between seed time and "harvest. It requires study by State tax commissions and public forest agencies with a view to working out methods of taxing forest lands which will give reasonable encouragement and security to commercial reforestation. This barrier, or handicap, to growing timber as one of the great staple crops of the United States must be removed. While the progress of the United States as a timiber-growing nation can be aided materially, m the long run, by giving nature free play through stopping forest fires and bv giving com- mercial forces free play through a rational ad- justment of forest taxation, there are other things that the American people should do. Our greatest progress in forestry up to the present time has been made through public forest owner- ship. Particularly has the production of timber of large size and high quality proven, in the main, to be a public task, which the private forest owner ordinarily can not assume. The United States will be no exception to this general rule We need more publicly owned forests. Twenty-one per cent, of our forest area is owned today by the Nation itself and by various States. Since the Weeks law was passed in 1911 2,142,000 acres have been bought or approved for purchase under its terms, on mountainous water- sheds m the Eastern States. Much additional land remains to be acquired before the original program contemplated by this measure for the protection of navigable streams will be com- pleted. There is every reason, too, why States and municipalities should extend their ownership of forest land. Putting idle land at productive em- ployment and building up local supplies of tim- ber will well repay such investments of public lunds m future prosperity. Another direct and practical way to get more FOREST LEAVES timber grown is through public aid in tree plant- ing. On enormous areas of burned-out woodland and abandoned farms, new forests of real value can only be started by hand. It takes from 700 to 1,500 seedlings to plant an acre. By reducing waste in the use of timber it is possible to save 1 cubic foot of wood out of every 3 that we now cut annually from our forests. By scientific study of timber culture we can make our available forest land produce ulti- mately all the timber that we need, and at a cost that will still keep it within reach for gener- ous and universal use. Take, for example, the 4 million farmers who own woodlots. If fores- try is made part and parcel of our agricultural lore, or land sense, an enormous increase in the volume and value of the wood grown as a farm enterprise can undoubtedly be brought about in no great space of time. Here is a possible farm crop for which there will never be a glutted mar- ket. 143 Forestry in Louisiana THE Department of Conservation of the State of Louisiana has just issued its Sixth Biennial Report for 1922 and 1923. V. H. Sonderegger, Superintendent of the For- estry Division, says: On January 1st, 1924, Ivouisiana^s idle cut- over lands totaled 13.,6r)0,000 acres, of which 7.) per cent, are not suited for immediate agricul- tural development, or will not be within the next 50 years. The virgin timber lands on hand amount to 3,600,000 acres, and these lands are being depleted at the rate of 300,000 acres i>er year. The improve^l agricultural lands in the State amount to not quite 5,000,000 acres, of which thousands of acres are idle, due to labor shortage, over-production, boll weevil attacks and other detrimental factors. Louisiana's greatest problem for the continu- ation of its industrial and agricultural activities IS the ^^ putting to work'' of its idle cut-over lands. Until some other product pays lar-er profits, the raising of a new timber crop is the solution. Pulpwood, fence posts, railway ties, etc., can be grown in 7 to 15 years, while piling, telephone poles and saw logs can be ^own in 25 to 35 years. At present the general average yield per acre, throughout the State, is 450 board feet. Approximately 50 per cent, of the industrial labor of Louisiana is connected directly or indi- rectly with the forest products industry. The I annual cash value of the forest products is $130,000,000. This does not include revenue ob- tained from other industries dependent on the material manufactured. The average annual collection from the forest products severance tax is $360,000, of which the Division of Forestry receives $60,000, the balance going to educational institutions. The Division of Forestry has purchased 2200 acres of timbered land cut over 25 years ago, as a State Forest. This is located in Rapides Parish. It is planned to include the purchase of at least five more State Forests of 2,000 to 3,000 acres, each located in different sections of Louis- iana, so that forest conditions can be studied. One of the large lumber companies has set aside 53,000 acres of its cut-over lands for refor- estation under scientific management. In 1922 there were 1540 forest fires burning over 452,367 acres, and in 1923 but 1251 fires buiTiing 285,531 acres. ' Famous Forest Fires in the United States THE United States has been the scene of many forest fires during the past 55 years, says the Forest Sei-vice, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Some of the more famous forest fires were: The Peshtigo, Wis., fire in 1871 which killed 1,500 persons and burned 1,500,000 acres of tim- ber. The Michigan fire of 1881 which burned 2,000,- 000 acres and cost an unknown number of lives.' The Phillips, Wis., fire in 1894 which killed more than 300 people. The Hinckley, Minn., fire which cost more than 400 lives, burned millions of acres, and laid waste al>out a dozen towns. The Minnesota, Oregon and Washington fires in 1910 which swept many millions of acres of lorest land and cost an unknown number of lives 1 he smoke from these fires was sighted as far as .>00 miles out in the Pacific Ocean. The terrible Cloquet, Minn., fire in 1918 which eost 400 lives and burned property and timber valued at $30,000,000. In 1919 and in 1922 many disastrous fires oc- X^c^t «'" ""u^ ^'*' ^^ ***^ ^^"'^^'^^ °^^e than ou,UOO fires having been reported during the sum- mer of 1922. Meny lives were lost in addition to the destruction of many millions of dollars worth 01 timber and property. The United States Forest Service is authority lor the statement that about 80 per cent, of all torest fires in the United States are caused by nnman carelessness and are, therefore, prevent- at>'e by the exercise of reasonable care. Spanish Moss, a Forest By-Product THE collection, curing, and marketing of moss is one of the important industries of Louisiana and the Conservation Com- mission states, over a million dollars a year IS derived from it. It is an additional source of revenue to the people living in the lowlands ot Louisiana, near the swamps and along the bayous of the State, as the moss is gathered during the fall and winter months when other crops are non-productive. In swampy regions. It is gathered at the time of high flood tide when small boats, or pirogues, can be used for navi- gating swamps and transporting moss The moss is dried on fences, frames, the roofs of buildings^ and on the ground, 6 to 8 weeks being the time required to properly cure it It loses about 40 per cent, of its weight in the process. In addition to the moisture evaporated, the grey scurf of the stems and leaves are shed,' leaving a wiry black, tough fibre, resemblinc^ horse hair. It is used for packing, mattresses", pillows, and automobile cushions. Contrary to general belief, Spanish moss is not a parasite, but a flowering air plant, belong- mg to the pineapple family. It receives its sus- tenance directly from the air, and does not in- jure the trees it grows upon, except where it is unusually abundant, in which case it acts as a harboring place for disease and insects. Al- ' though Spanish moss bears seed, its method of propagation is by small fragments being carried by the birds and the wind to the branches of other trees, where it finds lodgment. The plants vary from 6 inches to 6 feet in length, and have thread-like leaves of a scruffy gray appearance. The flower is green with yel- lowish-green tips, and is especially fragrant at night. Moss is a tropical plant and grows freely in the South Atlantic States, in the coastal regions to Texas, and as far south as Brazil. Spanish moss is a striking characteristic of southern swamp scenery, lending to it a weird charm, suggestive of romance and unfathomable mystery. Commercially, it is a valuable asset, Louisiana leading all the southern States in this product. Large investments have been made in building gins, and there are large factories for the manufacture of mattresses, pillows, automo- bile cushions, and other commodities. Spanish moss can be made a perpetual crop. Its con- tinuation depends upon the development of new forests, for which the idle cut-over swamp lands offer vast opportunities. In addition to the * revenue to be derived from the moss, the trees themselves are a taxable asset to the State. iri 144 FOREST LEAVES New Publications Southern Woodland Trees.— By James Berthold Sperry, M.S. 12 mo., 214 pages, illustrated, bound in cloth, $1.20. World Book Com- pany, Yonkers-on-Hudson, N. Y. This volume by Mr. Sperry, County Vocational Supervisor, Pennsylvania State Department of Education, is a guide to the identification of trees and woods to accompany ^'Fami Woodlands, '^ previously published. An intimate knowl^ge of the various tree species, their names, physical characteristics, habits and uses, is a necessary adjunct to the study and application of the princi- ples of forestry to the farm woodland. The tourist, camper, and nature student— in fact, all who are brought into close connection wdth the wooflland or forest will find satisfaction in even a slight acquaintance with growing trees. The study of trees also tends to rouse a sympathetic interest in the forests of the State and Nation. The volume is intended as a handbook for stu- dents, teachers, farmers and woodsmen. Every high school graduate should be able to recognize all the important trees which occur locally and speak intelligently of the character and uses of the wood. The book opens with an introductory explaining how to identify trees and woods. It is then divided into three general sections en- titled ^^The NeedJe-Leaf Trees, ^' ^'The Broad- leaf Trees'^ and ^^ Trees With Simple Leaves.'^ The book only deals with trees found in the southern section of the United States, from Vir- ginia, south to Florida, and west to and includ- ing part of Texas. It is illustrated from photographs and draw- ings by Mary E. Eaton, and will be found a use- ful book for the student and beginners in fores- try. Pennsylvania Trees THE fourth edition of this standai'd manual of our native trees and guide to the ele- ments of forestry has just come from the press. It will continue to fill a real want on the part of all those interested in trees and wood- lands. Aside from the correction of a few typo- graphic errors and more definite statements of distribution of various species in the State, very few changes have been made in Part II of the book. In fact, it would be hard to improve on this portion; where the outstanding fearure has always been the carefully and attractively stated descriptions, nearly everyone of which testify elo- quently of the author's highly developed and acute i>owers of observation. The first fifty-seven pages have been consider- ably modified or revamped and brought up to date with respect to printed matter, but only a few of the illustrations have been replaced. A very commendable added feature is a succinct and popular but technically accurate discussion of the *' Forest types'' found in Pennsylvania. An- other addition answers the question: '^When do trees gi'ow?" Both these topics carry original scientific observations and conclusions. On the basis of space, the most imposing addition deals with historic, unique and massive trees of the State. This latter subject is illustrated by eight full-page plates. Nq one can read these new topics without wish- ing to know more of the mattei-s covered, which is a good testimonial to the character of treat- ment. The book as a whole will certainly hold the at- tention of whoever essays its perusal, and can- not fail to bring them an increased appreciation of trees and the forest associations in which they naturally occur. Its intro»dy.db. The average cost per mile for the first 2 miles was $3,368.50, and for the remainder of the distance about $2,500 per mile. Maintenance cost m 1922 was $108.58. This fine forest road passes by the South Mountain State Sanatorium founded by the late Dr. J. T. Rothrock. The Mont Alto State Forest consists of 22,715 acres. The present stand of timber 4 inches and over, excluding the chestnut which has been killed by the blight is 15,183,000 cubic feet. There is also 10,584,000 cu. ft. of blighted chestnut. Just after passing the Sanatorium the Monaghan Field Plantation could be seen, where in 1902, 5,000 white pine were planted, and in 1903, 1,600 'ad- ditional trees were planted. 90 per cent, grew, and the trees now average 22 to 24 feet in height and 3.5 to 4.5 inches in diameter. Owing to the rain the young oak stand, on the west side of Brandon Hollow, the Pond Bank plantations and the water supplies for the Borough of Mont Alto, the State Forest School, and Waynesboro, could not be inspected. The first mentioned oak stand is 41 years old, con- taining about 600 trees per acre, and producing about 35 cu. ft. of wood per acre per annum. This it is expected will increase to 45 cu. ft. per acre when the dead chestnut are replaced by the oaks. One of the Pond Bank plantations west of the Railroad consisting of 15 acres of Scotch pine planted in 1909 contains 34,000 trees, now 14 years old averaging 22 feet in height and almost 4 inches in diameter. It is producing over 80 cu. ft. per acre per year. There are also other plan- tations here of white pine, rock oak, larch and white oak. East of the railroad are plantations of pitch pine, white pine, jack pine and Norway Spruce, all showing excellent growth. The party proceeded to the Pennsylvania State Forest School, where a stop was made. This School was established in 1903, and until 1920 a 3 year course of 48 weeks each was given. Since then the course has been extended to 4 years of 46 weeks each, with a degree on graduation of Master of Forestry. There are now 68 students, the number being limited only by the School accommodations. The School is finely situated so that the theory of forestry is in close con- nection with the practice of forestry. The party passed by the State Forest Nursery of about 8 acres, which has a total of ten million 148 FOREST LEAVES seedlings and transplants, most of them being conifers. Seed collecting and extracting is carried on in connection with the nursery. A brief session was held at the State Forest School where Dr. E. A. Ziegler, Director of the State Forest School, made an address entitled ^^Does Recreational Use of the Forest Conflict with the Timber Production T' and Prof. George S. Perry of the same School spoke on *^ Twenty Years of Silviculture at Mont Alto.'' Resolu- tions were also adopted. Maj. R. Y. Stuart, Secretary Department of Forests and Waters, Mr. Fred Brenckman, Secretary State Grange, also made some brief remarks. The Resolutions will be found on another page. The party then proceeded to Mont Alto Park pavilion which had been tastefully decorated with evergreens and laurel, where luncheon was served. Owing to the continued rain it was impossible to visit and inspect other parts of the Mont Alto Forest, such as the Forest School Sawmill, utilization of blighted chestnut, the Chapel, Cap- tain Cook's Monument, etc., and the meeting was declared closed. The Mont Alto Forest was originally owned by the Mont Alto Iron Co., iron being made here in 1820. The furnace stood on the site now occupied by the State Forest School, and iron ore and limestone were obtained nearby. Charcoal was made in meilers in the woods, and in 1867 char- coal kilns were constructed, greatly increasing the yield of charcoal. Mont Alto Park was de- veloped by the Mont Alto Iron Company and the Cumberland Valley Railroad Co. It was very popular and large gatherings were held here. Park concessions are now leased by the Depart- ment, and a Summer school is maintained. Address of Welcome Rt. Rev. Dr. James Henry Darlington HAVING resided in New York City until I was elected Bishop of Harrisburg in 1905, I mistakenly had the impression that Pennsylvania was simply a great manufacturing State, and I knew nothing of the claims of this Commonwealth to beauty of scenery. The Allegheny and Blue Ridge mountains start- ing in foot hills in the State of New York, come to full development in Pennsylvania, and give a picturesque beauty which is found in few states in the Union. The largest river, the Susquehanna, with its many branches and tributary streams gives the added beauty of abundant water with many cascades and water-falls. Over one thousand islands, tufted with trees, are included in this wildwood scenery. Wild game of many kinds abounds, and sporting clubs which invite to sum- mer recreation are multiplied. In the spring the country districts are a riot of color and beauty. The number of flowers to be gathered is almost unlistable, those of the north and those of the south both mingling in profusion. Dear Dr. Rothrock was an apostle (he looked like one with his long beard), preach- ing the way we should go. His favorite text seemed to be ^^The leaves of the trees were foi the healing of the nations." The neighborhood around Mauch Chunk has sometimes been called the Switzerland of America, but the name should be given to the whole central portion of this comjnonwealth. It is only through ignorance that it has not been so done in the past. Through our fine, new motor roads, the people of other commonwealths are just beginning to apprehend the unusual diversity of climate and scenery here. Those from the far western plains, the Mississippi Valley, and the neighboring states of Ohio, Maryland, New Jersey and Delaware are just awaking to the multiplied attractions of Penn's Woods. We must guard the forests carefully,' as they are our one great claim of superiority over many other states. As the coal formations from forests of past ages give us our mineral wealth, so the present forests bestow upon us our present day health and enjoyment, and attractiveness to sum- mer visitors. Rightly developed these mountains and valleys will make Pennsylvania the summer playground of the Eastern states. Let us help the state purchase all renmining barren lands which need reforestration, so that there may be no waste places to lessen the value of this glorious heritage left us by William Peim. Address By Major Robert Y. Stuart Secretary, Department of Forests and Waters THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association has been of the greatest assistance to the De- partment in interesting the public in forest conservation. The Association rendered invalu- able service when the Department requested of the Legislature and later secured an appropriation of one million dollars for the protection of forest lands from fire. With this appropriation the Department has erected steel observation towers at advantageous points throughout the State, FOREST LEAVES 149 equipped them with telephone communication, secured other needed forest protection equipment, and has organized an efficient forest fire pro- tective system. The results this spring, which were the best on record in the Department, and the record of 1923, under extraordinary drought conditions, show clearly the advance made by the Department in its forest protection work. It is very gratifying that this Association is now earnestly advocating the proposed Bond Issue for $25,000,000 for the purchase of addi- tional forest lands. From every point of view — economic, domestic, and social, this measure is of tremendous import to Pennsylvanians. The great benefits of State Forests in Pennsylvania have been demonstrated beyond question. From a financial point of view, the 1,131,277 acres of State Forests, which cost on an average but $2.26 per acre, have been a sound business investment netting the State an estimated gain of approxi- mately five million dollars over all expenditures for them and their administration. Their value for the public health, for pure water, for recrea- tion and for other benefits contributing to the welfare of our people is immeasurable. With a Bond Issue of $25,000,000, expended by the State Forest Commission under the safeguards applied by it, about 3,500,000 acres of waste land can be secured and brought into a similarly produc- tive and beneficial condition. Public-spirited citizens see in this measure not only a wise economic plan, but a responsibility to our future citizens, dependent upon us for needed timber supplies. Resolutions Adopted June 27, 1924, by the Pennsylvania Forestry Association THE thanks of the Members of the Associa- tion and of their friends and guests, who attended the Summer outing meetings on June 25, 26, and 27 are due and are very heartily tendered to the many kind friends, who have co- o|)erated to make the meetings a success. To His Excellency Governor Pinchot, to the Right Reverend Dr. James Henry Darlington and to Major R. Y. Stuart, Secretary of the Department of Forests and Waters, for their interest, en- couragement and aid. To the officers and mem- bers of the State Department of Forests and Waters and particularly to Mr. George H. Wirt and Professor J. S. Illick and their associates, who as the Local Committer, art:ftnge4 go effi- ciently and admirably for the comfort and pleasure ot the party on the excursions taken on the 26th and 27th. To M^. Berkey H. Boyd, Secretary of the Department of Property and Supplies for the use of the Senate Caucus Chamber for the meet- ing at Harrisburg and to the Chambersburg School Board and Mr. W. R. Appenzellar, Secre- tary for the use of the High School Auditorium tor the meeting at Chambersburg. To the many kind friends at Harrisburg and Chambersburg, who tendered the use of their automobiles for the excursions, and to the Chamber of Commerce of Chambersburg for valued support and aid To Dr. Ethelbert D. Warfield, President of Wilson College, who, on behalf of the citizens of Cham- bersburg, so kindly expressed a warm welcome to the Association, and to the many friends at Chambersbui^, who cooperated in hospitable re- ception of the visitors. The members of the Association 'have ap- preciated and enjoyed their entertainment at the Penn Harris Hotel in Harrisburg, and at the Hotel Washington in Chambersburg, their noon rest and luncheon on the 26th at the Log Cabin Inn, Caledonia, and their warm welcome and entertainment by Dr. E. A. Ziegler, Director of the State Forest School and his Staff and As- sociates at the State Forest School, at Mont Alto. