Title: Forest leaves, v. 7 Place of Publication: Philadelphia Copyright Date: 1899 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg060.2 i '■ — i! 1 f { 0, 1> \3 1 ri fy^l^^ 1 I r^^-:5t ^6^ Vol. vii. Philadelphia, February, 1899. No. I. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, as North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter. CONTENTS. jf. ^ Editorials ••••• rA.^ 11— Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association • ••• Public Meeting in Favor of Forestry Reservations in Pennsylvania Forestry Reservations from an Educational Standpoint Our Nut-Bearing Trees Nuts and Nut Trees Chestnut Cultivation Best Time to Cut Timber Where " Ben Hur " Was Written Forest and Woodland Reservations • ••••• Magnolia. Swamp Magnolia, White Bay, Swamp Laurel Swamp Sassafras, Beaver Tree. Sweet Bay (Magnolia glauca, L. bee Sargent, Silva N. A., Vol. i., p. 5, t. 3) Also Magnolia Vir- giniana L., Vol. ii., p 48, Britton & Brown, Illustrated Flora Forestry in New Hampshire Forestry and Sanitation • Deciduous Tree-Seeds and Their Management English Car Timber ••••••••":•,' Rebate of Taxes on Trees Planted Along Roadsides Internal Heat of Trees Commercial Trees A Forestry Manual 3 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 9 II 12 13 13 14 14 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. The attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages 0/ Forest Lbavks as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished OH application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in June, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and entorcemcnt of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership fee. One dollar. /.//*' membership, Fifteen dollars. , ^ , . . . . . . . . Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names \oA.B. Weimer, Chairman Member- ship Committee, 512 Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. , , ,^ j „ t 1 • t n Vice-Presidents, Herbert Welsh, Howard M. Jenkins, James C. Haydon, Wm. 8. Harvey, Richard Wood General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy. rr^af«r FOREST LEAVES. which forms Chapter I. of the Report of the Divi- sion of Forestry (see T/nrd Annua/ Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, 1897, , Part II.) In this, Commissioner Rothrock has j given the text of existing laws and important opinions thereon, forming an interesting and in- structive epitome convenient for reference. The reader of Forest Leaves who desires to know what the laws of the State of Pennsylvania concerning forests and trees are, and what these laws mean, should obtain through a State Senator or legislator a copy of this report. We frequently have inquiries as to the scope of certain laws, or what laws are applicable to specific cases. Dr. Rothrock' s digest will answer these queries. The Report also contains much other matter of interest, among which may be mentioned : Forest fires, and how to fight them ; The timber-cut of the State in 1897, and a sketch of the lumber in- dustry of the West Branch of the Susquehanna ; Fungus diseases of trees, insects injurious to cer- tain forest trees, the use of timber in mines ; The relation of forests to water-supply, whether used for public supply, for power, for navigation or for irrigation ; Special investigations and treatises on specific trees, etc. J- ^• :|c >K * ♦ * Readers of Forest Leaves are requested to send spare copies or copies which they do not wish to preserve to Mrs. Howard Van Sinderen, Chairman Portfolio Committee, care Public Edu- cation Association, 19 West Forty-Fourth Street, New York City. This Committee will distribute to the public schools the illustrations and other data from Forest Leaves in permanent form. :|c * * * * The Missouri Botanical Garden has estab- lished six Garden Scholarships, which are awarded on the basis of competitive examination to young men between the ages of 14 and 20 years. Each scholarship is for a term of four years and covers all expenses. The pupils are given both theoreti- cal and practical instruction in gardening, forestry being one of the subjects taught in the last year. Two scholarships will be awarded April i, 1899, and applications should be made to the Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden not later than March ist. F. L. B. ****** By an inadvertence I gave, in my article on ** Honey Locust" (as printed in the December number of Forest Leaves) Gleditschia as the generic aame adopted by Professor Sargent for the tree, in his *^ Silva of North America." In the '' Silva " it is spelled Gleditsia. J. T. Rothrock. A meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- ciation will be held at Horticultural Hall, Broad below Locust street, Philadelphia, Pa., on Feb- ruary 2ist at 8 P.M. There will be an illustrated lecture, entitled ^^ Western Reservations," by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Forester of the United States Department of Agriculture, and other speakers are expected to address the meeting. We hope all the friends of forestry will make an effort to be present. F. L. B. Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. THE Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was held at the Col- lege of Physicians, Thirteenth and Locust streets, Philadelphia, on Monday, December 12th, at 3. 30 P.M. , being presided over by the President, Mr. John Birkinbine. The annual address of the President and reports of the General Secretary, Treasurer and Council were then read, all of which appeared in the last issue of Forest Leaves. Dr. J. T. Rothrock stated that the State had up to that date purchased at tax sales some 55,000 acres of ground which, while practically stripped of timber, would soon be more valuable. Of course the greater part of these lands are sold subject to redemption in two years, but even if redeemed the State will be the gainer, as the owner must pay an advanced price of 25 per cent, over that received by the counties, in order to redeem the property. A motion was made and carried that a com- mittee be appointed to express the wish of the Association that Dr. J. T. Rothrock be continued as Forestry Commissioner by the new administra- tion. J , I The following resolution was also presented and adopted: , u Whereas, It is essential for intelligent lumber operations and the proper utilization and preserva- tion of the forest resources of the United States that statistical information of a reliable character shall be acquired as to the kinds and quantities of timber in all the States and Territones and whereas the Forestry Division of the United States Department of Agriculture is eminently qualified to gather this information, it is, there- fore, . -r^ . A Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Forestry As- sociation at their Annual Meeting held m I hila- delphia, December 12, 1898, petition the Se^f ^ and House of Representatives of the United States that provision be made and that a suitable appro- FOREST LEAVES. 3 r priation be passed to enable the Forestry Division of the United States, of Agriculture, to, either in advance of or in connection with the Twelfth Census, gather this information. Messrs. J. W. Johnson and Samuel Marshall were appointed tellers, and after counting the ballots announced the election of the following officers to serve during the coming year : President, John Birkinbine. Vice- Presidents, Herbert Welsh, Wm. S. Harvey, Richard Wood, James C. Haydon, Howard M. Jenkins. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Council. At Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Rev. Alfred L. Elwyn. Adams County^ 1). McConaughy. Allegheny County, George M. Lehman, Henry Phipps, Jr. Berks County, Mrs. George Brooke, J. H. Stembergh. Blair County, Harvey Linton. Bradford County^ C. S. Maurice. Bucks County, Mrs. Geo. T. Heston, Dr. Howard Pursell, William R. Mercer. Cambria County, Prof. T. L. Gibson. Carbon County, M. S. Kemmerer. Centre County, Prof. Wm. A. Buckhout. Chester County, Mrs. H. J. Biddle, Wm. S. Kirk, Samuel Marshall. Clarion County, Jos. M. Fox. Clearfield County, John E. DuBois. Clinton County, A. P\ Ryon. Crawford County, George W. Barr, M.D. Cumberland County, J. C. Fuller. Dauphin County, E. C. Felton, James McCormick. Delaware County, Miss Grace Anna Lewis, Charles G. Ogden. Elk County, Hon. Geo. R. Dixon. Erie County, Ira J. Dunn, M.D. Fayette County, Hon. Nathaniel Ewing. Forest County, T. F. Ritchey. Franklin County, Col. T. B. Kennedy. Fulton County, J. E. Downes. Huntingdon County, Mrs. William Dorris. Jefferson County, J. C. Cochran, M.D. Lackawanna County, G. Edgar Dean, M.D. Lancaster County, J. H. Baumgardner, Hon. C. C. Kauffman. Lebanon County, Mrs. Bertham Dawson Coleman. Lehigh County, Oliver Williams. Luzerne County, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, Col. R. Bruce Ricketts, Gen. Paul A. Oliver, I. A. Stearns. Lycomini^ County, Dr. B. H. Detwiler. McKean County, George A. Berry. Mercer County, Jonas J. Pierce. Montgomery County, Dr. J. M. Anders, Montgomery County, Dr. Alice Bennett, Hon. B. Witman Dambly, Dr. H. M. Fisher, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Montour County, Isaac X. Grier. Northampton County, Dr. Thomas M. Drown, Hartley C. Wolle. Northumberland County, G. R. Van Alen. Periy County, Mrs. John Wister. Philadelphia County, Hon. W. N. Ashman, James C. Brooks, Henry Budd, Miss Cornelia Frothingham, Alfred C. Harrison, Henry Howson, Joseph W. Johnson, J. Rodman Paul, Albert B. Weimer, Dr. W. P. Wilson. Pike County, Arthur M. Adams. Potter County, Arthur B. Mann. Schuylkill County, Wm. L. Sheafer, Heber S. Thompson. Somerset County, H. D. Moore, M.D. Snyder County, J. M. Boyer. Sullivan County^ Hon. B. W. Jennings. Susquehanna County, Edgar A. Turrell. Tioga County, Charles Tubbs. Union County, George G. Groff, M.D. Venango County, Prof. C. A. Babcock. Warren County, James O. Parmlee. Washington County^ Wm. Parkison Warne. Wayne County, Alonzo T. Searle. Westmoreland County, Hon. Lucien W. Doty. Wyoming County, James W. Piatt. York County, Dr. I C. Gable. On motion the meeting then adjourned. Public Meeting in Favor of Forestry Reservations in Pennsylvania. A PUBLIC meeting in the interest of the three forestry reservations authorized by the last session of the Legislature was held on Monday evening, January 16, 1899, under the auspices of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- ciation and the Forestry Committee of the New Century Club, at the New Century Drawing Room, Philadelphia. After a few words of welcome on behalf of the New Century Club, Mr. John Birkinbine, Presi- dent of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, was introduced and presided over the meeting. Mr. Birkinbine spoke of the favorable forestry legisla- tion secured at the last meeting of the Legislature, and also of the bill presented by the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, and passed by both the Sen- ate and House of Representatives. This bill au- thorized the appointment of a committee to select three reservations of not less than 40,000 acres each, one at the headwaters of the Delaware River, .4 <> FOREST LEAVES. one at the headwaters of the Susquehanna River, and one at the headwaters of the Ohio River, the ground so selected being unfitted for agri- culture, and at least 800 feet above sea-level. Prof. M. G. Brumbaugh, of the University of Pennsylvania, then read a letter from Dr. C. C. Harrison, Provost of the University, who was pre- vented by a recent illness from being present; abstracts from this letter will be found on another page. Prof. Brumbaugh spoke of the need of these reservations from an educational point of view. If the reservations were secured a school of forestry could be established in which students could be trained both mentally and practically. In his youth he was a native of the central or ** canoe " part of Pennsylvania, between the Blue and Alle- gheny Mountains, where the trees grew on the steep hillsides ; these were cut off and an endeavor made to raise crops, but it was practically a fail- ure, and in the end it would have been better to have left them in woodland. The statement was made that it would have paid better to have the State covered with forests than have it farmed in the present way, for corn, wheat and potatoes. Prof. Brumbaugh said that although Pennsyl- vania has a revenue of many millions, which is sometimes carelessly spent, the State has scarcely an acre that is set aside and left as God made it. We keep on drinking water full of germs and ne- glect one of the most vital necessities to purify it. Some people see more in nature than a mere source of money. Others look at everything over the bargain counter. Nature has not only a utility value, but she also has her beauty value, and unless the young persons have an opportunity to learn to love the things which go to make up the beautiful part of the world, the individuals grow into a sordid people, who should have no place in the world. Nature, besides the scientific value, has another, that of symbolism. Dr. Benjamin Lee, Secretary of the State Board of Health, spoke of the value of these reservations from a sanitary point of view, and his remarks will be found in this issue. Mr. Shrigley then presented the following reso- lutions : At a meeting held in the Drawing Room of the New Century Club, January 16, 1899, under the auspices of ^rhe Forestry Committee of the New Century Club and the Pennsylvania Forestry As- sociation, the following was adopted : WJiereas, the Legislature of Pennsylvania, in the session of 1897, authorized the Governor of the State to appoint a Commission, whose duty it should be to locate three State Forestry Reserva- tions, one of which should be upon the headwaters of each of the three principal rivers of the State, and IV/iereas, the said Commission has not yet been completed, and Whereas, we believe prompt action in this mat- ter is essential to the best interests of the State ; Therefore, be it Resolved, That we authorize and request the presiding officers of the Forestry Com- mittee of the New Century Club and of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association, in the name of this meeting, to most respectfully request His Ex- cellency, the Hon. W. A. Stone, Governor, to complete the said Commission and to direct that it commence its work at the earliest possible hour. The resolutions were unanimously adopted. Letters of regret were read from Governor Hastings, Governor-elect Stone, Ex-Governor Pat- tison. Mayor Warwick, and Hon. Charles Emory Smith, Postmaster General. Dr. J. T. Rothrock then followed, illustrating his remarks with a number of lantern slides. Pictures were shown of some of Pennsylvania's few remaining tree-clad hillsides and stately woodlands. Forty years ago there were thousands of acres of white pine trees 100 to 150 feet high, and it was no uncommon thing to find trees six feet in diameter. Some tracts would run 30,000 to 60,000 feet B. M. to the acre. Now a single mill in Clearfield County could use up in one year all the white pine left in the State. It is these cut -over lands which the State should take charge of. Instead of this, forest fires sweep over these lands, completing the work of destruction by burn- ing the remaining trees and vegetable mold, leav- ing nothing of value behind. These hillsides thus form a menace for the lands below, washing down boulders and rocks, and forming the gathering-place of floods. Several flood-views showed the damage thus wrought ; and these spring freshets, due to the destruction of the forests and their inability to retain moisture, also accounted for the empty con- dition of the streams in July. If the State would take charge of these lands they could in tmie be made valuable, and the health of the people mi- proved. In the wooded districts the ramfall is hoarded, and in these sections the streams do not run dry in midsummer or plant life suff'er in conse- quence. Maps showed the comparatively small , area of timber left in Pennsylvania, and also the : fact that in one-half of the United States no tmiber I had been or could be raised, and that at the pres- ent rate of cutting the end of the supply could be When the question of retaining the Adirondack reservation was put to the people of the Staje ot New York, they replied in the affirmative with the FOREST LEAVES. • 5 0 o largest vote on record. The people of the State of Pennsylvania would do the same if the question of having these reservations in our State could be put to them in such a way as to bring home to their minds the inestimable advantages that would result from such an action. F. L. B. Forestry Reservations from an Educa- tional Standpoint. To the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- ciation and the Forestry Committee of the New Century Club, Ladies and Gentlemen : It is impossible that the University should be ignorant of or indif- ferent to the important question of forestry reser- vation ; for, quite apart from the fact that such ignorance or indifference would be most culpable, we have, and have had from the beginning of the forestry movement, some of its most enthusiastic advocates among our faculties. One of the needs of forestry is before you to- night, and a very manifest need it is. Forestry is no ethereal ajjstraction. It must have place and material for work, whether it be on the well- ordered private estate, whose owner realizes its economic advantages to himself and its benefi- cence to the whole surrounding region, or in the domain of a great State which has awakened to the realization that the climate and soil of that State, its water-ways and its drinking supply — the very fundamental elements of life, health, pros- perity and wealth of its citizens — are involved in a proper area of well -wooded lands ; and your gathering to-night is to impress on the public mind a deeper and more urgent sense of the need of action in this respect. Others will speak to you from these utilitarian standpoints, and show cogent reason for prompt activity in securing the needed reservations. It is my part, as represent- ing the educational institution which bears the State's honored name, while agreeing beforehand to their several views and endorsing their pleas, to present our own. It is not the first, not the most vital, but it is of very great importance. The study of biology has come to be recognized as one of the most valuable educational elements in the curricula of our universities. But it is that only as it has advanced from a mere classification of dried leaves, of bones, of skins, and of the empty tenements of the mollusca, and become really a biology — a study of the living things in their natural environment. And this environ- ment must be very wide and very natural to em- brace the entire flora and fauna of this State only. We have our seaside laboratories for the study of marine life. We want great laboratories for the land life — laboratories that will cost us nothing if you succeed in saving for our State what are so needed for the very life of the State. They will cost us nothing, and cost the State nothing in addition, but out of them we will glean stores to be added to the learning of the world, and out of these stores of added learning, every now and then, some portion that will be of prac- tical and economical value, and go far to defray the cost to the Commonwealth of its great reserva- tions in some distinct environment of health or wealth to the community. I could say much more on this and on kindred reasons for the important measures before you, but let this suffice as one added plea to the forceful ones that you will hear this evening, and accept my hearty Godspeed on the purpose which you have in hand. The influence of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania will always go with you ; and in the future, as in the past, our best men will always be ready to assist in your work, to contrib- ute of their learning to the acquisition and the use of Pennsylvania's nature spots, reclaimed and held that nature's blessings may forever abound to all the citizens of the Commonwealth and be a public property. With high consideration I remain Very sincerely yours, Charles C. Harrison. B Our Nut-Bearing Trees. EFORE the woodsman had scoured our forests and deprived them of much of ^ their stateliness and value there were countless numbers of black walnut, butternut and hickory scattered along the watercourses and throughout those sections bordering on the upper Mississippi and its tributaries. The lumberman is not alone to blame for their destruction, for numbers are even yet wantonly destroyed each year by persons in their eager search for nuts. Many of us, no doubt, recall the pleasures of nutting excursions of our happy childhood days, and wonder why more interest is not taken in them at present. Very few of our farms have any nut trees on or near them ; and with the as- surance of success under reasonable management, why should they not be given a place? They are certainly well worthy of it, and should help make the farm more remunerative as well as at- tractive. Black walnut is one of the most valuable of i;i FOREST LEAVES. our woods, and there is a growing demand for it. Quantities are used in the manufacture of furniture, gun stocks, and in cabinet and finishing work. The tree is not hard to make live, even in the central part of Minnesota, but should have some protection, when small, to insure success in our prairie sections. Some forest plantings have been made within the State, which give promise of good returns. It also makes a very pretty ornamental tree, being, as a general rule, a more compact and symmetrical grower than the but- ternut. They seem to be stunted very quickly by sod working in around them, and hence should be kept well cultivated or mulched until they at- tain a fair size. The butternut is not as long-lived a tree as its near- relative — the walnut — but is adapted to a much wider sphere. It is a rapid grower and very handy. The wood is much softer and lighter, and, although much sought after, is not as valuable. The nut is more palatable and has a ready sale. In the southern part of Minnesota the shell- bark, or shag-bark, hickory (which is by far the most valuable variety we have) is naturally at home, and we think it well worthy of attention in other parts. There is a good demand for the timber for use in the manufacture of carriages, implement handles, etc. The bitternut or pig- nut hickory is the one more commonly found throughout the State. Chestnuts and beechnuts are as yet only possi- bilities, and need be handled with care. In the southern part of Minnesota there are a few trees of both species that are doing well. If trees are to be started in nursery rows from seed, the safest plan to pursue is to plant the nuts as soon as ripe, before they have had time to become dry, covering them about two inches deep. Most nut trees are rather difficult to transplant on account of their root system, which consists mainly of a taproot. If they are transplanted once when small, or else cut under at least a year before they are to be removed, they will have a better branched root system, and the chances for success with them will be greatly increased. Many prefer to plant the nuts where the trees are to remain. If the location is such as can be easily looked after, this would be a practicable plan. — George W. Strand, Secretary Minnesota Forestry Association, — At the National Farm School at Doylestown, Pa., the boys are now being kept busy in the hours set apart for school duties in pruning trees, and other outside work. Nuts and Nut Trees. "IV T UT culture is an industry that until within a J\^ few years has received but little atten- ^ tion, the people being content with going to the woods for what was wanted in the way of nuts. The large returns from individual trees and the immense profits from established orchards have stimulated the interest. Fruit-growers are plant- ing '^ nut trees " largely for market purposes, and others who enjoy the nuts during winter are real- izing that in order to have an abundant supply it is only necessary to plant trees. Chestnut and walnut trees will succeed if given the same treatment as apple or pear trees. The chestnut tree lives long, attaining a large size, spreading its branches widely. The largest known chestnut tree is the famous tree of a ** Hundred Horses" on the slopes of Mount Etna, a tree which, when measured a hundred years ago, was found to have a circumference of 90 feet. The trees are very abundant in the south of Europe, and the nuts are largely used for food by the people of Great Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Italy and Switzerland, and it may be but a short time until they will become a part of our food supply in this country. Chestnut Cultivation. A PLACE that is visited by many chestnut j^A hunters is a farm on a hill near the old ^ Martic Forge, in Martic Township, Lan- caster County. The property was covered with heavy chestnut trunks, which were cut off by the owner. The Paragon Nut and Fruit Company, which is composed of prominent citizens of Mount Joy and vicinity, then purchased the tract, which contains 140 acres. They grafted the sprouts which came up from the stumps of the wild chestnut with sprigs from the large cultivated chestnuts which are known as the Paragon. Next spring it will be four years since the grafts were put on, and there are hundreds of small trees which began to bear quite heavily this year. The burrs are of very large size and contam from three to seven chestnuts, but the average is three. The nuts are in proportion to the size of the burrs, and one that was taken from three quarts procured at the farm is four and three - fourth inches in circumference one way and three and three-fourths another. i% '' <^ FOREST LEAVES. -1J5 7 Best Time to Cut Timber. A TIMBER cut for purposes where durability is a consideration is worth from two to four times as much if cut between July 15th and August 15th, as the same would be cut in January to April. If a tree is cut after the starch, which enters into its chemical composi- tion, has changed to sugar, say in March, the worms, being very fond of this sweet, become destructive to the wood ; but if cut in July, after the completion of the spring growth, there is no sugar in the sap or wood, and they seek some more savory food. Another reason is because if cut when the sap is rich in sugar the fermentative process changes the sugar into an acid, which is the very first stage of decay, and if decay is thus early initiated is it any wonder that posts and ties do not last as they would if cut when these conditions could not pos- sibly exist ? In i860 a fence was set with posts split from an oak cut when the leaves were of full size and vigor. Twenty-two years afterward this fence was reset with posts cut in August. The posts taken up were reset elsewhere, and most of them are doing duty yet. Three of the posts set in i860 are in good condition, after doing good service for thirty-six years. As a rule, a post cut in March, when full of sugar sap, will last only ten years. It costs just as much to replace a tie or post that will last ten years as to replace one that will last three or four times as long. This is quite a consideration when we consider that our forests are fast disappearing — much faster than they are reproduced. Timber land cut off in from January to April will sprout and grow up again, because the sap at this season of the year is rich in sugar, to repro- duce the leaves, which are the lungs as well as digestive organs of vegetation, but if cut the last of July or the first half of August dies because deprived of both. This idea is valuable to those who wish to destroy certain kinds of trees or to clean up brush land. — American Agriculturist. In Southern California there are trees from almost every quarter of the globe growing vigor- ously and thriftily. 1. The better the quality of the soil the heavier the specific gravity of the wood formed. 2. The wood formed by tall trees is lighter than that formed by small trees standing in the same locality. •2. The weight of the wood formed at the base of the tree is comparatively light. — N. V. Lumber Trade Journal. Where ** Ben Hur** Was Written. 7\ N interesting page of pictures in the Christ - xA_ mas Ladies' Home Journal shows ^the author of "• Ben Hur " at home. Several glimpses of the interior of General Wallace's house are given, besides views of his studio and lawn. A feature of interest in the latter is the picture of the tree under which, the author says, '* I wrote all but the last book of ' Ben Hur. ' " A photo- graph also shows General Wallace at work under the spreading branches of the '*Ben Hur" tree, engaged in some literary work that may soon be given to the public. Forest and Woodland Reservations. MISS MYRA LLOYD DOCK, of Harris- burg, Pa., delivered an interesting ad- dress on '* Forest and Woodland Reser- vations," before the Civic Club, at the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, on January 17th. The four main forms of public reservations were out- lined, followed by a history of the national reserves in the West. The State reserves, Adirondack and Pennsylvania reserves were discussed, as well as schools of forestry. The main difference between the two great and two lesser forms was that the State and national reserves were directly or indi- rectly meant to be of economic and hygienic value, while the municipal and local reserves were primarily meant to be of esthetic and hygienic value, but were indirectly of economic value in the material improvement they brought about in adjacent property. This value came directly from the feeling of permanence at once established. These municipal reservations are found in the parks of our larger cities, but as yet there are no local village reserves. If a feeling in favor of these could be aroused, and a Board could be empowered to hold them, or the Forestry Commission so em- powered, then any village could be taken for a start, one with a stream near it, and have the peo- ple buy or in some way protect the bank. It can thus be prevented from being made a dump, the village will become known for its act, the public spirit stimulated, and the example would be fol- lowed. This would make the people think more of the State reservations, which would be situated in our thinly populated mountain regions, the smaller municipal and local reserves being in the thickly settled agricultural and manufacturing re- gions. Miss Dock has been and is now engaged in lecturing in various parts of Pennsylvania, and is thus aiding in advancing forestry interests. ^vU s FOREST LEAVES. Magnolia, Swamp Magnolia, White Bay, Swamp Laurel, Swamp Sassafras. Bea- ver Tree, Sweet Bay (Magnolia glauca, L. See Sargent, Silva N. A., Vol. I., p. 5, t. 3). Also Magnolia Virginiana L., Vol. II., p. 48, Britton & Brown, Illus- trated Flora. FROM whatever else this little tree may suffer, it is quite clear that it does not lack names. It should be remembered, however, that the number of designations it possesses is simply a sign of the universal attention it has attracted over its somewhat restricted range. It is essentially a seaboard tree, though found from Massachusetts to Texas, and even reaching to Arkansas. In Pennsylvania it seldom attains a greater height than thirty-five feet, or a diameter, at four feet above the ground, of more than one foot, though in the South it attains, according to Pro- fessor Sargent,. a height of more than seventy-two feet and a diameter of three and nine-tenths feet. The trunk is smooth, almost devoid of marked characteristics. In fact its drab color and smooth bark are what first attract attention. There is, however, one feature, which, as seen in this region, appears to mark it. I mean the disposition it has to send up several almost equally vigorous stems from the same root. The tendency to be constantly sprouting continues year after year. The trunks which illustrate this paper have to be cleared of sprouts, at the root, each season. Indeed, one may see on the right of the right-hand trunk two vigorous young sprouts which escaped removal last autumn. More than any tree that I know of, the MagtwUa giauca varies in the character of its branches. Some are straight, vigorous and smooth, indica- ting a large, straightforward growth. Others on the same tree are irregular and gnarled, especially when young. An examination of the latter will soon show that the irregularity is mainly due to the constant tendency of the terminal bud on the branch and branchlets to abort, or, at least, to fail to develop. As a rule, after the scar so left is almost healed over, two smaller, lateral buds appear, one on each side of where the base of the terminal bud was, and of these buds, seldom more than one produces a branch. Another peculiarity is the club-shaped character of the smallest branch- lets. These, when not more than an inch long, are about an eighth of an inch in diameter at base, and are at the tip sometimes almost twice as thick. They in most instances have borne flowers. The youngest branchlets are green or greenish in color, and have an odor distinctly like that of the shoots of sassafras, though it may be necessary to scrape the branch a little to develop it. No doubt it is from this that the common name of *^ Swamp Sassafras" has been given to the tree. I should add, this odor is not confined to the smaller branches. The buds in January are from half to three - fourths of an inch in length and of a pale green color. The leaves of the Magnolia glauca, as of the other Magnolias, in bud are folded lengthwise between a pair of sheathing membranous leaf-like organs called stipules. (On the right hand of the base of the trunk -picture some leaves are seen. ) When fully grown, they, the leaves, are blunt or roundish-pointed, three to six inches long, and about one -third as broad, bright green above and whitish beneath. Examined under the microscope it will be seen that the lighter color on the under side of the leaves is due to a mealy or waxy sub- stance, which may be more or less readily rubbed off; sometimes, however, the leaves are faintly hairy also on the under side. The footstalk of the leaf is from a half an inch to an inch long. The leaves are thickish, almost leathery, and remain on the tree until late in the season. The one crowning glory of the Magnolia glauca is its flower. This is white or cream -colored, and with us, one crop after another appears from May or June, until the early autumn. They are from an inch and a half to two inches long, and, when opened, about as wide. The fragrance is pene- trating, and yet of the most delicat-e and refined character. It admits of no comparison with that of any other plant or tree in our State. Yet there are those to whom it is unbearable, because it is alleged to produce symptoms resembling hay fever. To others it is nauseating and repulsive, though to most people its fragrance is delightful. The mature fruit, when unopened, is a green scaly cone ; in September or October it opens up and discloses the red seeds in pockets. I^ter these seeds are extruded from the cone and hang, still attached, by delicate threads. The Swamp Magnolia is a tree of no great im- l)ortance commercially, yet there is much that might be said of it. As a lawn ornament it is very desirable. Its foliage is always attractive ; and, though the tree tends to a certain loose, irregular habit of growth, it never becomes one of the '' common or unclean " sort. Its flowers be- ing greatly subject to frequent insect depredation are, in so far, shorn of their beauty by becoming prematurely brown. It is alleged that the bark and seed have tonic and antiperiodic properties. Similar properties are attril)uted to related trees. There may be some truth in this statement. \^ " ■ ^i\ COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. i. BY J. T. ROTHROOK. 11 I i t I COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii. No. i. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. TRUNKS OF SWEET BAY-SWAMP SASSAFRAS. (Magnolia glauca, L.) CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. SWEET BAY-SWAMP SASSAFRAS. (Magnolia glauca, L.) CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. COPVRIOHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. i. BY J. T. ROTHROOK. SWEET BAY-SWAMP SASSAFRAS. (Magnolia glauca, L.) CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. 4 r ^ i». COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. i. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. I V I TRUNKS OF SWEET BAY-SWAMP SASSAFRAS. (Magnolia glauca, L.) CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE • 4 Darlington, quoting from Kalm, writes : '* Both the Swedes and English call it Beaver tree, because the root of this tree is the dainty of beavers, which are caught by its means. ' ' There is no use made of the wood of the tree in this State, though it is said by Professor Sargent to be used in the Gulf States for making small wooden ware. In Pennsylvania the tree is not common, except as planted. It has been found, however, in Northern Chester, Lebanon, Franklin and Cum- berland Counties. Though by choice the tree pre- fers damp ground, yet it will grow in prdinary locations, unless they are more than usually dry. Physical properties of Magnolia glauca are : specific gravity, 0.5035 ; percentage of ash, 0.47 ; relative approximate fuel value, 0.5011; weight in pounds of a cubic foot of dry wood, 31.38 ; relative strength, 170. A very interesting account of Magjiolia glauca, by Miss M. L. Dock, will be found in Garden and Forest for October 13, 1897. J. T. Rothrock. Forestry in New Hampshire. THE State Federation of Women's Clubs of New Hampshire has taken great interest in the forestry question, and the report of the Committee on Forestry sets forth the needs of the State in no uncertain tone. It states that New Hampshire was formerly the most densely wooded of any of the New England States. Large tracts of this land were given to individuals and colleges, and in 188 1 the State sold its last acre. Since that date, however, there has been a change of sentiment. Two temporary forestry commissions were appointed, which made some important sur- veys, and in 1893 a permanent commission was established by an Act of the Legislature. This commission is authorized to purchase land when- ever any person or persons shall supply the neces- sary funds, and has the power to condemn land by right of eminent domain. All lands so purchased must forever belong to the State and be held as a public park. One tract of ground in the centre of the White Mountains, containing ** Beecher's Cas- cade," has been purchased in this way, and an- other forest park will soon be established at Dub- lin, the summer residents of that town having made a contribution for the purchase of a large area on Mount Monadnock. It has also endeavored to interest the lumber- men, and many large companies, recognizing the diminution of the supply, have adopted a minimum limit of twelve inches in the tree to be cut. In this mountain region are the headwaters of the Saco, Ammonoosuck and Merrimack rivers. If these sources are not protected, the flow will be lessened in times of droughts and the floods in- creased. The Merrimack river turns more ma- chinery than any other river in the United States ; what an immense loss it would be if these great mills should be closed. [We certainly hope that the forest reserves in New Hampshire will soon increase in size not only from private donations but also from State aid, and much sentiment in its favor will no doubt be awakened by the work of the State Federation of Women's Clubs. — Ed.] Forestry and Sanitation. By Benjamin Lee, M.D., Secretary of the State Board of Health of Pennsylvania. (Read before a Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- ciation, Philadelphia, January 16, 1899. ) Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, Fellow - Members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- tion : I have been accorded the high honor of par- ticipating in the interesting exercises of this evening, and of occupying this platform in the company of so many men of learning and dis- tinction, not, I am well aware, on account of any especial fitness to address you on the subject of Forestry, but because I happen to represent the sanitary arm of the State government, and because Forestry and Sanitation are indissolubly blended. It will be my aim, therefore, in the few words that I shall say, to endeavor to show you that, from the first day of its organization, the State Board of Health of Pennsylvania has taken a deep interest in the preservation of our forests, and has lost no opportunity of testifying that interest and of using its influence in the support of efforts to that end. When the Board was created, more than thirteen years ago, at its very first meeting it issued an address to the people of the State de- fining what it felt to be its scope, its duties and its responsibilities. In the course of that address something like the following language occurred : ** In an immense territory like that of our own State, larger than that of most of the great nations of Europe, with its unusual diversity of surface, its abounding streams, its many mountain ranges and its noble forests, wonderful opportunities ex- ist for sanitary engineering on an immense scale — determining in what directions watersheds shall be encouraged and in what diverted ; to what extent private corporations are to be allowed to jeopard- ize the health of large sections of the country by obstructing natural water-courses for the purposes . of manufacture or of navigation ; deciding how \ ■•1 t • .10 FOREST LEAVES. far certain forests act as natural barricades against devastating winds and should be left untouched by the axe, in order to maintain a permanent average rainfall, and thus avert droughts, cyclones and floods, and how far they interfere with the circu- lation of healthful breezes, and may therefore be with benefit removed. ' ' This was but one of the many neglected functions of State government which the Board felt that it might properly be called upon to assume in the absence of any other authority charged with its performance. If there was ever a State in which self government was pushed to the verge of absurdity, in which affairs had been allowed to manage themselves in a happy- go-lucky sort of way, that State was the great and venerable Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Hence, three great evils had been allowed to go entirely unchecked in her mountain regions : j^irst. — The reckless destruction of forests, leaving the mountain sides bare and denuded. From this, two results necessarily followed : the substitution of cataclysmal downpours from the clouds for the gentler rains which characterize well-wooded countries, and the almost instantane- ous passage of this water into the large water- courses, in place of its absorption by the foliage and roots of the trees of large forests. Second. — The construction and maintenance of large dams without proper governmental oversight ; and Third. — The encroachment of manufactunng and other companies on the beds of streams, thus rendering them too narrow to allow storm -waters to escape, and making devastating floods a thing of course. In the light of Johnstown's terrible disaster, to the production of which all three of these conditions contributed, this utterance seems to have been almost prophetic. But it was ** as it was in the days of Noah. ' ' The warning fell on heedless ears. '*They did eat, they drank, they married and were given in marriage, until the day that the flood came and destroyed them." At the time of the meeting of the Board of Health in Pittsburg, May 31, 1889, the Allegheny River was rising rapidly and becoming turbulent, and, on the second day, the immense mass of wreckage which swept along excited universal in- terest, and drew crowds to the shores and the bridges to watch anxiously for indications of the destruction of human habitations and loss of life. The suspense was not long. Rumors of wash-outs on the Pennsylvania Railroad were soon followed by the more definite report that the mountain city of Johnstown had been partially destroyed by flood ; and the following morning, which was Sunday, left no room for doubt that a disaster without parallel in the annals of the country had been caused by the bursting of a dam, and that no figures under thousands would be adequate to count its victims. The year following that .awful calamity the Board was instrumental in organizing a '^Tri- State Sanitary Convention ' ' in the city of Wheel- ing, the object of which was to consider the causes of floods, and the dangers to health resulting from them. With regard to the former, an admirable paper by Surgeon C. F. Ulrich, of the United States Marine Hospital Service, entitled *' The De- struction of our Forests the Chief Cause of the Floods that have Devastated our Country," re- ceived the hearty endorsement of the Convention. The next year, at the ' ' National Conference of State Boards of Health " at Nashville, Tenn., the representative of the Pennsylvania Board strongly urged upon the Conference the value of Forestry Associations in educating both legislators and the public in this important branch of knowledge, holding up the '' Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- tion " as a model and example for the imitation of other States, and at subsequent meetings of this Conference, which has since become international in its character, embracing the British Possessions and the Republic of Mexico, has not failed to re- peatedly call attention to the subject. In the movement in this State which led to the establishment of the Forestry Commission, the Board took though not a conspicuous yet an earn- est part. The State is indeed fortunate in having in charge of its woodland domains one not only thoroughly equipped by education and training to cope with the varied problems which the subject .presents, but one whose love for the work amounts to an absorbing passion. It was my privilege during the past autumn to spend a few days in * ^Algonquin National Park," in the Province of Ontario. This park is a gov- ernment reservation of one million acres. It lies in the heart of the mountains, about one hundred and thirty miles west of the city of Ottawa, On- tario's beautiful capital, and at an altitude of from T200 to 2000 feet above the level of the sea, on the line of the Ottawa, Arnprior and Parry Sound Railway. Its scenery is a most charming combi- nation of lakes and wooded hills. The maple, Canada's national floral emblem, was in all its autumnal glory. Tinted with the first light frosts, the mountain sides fairly blazed with its flame- colored masses of foliage, while the softer yellows of the birch and the cool greens of the balsam, the spruce and the tamarack toned down the picture and relieved the otherwise almost dazzled eye. Imagine this gorgeous mass of varied color stand- ing out in strong relief against a sky of transparent A)7 FOREST LEAVES. 11- azure, and the whole mirrored in the glassy surface of a pellucid lake, and you have some faint concep- tion of the joy of a canoe voyage through these charmed northern waters. Not less than five hun- dred lakes, large and small, can be counted within the limits of the park. The air, sweet with the aroma of the pine and the balsam, free from dust and all impurity, stimulates and invigorates with- out producing undue nervous excitement, and the pleasing labor of the day is followed by a night of dreamless and refreshing sleep. All game is strictly preserved. Poachers are severely dealt with. So that it is now possible, with patient and wary watching, to enjoy the almost forgotten spectacle of the timid but industrious beaver, again a national emblem of Canada, building his wonderful house or constructing one of his more wonderful dams. But it is not to aff'ord the citizens of Toronto and Ottawa and London an opportunity for a delightful and unmolested outing, or her savants new fields for the study of her fauna, that the intel- ligent and progressive Legislature of the Province has incurred the expense of purchasing these mil- lion acres, and of maintaining a corps of rangers, with a superintendent, to guard against forest fires and to prevent the placing of any unauthorized habitation upon the banks of its multitudinous lakes. These are simply incidental advantages. These lakes are the reservoirs of the great water-sheds, the headwaters of at least two large streams already furnishing water to a limited num- ber of her people, but destined in the future to be the water supplies for the domestic uses of large centres of population. The object is, primarily, by protecting the forests which now deck so many of the hillsides, and by replanting and nursing those which have been destroyed, to maintain always, and at all seasons, an abundant and un- varying supply of water in this great natural reservoir, and, secondly, to prevent pollution of any kind from violating its pristine purity. What Ontario, with her population of a little over two million and her revenue of three and a half million dollars, can do, surely this great Com- monwealth of five and a half million souls and a revenue of nine million dollars can also do. One object of my visit to this most noble reser- vation I must mention before I close. The Secretary of the Provincial Board of Health of Ontario had requested me to accompany him • in the search for a site for a National Sanitarium for Consumptives. We succeeded in discovering an admirable location. In the same way a small tract in each of our own reservations should be set apart for the restoration to health and usefulness of this large class of sufferers among our people. The Legislature of New York is considering the expediency of establishing such a refuge in its reservation in the Adirondacks, and Pennsylvania cannot aff'ord to lag behind in this admirable scheme of benevolence and self-protection. It seems scarcely necessary to add that if we need these reservations at all, we need them at once, right away. Nothing is to be gained, but much to be hazarded, by delay. The present Legislature should not adjourn without having fur- nished the means and established the machinery for fulfilling the objects contemplated in the Act for this purpose so wisely passed by its predecessor. Deciduous Tree-Seeds and Their Man- agement. IV J ATURE, through her various agencies — the 1\ wind, the birds, squirrels, etc. — is notice- ^ ably endeavoring to multiply its flora and to replant much of its denuded soil. But too often its eff'orts are made in vain, especially in our cut-over forest regions, where fires seem to spring up year after year, spontaneously, as it were, to the ruination of growing timber. The same laws hold true in the vegetable as in the animal kingdom ; and the survival of the fittest has been too often impressed on the minds of our tree planters, as well as on the casual observer, to be soon forgotten. The percentage of germination of seeds is largely influenced by the variety and year, and very few trees, if any, produce all perfect. It often appears all right, but may have been sub- jected to some cause or other that has injured its germinating power. This is very easily done with many seeds by their becoming too hot, dry or wet. As a general rule, the larger and heavier seeds always produce the best plants, and should be obtained, when possible, from healthy trees of good form, in as near the same climatic condi- tions, as variations developed by soil or cli- matic conditions have a strong tendency to be perpetuated. l^he structure of the seed coat largely deter- mines the length of time it takes them to sprout and the methods we must pursue in their man- agement. Seeds of the willows, soft maples, poplars and elms (except that of the red or slippery elm) should be sown on ground that remains reasona- bly moist, as soon as possible, as they lose their germinating power very quickly. The depth to which they are planted influences the success attending, to no small degree, for covering too deep is death to many kinds. As 12- "v FOREST LEAVES. Xiil » FOREST LEAVES. maximum depths, elms, poplars, birch and elder should be covered as thinly as possible (not more than one half inch) ; maple, ash, box elder and basswood from three-quarters to one inch ; oak, chestnut, butternut, walnut, hickory, from one and a half to two inches. The black locust seems to do be.