Title: Forest leaves, v. 29

Place of Publication: Philadelphia

Copyright Date: 1939

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg064.7

FO REST LEAVES

DEPT. OF FORESTRY

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THE PEMNSYLWUHIA FORESTRY ftSSOCIATION

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CONTENTS

A January Road in the Cook Forest

Photo from Department of Forests and Waters

What Should be Taueht as Conservation -

Cover

1

John F. Lewis

What Pennsylvania Forestry Needs

3

George H. Wirt

Editorial

Let's Look at the Game Commission -

Merritt J. Harding

G. Albert Stewart to Head State Department -

The Perennial Challenge . - - - -

H. H. Chapman

Hurricane Damage to Connecticut Forests -

Heat Injury to Trees

C. Luther Schniir

Planted Norway Spruce in Berks County

Too Good to be True

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14

16

E, F. Brouse

THE PENNSYLVANIA FDRESTUY ASSOCIAIION

Founded in June, 18H6

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest cidture
and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws,
both State and National.

Annual Membership Fee^ Three Dollars

One Dollar of which is for subscription to Forkst I.kavks
Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the
State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the
Chairman of the Membership Committee, 306 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia.

President H. Gleason Mattoon

Honorary President— S\mvel L. Smedley Honorary Vice-President — Houert S. Conklin

Vice-Presidents
W. B. McCaleb Dr. E. E. Wildman Edwaru C. M. Kichards

Francis R. Cope, Jr. Edward Woolman

Secretary— W. B. McCaleb Treasurer— R, A. Wu:(;nT. C. P. A.

FOREST LEAVES

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Entered as second-class matter at the Post-Office at Wayne, Pa.. October 22. 1935. under the Act of March 3. 1879

Subscription $1.00 per Year

Vol. XXIX— No. 1

Wayne, Pa., January, 1939

Whole Number 292

What Should Be Taught As Conservation?

JOHN F. LEWIS

Senior Instructor in Biology, Connellsville H. S.

CONSERVATION education today is like a
Joseph's coat of many colors. Its shades
are ill-defined, its cut nondescript, and its fit
somewhat procrustean — for it can be stretched to
fit almost any shape of conservation practice or
belief. If the simile were to be carried further,
one might say that its pattern is greatly in need
of standardization. Just what that standard
ought to be is very much an open question.

That there is a need to educate for the conser-
vation of our natural resources is glaringly ap-
parent. Widespread devastation of land areas
once productive of worthwhile materials and its
resultant economic instability, shrinking fron-
tiers and with them the passing of the old con-
cept of free land, the realization that natural re-
sources are not inexhaustible— all these point to
but one thing, namely: that a change in land-
use and living habits must be made if human
life is to exist upon a satisfactory basis. The
present depression has done more to bring home
this fact than any one event that has ever oc-
curred in the history of this country. In the
minds of thinking men, the idea is growing that
something must be done to bring about a stabili-
zation of economy in a land which is fast learn-
ing its socio-economic limits. Many agencies are
at work on this problem. Whether or not the
school will be an important contributor to its
solution remains to be seen. The efficacy oi its
contribution will depend upon two factors. They
are: (1) the philosophy of conservation the
school teaches, and (2) who teaches it.

Conservation education developed outside the
school. Its principal lines of growth have been
mainly economic and recreational. From for-
estry's live oak agitation of the early wooden
ship days, through the "denudatic" frenzy of the
80's and 90's, to agriculture's emphasis upon the
preservation of birds as a means of controlling

insect pests, the economic angle of the problem
has been presented to the public by able cham-
pions. Among those interested in recreation, the
championing of conservation causes has pro-
duced a host of active and politically powerful
organizations. These organizations have been
responsible for much of today's conservation leg-
islation—but their propaganda has been of a re-
striction on use and a protectionist nature. Em-
phases upon restriction of use and protection
from predators are but preliminary steps in a
conservation scheme which has land-use plan-
ning as its end.

Pressure groups of an economic and recrea-
tional nature have done much toward interesting
the school population in conservation problems.
Not all of their propaganda has been good.
Backed by selfish interests, some of it has very
definitely conflicted with the best in conservation
thought. Fortunately, the worst offenders among
these groups are now feeling the force of organ-
ized public opinion and are changing their tac-
tics. The best of the pressure groups have ar-
rived at the point where they are agitating for
the inclusion of some sort of conservation educa-
tion in the curricula of the public schools. A
number of states have already made conservation
education mandatory by law, and others will fol-
low.i This sort of thing is not new to schoolmen.
Schools have of old been bombarded with re-
quests for putting in this course and that— re-
quests often backed by considerable political
pressure. Where new courses have been intro-
duced, the already crowded curricula must stag-
ger along under the weight of courses that some
schools are not adequately prepared to teach.

1 Florida, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin At least
twelve other states are developing co^ff'-^^V^ r^o^sia
t^n programs. Among the best of these is Georg a
whose program compares favorably with that of Wis
consin.

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Too often schoolmen have been accused of
standing pat. The lag between their instruction-
al materials and practices and their adoption of
what society currently considers worth teachmg
is often very great. In passing judgment upon
them, one should remember that they represent a
conservative agency which absorbs slowly those
things society has found of worth. The school
must maintain this slow rate of absorption for
society's own good. "Isms" of numerous sorts
have pounded for admittance at school doors too
often for schoolmen not to recognize them for
their true worth. In the long run, the good is
incorporated, the bad kept out.

Within recent years, there has been a certain
amount of conservation teaching in the schools.
Instructors with outdoor hobbies have always
found time to introduce some conservation teach-
ing into their class rooms, or to their pupils
through the activities of extra-curricular clubs.
Textbook writers have scattered some mention of
it throughout texts in general science, in biology,
in botany, in zoology, in geography, and in the
social sciences. That the need for a more spe-
cialized course has not been recognized is evinced
by the incidental nature of the included mate-
rial. Although this is true, teachers have not
been handicapped by a lack of subject matter.
The splendid bulletins of the Federal govern-
ment's conservation agencies culminating in the
epoch-making 1938 Yearbook of Agriculture:
"SOILS AND MEN," those of State departments
interested in local problems of a conservation
nature, the publications of nongovernmental or-
ganizations concerned with certain phases of
conservation activities — all these have offered a
wealth of data for teachers to organize for effec-
tive conservation instruction. Unfortunately, too
few teachers have been trained to do it.

Bulletins dealing with studies of conservation
education in the public schools reveal that con-
fusion exists in understanding what constitutes
Nature study and what conservation.^ Although
it is true that a great amount of conservation can
be taught as Nature study, it does not follow
that all Nature Study is conservation — except in
its very broadest sense. Despite the present wide-
spread interest in conservation activities, no
schools reported have made any attempt to ana-
lyze the subject and correlate the work of its

2. CONSERVATION IN THE EDUCATION PRO-
GRAM, Bristow and Cook, Bulletin 1937, No. 4, Office
of Education, United States Department of the Inte-
rior; QUARTERLY BULLETIN, October 1938, Vol. 1,
No. 3, American Nature Association; and TEACHING
CONSERVATION IN WISCONSIN SCHOOLS, Curric-
ulum Bulletins, Vol. 1, No. 1, May 1937, Department of
Public Instruction.

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various fields into a series of ideas fundamental
to them all. Until this is done, the discussion of
topics pertinent to forestry, wildlife management,
soil erosion control, park administration, and the
like, will predominate to the exclusion of a
course of study in which the great social con-
cepts of land-use planning will be taught.

At the present time, the conservation scene is
going through a cycle wherein the predominant
influences aff'ecting it arise from the desires of
the sportsmen and other recreational pressure
groups. An earlier generation was aroused over
the prospects of a timber famine and the result-
ant Arbor Day activities retarded the develop-
ment and spread of real forestry practices for
years. The present threat of a continent-span-
ning movement of soil erosion is focussing at-
tention upon soil conservation. The next move,
and one growing out of the economic aspects of
the soil erosion problem, will be a drive to con-
serve all land values upon a watershed drain-
age basin basis. When this move comes, corre-
lation of conservation eff'orts come too — and
vociferous minorities will have to learn their
place in the land-use scheme. As yet, but few
teachers have caught the significance of this de-
velopment or are trying to teach it.

Conservation education is a thing basic to all
plans for social betterment. Programs of social
science education touch the matter of conserva-
tion lightly or not at all — when, in reality, sound
land-use planning would eliminate some of its
problems and go far toward alleviating others.
Educators, as well as laymen, have been among
those who mistake a few trees for the woods. As
long as educational emphasis is placed upon
physical activity rather than upon thought proc-
esses, upon facts as such rather than upon funda-
mental understandings to which facts contribute,
just that long will a real approach to conserva-
tion education be delayed.

Conservation instruction must be aimed at the
individual. Without his understanding of its
principles and what constitute conservation prac-
tices of lasting benefit, worthwhile mass action is
impossible. A nation-wide fallacy of the inex-
haustibility of natural resources, wobbly as it is
from the blows dealt it by the present depression,
must be combatted and a philosophy of wise
land-use be substituted in its stead. On all sides,
the narrowing frontiers of individual freedom
are seriously conflicting with the broadening
ones of the greater social good. The old concept
of the Englishman's castle with the world shut

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FOKKST LkAVKS

What Pennsylvania Forestry Needs

By GEORGE H. WIRT
Chief Forest Fire Warden, Pennsylvania

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THE background of forestry developments in
Pennsylvania is deep-rooted, substantial and
capable of a continuous and effective program.
Forestry, inherently, is a long time proposition,
therefore, a long time program is the only kind
of program consistent with the most important
fundamental idea of the subject.

It may be interesting for the sake of the pres-
ent discussion to review some of the background
and to observe, if possible, where we are with
respect to a forestry program.

The first chapter of forest history for the ter-
ritory within the confines of the present state
boundaries was, of course, the period of wilder-
ness development. This period ended with the
coming of the first settlers and covers an un-
known number of years. During this period
there was a natural accumulation of forest re-
sources which came to be known as Pennsylva-
nia, or Penn's Woods.

The second chapter covered the attack upon
the primeval forest. This period extended ap-
proximately from 1700 to 1900 or about 200
years. During that time the forests were cleared
away for towns, farms and the development of
industries. Truly it may be said that during
those two hundred years the wealth of a titan
empire was hewed from Penn's Woods. Coin-
cident with the gradual recession of forested
areas and the utilization of their material prod-
ucts, there also developed a conglomerate popu-
lation actuated by religion, devotion to liberty,
hunger for education, a disposition to industry,
the practice of hospitality and a love for the
finer things of life.

In and through all of these splendid out-
growths of Penn's experiment there were perfect-
ly natural human reactions to the abundance of
material things. Two centuries of destruction
and waste resulted in a common attitude of in-
difference to the forest as an essential factor
either in past or future welfare. The immediate
products of the forests were not considered of
value for more forest areas were to the westward.
The supply of wood was inexhaustible. The in-
direct values of forests were not known or were
forgotten about. Most people were too busy at
work, pleasure and refinement to put cause and
effect together.

January, 1939

On the other hand, in Europe the people, out
of whose homes our citizens had come and con-
tinued to come, had developed, before the period
of forest destruction in Pennsylvania, a science
of forest care which came to be known as for-
estry. Long before the year 1800, the value of
forests in the minds of Europeans was expressed
in a statement which had already become a slo-
gan. It was "The care of the forests brings all
blessings." Three hundred years of effort to
bring back what they had lost, to overcome the
difficulties which they had encountered in conse-
quence of forest removal, and to maintain a fun-
damental natural resource resulted in a perma-
nent general recognition of forest values. This
science of forestry recognized the forest as a
composite natural resource capable of being re-
produced, protected, managed, and used and of
fitting into the economic life of a people in many
beneficial ways. The practice of forestry proved
the scientists to be correct.

The third chapter of Pennsylvania forest his-
tory is that of nature's efforts to maintain the
denuded forest areas and to rebuild forests. The
beginning of this period occurred at different
times at different places but for convenience may
be made to coincide with the approximate close
of the period of primeval forest. We are still
writing the record of this chapter and it is with a
predominant spirit of optimism.

Contrasting the periods of forest history with
the periods of varying public attitudes towards
the forest resources of Pennsylvania it is very
evident that the chronology is not the same.
Roughly, we may take 1875 as about the time
when there was a faint beginning of public rec-
ognition of the fact that forests were receding
with attendant disastrous results and that there
was a distinct and definite need to maintain and
renew the forest resources. The cry in the wil-
derness in behalf of the forests continued with
increasing spread and intensity until about the
close of the period of forest removal. At about
the time the last primeval forest was being lum-
bered and burned the Commonwealth established
a Department of Forestry and made forestry a
definite part of State Government.

During this time the pioneers in forestry had
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FOREST LEAVES

Published quarterly by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE
E. F. Broitse, Chairman
Samuel N. Baxter Dr. Rodney H. True

Charles B. Cadwalader Philip A. Livingston

The publication of an article in Forest Leaves does
not necessarily imply that the views expressed therein
are those of The Pennsylvania Forestry Association.
Address all correspondence to Wayne, Penna., or to
the Editor, 306 Commercial Trust Building, Philadel-
phia, Pa. Kindly notify us of any change in address.

JANUARY, 1939

A Paid Secretary

A definite step toward making The Pennsylva-
nia Forestry Association a more effective force
throughout the State was taken at a meeting of
the Executive Board held on January 4, 1939,
when a motion to employ a full-time executive
secretary was unanimously approved. That there
is need for someone to give his full time to the
activities and aims of the Association can not be
gainsaid. A year ago at the Annual Meeting a
Five- Year Forestry Program for Pennsylvania
was adopted. Even to have part of this program
incorporated in the laws of the State will require
much work. The program must have publicity;
its advantages and value must be brought to the
attention of the public and its representatives in
the Legislature; bills must be drafted and assist-
ed through the legislative mill. If this person
has additional time on his hands, he should de-
vote it to instilling in the minds of the people
that there is urgent need for an active and alert
state-wide organization, which is wholeheartedly
interested in forestry and its offsprings, recrea-
tion, game management, parks and streamflow
control.

Fifty-three years ago when The Pennsylvania
Forestry Association was born its purpose at-
tracted many persons who recognized that with-
out conserving our forest resources we would be
a bankrupt state. Through the fervor and per-
sonality of its father, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock, in
a few years it had drawn together three thousand
members to fight for conservation and their zeal

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brought results. A forestry commission was es-
tablished. The state forest purchase laws were
passed. The Mont Alto Forest School came into
being. A forest fire protection organization was
set up. And Pennsylvania was pointed out as a
leader in conservation and an example to others.
May we pause to give due recognition to the ear-
nestness and effort of all those who were respon-
sible for these accomplishments.

Then, as so frequently happens, the Associa-
tion rested on its oars. The race was not won
but that the momentum of supreme effort would
carry it over the goal was the unconscious belief.
But the goal is still far out of sight. The Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association has not drifted
from its course but it has made only spasmodic
progress during recent years. Volunteer effort
alone could not keep up the pace that had been
set.

With a paid secretary there is no reason why
The Pennsylvania Forestry Association should
not regain the place and prestige it held for so
many years. As a state-wide organization it is
the logical clearing house for the conservation
activities of local women's clubs, garden clubs,
civic associations and other organizations. In its
own right it should be recognized as the most
important and influential conservation organiza-
tion in the State. Whether this place is regained
will depend largely upon the effort and wisdom
of the executive secretary and upon the backing
given him by the Executive Board and members
of the Association.

New Office for Association

Effective February 1, the office of the Associa-
tion will be located in room 1733, Commercial
Trust Building. The new office is in a modern
part of the building which has been the home of
the Association for many years, and is larger and
lighter. Members are invited to inspect the new
quarters after the first of the month.

Farmers Plant Most Trees

American farmers have planted a larger area
to forests than any other group, according to the
Forest Service of the United States Department
of Agriculture. A cumulative tree planting rec-
ord has been maintained since the passage of the
Clarke-McNary law in 1924. About 70 per cent
of all planting has been successful.

An area nearly twice as large as Delaware or
3,680 square miles has been successfully planted
to trees by all agencies. Of this amount farmers
j)lanted 1,290 square miles.

FoRKST Lkavks

Lef s Look at the Pennsylvania State

Game Commission

By MERRITT J. HARDING

Field Assistant, Allegheny Forest Experiment Station

THE 1938 hunting season in Pennsylvania,
which was climaxed by a six-day state-wide
season on antlerless deer, brought forth a consid-
erable volume of criticism of Pennsylvania
sportsmen in general and the Game- Commission
in particular.

Most of the criticism was based on sentiment
and was a result of the prominence given by the
newspapers to the worst features of the season.
Fuel was added to the fire by those so-called
Columnists whose articles apparently were influ-
enced by sentiment or lack of knowledge of the
facts, or perhaps by both. They condemned the
sportsmen and the Game Commission for kilhng
the doe, which many seem to regard as some
sort of a "Sacred Cow." Yet they draw no dis-
tinction between the male and female of any
other type of game such as bear, rabbit, squirrel
or grouse. They condemned the Game Commis-
sion and the sportsmen for the number of crip-
ples left in the woods to starve. No true sports-
man, and very few of the hunters, will knowingly
leave a cripple to starve. The Game Commission
has formulated rulings designed to reduce that
factor to a minimum.

If the Department of Revenue, with its system
of examination and licensing motor vehicle oper-
ators, together with the Motor Patrol, can not
keep all the fools off of the road, should the
Game Commission be condemned because a few
of those same fools stray into the woods with a
gun? Is it not more humane to have a few crip-
ples left to starve than to have deer by the thou^-
sands starve, due to an inadequate food supply .
The U. S. Forest Service states that for maximum
efficiency in game and forest production eat-h
deer should have 66 acres of average woodland.
Aldo Leopold estimates 60 acres, the Pennsylva-
nia Game Commission found that in many sec-
tions of the state 26 acres would support a deer
and keep it in good condition. Yet it was found
on a study of a typical mountain range area ot
1035 acres, that during the winter season when
food supply was at its lowest, the movement or
range of the deer herd on the area was restricted
to an area not exceeding 110 acres, giving a

January, 1939

density of population for that small area of one
deer to every one and one-half acres — at the sea-
son when the food supply was at low ebb, when
food requirements were at their highest and when
the doe were getting heavy with fawn. Yet these
thoughtless critics would have you believe that
Pennsylvania's 13 million acres of forest will
support all the deer that can be crowded into it,
and that without affecting the other types of
game animals and birds.

The deer problem in Pennsylvania is no longer
a problem for the Game Commission alone. It
is of decided importance to the forester, the
farmer, the traveler on the highways, and the
general public as well. It is of importance to
the forester for in many sections deer are con-
suming the vegetative reproduction as rapidly as
it appears. Frontz and Clepper recognized this
problem as far back as 1931. It is of importance
to the farmer for he has had to combat crop de-
struction by deer for a number of years. Over
3,000 deer were killed by farmers during the
past year in an effort to protect their crops. It is
of importance to the traveler on the highways for
deer are present in every county in the state.
Over 2,500 deer were killed on Pennsylvania
highways by automobiles and busses during
1938. The number of auto accidents in which
deer were involved has steadily increased during
the past two years. It is of importance to the

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G. Albert Stewart to

Head State Department

G. Albert Stewart, Clearfield publisher, who
has been selected by Governor James for Secre-
tary of the Department of Forests and Waters,
was born in Clearfield County 48 years ago. He
left school in his early teens, working for a short
time in a brickyard and later taking a business
course at Lancaster.

For 31 years he has been managing editor or
principal owner of the Clearfield Progress. He
is a Mason, Presbyterian, and a member of the
Odd Fellows, Red Men, and Elks. He has been
a member of the Executive Committee of the

Pennsylvania Newspaper Publishers' Association,
President of the Clearfield Chamber of Com-
merce, and of the Clearfield Rotary Club. He
has been a member of the township school board,
the General Assembly, the Republican State Com-
mittee, and of the tax committee of the Pennsyl-
vania Chamber of Commerce.

Mr. Stewart has been interested in forestry
matters for many years and took an active part
in arranging for Summer Meeting of The Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association at Clearfield, 1933.

Six

Pa. Forestry Association
Planning Annual Meeting

The annual meeting of the Pennsylvania For-
estry Association will be held in Philadelphia
during the latter part of the winter. A commit-
tee on arrangements is now engaged in selecting
the place and program, details of which will be
sent to members in a special notice.

Members of the Council are urged to make a
special effort to be present, for at this meeting
the enlarged program for the Association will be
taken up in detail. Important topics will include
methods by which the Association may speed up
the ambitious program begun last year; the func-
tion of the new Executive Secretary and methods
by which the members may cooperate in his
work, and a discussion of legislative matters.
Speakers have not as yet been announced.

Pamphlet to Be Mailed

Arrangements have been made with Senator
Joseph F. Guffey whereby each member of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association will shortly
receive a copy of "Little Waters," a combined
study of several Government commissions deal-
ing with upstream engineering and stream flow
control.

Mattoon Elected by A. F. A.

The American Forestry Association has elected
H. Gleason Mattoon, president of the Pennsylva-
nia Forestry Association, to xhe position of vice-
president of the national organization, it was an-
nounced early this month.

H. C. Ulmer, executive secretary of the York
County Conservation Society, has been appointed
representative of the Association on the Council
of the Federation for the Merit System.

Director Victor Beede of the Penn State Forest
School reports that the new building is nearly
completed. The interior now is being painted
and the landscaping is well under way. It is ex-
pected that dedicatory exercises will be held in
early Spring.

Forest Leaves

The Perennial Challenge

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H. H. CHAPMAN

THE proposal repeatedly made in connection
with the government reorganization bill, again
to be presented to the U. S. Congress, that the
Forest Service be transferred to the Department
of the Interior, and the methods used by Secre-
tary Ickes of that department to further this pro-
posal, constitute a definite challenge to the work-
ings of the democratic system of federal adrnm-
istration in the United States.

For reasons quite compelling, as regards the
future expansion of the Department of Interior,
the Secretary of this department desires the an-
nexation of the 175,000,000 acres of publicly
owned lands constituting our whole national for-
est system, which has been erected since 1897
in the Department of Agriculture. How can such
a transfer be most effectively obtained?

This Forest Service, basing its platform on
conservation of natural renewable resources
through wise economic use, had been the pioneer
and spearhead in the entire conservation move-
ment. Out of its successful management of the
national forests grew the interest in the conserva-
tion of minerals, of water power, of forage, of
wildlife, and of the soil itself. From the rugged
woodsmen of the West and from a host of young
men trained in professional schools of forestry
a service was built up that was free from politi-
cal influences and dominated only by the spirit
of efficiency and public welfare. The confidence
of the public, both local and national, had been
won and the reputation of the organization es-
tablished on the solid rock of this approval.

The assault on such a citadel required strategy
of a high order and long continued effort. The
first' step must be to find some foothold for re-
gaining the public confidence which had been
so sadly undermined by the wasteful policies
pursued by the Department of the Interior in dis-
posing of public land to all comers as rapidly
as possible. Here fortune played directly into
its hands. The national parks, few, scattered
and under a loosely organized administration,
had been left in that Department! Interest in
these national parks rapidly increased with ^h^
advent of the automobile. A National Park
Service was organized, and began its campaign
to enlarge the area of these parks and to add new
parks. In practically every instance this in-
volved, not the "saving" of public land from
|)rivale exploitation, but the transfer of jurisdic-

January, 1939

tion over land which had already been "saved"
years before by being incorporated within some
national forest.

This situation constituted the first line of at-
tack on the solidarity of the national forests and
their administrative service. For the original
conception of conservation as the renewal of
perishable organic resources through wise and
constructive use, was substituted the shibboleth
of preservation through prohibition of all eco-
nomic use whatever. Saving the forests no long-
er meant forestry, but instead, it sought the pres-
ervation of the primitive.

Actually, the general public, and especially
the preponderating urban element, had never
fully grasped the meaning of forestry practice,
but were under the general impression that
through "forestry" the forests would be "pre-
served." That was what they wanted. Preser-
vation by means of scientific cutting or harvest-
ing of mature crops of trees, and their replace-
ment with thrifty young growth by which the for-
est is kept vigorous for future generations, was
comprehended only by a small minority of well-
informed persons. Preservation of the pristine
beauty of untouched forests primeval, on the
other hand, aroused enthusiasm which was in-
stinctive and emotional and did not require
thought or study into economic questions such
as that of dependence on these natural resources
for the means of existence.

Following this strategy successive Secretaries
of the Interior, aided by chiefs of the National
Park Service, began to emphasize and lay stress
on the national parks, to exploit the "resistance"
of the Forest Service to unlimited transfers of
national forest land for this strictly uneconomic
though popular and necessary purpose, and to
adopt the slogan "conservation" in its new aspect
of preservation or restoration of the primitive,
wilderness, and park features.

The way to succeed in one's objective by dic-
tatorial methods does not consist in ignoring the
public, but in telling it what to believe, and m
reiterating such statements as will create the
proper emotional response, paying no attention
whatever to the facts.

Perusal of the reports of successive Secreta-
ries of the Interior for the past twenty years
gives instances of the use, in pursuit of the ob-
jective of recapture of the national forests and

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their administration, of methods strikingly re-
sembling such a program. These methods have
been as follows:

1. While emphasizing the need of "conserva-
tion" years after its establishment elsewhere, and
in direct contradiction of the record of their own
department, no mention whatever was made of
the methods or achievements of the Department
of Agricuhure, or of the Forest Service.

2. When seeking the transfer piecemeal of
national forest areas under the guise of new na-
tional parks, opposition on sound economic
grounds was blanketed by cries of bureaucratic
hostility to make it appear as merely an inter-
urban fight.

3. When the proper moment came, this situa-
tion was capitalized by demanding the transfer
and assembling of all "conservation" activities
in one department, that of "Conservation" as ad-
vertised, in order to put an end to this fight.

4. When the work of the Forest Service could
no longer be ignored, statements were circulated
by friends of the movement that foresters don't
know how to "conserve" timber and always play
into the hands of the lumbermen, so should be
deprived of jurisdiction or else tree cutting will
complete the destruction of the last few remnants
of our once noble forests. That the campaign of
propaganda has entered this, its last phase, is
strikingly shown by a quotation published in
American Forests for October and originally
appearing in the Seattle Post Intelligencer, fol-
lowing Secretary Ickes' inspection of certain se-
lective logging operations in the Pacific North-
west. "Leaders of the national administration
are confidently predicting that a government re-
organization bill, similar to that defeated by the
last Congress, will be approved by the next Con-
gress. If this is accomplished, it is a foregone
conclusion that Secretary Ickes will be given full
jurisdiction also over all national forest lands,
now managed by the Department of Agriculture.
The Secretary will then be in a position to en«
force selective logging in national forest lands,
and to plan a program looking toward the es«
tablishment of similar methods in private oper-
ations."

In this case we have (1) the usual dogmatic
assertion that the transfer is a foregone conclu-
sion; (2) laudation of the anticipated effect of
such transfer, in saving the forests from the
present practices of lumbering; and (3) com-
plete ignoring of the facts in the case, which, as
every informed citizen of this region knows, are

Eight

that selective logging was the direct product of
painstaking investigations by the personnel of
the Forest Service, the results of which are em-
bodied in such publications as "Selective Timber
Management in the Douglas Fir Region," by
Kirkland and Brandstrom of the Forest Service,
published in 1936 as the culmination of years of
study, and that the operations of such companies
as have adopted these conclusions in their prac-
tice are wholly due to this pioneer, constructive
work o7 the very agency which now is to be com-
pelled to practice such methods, provided the
matter is placed in the hands of Secretary Ickes.
There is no denying the fact that such meth-
ods of propaganda may succeed as they have
elsewhere. Democratic administration is based,
however, not on emotion, but on the ability to
arrive at truth through exposition of facts. If
there are basic reasons for this transfer they
have been badly obscured by the methods cited
in advocating it.

To what extent can the public place faith in
an individual, as Secretary, who openly ignores
pertinent facts bearing on questions requiring
the exercise of a high degree of collective techni-
cal ability?

How many varieties of "direct orders" can be
expected from an autocratic director whose word
is law and who may assume a knowledge he does
not possess? Shall hobby riding be substituted
for experience and sound policies in the manage-
ment of the national forests? And is there any-
thing to prevent the enforcement of "superior"
judgment in these technical matters, through the
removal of heads and the proper subjugation of
any individual who might undertake to discuss
technical procedure on the basis of facts and
experience?

The national forests are intended to serve not
merely the recreational wants of the people, but
as far as possible their physical needs as well.
Otherwise, the withdrawal of vast areas from all
economic uses except recreation, would go far
towards making these regions uninhabitable. Be-
fore succumbing to this strategy of annexation
the public as a whole, and its representatives in
Congress, would do well to consider whether it
is wise to abandon a sound and proved policy
and administration of these resources in favor
of proposals which, if carried out logically,
would reduce great areas in the West to a wil-
derness, and which, if not so intended, have no
merit as a substitute for existing established and
successful administration.

Forest Leaves

Hurricane Damage to Connecticut Forests

rpHE hurricane of September 21 last was the ^'^^^^Z^^^^^^^Jt'^"^^^^^^ feet

->- ma or disaster in Connecticut s history of over '^«" T\, i ^nn nnn nnn "

300 years according to Connecticut Woodlands, Massachusetts ^^^'"ZZ^ " "

the official publication of the Connecticut Forest Vermont S^'Z " "

and Park Association. The hurricane destroyed Maine . iJ^lTu W nt le«.f

in an hour the finest timber growth of a hundred The effects of the storm will be fel for at least

years in the southern and eastern parts of the one generation, possibly two since the most se^

State, and did terrific damage in all but the vere damage was done in stands over 30 years o

' ' , „ ,, ■ ,L,.„ rPB-irm^i An estimated age. These stands are the ones which m the next
younger stands in ttiose regions, nn esumaicu »& • j j ,u„ k,.iu ^t »Uo
total of 460,000,000 board feet of material is generation would have produced the bulk of the
damaged or down. Of this 15 million feet is on merchantable material.
State Forests— or 25 per cent of all State owned Highway and Shade Trees
material. Now that the timber is down or dam- • i u
aeed the question of how much of it can be sal- It has been conservatively estimated that
vaged arises. The estimated salvage obtainable 50,000 highway and 1 million street, shade and
is 30 per cent; but even this may be high. Un- park trees were blown down or destroyed. Ten
less there is an influx of mills, it is unlikely that thousand park trees were blown down in Hart-
more than 20 per cent of the damaged or wind- ford and about 13,000 were felled in New Haven
blown material can be handled. The pine must and 7,000 additional badly damaged. The out-
be salvaged by next July to prevent the insects right loss of trees in some communities reached
from damaging it. Sixty-two million board feet 40 per cent. Few in the storm area escaped
of softwoods to be salvaged in 8 months is in it- damage of some sort,
self a big problem. All re^^orts agree that the ^^^ ^.^^^.^^
pine suffered the most and that plantations ot IK)

years and older were severely damaged. Little y^e amount of damage done to wildlife has

damage occurred in the younger plantations, and ^^^ been determined accurately but it is appar-

in the hardwoods little damage was done in ^^[\y small. To bear out this contention it may

stands under 30 years of age, but recently j^^ pointed out that game is fairly plentiful this

thinned stands suffered heavy loss. fall. The benefits to game of extra cover and

Although Connecticut forests were badly dam- protection against gunners and in ^onie cases of

a^ed bv the Scane, it was not the only one of food will last only until the first match has been

Z New Lgl^^^^^ which suffered heavy dropped. A fire under existing conditions would

January, 1939

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likely result in extermination of wildlife in the
affected area.

One portion of the wildlife which suffered
very severely was the fish population. The fish
which were not stranded by disappearing lakes
or destroyed in various ways by the rampaging
flood waters will have a small chance for sur-
vival due to the destruction of their food sup-
plies. Stream beds, the major source of support
for the fish, were scoured down to barren bed-
rock and much protective cover was washed
away. The damage to the flora of the State is
terrific and it is obvious. The damage to the
fauna, with the exception of the fish, seems to
have been comparatively slight.

Forest Fire Protection

The fire hazard reduction program already is
underway. It is hoped to accomplish a reduction
in the extreme fire hazard before next March, the
beginning of the Spring forest fire season. On
this work alone two thousand relief men are be-
ing used, all available men from 6 CCC camps
and the personnel of the State Forestry Depart-
ment. The work consists of removing hazardous
accumulations of down timber from around iso-
lated homes, from about 50 feet along each side
of roads and from fire lanes through woodlands.
Limbs are chopped from the down trees and in-
flammable material is piled in places where it
can be burned when weather conditions are suit-
able.