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association re- affi;rms its belief in the great value to the State of the proposed State Bond Issue for $25,000,000 for the purchase of land for the promotion of forest growth in the State to replace our de- pleted timber resources, and urges on all patriotic citizens the importance to our people and in- dustries of this development. Forestdale, Vt., is an example of a model for- est community. According to the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, it has had a wood turn- ing factory for 75 years. Instead of moving put, this institution has increased in size and in the variety of its products and now employs 200 workers. Eight thousand acres of forest land, more and more carefully managed, insures a perpetual supply of raw material. Many of the employees own their own homes and the labor turnover is less than 5 per cent, a year. The continuous use of forest land insures a perma- nency of industry, of population, and of commun- ity life. It is essential, where the land is not better suited for other purposes, to the kind of rural community and the type of rural citizen- ship of which the United States stands in need. >f 150 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES Recreational Development on the State Forests* By Alfred E. Rupp Chief, Bureau of Lands, Pennsylvania Depart- ment of Forests and Waters. MR. JOHN H. CAMPBELL, of the Depart- ment of Internal Affairs, tells the follow- inig- story: ''During a visit in St. Paul, Minnesota, some years ago, I had the privilege with others of being shown through the Capitol Building of that State. Among other rooms we were taken into one devoid of furniture. At first glance the wall opposite and on both sides of the entrance appeared to be covered with plain white and dark striped paper. The guide said not a word until one of the party inquired, 'Well, what's the idea?' With the mischievous smile of one who has a surprise to spring upon you the guide replied: 'Look steadily for a while.' Obeying these instructions, we fixed our gaze upon the wall in front of us. Gradually the striped paper seemed to transform itself into a beautiful forest. The dark stripes assumed the stately forms and shapes of trees of that forest, while the white stripes became parts of the sky in a far-away background. The longer we looked the more the illusion seemed to become a reality, while new and beautiful effects were continually greeting our vision as imagination played her part. This pleasing illusion was the wonderful work of a master artist.^' I have been at a loss to recall a more fitting comparison with the State Forests of Pennsyf vania. For many years the pioneers in Forestry have spoken the words of the guide, and it is most gi-atifying to know that to-day the average citizen of Pennsylvania is "looking steadily," and the illusion has become a reality. Very few states have had the forest heritage that was given Pennsylvania. Her land surface of over twenty-eight million acres was originally, with few exceptions, in timber growth. The forest area has been reduced to a little over thirteen million acres or about one and a half acres of forest land for each citizen of the State. If that acre and a half does its work the average citizen will prosper. If it does not>, his property will be, as now, dependent upon what other states and countries can do for him in timber. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has been very generous with her natural resources. The citizens of the State were encouraged by Legis- lation to develop them so that the Commonwealth might become settled at an early date. It is unfortunate, however, that the Commonwealth in the sale of land did not reserve an interest in the natural resources. It is greatly to the credit of the pioneers in the forestry movement that they had the vision to anticipate the future needs of the people. From the beginning of the State Forest movement in Pennsylvania its advocates have recognized rec- reational use as one of its prime benefits. The State Forests have been regarded and adminis- tered as health centers and playgrounds as earn- estly as for wood production. In 1895, three years before the first acre of State Forest land was purchased, and six years before the Depart- ment of Forestry (now the Department of Forests and Waters) was established, the late Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock, who became the first Com- missioner of Forestry in Pennsylvania, advo- cated the use of forest land for health and rec- reation. The important reasons advanced by Dr. Rothrock in recommending to the Legislature that forest land be purchased by the State were: (1) For the production of a timber supply to meet the needs of present and future citizens of the State. (2) That watersheds might be ac- quired and maintained with forest cover so as to secure an even flow of water to foster the in- dustries of the State and feed her sprinijs an 1 streams. (3) That the "State Forests "should combine in themselves not only charm of scenery that would attract our population to them, but that they should also possess such altitude, purity of atmosphere, and general health-giving con ditions as would make them sanitariums for those of our population who do not desire or could not go to remoter points for renewal of strength.'^ (4) "To fill the largest measure of usefulness due regard should be had to the capacity of such reservations to serve as collect- ing grounds for the water which the cities of the future might require." Pennsylvania began to acquire forest land in 1898, and has purchased to the present time 1,131,277 acres. This land is located in twenty- nine counties of the State. The policy of the De- partment of Forests and Waters in the purchase of forest land is founded upon the recognized responsibility for the welfare of her citizens. The State Forests, as acquired, have been de- veloped by the Department under the policy of having them put to the highest use of which thev are capable. They have thus become increasin-lv attractive and valuable. Those in search of health and recreation in the out-of-doors have 151 found in the State Forests the opportunity to satisfy their desire at minimum expense. The use made of State Forests by the public at first was largely transitory. Hunters, fisher- men and vacationists selected those spots which seemed to offer the best opportunity at the time for their enjoyment. It soon became apparent that means should be provided whereby the privilege of extended occupancy of areas for recreation could be granted to those desiring it. To meet this need the Legislature in 1913 passed an Act authorizing the Department to lease suitable lands to citizens of the State for camp- ing. This measure has provided the opportunity sought by the sportsman, vacationist and health seeker to become located comfortably on a choice spot in the forest. It has also afforded the pro- tection needed to the investment made by campers desiring to construct a substantial building and to make extensive improvements on the Teased area. The Department in 1920 formulated a policy to develop the State Forests in their highest point of usefulness as recreational centers. It was recognized that there are distinctive types of recreational development and use. Plans were put into effect to have areas developed and main- tained in the class to which they naturally were adapted. The classification adopted was: State Forest Monuments and Scenic Areas. State Forest Parks. Private Leases. Public Camp Grounds. Temporary Camping Permits. Certain areas in the State Forests had not been stripped of their timber by the former owners on account of their inaccessibility at the time. These areas were small, but they contained trees of large size, principally pine, hemlock and oak. Another type recognized was the area of unusual scenic and botanical worth. It was determined that all such areas should be set aside in perpe- tuity. The Department established in 1921 and early in 1922 nine State Forest Monuments com- prising an area of 943.5 acres and two scenie areas of 306.5 acres. It was recognized also that the State Forests contain areas adjoining well located highways that could be developed as State Forest Parks. For sometime the Department had maintained several State Forest Parks of this character. Steps were taken to improve the existing ones and to develop additional areas of the type described. Of this class eight State Forest Parks, totaling 486.5 acres, have been developed. The needs of transients, sportsmen and vaca- tionists are still to be met in the development of recreational plans. More aloofness from the crowds, greater freedom of action and a reason- able amount of convenience in out-door living were to be provided these citizens. The transient, with bed and baggage, sought a place to establish a tent camp with pure water and camp fire facilities at hand. The sportsman with his blanket wanted a place to warm his scant meal and a shelter for the night. The picnicker cared more for the woods' informalities than for the attractive setting of State Forest Parks. The hiker left town for the expressed purpose of getting away from the crowd, but he needed pure water and shelter during his outing. To provide these facilities the Department established two types of public camp grounds, Class "A" and Class "B". The Class "A" are located along the primary highways, and appeal to the automobile tourists who carry camping outfits with them. These camps have been equipped with a space for tents, a fire place, a supply of pure water, eomfort station, garbage container, tables, benches and fire wood. The ten Public Camps of this class so far established are as follows: Name Tea Spring Caledonia Promised Land Childs Park Ole Bull Adams Falls Laurel Run Park Big Spring Coleraine Forge I>arling Run State Forest Bald Eagle Mich»ux Delaware Delaware Susquehannock Forbes Penn Tuscarora Logan Tioga Location On White Deer-Loganton Turnpike On Lincoln Highway About fifteen miles northeast of Canadensis. Near Dingman 's on Stroudsburg-Port Jarvis Pike. At site of Ole Bull Castle, 4 miles west of Coudersport-Jersey Shore Pike. Near Lincoln Highway. On State Highway between Lewistown and Belle- fonte, across Seven Mountains. On Road between Blain and Dry Run 5% miles southwest of New Germantown. On State Road from Altoona to State College via Spruce Creek. % of a mile south of Ansonia. A i; ^ -> 152 FOREST LEAVES u The Class ''B'' Public Camp Grounds are at- tractive to smaller camping parties, sportsmen and hikers, because they are along secondary roads. Each of these camps is provided with an open-front camp or lean-to, comfort station, a table and benches, stone fireplace, a garbage con- tainer and a supply of pure water. Sixteen of them have been developed to date as follows: been leased by the Department to individuals and Clubs upon the consideration of their improve- ment and maintenance in good condition through- out the term of lease. The Department is receptive to applications for legitimate recreational use from all citizens in the State, individually or in groups, to the extent to which suitable areas are available on State Name Joyce Kilmer Ravensburg Upper Pine Bottom Laurel Hill Summit Cherry Springs Drive Sulphur Springs Ixycusts Kooser Clear Creek Baldwin Sizerville Donnelly McCairsDam Bear Valley Kansas Laurel Lake Park State Forest Bald Eagle Tiadaghton Tiadaghton Forbes Susquehannock Rothrock Penn Forbes Kittanning Tioga Elk Michaux Bald Eagle Buchanan Tuscarora Michaux All of the park and camp ground facilities af- forded the public by the Department are avail- able to them without charge. The only request made is that those who use them be careful with fire and leave the area occupied by them as they would like to find it. Where exclusive use of State Forest land for recreational purposes is desired leases and tem- porary permits are issued by the Department. Leases have been issued not only to individuals and clubs, but to large camp units, such as the Boy Scouts, the Girl Scouts and Y. M. C. A. These permittees are granted a ten-year lease with renewal privileges at a nominal annual rental of from $7.00 to $15.00. The structures built by our 1150 permittees on permanent camp sites range from the inexpensive one-room shelter of the sportsman to the well equipped summer home of the vacationist of means. Under the policy, buildings not needed for administrative purposes and constituting a drain upon its ap- propriation to keep in reasonable repair^ have Location At Joyce Kilmer State Monument. On Jersey Shore-Sugar Valley Pike near Big Rocks. On road from Waterville to Coudersport Pike. 12 miles south of Ligonier and 5 miles off Lincoln Highway. On Coudersport-Jersey Shore Turnpike. In Licking Creek Valley, about 7 miles from Mt. Union. On Lewistown-Bellefonte Pike across Seven Mountains. On Highway between Somerset and Mt. Pleasant near Bakersville. On road between Cooksburg and Brookville. Nine miles west of Wellsboro. Near the famous Mineral Springs. On road between Caledonia and Pine Grove (Furnace. Near head of White Deer Creek. Keefer Gap, about 5 miles from Upper Strasburg. About 6 miles southeast of East Waterford. 1% miles east of Pine Grove Furnace. Forests. The time has now come, however, when the Department must necessarily consider care- fully all applications for special use of State Forest land. The State Forest land suitable foi- recreational use is becoming limited and less important uses must give way to this important and necessary use. It is but natural that the range of recreational facilities afforded on the State Forests should at- tract citizens of every type. They have become the peoples' playp-ounds. During the past three years their use for recreation has more than doubled. During 1923 approximately 600,000 people used the State Forests as follows: Temporary campers 3,000 Permanent campers 222,000 Public Camps a5,000 Forest Parks 112,000 Towers 120,000 Other uses 58,000 600,000 i.*! .U Forest Leaves. Vol. XIX, No. 10. Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX, No. 10. In the Hioart of tffk Sot-th Mountains. ClMllK'SV. Il«'|);il|lll(ril uf |.',.|VHls illHl WilhTS An Inviting Woodland Path TM Lv .Mont Alto State Fokest Park. Near the Pennsylvania State Forest School. Coiirlfsy. UepjirtJiu'iit uf Fort-sis iin.J Walera. Lunch I no Among the Trees. Cale "^^'^ State Forest Park. Along Lincoln Hkjhway HETWEEN GETTYSIUTRG AND CHAMBERSBURG, Pa. Courtesy. iJepHrtiueiit of Forests and Waters. A TREE PLANTATION ALONG THE LINCOLN HIGHWAY. NeAR GRAEFFENBURO. CALEDONIA State Forest. Courtesy. Department «if Forests and Waters. FOREST LEAVES 153 Of this total approximately 123,000 were sports- men and 26,000 fishermen. In addition to providing facilities for camping to the citizens of the State the Department has constructed roads, trails and telephone lines, and made various other improvements which are used by the people. The stocking of the mountain streams in the State Forests with over a million trout this spring is an advance step toward mak- ing them more attractive to the fisherman and camper. There can be no question but that the use of State Forests for recreation has increased the demand for stopping places along well trav- elled highways at points beyond State Forest territory. Numerous places of varying attractive- ness and accommodation have sprung up through- out the State to cater to the tendencies and patronage of our citizens. Distinctive in type and purpose the forest recreational areas meet the natural and beneficial desires of the average per- son for the outdoors. They draw us closer to nature and give the most restful type of diversion from the daily routine. The important point for consideration by the administrator of public forest land is the highest use to which these lands can be put; whether it be for timber production, watershed protection, recreation or other purposes. Fortunately it is (luite practicable, as has been demonstrated in i*ennsylvania, to develop a plan by which no serious conflict in use arises, and all of the property is made to serve the highest good to all concerned. • The State Forests are health resorts and the peoples^ hunting, fishing and camping grounds. They are also an index to public welfare. Their f)roducts are among our important daily needs. The State that owns a large acreage of forest land, and handles it as a heritage given to us neither to spoil nor devastate, but for wise use, is in a good position to look after the welfare of her people and the needs of her industries. George Chilcote, Superintendent of the Penn- sylvania Railroad Creosote Plant at Mount Union, Pa., reports finding a large hackberry tree. His measurements show that the tree is 55 feet high, has a branch spread of 60 feet, and at 4 feet from the ground it is 9 ft. 6 inches in circumference. At one foot above the ground it is 12 feet, 8 inches in circumference. The tree is in a vigorous condition and stands along the Juniata where the main line of the Pennsyl- vania railroad crosses the river at Mount Union. The Caledonia Demonstration Planting By E. F. Bronse THERE exists a real need for practical demonstrations in forestry'. A single demonstration plot of forest trees in a community creates more worth while enthusiasm about forestry, and does more to encourage forest tree planting than any other method of forest extension work. The possibilities of forestry are clearly ex- hibited by well-cared for and carefully located demonstration plots. They show what may be expected when forest trees are planted, and point out the way to successful forestry. The demon- stration forest is an easy and practical way of reaching people who otherwise would not be in- terested. The people of today want to be shown rather than merely talked to. The Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters began planting forest trees in 1899 and to date have planted more than 23,000 acres of State-owned land in addition to the much private planting that has been done. However, nowhere in Pennsylvania is there a forest tree plantation that makes a better appearance and is more ac- cessible to the general public than one at Cale- donia Park, midway between Chambersburg and Gettysburg on the Lincoln Highway. For nearly half of a mile the plantation borders both sides of this much travelled highway. It is a part of the Michaux State Forest. The Caledonia plantation is made up of thrifty white pine trees, and was established in 1906. Careful measurements made April, 1924, show that the trees averaged 23 feet in height and had a breast high diameter of 4.3 inches. No special treatment was given the trees other than pro- tecting them until the winter of 1922-1923 when they were pruned and thinned. This pruning and thinning was done to demonstrate to thou- sands of travellers who see the trees annually, the possibilities of forest tree planting and the results of careful forest treatment. A large sign at an advantageous place tells when the trees were planted, pruned and thinned, and the lumber yield that is expected from them. The sign is a valuable addition to the plantation for it tells the life story of the trees. The edu- cational results of this demonstration planting would be greatly reduced without it. And a sign without the plantation would give very little helpful information to travellers. The proximity of the planted trees to the y 154 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 155 road and the extent to which they differ from the natural forest growth attracts the attention of all visitors and passers-by. The trees stand- ing in orderly rows make a lasting impression on people who go through it. The lesson of this plantation cultivates a desire to learn more about forestry and forest tree planting. And to get the people to think about forestry is the first step in forest restoration. Hundreds of motorists stop to admire the care- fully groomed forest trees. The interest is not only confined to Pennsylvanians, but people from other states show concern also. At a forestry exhibit recently displayed at an agricultural show, more questions were asked and more references made to the Caledonia demonstration planting of white pine than any other forestry work. Many people interested in forest tree planting for commercial purposes asked the question, '^Will the trees that J plant grow into fine ones like those at Caledonia T' Recently a professional man from a neighboring state made the follow- ing remark about the plantation, ' ^ It is a wonder- ful piece of forestry work and so well located. I have seen nothing in my wide travels that ap- proaches this planting of forest trees for practical demonstration purposes. Such a grove of trees is bound to impress the public with the fact that forestry practice is sound." Commendable results have already been at- tained from this demonstration planting. They are vastly greater and better than were expected. The greatest good, however, is yet to come. This demonstration planting will become more stately and impressive as the years go on. These planted trees in their own splendid way will continue to broadcast the slogan, ''Plant Forest Trees on Idle Acres." More demonstration plantings of forest trees are needed to teach in a most practical and obvious way the lesson of forest tree planting and the merits of forest conservation. The collection of forest tree seeds has become an important feature of the activities of the De- partment of Forests and Waters. During 1P22, 515 bushels of nut seeds and 4,711 pounds of cones and winged seeds were collected. In 1923, 42 bushels of nuts and acorns and 330 pounds of clean seeds were collected. All of the tree seeds collected throughout the State are planted in the State and institutional. nurseries. Each year a special effort is made to collect as large a quan- tity of seed as possible, because it has been found that the seeds can be gathered more cheaply than tbey can be purchased. Twenty Years of Silviculture at Mont Alto By Prof. George S. Perry, State Forest School A RETROSPECTIVE view is often desirable for three reasons: it enables us to avoid the rei>etition of past errors and to better interpret present conditions ; it is the best ground on which to base a prophecy of the future; and last, as in this case, it often proves distinctly encouraging. In forestry especially, this last possibility is highly probable, because the slow and uneventful course of forest development is imperceptible from year to year to those inti- mately associated with it. As we see our forests day after day, they appear as changeless as the hills on which they grow, but as decades pass there is either marked improvement or deteriora- tion. Using the term silviculture in its wide sense, we may trace with interest the progress made here. Much of this, certainly, is due to the undirected increment of nature; yet even in such instances the protecting hand of man deserves credit. Sometime ago I was shown an attractive and thrifty woods of young poles, with the state- ment that the area was ^' Scrub oak'^ twenty years ago; so dense that small boys of the locality were sent in it every autumn to drive out rabbits and other game for older men to shoot. Just across a road from this young woods and on better soil, there is still today a rather open stand of scrub oak and inferior small trees. The only difference between those two areas arises from the fact that the first was absolutely protected, while fire ran over the latter at least twice during the two past decades. Many areas like the first, and alas, a few like the second are scattered over the Mont Alto Forest. Over considerable areas the dead scrub oak can be found standing beneath the canopy of young trees that have crowded it out. Such areas are pregnant with promise and prophecy. When the State came into possession of the lands that are now the Mont Alto Forest, the first silvicultural activity was to establish a forest nursery by sowing 6 lbs. of white pine seed in April, 1902; which ultimately yielded 2,400 two- vr.