^t when planted almost two inches deep. It is more convenient and economical to plant in rows. The question of management of fall-ripening seeds is one which admits of more discussion ; but as a general rule it is preferable to plant them in the fall, except those which can be kept over without danger of their spoiling. Owing to the added danger fall -planted seeds have to pass through, it is necessary that they be planted a little thicker and deeper on account of the heav- ing effect of frost, washing down of soil, and ravage by rodents, etc. They also come up earlier, and hence are more subject to damage by late frosts. Those of a dry nature, such as ash, maple, box elder, birch, linden (basswood), etc., are almost certain to grow if kept until spring properly. The most common method of preserving them is by stratifying, that is, mixing them in layers with sand or leaves. When only a small amount is handled they can be mixed with moist sand in a box and the box buried in the earth in some well- drained spot, or they may be spread out on the surface in such a place and covered with boards. Those above mentioned may also be preserved dry by being mixed with leaves and hung up in sacks in some cool, dry place. But if kept in this manner they must be thoroughly soaked be- fore planting, for many of them which have be- come very dry are liable to '' lie over" and not sprout until the second season. With the locust the seeds are scalded, and only the swollen ones are planted. The thorn apple or wild thorn and mountain ash seed, like that of the red cedar and juniper, does not, as a rule, germinate until the second season, and may be kept either in a strati- fied condition or else planted, and the row mulched. Mulching to be removed the spring of the second season. Seeds of a fleshy covering, such as the cherry, plum, etc., should be separated from their pulp and kept stratified with moist sand until planted. They, too, like the nuts, require to be frozen, and may be planted in the fall with safety, although many hold them over until spring. When purchased direct from some near-by nur- sery, seedlings can be obtained at a very low figure ; and it is doubtful if, in the majority of cases, it would be profitable for the average | farmer to raise them from seed. But in many of our prairie sections, where there is a large de- mand for them, for protection, ornamental and timber planting, it will repay him for what time or attention is bestowed on his forest nursery, where, when trees are needed, either by himself or neighbors, the choicest may be had direct from the seed bed or nursery row. The cost of deciduous tree-seeds is but a trivial matter, and any farmer in such a location interested in his occupation and home, as he should be, cannot but appreciate the value of a small home tree nursery. Geo. W. Strand, Secy. Minn: Forestry Association. Taylor's Falls, Minn. English Car Timber. 7\ CLERK of the Lancashire and Yorkshire j4A Railway recently contributed to the Rail- ^ way Herald, of London, an interesting article on timber construction of English railway cars. He says: It is not difficult to determine the ownership of a railway carriage by the color of its paint, so identified are certain companies with certain colors and shades of color. But if you were to remove the paint and varnish you would find the carriage of the various companies to be composed of substantially the same timbers. It is worthy of note that no English-grown timber is used for constructive purposes. True, a little native sycamore, etc., is used, but that is only for interior decoration, and the carriage timber is essentially of foreign production. The underframe, which carries the weight and bears the strain consequent upon the working of the vehicle in traffic, consists entirely of oak. Various classes are used, according to the prefer- ence of engineers, viz. : Dantzic, Stettin, Odessa, Quebec— and, to include several varieties under one head— United States oak. In the first four instances the oak derives its name from the port of shipment. Dantzic and Stettin oak is obtained from the forests of Poland and Prussia ; Odessa (on the Black Sea), from Southern Russia; and Quebec oak comes from Canada. This latter is considered the best oak which comes from Ameri- ca. The great increase in the use of the bogie carriage by all the large companies has created a strong demand for logs of considerable length. These are for sole bars, which run the whole length of the underframe, and it will be readily understood that a well-matured oak tree will be required to yield a log about 50 feet long, 16 inches square, and free from all those defects i ' which interfere with satisfactory conversion. Hitherto these long logs have been obtained ex- clusively from America, and have been eagerly bought at good prices. Australian hardwoods are being introduced as substitutes for oak, and, if experience proves them suitable, there will be available an almost limitless supply of logs of practically any dimen- sions. Karri wood of Western Australia has al- ready found favor with some engineers. This ^ tree is of remarkable size. An inducement to the use of ^' Karri" is that it can be delivered in long lengths at a less price than is at present charged for American oak of similar lengths. On the other hand, it is about fifteen per cent, heavier than oak, which means the hauling of so much additional dead weight. The body of the carriage, the framework, in- cluding the door-pillars, etc. , is of teak. Teak comes from Burmah and Siam. Formerly the best cargoes came from the port of Moulmein, but the standard of these has not been maintained, while at the same time the shipments from Ran- goon have considerably improved. Siam teak, exported from Bangkok, is gaining in favor, but falls below the quality of the Burmah wood. The panels, which encase the body framework, and give a finished appearance to the carriage, are of mahogany and teak, but the former represents the practice of most companies. Where teak panels are used, they are simply varnished, and as they show the clear, open grain of the wood, they pre- sent a very nice and clean appearance. Where mahoganv is used it is invariably painted. The mahogany for this purpose must not be confused with the figured wood for cabinet work. Perhaps a more common and generally understood name is ** bay wood." The most suitable logs come from Honduras, in Central America. Northern wood, shipped from Belize, is most in demand, but sup- plementary supplies are obtained from Tabasco, in Mexico. Selected panel logs of large dimen- sions cost at current rates from ^50 to p^ioo {%2 SO to $500. ) The floor boards, partition boards, and roof-boards are cut from St. Petersburg ' Svhite- wood"— a species of fir— supplied in the form of deals and battens. . , . That cheap and useful timber, pitch pine, is also brought into requisition for a variety of pur- poses, such as footboards, front and back seats, framing, etc. Pitch pine is grown in the Southern regions of the United States, and is shipped from Pensacola, Mobile and other ports on the Gulf of Mexico. The timber for decorative purposes inside the carriage varies with the practice of each com- pany, but walnut, sycamore, maple and wainscot oak are largely used. There is a growing tendency to order carriage timber in the form of scantling, cut to specified sizes. A little margin is allowed for planing, but otherwise the wood is of the dimensions required for use. This is particularly the case with oak and teak. Rebate of Taxes on Trees Planted Along Roadsides. rjON. JAMES C. McCORMICK, Attorney ML General, in a letter to Dr. J. T. Roth- ^ rock. Commissioner of Forestry, dated December 2, 1898, says: * a am in receipt of yours of December ist, in which you inquire whether the Act of May 2, 1879, which grants a rebate of tax of one dollar for every four trees planted along roadsides in townships simply means a reduction for the follow- ing year upon these trees, or whether it continues so long as the Act is in force. '' In reply thereto I beg to say that I am of the opinion that the payment of one dollar for the four trees once is all that the planter of the trees is entitled to." Internal Heat of Trees. 7\ REMARKABLE series of experiments, with j^A a view to ascertaining the variations of ^ temperature in trees, has been conducted by Herr F. Schliechert, of Jena, who publishes the results in the Naturwissenschaftliche Wochen- schrift. He finds that the general temperature of the interior of trees is dependent upon the tem- perature of the surrounding air, but is influenced also by other causes, such as the ground tempera- ture, the temperature of the water ascending in the wood, and the temperature of the branches, which are directly heated bv the sun's rays. The mode of experiment was the following : A hole was bored in the stem of a tree on the north side at a height of I y^ metres (nearly 5 feet) from the ground. In the hole was placed, to a depth of 12 centimetres (nearly 5 inches), a thermometer, and sealed up with wax. A second thermometer similar to the first was fastened to a branch of the tree, so that the air circulated freely around it. The temperatures registered by the two instruments were taken at varying intervals during the day and compared. The readings of the thermometers for eight days in June, which are published, bring to light a curious phenomenon. While the external temperature showed the usual maxima in the afternoon, the maxima in the interior of the tree were recorded at midnight and the minima at midday. 14- FOREST LEAVES. B Commercial Trees. By the late J. O. Barrett, Secretary of the Minnesota State Forestry Association. Y experimentation the early settlers learned that only non -commercial trees coiild be ^ successfully raised on the open prairie. It may never be safe to reject these pioneers entirely as shelter-belts for the commercial sorts, which are less hardy in the start. With their protection prairie forestry is sufficiently developed now to warrant the introduction of the pines, white and red oaks, canoe white birch, walnuts, hickories, hard maples, basswoods, rock elms, the better ashes and some others. It has already been demonstrated in the southern half of the State that walnut orcharding is a paying success. In Europe there are plantations of commercial trees that largely support the government. The little country of Bavaria, for instance, owning 3,000,000 acres of forests, receives from them a net profit annually of $4,500,000. Minnesota, or any other State of equal area, can do as well, only the enterprise should be practically systematized. In Massachusetts an eight -acre lot of poor land, sown to pine seeds in 1850, the trees cut in 1891 yielded $2,000 from the box -boards at the mill. At this rate 100,000 acres, conditions being similar, would, in forty years growth of the seed- lings, yield $25,000,000 ; and 10,000 square miles, 6,400,000 acres, poorest land, located at the headlands of our principal streams, as forest reserves, would yield $1,600,000,000, to say nothing of water economy, healthful influences, and benefits to the general agriculture. Accord- ing to good authorities the increment value of wood growth after the trees have developed to about half their maturity is five cents annually per tree. Dating these ratios, and allowing each acre to have on an average, only 100 trees, the increase in value per year of the 10,000 square miles would be $32,000,000. Calling the net but half this sum, it is obvious that, with right management, the profit from the cut would liberally support all our State public institutions. Is it not worth the while, then, for the State to encourage the raising of pines and other commercial trees on lands useless for any other purpose than such tree culture ? Let the prairie farmers, too, consider their chances. The demand for timber is constantly increasing. If they would begin the commercial enterprise with simply one acre, and every year plant a new one, so that the value would be con- tinuous after the first cutting by selection and keeping the forest intact, the income would far exceed the profit of all their other crops. A Forestry Manual. UNDER the title of '' Forestry in Minnesota," the Minnesota Forestry Association has published a comprehensive treatise on this subject by Prof. S. B. Green, Professor of Hor- ticulture and Forestry in the State University. It makes a book of over 300 pages with suggestive side-heads, and contains 60 full- page plates made from prepared drawings illustrating as many of the native trees, besides 33 other figures. It is divided into two parts : ** Elementary For- estry," and ^* Forest Trees of Minnesota. " Part one contains eight chapters, and treats in a thorough yet concise manner the following sub- jects and their numerous subdivisions : The Tree and Tree Growth ; Forest Influences ; Tree Plant- ing ; Forest Management and Rate of Increase on Trees ; Durability and Fuel Value of Wood ; Prop- agation ; Nursery Work, and Injuries to Tree Growth. Part two is devoted to the description of the trees of Minnesota, native and introduced, that have gained considerable attention in that State. Over one hundred species and varieties of trees are described. Notes are given with each species on hardiness, distribution, propagation, properties of wood, and uses of the tree and its product in the arts, and in ornamental and timber planting. This is a good manual on Forestry for the student or the tree grower. It is sent by mail on receipt of five cents, to pay postage. Address George W. Strand, Secretary, Taylor's Falls, Minn. — The Menominee Indians, in Northeastern Wisconsin, are as successful as anybody in their lumber operations. By the sale of pine logs in years past, 1,300 men, women and children have a tribal fund which aggregates about $1,000,000, and is still growing. The tribe expends about $75,000 a year in logging operations, and clears <; 5 0,000 to $100,000 yearly, which is added to the fund. — Nortlnuestern Lmnberman. — At a point on the Seattle and International Railway, near Preston, Washington, says the Northwestern Lumberman, is a curious freak. A large cedar log or tree had fallen, and about it grew up a spruce tree completely straddling the cedar, which stuck clean through and projected on the other side, where it was cut off* to allow the road to pass. The spruce tree above the swell measured 52 inches. Beneath the large cedar is another smaller one, both perfectly sound. A big root entwines the large cedar, but the great curiosity is the soundness of the fallen cedar lying there an uncertain time, probably not less than 500 years. FOREST LEAVES. 113 15 ILLUSTRATIONS OF TREES MADE BY THE NEW Autoglyphic Process FOREpT LE^VEp. oo THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OP OF THE '"T5TS SEND FOR CIRCULAR. Pennsylvania Forestry FORESTRY SCHOOL AT BILTMORE, N.C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D. Forester to the Biltmore Estate. Association LEWIS' LEAF CHART. TART 1, NOW READY, No 1. Biennial-fruited Oaks : Black Oak and allies. Price 50 c. No! 2. Annual-fruited Oaks : White Oak and allies. Price 50 c. No. 3. Southern, Pacific. Hardy Foreign and some extinct oaks Price 50 C No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. Price 50 c. Sent on receipt of cash price, In tubes, or boxed when ordered in large quantities. In the latter case, send for wholesale prices. Price of whole series of Charts, illustrating one hundred species of our best trees, $6.00. Please subscribe for the series. GRACEANNA LEWIS, 121 West Washington Street, Media, Pennsylvania. The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. ^ RATES. I inch, a page, % " (( insertion. $1.00 4.00 7.00 12.00 insertions. $4.00 17.00 30.00 50.00 n insertions. $8.00 34.00 60.00 100.00 X 0-4 16- FOREST LEAVES. RHODODENDRONS. The glory of every place possessing Rhododendrons is their superb bloom in the latter part of May and early June. The magnificent coloring and huge clusters of flowers in so many shades of pink, violet, rose, purple, and the delicate creamy- white, give them the first place among the evergreen shrubs. Even their foliage is beautiful and most eifective in the dull winter months, when their glossy green leaves add a beauty to the otherwise bare shrubbery. The great decorative value of Rhododendrons is now fully recognized, and every year increases their popularity. We take great pleasure in inviting all admirers of Rhododen- drons to visit our Nurseries during the latter part of May and very early days of June, and we feel sure it will afford great pleasure to every one who sees our fine collection of over five thousand plants in the beauty of full bloom. Single s[)ecimen plants, bushy, well furnished, and well budded, at $1.00, $1.50, $2.00, $3.00, $4.00, $5.00, ffi.OO, and $7.50 each. Hemlock Spruce. Too much cannot be said in praise of this fine native evergreen. Its form is eonicjil, with soniewliat pendulous and very graceful branches, while the foliage is fern-like and delicate. A valuable tree for the lawn, and it also makes a fine hedge plant. SINGLE CLUSTER RHODODENDRON-BLOOM. 12 to i8 inches, $o 25 each; $1 75 per 10 18 to 24 inches, ... 35 each ; 2 50 per 10 a to 3 feet, 5° each ; 4 00 per 10 3 to 4 feet, 75 each ; 6 00 per 10 5 to 6 feet, I 00 each ; 8 00 per 10 American Holly. This is one of America's most beautiful evergreens. Its tbliajj;e varies very little from that of the En*?lish Holly, and its rich clusters of s(!arlct berries make a good substitute for flowers in the winter shrubbery. It is hardy in almost any locality, and to insure safety in transi)lunting the leaves should be removed from the plant at that time. Plants, twelve to eighteen inches, 50 cents ea*;h ; $5.00 per dozen ; §;25.00 per 100. Andromeda Catesbasi. One of the best shade-supporting plants and very useful for massing as undergrowth. It is a hardy Evergreen Shrub, with stems of dark green and leaves of bronze, coloring beautifully during the fall and winter seasons, and in the spring it bears a sweet-scented white flower, blooming very early. Plants, six to twelve inches, 25 cents each : $2.50 per dozen ; $20.00 per 100. Large plants 50 cents each ; $35.00 per 100. White Pine. One of the most stately and valuable of evergreens ; tall, straight, and handsome, with slender glaucous leaves. . . $0 35 each ; $2 00 per 10; $15 00 per 100 . . 50 each ; 3 00 per 10; 20 00 per 100 . . 75 each ; 5 00 per 10 ; 35 co per loo . . I 00 each ; 7 50 per 10 ; 50 00 per ico . . a 00 each ; 15 00 per xo. J15 00 per 100 20 00 per 100 35 00 per 100 50 00 per ICO 65 00 per xoo 12 to 18 inches. 18 to 24 inches, a to 2^ feet, . . 2/2 to 3 feet, . . 5 to 7 feet, . WHITE PINC. CHESTNUT HILL, PHI LA., PA. WILLIAM WARNER HARPER. XO.^ t Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 25 North Juniper St., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-OfRce as second class matter. EDITORIALS. Editorials. Arbor Day Proclamation Our Two Fire Laws • Forestry Bills before the Pennsylvania Legislature The Western Forest Reserves A Letter from Munich, Germany Protection to Birds An Early Forestry Law Big White Oaks A Pennsylvania Sequoia The Names of the Big Tree of California Treatment of Winter-Injured Trees Needed Sanitary Legislation •• •••• The Report of the Clerk of Forestry for Ontario for 1898 ... Second Annual Report of the New York Forest Preserve Board, 1898 •• •• :■■■: New Members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association New Publications -. '7 18 18 19 19 21 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. Thg attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages 0/ FoRBST Lbavks as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in June, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective lav s, both State and National. Annual membership fee. One dollar. Life membership. Fifteen dollars. ... Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names toA.B. *fV/w/ jj r-u 1 Law, Hon. W. N. Ashman, Chairman; Henry Budd, Charles Hewett, Henry Howson. Henry C McCormick, and John A. Siner. Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman : F. L. Bitler, J. C. Brooks, B. Wiiman Dambly, and Dr. William P. Wilson. ^ ^ ^, Work, Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, Chairman ; Mrs Brinton Coxe. Mrs. George T. Heston, Mrs. John P. Lundy, Howard M. Jenkins, William S. Kirk, and Richard Wood. County Organization, 'Sa.mutX Marshall, Chairman ; Eugene EUicott, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Charles G. Ogden. Office of the Association, 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia. HE severe winter from which we are just I passing has been memorable for its un- usual low temperature and also for abnormal snowfalls. The former may retard early budding and the latter keep the forest floor moist, both adding security against damage from forest fires in the immediate future. But nature is apt to equal- ize extremes, and it will not be surprising if the excessive cold and snow of the winter are offset by protracted warmth and possibly by drought. The damage from fire may be expected when the moist leaves on the ground become dry and curl up, forming an easily-ignited bed through which fire will travel rapidly. We present these facts as a caution to those who fancy that woods will be spared from fire dam- age by reason of the winter which has passed. The forests can only be protected by care and watch- fulness— care on the part of those who use fire in the timber, watchfulness on the part of those who control forests, or by the officers who are empow- ered to combat fires and secure the punishment of offenders. In another column Dr. Rothrock discusses the present status of the forest-fire laws of Pennsylva- nia, and we commend his criticism to our readers. What we want are laws which can be enforced, and which will punish the parties who are guilty of doing damage to the Commonwealth, damage which is often unmeasurable. J. B. ***** Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Forester of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, added to his already numerous list of friends in Philadelphia by his ad- mirable extemporaneous presentation of the Gov- ernment Forest Reservations on February 21st. In a pleasant conversational manner Mr. Pinchot explained numerous lantern slides, and practi- cally transported his audience over the western portion of the country to give an idea of the ex- 1 'i^^' FOREST LEAVES. tent location and characteristics of the various reservations. The thanks of the meeting were cordially extended to Mr. Pinchot Dr. Rothrock and the Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania, who combined to make the occasion enjoyable and instructive. 2' * * * -Ontario is so well satisfied with her fire- ranging system against forest fires, after thirteen yeafs of trial, that she is widening its scope. New York has officially pronounced favorably upon the working of her system of fire wardens. It is gratifying now to note the decrease in frequency and destructiveness of forest fires in Pennsylvania. We are officially informed that ten years ago the annual loss was about $1,000,000 from forest fires in this State. In 1896 it was reduced o «cc7 o<,6. In 1897 it was only $394,327- »ureiy we may be proud of the record thus com- menced. , ^ , r^^ Under the operation of the new forest fire laws of the State, which have been in force but one year, the entire cost of suppression of these fires,^ this far reported during 1898, h^s been $2860.36. The State paid one-half of this and The counties the other half, makmg for each «i4,o 18. The cost of the detectives appointed to ferret out those who created the fires has been $2293.40. or $1146.70 for the State and a simi- lar sum fOT the counties. Thus it appears that the entire cost under our new fire laws has been $5153.76, or $2526.88 for the State and the same sum for the counties. , „f This is substantial progress, and the value ot unseated land in this Commonwealth may be ex- pected to increase accordingly. In our Commonwealth highways have been im- proved, public parks and school grounds beauti- ^fied, aid great strides have been niade toward permanently repairing the injury caused by a too rapid destruction of our forests. In order that a work so successful and beneficial may not be overlooked, and that our citizens, both young and old, may continue to contribute their share in this great movement, ^ ^ _ I William A. Stone, Governor of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, in accordance with law do herebv designate and proclaim Friday, the seventh day of April, and Friday, the twenty- eighth day of April, a.d. 1899, to be observed as \rbor Days throughout the Commonwealth. ' Two days are set apart for the observance of Arbor Day. Inasmuch as the climatic conditions may render one of these days more favorable for the purpose intended than the other, the selection is left with the citizens of the various sections ot the Commonwealth. r, 1 r .u= Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the State at the City of Harrisburg, this eighteenth dav of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine, and of the Com- monwealth the one hundred and twenty-third. William A. Stone. ( '~''~' ) By the Governor : I SEAL V .•' -yv. W. GrEIST, ■CKl:^ Arbor Day Proclamation. /« the Name and by the Authority of the Common- 7vcalth of Pennsylvania. Executive Depart- ment. Proclamation. Arbor Dav has long since become more than a name. Since the idea was first inaugurated of setting apart a day upon which to systematically plant trees and shrubs, and thus in part, at least reclaim the plains and wastelands of our grea country, it has steadily grown from a sentiment to a duty and a pleasure. State after State has joined in the great work until to-day millions of trees and shrubs s.len y commend the wisdom of this course, adding beau y and comfort to our homes and cities and greatly increasing the wealth of our State. ,,, , , , — / Secretary of the Commonwealth. Our Two Fire Laws. TN the session of 1897 there were passed two 1 laws relating to forest fires. 1 he first of ^ these made constables of townships, ex officio, fire wardens, and charged them with the diity of promptly suppressing such fires, and of summoning assistance to aid in doing so. No one questions that it is a wise measure It was ap- proved by Governor Hastings March 30. i897- The second law made it the duty of the com- missioners of the counties to appoint persons under oath whose duty it should be to ferret out and bring to punishment those who create the forest fires. It was approved J"'y . ^5- i»97- More strictly speaking, in its amended form it was approved on this date. The original law was aJ,proved June 2, 1870, but as it provided no penalty for failure to observe its provisions, it was utterly disregarded. There has been some objection made to this latter law on the ground that it was "ot necessary since the law was passed making constables fire "^^TheTe is no reason why the commissioners may FOREST LEAVES. 10.7 '19 not appoint the constables to be detectives, and charge them with the duty of ferreting out the guilty parties, but that it should be made the duty of some one to bring these criminals to jus- tice is clear. The first law provides for an immediate press- ing duty, namely, the suppression of a destructive conflagration, then existing. It does not make it the specific duty of the constable to trace out the ofl'ender, who has usually gone not only unpun- ished but unsought for. What greater inducement to the commission of crime than this could exist ? What safety would the community have if this same principle were applied generally ? It is a recognized function of the law to do two things : ist, protect the inno- cent, and, 2d, to punish the guilty. The existence of the first law for the suppression of forest fires without the second to punish those who created them, would be a legal anomaly and a travesty on justice. There is a special reason why this detective work should be under the control and supervision of the county commissioners. Usually they rep- resent the very best element of the community, and are selected because they are capable, con- servative and honest men. It is wisely made the duty of such a body of men to name the detec- tives, regulate their pay, and discharge them when they are found to be trifling or inefficient. J. T. Rothrock. to simplify the method by which the rebate of tax on growing timber may be granted. Senate Bill No. 66 is '' An Act to amend Sec- tion 2 of an Act entitled An Act authorizing the purchase by the Commonwealth of unseated lands for the non-payment of taxes, for the purpose of creating a State Forest Reservation, approved the thirtieth day of March, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and ninety -seven, providing for the pur- chase of land other than that which is advertised for sale for the non-payment of taxes, and limit- ing the cost per acre to be paid for the same." Under the law as it now stands the Commis- sioner of Forestry may purchase land sold for taxes for a sum not exceeding taxes and costs, but he has no power which will enable him to obtain lands which it is obviously the interest of the State to hold, even when such tracts could be had at a nominal cost, and when they would serve to con- nect into a large body lands which the State already owns. This measure is intended to remedy the short- coming of the original bill. It is properly safe- guarded, so that the Commissioner of Forestry could not, if he would, purchase any land at a cost in excess of its assessed value, and even then he must first of all obtain the consent of the Governor, the Attorney -General, the Secretary of the Commonwealth, and the Secretary of Internal Aff'airs. It has passed the Senate, and will soon be before the House on second reading. Let it become a law ! Forestry Bills before the Pennsylvania Legislature. rrOUSE BILL No. 2IO is *^ An Act to pre- ^n_ vent trespassing upon any land or lands ^ in this Commonwealth which are pro- tected under the Act for Tree and Forest Culture. The owner of unseated lands to-day is practically without protection against trespassers until after some actual injury is done. Then he may by law collect damages, provided the criminal has any property or can be apprehended. It usually happens, as a matter of fact, that from one cause or another the injured party secures nothing. This Act is one of simple justice to those who are endeavoring to protect their young timber. We hope it will be promptly passed. House Bill No. 211 is **To encourage the pres- ervation of forests by providing for a rebate of certain taxes levied thereon." This is simply an improved form of the bill introduced by Mr. Ziba T. Moore in the session of 1897 and passed. It is a most important measure, intended to make clear the purpose Mr, Moore had in mind, and The Western Forest Reserves. THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association held a well-attended meeting at Horticultural Hall on the evening of February 21st, to listen to Mr. Giff'ord Pinchot, Forester of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, in his illustrated talk on ^' The Western Forest Reserves," and Dr. J. T. Rothrock' s remarks on the need of reserves in this State, with many graphic pictures. Mr. Pinchot in 1897 and 1898 made an ex- tended tour of observation through the forest lands of the West, where the Government re- serves aggregate a total of about 44,000,000 acres. The lantern slides showed the nature of the forest lands, the ravaging eff"ects of fire, reckless lumber- ing, wind storms and sheep grazing upon them. For several months he traversed almost totally un- explored regions, and illustrated the wild and magnificent mountain scenery of Oregon, Idaho, Washington, California and Dakota ; the pillared aisles of gigantic Douglas firs or Western pine, or the dense tangle of hemlock and cedar on the Sierras. 20.- FOREST LEAVES. Since President Cleveland proclaimed the for- est reserves, which are referred to under his name, on February 22, 1896, an immense change has come over public sentiment in the West regarding them At first there was opposition so serious that in many localities practically the whole popu- lation was bitterly opposed to the reserves This was partly due to a serious misunderstanding of the object of the reserves, for which the form ot the proclamation wa^ to some extent responsible, and partly to a widespread feeling that the peo- ple of the West had not been sufficiently consid- ered before taking action which affected them so deeolv At present the opposition has practically disappeared. Traces of it linger in Washington, where the last legislature passed a ■"esolution ask- ing for the exclusion of practically all the valu- able land from the forest reserves, and in a f^w other places ; but even there it is rapidly on the wane So marked is the reaction that more than 4 000,000 acres have been added to the reserves bv President McKinley, including nearly half a million in the Black Hills, where at one time the opposition was more pronounced than in any other portion of the West. It is exceedingly gratifying to know that this great addition was made not only without the opposition of the resident popu- lation and their representatives in Congress, but with their enthusiastic approval. Forest fires throughout the regions occupied by the national forest reserves have played a most important part in determining the development and value of the forests. They are far more common, and, in a sense, far less destructive than is generally supposed. Damage by fire is the one great source of danger to the existence of our national forests, and a most serious threat to the prosperity of the whole region in which these forests lie. It must not be supposed that because a fire does not kill standing timber it does little or no harm. On the contrary, the number of un- sound logs whose defects are due to fire is in the aggregate, enormous, and the destruction of young growth and the impoverishment of the soil con- Tribute, with the effect of fires upon the water supply, to make even those apparently least de- structive, of very serious injury to the regions in which they occur. . . \nother serious enemy of the forests in certain localities is the grazing of sheep. Under proper regulation and in certain forest regions such graz- ing does little or no harm, but where the moun- tains are steep, where the question of water sup- ply is important, and wherever the reproduction of the forest is desired, it does the most serious harm The question of sheep grazing is rapidly becoming one of the most acute and important ot all those which demand the attention of the friends of the forest. . rvripral The three government agencies, the tienerai Land Office, the United States Ceological Survey and the Division of Forestry, are charged with the forest interests of the country. This disper- sion of a single subject among three agencies re- sults in the comparative inefficiency of the gov- ernment forest work taken as a whole. It is ereatlv to be hoped that the necessity for a unifi- cation of effort, which is making itself increasingly felt, will lead to congressional action in the near future. Dr 1 T Rothrock, Commissioner of Forestry, confined his statements mainly to the importance of the watersheds of the State in maintaining such an even flow in our streams that the beds would be covered with water during the period of the year when the growing crops required most moist- ure For years there has been an increasing belief among our most progressive farmers that sooner or later they would be obliged to do as the farmers in the West were compelled to do to in- sure lucrative crops ; that is, irrigate the soil. It may be accepted that much of the water which falls upon and runs off a naked surface would be retained if that surface were covered with leaf mould, leaves and undergrowth, and that, being so retained, it would soak into the ground, to reappear at the surface, and later in the season, to find its way into the streams. 1 his proposition is so simple and so well understood that it hardly requires any further explanation. The effect would be to maintain in our smaller streams and in our rivers large areas of water sur^ face, from which the process of evaporation would ^''•rhere are but few people who realize that the life of the vegetable kingdom is due to this eleva- tion of moisture as vapor from the s^urface of the earth to the space above. Consider for a moment that three-fourths of the earth's surface is water, and that with this enormous proportion '"excess of the land our crops here barely «"f ^^^ ^ ^^^^'^ the present conditions are the result of ages of adjustment of the forces of nature, and you wi realize that any disturbing element must result unfortunately, unless by some unknown means we can divorce effects from causes. It is fair to say that year after year vve ha e seen large portions of our stream beds become dry from July to September. This means tha the surface from which water can be evaporated and raised in the form of vapor is becoming less just when most needed by our crops. , This explains our wide areas of dry stream beds. FOREST LEAVES. -21 It is probably not too much to say that in August one-half of the bed in the streams of the State is dry. Let us put this in practical form and see what it means. The Susquehanna and Juniata Rivers, in their flow through the counties of Dauphin and Perry, probably have a bed surface of thirty- one square miles. From this area during the month of July there could be evaporated and raised as vapor 103,518,424 gallons. If the water surface is re- duced by one -half there would be only 51,759,212 gallons raised. This means, then, a loss of the same number of gallons from the air. Large as it is, it is but a drop in the bucket compared with the vast volume of water which evaporation drags to the clouds over the entire earth. But take our whole State, and remember that this same shortage must be existing everywhere within its limits, and the case becomes more seri- ous. It is probable that some, at least, of this evapo- rated water directly assists in supporting plant life. That it does so indirectly hy diminishing the thirst of the air, and so diminishing the evaporation from the plants and from the soil, there can be no doubt. There are two facts to remember : ji-irst. — That the drier the air the more rapidly it will evaporate what water there is, from any place at which it can be seized. Second. — That as autumn approaches, if there is but little vapor in the air, the danger to our grow- ing crops from early frost becomes greater. We cannot control natural forces wholly ; what power we have over them comes from our operat- ing by natural laws. The one power which we have, by which we can act to our advantage in this respect, is by re- storing to a forest condition such portions of our State as have neither agricultural nor mineral value, and so hoarding the rainfall against a time of need. We cannot overestimate the importance ot this. There is to-day no measure of public policy of greater importance. There is no call upon the State for funds to accomplish a public benefit which should take precedence over the establishment of the Forestry Reservations which were authorized by the Legis- lature of 1897. Men come and go, parties and policies appear and disappear, but we hope the State is to endure. Therefore, if faithful to itself now and to the future, it must adopt a policy founded on natural law, as lasting as the timber-clad hills upon which its continuous prosperity must largely rest. There can be no excuse for our failure to do so, because the fertility of the soil, the flow of the waters, the life of our crops and the very constitu- tion of the air are associated with a proper pro- portion of timbered to cleared land. A vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Dr. J. T. Rothrock and the Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania. A Letter from Munich, Germany. IV T O W it is snowing and cold, but for a couple 1\ of weeks the weather here has been de- ^ lightfuUy warm. It reminded me of the American Indian summer. In fact, although the sun was not high, being in about the same latitude as Newfoundland, it was remarkably powerful. This warmth, I was told, was due to the influence of the fohn-wind, which is sometimes felt even north of the Alps. It is a south wind, which comes glowing hot from the deserts of Africa, and is felt most in the valleys of thj Alps, where in late winter and spring it often blows with the fury of a West Indian hurricane. While it blows the mountains appear nearer, sounds are clearer, ani- mals are uneasy and unrest pervades everything. Smoking and fires are often prohibited in the mountain valleys, and villages are often reduced to ashes in a twinkling at this time. It comes in powerful gusts, followed for a time by oppressive stillness. In spite of the damages which it occa- sions it is greeted with joy in the spring, because it devours the old ice and snow and brings fresh grass and herbs in the mountain valleys. Here it only has the eff'ect of warming the at- mosphere and producing now and then summer- like days in mid-winter. It was during this time that we had many pleas- ant walks in the forests in the neighborhood of this city. The warmth' had quickened the birds and fresh- ened the grass and foliage, but to-day the limbs are white and drooping with masses of sleet and snow. There are many beautiful pine woods of spruce and Scotch pine, also many mixed femel-like woods in the environs of this city. I have used the word '' femel," and since it is a good old Germanic word a few words in refer- ence to it may not be out of place. It may be used to advantage in English, since we have no word, to my knowledge, which means the same. It has been said that the term '' femel " comes from the "LdXxn feme I I a oxfemina, and was applied to this system of forest management because of ^2 FOREST LEAVES. the custom of pulling out the ma e hemp^plants and leaving the females to mature heir seeds and to be harvested later. This explanation of the term is, however, unsatisfactory and probably in- correct The English ' ^ fimble-hemp, " or in Ger- SLn -fimnul-hanfr is applied to the male hemp- nlants and to short undeveloped females. The grman words finnnel, /«-' >-! ^of ."Sn' probably all meant stacks, cocks or piles of gran, hiv etc The term " fehm," however, was also applied to mast; " fehm geld" meant pannage, and the verb " fehraen " to turn swine upon the mTst. It is then likely that those woods into wh ch the swine were thus turned were called Mm or femelwoods. The system of sylviculture, therefore, which retains the general irregular character of the natural woods, a mixture of all atre classes and perhaps several species, is appro- priatdy called the femel form. It is therefore Trope to name this method the femel-cutting- system in contrast to the clear-cutting-system. The forest is often left^in this irregular condition for the protection of game and other important reasons^ Fasaneries or pheasantries are common, and the roe deer are so plentiful and so tame that they pasture in large numbers on the fields almost Sn the cit'y limits. They seem but sligh ly disturbed, seldom more than stopping to feed for a moment while the train passes, although they may be pasturing on the firelane between the track and the woods. Hunting here is only he privilege of a few, although to an American he shooting of such tame creatures would be like killing cows in a country pasture. Fortunately these beautiful animals are not chased by hounds as in America. , . . > On almost every tree in Bavaria there is a ring of raupenleim. I have been told that it costs more than four million marks to do this work on j trees worth in all about twelve million. Ihis was done to prevent the ravages of the nunmoth, M in 1889 and '90 threatened to complete y devastate the forests of large parts of Europe In iLo the moths were attracted by electric lights to the mouth of a large funnel, into which they were sucked by an exhaust current of air, pro- duced by steam power. It is still a question in ?he minds of many whether any of these measures did a very great deal of good. The insect sud- denly died, and no doubt was attacked by some disease. . ^ . .-.. ju„ One point, however, is quite certain, that the so-called "nun" created a sensation m forestry circles in Europe. ^ I enclose several negatives which I Wo^ ot a pine forest near Schleissheim by Munchen. 1 tear they are too poor to copy. Tt is one of the most beautiful pine forests I have ever seen, although it is growing on poor fnhospitable soil. The Scotch P-e -, ho-eve , remarkable in this respect-it is one of Jose trees which can endure a great variety of hardships 1 believe it equals, if. not excels the pitch pme (P. rigida-) in this respect. It is, at the same time far more beautiful. The ground is carpeted i^h'moss and grass, on which many roe deer may be seen pasturing. The grey trunks divide into oranue-colored branches, and the canopy, although not dense, is a rich, bright, healthy green. Munich is situated in the centre of a large plain, in which there are vast areas of peat or tort M when pressed is excellent for fuel In spite :f this immlnse mass, fuel of -f-l/^^-J^; extensively used. The question of wood for fuel is here, and should be in eastern America, a sec- ondary matter. The fuel question will always Se care of itself. The aim of all systems of forest management should be the producvt.on of a fme class of wood for constructive and similar Sigh-grade purposes, regardless of the fuel ques^ tion and to constantly protect and improve the oT' Even in America the time has come when more attention should be paid to quality than to quantity increment. Any system no matter he species, so they are adapted to the soil or the lingth of rotation, is good forestry which is not wasteful, which is profitable and which always has in mind the protection and improvement of the soil. ••■ Protection to Birds. WELL do I remember the flights of wild pigeons in my boyhood days— flocks at times more numerous, apparently, than the stars on a clear night ; ^"""'"f f } .^/^rL"^, flocks were everywhere in woods and fie ds during he Hme of their migration. The supply seemed inexhaustible, yet they are gone. The majorit) of the young men of to-day never saw a wild pigeon. In early manhood I crossed the Missouri river and spent a number of years on the plains of Colorado and adjoining territory Travel for days and weeks, or even months, failed to tarry me beyond the evidences of buffalo. Frequently upon attaining high points of observation vast herds of these animals would be revealed-herds seemingly limitless in extent and as innumerable as the wild pigeon. They, too, are gone, victims to the insatiate desire of the man with a gun And as these multitudes have passed so other tribes are passing ; and if those who follow us are to knoi and e;joy the game bird or wild songster i? FOREST LEAVES. 23 of to-day, if the farmer is to have the help of all these in the destruction of injurious worms and insects, if the country is not to be transformed as far as possible into a desert by the taking away of these forms of beautiful color and sweet music, some positive position must be maintained for their protection. The robin sings the same song he has sung for a thousand years. The oriole passes like a flake of fire just as he did long ago. Is there anything sweeter to-day than the robin's song ? Is there anything more beautiful than the flash of the oriole through the green trees ? Yet what protection has either song or beauty been to them ? So I might enumerate almost endlessly, adding usefulness to the beauty and music of each, but it is needless ; you who live or visit in the country know them all and have no doubt spent many a happy hour in their company. Simply let me ask, what would our forests and our fields be without them? And are you willing that all these should pass to come again no more ? Are you satisfied to remain passive while men and boys are authorized to carry engines of destruc- tion the year round ? I for one feel like doing what I can to aid in keeping them with us. The game law of 1897 was formulated and made uni- form with this idea, to keep the gun out of the woods and fields as much as possible. The Na- tional and State Sportsmen's Association is actu- ated by the same motive. Their declaration of i principles is ''the preservation of our forests; the protection and propagation of song and in- sectivorous birds, game mammals and game fish ; for aiding in the enforcement of laws of this Commonwealth governing the same ; for the pro- motion of kindly intercourse and generous emu- lation among sportsmen ; to unite the efforts and influence of all law-abiding citizens in secur- ing such legislation for the future preservation of our birds, game mammals and game fish as will be best suited to the interests of the people of our Commonwealth at large," doing their utmost to throw safeguards around nature's innocents that will protect and save them, that will prevent their being blotted from the face of the earth, and not, as some seem to think, simply to increase their numbers that the game bag may be filled the more easily. The members of these associa- tions are the men who delight in doing right for right's sake, and who year after year have gone down into their pockets to replenish and restock this and other States with game birds and then stood helplessly by and watched the market hun- ter kill the last bird of the flock they had fostered. These are the men who, by way of expenses, on a hunting trip put in circulation four and even ten times the value of all the game they ever get. These are the men who study the subject and who join in saying the game law of 1897 is the best, for its purpose, ever enacted in this State, and who would rather see the open season cut down one-half than that a single week should be added to it for any reason. They are representative men from all over the State and understand what they say on this subject. These are the men who ask that the present uniform law be left as it is, and their representative, the Game Commission, be given a chance to demonstrate its usefulness, and who hold that the real necessity is a national law that will protect song and insectivorous birds in their passage from one State to another, and, in addition, a more thorough organization of women and men who will see to it in every com- munity that their principles are carried out. Joseph Kalbfus, Secretary Game Commission. An Early Forestry Law. Dr. J. T. RoTHROCK, Harrisburg, Pa. Dear Sir. — While hunting out some ancient road laws I came across the following which may interest you : Act of November 27, 1700 ; allowed to become a law by lapse of time in accordance with the proprietary charter, having been considered by the Queen in Council February 7, 1705-6, and not acted upon. See Acts of Assembly March 27, 1712-1713, chapt. 