Methods of Salvage

The merchantable timber ruined represents a

Ten

loss of about 2 million dollars in capital and 10
million dollars in future employment for labor
and industry. Native lumber lost the market
years ago because it was badly sawed and not
properly sized and graded. That condition must
be reversed. A week after the hurricane the
marketing committee had worked out a plan for
a timber pool. Salvage will be undertaken by
the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation
with funds of about 10 million dollars supplied
by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Su-
pervision will be under the U. S. Forest Service.
The first aim of the SCC will be to stabilize the
market by purchasing logs delivered at desig-
nated ponds or storage yards. Logs will be
scaled for size and graded. For white pine the
price paid for No. 1 logs will be $18.00 per
thousand bd. ft. Of the announced purchase
prices 80 per cent will be paid on delivery, the
remaining when the logs have been sold. Low
grade timber will have to be handled in another
manner if at all. Many oak logs will be too
small for anything but cross ties. The New
Haven Road has offered to contract for 5 years
supply of ties at current prices, a total of a mil-
lion units. ,

In an effort to have all of the work carried out
as expeditiously as possible the Governor ap-
pointed a Rehabilitation Committee and in the
field of forestry 3 committees have been formed,
namely. Forest Fire Prevention, Timber Salvage
and Forest Rehabilitation. Dean Graves of the
Yale School of Forestry is general coordinator.

Forest Leaves

)

Heat Drying to Trees

Often Slow to Appear

C. LUTHER SCHNUR

BECAUSE of no immediate apparent damage
to trees located near brush-burning fires,
there is a tendency to become careless on fire-
break construction, roadside clean-up work and
the like where brush is piled and burned in the
woods. The following data, though very meagre,
indicate the possible damage to trees and the
minimum distance necessary between fire and
tree to prevent heat injury.

While measuring oak trees on sample plots
established on a fire break in southern New Jer-
sey, a number of trees were noticed that had been
severely injured by heat from earlier brush-burn-
ing fires. At the time the fire break was cleared
the brush, consisting mainly of laurel and blue-
berry bushes, was piled and burned. The fires
were started with small piles of brush which
were added to as cutting proceeded. Each fire
attained the size of 5 to 8 feet in diameter and
continued to burn for several hours as fresh
brush was applied.

Records obtained from 15 trees within 10 feet

of the periphery of three such fires indicate that
trees closer than 10 feet from the fire are subject
to heat injury. These trees varied in size from
3.0 to 7.7 inches d.b.h. The average maximum
width of injury for 10 trees within 6 feet of the
fires was 0.34 feet or an average percentage of
tree circumference of 30 per cent.

Such injury is not readily apparent sometimes
for two or three years. Chestnut oak bark was
observed to be intact for more than two years
after injury (Fig. 1). In this case no charring
of the bark occurred because the flames were 4
to 6 feet away from the trees.

Indications are therefore: (1) that brush fires,
even though relatively small, if continued for
several hours, should be at least 10 feet distant
from any tree in order to prevent heat injury,
and, (21 that heat injury may not be apparent
for two or more years.

fig^ I, ^( Left) Chestnut oak bark intact ttvo years after
heat injury. (Right) Bark removed show-
ing extent of injury.

January, 1939

New Discoveries On Elm Disease

May Slow Up Control Efforts

Plans for the eradication of Dutch elm disease
have been changed somewhat to meet a new dan-
ger revealed by a new research in the U. S. Dept.
of Agriculture.

Plant pathologists of the department find that
the fungus that causes the Dutch elm disease may
be present for several years in an elm without
giving any outward sign of its presence. This
means that the annual scouting by present
methods, which depends on observations of wilt-
ing, dying foliage and branches does not reveal
every diseased tree.

These trees, however, may never become a cen-
ter of infection. As long as the fungus remains
within the tree, the danger of the disease spread-
ing to other trees is slight unless broken limbs
should bring the infection to the surface. The
pathologists find also that Dutch elm disease can
live and grow in dead elms.

These new discoveries may prolong the fight
to save the American elm from destruction. The
need for removing elms of low value throughout
the area where the disease occurs is emphasized,
an area radiating out about 50 miles from New
York into Connecticut, New York, and New
Jersey.

Scouting will be continued in all areas where
the disease is known to occur and also in section
in the vicinity of the rights of way of the rail-
roads over which infected logs were hauled be-
fore quarantines prevented their importation and
interstate movement.

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likch rej^ull in (WhMiiiiiuitioii n{ wildlife in the
afTecled area.

One portion of llic wildlife' which snlTrrrd
\erv severely was the fish popuhuion. The fish
which were not stranded h\ disap|)earin«» lakes
or destroyed in various ways hy the ranipajrin*!
flood waters will ha\e a small chance for sur-
vival due to the destruction of their food sup-
plies. Stream beds, the major source of support
for the fish, were scoured down to barren bed-
rock and much protecti\c cover was wash("d
avva\. The damage to the flora of the State" is
terrific and it is obvious. The damage to the
fauna, with the exception of the fish, seems to
ha\e been com})aratively slight.

Forc'>l Firt' l*rolerli«»ii

The Are hazard redu( tion program alreadx i>
underwa\. It is hoped to accennplish a reduction
in the extreme fire hazard before next March, ihe
begimnng of the Spring forest fire season. On
this work alone two thousand relief men are be-
ing used, all available men from 0 CC(^ camps
and the persormel of the State Forestr\ Depart-
ment. The work consists of remo\ing hazardous
accunmlations of down tind)er from around iso-
lated homes, from about 50 feet along each side
of roads and from fire lanes through woodlands.
Limbs are chopped from the down trees and in-
flammable material is piled in places where it
can be burned when wc^ather conditions are suit-
able.

!M<'tho(l^ of SaUagf

1 li(^ merchantable timbei ruined represents a

J en

loss of about 2 million dollars in capital and 10
milli<m dollars in future emploNinent for labor
and industrx. \ati\e lumber lost the market
\ears ago because it was badU sawed and not
properh sized and graded. That londition nuist
l)e H'Nersed. A week aftei' the hurricane the
marketing committee had worked out a plan foi
a timber pool. SaKage will be undertaken b\
the Federal Surplus (ionnnodities Corpcuation
with funds of about 10 million dollars supplied
by the Reconstruction Finance ('or|)oration. Su-
pervision will be under the I . S. Forest Service.
The first aim of the S(X] will be to stabilize the
market b\ i)ur( basing logs delivered at desig-
nated })onds or storage yards. Logs will be
scaled for size and graded. Lor white pine the
price paid for \(k I b»gs will be Slo.OO per
thousand bd. ft. Of the amiounced |)urchase
prices oO per cent will be paid cmi d«'liver\. the
remaining when the logs have been sold. Low
grade tindxr will ha\e t<> be handled in an<»ther
manner if at all. Manx (Kik h>gs will be to(»
small lor anx thing but cross ties. The New
llaxen R(»ad has oflered to (ontract b»r o xears
supplx of ties at ( urrent prices, a total of a mil
lion units.

In an eff(»rl to haxe all of the work carried oul
as expeditiousix as possible the (ioxernor ap-
poiiited a Rehabilitation (lonnnittee and in the
field of forestry 3 conunittees haxe been formed,
namely. r<»rest Fire Prexcntion. Timber Salxage
and Forest Rehabilitation. Dean (naves <»f the
^ ale School of Forestrx is general coordinaloi .

FoKKsi Li:av.:s

Heal Drying to Trees

Often Slow to Appear

C. Ft TIIF1{ SCIINl |{

BECAUSE of no immediate apparent damage
t() trees located near brush-burning fires,
there is a tendt^icx to become careless on fire-
break construction, roadside clean-up xvork and
iIk' like where brush is |)ile(l and burned in the
xvoods. The lollovving data. th()Ugh verx meagre,
indicate the possible damage to trees and the
mininunii distance necessarx between fire and
trec^ to prexent h(^at injury.

While measuring oak trees on sample plots

established on a fire break in southern New Jer-

s(\x. a mmduM of trees xvere noticed that had been

sev(»relx injured bx heat from earlier brush-burn-

in<» fires. At the timc^ the fire break was cleared

the brush, consisting rnaiidx of laurel and bbie-

berrx bushes, xvas piled and burned. The fires

xvere started with small piles of brush xvhich

were added to as cutting proceeded. Each fire

attained the size of S to <*> feet in diameter and

continued to burn for s(>xeral hours as fresh

brush xvas applied.

Records obtained from 13 trees within 10 fee!

of the peripherx of three such firths indicate that
trees closer than 10 feet from the fire are subject
to heat injurx. These trees varied in size from
:>.() to 7.7 inch(^s d.b.h. Th(> average maximum
xxidth of injurx for 10 trees xxithin 6 feet of the
fires xvas 0..') 1 feet or an axerage percentage of
tree circumference of 30 per cent.

Such injurx is not rc^adilx apparent sometimes
for two or three xears. Chestnut oak bark xvas
(d)yerv(^d to be intact for more than txxo years
after injurx I Fig. 1 I. In this case no charring
of the bark occurred because the (lanu's xvere \
to () feet awax from the trees.

Indications are therefore: i 1 ) that brush fires,
even though relatively small, if continued for

sexeral hours, should be at least 10 feet distant

from anx tree in order to prevent heat injury.

and. i2l that heat injurx max not be apparent

for two or more xears.

I I

/•■/>. /. (Lvft) Chestnut oak huri intact tno wars ajt-.r

hrat injuiv. (Hi^ht) Harh rvmovvd shon-

in^ rxtf'nt oj injury.

Jamakv, VXVJ

New Discoveries On KIni Disease

May Slow Up Control Efforts

Plans for the eradication of Dutch elm disease
haxe been changed somewhat to meet a new dan-
<rev revealed bx a nexv research in the U. S. Dept.
of Agriculture.

Plant pathologists of the department find that
the fungus that causes the Dutch elm disease may
be present for several xears in an elm Avithout
giving any outward sign of its presence. This
means that the amiual scouting by present
methods, xvhich depends on observations of will-
ing, dving foliage and branches does not reveal
exery diseased tree.

These trees, however. ma> never become a cen-
ter of infection. As long as the fungus remains
within the tree, the danger of the disease spread-
in<> to other trees is ^light utdess broken limbs
should bring the infection to the surface. The
pathologists find also that Dutch elm disease can
lixf and grow in dead elms.

These nexv discoxeries max probuig the fight
to saxe the American elm from destruction. The
need for rem(»xing elm- of b^w xalue throughout
the area xvhere the disease occurs is emphasized,
an area radiating out about oO miles from New
^ork into Connecticut, New York, and New
Jersex .

Scouting xvill be continued in all areas xvhere
the disease is knoxvn to occur and als() in section
in the vicinitv of the rights of wax of the rail-
roads over xvhich infected logs were hauled be-
fore (juarantines prevented their importation and
interstate moxement.

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INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

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What Pennsylvania

Forestry Needs

(Continued from Page 3)

to sell the ideas of forest values and forest care.
It was a period of propaganda which was char-
acterized in Pennsylvania by a close adherence
to facts and the advocacy of the principles of this
foreign science and practice of forestry in accord-
ance with common sense. The picture of for-
estry that was portrayed was complete and well
balanced because a true portrayal of forestry
could not be otherwise. Not only that but the
role of forestry in the future welfare of the
Commonwealth was set forth.

Gradually in certain areas of the public con-
sciousness the idea of indifference to the forest
and its value broke down and was replaced by
the idea that a vanishing natural resource could
and should be placed under systematic care for
renewal and perpetual use. It came to be rec-
ognized that the individual owner of forest land
had certain opportunities for his own good and
also certain responsibilities to the public. Also,
it became known that society had certain respon-
sibilities with respect to its resources, that bene-
ficial results followed their care and maintenance
and far-reaching disastrous results followed their
waste and disappearance.

All this and more was crystallized into the Act
of Legislature creating a separate Department of
State Government in 1901. There were two out-
standing mandates in that law which made up the
Pennsylvania forestry program. The first was
the protection and management of the forest
areas previously purchased by the State for State
Forest Reserves and other areas to be purchased
so that these areas might be demonstration forests
to show the way for private land owners. The
second was a policy just as strange to our people
as forest management. It was an authorization
to spread forestry propaganda the length and
breadth of the Commonwealth. The important
thing to note here is that forestry was recognized
as a complete, systematic and profitable system
of management for forest areas, as well as an
economic factor in government policy.

The last quarter of the century represented
seed time. And it is not amiss to add that it
took courage, patience, and faith in human na-
ture to cultivate the ground of public opinion,
grown hard and indifferent and selfish, and to
plant the seed of an idea which was the exact
opposite. Most of the work was done in Penn-

Twelve

s^ylvania by Dr. J. T. Rothrock and his friends
in the Pennsylvania Forestry Association and
most of the credit belongs to them. He often
said that without the support and encourage-
ment of his friends, he could have done little.

Then came a period of approximately twenty
years during which time there was a consistent
effort to develop the theory and practice of for-
estry from both the state and private viewpoint.
Forest management was begun. Forest tree nurs-
eries and tree plantations were established. For-
est use for limber, water, health, wild life, recre-
ation and other benefits was stressed. Protection
from grazing, fire, insects and fungi was pro-
vided. Forest education both for the training of
foresters and for forest land owners was made
possible. A state forest organization trained at
state expense, imbued with the spirit of loyalty
and public service, and rewarded for merit was
created and was on its way toward the fruition
of a consistent and well balanced forestry

program.

Suddenly this program was broken into and
from 1920 to date forestry in Pennsylvania has
been pretty much like the elephant of the blind
men. One time forest protection has been
stressed, then land purchase, then nurseries, then
roads, then parks, then flood control. Even for-
esters have been sent out with one track impres-
sions, as for example, timber production only.
One forest school made no reference to forest
protection in its curriculum. Anybody could
form his own opinion as to what forestry is.
Prominent leaders in public affairs expressed the
most fantastic ideas as to forestry and fore^^ters.
The highly efficient State Forest organization was
undermined by politics and the Forestry Asso-
ciation, which in the beginning formed the me-
dium for Dr. Rothrock's work, just about faded
out of existence. Those who should have been
the outstanding supporters of even an expedient
program did not desire to enter into a contro-
versy. Many Association members believed that
forestry was established and that an active pub-
lic pressure group was no longer necessary. In
the meantime, catch word slogans and distorted
ideas and conclusions were used by people in
control to the detriment of the whole idea of for-
estry. Fundamentals were knocked down like ten
pins. For example, the idea that protection from
fire would accomplish all of the aims of forestry,
that the forests were to be conserved rather than
cut and perpetuated, that conservation of natural
resources means only the saving of wild life for
the hunter, also that the only recreation furnished
by the forest is hunting and fishing, that a for-

FoREST Leaves

estry personnel trained at state expense for a life
of service was useless and could be replaced at
will by untrained and inexperienced men, that a
mere change of land ownership will result in re-
duction of flood damage, and many more such
notions. The fact that these foolish notions are
more or less common over other parts of the
United States has not lessoned the disastrous re-
suits to a continuous sane forestry policy within
Pennsylvania. The fact that forestry work in
Pennsylvania was recognized generally as among
the oiitstanding programs in the country makes
the existing conditions the more noticeable and
deplorable.

This picture is not a pleasant one. There
should be some place in it for the outstanding
exceptions in which individuals and special ac-
tivities have helped to keep the spark of life in
the forestry program and at times even to make
some advances. But it is sufficiently unsatisfac-
tory to give rise to the question "What does
Pennsylvania Forestry need?"

Now that we have the general situation before
us it is not difficult to suggest at least a few things
that are needed.

In the first place, Pennsylvania needs a correct
interpretation of forestry as a science and as an
art. The proposition must be resold to the peo-
ple of the State on the basis of what it really is
and what may reasonably be expected from it.
This must be done by a group of people who not
only know the facts but believe in the necessity
and possibility of forest management in the eco-
nomic life of our people.

In the second place, Pennsylvania needs now
a well balanced program of forestry both for
State Forests and Private Forests. The State For-
ests must be managed, not merely protected.
They must be developed for all the purposes for
which they were intended, not the least of which
is that of demonstration plots. Forestry educa-
tion professionally must be put on the plane it
deserves and not treated as a minor adjunct of
agriculture. Popular education must be made
statewide, not only in schools but among all
kinds of aduh groups. That education must re-
sult in cooperative action to meet the commu-
nity needs. The cooperative relation between
forest and community must become common
knowledge, as well as the relation between forest
land owner and the people making up the com-
munity. Forest management must be sold to
forest land owners. Forest planting must be-
come a habit in Pennsylvania, as well as an
essential part of the flood control program.
In the third place, the Pennsylvania Forestry

January, 19.'^9

Association must become a statewide, active
pressure group to guide the forestry program of
the State and to keep it moving in the right di-
rection. This Association, in a State such as
ours, should have a membership of more than
10,000 with effective points of contact in every
county. Its alliances with other groups whose
activities are related to various uses of the for-
est and forest products must be close enough, at
all times, to get the benefit of a united front
when needed. And, it is foolish to believe that
any worthwhile program will not meet opposi-
tion of all kinds.

Last but not least the forestry organization,
which represents the public in its government
policy for the common good, must be an organi-
zation of men and women with training and ex-
perience. They must know what to do and how
to do it. Their allegiance must be only to the
Commonwealth and not to any individuals. Di-
vided loyalty spells disaster to a long time pro-
gram, as we have said every forestry program
must be. With this training, experience and
loyahy there must be re-established a sense of
stability on the part of those who serve the Com-
monwealth. Forestry and water supply are prob-
lems whose solutions run into the years. A vac-
illating personnel and program means waste be-
yond computation and procrastination as to sat-
isfactory results. Governmental activities are
satisfactory only insofar as they serve the needs
of the people governed. Inefficiency and insta-
bility serve no one's needs.

We have reason to believe that if these four
needs can be met, most of the other necessities
of Pennsylvania forestry will be found tagging
along.

What Should be

Taught as Conservation

(Continued from Page 2)
out must give way to the newer, more common-
sense one of the interdependence of human ef-
forts. Conservationally speaking, a man is his
brother's keeper. Until such a feeling is engen-
dered in the individual, little real and lasting
conservation progress can be expected.

Many modern educators are aghast at any-
thing which smacks of indoctrination. Yet, in-
doctrinate we must if we are going to have con-
servation mean anything to the individual. We
owe it to him. His kind in the coming genera-
tions will be required to pay out more actual

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money to underwrite needful conservation prac-
tices than any generation or generations before
him. He must know how and why his money is
being spent in order to judge the worth of what
is being done. Once he realizes that sound con-
servation practices yield greater immediate and
long-time returns for the sums invested than any
of the hit-or-miss practices now followed, we
shall enlist his support. It is the sum total of
individual effort, measured in the aggregate,
which counts. Individual and group apathies
have wrecked many a promising program, and
have hindered many another until conditions it
intended to correct ran beyond repair.

The author of this article offers the following
fundamental understandings as answers to what
ought to be taught as conservation. They are:
(1) that a favorable balance between living
things and their related natural resources must
be maintained if human life is to exist upon a
satisfactory basis, (2) that, in all civilizations,
the conservation idea develops in a six-fold way,

(3) that plant cover must be maintained to re-
new and protect our renewable natural resources,

(4) that scientific management of renewable nat-

ural resources tends to perpetuate a supply of
usable materials, (5) that conservation practices
restore or set aside areas protected for their
biologic, scenic, or historic worth, (6) that land-
use planning must be resorted to on a nation-
wide scale in order to affect a stable economy,
(7) that many practical and esthetic benefits
accrue from a conservation program, (8) that
the layman has a definite part to play in pro-
moting sound conservation practices, and (9)
that the conservation of human life must go
hand-in-hand with the conservation of other re-
newable natural resources.

Basic ideas such as these can be used for pro-
gramming from the grades to the senior high
school. Phases of them can be taught as Nature
study, they can be used in connection with social
science topics, or all of them can be used as bases
for a regular, full-time course for the senior year
of the high school set-up. They are tentative,
although they represent ten years of teaching
conservation subjects to some 1600 senior high
school students. Despite their tentative nature,
the author believes they point to the pathway
along which conservation education must travel.

Planted Norway Spruce Bound a Byway in Berks County

Severed miles of rural roads in the shadow of Eagle Peak, Berks County, are lined with fine Norway Spruce
trees probably planted in the sixties. Cyrus Long, the principal land owner in the countryside in early years, was
a great lover of trees, as is indicated by the wide variety of excellent specimens of trees growing on the spacious
lawn about the old mansion now owned by C. K. Wiest. The paling fence underneath the trees on the left is an
old type made of white pine. It is believed to be nearly as old as the trees.

Fourteen

Forest Leavks

\

Let's Look at the Penna.
State Game Commission

(Continued from Page 5)
o^eneral public for tourists, casual visitors, and
vacationists spent $327,850,000 in Pennsylvania
during 1937. A considerable sum, and one which
Pennsylvania could not hope to attract without
her present forests and wildlife to round out the
natural beauty of the state. Since the Game
Commission is charged with the direct supervi-
sion and management of the wildlife in the state,
it is to them the public looks for a solution to the
problem. The question arises, can they solve the
problem — are they capable? The answer to that
lies in an examination of the Game Commission
and its record.

The Pennsylvania Game Commission is com-
posed of eight men appointed for terms of eight
years each and their terms staggered so that there
will be a majority of experienced men on the
board at all times. The men selected are out-
standing sportsmen and conservationists from
widely scattered sections of the state so that the
board is state-wide in complexion. While the
office is an appointive office and carries consid-
erable distinction, and therefore highly coveted,
it is worthy of note that during the 42 years of
its existence only 43 men have served on the
commission. The Commission has as its active
managerial head a man who received his early
training under the renowned Dr. Kalbfus — that
Grand Old Man of Pennsylvania sportsmen-
served a number of years in an executive capac-
ity for the Isaac Walton League of America and
finally was prevailed upon to return to Pennsyl-
vania to complete the work that Dr. Kalbfus had
started. Supporting him is a research staff head-
ed by a graduate of Dartmouth and Yale who at
the present time is doing additional graduate
work at the University of Michigan. The re-
search staff also includes trained biologists from
the University of Michigan and the University of
Pittsburgh. The supporting personnel includes
two graduate foresters — one with 30 years expe-
rience, the other with 22 years experience. The
field men or Wardens are all graduates of the
Pennsylvania State Game Warden Trainmg
School. A better conception of what this means
to Pennsylvania may be gained from knowledge
of the fact that this State Game Warden Training
School now serves as a model for other states.
The state of Michigan, faced with exactly the

January, 1930

same problem as Pennsylvania, recently sent a
member of their Commission to attend the Train-
ing School.

Pennsylvania has reason to be proud of the
record of accomplishments of its Game Commis-
sion. The primary purpose of game management
is the production of a crop of wildlife. This
crop is harvested in two ways: (1) by the hunter
or sportsman whose license fee pays all the ex-
penses of the Game Commission, and (2) by the
tourist and non-hunting nature lover who derives
considerable pleasure from the presence of the
wildlife in the forests, and at no cost. Under the
management of the Game Commission, Pennsyl-
vania has been brought from a state of utter de-
pletion to one of over abundance. The crop of
deer harvested by the hunters in 1915 was 1,287,
in 1937 it was 39,347 while estimates of the 1938
crop place it at near ninety thousand or more
than twice that of 1937, and that without impair-
ing the volume of breeding stock or "seed" while
at the same time showing an indicated decrease
in the number of fatal hunting accidents and
game law violations.

The Pennsylvania Game Commission can solve
the problem — they definitely are capable. Their
accomplishments to date so far outweigh their
errors as to make those errors seem insignificant
by comparison. They are proceeding on the ba-
sis of scientific knowledge administered by men
of experience and proven sound judgment which
will reduce future errors to a minimum. The
Game Commission is entitled to and should re-
ceive the active support and cooperation of every
thinking citizen until it is definitely proven that
they are wrong.

Connecticut to Control Timber Cutting

The Connecticut Forest and Park Association
and the S. E. Lumber Manufacturers' Association
are drafting a clear cutting control law upon
which favorable action by the present Legisla-
ture is anticipated. Except when additional land
is needed for agricultural purposes and on lands
where the production of saw timber is economi-
cally impractical the clear cutting, removal of
more than 50 per cent of the cubic volume mer-
chantable for lumber, is prohibited on any area
exceeding 2 acres in size in any one year without
a special permit to be issued by the State For-
ester.

Fifteen

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Too Good to be True

A pipe dream that puts Rip Van Winkle's to
shame was brought to light recently. The story
is told and with proof too that in a storm last
summer at "The Horseshoe," the Chester County
Scout Camp, a large black locust tree measuring
29 inches across the base was torn apart and
thrown to the ground. While working up the
tree into easily moved lengths an unaccounted
for curl in the wood was noticed. A closer ex-
amination revealed an embedded pipe — "a tube
with a small bowl commonly used for tobacco
smoking" — an old type of pipe made from a
single piece of wild black cherry root. Appar-
ently the pipe was placed in the tree between
two limbs about 6 inches above the ground many
years ago and C. C. Cole, a Pennsylvania Forest
Fire Warden, who found it, believes as many as
75 years ago. The tree grew and grew until it
had placed 9 inches of solid wood beyond the
emitter of vile odors. As it happened the break
in the tree followed the line of cleavage between
the limbs thereby casting out the Jonah.

Oh, benificient tree! One wonders are there
enough long-lived trees sacrifically inclined to
. . . Happily this fouler of the olfactory nerves
now is a museum piece.

E. F. Brouse
Sixteen

150,000,000 Trees and Shrubs in Spring

Planting Program

The largest program of tree planting ever
undertaken by the Soil Conservation Service of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture to control
soil erosion is now under way, according to H.
H. Bennett, Chief of the Service. Approximately
150,000,000 trees and shrubs— 35,000,000 more
than last year — will be set out this spring by
farmers cooperating with the Service in erosion
control demonstration areas, on farms surround-
ing some 370 C.C.C. camps working under Serv-
ice supervision, and by publicly owned lands of
the West.

More than 3,000 acres have been added to
Pennsylvania's forest parks during the past sev-
eral years; furthermore 509 buildings, of which
47 are overnight cabins, have been erected and
53 recreational dams constructed.

Almost 2,000 fish dams have been constructed
and more than 1 ,200 miles of State Forest streams
have been improved the past several years.

IN PHILADELPHIA

The Complete Camera Store Where

You Will Find the World'^s Finest

CAMERAS and ACCESSORIES

KLEIN & GOODMAN

Everything Photographic

18 South 10th Street Philadelphia

It\s Fun

to Visit

The Centaur Book & Record Shop

204 South Junipet Street

Where YOUR personal tastes and en-
thusiasms are OUR real
concern.

Peiinypack€»r 7834

Forest Leaves

I

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Our Program

1.
The adequate protection of all Pennsylvania forests from Fire, Fungi, and Insects.

2.
The personnel of the Department of Forests and Waters to be chosen and retained on a
basis of efficient service only, in order to guarantee permanency of policy and continuity of action.

3.
The management of the State forests so that they may supply the permanent needs of the
people not only for continuous timber protection but also for recreation, hunting and fishing.

4.
Greater co-operation between the departments of the State Government for protection of the

beauty of the public lands.

5.
Adequate biennial appropriations for the purchase, protection, and development of the

State forests.

6.
The education of the public, corporations, sportsmen, and forest land owners will, respect to
the value of our forests and the necessity for iheir development and proper ufl.zal.on.

7.

The planting of trees valuable for lumber on all waste and idle lands and the cont.nued

distribution of seedlings by the Slate.

8.
' The education of our children in forestry in both public and private schools. A love and
appreciation of the forests tend to a better type of citizenship.

The establishment of town and county forests which will bring pure air, pure water, and
recreation close to the centers of population.

10.
The preservation of the few remaining areas of virgin timber in Pennsylvania.

THE I'E^NSYLVAN1A FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Organized in 1886
306 COMMERCIAL TRUST BUILD.NG PIULADELPHIA, HA.

, desire to support the activhies of The Pennsylvania Forestry Association for the preserva-
Zi •Xr:nsi:^r.'"t; inr:^i;ait in/pay for year, subs^ption to
Forest Leaves.

MKM15KKSHI1' CLASSES

Annual member ^^ 00

Club membership 600

Sustaining member 10.00

♦Contributing meml)er 20.00

Life member 100.00

l»eri)elual member 250.00

Name

Address

Date

State

♦If paid for tive consecutive
years the person automat. catty
becomes a life member.

FouKST Leaves, the Association's magazine, is sent t<. mem-
bers in all classes. Our projxram will be found on the iiisiUe
back cover.

it

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FOREST LEAVES

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;;*.y"^M'A>^

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APRIL 1939

I

LIVINGSTON PUBLISHING COMPA
NARBERTH. PENNA.

THE PEHNSYLWAHIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATIOH

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CONTENTS

Pine Creek Gor^e, Near Wellshoio, I'a. ....

l^hoto from I)i:i>ai{TMK.\t of Fokksts am) \Vati;i{s

Fuiesl Influeiues on Climate, Soil and Water -

M. K. God (lard

Forestry and the Future of the Anthraeite Region

(dement Mesavage

Editorial

Arbor Day Bill

Forest Reerealion

A New Ameriean Fire Medal

A Tale of the Open Road

H. Gleuson Mattoon

John D. Guthrie

Clifton Lisle

O''

"What About Our Lost Cooperators?

John I). Guthrie

Book Review

John W\ Hershey

Trees Will Live

Clover

3

8

11

12

16

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Founded in June, 18H6

Labors lo (Jis«!?einiijale iiiforinalion in regard to the necessity and nielhuds of forest culture
and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws,
hoth State and National.

Annual Menibrrship Fee, Three Dttllant

One l)<dlar of which is for subscription to Forkst Lfavks
Neither lh«* membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to tlie
Slate of IVnnsylvania. Persons desiring to become members shoidd send their namev to the
(ihairinan of the Mcndicrship Conunittee, 306 Commercial Trust Buibling, IMiiladelphia.

President 11. Glkason M mtoon

Honorary President S\Mi hi. L. Smedi.ey Honorary Vice-President Kohkkt S. (^onklin

\ ice-Presidents

W. B. McCaleij Dr. E. E. Wu^dman Knw \ki) C. M. Kh m xuds

Fkancis R. Cope, Jr. Edward Wooi.man

Secretary— y^ . B. McCaleb Treasurer- W. \. Wki(;ut, C. \\ A.

FOREST LEAVES

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Kntered as seoon.l-class mall.r at the Post-Office at Wayne. Pa.. October 22. 1935, under the Act of March 3, 1879

Subscription $1.00 per Year

Vol. XXIX— No. 2

Wayne, Pa., April, 1939

Whole Number 298

Some Influences of Forests on Climate,

Soil, and Water

By M. K. GODDARD
The Pennsylvania State College

IN the United States the progressive interest in
the field of forest influences has arisen through
four more or less well defined sources. The first
interest resulted from the supposed effects of de-
forestation upon climate. The second stage em-
phasized the unfavorable effect of deforestation
upon the regulation of stream flow and the
maintenance of navigation; then the stage when
the supposed benefits of forestry were advanced
in the movement to "sell" forestry. The fourth
and last stage deals with the scientific inquiry
going on at the present time in the search for
data to show the eff'ect of forests on climate,
water, and soil; the main emphasis now being
centered on soil erosion, stream flow, and water-
shed protection.

It was thought at one time that forests had
considerable effect upon annual rainfall. How-
ever, it has been proven that the influence of
forests on the amount of precipitation is prac-
tically negligible. The forest does exert a slight
influence on precipitation because it acts in the
manner of a mountain causing air to rise and
thereby being cooled. It is a well known fact
that as air cools, the concentration of water in-
creases and may eventually lead to saturation of
the atmosphere resulting in precipitation. How-
ever, it is obvious that the slight rise caused by
even the tallest trees in the United States would
be without much effect on cooling of air and
condensation of water. The main climatic eflFect
is the increase in atmospheric moisture caused
by transpirational losses from the trees. Relative
humidities may be as much as eleven per cent
higher in forests as compared with non-forested
areas. This increased percentage in relative hu-

midity does not mean that there is a greater
amount of moisture over forests than over open
areas. The difference lies in percentage of sat-
uration usually corresponding to lower air tem-
peratures in the forest as compared with the
open. Rain gauges placed in openings in the
forest give greater readings than those in open
fields. This excess is caused mainly by the
protection of the gauge in the forest from de-
flecting air currents and does not prove that more
water is falling in the forest than on an adja-
cent field. It has been estimated that the effect
of the forest may increase local rainfall by not
over three per cent in temperate climates. In
tropical regions of heavy fogs and misty rains,
water which collects on vegetation and then falls
to the ground, may increase percipitation consid-
erably. Marloth in South Africa recorded eighty-
six inches of precipitation in a clump of reed
plants as against four inches in the open. This
source of water is relatively unimportant in the
United States,— adding rarely more than an inch
of water per year to soils.