-old seedlings. From this humble start has developed, after many vicissitudes, the present nursery with an annual production of approxi- mately 4,000,000 trees. Its operation is justified today, though only a fraction of the output is planted on State Lands. If our citizens who plant the remainders bought the same species and ages from commercial nurseries, they would pay an average price of more than $6 per thousand; although the total production cost to the State averages less than $3. In 1902 was also inaugurated the policy of making improvement cuttings. This work has continued to the present, but suffered to some extent when it became needful to bend every energy to salvage-cutting of blighted chestnut. The early cuttings were made on a self-sustaining ''pay as you go^' basis, and appear to have con- siderably stimulated increment and natural re- generation of the better species. But since the best and straightest tree at that time was usually a chestnut, on most of these areas it was favored at the expense of oak, giving rise at present to a somewhat understocked condition. On part of the Monaghan Field was made in 1902 and ^03 the first forest plantation in all this part of Pennsylvania. Since then forest planting has become a generally recognized activity in every couhty of the Commonwealth, and nearly every year has seen a substantial in- crease in local planted areas. Mo^t of the plant- inigs were frankly experimental, yet they have been generally successful; although some of the failures are very enlightening because of the negative lessons taught. In this category are most plantings of white ash, green ash and wal- nut ; definitely indicating these species eannot be successfully grown on any sites in southern Penn- sylvania, except the soil be sufficiently fertile for agricultural use and fairly moist in case of the ashes. European Ijarch has proven its ability on the score of rapid height growth, but also demands a fair soil with adequate moisture, and with all other members of the genus already suffers con- siderably from saw-fly; hence should never be idanted in extensive pure stands, but only as a fninor species in mixture with other trees. The most expensive failures, or possibly partial successes, have been the plantations made on ''Scrub oak'' areas between 1913 and '18 in the wake of fires that killed back the natural growth. Many trees set under these adverse site con- ditions are still making a game fight for existence, but two factors hold them in check and foretell loss in many instances; first — competition with the aggressive fire-sprouts for light and the limit- ed moisture supply weakens the planted conifers ; and second— browsing by hyper-abundant deer has been serious in places and is accentuated when assistance-cuttings are made. Yet if these plantings have been disappointing in a direct way, it is still noteworthy that not an acre of these lands have ever burnt over since planting, although located on areas of greatest fire-risk and frequency. Thus showing the willingness of local people to co-operate in protecting what they deem worth-while in contrast to their opinion of the natural hardwood "brush". The most recent planting has been for replace- ment of chestnut on sites where this tree consti- tuted 50% or more of the growth. Results to date are promising, but already demonstrate the need of some cutting to assist the planted stock. Slow volume growth of the species that remain on these areas after the chestnut blight devastat- ed them, is the chief argument for this planting. Salvage-cutting of the chestnut began as early as 1911, but proceeded slowly prior to 1919 due to archaic financial restrictions. Results speak for themselves, not only from a monetary stand- point, but in improved forest sanitation and pro- tection conditions. The casual observer, looking at our mountain-slopes, can easily distinguish between the bright green of the thrifty, clean forest stands on State land and some of the nearby private-owned lots where chestnut still remains as a cumbrance to the ground, if not a positive menace by virtue of fire, fungus and in- sect hazard. The great task of silviculture on all forests is to build up by various methods a "normal growing-stock" for forest management on a permanent sustained yield basis. Progress of a substantial character in this direction is attested by the stock survey completed in 1923. This showed a total volume of 15,182,690 cu. ft. of all species exclusive of chestnut (10,584,038 cu. ft.) which must hereafter be dropped from considera- tion. This active growing-stock consists of oaks —9,685,700 cu. ft., conifers— 3,256,151 cu. ft., and miscellaneous hardwoods— 2,241,838 cu. ft. If this volume of timber were sawed into boards, they would be sufficient to lay a walk 4 feet wide from Boston to San Francisco; yet it is still far below the normal forest ideal. Growth studies indicate that on sites of medium quality here at Mont Alto, our oaks and associat- ed hardwoods require 90 yrs. to reach an average D. B. H. of 16 inches, and that their average annual increment per acre is about 40 cu. ft. On a gross area of 23,000 acres, under the preceding conditions, the normal growing-stock would be over 40,000,000 cu. ft. The French method of forest regulation is based on the assumption that if the trees in a normal forest be divided into three size classes separated at 1/3 and 2/3 of the exploitable diameter, the volumes of these three classes will compare as 1:3:5. When this test is applied to the Mont Alto Forest growing-stock, we find a notable deficiency in the upper chiss I i \ I I 156 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 157 of trees. If 18 inches be chosen as the desired utilization diameter, the volume of all trees be- low 6 inches, between 6 inches and 12 inches, and above 12 inches, compare roughly as 1 :3 :1, — signifying that the first two classes are nearly normal as to proportion. The above figures also warrant the reasonable expectation that in 25 or 30 years, the Mont Alto Forest should approach the unattainable ideal of the ^* Normal forest'' both as to amount and distribution of the growing-stock. Furthermore, that glad day can be considerably hastened by good silviculture, founded in so far as possible on past exi>erience. Celebrated and Historic Trees By James Grant Wilson in New York Independent EXCEPT the sequoia, there is no American or European tree that outlives the yew. There are several still growing around English heathen places of mystic ceremonial, and in the resting places of the dead, that are older than the introduction of Christianity into Great Britain. The largest known is in the churchyard of A Id worth, Berkshire. Evelyn described the celebrated tree, and another writer who saw it in 1841 asserted that it had grown half a yard in girth since 1760, when its size was given in the ^* Beauties of England." In the churchyard at Darley Dare is to be seen the oldest yew in the world. The rector of the parish, who believes it to be 3,000 years old, writes: *' There can be little doubt that this grand old tree has given shelter to the early Britons when planning the construction of the dwellings that they erected not many yards to the west of its trunk; to the Romans who built up the funeral pyre for their slain comrades just clear of its branches; to Saxons, converted, perchanee, to the true faith by the preaching of Bishop Diuma beneath its pleasant shade; to the Norman masons, chiseling their quaint sculpture to form the first stone house of prayer erected in its vicinity, and to the host of Christian worshippers who, from that day to this, have been borne, under its heavy limbs, in women's arms to the baptismal font, and then on men's shoulders to their last sleeping place in the soil that gave it birth. ' ' The noble yew tree, pride of liorton Vale, and the ' 'Fraternal Four of Borrowdale," celebrated by'WordsTvorth, were probably among the largest and oldest of their kind in England. Writing at Grasmere in 1803, the poet said: ''There is a Yew-tree, pride of Lorton Vale, Which to this day stands single in the midst Of its own darkness, as it stood of yore; But not to furnish weapons for the bands Of Umfraville or Percy ere they marched To Scotland's heaths; or those that crossed the sea. And drew their sounding bows at Agincourt, Perhaps at earlier Crecy or Poictiers." Wordsworth believed the Lorton yew to be older than the Christian era, while Hutton, the venerable guide of the poet's period, assured visitors that the tree was growing betfore the time of the flood! Four summers ago I saw an ancient, and per- haps the most interesting, yew tree in Scotland, casting its afternoon shadows over the graves of Sir Walter Scott and his son-in-law Lockhart. It was a favorite with the master of Abbptsfprd, and was the spot selected by him as his last rest- ing place among the ruins of the ancient Dry- burgh Abbey. The yew, I was assured by my Scottish companion, was as old as the monastery, which takes us back to the days of Saxon Harold, and he told me that when Scott visited Christo- pher North at his Lake Windermere cottage of Elleray, he was taken to see the famous "Great yew tree," still standing in the Ullswater church- yard, as celebrated as Sir Walter Raleigh's favor- ite yew, which is yet growing on the estate of Myrtle Grove, near Youghal, in Ireland, where he once lived. In Wordsworth 's beautiful poem, ' ' Yew Trees, ' ' he introduces the adjective " unrejoicing, " the meaning of which is not clear to the present writer: "Boughs, as if for purpose decked with unrejoicing berries." Perhaps this may refer to the poison that lurks in their seeds, or of the sad association of the tree on which they grow. In poetry the yew is generally associated among the authors of the Elizabethan age with the Eng- lish longbow. Drayton in two lines says: "All made of Spanish yew, their bows were won- drous strong; They not an arrow drew, but was a cloth-yard long. ' ' Our Christian forefathers regarded the yew as symbolic of happiness, planting and protect- ing them as stately ornaments of their burial places. A thousand years ago, and down to the days of "Bonnie Prince Charlie," the Scottish clansmen were gathered for battle by the fiery cross of yew. In his most popular poem Sir Walter writes: "A slender crosalet form'd with care, A cubit's length in measuie due, The shaft and limbs were rods of yew. ' ' Various reasons are assigned for the planting of yews in churchyards. It is said to have been a sacred tree among the early English, as the date palm was with the Arabs and the Athenians, the plane tree among the Lydians, the ash with the Scandinavians, and the banyan among the inhabitants of Ceylon. Some writers aflSirm that, the yew being an evergreen, it was considered typical of the immortality of the soul, while others consider it a substitute for the sacred palm —in East Kent, England, yew is still called palm by the peasantry. John Evelyn maintains that branches of the yew being employed in proces- sions, it was well to have the tree convenient to the church. At Hebron, where Abraham lived, 1000 feet higher than Jerusalem^ may be seen Abraham's oak, carefully protected by a handsome iron rail- ing. It is unquestionably the oldest of living oaks. Even if the battered veteran, with a trunk 10 feet in diameter, is not, as it is claimed, the very tree that shadowed Abraham's tent, it is doubtless a son or grandson of the gigantic oak of Mamre. Here under the majestic tree the patriarch entertained the heavenly strangers. A friend who was there a few years ago writes: "From the tower on the hill back of the old oak the view swept from the Mediterranean to the Dead Sea. I do not wonder that the angels came here, the shades of the oak, the balm of the pmes, the water from the spring, the view across the valley, all making it almost a heavenly spot." Rollo 's oak, near Rouen, the famous tree upon which the first duke of Normandy is said to have hung his gold chain over night 1,000 years ago, as a token of the good order to which he had brought his province, seemed likely to collapse when I last saw it. Since then an arboricultural genius has supplied it with a solid new inside of masonry, and it is again flourishing with undi- minished vigor. The Rollo, it may be stated, was tie bcandmavian sea king who compelled the king of France to yield Normandy to him after He had devastated the north of France for many years. In the forest of Fontainebleau may be seen several giant oaks even older and larger than Rollo 's. My attention was called to one ot these, known as the Bayard oak, an interest- ing incident connecting the chevalier with the famous tree, which was related to me by my stag- hunting companion, the late Comte de Paris. Among the many magnificent elms, oaks, and sycamores which adorned the ancient hunting seat or lodge of Henry II of England at Wood- stock, was the majestic King's oak, under which he was accustomed to spend many happy hours with his favorite^ Fair Rosamond. It is still a noble tree, and with it is associated the memory of King Alfred, the Black Prince, Charies II and Chaucer. The extensive estate was given two centuries ago by the British Government to a suc- cessful English soldier, and is now known as Blenheim. The two latest duchesses of Marl- borough were Americans. After a life variously estimated at from 8 to 10 centuries, the Essex Broad oak, the majestic monarch of Hainault forest, perished a score of years ago. For many decades before it fell, an annual fair was held beneath its broad branches, none of the booths being permitted to extend be- yond the shadow the giant tree cast at noon. Its name has been perpetuated by planting a young oak, and the formation of a cricket club on its site was recently opened by the then Prince of Wales, now known as King George. Until the present century, the ancient Tryst- mg oak in Harthill Walk, Yorkshire, so frequent- ly mentioned in "Ivanhoe," was standing. It was among the oldest oaks in England, and is described by Scott as being venerable when siege was laid to the stronghold of Front de Boeuf . It was felled to the ground in order to preserve the trunk, and a young oak grown from a ' ' Queen Oak" acorn, planted by the duchess of Leeds, now marks the spot where the Trysting tree was growing 1,000 years ago. Temple Newsam, an- other Yorkshire estate which appears in "Ivan- hoe' ' as Templetowe, the preceptory of the Knights Templar, also possesses a number of noble oaks. At Hatfield house, the historic mansion of the Cecils, beautifully situated on the river Lea many interesting relics are preserved, not the least of which is the royal cradle of Queen Eliza- beth, an elaborately carved affair of oak But more interesting to the writer was an ancient gnaried oak which the late Lord Salisbury liked to point out to his visitors. Under that tree the Virgin Queen was seated when she was informed of the death of her elder sister, "Bloody Mary " and of her own accession to the throne. I haW heard the scene described by Dean Stanley "The Princess Elizabeth," he said, "was seated under the famous oak, reading her Greek Testament * if 158 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 159 being at the time virtually a prisoner at Hatfield. So seated and so reading, her eyes were suddenly attracted to the London road, along which she perceived a horseman riding in haste. As the steed, ventre a terre, reached her side the rider sprang to the ground, and on his knee told her that the cruel reign of blood was over, and saluted her as Queen of England.^' From that day to this it has been known as Elizabeth ^s oak. As may well be believed, a garden party given at Hatfield house, and at the almost equally famous Holland house, with its many magnificent oaks and elms, is always appreciated as a delightful and satisfactory close of the Ix)ndon season. At Hoi wood, near Bromley, stands a venerable oak, with a huge, gnarled root projecting on one side into the shape of a rude settee. It was while seated upon that root that William Pitt and Wil- liam Wilberforce held together that memorable conversation as a result of which the latter, on May 12, 1789, brought the question of the aboli- tion of the slave trade before the English House of Commons, in what Edmund Burke tenned ^'a manner the most masterly, impressive and elo- quent.^' The historic tree is called ^^ Wilber- force's Oak,'' and is carefully guarded. Some- thing having suggested to a young friend to speak of several famous English trees to Presi- dent Lincoln, he said, *' Colonel, if I ever cross the Atlantic, and I hope to do so, I shall cer- tainly have a good, long look at the Wilberforce Oak." Writing of his favorite tree close to the Cross of Melrose, and scarcely less honored, Scott says in one of his matchless stories: ^^This ancient oak perhaps has witnessed the worship of the Druids, ere the stately monastery to which it adjoined had raised its spires in honor of the Christian faith. Like the bentang of the African villages, or the Plaistow Oak mentioned in White's ^Natural History of Selborne,' this tree was the rendezvous of the villagers, and re- garded with peculiar veneration; a feeling com- mon to most nations, and which perhaps may be traced to the remote perio^l when the patriarch feasted the angels under the oak at Mamre." Except Macbeth 's enormous oak and sycamore, only survivors of Birnam wowl, the Melrose giant is probably the oldest in Scotland. The largest white oak in New Jersey, and, so far as I am aware, in the United States, stands in Gloucester County, three miles north of Miekleton. Its dimensions are: Height, 95 feet; diameter of trunk several feet above the ground, 8 feet ; spread . of branches, 118 feet. It is claimed that this tree is older than the settle- ment of our country. The handsomest oak on Manhattan Island may be seen near the north end of the Boulevard Lafayette, south of Dyek- man Street, where the writer discovered it a few years ago. It is neither so large nor so old as the New Jersey giant, but very gi^eatly surpasses it in beauty. Its proportions are perfect, and it is a matter of regret that the magnificent white oak does not stand in Central or Riverside Park. Many American elms and oaks, already grown ancient, have been consecrated by the presence of illustrious j>ersons, or by some auspicious event in our national history, such as the charter oak at Hartford, which preserved the written guarantee of the liberties of the colony of Con- necticut. I had the good fortune to see the his- toric tree about a year before it was prostrated by a violent gale of wind in August, 1856. It was said to be 1,000 years old, and had stood for 109 years after the charter was concealed in a small cavity by Capt. Wadsworth. Another in- teresting tree in the same city is the Wadsworth elm, under which Washington stood during his visit to Jonathan Wadsworth in the Revolution- ary War. Perhaps the grandest elm in New England is to be seen in Berkshire County, Massachusetts. It is known as the Thanatopsis tree, from the circumstance that William Cullen Bryant is be- lieved to have been inspired to compose a part of his immortal poem seated under the beautiful elm when a student at Williams College a cen- tury ago. Others attach the same association to a statelj'^ tree in Flora's Glen. Both spots were favorite resorts with the young student. The elm was even then of gigantic size, and after two centuries' growth is still strong and healthy. When the late King of England visited New York in October, 1860, he planted an elm and an English oak on the Central Park mall. The latter died, although every effort was made to save it. A souvenir of the tree is now before me in a paper knife, being one of several made for the^ present writer, who secured a piece of the oak for that purpose. The American elm is per- haps the finest of its age at present growinir in the park. Near it is a walnut planted in IS.')