198, p. — ; Act March 29, 1734-35, and April 18, 1794- Be it enacted by the Proprietary and Gover- nor, by and with the consent and advice of the freemen of this Province in General Assembly met, and by authority of the same, '' That whoso- ! ever shall presume to set fire any woods, lands or 1 marshes in this Province or territories, before the first day of the first month yearly, and after the 1 first day of the third month, shall make good any 1 damages that shall thereby happen to any of the 1 inhabitants thereof." See laws of 1700-1712, Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania, p. 76. Respectfully yours, Thomas J. Edge. Bulletin No. 41 of the Department of Agricul- ture of Pennsylvania was issued just as we went to press It contains, among other things, the inter- esting preliminary report for 1898 of our eflicient Forestry Commissioner, Dr. J. T, Rothrock in- cluding a description of what ''unseated lands are the cost of suppressing forest fires, rebate on tax'on standing timber, etc., of which we will give a more detailed description in the June issue. 1 .24 FOREST LEAVES. Big White Oaks. THE interesting article by Dr. Harshberger in this issue on the ''Big Trees of Cali- fornia" tempts us to depart from our ordi- nary rule of publishing two illustrations of our Pennsylvania trees with each number of Forest Leaves, and attempt to show that we have on the Atlantic coast some much larger trees than are usually supposed. Indeed, we need not go out of Pennsylvania and New Jersey to find them. The illustration of the white oak trunk was taken from a tree, now dead, on the farm of John G. Pownall, in Lancaster County, two miles south of Christiana. Making allowance for the bark which was '' shelling off " when the picture was made, the trunk at four feet above the ground was just about six feet in diameter. Mr. Pownall was kind enough to stand beside the tree and so furnish a tangible standard of comparison for the size of the tree. What caused the death of this splendid specimen is not certainly known. There was no mark of lightning about it. Its death was too sudden to be caused by age. The probability is that some fungal disease of the roots caused it. This tree, however, is small when compared with a white oak mentioned by Dr. C. C. Abbott on page 270 of his Waste-Land Wanderings. It stood near the White Horse Tavern, which is close to the Crosswicks Creek in New Jersey. It measured at three feet above the ground twenty - seven feet in circumference. On Mantua Creek, also in New Jersey, there were a few years ago two others, one of which was about eight feet in diameter at four feet from the ground, and the other was about six feet at a similar height. Neither of these showed signs of decay. The white oak in the Friends' Cemetery in Salem, New Jersey, which is known to thou- sands, is also about six feet in diameter at four feet above the ground. I once measured its spread of branches. My recollection now is that it was almost one hundred feet from the ends of the branches on one side to the branch tips on the other side. It is still in vigorous condition. In or near Chester County, Pennsylvania, there are several white oaks which have a diameter of five feet and upwards at four feet from the ground. We may add that chestnut trees of eight feet through are by no means rare in this State. There are known to be several which are larger, and one at least which attained a diameter of ten feet. The sassafras is usually regarded as a bush or small tree. I know, however, and have photo- graphs of several of nearly four feet, and of one which was over two feet in diameter. Within two miles of West Chester there still stands a buttonwood tree which is seven feet through. We have had solid single stick white pines in Pennsylvania which were six feet and more across the stump. I do not know of any of this kind now remaining, though there are said to be two very large ones still standing near Cresson. J. T. ROTHROCK. A Pennsylvania Sequoia. CALIFORNIA *'Big Tree" stands near Media, Pennsylvania. It is on the grounds of the late Minshall Painter. We furnish an illustration of it as it appeared three years ago. An ignorant negro cut the top off some years earlier to make a Christmas tree of it. But for a slight constriction near the top branches one would hardly recognize that the tree had ever been injured. Doubtless the harm will become more visible later. Unfortunately, at this time the notes taken on the spot are not in my possession. My remem- brance is (and I think it is correct) that the tree was forty-six feet high, and had a diameter of six- teen inches four feet above ground. I am sure that this statement is, if not exactly true, not very far wrong. It is not often that a tree native to the Pacific Coast will endure our winters. rhis Sequoia stands in an open, absolutely un- protected place, and the wind and snow have full sweep upon it. In the Sierras, where the tree belongs, the winter cold is quite as severe as any that we have here. So that it must be something more than mere winter exposure which prevents the big tree from flourishing w^ith us commonly. We hope that this specimen may long per- petuate the memory of its tree-loving planter, Mr. Minshall Painter. J. T. ROTHROCK. ''There are many thousands of acres in Penn- sylvania which are now yielding no return what- ever, and which might, under proper care, be made to produce the wood needed to perpetuate this most important industry. Upon this question the people need and are asking for information, especially as to the kinds of wood which will be most suitable for the purpose, and which will, at the same time, come into the market most speed- ily." 1898 Report, Forestry Commissioner of Pennsylvania, % * 4 I COPrBIOHTEO, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. 2. BY J. T. ROTMROOK. .^^ *■ ^V> ., ^^*«^-^ im. ft ^ ^ ^ :-^ %T^-m CALIFORNIA BIG TREE. (Sequoia Washingtonia (Winsl.) Sudworth). PELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. 1 I COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii. No. 2. BY J. T. NOTHROCK. TRUNK OF WHITE OAK. (Quercus alba, L.) LANCASTER COUNTY. PENNSYLVANIA. COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. 2. BY J. T. HOTHROOK. I, i 1 COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. 2. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. TRUNK OF WHITE OAK. (QuERCUS alba, L) LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. CALIFORNIA BIG TREE. (Sequoia Washingtonia (Winsl.) Sudworth). DELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE \ FOREST LEAVES. - 25r 1 / The Names of the Big Tree of California. By John W. Harshberger, IN the latest authoritative account of our North American forest trees (Check List of the Forest Trees of the United States, Bulletin No. 17, Division of Forestry, November 5, 1898), Sudworth makes a contribution to the synonymy of the Big Tree of California. In contrast to the views of Sargent he calls the tree Sequoia Washingtoniana (VVinsl. ) Sudworth. The rea- sons given for the adoption of this name may be briefly referred to. Lindley, who was the first to name this tree, called it Wellingtonia gigantea (1853). DeCaisne, recognizing the relationship of the tree to the redwood of the coast, named it in 1854 Sequoia gigantea. Winslow, in ^' The Cal- ifornia Farmer'' (September, 1854), described it as Taxodium IVashingtonianum, and Seeman, writ- ing in ^ * Bonplandia " in 1855, called it. Sequoia IVellingtofiiana, a name which Prof. Sargent has adopted in his ^^Silva of North America." To make a long story short, the specific name gigantea was found to be untenable, because it had been applied to the redwood Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ), Endl. A new name had to be sought. *' Passing over Winslow' s name, Taxodium Wash- ingtonianum, (/. r., 1854), on the ground that it is thought not to be properly published, some botanists would now apply Seeman' s Sequoia Wellingtoniana (/. c, 1855)." Sudworth gives his reason for writing the binomial Sequoia Wash- ingtoniana, which to me are convincing, strong and forcible. In conversation with Lemmon in the Yosemite Valley in the summer of 1897, I carefully went over the whole ground with him, and I am convinced that the name used by Sud- worth is the onlv tenable one. Lemmon, so far as I have been able to learn, was the first botanist to resurrect the article in '' The California Farmer," recently so often referred to. However this may be, from the standpoint of propriety and national pride the name Sequoia Washingtoniana is more appropriate than Sequoia Wellingtoniana. I desire, however, to call attention to another name for 'the Big Tree, namely, Washingtonia gigantea, published in 1855, and commemorating the name of the first president of the United States. During last summer (1898), while visit- ing Kew Gardens and Museums, an old engraving was found on the wall of the hall in the Dicotyled- onus Museum which interested me. A description of it may be of some interest to the systematic botanists of the United States. The engraving was sketched from nature by T. A. Ayres in 1855. It was entered according to the Act of Congress in the year 1855 by T. A. Ayres in the Clerk's Office of the U. S. District Court for the Northern District of California. Drawn on stone by Kuchel and Dresel, 176 Clay St., S. F. The lithograph is divided into several rectangular panels. 1st. Panel. — The Mother of the Forest, 90 feet in circumference, 327 feet high. Bark taken off 120 feet (shows scaffolding by which this was done). 2d. Panel.— \\i^ Big Tree, 96 feet in circum- ference, 300 feet high. Was cut down in July, 1852 ; employed 5 men 25 days in boring and sawing it off. 3d. Panel. — The Father of the Forest, 112 feet in circumference. Estimated height when stand- ing, 450 feet. Middle Panel. — General view of hotel and sur- rounding forest. 4th. Panel (left).— The Pioneer's Cabin, 33 feet in diameter, 150 feet high, top broken off; (right) the Miner's Cabin, 80 feet in circumfer- ence, 300 feet high. The following printed matter by way of expla- nation was added to this panel: ^* The 'Mam- moth Tree Grove, Calaveras County, Cali- fornia, Lapham and Haynes, Proprs. These Gigantic Trees are found in a valley at the source of one of the tributaries of the Calaveras, 15 miles above Murphy's. According to botanists, they belong to the Family of Taxodiums and have been justly named Washingtonia gigantea. Within an area of 50 acres, 92 trees of this species are found standing, and are beyond doubt the most stupen- dous vegetable products on earth. They were discovered early in 1850 by hunters, whose ac- counts were considered fabulous until confirmed by actual measurements. The valley contains 160 acres of land, and was located and settled by Wm. W. Lapham (one of the present proprs.) in luly, 1852. The house is at present conducted by A. S. Haynes (one of the proprietors), and offers every accommodation to parties, visitors or boarders. The charges are reasonable, it being the aim of the proprietors to make the grove a fashionable and popular place of resort. A daily line of stages from Stockton, Sacramento City and Sonora arrive at Murphy's, where animals and carriages can be procured ; thence by a splendid road through a magnificent open forest, the Grove is reached in 2 J^ hours. The scenery in the vicinity is beautiful and the climate from the elevation of the valley (4000 feet above the sea) is delicious. The vegetation is fresh and green during the summer. Game abounds. Trout are also found in the vicinity." 5///. Payiel.—'Wi^ Three Graces, circumference of the three 90 feet, 300 feet high. 6th. Panel.— The horseback ride through a tun- ( 26^ .\ FOREST LEAVES. nel 7 5 feet, 1 2 feet in the clear, cut out of a pros- trate tree. This engraving is one of the earliest illustrated historical accounts that we have of the Big Tree, and of its enormous size. It further indicates that the habit of giving appropriate names to the Sequoias W2LS then in vogue, and that some of these earlier names are still designative. The illustra- tions printed from stone are therefore of historical interest. The bare fact that the tree in the ac- companying explanation is named IVashtngtonia gi^antea is of importance as showing that **The California Farmer ' ' was a paper of considerable influence, and had a large circulation throughout California. It is a paper which systematic botanists cannot well overlook as an unauthoritative publi- cation, for the describer of a plant in the early days of California, cut ofl" from the rest of the world, could not avail himself of the ordinary channels of botanical publication, but of necessity had to publish in the best medium then at hand. Winslow suggested through its columns that if the Big Tree should be a Taxodium, it should be called Taxodium Washingtoniamim ; or, if it proved to be the representative of an undescribed genus, that, as Washingtonia Califoniica, it should com- memorate the name of George Washington. T. A. Ayres adopted this suggestion in his engrav- ings of the more noteworthy features of the Cala- veras Grove. University of Pennsylvania. Treatment of Winter-Injured Trees. Kansas Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kan. THE recent cold weather has greatly injured the fruit trees in many sections of the State. Reports indicate that in but few portions of the State the temperature fell as low as in this section, so it is probable that in the greater part of the State the fruit industry has not received such a blow as it has here. Where trees are merely in- jured, the real damage done to the orchards will depend greatly upon the treatment given them from this time. Trees that are killed should be removed at once from the orchard. If they can be used for firewood, well and good ; if not, they should be piled and burned to destroy any insects or disease that may infest them. Trees that are partly top -killed are weakened and deadened throughout, and should be heavily cut back, the extent depending upon the degree of injury. In many cases it will be necessary to cut back to the main branches or even to the trunk, but where the injury is less severe the cutting, lay be con- fined to the smaller branches of the tree. Though the branches of an injured tree may not be killed, it is advantageous to cut them back, because the wood that is browned and deadened can never perform its life functions again. It becomes as heart -wood, and must be enclosed by a layer of new wood. The quicker we can get this deposit of new wood the better, and the more of it the better. By cutting off the branches of the tree it is reduced in surface, and the new wood is rnore rapidly deposited on the parts that remain. The energy that is spent in blossoming is also saved to the tree by the severe pruning. It is necessary to prevent the vitality of the tree from dissipating itself in any way, and to husband and apply it so as to restore the tree quickly to its normal process of growth. Professor Bailey, Cornell University, says upon this subject: **The proper treatment for frozen- back trees must be determined for each particular case ; but it should be borne in mind that the in- jured portion is no longer of use to the plant, whereas it may be a positive detriment by accel- erating the evaporation of moisture. The best treatment for plants seriously injured upon the extremities is to cut them back heavily." Trees treated in this way will 'rapidly regain their vigor unless the injury is very serious. They will also quickly resume their normal habit of growth and shape. Cutting back the last year's growth in the winter is especially beneficial to the peach, whether it has been injured by cold or not, as its branches tend to grow long and slender, and in bearing fruit near the extremities they break and split and are ruined. A difference in opinion exists as to the best time for cutting back injured trees ; some growers prefer to have the work done before the leaves open ; others choose a later time ; l)ut the safest way is to do it early. As soon as the degree of injury is known, therefore, we may wisely begin the pruning. If left till a later time other work may crowd it out entirely, with the result that the orchard is lost. A saw and tree pruners are the tools to be used. It will be beneficial to carry along a keg of white lead and apply a coat of the lead to the wounds made. This will keep out the air, prevent the wood from checking, and retard evaporation from it. All pruned-off wood should be removed from the orchard and burned. The process here described will not save all the trees that have been injured, but if done with care it will save many, and those that die after the treatment is given will probably die in spite of it rather than because of it. FOREST LEAVES, Needed Sanitary Legislation. THE first and most crying sanitary need of this State, and that which the State Board of Health represented to the Legislature at the very first session after its own establish- ment, is the creation of health authorities of some kind in the rural districts. Under the fos- tering and stimulating care of the Board the fif- teen local boards of health of cities and boroughs which existed when it was created have multi- plied to nearly six hundred ; and yet this leaves the greater part of the population of the State, and the vastly greater part of its territory, en- tirely without sanitary supervision, except such as the State Board of Health is able to afford. At the present time it is embodied in House Bill No. 70, which proposes to establish a medical officer of health in each county, to be appointed by the State Board of Health, and a health officer in each townshi]), or township district, to be ap- pointed by the county commissioners. These officers will have the right to enforce the sanitary laws of the State and the regulations of the State Board of Health. They will be required to make returns of births, marriages and deaths, and of con- tagious diseases ; the township officers reporting to the county officer, and the county officer to the State Board of Health. In this way the re- l)roach will at length be removed from our State that she has no State system of registration of vital statistics, and the stigma will be wiped out that a human being can be buried anywhere m this State, outside the limits of cities and bor- oughs, without the certificate of a physician or any legal notice whatever of the fact. The op- portunity for crime which this loose state of our legislation in this matter offers does not need to be enlarged upon. The next matter for which the Board is fightmg is to obtain authority of a specific character from the Legislature to protect the streams and water supplies of the State from pollution. At the present time it is safe to say that there is not a stream of any dimensions in the State which is not more or less polluted, and often to a perfectly horrible extent. The 3600 cases of typhoid fever and nearly 400 deaths which have occurred in the city of Philadelphia since the first of the year afford an awful testimony to the pollution of the Schuylkill River. But let it not be supposed that the Schuylkill is alone in its poisonous con- dition. The Allegheny and Monongahela crowd it closely, and it is not difficult to find counter- parts in smaller streams. House Bill No. 22, which is devoted to this subject, is very moderate in its provisions, and could be so administered as greatly to improve the character of all public water supplies in the State without crippling, or even seriously impairing, the value of any indus- try. In order, however, to enable the Board to do any effective work under the provisions of this bill, its now scanty appropriation must be very considerably increased. In fact the $6000 which it now receives has been utterly inadequate to the discharge of its routine duties. The law at the present time allows it $10,000 annually, but the Legislature has never seen fit to give it that amount. The following tables will enable the reader to institute a comparison between the lib- erality of other States in this respect and the par- simony of Pennsylvania. Massachusetts, by her liberal appropriation to her Board, enjoys an en- viable reputation throughout the civilized world of having done work at once of a high scientific character and of inestimable practical value in regard to this question of the pollution of water supplies, while Pennsylvania, and especially her metropolis, Philadelphia, stand pilloried before the contemptuous gaze of other States and civil- ized peoples for criminal neglect in these matters. 5i o "O 00 A C o o 8 8 CO 00 o 00 O O 0 f <^ <^ Q N r«. «r» a» iH m ■^ fo H ' «A 00 ro r^ r> mvo fOvO 00 fooo 00 _ in ir> ci NO « H fo O^oo 0 O . JSoo 3 '* ae CO u m 00 00 M mtNOO Hioo f^O O r<^00 00 O 00 «'> "^ M C» O Ov'OfOr>»^ moo ro O « vO ro fO H ro M CI m M ^ S8, - ^- »/i «D O "^ *" fO cn « n" m' w « « 8S.8 m ih ro O ctf a 3 o 8 << 2.2 ir, O lO ^ dv c^vo vo «n m ro V (A 3 Xi (J ft I/) (/) a o V •^73 e- ^ 2 .. ^ .- .- j^ VJZ B Xi * ' ^ * • • w * • * "^ : i5 a 1 .5 : o S— S q cc c y C3 0 O c 2 ^* •** •»* ^ 1 Note. — These appropriations are solely for internal sanitation, and not for external or sea- board quarantine. I ■■■■■M 28 ' FOREST LEAVES. 29 FOREST LEAVES. ////•«roclamations be printed in the Indian languages and posted along the canoe routes, in order that the co-operation of the aborigines may be enlisted in the prevention of fires. And also that where ground rent is tvvo years in arrears that licenses shall not be renewed, but that the land shall be held by the Crown as forest re- serves. And that unless under special conditions, no trees shall be cut for logs which will not measure twelve inches across the stump at two feet from the ground. And that lands unsuitable for seUlement and yet valuable for growing timber shall be with- drawn from sale and set apart as permanent Crown forest reserves. I The real pervading lesson of this whole report is that the Canadian government recognizes that lumbering is an industry which it will pay it to perpetuate, and that the interests of all classes will be best subserved by immediate action along the lines of scientific forestry. J. T. R. huckleberry-pickers, who, in order to increase the yield, annually burn over large areas of this waste and deforested land. That this statement is not exaggerated or overdrawn will be readily acknowledged by all who are familiar with the region. ' ' Second Annual Report of the New York Forest Preserve Board, 1898. TT7HIS Board was organized April 29, 1897, I under the provisions of Chapter 220, Laws "^ of 1897. The section defining the powers and duties of the Board says: ^^It shall be the duty of the Forest Preserve Board, and it is hereby author- ized, to acquire for the State, by purchase or otherwise, land, structures or waters, or such por- tion thereof, in the territory embraced in the Adirondack Park, as it may deem advisable for the interests of the State." In all, this Board has had appropriated for its use. in making these purchases $1,500,000. With this the Board has purchased 259,634.93 acres, at a total cost of $1,108,143.15, or about $4.26 per acre. • There are other lands purchased, but not yet conveyed to the State, which are not included in the above. . On the whole, this report would be desirable reading for our own Legislature. At page 41 we find the '' Act to promote edu- cation in forestry, to encourage and provide for the establishment of a college of forestry at Cor- nell University," and making an appropriation therefor, the essential feature of which is that the Forest Preserve Board is authorized to place 30,000 acres of Adirondack land under the con- trol of Cornell University for the purposes of a College of Forestry. ' We find the following picture of the deplorable condition existing in the Catskill region, page 68 : ^'With the rapid extension of the wood-pulp industry the cutting of the spruce has commenced again. The large number of factories in the Catskill counties engaged in the manufacture of what is termed wood acid, draw their necessary supply of hard woods from these lands, and are rapidly encroaching on these woodland areas. The furniture manufacturers in this region are also rapidly thinning out the best selected trees. The wood pulp operators cut the spruce; the furniture men take the choice maples and oaks ; the acid factories take the remaining hard woods ; then the hoop -pole men glean the small sap- lings, and denudation ensues. Next come the New Members of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association. SINCE the December issue of Forest Leaves, the following persons have joined the Pennsylvania Forestry Association : Alexander, Miss C. M., i6 S. River Si., Wilkesbarre, Pa. Arthur, J. A., ^ ^t^}T?V' S^' Atkinson, Wm. B., M.D., 1400 Pine St., Philadelphia, Fa. Bailey, Wm. E. , Thorndale, Chester Co. , Pa. Barclay, Mrs. W. K., 4015 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.. Barney, C,D., ^^ ?/7^%^^' Barton, Geo. de Forest, 108 E. 19th St., New York ^.Y. Bigler, William D., t.um !f'i I- ' p*' Blakiston, Kenneth M., 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Bosler, Frank C, ^ ^^.^ Carlisle, Pa. Borden, Edward P., 2038 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa. Borhek, Morris A., ^ ^ Bethlehem, Pa. Brendle, A. S., Schaefferstown, Pa. Brock, Mrs. Horace, ^ Lebanon, Pa. Brown W H., Greene St., ab. Rittenhouse, Gtn, Phila. Brunner, Franklin H.. 108 W. Broad St., Bethlehem, Pa. Brush C H. 626 Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Bryan 'm'., '*Real Estate Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Bullock, E. L. , ^ ^ r.t^^^T^f' p** Burgin, Wm. M., 127 Arch St., P^i ade phia. Pa. Cabeen, Miss E. R., 1725 P^ne St., Philadelphia, Pa. Chase, Randall, 4I5 ^^^^""Lv^ o^^^^l^^'' p^* Clark, Walton, Chestnut Hill, ^^^l^j^^^^JP^l'! > P^' Colladay, C. T. , 627 Walnut St. , P^i ^delp^ia. Pa. Comfort, Howard, 5^9 Arch St. , Philadelphia, Pa. Coyne, George S., 1116 Lehigh Ave., P^i kde phia, Pa. Dando, Thomas S. , 1928 Wallace St. , Phi ade phia. Pa. De Long, Frank E., 439 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Desh, Harrison C. , ^ ^,^?f '5^f ^^ vl' r)ick E T III S. 2ist St., Philadelphia, Pa. I )obbin«; Miss L. E. , 181 1 Arch St. , Philadelphia, Pa. Dobbins, Miss M. A., 1808 Rittenhouse Sq., Phila., Pa. T-. T^v.w, IT Lewisburg, ra. F""7t H B Bethlehem, Pa. Frcas, John A.', 226 W. Chelten Ave., Gm, Phila. Garrett Mrs, Elizabeth N., iTJ ."u-'' ^*' Gray, Henry W., 1 109 Chestnut St., Ph. ade phia. Pa. Gray William, 20 S. 34th St. , Philadelphia Pa. G J;, Benjamin W.. 156 Wister S..^Gtn,^P;>;^a. 0X0";, C. Gikon, 2030 Pine St.. Philadelphia Pa. (Juenther, Mrs. L., 1441 N. l6th St- - Philade Iphia, Pa. Guthrie, G. W. , M. D. , 47 S. Franklin St Wi kesbarre. Hastings, Gen'l Daniel H. , „, ^.''^l^lT' )> Hilme, Wm. E. , -339 Cherry Si ^AMetfAta Pa^ Hochs rasser. Miss E. L., 2024 Green S't- • ™ade ph.a. Pa. Huey William G., 181 5 Vine St Philadelphia Pa. lames, B. W., M.I)., N. E. Cor. l8th and Green, Ph a, Kelly William I). , 1 20 Cliveden Ave. .Gtn, Phila. ,. '' ..., D„„i Bethlehem, Pa. Kempsmith, Paul, „ ■ c. Phil. Kendrick, Mrs. George W. , Jr. , 3507 »anng ^t- • . P^J^^- Kerr Wm M 131 S. 3d St., Philadelphia, Pa. tfi-rFT Bethlehem, Fa. Klinker, r. J., 1 J * ■ il J ; FOREST LEAVES. Krause, Eugene F., Krause, Henry A. , Leibert, Joseph M., Leibert, Richard W., Leisenring, Walter, Levin, Miss Ida C, Bethlehem, Pa. Bethlehem, Pa. Bethlehem, Pa. Bethlehem, Pa. Duncolt, Pa. 558 N. 16th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Lewis, Edward, 3234 Powelton Ave. , P^\lf ^elphia. Pa. Lewis, Enoch, 3405 Powelton Ave. , PJ;?}adeliphia, Pa Wilkesbarre, Pa. Bethlehem y Pa. Bethlehem, Pa. Bethlehem, Pa. Loomis, William D., Luckenbachy A. A,, Luckenbach, Francis E., Luckenbach, Maurice C, r., , . 1 v,;«' Po Lyman, WilUam R., 1033 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa MacKnight, Miss K. C, 149 Western Ave., Allegheny, Pa. McCauley,C. H., ^ ^^ . ^I'^r'knn' Meigs, Alex. W., Room 480, 421 Chestnut St., Phila. Merced, Andrew H., 518 Fourth Ave., Pittsburg, Pa. Mitchell, William P., ^f '^w!^ p!' Montgomery, Thomas H.y ^ West Chester Pa. Mordf cai, Miss Laura, 1816 De Lancey Pjace Phila. Morris, Mrs. C. E., 2106 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa. Bethlehem, Pa. 219 S. 44th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 21 S. 1 2th St., Philadelphia, Pa. rassiiiu.c juMw ^. .^.., 1326 Arch St., Philadelphia Pa. Pearson, Dr. Leonard, Veterinary School, U. of P^, Phila. Pettinos, George F. , ^ Bethlehem, Pa Potter, Mrs. T., Gravers Lane and ^tem^^j/^/^, ' S^^^ Hill, Philadelphia, la. 137 S. New St., Bethlehem, Pa. Bethlehem, Pa. ^14 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1424 N. 9th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 902 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Myers, W. B., Neall, Mrs. G. M., Parvin, Thomas S., Passmore, John A. M., Prince, A. C, Rau, Robert, Khoads, Joseph R. Kiehle, Fred'k A., Riley, James, Miey, J allies, ^-'- —--—-- . • RogLStiss C.,_H.. '6.3 Padhc Ave At lanuc Cuy N. J Sibley, Walter G., Sinn, Joseph A., Smith, Charles E., 2033 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa. 927 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 216 S. 15th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Smith, Edwin W., 1027 Carnegie Building, Pittsburg, Pa. Stevenson, Mrs. H Stoever, William C. , Stout, Abraham, M.D., Streally, Dr. M. W., Swain Brothers, 514 Greenwich St., Reading, Pa. 727 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Bethlehem, Pa. Chambersburg, Pa. 222 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. r>waiii uiuiiicio, " . XT AT 1 vr Swasey, H. H., 43^ St. and 5th Ave New York, N^ Upsal St., Germantown, Phila. Pottsville, Pa. 17 1 3 Spring Garden St., Phila. 3101 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. Bethlehem, Pa. Bethlehem, Pa. Wicker sham. Miss M. E., 3224 Chestnut St., Phila., Pa Whitney, Mrs. Edward, f '^'''"''4'^^'fu p'' Wigtonf Theo. H., 18 S. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa. Wister, Wm. Rotch, 131 S. 5th St., P^.' ad e phi a, a. Woltemate, A., 5230 Germantown Ave. Philadelphia, a. Wright, Miss Eleanor E., 43^8 Frankford Ave., Ihila. Italics indicate life membership. Turner, Mrs. Wm. J., Ulmer, Jacob S., Walton, Collins W., Waters, D. A., Watson, Prof. B. M., Weiss, Francis, Wenhold, Charles H In North Carolina, New York, Minnesota and some other States, provision is made for posting State forestry laws in prominent places where they will be seen by those who have to do with forests and forest lands. 1^he expense incmred need not be large, and, as much good should result, we hope Pennsylvania will soon fall into line. New Publications. —We have Bulletin, No. 162, of the Michigan State Agricultural College, Experiment Station. The contents are : . , x^. , .• r *»A Sketch of the Original Distribution ot White Pine in the Lower Peninsula," with Map, by Prof. C. F. Wheeler. ^^ Present Condition of Forest and Stump Lands," by F. C. Skeels. ' '' Reforesting Stump Lands," by Dr. W. J. Beal. * ^ Meteorology of the Forest," by Dr. R. C. ^^ Forestry Legislation," by Director C. D. Smith. c ^\^ It is a valuable paper, but especially so tor the Michigan farmer and prospective grower of tim- ber It .starts many more questions than it an- swers but this is a characteristic of good, thought- ful writing as a rule. We cannot, however, agree with Professor Kedzie in the statement that, be- cause he was disappointed in the condition of the trees in the Cerman forest, '' we don't need to try any experiments in forestry with pine trees— the millennium is too near." Those who have followed the writings of the Michigan Experiment Station will admit that there is such a vein of solid sense in them that we cannot have them too often. —Dr. Stephen Smith, who is one of the best known and most generally useful citizens of New York City, had in Appleton's Popular Science Monthly for February a convincing statement of the reasons for thinking *^ Vegetation a Remedy for the Summer Heat of Cities." We have not the space available to suitably review this timely paper. It is readily accessible to the mass of our readers. We cannot forbear, however, from quot- ing his concluding paragraph, which is ([uite ap- i)licable to other cities which are nearer to us than New York: **The conclusion seems inevitable that public policy requires that, in the interests of the health of the people, and the comfort and well-being of that large class of the poor who cannot escape the summer heat by leaving the city, the jurisdiction of the Park Department should be extended to all trees, shrubs, plants and vines now and hereafter planted and growing in the streets of New York ; and that said depart- ment should be required to plant such additional trees, shrubs, etc., as it may from time to tune deem necessary and expedient for the purpose of carrying out the intent and purpose of such act, which should be declared to be to improve the public health, to render the city comfortable to its summer residents, and for ornamentation. 7 FOREST LEAVES. *^31 ILLUSTRATIONS OF TREES MADE BY THE NEW Autoglyphic Process FOREST LEAVER. o<1|>o THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF OF THE flfc^ . HllfADBUEHtt PHIl»P' Pennsylvania Forestry SEND FOR CIRCULAR. FORESTRY SCHOOL AT BILTMORE, N. C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D. Forester to the Biltmore Estate. Association LEWIS' LEAF CHART. PART 1, NOW READY. No 1 Biennial-fruited Oaks : Blaclc Oak and allies. Price 50 c. No' 2 Annual-fruited Oaks : White Oak and allies. Price 50 c. No. 3. Southern, Pacific, Hardy Foreign and some extinct oaks T*ripe 50 C No 4 The Chestnuts and Beeches. Price 50 c. Sent on receipt of cash price, in tubes, or boxed when ordered in large quantities. In the latter case, send for wholesale prices. The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Price of whole series of Charts, illustrating one hundred species of our best trees, $6.00. Please subscribe for the series. GRACEANNA LEWIS, 121 West Washington Street, Media, Pennsylvania. RATES ■ X 6 X3 insertion. insertions. insertions. I inch, $I.OO $4.00 $8.00 % page, . • 4.00 17.00 34.00 >4 " . • 7.00 30.00 60.00 1 " . • 12.00 50.00 100.00 -r' i>*'> FOREST LEAVES. i RHODODENDRONS. The glory of every place possessing Rhododendrons is their superb bloom in the latter part of May and early June. Tlie magnificent coloring and huge clusters of flowers m so many shades of pink, violet, rose, purple, and the delicate creamy- white give them the first place among the evergreen shrubs Even 'their foUage is beautiful and most eifective in the dull winter months, when their glossy green leaves add a beauty to the otherwise bare shrubbery. The great decorative value of Rhododendrons is now iully recognized, and every year increases their popularity. We take great pleasure in inviting all admirers of Rhododen- drons to visit our Nurseries during the latter part of May and very early days of June, and we feel sure it will afford great pleasure to every one who sees our fine collection of over five „„„^„o,o„.BLooM thousand plants in the beauty of full bloom. s':r.;:ir„ ,:::"::;, ii <.^^. - „« «„.., « .,.«, «.5., ..», t^M. «.». ...™, $6.00, and $7.50 each. ■^ ,\ HemlocK Spruce. Too much cannot be .id in ^^-;>^^^:tl^ZZa .'HT A ZZl^J^^ somewhat pendulous and very graceful branches, while the foliage is tern like ana ae for the lawn, and it also makes a fine hedge plant. 12 to x8 inches, i8 to 34 inches, 3 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, . . 5 to 6 feet, . . 25 each; $1 75 per lo; $15 00 per 100 35 each ; 2 50 per 10 ; 20 00 per 100 50 each ; 4 00 per 10 ; 35 00 per 100 75 each ; 6 00 per 10; 50 00 per 100 I 00 each ; 8 00 per 10 ; 65 co per 100 American Holly. This is one of America's most beautiful evergreens. Its foliage varies very little from that of the English Holly, and its rich clusters of scarlet berries make a good substitute for flowers in the winter shrubbery. It is hardy in almost any locality, and to insure safety in transplanting the leaves should be removed trom the plant at that time. Plants, twelve to eighteen inches, 50 cents each ; $5.00 per dozen ; $25.00 per 100. Andromeda Catesbcei. One of the best shade-supporting plants and very useful for massing as undergrowth. It is a hardy Evergreen Shrub, with stems of dark green and leaves of bronze, coloring beautifullv during the fall and winter seasons, and in the spring it bears a sweet-scented white flower, blooming very early. Plants, six to twelve inches, 25 cents e^h ; $2.50 per dozen ; $20.00 per 100. Large plants 50 cents each ; $35.00 per 100. White Pine. One of the most stately and valuable of evergreens ; tall, straight, and handsome, with slender glaucous leaves. 12 to 18 inches 18 to 24 inches 2 to aj^ feet, . , 2j^ to 3 feet, . 5 to 7 feet, . , $0 35 each ; $2 00 per 10 ; $15 00 per 100 50 each ; 3 00 per 10; 20 00 per 100 75 each ; 5 «) per 10 ; 35 00 per 100 . 1 00 each ; 7 5© per 10; 5° «> Pe*" »«> . a 00 each ; 15 00 per xo. WHITE PINC. "^ CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA., PA WILLIAM WARNER HARPER. CnCM[>ui 4^. r-i-fe- Vol. VII. Philadelphia, June, 1899. No. 3. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter. CONTENTS. EDITORIALS. Editorials. 33 Forestry at the Paris Exposition. New Publications 46 li.oo per Year. V Subscription, TH. attenticn of Nurury«,en and other, ij '<'""'//*"^;''"'%'; ./ Forest Leaves as an advertising med.um. Rales ■w.ll be Jur- nished on application. ry ONSIDERABLE anxiety has been caused by Spring Meeting of the Pennsyi- ^ ^ rumors that the present efficient Forestry vania Forestry Association '''' ^* , Commissioner of Pennsylvania was to be Spring Arbor Days •:••■:■;■;:'': Z'..'.......... 3^ ' rcmoved as an incident to factional differences in I-et;t'L^:/cr;\"^~^^^^^^^^^^^^^ l r;:^ which dominates the politics of Penn- Timber Reserves in Washington \ sylvania. The assertion that a change was de- The Wood Lot idea ;; 'rV^'r'':^. % cidcd uDon by the Govcmor received editorial Report of the Pennsylvania Forestry Con.m.ss,on for r898........^ 39 ^ ^ j^ ^^^^/^f ^^e leading papers of the State ^^^^^::'^^^ - ; and increased the anxiety of the friends of forestry. IZesota Fo^^^^^ I This publication, however, gave opportunity for Historic Trees of Philadelphia ^^ ^ numcrous expressions of sincere regret that the Governor should for a moment consider the re- moval of an officer so conscientious and so well equipped for his work as Dr. Rothrock. We are gratified to assure the readers of Forest Lfaves that we have no reason to believe that the position of Forestry Commissioner of Pennsylva- nia is to be used as a means of bolstering one political faction or crushing another. A new executive is expected to make many changes in the officials which he has power to appoint, and hungry office-seekers are on the lookout for any place which they believe can be vacated for them. In bitter factional contests, such as Pennsylvania has lately witnessed, every possible source of power or influence is sought out and made to serve the interest of one side, and it is probable among politicians there was disappointment that the Forestry Commissioner was not an active partisan. I But the true friends of progress would regret to see an office intended to be of value to al parts of the State prostituted to purposes which would . limit its influence or which would antagonize any helpful element. The office of Forestry Commis- sioner should not be filled for a partisan and much less for factional reasons. Loyalty to the who e State is what the office demands, not fealty U) parties or factions. . j «j The Pennsylvania Forestry Association endorsed Dr. Rothrock because of his acknowledged ability The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in Junb, 1886, Labors to disseminate information '" regard to .h.n«e«ity and •:^t^ir^^rX^^^^^^- rawsTolhtate and National. . . ^ ^ . n Annual membership fee. One dollar. ship Committee, 512 Walnut Street, Phila. ^^t"f/r.",mlSe;rWelsh. Howard M. JenUins. Jame, C. Haydon. Wm. S. Harvey, Richard Wood General Secretary, Dr. Joseph 1 • R'^^^^^;;^^ .^ Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy. TVmJwr^r, Charles E. Pancoast. .ir ^ i ri«,i,n Council at: Large, Mrs. Bnnton ^oxe^ev Alfred I Flwy^. K-.'^^ttr^ W S Harvev, Chairman ; Wm. L. b.lkins in. n^nry wi. F.fher W: W Fr^zfer, Charles E. Panooast, J. Rodman Paul, and Samuel \Volfe. Ashman, Chairman; Henry Budd, Charles B.5umfn..i.y.andlY^Wi.,,am KW.Is„n ^^^^ ^^ Ge"^;;*!- Heston7MrV. J^'h7"p, ^Undy"! Howard M. Jenkins, William '•^«tv'"o'.^iSS-e, Marsh^^ Eugene EUicott, Dr T Newton Hunsberger, and Charles G. Ogden. Office of the Association, 10.2 Walnut St., Philadelphia. /? FOREST LEAVES, FOREST LEAVES. and his devotion to the cause of forestry, and the work he has done satisfies the many friends of for- est reform that this endorsement is deserved. We merely ask that Governor Stone will judge the Forestry Commissioner from the standpoint of efficiency, for his administration will receive credit from the work of able assistants, while it will be discredited by incompetents. We know of no word or action of Governor Stone which indicates a purpose to dispense with the services of Dr. Rothrock as State Forestry Commissioner at this time, and until such word or act is authenticated we should believe that he will recognize that the State can be best served and his administration advanced by maintaining the standard of excellence which Dr. Rothrock has inaugurated. If the Governor of Pennsylvania desires an ex- pression of opinion from the large and influential membership of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- tion we feel confident that we can secure for Dr. Rothrock the personal endorsement of hundreds of the best citizens of the State, and we offer For- est Leaves as a means of obtaining these in such number as to satisfy the Chief Executive of. the feeling of the many friends of forestry. J. B. -A^ -^ ^^ -^ ^ We are pleased to note the formation of the Indiana Forestry Association, and trust that the work so well started will be encouraged by the people of that State. The officers elected were Mr. John P. Brown, President; Vice-Presidents, Wm. H. Drapier, Amos W. Butler, John H. Holliday, Albert Luder; Wm. W. Woolen, Secretary, and Lewis Hoover, Treasurer. ***** Prof. John W. Moyer gave an illustrated lec- ture, on April yth, before the Educational Club, shovving the magnitude, processes, and future sup- ply of the lumber industry. He stated that the pine, hemlock and hard woods cut off in the year 1897 amounted to nearly one per cent, of the total area of the State. German scientists state that to preserve the equilibrium of rainfall and weather conditions, there should be 40 acres of woodland to 60 acres of cultivated land. If this is true Pennsylvania is far behind, for over 70 per cent, of Pennsylvania's surface has been denuded. * ;}c * * * . The stated meeting of the New Century Club, on Wednesday afternoon, April 5th, was under the direction of the Committee on Forestry, of which Miss S. W. Janney, a member of our Association, is chairman. It was a timely celebration, the fea- ture of the meeting being a well -illustrated lecture on '' The Trees, Our Friends," by Y)x, Emily Gib- bons Hunt. The Forestry Committee of this club has been quite active, and great interest is being taken in the subject of forestry. We certainly congratulate it on the work already accomplished. ^ ^ * * * * . Many notices of forest fires have appeared in the daily press this spring, but the new forest -fire laws are being enforced with great advantage, the following description of fighting one forest fire be- ing clipped from The Press : Harrisbiirg, May 3.— Rain and the efforts of a band of farmers, sometimes numbering eighty persons, have conquered the forest fire which had been raging since last Thursday on Peters' Moun- tain, ten to twelve miles north of Harrisburg. It is said that the fire was started by the burn- ing of some brush by a man in Speesville. The fire spread over a territory three miles back from tne railroad. Thousands of acres of forest were laid waste, most of the timber being chestnut, hemlock, oak, pine and poplar. Much game must have been destroyed. The home of Adam Burd, on the mountain near Speesville, was burned Sunday afternoon. The fire burned along the south side of Powell's Creek, and threatened a number of buildings, and it was' only by the hardest kind of fighting that thev were saved. According to the new law the authors of some of these forest fires are being brought to justice, as was the case at Chambersburg. Chamber sburg, May 3-— So many fires have oc- curred on the mountains recently that detectives have been emi)loved to ferret out the perpetrators. To-day they arrested Charles Shearer, Fayette- viUe ; James Mull, Stoufferstown ; Charles Stouf- fer, Chambersburg, charged with having commit- ted some of the crimes. l^hese prompt arrests will do much toward pre- venting the intentional firing of woodland. Spring Meeting of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association. nrTHE Spring meeting of the Association was I held at the Philadelphia Museums, Phila- ■^ delphia, on Friday, May 5th, at 3.30 P.M., at which hour the lecture-room was well filled. r u A Mr John Birkinbine, the President of the As- sociation, presided, making some general remarks on the growth of the organization, which had been started thirteen years ago, in May, 1886, and stated that all the advances in forestry which had been made by the State, as well as the education of the people to the value of forestry principles, could be traced to and had inception in the Association, He then introduced Dr. W. P. Wilson, Director of the Museums. Dr. Wilson described the objects of the Mu- seums, calling attention to the exhibits which were placed in various parts of the room. Sev- eral cases were devoted to insects and larvae which are injurious to trees, the larvae, insect, moth, etc., being shown, as well as the ravages which they make on the leaves and wood of the trees. Another table contained samples of resin, wax, rubber, etc., obtained from trees, while on others were arranged polished and plain samples of va- rious ornamental and useful woods. In the build- ing were 75 rooms devoted to exhibits, princi- pally of raw products, from different parts of the world, it being the finest collection in this respect in the world. Dr. Wilson also called attention to some small pine trees from Germany which had enlarged rings due to the knocking oft' of portions of the bark by the horns of deer. The sap or food of the tree flows upward in the centre of the tree, and down on the inside of the bark. When the latter is bruised and knocked off it causes a stoppage of this downward flow, and thus causes the enlarged excrescences or rings. A sample of linaloe, a very fragrant wood from Mexico and Brazil, was also shown. Mr. Birkinbine then spoke of the desire of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association to secure the retention of Dr. Rothrock as Forestry Com- missioner of Pennsylvania, introducing Dr. J. T. Rothrock, our present, and, we hope, prospective. Forestry Commissioner. Dr. Rothrock gave an address on '' The Rela- tion of the Museums to Forestry." The value of research in extending the uses of materials was dwelt upon. It is now shown that the mangrove is an excellent substitute for the hemlock in the tanning industry, and but for a diff'erence in the color now prescribed by fashion, which might easily be changed, is just as good for this pur- pose. This is a valuable thing to know, particu- larly as the Pennsylvania hemlock industry, worth some $15,000,000 annually to the State, is rapidly decreasing. The white pine which once covered the hillsides is now so nearly gone that the amount remaining could be exhausted in a year by two of our largest modern saw mills. These woods, so valuable to the State, should be reproduced. Other woods could also be raised to advantage. The hickory, so useful in the manufacture of buggy wheels, etc., on account of its lightness, strength and elasticity, has its home in the United States. Trees large enough for this industry can be grown in Pennsylvania in 25 years. Samples of cloths made of wood were also exhibited. He said that the prospects for Pennsylvania's forests were never brighter than now. This is due to the successful efforts to enact legislation and provide other means for the preservation of our timber lands, prominent among which are the laws pertaining to the suppression of forest fires. The hardest part of the enforcement of these laws has been passed, as the counties are becoming con- vinced that it is to their interest to contribute to the expense of preventing and suppressing forest fires. The antagonism to these laws has almost disappeared, and during the last Legislature but little effort was made to repeal them. It has been said that some of the recent forest fires in Penn- sylvania were caused by persons who criminally caused the fires in order to obtain employment in fighting the flames. This might be so, but is not likely, as if anyone had evidence sufficient to war- rant the statement that these fires were caused by persons in order to secure employment, that evi- dence is enough to warrant their arrest, and it is the duty of those having the information to pro- ceed against the guilty parties. That this is not done is good reason to believe that this statement is not founded on fact. Prior to 1889 the loss by fire was about $1,000, - 000 annually ; in 1896 it had fallen to $530,000 ; in 1897 the loss was $390,000, and in 1898, with the present fire laws, but $250,000. This is a decrease in 10 years of over $700,000, and in 1898 it cost but $5000 to do this. Three persons are now under arrest for starting forest fires, while others have been apprehended in Huntingdon county for the same reasons. The Legislature will not meet again for two years, which will give time to enforce the present forestry laws, and much good is expected to be gained in this time ; the outlook was never more hopeful. Dr. Wm. P. Wilson then spoke on ^'Export of Lumber Materials and Sources of Lumber De- mand and Supply." He instanced the almost numberless uses for which wood was used, and spoke of a new industry, viz., the manufacture of silk from wood. A hank of this material, which looks like silk and is made under water from cellulose, was exhibited. It required 60,000 yards of fiber to make a pound of this thread. He then threw on the screen illustrations of the methods of timber-cutting employed in various countries, and spoke of the destruction of the rub- ber trees in Brazil, so that it is now necessary to go from 1500 to 2000 miles up the Amazon be- fore reaching the great rubber forests, those more accessible having been completely cut down. Logging scenes on the Pacific coast, in Australia, etc., were also thrown on the canvas. The great consumption of timber in the United FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. States, amounting to 350 cubic feet per individual per annum, being twenty-five times the amount used by the inhabitants of (^reat Britain, was mentioned, and the statement made that at the present rate of increase the United States in 1900 would probably produce 30,000,000,000 cubic feet of timber, worth about $1,500,000,000. A tea, delightfully arranged by the ladies of the Council, closed a most interesting and well- attended meeting. F. L. B. Spring Arbor Days. IN our last issue we published the text of Gov- ernor Stone's Arbor Day proclamation, in which he appointed April 7th and 28th as Spring Arbor Days in the State of Pennsylvania. The first mentioned was quite generally observed in the eastern section of the State, while in the mountainous and western section the second of the days set apart for this purpose was celebrated. | The inclement weather interfered greatly with the out-of-door programme in Philadelphia and vicinity on April 7th, but the schools quite gener- ally observed the day. One hundred trees were donated by the Civic Club for planting in nine schools, and, despite the rain, these were planted. The programs generally consisted of the reading of the Governor's proclamation, talks of trees and birds, singing, and, where trees were planted, brief, appropriate remarks. At the Taggart School, Fifth and Porter streets, two trees were planted. At the Edwin H. Fitler School, Seymour and Knox streets, quite an elab- orate program, with addresses and music, was car- ried out. At the Alexander Henry School appro- priate exercises were held and five trees planted. At the Northeast Manual Training School an il- lustrated lecture was given in the evening by Prof. John W. Moyer on *MVhere Our Lumber Comes From," in which many valuable facts were given. As showing the amount of lumber used in this State, the lecturer said that last year Philadelphia used, for all purposes, upwards of 400,000,000 feet ; the coal mines of the State, in 1898, 540,- 000,000, while the railroads annually consume 260,000,000 feet. The total consumption an- nually in this State may be reckoned, he said, by billions of feet. Much of the white pine comes, he said, from Michigan and Wisconsin, yellow pine from North Carolina and Georgia, and hemlock from this State. More than 70 per cent, of the surface of Pennsylvania has been denuded of its forests, which is in excess of the forty acres of woodland to sixty acres of cultivated land needed to pre- serve the equilibrium of rainfall, climate and weather conditions generally. Throughout the State April 28th was generally celebrated as Arbor Day, and the following de- scription of the exercises at Huntingdon and Doylestown are given as examples of numerous observances on that occasion. Hinitingdon, /'^.