The effect of vegetation on wind movement is
one of current interest because of increased em-
phasis given to shelterbelt plantings. The influ-
ence of trees on wind movement results from fric-
tion, and as a result, increases with the area of
surface exposed to the wind and decreases with
the distance from that surface. Therefore, the
degree of influence will vary with size and den-
sity of the individual crowns and with the density
of the stand. In forests the velocity of the wind
is usually twenty to sixty per cent of that m the
open. Air currents in most forests are character-
istically low, usually ranging from one to two

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miles per hour on the average. Velocities may
be reduced to leeward of a shelterbelt for a dis-
tance equal to twenty times the height of the tree.
Forest cover in general reduces the maximum
air temperature throughout the year. It is logical
to expect the reduction to be greatest in the sum-
mer when the decrease may be eight degrees Fah-
renheit. However, exceptions do occur, as for
example in the chaparral brush of Southern Cali-
fornia during July where temperatures are often
five degrees higher than in the open. On the
other hand forest cover often raises the minima
as much as six degrees throughout the year. As
a rule, forest cover reduces the mean temperature
because the maximum is lowered more than the
minimum is raised. In July under a beech-maple
type in New York the range of mean monthly
temperature was found to be nearly thirteen
degrees lower in the forest than in the open and
in January five degrees.

Soil temperatures are influenced similarly to
air temperatures. Soil temperatures under most
forests are cooler in spring and summer and
warmer in fall and winter than in the open.
Forests usually reduce the maxima and to a
lesser degree increase the minima. The mean
daily maxima in the forest floor in summer may
be reduced by as much as fifty degrees by forest
cover. As a rule, soil temperatures under forests
are lower than air temperatures in summer and
higher in winter. It is safe to say that forest
cover reduces the depth to which soil freezes,
more on the south than the north sides of trees,
and more under the crowns than in the openings.
Diebold found that the acreage of frozen soils
during the winter of 1935-36 and later during
the flood period of March, 1936, was confined
principally to bare fields possessing little forest
or snow cover. The date at which frost disap-
pears from the soil may be five weeks earlier
under the forest. Forest cover retards the date
of snow melting as indicated by the following
examples. In Idaho snow disappeared in the
forest from three to ten weeks later than in the
open; at least ten days later in Nevada; "several
weeks" later in Arizona; one to five weeks later
in Washington, and nine days later in open Vir-
ginia pine stands in Virginia.

Forests definitely decrease the loss by evapora-
tion. Pearson found evaporation in ponderosa
pine in Arizona to be seventy per cent of that in
the open. Likewise, Jamison in Idaho found
evaporation in a white pine-hemlock forest to
be only twenty-two per cent of that in the open.
There is a decided difference in saving depend-

Two

ing upon species, density of stock, region, and
amount of precipitation. It has been proven
that evaporation in the open may in some cases
be equal to half of the total precipitation. H
then by careful management this loss can be re-
duced by half or more, soil moisture will be in-
creased considerably.

A loss somewhat comparable to that by evap-
oration is interception. Interception represents
the amount of rainfall or snow caught by the
crowns and foliage of trees and returned to the
atmosphere without even entering the soil laver.
It is a generally known fact that foliage de-
creases the quantity of rainfall reaching the
ground — watch people caught out in a shower.
The average amount of rainfall intercepted by
forest vegetation in the United States would
probably be as high as fifteen to twenty per cent
of total precipitation. Douglas fir was found by
Simpson to intercept forty-three per cent of the
summer precipitation. Kittredge has found in-
terception of snow as high as forty-eight per
cent of total snow fall in the Sierra Nevada
Mountains. The amount of interception is a
function of storage of the surface of the vegeta-
tion, the evaporation rate during the storm, and
the amount of precipitation per shower. With
very light showers it is often possible to have one
hundred per cent interception, the percentage of
interception decreasing as the amount of pre-
cipitation per storm increases.

Interception losses must be reduced by a stem
flow factor. Stem flow is the amount of water
which reaches the forest floor by running down
the bole. It is a relatively small part of total
precipitation, varying from one to sixteen per
cent. The per cent increases as the amount ol
precipitation per shower increases. Trees with
smooth bark, such as beech, have considerably
more stem flow than trees of rough bark, as there
are no cavities to catch and retain the water. It
must be rememl)ered that interception repre-
sents a loss of precipitation which would other-
wise be available to the soil.

Transpiration from the leaves is in the mam
an extremely wasteful process and results in
considerable loss of water from the soil. It is
extremely difficult to measure accurately the loss
from a single tree, and infinitely more so to
measure transpirational losses from a forest. In
Southern California observations of stream flow
have been used to determine the water loss by
evaporation or consumed by canyon bottom vege-
tation. In Temescal Canyon during thirt> days

(Continued on Page 141

Forest Leaves

Forestry and the Future of the

Anthracite Region

CLEMENT MESAVACE

Secretary Anlhracltt Region Rehabilitation Committee'^

SOMEWHERE between five-eighths and three-
quarters of the total land area of the anthra-
cite coal region is in forest or potential forest
that for years has remained abused or neglected
in the midst of a region where the need for diver-
sified wood products, forest recreation, and water-
shed protection is as great as in any comparable
area in the United States.

This unfortunate situation is not due to lack of
recognition by State and other agencies. In fact,
it is possible that the problems of the region have
been given more specialized thought than many
other areas in Pennsylvania, but the forces active
in retrogression are so powerful that any solution
will require concerted action.

These retrogressive forces may be summarized

as follows:

1. Indifference. The important natural re-
source is anthracite coal. Perhaps it is not too
strange, therefore, that little attention should be
paid to other resources. The finer stands of
timl)er were cut prior to intensive anthracite de-
velopment; the timber operators then moved out,
and the mess left was ignored while attention
was being forcussed on the new field of exploita-
tion. .

2. Heavy Local Wood Consumption. I ara-
doxically, the very characteristics which make
this region uniquely suitable to scientific forest
management have also made it a lucrative held
for exploitation, and thus they are responsible,
to a great degree, for the present lack of forest

management. . ,

3. High Forest Fire Hazard. The region has
a heavy urban and industrial development with
numerous railroads and highways. Sportsmen
have been careless, though decreasingly so, while
berry pickers still regard blue berries as more
important than a developed forest. The whole
business becomes a vicious cycle because hre re-
duces forest productiveness to the scrubby areas
existing over a portion of the anthracite area,
and these in turn, by their very nature, intensity
the hazard. : :'' '

* Allejrheny Section, Society of American Foresters.

A PHIL, 1939

4. Taxation. Poor approaches to equitable
forest taxation pertain to practically all Ameri-
can forests. This point is of great importance
but needs no special emphasis in the anthracite
region except as it applies to lands over or ad-
jacent to coal deposits, since these lands are at
an additional disadvantage because proximity to
coal deposits indirectly inflates their value.

5. Lack of Tourist Appeal Largely the re-
sult of too great an emphasis on the security af-
forded by coal production, the urban develop-
ments are just beginning to awaken to the fact
that their towns are ill-designed and unattractive.
Hideous mine refuse banks, some burning, are
associated with every anthracite town. It is too
late to worry about placing the blame. Neither
towns nor refuse banks can be moved. The
immediate task is to make the association more
pleasant. In addition, wide areas of some of the
most scenic portions of Pennsylvania are all but
denuded. The combination of these factors has
reduced tourist appeal in an area situated very
advantageously to a strong demand for natural
attractiveness.

The above factors make plain that the prob-
lems within the region are unusual, and because
they are unusual, they should be handled in the
same manner. It is far too easy at the present
time to dismiss all consideration for this phase ot
anthracite rehabilitation with the excuse that
since the anthracite industry itself is sick, every
attention should be given to it instead; yet this
is exactly the reason why forest development
plans should not be excluded.

During the past few years the anthracite in-
dustry has been showing commendable progress
in expanding its markets by making anthracite
more and more convenient as a fuel and by the
introduction of more effective merchandizing
methods. This program has already reflected in
a pronounced decrease in the number of oil-burn-
ing installations and a decided increase in the
number of modern anthracite-burning units in-
stalled. In addition, every effort is being made
to decrease the cost of production.

(Continued on Page 13)

Three

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FOREST LEAVES

Published quarterly by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Disseminates information i\m\ news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLIC AT I ON COMMITTEE
E. F. Brouse, Choir man
Samuel N. Baxter Dr. Rodney H. Tri e

Charles B. Cadwalader Philip A. Livingston

The publication of an article in Forest Leaves does
not necessarily imply that the views expressed therein
are those of The Pennsylvania Forestry Association.
Address all correspondence to Wayne, Penna., or to
the Editor, 306 Commercial Trust Building, Philadel-
phia, Pa. Kindly notify us of any change in address.

APRIL, 1939

The Association Steps Forward

CONSERVATION today is a problem catching
the interest of an increasing number of citi-
zens. This fact gives encouragement to those
who have labored for many years to stir up this
wider interest; it also poses a problem to the
organizations working in this field.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, with
more than a half-century of activity to its credit,
has felt an insistent demand that our good inten-
tions be translated more often into aggressive ac-
tion, and that the many details confronting the
Executive Board be acted upon quickly for the
good of the Association and the civic program
for which it stands.

For those reasons it was decided in January to
employ a full-time Executive Secretary — and for
the same reasons the Board chose for the posi-
tion H. Gleason Mattoon, who has served faith-
fully and without recompense as President. Mr.
Mattoon's willingness to place his wide experi-
ence at the command of the Association, and his
further willingness to suspend his professional
work as an arboriculturist to devote full time to
the task, made it possible for the new activity to
be started without delay.

The Board has been pleased with the results
of the new plan in its first months of operation.
Regular and exhaustive reports have been pre-
sented by Mr. Mattoon, based on ever-widening
contacts with men and women all over the State

Four

who are interested in the program of the Asso-
ciation— or who should be. Opportunities have
been unearthed and many weak spots revealed.

It became immediately evident that a larger
membership, and a more fully state-wide distri-
bution of members, must be sought at once if the
full o|)p()rtunities in our field are to be taken
advantage of. A small gr()U|) speaks with a
small voice, in this day of the calmor of many
voices.

A new administration is now taking charge of
the affairs of the Association, and the members
now have a spokesman. If they stand squarely
behind the new Executive Secretary and officers,
and if they help with suggestions and influence,
the Association will grow. Nothing, after all,
succeeds like success.

P. A. L.

LETTER

H. Gleason Mattoon, Executive Secretary,
Pennsylvania Forestry Association,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Dear Mr, Mattoon:

Through Forest Leaves I wish to appeal to
all of our members for weather instruments
which they may have and can contribute for use
in some of my experiments.

I plan to build a small weather station this
spring, the purpose of which will be to measure
forest inflammability and predict and valuate
forest fire hazard. Upon successfully establish-
ing such a station, the information will be very
helpful in forest fire control work.

Instruments such as, anemometers, atmometers,
duff hygrometer, hygrograph, thermograph, sling
psych rometer, rain gauges, and any other mer-
curial instruments are preferably wanted.

Very truly yours,

Cif ARLEs H. A. Snyder,

44 Simon Block,
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.

Ed. Note: Mr. Snyder is a worthy young man, intensely
interested in forestry hut limited in physical capacity due
to a delicate constitution. It is hoped that through this
letter he may he aided in securing the necessary equip-
ment.

POOREST Leaves

,?

Arbor Day Bill

House Bill No. 1145 was introduced in the
General Assembly of Pennsylvania on April 4 by
Mr. Thomas C. Harbeson at the request of The
Pennsylvania Forestry Association. It directs the
Governor to proclaim Arbor and Bird Days on
April 9, the birthday of Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock,
as a memorial to the Father of Forestry and to
designate the week on which this day falls as
Conservation Week.

Mr. Harbeson, representing Mifflin County, the
birthplace of Dr. Rothrock, took particular pride
in presenting the bill as "the first forester in
the House."

The bill is given in detail below. It is hoped
that members of The Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation and others will urge its passage.

An Act

Directing the Governor to proclaim certain days
each year as Arbor and Bird Days providing for
a Conservation Week directing suitable observ-
ance of Arbor and Bird Day in the public schools
and imposing certain duties upon superintendents
and teachers.

The General Assembly of the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania hereby enacts as follows:

Section I. From and after the passage of this
act the Governor shall appoint appropriate days
each year to be designated as Arbor Days and
to recommend by proclamation to the people
that such days be suitably observed by wide-
spread planting of trees and shrubs and by group
and community programs stressing the value and
importance of trees and forests.

Section 2. One of the days designated as
Arbor Day shall be the ninth day of April the
birthday of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, as a memorial to
the "Father of Forestry in Pennsylvania" except
when such ninth day of April falls on Sunday.

Section 3. The week in which the ninth day of
April falls shall be designated by proclamation
of the Governor as Conservation Week in Penn-
sylvania during which week the citizens shall be
encouraged to consider through suitable activities
the broader subject of the Conservation of all of
the natural resources from which the wealth of
the Commonwealth is developed.

April, 1939

Section 4. Each day designed as Arbor Day
shall be known also as Bird Day in Pennsylvania
and all teachers in the public schools of this
Commonwealth shall devote together with their
pupils at least two hours of such school day
either in the classroom or out-of-doors to the
study of birds, trees, and general conservation of
resources and all school superintendents within
the Commonwealth, county, city or otherwise,
shall see to it that the requirements of this act
are complied with.

Section 5. All acts and parts of acts incon-
sistent herewith are hereby repealed.

Prize Contest

Association Offers Rewards for Increase

in Forest Plantings

T^REE Planting Prizes for the year 1939 will
-■- be offered by The Pennsylvania Forestry
Association to the members who have or intend
to carry on forest plantings.

First Prize: Five thousand seedlings of any
species of tree suitable for reforesting in
Pennsylvania. y

Second Prize: Three thousand seedings of any
species of tree suitable for reforesting in
Pennsylvania.

Third Prize: One thousand seedlings of any
species of tree suitable for reforesting in
Pennsylvania.

In order to compete one must plant at least
one thousand trees per acre and must notify The
Pennsylvania Forestry Association of his desire
to enter the contest, giving his name, address,
location of planting, acreage planting up to
January 1939 and the species he plans to plant.

The prizes will be awarded on the basis of the
largest percentage of increase in forest planting,
thereby enabling the small planter to compete
on an equal basis with the large planter.

Judges for this competition will be Professor
Victor Beede, Head of the Department of
Forestry, Pennsylvania State College; R. Lynn
Emericic, State Forester, Department of Forests
and Waters; and H. Gleason Mattoon, Executive
Secretary, The Pennsylvania Forestry Associa-
tion.

Five

§'

View ol balhina beach a, Presque Isle State Park, located on a pemnsula nhich extends into

UketX ronl ol the city of Erie, hs iM) acres contain wierest.ni, flora, n,akm^

itTpTpular place for botanists and other nature lovers. Batlnn, and p.cn,c

jacilities are provided, and good fishing is at hand.

One ol the cabins in the Sndth-Elliott cwnping area located in Clearfield County, not Jm jfo
tlie village of Penfield. Cabins containing one, two or three rooms may be rented
by the week. Excellent fishing, hunting and hiking may be enjoyed
in the surrounding wilderness area.

ii

Forest Recreation

H. GLEASON MATTOON

AGCORDING to law the State Forests which
belong to the people of Pennsylvania were
created "to provide a continuous supply of
timber, lumber, wood and other forest products,
to protect the water sheds, conserve the waters
and regulate the flow of rivers and streams and
to furnish opportunities for healthful recreation
to the public."

Much has been said and written about the
first few objectives, yet for the citizenry the last
purpose offers the chance to put the forests to
immediate and interesting use. In the State
Forests of Pennsylvania there are 83 recreational,
historical and wilderness areas set aside for
campers, picnickers, swimmers, fishermen,
hunters, camera enthusiasts, nature lovers, bird
and animal devotees or just citizens to whom
civilization is marvelous if they can escape from
it every so often to that environment where
woods, water and wilderness meet and where
the numbing hum of civilization is never heard.

By including historical areas and recreational
parks the Department of Forests and Waters
Recreation Map covers 42 counties. For diversity
of scenery, for beauty, variety and availability,
Pennsylvania recreational facilities are seldom

equalled. If you wish to spend more than one
day in the tranquility of these forests, various
camp or cabin site leases may be arranged for.
In all cases, a permit is necessary before camp-
ing may be done on public lands. Temporary
camp sites may be had for a small rental fee.
Seasonal permits extend such privileges from
May 1st to October 1st.

On certain areas cabins have been built and
may be rented for varying lengths of time, the
charge being from $7.00 a week up. If a cer-
tain section of the State Forests appeals par-
ticularly and the desire for change each year is
not too great, arrangements may be made for a
so-called permanent camp lease on a ten-year
renewable basis. On this you may build your
own cabin or live more primitively in tents. The
annual rental is from $10.00 up.

In the State Forests there are now 1,650,000
acres, a large area but not enough to provide
adequate and reasonable recreation for all of
the people in the State if certain areas are to be
retained for their other immerous uses. It is
hoped that the Department of Forests and Waters
will follow a long-range and consistent program
of land acquisition to add to the area it now
has. Careful consideration should be given to
providing recreational facilities in the 25 coun-
ties which now have none.

■.^•^^i^ifr

A 260.acre lake in the Black Moshannon Forest Park in Centre County, where swimming, fishing
and boating are enjoyed. One, two and th ree-room cabins are available by the week.

n

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fJiPk^^^^^^^^^^j^^^^>^^^?i^

A New American Fire Medal

JOHN D. GUTHRIE

ON the afternoon of Saturday, August 21,
1937, a forest fire blew up on Blackwater
Creek, Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming.
Over 400 men were fighting the fire, fifteen
human lives were snuffed out in less than a halt-
hour. ,

Immediately after the tragedy, before the ashes
were cold, a few of the federal forest officers
there on the ground, talked of the need of some
tangible expression of showing public apprecia-
tion for the heroism displayed on that fire, and
on many another forest fire. Letters of com-
mendation and of condolence were very good in
their way, but after all they seemed cold and in-
effectual. Why not have a medal, something
simple and dignified, which could be presented
for outstanding act of heroism on forest fires?
Wasn't something like this needed in American
forestry, has been needed for many years, to
present to the Pulaskis, the Ingrams, the Everetts
(or to their families), and other unsung fire
heroes now gon? and well-nigh forgotten?

That idea stuck, because it had something of
real value in it. In spite of much discourage-
ment and some scoffing, that idea born on the
Blackwater fire in Wyoming in August, 1937, has
now blossomed into a reality.

An American Forest Fire Foundation has been
set up, with a Board to handle the business of
raising an endowment of not less than 83,000,
to receive and pass on recommendations for the
award, and to arrange for the presentation of ihe
medals. A design for a medal has been ap-
proved, with appropriate red and green ribbon,
for a citation, and a lapel rosette. High stand-
ards have been set up to govern the award. The
Board is made up of five men.

J. P. Kinney, Cornell Forester, the American
Forestry Association, as Chairman; John D.
Guthrie, Yale 1906, the Society of American
Foresters; Tom Gill, Yale 1911, the Charles Lath-
rop Pack Forestry Foundation; T. E. Goodyear,
Washington State Forester, the Association of
State Foresters; and John B. Woods, Biltmore
Forester, the National Lumber Manufacturers
Association. The American Forestry Associa-
tion consented to serve as the business manager
of the Foundation and designated Fred E. Horna-
day as Secretary or Recorder of the Board.
Contributions are now being solicited, in any
amount, to set up a minimum endowment of

Eight

$3,000; something around S2,000 has been sub-
scribed to date, but more than $3,000 is needed.
The Board met in February to consider the
twelve cases which had been received up to that
time. It held up action on several cases for addi-
tional evidence, but acted favorably on three
cases, all on the Blackwater fire of August 21,
1937. These were Forest, Ranger Urban J. Post,
Bighorn National Forest, Bert A. Sullivan, Cody,
Wyoming, temporary employee of the Bureau of
Public Roadsi, and Junior Forester Paul E.
Tyrrell, a posthumous case.

On March 22, at the annual dinner meeting
of the American Forestry Association, awards
were made in two of these cases; Paul E. Tyrrell,
posthumously, the medal being handed to Con-
gressman Albert E. Carter, California, at the
request of the family; and to Ranger Urban J.
Post in person. Presentation of the medal to
Sullivan will be made in Wyoming during the
coming summer. President James B. K. McClure
of the Association read a dramatic statement of
what took place on the Blackwater Fire, after-
wards introducing Chairman J. P. Kinney of
the Board, who presented the medals.

- • • *

Forest Leaves

i|

A Tale of the Open Road

CLIFTON LISLE*

IT IS a far cry from the bell-heather and
bracken of Glen Nevis at sunset with the mist-
drenched shadow of the Ben overhead and the
burn in spate below to the quiet waters of French
Creek in Pennsylvania with oats just headed for
cutting in the foreground and hillsides golden
with wheat beyond. Yet the first Youth Hostel
I ever saw lay in the heart of that highland glen
and the lads at supper there were kilted, hungry
as badgers and keen from their climb, their bare
knees and faces whipped by the wind, that roars,
snow-chilled, even in summer, across the upper
reaches of Nevis and Ben More.

At my second hostel, by French Creek, on the
Horse Shoe Trail in Pennsylvania, a great white
heron, foraging for supper in the stream beyond
the oat field, touched the twilight magic with a
charm that made the scene complete. Two hikers
there, in shorts, were as brown from the sun, as
ruddy of knee and arm, as their fellows of the
distant ling.

Few outdoor movements have spread with such
amazing rapidity as this of hosteling. Youth
Hostels originated in Germany only a few years
ago and were immediately popular. Thence they
spread to the British Isles and throughout the
continent of Europe. They were brought to
America in 1934 with the establishment of our
first Youth Hostel in Northfield, Mass. The
founders of the American Youth Hostel move-
ment were Isabel and Monroe Smith, who had
attended an International Conference of Youth
Hostels in 1933. At the Third International
Youth Hostel Conference, opened by Ramsay
MacDonald in London in 1934, the American
Youth Hostels were admitted as the 19th mem-
ber of the International Youth Hostel Associa-
tion. There are now twenty countries represented.
The plan of hosteling is simple; the cost neg-
ligible. A person under 21 pays $1 a year dues
to the American Youth Hostels. Over 21, he or
she pays «2. In return, such a registered mem-
ber receives an A. Y. H. pass which admits him
to overnight lodgings at over 4,000 Youth Hos-
tels in 20 countries throughout the world, at a
cost not exceeding 25 cents a night in the United
States or the equivalent of that in foreign cur-

* Reprinted, with omissions, from Frontiers— A magazine
of Natural History.

April, 1939

rency abroad. Members also receive a year's
subscription to the A. Y. H. Knapsack, a quarter-
ly publication that brings to all hostelers the
latest information of hosteling here and overseas.
Youth Hostels, where chains have been estab-
lished, are located between 15 and 20 miles
apart, usually in loops or convenient networks,
so that those hosteling on foot or by bicycles or
horseback may make a convenient swing through
interesting and lovely country at little cost. Any-
one may use these hostels who is fond of the
out-of-doors, likes exercise in wind and weather,
knows how to behave himself and does not mind
a bit of roughing it. There is no age limit.
Hostelers travel on foot, by bicycle, in the saddle,
by canoe or flatboat, on snowshoes, or skiis. They
do not travel, however, by motor, train or bus
except to reach their starting point or to return

home.

Briefly, a Youth Hostel is an aid to inexpensive
travel. It consists of a building, usually on a
farm, with separate sleeping quarters for young
men and women, girls and boys. It is equipped
with bunks, mattresses and blankets; separate
wash-rooms, and toilet facilities; a common
kitchen and dining room and a common recrea-
tion room, whenever possible. There are private
quarters for resident house parents, usually the
owners of the farm or ranch on which the hostel
is located. That is the ideal. In practice, hostels
vary, of course.

On a recent hosteling trek, a-foot, in the United
States, I slept most comfortably in three farm-
houses, a barn, one springhouse, made over, one
specially buih hosteling lodge and one log-cabin.
All were clean as wax; fresh water was available
and open fireplace or indoor stoves at hand for

cooking. .

Each hostel enthusiast must be equipped with
a white sheet sleeping bag. This is a hard and
fast rule and one that is always checked at every
hostel. By it the hostel blankets are kept in a
clean and sanitary condition and the dangers
of disease are largely eliminated.

In the United States, there are eight hostel
regions: No. 1, New England; No. 2, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Mary-
land; No. 3, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio; No. 4,
Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa; No. 5,
Missouri, Kansas, South Dakota, North Dakota,

Nine

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PHOTOGRAPH BY L. CRAIG DICK. JR.

A stone hostel on the Horse Shoe Trail near Ploughville. Here the author spent the night.

Montana, Wyoming and Colorado east of the
Rockies; No. 6, Washington, Oregon, Idaho,
Wyoming west of the Rockies; No. 7, California
Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado
west of the Rockies; No. 8, The Southern and
Southeastern States.

In Pennsylvania plans are under way to set up
a new 500-mile loop connecting the Pennsylvania
hostels with the older chains in New England.
The Horse Shoe Trail in Pennsylvania is already
supplied with them, from historic Valley Forge
on the Schuylkill in Chester County to Manada
Gap in the Blue Ridge — 1 18 miles. There it joins
the Appalachian Trail extending from Mt. Katah-
din in Maine all the way south to Georgia. New
hostels will soon swing northeast from Manada
Gap along the Blue Ridge bases to Stroudsburg
and the Delaware Water Gap. Thence another
chain will follow the Delaware River to Port
Jervis, N. Y., then east to the Hudson at New-
burgh, and so north and east to New England.

The Horse Shoe Trail from Valley Forge to
Manada Gap in Pennsylvania, although one of
the more recent routes to be linked by hostels,
is, perhaps, as rich in historic interest and as
lovely in its varied play of farmland and forest,
highland and valley, as any in the East. Much

Ten

of it follows old trackways through storied wood-
lands where once the charcoal burners had their
pits, and where the wheels of Washington's can-
non cut bitter slots through the snows of the
Encampment Year. It follows leafy farm lanes
where the blue wood-asters and the goldenrod
were crushed beneath the ragged boots of the
Continentals in '77 during the retreat from
Brandywine Battle to Warwick. The great Fur-
nace at Warwick still stands in ruins by the Trail
and many an A. Y. H. hiker will recall the sweet-
ness of the spring above it. Or mind the blue
cloud of forget-me-nots along French Creek be-
low.

Cannon balls were cast at Warwick for the
Continental Army and cannon made for them
at Cornwell Furnace a day or so's trek further
on, where the Trail crosses the highlands of
Lebanon and climbs to the summit of Governor
Dick to give the trekker a breath-taking reward
of far-flung valleys spread below him, ridge on
ridge, field on field, green with corn and gold
with wheat, plough and pasture and wooded
copse, grazing cattle and steepled hamlets, deep
hidden by orchards of apple on the slopes — far
across the lowland to where the Welsh Mountain

((Continued on Pajje 13)

Forest Leaves

"What About Our Lost Cooperators?"

JOHN D. GUTHRIE*

United States Forest Service

TIME was, before the coming of the Civilian
Conservation Corps when nearly every na-
tional forest and every State forest had a depend-
able group of local fire cooperators. Included
were local settlers, ranchers, stockmen, mer-
chants, dude ranchers, or members of any local
organizations. They were organized, knew what
they were to do when a forest fire occurred, and
in many cases did not wait to be called. When
word came of a fire, they went to it. Often they
put out a fire, then reported it to the ranger.
These fire cooperators were valuable in propor-
tion to their interest and to the degree with which
they had been organized, given some training,
and were equipped. They were often our third,
many times our second, and sometimes our first
line of fire defense.

I wonder, if generally speaking, one finds
many of these fire cooperators on the fire Ime
these days? Have we been calling on them and
using them during the last three or four years
as we used to? If they are not found on na-
tional forest and state forest fires nowadays, who
is fighting our fires? The answer is easy— in
many places the Civilian Conservation Corps.

I was on a western forest not long ago which
had once built up a fine cooperative spirit m
its local people. Dude ranchers used to turn out,
with men and pack stock, the local Legion post
was organized into eight squads of eight men
each to fight forest fires. This was no paper or-
ganization; they turned out, they went to fires,
and they fought fires. Last summer that forest
had a big fire when fire fighters, pack stock
saddle stock, and help were needed, and needed
right then. Did the one time fire cooperators
turn out? No, they didn't. Nobody refused
but many former willing workers were out ot
town, or tied up, or pack and saddle stock was
over the mountain.

What had happened? Again the answer is
easy. Since 1933 this forest had formed the
habit of calling up on CCC enrollees to go to
fire^ They were grouped in camps and could be
reached easily. The boys weren't afraid to work,
were organized, witli chuck, tools and equipment
and had experienced foremen with them. It was
the most natural thing in the world to call on the

April, 1939

or

three-C lads. And so the Civilian Conservation
Corps has been called and has been fighting our
forest fires during the last four years, and some-
how we have just about forgotten our good co-
operators. The local folks sort of passed out of
the picture. We haven't been contacting them,
we haven't been calling on them, and they have-
n't been helping on fires.

The incident referred to on that western forest
is not an isolated case. I found much the same
situation in the Lake states. I venture to say that
it has been going on in every national and every
state forest which has had a Civilian Conserva-
tion Corps camp.

The original idea or plan was that the Civilian
Conservation Corps would be called only in
emergencies. That is, if we had exhausted our
regular protective force, local help, hired help,
and local cooperators, and still needed fire
fighters, why we would call on the Civilian Con-
servation Corps boys. But we long ago got away
from that and went further and used the enrollees
for detection as well, on patrol, as checkers-in,
and almost anywhere and everywhere in the fire
game.

Now if we were certain that the Civilian Con-
servation Corps would be with us permanently,
our system might work permanently, but we are
not so certain. In fact, on June 28, 1937, the
Civilian Conservation Corps had its life extended
to 1940 only. No one knows whether it will be
continued after that or not; no one knows posi-
tively whether it will last until 1940.

All of which leads to the question: Wouldn't
it be the part of wisdom and good fire planning
to rediscover our lost cooperators?
* The Oregon "Forest Log " November, 1938

Designation of large roadless wilderness areas
on Indian Reservations has been ordered by John
Collier, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, with
the approval of Secretary Ickes. Under the defi-
nition of the National Resources Board, a road-
less area is one that contains no provision tor
motorized transportation and comprises at least
100,000 acres in forested country and 5UU,UUU
acres in non-forested country. Twelve such areas
have been set aside on the Reservations.

Eleven

I

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ii

BOOK REVIEW

MEN AND RESOURCES

J. RUSSELL SMITH
Harcourt, Brace Company, $2.30 postpaid.

A book that can be described best in the fol-
lowing manner:

We, the Nations, or civilization of North
America, had been a paying corporation with
plenty of raw material, market and labor supply,
— hence, a staple social, political, and economic
well-being has been enjoyed. We did pretty good
under the management of the first several genera-
tions but by the time the present one had in-
herited the mantle of leadership, two vicious
factors started to make themselves felt.

First, vicious sins of the preceeding generations
of making books balance (skimming the cream
off resources an example) without considering
the troubles they were making for the morrow.

Second, the lack of ability to square with
these hard-nosed conditions we inherited in this
generation because of softness caused by luxury
and idealism associated with an easy life — hence,
the red ledger.

A consultant engineer, one thoroughly schooled
in the wiles of the world and spiritual wisdom
lakes us apart just as a GOOD new shop superin-
tendent thoroughly takes the whole works apart,
studying every angle before submitting a report
on why the shop is in the red. He catalogs every
type of climate from the tropical to the frozen
wastes of Canada, their peoples, cultures, crops
and resources, then cites the competitive eras of
the world, giving a beautiful mental chart of
what to expect in local and world markets, both
present and future. He lists the mineral re-
sources, their history in our national develop-
ment and influence on social and economic life
in given areas and as a whole. Also the influence
our economic and social requirements have on
these resources and what precautions to take and
substitutes to use to conserve them.

Most important of all is his history of soil
abuse and wastage and how — if properly hus-
banded— we can, first, produce many crops on
trees that hold the soil and rain runoff, substitut-
ing many present day plow crops ruinous in hill
farming; second, grow cellulose for the chemical
laboratories to use in substituting many products
now fabricated from our rapidly diminishing
minerals.

Startling clarity is given the error of indi-
vidual license in exploiting our natural resources.
One illustration cited; — a gas field in Penna.

Twelve

had 26 million dollars worth of wells drilled
with 2 million of gas being the total supply re-
covered. He compares this with the English
style of goverimient control of production, per-
mitting only enough oil and gas to be pumped to
supply demand — knowing that the welfare of
the common wealth is more important than pro-
tection of individual license. Another is the
raping of our forest stands without a co-ordinat-
ed plan of maintaining them for posterity.

He hammers home the necessity of our work-
ing toward co-ordination of national planning.
A case in point is one in Tennessee of National
Highway planners who planned their roads and
built a bridge. Time revealed that in building
a dam to make the river "ship shape" a newly
built 3 million dollar bridge would be sub-
merged.