}) by Washington Irving. They stand near the west drive, and south of the bronze group which was erected by Gordon W. Biimham. Brvant's favor- ite tree was a magnificent walnut, some 26 feet in circumference, and almost two centuries old, growing on his Roslyn country' place called Cedermere, of which the venerable poet spoke to the writer on the last day of consciousness in June, 1878. Seated under the superb tree, whi<'h still 'Mrops the heavy fruit," a few summers before his death, the poet said: ^^This tree was planted by Adam Smith, and first made its ap- pearance above ground in 1713. It has attained a girth of more than 25 feet, and^ as you see, an immense breadth of branches. It is the com- fortable home of a small army of squirrels, and every year strews the ground around its gigantic stem with an abundance of walnuts." The tree is the subject of one of Mr. Br^^ant's poems: ^'On my cornice linger the bright black grapes nngathered ; Children fill the groves with echoes of their glee, Gathering tawny chestnuts, and shouting when beside them, Drops the heavy fruit of the tall black walnut tree. ' ' In the second year of the past century Alex- ander Hamilton planted with his own hamd, as his widow informed the writer when he was 20 and she was 96, 13 liquid-ambers at The Grange, his country seat near the center of Manhattan Island. They were to commemorate the 13 original States of the Union he had so largely contributed to cement. I remember first seeing the beautiful group in 1860. They stood in Con- vent Avenue, near 143rd Street, and had been gradually declining for a score of years until De- cember, 1908, when the only survivor died. STATE FOREST RECREATION By Idlajor Robert Y. Stuart Secretary, Department of Forests and Waters FROM the beginning of the State Forest movement in Pennsylvania, recreation has been recognized as one of the important phases of forest use. It has been demonstrated on the Pennsylvania State Forests that forest use and recreation are compatible in forest manage- ment and that properiy protected and managed torests have a recreational appeal as distinctive in character as the appeal of park areas. There are really distinctive types of recrea- tional areas. Valley Forge Park and Washington ( rossing Park represent park areas of rich historic moment and attraction. Other areas of the open park type have been set aside for public enjoyment on account either of their historic value or their worth as play centers. The munic- ipalities, particulariy the larger ones, have pro- vided splendid parks for their people so that they might be able to secure nearby means of relief from city congestion. The Department recognizes distinctive classes of recreational areas on State Forests. Provision has been made by law for the setting aside of areas of historic worth or unusual value in per- petuity for the enjoyment of the people. These areas are known as Monuments and Scenic Areas of which the Ole Bull and Alan Seeger Monu- ments and the Cherry Spring Drive are examples. The Department has also set aside areas as State Parks, such as Caledonia State Park, Mont Alto State Park and Hairy John's State Park. To meet the needs of those who desire greater aloof- ness, and those interested primarily in camping, hunting and fishing, there have also been estab- lished 26 public camp grounds where facilities are furnished to camp comfortably. There is also provided opportunity for the individual to secure a permanent camp site of which there are now 1,200 on State Forests. The State Forests are the playgrounds of the State. They have become increasingly so through their improvement and development as forests. It is being demonstrated here, as Dr. Ziegler has stated is the case in Europe, that well regulated forests are recreational areas of the highest type and are becoming more and more appreciated as such by the public. NEW PUBLICATIONS "How to Know the Common Trees and Shrubs of Pennsylvania. Native and Introduced." George S. Perry, Bulletin 33, Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, Harris- burg, Pa. 16 mo. 72 pages. This Bulletin was prepared by George S. Perry, Professor of Dendrology and Silviculture, Penn- sylvania State Forest School. It is an epitome of 13 years of observation and study of the trees and shrubs of Pennsylvania. While intended for those who have some knowledge of botany and dendrology, but few technical terms are used, so that everyone can understand the description. Abbreviations, contractions and symbols are used for the sake of brevity. It makes a compact brochure which can easily be carried in the pocket for reference. Forest and ornamental tree planters will find the notes on habitat helpful in choosing species adopted to their areas. To foresters they will be useful in site quality assessment. "Lessons in Forest Protection. "—Geo. H. Wirt, Bulletin 35, Pennsylvania Department of >< J 160 FOREST LEAVES Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa. 8 vo. 38 pages. Ml*. George H. Wirt, Chief Forest Fire Warden of Pennsylvania, about a year ago prepared for the public press a series of 18 articles dealing with various phases of Forest Protection. These have been compiled and are now issued in a print- ed pamphlet form. As Maj. R. Y. Stuart, Secretary of the De- partment of Forests and Waters, says: **The main purpose of these lessons is to enlighten our citizens on the menace from forest fires, the trail of destruction left in their wake, and our re- sponsibility to provide a forest heritage to our children.'' The cooperation of all public spirited citizens is needed to instil in the minds of old and young the need to keep fire out of the woods that our forest land may be restored to productivity. Give these lessons earnest consideration and aid in their wide distribution. ''Western Forest Trees." — James Berthold Berry, M.S. 12 vo. 212 pages, illustrated. Price, $1.20, bound in cloth. World Book Company, Yonkers-on-Hudson, N. Y. Prof. Berry, who is the County Vocational Supervisor, Pennsylvania State Department of Public Instruction, has prepared this volume as a guide to the identification of trees and woods to accompany **Farm Woodlands" which has al- ready been reviewed in these columns. An intimate knowledge of the various trees species, their names, physical characteristics, habits, and uses — is a necessary adjunct to the study and application of the principles of forestry to the farm woodland. The nature student, the camper, vacationist, in fact all who at any time are brought into close association with the wood- land or forest will find satisfaction in even a slight acquaintance with growing trees. A study of trees tends to arouse a sympathetic interest in our forests, and foster a concern for their pro- tection. This concern should be encouraged so as to arouse a widespread public interest in the conservation of trees. The volume, as its title indicates, relates to Western forest trees covering the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain States. The Introduction tells how to identify trees from their leaves, bark, fruit, etc. It also gives the general physical characteristics of trees. The trees themselves are divided into sections, First, those with needle-like leaves, including pines, larch, hemlock, redwood, firs, and spruce; Second, the broadleaf trees, subdivided into three groups, (1) those with compound leaves, (2) those with lobed or divided leaves and, (3) those with simple leaves. The different species are described in detail with illustrations of the leaves and fruit so as to aid in identification. "Connecticut's State Flower. The Mountain Laurel. A Forest Plant."— P. L. Buttrick, M.F., Secretary of the Connecticut Forestry . Association. 8 vo. 30 pages. Illustrated. Marsh Botanical Garden of Yale University, New Haven, Conn. This is number one of the Marsh Botanical Garden publications. It describes the mountain laurel, one of the most beautiful of our forest evergreen shrubs. In the early summer its at- tractive white or pink flowers cause it to be sought after for decorative purposes, while its leaves are used for the same object in winter. In some places, especially near large cities, its beauty has almost caused its extermination. Its wood on account of its odd forms is used for rustic work, canes, and the manufacture of imi- tation brier pipes. Recognition of its beauty and value lead to the present study to discover the important facts regarding its habits and use. It is only in this way that practical plans for its protection can be worked out. The brochure narrates how mountain laurel got its name. It describes its relative species, the leaf and flower and how and where it grows. It tells of the effects of fire and other enemies, its relation to forestry and its cultivation, also of the trade in its foliage and how it is carried on. It also treats of what should be the policy of land owners and the public in regard to mountain laurel. "Facts Motorists Should Know."— Bulletin 11, Department of Highways, Harrisburg, Pa., 32 pages folding 8vo. This new publication of the Department of Highways of Pennsylvania will prove of great interest to anyone who wishes to motor in Penn- sylvania. It gives information relating to through routes, distances from point to point: named thoroughfares; tourists' camps; the places of scenic beauty ; mountains ; rule of the road and motor laws. There is also a road map of Penn- sylvania. Persons interested in forestry will particularly value the list and locations of the State Forest Parks in Pennsylvania, also the descriptions and locations of the eleven Class **A'' and fifteen Class '*B" Public Camp Grounds on the State Forests. FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as seoond-dass matter, under Act of March 3d. 1878 Vol. XIX— No. 1 1 PHILADELPHIA. OCTOBER. 1924 Whole Number 222 THE TENTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BERKS COUNTY CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION THIS celebration was held at Reading on Saturday afternoon, September 13th, at the Pagoda on Mount Penn, where the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association held its outing in June, 1916. The Berks County Association acted as our hosts on that occasion, and our members were so impressed with the progress made by the Berks County Association since its founding in 1914, and with the enthusiasm and work of its members, that by vote of the Pennsylvania Fores- try Association, the progress and work of the Berks County Association was then and there christened as **The Berks County Method. '* The meeting on Saturday had a large attend- ance of the local members, and the addresses made by the officers of the Association, by City officials, and by leading citizens of Reading and its vicinity, were remarkable and impressive in the comprehensive grasp shown of the conserva- tion and forestry problems of our State; the evident virility, life, and strength of the organi- zation were most encouraging. Major R. Y. Stuart and Professor J. S. Illick were present from Harrisburg, representing the State Forestry Department, and Dr. Fpnrv S. Drinker, representing the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. SUMMER MEETING OF ALLEGHENY SECTION THE summer meeting of the Allegheny Sec- tion of the Society of American Foresters was held on the eastern shore of Maryland on July 25th and 26th, 1924. State Forester F. W. Besley and Assistant Foresters Karl E. Pfeif- fer, J. A. Cope, and F. B. Trenk acted as official iruides. The visiting foresters report that they enjoyed one of the most interesting summer meet- ings in the history of the Allegheny Section. Fifty-one foresters, the largest number in the history of the Section, were in attendance. Each member of the party was supplied with a ten- page program and a map showing the route of the field trip. Many interesting forest conditions and forest projects were inspected during the two days. Loblolly plantations established with nursery grown and wild stock were seen, and different kinds of thinnings were also shown. Splendid examples of natural seeding in old fields were seen showing successful restocking as far as 500 feet from the seed tree. It was also demon- strated that controlled burning may insure suc- cessful regeneration. Abundant regeneration of loblolly pine was shown on a number of tracts that were burned over just prior to heavy seed years. The Maryland foresters are of the opin- ion that controlled burning gives satisfactory re- sults in that the removal of shade and exposure of mineral soil are essential for restocking of pine lands. In many places the plan adopted is to remove the hardwoods and give preference to the pine. It is generally recommended that the hardwoods be allowed to grow until sufficiently large to cover the cost of removal as well as sub- sequent planting. It was suggested that the hardwoods be removed in many places when about 15 years old, and in all cases vigorous 2- year planting stock should be used in planting work. Individual staked trees located on sample plots showed that loblolly pine makes remarkable growth when young. A 2-year old tree growing under a sassafras was 18 inches high, while an- other 2-year old tree growing under a scarlet oak was 22 inches higli. This rapid rate of growth continues, for a stand of 33-year old loblolly pine when thinned in 1923 contained 23,350 board feet. The 98 trees that were removed by a grade ''C thinning yielded 3,350 board feet. The field trip not only showed forest conditions but also familiarized the visiting foresters with the great vegetable and fruit industry which has been developed on the eastern shore of Maryland. It has been claimed that Maryland grows more tomatoes than any other State in the Union. This 162 FOREST LEAVES implies the use of a large amount of wood to provide containers. It is estimated that the an- nual consumption of native grown loblolly pine for vegetable containers is approximately 2,000,- 000 feet in the Salisburv district alone. In order to supply the vegetable industry with containers for the vegetable products, a considerable num- ber of small wood-using industries have been developed. A plant which specializes in the manufacture of 14, 16, and 32 quart hampers was visited. In the manufacture of these hamp- ers, veneer panels of white and black gum from North Carolina and local sycamore and poplar are used. The bottoms of the baskets are made from loblolly pine. A. local stave mill was also inspected, which is an essential accompaniment to the potato industry on the eastern shore. An- other plant seen on the trip was engaged in the manufacture of strawberry and cantaloupe crates, box shooks, and containers. A number of big and rare trees also featured the trip. The Seaside Alder (Alnus maritima) is so in love with the eastern shore that it grows nowhere else in the world. This tree blooms in the fall of the year, just to be distinctive from its close kin. On the proi>erty of Mr. Lankford, at Beckford Manor, Princess Anne, grows a giant Pecan Tree. It is 124 years old, 110 feet high, has a circumference at breast-high of 14.2 feet, and at 2 feet from the ground it is 18.7 feet in circumference. It has a branch spread of 132 feet and is reported to have yielded as many as 15 barrels (45 bushels) of nuts. Near it stands a black walnut tree that may appropriately be called a tree giant. Near the town of Berlin stands what is reported to be the largest English elm tree on this side of the Atlantic. It is 80 feet high with a branch spread of 116 feet, and just below its first large limb it is 23.6 feet in circumference. Not a small feature of the trip was the privi- lege of seeing the famous Pocomoke Swamp, which is the first cousin of the Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia. In it occur virgin cypress, overcup oak, and swamp cottonwood. The third annual summer meeting of the Al- legheny Section was the best attendcvl field meet- ing in the history of the Section. The foresters of the Pennsylvania Railroad were out in full force, there being eight in the party, which gives them a 100 per cent, attendance. On the trip were 17 foresters from Pennsyl- vania, 13 from Washington, D. C, 11 from Mary- land, 5 from New Jersey, 4 from Virginia, and'l from Connecticut, all of whom report that this summer meeting stands out among the most in- FOREST LEAVES 163 teresting and instructive that the members of the Allegheny Section have had the privilege to enjoy. JOSEPH S. ILLICK, Secretary. Timber Used in the Anthracite Mines By B. Lynn Emerick, District Forester LAST year (1923) the anthracite mines use! 567,000,000 board feet of lumber, or about 7 board feet for every ton of anthracite coal mined. This is somewhat higher than the average for previous years, and the increase was occasioned largely on account of strikes in many of the mines during 1921 and the suspension of 1922, during which periods the replacement of mine timber was postponed and neglected. The kinds of timber used are almost as varie.l as the sp>ecies themselves, for everything from gray birch and Carolina poplar to white oak has been noticed in use for props and lagging. The miners prefer long-grained timber, such as chestnut) oak, pine, spru4c. 10 inch props 6c. 12c. 12 inch collar timber lOc. 18c. 5 foot mine tie 8c. 22c. Sprags $12.00 per M. $27.50 per M. Peeling and seasoning mine tinnber, unquestion- ably, increases its durability and strength, for a piece of wet timber has only about one-half the strength of a similar piece absolutely dry. For this reason, the mining companies always desire to have a surplus of material on hand, so that by the time it is ready for use, it has dried thorough- ly. A great many of the companies try to keep their props and collar timber in lumber yards ll 164 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 165 near the collieries 3 to 4 months before using. One, however, notices a great deal of timber in many anthracite mines which is not peeled, and in each instance fungus disease and decay are more noticeable on these timbers than on timbers which were peeled and dried before using. It is not uncommon for green timber, when used in a damp location in the mine, to be attacked by fungus within two weeks of the time that it was put in place. The purchasing agent for one of the large an- thracite mining companies recently made this statement: *^ Today, our problem is not so much a question of price, but where to get suitable material. ' ' WHY PENNSYLVANIA NEEDS MORE STATE FORESTS By R. Y. Stuart, Secretary, Department of Forests and Waters T HPjRE are three good reasons why Penn- sylvania needs more State Forests: (1) To insure a continuous wood supply for our people and our industries; (2) To further safeguard and increase our water supplies; and, (3) To provide the needed health centers and recreational opportunities to our citizens. The forest situation in Pennsylvania is admit- tedly serious. Pennsylvania imports 84 per cent, of the timber and more than 70 per cent, of the pulpwood used within the State. Our lumber consumption has almost doubled in the last 40 years while our lumber production is about one- fourth of what it was 20 years ago. The annual freight bill on imported lumber has already reached $25,000,000. This State has the choice of providing forests to meet her wood needs, of being compelled to adjust her timber consump- tion to a diminishing supply, or of importing at a high price such timber as may be had. No good reason can be given for failure to produce within this State the timber her people and in- dustries need. There is enough forest land in Pennsylvania to meet all the wood needs of the State if the forest land is put to work and kept at work producing wood. At present most of the forest land of the State is poorly stocked with inferior trees. It is loafing on the job. To |)ermit this land to remain idle is an economic crime. The forest area of the State, excluding farm wood- lots and State Forests, contains only 3.5 cords of wood per acre. If handled properly this land can produce an average of one cord per acre per year, which means that an acre of forest land will yield 35 cords of wood in 35 years. At this conservative rate of growth, Pennsylvania's for- est land will yield each year a total output greater than that of the big lumber cut in 1900 when more than 2,230,000,000 board feet of lum- ber was cut in Pennsylvania. The 13,024,399 acres of forest land, represent- ing 45 per cent, of the total land area of the State, is classified as follows: Area (acres) State Forests 1,131,277 Farm Woodlots 4,043,902 Outside of Farm Woodlots and State Forests 7,849,220 Total 13,024,399 Public ownership of forest land has become a fixed public policy. The Federal Government now owns 150,600,000 acres of forest land, and 20 different States own a total of 8,700,000 acres. European experience extending over more than two centuries, the experience of the United States Government since 1891, and that of 20 different States covering more than one-quarter of a cen- tury, have demonstrated the wisdom of public ownership of forest land. Publicly owned for- ests are managed to bring the greatest measure of good to the greatest number of people. Pri- vately owned forests are handled for private gain or benefit. The future needs the protection af- forded and the benefits given by State-owned lor- ests. The greatest asset that a State has is the health and welfare of her people. Carefully managed forests are a big factor in promoting health and insuring prosperity. The best way to insure public playgrounds, hunting and fish- ing grounds, and health centers for our people and to protect our water supplies is to maintain large areas of State-owned forest land in all parts of the State. State Forests are a sound investment. The 1,131,277 acres of forest land now owned by the State were purchased at an average cost of $2.2(5 per acre. A conservative estimate shows that the average value of this land is now $11.80 per acre, a total net gain of $5,184,000 over the i>ur- chase price and all other expenditures for ad- ministration, development, and improvement. The first returns from the State Forests were re- ceived in 1900 when $1,277.87 were received from the sale of forest pro., Even Aged Spruce and Fir. I3lack Foreht, Ge RMANY. Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX, No. 11. Beech— Black Forest, Germany, Mixing Age s. The modern German and Swiss Forest- ers, led by Dr. Blolley of Couvet, Switzer- land, have been rapidly changing their pure even aged stands to all aged mix- tures. This preserves the soil fertility. Increases the yield of large sized timber, and makes the forest a veritable "Park." Cutting is In winter and so distributed that no unsightly "cut over" areas can be found. Compare with the opposite. Mixed Ages of Spruce and Fir. Private Woodlot— Besomfeld, Germany. FOREST LEAVES 169 are as beautiful as any in the Adirondacks, the road and trail systems are much more elaborate and entirely paid for from forest income so that these municipal forests not only furnish the major recreational use free of charge, but yield a net revenue often of handsome proportions. The Sihlwald, Zurich's 4000 acre municipal forest, furnishes 8800 cu. meters (4000 cords) of fuel and timber wood annually and a clear revenue of over $25,000. The population of Zurich in 1920 was 207,000. Figuring at the per capita park maintenance costs of the above cities in the U. S. viz., 97 cents, Zurich should have to raise $200,000 annually by taxes to maintain its Park. By making its Park a Forest Park the timber income saves this entire tax levy and returns $25,000 to the city treasury in addition ! If Zurich rated its park facilities at the cost to American cities, the Sihlwald could claim a return to the citizens of an annual value of $225,000 in recreation and timber values ! In other words instead of recreation at a con- siderable cost like our city parks (necessary as they are) our public forests will furnish more recreation not only free of charge but with a net income. Recreation in Pennsylvania alone de- mands an adequate public forest program and the 25 million dollar bond issue is a most neces- sary step in this direction. Forest immigrants from Europe and Asia will be prohibited entering this country unless their roots are freed from earth by washing or other means before shipment. This is the latest rul- ing of the Federal Horticultural Board on their quarantine 37. The Division of Dendrology of the U. S. Forest Service reports that this action has been necessitated by the extreme unwilling- ness of exporters in Holland, Germany, and France to incur the expense involved in obeying the Board's earlier orders. The Board of Supervisors of I^s Angeles, Cali- fornia, recently passed one of the most drastic forest fire prevention measures yet adopted in California or any other State. The ordinance prohibits tobacco smoking in incorporated com- munities and on any other land except that owned by the smoker. The emergency measure espe- cially mentions forest land, brush-covered land, and grass land. This was made necessary, '^Due to the extreme dryness of vegetation and the great danger of destructive forest and brush fires." Violation of the ordinance is 'punishable by a fine of $500.00, imprisonment in the county jail for six months, or both. THE PREHISTORIC FORESTS OF PENNSYL- VANIA David White PENNSYLVANIA has been the scene of forest growth ever since the first appear- ance of trees, in very early Devonian time. The forests have shifted from time to time in response to mountain building and the shifting of the continental seas, which in different geo- logical periods covered portions of the state, and their nature has changed while the face of the earth has changed. In this region of the con- tinent, shifting of the seas occurred mostly during late Paleozoic time; but according to the geologic period, one part or another of the state has been above sea level and clothed with trees since plants, newly endowed with fibrous tissue, rose above the sea, assumed arborescent proportions, and developed the strengthening structure, vessels, roots and organization necessary for standing upright on land and drawing sustenance directly from the air. Unfortunately, however, the records within the State of the geological history of the great floral succession are in- complete for portions of the time, due to the lack of deposits containing fossil plant remains. Dur- ing the later geological periods, especially, this region was much of the time completely above sea level, and too well drained to permit the formation of extensive plant-bearing lake de- posits. For these periods we are, therefore, obliged to search the plant-bearing strata of ad- jacent or neighboring States. The fossiliferous rocks within the State furnish relatively adequate records covering the later Paleozoic, and the shales and sandstones of Triassic age reveal fragments of the plant life of portions of that period. For knowledge of the forests that lived during Jurassic time we are obliged to depend upon the evidence preserved in other regions. A little later, again, we find un- usually good records of the Lower and Upper Cretaceous floras in Maryland and New Jersey. Some of the deposits of the latter State actually extend for short distances across the Delaware River into southeastern Pennsylvania — which shows that the lakes and seas of the Cretaceous period at times spread across the region where now lies the boundary of the State. By way of refreshing your recollections of your geological reading, and to present more clearly the conception of the lapse of geologic time since life appeared on the earth; the sequence of the geological eras, periods, and epochs, and, in par- I 170 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES J^ock Buildjng ajid other Algae- Some /fl^nly QrgQ77izea. \\x J^a77i5 ewerging from sea. Arb^e§ceT7t_AlQae)_ FiTst Forests (Lycaoods, T^rns aiia Cy:3jdQ/il2ce^ Thees&l^P/ants rTQmVkrJed. Complex Zycqpods CalajnsLrian Trees Cycstdafiljce^ OywTTo Tree /'kr'T7<3 Ccmi/&r^ afArctzz Coz2ifer-3, Cyc^jds. OinJcgoaZes /fsrsitCJ&ceae Coniferous Expansion. DsL^n of J^JcqtyIedqns_ Primitive _472fjosperz7?s_ HsjKid. Diffansntm- tJon of Dkafyledons Rapid Appeajmce flod^n Ti^ee den- er<3. 