—Special preparations had been made by each teacher in the different ward buildings for the occasion. The little folks sang songs suitable for the day, drilled, and were taught the meaning of the day not only as a tree-planting day, but to create a strong sentiment towards the love for nature and all that is beautiful upon this glorious land. The higher grades rendered more elaborate programs, consisting of songs, declama- tions and compositions bearing upon the day. After the exercises six Norway maples were planted, three at the second ward and three at the fourth ward buildings. The flower beds have been fixed up and plants and bulbs set out. The scholars from the high school, chaperoned by their teacher, spent the remainder of the afternoon in the woods. Tree planting should be encouraged not only in the public schools, but by the citizens and people of the town. The beauties of a place consist of its well kept avenues of trees and shrub- bery. Let the good people of this place take a suggestion and plant shade trees in front of their residences. Doylesto7un, Pa.— kxhox Day, which was ob- served at the National Farm School on Friday, has a special significance, and was observed this vear at that- institution with appropriate exercises. One of the features of the exercises was the plant- ing of memorial trees, in memory of departed supporters of the institution, and of such other de- parted whose names their surviving friends desire to enroll on the Memorial Book of the institution, and in whose memory they desire to have a tree planted. Pennsylvania's New Forestry Legislation. SENATE lULL No 66, the text of which is given below, was passed by the Legislature and signed by the (Governor on April 29, 1899. It is a long step in advance, as it permits of the i)urchase of timbered lands for State Forest Reservations, under proper safeguards, whenever there is available funds in the treasury, without any additional legislation. An act to amend section two of an act entitled *'An act authorizing the purchase by the Com- monwealth of unseated lands for the non-payment of taxes for the purpose of creating a State Forest Reservation, "approved the thirtieth day of March, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, providing for the purchase of land other than that which is advertised for sale for non-payment of taxes, and limiting the cost per acre to be paid for same. Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Represefitatives of the Commonwealth of Pefinsylvania in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That section two of the act entitled '' An act authoriz- ing the purchase by the Commonwealth of un- seated lands for the non-payment of taxes for the purpose of creating a State Forest Reservation, approved the thirtieth day of March, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and ninety-seven," which reads as follows : ^* Section 2. It shall be the duty of the Com- missioner of Forestry to inquire into and examine the location and character of the lands so adver- tised, and if, in his judgment, the same are so located, and are of such a character as to make them desirable to the Commonwealth for the pur- pose of creating and maintaining a Forestry Reservation, he shall have power, at his discretion, to purchase any such lands for and in behalf of the Commonwealth at such tax sales, subject to the right of redemption under existing laws ; Pro- vided, however, that the bid made and the price paid for said lands shall in no case exceed the amount of taxes, for the non-payment of which the same are being sold, and the costs, tor all purchases so made in behalf of the Commonwealth the Auditor-General shall draw his warrant upon the State Treasurer to the order of the county treasurer upon certificate filed by the Commis- sioner of Forestry with the said Auditor-General," shall be, and the same is hereby amended, so as ' to read as follows : '' Section 2. It shall be the duty of the Com- missioner of Forestry to inquire into and examine the location and character of unseated lands adver- tised by the respective county treasurers and the county commissioners of this Commonwealth for sale for non-payment of taxes, and if, in his judg- ment, the same are so located and are of such a character as to make them desirable for the Com- monwealth for the purpose of creating and main- taining a Forestry Reservation, he shall have power at his discretion to purchase any such lands for and in behalf of the Commonwealth at such tax sales, subject to the right of redemption under existing laws; Provided, however, that the bid made and the price paid for said lands shall in no case exceed the amount of taxes for the non-pay- ment of which the same are being sold and the costs. For all purchases so made in behalf of the Commonwealth the Auditor General shall draw his warrant upon the State Treasurer to the order of the county treasurer, upon certificate filed by the Commissioner of Forestry with the said Audi- tor General ; Provided, further, that the Commis- sioner of Forestry shall have power to purchase unseated lands other than such as are advertised for sale for the non-payment of taxes, upon such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon with the owners of such land. Provided, that such purchase shall be approved by the Governor and the Board of Property, consisting of the Attorney General, Secretary of the Commonwealth, and Secretary of Internal Affairs. And provided, fur- ther, that in no case shall the price paid for such unseated land exceed the assessed value of the same. For all purchases so made in behalf of the Commonwealth the Auditor General shall draw his warrant upon the State Treasurer to the order of the grantor upon certificate filed by the Com- missioner of Forestry, with* approval as aforesaid. Provided, that in no case shall the amount paid for any tract of land purchased under the provis- ions of this act exceed the sum of five dollars per acre > > A Forest Fire in Pike County. JN company with the companion of my life and travels it was my good fortune to enjoy the hospitality of the Adams family in their home, Huntingtower, near Dingman's Ferry, Pike County, Pa. , , u From the wide piazza in front of the house the mountains of Northern New Jersey, eleven miles away, are distinctly visible. It is a region of lakes, waterfalls and well-stocked trout streams.- Early May, in this spring of 1899, will be re- membered as of more than usual drought, and forest fires were frequent and severe. When we reached Huntingtower, on May 9th, a furious conflagration was raging in the neighbor- ing forests. . . \11 day on the 9th and loth the citizens of the re^rion were stubbornly contesting its advance. By the night of the loth it was under control, though not until it had ravaged many miles di- rectly and caused the destruction of considerable areas over which, in self-protection, the citizens were obliged to resort to '' back-firing." 1'he special point I desire to make here is that almost the entire community was at work on the fire line. It was not a case of legal compulsion, but the voluntary service of neighbor to neigh- bor The community realized that these succes- sive fires mean real destruction of growing forest X'"' ? ■ 38 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. wealth, as well as the destruction, often, of fences, farm buildings, saw mills and lumber. The hearti- ness with which the work was entered upon and sustained was in strong contrast with the perfunc- tory labor which the same community would have given to '' working out the road tax," and might even be considered as indicating that they re- garded fighting fires as a more important public service than mending roads. These statements lead naturally to the inquiry as to whether or not there is any truth in the as- sertion that there is a numerous class in our State who would start forest fires for the purpose of ob- taining payment for suppressing them. Those who were engaged in fighting fires were many of them typical mountain men, and instead of their actions or conversation indicating the pos- sibility of their purposely starting forest fires, it was, on the other hand, evident that the incendi- ary would have fared badly if they could have captured him. The loyalty and mutual helpfulness of the com- munity in the hour of a common danger was marked enough to compel respect and admiration. R. Timber Reserves in Washington. PR. J. W. CLOES, Superintendent of United States Forestry for Washington, made a tour of inspection through the Mount St. Helens district, back of Puget Sound. The area examined he purposes to add to the Rainier re- serve, finding over 600 square miles of semi- mountainous territory. He went from Chehalis up the Lewis river nearly to its head, crossing over to the Clallam river, and up the Columbia river to the Little White Salmon river, where the government fish hatchery is located, which is at the corner of the reserve. The land traversed was unfit for agriculture, but bearing the finest of timber. It is very rough, and only fit for a forest reserve, in the superintendent's opinion. The proposed addition to the reserve will cover 792 square miles, and will include Mount St. Helens, which is 9750 feet in height. Dr. Cloes said that he arrived on the Clallam river just in time to prevent a loss to the govern- ment of millions of the finest timber in the world. A lumber company was about to begin stripping two townships on the Clallam, with the intention of shipping the logs to Portland, Ore. Each section of land would yield 40,000,000 feet, making a total of 2,880,000,000 feet of the finest timber. Four sections were covered with the best of Alaska cedar, a valuable wood, very light and susceptible of a high polish. This sounds like a big story, and it looks queer that a logging com- pany would venture on such a vast robbery of government timber. The company had already put in a log chute five-eighths of a mile long, leading to the Clallam river, and another on the Lewis river. The chutes were substantial affairs, and cost fully $5,000. The timber which the loggers intended to cut off was on a high plateau above the river, and the company had graded a fine road along the bluff for the passage of teams. The only timber that had been taken out when Dr. Cloes arrived was a few hundred feet from a settler's claim. The settler had not proved up and could not legally sell the timber. The plan of the company was to colonize the two townships, which would require about 300 squatters or entry men. Thus it was thought the timber could be cut and removed with impunity. The fact was, the forestry superintendent claims, that the land had only just been surveyed, and the survey had not yet been accepted. In one township the surveyor had made a mistake, and the work will have to be done over again. For this reason the land is not yet on the market. If the superintend- ent's recommendation carries with the Interior Department the land will be added to the reserve, and thus the company will be balked in its inten- tion to cut the timber, and will lose a pile of money in expenditures for preparations. The superintendent says that the country really is not habitable, as in the winter it is covered with snow, sometimes to the depth of 20 feet. There are no settlers on the addition to the reserve ex- cept a few squatters, the customary advance guard to regular occupancy. They do nothing in the agricultural line except to raise a few half-frozen garden vegetables for their own use. The proposed addition to the reserve will include part of Clark, Cowlitz, Lewis and Skamania counties. The Rainier reserve, including the Pacific re- serve, now covers about 33,000 scpiare miles, and the Olympic reserve, west of Puget Sound, about 33,030 square miles. — Northwestern Lumberman. — The best Cuban mahogany comes from the eastern end of the island, barring, of course, the extreme easternmost point, which is practically untouched, l)ecause of inaccessibility. Divide the island into four equal lengths by imaginary Hues running north and south, and the two eastern (luarters represent the principal mahogany section. The second quarter as you go towards the west does not produce as large, fine or well figured trees as the eastern (quarter, or else the best have already been cut out. The Wood Lot Idea. KX-GOVERNOR UPHAM, of Marshfield, Wis., is reported to have said lately that there is an unusual immigration of settlers into the northern counties of Wisconsin, who are buying land which has been cleared of timber and is found to make the very best of agricultural area. Many of the newcomers are from adjoin- ing States, but many are also from various parts of Wisconsin. These people are settling on and improving hundreds of acres of land from which the timber has been taken and are making for themselves excellent farms. Northern Wisconsin being naturally adapted to timber growth, settlers can easily grow second crop timber to furnish themselves fuel and small timber for fencing and other farm purposes. The owners of the land who are promoting settlement and farm development should educate the newcomers to the desirability of planting a portion of the land purchased to trees, or of foster- ing the second growth on a portion of each farm so that the generations to come may have fuel and timber. Such a treatment of the denuded area would add greatly to the wealth of the State as well as to its beauty. There is nothing more desolate, forbidding and wretched than a treeless waste of country where once there abounded magnificent primeval forests. The farmers of the lower counties of Michigan and the opulent stretch of country in northern Indiana seem to have realized this, for on each farm has been reserved a wood lot, which lends a charm to the landscape that is a delight to every traveler through those sections. Though the lumbermen of northern Michigan have swept the country bare of timber over wide areas, a growth can be restored if the set- tlers on these denuded lands can be made to under- stand that they can reafforest a portion of their estates, and that it is to their interest to do so. If it could be done it would be well to make a stipulation in each sale that there shall be re- served a few acres of land devoted to tree growth. Here also is where the State can come to the rescue in promoting forest growth. It can remit a portion of the taxes on every farm on which there is an allotment of a certain portion of forest culture. Pennsylvania has a law to that effect, and Minnesota gives a bounty to farmers planting and cultivating groves of trees. Perhaps the bounty system would work better than the remis- sion of taxes, for each new neighborhood needs all the tax money for improvements that can be obtained. But some efficient method should be adopted to reafforest the denuded areas of Wis- consin which are being parceled into farms, and the men who have grown wealthy in lumbering could well devote some of their time and money in promoting the good work of reafforestation among the farmers and their \iQ\^\xig-..— American Lumberman. ^=5-fi^- Report of the Pennsylvania Forestry Com- niission for 1898. THE Department of Agriculture has issued Bulletin No. 41, containing the prelimi- nary reports of the various divisions of the Department ; among others that of the Commis- sioner of Forestry. . r - - The first i)ortion of the report gives a definition of what the much mooted '' unseated land " really is together with a suggestion that some legislation should be passed in regard to the ordinary tres- passers or squatters on timber lands. It also calls attention to the law for protecting fruits, gardens, crrowing crops, grass, etc., and punishing trespass, which makes a penalty not exceeding fitty dollars for each and every ofi^ence. It also mentions the act in regard to partially relieving forest lands from taxation, presented by Hon. Ziba X . Moore, which was duly passed by the Legislature and presented in full in these columns. The direful results of the removal of the forest cover thus increasing our areas of evaporation and reducing the areas of water retention, are tersely and pointedly set forth. \ detailed statement of the total cost ot sup- pressing forest fires in 39 counties,* which had re- ported \ip to that date, January 19, 1899, shows that it was but 52664.06, truly a small amount, repaying the State in value preserved over a hun- dred fold. , J r \ttention is drawn to the inexact method ot re- porting timber lands by the assessors of the State, which should be corrected. Also to the advisa- bility of the State securing tracts of land which for any reason should be specially valuable to it. The importance of the wood-pulp industry is pointed out, and large areas in Pennsylvania which are now worthless might well be devoted to rais- ing a profitable crop of pulp wood, as the demand is much greater than the supply. ^ . c Insect depredations and the best method of nlanting forest seeds are also taken up. At the time of the publication of the report the total purchases of unseated lands by the State were ;;,28i acres and 84 perches, located in Cameron, Clearfield, Clinton, Elk, Lycoming, Monroe and Pike Counties, of which 3037 acres and 68 perches has been redeemed. We would advise our readers to secure a copy of this Bulletin and preserve it for reference. I ||: 40^ FOREST LEAVES. The Black Spruce (Picea nigra, Link). A FTER considerable inquiry Professor Sar- r^ gent appears to have reached the conclu- '* sion that the red spruce in Pennsylvania is found usually on the dry ground, and that the black spruce is a dweller in our cooler swamps. The former is a larger tree than the latter, and its center of greatest present abundance is in Wyo- ming County. The black spruce, which appears in the illustrations of this number comes from Pike County, Pennsylvania. The maximum size of the black spruce in these sphagnum swamps is perhaps eighty feet high, with a diameter across the stump of twenty-six inchcvs. Counting the rings, I found there were sixty- three in a stump of eight and a half inches in diameter. This was, perhaps, a fair average. The bark of the black spruce is, as the illustra- tion shows, quite as scaly as that of the so-called red spruce, and of an ashy gray or dark gray color, often verging toward black. The foliage is, on the lower branches of an adult tree, almost always of the single form, while that of the topmost branches is of the double. In other words, the distinction between double and single spruce, so called, is of exceedingly small value. The foliage is dark green in color, each leaf with a curve toward the tip of the branch, though lighter in color and somewhat convex in the fresh leaf and channeled in the dry on the side toward the tip of the branch, and is slightly keeled on the 0|)posite darker side. The leaves are from a quar- ter to almost half an inch in length. The cones are from oval to broader than long when opened ; the scales being entire or but slightly toothed. The smallest mature cone was five-eighths of an inch long, and the longest was an inch and an eighth. The purplish brown clusters of male flowers are about half an inch long, and usually appear on or near the tips of the branchlets, often in pairs, or even in clusters. . The wood of this spruce makes good beams and light spars, though it is probably more knotty than the red spruce. In the Pike County sphagnum swamps it seems to be supplanting the white pine. There was a striking example of its reproduc- tion found where, in the top of a decaying white ])ine stump two feet across, there were found thirty- two young trees growing. These small spruces grew from seeds dropped there by the red squirrels as they opened the cones. Pive years ago Mr. Arthur Adams called my attention to this cluster. The trees were then at least two years old. At their present age of seven or eight years they were about two feet high. I have paid some attention to our Pennsylvania spruces and confess that I am not yet able to cleaily distinguish between the black and red species or varieties. The above statement is published simply to record my observations on what is called the black spruce in Pike County, and with no intention of committing myself to any opinion as to the sys- tematic relations of the two forms. Neither the length, the shape, nor the period of persistence of the cones, the color of the foliage, nor the stout- ness of the branchlets, nor all of the characters combined, have thus far enabled me to always dis- tinguish between the forms which I know exist. The trouble appears to be that the characters as given may be associated in part with either form. This statement is merely preliminary to a fuller study. - J. T. RoTHROCK. Scientific Forestry in New York. THE State of New York will make an experi- ment of scientific forestry which is of great importance. It is possibly the first trial ever made in this country to determine the com- mercial results of cultivating timber under condi- tions which will cause the results obtained to be of general practical value. In saying this we are not unmindful of Mr. Gifford Pinchot's interesting development of the Biltmore property in North Carolina, and of his valuable report upon it, but the conditions under which that development has been made were special and not general. There is also a possibility of further experiments result- ing from an offer rtiade during the past year by the Forestry Division of the United States Agri- cultural Department to all owners of timber land. The terms of this offer are, in general, to make surveys and furnish opinions, directions and, in some cases, supervision of timber culture. Sub- stantial results from this proposed partnership investigation are to be hoped for rather than to be expected. Under a special act of the New York Legislature the State has bought 30,000 acres of timber land in townships 23 and 26, Franklin county, and placed its management under the control of the new State College of Forestry at Cornell Univer- sity. It is in the Saranac Lake region, has navi- gable water connection with the railroad, and its average distance from the Adirondack Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad is about eight miles. This is important, because it is a fixed fact that no successful hardwood lum- COPVRIGHTED 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. 3. ev J. T. ROTHflOCK. I ^Tt^j ''*^': «* ■•^iA-'rk / 0 i • "N, «s i • :>^-% ^.ip^ * '^-^ -• 1 -J * ' '.51. » . ,vV.. : ¥^ ^ ^: 5B*. V. 'V^^'.<. ^ A/-". 1 'r¥-4 -Tj R.i«*- ~. t»^:^ :< 1: ; i ^ / '< V; .^^ 3AJ »r. -•^••:. } m.'^ )f» *"^ . .. \ -. •f -•• '<• :>«;- -/ :v^ 5 J - '^ ^ ' BLACK SPRUCE. (PiCEA nigra, Link.) SWAMPS OF PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. 40 COPYRIGHTED 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. 3. BY J. T. ROTmHOCK. FOREST LEAVES. The Black Spruce (Picea nigra, Link). A FTER considerable inquiry Professor Sar- /^ gent appears to have reached the conclu- '* sion that the red spruce in Pennsylvania is found usually on the dry ground, and that the black spruce is a dweller in our cooler swamps. The former is a larger tree than the latter, and its center of greatest present abundance is in Wyo- ming County. The black spruce, which appears in the illustrations of this number comes from Pike County, Pennsylvania. The maximum size of the black spruce in these sphagnum swamps is perhaps eighty feet high, with a diameter across the stump of twenty -six inches. Counting the rings, I found there were sixty- three in a stump of eight and a half inches in diameter. This was, perhaps, a fair average. The bark of the black spruce is, as the illustra- tion shows, (^uite as scaly as that of the so-called red spruce, and of an ashy gray or dark gray color, often verging toward black. The foliage is, on the lower branches of an adult tree, almost always of the single form, while that of the topmost branches is of the double. In other words, the distinction between double and single spruce, so called, is of exceedingly small value. The foliage is dark green in color, each leaf with a curve toward the tip of the branch, though lighter in color and somewhat convex in the fresh leaf and channeled in the dry on the side toward the tij) of the branch, and is slightly keeled on the opposite darker side. The leaves are from a quar- ter to almost half an inch in length. The cones are from oval to broader than long when opened ; the scales being entire or but slightly toothed. The smallest mature cone was five-eighths of an inch long, and the longest was an in( h and an eighth. The ])urplish brown clusters of male flowers are about half an inch long, and usually appear on or near the tips of the branchlets, often in ])airs, or even in clusters. The wood of this spruce makes good beams and light spars, though it is probably more knotty than the red spruce. In the Pike County sphagnum swamps it seems to be supplanting the white pine. There was a striking example of its reproduc- tion found where, in the top of a decaying white ])ine stump two feet across, there were found thirty- two young trees growing. These small spruces grew from seeds dropped there by the red squirrels as they opened the cones. P ive years ago Mr. Arthur Adams called my attention to this cluster. The trees were then at least two years old. At their present age of seven or eight years they were about two feet high. I have paid some attention to our Pennsylvania spruces and confess that I am not yet able to clearly distinguish between the black and red species or varieties. 'Ilie above statement is published simply to record my observations on what is called the black spruce in Pike County, and with no intention of conuiiitting myself to any opinion as to the sys- tematic relations of the two forms. Neither the length, the shape, nor the period of persistence of the cones, the color of the foliage, nor the stout- ness of the branchlets, nor all of the characters combined, have thus far enabled me to always dis- tinguish between the forms which I know exist. The trouble appears to be that the characters as given may be associated in part with either form. This statement is merely preliminary to a fuller studv. J. T. Roth ROCK. 1 Scientific Forestry in New York. r I ^HE State of New York will make an experi- ment of scientific forestry which is of great importance. It is possibly the first trial ever made in this country to determine the com- mercial results of cultivating timber under condi- tions which will cause the results obtained to be of general practical value. In saying this we are not unmindful of Mr. Gifford Pinchot's interesting development of the Biltmore property in North Carolina, and of his valuable report upon it, but the conditions under which that develoj)ment has been made were special and not general. There is also a possibility of further experiments result- ing from an offer rhade during the past year by the Forestry Division of the United States Agri- cultural Department to all owners of timber land. The terms of this offer are, in general, to make surveys and furnish opinions, directions and, in some cases, supervision of timber culture. Sub- stantial results from this pro})Osed partnership investigation are to be hoped for rather than to be exj)ected. Under a special act of the New York Legislature the State has l)OUght 30,000 acres of timber land in townships 23 and 26, Franklin coimty, and placed its management under the control of the new State College of Forestry at Cornell Univer- sity. It is in the Saranac Lake region, has navi- gable water connection with the railroad, and its average distance from the Adirondack Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad is about eight miles. This is important, because it is a fixed fact that no successful hardwood lum- \ BLACK SPRUCE. (PiCEA nigra, Link.) SWAMPS OF PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vit, No. 3. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. ¥ ? TRUNK Of BLACK SPRUCE. (Picea nigra, Link.) SWAMPS OF FIKE COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA. •11 COPYRIGHTEO, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vil, No. 3. BY J. T. ROTHROCK « BRANCH OF BLACK SPRUCE. (Picea nigra, Reduced one-half. PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. Link.) COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. 3. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. TRUNK OF BLACK SPRUCE. (Picea nigra, Link.) SWAMFS OF FIKE COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE Forest Lf:aves, Vol. vii., No. 3. BY J. T. ROTHROCK COPYRIGHTED, 1899. BRANCH OF BLACK SPRUCE. (PiCEA nigra, Reduced one-half. PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. Link.) I'^f FOREST LEAVES. M^ bering can be done without cheap transportation^ To be more exact, although it .s dangerous to make exact statements on this subjec , >* is gener- ally true that the birch, beech, maple and black Cher y in the Adirondacks cannot now be profit- ablvTaken out unless the teams can make n.ore £ one trip a day. Throughout this tract h- is a short team haul to water, where flatboats can take the logs to the railroad. Professor B. E. Fernow, Director and Dean ot the State College of Forestry, will have charge ol the Sng, marketing and subsequent planting of the timber trees at this e'^Pet'ment station The chances of success in this have nothing to do with the case. The tie-timber, the cabinet woods as well as the soft woods, are disappearing 7rom ^hL country, and unless the -ttings can be at least partially replaced by new growth, there is a Sat problem surely but slowly looming up , ^nl whic'h seriously affects the economic conditu^ns of many industries. Its solution '^'^^J^^^j^^*; one of the functions of government, rather than the responsibility of private enterprise. Professor Fernow expects to make this exper „ent not only sdf-suppor ing bu^^ tojiave^^. cash account with the btate snow receipts over expenditures. "^.^^'"'^'J^^; o ronductin? this experiment station, undertake to Tke eSits of tJe profit or the loss of vanous soecific undertakings in forestry ; of the rate oi gSh of valuable'trees under de^^n^^d cond - Lns, as well as of the different "methods of pant^ ing, care, cutting and marketing -> ^ ^; j; *° continuous wood farming.-y?a;/;wv the persons or corporations for State forestry purpose's 111 be divided by the State forestry board and disposed as follows to wit : « Firsf One-third shall belong to the State, to reimburse' the State for the care and protection of he forests thereon and for the non-P^y™^"* ^^ taxes thereon to the State, county and town, w£h third (/3) shall be divided betwe^^^^^^^^^^^ State, county and town where the land .s.tuated, as folows, to wit: One-half (>4) to the State one fourth (K) to the county, and one-fourth ^'iir'rTl^- thirds (^3) shall be paid to such public educational institution or system in the State as the grantor may designate in the tdtf co" eyanci or in a -Pa-Je instrurnen executed as deeds of land are reqm ed to be exe cuted and recorded in the ofifice of the register ot deeds' of the county where the land is situated or by will. But in case the g^ntor fai s to so des^g rcr &'^the Lr^ t^puir fcpi : sten of the State and the University of Mm- Sa, the public -hool system to have hr^^^ fourths {%) thereof, and thesa.d University have one-fourth (J^) thereof. -^w^turns The question of such prompt financial returns in forestry has not yet been so seriously considered in IhKountry. We hope Minnesota -ay n^^ ^e disappointed. •' ' _In Minnesota a law just passed authorizes Park Boards in cities to plant trees when peU^ ,oned by P-P47j:-::aTrr-ts alront expense of maintaining the trees for three years and replacing any that may die. FOREST LEAVES, ii Ii ;l III Historic Trees of Philadelphia. Read before the New Century Club, Philadelphia. ONE needs to live in the vicinity of Phila- delphia but a short time to find that the historic trees of the old city, either liv- ing or existing only in records, are very few. The city fathers of the past seem to have had no greater love for the beauties of nature than their descendants in office to-day. The trees which the British soldiers did not cut down for fuel were attacked by an act of the corporation '' to guard against fire and stagnant air," but the distinguished citizen, Francis Hopkinson, wrote a satirical article which had the effect of saving some. Even in William Penn's.time ''they also talked of cutting off trees to purify the air," Mr. Watson tells us. Yet it was Penn's idea that the ''city should be as green as a country town." The tree which will remain the longest in and be the dearest to memory is Penn's Treaty Tree. In 1682 William Penn and the Indians met un- der its branches and agreed to live in peace with each other "as long as the sun and moon should endure." It is said the tree was venerable, of great magnitude and most impressive grandeur. The British General Simcoe revered it so much that he ordered his soldiers not to touch it. The Annals inform us that " it stood long the stately witness of the solemn covenant— a lasting em- blem of unbroken faith, ' pledged without an oath and never broken.' " It was blown down on the 3d of March, t8io, and its age was counted to be 283 years. Numerous relics were made from it. A chair was presented to Dr. Benjamin Rush, and another to the Commissioners of Ken- sington. One of the chairs is now in Independ- ence Hall. A marble monument has been erected in Kensington on the site where the tree stood. It is re])orted that a shoot from the root grows near the spot. Shoots from the elm tree have been planted in various places, four of which, at least, are in existence to-day : one in Cooper Square, Camden ; one in the yard of the Friends' Meeting, on Twelfth Street, below Mar- ket; one in the grounds of the Pennsylvania Hospital, and one at Laurel Run, Pa. A grand- child of the Treaty Tree is on the circle in front of the main building of the University of Penn- sylvania. Several poems were written about the Treaty Elm. There is an old one by Judge Peters, beginning — '* Let each lake a relic from that hallowed tree Which, like Penn, whom it shaded, immortal should be — As the pride of our forests let elms be renowned For the justly prized virtues with which they abound ; ** For the Patron of Justice and Peace there displayed His most welcome good tidings beneath its fair shade, And furnished examples for all future times. That justice and peace may inhabit all climes." The list of trees which existed from the time of the founding of Philadelphia until about 1840 is very short, and their location shows us that they have probably long ago succumbed to the march of civilization, if not to age. The largest tree recorded is the big oak tree which was on the Almshouse grounds, and in 1837 was 240 years of age. It was in a state of decay then. At two feet above the ground it was 14 feet 7 inches in circumference, its greatest diameter being 5 feet 4 inches. It was about 50 feet in height, and its limbs extended for nearly the same distance in all directions. The first seckel pear- tree appeared on the country place of Mr. Lawrence Seckel, on what was then known as the Neck. How it came there he did not know, and he was for many years ignorant of its excellent fruit. The tree was growing in the time of Mr. Seckel' s father, and was l)rol)ably a relic of the Dutch or Swedish settlers. (Jn the site of the custom house grew the first yellow willows, which, we are told, attained to "a great stature." The introduction of the tree was an accident. Dr. Franklin found a wicker basket sprouting either in Dock Creek or in a boat on the creek. He gave some cuttings from it to Charles Norris, who planted them on his property. In time these trees extended along the Fifth Street side of his garden, while a long row of large ( atalpa trees shaded the front on Chestnut Street. Someone has said that all the yellow willows of this part of the country came from the old basket. The Governor's Woods and Hudson's Apple ()r( hard were two of the best known groups of trees of the early days. The former was cut down and sold to the British for fuel. The tall pine trees by Edward Shippen*s "(ireat House" on Dock Street, were promi- nent objects in the city. There are fragments of a story existing of a Courting Tree upon the property of his descendant. Dr. Edward Shippen, under which his daughter Margaret and Benedict Arnold used to walk, but the details have been lost. Caterpillars attacked the fine elms in the State House Scpiare, which had been planted in 1784 and had reached large size. Probably the day of remedies for these evils had not arrived, for the trees were cut down. We wish that the authori- ties had shown a little patience, for, had the trees escaped the axe, they might have lived and been revered by generations yet to come. i^/ FOREST LEAVES. *4S- - Bv the State House Inn, near the State House, stood " the last remains within the city precincts, as we are told, " of that primitive forest which had been the contemporary of Penn, the founder. These walnut trees viewed the varying changes ot the city from before Penn's landing to i8i». Yet even these relics of antiquity had to be cut down to make way for the so-called "public '""K fines" tree in the city is the Uundas elm, at Broad and Walnut streets, whicli is variously estimated from 150 to 400 years of age. It was once a part of the Vauxhall Gardens, which occupied the land in that locality. On September ri8i9, when a mob, incensed at the failure of an announced balloon ascension, set fire to the garden, the flames spread to the branches of the tree several times, but were promptly extin- guished by the firemen. In 18^0, Mr. Dundas, in whose garden the elm stands, imported a full-grown hawthorn tree from Scotland, and he was so successfu that the tree still lives. He also planted a large Southern matrnolia one of the first in the city. , , , , . ly the enlarging of its borders, Philadelphia no^includes a' number of trees which because of their origin or of some special association are worthy of a position above their surrounding 'Tofersof forestry should be grateful to John Bartram for the most interesting historic trees in Phnldelphia in existence to-day. Had he known of the attention which would be paid to his garden a hundred years after his death he m.ght have left more complete records of its contents for with the exception of that of the pear tree, all the other accounts are but fragmentary. In 1743, I-ady Petre, of England sent to John Bartram tne pear seeds, one of -h.ch grew to maturity. The tree lives and bears fruit It is Tt large, for it is said in one of the descriptions o?it thft' ' the pyrus is of slow g-wth but attains a greater age than any other fru.ttree. In 17^3 Tohn Bartram wrote to a friend: ihe pear ate^d nom her seed (meaning lady Petre) hath home a number of the^^nest fr . t th.nk^a better is not in tne \\oriu. \\ , ^ George Washington stood under the branches and ate of the fruit of this tree, as did probably Franklin and other celebrated friends of John ^^ThTcypress tree which was brought from Florida by Bartram in his saddle-bags m 1769 stm standi though dead, and is, because of ,t size, one of the most conspicuous objects in the ^^The' Christ's thorn, growing near the stone trough carved by Bartram, was sent to him from the Holy Land. It is supposed to be a specimen of the thorn from which Christ's crown was made. It is now, because of its age, fastened to the house with an iron band. . The two large boxwoods of a rare variegated variety were given him by the Earl of Bute about • 17.0,— one from Smyrna, the other from 1 urkey. One of the trees was kept trimmed in the shape of a keystone as long as the property remained in the family. ,,,.,,. When John Bartram and his son William were in the South in 1765 they discovered near Fort Barrington, on the Altamaha River, '" pflg'^, a species of the Gordonia, which they called Frank- linia, for they thought that its great beauty entitled it to the honor of bearing their friend Franklin's name. Since 1790 it has not been found growing in a wild state, though repeated search has bfen made for it. Notwithstanding that its habitat is lost, there are numerous speci- mens throughout the world, descendants of the trees and seeds collected by the Bartrams. In spite of newspaper reports to the contrary au- thentic records tell us that the large tree of this snecies planted by Bartram on his grounds was bCn down a few years ago. In old gardens now a part of Fairmount Park are specimens of Franklinia probably dating back to the time of this earlv botanist. . .. The fi^rst specimen of the gingko tree in Phila- delphia was presented by William Hamilton, the £ mer owne'r of the grounds, to Woodland Ceme- te y. An account says : "It is still regarded as one of Philadelphia's arboreal treasures, and tree ! °ox^rs from distant parts of the globe, when m th. j dt), journey to the cemetery to see the magnificent '''o'nThaif of the money left to the .^merican Philosophical Society in 1855 by M.chaux, the French botanist, " to contribute to the extension and progress of agriculture, and more especial y svlviculture in the United States," was given to t^e Fairmount Park Association. A fe-ove caUed the Michaux Grove has been begun_ I is to consist of two specimens of every oak suited to ""But ou^Park contains more ancient trees than these At Lemon Hill could be seen in recent feart two poplars and a pine tree which flourished in Revolutionary times. ,fnvptte The walnut tree planted by General ^^afayette in 1824, at Belmont Mansion, is believed to be 't;Seir"washington and Judge Peters were walkng in the garden at Belmont, the Judge handed the President a large Spanish chestnut. I I < -J. '^ ''! '• ( FOREST LEAVES. General Washington proposed that it be planted, so the Judge made a hole in the ground with his cane. Washington threw the nut in and it was carefully covered over. To-day a large chestnut tree grows near the house, which some say is the original, others that it is the lineal descendant of the tree which grew from tlie chestnut planted by George Washington. After Cieorge Nicholson, Curator of the Royal Botanical (rardens, at Kew, England, visited America, he wrote: ''Germantown is a place which every foreigner interested in American trees should visit, as the people of that suburb of Philadelphia loo years ago were specially inter- ested in the introduction and cultivation of rare trees, and the first cultivated specimens of several American trees were planted there and may still be seen." Particularly is the Johnson garden favored by trees of this kind. There are found there among other valuable trees a yew which dates from 1800, and a silver fir. The story that the latter was planted by Washington cannot be true, as it was planted by Mr. Johnson, who then owned the property. The remains of an old orchard can also be seen on Main Street, which was planted in 1744 by John Wistar. On Gorgas Lane are several pear trees with massive trunks, claimed to be from 125 to 150 years of age. This makes the trees almost as old as the Petre pear tree of Bartram's Ciarden. They surround a house which was occupied as a hos- pital during the battle of Germantown, and the fruit was used as a food for the sick soldiers. We would expect to find historic associations with the trees of the Chew place, but the insects destroyed the fine elms so successfully that only one survives. The tradition is that the grove of giant hem- locks at Stenton, the country place of James Logan, Penn's secretary, were planted by William l^enn. Whether or not this is true has not been determined, but they are known to be very old. The largest and oldest tree in (lermantown is the buttonwood on the Heft property. It is a relic of the primeval forest and is over 200 years of age. Some people think that the linden which was on the Vernon estate and blew down a short time ago, vied with the buttonwood as to size and anti(|uity. An old pecan tree, one of the most famous in the city, stood until recently on the grounds of the M. E. Church, (iermantown and High Streets. The seed had been carried by Nuttall, the bota- nist, from Arkansas a century ago. Near what was formerly the Franklin School grows a rare tree. It is one of the species of spruce trees which exists further north than any other of the pine family. Lieutenant Melville removed it here with great difficulty on his return from the Lena Delta. There is a willow tree on one of the private lawns in the same neighborhood which has grown from a slip from the tree on Napoleon's grave at St. Helena. It was brought to this country by Archambault, who held a position in Napoleon's army. A short distance over the city line in Darby is an oak tree deserving of special mention. The tree is named for John Blunston, who was one of the early settlers and owned considerable land in that vicinity. The Blunston oak has for genera- tions served as a landmark for surveyors. It was mentioned in a deed in 1683 as an ancient tree, and yet it is still in a luxuriant condition. There are other old trees in Philadelphia, some of them known to have lived for a hundred and fifty years or more. Perhaps they, too, have a his- tory, and, could they speak, would tell " Of forest chieftains and their vanished tribes, Of perished generations, o'er whose heads Their foliage drooped — which once shadowed The revered Founders of our honored State." Ethet. Austin Shrigley. Lansdowne, Pa. — Commissioner-General F. W. Peck has ap- pointed Dr.Tarleton H. Bean Director of Forestry and Fisheries to the United States Commission at the Paris Exposition of 1900. Dr. Bean was born in Bainbridge, Pa., October 8, 1846. He entered the State Normal School at Millersville, Pa., in 1864, and graduated in 1866. He was engaged in teaching nearly nine years, and in 1874 joined the United States Fish Commission, and remained in the Government service until 1895, passing through nearly every grade of advancement up to the position of Chief of the Division of Fish Culture. Dr. Bean was associated for many years with his preceptor, Dr, J. T. Rothrock, Forestry Com- missioner of Pennsylvania, and worked in his herbarium. He has been a close student and teacher of botany for many years. l^eginning with the Centennial Exhibition in 1876, he has had a varied and full exposition ex- perience, both at home and abroad. In 1895 he accepted the office of Superintendent of the A(|uariinii of New York City, remaining in charge of it until 1898. FOREST LEAVES. 15 5 Forestry at the Paris Exposition. THE Paris Exposition will open April 15 and close November 5, i9°°- Jf'^ grounds are located in the centre of Pans, on the banks of the River Seine, and mclude an area of ^36 acres, or less than one-half of the ex S of th'e grounds occupied by the ^oU.^W Exposition in Chicago in 1893. /^^^ .^^^f;'^ exhibit of the United States ->1 ^^^ ^^^^^t^Vear Palace of Forestry, Fishery and the Chase, near fhe junction of th^ Avenue de Suffren w.th the Seine and in the Annex to that building. '"?£ amount of space available f- foreJ^Y - small and, for that reason, the exhibit mus be chTefly CO lective ; but individtial space will be aUotted to manufacturers, corporations or associa- tions, local or State, as far as circumstances will '^^In'collective exhibits a comprehensive system of labelling will be adopted, g-ing the name and address of the contributor or exhibito , and the locality from whence the specimen was der ved In the case of State or other association exhibm pecial descriptive placards, "eatly framed vv U be conspicuously displayed in or upon the -ase in which such exhibits are installed, in order tnat The cont ibutor shall derive the fullest benefit from the exh bU as an advertisement. Every exhibitor n a collective exhibit will receive the same con- sWeratS. f om the Jury of Awards as if he were exhSng on space allotted to him as an indi- vidual and covering a large area^ The scov)e and character of the exhibit, as ae termined by the French Classification, are as fol- I Class 50. Products of the cultivation of forests and of for- est industries. Specimens of forest products Wood for cabinet work, for building, for fuel , wood that has been worked ; lumber ; staves. Dye woods. Cork; textile barks. banning fragrant, resinous substances, etc. l^roducts of forest industries ; cooper's stock, basket work manufactures of esparto, wooden shoes, wood wool, corks, kiln-dried wood, charcoal, raw pot- ash, etc. Class 54. lows : GROUP IX. FORESTRY, HUNTING, FISHING, GATHKRING WIM> CROPS. Class 49. Annliances and processes used in forestry. Col- lections of eeds. ^ Specimens of indigenous or exodc forest products. Special implements for Sthering, preparing- testing and preserving seeds ; SyiS^hi Implements for nurseries Kqinp- me'nt'for tree culture and torest ^-^^^J^_ rpsses of culture in nurseries. 1 rocesses 01 cui ture and of the management of forests, torest 'Tore'sfworks ; keepers' houses, sawmills, tracks for hauhng tin ber, Lnitation, restocking (with ^imds ei.). Terracmg; ^^f^^nT '^ etc. Planting to hold the surface of dunes. Appliances for gathering wild ^rops and prod- ucts obtained. I. Appliances and implement^ for gathering the products of the soil obtained without culture. 