Along with this thought is emphasized the
necessity of "we Americans" learning to co-
operate in commerce, citing lack of actually
knowing the simple secret of primitive trading
as one of our greatest weaknesses.

Thf' high percentage of accuracy of statistical
nature makes one wonder how the author could
ever keep so large a picture in liis vision at once.
Then, unlike so many writers who work up a
liead of steam in the reader without suggestin
a remedy, he presents concrete solutions.

The outstanding remedy recommended can be
summed up as follows: Here is the bin of dimin-
ishing supply of resources; this is the statis of
our social and economic standing. Now then,
by following this outlined procedure, we'll have
a better future and enough supplies to go round.
Only in a very few instances is an admission
made of not knowing the solutions to the prob-
lem. A world traveler, observer, and student
of men and resources, along with an analytical
mind and deep spiritual concern for posterity,
presents his solutions — logical balanced conclu-
sions well smoked and cured in the brine of
personal and historical experience.

Set up as a text book for high schools and
colleges in true J. Russell Smith style, it reads
like an adventure thriller, and it is so, for it is
the story of a strange people ruthlessly exploit-
ing a continent. This, with a touch of history
and culture of previous American peoples, keeps
one truly entertained. An ample supply of
photos, sketches, charts, and maps add to the
book's impressiveness.

John W. Hkrsmey,

Secy. Pa. Nut Growers Asso.

Forest Leaves

<>■

Trees With a Story

Hundreds of trees scattered throughout Penn-
sylvania hold a story of interest to the many
readers of Forest Leaves. Many are not known
beyond tlieir own neighborhood yet thev may
have a significance of Stale-wide ap|)eal and be
important enough for such recognition. The
readers are invited to report to Mr. E. F. Brouse,
Chairman of the Forest Leaves Publication Com-
mittee, INorristown, telling the stories that they
know of a tree or groups of trees.

The size and shape of a tree may be of interest;
it may be unique or grotesque, may be strangs
acting or peculiar in some respect; it may mark
an incident or an anniversary ; it nlay be a memo-
rial ; it may have been of distinct service in some
way; it may act as an inspiration. A group of
trees or "woods" may have saved a life by pro-
viding shelter or funds for needed care and up-
building of some individual; and in many other
ways might trees be interesting and useful and
afford a really worthwhile story.

Whatever it may be and no matter how seem-
ingly trivial, you will be doing a distinct service
by passing the word along. We ought to get
better acquainted with our trees. This will give
us an opportunity to know more of them inti-
mately.

Photographs will be appreciated and will add
to the interest of the proposed articles. H your
prints are small, send the negatives also; we will
have them enlarged and return the negative to
you.

FORESTRY AND THE ANTHRACITE

REGION

(Continued from Page 3)

Local forest development offers an opportunity
to assist the anthracite industry, as well as every
other wood-using industry in the region, in de-
creasing its production costs directly and indi-
rectly by:

L Creating a new industry capable of ab-
sorbing unemployed.

2. Reducing timber costs.

3. Making surface lands productive enough
to offset their maintenance.

This is by no means entirely a private prob-
lem. Its solution is definitely within public in-
terest because of necessary watershed protection,
recreational facilities, and economic security. Al-
though land in private ownership may best be
developed by private initiative, every encourage-
ment should be given to this initiative by pub-
licly-instituted action.

Aprie, P)3<)

A TALE OF THE OPEN ROAD

dreams in the blue of summer haze along the

(Continued from Page 10)

he ]
Chester Border.

Place names here are lovely as the farmlands,
racy of the soil that gave them birth. Nant-
meal — the "sweet-meadow" of the Welsh who
settled this tiny village over 200 years ago and
live there still. Coventry, where the names of
Coventry and Warwick lie as closely linked upon
their hills as they do in their motherland of an
English shire. Honeybrook and the Cockscomb
Rock are just off the Trail above the Manor of
Brandywine and Brandamore. Then on towards
Lancaster with its Caernarvon and Brecknock to
prove where the Welsh once crossed their little
mountain and so passed our first frontier. Beaver
Run, Sixpenny Creek, Hammer Creek, Birch Run
tell us of the land as it was in the old days. By
Lebanon we find the Pennsylvania Dutch as in
Lancaster. Heidelberg and Manheim speak for
these thrifty folk who love the furrowed land
and tend it well. All this is Steigel country,
often bearing the name of the lady of the manor
and set up the furnace that brought him fame.

The furnace names themselves are fascinating,
coming to us, as they do, from Colonial days and
often bearing the name of the lady of the manor
that owned them — Elizabeth, Joanna, Hopewell,
Cornwall. Their ruins stand silent now, more
lovely than ever in a cloak of ivy that keeps
them young, half hidden in their glens. The
forests that once fed their hungry maws with
charcoal and the highlands that supplied them
with iron, are still green with oak and ash, wal-
nut and maple, though the chestnuts are gone.
Pines grow cool and green on the rock ledges.
Laurel shadows the trout streams about Penryn.

From the stone farmhouses below, gray lime-
stone or mellowed brick in Lancaster, red or
tawny brown in Lebanon and Berks, floats the
scent of woodsmoke and pots a-boil at sundown.
No one who has ever broken fast at a Pennsyl-
vania farmhouse can forget it. Words fail. These
people go in for rations that both whet the
palate and stay well by the ribs. They know how
to cook and they take time to enjoy their rations
as all good trenchermen should.

The old customs hold. Grace, often in the
tongue of their sires, the low German of the
Rhinish Palatinate, touched by two centuries of
contact in this country with their English-speak-
ing neighbors, is a prelude to the meal. Often
the master of the house begins the day with

Thirteen

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family prayer at table and the reading of Holy
Writ. Grace before meat is usually spoken by
one of the children.

The farm buildings l)y the hostels are a delight
to all who can mark beauty in the craft of well-
cut, well-laid stone, in the nicety and balance of
quoin and lintel, in the play of tracery where
the ventilating slits in the brickwork or masonry
— the awallow-holes — ^have been placed high
towards the eaves in the barn ends.

To spread a hostel's clean sailcloth over the
hay-mow in such a barn — always a Swiss barn
in Lancaster, with its threshing-floor on the fore-
bay and an earth ramp sloping up to bring the
great four-team hay wagons to the mows, then
to crawl contentedly into one's sleeping bag and
settle back on the bliss of sweet-scented timothy
in the high-piled bay, mindful of a good day's
tramp and a glorious supper, while the pigeons
practice a twilight's coasting on the pitch of the
roof overhead and the Guernseys stir softly in
their stanchions below — such a lodging warms
us with a thrill that even the most hardened
hostler can never forget, bringing a heartease
that mellows with time.

SOME INFLUENCES OF FORESTS ON
CLIMATE, SOIL, AND WATER

(Continued from Page 2)

in spring loss equaled twelve and nine-tenths
inches of water. In Coldwater Canyon transpi-
rational losses during the six summer months of
1931 amounted to forty-five inches of water.
Losses such as this certainly warrant the action
already adopted by some cities such as San Ber-
nardino, California of piping water out of the
stream channel before it can be consumed by the
vegetation bordering the stream. It must be
remembered that the figures cited would repre-
sent maximum losses in the United States. Data
on transpiration rates for other regions and
types are lacking, but they would be decidedly
less, probably ranging from six to eighteen
inches.

Interception of precipitation, evaporation from
the soil, and transpiration account for most of
the difference between the total precipitation
over an area and the flow of the stream draining
it. This difference between precipitation and
stream flow shows that the loss of water by the
factors noted above amounts to from twenty to
forty inches by the longleaf-loblolly-slash pine
type in the South, fifteen to twenty inches by the

Fourteen

beech-birch-maple-hemlock forest so connnon in
Pennsylvania, and twenty-five to sixty inches by
Douglas fir forests in the West. Transpirational
losses account for the greatest percentage of the
losses noted. Therefore in regio!is where the
aim is to secure the greatest flow of water, it is
essential that transpirational losses are ke|)t at a
minimum, the best all round results being ol)-
tained by plants which satisfactorily protect the
site, but transpire a small amount of water. At
the present time experiments are being carried
out in Southern California to determine just
such plants, which are adapted to the region, so
that stream flow can be increased.

The paper thus far would tend to show that
forest areas yield less total volume of water than
nonforested areas because precipitation is essen-
tially the same over forests and fields, but inter-
ception and transpirational loss much more than
offset the saving by evaporation. However, we
are mainly interested in usable water well dis-
tributed throughout the season. It is when we
consider this angle of water supply that forests
I)lay a major role.

The porosity of the forest soil is a result of
the presence of organic matter. The oven-dry
weight of the annual accumulation of forest lit-
ter "^ twigs, leaves, branches which have fallen to
ground but have not yet decayed) is a function
of the stand and varies from over three tons to
less than half a ton per acre. The amount of
debris on the forest floor tends to be higher m
forests of cool climates of northern latitudes
and high altitudes, and lower as the climate be-
comes warmer. The total oven-dry weight of a
forest floor including all organic material varies
from over one hundred tons to less than a ton.
The direct result of this organic material is to
keep soil open and porous. The permeability
of soils under forests may be fifty times greater
than soils in the open. Forest floors also lend
to keep frozen soil porous, when bare soil be-
comes solid and impermeable. We always find
animal life associated with organic material.
Dr. A. P. Jacot has determined that there are up
to 10,(KK) individual microarthropods (minute
animals such as spiders, springlails, centi|)edes,
etc.) per square foot of forest litter in the Appa-
lachian region. In view of the fact that one
worm hole is nearly as effective as 1,0(K),0(K)
channels between clay i)articles, one can more
readily understand the importance of holes and
cavities throughout the soil mass in encouraging
the infiltration of water. Root systems eventu-
ally decay and form additional channels through-

FOREST LEA.VES

I

out the soil mass. This organic layer on the
forest floor plays an additional role in prevent-
ing water from becoming turbid, thus preventing
the sealing of pore spaces by clayey films, and
thereby insuring infiltration of water.

It must be remembered that the organic mate-
rial not only serves in a physical manner as de-
scribed above, but has a chemical role as well.
It returns a great many elements to the forest
floor, particularly nitrogen, calcium, potassium,
and phosphorus. The addition of forest litter to
soils of poor quality increases groMh and re-
moval of forest floor or its excessive accumula-
tion may deteriorate the quality and as such de-
crease growth. Fire which destroys forest floors
causes a total loss of nitrogen which volatilizes
and converts portions of calcium, potassium, and
phosphorus to more soluble forms which are
subject to rapid washing and leaching. Fires
thus lead to rapid deterioration of the site.

The question might be asked, does the forest
floor have any direct effect upon moisture con-
tent other than increasing permeability and pre-
venting turbidity? It has been found that the
organic layer will retain from one to ^\e times
its dry weight of water. However, the maximum
retention of precipitation is usually less than one
inch of water. The forest floor also increases
the percentage of moisture retained by the soil
to the extent that it reduces evaporation.

Vegetation reduces surface run-off by increas-
ing the porosity of the soil, by actual retention
of part of the water, and by offering mechanical
obstruction it retards the movement of water to
the drainage channels, thus tending to retard
and lower flood crests and prolong increased
flow in low water periods.

As we have seen forests conserve snow and
reduce evaporation of soil moisture and at the
same time intercept precipitation and transpire
water from the soil, run-off then is a balance be-
tween these influences. The result may be harm-
ful or beneficial depending on the occurrence of
precipitation as snow or rain, its distribution
throughout the year or part of it, and its arrival
in light or heavy storms. Research to date,
backed by observations in all parts of the United
States, justifies the belief that forests of the coun-
try usually benefit stream flow. However, as has
been already mentioned, we might find excep-
tional cases in canyon-bottom vegetation of drier
regions. There is no doubt that the forest floor
is beneficial, in spite of the fact that it does in-

Ai'RiL, iaS9

tercept some moisture which returns to the air
by evaporation, as it reduces surface run-off, in-
creases percolation, and reduces the loss of soil
moisture by evaporation. However, it must be
remembered that man by careful and skillful
management of the forest can undoubtedly pro-
duce a forest with greater beneficial influence
than the original.

Before closing let me cite some outstanding
examples illustrating the results of forest remov-
al on erosion and run-off. In 1934 the run-off
following fire and rain in the mountains of Los
Angeles County, California (near the location
of the recent serious fires) resulted in run-off
twenty-two times greater than from an adjacent
unburned area receiving the same rainfall, but
on which the vegetation was unharmed. The
4,000 acres of burned area also yielded 67,000
cubic yards of eroded debris while the unburned
area yielded only 56 cubic yards of eroded mate-
rial. Run-off which resulted from a 1931 burn
in Richardson and Mann Creeks of the Idaho Na-
tional Forest carried enough debris to dam the
Salmon River to a depth of 20 to 25 feet for a
length of 450 feet, and to cause a new rapid to
be formed in the river. The staff of the Appa-
lachian Forest Experiment Station found that by
removing the litter under an old growth pine-
hardwood forest by fire run-off averaged ten
limes as great as that from adjacent unburned
areas.

It is undoubtedly true that foresters have in
many cases overemphasized certain features of
the influence of forests on climate, water, and
soil. However, it is evident from careful ex-
perimentation that forest vegetation and brush
demonstrate many striking influences, both fa-
vorable and unfavorable. For example, trans-
piration and interception of water is a desirable
feature in humid regions in reducing height of
flood crests while in more arid regions, where
water is scarce, they are undesirable. The ex-
cessive cooling of forest soils by dense forests
in northern latitudes may be harmful as soil tem-
peratures are typically too cool for satisfactory
growth while in more southern climates cooling
of the soil may be beneficial. It is well to re-
member that the factor under discussion and lo-
cation must be considered before stressing the
value of forest cover as it may have unfavorable
influences as well as favorable. In the main, the
forest favorably influences climate, soil, and
water, although under exceptional cases the re-
verse may be true.

Fifteen

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TREES WILL LIVE

Everyone who has walked in the woods has
seen examples of the ability of trees to over-
come adverse growing conditions. If the seed
happens to fall on a cliff, its roots sometimes
traverse several feet of bare rock before finding
soil. If insects or disease do not weaken it, it
will live.

An excellent example of a tree's tenacity to
life is here illustrated. Construction work sur-
rounds this 80 foot tulip tree with stone, cement,
and hard surfaced road, while the nearest water
is 9 feet below in the mill race, yet the tree lives
and thrives. The trunk is now 14 inches in
caliper and has grown out over the stone wall
3 inches on either side.

Sixteen

Forest stand imi)rovement was conducted on
55,364 acres of Pennsylvania State Forest land
and 4600 acres were cleaned up generally in
193<). Fire hazard reduction healnienl was giv-
en lo 13,327 acres, Iree disease conhol covered
274,911 and insccl pesl cradicalion, «>79l acres.

ROSES . SHRUBS
Fruit Trees - S

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1,000 Black Locust 12-18"

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The above 5,000 trees for $2.>.()() (-.Usll
One half of the above eolleotion $15.0U

Atlantic Nurseries, Inc.

BERLIN, M D.

MAILING LISTS

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Forest Leaves

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Our Program

1.

The arif quale protection of all i^ennsylvania forests from Fire, Fungi, and Insects.

2.

The personnel of the Department of Forests and Waters lo be chosen and retained on a
basis of efficient service only, in order lo guarantee permanency of policy and continuity of action.

3.

The management of the State forests so that they may supply the permanent needs of the
people not only for continuous timber protection but also for recreation, hunting and fishing.

4.

Greater co-operation between the departments of the State Government for protection of the
beauty of the public lands.

5.
Adequate biennial appropriations for the purchase, protection, and development of the

State forests.

6.

The education of the public, corporations, sportsmen, and forest land owners with respect to
the value of our forests and the necessity for their development and proper utilization.

7.
The planting of trees valuable for lumber on all waste and idle lands and the continued
distribution of seedlings by the State.

8.
The education of our children in forestry in both public and private schools. A love and
appreciation of the forests tend to a belter type of citizenship.

9.
The establishment of town and county forests which will bring pure air, pure water, and
recreation close to the centers of population.

10-
The preservation of the few remaining areas of virgin timber in Pennsylvania.

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Organized in 1886

306 COMMERCIAL TRUST BUILDING

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

I desire lo support the activities of The Pennsylvania Forestry Association for the preserva-
tion and development of forest lands, and enclose a check for $ ^. •• •• to cover
n,embership for the ensuing year. One dollar of this amount is to pay for yearly subscnpl.on to
Forest Leaves.

MKMHKKSHll' CLASSKS

Annual nu'niht'r $3.00

Club niembtTship -'J-OO

SuHtaininw: mi-nihcr 10.00

♦('ontril)utinv: member 20.00

Liff mombor 100.00

Perpetual member 250.00

*lf paitl for five consecutive
yrars the pt-rson autt)matically
beconus a life member.

Name

Address

Date

State

FoKEST Leaves, the Association's magazine, is sent to mem-
bers in all classes. Our program will be found on the inside
back cover.

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FOREST LEAVES

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DEPT. OF FORESTRY

LIBRARY

Til fiinylfiili Stati College

JULY 1939

LIVINGSTON PUBLISHING COMPANY
NARBERTH. PENNA.

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

I ^ i t

CONTENTS

Bring Business Back to Pennsylvania

George //. Wirt

The Pine Barrens of Centre County, Pennsylvania

Walter F. Westerfield

1

Editorials

The Association's Annual Meeting

Forestry and Ethics

Dr. Adelbert Ebner

Lehigh University Sportsman's Club

Robert Stoudt

The Forestry Club of Episcopal Academy

Westtown School History in Tulip Tree

8

Treasurer's Report

10

16

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Founded in June, 1886

Labors to disseminale informalion in regard to the necessity and methods of forest cuhiire
and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws,
both State and National.

Annual Membership Fee, Three Dollars

One Dollar of which is for subscription to Forest Leaves
Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the
State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the
Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1733 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia.

President-W iLBVR K. Thomas
Honorary President—SKMVEL L. Smedley Honorary Vice-President— KoBmT S. Conklin

Vice-Presidents
Wm. S. B. McCaleb Dr. E. E. Wildman Ei)waki> C. M. Richakds

Fkancis R. Copt:, Jr. Edward Woolman Dr. Rodney II. Trie

Secretary— U. Gleason Mattoon Treastirrr—K. A. Wri(;ht, C.P.A.

N

FOREST LEAVES

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Entered as second-class matter at the Post-Office at Wayne, Pa., October 22, 1935, under the Act of March 3, 1879

Subscription $1.00 per Year

Vol. XXIX— No. 3

Wayne, Pa., July, 1939

Whole Number 294

Bring Business Back to Pennsylvania

GEORGE H. WIRT
Chief Forest Fire Warden, Pennsylvania

EVERYBODY admits that what Pennsylvania
needs now is more business. Industries
which will furnish labor for the present popula-
tion are being persuaded to stay in Pennsylvania.
Other industries are being induced to locate with-
in this State in order to furnish additional oppor-
tunities for labor. It is expected, of course, that
business will pay the laborers, that payrolls will
not merely remain at existing levels but that they
will be materially increased. With increased
payrolls, business of all kinds will pick up and
prosperity will be back again.

Advertising is being done by the Common-
wealth itself with the object of enticing people of
other States and Countries just to visit Pennsyl-
vania. Of course, after they are here they will
spend an appreciable part of their cash. This
will start on its round of making business go and
our people will be busy. Why not consider the
forest areas within the boundaries of Pennsylva-
nia as a possible aid to business recovery?

Without attempting to cover too much detail
let lis ask ourselves a few questions and study in
brief their answers.

What is the extent of forest-covered areas in
Pennsylvania? The latest figures show that there
are approximately 13,0(X),000 acres spoken of as

forest land.

What proportion of the total area of the State
is this so-called forest area? The total area of
Pennsylvania is approximately 28,000,000 acres,
therefore the forest area is about one million
acres less than half of the total area of the State.

What area is used in Pennsylvania for agri-
cultural crops? There are now approximately
8,000,000 acres being used to raise staple farm
crops. The area of forest land therefore is 1.6
times as great as the area of farm crop land.

What is the gross value of Pennsylvania farm
crops? The annual value of all farm crops is
around $250,000,000.00.

Is the forest a crop of the soil? Certainly
trees grow from the ground and should be con-
sidered as a soil crop capable of being managed
and improved by proper treatment as any other
soil crop may be improved by the kind of treat-
ment required by it. An unlimited supply of
wood in this country has not made necessary a
careful use of what we have had or a planned
protection to meet our needs.

What is the gross value of wood actually being
cut annually from this 13,000,000 acres of forest
land? Nobody knows because no systematic ef-
fort is being made in Pennsylvania to find out,
but from fairly good guesses it may be estimated
as around $2,500,000.00. In 1890, however,
lumbering was the biggest business in Pennsyl-
vania.

/5 there being cut annually as much wood as
is produced on the 13,000,000 acres of forest
land? Again nobody knows, but we may use
certain figures for estimate. A recent stock sur-
vey of wood growth on State Forests indicates an
average growth of 40 cubic feet per acre in the
last year. If we use this figure, it would indicate
a growth for the whole forest area of 520,000,000
cubic feet. This, of course, depends upon wheth-
er the average growth on the State Forest areas
measured might be more or less than the produc-
tion for the millions of acres of privately owned

land. . ,

From the best figures obtainable it is estimated
that there is now being cut from Pennsylvania
forests about 120,000,000 cubic feet of wood or
less than Vx of the probable present annual
growth.

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Ho,v much tvood is used in Pennsylvania in a cubic feet which is considerably in excess of the

"7 No one has any recent reliable figures figure set up as indicating Pennsylvania s pres-

Cfrom the Statistics which have been gathered ent annual wood use. With this production, we

from Se to time and for various purposes, it could use more wood or have the additional

mri^^afe to estimate the current annual needs amount available for sale out of the State.

Tt approx mlfy 860,000,000 cubic feet. ff'hat is necessary now to increase the annual

di dppiuAin y ' ' 1 _ ,^ ^^^u wood production m Pennsylvania.^

It will pay to put these figures close to each igt/Reasonable protection from forest fire. It
other for comparison: j^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^f ^^e past that have de-
Wood needed and used in one stroyed and wasted the wood growth on millions
year in Pennsylvania 860,000,000 cu. ft. ^^ acres, and made it impossible for many mil-
Wood growing on 13,000,000 lions of acres to produce any wood growth for

acres in one year 520,000,000 cu. ft. y^^j-g gj ^ ti^^e. After lumbering, fires raged

Wood cut from 13,000,000 over most of the forest land in Pennsylvania, de-
acres in one year 120,000,000 cu. ft. stroying the growth left by the lumberman and

This means that 740,000,000 cubic feet of preventing natural recovering of the soil because

wood is bought outside of Pennsylvania and of the destruction of seeds and roots. Fire

hauled into this State. burned over millions of acres time after time un-

// the growth in a year is 520 million cubic til as late as fifteen years ago it was estimated

fee, whycouldnH there he more than 120 mil- modestly that there were at least 5 million acres

lion cubic feet be cut from our forests? The an- being kept in a non-producing condition by fre-

swer to that question would be very interesting quent forest fires. • ,- •

blause it would include a number of reasons The State's forest P-^-^-^^^^/-^^^ "j

and many guesses, but the fact remains that pos- the last fifteen years has made it possible for at

sibly for^he present it is a good thing for the least three million acres of this burned-over area

future of Pennsylvania forests and business that to become covered again with some kind of for-

this surplus is accumulating. est growth and has given the entire 13 million

Is it possible to grow on 13 million acres of acres a chance to increase the wood stock very

land enough wood I supply the wood needs of V^aterially. In the last 10 years approximately

Pennsylvania's industry and individuals? By 1,250,000 acres of forest land burned over. Pre-

taking a low average production figure from the vious to 1900 that large an area would burn over

records of EuropeL forests where most of the in one year, l^ss than half this area was land

forests have received some management in addi- that was not burned over in 1920 or since then,

tion to protection from fire, 50 cubic feet per These figures indicate a considerable improve-

acre per year is a safe guess. Using this figure, ment in conditions but as long as it is possible

the annual production on 13 million acres would for one fire to spread over 1,000 acres no forest

be 650 million cubic feet. property is safe and there is no inducement for

There are at least 3 million acres of land in the owner to spend much money on it as long as

Pennsylvania which has been farmed and is not the investment may be wiped out so easily and

now being used or that should not be used for quickly.

farm crops but that should be growing trees. If 2nd. The second thing necessary for increas-

this. area were made to produce wood there ing annual production of wood in Pennsylvania
would be an additional 150 million cubic feet is the application of common sense in the care ot

available or a total of at least 800 million cubic the forest crop. , . i •

£ggj Wood is the result of sun, wmd and rain being

This would leave a shortage of 60 million combined and manufactured in the leaves of

cubic feet. trees. On the average there is approximately the

If, on the other hand, Pennsylvania forests same amount of sun, wind and rain coming to an

both State and private, can be protected and de- acre of ground each year. If there are no leaves

veloped so as to compare favorably with some of on the acre with which to translate these resourc-

the better sections of Europe and thus be brought es into wood, of course, there is no wood crop,

to an average production of 70 cubic feet per When trees are just out of the seed, as many as

acre per year, which, I believe, is easily possible, 20,000 might be necessary to cover an acre oi

the 16 million acres of land which should be ground, but when trees are 100 years old possi-

kept in forest growth would yield 1,120,000,000 (Continued on Page 14)

j,^^ Forest Leaves

The Pine Barrens of Centre County

WALTER F. WESTERFELD

NO one who has seen the monotonously roll-
ing topography of Centre County's barrens
will ever forget the frightening feeling of utter
loneliness on the first visit. One can see far from
the hills — and yet not see anything. It haunts
like a curse from the misused land. Where use-
ful trees once covered hills and valleys, now the
eye meets only grass and scrub oak with occa-
sional pines and aspens — a vegetation expressing
the struggle of nature to overcome the shortcom-
ings of man. (Fig. 1)
This desolate area

which we know as
the "Barrens" is
mentioned oftener
than any other lo-
cality in the neigh-
borhood, and rightly
so, for the region is
one of the most in-
teresting and myste-
rious places in Cen-
tral Pennsylvania —
mysterious not only
in its very nature but
also in its history.
The area aroused
the writer's curiosity
some years ago, but

afwa^T'Tuswere'd Reproduced from a map of 1861 by H. F. Walling 1. f/^thorities believe
with a shrug of the Scotia; 2. Circleville; 3. Juniata Junction; 4. Tow hat, P"^/^ |^ ^^^^
shoulders because Hill; 5. Approximate location of route 322. time, ^emra

burg Sandstone. This formation is the parent
material of the sandy soils classified as the Mor-
rison Series. The area extends from Altro near
Bellefonte, Centre County to Birmingham, Hunt-
ingdon County and includes some 50,000 acres.
Some of this land, in particular the more loamy
soils from the limestone and dolomite compo-
nents of the Gatesburg, has been cleared for agri-
culture; but most farming in the past has met
with poor returns. This marginal land encircles
some 4,000 to 5,000 acres of more sandy soil,

intermixed with de-
posits of iron ore
and pure sand. It is
this area, roughly
bounded by Scotia,
Circleville, Juniata
Junction and Tow
Hill, which is local-
ly known as the
"Barrens." All fur-
ther mention of the
Barrens will be in
reference to this
area. (Fig. 2)

The first definite-
ly known inhabitants
of this section were
the Shawanese In-
dians in 1698. Some

the knowledge of
most people does not go beyond the happenings
of the last few years. The literature abounds
with accounts of the mining industry, but there
is little about the Barrens themselves. This stub-
bornness of the region in shrouding its past with
mystery made the writer all the more determined
to tear away the veil and write its story by col-
lecting the scattered information from references
her and there in history books and from our
older residents and others.

On the one side the Bald Eagle Mountains, on
the other the Nittany Mountains and Seven Moun-
tains rim the fertile Nittany Valley. The Bar-
rens, occupying a broad strip in the center, stand
100 to 200 feet above the surrounding farm land.
They are underlaid by the slow weathering Gates-

JiiLY. 1939

sylvania may have
been in the possession of the Muncy tribe, one of
the Delawares, before they moved westward in
1728. In any event, part of the Barrens was in-
cluded in the purchase unit from the Shawanese
Indians in 1754.; the rest was part of the 1768
purchase. The land was incorporated into Cum-
berland County where it remained until it be-
came part of the newly created Northumberland
County in 1772. Another transfer was made in
1789 when Mifflin County claimed the central
section of Pennsylvania. The last change took
place in 1800 and since that date the Barrens
have been in parts of Ferguson, Patton and Half-
Moon townships of Centre County, (f^^g- ^;
Abraham Elder chose a home in Half-Moon
(Continued on Page 11)

Three

i^t

' 1

11

' -^ <■'_■. '■■'r^v

FOREST LEAVES

Published quarterly by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE
E. F. Brouse, Chairman
Samuel N. Baxter Dr. Rodney H. True

Charles B. Cadwalader Philip A. Livingston

The publication of an article in Forest Leaves does
not necessarily imply that the views expressed therein
are those of The Pennsylvania Forestry Association.
Address all correspondence to Wayne, Penna., or to
the Editor, 1733 Commercial Trust Building, Philadel-
phia Pa. Kindly notify us of any change in address.

JULY, 1939

The ISew President

Mr. Wilbur K. Thomas, newly elected Presi-
dent of The Pennsylvania Forestry Association,
is a man of considerable distinction in educa-
tional and philanthropic work. As Director of
the Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, Inc., since
1930, he has been actively interested in establish-
ing closer cultural relations between this country
and Germany. Many foresters have benefited
from his activities by being sent with all expenses
paid by the Foundation to Germany to study for-
estry practices and methods. Mr. Thomas was
recently elected a Director of the American For-
estry Association.

Born on a farm in Indiana, Mr. Thomas after
finishing high school went to the Friends Univer-
sity at Wichita, Kansas, later attending Brown
University and Yale Divinity School. During the
ten years he was a minister of the Boston Friends
Meeting, he took post-graduate work at Boston
University where he received his Ph. D. degree.
In 1912 he founded and was editor of the Friends
Bible School Supplies.

From 1918 to 1929 Mr. Thomas was Executive
Director of the American Friends Service Com-
mittee which carried on war relief work in
France, Poland, and Serbia, child feeding work
in Germany and Austria and famine relief in
Russia. He has travelled extensively throughout
Europe supervising and inspecting this work and
much of the credit for the success of the relief
work following the war was due to his efforts.

Four

He has also been actively interested in the re-
habilitation of the soft coal miners in West Vir-
ginia and Pennsylvania.

He is actively interested in all conservation
matters. During his travels abroad, he visited
many of the community forests which have been
under successful management for over 100 years.
Because of his intimate knowledge of the value,
both financially and aesthetically, he feels strong-
ly that municipalities and other corporate units
in Pennsylvania should consider establishmg
such forests.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association is most
fortunate in Mr. Thomas' willingness to serve as
President for under his guidance great strides
should be made.

As Others See Us

Those members who heard the talk by Dr.
Adelbert Ebner at the annual meeting had
the rare opportunity of hearing a man exception-
ally informed in matters of American forestry
who, at the same time, spoke from the detached
viewpoint of a foreign country. Germany s en-
viable forestry policy is a story well heard in it-
self; it is a story of particular value coming from
a man who has gained a sympathetic knowledge
of the problems of this younger nation.

Forest Leaves

The Association's Annual Meeting

THE Annual Meeting of The Pennsylvania
Forestry Association was held on May 4,
1939, at the Hotel Philadelphian, 39th and
Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, with about fifty
present.

Following lunch, the meeting was called to
order by the retiring President, H. Gleason Mat-
toon, who submitted the following report for the
year 1938:

"A year ago The Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation undertook an ambitious Five- Year Pro-
gram. During the intervening year some little
progress has been made toward the fulfillment
of this program.

"By request of the Association, Representa-
tive Thomas C. Harbeson has introduced into
the current session of the Legislature House Bill
1145, which directs the Governor to designate as
Arbor and Bird Day the 9th of April, the birth-
day of Joseph T. Rothrock, as a memorial to the
"Father of Forestry in Pennsylvania." The week
in which the 9th of April falls shall be desig-
nated by proclamation of the Governor as Con-
servation Week in Pennsylvania during which
time the citizens are encouraged to consider
through suitable activities the broader subject
of the conservation of all of the natural re-
sources from which the wealth of the Common-
wealth is developed. The study of birds, trees
and general conservation in the schools is like-
wise required.

'This Bill has the approval, I believe, of all
foresters and conservationists. Recently, Hon-
orable G. Albert Stewart, Secretary of the De-
partment of Forests and Waters, issued a press
release in which he lauded the purposes of the
bill and favored its passage.

"I should like to report also that progress is
being made in providing funds for the establish-
ment of an annual award to be given to the per-
son making the most substantial contribution to
Pennsylvania forestry during the year. I recom-
mend, therefore, that at the next meeting of the
Executive Board an Award Committee be set up
which shall receive nominations and shall be
prepared to choose the recipient.