7b Climax ^I^sts I>G>let£d Nerds > CD Development of Vascalar Tissue in Emergitiq Plant Types s^ ' First Arborescent Land Plants /7/ss/ss/pp/AA/ 37o P^/VA^SYL VAA//AA/ k3X COAL SWAMPS SEASONS OF REDUCED RAINFALL TRIASSIC LOCALLY ARID JURASSIC Zc?u^>? ~rs^7<^nA7 6^/^if/? A7/oc£:/^£: ^L/QCE/S/^ o .3 fi^e ^^ ■ . H ST S ^ ;;* 3 ^ $^ I V SLtiUe (T> C/> la < CO J2 a ft> CT> 12-,rj'3 ^ n\ : Sol >9 ^' Q) :^^CAriBRlAN6% ^5 S^IOROOVICIANTiX ^1 ^3)SILURIAN3% |l DEVONIAN U5% /h^/7SyM7r7^/? /^bnm/by7 (D TRIASSIC i JURASSIC i? CRETACEOUS t^ ft 171 ticular, the relative length or duration of the periods with which wo shall have most to do, I have prepared the geological time scale shown in Plate L It will be noted, first, that this time scale, which is largely borrowed from Schuchert . and other geologists, is horizontally proportionate. It shows according to best current estimates the relative length of each period as compared to the whole time (100 per cent.) from the beginning of ''Archeozoic,'' wjth its first preserved traces of life, to the present moment. It is seen that on this scale the Tertiary period, which brought the forest landscape nearest to its present aspect, represents but 4 per eent. of the great duration of life on earth; that our hardwood trees have come into existence only within the last 9 per cent; that the time since the Devonian in which the earliest known fossil forests of any sort ap- peared represents 30 per cent, of the total, and goes back 3 times as far as the beginning of the Cretaceous in which the Dicotyledonous types began to differentiate; that the Pleistocene or glacial time approximates but .12 of one per cent, corresponding to not more than the width of a line on this time scale, while recent time— the interval since the retreat of the last ice sheet- comprises but five one-thousandths of one per cent of the entire scale. This postglacial unit, closely estimated at from 17,000 to 25,000 years, is, of course, too short to be shown in the linear scale. It was during the relatively late periods of geologic time, the Cretaceous and, especially, the Tertiary, that most of the trees and animals of the higher orders and of greatest interest to man made their first appearance! The climax in world forest development, both as to distribution of hardwood genera and species and as to the great variety or richness of the arborescent flora, was witnessed in the Miocene epoch of the Tertiary. The rapid differentiation of the dicotyledonous families which during early Tertiary time had been taking place under con- ditions of generally equable, humid climates, and of approximation to base level of partially sea- covered continents reached its zenith in the Miocene. It is, accordingly, with the Miocene forest that our account will somewhat arbitrarily begin. Later, after noting the development of this and the earlier floras, I will return to this point before referring to the changes consequent to the vicissitudes of the glacial epoch as intro- ducing the forests of Pennsylvania as we now find them. Most of the modern genera of hardwood trees were in existence in the Miocene, and, what is more interesting/ the genera and even the species had assumed an aspect closely approximating that of their present-day descendants. In fact a small percentage of the actual species now living made their appearance in North America before the close of Miocene time. The rest have either originated since that date or migrated hither from some other continent. Most of them have come into existence since middle Miocene time. The Miocene flora was a rich flora with maples, oaks, ashes, hickories, alders, chestnuts, beeches, wal- nuts, etc.; but as with the forest landscapes of the preceding periods, herbaceous plant life was less in evidence than in the vegetation of the present day. The locust is one of our familiar tree genera which appeared in Miocene time. Our country was then rich in big game, for camels, rhinoceroses, mastodons, lions, peccaries, dogs, large felines, horses, and many other large animals roamed the forests and plains. Birds were highly differentiated. The immediate progenitors of the true elephant made their first appearance in this interval and it is probable that the goat genus, as now recognized, also made its debut. The relatively short period of Oligocene time, which preceded the Miocene, was marked by the differentiation and migration of genera, rather than the introduction of distinctly new genera. This was the period of the first known mastodon and the three-toed horse. With plants, as with animals, the Eocene, the first great division of the Tertiary, witnessed the rapid differentiation and first appearance not only of genera but of families, many of which were apparently of very recent origin and were represented only by elementary or primitive types of earlier derivation. Among the new appear- ances in the early Eocene were the bald cypress, the hickory, and the hazel, which Spread far north in the Arctic; also representatives of the basswood, and the redbud or Judas tree, and species certainly referable to the chestnut group. None of the species of hardwood trees that lived in the Eocene appear to have survived in our forests of today. The scene in America, and possibly even in Pennsylvania, was enlivened by the entrance of early species of the modern genera of rhinoceros, tapir, and camel. The four- toed horse came on the stage in Eocene time. Monkeys were already widely distributed in both hemispheres, a circumstance indicating that the primates may have been of as ancient origin as most of the familiar genera of mammals now liv- ing. The great unfolding of the genealogy of the 172 FOREST LEAVES hardwood trees took i)lace in the Up[)er Creta- ceous, most of the .ureat dicotyledonous families of America being develojied at that time, either as primitive types, or as genera now living. In the Dakota epoch, which marks the beginning of Upper Cretaceous time, we find apparently valid generic forerunners of the walnut, alder, beech, holly, sweet-gum, birch, witch hazel, plane tree, and tulip tree, while the oaks were figured by an ancestral type, Dryophyllum. Cornus, the dog- wood genus, attained its greatest distribution in the Upper Cretaceous, during which interval the persimmon, Rhus, the laurel, the camphor, and the breadfruit trees were widely distributed in North America. Palms were present and were abundantly preserved in the region of the central Rocky Mountains. It is, in fact, likely that they were at that time distributed from coast to coast of the United States. In the late Cretaceous we find also the ancestors of the maple, ash, black gum, bay tree, the elm, and the hornbean, to- gether with the first of the true oaks. Conifers, including Sequoias in great variety, and repre- sentatives of other genera common in this coun- try, were already in existence, they having ap- peared in an earlier period. The Upper Creta- ceous forest is striking for the rapid rise of dicotyledonous trees to predominance in most of the forest landscapes. Meanwhile, the great dinosaurs, with their monstrous tree- and plant- eating and carnivorous tribes, were disappearing toward the end of this period, to be replaced by the Coryphodonts, the Creodonts, and other primitive mammals which are supposed to have been developed from the longstanding Marsupial stock, and later, the Uintatheres and Titanoth- eres, an extinct group of monsters. Going back still farther — to the T^ower Creta- ceous— we find a few^ primitive hardwood ty]>es taking part in a subtropical landscape composed mainly of conifers, cycads, and fern genera of large growth, belonging for the most part to orders now either extinct or holding on in some tropical quarter of the world. In the basal Cretaceous of Maryland we find primitive forms that are referred with some confidence to Populus, Ficus, Sassafras, Salix, and Magnolia, and leaves possibly borne by ancestors of the plane tree. At that time there were but few kinds of hard- Wood trees and these had not long been in exist- ence. It is practically certain that the earliest dicotyledons appeared in the Upper Jurassic, though no fossils indubitably referable to any hardwood order have yet been brought to light in beds of so great antiquity. On the other hand, the Jurassic, the next earlier FOREST LEAVES 173 period, spanned the birth of the generic ancestors of most of our common coniferous evergreens, such as the pine, the fir, the spruce, and the cedar, with which were associated representatives of many other genera now extinct or confined to other parts of the world — even our antipodes. The Sequoia stock, which became widely dis- tributed and highly diversified during the Cre- taceous and early Tertiary, finding its way in a multitude of species to all quarters of the globe, including the Arctic and probably the Antarctic, developed its modern generic characteristics in the Jurassic. Twigs and cones of Sequoia are abundant in the Cretaceous deposits of Staten Island and New Jersey, and logs of considerable size are present in beds of middle Cretaceous age in Maryland. There can be no doubt as to the common occurrence of the ancestors of the giant trees of California throughout what is now Penn- sylvania during all later Mesozoic and early Tertiary time. Where now lies the great series, thousands of feet in thickness, of conglomerates, red sand- stones, and shales of Triassic age in southeastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massa- chusetts, Virginia, and other south Atlantic States, once extended a group of inland seas or lakes with a low plateau on the east and some- what mountainous country on the west. The climate during the part of the Triassic when these beds were laid down was arid at times, as is shown by the paucity of plant and animal re- mains, the frequency of mudcracks and ripple marks left by drying up of the water-bodies, and the deposition of gypsum or other salts. Never- theless the presence of life of moderate rank is shown by the footprints of dinosaurs, amphibians, the remains of fish, as at Boonton, New Jersey, and the occasional impressions of leaves and cones of conifers and numerous cycads and fronds of huge ferns of tropical aspect. In wet places the vegetation of the Triassic was rela- tively rank. The arborescent flora consisted mainly of conifers, of which most of the genera are long since extinct. Areas of wet sandy soil were populated with a dense growth of giant horsetails (E(inisetum), some of which were over 15 inches in diameter and probably 20 or 30 feet in height, forming, in fact, dense horsetail jungles. The numerous antecedents of the modern (Jinkuo or 'Snaidenhair tree," now reduced to a single species that barely escaped extinction, were amazingly widespread in the Jurassic and even in the Cretaceous, finding their w^ay to nearly every corner of the world. They grew in the Triassic lowlands of the AppaJachiian region^ and no doubt graced the green slopes of Pennsylvania in Jurassic time. In fact the basal Permian of west- ein Pennsylvania furnishes a leaf (dinkgophyl- lum) which presents characteristics so similar to those of Ginkgo that it probably may with safety be referred to this most ancient as well as in- teresting stock. On other evidence found in Europe and even in the Far East in beds of '^Permo-Carboniferous'* age, it would appear that this remarkable stock, with its persimmon- like fruit borne on a stalk like the stem of a cherry, is one of the earliest of our living orders of trees— several times as ancient as the oldest hardwood tree and enormously earlier than nearly all of the conifers. One genus only of the coniferous forest of the present day rivals Ginkgo in the great antiquity of its direct family line. That is the genus Araucaria. The ancestors of Araucaria appear to have developed rather abruptly, possibly from seed-bearing lycopods, in the latest '^coal measures '* or earliest Permian times. Even in that epoch its separation from the ancestors of Ginkgo must have been ancient. Several genera of the Araucariae are still living — mostly in the southern hemisphere or in tropical regions. In the Permian forests the principal elements were the Cordaites types, with their enormously large strap- or paddle-shaped leaves, soon to be- come extinct; tree ferns of great size with, in some cases, trunks over 2 feet in diameter, and the early Araucarian representatives. The giant lycopods, which were so abundant in the preceding period of great coal measures deposition, had mostly disappeared by the beginning of the Per- mian, and the survivors nearly all vanished with- in a short time on account of the dry seasons or dry periods of the time which made germination too precarious for the heterosporous tree-lycopods whose perpetuation was dependent upon micro- spores and megaspores drifting together in a distinctly wet environment. The great forests of the coal fields of the world during middle Carboniferous time consisted main- ly of giant lycoi>ods of several genera, all now extinct; of cycadofilices, gymnosperms of the Cordaites group, already referred to, and colossal Equisetalian types embraced in the order Cala- mariae. Tree ferns related to surviving tropical orders were also present. The Cycadofilices which predominated in many of the forests were ex- tremely varied, some of them having trunks two feet or more in diameter, while others were Liana-like climbers, clambering to great heights. The Cycadofilices had the common characteristic of bearing fern-like fronds producing elementary or even rudimentary pollen sacks and ovules, the latter developing as seeds in great variety of forms but of generally cycad-like features. Cockroaches of many genera and some an- cestral types of spiders were present at this time. Some of the roaches were several inches in length. Dragon flies, some of which were 15 inches or more in length, flitted about in the open water areas of the swamps. The trunks of most, at least, of the cycadofilics, all of the Cordaites, as well as the Araucariae' and, singularly enough, both the giant lycopods and the giant Equisetalian types, were provided with cylinders of wood of secondary or exogenous growth. In fact it would appear that the ex- ogenous type of structure, almost the last vestiges of whieh are now lost among living Pteridophytes, was common in the Carboniferous families an- cestral to the living lycopods and horsetails. This exogenous type of wood growth was highly varied in the different cryptogamic families. It appears to have been purely an engineering device neces- sary to give the requisite strength to these arboreal representatives, some of which were probably 60 to 70 feet in height and 3 feet or more m diameter, of their modern descendants, which no longer need such structural reenforce- ment. Some ferns, mainly eusporangiate and of large size, were present in the Carboniferous, as also were rare lowly forms, somewhat nearer the modern Lycopodium Selaginella, Equisetum, and Isoetes. The Mississippian forest was characterized by general meagerness both of genera and of species. Ancestors of the Calamariae were in evidence to- ward the latter part of the epoch, but are rare in the early Mississippian, where, however, tree lycopods of exogenous growth are abundant, monopolizing the forest space in many of the swamps, though some areas were covered by a few unique genera of Cycadofilics. Pennsylvania is comparatively rich in beds con- taining remains of the Devonian flora, but except at two or three localities including Factoryville and Meshoppen, the deposits have been very little explored. We are therefore dependent inainly upon the fossils found in the same series of beds in the adjacent State of New York for our knowl- edge of the Devonian forests of Pennsylvania. Arborescent types are almost unknown in the earliest beds of the Devonian, the largest fossil tree yet discovered having been found on micro- scopical examination to be an arborescent sea weed which evidently was adapted to sustaining a large growth in air. This tree, about 3 feet 174 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 175 in diameter, was first described as a fossil gymnosperm of taxineous relationship. It ap- pears to be a survivor of the primordial land plant types that, in late Silurian or very early Devonian time emerged from the sea, began to stand up and vegetate in the air, and reproduce themselves, first amphibiously and then on dry land. In the lower Devonian and in the lower part of the Upper Devonian we find a few very remarkable composite types ancestral to several genera of the Carboniferous lycopods. With them are genera, including Psilophyton, with peculiar structure and scainty leaf area that may foreshadow both the ferns and the Cycadofilics. Later appeared a few representatives of the Cycadofilices or seed-bearing ferns, some of which had trunks suggesting tree ferns, and foliage reminding one of certain algae. A third plant type, Archaeopteris, of lesser size, common in the later Upper Devonian, is of mixed fern and cycad aspect and is probably likewise referable to the Cycadofilices. As before remarked, no land plants are known to have lived in any period prior to the Devonian, although it is likely that they made their appear- ance late in the Silurian. In passing it may be noted that the branches of the earliest Devonian lycopods and cycadofilic stocks appear in general to have been far apart, slender, generally droop- ing, and provided with small leaves, the total surface of which was remarkably small, a circum- stance suggesting abundant rainfall, and appar- ently either requiring a relatively small air supply or an atmosphere in which carbon was in larger proportions than at the present day. It will be noted that the lush, rank growth of the swamps of the Carboniferous took place in a relatively humid atmosphere with, however, a moderate amount of sunlight and remarkably equitable temperature, there being no indication of frost or notable seasonal interruption of growth during much of this time. The woods were very large-celled and practically without annual rings in the early part of the Pennsyl- vanian, even in regions now subtemperate. About the beginning of Permian time ice sheets and glacial or semi-glacial climates prevailed in south- ern India, Australia, South Africa, and portions of South America, a remarkable event, not yet explained, that affected in an important way the sequence of land plant life, not only in these regions, but in others as well. The great cycado- filic or seed-bearing plant order of the Paleozoic appears to have vanished or nearly disappeared at the close of the Permian, that is, nearly con- comitant with the. rise of the early conifers. The fructification characteristic of the conifers, with its provision for endurance through periods of cold and drought before germination, was de- veloped to meet conditions obtaining during Permian and Triassic times. On the other hand, the development of the dicotyledon with its enormous leaf expanse and its great capacity for metabolism during a relatively short season, and even its deciduous habit in the colder climates, appears to have been a response to the occurrence of winter cold and a consequently shorter season of growth, as indicated by some of the growth rings of woods in the Upper Jurassic. The off- falling deciduous leaf tended to keep the roots warmer during the winter as well as to enrich the soil. Mid-Jurassic, like mid-Carboniferous climate, was, however, in general, extraordinary for its equability and for the consequent distribution of identical genera and species from east to west and from Antarctic to Arctic. Middle Upper Cretaceous and Eocene climates were hardly less remarkable, for they permitted subtropical floras, including trees of large size, to spread both in Antarctica and within the Arctic circle. Arbores- cent forests lived as far north as 82° in the Eocene. In this connection mention may be made of the discovery of a tusk apparently belonging to an elephant in beds of Miocene age on Mel- ville Island in Latitude 75° N. Having thus outlined the aspect of the forests, and noted the earliest appearance of the principal types, back to the first trees, we will now return to the Miocene, our starting point, and follow the forest to the present day. I have already referred to the Miocene as mark- ing the climax in richness and profusion of forest growth, with a much wider geographical distri- bution of genera and species than is now found. I have also emphasized the fact that compara- tively few of the species of trees living at that time survive at the present day. Both this re- markable fact and the reduced distribution are due mainly to the great terrestrial and climatic changes accompanying the great ice invasions during the glacial epoch (Pleistocene) which im- mediately followed Tertiary time. Signs of fail- ing equability and impaired moderation of climate were already apparent in the Pliocene, the last, and a rather short, division of the Tertiary, which is chiefly interesting as revealing the first remains of the modern types of elephant, goat, sheep, deer, bear and horse, in North America. The physiographic and physical changes preliminary to the glacial epoch were already under way, and, under moving shore lines and incipient shift- ing of climate, with consequently necessary life migration, plant life was already showing the effects. • During the glacial epoch 5 or 6 great ice sheets moved to and fro across great areas of north- eastern North America with possibly as many over northwestern Europe, the higher mountain ranges both in central Europe and in western America also being glaciated. Two of these ice sheets probably invaded Pennsylvania. The last or Wisconsin glacier, which came as far south as Staten Island, covered perhaps one-fourth of the northern portion of the State. Forests and animals were subjected to forced marches to and fro in front of these great ice sheets, which, with the attending cold, drove many of them, in the course of time, to extinction, not only in North America where the Gulf of Mexico was a somewhat serious obstacle to their escape, but particularly in Europe where they met death on reaching the Mediterranean. Thus it happens that the tree floras of western Europe and east- ern America are now relatively impoverished in scope, while Asia and central America have suf- fered less. Not only did we lose many of our trees, which could not endure the drier climates west of the Great Plains and in the Southwest, but many of our animals, such as the horse, the elephant, and the camel, were likewise extermin- ated. The scanty records of life migration, in re- treat before the cold waves or in recovery of lost ground following the retreat in turn of the ice sheets, show not only that one or more of the interglacial stages were considerably warmer than is the present, but that a climate rather warmer than that of to-day immediately followed the retreat of the last ice sheet. In an inter- glacial warm wave the redbud and the Osage orange moved northward into southern Canada where, near Toronto, they are now found fossil. Many other trees now confined to milder climates must have taken part in the thickets of Penn- sylvania before or immediately after the last ice sheet invasion ; before the mammoth was banish- ed from Siberia and Alaska, and the elephant was exterminated from North America, and after the musk-ox had been driven into Arkansas and Oklahoma. The crocodile, the tapir, the peccary, and the eland, which were found in the earth deposits in a cave near Cumberland, Md., must surely have roamed about in Pennsylvania during one of these interglacial stages, when also the camel as well as the horse were present. The glacial epoch marks one of the great diastrophic revolutions of geology. It is per- haps but 20,000 or 25,000 years since the Wiscon- sin glacier, the last ice sheet, retreated beyond the northern limits of this State. The continent stands high; the epicontinental seas, so frequent and relatively so widespread during most periods ot the geologic past, are nearly drained. Moun- tains are abnormally high— some of them are new and neariy at their maximum. Peneplains dating trom former periods are much in evidence, but relatively little of the continent is at present base leveled. Oceanic connections have been changed. From the geological standpoint present worid climate is distinctly abnormal. Not only IS it abnormally varied, but the extremes are ex- cessive. Whether or not we live complacently amusing ourselves in a mere interglacial interval remains to be seen, for the time since the last ice invasion is short compared with some of the preceding interglacial intervals. In any event, in this period of abnormality of land, water, and climate, the land plants of the temperate regions are still undergoing changes, including new crea- tions as well as migration and adaptation to meet new conditions. New plants and new forest trees must be in process of development. Further, it is reasonably evident, as is suggested also by the great number of herbs now found, that the ground is not now occupied most efficiently by vegetal life,— that is to say, the vegetal covering of the land in the humid glaciated regions is not yet back to that maximum, with greatest leaf area per acre, that may be produced by the forest. NEW PUBLICATIONS Engler, A.— Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen. Zweite stark vermehrte und Verbesserte Auflage 10 Band Musci (Laubmoose) 1 Halfte. Leipzig, Ver- lagvon Wilhelm Engelmann, 1924. Preis, Geheftet 30 gold marks, Gebunden M. 36. The forests of Pennsylvania, especially where outcropping rocks are wet with dripping waters, are full of mosses, and the forest lover, who de- sires to know the plants of the forest, must know its mosses, as well as its trees and flowering plants. To know the mosses one must have the books which will enable the student to identify them readily. One of the standard works on mosses indispensable to the student of them is the above mentioned ^'Die Naturiichen Pflanzen- familien,'^ which, in its tenth volume, includes a systematic description of all the known genera of mosses. The first edition has long been a classic on the subject and the second Improved edition just issued from the press of Wilhelm iiSii % !. 176 FOREST LEAVES Engelmann in Leipzig, brings our information about mosses up to date. It is copiously illus- trated with figures and these give in illustrative 1 orm the characters by which the principal genera and species are identified. This volume is only one of the many volumes of ^^Die Naturlichen Pflanzenf amilien, " which covers all plant life from the lowest microscopic plants to the highest flowering plants. JOHN W. HARSHBERGER. University of Pennsylvania. Forestry Almanac. Compiled by the American Tree Association. 8vo. 225 pages, bound in cloth. Price $2.00. American Nature As- sociation. Comstock Publishing Comimny. Cornell Heights, Ithaca, N. Y. This is the first forestry almanac issued, and has been prepared and edited by the American Tre€ Association. It contains an article by Charles Lathrop Pack on ^* Forestry and the Forest Problem;^' a de- scription of the U. S. Forest Service including its various branches. A resume of national forestry legislation is given, also a selected list of trees with information as to how to plant them. There are also chapters on ^^Boy Scouts and Forestry^' the ** Farmer and His Woodlot,'' ''Trees with Famous Names,'' ''American Legion and Fores- try,'' "Tree Seeds Sent Overseas," "City and Town Forests," "Forestry and the Public Schools," "Forestry and the Summer Camp" and "Charles Lathrop Pack Foundation." Then follow articles in regard to the various National and State Forestry Associations, giving short accounts of each organization, what has been ac- complished, and the officers of each association. There are also articles on the ' ' National Forestry Program Committee," "U. S. Chamber of Com- merce Forestry Note," "Select Committee on Reforestation of the U. S. Senate," "Forest Re- search and Experimentation," "The American Lumber Industry," "Samuel T. Dana on the Forest Problem," "Berea College Forest," "The Mont Alto Forest," and "The Harvard For- est." A list of the different institutions supply- ing forestry education is given with a short ac- count of each. There are descriptions of the forestry departments or commissions in the different states, with data as to what has been accomplished in forestry. There are resumes in regard to the forests of Canada, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, and also of foreign countries. A synopsis is given of State Forest Taxation Laws. The volume concludes with a list of private foresters, of Arbor Days in different states, also some extracts in regard to the forests taken from the public press. "Tree Habits. How to Know the Hardwoods." —Prof. Joseph S. Illick. 8vo. 337 pages, bound in cloth. Illustrated. American Nature Association, Washington, D. C. The purpose of this book is to open the door to a study of hardwood trees. Prof. lUick is particularly qualified to prepare such a book, for he has made a life long study of trees, and taught forestry for fifteen years. That trees have habits is known to all who have associated with them. They do things in a distinctive way, and have established customs and tendencies that seem to have developed into a second nature. Some trees are shy and have a retiring habit, while others are bold and always in the foreground. Some trees prefer shade, while others require sunlight. There are trees that like wet places, while others require a dry loca- tion. Some grow big, while others remain small. The study of trees is a pleasant pastime and the delight that comes from it will result in a better appreciation and a fuller understanding of the needs of forest conservation, which is one of the most vital economic problems that confront the American people today. It will be found useful by the scholar, the forester, lumberman and dealer in woods, as well as those who love the trees and woods. The numerous illustrations are valuable aids in identi- fication. *'How to Use the State Forests."— Alfred S. Rupp. Circular 25, Pennsylvania Depart- ment of Forests and Waters. 14 pages. This brochure gives interesting information as to who owns the "State Forests," the various counties in which they are located, and the acre- age in each. The names of the forest officers ar- ranged according to forest districts. Instructions are given as to how to get a permanent camp site and the rules of the same. Also how to pro- cure a temporary camping permit for those who desire to use them over two days. The State Forest rules are set forth and helpful suggestions given for campers. Send for a copy and learn more about the State Forests. At the Lafayette College alumni dinner on June 7th, p:than Allen Weaver, of Germantown, established a $1,000 Tree Fund, the income to be used to care for the trees in the college campus, particularly the class trees in front of old South College. FOREST LEAVES Published Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia Port-Office as aeoood-datt matter, under Act of March 3d. 1879 Vol. XIX— No. 12 PHILADELPHIA. DECEMBER. 1924 Whole Number 223 THE ANNUAL MEETING The annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Fores- try Association for the election oP officers, pre- sentation of reports and the transaction of busi- ness will be held in the Gold Room of the City Club, 313 South Broad Street, Philadelphia, at 3 P. M., on Monday, December 8th, 1924. We trust that all of our members who can will at- tend this meeting. DEDICATION OF THE ROTHROCK MEMO- RIAL AT McVEYTOWN, PA. ON November 1st, 1924, the Rothrock Me- morial at McVeytown was dedicated. This was a rough six ton boulder taken from the State Forest, a bronze tablet was attached, bearing a bas relief of Dr. Rothrock in hunting costume standing on the rocky brink of a deep chasm. The boulder was placed in the middle of the intersection of the two principal streets of the town in which Dr. Rothrock was born, and practically the entire town, men, women and chil- dren, as well as many friends from a distance gathered to honor his memory. After an invocation by the Rev. F. E. An- drews, of McVeytown,* there was rendered Pennsylvania Forever^ » by a male quartet. The memorial was then presented byE. J. Stackpole, Chairman of the Memorial, Cominission also born in McVeytown. Mr. Stackpole in his address made reference to two letters which he received from Dr. Rothrock. The one acknowl- edged the receipt of a booklet, ''Tales of My Royhoofl,'' being a narrative of what he had done when a boy. This book Dr. Rothrock said his grandson, who had never been in McVeytown, was much interested in. The narra- tive of what actually occuned appealed to him. The second letter was received after he had sent his resignation from the State Forestry Commission. He said that he wanted some younger, effective man in his place. He appreci- ated the kind words of those who had known him so long, and would always have some good words to say for forestry. It\vas 44 years since he began to be interested in the question of a future wood supply, and 29 years since entering the State service as a forest officer. He paid an earnest tribute to Dr. Rothrock as a forester, and a patriot, and in closing said of the reforestation movement that ''Millions of acres still gloomy in their devastation shall smile with the beauty of the growth that will rise to- ward heaven in benediction or silent tribute to Joseph Trimble Rothrock. '^ The monument was then unveiled by Miss Charlotte Rothrock, granddaughter of Dr. Roth- rock. State Senator F. W. Culbertson, on behalf of the citizens of Mifflin County, and the State of Pennsylvania, accepted the memorial of the serv- ices of a great man who was born in McVeytown. He said that the friends of Dr. Rothrock ap- preciate the gift of this memorial from the State of Pennsylvania, which at this time bears special significance, being the only memorial created by the Legislature of 1923, which had the monu- mental task of meeting a deficit of $29,000,000, yet felt that testimony of a substantial character should be given to a life devoted to unselfish duty. He accepted the memorial, believing that in "honoring the memory of Dr. Rothrock we but honor ourselves.^' Governor Gifford Pinchot said that : "Doctor Joseph Trimble Rothrock was first of all a great public servant. Unselfish to the point of extreme self-sacrifice, capable to the level of the brilliant achievements which dis- tinguished his career, the thread upon which his innumerable activities were stnmg was that of selfless service to the common welfare. "During the amazingly various occupations and accomplishments of his long life Doctor Rothrock was always a pioneer. He was one of the few men of his generation whose thoughts customarily went before that of his contempxir- aries, and laid the ground for great advances in i' I I! 178 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES the Commonwealth he loved so well. At every turn in the story of his uniquely useful life we find things done that no one had done before. ''After the end of his distini^uished service in the Civil War, and after going through the un- recorded hardships of explorations in the North- west and Alaska, he established what I take to have been the first outdoor bovs' club and train- ing camp in Pennsylvania, and, so far as I know in America, and through it communicated to his fortunate charges his own intense interest in Nature and love for all that Nature has and means. ''As a physician, he established the first State tuberculosis sanitorium in Pennsylvania at Mont Alto, an institution which is today a livins: monu- ment to the breadth of his medical vision and to his singular efficiency as an executive. "As an educator he planned, originated, and established the first school in America for the professional training of State forest officers, took charge of it himself when the situation demand- ed, and so gave Pennsylvania far and away the finest body of trained forest olfiicers to be lound in the service of any State. "As a public servant. Doctor Rothrock estab- lished the Department of Forestry in the Govern- ment of this Commonwealth, became its first head, and laid down the policies which made Pennsylvania the first of all the States in the protection of its forests and the practice of foiestrj'. "As a forester. Doctor Rothro<;k performed a task among the most difficult and unirrateful whieh any man can undertake, a task that of all his great services to the State he loved was per- haps the first and most enduring. Year in and year out, in season and out of season. Doctor Kothrock, at the cost of grinding labor to him- self, carried to the people of Pennsylvania the message of forest destruction and of the need for a rebirth of the forests of this Common- wealth. In the face of j)ublic indifference, in the face of ridicule, of open opposition and of secret detraction, he carried to every part of the Commonwealth the story which at last brought the people of Pennsylvania squarely behind his program of forest protection and rehabilitation. "The task at which he worked was as long as it was difficult. When he began, public opinion in favor of the forest was practically negligible. Here and there an enlightened mind had grasped the significance of the problem, but for the most part the weight and burden of his undertaking lay in the fact that public sentiment was wholly 179 without appreciation of the conditions which he knew and the timber i amine which he foresaw. "With such unselfish labor as few men have given to any similar task. Doctor Rothrock earned the title of Father of Forestry in Penn- sylvania. However numerous his other services, however great the admiration of those of us who knew him hold for his brilliant mind and his supremely unselfish character, this will be his enduring title to fame. He was the Father of Forestry in this Commonwealth and the benefits which he conferred upon his State will be reaped in greater and greater measure as the generations pass. The men in our history of whom that can be said with truth are very few indeed.'' Mr. G. H. Macklin then spoke of Dr. Roth- . rock's "Home Town Days." He told of how he went to the public schools, and absorbed lessons from the book of Nature. He studied botany and collected specimens of plant life. For two years he worked on a farm near McVeytown at the edict of his father, who thought this would be to his advantage. He narrated how he drove a team of horses hauling cord wood to the Penn- sylvania Railroad for use on the wood-burning engines of that day. He also narrated other anecdotes of his earlier life. Later he went to the Tuscarora Academy in Juniata County, to and from which he walked across several moun- tains on his visits to the home rather than en- dure the tedium of round-about travel by train and stage. Major R. Y. Stuart stated that: "In addition to this fitting tribute in stone and bronze, there are attributable to him many living memorials. It was through his vision, inspiration and energy that the Pennsylvania State Forest movement was started. Over one-half of the acreage now in the State Forests was acquired while he was Commissioner of Forestry. To him also i^ the honor of establishing the State For- est School at Mont Alto, which since 1903 has been training foresters to manage the State and other forest property. Fortunately, he was able during his lifetime to see the splendid fruition of State Forests and the State Forest School. His later years were devoted largely to the further development of them. "The memory of Dr. Rothrock 's manly char- acter will be a lasting tradition to all who knew him. To foresters in Pennsylvania, who knew him so well, the thought of him nearest to their hearts is as a man and associate. His love of the work and of his fellow men was so great that his ideals and deeds were an inspiration for public good. It was characteristic of his point of view that in advocating an enlargement of the State Forests he thought of them not in terms of any financial returns to the State, but as immeasur- able contributions to the welfare of Pennsyl- vanians. He spoke of the State Forest move- ment as 'A work which helps everyone, harms no one, and which pleases God.' • "The memory of Dr. Rothrock as a public servant will be an inspiration to all who. came in contact with him. Waiving all considerations of personal advancement and reward he worked unselfishly and at great personal sacrifice for more than a half century to promote the public good. His reward was the satisfaction of pub- lic work well done. We and all other benefic- iaries of his deeds can well be proud to do him honor. ' ' The exercises closed with the singing of "America," led by the male quartet. A picture of the memorial will be seen on the cover page of this issue. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION IN POTTER COUNTY By W. S. Swingler, Assistant District Forester WHEN the first white settlers set foot in Potter County, they were gi-eeted with the sight of vast unbroken areas of virgin White Pine and Hemlock. These two trees originally covered the greater part of this coun- try, and if lumbered judiciously, would have as- sured an income for many years to come. How- ever, the story of how the mountains were strip- ped of their covering is an old one and soon acres of wasteland replaced the virgin timber. Even at this stage, had Nature been given half a chance, she wouM have covered these mountains with hardwoods, which today would be worth lar more than the original virgin timber. Hut repeated fires burned over these areas and soon the mountains gave promise of never growinc*- a tree again. In the meantime, the source of lum- ber was moving farther away and lumber was becoming scarcer and dearer. Then the people awoke. A great cry and hue for fire prevention spread over the country and in a few vears, the fires were no longer suffered to run wild. Nature then asserted its wonderful recuper- ative power and soon had most of the mountains clothed with a covering of hardwoods, principal- ly Beech, Birch, Maple and Oak. These trees though they have since been harvested as chemi- cal wood, have always left their seed behind, and these start a new forest, which in 12 to 15 years IS again ready to be cut. However, as time wore on, it became evident that some of the areas had been burned too hard and too often, and that it would be a long time before they would again grow trees. It was on these areas that trees, principally conifers, were planted. At the time of these plantings, plant- ing in general was in an experimental stage, and many different kinds of trees were planted, in order to see which one would make the best growth. As these trees grow older, a study of their growth makes an interesting story. The principal trees that have been planted in the Susquehannock Forest District are Scotch Pine, Norway Spruce, Japanese Larch and Pitch Pine. A few hardwoods like Ash and Cherry had also been planted, but none of these are ahve today. Of the conifers, all are growing very well, except the Norway Spruce. On the farm of Joseph Guenter, near Coudersport, White Pine planted in 1916 has now reached an aver- age height of 11 feet. Scotch Pine planted in the same year on the same soil (a sandy clay) has reached a height of 6 feet. In this compari- son, this plantation is an exception, for in practi- cally all other plantations in which these two species have been planted, they are both growing- at the same rate. * Pitch Pine, planted side by side with the two foregoing speeies, has outstripped both in <-rowth On the farm of R. R. Uwis, near Colesburg, Pitch line planted in 1917 has now attained a height of 11 feet. Under true forest conditions, this tree does not do quite this well, but it compares very favorably with the other species. Japanese Larch has equalled, and in some places surpassed, the growth of Pitch Pine. On the State Forests near Cross Fork, this tree planted in 1916, has reached a height of 10 feet! In every case, it has grown very well and can easily be declared one of tried and tested species for this locality. Of all the species planted, the Norway Spruce has grown the least. Representative trees, planted in 1914, have grown to a height of only four feet, while on all sides, the other species named, have been growing by leaps and bounds. In general, all the plantations have been grow- ing well. However, there are a number that'^have been crowded out by the natural hardwoods. Mentioning this brings me to the conclusion which contains two major points: I Hi li 180 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES 181 a. Where to plant. b. What to plant. In view of how quickly the natural hardwoods replace themselves, and of the plantations they have already shaded out, it is necessary that the utmost care be taken in picking a site to be planted. I believe it would be a safe rule to plant only those areas that show no signs of growing trees, after they have been kept free from fires for at least ten years. As to the species to be planted, the growth records speak for themselves, and I would recommend using only White Pine, Scotch Pine, Pitch Pine and the Larches. THE FORESTS AND TIMBER SUPPLY OF NORTH AMERICA THE Forestry Commission of Great Britain, after a meeting of the British Empire For- estry Conference, which was held in Can- ada last Summer, made an investigation of ^^The Forests and Timber Supply of North America," because in past years Great Britain has been drawing largely upon North America for its tim- ber supply. The results of the investigation have been reported in this paper by R. L. Robertson, Forestry Commissioner. He finds the total area of North America which is covered with forest or wood of some sort or another is about 1,500 million acres, divided as follows : Canada and Newfoundland 770 million acres. United States 550 million acres. Alaska 70 to L")0 million acres. Mexico 74 million acres. These figures indicate that the area of forest in North America is about double that in Europe, but large areas are inaccessible. The quantity of timber standing in the forests of North America has been estimated at between 1,100,000 and 1,200,000 million cubic feet, of which 65 per cent, to 70 per cent, is in the Unites States, and 20 per cent, in Canada. Of the total timber cut, the United States for- ests furnish 87 per cent, and the Canadian for- ests 10 per cent. In the United States rather more than 50 per cent, is softwood, and in Can- ada more than 90 per cent. Fuel wood accounts for 43 per cent, of the United States cut and 30 per cent, of the Cana- dian, while vast as the pulp and paper industry IS, it consumes only from 3 per cent, to 4 per cent, of the total cut. Large quantities of tim- ber are destroyed annually by forest fires, burn- ing over, on the average, of io million acres. In addition, they suffer from insects and fungi. The larch saw-fly practically wiped out the mature larch some 30 to 40 years ago, a recent attack of spruce budworm has killed huge quantities of Balsam and spruce, while the chestnut disease, introduced from Asia, is proceeding to wipe out one of the most valuable species in the United States. Generally the .