2. Mushrooms. Iruffles Ed - ble wild fruits. Plants, roots, barks, leaves fruUs obtained without cultivation and used by herbal- ists, in pharmacy, dyeing, the man;,'fa'^ture of paper, oils, or for other purposes. India rubber , m woo^ were valued at about thirty-eight --^'^^^ ^^f^^^^ more than three times as much as the nvimng „.f. nnri seven times as much as the exports S' fi^nrJroducts. The importance of a com- ; eht"ve'showing of our --.rces and s c a lies at the great Exposition can hardly be over ^^Setl information can be obtained at the ofi^ce of the U. S. Comm.s.s.on in either New York or Chicago. We hope during the summer months, when ^^f nnr members will be absent on ^•acatlons, ry'wfllueTeir influence to forward the cause Of forestry and also increase our membership. II i tl FOREST LEAVES. fH< P New Publications. The Adirondack Spruce, — A study in Ne-ha- sa-ne Park, by GifTord Pinchot. Pp. 157. New York : Critic Company. This interesting little volume comes as a wel- come addition to our limited forestry literature. Mr. Pinchot, in his work, leans decidedly to the financial side. Mr. Pinchot finds that the average length of the merchantable spruce log is forty -six feet. The tree, owing to superficial roots, is able to thrive on shallow soils, though the best spruce is found on rich flats or moderate slopes with rich, fresh soil. The alnmdance of seeds matured by the spruce insures its perpetuity where other con- ditions are favorable. This is apparently one of the reasons why, in Pike county of this State, the spruce is increasing so much more rapidly than the white pine. While spruce will tolerate shade, it will also grow well in the light after the suppressing shade is removed. Mr. Pinchot regards the Adirondack hemlock as of poorer quality and as having less repro- ductive capacity than that found in Pennsylvania, its increase in diameter being but one inch in twenty -five years. This was the average diameter derived from 141 trees. The most valuable timber in Ne-ha-sa-ne Park was the wild black cherry, though it is not com- mon there. The lesson of this park is one which may be had from other parts of the country — i.e., that in removing, leaving no seed trees, the most valuable species we are leaving only the trees of lesser value '* to perpetuate their kind." ^' Cutting for pulp does more harm than cutting for lumber, because it takes a vastly greater num- ber of trees. ' ' Smothering of young trees by accumulations of brush in lumbering operations is alluded to, a well taken point which has almost never been considered here. ** There is enough small growth in the forest to maintain the present proportion of spruce, under right treatment, for at least one generation, but the problem of increasing its proportion is a diffi- cult one, especially where spruce is the only species that can be marketed." Opening the woods (for a time, at least) in- creases the amount of material made available as plant food, and so aids in the growth of spruce. Mr. Pinchot sustains what has long been a contention with us, that, owing to a short supply of nourishment, rings of yearly growth may be made on the upper part of the stem, but not on the lower, which to a certain extent renders it not always possible to determine the age of a tree by the rings in the stump. (See page 48.) There are a number of volume and yield tables, which add greatly to the value of the book. These show much labor in preparation. The author states that it is, in the long run, most profitable to cut spruce when it is twelve inches and upward in diameter across the stump, and the crop may be sustained best at that stand- ard. We regret that we cannot give more space to this valuable work. J. T. R. — The Agricultural College of the University of Wyoming has published, under title of The Trees of Wyomifig, and How to Know Them, a taking little pamphlet of about fifty pages. It is effectively illustrated and well written. The book- let ought to do good service. — The Report of the Forestry Commission of Wisconsin is published. It contains but 41 pages, but it is full of meat. For a clear out- lining on sound statesmanlike principles of the real issues of forestry and their relations to the future of that Commonwealth it surpasses any- thing we have read in the same number of pages. It does not deal with the technicalities of forestry, for that belongs to a later period ; but it simply shows the need of immediate action on the part of the State, and indicates the lines along which that action should go. There are no seductive promises of large percentages or of any immediate profits ; but the long reach of years which must follow before the State gains anything is frankly stated, and along with this is jilainly indicated the fact that if these vast areas are not placed under scientific treatment there must be a deserted, barren, or, worse still, a popu- lation of ignorant, shiftless ''crackers." The writers have the full courage of their con- victions, for they announce in the most unblush- ing manner that the work in hand is too important to be trusted to i)olitics. It belongs to the domain in which, when faithful, intelligent of- ficials are found, they should be retained. It openly advocates long tenure of office for such men, and does it on grounds which are righteous and sufficient. It does not appear that the bill to establish a system of State forests will be any less costly than our own method of work, though the measure is evidently well adapted to the wants of the State of Wisconsin, and should be made a law as soon as possible. The rubber forests of Brazil are being gradually but surely destroyed. FOREST LEAVES. ILLUSTRATIONS OF TREES MADE BY THE NEW Autoglyphic Process FOHE^T LE\VE^. <>S'«^„" ED IN HIGHEST msf SEND FOR CIRCULAR. Pennsylvania Forestry^ Association FORESTRY SCHOOL AT BILTMORE, N. C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D. P^orester to the Biltmore Estate. NOW READY.— TERMS CASH. ^•^^^ ^-T^^^^Sn'.^i^^V^^^'^^^^^ oak and Allies. Single nnmbfS ^ each. Price of Part I.. Sl.50. Single number., 50 cents each. Price of art II., Sl-oO. Price of each Part, '^^'^^^^^^^'^.^l^^V^^ rrfdu^ti:»rn^Si^^^^w^n«^^^ ^"t^^ mnh'e%^ofmla^^^ author and publisher. GRACEANNA LEWIS, lai Wast Washington Street, Media, Pennsylvania. The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. RATES. I inch, 'A page, 1/ ** 72 (< insertion. $1.00 4.00 7.00 12.00 insertions. $4.00 17.00 30.00 50.00 19 insertions. $8.00 34.00 60.00 100.00 FOREST LEAVES. 4 \ Ml RHODODENDRONS. The glory of every place possessing Rhododendrons is their superb bloom in the latter part of May and early June. The magnificent coloring and huge clusters of flowers in so many shades of pink, violet, rose, purple, and the delicate crean)y- white, give them the first place among the evergreen shmbs. Even their foliage is beautiful and most effective in the dull winter months, when their glossy green leaves add a beauty to the otherwise bare shrubbery. The great decorative value of Rhododendrons is now fully recognized, and every year increases their popularity. We take great pleasure in inviting all admirers of Rhododen- drons to visit our Nurseries during the latter part of May and very early days of June, and we feel sure it will afford great pleasure to every one who sees our fine collection of over five thousand plants in the beauty of full bloom. Single'specimen plants, bushy, well furnished, and well budded, at $1.00, $1.50, $2.00, $3.00, $4.00, $5.00, $6.00, and $7.50 each. Hemlock Spruce. Too much cannot be said in praise of this fine native evergreen. Its form is conical, with somewhat pendulous and very graceful branches, while the foliage is fern-like and delicate. A valuable tree for the lawn, and it also makes a fine hedge plant. SINGLE CLUSTER RHODODENDRON-BLOOM. 12 to i8 inches, i8 to 24 inches, 3 to 3 feet, . . 3 to 4 feet, . . 5 to 6 feet, . . $0 25 each; $i 75 per 10; $15 00 per 100 35 each ; 2 50 per 10; 20 00 per 100 50 each ; 4 00 per 10 ; 35 00 per 100 75 each; 6 00 per 10; 50 od per 100 I 00 each; 8 00 per 10; 65 00 per 100 American Holly. This is one of America's most beautiful evergreens. Its foliage varies very little from that of the English Holly, and its rich clusters of scarlet berries make a good substitute for flowers in the winter shrubbery. It is hardy in almost any locality, and to insure safety in transplanting the leaves should be removed from the plant at that time. Plants, twelve to eighteen inches, 50 cents each ; $5.00 per dozen ; $25.00 per 100. Andromeda Catesbaei. One of the best shade-supporting plants and very useful for ma.ssing as undergrowth. It is a hardy Evergreen Shrub, with stems of dark green and leaves of bronze, coloring beautifuUv during the fall and winter seasons, and in the spring it bears a sweet-scented white flower, blooming very early. Plants, six to twelve inches, 25 cents each ; $2.50 per dozen ; $20.00 per 100. Large plants 50 cents each ; $35.00 per 100. White Pine. One of the most stately and valuable of evergreens ; tall, straight, and handsome, with slender glaucous leaves. 12 to 18 inches, ... $0 35 each; $2 00 per 10; $15 00 per 100 x8 to 24 inches, ... 50 each ; 3 00 per 10; 20 00 per 100 3 to 2^ feet, 75 each; 5 00 per 10; 35 co per 100 1.y^ to 3 feet, i 00 each; 7 5° per 10; 50 00 per 100 5 to 7 feet a 00 each ; 15 00 per 10. WHITE PINE. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA., PA %sy Vol. VII. Philadelphia, August, 1899. No. 4. Published Bi-Monihly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, loia Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Officc as second class matter. CONTENTS. 49 • •••••• •••••• •• • • ■••••••■••**< »«•••. •• ••••••••• ■••••••••••••• •• »••••••••••••• 52 53 54 55 55 EDITORIALS. EVIDENCES of increased appreciation of the necessity of the care of forests and the preservation of tree growth are presented to all who have occasion to travel. Fortunately for the country these evidences are not confined to individual locations or limited to single States, Koot .unocauon • vv"; s -erea L) 5o i although the extent to which forcstd conditions ^'a\f ra^Tr^Te'^Prl^i^^^^^^ t \ ^^^ possibilities are realized are more pronounced .. X. .^__...xr:.„i i„..r..t. 57 .^ ^ ^^^^ States than in others. There is, however, no doubt but that interest in ^^^f . ,^^^ ^, , forestry is growing, and growing rapidly, and those i>L Planting by" a. Raijroad 'ZZlZZl'^l^^Zl. 6i ! who years ago were activc in initial efforts to ex- Editorials :""',; \.'ii"'r.'X Cattle Grazing in the Bear Mead ows, Pennsylvania •••••.• "• 51 Report of Chief Fire Warden of Minnesota ^^ Cream-Colored Buttonwood Trees The San Jose Scale The Gypsy Moth Some Tree Planters Willow Culture in Europe A Proposed Minnesota National Park ..'.'.'.!.......!!!""" 55 Root Suffocation. New England's Vital interests Tree Diseases •; Water-Power Utilization on Farms Annual Timber Destruction in Montana «••••••• •••••• * ■ «••• • ■•••• ••••••••■* ••••••••••• 58 59 60 60 • •••• • • • • • •••••••••** Methods of Tree Planting Beech as Lumber English Timber Supplies -.- "v. ,„, Accoriation New Members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association ...•• ••••••••• • • • • 6x 62 63 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the -^---J^^ 0/ FORBST Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates •wzll 6e fur- nished on application. — — — ^ The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in June, 1886, Labors to di,s.mina« information in ««-"! '° t'currthl'Lact^ National. . . , /^ j u Annual membership fee. One dollar. '°^:.^'!^<::\it^i^^rl^AB. «-«•„«., Chairman M.mber- ■ ship Committee, 5" Walnut Street, Phila. ] 7^fpr1;i&^^rtn\xf,^^^^^ M. JenUins, James C. Haydon, Wm. S. Harvey, ^'^^^^^^^^^^^i^^^k deneral Secretary, Dr. Joseph ^ • J^^^^^f S^ Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy. FifherW! WFrazfer. Charles E. Pancoast, J. Rodman Paul, and Herbert Welsh. Weimer Chairman; Mrs. Henry J. Biddle, Ed'::ifswtft'^Bafch.X^ha;^ Joseph W. Johnson, and Dr. ^^T^t^Hon W N. Ashman, Chairman ; Henry Budd. Charles ni^^eTt 5e;;y Howson. Henry 'C M<^Cormick and John A Siner^ Publication, ]o\in Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. B.tler, J. C. Brooks, B.'wuraU;^hly,andDr._W_.lliam P^^^^^ ^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ WILLIAM WARNER HARPER. Jf^^ribr Alfred L. Elwyn, Chairman; Mrs «/'n/o" .^°'^^. " Ge^ge T. Heston, Mrs. John^P. Lundy, Howard M. Jenkins, Will ^-"^^^l^trSr^a^^^^^^^ ^"^^"^ ^"^^^' Dr 1 Newton Hunsberger, and Charles G. Ogden. QPPICE OF THE ASSOCIATION. XOX2 WaLNUT St., PHILADELPHIA. lam cite interest in the protection and propagation ot forest growths are seeing the seeds of progress which they assisted in planting develop into plants of importance. In late journeys which have covered twenty-five States and a portion of the Dominion of Canada, we saw many evidences of increasing interest in arboriculture and forest care, and found a strong sentiment favoring protection to trees almost uni- versal. These give us renewed faith in the beliet which has been expressed frequently in Forest Leaves that the cause of forestry numbers more friends than its champions realize. To assemble and organize locally the friends of the trees is the problem which offers the most encouragement. While individual expressions of co-operation are encouraging and valuable aids to any movement the best results are obtained by the association ot those interested in a common cause. We are con- vinced that much of the progress made in the in- terest of forestry is due to State and National as- sociations, and realize that this is certainly the case in Pennsylvania. • . Without an organization it would have been im- practicable, if not impossible, to have secured the legislation which has been passed in several States, and the National Forestry Association has demon- strated its value by the influence which it has ex- if .50 / FOREST LEAVES. 4 erted upon Congressional action, especially as re- gards forest reserves. We therefore welcome as an evidence of advance the organization of State or local forestry associa- tions. Each in its own sphere of influence can aid to crystallize a movement which has friends everywhere among those who think. Apparently some who have been active in organized move- ments have become discouraged because the suc- cess hoped for was not immediately evident. In all movements which may be justly considered as strictly pro bono publico, patience and persistence are essential, for the encouragement of personal advancement or private gain is absent, and we trust that these may remain absent so far as forestal improvement is concerned. Therefore, those who are interested in measures for the propagation or protection of forests should not show discourage- ment if other causes apparently less advantageous stimulate the efforts of their champions by the in- ducement of profit or emolument. While the advances in the cause of forestry have appeared slow, an analysis of what has been ac- complished will demonstrate that very encouraging progress has resulted ; but there is much yet to be done, and to secure the desired results consci- entious, persistent efforts on the part of each friend of forestry is necessary. J- ^' 5H * * * * We are not among those who discourage senti- mental interest in forestry, for we appreciate in- dividual trees or forests for their beauty and shade. We however, realize that forestry means more than sentiment. It is business, the influence of which is widespread. One illustration of the business influence of forests will suffice. The presence or absence of forests aff^ect the climate and the water supply, and these aff*ect va- rious industries. The transmission of power by compressed air and by electricity, and improve- ments in water-motors, are well supplemented by a sentiment encouraging the maintenance of for- ested areas, which in turn conserve water so as to increase the value of streams for the production of power. The activity in water-power development will demand recognition of the value of forests for maintaining the flow of streams which are or which may be used for power. J- B. ?£^^- The Philippine Islands are rich in woods, mostly unknown to the rest of the world, says the Scientific American. There are said to be thirty- two tinctorial or coloring woods, which give the entire series of colors or shades. Ebony, of very fine grain, abounds. The magkano of Mindanao is said to be absolutely immune from rot. Cattle Grazing in the Bear Meadows, Pennsylvania. IN the mountain districts of Pennsylvania it has long been a common practice for farmers to drive their young cattle into the mountains for summer pasturage, where, by frequent saltings, they would soon become accustomed to their new surroundings. In the early fall, when food be- came scarce, they would be driven back to the farms again. Indeed, a good deal of the unseated land has been thought to have its chief or only value for this purpose, and it has been hinted that some of the mountain fires are set to clear out the underbrush and make way for a spontaneous growth of bunch grasses and sprouts of various kinds which may serve as food for cattle. That our mountain tracts can ever be reforested, and that in the long run their most profitable use may be in renewing the forest growth, has as yet scarcely entered the minds of our people. Localities difl'er widely, and doubtless there are instances where cattle pasturage is advisable, being the most economical use to which the land can be put ; but one case has recently come to my atten- tion where it was disastrous, and leads one to question whether like unsatisfactory cases are not I more frequent than is generally known. In the heart of the Seven Mountains, in Centre and Huntingdon Counties of this State, lies the '' Bear Meadows," a small area of bog land, familiarly known to everybody in that region, where swamps are a rarity. The bog itself, made up of peat, supports only a coarse sedge, but upon the borders the original tree-growth, now cut off", was very fine and dense, and included some peculiar spe- cies, notably the red and balsam spruces. Else- where the writer has noted something of these features (Forest Leaves, Vol. II., page 5, and Garden and Forest, Vol. V., page 314). \ctive lumber operations were concluded two or three years ago. There has been more or less of fire in the neighborhood each spring, but upon the moist borders, where the young spruces have sprung up in great abundance and vigor, the injury has been small, fire not being able to pene- trate. Tradition has it that many years ago young cattle were driven into the meadows for the sum- mer, but that there was so much loss from venture- some animals becoming mired in the bog that it was Riven up. Latterly the practice has been re- vived, but on a small scale, until this year when some one with an eye to business made public his willingness to herd cattle there for a small money consideration, and, upon this suggestion, a good many farmers responded— so many, indeed, that a^7 FOREST LEAVES. J^ some 270, perhaps 300, it is said, were driven in about the loth of May. It seems, too, that some of the farmers anticipated the fine foraging which their stock were to have by keeping them on rather scant and dry rations at home for a few days. The result was that they went in rather hungry and unaccustomed to green food. The area in question is not large, and a considerable portion of it is not productive of much which cattle eat or ought to eat. After a short time re- ports came that several animals were sick and some had died. Soon the number affected in- creased, and some poisoning or infectious disease was suspected. When nearly 40 had died the owners became alarmed, and, after a good deal of time and trouble spent in the search, the re- mainder were removed. It took one man four days to find his three cattle. Without a closer personal knowledge of the facts or of the veterinarian's examination it is perhaps not wise to seek further for the exact cause of their death. It is the prevalent opinion that they starved to death, or perhaps fell victims to poisonous plants. The latter explanation seems quite probable. Besides the ever-present laurel, the clearing out has probably been followed by a more abundant growth of a number of kinds of marsh and other poisonous plants, enough to make it a dangerous region for young cattle just released from the scant dry fodder of the barnyard. A more important point is that we have here a good illustration of how not to use some moun- tain lands. Here is a district in which the most profitable use lies plainly in keeping up the tree- growth. It has been an agreeable surprise to see how easily and how rapidly reseeding to trees has taken place, and how naturally well protected from fire is all of the moister border ground. Fire has followed the lumbering on the ridges and dry grounds with the usual disastrous results, but has generally stopped short on reaching the low, flat border where the spruces are particularly at home. Hence we may in time expect to have this latter part, at any rate, somewhat restored to its former estate. The whole district, in fact, ought to be under some kind of forest management, and is amenable to it. It is too rough, rocky and inaccessible to be of any cultural value, yet nearly all of it could be made to support a heavy tree -growth by the simpler methods of natural seeding and encouragement, if reasonable protec- tion were aff'orded. But, as the ownership is di- vided among a considerable number, mostly non- residents and speculators, it is a sort of no-man's- land, over which periodically straggle small parties of fishermen, berry-pickers and hunters. Under no restraint, and with the inherited traditions of the country, fire and wanton destruction follow as a matter of course. It is possible to change all this, although it will take time and education to do it. The neighborhood of the '' Bear Meadows " would be a good place to begin. W. A. BUCKHOUT. Reportof Chief Fire Warden of Minnesota. THE Fourth Annual Report of the Chief Fire Warden of Minnesota (1898) comes as its predecessors have, — a welcome addition to our limited forestry literature. It is of 148 pages, and has numerous, well- selected, effective illustrations. About one-half of the book is made up of state- ments concerning the present aspect of Forestry in Europe. It is none the less helpful to us, how- ever, as throughout one may read lessons which it is important we should learn. We are informed that though the year 1898 was a very dry year, Minnesota [under fire warden control] escaped without serious fires, while Wis- consin, Michigan and South Dakota had serious fires. This impresses one with ^'the value of even the little preventive means used " in Minne- sota. The great fire at Hinckley a few years ago was burning for a week ** before the fatal day," and might have easily been extinguished under a good fire-warden system. While there is over a million of dollars ex- pended annually by the cities of Minnesota for protection against fires, the State has spent only about $5000 in the same time for protection against forest fires. This is too great a discrepancy to escape attention, and is worthy of the notice of legislators. The same general statement may be held to apply to Pennsylvania as well as to Minnesota. *^The State [Minnesota] is to be congratulated on the wise and fairly liberal action of the last Legislature in appropriating $20,000 to purchase timbered tracts within the boundaries of the park which still belong to private individuals, and which, through lumbering, were liable soon to become denuded of forest cover, and in a way to expose the rest of the park to serious damage from fires." Thus it will be seen that the young State of Minnesota appropriated just twice the sum in 1898 for the purchase of land that our old, settled, Keystone State did. Dr. C. A. Schenck, of Biltmore, makes in this report a telling point in favor of a State un- dertaking forestry work, — / 11 1I HI x&^ 52" FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 53 "The money expended for tree planting and cutting (when mature), while it gives value to lands which are otherwise worthless, goes to the supporTof the ^laborer, and adds to the strength of the nation." ^ . . . .^^^. The following paragraph is of nationa interest "Of course there should be no haste m this matter • but it is the business of the statesman to Sy the wealth of nations ; and one of the facts Jhltmay well arrest his attention is that where^ England and France together last year imported luniber and wood to the value of $140,000,000 thTunited States were able to furnish bu a small part of that amount, our total exports of lumber to all countries being but $26,000,000 ; and it we continue to exhaust our forest capital as we Tre now doing, without any effort for forest repro- duction, our ^ability to export lumber will yearly become les» and less." . , The lesson becomes still more impressive when we couple it with what follows : . "Many of the countries of Europe derive a good share of their prosperity from forestry In Germany 1,000,000 people are s"PP«'-ted by for- estry and 2,000,000 more by manufactures of wS Lest products form the P"ncipal material The little Duchy of Baden, not as large as Pine County [in Minnesota], derives a net annual revemie of $667,000 from its 240,000 acres of pubT foreft. 'The Kingdom of Wurtemberg only a little larger than our [Minnesota] County of St. Louis, derives a net annual revenue of $1,700,000 from its 418,000 acres of public ^""""'The Kingdom of Saxony, which leads all other countries in forestry, from its 430,000 acres of mostly spruce forest, and mostly on poor luntain'land, derives an annual net income of $1 000,000, being [nearly] $4- 5° per acre. And i; is not exhausting her forests. On the contrary her forests are worth double to-day what they ^"t^VoTsZu be widely distributed, not only in Minnesota but in other States. The only criticism which we have to make is that here Ld there a few errors of '^\-^^^l^^^;^ etc., exist (as on page 95), ^^hich disfigure an otherwise most creditable document. ^ ^ Portions of trunks of more than a hundred s he fied trees, one of them 12 feet in d-amete he prostrate together, according to Marsh in a thick bed of tufa about 5 ^niles from Ca hstoga Hot Springs California. They are mostly conifers, and probably received the silica from the tufaceous deposit. Cream-Colored Buttonwood Trees. THE question has been recently asked why the buttonwood trees are turning cream- colored. , ^ ^u^ They do so every year, though rarely to the same extent as this season. . Why it should be so marked this year is not wholly understood, though there is a partial ^'^Thrchange of color is due simply to shedding of the old bark and exposing the new. Ihis new, cream-colored bark will shortly begin to assume a darker color until next spring it will be ' like that which has just been shed, and will in turn give place to a younger bark. Whether the cold weather of last winter loosened the old bark more evenly over the limbs and younger trunks than usual is as yet a matter of conjecture. It is certain, however, that several high wind storms occurring in late June and early July have mate- rially aided in the work of stripping off the old bark. This I have been an eyewitness to quite '"'Phe common shellbark hickory sheds its bark almost as much as the buttonwood, but as the difference in color between the old and new bark is not so great as in the latter tree the contrast in color is less marked. . 1 „,v „,„rii In Australia the trees lose their outer bark much more commonly than with us. A poet of that distant region alludes to this habit and to the so- called wooden pear in the lines, < t Where trees shed their bark as serpents ^^^'^Jf]'"' And the heart of an esculent is outs.de, not in^ ^ The San Jose Scale. r^ EPORTS reach us that the dreaded San K lose scale, not content with invading our <^ orchards and nurseries, has made its ap- pearance in our forests. If this be true, a problem of most unusual magnitude is before us. No more timely work has been done by the Department of Agriculture '" "^'■"^^"^g *^^" the publication of Bu/Min No. 43, ^hi^h was prepared by Dr. H. T. Fernald, State Zoologist, in Ts usua/exact and conscientious manner, upon the San Jose scale. , The illustrations and the text are ^o^^^^^^J^^ we may readily recognize the insect and the treatment prescribed is the best f nown f^ ^^^^^ present day. The Bulletin is for gratuitous Ebution' and all interested in any form of tree culture should ask for a copy. J- ^ • ^• The Gypsy Moth. THE '* Report of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture for 1899 " upon the work of exterminating the gypsy moth is published, and will, no doubt, be a surprise to most of our readers. This work is one of the most important which any State has been called upon to perform. It seems hardly fair that the general government has not assumed a share of the expenses, for the suc- cessful completion of the task concerns every State in the Union. The insect imported from abroad multiplies prodigiously, and attacks both the crops and the forest trees. In a word, as the Report states, **The value of the agricultural products of Mas- sachusetts is about $52,000,000. About half of this is at the mercy of the gypsy moth, and may be entirely destroyed by it, while the remaining products will be indirectly affected to a greater or less extent.*' Hardly a greater calamity could overtake the country than that this work should end before the last gypsy moth has been destroyed. Massachu- setts is merely the battle-ground on which the fight for the entire country is being made. In view of the fact that it is not impossible our own State may some time be called upon to do a like work, it may be well to say that Massachu- setts, in 1898, by legislative enactment, set apart $200,000 for the extermination of this most dan- gerous pest. In such a way does the old Bay State rise to the performance of a public duty. The following letter and history, taken in con- nection with the above, will explain themselves : Dr. J. T. RoTHROCK, Harrisburg, Pa. Dear Sir : In answer to your question regard- ing the way in which the gypsy moth was intro- duced into this country, I would say that the introductory pages of the '' Report of the Massa- chusetts Board of Agriculture," on the gypsy moth, give the most complete statement at present available on this point, and are as follows. Very truly, H. T. Fernald, State Zoologist. The Gypsy Moth.— Its History in America. Its Introduction.— T\i^ gypsy moth {Porthetria dispar), a pest of European countries, was intro- duced into America in 1868 or 1869 by Leopold Trouvelot, a French artist, naturalist and astron- omer of note. Prof. C. V. Riley, then State Entomologist of Missouri, recorded the occurrence in 1870 in these words: *'Only a year ago the larva of a certain owlet moth {Hypogymna dispar) ^ which is a great pest in Europe both to fruit trees and forest trees, was accidentally introduced by a Massachusetts entomologist into New England, where it is spreading with great rapidity." (Riley's * ^ Second Report on Insects of Missouri," page 10.) Though Prof. Riley did not then mention Trouvelot or Medford, the facts were evidently well known to him, as twenty years later he wrote in '' Insect Life ' ' as follows : ^^ This conspicuous insect, although not recorded in any of our check lists of North American lepidoptera, has undoubt- edly been present in a restricted locality in Mas- sachusetts for about twenty years. It was imported by Mr. L. Trouvelot in the course of his experi- ments with silk-worms, recorded in the early volumes of the ' American Naturalist ;' and certain of the moths escaping, he announced the fact publicly, and we mentioned it in the second volume of the 'American Entomologist,' page III (1870), and in our 'Second Report on the Insects of Missouri,' page 10." ('* Insect Life," Vol. II., Nos. 7, 8, page 208.) In a ''Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Sta- tion," published in November, 1889, Prof. C. H. Fernald wrote : "Mr. Samuel Henshaw and Dr. Hagen, of Cambridge, have both informed me that the entomologist who introduced this insect was Mr. L. Trouvelot, now living in Paris, but at that time living near Glenwood, Medford, where he attempted some experiments in raising silk from our native silk-worms, and also introduced European species for the same purpose. Dr. Hagen told me that he distinctly remembered hearing Mr. Trouvelot tell how they escaped from him after he had imported them." Prof. N. S. Shaler, of Harvard University, who knew Mr. Trouvelot, has also stated to the writer that he remembers hearing Mr. Trouvelot speak of the importation and escape. Thus we have evidence from eminent scientific authorities that settles beyond doubt the approximate time and the place of introduction of this insect, and who was responsible for it. During his sojourn in Medford, Mr. Trouvelot lived in a house (now known as No. 27 Myrtle Street) near Glenwood station, on the Medford Branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad. It is said by people who lived in the vicinity in 1869 that he imported some in- sects' eggs about that time, some of which were blown out of a window of the room in which they were kept, and that he was much disturbed on being unable to find them. Others state that the insects escaped in the larval form. Probably the insect was imported in the egg. Its escape seems to 1 11 ^v^ Ai^ -M-' FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. -68- II have been accidental ; and Trouvelot, being aware of the dangerous character of the pest, and tind- ing his efforts for its eradication futile, gave pubhc notice of the fact that the moth had escaped from his custody. Some Tree Planters. THE appearance of trees in places where there were no others of the same kind to furnish the seed has often been a surprise. We can easily understand, or at least think we understand, how such lighter or winged seeds, as those of the pines, the ashes, elms, and even the maples and lindens, are carried to considerable distances by the winds. But even these still have a partial mystery surrounding their growth tor example, if the seeds fall on top of a bed of oose leaves they may begin their growth and still die for want of nourishment before the roots have established a connection with the solid earth We can hardly suppose that acorns and chest- nuts can bury themselves beneath the ground, as some of the grass seeds do. And if they remain uncovered they are exposed to the view of every seed-eating animal which passes. Evidently such seeds and nuts as fall before the leaves, and are covered by them, have the best chance. In an earlier issue of this journal attention was directed to the action of birds, and especially to the blue jay, in scattering acorns over wide areas. I have seen this done amid such noise and hilarity (as jays alone are capable of) that the work seemed to partake of the nature of a frolic, it was evident that they were so industriously en- gaged that there must have been a motive, though what it was I have never discovered. It is said that the California woodpecker hides acorns at times from force of habit, and without the least idea that he can ever receive any benefit from his work. , ^ So it was with the jays, which I once saw car- rying acorns off to a considerable distance and dropping them on the surface of a cleared field, I never discovered that they again visited the spot where the acorns lay. I have recently received some light upon this subject by noting the conduct of a red or pine squirrel which spent the winter with us. He came to our grounds, in West Chester, late last fall a thin, forlorn waif, to whom fortune had evidently been unkind. We had no idea whence he came or whither he was going, and had no thought that he could be tempted to remain with us. , Our sympathies were at once awakened by the advent of this unexpected visitor, and shellbarks, walnuts and chestnuts were plentifully sprinkled about the roots of the pine trees on which he appeared These were almost immediately and niost stealthily removed. What became of them we never discovered. Probably they were laid away during the day in the forks of the trees and in other secret places. When deposited in the earth, as they ultimately were, it was at night. The squirrel immediately dug himself a hole at the root of a neighboring apple tree, and prepared for a winter stay. He probably hid some of his store there. The most of it, however, was scat- tered in small collections of half a dozen nuts in holes which he dug in the leaves and leaf mould about the roots of the pine trees, or adjacent to them. . „ . ^ They were packed away systematically at a depth of say four inches, apparently each kind of nut by itself. . - v^ There was an element in the pine squirrel s character which came out very plainly. Every bird knows that the pine squirrel is an inborn thief, and an inveterate robber of nests His maliciousness, and in fact every act of hjs life, is done under the suspicion that he is watched. He never took a nut, w/iic/i we gave him, in an open way, but chose to steal even what he must have known was intended for him. The gray squirrel, on the other hand, responds at once to kindness, and takes the nuts in broad daylight, often (as those in the Capitol grounds in Harrisburg) from your hands, or even pockets. He hunts a place in full sight to deposit what he has no immediate use for, and when he plants makes no secret as to what he has done. I have never seen a red squirrel do this. Our red squirrel became a winter guest in spite of his suspiciousness. We named him Frisk and regularly watched for him as he glided stealthily from limb to limb on the sunny mornings of the cold winter of 1898-99. He always concealed himself however, when he found we were watch- ing him. , , , ,. ^A When spring came he suddenly disappeared. Why he left us we could not understand, until one day in June he returned to find some of the nuts which he had hidden. Immediately there was an uproar among the birds. Without regard to their ordinary animosities, the different kinds made common cause against their common foe. He would, they knew, rob their nests under coyer of the night when they could not defend them- selves, and a joint attack was immediately and vigorously made. In short, he was routed, driven completely off the grounds, and has not since re- ^^' Wh?n,' however, we came to examine where he was digging, we found a collection of young chestnut trees, already almost a foot high, and with the nut still attached to the roots. This nut, at least what remained of it, was still in an edible condition — for Frisk. Further examination revealed the fact that there were many other young chestnut trees which rep- resented his winter nut-hiding. The lesson is obvious. To the squirrels, as well as to the blue jays, we are indebted for many a promising young forest, of whose origin some of us had not the least idea. J. T. ROTHROCK. Willow Culture in Europe. EUROPEANS cultivate willow alongside of wheat. France leads, and Germany and Holland stand high, in willow culture. In Germany there are 40,000 persons engaged in making willow baskets, and 50,000 acres of land are used in growing the willows for them. The culture of the willow is simple ; a twig stuck into the moist ground is all that is required. Nature does the rest. For fine basket work Salix amy- dalina is the queen of willows, although Salix pur- purea and viminalis are also extensively used. In France the willow-grower does not hesitate to ' plant good wheat lands in willow. In regions where lumber is scarce baskets replace cases, boxes and trunks. In the region of La Tremblade and Arcachon there are large plantations of willows and factories for the manufacture of rough bas- kets in which to ship their famous oysters. It is in the low countries the willow is used most. It serves for baskets of all kinds, fences, cattle-racks, wagon-tops, trunks, boxes, and even the signals along the rivers are painted willow wicker-work. From its wood they make their indispensable sa- bots, or wooden shoes. It serves still another pur- pose ; when planted along their many dikes it holds them in place, and constantly catches the sedi- ment, increasing the depth and fertility of the soil. The beneficial effects of willows along the banks of streams and rivers cannot be over-estimated. The fertile soils washed down from the farm lands, in- stead of flowing into the sea, are caught by the willows along the shore. In that way streams are narrowed and consequently deepened. Away up in the mountains in France, where, owing to de- forestation, the streams rush with much destructive- ness down the steep mountain sides, they wind willow twigs in the shape of a hammock and throw it across the stream. These twigs soon sprout, take hold of the soil, and force the stream to move in a zigzag way. — The Tradesman, A Proposed Minnesota National Park. INVITATIONS have been sent out by a num- ber of prominent men of the Northwest for a meeting to be held in July in Chicago, for the organization of a movement to secure a tract of land of about 7,000,000 acres in Northern Min- nesota, located at the headwaters of the Mississippi River, as a national forest reserve. The intention is to have a party visit the pro- posed reserve in October of this year, and invite the President, Congressmen, State Governors and prominent business men to participate, so that they may have an intimate knowledge of what it is the intention to include in the reserve, as well as the importance of such reservation. After this visit the organizers intend to memorialize Congress and the President to authorize the setting aside of these lands for a national reservation. The district which it is desired to include in the reserve lies at the divide of the headwaters of the St. Lawrence^ Mississippi and Red River of the North, three of the most important river systems of North America ; it contains numbers of lakes (aggregating, it is said, over iioo), and it would seem to be most proper that the sources of these great river systems should be conserved in the manner indicated. The idea is not to interfere with the rights of the iron ore men, lumbermen, Indian reservations or settlers, but in some just and equitable manner have the area mentioned kept in timber and con- tinue to be the source of a large and constant sup- ply of water for the three rivers, as well as of tim- ber. We trust it will be successful. Root Suffocation. JT is difficult to get people to understand that trees can die from drowning just as animals can. Trees are fed primarily by the roots, but there must be a certain amount of oxygen in the soil to enable them to make use of the food. Standing water prevents the action of the life- giving oxygen. A Boston correspondent refers to two large horse chestnuts which were moved last spring with the greatest skill, but they died. In the fall an examination was made, and the holes found to be full of water within one foot of the surface of the ground. The holes were really flower-pots without the necessary holes in the bottom to allow the water to escape. There can be no better lesson in gardening than to be con- tinually remembering why it is necessary to have a hole in a flower-pot. — Meehans' Monthly, FOREST LEAVES. « The Butternut, or White Walnut (Jug- lans cinerea, L.)- A N earlier number of Forest Leaves (Vol. AX II , No. 4) furnished what was considered 4 at 'the time, a fairly good illustration of a butternut tree which was hanging over the Brandy wine, " above the Ford. " The illustrations in this issue, we think, are more typical. They certainly give a better idea as to what a butternut tree " looks like when its leaves and drooping flower-tassels are ap- ^^InPransylvania this tree attains its best propor- tions in our northern counties, though it may be well to note the fact that there is in Kishaco- quillas Valley, near the spring of the old Indian chief Logan, a specimen which is almost five feet through the trunk. Its more common size for this State would be about fifty feet high and a foot and a half in diameter. . , , , u The bark is an ashy gray, considerably rough- ened and wrinkled, though the clefts seldom join each other. Wood on the outer part of the log is light colored, with sometimes a greenish hue ; that of the heart is light or dark brown, and takes a fine satiny polish. The leaves are made up of from fifteen to seven- teen lance-shaped leaflets, each of which is round at base, pointed at tip, toothed on the margin, and more or less downy on the under surface. The large illustration shows clearly the appear- ance of the tree in May, when it is coming into bloom. Flowers of both sexes are found on the same tree but distinct from each other, the males being more conspicuous, and in long, drooping clusters. The females at first are smaller, and the young fruit appears as an oblong body, which is hairy and clammy, being sometimes single, but more frequently in clusters of from four to seven. When half grown, the nut, before it commences to harden inside, is a favorite " p.ckhng fruit. It matures in September ; and when the outer, dark husk is removed the nut is found to be from two to three inches long, and very sharply ridged The kernel is smaller than that of the black walnut in proportion to the mass of the fruit, and is by manv highly esteemed. The broken branches on the older trees show that the wood does not possess any great strength. This probably has had something to do with the small demand there is for it. In fact, it has less than half the strength of its near relative, the black walnut. Nevertheless, the beautiful and peculiar polish which it takes would seem to indi- cate that there should be a greater demand for i, especially in panels and for certain kinds of furni- ture It is used for "coffins, wooden bowls, coach panels, posts and rails, and for house fur- nishing " The inner bark of the root yields a mild cathartic remedy, and from the bark and the nutshells a soft dark -brown dye is made for color- ing wool. , ^ . There are many unsolved problems yet m con- nection with the reproduction of our black and white walnuts. They show a vast tendency to vary under favoring conditions, and this raises the question as to possibilities of improving the fruit bv judicious selection. I think it may be consid- ered as a fact that the white and black walnuts will hybridize naturally. This tree, the butternut, prefers damp situa- tions It does not disdain a footing on the fertile banks of a lowland stream, but seems more at home on our rocky, mountain slopes, where, in spite of the dry surface, its roots are probably close to an abundant supply of moisture. The butternut has a wide range over the coun- try, extending from New Brunswick across to northern Minnesota, and south to Delaware, Ar- kansas and Kansas. It takes advantage of the 1 mountain chain to invade the extreme Southern i States Its physical properties are : Specific gravity, 0.4086; percentage of ash, 0.51 ; relative ap- proximate fuel value, 0.4065 ; weight, in pounds, of a cubic foot of dry wood, 2C,^^6 ; relative . .U ,-,- T. T. ROTHROCK. strength, 245. J- ^• Want the Shade Trees Protected. ¥AYOR QUINCY is in receipt of a petition containing more than two thousand sig- natures asking that prompt action be taken to protect and to preserve the shade trees of the city ; that all necessary pruning be done , and that dead trees be removed and Y^ung trees planted, in order that the beauty and healthful- ness of the streets may be increased and main- ^^'-rhe petition, the work of the Roxburghe Club, was largely signed by prominent residents. Down- town business firms gave the petition their public indorsement by attaching their names, and the Boston members of the Legislature and many past and present members of the city government also affixld their signatures. The women's clubs of Dorchester, Jamaica Plain and Roxbury joined heartily in the matter, as did f « ."^f"y P™"" nent citizens who are active in the city s welfare Among the signers of the petition are Presi- dent Henry P. Walcott and nine "^^"^bers of the Executive Committee of the Massachusetts For- estry kssoc\zX\on.— Boston Transcript. .. I.I II." i COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. 4. ev J. T. ROTHROCK. TRUNK OF BUTTERNUT, WHITE WALNUT. (Juqlans cinerea, L.). BY SILVER LAKE, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. 4. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. < UJ QC UJ • z < 0 Z < (/) > z < -J 0 —> -J > CO z z UJ CL ^- m > H 3 1- z 3 Z 0 -1 0 < U ^ ^ Q. UJ Uj" I < ^ GC UJ »K > H -1 D 0) Z > cc CO UJ K l- D CQ I TRUNK OF BUTTERNUT, WHITE WALNUT. (JuQLANS cinerea, L.). BY SILVER LAKE, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE ii5 FOREST LEAVES. ffh New England's Vital Interests. ii r *-i -1 ONLY a few days ago a dispatch from Bangor, Maine, was printed in the Boston Tran- script which told with evident concern of the proposed establishment of several new large pulp mills on the Penobscot River. Few people have any idea how much timber these pulp mills consume, or how vast an area of forest is required to furnish their raw supplies. Here is a simple statement of fact to start with by way of illustra- tion. One of the pulp mills in northern New England consumes some 400 cords of spruce wood a day to make 200 tons of pulp. Multiply this by 300 working-days in the year, and we have 120,000 cords of spruce consumed in a year. How much woodland is it necessary that they should cut over in a twelvemonth to secure this amount of wood? About 20,000 acres. These are facts furnished by the pulp people themselves. Some of these concerns have be- come aware of the approaching dusk of the trade, and have sought to avert it by restricting their cut to trees not less than twelve inches in diame- ter three feet above the ground. This restrictive cutting applies, of course, only to lands owned outright by these companies. The price of good spruce lands has advanced tremendously of late. Lands that could only a short time ago be bought for $2 an acre are now held at $15. It was in the line of self-preservation, therefore, for these pulp companies to restrict their cut on their own lands with a view to perpetuating the crop. There are other operators, however, who do not own timber lands, but who secure their ma- terial by buying stumpage. Here is the greatest danger. Many of the owners of these lands are non- residents, and know actually nothing of their property beyond its approximate extent and the amount of the revenues they are accustomed to re ceive from the sale of the stumpage. Many scarcely know the kind of timber that is growing on their lands. These owners simply charge the lumbermen the highest stumpage rate that they can be made to pay. Is it any wonder that the operator therefore cuts the timber in a manner which disregards all future conseciuences to the property, and thinks solely of securing the mate- rial with the least possible cost to himself? The Forest Commissioner of Maine states that he has repeatedly been told by the most practical lumbermen in his State that if they could have to-day the timber which has actually been wasted in cutting the old stock of white pine, it would be worth more than the money received for the stock utilized. It would pay the owner of the land to familiarize himself with the conditions of his property, even if he had to employ a trained man for the purpose, and, thereafter, when selling stumpage, to place restrictions upon the operator ' which would tend to a due consideration of the young and growing stocks. There are some, no doubt, who do not care about the future of their lands. They desire only present profits, and when the stand of timber is exhausted will be content to let the bare land go at a tax sale if nothing bet- ter offers. With this sort of thing happening on the watersheds of our important rivers, how long will it be before the water-power of those streams will be affected ? We have already begun to feel the effects of the unrestricted cutting in the yearly- recurring and ever-increasing freshets and droughts. When will these calamities become so serious that the community at large will cry out for protection against this selfish heedlessness? The best authorities state that at the present rate of cutting the spruce stocks of New England will be exhausted in from ten to fifteen years. What has been the result of this wasteful cut- ting in other parts of the country? Look at the once vast pineries of Minnesota and Michigan. They were once regarded as inexhaustible. Min- nesota has to-day about 3,000,000 acres of abso- lutely barren land which but a few years ago bore a majestic growth of wonderful white pine. All this land has reverted to the State for non-pay- ment of taxes. It is a dead load on the hands of the community. The people of the State are just so much the poorer. They have realized that this sort of thing will never do, and the State is now about to undertake the reforestation of some of these lands. Here is the story told by Mr. J. M. Longyear, of Marquette, Mich. , at a recent meeting of a committee of the Massachusetts Forestry Associa- tion. Mr. Longyear is one of the leading lum- bermen and timber-land owners of his State, and his statement is therefore worthy of consideration. He says that it would not be possible to secure a profit from land that has been cut over. Upon certain land cleared in the early fifties, a growth of merchantable timber has not since been pro- duced. He told also of the burnt lands which are increasing in extent yearly, and which were originally covered with a dense forest, lo-day these are nothing but tracts of white, drifting sand and rock. He spoke particularly of one sec- tion on the Escanaba River, owned by General Hersey, of Maine, some thirty years ago. It was covered with solid pine, and was then estimated to contain 800,000,000 feet of timber. If it could have stood till the present day it would have contained about 3,000,000,000 feet, but it V*" -5&_ FOREST LEAVES. Xl7 FOREST LEAVES. was all destroyed by fire before a tree was cut. Two or three years ago this land was offered for sale at a low price, and Mr. Longyear had it ex- amined by a skilled woodsman. This man s re- port was that there was nothing standing on this tract, not even a green bush as high as his head It was almost absolutely clean, white sand and rock. Would it not seem as if the people now owning timber lands in that region would take warning by these object lessons? A few do, but more do not. Mr Longyear told of a certain gentleman. Dr. Ward by name, who has secured a tract in the upper part of the lower Michigan peninsula, some fifteen miles wide by seventy -five miles long and bearing mostly a hardwood growth. Through this tract the owner has laid a railroad bed to serve as a fire guard, and is sim^^ly holding the property. He also told of a tract of 600,000 acres, situ- ated north of the Gogebic line, which is covered with virgin forest, having a shore-line of twenty or thirty miles. This tract is owned by a few parties of large means, and Mr. Longyear has re- peatedly tried to interest them to put this forest under scientific management, as it could undoubt- edly be made more valuable thereby. The owners are so wealthy, however, that they do not feel particularly interested in the subject. If it were wiped out by fire it would not materially injure them, and they simply hold it and take their chances. r 4.1,^ In 1869 Indianapolis was the centre ot tne hardwood lumber trade of the East, and Indiaria walnut, oak and white ash were the standard hard- woods of this region. Is was believed then that the supply of the State would never be exhausted, but it was, in about twenty years. Now 80 per cent, of the wood used in Indiana is brought in from other States. We in New England know to-day that our sup- ply of spruce is not inexhaustible. Why do we, then, allow the wasteful methods to proceed when we know that they are hastening the end ? The American Newspaper Publishers' Associa- tion, an organization representing the leading papers in thirty States, the District of Columbia and Canada, has lately raised its voice against our wasteful lumbering methods. The New England papers in this organization should put forth their united efforts to stir up the timber-land owners and the lumbermen to a full realization of their danger, and should bestir the people at large all of whom are directly or indirectly interested in this matter. . u ^ ,»o The old saying that ''what is everybody s business is nobody's business" apphes to this case What we need is a live, working forestry association in every State in New England. Con- necticut and Massachusetts each have State organ- izations, but their sphere of direct influence can- not extend to the States of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont, where our New England forestal interests chiefly lie. There are able and earnest persons in those States who are interested in this matter of better lumbering methods ; and if two or three of these would only get together and set the ball a-rolling in their own States, they would do all New England a great service. It is only through such associated effort that citizens can accomplish anything of value in a matter of such vast importance. Allen Chamberlain. Tree Diseases. THUS far American contributions upon dis- eases affecting our timber trees and the lumber which they produce have been very few. . Vegetable pathology, at best, is but a young science abroad. Here it is in its very infancy, but with a wide field of promise opening up, and a number of promising explorers preparing to enter it. , We therefore welcome two contributions by Herman von Schrenk, which have been taken from the Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden The first and less important one is entitled '' A Sclerotioid Disease of Beech Roots." Its im- portance is mainly scientific, having but little 1 direct bearing upon practical forestry. It is, how- i ever a most commendable publication. The second paper is entitled, -A Disease of Taxodium, known as Peckiness ; also, a similar Disease of Libocedrus decurrens." This paper is worthy of a more extended notice than we can give it It will bear favorable comparison with the best foreign publications upon similar sub- jects. . J ,. Lumbermen have long recognized a disease, which they call peckiness, in the bald cypress (or faxo^/ium), A tree affected with it is called pecky, botty or peggy. The name f^rst used is the most common one. The disease seldom affects the younger trees, and, as a rule, begins at the top of the stem and works down. It seems never to produce a hollow trunk, though if o^e "m*^f a cross-section of a diseased stem he will find, arranged in more or less circular lines in the cen- tral portion of the wood, a series of holes which have a diameter of from one- to three-fourths of an inch If the stem is split longitudinally these holes reveal themselves as cavities six inches long, often less, and sometimes more. They never run across the direction of the wood fibres. They seldom communicate with each other. These cavities contain a more or less fine, powdery sub- stance, which appears to be mainly derived from the broken-down and separated fibres. The diseased timber, though of much less value than the sound, still can be advantageously used for many purposes, and commands a fair price. It is in demand for bridge-planks and for under- ground work, and lasts well. Naturally the dis- eased wood is weaker than the sound, though the difference appears to be less than might be sup- posed from the loss of woody fibre. There appears to be but little doubt that the cause of this peckiness is some as yet undeter- mined fungus. Possibly there may be several species of fungi, though the uniform character of the disease renders this rather improbable. What limits the size of these open spaces and prevents a more general destruction of the woody fibre is as yet an unsettled question, though Mr. Schrenk has advanced a plausible hypothesis. Briefly stated, it is this: In the healthy wood, immediately surrounding the diseased areas, there is a dark-brown homogeneous substance. This he takes, from its behavior under chemical treatment, to belong among the humus compounds. The well-known tendency of these compounds to protect against decay is cited, and instances furnished of the indefinite period during which timber has been preserved by the humus com- pounds of peat bogs. It would appear from his argument as if the humus arrested the spread of the fungal growth which caused the disease. The origin of the humus compound is not set- tled. There are other points of scientific interest raised, but we cannot discuss them here. As already stated, under the same cover there occurs a brief statement of the ^* Pin " disease of Libocedrus decurrens, or incense cedar of Cali- fornia, Oregon and Washington. The disease seems to be essentially the same as that hitherto described as peckiness in bald cy- press Young trees, under twelve inches in diam- eter, are not apt to be diseased. The disease appears to prevail wherever the incense cedar is found. The value of the wood is diminished, but not destroyed. A like disease has been noticed in the red cedar of the State of Wash- Water-Power Utilization on Farms. ington. No remedy has been suggested. J. T. R. Until iron was generally used in the construc- tion of vessels, the United States protected for its own use large bodies of live oak in the South. PR. ROTHROCK, who, in his Forestry lee- , tures over the State, has so persistently predicted that the farmer would soon utilize the water-power of his meadow stream to furnish light and power for farm operations, may well take comfort from the following extract taken from the Philadelphia Press, With this prospect before us, it would be well if the people of Penn- sylvania would also heed the warning which the Doctor associated with the prediction, namely, that in order to secure this power the headwaters of these streams must be protected from waste of water by growing forests. Each successive year broadens out the import- ance of the relations of the forests to the Com- monwealth. We cannot act too soon or too earnestly in this matter of forest preservation. It is second to no other interest before the people. . '' One of the most interesting bits of news re- cently printed in The Press was the dispatch from Pittsburgh detailing the proposed installation by the Westinghouse Company of an electrical plant for furnishing light, heat and power to a farm, the energy necessary being derived from the water- power on the farm property. That this has not become the rule on most farms in Pennsylvania that enjoy a good water supply and by the lay of the land have a fall sufficient to give the needed horse -power is doubtless due to the first cost of the plant. Farmers as a rule have not much ready money to invest, and the high cost of electrical installation in the past naturally proved prohibi- ** With the dynamo and a small domestic plant for light and heat coming within the purse of the thrifty farmer, it would seem that in so well watered and so hilly a country as Pennsylvania there would be no considerable farm without electrical resources, while the miller ought to be able to utilize the water usually wasted at night, in lighting his own and his neighbors' houses, as well as cooking his evening meal. The practical solution of the problem presents no difficulties. It is the cost, but this, distributed over a number of years, with the consequent saving in light and heat, oil and coal, ought to pay for itself and help the wide-awake agriculturist to reach a new plane ** One of the best things for country fairs and agricultural exhibitions would be a typical elec- trical farm plant, with calculations as to what horse- power could be gotten from a given natural water energy This would enable the farmer to appraise the value of the natural energy on his farm now running to waste, and determine its economic im- portance. It is only by making use of all the sr t^l ! : FOREST LEAVES. ^^^ FOREST LEAVES. I if !l w ^\ w availables resources of the earth that farming can be made to pay, and as the successful farm ot the future will be the farm on which science is most completely applied, it would be well if the up-to-date Pennsylvania farmer took the Pittsburgh hint. A brook leashed to light a house is worth a dozen running wild." Annual Timber Destruction in Montana. UIEUTENANT G. P. AHERN, U. S. A., of the Montana College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, at Bozeman, Montana, writes that there is a growing sentiment in that State in favor of a better forestry policy. He is now preparing several lectures on practi- cal forestry, and will establish a department of forestry in the Agricultural College. **The students in forestry will be picked men, as such a course requires qualifications not ordi- narily looked for in students of other departments. The work will include lectures on rational forestry in foreign countries, our own peculiar and crimi- nals wasteful methods, and the great need of a speedy change of policy before our magnificent forest empire is swept away. ** Now that the amount of our available timber in the entire country is fairly well known, a com- parison of the output of timber and the extent of the devastation caused by the forest fires each year show alarming inroads on our capital stock, rhis is of vital interest in the great State of Mon- tana, as our greatest, most reliable and important resource is found in our 17,000,000 acres of forest. Six hundred square miles of timber land are de- nuded each year— the axeman takes 200 on an average, and the fire the remainder. '' Our forestry class will take many trips to the mountains to observe our logging methods, the habits of trees, their rate of growth, quality, etc. They will also study soils found in our forests. This information, with a study of elevation above sea level, climate and aspect, will enable the de- partment to experiment with many tree species valuable as timber now found growing under simi- lar conditions in many parts of the world. ** Within a few years the Federal Government will undoubtedly organize a forestry corps to look after the forest reserves. Three of these reserves will be found in Montana, and as trained men will be in demand, it will be possible to find such men right at home. ** Forestry is the choice service abroad. In Germany it is considered by many as more at- tractive than the army. It is a life position, with large pay. The service is very pleasant, emi- nently scientific and practical. " Here in Montana we have the forest close to the school, where many practical lessons may be ^iven the student. A sentiment will thus be cul- tivated for the noble monarchs that have looked down on many generations of white and red men. We may soon learn to love the forest and treasure it as does every other civilized country in the world. ^ , J • ui *^From Australia to Russia we find admirable care taken of the forest. Everywhere we find it treated as a crop ; so treated that each cutting improves, the forest conditions. In our noble land we cut but once, and the resulting waste land is a constant menace to our water flow con- ditions. . ^ Wade, Mrs. E, H.j Young, E. P., K. R. MEIER, Consulting Korester, FOREpT LEi^VEp. MAHWAH, N. J. <||>> THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE FORESTRY SCHOOL AT BILTMORE, N. C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D. Forester to the Biltmore Estate. NOW READY.— TERMS CASH. Part I —THE OAKS. Forty-two species. No \ Biennial Pruitcd Oaks. Black Oak and Allies. No' 2 Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies. No 3! Southern, Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples of Extinct Oaks. . ^ t, _i. t o. r^n Single numbers. 50 cents each. Price of Part I.. «1.50. Part TI —THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species. No 4 Tfu Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and European Chestnuts. No 5 The Walmils. American, Japanese, and European species and varieties. . No 6 The Hickories. American species and varieties. Single numbers, 50 cents each. Price of Part II., »1.50. Printedjnadvance^on^acc^ountof^a^^^^^^^ Prioe of each Part, including three numbers, $1.50. Price of whole series, fifteen numbers, in advance, 96^.00. A redSctfon of one-third will be made to Boards of Education, noJSeM.^^^^^^ author and publisher, GRACEANNA LEWIS, 121 West Washington Street, Media, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Forestry Association. The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. RATES. 1 • insertion. insertions. IS insertions. I inch, . . $1.00 $4.00 $8.00 I • • 4.00 7.00 12.00 17.00 30.00 50.00 34.00 60.00 100.00 Italics indicate life membership. tm ^7^ -6^ FOREST LEAVES. :^!|l RHODODENDRONS. The glory of every place possessing Rhododendrons is their superb bloom in the latter part of May and early June. The magnificent coloring and huge clusters of flowers m so many shades of pink, violet, rose, purple, and the delicate creamy- white give them the first place among the evergreen shrubs Even 'their fohage is beautiful and most effective in the dull winter months, when their glossy green leaves add a beauty to the otherwise bare shrubbery. ^ The great decorative value of Rhododendrons is now tully recognized, and every year increases their popularity. We take great pleasure in inviting all admirers of Rhododen- drons to visit our Nurseries during the latter part of May and very early days of June, and we feel sure it will afford great pleasure to every one who sees our fine collection of over five c.oonM «LooM thousand plants in the beauty of full bloom. sXZ" z«:3:;:;:« «.a, -..« wa^, « ...«, ...», ..». .a.™, «.«o, «.«., $6.00, and $7.50 each. . . i uv, for the lawn, and it also makes a fine hedge plant. $o 25 each ; $i 75 per lo 13 to i8 inches, ^ ^ ^ ^5 each ; a 50 per 10 18 to 24 inches, ...*.! 50 each ; 4 00 per 10 a to 3 feet, **.*.*.*.. 75 each ; 6 00 per 10 3 to 4 feet, * * , 00 each ; 8 00 per 10 5 to 6 feet, American Holly. This is one of America's most beautiful evergreens. Its foliage varies very little from that of the English Holly, and its rich clusters of scarlet berries make a good substitute for flowere in the winter shrubtery. It is hardy in almost any locality and to insure safety in transplanting the leaves should be removed from the plant at that time. ^ .,„ Plants, twelve U> eighteen inches, 50 cents each ; $5.00 per dozen ; $25.00 per 100. Andromeda Catesbsei. One of the \>est shade-supporting plants and very useful for massing as undergrowth. It is a hardy Evergreen Shrub, with stems of dark green and leaves of bronze, coloring beantifullv during the fall and winter seasons, and in the spring it bears a sweet-scented white flower, blooming very eariy. Plants, six to twelve inches, 25 cents eaeh ; $2.50 per dozen ; $20.00 per 100. I.arge plants 50 cents each ; $35.00 per 100. White Pine. One of the most stately and valuable of evergreens ; tall, straight, and handsome, with slender glaucous leaves. J15 00 per 100 20 00 per 100 35 00 pe*" ^°° 50 00 per 100 65 00 per 100 12 to 18 inches, x8 to 24 inches, a to 2j^ feet, . . 2j4 to 3 feet, . . 3 to 7 feet, . . . $0 35 each ; $2 00 per 10; $15 «) per 100 . 50 each ; 3 <» pcr xo; 20 00 per 100 . 75 each ; 5 «> P««" »° ' 35 00 per 100 . X 00 each; 7 50 per 10; 50 00 per 100 . a 00 each ; 15 00 per 10. WHITE PINC. "^ T T ^ ^UCCTPMITHT Hill- WILLIAM WARNER HARPER. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA., PA. Vol. VII. Philadelphia, October, 1899. No. 5. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, loia Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials Autumn Arbor Day State Forestry in Pike County, Pennsylvania Freaks Among Trees Protect Cut-Over Lands from Cattle. History of Forestry in the United States The Forest Fire Laws Passed in 1897 are to be Enforced Denuded Lands of Washington Management of a Swedish Forest White Birch. American White Birch. Gray Birch. (Betula pop- ulifolia, Ait.) The Care of Trees on the Streets of Cities Transplanting Trees During Mid-Winter The Passing of Georgia's Pine Forests A Railroad's Experiments in Tree-Planting 65 66 66 67 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 76 78 78 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages 0/ FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. Il The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in Junb, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. ^ ^ , n Annual membership fee. One dollar. Life membership. Fifteen dollars. .,,., • . a a Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to /I. ^. W^«;«u//e^/ out from a thicket when two years old grow better than those raised in a nursery from seed and then dug up. The explanation given is that in the former case the hard soil has caused short tap roots and many lateral roots, which enable the young plant to start promptly and vigorously. In our latitude the white birch seems to prefer locations near the seashore. Nevertheless, I have found it in thriving clumps, and of good size, in the higher portions of the State, and as far west as Clinton County. We do not value it here especially ; ])robably we do not recognize what its true worth is. This may, in part, be due to its scarcity in Pennsylvania. As an ornamental tree the white birch has its place on a lawn, though it must be judiciously located and not too extensively planted. There are many uses to which it may be put. It is a good, quick-burning fuel, and yields a fine clean charcoal. Fairly good hoop poles may be cut from the thinnings of a white birch thicket. It is said to make good shoe pegs and pulp wood. '' Birch oil and a decoction of the bark and leaves of the tree are popularly esteemed as remedies in vesical and rheumatic diseases." Michaux enumerates the uses of the white birch COPYRIGHTED, 189»> Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. 5. BY J. T. ROTH ROOK. H I H ,^M f/^ ;. U-?: ■-^k<.':-,0 ^?J ..^ ^ . ' M ^»r.^r. ^A u'fA^'iiir *«^ . - . ^ WHITE BIRCH. (Betula populifolia, Ait.) BY SILVER LAKE, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vil, No. 5. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. TRUNK OF WHITE BIRCH. (Betula pofulifolia, Ait.) BY SILVER lake, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii, No. 5. BY J. T. ROTHROOK. 1! I »!^ I COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vil, No. 5. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. WHITE BIRCH. (Betula populifolia, Ait.) BY SILVER LAKE, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. TRUNK OF WHITE BIRCH. iBetula populifolia, AiT.) BY SILVER LAKE, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. FOREST LEAVES. ii! of Europe, to which our tree is so closely allied. The bark is used by the Russians in decoction for tanning reindeer skins, which are made almost water-proof. Its oil is also employed for tanning a very durable leather. The leaves, both green and dry, are fed to cattle, and when young are used as a substitute for tea, and they are *^also employed to dye wool of a yellowish color. ' ' The sap makes, when boiled, a syrup, but will not crys- tallize into sugar. The geographical range of the white birch in this country is given as from Ontario to New Brunswick, and thence south to Delaware. Its physical properties are, according to Prof. Sargent, specific gravity, 0.5760; percentage of ash, 0.29 ; relative approximate fuel value, 0.5743? weight in pounds of a cubic foot of dry wood, ic.QO : relative strength, 146. J. T. ROTHROCK. !| The Care of Trees on the Streets of Cities. An address delivered at Horticultural Hall by John C. Lewis, City Forester and Landscape Gardener. M T iiir, IT affords me a great deal of pleasure to respond to a call to speak on the subject of the cloth- ing that an all -wise and beneficent Creator has so bountifully bestowed upon the whole realm of nature, and for the opportunity given me to address you on the subject and in behalf of Na- ture's Giants, '' The Trees." Now, while the form of the question before us, ** The Care of Trees on the Streets of Cities," is at the same time both comprehensive and incom- prehensive, inasmuch as the variety and treatment of trees on the streets of cities differ on account of location and climatic conditions ; hence one prescribed form, while eminently successful in one city would perhaps be inapplicable and unsuc- cessful in another. I will, therefore, confine my remarks to the care of trees on the streets of our own city, Philadelphia. And when we consider the fact that on the city plan there are over two thousand miles of streets, and over one thousand miles open and occupied, we have sufficient food for thought in the trees of our own city, without t{oing elsewhere. . . The subject of trees on our streets in its many and varied aspects is quite an extensive one ; and as the time for its consideration to-night is limited, it will be necessary, for the conveyance of a general and practical idea, to condense its consideration as much as possible. I will, therefore, proceed under the following headings : , • r The suitable variety to plant ; the selection of the trees ; how to plant, and when ; pruning at the time of planting; after care and attention, and general remarks. In my opinion the most desirable varieties to plant in Philadelphia are as follows : Platinics Orientalis, or Asiatic Plane; Acer saccharinum, or Sugar Maple ; Acer Platanoides, or Norway Maple (Pyramidal type) ; Acer dasy- carpum, or Silver Maple ; Liriodendron Tulipifera, or Tulip Poplar ; Popuhis balsamifera, or Balsam Poplar ; Tilia Americana, or American Linden ; and U/mus Americana, or American Elm. There are others that are less desirable for ob- vious reasons, a few of which I will enumerate : Acer Pseudo-Platanus, or Sycamore Maple; .^sculus glabra, or Horse Chestnut ; Ailantus glandulosa, or Tree of Heaven ; Catalpa speciosa, or Indian Bean Tree ; Salishuria adiantifolia, or Gingko; Tilia Europcea, or European Linden, and some few others. Having decided on the variety to be planted, the next in order is the selection of the trees. This is a very important matter, for we must not lose sight of the fact that nurserymen very properly select locations most suitable for the growth of trees, where the soil, moisture, both subterranean and atmospheric, and other climatic conditions harmonize, and are in every way adapted to the luxuriant growth and development of the trees they eventually offer for sale, consequently in bringing trees from the nursery to our streets, where they have to combat contra-conditions for an existence, it is imperative that the trees be healthy, vigorous, free from scars or wounds and insects in any form, and having an abundance of energetic fibrous roots, with robust and straight stems. Having made the selection both in quan- tity and quality, how and when to plant is next in order. . , r *u Years back, when the winter set in before the expiration of the autumn season, and the spring followed closely on the heels of winter, the spring season was preferable for planting ; but now, the seasons being erratic, and often vice versa to what they formerly were, I have found it profitable to change my tactics, and plant in the fall season, with the exception of the Liquid-amber, Lirioden- 1 dron, and one or two other varieties that have suc- I culent roots, for which the spring season is the ' best. We will now consider how to plant. The streets of Philadelphia contain, generally speak- ing and in greater or less degree, matter that is not'only deleterious to the growth of a tree but in many cases kills the tree outright. We find ashes gravel, blue clay and other sterile soil, seasoned with brickbats, tin cans, antiquated shoes, etc., > JE'-' a* ^^^^. ^ FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. \\ i) ill i the whole being impregnated with gas and other noxious odors, all of which form a combination exactly opposite to what the tree has been ac- customed to, and to which it must adapt itself or die. However, the several thousands of trees that have been planted on our sidewalks and other places under my direction bear evidence by their luxuriant growth and development that this diffi- culty can be overcome. On unpaved sidewalks the operation of planting is decidedly easier and less expensive than on paved sidewalks, for there is nothing but plain digging to be done, while on a granolithic pavement the crowbar takes the place of the spade, and the operation is slow and tedious. The rule adopted four years ago, and which has proved successful, is this. On an unpaved sidewalk, where nothing obstructs, the hole for the tree should be dug three feet square and three feet deep, and refilled with rich earth free from all deleterious substances. On a paved sidewalk, where the aperture is about two feet only, exca- vate till at least a full-size cartload of rich earth can be deposited in the hole made, the depth be- ing considered rather more than the width, in this case In filling-in the new soil, about half a bushel of oyster shells should be mixed in, which will absorb and render harmless the gas which is poi- son to tree-life, and which percolates through the subsoil, throughout our city, from the numerous gas-mains, etc. Care must be taken to firm the earth as it is filled in, and in the performance of this operation the human foot is far preferable to the rammer ; the elastic tread of the former pro- duces a better firming effect, and excludes the air far better than the latter. In planting the tree carefully observe the surface-mark on the stem, and avoid planting too deep. My rule is to raise the tree one or one and a half inches above the mark of the nursery ground line, so that when the ground sinks into its normal condition, which it invariably will, however well firmed or rammed, the tree will then be at its proper depth. Before passing on, it is necessary to add that an ordinance of Councils requires trees, awning posts, etc., to be placed not less than fourteen inches from the outer edge of the curb, so that collision with the hubs of wagon-wheels will be avoided. The next heading is pruning at the time of planting. It is unreasonable to suppose and ex- pect that nature can maintain the luxuriant and symmetrical form of a tree produced by several years' growth under the most favorable conditions. When that tree is brought into the city and sub- jected to contra-conditions, nature, it is true, will assert and strive to adapt itself to the existing con- ditions ; but without skillful assistance it will fail in the attempt, and the tree will succumb. Pruning is necessary both in the branches and roots. In my opinion, as the root is the most important fea- ture of a tree, it should receive the first and great- est attention. The ends of all trunk roots should be pruned off, broken roots removed, and any cancerous or fungoid growth, however minute its appearance may be, miist be pruned away, the operation being performed with a sharp knife, and not by shears. Of the use of shears I will speak a little later on. Now as to head pruning. Prac- tice teaches us that the beautiful symmetrical form of the tree obtained by the patient and skillful assistance to nature by the nurseryman in the tree's natural element cannot possibly be main- tained under adverse conditions. The only rem- edy, therefore, is to extend further assistance to nature by judicious pruning into a reduced sym- metrical form natural to the true type of the tree according to its variety, thereby relieving the tree of a burden it cannot possibly carry, and assisting it to reproduce itself in a healthy form, under its new conditions. The results of the foregoing methods are to-day in evidence in several parts of our city, especially so on the sidewalks surrounding Allegheny Square, which is situated on Allegheny Avenue and Bel- grade Street, John Dickinson Square, Third and Tasker Streets, and Wharton Square, Twenty- third and Wharton Streets. At each of these places the sidewalk pavements are granolithic, and the surrounding streets are surfaced with Bel- gian blocks and asphaltum respectively. Continuing, we will consider the after care and attention of the trees we have now in our mind's eye planted. I do not in all cases agree with the practice of puddling the roots of trees immediately prior to planting, but prefer giving a liberal sup- ply of water at the close of the firming. When the water has disappeared the soil should be filled in slightly above the surface line and leveled off without further treading or firming, and if the weather be dry the earth should be kept moist by an occasional watering. This applies to spring planting only, for rarely, if ever, is it necessary to water trees that are planted in the fall season. The infant forest giant has many enemies to con- tend with when ensconced on our sidewalk, aside from the underground conditions. The cart driver frequently breaks off a branch to switch his horse ; the small boy loves to swing around and around its bending stem ; at night, cats may be seen sharpening their claws in its bark, from which wounds are made ; the boy with a knife (and what boy hasn't a knife?) is very fond of trying it on every tree, especially a young, newly- planted tree with tempting smooth bark; he passes, and older boys, that are supposed to know better, do not hesitate to hitch their horses to the convenient sidewalk tree; the horse at once gnaws at the bark or young shoots, or both, and often leaves it irredeemably mutilated ; and then the caterpillar pest, with which many portions of our city are infested at this present time, neglect for the want of watering, and several other ad- verse contingencies could be named, atmospheric gases and influences, etc. ; and yet some people wonder why their trees do not thrive, and en- deavor to compare their friends' trees in the country with theirs on the sidewalk, failing to consider the wide difference of the conditions of the two. . J ^ Experience has taught that the antiquated tree- box, the wood or metal frame tree-guard, is very little service to the tree, but rather, on the con- trary, is injurious, as also the wooden stake or support (except perhaps in the case of very windy and exposed conditions). To guard the tree from the attack of its worst enemies, the halt-inch mesh galvanized wire cloth, placed loosely around the stem and fastened with wire, is not only eco- nomical, but the most protective of all the several designs of so-called tree-guards. This can be removed or enlarged at will according to the re- quirements of the tree. It is proof against the grasp of the swinging boy, the claws of cats, the edge of the jack-knife, the death-dealing bite of the horse, and forms a comfortable rendezvous for the caterpillar to go into the cocoon stages of its existence; and, being easy of ^em^/^^^^^^^" ,Pf ^ in this form can as easily be annihilated and the tree preserved. t.i-^„ We have now reached our last heading, Gen- eral Remarks." Referring back to the pruning question, I recommend the use of the knife in preference to shears, and the reasons for my pref- erence for the former are as follows : The draw- ing together of the tissues by the action of the shears bruises them, leaving a rough surface, and causes decay, and this applies to branches as well as to the roots, whereas the knife leaves a clean, smooth surface, and the liber or inner bark forms a callous covering from which new fibres start and form roots, thus supplying new feeders to the tree In reference to the branches, the shears leave the ends rough and bruised, and death to the imme- diate part is the result. Decay sets in, and time will tell us whether one inch, one foot, or the whole branch succumbs to the operation ; whereas if the knife is used the liber exerts itself and gradu- ally envelopes the wound till it disappears from view I do not by any means wish to disparage the use of shears for general purposes, for in this time of keen competition they cannot be dispensed with, and both shears and the knife can be used. The shears can do the trimming, but the knife alone can do the pruning. The operator can go over the tree, both root and branch, with the shears, trimming the parts an inch or so beyond the pruning point, and then follow with the knife and do the pruning expeditiously. The foregoing applies only to small trees, such as are usually planted on our streets. In larger trees both shears and knife are laid aside, and the saw and broad chisel take their places. I have offered, as evidence in support of the methods here recommended for street tree plant- ing, the trees surrounding the small parks named ; and in support of the enlarged method of pruning, several thousand trees, and many of the largest, are to-day in evidence in our beautiful Fairmount Park I could there point out to you numerous amputations, some of which extended over twelve inches in diameter, that are now nearly covered with new bark, and thousands of others that are entirely covered, and but for my association with the trees themselves, I could not locate the parts pruned. After pruning, all wounds from one inch and upwards in diameter should receive a coat of paint, which will prevent the decay of the heart-wood, and the kind used in many years of practice is boiled linseed oil colored with lampblack. Why I- prefer this and not coal-tar, put on hot, as some recommend, is because lin- seed oil is a vegetable production and therefore analogous to the tree, while coal-tar is a mmeral production and contains carbolic acid which is injurious to plant life. It is optional whether lampblack is used or not ; the only recommenda- tion it has is that it turns to an invisible green color in a short time, and thus hides from view the bareness shown by the amputation, without which the wound in a large tree would be very conspicuous. . . f^ fV»^ Amongst the many drawbacks incident to the life of a city tree is the contraction of its outer bark The roots may take hold of the soil, which we can tell by external evidence in the growth and vigor of the branches, but sometimes a check occurs and the tree stands still. Ihis is caused by being bark-bound or, as we wouM sav in reference to an animal, hide-bound. Ihe I reason I ascribe for this is, that vegetation in i the city, especially in the more crowded parts, I does not receive the full benefit of the nightly dew. The dew falls over the city as well as the country, but the smoke, heat and gaseous vapors arising from the city either absorb the dew or impreg- nate it to such an extent that it loses its life- giving properties and destroys its efficiency. Now, jii t» FOREST LEAVES. ill!' I!' ii to remedy this bark contraction, I find scoring gives relief to the tree. This is performed by drawing the point of a sharp knife down the stem to the ground, leaving a furrow from top to bot- tom The salutary effect of this scoring process will be discernible in a very short time by the re- newed energy of the buds and twigs, or infant branches of the tree. . . Having guarded the tree from all injurious attacks of all of its enemies here enumerated, there remains yet another to combat, namely, the caterpillar, the second army of which is now so strongly in evidence throughout parts of our city. Doubtless all here present remember the disas- trous state of affairs in the matter of tree life that existed in our city four or five years ago, caused by the ravages of the tussock moth and its numer- ous progeny, the hairy caterpillar. To say nothing of the trees on the streets and in private grounds our small parks and squares were not only denuded of the foliage and rendered shadeless, but were practically deserted by pedestrians and the rest- seeking public, for in sitting on the benches, or even passing through, the pest dropped down from the trees in such numbers that many persons carried umbrellas to shield themselves from the rain— literally speaking— of caterpillars. I his occurred as early as the beginning of July, and thousands of citizens whose scant means or daily avocations prevented them from leaving the city during the heated term were deprived of the life-resuscitating advantages and health-giving properties our public squares and small parks at - forded them prior to the advent of the caterpillar, and which they now enjoy through the untiring energies of the Bureau of City Property. A tour of our small parks and squares will reveal the fact that less than i per cent, of the thousands of trees owned and controlled by the city are leafless ; and, further if the tour is made late in the evening, it would convey an idea of the appreciation shown by hundreds of thousands of our citizens and their families of the provisions made by Councils, and the carrying into eff'ect of the same by the depart- ment, for the health, comfort and pleasure of our people at large. But to produce this has not been an easy matter. Time, thought and money have l^een expended, and the warfare must go. on to preserve this state of affairs, and further, it is im- perative that private tree-owners co-operate vvith the department by judiciously caring for their own trees ; if they do not, the pest remains, and year after year we will be subjected to its ravages. The destruction of the trees our fathers and grand- fathers planted for us, to say nothing of those we have planted ourselves, goes on, and the city is put to an unnecessary expense year after year. I am gratified to state that many of our citizens have awakened to this fact, and frequently my office is visited by numbers desiring information on this all-important subject, and which is at all times cheerfully given. Time will not permit me to enl irge on this question of extermination, and sufficient to say that the means used by the de- partment are three, as follows : remove and crush or burn the cocoons whenever and wherever found, spraying with Paris green in weak solu- tion at the rate of one pound of Pans green to four hundred gallons of water, or if necessity requires the strength is doubled. This, how- ever, is the exception and not the rule. It is not the quantity of Paris green used that renders it efficient, so much as the agitation and distri- bution of it. These are exterminators, while the third means is a preventive. The trees are girdled about six feet from the ground with a de- vice known as - PiUer Catter," which consists of a cotton bandage to which an adhesive paste is attached. This prevents the caterpillar from as- cending the tree, and places it in a convenient position to be crushed. Now, while each indi- vidual tree-owner cannot command the use of a steam sprayer, that cannot be used as an argu- ment why his tree or trees are not protected from the caterpillar, for he can produce equal effects in a small way with an ordinary greenhouse syringe as with a steam spraying machine, especially so if the number of his trees is limited to one or two, and those on his sidewalks, which are easy of ac- cess With the aid of a tall stepladder, a syringe, and a bucket of solution, a great number of the trees on our streets can be protected and preserved, and at a nominal cost. Transplanting Trees During Mid-Winter. T ARGE trees are often desired, to give age and I C crrandeur to new plantings, or to accom- plish immediate results and to give the proper finish in conformity with the architectural outlines of buildings. ^ In changing the course of a drive, erection ot buildings, or where the planting has become too thick, love and close attachment to large trees, the building up of which has taken half a century, sometimes, prevent the destructive axe from doing its deadly work when a removal is necessary to accomplish the desired improvements. In such instances we take to mid-winter plant- ing, first for its cheapness, and, second, because the short and otherwise too busy spring could not give the necessary time for planting a large number of big trees. i FOREST LEAVES. About the trees that it is proposed to move there should be placed in the fall a good cover of straw manure, and where the holes are to be dug for their reception a good covering of the same material should be placed. Otherwise the cost of digging the solidly frozen ground will be greatly increased. Removing trees in cold weather demands the ball of earth surrounding the roots to be frozen solid enough to enable handling without breaking. The size of the ball will have to be in accordance with the size of the tree. As a rule a ball of 7 feet diameter and as deep as the roots have taken hold of the soil, usually 3)^ to 4>^ feet, would be suffi- cient for most trees not over 1 2 inches in diameter. One elm removed in this manner in winter had a ball of earth 8 feet in diameter, and the trunk measured 4 feet in circumference ; its whole weight was 12 tons. Care must be taken not to break any limbs, and to avoid this a couple of strong wooden horses, the height of which will vary according to the size of the tree, are used to permit the trunk to rest on when letting it down after it has been lifted out of the hole. This latter work is done by pulling the tree over to one side, throwing the excavated soil under it, then pulling it the oppo- site way, again filling in, and so on, until it finally rests on the top of the ground. After the tree has been brought down on the horses, such branches as may drag on the ground are securely tied up, and such trimming as is found necessary, if any, is now attended to. The wagon is pulled up alongside the tree and the trunk se- curely fastened to the rear wheels ; otherwise the top would throw itself back when the ball or root part is pulled on the wagon. This latter is done by tying a strong rope to the trunk of the tree close to the ball, and after a deep scar has been cut into the top edge of the frozen ball for the rope to get a good hold in, it is wound several times around the ball. A good team hitched onto the rope will pull with the help of double pulleys any tree that a wagon will carry. The rolling ofi* from the wagon into the hole is done in the same manner, only in place of tying the trunk of the tree to the wagon it is fastened to a crowbar that at the proper distance from the wagon has been driven into the frozen ground in a slanting position to prevent the rope from slipping. The tree, after it has been rolled into the hole, is now easily raised by a good team of horses. In reference to the hole, I may add that it should at least be large enough to allow room for from i to 2 feet of good black soil around the tree, and on sandy or stony land considerably more. Plenty of canvas or other material to protect any part of the tree from being injured, either from ropes or from pulling it on or off the wagon, should always be on hand ; also short pieces of plank for blocking up the carriers of the wagon -to avoid breaking when' the tree is pulled on, and also be- tween the ball and the wagon, to permit of easy rolling. A piece of old rubber hose nailed onto the top of the horses is deemed necessary to pro- tect the trunk from barking off. Trees transplanted after this method never fail to grow if properly attended with watering during the first three years, and, if extreme dry weather sets in, even for a longer period. Not enough stress can be laid on this point, which, to my ex- perience, is the only fault found. To illustrate, I shall compare a tree transplanted in this way to a plant cultivated in a flower pot. In both in- stances, if permitted to get dry, the ball will con- tract to such an extent as to leave an open space all around the ball, thus permitting the hot air to penetrate the soil to the full depth of the ball, and as it is here that new root-action is encouraged, it is readily understood how disastrous neglect of watering will be ; besides, it becomes very difficult to saturate the once dry ball, the more porous soil surrounding it absorbing all the moisture. In severe freezing weather the roots of a tree that has been dug are liable to be injured, and should be protected by a covering of straw litter or by a sprinkling of water all over the sides of the ball, thus covering it with a solid coating of ice. Should thaw weather set in, a good covering of straw or leaves will preserve the frozen ball for weeks. There is undoubtedly room for argument both against and for transplanting large trees, but it must be admitted that, if properly taken care of, success is sure to come. Nevertheless, ruins of once stately trees, the result of such attempts, are to be seen everywhere. The trees referred to in these notes are elms, the only kind that can be successfully moved at a mature age. I have transplanted almost every genus that is grown in these parts, but none with such satisfaction as the elm.— James Jensen, in Park and Cemetery, Trees are the most civil society. An old oak that has been growing where he stands since before the Reformation, taller than many spires, more stately than the greater part of mountains, and a living thing, liable to sickness and death, like you and me ; is not that in itself a speaking lesson in history ? But acres on acres full of such patriarchs contiguously rooted, their green tops billowing in the wind,their stalwart younglings pushing up about their knees ; a whole forest, healthy and beautiful, giving color to the light,giving perfume to the air ; what is this but the most imposing piece in na- ture's repertory? — Robert Louis Stevenson. m ' "'tx i ::4l M , ii: ij' ii 4::.ii CL^t^ \. n .J»-^ FOREST LEAVES. The Passing of Georgia's Pine Forests. THE New York Fos/ prints a letter from Atlanta, Ga. , calling attention to the rapid destruction of the pine forests in Southern Georgia by wasteful methods : '* A quarter of a century ago there was a belt of about loo miles north and south and more than 200 miles east and west, that was an almost un- broken forest of the most magnificent yellow pme timber in the world. It was a sparsely settled region, for the most part, and except what had been used in building and fencing, this vast body of timber land had not been broached. *o MAHWAH, N. J. THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania FORESTRY SCHOOL AT BILTMORE, N. C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D. Forester to the Biltmore Estate. NOW READY.— TERMS CASH. Part I —THE OAKS. Forty-two species. No \ Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies. No 2 Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies. No t Southern, Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples o/ Extinct Oaks. r t, -* r •! .^n Single numbers, 50 cents each. Price of Part I.. «1.50. partTI— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species. No 4. The Chrstmits and Beeches. American, Japanese and European Chestnuts. No 5 The Walnuts. American, Japanese, and European species and varieties. ^ , ♦, No 6 The Hickories. American species and varieties. Single numbers, 50 cents each. Price of Part 11., «1.50. Printed in advance on account of a special demand : No. 12 of PART IV., THE MAPLES. Price 50 cents. Price of each Part, including three numbers. $1.50 Price of whole series, fifteen numbers, in advance, ^m A redaction of one-third will be made to Boards of Education, *"1.SJ mrth^eTinfofmltiS^ author and publisher, GRACEANNA LEWIS, 121 West Washington Street, Media, Pennsylvania. Forestry Association. The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, loi2 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. ' ii.!. 'G<^(^^ RATES. I • insertion. insertions. I* insertions. I inch, . . $I.OO $4.00 $8.00 'A page, . . 4.00 7.00 17.00 30.00 34.00 60.00 I ** . . 12.00 50.00 100.00 -mm -3» il FOREST LEAVES. 1 1 !t ■i: 'I' i 111 RHODODENDRONS. H The glory of every place possessing Rhododendrons is their superb bloom in the latter part of May and early June. The magnificent coloring and huge clusters of flowers in so many shades of pink, violet, rose, purple, and the delicate creaniy- white, give them the first place among the evergreen shrubs. Even 'their foliage is beautiful and most effective in the dull winter months, when their glossy green leaves add a beauty to the otherwise bare shrubbery. The great decorative value of Rhododendrons is now tully recognized, and every year increases their popularity. We take great pleasure in inviting all admirers of Rhododen- drons to visit our Nurseries during the latter part of May and very early days of June, and we feel sure it will afford great pleasure to every one who sees our fine collection of over five thousand plants in the beauty of full bloom. SINGLE CLUSTER flHODODENDHOri-BUWwm. wixv7i*k.M.w j^ Single specimen plants, bushy, well furnished, and well budded, at $1.00. $1.50, $2.00, $3.00, $4.00, $5.00, $6.00, and $7.50 each. Hemlock Soruce Too much cannot be said in praise of this fine native evergreen. Its form is con.ca , with Lt2t7r:aJZ L very graceful branches, while the foliage is fern-liUe and delicate. A valuable tree for the lawn, and it also makes a fine hedge plant. SINGLE CLUSTER RHODODENDRON-BLOOM. 