"It is my belief that such an award may be
the means of stimulating greater interest in for-
estry. In making it, the contributions to for-
estry by teachers, research men, foresters, bot-
anists, pathologists, and all others who in any

July, 1939

way may contribute to the advancement of for-
estry in Pennsylvania should be considered.

"Several meetings to consider means of arous-
ing interest in community forests have been
held, but we are faced with two problems. First,
those counties or municipalities which have land
ideally situated for a community forest lack the
financial means to establish one. We also found
that the present tax delinquent laws are not ideal
for facilitating the acquirement of land by the
county commissioners for a community forest.
There is now a bill in Congress which provides
for federal aid in establishing community for-
ests. Should this pass, it may provide the neces-
sary financial and educational stimulus.

"It is becoming increasingly apparent that
more research is needed to know how to meet
the problems of forestry in the coal regions of
the State. To that end, concerted effort is being
made to get increased appropriations for the Al-
legheny Forest Experiment Station which will
make it possible to establish a branch station
somewhere in the anthracite region. If this un-
dertaking is a success, the studies which will be
carried on should result in great changes in the
physical aspects of the anthracite area.

"It is logical that The Pennsylvania Forestry
Association should be interested in anything that
affects the trees of the State. Accordingly, when
many of the Oriental plane trees particularly in
Philadelphia and suburban areas began to die
from an unknown cause, steps were taken to in-
terest the Federal government to carry on re-
search to identify the pathogene and methods of
control. Attempts were made to have an amend-
ment added to the present appropriation bill in
Congress which would allot $10,000 for this
purpose. While the results are yet unknown I
recently learned that the Bureau of Forest Path-
ology has assigned a pathologist to do prelimi-
nary work upon this trouble, and it appears that
their efforts are beginning to show results.

"While the predictions of thirty years ago
that this country would face a timber famine
have not been borne out, the unregulated cutting
and ruthless mismanagement of forest resources
of Pennsylvania have been an economic waste
which has deprived the people of the State of
employment and income. Pennsylvania has an
area of 28,000,000 acres once completely
wooded. From this birthright vast fortunes have

Five

been created. We may decry past acts of de-
struction but it seems more mcredible to me
that the people of Pennsylvania should permit
one-quarter of this great area to remam idle, a
wasted, fire-scarred and denuded area ot no

economic value. . ,

"The legislature is right now wrestling with
problems of unemployment and relief while
these seven million acres are waiting to be re-
clothed with trees, for the benefit of future gen-
erations and to prevent this land from becoming
an eroded desolation. With idle land and idle
labor I can think of no more worthy project
than the reforesting of these areas Certainly,
the Department of Forests and Waters should
take immediate steps to plant trees upon the idle
public lands and in a wise paternalism some
means should be found whereby lands now m
private hands can be prevented from remaining
useless. There are thousands of parcels ot tax
delinquent lands that should be added to the
present state forests, while new forests should
be established in some of the 34 counties that

now have none. tit *u f

"In this connection I hope and believe that
the present administration will gi;^ "^,«.^^
thought to improving the relations of the Ue-
partment with the people of the State. More
publications are needed to acquaint the public
with the possibilities and benefits of the present
forest areas. It seems to me, however, that this
is one project in which the Association should
help. We should publish, I believe, a series of
pamphlets suitably illustrated, one for each dis-
trict forest which shall tell the story of the area
and the benefits the people derive from it.

"It is hoped that the Department will increase
its equipment and funds to carry on a more in-
tensive fire prevention campaign in the schools
of the State. The district foresters are anxious,
I believe, to cooperate but are now hampered by
a lack of equipment. Prize essay and poster con-
tests should be started and thought should be
given to doing everything possible to acquaint
the coming generation with the economic loss
caused by carelessness or thoughtlessness in the

woods. ^

"Another part of our program has to do with
the management of the State forest lands, 1,650,-
000 acres are now under the jurisdiction of the
Department of Forests and Waters. If an indi-
vidual or a private corporation owned that land
it is reasonable to suppose that some plan of
managing the acreage for the greatest benefit of
the owner would be worked out. Is it not equal-

Six

ly necessary for the Department as manager of
this acreage to adopt a long range program of
management, which shall be of the greatest
benefit to the citizens of the State, who are the
actual owners.

"Of course, as long as the jobs of the foresters
are subject to the whims of an individual or a
political party there can be little hope for such
a program. Real progress in working out an
intelligent use program will be made only when
the men in charge of these lands are chosen and
retained on a basis of merit."

The next order of business was the election of
Officers, members of the Executive Board and
Council. The Nominating Committee, Francis
R. Cope, Jr., Chairman, Reginald D. Forbes, and
Edward Woolman, submitted the following
slate There being no further nominations the
Secretary was instructed to cast a unanimous

ballot as follows: , t o ii

Honorary President, Samuel L. Smed ey;
President, Wilbur K. Thomas; Honorary Vice-
President, R. S. Conklin; Vice-Presidents, Fran-
cis R. Cope, Jr., Wm. S. B. McCaleb, Edward C
M. Richards, Dr. Rodney H. True, Dr. Edward
E Wildman, Edward Woolman; Secretary, H.
Gleason Mattoon; Assistant Secretary, M. Claire
Burlingame; Treasurer, Roy A. Wright, Execu-
tive Board, Victor Beede, E. F. Brouse Regi-
nald D. Forbes, Seth Gordon, Philip A. Living-
ston, Francis R. Taylor.

County Council Members
Allegheny— Frank J. Lanahan, Thomas Lig-

gett. . ^ „

Berks— Dr. George B. Wenrick, George Baer

Hiester.

Bradford— Miss M. S. Maurice.

Bucks— Mrs. Irvin M. James, David Burpee,
Miss Helen H. Ely.

Cambria— P. L. Carpenter.

Cameron — Josiah Howard.

Carbon — A. C. Neumuller.

Centre— Robert C. Auker, Victor Beede.

Chester— Robert G. Kay, Albert L. Baily, Jr.,
Frank B. Foster, Edward C. M. Richards, Arthur
E. Hutchinson, Robert C. Liggett, Mrs. Paul

Lewis.

Clearfield— W. F. Dague.

Clinton— Charles Hogeland.

Cumberland— W. Card Conklin.

Dauphin— James McCormick, Jr., J. Horace
McFarland, George H. Wirt, R. Lynn Emerick.

Delaware— Prof. Howard K. Henry, Ur. J.
(Continued on Page 15)

Forest Leaves

Forestry and Ethics

i

DR. ADELBERT EBNER*

THERE is an old Latin proverb which trans-
lated means "A full stomach doesn't work
very well" — you have given me such a good
luncheon that it is painful for me to talk.

President Thomas asked me to tell you some-
thing about Conservation, but, personally, I do
not like the word "conservation." It always re-
minds me of a bunch of sausages preserved in a
tin can to be opened later to be eaten.

That word conservation overnight became a
by-word with the public. Wherever you went
you heard "conservation" here, and "conserva-
tion" there; from the banker, the lawyer, the
farmer, the forester, or laborer. They all used
the word but with varied meanings.

Conservation deals with nature and her laws.
It is difficult to understand nature — to develop
final laws, for when we make progress toward
one point we come upon other points which have
not yet been uncovered. Then, too, the subject
becomes more complicated because we deal with
mankind with its economic needs, and how diffi-
cult they are to understand.

One thing is true — the word "conservation"
gains in meaning as we become familiar with it,
as we carry on research. This research must
be always for the truth and to find the truth cer-
tainly all men must deal honestly with the sub-
ject and are on equal footing with all other
scientists. Unfortunately, however, handicaps
arise. The chemist or physicist deals with an
exact science, a limited science, but in our
work, applied natural science, everything is un-
certain. We have our experiments and exact
terrjis but our work is affected by economic
needs and our experiments take 100 or 150
years before we get the correct answer.

In Germany we have used science for a long
time to have what we call conservation, to deal
with the idea of regeneration, of preserving
things for the next generation and the genera-
tions of the future. All of this work revolves
around forestry and an American forester com-
ing to investigate conservation in Germany will
be confronted with the importance of our for-
estry work. What is forestry? We cut timber
and bring it home, we replant, we see forest

^Talk given at the annual meeting of the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association, May 4, 1939.

July, 1939

fires, we see the 4,000 year old Sequoias in Cali-
fornia. These are all phenomena of forestry.
In the United States enough lumber is cut every
year to pave a road 21 feet broad and an inch
and half thick all the way to the moon.

Think of the difficulties connected with the
word forestry, what it means in one place and
in another. We are familiar with the results of
forestry. We are born and the first thing we
meet is a cradle made of wood; we eat from a
wooden table; we sleep on a wooden bed and in
a wooden shrine are we buried. We must recog-
nize the relationship between mankind and the
forest.

When we go to the tropics we see 500, per-
haps 800 different species of trees coming to-
gether to make a forest. We go to northern
Canada and there we see one or possibly two
species, depending upon the wind and moisture.
The difference in growth and in species is due
entirely to the effect upon trees of nature.

Referring again to Germany, one thing we
have is trees for they have become a great nat-
ural resource because we build almost all the
materials we need for human life out of the
lumber. We use the timber for our house, we
burn the wood for fire, and we get the power to
drive our motor car from wood and artificial
wool, and even a form of sugar and of yeast.
Today we are able to produce from an average
acre of forest land as much food value as from
one average acre of farming land. This great
natural resource has a special benefit. You
have mines but when you take the coal out it is
gone but where you have a forest it will regen-
erate again and so your natural resources will
never be depleted.

In Germany we are not rich in natural re-
sources, but due to the pressure of conditions
the human mind gets to work and through re-
search discovers new benefits from the forests.

In the beginning a forest was considered a
handicap. The German tribes were afraid to
traverse the unknown forests. The old Romans
were horrified by the German forests. In this
country before California was developed and the
Mississippi River was the western border of the
eastern states, such men as Daniel Webster were
afraid to spend a cent to develop the West
because they thought that forests were a handi-

Seven

ii

m^

I

1

cap. In later years these forests proved their
value. They finally became a source of much
of your timber and other wood products. Today,
as you may know, there are over 4,000 uses of

wood.

To the lumberman, forests mean so many
board feet of lumber at such a price. To an-
other, it may mean game storage; to an artist,
it may mean quite a different thing. The musi-
cians Beethoven and Schubert wrote some of
their greatest symphonies in the woods. Goethe
wrote his most famous poem in the Turenwald
and the builders of our great cathedrals went
to the forests and saw the domes of branches
overhead and were impressed and turned it
into architecture, the architecture we so admire

today. ,

So finally, you see, it is the obligation of the
forester to understand all these needs. Close
to Munich there has lived a family on the same
1200-acre woodlot for over 500 years and it
draws its income from the forest. Those people
are able to make a living out of it. In Bavaria,
one of the most prosperous states of Germany,
the financial backbone is the income from the
state forests. Even the churches depend upon
the forest. Are you familiar with the fact that
the Catholic church is the biggest private land
owner in Germany with a 2 billion mark land

ownership.

Forestry, of course, is a complicated research
problem. I feel sorry for people who say,
"My God, what have you to do— the trees grow
by themselves." I feel sorry for them for they
don't know anything. We should develop more
of the great research possibilities. First, we
raise pure stands of spruce and then we learn of
new troubles with fungi, pests, windblow. and
soil deterioration.

Train your children to know what a tree is
and the pleasure to be obtained from it and you
will see that this education develops a philo-
sophical line of thought. This was the great
philosophy of Faust; the finding of happiness in
the world, in the ground, in your own land.
Foresters know the forests and what you know
you love and what you love you own.

The answer to forestry is the understanding
of the proper procedure, what we call sustained
yield forestry. This, technically, is distributing
the harvesting of your crop as you do your
capital — you put your capital in a bank and you
draw interest and this we try to do in forestry
work. We seek to draw the interest and distrib-
ute the interest over a certain period of time and

Eight

over a certain area. Thus it enables us to har-
vest the same amount of the same type of crop

each year.

When in Canada I was speaking of the 4000
different uses of wood and I was told by a man,
"You have it easy because you have all your
wood to use," and the man said he did not have
uses for his wood. Then I looked around his
house. In his closet he had wire hangers. He
had a wire fence around his yard with steel
posts. Then I said, "It is not the possibility of
utilizing — it is the desire."

When I heard your President say there is a
scholarship to be offered to the man in the next
year contributing the best work in forestry, I
hoped it would not be along the line of the tech-
nical, alone; I hope it will be along the line of
love for the idea.

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY HAS

ACTIVE SPORTSMAN'S CLUB

A Sportsman's Club was organized at Lehigh
University recently. The need for a Sports-
man's Club became apparent while I was at-
tending the University, at a considerable distance
from home. A student away from home usually
does not know where to gun and fish. However, an
organized group can more easily secure needed
information, arrange hunting and fishing parties
and aid considerably in forest up-building.

The Dean and faculty members to the number
of 16 are supporting the plan at Lehigh. The
Club petitioned for a charter and the University
granted it. The Lehigh Outing Club in deference
to the newly organized club merged with us.

The first meeting of the new club was held
in October, 1938 with over forty students at-
tending. The club now embraces the fol-
lowing activities: Hunting, fishing, forest
conservation, hiking, camping, winter-sports,
trap and target shooting, archery and general
outings. Speakers who are authorities in the
various activities to be undertaken by the club

are being sought. i n u

The club obtained permission to hunt and hsh
in certain areas, and in return has aided in feed-
ing game and stocking streams in Bucks, North-
ampton and Lehigh Counties.

The club has great promise for the future.
Next year's mem^rship is expected to be oyer
150 and in several years it is hoped that Lehigh
will have a club rivaling Dartmouth's famous
Outing Club. ^^g^j^^ Stoudt,

President

Forest Leaves

The Forestry Club of Episcopal Academy

FEW schools in the country take as keen an in-
terest in forestry as that shown at the Episco-
pal Academy at Overbrook, Pennsylvania. At
that institution a club boasting one hundred
eighty active members and a sizable roll of as-
sociate and life members is dedicated by consti-
tution to the purpose of "learning about plants
and trees, understanding their uses, and domg
all that each member can for their protection
and preservation."

Just as no Arbor Day at Episcopal could pass
without fitting tree planting ceremonies, so no
annual prize banquet would be complete without
the award of the four Forestry Club Prizes to
those students who have shown the greatest
knowledge of trees, flowers, birds, and general
nature.

The Club was first organized in 1921 when
the school left the crowded precincts of Phila-
delphia proper and took residence on an attrac-
tive well-planted estate in the suburbs. Muiti-
farious tasks were necessary to adapt the new
grounds to school purposes. As poison ivy and
youth do not mix well, the club early undertook
to remove the former. Later it carried on by
helping to clear the trees from the area on which
a new gymnasium was to be erected, bince tnat

time it has made its duty that of planting trees,
shrubs, and flowers and providing funds for the
care and preservation of the fine old specimens
already on the grounds. Incidentally, one white
oak on the premises is over three hundred years
old.

The club's most ambitious venture was the
planting in 1935 of one hundred fifty trees to
celebrate the one hundred and fiftieth annivers-
ary of the founding of the Academy. Among
the plantings at that time was University Row,
a stand of trees donated by and dedicated to var-
ious universities attended by alumni of the
School. From Yale, for instance, came three
beautiful young elms; from Haverford and
Lehigh, oaks; from Princeton, a Norway spruce;
and from the Morris Arboretum of University
of Pennsylvania (to which the club makes many
pilgrimages), trees of various types.

Unique also with this Forestry Club is the
annual donation by ''Eddie" Collins, Vice-Presi-
dent of the Boston Red Sox, who has often
spoken before its members, of a bat to be pre-
sented through the Forestry Club to that player
on the Varsity baseball team who makes the
most base hits during the season.

The club is forever finding something inter-

Inn

'W'Ml

^%^

■.^r'^^f^'

-3«^'

•l'"'*^*-,, --•*«*■'

•^

9^' ^if

iV ^<

ft^-^-

■*.«

'"gp^'"'

I

IN

cap. In lal(M vears ihoso forests proved iIumi
value. They finally became a source of much
of your timber and other wood products. Toda>.
as you may know, there are over 1.000 uses of

wood.

To the lumberman, forests mean so nuuiy
board feet of lumber at such a t)rice. To an-
other, it may mean game storage; to an artist,
it may mean quite a different thing. The nnisi-
eians Beethoven and Schubert wrot(^ some ol
their «^reatest symphonies in the woods. (»oethe
wrote'^his most famous poem in the Turenwald
and the builders of our great cathedrals went
to the forests and saw the domes of branches
overhead and were impressed and turned it
into architecture, the architecture we so admire

toda\.

So finally, you see. it is tiie obligation of the
forester to understand all these needs. Close
to Munich there has lived a famih on the same
1200-acre woodlot for over 500 \ears and it
draws its income from the forest. Those |)eople
are able to make a living out of it. lii Baxaria.
one of the most prosperous states of (/crmany.
the financial backbone is the income from the
state forests. Even the churches depend upon
the forest. Are you familiar with the fact that
the Catholic church is the biggest private land
owner in Germany with a 2 billion mark land

ownership.

Forestry, of course, is a complicated resc^arch
problem. I feel sorr\ for people who sa\.
'*My God. what have >ou to do— the trees grow
by themselves." I feel sorry for them for the\
don't know anything. We sliould de\el()p more
of the great research possibilities. First, we
raise pure stands of spruce^ and then we learn <»1
new troubles with fungi, pests, uindblow. and
soil deterioration.

Train \our children to k\u)\s what a tree is
and the pleasure to be obtaincul from it and \ou
will see that this education de\elops a philo-
sophical line of thought. This was the great
philosophy of Faust: the finding of happiness in
the world, in the ground, in \our own land.
Foresters know the forests and what \ou know
you love and what \ou love nou own.

The answer to foreslr\ is the understanding
of the proper procedur(\ what we call sustained
yield forestr>. This. tcM-hnicalh. is distributing
the harvesting of \our crop as \ou do \our
capital — you put \our capital in a bank and \on
draw interest and this we tr\ to ilo in forestry
work. We seek to draw the interest and distrib-
ute the interest o\er a certain period of time and

over a certain area. Thus it enable- us to har-
Ncst the same amount of the same t\pe ol" crop

each Near.

When in Canada I was speaking of the 4000
different uses of wood and 1 was told l)> a man.
••You have it easy because you have all your
wood to use.** and the man said he did not have
uses for his wood. Then I looked around his
house. In his closet h(^ had wire hangers, lie
had a wire fence around his \ard with steel
posts. Then I said. "It is not the possibilitN of
utilizing it is the desire."

When I ht"ard \our President say there is a
scholarship to be offered t«> the man in ',W next
\ear contributing the best work in loreslr\. I
iioped it would n(»t be along the line of the tech-
nical, alone: 1 hope it will be along the line of
lo\e for [\\v idea.

LEHICiH UMVEHSn Y HAS

ACTIV E SP()R^S\1A^ S CLLB

A Sportsman's Club was organized at Lehigh
I niversitv recentU. The need for a Sports-
man's Club became apparent while 1 was at-
tending the University at a considcMable distance
from home. A student awa\ from home usualK
does \ui[ know when^ to gun and fish. Mowe\er. an
<uganized group can more easih secure needed
information, arrange hunting and fishing parties
and aid considerabK in forest up-building.

The Dean and iacuIlN members to the nuinbcr
ol 16 are supporting the plan at Lehigh. 1he
Club petitioned for a charter and the Lniversity
granted it. The Lehigh Outing Club in deference
to the ne\\l\ organized ( lub mergcnl with us.

The first meeting of the new (lub was held
in ()cl<.ber. \^)'M\ with <»\er b)rt\ >tudenls at-
tending. The club n(»w embraces the f(d-
lowing activities: ilunting. Ii>hing. forest
conservation, hiking, camping, winter-sports,
trap and target shooting, archerv and general
outing>. Speakers who are aulhoritio in the
various activities to be undertaken bv the club
are being xmghl.

The <lub (ibtained permission to bun! and lish
in certain areas, and in return has aided in feed-
ing game and stoc king streams in Bucks. North-
ampton and Lehigh Counties.

The club has great promise for the future.
Next vear's membership is exp<Mte(l to be over
150 and in several vears it is hoped that Lehigh
will have a dub rivaling Dartmouth's famous

Outing (Jub.

KohKKT Stoi I)T.

Presidciil

FoKKsT Li: WHS

The Forestry Club of Episcopal Academy

FFW schools in the countrv lake as keen an in-
terest in lorestrv as that shown at the Fi)isco-
pal Academv at (Kcrbiook. Pennsvlvania. Al
that institution a club boasting one hundred
ciohu active members and a sizable roll of as-
sociate and life members is dedicated bv consti-
tution to the purpose of 'iearning ai)oul plants
and trees, understanding their uses, and doing
all that each member can for their protection
and preservation.'

just as no Arbor Dav at Fpiscopal (ould pass
without lilting tree planti.ig ceremonies. s() no
annual prize baiupiet would be (omplele without
the award of the four Foreslrv Club Prizes to
Iho-e students who have shown the greatest
knowledge of tn'cs. fh>w(Ms. birds, and general

"^'TheClub was first organized in ^^21 vv^J^"
the Mhool left the crowded prtMincts ot I hita-
del,)hia proper and took residence on an attrac-
tive well-planted estate in the suburbs. Multi-
farious tasks were necessary to adapt the new
grounds to school purposes. As p<nson ivy and
vouth do not mix well, the club earlv undertook
1,, ,,>move the former. Later it carried on by
hc.||,in- to clear the trees from the area on which
' '^ ' led. Since that

a new gvmnasium was to be rrecl

lime it has made its duty that of planting trees,
shrubs, and Howers and providing funds for the
care and preservation of the fine old specimens
already on the grounds. Incidentally, one white
oak on the premises is over three hundred years
old.

The clul)*s most ambitious venture w^as the
planting in 1935 of one hundred fifty trees to
celebrate the one hundred and fiftieth annivers-
ary of the founding of the Academy. Among
the |)lanlings at that lime was University Row,
a stand of trees donated by and dedicated to var-
ious universities attended by alumni of the
School. From Yale, for instance, came three
beautiful voung elms: from Haverford and
Lehigh, oaks: from Princeton, a Norway spruce;
and from the Morris Arboretum of University
of Pennsylvania (to which the club makes many
pilgrimages), trees of various types.

Unique also with this Forestry Club is the
annual donation by ^Eddie" Collins. Vice-Presi-
dent of the Boston Red Sox, who has otten
S3oken before its members, of a bat to be pre-
4nted through the Forestry Club to that player
(,n the Varsit> baseball team who makes the
most base hits during the season.

The club is forever finding something inter-

TWTRMTTONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

it*

I!

it

jfi

: t

III
IW

esting to do. It contributes every year to the
Save-the-Redwoods League. On Arbor Day last
fall it planted on Academy grounds a seedling
from the favorite barberry bush of John Bur-
roughs in order to have close at hand a living
reminder of the great naturalist.

The Forestry Club meets fortnightly and spon-
sors frequent speakers and illustrated talks on
subjects of interest to nature lovers. Among the
notables who have addressed the group have
been Dr. Rodney H. True, Mr. Philip A. Liv-
ingston, Mr. H. Gleason Mattoon, Mrs. Albert
C. Barnes, Dr. William W. Comfort of Haver-
ford College, Mr. Samuel Scoville, Mr. Joseph
C. Lincoln, Dr. William J. Phillips, and many
others, equally well known for their interest in
and knowledge of nature.

The club counts among its valued possessions
a museum of natural objects and specimens, a
nature library of a very practical kind, and var-
ious pieces of equipment necessary to its work
about the grounds.

Some indication of the attitude toward nature
taken by the organization is evident in the fol-
lowing poem written by a faculty member on the
occasion of the tree planting in 1935:

DEDICATION

No marble slab we offer here
To men whose lives have passed,
No bronzed urn, no gilded wreath.
No tribute coldly cast.

These seeds that into trees have sprung
A living story tell;

These seeds that God himself has sown
And man has tended well.

Their planting marks a glorious theme.
One hundred fifty years
Of joy in work, of trust in youth.
Of love and conquered fears.

But as they stand they symbolize
The growth that still must be —
Some higher goal, some fuller life —
The Task left you and me.

WESTTOWN SCHOOL RECORDS

HISTORY IN SECTION OF TULIP

The Forestry Building at The Pennsylvania
State College is completed with the exception of
the interior furnishings. It is expected that the
building will be ready for use when the new year
begins in September.

Ten

A cross-section of a large tulip tree records the
history of the Westtown friends school. Several
years ago one of the large tulips growing more
than 220 years in the school's Southwoods was
blown down. A cross-section of the stem about
6 inches in thickness and 4 feet in diameter was
taken 30 feet from the base of the tree, kiln dried,
polished and shellacked. Red lettering marks
the development of the school and black the im-
portant historical dates of general interest. This
unusual register occupies a prominent place in
the school's front hall.

The stock survey of the public forest areas of
Pennsylvania is about completed. When this in-
formation is assembled, it will be possible for the
Department of Forests and Waters to know just
what it controls in the way of timber and should
form a basis for the development of practical
management plans.

Forest Leaves

I

The Pine Barrens of

Centre County, Penna.

(Continued from Page 3)

township in 1784, and so to him goes the distinc-
tion of having been the first settler in the Bar-
rens. The township was so named because of the
many half-moon signs blazed on the trees by the
Indians to mark trails. The. would-be first set-
tler in Patton township was a son of Abraham
Elder. He and his father traveled around to find
a likely place, but when they had found one, a
man from Fillmore, a mile or two away, turned
up and told them in no uncertain terms that he
did not want such a close neighbor; so Patton
township was not settled until the Gray and Hart-
sock families located there in 1788. The Hart-
sock home later became a haven for runaway
slaves on their way to Canada.

These early pioneers were soon followed by
others and small settlements sprang up here and
there. But it is impossible to trace the land to
the original owner in every instance. Undoubt-
edly a good many settlers purchased their scat-
tered claims directly from the Commonwealth.
Some of these claims are still in possession of the
descendants, but the largest part of the area was
bought by the Pennsylvania Furnace Company,
either directly or through proxies. Then the
Roaring Springs Paper Company bought the
land for lumbering purposes. They held their
ownership until they sold to the Huyett and Mc-
Nitt Lumber Company of Bellefonte around
1900. The last sale was made in 1923 to Colonel
Theodore Boal, of Boalsburg. The colonel had
hoped to sell the land to the state as a military
reservation for the National Guard, but the deal
did not materialize and the property is at the
present time still part of the Boal estate.

While the name "Barrens" will, in all proba-
bility, always be applied to the region, it is really
doing the area an injustice because it gives one
the impression of barren and unproductive land.
This is true enough of certain parts for agricul-

Top photo: . . . occasional pines . . .

Second: . . . all that remains . . . the

tumble-down ore washer

Third: ... a tangled mass of scrub oak . . .
Bottom: . . . patches of aspens . . .

July, 1939

m^:

tural crops, but it is not true as far as forestry
is concerned. Accounts of early settlers and
travelers tell of the splendid growth of oaks,
chestnut and pines which the "barren" land sup-
ported. The area northeast of route #322 and
southwest as far as Scotia was well stocked with
oak and chestnut. The Barrens themselves sup-
ported a heavy growth of white pine in a few of
the lower places, and fine specimens of pitch
pine with some Virginia pine were distributed
over the rest of the area.

The veil of mystery still clings to the origin of
the name "Barrens." It must be assumed that
the Indians christened the land thus, in their own
language of course, when they found their corn
patches relatively unproductive. Thomas Smith,
Deputy Surveyor of Bedford County, who was
surveying in Patton township in 1770, 14 years
before the first settlers came, mentions the area
south of Buffalo Run as "The Great Pine Bar-
rens." And again, to quote excerpts from a sur-
vey report of July 26, 1784:

". . . the leading warrant commenced at the S. E.
white oak corner of the George Gabriel warrant in
Benner township, where the line ran S 30 E 497
perches to a pine, thence ran S 35 E 191 to the
Rock Iron Works land, thence southwestward 6
miles 177 perches, through what is known as the
Barrens, to near the Pennsylvania Furnace Com-
pany land to a peak definitely ending with the
James Newport warrant. The west line of James
Newport was north 30 W 265 to a pine ..."

The Barrens is one of Central Pennsylvania's
favorite gunning places for deer, rabbit, grouse,
turkey and ringneck pheasant. With the excep-
tion of grouse and rabbit, these animals and
birds were scarce or absent during the mine
working days for the good reasons that they were
burned out and shot out. Instead there were
more bear, fox, squirrel, raccoon and opossum.

It is impossible to speak of the Barrens with-
out mentioning the iron industry, particularly
since it is in part responsible for the present con-
dition of the vegetative cover. Mining began be-
fore 1800 and increased steadily for a hundred
years. The many furnaces springing up in and
around the Barrens caused a steady drain of
wood for charcoal. After the best had been tak-
en for miles around many acres were cut a sec-
ond time and oftener. The College Woodlot is
said to be third growth. Expansion of local ore
mining brought about an increase in coal con-
sumption in Pittsburgh, where some of the ore
was manufactured into iron, and this in turn in-
creased the demand for mine timbers. Along

Twelve

came increased building, railroad and telephone
construction, so that the forests were combed
again and again for their best products.

Then in 1885 the Pennsylvania Railroad
opened a branch to Scotia Benore (known as
River Hill in older days), and with it came an-
nual forest fires. Some were small and some
big, but each one did its share of damage. Only
a few of the pines were able to persist and scrub
oak, with its sprouting ability, took over the fire-
cleared land. Man himself was almost wiped
out along with Scotia in 1906 when the "Big
Fire" threatened the town for over a day.

Scotia was a prosperous town in those mining
days. It numbered about 400 people in 1895
and still counted 50 families in 1910, but mining
had stopped a year before that because, as Car-
negie had anticipated nine years earlier when he
sold the property, it could not compete with the
cheap ore from the Lake Superior mines. Many
of the houses were sold in 1911 and carted away.
The railroad was taken up in 1921, but a few of
the original families did not leave until about
1924. The last house was torn down in 1937,
and all that remains today, besides the ore pits,
are some introduced shrubs and trees and the
remains of an ore washer. ( Fig. 4)

Although Scotia was a quiet and orderly town
as mining towns go, it was responsible for the
only murder committed in the Barrens. Bert
Delige, a colored man, followed an elderly wid-
ow, Mrs. John Baudis, into the fields and killed
her in October, 1910. He later confessed that he
had assaulted her before the murder because her
former husband owed him some money for oper-
ating a merry-go-round in Williamsport. When
she recognized him, he killed her with a razor.
He was later hanged in the Bellefonte jail yard.

Essentially the story of Scotia could be repeat-
ed to fit all the former mining towns of the re-
gion with the possible exception of Tow Hill.
The Juniata Mining Company exploited the local
ore deposits, but the town was no more than a
settlement of a few Negro families, perhaps de-
scendants of escaped slaves, and their main sup-
port came from growing flax rather than from
mining. The nearest furnace bought what little
ore they produced. The Negroes came to be
known as Tow Heads In connection with the
manufacture of linen from the flax they raised,
and, since they lived on a hill, the place was
later referred to as Tow Hill. The town is gone
now, but the site may some day again teem with
activity because there are deposits of fine white
sand and fire clay in the vicinity.

Forest Leaves

It is not so far from there to the only water in
the Barrens, outside of that collected in the ore
pits and deep wells. It is known, or rather al-
most unknown, as Chimney Spring because of a
tumbled-down chimney, remnant of an old house.
The spring of soft water runs only a short dis-
tance before it disappears into the ground.

The lumbering industry too has its share of
responsibility for the Barrens as they are today.
While cutting began with the first settlers and
perhaps with the Indians and was later followed
by more or less haphazard cutting for mine tim-
bers and charcoal, the first organized lumbering
started in Civil War times in the Pennsylvania
Furnace section. The Roaring Springs Paper
Company cut extensively in the yellow pine area
from Scotia to Fairbrook before 1900. Between
1908 and 1918 Huyett and McNitt, of Bellefonte,
clearcut all that was left on the entire area. The
logs were transported by tram road to the mill
at Waddle and there manufactured into lumber,
mine timber and staves. Moses Thompson start-
ed lumbering in 1898 between Waddle and Sco-
tia, just outside of the Barrens. His grandson,
George B. Thompson, who took over the business
two years later, told the writer that it was neces-
sary to cut in order to save the trees from the
numerous forest fires started by the railroad.
The crews were so careless that the Thompson
family was forced to have every train followed
by a rider to report fires. Mr. Thompson pro-
duced mine timbers, telephone poles and lumber
at his mill in Altro until 1923 when operations
were discontinued. All the rough lumber which
was used in the construction of the Carnegie Li-
brary and the Schwab Auditorium on the campus
of the Pennsylvania State College was cut in this

area.