-mmediate forestry problem in North America is to secure adequate protection ai?ainst fire. If this could be secureil, natural regeneration, which is good i)i most regions, would go far to restock fio forests as they are cut. But natural regeneration, to be really suc- cessful, requires regulating, so that the most use- ful species may be secured, and as a rule some measure of assistance in the form of planting. These are the first stages in systematic silvi- culture, and so far they have received very little attention. In the United States softwood saw-timber is being cut eight and one-half times as fast as it is growing, hardwood saw-timber three and one- half times as fast. Including all kinds of wood one-quarter of the current cut is replaced by growth, and three-quarters are a drain on capi- tal. It seems clear that there must be considerable stringency in supplies of forest products in the United States within the next 20 to 30 years. In 1850, the consumption of timber per capita was under 20 cubic feet, but increased at a fairly steady rate until 1909, when it reached 40 cubic feet. Thereafter it fell rapidly to 26 cubic feet, which is compared with a United Kingdom con- sumption of 9 cubic feet per capita in 1922, and 12 cubic feet on the average of the 5 pre-war years, 1909-13, but the total per capita consump- tion of wood in the United States, however, is 228 cubic feet, so that if effective economies are to be made, they must be applied mainly to such products as fuel wood and round timber, and in the conversion of round timber to lumber. One can forecast with reasonable certainty that while per capita consumption will continue to decrease and population to increase, the total consumption will not be easily reduced until prices go much higher than at present. It seems fairly clear also that the North American con- tinent will absorb all the forest products it can produce and the considerable excess of exports over imports of softwoods and hardwoods will shrink to negligible proportions or be replaced by an excess of imports over exports. It is quite possible that the Eastern States may become competitors with the United Kingdom and West- ern Europe generally for the softwoods of North- ern Europe. This might become a serious matter for the United Kingdom, since the permanent exportable margin from Northern Europe is not capable of very great expansion. It is clear also that the world's supply of really large softwood timber will practically be worked out within the time I have mentioned, when the accessible virgin for- ests in North America will mostly have been cut over. Ultimately North America, like Europe and indeed the rest of the world, will have to rely on the products of cultivated forests. We are now at the beginning of that state in the history of the North American forests. THE FOREST IN EVERY DAY LIFE By George H. Wirt, Chief Forest Fire Warden of Pennsylvania OUR most essential every day needs are food, Avater, clothes, shelter, heat, labor, recre- ation, health, transportation, and educa- tion. You may never have thought about how the forest affects these necessities. Does it aid or hinder man in obtaining his needs? Does it furnish any of them? In the early days, the pioneers got practically everything they wanted from the forest. Even now a considerable quantity of food products are obtained directly from it, as nuts, fleshy fruits, berries, grapes, maple sugar and svnip, honey, flavoring extracts, meat from wild\nimals, as well as many minor products. But the forest plays a larger part in our food supply because of its influence on moisture, supply of air and soil, which is beneficial to agriculture. The birds of the forest hold in check the insect hordes which would destroy all food crops if uncon- trolled. Wood is used in the fences of the fields, the machinery and equipment of the farm and garden. Crops are gathered, transported and stored in wooden containers. The ^'orest is nature's reservoir and filter sys- tem to supply us with a constant and pure sup- ply of water not only to drink but to fill our streams for power and navigation. The forest also furnishes ns with clothing First comes the skins of animals, and the fur in- dustry is still of considerable importance. Now all sorts of clothing are made from wood(^n fibres Likewise, wood enters largely into the harvestino-.' marketing, and manufacturing of clothing made from wool, cotton, etc. The foi^st furnishes dyes, wood buttons, wooden lasts for shoes, shapes for hats, and the tanning materials for the leather of our shoes, gloves, coats and other leather goods. Needless to state that the forest has furnished us our shelter. Wooden houses are still most commoa in our country. Where brick and stone have been used for outside walls wood has en- tered most largely into the interior finish and equipment of our homes. Our fuel comes directly or indirectly from the forest. Wood is a direct product of forests. Coal J s mined by using large quantities of wood for mine timbering and was originally formed from vegetable gi-owth. Electricity is developed from water power kept constant by forested hills, and is transmitted over wires on wooden poles. The iorests of any State furnish a large de- mand for labor. Eighty per cent, of wood prices IS made up of labor values. Likewise the forest acres, ;\'ith streams and game, beautiful quiet spots, trees and flowers are constantly calling to our people to find recreation within their litaits. Forests influence beneficially the health of a community, because of their pure air, pure water, pnd facilities for recreation. Planted forests have changed a region of swamps, mosquitoes and malaria into a beautiful, healthy, prosperous and well inhabited community. Deforestation has changed populous regions into uninhabited wastes. Transportation is essential for civilization and forest products are essential in minor as well as greater transportation activities, from the lowly sled to the most wonderful aeroplane. Railroads are dependent upon the wooden cross-tie; navi- iration still depends upon wood for ships, even in the steel clad liners. Most of the material ship- ped from one point to another is shipped in a wooden container of some kind. Civih:zation is the result of commerce and of exchange of ideas. Our books are the products of the forest. Our ideas of each other, of re- ligion, of patriotism, are determined by and kept ahve by the books we read, and by the daily papers. Diminished forests are making these things more expensive. There may be a time when papers and books will be beyond the reach of the average individual resulting in wide- spread influence and a backward step iu civili- zation. It is, therefore, evident that the forest and its Droducts enter largely into our every day needs Everybody loses when timber burns. ii 511 : 182 FOREST LEAVES FOREST LEAVES JUNIPER TREE 3,000 YEARS OLD WHAT is believed to be the oldest juniper tree in the world is now being protected by the I'orest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, according to word received from the Cache National Forest in Northern Utah. A careful examination of the tree by scientists from the Utah Agriculture College and by Forest Supervisor Carl B. Arentson shows the age of the tree to be not less than 3,000 years, thus placing this tree on a par with some of the big redwood trees in California which have so often been spoken of as the '^ oldest living things on earth. ' ' In determining the age of the tree many in- teresting factors were disclosed. The diameter, breast height, is 7 feet 6 inches, and the height is 42 feet. Only a few hundred years ago the tree was growing as rapidly as at any time dur- ing its life. A section of the heart-wood shows that 200 years were required for the first 2 inches of growth, thus indicating that the tree's strug- gle for existence was made under adverse con- ditions. Later the tree was growing at the rate of 2 inches every 60 years, a remarkable fact considering its location and age. The location of this aged juniper is near the main Logan Canyon highway and will be seen by thousands of tourists each year. The Forest Service has erected a sign near the tree niving the interesting facts about the age-old veteran and warning against its defacement or molesta- tion in any way. BLACK WALNUT FOR TIMBER AND NUTS BECAUSE of Ihe high quality and beautv of its tnnber anrl its resistance to decay, the food value and popularitv of its nuts' and the charm of the tree from an ornamental' standi>oint, the black walnut challenges attention as a tree worthy of extensive planting in waste places, according to Farmers' Bulletin No. L3f)2 ''Black AValnut for Timber and Nuts," just pub- lished by the United States Department' of Agri- culture. ^ • Detailed information is given regarding plant- ing and the best growing conditions, and the care of the black walnut for most satisfactorv results m growing it primarily for either timber nuts, or as an ornamental. In earlier years it was deemed best to grow the black walnut in close plantations. As a conse- 183 quence the increase in diameter was slow and the annual rings narrow. To-day the market de- mand in walnut lumber is for wider rings, iving an attractive grain. That means tke trees must be given room to make more rapid growth than when close together, and it also means earlier and larger crops of nuts. Black walnut grows best in fertile, moist, well- drained soil, under average conditions of tem- perature and moisture, and does not thrive in the extreme North or South, nor at high eleva- tions, nor in arid, alkaline, wet, or acid soils. Its commercial range is given as parts of the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri River Valleys covering portions of the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indi- ana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. It is not recommended to grow the black wal- nut as a major farm crop on extensive areas of good land, because it can not compete in profits with other farm crops. But it is urged to i)lant this tree in those neglected or waste areas of good soil in fence corners, along fence rows or stream banks, on hilly or rough places, in ravines, and in rocky outcroppings in fields and pastures where weeds or inferior st)ecies now grow. In such places the black walnut in the regions where it thrives should be a good investment. WHAT IS THE FOREST PROTECTION PROB LEM IN PENNSYLVANIA? By George H. Wirt IT has been stated that the protection of for- ests from fire is the most essential factor in the perpetuation of our forests. We believe it, therefore, we build up an organization to ex- tinguish the fires which are so common and which come regularly with the si)ring and fall seasons. It is self-evident that if fires start in the forest they will continue to do damage until they are extinguished. The sooner they are detected and the sooner a force is put on them the smaller the damage is likely to be. Therefore, we also de- velop a detection system comprised of towers, telephone lines and observers. It is a well recognized fact that all but a very few forest fires result from the carelessness of someone and that they might have been prevented had a little care been exercised. It is. equally true that the easiest way to extinguish a fire is to keep It from starting. Therefore, some effort is made to find out how fires start and to change the conditions which made it easy for them to start. This is found to be largely a personal proposition. That is, smokers must be induced to throw away only dead matches, cigarettes, and other materials that can start forest fires. Brush burners must be told how and when to burn brush or fallows. Railroad oificials and employees must learn to equip and operate engines properly so that they are not spark spitting, devastating demons instead of efficient engines of commerce and production as they were intended to be. Operators of other kinds of engines must be reached so that precautions may be taken. Every- body, in other words, must be educated to ^a habit of mind which induces care with fire in the woods. But there always have been and there always will be a few here and there who will not be edu- cated. They care riot for the rights of others. Laws are made to reach such people and if they can be enforced are very effective. There'ore, we believe in law enforcement. Simply stated, we want no forest fire. But how are we to bring about such a condition? It is evident that mere extinction of fires as they occur will not bring the answer. For years the only money spent for forest protection was spent for extinction. Forest fires are calamities de- manding emergency efforts. They must be put out. But even that is not enough. They must be put out in the shortest possible time. Enough money must be available to equip an organi/I- tion of men for prompt and efficient service in extinction. How much shall be spent for equip- ment is in itself a serious question. There is a limit to the number of observation stations and telephone lines needed for detection. But it seems that there is an unlimited field for expend- iture when it comes to tools for extinction. Tools wear out, many are lost, and there are never enough to equip every fire fighter. Then there are all kinds of outfits requested. Millions might be spent for tools, pumps, engines, chemi- cals, and other equipment, and yet fires would continue to occur. Some one suggests, then, that fires be pre- vented. That is all right. We believe that this IS wise. Shall this be done by trying to put patrolmen in places where forest fires are likely to occur? That was tried to a limited extent. It would take a large army to patrol ten million acres of forest in Pennsylvania and get results. Let 's put laws for the protection of forests on the statute books and then have some law en- forcement. Fine! They are there, but law en- forcement is not popular with local citizens or local officers. Our people do not realize the value of protected forests and how they themselves are affected deleteriously by denuded hillsides and vast waste areas. They have not yet been edu- cated. Nevertheless, not enough money has been spent in the law enforcement. Well, then let's educate them. Good! There has been a lot of so-called education. It has been effective but fires are still increasing in number. Education is important and must be continuous. Sporadic outbursts and spectacular efforts have value, but the kind of forest education that will count is the quiet organization and continuous efforts that will reach all kinds of people in all kinds of ways in all kinds of places. There are always three generations of people to deal with in educational work, that which is passing, that which is active and that which is just getting a start. Each new one must be dealt with as'' it comes along and there always will be enough who forget, to necessitate work with the other two groups. Much more money must be spent in for- est education. But fires come from definite causes and from the results of definite conditions. Why not eliminate the causes? This must be done, and is being done to a certain extent. Railroads cause from 30 per cent, to 60 per cent, of all the fires in a given part of the State. They are fixed in position and the places where they are likely to cause fires are known. Good equipment, safety strips and patrolmen Avill produce at least 99 per cent, satisfaction. Brush burners can be reacjied. Stationary engines can be taken care of. Many other definite causes can be disposed of. Unnatural conditions in the woods can be done away with, but every square foot of forest fioor in dry season is tinder for any spark and smokers are a big problem. It can be seen that the forest protection prob- lem is made up of many factors. There is ex- tinction with detection and equipment as a part of it, prevention with education, elimination of causes and hazards, and patrol, law enforcement, the building up and maintenance of an efficient protection organization. Finance for these vari- ous factors and the relations of land owners, local communities and the State are not the least important influences upon the solution of the problem. It is evident that efforts may follow the lines of least resistance and the protection program will become lopsided. Pennsylvania must develop a well-balanced program if results H 184 FOREST LEAVES are to be obtained with the least expenditure of State and private funds in the shortest possible time. The extinction emergency must be met by an emergency fund. That is the first essential im- provement in our present program. The organi- zation built up and necessary to take care of the extinction emergency must be maintained and used more for prevention work. Much more equipment is necessary, much more educational work is necessary, and njuch more law enforce- ment is required. It is essential that the educa- tion be carried directly to timberland owners. The sooner their woodlands, whether large or small, are handled in a sensible manner for profit- able timber production, the sooner protection from fire will be relegated to the past. SHOULD WE PLANT WHITE PINE? By John W. Keller WHITE pine is the most valuable ever- green tree native to Pennsylvania. The wood is in great demand and has a wide range of uses which vary from box boards anrl general construction to high grades of finishing lumber. Virgin white pine was the first tree to make the timberlands of Pennsylvania valuable. Long before there was a mai-ket for hemlock or hardwoods, white pine logs were floated down the mountain streams to large mills, where it found a ready sale. In recent years the portable saw- mill operator has combed the Pennsylvania hills for the few remaining trees, and when he is for- tunate enough to locate good trees the owners are offered exceptionally high prices for them. It is not uncommon for clear white pine lumber to bring $100 per thousand board feet. These facts are quoted to show that white pine is a native tree, grows well in Pennsylvania and the wood is very valuable. It is unfortunate that such a valuable timber tree should be attacked by two, what appear to be, serious enemies. Foresters and other persons who have made a study of tree insects and diseases are familiar with the ravages of the white pine weevil and the imminent danger from the white pine blister rust. • White Pine Weevil.—Yery few white pine plantations or natural groves have escaF)ed weevil damage, so readily distinguished during the months of June and July by the characteristic ground drooping terminal shoots. It has been reported that as many as 94 per cent, of the trees in some stands have been attacked, and, with trees under 3 feet in height, as high as 10 per cent, have been killed. The mature weevil lays its eggs in the tender terminal shoots of white pine during the warm days of April and May. After these eggs hatch the larvae burrow downward through the wood and cambium layer, killing that part of the tree above the point where the larvae have worked. This is during the months of June and July. The mature insects emerge during July and August, a very small percentage of them remaining in the pine shoots after Auo-ust loth. "^ Trees that were severely attacked by the white pine weevil ten to fifteen years ago now average 4 inches in diameter. The trees that were at- tacked show small crooks, but where the trees are growing close together these crooks are be- coming less noticeable each year. White pine trees of saw log size show evidence of having been attacked by the weevil, yet it is possible to get good logs from these trees. Is it unreason- able to expect by the time these planted trees that have been attacked by the weevil are large enough for saw logs that the crooks may be so small that the decrease in amount or quality of the lumber will be negligible? We are satisfied that the lumber from trees that have been at- tacked by the weevil is sound and will find a ready market. It is an exception for a tree more than 3 feet in height to be killed by the white pine weevil. Except in isolated .groves, it is seldom possible to reduce the number of weevil to a point where damage will be negligible, because all owners do not carry out control measures. For this reason, it is recommended that control mea^sures be di- rected toward saving the trees that are less than 3 feet in height, which may be killed if attacked. Preventive measures consist of planting the trees in 50 per cent, or less, mixture with other species. The Department of Forests and Waters has found the most effective control measures are to pick the mature beetles from the terminal shoots during the mating season in April and May, and to cut and burn the infected tree tops during the months of June and July. The ma- ture beetles may be crushed between the fingers or emersed in kerosene to kill them. The burning of infected tops destroys the larvae. After August 1st many of the adult beetles have emerged and control measures are seldom effec- tive. If these preventive and remedial measures are put into effect the white pine weevil can be controlled. PoRKST Leaves, Vol. XIX, No. 12. Forest Leaves, Vol. XIX, No. 12. WH,x. P..H F:KTe.K y..es Olo ..„ Tw..tv FKer H.oh. Not O.e W.kv,. Inpkcx.p Th.. Can be Seen. Only Three Per Cent of the Trees in tht« vrm^T v^.„ Z^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ I FOREST LEAVES 185 White Pine Blister Rust.