13 to i8 inches, x8 to 24 inches, a to 3 feet, . . 3 to 4 feet, . . 5 to 6 feet, . . • • • • • • • • • 25 each ; $i 75 per lo 35 each ; a 50 per 10 50 each ; 4 00 per 10 75 each ; 6 00 per 10 X 00 each ; 8 00 per 10 ^15 00 per 100 20 00 per 100 35 00 per 100 50 00 per 100 65 00 per 100 American Holly. This is one of America's most beautiful evergreens. Its foliage varies very little from that of the English Holly, and its rich clusters of scarlet berries make a good substitute for flowers m the winter shrubbery. It is hardy in almost any locality, and to insure safety in transplanting the leaves should be removed from the plant at that time. Plants, twelve to eighteen inches, 50 cents each ; $5.00 per dozen ; 125.00 per 100. Andromeda Catesb»i. One of the best shade-supporting plants and very useful for massing as undergrowth. It is a hardy Evergreen Shrub, with stems of dark green and leaves of bronze, colonng beautifully during the fall and winter seasons, and in the spring it bears a sweet-scented white flower, blooming very early. Plants, six to twelve inches, 25 cents each ; $2.50 per dozen; $20.00 per 100. Large plants 50 cents each ; $35.00 per 100. White Pine. One of the most stately and valuable of evergreens ; tall, straight, and handsome, with slender glaucous leaves. 13 to 18 inches, x8 to 34 inches, a to 2% feet, . . 3j4 to 3 feet, . . 5 to 7 fcc*» • • $0 35 each 50 each 75 each X 00 each a 00 each $2 00 per 10; $15 00 per 100 3 00 per 10; ao 00 per xoo 5 00 per 10 ; 35 00 pcr 100 7 50 per 10 ; 50 00 per ico X5 00 per xo. WHITE RINE. ^ CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA., PA WILLIAM WARNER HARPER. Cnt&irxui nit-. \^A Vol. VII. Philadelphia, December, 1899. No. 6. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, loiJ Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter. CONTENTS. Lditorials y"t'"'n'.l The Annual Meeting of the Penn- soriation The Kirsl Antiuiil Reporl "I the New \ "r„ Mate Loliegc . • estry ........ •• ....— •.• Red Oak (Quercus rubra, L.) •• Pennsylvania Forests to be Restored........... ••.••• • A Proposed Tree-Lined Boulevard m Philadelphia Practical Forestry in Pennsylvania A Historic 1 ree National Forest Reserves ^ Some Peculiarities of Wood ;' Tree Growths on Five-Mile Beach. New Publications. 82 83 84 85 86 86 88 89 89 90 9» 91 9' 92 93 Subscription, $i.oo per Year. The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages 0/ FoRBST Lkavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. ^ The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in June, 1886, Labors to disseminate information >" r'^ard to the necesM.y a„d z^t^'J^:^,^:^;^^^^^^^^^^ i^^Toth's^rati fna National. . . ^ ,^ j n Annual membership fee. One dollar. / //> membership. Fifteen dollars, ... • • . a a Nether he mei^^^ nor the work of this Association .s intended to be ignited to th^ State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members s^oinds^nd their nam« «-./;«... Chairman Member- ship Committee, 512 Walnut Street, Phila. President. John Birkinbine. , . i„^„„ n v'ce Presidents, Herbert Welsh Howard M. Jenkins. James C. Haydon. Wm. S. Harvey, R'chard Wood General Secretary, Dr. Joseph 1 • R^^^^T'^^U Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy. F,S:rw: W: ^Va"r;&^r'feTT"li..n^:as,':/-'t"dmL^- ^'aul'.^n'd ^"^m\Tr!hU,Mh^n B. Weimer, Chairman; Mrs. Henry J. Biddle. Ed^in Swtftt'arch'c-harles W. Freedley. Joseph VV. Johnson, and Ur. '^T^'HonW. N. Ashman. Chairman ; Henry Budd Charles He^eTt He?ry Howson, Henry C. McCormick and John A S.ner. ^7MicatZ\ioi,n Bi.Joty. Wyoming County, lames W. Piatl. York County, Dr. I. C. Giable. Mr Wm. S. Harvey spoke of " The Relation of the Lumberman to the Forestry Movement, instancing the changes in the attitude of the lum- bermen, who are now paying attention to the pro- tection of their timl)er lands. His remarks will be found in another column. Dr W V Wilson, I )irector-( General ot the Ex- position,'stated that the forestry movement was one whic h was growing, and would fmally win every one to its favor. Kven the lumberman has i)ecome the friend of forestry, and is interested in the effort to grow the trees whic h he desires to "^This movement began with the older people, who are probably harder to interest, being more set in their ways. He had just returned from a FOREST LEAVES. visit to a large school, and on his way to the meet- ing the thought came to him that if this work was begun in the younger days, and properly presented to the children, it would make an impression on them, which, as they grew up, would remain, and make them upholders of the cause. He stated that he had been a professor of botany in several universities, but at that time had thought more of treating the scientific side of the subject, but he was now impressed with its practical im- portance. His childhood days had been passed in Michi- gan, near one of the great forests of that State, and his love for the trees had always remained. Whenever he desired to rest he naturally went to a wooded section, and would always retain his reverence for trees. Mr. Albert Lewis, one of the members of the Pennsylvania P^orestry Commission to select forestry reservations, stated that he took especial care of his timber lands after they were cut over, cleaning out the underbrush, etc., to prevent the spread of fire. He would be pleased to take a party of members of the Association and show them 25,000 acres which he had protected, and which were covered with trees, each section being second growth of a different age. He also offered to contribute to the work of the Association, Dr. J. T. Rothrock spoke of the work now being undertaken by the State in Pike County, where 3400 acres are owned by the State. As pulp tim- ber was greatly in demand, the Department of Agriculture authorized the planting of 1500 cut- tings of North Carolina poplar for the purpose of growing material for this purpose. The poplar was selected, not because it was the best wood for this industry (spruce being superior), but it would make good pulp, and had the advantage of quick growth. These cuttings would be made the basis of other plantations, and when the whole was well started, bundles would be given to citizens who desired to grow this timber. What is needed is to have the American people understand that we must have protection for our forests similar to that given by Germany, which educates persons free of cost to care for the timber lands, and carries on the business in such a way that enormous revenues are derived from her forests. If Germany's woodlands were swept away, greatly reducing the revenue, the Empire would cease to be one of the first nations in Europe. In Pennsylvania 100,000 acres were now in sight which could be used for forest reservations when the money was ready. He also spoke of the difference in the water flow caused by the removal of the forests, and stated that he had lately seen 11,000,000 gallons a day pumped from the Delaware into the Lackawanna basin, and stated that the latter river, which had in early days been noted for its supply of water, might now be appropriately named ** Lack-o' -water." President Birkinbine referred to the progress of the forestry movement, in the interest of which the Pennsylvania P'orestry Association had been work- ing for over thirteen years, and which was now successfully inaugurated. The meeting then ad- journed sine die. F. L. B. Address of the President of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association. OWING to a press of business it has been im- possible for me to prepare the address con- templated, and I shall content myself by congratulating the Association upon its continuous growth and briefly refer to a few indications that the national improvidence in the care of our forests is being recognized. The action of a promi- nent railway corporation which lately resulted in securing a large tract of land upon which catalpa trees are being planted to supply cross-ties in the future is one of these. The railroad officials esti- mate that in sixteen years it will be possible to cut from 2500 to 3000 ties per acre, and antici- pate a very satisfactory return upon the invest- ment. As another indication, a traveller through some of our central States can see forests of considerable extent, which are really tree-plantations, resulting from the interest exhibited in Arbor Day in that section a score of years ago. In Pennsylvania the roadside and tract plant- ing has produced some excellent tree-growths which, as they advance in age, will add to the attractiveness, the comfort and the wealth of the State. , , 1 J These are all protests against the wholesale de- nudation of forests or the sacrifice of splendid tree-growths. The reproduction of a photograph showing a group of mountain fire-rangers in Arizona is in- teresting evidence, for it shows that the Govern- ment officials are giving attention to the forest reserves by having them patrolled by armed men with authority to check depredations upon the Government forests, and as far as possible to pre- vent or extinguish forest fires which cause such great loss to property and to life. The example set by the Government will have a salutary intlu- ence, and should encourage the various States, as well as individuals owning forested areas, to take steps towards their preservation. !)' li '' ill if •ti It i\ lijiitii X.^^ ^ FOREST LEAVES. It is hardly possible that each Government ranger will be able to individually locate each case j of timber robbery or prevent or extinguish all | forest fires, but the knowledge that some one is in authority, with the power of the Government back of him, will reduce the damage done either wilfully or accidentally to the reserves. We are also to be felicitated upon the fact that all of the Governors of Pennsylvania who have served during the life of the Association, (General lames A. Beaver, Hon. Robert E. Pattison Gen- eral Daniel H. Hastings and the Hon. Wm. A. Stone, have been steadfast friends of forestry. We recognize that the results which the friends of forestry have achieved is largely owing to the co-operation of those in authority. Report of the Council of the Pennsylva- nia Forestry Association. DURINCi the vear which has just been com- ])leted there has been much accomplished <• to which the Association can refer with satisfaction. The work done aimed more to secure the enforcement of enactments already secured and direct aroused public opinion in proper channels than in new advances. i In addition to the annual meeting, three meet- ings were held, and the attendance at all of these ^ was most encouraging. On January i6th Dr. 1 ]. T. Rothrock gave an illustrated lecture at the New Century Drawing-Room under the auspices of the Forestrv Committee of the New Century , Club and the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, addresses being also made by Dr. Brumbaugh and Dr. Lee, Secretary of the State Board ot Health. , , On Februarv 21st there was a well-attendea meeting at Horticultural Hall, when Mr. Gifford ! Pinchot, Forester of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, presented an illustrated talk on »*The Western Forest Reserves," while Dr. Rothrock showed the necessity for reserves in Pennsylvania. t>ui ^ 1 The Spring meeting was held at the Ihilaaei- l)hia Commercial Museums on May 5th. Dr. W. P. Wilson gave an illustrated talk on the '* Export of Lumber Materials and Sources of Lumber Supply," while Dr. |. T. Rothrock spoke on *^The Relation of the Museums to Forestry." After the addresses a five o'clock tea was given. The two Arbor Days— that in the Spring, on \pril 7th or 28th, appointed by the Governor, and in the Fall (October 20th), designated by the Superintendent of Public Instruction— were quite generally observed by the Narious schools and colleges, as well as by private individuals. It was, however, during the latter part of the year that the Association gained two points for which it had been long striving, and which, it is expected, will lead to a more advanced forestry ^^ During the vear there had been many rumors, apparently well founded, that a change was con- templated by the new Administration in the remo- val of the efficient Commissioner of Forestry, and a committee was appointed to prepare a memorial to the Governor urging, on behalf of the Asso- ciation, the retention of the incumbent and his reappointment. This was further supplemented bv individual efforts. All of the friends of for- estrv were delighted when, in September, (:rov- ernor Stone reappointed Dr. Rothrock as Forestry Commissioner for four years. ^ In 1897 the Pennsylvania Forestry Association prepared and presented to the Legislature a bill authorizing the Governor to appoint a commission of five to select and purchase three forestry reser- vations at the head-waters of our three great river svstems, the Ohio, Susquehanna and Delaware, each reservation to consist of not less than 40,000 acres ; and in November of this year Governor Stone appointed as this commission Dr. J. L Rothrock, Major Isaac B. Brown, Messrs. John Fulton, Alfred Lewis and Charles M. Schwab. 1 Although we mourn the decease of many promi- nent members of the Association, our growth has been verv gratifying. At our last annual meeting we had a total membership of 1283; since then i we have added to our roll 258 new members; lost by death, 22 ; resignations and dropped from ' rolls, 28; leaving a net gain of 208, or 17 per I cent., and bringing the grand total up to i49»- rhe outlook is certainly encouraging, but the i Association will need to be constantly on guard to see that the forestry laws now on our statute books are carefully observed, keeping public sen timent awakened, so that when the Legislature meets a vear hence the results obtained will be such , that no effort to repeal them will be considered. I F. L. BiTLKR, Secretary. —On November 22d, Dr. James H. MacPar- lane, of the University of Pennsylvania, gave an interesting lecture, before the New Century Club, on ** The Food and Method of Feeding of Trees. Miss lannev, who is Chairman of the Forestry Committee, has arranged a course of talks on tor estry, which will include addresses by Miss My ra L. Dock in December and Dr. J. T. Rothrock in January. xo m FOREST LEAVES. Report of the General Secretary of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. THE General Secretary reports the past year to have been one of quiet but general advancement in the forestry interests of the Association and of the State. Naturally the detailed account of what has been accomplished by the Commonwealth would come under his re- port to the Secretary of Agriculture, but the j efforts of this Association have so uniformly been , in the same general direction as those of the State that it would be hard to separate them. It is true that the chief field of the Association has been that of suggestion and support to the I work of the State, while that of the latter has been to take advantage of all favorable public opinion and act upon it in the acquisition of lands for the State Forestry Reservations, and in a modest way to begin actual forestry work upon , lands already acquired. When our last report was made we were able to say that the foundations of our system of for- estry legislation had been completed. ^ | Perhaps no measures brought before our General j Assembly of 1897 had met with a support which was so nearly unanimous, regardless of party lines, as those which looked to the protection and restoration of our forest interests. It is a great pleasure now to say in the most positive way that the present Chief Executive of the State, Governor Stone, proposes to signalize his administration by every proper assistance which he can lend to a movement which is at once so important and so urgently demanded by the press and people of the State. It is, of course, unfortunate that the treasury has not' yet fully recovered from the business de- pression of the past five years. There is, how- ever, good reason for the hope that this will not long remain as a barrier to the acquisition of lands by the State. We may be entirely sure that the earlie^t possible moment will be taken advantage of to add substantially to the woodland posses- sions of the State. It is a great advance that the forestry Com- mission of five members to locate State reserva- tions has been completed. It will be remembered that the bill authorizing this commission was drawn up at the instanc e of the Pennsylvania For- estry Assoc iation. Its claims were pressed by the same organization upon the Legislature, and its final passage was made possible largely through the efforts of our members. These real advances do not indicate reason tor a cessation of our efforts. On the contrary, they but afford a most cogent argument in favor ot re doubled interest in the work we have under- taken. Under a popular government no law is stronger than the public sentiment back of it. This remark is designed to give point to what follows. The Legislature of 1897 passed two laws which were promptly signed by Governor Hastings. One of these laws made constables of townships ex-officio fire-wardens. The effect of the law has been good. For services rendered in extinguish- ing forest fires, the constables and the posses sum- moned received a fair compensation. Its con- stitutionality was questioned on the ground of an I alleged defect in its title. I am glad to say that the Superior Court has sustained the law, *^so that it is now in full force and effect." The other law, which is vastly more important, makes it the duty of the commissioners of coun- ties to appoint persons under oath to ferret out I and bring to justice those who create these annual fires, when called upon by the Commissioner of Forestry to do so. I regret to say that the per- I formance of this duty has been largely evaded. I It is true that it is a most unwelcome duty to in- i form against a careless neighbor who creates a de- I structive forest fire ; but a duty it still remains, as ^ much as though it were a house burned instead of a I forest. The laws in this State to day are ample to i secure a reduction of forest fires to a minimum if they were observed by those who have taken the oath of office. This is not the proper place to indicate what measures will be taken to see that thev are observed. It is idle to expect any reduction in the number of these fires until those who start them are pun- ished. . r It is worse than extravagance on the part ot any county commissioner to pay for suppression of fires so long as they fail to make an honest effort to convict those who cause the expenditure. Your attention is called to this state of affairs, and your most earnest co-operation in the work of enforcing this law is asked for. Both laws are necessary, but the set ond is by all odds the more important of the two. The hope was expressed at our last annual meeting that a closer relationship between our own organization and those interested in public health and the game and fish protection of the State might be effected. 1 am glad to be able to report that this has been accomplished. '1 he re- sult is that the Legislature of 1899 enlarged the duties of the constables under the Act of 1897 by nassing another which makes them ex-officw fire-, eame- and fish-wardens, prescribing their power and duties, fixing their fees as wardens, and pre- \ ■ t '1 '' ? I !i I I li .11 FOREST LEAVES. scribing their punishment for faiUire to perform their duties. We hope for a still closer union with these affiliated interests. We cannot too strongly em- phasize the fact that from the start the health authorities of the State have most cordially co- operated with us. In so far as we could we have endeavored to further their wise, needed and beneficent plans. To the Secretary of the State Board of Health we have been under constant obligations The Forestry Committee of the New Century Club has also rendered most welcome and effective help. ' Without distinction of political party the news- papers of the State have urged the importance of forest protection and restoration. It is fair to say that there is hardly an influential newspaper in , the Commonwealth which has not at some time called attention to it. | It is a rare thing to see a movement in favor of a cause so important as the one for which we have worked come to a practical solution in the life- time of the generation which started it. Yet we have witnessed it in the case of the forestry agita- tion. With the end in sight, let us here once more gratefully acknowledge the power gained by j the constant, cordial help of the newspapers of \ Pennsylvania. ^'They builded better than they ' knew," for their agitation, started here, has spread | to other States, which are now following where the Keystone pointed. I The official organ of our Association, Forest I Leaves, continues to appear but once in two months. The same urgent reasons which existed one year ago in favor of making it a monthly, continue. The journal never was intended to stand for forestry interests in general in the United States, and it was wisely thought that what was gained by a wider s( ope might be lost in direct application to our own State interests. We have not reached the stage of satisfaction with our little paper. We hope we never shall, for that would be the death of it. We do desire, however, more money, to enable it to continue in the work it has so well begun. It would more than double its value if it appeared twice as often. These are changes which should be made ; for ex- ample, there should be a regularly allotted space for brief, practical communications from our own State, and these should be encouraged. The work of preparing Forest Leaves for the public has been one of love, not of remuneration. It would be at least a graceful act if it were made possible for these willing workers to elevate the journal to more nearly what they would have it be. J. T. ROTHROCK, General Secretary. Treasurer's Report. l^he fiscal year of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association ends on December i, 1899, but the following is a statement of the finances on No- vember 26, 1899 : Treasurer'' s Sal.inent lo \'oi\mher jf\ fSi)Q. To l.alance on hand December I, lS9RKST Lf.avks and advertise- ments, ...-.•• Cash, Life Memberships, .... ( ash from County Branches for dues. . . Cash, Rent and office expenses paid by City Parks Association, . . • • Cash paid, reimbursement for unu^,ed stamps, 1064 00 30q 00 I Ji 09 28 00 107 50 5 50 By ca^h, sundries, postage, office ran', etc.. Publication FoREsi' Lhavks, Assistant Secretary's salary, . Lectures and meetings, Kxpenses Membership Committee, Balance on hand November 26, . $2937 ^3 Ck. $3^3 92 898 83 600 00 276 38 216 8s 561 6s $2937 63 Chari.f.s E. Pancoast, Treasurer, The Relation of the Lumberman to the Forestry Movement. THt: general impression has prevailed for a great many years that the men whose busi- ness it is to cut down the trees were opposed to forest preservation, and that the method heretofore adopted by the lumberman was to cut down the trees regardless of the future su])- ply of timber, leaving the debris in the forest to become dry, through which fire ultimately runs, destroying the young growth. Up to the last few years the lumbermen have looked upon the for- estry movement as purely sentimental, believing that it was impossible to preserve the young growth while marketing the timber. The layman in forestry — not such authorities as Dr. Fernow, Dr. Rothrock and Mr. Pinchot— have considered it a crime to cut down a tree, overlooking the important fact that trees, like grain, become ripe for cutting, and if not cut they only decay and become a prey to fire and destroy the young growth. 'Phere are 46,000,000 acres of forest reserva- tions under control of the Government which should be placed under the control of a Forestry Bureau, so that it could be cared for under proper forestry conditions. A committee had been ap- FOREST LEAVES. pointed by President Cleveland, which made a very exhaustive report as to how this should be done and it is urged that an effort be made during the present session of Congress. The entire out- lay to the Government for forest rangers, care- takers and fire wardens would be about $300,000, and within a few years the Government would de- rive an income from the sale of ripe timber for cutting which would amount to several millions of dollars annually. A letter from the Secretary of the National Coopers' Association of the United States, which was as follows, will illustrate the interest now taken by those who were supposed to be destroy- ers of the forests : movement. 'I'he lumbermen now rec^ognize that those interested in preserving our forests are help- ing to perpetuate their business ; for large areas of forest land, by intelligent administration, ( an be made a perpetual source of income. Wm. S. Harvky. NATIONAL COOPKRS' >lEMFHiS, ASSOCIATION. Tenn., Nov. 20, 1899. \1r. \Vm. S. Harvev, Philadelphia: Dear Sir: Mr. A. H. Winchester, of Buck- hannon, W. Va., expert in the Department of Forestrv and Fisheries for the Commissioner (gen- eral of ^the United States to the Paris Exposition of I goo, gave us your name as being interested in 1 the protection of our forests against the destruc- , tive forces of man. It may seem strange to you j that a cooperage manufacturer should desire to do , this as it is the general impression that they are j the ones who are destroying the forests ; however, it is onlv the split manufacturer, who exports staves, that is doing this. Our branch of the in- dustry uses more of the tree than any other worker of timber excepting the pulp manufacturer. 1 he process we use is getting the timber out in bolts, and then sawing staves and heading, losing only the kerf of the saw and a few slabs As Secretary and Treasurer of the Na lonal Coopers' Association 1 desire to give you all the aid possible in stopping the wanton destruction of our timber, and at our next meeting in Pittsburgh, on December 5th, we desire some resolutions looking toward the preservation of our forests. If there is anything you could help us out in or any suggestions you could make, we would be glad to have them. Very truly yours, (Signed) Wai.kkr L. Wki.lkord, Secretary and Treasurer. \ction has been taken by the various lumber organizations throughout the United States, and the National Board of Trade at Washington passed resolutions advocating legislation on behalf of the protec tion of the forests and care of forest reserva- tions rhe friends of forestry are to be congratu- lated that they now have the hearty co-operation, in every wise measure, of the men upon whom hey heretofore looked as enemies of the forestry The First Annual Report of the New York State College of Forestry. THE first Annual Report of the New York State College of Forestry bears, as its date of presentation to the Legislature of that State, February i, 1899. , ,, .- This report is made by Professor Bernard E. ber- now. Director of the College ; and though the lapse of almost a year intervenes between the date of presenting the report and publishing it, there still remains enough of interest to merit notice. , . There were twenty-eight students studying forestry. Entrance fees are charged for all stu- dents except those from the State of New York A library of forestry has been started, and the leading forestry journals in German, French and English, as well also as some of the lumbermen s journals, are found on the library table. The director regrets that there is as yet no pro- j vision made for instruction in the case of fish and ' game protection. An appropriation of $12,000 annually is sug- gested as reciuisite to meet the needs of the insti- tution. . 11 • The greatest possible want of the college is adequate quarters. When the report was written there were no regular cpiarters assigned to it ex- cept the office for the Director. It is to be hoped that before this an improvement has been made^ The college forest, when turned over to the authorities and fairly started, is expected to pay expenses, and yield something more. We hope this may prove to be true. The late Dr. Krauth once said, -Educational institutions are great charities, and the greater work the institution does, the greater help it demands and merits. AVe may be sure Professor Fernow and his associ- ates will endeavor to secure the best financial re- sults, and the request for $30,000 as an appropria- tion to begin forest business with seems reasonable. I . I . R. —Italy has followed America in establishing an \rbor Day. It is to be held in October of each vear In' the parks, or some other public place, lessons in tree culture will be given children on the occasion.— .4/^^//^^'^' Monthly. \V'^ m '11 ^-'T^ m FOREST LEAVES. ij till Red Oak (Quercus rubra, L.). 7\ MONG our native oaks, whether seen in j^X the forest or on the lawn, our red oak is <^ conspicuous. We know that it lacks the strength of the white oak, but because of its size and apparent vigor we accord it a respect almost us great as that given to the other tree. The large leaves, which are bright green, and the signs of rapid growth, compel admiration, even when we remember that the white oak at last may come to exceed in size the most vigorous red oak. As is the case with all of our trees, size and shape in this species depend greatly on place of growth. It is no uncommon thing to find a specimen in the | woods which towers up among the tallest of its | associates, reaching a height of perhaps eighty ' feet, while the trunk remains slender. On the ; other hand one may see on the open ground a spreading specimen, whose height does not exceed sixty feet, which will have a trunk four feet or more in diameter, and a spread of branches much greater than the height. Emerson has truly remarked that on no other | species of oak does the bark of the trunk and limbs ( ontinue smooth so long. We cannot, how- ever, agree with him in his statement that it never does become very rough. We present two trunks of the red oak with this article. Both are of large trees. One is ext^*emely smooth and the other is extremely rough, but both are red oaks. The difference appears, in my judgment, to be due to the fact that the one grows on a cold, stony soil, and that its struggle for life is told by its rugged bark. The other is a park favorite, which has always enjoyed abundant food, moisture and sun light. The foliaceous lit hens encrust the rough bark of the one, and add to its shaggy appearance, while thin, scaly sj)ecies of lichens adorn the smoother surface of the other. The color of the trunk which Emerson has so well designated a "dark greenish ashen grey" may almost be called a diagnostic feature of the bark of the red ok. This is especially true of the smoother barked forms. The foliage of the red oak is lush, vivid green on either side, though somewhat j)aler on the un- der surface, large, deeply but symmetrically lobed, toothed and bristle-tipped. Of all our oaks, the foliage of this one is most imi>ressive. We know that life abounds in it, and we are not surprised to learn that a trunk nourished by a foliage so vigorous is a rapid grower. Hence, on counting but one hundred and eighty annual rings in a stump which was four feet in diameter, it was ac- cepted almost as a matter of course. A hemlock tree would have required at least five and a half centuries to have attained similar size on a like situation. There is what may be called a red oak type ot leaf, but that of the black oak is much like it in shape. There is this difference, however. The black oak leaf is more hairy and less shining, and has often, on the lower surface, small tufts of brown hair in the angles where the secondary ribs come off from the midrib. This latter test Professor Sargent seems to think a positive one. To me it appears to be a helpful character, though not one to be imphcitly rehed upon. The acorns, however, are always, I believe, dis- tinctive. Those of the red oak are from three- fourths of an inch to an inch long, and three- fourths as thick. They are seated on a flat base, in a very shallow cup, and taper quite suddenly to a distinct point at the other end. They are eaten by pigs, but apparently not relished so well as those of some other species. I'he wood of the red oak is open-pored, and was once considered unsuitable for mechanical purposes because of the difficulty in seasoning it, and because, also, of the tendency it had to cor- rode nails which were driven into it. Emerson has said that old beams taken from houses came out still unseasoned. Latterly, however, it has c ome into more general use in finishing houses, and there is quite a demand for it for this purpose. The lumberman is often inclined to consider as red oak, now, trees which he once thought were black oak. Demand does occasionally change even the names of trees. It is not likelv, however, that m this case any serious wrong is done to the purchaser, tor a good red-wooded blac k oak is often a better lumber than a bad red oak. This species has a wide range in our ( ountry. It is commonly stated to l)e the most northern growing oak, and it extends along the mountain meridians as far south as northern Florida. It is also found in Kansas. The red oak should find a place on every lawn of considerable size. It is beautiful as a tree, and the leaves turn dark red in autumn. In Pennsylvania it grows on the rich river flats and on the rockv slopes of our mountains. Poor soil does not diminish its vigor except in so fiir as it retards growth. The physical properties of red oak may be thus stated: Specific gravity, 0.6540; percentage of ash, 0.26; relative approximate fuel value, 0.6523; weight in pounds of a cubic foot of dry wood, 40.76 : relative strength, 66. J. T. ROTHROCK. M COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vit., No. 6. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. " I ) I , \w 11' COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vil, No. 6. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. RED OAK. (QuERCUS rubra, l.\ MIFFLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. POOR GROUND TYPE OF RED OAK TRUNK. RICH GROUND TYPE OF RED OAK TRUNK. I>l COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii., No. 6. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. I RED OAK. (QuERCUS rubra, LJ. MIFFLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. n INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE il COPYRIGHTED, 1899. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii., No. 6. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. POOR GROUND TYPE OF RED OAK TRUNK. RICH GROUND TYPE OF RED OAK TRUNK. fW 1 ' i M n ^^^ i I \ ,.i\ ! I in>ii III m t n .■^ \ FOREST LEAVES. l^y <-§»- Pennsylvania Forests to Be Restored. 7\ T a meeting of the State Board of Property, aA in October, the (iovernor expressed fully * his intention to make forest protection and restoration one of the distinctive features ot his administration. , j ^^ The Commissioner of Forestry was directed to place himself in communication with those who had large bodies of unseated land for sale at such prices as could be purchased under existing laws The following resolutions, adopted unanimously at the meeting, represent the views of Governor Stone on this important question : "Whereas, The forests of Pennsylvania are practically destroyed, or converted into lumber affecting materially the streams and agricultural products of its State, and at the same time remov- ing one of its most important industries ; and " Whereas, Older nations have found it neces- sary for their continued prosperity, and to dimin- ish the burden of their taxes, to preserve and reha- bilitate their forests, and have for centuries given much attention to scientific forestry ; and "Whereas, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, the present Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsylvania, has become familiar with the different tracts of wild land in the State that can be purchased at rea- sonable prices, and submitted his report to the Board of Property ; and "W'hereas, These large areas of so-called wild land in Pennsylvania would in tiine, ""der proper legislation and care, be covered with valuable , ttmber, and restore the lumbering industry and , afforS Supplies of pulp material and favorably in- fluence our climate and agriculture ; and " Whereas, It is also the opinion of this Board that in the near future Pennsylvania must depend upon its own second growth of timber, by the cLe and cultivation of the forestry preserves of the State, for its wood supply ; therefore be it "Resolved, First, that it is the sense of th, Board that a reasonable effort f » b^^^^Jj once to locate, ascertain and define the cheap knds in the State which may be acquired, either by purchase at tax sales or from 'nd.vduals a low orices, and that as fast as the treasury will low prices, m ,_,,,_„ uoc^rl whenever thev the exercise of such care over them as would in time produce for the State from its own forest trees not only a revenue, but would protect the water- sheds and the agricultural interests in the State "Third That the Commissioner of forestry shall also report what aid other States and other nations, directly or indirectly, furnish the farmer and woodland owner toward maintaining that proportion of wooded to cleared areas which ex- perience has proven to be necessary. "Fourth, That the Commissioner of forestry shall communicate with the Commissioners^ of the several counties wherein wild or unseated lands are situate, requesting reports of such lands as they may hold, where the title is vested in them, and the price at which they can be purchased. On motion of John P. Elkin, the Commissioner of Forestry was directed to investigate and report to the Board the price at which certain unseated lands in Monroe County can be purchased ; also at what price similar lands in Clearfield County can be purchased. . . ^ Mr. Griest suggested that the Commissioner of Forestry look into the suggestions of the Deputy Secretary of Internal Affairs concerning land which may be purchased within the P/ov.sions of existing laws, and upon which lands there still re- mains a good growth of hard wood. A Proposed Tree-Lined Boulevard in Philadelphia. MW'OR ASHBRIDGE has submitted a plan for planting trees along Broad -i Street Philadelphia. The scheme, which is approved by the heads of the various de- mrtments Lnd City Forester Lewis, is subject S modifications, but it is the intention to either Int trees where none now exist or else to set out new ! trees along the whole length of the thoroughfare. Broad Street, which is the longest paved boule- vard in the world, if shaded by fine rows of trees would n'ake a delightful drive, adding to the comfort of all who pass along the street in the summer by the protection they afford from the sun, S the foliage would also be conducive to the r^S^^^t^^P^^-^^ \ ^th^e1>rylvS- Horticultural Society at a 'can be bought, under the prov-isio- of^exis^^^^^^^ | ^^^^1 he^ ^^ y ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^,„,,„ endorsing the Mayor's proposal. In i8o Mr. Elliot Cresson bequeathed #50°° ^' -" , .... „r Duno^^ii.Viid the income law at a rate which the Board regards as reason- able and within the financial power of the State " Second, That the Commissioner of Forestry be requested to investigate the /.-s of other coun- tries which have given attention to the preserva on of the forests and report such features of said Iws as should properly be adopted for our Sta e with a view to the Restoration of our forests, and to in trust to the city of Philadelphia, the income from this sum to be "appropriated annually for- ever to the planting and renewing of shade trees, especially in localities now exposing my fellow- citizens to the heat of the sun. I tl ^^^ -an FOREST LEAVES. I Practical Forestry in Pennsylvania. TT7VVO events of more than ordinary import- I ance to the forestry interests of this State "^ have occurred since our last issue. ! The first is the completion by Governor Stone of the Forestry Commission which is to locate the three State Forest Reservations which were authorized by the Legislature of 1897. As now constituted, the Commission is : Dr. J. T. Roth- rock, West Chester, Pa. ; Mr. John Fulton, C.E., lohnstown, Pa. ; Major Isaac B. Brown, Hams- burg, Pa. ; Mr. Albert Lewis, Bear Creek, Pa. ; Mr^'charles M. Schwab, Pittsburg, Pa. It is expected that the Commission will meet very soon for organization, and that the work will be pushed to as speedy a conclusion as is com- patible with due examination of the lands which may be suitable and available. This Commission has the right to condemn land for public purposes, and to settle the price to be paid in the same man- ner that similar cases growing out of disputed value of land taken for public roads are settled. The minimum acreage of each reservation is fixed by law at 40,000 acres ; though there is nothing to prevent twice as much being taken if, in the judgment of the Commission, it is desirable, and the condition of the State Treasury will warrant it It is natural that (iovernor Stone should desire to see his wav very clearly before pledging himself and his administration to a new policy which, once entered upon, must be continued. It was most desirable that he should fully consider it from every point of view, and the statements which he has recently made that the forestry interests of this State would henceforth be fully recognized, and that they would be a prominent feature in his ad- ministration, are the more gratifying because these promises were not made until careful consideration had been given to the entire subject. Each suc- cessive (iovernor of recent years has become a more pronounced advocate of forestry reform. It now appears to be reserved for Governor Stone to cap the climax, toward which public opinion has been trending for twenty years in Pennsylvania. A more detailed statement of this will appear else- where in this issue. Meanwhile we congratulate the Governor and the State upon the dawning era. The second event is the actual start in prac- tical forestry operations which has been made up- on the State land in Pike County. It is true, the start is a most modest one, but it is a genuine business advance. Ciround has been broken in Porter Township for planting cuttings of Carolina poplar, ^r hough no known experiments have been made with this tree as a material for pulp produc- tion, it is assumed by those most competent to judge that it will yield satisfactory results by the soda process. This granted, there are two other factors which are certainly known: hrst, the growing scarcity of suitable pulp wood, and the growing demand for the pulp product ; second, the fact that Carolina poplar is an extremely rapid grower, and that it will grow from cuttings in al- most any soil. Nearby where the State is com- mencing this work, these trees are found to have increased in diameter at the rate of at least an inch a year. It is estimated that on an acre of such soil as most of our waste land represents there should be grown in from fifteen to twenty years from forty to fifty-five cords of poplar pulp wood. This sounds extravagant, but the statement seems to be warranted by established facts ; and il ! it is true it certainly does put a new aspect on the forestry problem in Pennsylvania, because a man may plant a forest and hope himself to cut the result of his labors. It, furthermore, will point verv conclusively to a use for much of our now abandoned lands. In doing this it will . give a new value to these lands, increase their assessed value, and thus increase also the revenue to the State from taxes. To a certain extent, as production of pulp wood increases will the old lumbering interest be restored, or a substitute found for it. Tree planting may thus form as prominent a feature in the future as tree cutting has in the past. It can well be predicted that land so planted will be protected against forest fires if legal methods can afford any protection. This is but an entering wedge. Next season other experiments with quick-growing trees will be made. It is also part of the plan that tnese plantations are to serve as nurseries for free dis- tribution of young forest trees and cuttings, after operations are fairly started. We welcome the day of actual forestry work. Its advent has been too long deferred. Professor Hamilton, the Secretary of Agricul- ture, has lent his cordial support to this practical forestry work, as, indeed, he has to all our forestry interests. —The fall meeting of the Massachusetts State Federation of Women's Clubs was held at Win- (hendon on October 20th. Forestry was the prominent topic of the meeting, and we are pleased to note the great interest now taken in this subject by the Massachusetts Clubs. Mr. Frederic Law Olmsted, Tr. , gave an illustrated talk on '* 1 he Metropolitan Park System of Boston ;" Mr. Allen Chamberlain spoke on the practical work of the forestry association; Mrs. CoraC. Jones on |^ Arbor Day and the possibilities for Women's Clubs. i^ ; FOREST LEAVES. — ^i-- A Historic Tree. 71 T.ARGE white oak tree shades the leading /X 'spring of the Schaefferstown water works, * of Schaefferstown, Lebanon County, Fa., which, it is alle^'ed by historians, is the oldest in the United States. The tree was young long be- fore the first white people settled in the neighbor- hood, and is considerably over two centuries olcl_ It is about 4 feet in diameter, and has changed very little within the memory of the oldest in- habitant. Its spreading limbs, some of which are probably 30 feet or upward in length, show that even before the white man's axe made inroads in the vircrin forests of America it was uncrowded by near neighbors. The venerable oak stands on the northern slope of an eminence, the top ot which was once crowned by the celebrated castle, or tower, of Baron Wm. Henry Stiegel who was a conspicuous figure in the colonial history of Pennsylvania. The hill is still known as lower Hill In recent years, several acres of land, in- cluding the site of the tower and the aforesaid leading spring, have been converted into a pub- lic park and planted with trees. A. s. ti. National Forest Reserves. THE Chief Executive of the United States (lovernment is in favor of large National • forest reserves, and in his Annual Message : President McKinley refers to them as [oHo^s : "On June 3°. '898, there were thirty forest reservations (exclusive of the Afognak forest and ; Fish Culture Reserve in Alaska), embracing an estimated area of 40,7 19.474 acres Ouring the n«st vear two of the existing forest reserves, the Sucocln^on (California) and Black Hills(South Dakota and Wyoming), have been considerably enlarged, the area of the Mount Rainier Reserve tn the State of Washington, has been somewhat reduced, and six additional reserves have been es- t bSed, namely, the San Francisco Mountains (Arizona), the Black ^^esa (Amona), UkeTahoe rCalifornia), Oallatin (Montana), C.ila River Set^lexic^;),and Fish Lake (Utah), the ^td est. mated area of which is 5 , 209, 7 7 5 acres I his makes at he present time a total of thirty-six forest res- ervations, embracing an estimated area of 46,021,- 800 acres This estimated area is the aggregated areas within the boundaries of the reserves. The hnds a tually reserved are, however, only the va- 'nim.blic lands therein, and these have been set aside and reserved for sale or settlement in order that they may be of the greatest use to the people. "Protection of the National forests, inaugurated by the Department of the Interior in 1897, has been continued during the past year, and much has been accomplished in the way of preventing forest fires and the protection of the timber. 1 here are now large tracts covered by forests which will eventually be reserved and set aside for forest uses. Until that can be done, Congress should increase the appropriations for the work of protecting the forests." . , f „ There is no doubt but that in the course ot a few years these reserves, properly administered, will be a source of revenue to the (iovernment, as is the case with European nations. Some Peculiarities of Wood. (.\bstracl of a paper read by B. E Kemow before the American Institute of Architects.) WOOD will never be entirely supplanted by other materials. Great Britain and Germany, for example-the former reiving almost entirely upon importations, the latter in spite of forest preservation— import more than 2,000,000,000 foet board measure per annum, their annual consumption ranging between 150 and 160 feet board measure per capita, proving how absolutely necessary this produc_t is to a modern settled civilization. Several characteris- tics make the continued use of ««o'i .'^^^'''^''.'f, . A beam of long leaf i^ine will bear without detrimental deflection a load from six to eight times as great as an iron bar of the same length and weight, a cubic foot of iron weighing ten to fifteen limes as much as a cubic foot of that wood and c osting at least twemy times as much. 1 hat I means the iron structure is at least twice as expen- " S In the combination of light weight, stiff- i ness elasticity and strength with cheapness and ' easj'of working, wood excels all other ma tenals ' and renders it especially invaluable in all rapid ! construction. But the most valuable and un.qt^ 1 feature of wood is, that it is a poor conductor of ' hei and electricity. This property-, 'fno other will assure its continuous use in the arts, and for construction in general. Three properties peculiar to wood inake it ap^ pear objectionable : its liability to shrink and Si its liability to rot; its liability to inflam- mation and combustion. All three can >j over- come by proper selection, inspection and treat ment of material. , . i i l-he first two are due partly to high hygro- sconicity. From 50 to sometimes over 150 per een\lrelated to dry wood-of the weight of a freshly felled log is w^ter. This is gradually lost %.^^ FOREST LEAVES. 1 III HI 11 1' i H in seasoning, but without artificial means season- ing progresses rather slowly, and with some species a '' yard-dry " condition is not reached in years, if by '' yard-dry " any definite stage of moisture condition is meant. The moisture contained in such '' yard-dry" wood, in addition, is very un- evenly distributed through the stick, and hence influences the behavior of ihe stick unfavorably as regards swelling and shrinking. As a matter of fact, wood is never entirely dry, even when artificially dried; it takes up water from the air, so that even the best dried wood in use will contain at least 8 to lo per cent, of moisture, or even more. If left unprotected, un- , varnished and unpainted, this per cent, changes ' with the change in the atmosphere, and hence shrinking and swelling or ''working" is the result. There is, of course, a specification of **sea- ; soned" material, but is there any attempt at j defining the term ? And is there any inspection? 