One of the old-timers relates that the loggers
were followed by men who killed rattlesnakes.
They did this in order to obtain the fat which
was highly prized for medicinal purposes. They
often killed eight or nine a day and made more
money than the loggers did. One enterprismg
family collected pitch pine knots which were
burned to extract the so-called pine tar. The
burning process was similar to the one employed
in the manufacture of charcoal. They peddled
this tar throughout the region for use as either
lubricating grease or medicine, as the occasion

demanded.

If the first man who crossed the Barrens had
written down his impressions we could now read
of the splendid growth of pines and oak which
covered hills and valleys. Today we have a tan-

July, 1939

gled mass of scrub oak, dogwood, willow and
berry bushes, with occasional patches of aspen
and pine getting a foothold. Scattered here and
there are the stumps of former giants. Who is
to blame for the desolate and depressing remains
of the once fruitful Barrens? Surely the mining
railroad carries its share by starting many of the
numerous fires. Ruthless cutting left only the
undesirable species and finally exposed the soil
to the processes of deterioration. Both carry a
large part of the burden, but they alone can not
be blamed. The present Barrens are rather the
result of the interaction of a number of factors.
The more or less barren nature of the sandy soil,
its low water-holding capacity and the fast leach-
ing of nutrients should also be considered. In-
strumental too, in preventing an early regenera-
tion, may have been the increase of grasses and
shrubs which allowed a larger population of
rodents, rabbits and deer because of their feed-
ing habits and preferences.

Given proper protection nature will undoubt-
edly heal the wounds. But without help it will
take a long, long time. And even then, should
majestic forests once more clothe the hills, they
will still be referred to as the "Barrens," the
land of mystery.

DEPARTMENT CHANGES

Since the advent of the James administration,
there have been several changes in the list of
district foresters. T. G. Norris has supplanted
W. M. Dunlap, who had charge of Micheaux
Forest with headquarters at Fayetteville. W. L.
Byers replaced Forrest F. Weight at McConnells-
burg. While George M. German now has charge
of the Tuscarora Forest in place of B. D. Mc-

Pherson.

E. C. Pyle is back at Stroudsburg in the posi-
tion he held previous to 1935, replacing John B.
English, while C. E. Zerby is now in charge of
the Gallatzin Forest with headquarters in Johns-
town in place of Thomas Gray. P. H. Mulford
who was at Milroy has been transferred to Wells-
boro in charge of the Tioga Forest, replacing S.
J Kern. David S. Nace now has Mulford's posi-
tion at Milroy. R. B. Winter is back at Mifflin-
burg, replacing S. W. Chubb.

Charles E. Bear, formerly district forester at
Emporium, is now Deputy Secretary of the De-
partment of Forests and Waters, while L. O.
Barnes has been put in charge of the Elk Forest.
George J. Peters, formerly district forester with
headquarters in Williamsport, has been sup-
planted by H. S. Metzger.

Thirteen

i

II* I

u\

m

M

Bring Business Back J

GEORGE H. WIRT

(Continued from Page 2)

bly 150 would completely cover the acre.

Naturally, common sense would teach one that
every square foot should be kept covered with
leaves, that only valuable kinds of trees should
be on the area, that only sound, straight, thrifty
trees should be favored. Everything else be-
comes a weed and should be removed. It takes
no science to see that if an acre is covered with
trees of any age, as they grow they will in time
crowd each other. They may become so crowded
that they use only a small portion of the sun,
wind and rain available and therefore produce
very little wood. This condition must be changed
so that each tree has a chance to do its best and
some trees must be cut out. It must be remem-
bered that if the trees are too far apart there will
be a decrease in production, so there must be a
happy medium maintained between giving the
trees a chance to grow as fast as they will and
yet not to be retarded by growing into each other.

This is just a matter of knowing what nature
does and then helping her to do it in the best
way for the benefit of man. Cutting out straight
trees and leaving the crooked and defective ones,
cutting the live ones and leaving the dead ones,
cutting the valuable trees and leaving the weeds
is not good common sense and yet it is the way
most Pennsylvania forests have been managed.

3rd. The third proposition for increasing
wood production in Pennsylvania is that planting
forest tree seedlings must be done extensively
both in existing forest areas to fill up the gaps
and in unused farm lands to increase the forest
area. Forest tree planting in Pennsylvania should
be at the rate of at least 1 50,000,()(X) seedlings a
year instead of only nine or ten million trees as
now being planted.

What does this deficiency in wood crop mean
to Pennsylvania's citizens financially?

1st. Forest land owners in Pennsylvania are
not receiving money for wood which might be
raised on their land to supply local demands.
This loss amounts to approximately $10,000,-
000.00 annually.

2nd. Laborers living within reach of the for-
est areas of Pennsylvania and those who might
work in the forest lose the opportunity of har-
vesting the wood crop which would meet the

Fourteen

State needs. This loss to laborers is approxi-
mately $30,000,000.00 annually.

3rd. The consumers of wood in Pennsylvania
are not only sending this $40,000,000.00 a year
out of the State for the use of the people of other
states but in addition are spending $50,000,000.00
annually for freight, most of which, also, goes
into other states.

4th. Farmers and business men in Pennsylva-
nia are losing the business that the $90,000,000.00
expenditure, if made at home, would mean to
them. Farms are abandoned and bubiness is
closed.

5th. Non-producing areas cannot carry their
share of taxes, therefore less than half the area
of the State has to carry its own burden and that
of the forest area as well.

6th. Industries which depend upon a steady
supply of raw wood do not locate in Pennsylva-
nia because of the deficiency in wood supply.
This means a lack of opportunity to increase the
wage payroll within the State, the opportunity of
labor for those citizens already here and of
bringing new population into the forest areas.

7th. The closing of one industry in a Penn-
sylvania forest area resulted in a decreased in-
come to a branch railroad of something like
$50,000.00 a year. This situation has been mul-
tiplied many times throughout the State because
of the deficiency in forest crop.

It is the province of the State Government of
Pennsylvania, through the Department of Forests
and Waters, to do everything it can, not only to
protect forest areas from fire, fungus diseases, in-
sects and other dangers, but to induce landown-
ers to grow and harvest forest crops. The Legis-
lature has formulated very definite legislation
upon this subject and apparently the people have
approved the policy.

The problem can be stated simply. Ten mil-
lion people want more business, that is more
labor, more wages and more exchange of com-
modities. They need and use annually a tremen-
dous quantity of wood which can be grown as a
crop on half the area of the State not needed for
any other purpose. If this area is covered with
trees and protected, nature will produce wood.
The growing, harvesting and transportation of
this raw product will furnish an opportunity for
much labor. There is a home market for from
seven to ten times as much wood as is now being
provided from local sources. Why must local
land lie idle; sun, wind and rain be wasted; this
business opportunity overlooked?

FoKKsT Leaves

The Annual Meeting

(Continued from Page 6)

Russell Smith, Dr. J. C. Starbuck, Edwin A.
Hoopes, Grahame Wood.

Erie — Miss Dorothea Conrad.
Franklin — Theo. W. Wood, J. A. Aughan-
baugh, H. H. Chisman, Jesse H. Thompson.
Huntingdon — Mrs. C. M. Taylor.
Indiana — S. J. Sides.
Jefferson — W. N. Conrad.
Lackawanna — Nicolai H. Hiller, J. C. Piatt,
Col. L. H. Watres, H. C. Reynolds, John G. Hill.
Lancaster — Miss Mildred M. Jones.
Lebanon — William C. Freeman.
Lehigh — H. S. Snyder, Dr. M. J. Backenstoe.
Luzerne — Cornelius B. Kunkle, Samuel D.
Warriner, Mrs. C. M. Young, Col. Thomas H.
Atherton, Stanley Mesavage.
Lycoming — Henry E. Kirk.
Mercer — N. G. Brayer.
Mifflin— F. W. Culbertson.
Monroe — J. A. Seguine.

Montgomery — Mrs. A. C. Barnes, Ralph P.
Russell, Mrs. Robert C. Wright, Fred J. Doolit-
tle, Philip A. Livingston, Francis R. Taylor.
Northampton — Prof. R. W. Hall.
Northumberland — Charles Steele.
Perry — Benjamin McPherson.
Philadelphia— Samuel N. Baxter, Wm. Clarke
Mason, Clement Mesavage, Benjamin Rush, Dr.
R. H. True.

Pike— Hon. Gifford Pinchot.
Schuylkill — Samuel L. Kurtz.
Somerset — V. M. Bearer.
Susquehanna — Dr. Frederic Brush.
Union — David Libby.
• Warren — ^Warren W. Beaty.
. Wayne — Hon. Alonzo Searle.

York— Edgar P. Kable, H. C. Ulmer.

Greetings from G. Albert Stewart

Since Secretary G. Albert Stewart of the De-
partment of Forests and Waters found it impos-
sible to be present, George H. Wirt, Chief Forest
Fire Warden, was designated by him to represent
the Department. His message was substantially
as follows: "Representing the Secretary of the
Department of Forests and Waters, I want to ex-
tend to you his greetings and best wishes and to
say a few words for him respecting the policy of
the Department of Forests and Waters for the
next few years. While I would rather be in a
position to speak for myself, I am distinctly rep-
resenting the Secretary of the Department. I am

July, 1939

quite sure that the Secretary means just what he
says when he told me I should extend to you his
greetings and best wishes for he wants the very
closest cooperation that can be developed be-
tween The Pennsylvania Forestry Association and
the Department of Forests and Waters. With
that in mind, I think I am safe in saying that if
and when this Association develops a definite
idea that you would like carried out in Pennsyl-
vania with respect to forest problems or if you
have any criticisms or suggestions, he will be
more than glad to have you present them to him.
And I know he will receive them with a favora-
ble attitude and will do whatever he possibly can
to push forward any beneficial policy which this
Association may desire.

"There is no question but that the present ad-
ministration in Harrisburg has definitely stated
that they propose to economize wherever and
whenever they possibly can, in order to curtail
the expenditure of tax money. It was with that
idea that one of the first things the Secretary of
our Department did was to make the statement
that there would be no additional purchases of
forest areas during the present administration.
You, of course, remember that the Association
was in back of a 10 million dollar bond issue. I
feel reasonably sure that if the necessary resolu-
tion for the second legislative session had been
submitted it would not have been approved by
the present administration on the grounds of
economy. You, of course, understand that if
there is sufficient demand on the part of the pub-
lic for a change in this policy there is reason to
believe that the administration will respond to

this plea.

"One of the very important policies of the De-
partment will be the extension of the manage-
ment plans to which the President referred in his
report. During the last six years the CCC for-
esters with CCC boys have been gathering what
we know as stock survey data. That stock survey
is just about completed and it is hoped that in
the near future the data will be in the hands of
the district foresters and their associates when
they may begin the formulation of specific forest
working plans and a definite policy may be es-
tablished for the forest areas in the Common-

wealth. , . .

"One phase of the policy of the admmistration
is of particular intere:t to the Association and
that is the matter of recreational areas. The Sec-
retary has expressed himself very definitely, stat-
ing that because of the necessity for economy the
policy of the Department for the next few years

Fifteen

III

should be maintenance of the present recreation-
al facilities but no developing of additional areas
unless there is a very definite need in a particu-
lar forest area.

"The Department will do everything it possi-
bly can to advance the forestry interest in the
State and to maintain the fine reputation which
the Department has had in the past years. The
Secretary I know will appreciate your coopera-
tion and your help. I am very glad to be here
in this capacity and I extend to you a very kind
invitation to come to Harrisburg."

Following these remarks the retiring President
called upon Mr. John W. Hershey to report his
success in germinating seed which was collected
last fall from several Penn's trees. Mr. Hershey
reported that about 20,000 acorns from trees that
are known to have been living when William
Penn landed and which are still in a thriving
condition have been planted and show promise
of a very high germination percentage. These
seedlings are to be offered at cost as pedigreed off-
spring of known healthy trees, the expectation
being that with such verility in the parents the
seedlings should be above normal in growth and
resistance. The Garden Club of America is
deeply interested in this experiment and it is be-
lieved as the news spreads that other organiza-
tions will be interested in buying and distribut-
ing some of these seedlings.

The meeting was then turned over to Mr. Wil-
bur K. Thomas, the newly elected President of
the Association. Mr. Thomas in introducing the
speaker of the afternoon, Professor Adelbert Eb-
ner of the University of Munich, Germany, said
in part: "I consider it a special honor that has
come to me today to introduce to you an old
friend with whom I became acquainted in the
work of forestry; a man who has been a great
assistance to forestry and foresters who have vis-
ited central Europe to study the forestry pro-
grams of that area. Our friend has been over
here about three months revisiting old places
which he knew when he came over as a student
a few years ago. At that time he got an old Ford
car and has seen more of America, I dare say,
than we ever hope to. He is deeply interested in
developing a true spirit of international coopera-
tion, in sharing information regarding forestry
work because of its economic and social aspects.
It is therefore a great plea sure to me to introduce
to you Dr. Ebner, Professor of Forestry at the
University of Munich, Germany."

Following this most interesting talk the meet-
ing adjourned.

Sixteen

Treasurer's Report

At the Annual Meeting of The Pennsylvania
Forestry Association, the Treasurer of the Asso-
ciation submitted the following report of finances
for the year ending December 31, 1938:
Balance on hand December 31, 1937 $ 17.81

RECEIPTS

Dues $1449.00

Forest Leaves 30.65

Interest, Tax Refund and Incidentals 376.02

Repayment of Advance— Mortgage Lien 3500.00
Income from Investments 1395.29

Total $6768.77

DISBURSEMENTS

Ppnt $ 325.00

^lry-=:Z:. 920.00

Forest Leaves //u.oi

Treasurer's Bond H-^^

Postage, Stationery and Office Expenses 432.39

Legal Expenses oc'In

Annual Meeting A^fQ

I nterest 41 .o9

Loan— Cheltenham National Bank 4000.00

Total $6654.34

Cash Balance, December 31, 1938 114.43

$6768.77

Roy a. Wright, Treasurer.

A NEW DISEASE OF PLAIME TREES

No tree seems to be immune from serious at-
tack by insects and diseases. The London plane
tree, more commonly called the Oriental plane,
a popular shade and park tree in the larger cities
of the East has been considered the l>est for city
conditions because of its immunity from disease
and its ability to withstand adverse growing con-
ditions. In 1930, however, a disease of these
trees appeared in Lower Merion Township. By
1933 it had crossed the boundary into Philadel-
phia and also appeared in Baltimore. Recently,
two cases of the disease were found in Newark,
New Jersey.

This fungus is identified as one of the Cere^-
tostomellas and apparently is as serious as Dutch
elm disease on the elms. It has already killed
1(),(KK) plane trees in the infected area and smce
there is no known control it is quite possible that
it will wipe out all of them. This would mean
the loss of some of the finest trees in Fairmount
Park and since there are over 1()0,(KK) plane trees
in Philadelphia and environs it is a serious
menace.

Forest Leaves

Our Program

1.

The adequate prelection of all Pennsylvania forests from Fire, Fungi, and Insects.

2.
The personnel of the Department of Forests and Waters to be chosen and retained on a
basis of efficient service only, in order to guarantee permanency of policy and continuity of action.

3.
The management of the State forests so that they may supply the permanent needs of the
people not only for continuous timber protection but also for recreation, hunting and fishing.

4.
Greater co-operation, between the departments of the State Government for protection of the
beauty of the public lands.

5.
Adequate biennial appropriations for the purchase, protection, and development of the

State forests.

6.
The education of the public, corporations, sportsmen, and forest land owners with respect to
the value of our forests and the necessity for their development and proper utilization.

7.
The planting of trees valuable for lumber on all waste and idle lands and the continued
distribution of seedlings by the State.

8.
The education of our children in forestry in both public and private schools. A love and
appreciation of the forests tend to a better type of citizenship.

9.

The establishment of town and county forests which will bring pure air, pure water, and
recreation close to the centers of population.

10.
The preservation of the few remaining areas of virgin timber in Pennsylvania.

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Organized in 1886

1733 COMMERCIAL TRUST RIIILOING

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

1 desire to support the activities of The Pennsylvania Forestry Association for the preserva-
tion and development of forest lands, and enclose a check for $ ^ to cover
membership for the ensuing year. One dollar of this amount is to pay for yearly subscription to
Forest Leaves.

MEMBERSHIP CLASSES

Annual member $3.00

Club membership 5.00

Sustaining member 10.00

•Contributing member 20.00

Life member 100.00

Perpetual member 250.00

•If paid for five consecutive
years the person automatically
becomes a life member.

Name

Address

Date

State

Forest Leaves, the Association's magazine, is sent to mem-
bers in all classes. Our program will be found on the inside
back cover.

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FO REST LEAVES

THE SUMMER MEETING

OF

THE PENNSYLVANIA
FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

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The subject of the meeting will be Wildlife and Foreal Man
ugement. We hope you will plan lo attend. Detailed
information will be sent you shortly.

DEPl. OF FORESTRY

LIBRARY

Tlie Pennsylirania State Co||m

OCTOBER 1939

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

111

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CONTENTS

A Community Forests Program

The Forester Must Sell Forestry

T. Noel Stern

Louis W. Fiiess

Editorials

Summer Meetinp: in Cook Forest

Mammal Populations and the Forest

Logan J. Bennett

The Sportsman Looks at Conservation

John C. Youngman

Forest Mana<2:ement and Wildlife

IT. E. Montgomery

The Development of Forest Areas for Wildlife

James N. Morton

Our Forests and Wildlife Crops

The Third Responsibility

Penn Oak and Walnut Seedlings

Seth Gordon

M. A. Mat toon

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13

15

17

John W. Hershey

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Founded in June, 18S6

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest ciiUiire
and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws,
both State and National.

Annual Membership Fee, Three Dollars

One Dollar of which is for subscription to Forkst Leavks
Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the
State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the
Chairman of the Membt^rship Committee, 10()7 Commercial Trust Huildinjr, Philadelphia.

President — Wiluir K. Thomas
Honorary President—S.XMVEL L. Smedley Honorary Vice President— Rom:m S. Conki.in

Vice-Presidents
Wm. S. B. McCaleb Dr. E. E. Wiluman Edward C. M. Richards

Francis R. Cope, Jr. Edward Woolman Dr. Rodney II. Tri e

Secretary — 1\. Gleason Mattoon Treasurer — R. A. Wright, C.P.A.

:■!;

FOREST LEAVES

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Entered as second-clasa matter at the Post-Office at Wayne. Pa., October 22, 1935, under the Act of March 3. 1879

Subscription $1.00 per Year

Vol. XXIX— No: 4

Wayne, Pa., October, 1939

Whole Number 295

A Community Forests Program

T. NOEL STERN

DURING the past two years the writer has
been investigating community forests. In
the course of his examination he visited and stud-
ied forests in New England, New York State and
Pennsylvania. He has worked with leaders in the
Federal and State forestry services and with ex-
perts in local government who have a concern
for an effective program of community forestry
in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

The general public and most local officials in
our state still remain profoundly ignorant of the
purpose of community forests and of their extent
and growth. When the average man hears the
expression "community forestry," his reaction is
likely to be: "It sounds good to me, but just what
is a community forest?"

Therefore, at the risk of stating a thing trite to
Pennsylvania Forestry Association members, 1
would like to take this opportunity to define a
community forest. It is a woodland tract owned
by a township, borough, city, county, or other
unit of local government, and used for beneht ot
its citizens. The benefit may be either social,
economic, or financial.

Dr. J. Horace McFarland, who last year or-
ganized a community forest association in Eagles
Mere, Pennsylvania, says, "Community forests,
especially in Pennsylvania, are common sense
applied to the community. They tend to restore
the forest cover without which rivers dry up,
crops fail and desert comes in. They are also
profitable in several directions as they protect
water supply, add enduring value to the land
they cover, and afford recreational opportunity.
They aim toward better health and lower taxes.
He asks, "Why not community forests in every
Pennsylvania county? William Penn left us 62
per cent of forests. We ought, we must, protect
the land that feeds us, that we claim we love.

This plea evokes questions pertinent to any
plan of action for the development of community

forests, and basic to our discussion. How long
have we had community forests in Pennsylvania?
how many are there? where are they? and how
extensive is their area? Community forests have
been in existence in Pennsylvania longer than
one might imagine, and there are more than one
would expect. In 1812 five acres were acquired
on Faire Mount, now the center of present-day
Philadelphia. Today Pennsylvania local govern-
ment forests number 97 at the very least ; are lo-
cated in 42 counties; and have an estimated area
of over 75,000 acres.

The following table, based upon those forests
of which the date of establishment is reported,
shows the slow growth of Pennsylvania's commu-
nity woodlands up to about 1920 and the accel-
erated rate since then.

Table I

Establishment of Community Forests

Period of Number of Forests

Establishment Established

1810 - 1829 \

1830 - 1849 *

1850 - 1869 jj

1870 - 1889 "

1890 - 1899 I

1900 - 1909 ^

1910 - 1919 .;

1920 - 1929 ^^

1930 - 1939 ^'

The Pennsylvania community forest movement
is among the oldest in the country. New York
State official publications record no acquisitions
prior to 1909; the strong Massachusetts move-
ment began no earlier than 1914; and Wisconsin
started its program in 1928. However Newing-
ton, the first New Hampshire forest, was estab-
lished in 1710 and four others were acquired
during the eighteenth century. Indeed thirty
New Hampshire forests, or over one third of the
state's total, were purchased or received m gitt
before beginning of the present century.

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Pennsylvania is typical of most states in the sixth as large as the national forest area in the

Union in that the greatest proportion of commu- state, and one eighth the size of the common-

nity forests were acquired in the 1920's and wealth's game lands. As will be shown later,

1930's. The year in which the greatest number the estimate is more than conservative and errs

of Pennsylvania purchases are recorded is 1932. on the side of understatement.

Statistics gathered by the state and federal gov- Community forests of the slate are used nearly

ernments, the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, altogether for the purpose to which they are best

and the writer, show that Pennsylvania ranks adapted, namely for watershed protection, parks

fourth among the states in respect to number and and recreational centers, and for growing of tim-

area of local forests. New York, California and ber to serve economic, financial and conserva-

Massachusetts precede us in number; while Wis- tional ends. Nearly half of them (52 forests)

consin, Oregon and New York are ahead in re- were established for watershed purposes; almost

gard to acreage. New York State has almost one half (42 forests) were acquired as park or

four times as many forests and over twice as recreational grounds. One has been established

great an area as our state; yet we outdistance all as a game and wild-life preserve; another serves

our other neighbors in community forest number in part as a prison farm forest; while two others

and area. have been turned over to timber production. Of

The following table summarizes existing data the total acreage 57'^ is in watershed cover;

on number, acreage, and classes of ownership 25% is being grown as timber; and 16 V< is serv-

into which Pennsylvania community properties ing as park and recreational centers,

fall. The greatest number of community forests and

the greatest percentage of community forest acre-

lable 11 ^ jg jQ j^g found in watersheds of municipal

Community Forest Number, Acreage, ancf ^

Classification Median

No. Forests No. With Areas % of Mean Avg. Avg.

Forest Use Reported Area Reported Reported ( Acres) Total Area (Acres) (Acres)

Watershed 52 50 41,031 57% 821 99

Park, Recreation 41 36 11,868 16'/^ 330 60

Timber 2 2 18,725 25%

Game 1 1 1,107 2%^

Prison Farm 1 1 90 —

Total 97 90 71,822 100^; 798 90

Estimated total area of 97 forests reported 76,000

Forest holdings of individual Pennsylvania water companies. Park forests are almost as

municipalities and counties range in size from great in number but are smaller in size, and

one acre to 22,729 acres. The average size, if therefore take third place in reported area. In

one takes the "mean" average, is 798 acres, fact, when grouped together, all Pennsylvania

which is not too small an area for successful for- park and recreational forests fill less space than

est management. However, the commonest or the two great timber forests owned by the Phila-

most usual size of Pennsylvania community for- delphia Board of City Trusts in Schuylkill and

ests is much below the mean or arithmetic aver- Centre Counties.

age. The commonest acreage, as expressed by Forest management has not made much prog-
the "median" or the middle point in a scale of ress worth noting in the majority of Pennsylva-
sizes, is only 90 acres. This is rather small for nia's community forests. In only one of them,
forest management. However, the famous New the 4500-acre tract of the City of Reading in
Hampshire town forest of Danville is only 77 Berks County, is there any form of forest man-
acres in size. agement.

It will be noted that ninety of the ninety-seven The statistical data presented in Table II

community forests which report their acreages, above does not really give a full picture of the

give 71,822 acres as the total area of our Penn- situation, for the forests are classified only ac-

sylvania community forests. It is estimated that cording to their primary use. At least twelve of

all ninety-seven forests known to exist contain the 97 Pennsylvania forests are known to have

76,000 acres. This is not a vast area but is one (Continued on Page 19 >

The Forester Must Sell Forestry

LOUIS W. FUESS

Two

Forest Leaves

QUITE frequently it has occurred to me that
we, who are actively engaged in Forestry,
are exceedingly lax in the matter of advertising
our profession and selling ourselves and our
services to the public. In other words, we do not
take full advantage of all opportunities for pub-
licity when they present themselves, and rarely
do we go out of our way to create such opportu-
nities. In making this statement no particular
criticism is being directed at any one Forester or
group of Foresters, for we are all more or less
faulty in this matter. Few persons fully realize
that publicity is an important medium toward the
advancement of Forestry.

There are many organizations representing or
dealing with Forestry, but seldom do any of them
make front page news in the paper. Many per-
sons may recall certain items, particularly arti-
cles written by the Forest Service, concerning ex-
ceptionally large fires raging in Michigan, Idaho,
Washington, or California. Notices are also to
be found announcing meetings of various For-
estry associations and societies, and occasionally
there appear items of local interest pertaining to
parks, recreational areas, and scenic trips. But
how often does Forestry get its just share of pub-
licity when it comes to matters such as the pres-
ent salvage job being performed in the hurricane
area in the New England States; the reforesta-
tion program and the soil conservation work be-
ing carried on in the TV A? Is there very much
said about the millions of forest trees planted
annually with seedlings supplied by practically
all the states? In all of the present flood control
propaganda involving dam construction, flood
wall, and dyke building, where does the infor-
mation appear that forests, protected from fire,
young forests growing, or idle areas being refor-
ested are also factors in water conservation and
flood control? Or how often is a speaker in-
cluded in a winter series of educational talks?
It is true that all of these things are covered in
technical magazines and articles, but Mr. and
Mrs. Average Citizen do not read them.

We all use the argument that we are too ac--
lively engaged in every day duties to give much
time to publicity. There is also a contention that
Forestry is not spectacular enough to make the
newspapers and that we must reach the public
through magazines, articles, and word of mouth.

October, 1939

Others believe that it is only through the mem-
bership in organizations interested in Forestry
that our gospel can be preached so that the
preaching will fall upon interested parties.

If this latter assertion is true, then we in For-
estry are failing to take advantage of an oppor-
tunity at hand for Pennsylvania has just the or-
ganization that is needed to reach persons inter-
ested in Forestry. That organization is, of course,
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. The small
number of members in this worthwhile group
shows plainly we have not been active enough in
the Association and have been negligent about
securing members from the roll of persons
interested.

If we pause to consider the various phases of
Forestry in which different groups or persons are
interested, it can readily be seen that many peo-
ple are involved. Since Forestry includes among
other things, game production, water conserva-
tion, forest recreation, soil erosion, and produc-
tion of forest products, it seems logical to believe
that anyone interested in one or more of these
particular items, would be interested in becoming
a member of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa-
tion.

To analyze the proposition a little more care-
fully, let us look at it this way. When consider-
ing the matter of hunters and fishermen, just who
benefits by the forests because of the fact that
they support fish and game? In the first place,
there is the large army of hunters and fishermen
who is most directly benefited because of the fact
that it is the recipient of the sport and
pleasure derived from the pursuit of the forest
fish and game. This large group of people spends
thousands of dollars annually on equipment and
the construction and maintenance of camps and
cabins. Why, therefore, is it not reasonable to
expect that many of these hunters and fishermen
would become members of the Association if they
were properly informed that the Association is
endeavoring to aid in supplying their needs and
protecting their investments? Then, too, there is
a secondary group of people which benefits from
the presence of forest fish and game. This sec-
ond group includes sporting goods stores, food
stores, clothing stores, garages, gas stations, res-
taurants, hotels, boarding houses, etc., m the com-

( Continued on Page 24)

Three

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FOREST LEAVES

Published quarterly by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE
E. F. Brouse, Chairman
Samuel N. Baxter Dr. Rodney H. True

Charles B. Cadwalader Philip A. Livingston

The publication of an article in Forest Leaves does
not necessarily imply that the views expressed therein
are those of The Pennsylvania Forestry Association.
Address all correspondence to Wayne, Penna., or to
the Editor, 1007 Commercial Trust Building, Philadel-
phia, Pa. Kindly notify us of any change in address.

OCTOBER, 1939

An Important Forward Step

IN this issue Forest Leaves takes great pleas-
ure in presenting a series of articles which
may well be regarded as of historic importance.
Last month, at its summer meeting at Cook
Forest, the Pennsylvania Forestry Association
had as its topic Wild Life and Forest Manage-
ment. Speakers well qualified by position and
experience discussed phases of the problem in a
series of talks which were enjoyed by all present.
The addresses embrace material the impor-
tance of which extends far beyond the group
present at the meeting. The various speakers
have prepared broad digests of their chosen
topics for inclusion in this issue of Forest
Leaves, which has been delayed to permit their
inclusion.

The following pages will, we are sure, give
our readers an insight into a new attitude toward
conservation — constructive cooperation between
the forester and the sportsman. One goal has

been set, and methods will be found to reach it.
The resolution included in the general report

of the meeting gives promise of the development
wanted by every sincere conservationist — a co-
ordinated program of all agencies who deal with
forest, recreation and game problems in Penn-
sylvania.

Four

Penn'^s Tree Seedlings

EVER since Dr. Edward E. Wildman's book,
'Tenn^s Woods," was published in 1932,
listing many of the trees now living which were
alive when William Penn landed and telling
something of their history, there has been much
speculation as to the reasons for their longevity.
Obviously, they must possess certain inherent
qualities which aid them in warding off attack by
insects and diseases and which have brought them
through over 250 years of life in a healthy con-
dition. It can not all be laid to fortunate cir-
cumstances.

Since geneticists are agreed that certain trees
combine qualities of long life, sturdiness, and
ability to withstand adverse conditions, and since
these trees have demonstrated these qualities, the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association a year ago de-
cided to collect seed from them to propagate,
feeling sure that these qualities would be trans-
mitted to their offspring. We feel it wise to con-
tinue these strains not only because of the his-
torical significance of their parents but also be-
cause they should not be allowed to die out.

We now have 1,700 burr oak seedlings and
500 white oak seedlings ready for distribution.
They are to be sold at cost of growing in the
hope that they will be planted throughout the
State. The pedigree of each seedling is known
and will be furnished to the purchaser. The
prices are:

12 Seedlings $ 2.00

50 Seedlings $ 6.00

100 Seedlings $ 9.00

1,000 Seedlings $50.00

It is expected that many clubs and individuals
will want some of these seedlings to plant for fu-
ture memorial groves or as specimens. Unques-
tionably, many members of The Pennsylvania
Forestry Association also will want to buy some
of these seedlings. Since the number is limited,
it is important that orders be received this fall
even though the trees preferably should not be
planted until spring. Fall planting is satisfactory
but they will have to be guarded against injury
by rabbits and mice.

Anyone wishing seedlings should send his
order to the Secretary of the Association together
with a check for the correct amount.

Forest Leaves

Summer Meeting in Cook Forest

Speakers Stress Need for Co-ordination of Forestry and Came

Management

OVER one hundred foresters, sportsmen, con-
servationists, and recreationists attended the
53rd Annual Meeting of The Pennsylvania For-
estry Association held at Cook Forest on Septem-
ber 22 and 23. The keynote address on the subject,
"Wild Life and Forest Management," was ably
presented by Francis R. Cope, Jr., farmer, edu-
cator and conservationist of Dimock, Pennsylva-
nia, who pointed out the conflicting and yet not
insurmountable differences of opinion which
have arisen among the many groups that are in-
terested in developing the forest areas of the
State for the benefit of the citizens. He urged
greater intercourse and exchange of ideas among

these groups. r •. u

The meeting was called to order on t riday by
President Wilbur K. Thomas of the Association,
who greeted the members and urged them to
enter it in a spirit of tolerance and fairness.
Among those present were Seth Gordon. Execu-
tive Director of the Pennsylvania Game Commis-
sion; Reginald D. Forbes, Director of the Alle-
gheny Forest Experiment Station; M. A Mal-
Toon, Assistant Regional Forester of the United
States Forest Service; R. Lynn Emerick. Acting
Forester of the Pennsylvania Department of for-
ests and Waters; Professor Victor Beede, Head
of the Department of Forestry at Pennsylvania
State College; Leo Luttringer, Jr., Editor of the
Pennsylvania Game News; and many other tor-
esters and game enthusiasts.