*~The white pine blister rust was first found on white pine in Penn- sylvania in 3915. As far as is known, the in- fections located at that time have been stamped out. In 1921 new infections were found in the northeastern part of the State. Through the im- mediate application of remedial measures it is believed that these infections have been removed. The white pine blister rust is caused by a fungus that grows in the pine bark. It is usual- ly fatal to white pine, althou|?h large trees may live for many years after being attacked. The disease spreads by minute spores that are car- ried by the wind. These spores are blown from diseased currant or gooseberry leaves to the needles of white pine. The fungus develops and grows back through the needles into the bark. After three years it grows throusrh the bark at the rate of three to seven inches each year. When it reaches the trunk and girdles it, the part of the tree above the girdle will die, and the fungus continues to work downward. The seriousness of blister rust attacks should not be considered lightly. Remedial measures for blister rust attacks consist of cutting out the infected parts of trees that are attacked. The blister rust cannot be carried from pine to pine, but an intermediate stage exists on current and gooseberry leaves. Control measures consist of removing all currant and gooseberry bushes within 300 yards of white pine trees. This has been done successfully in the northwest, in New York and in the *New England States. The cost of eradicating these host plants over large areas amounts to about 50 cents per acre. Should We Cominue to Plant White Pinef— For years the medical profession has realized the seriousness of tuberculosis, typhoid fever, pneu- monia, etc., in their relation to the human family. These problems have been wrestled with until ef- fective measures for prevention and control have been found. The profession of animal husbandry has been confronted with cholera, tuberculosis and other serious diseases among farm animals. These diseases have taken their toll from the best hoggeries and dairy herds in the country. In view of the seriousness of these troubles it has not been advocated that the human population be decreased because people die from diseases, nor that hog and dairy farming be eliminated because of cholera and tuberculosis. Are foresters less capable to solve their prob- lems than members of the profession of medi- cine and ammal husbandry? The answer is NO .Shall we continue to plant white pine? The an- swer is YES, because practical preventive and remedial measures have been worked out for the white pine weevil and blister rust, two of its most serious enemies. Would it not be much better tor foresters to advo^'ate the use of control measures which have proven effective and ap- ply remedial measures where necessary than to discontinue the planting of this valuable tree? Ihe lumber market will demand white pine as long as it can be gotten. It is our dutv as for- esters to meet this demand with a sufficient sup- ply of wood. We must accept this responsibility and because of these pests, we shouW plant more white pme than ever before. HISTORIC ELM IN PITTSBURGH WHAT is probably the most historic tree in Western Pennsylvania stands at the residence of Miss Sarah E. Bissell, Woodland Road, Pittsburgh. It is an elm tree that was sent to her father, Hon. W^ S. Bissell, by John L. Hays, of Cambridge, Mass. In a let- ter under date of October 25, 1884, Mr Havs writes: • "j" ''The small elm trees which I send vou by Adams Express with my kind regards were grown from the seedling plants ob- tained by my daughter from the garden of the Cragie Mansion,' the headquarters of Washington while in command of the Ameri- can Army at Cambridge, Mass., and since the residence of the poet Longfellow. The seedlings are descendants from an elm tree still standing, which sheltered Washington' The seetllmgs have been grown *to their pres- ent state in pots.*' Under date of August 15, 1924, Miss Sarah E «issell made a sworn statement that the tree standing at her residence on Woodland Road in 1 ittsburgh^ is the same tree that was sent to her tather. One of the two trees sent by M^ Havs died about 1900. The remaining one is in \ thrifty condition and promises to live Ion- and tell its interesting story in history. •An article on the White Pine Blister Rust accompanied •Tores't '^aves." "^ ^'^'^''''^ ^" '^" '^"^"'*' '^^^' ^»"« "' XT ^l^'^^^'^^J^^^^^^, the big tree in the Sequoia National Park, is 279 feet high and 36i^ feet in diameter. It is said that it was 2,000 years old when Jesus of Nazareth was born. 186 FOREST LEAVES -^ FOREST IMPROVEMENT WORK AT WER- NERSVILLE STATE HOSPITAL FOR the past two years ten acres of the forest land belonging* to the Wernersville State Hospital have been worked over carefully for the purpose of improving the make-up of the forest. All blio-hted chestnut and other dead trees have been removed. Injured trees, as well as defective and inferior trees, have been cut out. The large logs are taken to the saw- mill operated by the institution and cut into lumber. The smaller material is cut into fire wood. No healthy trees are cut. All the tops and branches that are left after the cutting- oper- ations are piled and burned. Each spring following the winter's cutting oper- ation all open places in the forest are restocked by planting. White pine, Norway spruce, Scotch pme, and white ash are the trees that have been t)lanted. More than 90 per cent, of the trees planted during the past three years are growin"- and in a thrifty condition. Plans have been made for continuing the improvement work durin*'- the coming winter, when ten additional acres will be worked over and put in shape for i)lanting dur- ing the spring of 192'). All the cutting, loggino-, and i)Ianting work is done by inmates of the in- stitution. Most of the trees used in the plantin- are grown in the small forest tree nursery that IS maintained at the institution in co-operation with the State Department of Forests and ^^aters. The inmates at the institution also take care of the nursery, which includes the sow- ing of the seed, cultivating and weeding the trees, and lifting and packing them for "ship- ping. ' The officials of the Wernersville State Hospital are to be congratulated on their active interest in i)lacing the woodlands of the institution in a good condition. Jn time they will i)roduce lai-e (luantities of desirable timber. It is hoped that other Slate institutions will follow the lead of Wernersville. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE POCONO FORESTRY ASSOCIATION TTIK Twenty-second Annual Meeting of the Pocono Forestry Association was held on August 21st, in the woods near Pocono Manor. It was said to be the largest meetin- in the history of the Association, and ].'39 new niem- bers were elected, bringing the total membership to 517. ' FOREST LEAVES At the alternoon meeting E. A. Iloopes wel- comed the Association on behalf of Pocono Manor, and related briefly the life of the Pocono Forestry Association. President Charles N Thompson in the annual report reviewed the work of the year. He commented on the fact that there had been a decrease in the number of forest fires during the past year. He stated that the State had distributed 186,000 trees for plant- ing in Monroe County, and that Georc^e E. Wa"-- ner, of Pocono Lake, had planted 23,000 of these. He said that possibly beyond universal peace forestry was the most important thing in the world today. Secretary John B. Kunkle gave the report of the Board of Directors, and Treasurer J. A Seguine presented the financial statement show- ing a balance of over $1800 in the treasury. Otto Ruehlman, President of the Board of ' County Commissioners, stated that but one-half the vof- ume of water is flowing in local creeks today, compared to the time when he was a boy. Walter Learn, Acting County Farm Agent,' discussed reforestation, and spoke of the possibilities of tree planting in Monroe County. Frank B Michaels, Treasurer of the Security Trust Com- pany, spoke in favor of the proposed $25,000,00;) bond issue for the purchase of wild lands for State Forests. Luncheon was served in a gro\e of trees. The following Board of Directors were elected • C. N. Thompson, J. A. Seguine, E. A. Hoopes, Geo. E. WX^ner, Egbert Cary, Mrs. George AV. Stratton, Roy M; Houser, Frank B. Michaels and John B. Kunkle. In the evening addresses were made in the audi- torium of the Manor by Georfe S. Bliss, head of the Weather Bureau in Pennsvlvania, J. A. Seguine and C. B. Ellenberger. 187 TO BREAK UP PRACTICE OF STEALING EVERGREEN TREES FOREST otficers of the Michaux State For- est apprehended R. M. and E. H. Slough, of Ohio, while removing" six evergreen trees on State Forest. Upon paying $2.00 for each of the trees in lieu of prosecution for trespass, tliev were permitted to continue on their journev. They gave up the stolen trees, which were re- planted on State Forest. Charles Fise, of Gettysburg, was recentlv de- tected removing three evergreen trees illegallv from the Michaux State Forest. He was appre- hended by a forest oflicer and was obliged to pay $6.00 for having removed the trees illegally. Rev. T. R. Husler, of Lees Cross Roads was also detected by a forest officer removing four evergreen trees from the State Forest in the Tuscarora State Forest in Perry County. He was required to pay $4.00 for theniegal trespass. Officials of the Department of Forests and Waters are determined to break up the illegal practice of stealing evergreen trees from the State-owned land. WHY PENNSYLVANIA NEEDS MORE STATE FORESTS By R. Y. Stuart, Secretary, Department of Forests and Waters THERF] are three good reasons why Pennsyl- vania needs more State Forests: (1) To insure a continuous wood supply for our people and our industries; (2) To further safe- guard and increase our water supplies; and (3) To provide the needed health centers and recre- ational opportunities to our citizens. The forest situation in Pennsylvania is ad- mittedly serious. Pennsylvania imports 84 per cent, of the timber, and more than 70 per cent, of the pulpwood used within the State. Our lum- ber consumption has almost doubled in the last 40 years while our lumber production is about one-fourth of what it was 20 years ago. The annual freight bill on imported lumbei" has al- ready reached $25,000,000. This State has the choice of providing forests to meet her wood needs, of being compelled to adjust her timber consumption to a diminishing supply, or of im- porting at a high price such timber as may be had. No good reason can be given for failure to pro- duce within this State the timber her people and industries need. There is enough forest land in Pennsylvania to meet all the wood needs of the State if the forest land is put to work and kept at work producing wood. At present most of the forest land of the State is poorly stocked with inferior trees. It is loafing on the job. To permit this land to re- main idle is an economic crime. The forest area of the State, excluding farm woodlots and State Forests, contain only 3.5 cords of wood per acre. If handled properly this land can produce an average of one cord per acre per year, which means that an acre of forest land will yield 35 cords of wood in 35 years. At this conservative rate of ^owth, Pennsylvania's forest land will yield each year a total output greater than that of the big lumber cut in 1000 when more than 2,230,000,000 board feet of lumber were cut in Pennsylvania. The 13,024,399 acres of forest land, represent- ing 45 per cent, of the total land area of the State, is classified as follows: Area (acres) State Forests 1 13^ 277 Farm Woodlots 4 043 902 Outside of Farm Woodlots and State Forests 7,849,220 Total 13,024,399 Public ownership of forest land has become a fixed public policy. The Federal Government now owns 156,600,000 acres of forest land, and 20 different States own a total of 8,700,000 acres. European experience extending over more than two centuries, the experience of the United States Government since 1891, and that of 20 different States covering more than one-quarter of a cen- tury, have demonstrated the Avisdom of public ownership of forest land. Publicly owned for- ests are managed to bring the greatest measure of good to the greatest number of people. Privately owned forests are handled for private gain or benefit. The future needs the protection afforded and the benefits given by State owned forests. The greatest asset that a State has is the health and welfare of her people. Carefully managed forests are a big factor in promoting health Tnd insuring prosperity. The best way to insure pub- lic playgrounds, hunting and fishing grounds, and health centers for our people and to protect our water supplies is to maintain large areas of State-owned forest land in all parts of the State. State Forests are a sound investment. The 1,131,277 acres of forest land now owned by the State were purchased at an average cost of $2.26 per acre. A conservative estimate shows that the average value of this land is now $11.80 per acre, a total net gain of $5,184,000 over the pur- chase price and all other expenditures for ad- ministration, development, and improvement. The first returns from the State Forests were received in 1900 when $1,277.87 were received from the sale of forest products. The annual in- come from them has been increasing rapidly In 1923 it was $113,094.17. The total income from the State Forests has been $477,936.75, of which $292,696.75 have been placed in the State School Fund. The returns from the State-owned forest land can be made a big factor in meetino' the 188 FOREST LEAVES carrying charges incident to the proposed forest bond issue. The forest situation of Pennsylvania is so seri- ous that forest restoration must be undertaken immediately and in a constructive way. To at- tempt to do this big job by direct appropriation of the State Legislature from current revenues would be playing with the problem. State records show that during the 25 years the State has been buying forest land, the appropriations for this purpose totaled $2,559,237.73, made up of bien- nial appropriations that ranged all the way from zero to $500,000, an average of about $110,000 per year. No sound plan of forest land acquisi- tion can be worked out by depending upon the uncertain and widely variable appropriations of successive legislatures. To attempt to buy the land by this method would not onlv be too un- certain, but too slow to meet the Vorest situa- tion of the State. The sale of bonds is a common method of financing projects which benefit future gener- ations. There is no more favorable project for the issuance of bonds than the purchase of for- est land, for the benefits of forest restoration will come to the generations that will harvest the tree crops now being established and de- veloped. If wood is to be used it must be grown and ,t takes a long time to grow a good crop ot forest trees. The tax payer of today cannot be expected to assume all the obligations of forest restoration. Ihe tax payer of tomorrow will reap most of the benefits. The issuance of forest bonds will dis- tribute tlie cost on an equitable basis to all those who will benefit by the investment. This does not mean that succeeding generations will be burdened by the bond issue, for the value of the tree crop will more than equal the bonded in- debtedness. Instead of passing a burden to the luture, the present generation will bequeath a revenue producing heritage. If the State-all the people together-will purchase additional orest land with a bond issue of $25,000 000 ess than $3.00 per capita, a big forward ^tep will be taken to redeem the devastated forest areas of the State, insure prosperity to the in- dustries of the State, and promote the welfare of our people. If the future citizens of the State could speak to us, they would say: -We can have forests only if you provide them. Purchase he Idle forest land now and put it to work. Make the investment for us.'' FOREST LEAVES THE TROUT FISHERMAN'S WILD FLOWERS By Charles Lose 189 The oldest living thing in the world is a tree. MOST of the anglers with whom I am well acquainted have long since forgotten their book knowledge of botany. Few of them ever take the time when in the woods to try to analyze or chissify a new flower. They have little interest in genus and species, in pistils and stamens, in the number of petals displayed by a flower and the arrangement of leaves on Its stem. Yet you may be sure that your exper- ienced angler generally has an intimate as well as a sympathetic knowledge of a good many wild flowers. He is almost always a close observer not only of the water but of all of his surround- ings, and in his wanderings along the streams and through the mountains he has in time come to know and to care for certain wild flowers that are closely associated with his fishing trips A particular wild flower may be for the angler con- nected with the opening of the fishing season or with its close, with warm pleasant weather or with cold raw days, with much rain and hi^"}, water or with drought and low streams. Som^e- times a flower has endeared itself to him because It blooms in profusion during those happy davs when the fishing is at its best. Its appearance is an omen of good sport just as another well known flower may be a reminder of unsuccess- lul davs. Occasionally friendly terms have been reached with a flower because it blooms on the bank or the mountainside near a favorite pool or riflle His knowledge of a flower may come after many years and in some unusual place or circumstance Once m a great while the angler may bring home for the house ^s adornment, in what would be otherwise an empty creel, a mass of attractive wi d flowers, and sometimes may bring roots and bulbs along and try to reproduce them in his back yard, but always they are a disappointment for they belong under the trees, beside the rocks, and along the streams. My own particular wild lowers are so much a part of all outdoor life that I am depressed when any of them are seen out of their natural environment. The shad bush, or June berry, blooms in earlv April and ripens its fruit in June. Its soft white banner of blossoms has always been a signal for the shad fisherman to get out his seine. It is also a notice to the trout fisherman that winter is past and the trout will soon be rising to cap- ture his dancing flies. It is a bush, or small tree, that loves the water and in June this same angler for trout may stand knee deep in the mountain stream, with his rod in the crook of his arm, and rake great handfuls of ripe red June berries from laden branches that almost touch the water. It is "likely that he has been made aware of the presence of the shad bush by the wiry notes of a small flock of cedar bii'ds, or wax wings, that have been gorging themselves on the luscious fruit. It falls to the lot of few trees, or shrubs, or plants to be of such service to the fisherman as the shad bush is with its white blossoms and its dark red fruit. Late in April or early in May the trout fisher- man on the way to the stream is likely to see close beside the road or path another bush whose white blossoms he has learned to know. It is the hobble bush, appropriately named, the fisher- man thinks, when he has tripped over its droop- ing branches that have taken a second root in the soil. Its flowers grow in flat clusters with the more perfect blossoms in the outer margin. Whether or not these clusters of brilliant white blossoms have any fragrance is always an open question with the angler. At one time he thinks a slight delicate oflor is detected, and the next time the flowers appear to have none. The fact that they are sought by the lordly Turnus, the big yellow and black butterfly, may be taken as some proof that they have fragrance. r was one day flshing with a companion in a long slow riflle where some large trout were feed- ing. Several of them were caught when sud- denly with one exception they stopped rising. This exception was a very good fish which I finally succeeded in hooking. Just as I was landing it, after a long, hard fight, my compan- ion came down the bank and thrust into my face several clusters of flowers from the hobble bush and with an air of triumph asked, ''Don't they have a fragrance T' Since that day the hobble, or wayfarer's bush, has always been associated 111 my mind with the doubtful landing of a big trout. For some reason the mention of marsh mari- golds always calls up in my mind the picture of a narrow mountain valley through which runs a trout stream. It is a raw day near the end of April. There is a giay sky and* the mountains look dark and cold. The earth is soaked and brown and the stream is full. From the pools along the road there comes much shrill pi|>- ing of little frogs and yellow bellied lizards. With me there is a boy with an old tin can who IS trying to catch some of these for his aquarium at home. Between the road and the long pool which I have been fishing for most of the after- noon, with little success, there is a low piece of ground surrounded by big birch trees, hemlocks and tall bushes. Finally my fishing is aban- doned and we push through the border which en- closes the low place. Immediately there is a change of scene that raises our spirits, for in- side the rim of trees and bushes there is a swamp completely filled with marsh marigold plants, and many of these are in full bloom. Against the light green leaves the yellow bunches of flowers shine like gold. So close to one another do the plants grow that the water is completely covered. It is a beautiful big green carpet with a pattern of gold and yellow. The flowers are so bright that we wonder how they are able to get their rich color in such a dark place, on such a gray day. While the boy gathers a bunch of flowers for his mother's blue vase I dig up a clump, still in bud, to take home in my empty basket. At home in a deep dish the buds grow and expand into the beautiful golden cups we know so well. Would that the little swamp and its tall border could have been brought along with them. If the anglers of trout streams were required to make a choice of some particular flower as their emblem, it is highly probable that they would elect one of the trilliums. The trilliums belong so completely to the wild places, they qome so close to the stream, they bloom through- out so much of the best part of the trout fishfug season, and they are so striking and attractive that the youngest and dullest fisherman is forced to take notice- of them. For a number of years my first trip of the season was on a wild moun- tain trout stream along whose bank ran an old road trodden only by the feet of fishermen and wild animals. AVhere I usually left the road above the stream to clamber down the hillside to my first pool I always stopped to look for the purple trilliums. I was seldom disappointed even though it was in the middle of April. The bank sloped to the south and on its warm sunny face the plants flourished and put forth three dark red or purple petals so early in the season that wake-robin seemed a fitting name for them. Two weeks later I would find the beautiful, delicate, painted trillium on a low bank a few rods farther down the stream. But before I could find the white star with its pink lined center some search must be made among the underbrush and beneath the low hemlocks. Usually the hunt was rewardefl and for the rest of the day I wore 190 FOREST LEAVES in my buttonhole, for good luck, a painted tril- lium. For a good many years, however, the great white trillium had eluded me. Then, one day in May, hshing a piece of water some fifty miles north of my accustome