After a trip around Cook Forest Park which
comprises 6500 acres and has a beauti ul stand
of primeval hemlock and white pine, the prin-
ciple addresses of the evening were given. Ihey
all had as the main topic, the integration of the
programs for forest development, game produc-
tion, recreation, streamflow control and parks
Mr. M. A. Mattoon spoke of the place wildhte
management has in the administration of the
Allegheny National Forest, while W. E. Mont-
gomery brought out forcibly and effectively the
fact that the Department of Forests and Waters
in its program is giving more and ™ore thought
to the value of wildlife to the forests. Mr. Gor-
don presented some interesting figures on the

production of game in the state fo>-«!t!,«r ^n
the value of the food and fur which is taken

October, 1939

A scene in part oj the 6500 acres of Cook Forest
Park, visited by the Assocmtwn last month

from the forest areas of the State by the hunters
each year. Mr. James N. Morton, Chief of the
Division of Game Land Management, gave an
intere^ing and instructive talk on game life and
habUat and the variety of forest cover needed to
provide food, shelter and protection.

Following these talks John M Phillips of
Pittsburgh, former President and father of the
Pennsylvania Game Commission «PO^e^'«
quently upon the part Thomats J.'\gen o
Pittsburgh had played m saving JeCook Fores
State Park for the citizens of the State. Mr. Li^
^ettablv assisted by Mr. Phillips was responsi-
Ik for the raising of $200,000 toward the pur-

(Continued on Page 23)

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Mammal Populations and the Forest

LOGAN J. BENNETT

ON March 1, 1938 the Pennsylvania Coopera-
tive Wildlife Research Unit was organized
by the Pennsylvania Game Commission, The
Pennsylvania State College, and the United States
Bureau of Biological Survey. The Unit is cen-
tered in the Agricultural Experiment Station,
The Pennsylvania State College. The work of
the research unit is to carry on life history, eco-
logical, and management studies of Pennsylvania
wildlife in order that information may be ob-
tained for the proper preservation and increase
of the more desirable species.

The research program undertaken by this re-
search organization is more or less evenly di-
vided between projects concerning animals found
on agricultural lands and those living in the
forests. Although a research project may center
on an ecological investigation of a single game
mammal of the forest, the actual study in almost
all cases has many ramifications that include de-
tailed life history and management studies of a
score of birds and mammals as well as associ-
ated research on the flora of the forest.

As our forest studies progress we realize more
and more the presence of unknown relationship
between mammal populations and the forest.
Preliminary population studies of mice in vari-
ous parts of Centre and Huntingdon Counties,
Pennsylvania this past spring revealed mouse
populations ranging from 75 to 200 per acre.
These animals eat vegetable food for the most
part and in the course of a year the total food
consumption is great. Ruffed grouse, white-
tailed deer, wild turkeys, squirrels, cottontails
and numerous non-game birds and mammals are
found living in the same environment. How do
such mouse populations aifect the other animals
and the forest? Is it possible for high mouse
populations to retard the recovery of over-
broused deer range after the deer population has
been reduced? Does the over-brousing by deer
and the elimination of ground cover force many
other animal species to utilize and damage plants
of the forest not usually used by them ? Dozens
of questions of this type are not answerable at
present. Perhaps some day these and other
questions can be answered.

The value of openings or edges for many spe-
cies of wildlife of the forest has been demon-
strated many times. In many parts of central

Six

Pennsylvania old fields are returning to forest
cover. Near State College on many old fields
Virginia pine occupies such areas in a relatively
short time. The foresters are anxious for those
old fields to be planted to more desirable tree
species in order that a more profitable crop niay
be harvested in a shorter period of time. Wild-
life and forest researchers at The Pennsylvania
State College are cooperating in an effort to de-
velop plantings in such areas to achieve that
end. Experimental plantings have been made to
determine if desirable plantings can be made to
avoid heavy losses by rodents in those old fields.
The plantings are being made with respect to
existing cover in the fields and adjacent stands
of timber. The existing cover forms the homes
for many rodents that in numerous cases have
damaged ordinary plantings to such an extent
that non-productive competitive species have
been the survivors. The experimental plantmgs
in the old fields have created edges between ex-
isting woody cover and the plantings. In those
experimental fields one finds desirable tree spe-
cies for forestry and wildlife, as well as a distri-
bution and arrangement of plants for maximum
protection from invading animals and plants.
This is one example of foresters and wildlite
men trying to solve a difficult problem to the
satisfaction of all interested groups.

The proper management of lands for longleaf
pine in Georgia and Florida has proved that the
production of longleaf pine and bob-white man-
agement go hand in hand. Bob-white studies in
Texas have brought out dependent relationships
between the proper management of numerous
animal and tree species for the benefit of wild-
life and forestry. On the prairies in the West
and Middle West wild duck production has im-
proved as grazing practices and land utilization
have been more wisely carried out. These are
merely illustrations to show that cooperation be-
tween foresters, wildlife workers, and agricul-
turists is necessary to achieve the goal of proper
forest and land management.

In an attempt to solve many of the forest
mammal management problems in Pennsylvania
the Pennsylvania Cooperative Wildlife Research
Unit is utilizing the knowledge and aid of for-
esters, wildlife workers, agronomists, agricultur-
ists, and economists.

Forest Leaves

The Sportsman Looks at Conservation

JOHN C. YOUNGMAN

WHEN a speaker takes the platform at a
meeting such as this, the audience must
feel like an attorney in court when a strange wit-
ness appears on the stand. Three questions im-
mediately arise: who is he, whose side is he on,
and what does he propose to prove? For brevity
sake, therefore, let me state that I am a practic-
ing lawyer from Williamsport, Pennsylvania,
who likes to hunt and. fish and all that I propose
to prove, regardless of any high-sounding titles
given this address, is simply that the forestry men
do not have to be afraid of the hunters and
fishermen otherwise designated as the sportsmen.
The Pennsylvania Federation of Sportsmen's
Clubs, of which I happen to be President, is a
federated organization of the organized sports-
men's clubs and associations of the state. We
have a membership of 200,000. We are most
frequently designated as the "Voice of the Sports-
men," but our activities go much further than
merely to express our opinion. Until quite re-
cently the sportsmen have had their fingers
crossed with reference to the forestry men and

•"\->^.

.J'*'.:^

vice versa, but something has occurred which has
changed this picture completely. The proof of it
is this meeting, wherein foresters and sports-
men have met each other apparently for the first
time without conflict. That something which has
caused the change has been Game Management.
Until recently the sportsmen had a vague idea
concerning food and cover. They knew that
these were necessary for game, but how to get
them and what to do about them were matters
largely unknown. The forestry men knew more
about food and cover, but they were little inter-
ested in the question from the standpoint of
game. Then a forester, Aldo Leopold, wrote a
memorable treatise entitled "Game Manage-
ment." The foresters awakened to the realiza-
tion that here was something useful which, to
put it in a slang term, was "right down their
alley." The sportsmen in turn realized that
now above all time they must cooperate with the
foresters. Hence this meeting, which I believe to
be of real historical significance. The foresters
and the sportsmen have come to a view that our

,!»«'':•>

y- '»1!',( .

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^ermsylvani^epa^^

Deer damage to pine seedlings

October, 1939

Seven

i\i^ m

forests have recreational values as well as eco-
nomic values and that they should be managed
for the greatest good to the greatest number.

I am not a technical man on matters of Game
Management, but a phase of that problem is be-
coming more and more important as time goes
on. That question is whether fire has any place
in the program of Game Management.

At the present time the Pennsylvania Federa-
tion of Sportsmen's Clubs is opposed to fire in
the woods in any way, shape or form, experi-
mental or otherwise, but there is a growing sen-
timent within this body which holds that some
competent body should establish the facts con-
cerning fire by experimentation so that we might
know witb'^ut question whether it has any proper
ase. Tht /eason for this feeling is the well-
known fact that if you want to find game you go
into areas that recently burned over. We know
that burning produces an alkaline soil which is
necessary for the growing of certain food-produc-
ing plants and bushes. The important thing to
remember is that the advocates of controlled
burning simply want to know the facts. They do
not feel that the accidental burnings have given
the technicians sufficient data upon which to base
accurate conclusions. We know that there are
many areas which have no valuable timber upon
them and which it would not pay to cut at all
and that the only apparent economic method of
improving food and cover conditions is to burn
them, ^any will argue that there is no such a
thing as a controlled fire, yet we know that the
Department of Forest and Waters has certainly
done an efficient job in controlling forest fires in
Pennsylvania for many years. I realize that this
is a very controversial subject and I want to
stress the fact that I am not advocating that "we
burn the woods." I am advocating that we as-
certain the facts and then decide what we will do.
No forestry meeting would be complete with-
out something being said about stream pollution.
For many years this question has been a particu-
lar hobby of this speaker. I have engaged in
several injunction proceedings to eliminate pol-
lution, particularly that of mine wastes. I real-
ize that if the issue be stated as Industry against
Fishing, we must forget the fishing, but I main-
tain with absolute sincerity that the issue is not
Industry against Fishing. In fighting the pollu-
tion we must not mention fishing. The issue is
one set of values upon the one hand as against
another set of values on the other hand. The
values against stream pollution are economic,
property and recreational. The values opposed

Eight

to pure streams are largely purely property. I
know of no industry which was driven out of
Pennsylvania by reason of the fact that it was
compelled to stop its pollution. The problem is
much more complicated than the average pure
stream advocate thinks it is.

In front of the building where we are holding
this meeting is the Clarion River and its dark,
discolored, polluted water is a disgrace to the
people of Pennsylvania and the beautiful Cook
Forest through which it flows, yet I say to you
that when public opinion wants the Clarion River
clean that river will become clean. We have the
laws on the books to take care of the situation,
but those laws will not enforce themselves. Wher-
ever public opinion demands their enforcement
they will be enforced. It is up to the advocates
of pure streams to create that proper public
opinion and in doing it I warn you against men-
tioning anything about fishing. If a stream be
purified for any reason whatsoever the fish will
take care of themselves. The real question is,
are there values involved of sufficient importance
to warrant the purification of the stream? Stress
the property values standpoint, the recreational
values involved, the business and income which
will come to a community as a result of the
purification of its waters. We pure stream advo-
cates have made large gains. It now appears
that industry is picking up and we must be on
the guard to preserve that which we have and to
keep up the progress we are now making.

In closing, I wish to thank the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association for this opportunity to pre-
sent to you the viewpoint of the sportsmen and
to impress upon you that you need have no fear
of our group. We know and you know that our
problems are your problems and that we must
continue this conservation work.

WORLD'S TALLEST HARDWOOD

UPROOTED

What is believed to have been the tallest hard-
wood tree in the world stood until January 1939
in the Toorongo Forest, north of Nooje, Austra-
lia. It was a eucalypt, Eucalyptus regnans,
which was uprooted by the gales which accom-
panied the forest fires of January 13, 1939.
When measured by F. G. Gerraty, inspector of
forests, the bole was found to be 331 feet long.
This height was reached at a point three inches
in diameter, where the top had been broken off.
The tree was not preserved intact because it fell
across a forest trail and had to be sawn through
to enable the trail to be used.

Forest Leaves

— Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters

Camping in Caledonia State Park

Forest Management and Wildlife

W. E. MONTGOMERY

Chief, Forest Management Penna. Department of Forests and Waters

FORTY years ago, when the present State
Forest system, now embracing more than
1,650,000 acres, was in its infancy. Dr. J. T.
Rothrock, in advocating the acquisition of for-
est lands by the Commonwealth, stressed the
point that they were intended not only for the
production of wood, but also to control floods,
to provide health centers and to assure outdoor
recreation to all the citizens of the State. On
this broad, far-reaching and sound policy the
State Forests of Pennsylvania had their genesis,
and today they are being administered in ac-
cordance with that selfsame policy.

It would be foolish, as well as untruthful, to
claim that the actions and decisions of the De-
partment in attempting to follow this policy,
have not been subjected to criticism; and it
would be just as futile to aver that many of
those criticisms were not justified. The users of
the State Forests represent every walk of life,
persons of every conceivable taste and inclina-
tion, fthere are those who view the State Forests
only as a splendid hunting ground where game

October, 1939

prevails in great abundance; there are those who
detest the idea of killing birds or animals of any
kind, even the predators who live from the de-
struction of other forms of life; there are those
who would like to have broad thoroughfares,
well-paved highways extending throughout the
State Forests reaching into every nook and cor-
ner in order that they might enjoy the beauties
of the forest without the need of stepping out of
their cars; there are those, on the other hand,
who would prefer to have no roads whatever
and only a few footpaths, lovers of the primitive
and the primeval, advocates of the so-called wil-
derness areas untouched by the hand of man;
there are those who are intent only upon the
aesthetic side of the forest, upon the inspiration
which they receive from a visit to the woods, no
matter how limited that visit may be; then there
are those to whom the beauties of nature mean
nothing, who have no interest in hunting or fish-
ing or picnicking, intensely practical people
who view a tree merely as so many board feet
of lumberj

Nine

II

14

I till

1'

III . .

That is somewhat exaggerated, yet nevertheless
fairly typical, cross-section of those with whom
the Department comes in contact in its manage-
ment of the State Forests; and strangely enough,
or maybe it isn't so strange after all, so many
people can see the picture only in the light of
their own interests, and many of them are some-
what amazed to learn that other persons happen
to see things from a directly opposite viewpoint.
For the most part, these people are the actual
owners of the land, citizens of the State, stock-
holders of the great corporation, one unit of
which is engaged, among other duties, in operat-
ing the State Forests, operating them for the use,
enjoyment and benefit of the real owners. In
representing these owners, the Department, as
manager, should be properly responsive to the
great diversity of desires that are expressed.
Through all these many divergent opinions, the
Department, in its management of the State For-
ests, endeavors to steer its course in a practical
common-sense manner whereby the best interests
of all the people will be most wisely conserved.
In attempting to do this, mistakes are made, of
course. Throughout most of its history the De-
partment has been quite conservative, consider-
ing thoroughly, and sometimes perhaps at too
great length, any proposed changes in policy
and procedure. As a result, it sometimes, in the
vernacular, "misses the boat." As an example,
the Department probably hesitated too long in
establishing a definite, forward-looking policy
in connection with the use of the State Forests
for recreation — and then more recently in its
development work became stampeded into cer-
tain methods and procedures which were not of
the very best.

From the beginning, and particularly in the
early days of forestry in Pennsylvania when for-
esters were closer to the woods than their mani-
fold duties now permit, most of the technical
personnel of the Department have been hunters
and fishermen. Consequently, aside from their
professional standpoint, they have been intense-
ly interested in the protection and propagation
of game. It must be admitted, however, that
their interest was manifested primarily in the
protection of the forests from fire, the enforce-
ment of the game laws, and the occasional libera-
tion of game. It must also be admitted that
sometimes the forester looked upon the game
official as an interloper in his (the forester's)
own personal domain. Usually, however, that
feeling resulted from a clash of personalities
rather than from any conflict of opposing objec-

Ten

tives. The forester, from the outstart of forest
activities in this State, has always regarded game
as an important product of the forest, but not
the major product, not the one most important
product. Until recent years, however, he did lit-
tle about it, except for the several phases of ac-
tivity mentioned above.

As a matter of fact, most of his forestry work
was concerned with protection and planting, and
forestry had not yet progressed to the point
where, in the vast majority of cases, cultural op-
erations were justified — or if justified, they were
probably out of the question because of lack of
funds. To some extent, that day is passed. The
establishment of the C.C.C. and the advent of
various relief agencies have made possible nu-
merous types of work which could not be accom-
plished, if the Department were compelled to de-
pend entirely upon State appropriations. And
in doing these various kinds of work, the De-
partment is cognizant that their affect upon game
as well as other products of the forest must be
given due consideration. The Department is not
only concerned with the protection and growing
of timber but it is interested in maintaining as
large a game population as can properly be sup-
ported. The Department holds to the belief
that it is proper and appropriate to sacrifice a
certain amount of forest growth in order that
game may be sustained. On the other hand, it
also feels that when the game population be-
comes too great for the food supply which is
available, prompt and drastic action should be
taken to remedy that condition.

And frankly, it views with considerable distaste
the thousands of acres of waste land on the State
Forests which cannot be restored to productivity
by the means of plantations because the deer des-
troy the trees as rapidly as they are planted.

Quite a bit has been said, not only in Penn-
sylvania, but elsewhere, about the antagonism
which some foresters exhibit toward game man-
agement practices, — and vice-versa. Personally
I can see no reason whatever why any conflict of
ideas should arise between foresters and game
managers which cannot be settled satisfactorily
to all parties concerned by negotiation of open-
minded representatives of both points of view.
During the three and one-half years prior to
April 1st when I returned to State service, I was
Associate Forester and later Chief Forester of a
Federal agency whose principal claim to the
right of existence was the fact that it did not fol-
low the course of numerous so-called old-line

(Continued on Page 21 >

Forest Leaves

The Development of Forest
Areas for Wildlife

By JAMES N. MORTON

pTT wasn't so very many years ago that different
-l groups looked at the forest and they saw dif-
ferent values in it, and each group was prone to
think that it alone saw the whole picture, where-
as each was seeing only a small part. The group
interested in timber looked at the forest and saw
so many sawlogs, and their interpretation was
apt to be that the area would yield a good crop
of lumber. The group interested in wildlife
looked at the forest and saw so many hiding, or
feeding, places for wildlife, and their interpreta-
tion was that it was a good or poor hunting
ground. The group interested in recreation
looked at the forest and saw only so many picnic
spots, and their description was that it would
make a good park if some more of the under-
brush were cleared out. One group gave no con-
sideration to the interests of the other group.
There were, of course, conflicts and differences of
opinion. /

WeTiave gotten away from the narrow re-
stricted view of the forest and we have gotten
away from too much difference of opinion. The

various groups now sit down together and dis-
cuss the common problems. It gives everybody
a chance to get a clear picture of the whole
problem.

We have come to recognize the forest as more
than stands or groups of trees, and more than
just a home for wildlife. We now consider it as
a community of plants, animals, and birds, of
which trees are the most important members. In
other words, forests are now looked upon as
areas of land on which various forms of plant,
animal and bird life are associated.

Nearly one-third of the United States is forest
land. We consider almost one-half of Pennsyl-
vania as forested. A large part of the wildlife in
the United States valuable for food, fur and
hunting, or for aesthetic purposes, is found in
our forests. Its welfare in connection with other
resources is therefore, an important part of the
management of forest land.

Wildlife directly interests more than 13,000,-
000 people who hunt and fish. It helps to sup-
port many more, and adds to the happiness of

STATE rORMT LANDS

PENNSYLVAN I A

October, 1939

Eleven

mi'

M

H

i ^

millions of others who are eager to catch
glimpses of wildlife in its home environment.

Because of this public interest in wildlife and
because our forests comprise such an important
part of the environment, it naturally becomes
necessary to recognize it in the plans for manage-
ment of forest areas.

In order for a forest area to be most attrac-
tive to wildlife it must provide a suitable home.
Large areas of forest land in central and north-
ern Pennsylvania do not provide satisfactory
habitats for wildlife, largely because these areas
are covered with trees where the crown canopy
has closed, and the understory of tree and shrub
growth essential as browse for deer and necessary
in furnishing food and cover for other wildlife
is shaded out. On such areas cutting operations
are vitally necessary, if each section is to main-
tain the wildlife population which it can and
should support.

On the State Game Lands, which now total
more than 600,000 acres, cutting operations are
conducted in order to make them more suitable
for wildlife. At the same time we do not lose
sight of their value in producing a timber crop.
Wherever the timber is large enough to market
for pulp wood, mine ties, chemical wood or
lumber, timber sale contracts are made. In
other areas it is necessary to carry on thinnings
or other cuttings in order to open up the crown
canopy of the trees, permit the sunlight to enter,
and stimulate the understory of plant life. In
this connection, splendid cooperation has been
received from the Department of Forests and
Waters in their improvement cutting operations
at C.C.C. Camps. These improvement cuttings
are made in the interests of wildlife and to bene-
fit the remaining trees.

Either from the standpoint of good forest
growth or better wildlife habitats, thinnings, as is
well known, are one of the most important cul-
tural operations in any dense stands beyond the
sapling stage. Thinnings have several beneficial
effects for wildlife. The trees in thinned stands
produce earlier and larger crops of seed. The
openings produced are very valuable in promot-
ing advance growth of hardwoods, shrubs and
herbs useful as food by wildlife. They likewise
stimulate the growth of the remaining trees.

On other areas we carry on what we call re-
lease cutting, which requires the removal of com-
petitive growth from around clumps of haw-
thorn, grape, dogwood, hazelnut, bittersweet, and
other game food producing shrubs and vines in
order to stimulate their growth and the produc-

Tivelve

tion of fruit. These cuttings are easy to carry
on and they do not require the sacrifice of much
valuable timber. They do mean a lot to wild-
life. The plots not only insure a food supply,
but they insure a variety of food. Millions of
game food plants have been released from sup-
pression. As is well known, practically all of
these game food producing shrubs and vines re-
quire sunlight for growth and for fruiting. When-
ever they are overtopped or suppressed by sur-
rounding growth they cease to fruit properly and
eventually die out.

On other of our State Game Lands where there
is abandoned farm land, and especially in the
wild turkey and quail territory, food plots are
planted to various kinds of grain in order to
supply additional winter food. In other places
it is necessary to plant evergreens in clumps or
strips to supply cover and, where they cannot be
produced naturally, game food producing trees,
shrubs, and vines are planted.

During the spring of 1939, one and a quarter
million evergreens were planted on State Game
Lands to improve cover conditions for wildlife
and for timber production. Almost one million
game food producing shrubs, vines, and trees,
and 175,000 cuttings were planted for the benefit
of wildlife.

The area of State Game Lands is small as
compared to the total forest area in the State.
Even with the improvement work on State Forest
land, it means, of course, that the work done for
wildlife is only a drop in the bucket. I am cer-
tain, however, that with the active cooperation of
such organizations as the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association we can expect more interest to be
taken in developing other forest areas in the in-
terest of wildlife. If the Association is able to
do for wildlife what it has done for forestry in
the State, our hopes will have been realized.

SHELTERBELT TREES SURVIVE

An average survival of more than 61 per cent
was reported for all tree species planted in farm
shelterbelts and field windbreaks of the prairie
plains during 1938 by the Prairie States Forestry
Project. Survival of the nine species most com-
monly planted was 72 per cent. The count was
made on farms in the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kan-
sas, Oklahoma, and the Texas panhandle.

Grasshoppers caused the greatest loss of younc
trees in 1938. Rabbits and mice also were re-
sponsible for some losses of the young seedlings.
Drouth has not been a serious cause of tree loss
at any time with the new shelterbelt plantings.

Forest Leaves

Our Forests and Wildlife Crops

SETH GORDON

Executive Director, Penna. Game Commission

THE Pennsylvania Game Commission is
pleased to participate in this important meet-
ing of an organization which for over fifty years
has done so much to advance Pennsylvania's
Conservation Program.

It so happens that our Commission has been
in operation for nearly the same period as has
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. During
our forty-three years, forty-three different public-
spirited Pennsylvanians have served as members
of the Pennsylvania Game Commission. By and
large they have been sportsmen-naturalists, men
who were concerned not only about the species
which sportsmen like to hunt but who had a very
keen desire to protect other benficial forms of
wildlife, such as our valuable fur-bearers and
song and insectivorous birds. The program as a
whole has been conducted along lines that would
meet with the approval of the most rabid natu-
ralist.

The Commission has always functioned as a
policy-making body. Throughout all of its his-
tory, it has cooperated with all the agencies di-
rectly concerned in the conservation of our natu-
ral resources, especially the Department of For-
ests and Waters, the Fish Commission, and the
several Federal agencies.

In the beginning, the Commission's work was
financed wholly from public funds, but since
June 1, 1915 all of its expenditures have come
from contributions made by the sportsmen
through hunting license fees.

The early efforts of the Commission were con-
fined primarily to the enforcement of the law,
stopping the sale of game, and establishing rea-
sonable seasons and bag limits. Later the Com-
mission adopted a much broader management
program. Its refuge and public hunting grounds
system is probably the most outstanding single
accomplishment, started in 1905.

The early refuges were all established on State
Forests. Then in 1920 the Commission began
buying State Game Lands. Several years ago it
set up a cooperative program with landowners m
the thickly populated farming regions. Today
the Commission owns over 600,000 acres of State
Game Lands, is responsible for managing the
wildlife resources on almost 125,000 acres of
farm lands and other large leased areas. It now

October, 1939

has a total land management responsibility ag-
gregating 850,000 acres.

The Commission is now maintaining over 300
regular game refuges, and by the time the hunt-
ing season opens there will be almost 1,000 small
refuges in operation on the cooperative farm-
game projects above referred to. The size of the
refuges in the forest regions has been reducd so
that very few of them now exceed 1,000 acres.
There are many such refuges with only 250 to
500 acres. The small refuges on the cooperative
farm-game projects average approximately 8
acres each.

Under legislation adopted by the 1939 session,
the Pennsylvania Game Commission is now co-
operating with organized sportsmen in the estab-
lishment of special wildlife refuge projects on
private lands, under which program we antici-
pate that within the next two years upwards of
5,000 small refuges will be established in areas
where the Commission can not afford to purchase,
lease and manage the lands.

As its refuge system got under way, the Com-
mission began an extensive restocking program,
and at present out of its total budget of approxi-
mately $1,500,000 it is spending over $300,000
annually to raise or purchase game for stocking

purposes.

As the number of hunters has increased, the
Commission has been compelled to apply the lat-
est known management methods so as to produce
maximum annual game crops. As a sound basis
for all of its activities it has launched a wildlife
research program, part of which is handled as a
cooperative undertaking with the United States
Biological Survey and Pennsylvania State Col-
lege, about which Doctor Bennett will tell you
more later. Mr. Morton, on the other hand, will
give you a look into the management practices
which we are applying to our extensive game
land holdings. While in all of this management
work on our State Game Lands we are giving pri-
mary consideration to wildlife needs, yet we are
not overlooking their value for the production of
forest crops or the protection of watersheds.

We are thoroughly in accord with the feeling
of the members of the Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation that the public land holdings in the
Commonwealth should be increased until we

Thirteen

ii;

4m

ii

have at least 5,000,000 acres in public owner-
ship. We have almost reached the 3,000,000-
acre mark; by proper cooperation with all agen-
cies we should in a reasonably short span of
years be able to increase it to the goal above indi-
cated. These public lands are needed not only
for wildlife but for many other recreational uses,
watershed protection, etc.

Many of us have often labored under the im-
pression that the original mature forests of Penn-
sylvania harbored a very dense wildlife popula-
tion. We are now convinced that the mature for-
ests were not conducive to the production of
large game crops, except in the case of a limited
number of species. We are satisfied that more
wildlife can be produced on a proper combina-
tion of mature timber, timber in the pole stage,
and the several stages of brush land which is al-
ways found in the wake of the lumberman.

It so happens that the Commission's present
program got its real start at the very period when
the most rapid strides could be expected. Much
of our vast forest region was then in the brush
stage, and certain species of game increased very
rapidly. This is true especially of the white-
tailed deer, with which we have had plenty of
difficulty because these animals were allowed to
increase beyond the carrying capacity of the
range. The over-abundance of deer has not been
detrimental to the deer herd itself but other for-
est-loving species have fared badly where deer
are too abundant.

In 1913 we had 305,000 hunters. Last year
we issued 650,000 licenses, with probably anoth-
er 100,000 who hunted legally on the farms of
Pennsylvania without the necessity of securing a
license. Notwithstanding the increase in the
number of hunters, through the application of
sound wildlife management methods the annual
game crop has continued to increase. For exam-
ple, during the past seven years we have bagged
more than 86,000,000 pounds, or 43,000 tons, of
game, an annual production of more than 12,-
000,000 pounds, or 6,000 tons. The meat value
alone of our game during that period, at 4^ cents
per pound, aggregates $35,000,000, an average
of $5,000,000 annually. During the same period
we have harvested over $7,000,0000 worth of
furs, or approximately $1,000,000 worth annual-
ly. The 1938 crop, with a kill of more than
25,000,000 pounds of game, established a new
high record for Pennsylvania.

Six and one-half per cent of Pennsylvania's
population are now licensed to hunt and four per
cent are licensed to fish annually. This large

Fourteen

army of outdoor-loving people spend over $30,-
000,000 in the pursuit of their favorite recrea-
tions. This vast expenditure plays an important
part in the economic stability of the people of the
Commonwealth, especially those residing in the
remote hamlets which were left stranded follow-
ing the days of the lumberman.

In the further development of Pennsylvania's
Conservation Program you may rest assured that
the Pennsylvania Game Commission will play its
part to the best of its ability. The organized
sportsmen also stand ready to do their part to
assure the success of any conservation program
which will benefit all the people of the Common-
wealth.

NEW HYBRID VARIETIES OF POPLAR

More than 2,000 new hybrid vatieties of
poplar trees have been produced within the past
two years by the Dominion Forest Service in
collaboration with the Department of Agricul-
ture and the National Research Council of Can-
ada. This work is being carried on in the
laboratories and greenhouses of the Research
Council and the greenhouses at the Central Ex-
perimental Farm in Ottawa, and in the nurser-
ies at the Petawawa Forest Experiment Station,
Chalk River, Ontario. The object of this extens-
ive forest tree breeding program is to produce
rapid-growing and disease resistant varieties of
poplars suitable for pulp and match stock, and
drought-resisting varieties for shelterbelt plant-
ing in the prairie sections of western Canada.

About 1,500 varieties are primarily designed
for testing as shelterbelt trees in the Prairie
Provinces. Trees for this purpose must be re-
sistant to drought, frost and wind, and to fur-
nish these characteristics the native aspens found
in the vicinity of Calgary are used. Branches
of these trees are shipped to Ottawa during the
winter months when the male flowers are dorm-
ant and the pollen is dusted on to flowering
branches of the different hybrid and other va-
rieties of poplar available at the Central Experi-
mental Farm. Approximately 200 natural
poplar hybrids have already been identified in
the vicinity of Ottawa.

A new addition to the steadily growing list of
forestry periodicals has just appeared, as the
Journal of the recently organized South African
Forestry Association — also known as Die Suid-
Afrikaanse Bosbouvereniging.

Forest Leaves

The Third Responsibility

By M. A. MATTOON

THE responsible administrative officer in charge
of a National Forest, the Supervisor, or of a
Ranger District, the Ranger, has a three-fold job.
First comes protection against fire, insect epi-
demics, disease, etc., for without such protection
investments in tangible and intangible values and
the wise use of them cannot be safeguarded, de-
veloped and enjoyed. Second comes the con-
struction and maintenance of those improve-
ments which are essential to the economical and
successful administration of a forest property.
These two tasks are services, rather than ends in
themselves. They lay the foundation for the
third and really the essential part of his job, i. e.
resource management.

The responsible administrative officer. Super-
visor or Ranger, in these Eastern Forests is al-
most universally a man technically trained in the
profession of forestry. Nevertheless his every
day tasks and decisions with respect to the man-
agement of all of the resources, each in its proper
relationship to the other, require that he know
something of the management of each; the soil,
the water, the timber, the recreation, the wildlife.
He views the unit for which he is responsible ob-
jectively and all inclusively. He is guided by
the principle of multiple use of forest land which
envisions such a balance in management of the
resources under his direction that the greatest
net public benefit will resuh; benefit not only to
the general public, but to the local folks who live
within and immediately adjacent to his forest.
He is after a balanced program suited to local
needs and his philosophy of administration re-
flects it.

In any such scheme adjustments are necessary.
The management of the timber resource, for ex-
ample, should take into consideration the needs
of wildlife to the extent that the combined serv-
ices to mankind will be greatest. Wildlife is a
product of its environment. The relationship be-
tween them is extremely complex and we do not
yet know all we need to know about them. How-
ever, one cardinal principle the administrative
officer recognizes. The relationship should be in
reasonable balance. Over-population results in
deterioration of the environment and ultimately
in the wildlife itself. Under-population deprives
mankind of that amount of enjoyment he should
expect.

October, 1939

The management of the wildlife resources di-
vides itself also into three principal parts. Its
application, of course, is to be guided by the
results of research and study, which are avail-
able to the administrative officer through consul-
tation, advice and published material secured
from State, Federal and private agencies engaged
in wildlife research. He may have a technician
in his own staff.

1. The first part has to do with improvement
of environment. There are many relatively simple
things that can be and are being done to improve
environmental conditions. Some of these are
worthwhile, even on those units or Forests where
wildlife populations are very meager and the
present carrying capacity is far above present re-
quirements. It's not too much to expect that in
States where this combination exists now, it may
be rapidly reversed. The administrative officer's
planting program may involve mixtures in which
the selection of species includes those of value
to wildlife. We find him dedicating certain open-
ings, such as selected old fields, abandoned roads
and railroad grades, etc., to special treatment
which does not necessarily involve the planting
of timber tree species. In his timber manage-
ment plans and sales contracts are found provis-
ions for the retention of stream shade, for the
dispersement of cutting areas to provide better
distribution of young growth, for the retention of
food and den trees in cutting operation. In addi-
tion, he considers the pruning of abandoned
orchards and fruit trees so they will last longer
and produce more, the exlclusion of mass recrea-
tion from sanctuaries, and many other items.
These environmental improvement opportunities
are grasped to the extent that available facilities

will permit.

2. Adaptation of wildlife to the environment
involves the control of numbers. With the ex-
ception of a few areas, the game and fish on
National Forest land are the property of the
citizens of the State and are administered by the
constituted State authorities. The environment,
on the other hand, is the property of the citizens
of the United States and is administered by the
U. S. Forest Service. Therefore, to best meet the
needs of the wildlife, of the environment and to
serve the interests of the sportsman and the gen-
eral public, it is essential that the closest possible

Fifteen

«■

working relationships between State and Federal
authorities and the public be fostered and main-
tained. The National Forest administrative offi-
cer in this Region approaches this matter of di-
vided jurisdiction on the basis of cooperative en-
deavor in which the facilities of both public
agencies may be pooled in the common problem
of good population control. Written understand-
ing in the form of a cooperative agreement makes
it practicable and essential for the Director of the
State Game and Fish Department and the Super-
visor of a National Forest to sit down together
and work out those methods and practices which
will spell good n^anagement on the National For-
est. This is now being done in the States of New
Hampshire, Pennsylvania and Virginia where
the wildlife on nearly 2^/l> million acres of Na-
tional Forest Land is being cooperatively han-
dled. Here again the administrative officer finds
there are many things that he and his organiza-
tion can do. He can assist in the State's law en-
forcement job, in fish rearing and planting, game
stocking, jointly establish seasons and bag limits
to meet special problems, construct, maintain
and operate improvements for administrative and
managerial purposes, such as fish nurseries, feed-

ing pens, small dams and ponds, checking sta-
tions. He can conduct censuses, special studies,
trapping operations, and many other items neces-
sary to good management. The point is that
both agencies work together toward a common
end.

3. Much of wildlife management is human
engineering, the gaining of concerted public sup-
port, which makes for adequate financing and a
satisfactory piece of work. Whether it be the
necessity for reduction of numbers, such as you
have in the case of deer on the Allegheny Na-
tional Forest in Pennsylvania, or restoration of
adequate numbers and variety in the National
Forests elsewhere, the task of education faces the
administrative officer. Education as to what
needs to be done, why it should be done, and
what results may be expected, all based on the
findings of sound research, is an important part
of wildlife management.

The Allegheny National Forest is a Pennsylva-
nia institution. There are many wildlife and other
management problems to be solved within it.
Many of you are familiar with them. The Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association can and will assist
in their solution whole-heartedly, I am sure.

— U. S. Forest Service

Thinning a 40-year stand of northern hardwoods. The white paint spots indicate

trees to remain

Penn Oak and Walnut Seedlings

For Memorial and Patriotic Park Plantings and for Individuals Who Wish a
Really Different Type of Tree for Reforesting Knolls and Ridges

By JOHN W. HERSHEY, Secretary, Penna, Nut Growers Association

Sixteen

Forest Leaves

TT'OR nearly twenty years the thought has been
-*- in my mind that superior selected trees, trees
with picked parents, would have a better chance
for greater rapidity of growth and resistance to
storm, disease and insects than seedlings of com-
mon run stock.

My first interest in this was in testing different
strains of seedlings for better understock for our
tree crops. This thought was stimulated by ob-
servation of the behavior of different old grafted
trees that pointed to influence of understock.
Then I cast about in other fields and noted that
many of our breeds of poultry, hogs, cattle, and
horses had their foundation laid in one superior
parent or that the breed was developed through
selection of parents over a long period of years.
The history of the Morgan horse will bring out
my point.

In the days of yesteryear it was the custom to
let a promising horse stand as a stallion. A
horse-lover, one Justin Morgan of Randolph, Vt.,
took a two-year colt for a debt. Being a superb
animal, he was let stand for breeding. Sometime
later it was noted the stallion's colts resembled
him and retained his fine traits, regardless of the
mares bred to. Mr. Morgan being an observant
man, quickly caught the importance of this, even
though the influence of the genes was then un-
known. So he bred the daughters back to his
stallion and with a continued careful plan of line
breeding developed the grandsires of all the best
racing blood in America today.

Tree species, like horses, will, in the kaleido-
scope of cross breeding in the wild, have an off-
spring once in a blue moon where the good genes
(the controlling factors of heredity in all living
organisms ) appear to have combined so strongly
in this one plant that they carry their good traits
on to the next generation, regardless of what in-
ferior tree they are pollenated with. In this we
say they are homogeneous for these traits, mean-
ing they, the parents, have the power to transmit
their fine traits on to their children.

Regarding continued selection or line breeding,
interesting proof of its value is noted in the an-
nals of German forestry. In 1772 the first steps

October, 1939

were taken to improve Scot pine by parent selec-
tion. Such remarkable results have been had
that today sources of Scot pine seed are in iso-
lated blocks, protected by law from adjacent
land-owners planting inferior types of pine or
other species, in order that the strain be kept
pure.

At the Pennsylvania Forestry banquet in 1938,
Dr. Wildman suggested that the acorns of the
Penn trees be distributed among the school chil-
dren to continue the strains of Penn trees. Know-
ing the delicateness of the acorn in handling, I
feared this would fail, so after thinking it over
awhile, I worked up a project for Mr. Mattoon
in which I offered to grow seedlings of these
fine old trees if he assisted in the collection of
seed. I have, with others, been championing the
cause of selection of trees in forest planting,
which is not taking very rapidly among foresters.
I said to myself, "Here's a chance to make it so
popular the government services will be forced
to recognize it," for we know from observation in
other fields that the 300-year-old oak healthily
resisting blight, insect and storm, has more
"umph" than the offspring of a scrubby parent.

So to end the history of our year's work, the
details of which were many, beautifully worked
out by our good Executive Secretary, Mr. Mat-
toon, we have about 1700 Burr Oak seedlings, 8
to 11 inches high, and 500 White Oak seedlings,
most of which are 6 to 15 inches, but a few trees
didn't produce viable seed. Part of the program
is to keep trying new trees each year as Mr. Mat-
toon finds co-operators to send seed. A careful
study will be made of behavior in the seed bed
and only the best parents retained in future

plantings.

The black walnut is not new, having been used
by us for years as the most superior grower ever
found in all the United States.

Although we expect a little criticism, we know
the progress in other fields is such that tree se-
lection in forest trees has high merit. The dis-
tribution of these trees sponsored by all good
conservation committees will soon find a place
in memorial and patriotic plantings or wherever

Seventeen

:

'i^l

m

the traditions of our nation still thrive in the
hearts of men. Of all the times in our national
history, today's young people stand out most
strongly as needing symbols before them of the
trials and tribulations of our forefathers in con-
quering America. Seedlings of the sturdy oak
that actually saw the nation-building Penn grow-
ing on our lawns and parks, being pointed to
daily by parents as standard bearers of the good
of the past, most surely will have a counteract-
ing influence on modern thinking — "of lifting all
anchors and away" without thought of whether
we're heading for the shoals. They will thrive
and grow and in years to come measurements
will prove their superior worth.

We have selected the white oak to start with
because of its superiority as an ornamental and
the value of the acorns as food for wildlife and
domestic animals. This also applies to the burr
oak, which has a large, sweetish meat. As time
goes on probably other species will be grown if
the public wishes and seed is available.

These seedlings are grown in our experimental
Nut Tree Nursery at Downingtown, Pa., under a
method worked out over a number of years, to
obtain the best possible root system on tap root
species and to have the system in such shape as
not to be injured in digging. This system of
growing is proving a great success in the federal
nurseries since it has been adopted.

The supply of acorns was scarce last year. We
hope a bigger crop will be available this year.
Anyone who lives near a Penn White Oak and
wishes to collaborate in supplying the Forestry
Association seed to continue this fine work, write
Mr. H. Gleason Mattoon, 1()07 Commercial Trust
Building, Philadelphia, for instructions in how
to pack and shij) the seed.

Shipment of seedlings will be made early next
spring to suit planting dates, but we suggest you
place your order now to prevent having to wait
another year for some.

Uppkr Photo — A seedling of the
William Penn Burr Oak of West
Chester, Pa. This tree, H or 9 years
old, is 3 in. in diameter, breast high,
16 to 17 le:'t in height.

LowKR Photo — Results of selection
work in nursery umlerstork on per-
simmons. The 24-inrh common run
seedlings held in Supt. Pannebakers
hands are the same age as the 4 to 6
ft. row of selected trees besides him.
All are 4 years old from seed.

Book Review

AN OUTLINE OF GENERAL FORESTRY

By JOSEPH S. TLLICK

Third edition, revised and enlarged. 297 pp. Illus.
Barnes and Noble, New York. 1939. $1.

THE newly revised and enlarged book of Dr.
Illick's entitled "An Outline of General For-
estry" has recently been issued. It is really an
encyclopedia or a handbook of up-to-date forestry
with a wide perspective. In many instances the
descriptions and explanations are most complete
and all one would normally expect to find in a
textbook. The 31 chapters are in part as fol-
lows: telling of Forestry and Human Welfare,
the forest resources of the world, the situation in
the U. S., the lumber industry; Federal, State
and Municipal Forestry; the management of
lands, wildlife, watersheds; the utilization and
marketing of timber; forest education; research;
Forestry in other countries, and lastly, significant
trends in forestry.

In recent years forestry has made rapid strides
ahead. This book contains pertinent information
about the new developments and up-to-date prac-
tices. It will be helpful to anyone at all inter-
ested in forestry be he a layman, student, forest
worker or forester. The book is an excellent one
for libraries due to its completeness, its many
fine references, profuse illustrations and sketches.
Anyone desiring to keep abreast of the times and
trends will do well to look to this book for guid-

ance.

E. F. Brouse

Eighteen

Forest Leaves

SECHRISTS FORESTER'S FIELD

MANUAL

"Sechrist's Forester's Field Manual," an actual
pocket-sized book made especially to be carried
in the shirt pocket, is filled with useful informa-
tion for all who have anything to do with forests.

The author has attempted to set down, in as
condensed form as is reasonably possible, the
various easily forgotten bits of information
which the average forester must use at some
time in his work when voluminous reference
books are uneconomical and impractical.

There are chapters on : Tables; Forest Men-
suration; Concrete; Mortar and Brick; Forest
Roads, Trails and Bridges; Telephone Lines;
Forest Tree Nurseries; Insects and Insecticides;
Explosives; Rope and Chains; Forest Finance;
Nails; Some Properties and Uses of More Im-
portant U. S. Woods: and Weirs and Water Pipe.

October, 1939

These chapters, though not complete, do give
most of the information which the forester com-
monly needs when in the field.

Three inches, by five and one-half inches, in
size, it contains fourteen chapters and one hun-
dred and twenty-eight pages and is bound in
flexible red leather.

The book, which sells for $1.50, is written with
the assumption that those using it have a pre-
vious knowledge of forestry, but it does icontain
much information of value to engineers and
practical field men who come in contact with the
forest and its various products.

H. G. M.

A COMMUNITY FORESTS PROGRAM

(Continued from Page 2)

multiple use. Reading's woodland is primarily a
park, but it serves very definite needs in water-
shed and game protection. Moreover, the city
engineer states that one of his objectives is to put
the tract under sustained-yield timber manage-
ment. Lehigh County's 1,107 acres game and
wild life protection forest is used as a park and
recreational facility as well as a preserve. Only
fifty of Delaware County's ninety acres of forest
property are on the county prison farm; and
these fifty acres, like the other forty, have public
recreational use. Part of Delaware County's for-
est is an outdoor museum, in that it contains
some of the remaining hemlock in the county.

All ninety-seven of our community forests are
really of multiple use, for they conserve timber,
soil, and other natural resources. Since they are
generally located near population centers they,
too, perform great service in supplying demand
for recreational, social, and aesthetic enjoyment.
In this respect they are superior to our more in-
accessible state and national forests.

Limited as are known data, they show that the
state has a local government forest development
of great potential value. Pennsylvania's com-
munity forest history, as far as it has gone,
augurs well for the future. It is of primary im-
portance to citizens and taxpayers to know the
facts in order that this useful feature of commu-
nity life may be promoted. As a matter of fact
there is every reason to believe that there are
many more community forests in our state than
available statistics show. Because there has been
no complete census of community forests, I have
necessarily made my figures as to their number,
area, and community function very conservative.
The following facts may make it clear that there

Nineteen

i

r

is good reason for assuming that Pennsylvania
has many more community forests and a greater
acreage than present records would show.

The Pennsylvania Department of Forests and
Waters has sold 13,000 seedlings and transplants
to 128 local governments. It is estimated that
this has resulted in 9,000 acres of successful
plantations. Although some nursery stock may
have been planted on land not owned by the com-
munities, and although many of the 128 local
government units may be among the 97 listed
above, tracts planted undoubtedly raise total
number and area of community forests. Study
of sales figures of larger private nursery firms
would increase these totals further yet.

I have listed only 52 forests as watersheds, yet
we have over 200 municipal water companies in
the state. It is probable that more thorough
study would bring to light from twenty to fifty
more watershed forests. Survey of Pennsylvania's
2,585 school districts should also reveal several
additions to the list, although we now have rec-
ord of no school forests in this state.

Some reports on acreage of individual commu-
nity forests were compiled by the Department of
Forests and Waters from five to ten years ago,
and do not take into account expansion of area
since the report was made. Other figures are es-
timates based upon number of trees planted, and
are conservative because they do not include area
taken up by natural growth.

A number of authorities would further raise
our totals by lumping in tax delinquent land held
for sale by county commissioners. While it is
true that the counties do not have clear title to
these properties, their tenure of them in certain
cases is virtually permanent, and they can acquire
title without cost through mechanism of the
County Forests Law. In 1933 Dr. E. A. Ziegler
estimated such forest lands at 412,101 acres.

Collection of statistics by public and private
agencies has been concentrated in certain parts
of the state, and has given inadequate coverage
to others. Present figures would put over half
the forests and forest area in a triangle, corners
of which are Philadelphia, York and Monroe
Counties. More thorough investigation may show
concentration to be not so great in southeastern
Pennsylvania, or may uncover other zones of
high development.

What is being done to promote community
forestry in Pennsylvania? A new movement has
been launched that may interest readers of
Forest Leaves.

Last Spring a meeting was held in the office

Twenty

of Dr. Charles C. Rohlfing, Chairman of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania Political Science Depart-
ment. It was decided to form a committee rep-
resenting the Political Science Department, the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association, the Allegheny
Forest Experiment Station, and the Department
of Forests and Waters. Mr. H. Gleason Mattoon*
was selected as chairman. Objects of this co-
operative committee are to promote community
forestry in southeastern Pennsylvania, to do re-
search work, to counsel local government forest
owners, and to work toward establishment of a
state-wide community forests organization.

Conferences have been held with officials of
Delaware County, Media Borough, and the Phila-
delphia Board of Citv Trusts; and these officials
have requested aid of the state in managing and
protecting their properties. During the past half
year the University of Pennsylvania has carried
on research in community forest economics and
administration with aid of the other organizations
represented on the cooperative committee; and
plans to intensify this work.

It is hoped that funds may be found for a
broader program. If funds can be secured, the
writer would like to suggest the following ten
points as essential to a plan of action:

1. Formation of a Pennsylvania Community
Forests Council to include all Pennsylvania agen-
cies interested in conservation, to promote and
study local government forestry.

2. Adoption of community forestry as part of
the program of state and local chambers of com-
merce.

3. Establishment of an office by the State Gov-
ernment similar to the community forests office
of the national government, to cooperate with in-
terested private and public agencies.

4. Radio talks, speeches, issuance of publicity
and conferences with local officials by the pro-
posed Pennsylvania Community Forests Council
and other agencies, to encourage new acquisi-
tions, and scientific development of existing
tracts.

5. Concentration of initial promotional effort
in southeastern Pennsylvania.

6. Establishment of joint commissions by lo-
cal governments to manage neighboring commu-
nity forests.

7. A census of all Pennsylvania's 5,000 local
government units to determine accurately and
completely existing community forest holdings,
as has been done in New Hampshire, New York,
and Massachusetts.

Forest Leaves

8. Location, mapping, and study of tax delin-
quent lands.

9. Forest products market studies, and studies
of possibilities of financial profit from municipal
recreational enterprise, in typical Pennsylvania
communities.

10. Creation of a Community Forests Research
Institute at the University of Pennsylvania, or
another institution of higher learning.

How can a community establish a community
forest? This raises the question of how acquisi-
tion of community forests and their maintenance
may be financed. Sources of funds are suggested
and itemized as follows:

1. Local sources

a. Gift by public spirited citizens.

b. Appropriation under County Forests

Law of tax lands.

c. Expenditure of local government rev-

enues.

d. Borrowing.

e. Labor contributed by school children

and citizens.

f. Local relief labor.

2. State aid

a. Purchase of nursery stock at reduced

price from State.

b. Counselling in management by District

Foresters.

c. Advice on management by State Col-

lege authorities.

d. Pierson Act relief labor projects.

3. Federal aid

a. Soil Conservation Service contribution

of land.

b. W.P.A. labor.

c. National Youth Administration proj-

ects.

d. Civilian Conservation Corps labor and

materials.

e. Public Works Administration grant-

1

oan.

f. Reconstruction Finance Corporation

loan.

g. Counselling in management by Fed-

eral Forest Service,
h. Advice by National Park Service on

recreational management,
i. Counselling by County agents.

4. Possible Future Sources of Funds

a. Appropriation of funds under the Ful-

mer Bill.

b. Establishment of a National Forest

Credit Bank.
October, 1939

c. Commonwealth donation of free seed-

lings as in New York.

d. Commonwealth grants-in-aid and loans

to communities.

A program of community forest establishment
and development is well under way. Pennsyl-
vania acquired its first community forest over a
century and a quarter ago ; and now holds a lead-
ing place among the states in establishment of
new properties. With a little more effort, one of
our forests, Reading, can be developed into a
demonstration tract for the rest of the state. Offi-
cials of many other tracts have told the writer
that they want scientific, business management;
but need advice on how to finance and adminis-
ter it.

There are over fifty active organizations in the
state working for advancement of conservation,
recreation, and local government administration.
A nucleus for state-wide federation of organiza-
tions to promote and study community forestry
has already been formed in the cooperative com-
mittee described above.

Our main task at the moment is to coordinate
effort, and to take advantage of opportunities for
a broadened plan of action.

If this is done, the average citizen will not be
bewildered when you mention "community fores-
try" to him. Instead he will tell you, "Sure, I
know what it is. Our town has a community for-
est in its back yard, and Council has agreed to
get some trained help to improve it."

FOREST MANAGEMENT AND WILDUFE

(Continued from Page 10)
agencies with only a single principal objective,
but stressed the multiple use of land — forestry,
wildlife, grazing, subsistence units, and recrea-
tion, and in that work as never before, I found
that multiple use is primarily a problem of sensi-
ble coordination.

But, you may say, "All these optimistic state-
ments about coordination, cooperation and con-
ciliation are good enough in their place; they
sound well, but platitudes are a poor substitute
for action. What is your Department actually
doing toward the betterment of conditions on the
State Forests as they affect the sportsman and
the game population?"

That is a fair question and to best answer it,
possibly it would be well to cite some of the
criticisms that have been directed toward the
Department's work and then indicate the at-
tempts which have been made to meet those com-
plaints.

Twenty-one

i

I

II

;j?5

When the C.C.C. camps were first established
one of their principal activities was the build-
ing of forest roads and trails in order to make
the State Forests readily accessible in case of
fire, and thereby decrease the acreage and in-
tensity of forest fires. Numerous protests were
received, particularly in the central part of the
State, that the opening of these areas would
augment the number of hunters and increase
their opportunity of securing game to such an
extent that the latter would soon face extermina-
tion. Although the Department in most cases
felt that the advantages accruing from such roads
and trails in the combatting of forest fires would
probably outweigh all other considerations, yet
an effort has always been made to work out
some adjustments which would be mutually satis-
factory. Sometimes* work on a particular road
or trail was ceased when it was not deemed
absolutely essential: sometimes another location
was chosen which was not as objectionable to
the sportsmen and yet to a considerable degree
would serve the same purpose; in other cases
arrangements were made to block certain roads
in such a way as to exclude ordinary traffic and
use them only for protection and administra-
tive purposes. This last procedure is being con-
tinued, and this fall numerous roads will be
closed — in fact, probably more than usual, since
maintenance funds are somewhat limited and
some roads will be closed in order to save the
cost of repairing them after heavy use in bad
weather.

Sportsmen have also complained about the un-
desirable effects of improvement cuttings, and
as a result of such complaints, the instructions
governing such operations were revised and sub-
mitted to the Game Commission in order to
eliminate the features to, which justifiable objec-
tions had been raised. jNear the beginning of the
Regulations for Timber Stand Improvement will
be found this statement — "Another point to be
considered in forest management is that of a
game crop which must depend for its existence
on trees, shrubs, vines and forest weeds for food
and cover. Although the game crop is of second-
ary importance to timber, its economic value to
the public is so large that it must not be over-
looked." This is further recognized under the
"Objectivesj of Timber Stand limprovemfcnt,"
when it is stated, "(b) The maintenance of pro-
per relation between limber management, wild
life management, recreation and other uses of the
forest." Under specific instructions, appears this
— "Every effort will be made to meet the require-

Twenly-two

ment of wild life management by not cutting
game food species unless it is unavoidable.
Whenever they are available, several large-
crowned trees, which produce game food or pro-
vide homes for game, will be left on each acre,
even though they are of inferior species or of
poor form from the standpoint of timber produc-
tion.") Numerous thinnings have mutiplied
many-fold the deer food producing power of a
very substantial acreage. The fact that deer
have frequented such areas in large numbers is
attested by the tracks and by personal observa-
tion. In accordance with this, the instructions,
to which 1 have previously referred, provide
further that "as much winter cutting as possible
is desired to make the twigs and buds of topped
brush available for deer food." Likewise at-
tention should be called to instructions concern-
ing the preservation of specimens and clumps
of thorn trees of various kinds which provide a
haven of refuge for small birds when hunted
by hawks, owls or predatory animals. Although
as a general rule, brush resulting from improve-
ment cuttings is lopped and scattered so that it
will rot in a comparatively few years and thus
minimize the fire hazard, orders have been given
for the occasional construction of small game
shelters made by piling brush over logs and
stumps. Then, too, although the instructions
provide for the cutting of grape vines when they
interfere with trees of desirable species, the
regulations also indicate that here and there
small areas may be devoted to the growing of
grape vines and that trellises or arbors may be
erected of dead chestnut poles. References to
operations of the kind which I have been des-
cribing are not to be found in the treatises on
Forest Management written and published twen-
ty years ago. Methods in all branches of endeav-
or have been changing during recent years, and
so also with forestry. Our profession is endeavor-
ing to keep abreast of the times. The road, over
which forestry practice is traveling, has been
constantly changing — the grade is different, the
alignment has been improved, the curves have
been elevated — but the ultimate destination is
the same. The vehicle, in which forestry prac-
tice is riding, is no longer horse-propelled as
it was a quarter of a century ago, its chassis
and body are not those of a dozen years ago, but
stream-lined in accord with the latest style. The
direction in which it is progressing, however, is
the same; in the final analysis, its goal remains
unaltered.

Forest Leaves

SUMMER MEETING IN COOK FOREST

(Continued from Page 5)

chase pri.^e. Inspired by his talk, the following
resolution was unanimously passed:

"Resolved, That The Pennsylvania For-
estry Association assembled at its Summer
Meeting on September 22, 1939, at Cook
Forest State Park, having viewed the beau-
ties of the Park and realizing the splendid
social service by the Park to the thousands
of visitors each year^ wishes to express its
appreciation of the wisdom, foresight, and
years of earnest effort of Mr. Thomas
Liggett of Pittsburgh in bringing about the
creation of this Park. Furthermore, the
Association resolves that this resolution be
inscribed on the minutes of this meeting
and a copy of it be sent to Mr. Thomas
Liggett."

On Saturday morning, Mr. Gordon presided
and first called upon Dr. Logan Bennett, Region-
al Director of the Biological Survey, who told of
some interesting research projects the Biological
Survey is carrying on in cooperation with the
Game Commission and The Pennsylvania State
College to determine the relationship among the
many game species. This was followed by a
well-thought-out paper presented by Mr. John C.
Youngman, President of the Pennsylvania Fed-
eration of Sportsmen's Clubs. Mr. Youngman pre-
sented most effectively the sportsman's viewpoint
with regard to the management and population
of game. He urged an exchange of ideas among
the many agencies who are interested in forest
and game production and suggested greater re-
search to understand the complicated shifting bal-
ances of nature.

Following his talk the Resolution Committee
through its Chairman, Mr. William S. B. McCa-
leb, Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association and former member of the Game
Commission, presented two resolutions. The
first which was unanimously adopted is as fol-
lows:

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association
assembled at its Summer Meeting at Cook
Forest State Park on September 23, 1939,
is convinced that the conservation forces
within the State can assist each other more
effectively by the exchange of ideas, the re-
view of objectives, and the planning of pro-
grams.

"The Association therefore asks its Presi-

OCTOBER, 1939

dent to call informal meetings at appropri-
ate intervals composed of one representa-
tive of each of the following conservation
agencies and of such additional agencies as
it may from time to time designate to con-
sult informally to the interests above desig-
nated, — the Pennsylvania Department of
Forests and Waters, the Pennsylvania Game
Commission, the Pennsylvania Fish Com-
mission, the Department of Forestry at the
Pennsylvania State College, the Pennsylva-
nia Federation of Sportsmen's Clubs, Re-
gion 7 of the United States Forest Service,
the Allegheny Forest Experiment Station, the
United States Biological Survey, the United
States Soil Conservation Service, and the
Forestry Bureau of the Pennsylvania State
Highway Department."

The second resolution, also unanimoudy
adopted, is as follows:

"The Pennsylvania Forestry Association
assembled at its Summer Meeting at the
Cook Forest State Park on September 23,
1939, hereby records itself as believing that
the forestry activities of the Federal Forest
Service can be more effectively conducted
within the United States Department of
Agriculture because forestry is the growing
of continuous crops from forest soils in the
same way that farming is the continuous
production of farm and forest crops from
agricultural soils. Therefore The Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association strongly urges
the retention of the United States Forest
Service in the United States Department of
Agriculture."

Following the adoption of the resolutions, Mr.
Wilbur Alexander, Superintendent of Cook For-
est State Park, discussed the pollution problem
with special reference to the Clarion River,
which runs through the Park. He mentioned the
fact that many children arrive at the park with
their families fully expecting to have an oppor-
tunity to do some fishing only to find that the
nearest water in which fish can live is thirty
miles distant. He hoped that the Association
would give definite consideration to the pollu-
tion problem and would rally its forces behind
the new pollution law.

The Conference then moved a vote of thanks
be extended to Mr. Alexander for his kindness in
conducting us around the Park and putting at
our service its facilities and also to the manage-
ment of the Cook Forest Inn for the manner in

Twenty -three

m

w

M

w h

which it had cared for the Conference. The
meeting then closed while several members spent
the afternoon at the Tionesta tract of virgin tim-
ber which the Association was responsible in
getting the Federal Government to buy and pre-
serve for all time.

THE FORESTER MUST SELL FORES-
TRY

(Continued from Page 3)

munities within the region of better hunting and
fishing. So again if properly impressed, it is be-
lieved that many chambers of commerce, civic
organizations, and individuals would realize that
becoming members of the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association would be an asset to them.

Practically the same thing is true with those
interested in flood control, forest recreation, soil
erosion, and forest products. By analyzing each,
it can be easily perceived that rather large groups
are vitally concerned with the well-being of the
forests, and along with these, there are analogous
groups and individuals who should become Asso-
ciation members. As a matter of fact, the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association should have as
members every hunter and fisherman, most cer-
tainly every person with property interests within
the range of floods, all the owners of summer
camps and cottages, a large number of recrea-
tionalists and nature lovers, most of the thou-
sands of tree planters in the State and absolutely
all the lumber and sawmill operators operating
in Pennsylvania as well as a large number of
persons who benefit in a secondary way from the
activities of any of the above groups. For that
matter practically anyone who lives within the
State of Pennsylvania is in some way aff^ected by
or benefited by the forests of the State.

Now then, just what are the benefits which can
be expected from a membership in the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association? Since the Associa-
tion is a voluntary organization for the improve-
ment of forests, it is working in behalf of any
person aff'ected by the forests. Many of those
persons are in some way trying to bring about
forest improvements on their own. If these nu-
merous individuals were to realize that many oth-
ers have the same interests and if they were to
join together, much more could be accomplished
as a group. Since the interest of all of these
groups is a common interest, it is reasonable to
expect they would join together. The Association
strives through publicity and enactment of favor-

Ttventy-four

able legislation to accomplish their ends, and it
is a fact known to all that in these forms of en-
deavor the matter of numbers is significant.

So it might be asked, "Why is it that we as
Foresters fall down on the job of Forestry Sales-
manship?" Here in Pennsylvania we have an ac-
tive organization working in the interest of For-
estry. By consulting the annual statement of the
Association, it can be seen that the revenue from
membership dues is a little over $1400.00. It
takes very little arithmetic to divide $1400.00 by
the annual membership fee to see that the Asso-
ciation has fewer than 500 annual members. It
would be impossible to determine the number of
persons who really should belong to the Associa-
tion, but it seems to me that the number should
be well into the thousands, 10,0(X), 15,000, may-
be 20,000, so it seems we have little to be proud
of when we stop to think that our Association,
the one of most vital importance to us, has but
500 members.

Do not think for a moment that we, who are
actively engaged in Forestry in Pennsylvania,
cannot remedy the present situation. One needs
to look no further than our present protection
organization to see what can be accomplished in
the way of building up an organization interested
in Forestry. Within our protection force we have
fire wardens and crew members who receive pay
only while actively engaged in extinguishing
fires, but who also devote much time and energy
in behalf of forest protection on their own time,
because of their own interest. All of these ward-
ens and crew members are interested in forest
protection for some one of the reasons enumer-
ated above.

Now the point is this, — if we have been able
to build up a protection organization of some
4000 wardens, and probably over 40,000 crew
members and have had practically nothing more
to off'er than to encourage the individual's own
interest in forest protection, it is reasonable to
expect that we could do at least something simi-
lar if we devoted part of the same energy toward
increasing the membership of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Associatio?i.

The fact that an increased membership would
be to our own individual advantage, that it would
contribute toward the betterment of Forestry in
Pennsylvania and would aid in the improvement
of our forests, should l)e reason enough why all
of us should get behind a membership drive and
why all of us should actively support the Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association.

Forest Leaves

Our Program

1.

The adequate protection of all Pennsylvania forests from Fire, Fungi, and Insects.

2.

The personnel of the Department of Forests and Waters to be chosen and retained on a
basis of efficient service only, in order to guarantee permanency of policy and continuity of action.

3.

The management of the State forests so that they may supply the permanent needs of the
people m,t only for continuous timber protection but also for recreation, huntmg and fishmg.

4.

Greater co-operation between the departments of the State Government for protection of the

beauty of the public lands.

5.
Adequate biennial appropriations for the purchase, protection, and development of the

State forests.

6.
The education of the public, corporations, sportsmen, and forest land owners with respect to
the value of our forests and the necessity for their development and proper ut.l.zat.on.

7. ,

The planting of trees valuable for lumber on all waste and idle lands a,>d the continued

distribution of seedlings by the State.

8 *

The education of our children in forestry in both public and private schools. A love and
appreciation of the forests tend to a better type of citizenship.

The establishment of town and county foL.s which will bring pure air, pure water, and
recreation close to the centers of population.

10.
The preservation of the few remaining areas of virgin timber in Pennsylvania.

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Organized in 1886

„,.,^,^,„ PHILADELPHIA, PA.

1007 COMMERCIAL TRIST BUILDING

I desire to support the activities of The Pennsylvania Foj.st^ Association for the preserve
.ion and development of forest lands - J -^e a check _^ J—-^^^^^,^,^„ ,„
membership for the ensuing year. Une dollar oi
Forest Leaves.

MEMBERSHIP CLASSES

Annual member $3.00

Club membership 5-00

Sustainintr member 10.00

♦Contributinif member 20.00

Life member 100.00

Perpetual member 250.00

Name

Address

State

•If paid for five consecutive
years the person automatically
becomes a life member.

Forest Leaves, the Association's magazine, is sent to mem^
bers in all classes. Our program will be found on the ins.de
back cover.