1 If there were, fewer floor joints would open and more doors would shut snugly. ' A simple test would be to cut a small piece from the middle of a floor board, weigh it, and place I it in an oven or other heater until it does not lose any more weight, when the difference between the first and la t weight gives the weight of water lost ; this divided by the first weight and multi- plied by loo gives the moisture per cent, of the wood. If it is greater than specified, rejection is , justified. To be sure, it is better to specify so as to avoid the complaint as much as possible. Specify for kiln-dried material, which is preferable to yard- dried, because, as a rule, more evenly dried. For very valuable work inmiersion in water or steam- ing should be practiced. Immersion in water, without in any way impairing the value of wood | as building material or otherwise, seems to decrease the hygroscop city of wood, upon which property the swelling and shrinking rests. The Japanese, excellent woodworkers, whose careful use of wood should be an example to us, practice this immer- sion in ponds to a large extent. Another specification to reduce shrinkage is for (luarter, or rift-sawed material, for it is peculiar to wood to shrink and swell or '' work " more in tangential direction than in any other. This is due to the fact that the thick walled summer wood of the annual ring, which on account of its thick walls takes up more water, and shrinks or swells more than the thin-walled spring wood, is in such position toward the latter, that in expanding or contracting it carries the latter with it— the sum- mer wood shrinkage per cent, prevails— and hence the ** working" is more pronounced in such a bastard board than in a quarter or rift-sawed board, which contains the summer wood in a posi- tion where it cannot aff*ect the spring wood shrink- age, and also in a more even, regular distribution of spring and summer wood, thus insuring a more even working along the whole face, and hence no warping. If immersion is advantageous in promoting thorough seasoning, reducing liability to swelling and shrinking, it is on that account advantageous in reducing liability to rot, and also because, by the immersion, soluble materials are leached out which serve as food of some of the rot-fungi. Where, however, the question of time is more important, there are other processes which are expedient and effective in keeping out fungi, and indeed more so than mere immersion in water. Tree-Growths on Five-Mile Beach. E^ DITOR FoRKST Leaves : I was much im- :^ pressed with the article on the strange or odd tree-growths of Five-Mile Beach, in your last issue. I thought at the time how little we hear of this small island and its curious vegetation from the pen of any one. It is quite a summer resort, as well as one of the best fish- ing spots along the New Jersey coast. The quaint tree growth cannot fail to draw the attention of even the least observant. And his won- der should not stop there, for, outside of beautiful bathing grounds, smooth, hard and safe, carriages can drive in the surf as well as on the hard, dry beach, the entire length ; it presents a forest growth, its entire length and breadth, that is as bewildering as it is beautiful. Cedars, magnolias, oaks, maples, hollies and gums, all have yielded to the influence of the cold salt winds of the sea, and the results are truly pic- turesque. Nature has succeeded in producing in this garden on her grand scale what the little Jap attempts minutelv. Beginning at the shore line, where the influence is most efl'ective, the trees are practically one-sided in their growth, yet maintaining quite well their upright growth of trunk. The angle made by this method is (juite acute and reaches its greatest divergence in the interior of the forest, where the trees seem to be of a uni- form height and quite flat-topped. It is here, however, that the quaintest forms are found, marching, spreading branches longer than the parent trunk, bending trunks ; in fact, there seems to be no form or condition but what these FOREST LEAVES. ^6/ trees simulate, even to that of piercing the trunks of other trees by their own branches growing di- rectly through them without destroying the latter s ^ life for many years after. i r Ve A drive through the winding road reveals treaKs at every turn of the crooked trail. Greenbriers and other climbers intensify the general condition, but it remains for the white moss, Usnea tartata, to add the crowning glory. It flourishes on every tree and shrub, and from the tops of the former it sways in great festoons so much like the Southern or Florida moss that a writer made the pardonable blunder of consider- ing them one and the same. The writer of the quoted article from the New York Sun also gave credit to a botanical society from his city of searching every nook and corner of the island. . - xt ,, It was a joint excursion of botanists from New , York, Philadelphia and Washington mainly froni the Torrey Botanical Club of New ^'ork and he Philadelphia Botanical Club, many persons be- ing members of each club respectively, which ex- plored but a portion of the island. ^ On this occasion, July 4, »«97, one ne«_^ fern was discovered which was described by Mrs. EG Britton and illustrated in the Porrey Botanual BulMin,\o\. 24, page 555- be'ngM'<-operly cred- ited to Mr. Charles L. Pollard, Dr. ylery Ha- vard, and the writer. Many other good forms were noticed, bui the above has produced the greatest enthusiasm, especially among fem students. My idea now will be to have the State of Ne« lersey purchase a representative portion of this ract from sea to sound and set it aside for the preservation of a forest growth, that has no equal. Truly yours, JosKPH Ckawkori>, Prendent Philadelphia Botanical Club. New Publications. —Miss Myra P. Dock, a member of the 1 enn- svlvania Forestry .Association, who spent the sum- mer in Europe engaged in the study of forestry, states that the town of «<^honau, Baden Ge- many, has no taxes except a tiny State tax. It Sn its forests, and if it wants new water works, luch as we put up a loan to procure, it cuts some "'tXItSat Sir Dietrich Brandis( who oreani/edthe forestry system in India) th.nks^very Wgh^rof the work of our efficient Forestry Com- "^^rsSuMcinaLr^^er^^^^^^^^ such an eminent forester as Sir Brandis, .n a country noted for its care of its forests, speaks so weU of the work done in Pennsylvania by its For- estry Commissioner. Primer of Forestry, Part I., by Gifford PixcHOT, Forester, Dep't Agricul ure, Washing- ton, I). C. r 00 ■ The tide of this little volume of 88 pages is misleading. It is more than a primer. The only thing primer-like about it is its extreme lucidity and, one may add, the abundance of il- lustrations, both of which features are commend- able and worthy of consideration by those who write more pretentious volumes and papers upon this subject. . Part 1 "deals with the units which compose the forest, with its character as an organic whole and with its enemies. It may be said to sketch the foundation of the practice of forestry and of I forest policy." . , x- ' Part II "will be entitled Practical Forestry, and will deal with the practice of Forestry, with work in the woods, and with the rela- tions of the forest to the weather and the streams, , and will conclude with a brief description of for- estry at home and abroad." i The chapters in the part before us are : I. 1 he Life of a Tree. II. Trees in the Forest. III. ; The Life of a Forest. IV. The Enemies of the Forest. ^ .1 ^. There are 47 P'ates and 83 text figures, so that we may say there is almost an illustration and a half for each page of text. We would naturally suppose that the author would appear at his best in such portions of his book as' pertain more especially to forestry as distinguished from vegetable physiology. Ihe truth however is, that the elementary propositions of plant life are stated satisfactorily in almost every case, and in some instances with a singular hrpvitv and clearness. ^Tt was a happy thought of Mr. Pinchot to "n- riertake this needed work, and he is to be con- gratulated upon the manner in which he has com- nleted the first part of it. , ,^ . 4 'he work is for distribution by the Department of Agriculture in Washington, and is Bulletin , No. 24. -' Harrx's Work, by Fkancis Knox. Pp. 242. F Tennyson Neely, London and New York. ' Any new movement which seeks to benefit a land or a people may be considered fortuna e wSen it is taken by the novelist as a suitable ^heme for his or her talents. It is therefore with >lea ure that we note the appearance of the above £ed book. The first American novel written r he interest of Forestry has appeared. Fhe I i FOREST LEAVES. 111^ • 1 m scene is laid in the 'timber belt" of Central Pennsylvania, on the waters of the West Branch of the Susquehanna. The plan is by no means an elaborate one. Of course ihe inseparable accom- paniment of the novel, a love story, figures. It is perhaps hardly fair to say that the book would have been as strong and as useful without it, for this element may prove the sauce which will attract some to the really nourishing meat of the work. In this way it will probably secure a wider, though hardly a more careful, reading, and a closer consideration of the essential idea, which is forest restoration on a co-operative basis. Briefly, the tale is this : a bright young man, occupying an important position in New York, having an honest desire to accumulate wealth by fair means, finds, after some years of effort, that his savings had, by reverses, been reduced to five hundred dollars. His health was impaired by the confinement of city life and he resolved upon a change to the mountains, where he could probably find health, and possibly at the same time accu- i mulate the fortune which he had not despaired of gaining. ■, ^ ^ ' He entered a lumber camp as a hired laborer, i was speedily promoted, and soon found friends who were to co-operate with him in plans which shortly afterwards c ommenced to shape themselves in his mind. The desolation which followed in the wake of lumbering operations inspired him with the idea that utilization of this unproductive land was certainly desirable, and that it must be by some , means possible. Briefly stated, he obtained, by lease, land upon which to make the experiment. This was divided up into lots of two hundred and fifty acres. Of this, fifty acres were to be cultivated and the rest planted with forest trees. Capitalists were found who *'were willing to advance any amount of money when the plans were made known." This statement is encouraging, for capital is usually con- servative, willing as it is to go into new ventures along known lines. The tracts were to be placed in charge of four families, each of whom had care of fifty acres. At the expiration of fifteen years the lease was to be exchanged for a deed giving possession of the surface of the fifty acres, the owner retaining possession of any minerals dis- covered. This, in turn, was to be exchanged '' at the end of thirty years for a warantee deed, re- linquishing all claims of the original owner." The owners *'or company" found their com- pensation in the young forest planted and cared for (on the remaining land) by the occupants of the original two hundred and fifty acre tracts. Such is the plan 1 No doubt objection can be found to the details of it, but it is wholesome and suggestive. Forestry, however, was but one of the features. It was to do a double duty. Not only was the otherwise waste ground to be covered with forests, and so made a fresh source of wealth, but it was to be done by persons taken from the abodes of poverty and crime in the crowded tene- ments of New York City. Obviously, for such persons, if they were successful in the backwoods, this would mean not only comfortable homes, but a second birth in character. The transformation would be complete. There is about the book that which almost re- minds one of the *' Swiss Family Robinson," so dear to our earlier years. It is ideal, but let us hope not wholly impracticable in its suggestions. In a fresh channel, wholly unconventional, it was read with pleasure, and brought a sense of regret that it was not longer. ^^ There is room for a sequel to '' Harry's Work.' J. T. R. Forestry in the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, 1 87 7-1 898; Brief History of the Forestry Movement in the United States; Forest Policy and Forest Management in Germany and British India ; and Timber Physics— Resume of Investi- gations Carried on in ihe U. S. Division of For- Wrv, 1889-1898, Washington, D. C, are four reprints of portions of House Document No. 181, 55th Congress, third session, by Dr. B. E. Fernow and Filibert Roth. They deserve more detailed mention than we are able to give in this issue. The first mentioned monograph contains 44 pages, giving a brief history of the forestry movement in the . Department of Agriculture; statistics are given in regard to the importance of the forest industries and manufactures using wood ; the character of the work of the Forestry Di- vision ; forestry economics ; tree planting on the plains, together with a list of the publications issued by the Department of Agriculture since 1877. The brief history of the forestry movement in the United States treats of the national forestry policy, as well as those of individual States, such as Pennsylvania, New York, Minnesota, Wiscon- sin, etc., together with the legislation adopted. i The third reprint treats of European forest I policies, with a detailed description of forest man- I agement and methods in Germany, with a brief I account of those of British India. ' Timber Physics is a resume of the tests made ■ by the Forestry Division of trees, principally four varieties of Southern pines. Mechanical and physical tests were made, and valuable tables showing the results obtained are given. § FOREST LEAVES. i^3 F. R. MEIER, Consulting Forester, MAHWAH, N. i. FORESTRY SCHOOL AT BILTMORE, N.C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D. Forester to the Hiltmore Estate. FOREpT LE\VE^. oo THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association. The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. NOW READY.— TERMS CASH. '•^" L-T"''B,?.fn^t/»*^Oar'"Bmelc Oak and Allies. Extinct Oak'- , „ • „ „f r>o ri i «i '■ji Single nmnbers. 50 cents each. Price of Part I.. «l.ofl. ,T T-ijv KV.r BEARERS. Numerous si)ecios. r.xKT \^^-™^'^^;^,^Zu.«d Beerhcs. An.eri.an, .Tapanese a>id v.,' s r/.'^-'KX^AmeriSn, ..apanese, and European N-o 6 rrnl^r*' ™A,nr.u spee-es and varieties. Single mnnberx, .50 cents each. Price oJ Part 11., $1.-0. '•''"'1„'.",.forKTTx!'?T;i?^MA*Vll^S:"',S."^^ents. I inch, (( it RATES ■ I • insertion. insertions. 13 insertions. $I.OO $4.00 $8.00 4.00 17.00 34.00 7.00 30.00 60.00 12.00 50.00 100.00 Forestry and Village Improvement. P,i,.e of eacl. Part, i"«'''^*»8 fi';;,«^e';i'"n «*^^^^^^^ r^rdultr^of fn'e'Si?" l^^iYl'^taTc -^ B..ard, of Edncaiion , •"l;j;'fu;ni:HXm5tVon''addrSsniu- author and publisher, GRACEANNA LEWIS, 121 West Waahington Street, Media, Pennsylvania. MISS DOCK is prepared to fill engagements for talks on Village Improvement and Forestry, vviti! or without lantern slides. Address MISS M. 1-. DOCK, 1427 N. Front Street, Harrisburg, Pa. hi 4 \\ lit liiil 1!' ^ FOREST LEAVES. RHODODENDRONS. The glory of every place possessing Rhododendrons is their superb bloom in the latter part of May and early June. The magnificent coloring and huge clusters of flowers in so mjiny shades of pink, violet, rose, purple, and the delicate crean.y- white, give them the first place among the evergreen shrubs. Even their foliage is beautiful and most eflfective in the dull winter months, when their glossy green leaves add a beauty to the otherwise bare shrubbery. The great decorative value of Rhododendrons is now iully recognized, and every year increases their popularity. We take great pleasure in inviting all admirers of Rhododen- drons to visit our Nurseries during the latter part of May and very early days of June, and we feel sure it will afford great pleasure to every one who sees our fine collection of over five thousand i)lants in the beauty of full bloom. SINGLE CLUSTER RHODODENOHON-BLOOM. IHOU^dllu j^Mauio .7 Single specimen plants, bushy, well furnished, and well budded, at $1.00, $1.50, $2.00, $3.00, $4.00, $5.00, $fi.OO, and $7.50 each. .1 -J • : ..♦' fiiic finp iiativp evergreen. Jts iorni is conical, with Hemlock Soruce. Too much cannot be said in praise ot this tine natne e^e^olecII j , , v i^ f.^^ s!lwhS ""uiulous an., very graceful brauches, wl.ile the foliage is fern-.iUe and dehea.e. A vaU.able tree for the lawn, and it also makes a fine hedge plant. 12 to i8 inches, i8 to 24 inches, 2 to 3 feet, . . 3 to 4 feet, . . 5 to 6 feet, . . . $0 25 each ; $1 75 per lo 35 each ; 2 50 per 10 50 each ; 4 00 per 10 75 each ; 6 co per 10 I 00 each ; 8 00 per 10 $15 00 per 100 20 00 per 100 35 00 per 100 50 oo per ICO 65 00 per 100 American Holly. This is one of America's most beautiful evergreens. Its folia-e varies very little from that of the English Holly, and its rich clusters of scadct berries make a good substitute for flowers in the winter shrubberv. It is hardy in almost any locality, and to insure safety in transplanting the leaves should be removed trom the plant at that time. Plants, twelve to eighteen inches, oO cents each : $5.00 per dozen ; $'>."'>.0(» per 100. Andromeda Catesb«i. One of the best shade-supporting plants and verv useful lor massing as undergrowth. It is a hardy Evergreen Shrub, with stems of dark green and leaves of bronze, coloring beautifullv during the fall and winter seasons, and in the spring it bears a sweet-scented white Hower, blooming very eariy. Plants, six to twelve inches, 25 cents each ; $'2.50 i>er (h»zen ; $20.00 per 100. Large plants .50 cents each ; $35.00 \w\ 100. White Pine. One of the most stately and valuable of evergreens ; tiill, straight, and handsome, with slender glaucous leaves. ,a to 18 inches, . . . $0 35 each ; $2 00 per 10 ; $15 00 per 100 ,8 to 24 inches,... 50 each ; 3 00 per 10; 20 00 per 100 a to 2H feet 75 each ; scopeno; 35 co per 100 aj., to 3 feet i 00 each; 7 50 per 10; 50 00 per ico 5 to 7 feet a 00 each ; 15 00 per 10. WHITC PINE. "^ CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA., PA WILLIAM WARNER HARPER.; CHtMlM^i !• 3^-^ Vol. VII. Philadelphia, February, 1900, No. 7. I'ublished Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION IOI2 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials ••• 97 Pennsylvania Forest Reserves 9« Some Remarks on Forestry as a Business ^^ The Oreat Trees of the Pacific Coast • '."] ■.'.*..!'. 103 Mattresses from Tree Hark ,qj 7^:% etr (iir^on lAr:^ ^'uis.^ted Flora, Vol. 1., p^520. Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sargent.) J°4 The Minnesota National Park. ^^^ The Appalachian National Park. ^^ The Relation of Forestry to the State Forestry Reserves ,00 New Publications ,♦•••••••••••••• Subscription, $1.00 per Year. The attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages of Forest Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. Jenkins, James C. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in June, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in .'•«^g^'-"-XVea doubtless, at the earliest possible hour> taU -^^s ures to prevent trespass and destruction of Umber by fires and pla<:e these »ands under a suenUl.c forestry control. C.overnor Stone tersely stated that these reservations are to be the i«rks and the outinLT-irrounds of the people forever, lawtui Cling and fishing, under suitable restrictions, will be allowed on these State lands. Pennsylvania will soon have >-eservat.ons as de sirable, from every point of ^ew, a those which New York State is now so justly proud. The State of Pennsylvania now has over 11 o 000 acres in forest preserves, which will no doubt be largely increased before the end of the year. ^fr? FOREST LEAVES. --ad- Some Remarks on Forestry as a Business. From the Lumberman' s Standpoint. THE lumberman owning, say, 1000 acres of forest and a small mill, is and will be lost for forestry as a business. He is, of course, anxious to have every dime invested in the forest return from the campaign in the shape of a stately dollar. His grit and energy extends over every particle of the investment. . He does not care to engage his capital alone, leaving his energy either idle or in other people's employ. The proposition of binding his capital permanently to one and the same piece of forest must seem no more inviting than the possibility of investing his small fortune in Government bonds. Neither case offers a field for remunerative employment ot his own labor at the same time. Forestry requires steadiness of the investments solidly tied to a piece of realty. Only the well- to-do capitalist or capitalistic associations are fit to engage in such investments. Large areas are re^ per cent, interest, if he is sure to live the life of Methuselah? Our nation, our State, are rivals of Methuselah, we all hope, in longevity. , It may be of interest to learn of the means by which I try to overcome the financial obstacles to forestry in the case of the Biltmore Estate. Frotn a Practical Standpoint. I T endeavor to reduce the capital engaged in the forest to that figure at which the highest pos- sible interest is obtained. All trees which do not urow at a rate of 3 per cent, any more, are cut and sold The growth of sound valuable trees is helped up by freeing them from their suppressors, provided that the operation pays. The mam ex- penses of forestry (taxes, supervision, protection) are just as high for woods containing " weeds as for woods containing " walnuts." 2 The forest is constantly guarded against tire. 1 would rather lose al)OUt i per cent, from the pos sible interest on capital than take the risk of fires with the view of saving the expense necessary for their prevention. For the same reason, a multitude of trails acting as fire lanes are constructed. In my opinion the prices of hardwoods will rise almost to a European level as soon as the primeval surplus of the forest approaches an end The prospective value of the second growth ol hardwood is, therefore, considerable ; safeguard- ini: it allows of figuring at a low rate of interest. Thus anything that protects the forest increases «■ i 1 (; L If 1 ' •I' I 11 II li m 11 j. liil ^ FOREST LEAVES, its value. And as long as the capitalized expense for additional protection does not exceed the ad- ditional increase of the value of the forest, it is financially a necessity. T. Not all trees reach maturity at the same time ; big tulip trees are ready for the axe now ; others had better stay for another ten years 1 he locust must wait for the arrival of the pin-factory. The hickory will soon be sought for by the spoke- maker The chestnut oak is only beginning to be stripped for its bark, etc. The rate of their utili- zation is simply a matter of speculation. Cer- tainlv the now mature specimens of all species will be marketed in the course of the next twelve years. Keeoing this fact in mind, the question arises whether the construction of more permanent means of transportation (roads) for forest produce is not financially advisable. In my case and in my oi)inion it is advisable, simply because the original value of the forest plus cost of road sys- teni is a lesser figure than the value of the entire investment after road construction. , , , There is no need of reiterating that good roads acting as fire lanes vouch at the same time for the safety of the investment. 4 My records give me a very fair knowledge of the amount of timber stocking in every cove of the forest, based on careful surveys. I can thus say. a priori, how much timber of a given kind and .luality should be disposed of at a given con^ ! dition of the market. The forester in the United , States is a speculator ; a thorough knowledge of , the whereabouts of every dollar invested s^eems to : me essential. Having a good system of roads, | every particle of the investment can be made into money at the forester's call, at the proper moment. <;. Land fit for agriculture included in the tor- est is leased out to farmers. The pasture on the grassy ridges unproductive of timber is leased out as well,— under restrictions preventing deteriora- tion of the soil. , The five points mentioned are, perhaps, cnar- acteristic of forest management at Biltmore. Nothing would be a greater mistake than to ad- vocate generalization of such recipes. Only one rule every business forester should bear in mind : "Find out as close as possible, in dollars and cents, at what amount of money invested the highest and safest interest on the investment are obtainable!" C. A. Schenck. It is stated that a tract of 1 1 50 acres of timber land in West Virginia granted to Oeorge Wash- ington by George III. for services in the Indian wars prior to the Revolution, has been sold and the timber is to be cut. The Great Trees of the Pacific Coast. WHEN great trees are mentioned, one in- voluntarily thinks of the giant Sequoias of California— those marvels of lite whose history in a single individual may cover the whole of the Christian era —who have stood through storm and sunshine while the whole of the modern world was making. And yet it is not with those that we now have to deal, nor with the scenic side of any forest except as its grandeur may compel attention. The forester must turn from that to the material, or, at any rate, to the combined practical and poetic values of he growth. Northward from the home of the ' ' Big Trees ' ' in central California, within a belt bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, by the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges on the east, and extending far into British America, is found one of the greatest bodies of timber on ' earth ; not continuous, but often unbroken over areas of hundreds of thousands of acres, and changing in character with latitude and altitude, and with soil and moisture conditions. Much of the land is rough and mountainous, the soil often j.oor, yet a few species of conifer- ous trees grow there as trees grow nowhere else. The secret is in the abundant moisture carried in from the Pacific and checked by the high moun- tJns to the east ; in the simshine that prevails for four to six months out of the twelve ; and in the absence of long, cold winters ; for, although the latitude may be high, the great Japan current tempers the winds and gives to the region a mild climate, as the C.ulf stream does to England and northern Europe. . , The district is not rich in species and of those found, almost all are conifers^; hardwoods are so scarce that lumber is imported from the South and from the East. Of the conifers, five kinds stand out prominently because of their great ea,"miiic value, and they may be referred to in the order of their distribution northward. Redwood. The redwood {Sequoia semfenn) is curi- ously limited to a narrow belt, in no place over 20 miles wide, between the ocean and the foot- hills of the Coast Range mountains. It is found in patches-sometimes of a few acres only some^ times thousands, sometimes pure, sometimes mixed with other species-from Monterey Bay to the Oregon line, and no^chere else ; less than 100 acres of redwood are found outside California The limit of the tree is defined by the fogs tha^ every day, during a great part of the year, blow in from the ocean. The trees may grow on the FOREST LEAVES. Jill- bluffs within a few hundred feet of the shore, or may follow the gulches hillward where the fog draws up. ,, ^i a As does most of the vegetable world, the red- wood flourishes best on good soil, and therefore the finest trees, the thickest stands, are found on spurs and branches of the rich interior valleys. One observes with some interest that most of the streams gather and drain away from the ocean, collecting in rivers that at long intervals make their way to the sea. , j There is little use trying to describe a redwood forest ; nothing but a sight of it will answer. It is not a park, not a playground, nor a sauntenng- place ; not " easy " in any sense. Ihe ground is covered with a tangle of shrubs, vines, ferns and fallen logs that task one to penetrate ; the great trees rise like columns set on solid, spreading bases, and their crowns meet far overhead and shut out the sun. The individual trees are of all sizes ; a large one may be 20 feet or more in di- ameter and 300 feet high ; figures that will have more meaning, perhaps, if we remember that an ordinary city house has a front of but 18 feet, and that the steeple of Trinity Church in New York is 28^ feet high. , . . ^^ As lumber, redwood has a high vahie ; it is soft and easily worked ; burns less readily than other woods ; but, above all, it is durable • n/ontac with the soil and where alternately vyet and dry ; there- fore for railroad ties and shingles it is better than any other Western wood. In strength it is inte- rior, and for cabinet work it is too soft and coarse- grained to be satisfactory, in spite of its rich color. ^ It may be said that lumbering in the redwoods has only begun, for the 125,000,000 feet that are cut annually is a quantity relatively smalL Through the main part of the belt there are no railroads, and much of the timber is untouched. As might be expected, logging is wastefully con- ducted The best trees, and the best parts only, are taken ; the refuse would be worth a fortune anywhere else. . , It is difficult to express, even in figures, the amount of redwood lumber on a given area, be - Suse so much is counted waste that e sewhere woild be used. The best estimates place the average at 50,000 feet B. M. per acre ; good sec- dons may hold 250,000 feet, and exceptional acres as much as 1,000,000 feet. , , ^ .1 -m following figures give the yield of a single tree cut in Humboldt county ; it was exceptional, but by no means the largest ever taken out : Height of tree (estimated), 300 feet ; leng.h from butt to first limb, 1 50 feet ; diameters at butt 16 feet and i6>^ feet ; diameters at first limb 7 feet and 8 feet ; logs sawn from stem, six 20 feet long, one 16 feet long, one 14 feet long; fu 1 content of logs, 166,125 feet B. M. (Spalding s rule) ; weight of logs, estimated at ^y■, pounds per foot B. M., 747,563 pounds, or nearly 374 tons. The labor required to fell the tree and prepare the logs was equal to 7 J^ days for one man. It should be noted that no account whatever is made of the upi er half of the tree ; the trunk, 1 50 feet long by 7 feet in diameter at the large end, and all the limb-wood, wasted except for what may be in a few pounds of ashes. The redwood is the only one of the great trees that inhabits a region with clearly -marked boun- daries. All the others have a locality of best de- velopment, and from that taper off, so to speak, in all directions to regions less favorable, becoming smaller as they advance. Sugar Pine. California shares with Oregon the pride of the sugar pine {Pinus Laml>ertiana), which John Muir skys "is the noblest pine yet discovered surnassing all others not merely in size, but also m k ngty beluty and majesty." Unlike the redwood the tree accommodates itself to varied soils and altitudes, and therefore appears to have a surer hold on life. Its great cones, often 16 inches long, are sure to attract attention as they swing in the wind and bend down the broad-spreading branches with their weight. The lumber resembles the white pine of the East, and is extensively logged for similar uses. Red Fir. \long with the redwood, with the sugar pine, with various other species, or in great pine forests extending northward far across the Canadian border and east beyond the Cascade Mountairis is found, perhaps, the most valuable tree in the United States. . r>^„„,„<. The red fir, yellow fir, Oregon pine, Douglas spruce, as it is variously called, and with quite as , ,any botanical names {P..eudotsuga /""/''/'"-/e^ cording to the latest authority), is at home in Western Washington from the Columbia River to \'ancouver Island ; it almost may be said that it lives on moist air and sunlight, for soil is appar- ently of little consetiuence ; indeed it may be Muestioned whether this tree, far beyond all others, oes not make its own soil, instead of depending on that already made. South of Washington and eas of the mountains that stand as a barrier to the tension of the other great trees the red ir steadily holds its own. On the slopes of the Cascade Kntains and of the Olympics often in bare .rravel, the multitudinous seeds take root, flourish, m IMIIIW II" ''I'" il rt * !< ill I pi -409- FOREST LEAVES. and form thickets that in time develop into for- ests Thus it is that the red fir is found over a vast extent of country, vying with the pines and true firs at higher altitudes and in unfavorable localities. At its best the tree grows to almost redwood size, a yield of 250,000 feet per acre being not uncommon. As lumber it is valuable because of its great strength combined with light- ness the extraordinary sizes in which it can be furnished, and the fact that it is always sound ; a tree with heart-rot is rare, whether it be found living or lying half-buried, and perhaps with a 200 year old hemlock growing astride it. Spars 140 feet long are furnished, and logs 8 feet by 32 feet; indeed, figures concerning the red fir are more marvelous, in a way, than those relating to redwood. Thus a stem 1 70 feet long without a branch, and a spar 98 feet long, 44 mches at one end and x6 inches at the other, were seen in one camp Of course, the latter was cut some dis- tance above the butt, yet allowing for that, growth so nearly cylindrical is remarkable. With an apparently inexhaustible supply of such timber it is no wonder that Washington is develop ing a great industry, and literally supplying the world with lumber of the finest grades. 1 he mills on Puget Sound, some of them cutting red fir alone, produce 500,000.000 feet a year, and a large part of it is loaded from the saws directly to vessels that carry it to China, to Africa, to Eng- land, and the Eastern side of our own country. Western Cedar. Growing with the red fir, but on richer, moister ground, and alone, is found the giant red ceda"- (77///.V/ ^i^iwtea), a tree often larger than the fir but less' impressive when standing, and when old always hollow. ^ The lumber, however, has great vahie tor shingles, for finishing, and for posts, as it sp bts easily and is very durable in contact with the ground. Spniee. ' The last tree is the Tideland spruce {Pieea siteliensis), found only near the coast and at low altitudes, although extending northward to Alaska. The wood is soft and light, but for interior work, fencing and boxes, finds a ready market In the forest it is un i I III' m FOREST LEAVES. The Relation of Forestry to the State. ON January 24th, Dr. J. T. Rothrock gave a lecture on the above topic before the New Century Club of Philadelphia, and we regret that the whole of his address cannot be printed, but abstracts of it are given. This subject naturally divides itself into work already done, and work remaining to be done and then one should trace the relations of the la ter to the prosperity of the counties and of the State of which they are now a part. The situation in our country has been a pecul.ai one 'IVees which have now come to be consid- ered as requisite for individual and national pros- perity were but a generation ago regarded as hin- drances to agricultural expansion. . c . Is it strange that the new doctrine of forest preservation and restoration fell ui.on "unwilling ears," and that it was first derided and then pro- J f„ii„? Thp wonder s that it came to nounced folly? me womier i» n <■,,„.•„„ be accepted as true within twenty years of the time that it was first actively promulgated. Having now cleared away all obstacles to tht new movement, the next thing to be considered is, what use will we make of the privileges ac- corded us? Shall we interfere with the lumbering industry? Clearly not, for it is and has ^«^"; and ought to continue to be, a pillar in the State s nrosperity. Shall a hindrance be placed in the ^y 'Jf the wood-pulp manufacturer ? Certainly not for to do that would be to halt the ediuationa influences of the age which the newspapers and ma«a/ines have made to support the forestry agi- tation, and which will direct the new movement on its way to assured, perpetual success The actual work of the Pennsylvania forester to- day is threefold. First, to set apart land for forest growth ; second, to plant where nature fa, s o produce a spontaneous tree «>-«-th; and third, to , keep the fires off land upon which trees are ^Toresiry Reservation.-The taxation of private preserves and farm woodland is by no means a simi)le problem. . -, state exemption from taxation /emoves lands from being a source of direct and immediate rev- enue to the government, and places an additional burden upon some other citizen or upon the same citizen in some other forms. Kinds for the sup i,ort of the government must be had— if not from line source, then from another. The theory upon which the state exempts its forests is, that they are public property, which, by their very existence Ln the'ir own right to stand and g-w becaus o the benefits which they confer upon all <-lasses ot our people. They make no profit for themselves nor for the State in which the individual does not share. To fail to produce them would be a public calam- ity, and to avert this calamity the State encour- aues them. . , ..^ (Hiite another element enters into the question of private forests. They are produced for profit The owner hopes to reap a financial return which is exclusively his own, and in which the commu- nity at large has no direct share. It is proper here to divide lands owned by indi- viduals into two classes: first, those called im- proved or seated lands, such as farm woodlands ; and second, those wild lands which have no im- provement, and which are denominated unseated Hnds To the first, the farm woodlands, a meas- ure of protection is accorded. To the second, almost no protection is accorded. Every owner of unseated lands knows the constant warfare which he must wage with the timber thief who cuts and hauls away and sells his timber, and he knows too well how difficult it is to secure conviction ot the guilty party. It is even more difficult to secure compensation for the timber removed, even if the jury award him damages, because usually the cul- i>rit has no property. I 'There appears to l,e a solution of th-s problem. Mr. Colvin has recently proposed, in New York that forests pay no taxes while they stand, but that they be subject to taxation when cut. 1 he p an is not new. The speaker proposed the same thing years ago for this State. There seems to be good easons for considering it. The first of these is, that so long as the forest stands, the owner reaps no benefit in whi.h the State does not share. A second reason is, that if the State's forests are earning their right to stand by the benefits which they confer upon the community, those of the in- dividual are doing the same thing, and in exactly ^ r;: fo?: moment consider on the other ha.d what the effect of taxation of P"^ate /orests is upon the counties and the State. T he first and nlost direct result is, to Produce a revenue f^ the general or local government. 1 his leads us to ask whether taxation does not lead to an ev which is greater than the good gained ? 1 f fore ts are pro tectors and conservators of the rainfaU a seems to be proven, then their removal leads to an injirry to every interest of the State at a tmie when there s existing less timber land than the State recpures ^protect itself, ^'-^hermore the certainty of taxation and the uncertainty of P™tect.on have driven, and continue to drive, owners of timber i land to remove the timber, to reduce the value of ^ their lands, and so to lessen the burden of taxa om This at once deprives the counties of the very object they sought to gain by Uxation, namely, revenue. FOREST LEAVES. 5/5 If forests are so necessary in a Commonweath that it pays the State itself to engage in their cu - ture, then there might come a time when it wi not only be lucrative for the individual, but cheaper for the State, if the former is encouraged to produce forests for the latter. There are countries where this is so well recog- nized, that not only is a portion of taxation re- moved from growing timber, but an actual bonus is placed upon it. Now we turn to a consideration of the Com- monwealth's own forests, namely, the public res- ervations which are now being created. It is not wise to speak freely upon work which is no already completed. We may say, however, that the creation of three State Forestry Reservations authorized by an Act of the Legislature in 1897 w Uundoubtedly be perfected, and that before Tanuary, looi, three State Forestry Reserva ions 5 not Ls'than 40,000 acres each will have been located and set apart for public use, as pub ic property, upon the headwaters of the principal rivers of the Commonwealth. This, however, is not all ; if it were it would be a very inadequate provision which we are makin'f for the future. r It il^^fe to say that the State reservations not I only should, but sooner or later will '"on^am md^ lions of acres, instead of thousands An the sooner this fact is realized and ac.epted the better '^ ThLe*State Forestry Reservations are not to be used as sour<:es of timber production only_ We may well think that the man or woman of 1950 wdl iTot be content to drink water which was once Trnpure. The suspicion of taint will imply, then, the susuirion of disease. i • u -^ Watl will be demanded frou, a source which s known to be pure, and the surplus energy of that neriod will be partly devoted to the labor of fil- er' ng n e watlr. 'Phese reservations must not only be watersheds in fact, but they must be water- sheds which gather pure water, and this pure wa_ ter mu t be kept in Ihe hands of the State, which s the on y cu todian which could ffey guard a mierial so necessary to peacefi.l, healthful life, nKe^lfoinX^aS^-noyoti pose to Commence tree-planting over the whole of Ihe land which the State is now ac'■ !! 1 (; lll^ u lUo — FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. ^M t Forests as a source of food supply, in this coun- try, are seldom thought of. Yet it is a well-known fact as the markets of the Germans testify, that even in a densely populated region, under proper regulations, a very large portion of the food sup- ply in season may be wild game from the wood- ands and streams. This is also so well recognized \ as an unquestionable element in forestry that the care of the game is a part of the education of | every (ierman forester. So it should be here and when far enough advanced a spec.a body of foresters will be required and trained, so tha they can be ready for the care of game, especially in the larger areas which the State may own | It may be well, here, to allude to the fact that ' individual hunting and fishing, when lawfully done, should always be allowed, under such restric- tions as time may prove to be necessary, in the State reservations. , . „ v. u To-day there are counties in this State which possess large areas of abandoned land, land which Us once productive and with a reasonable popula- tion Yet these same regions to-day have ceased to be self-supporting. In one instance there was not an inhabitant in a township. The court of the county was actually obliged to appoint a committee from adjacent townships to look after the roads. After the State has purchased all the land it re- „uiresor desires, there will often remain extensive areas which, under proper management, the coun- ties could restore to productiveness in some form. It may now be affirmed that forestry in this country can be made a safe investment for govern- , nient, local or general. This is a very broad problem, and cannot here be considered as fully as it merits. lUit there is one cardinal fact to be emphasized, namely : It is not simply timber that is rcpured for our pur- l poses, but it is a certain kind of timber Iht most useful timbers are becoming scarce but the ,,opulation is becoming larger and the demands I for the timber increasing as the quantity decreases. These facts make it almost certain we are enter- ing upon a period when the counties, as well as the State, should take its vacant lands in hand rather than allow them to remain idle^ The statement has often been made that there were towns in Germany whose every tax was raised by in<;ome derived from a forest which the town owned. , . , It would be within the limits of truth to assert that under proper management each s.iuare mile (or six hundred and forty acres) should yield a net annual revenue of one thousand do lars, and that, ■, while this was being done, the land should be n- creasing in fertility and becoming capable of yield- ing from century to century a larger income. Attention is once more called to the destmc- tive forest fires. The spring and fall of 1899 were extremely dry over a large portion of the State. The counties conditions were suited to destructive forests fires. It was not until the Superior Court in Pittsburg, in August, failed to support the decision of Judge Lindsey, that the forest fire Act could be declared " to be in full force and effect." The consequence was that the State was for halt the year without any compulsory fire protection, and for the other half under very insufficient pro- tection. . J ,.„ Now we hear that an attempt is to be made to repeal this law, because it is alleged that paying for the suppression of fires leads evil-disposed persons to create them, in order that they may be paid for suppressing them. The very moment a sovereign State makes such an admission it ceases to be worthy of respect. It exacts obedience and demands taxes, hrst, be- cause it proposes to work for the greatest good to the greatest number, and because it uses the money which is paid to ensure protection to lite and property. , , , i The constable has it in his power to abso itely exclude anyone who might be thought capable of such an infernal act as to deliberately set fire to property in order that he might be paid for sup- ''T.et"fhe other side of the c,uestion be presented. What is thought of officials who are sworn to obey and support the law, who have it in their power by legal measures, for which the law provides, to diminish the severity of this great Prague ^o our forests, the annual conflagrations, and yet fail to ' "-rhe law has been time and time again pressed to the notice of these officials, and yet in half the State it is simply ignored. „„„,i^c I Thus far there are records of but eleven counties in Pennsylvania in which this salutary law was ■""Tjad Is all this is, there is abundant ground for I ''"Pennsylvania has been fortunate in the fact that I every (Governor from the time of General Hart- I ranft to the present has recognized how great a stake the Commonwealth has in this forestry qiies- 1 tion. Governor Stone regards the i HI 110 FOREST LEAVES. facture of lumber, and the majority of them would be left in the woods by the lumbermen on this ac- count, and would remain there to die and rot were it not for the pulp-mill. The logs referred to are crooked and seamy logs. Another advantage to the State in the pulp-mill is that every particle of the log that is sound, except the bark, is rnanu- factured, while in the saw-mill it is estimated that about 30 per cent, of the logs is wasted in the slab and in sawdust. In the majority of cases this waste used to be burned to get rid of it, while in the pulp-mill even the bark is burned for fuel, and there is absolutely no waste. " We respectfully call attention of the citizens of Pennsylvania to these facts. It is in our power to restore the lumbering, and to create the pulp in- dustry for the State, if we will. With the millions of waste acres which we have that now produce nothing, can we afford to neglect the ^^^ance ?^ 77/^ Lan^i Question from Various Points of View. Bv C K. Taylor, M.D., 152° Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 246 pages, paper cover. Price 2 1; cents. ^ t j ^ i It contains a brief history of land tenures I and titles, chapters on the distribution of pubh. land in various countries, alien landlords m Amer- ica, the system of distribution of public lands constitution and comments, religion of the land question, forestry, a criticism of the single tax with a reply thereto, and John Stuart Mill's plan of land reform. The chapter on forestry dea s with the benefits the forests confer on the surround- ing country, and the results of their destruction, a short account of forestry in this country and in Europe, together with a general summary of the laws relating to timber on public lands and govern- ment forest reservations. —One of the most notable contributions to the ^ scientific literature of our country is the " Report | Upon the Forestry Investigations of the Umtert States Department of Agriculture, 187 7-1 8?8. by B. E. Fernow, formerly Chief of the Division ' of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture. ^ This is a quarto of 401 pages. From the title one might exj.ect that the volume would l)e a mere condensed statement of what has been accomplished. It is, however, very nnich more than this. Indeed, it contains so much ot historical importance, so much of practical value in regard to actual forestry operations here ami abroad, and so muc h of the methods of util./.ng and treating forest products, that it may in one sense be regarded as a fairly well-rounded treatise upon forestry. . ■ While we cannot in every instance agree witn the historical statements in the volume, we teel sure that it will long remain an authority upon the general subject of American forestry. It is most unfortunate that a larger edition was not published and its distribution made more general. We congratulate the State of New York that it has secured the services of Professor Fernow to direct the new School of Forestry at Cornell University Under the new Forester in the Department ol Agriculture in Washington we may confidently anticipate that the growing interest in forestry will be wisely directed, and that rapid progress will be made toward a proper care of our national woodland wealth. It does not follow, because the present Forester is operating along other lines than those of his predecessor, that the result will be less important. r ,u- „^ We regret that an adeciuate analysis ot this ad- mirable report cannot be made for Fokkst Lf.aves. The book is full to overflowing with important, well-stated scientific truths. J- I ■ ^- _We have received from Mr. Austin Cary an interesting paper on " Forest Management in Maine. ' ' Summing up the situation in that State Mr Cary says : " (Jur resources are still great, and we may feel justified in using them freely. t is ; to be remarked, however, that the Paper-mill ca- nacity in the State is being rapidly increased at the present time, and ,.romises to reach in the ' near futiire a much greater development. i A most interesting portion of Mr. Cary's paper is that which he devotes to topography as an ad- junct of forestry, and the description which he gives of his methods. j ^ »u„ ^ _Dr Schenck has printed his address read at the t:olumbus meeting of the American f o>-f y /^fj^" c iation, held in August, 1899, at V^l"'"^"'^' ^>^^^- There are many well-made points m it. I or ex- ample : " Only a maniac will try and plant beets in Ihe midst of a New York street, hive hours traffic will sweep every trace of them away. It s almost as foolish to start tree-seedlmgs '"^ Ani^'- I can forests continuously swept 1 )y fires. In tne case of young forests, no immediate revenue what- ::;^t'deri^able. The revenue will c^onve only 1 after another sixty or seventy years, when the trees have attained log si/.e. Still the -""^V ^f Jhe State reo THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. RATES. 6 NOW READY.— TERMS CASH. PART I-THE OAKS. Fortv-uvo speeds ^__^ ^„,^^ No. 1. «'<»"»< ''^,':i''/w.f' White Oak Hiid Allies. Single „u.„.«Seac... Price olPan ...»..0«. no' 5 rA'"i?ySS.'' APian, Japanese, and Knropean Single numbers, r)0 cents eacn. •'^'"^'=iJo'.'\fon'AHTTv.:™Ki;uriiKf\'ic^^^^^^^^ I inch, ^ page, V2 " insertion. $1.00 4.00 7.00 12.00 insertions. $4.00 17.00 30.00 50.00 13 insertions. $8.00 34.00 60.00 100.00 Price of cacl. Part, ^^^''^^^^:^^;:^m.^. . ';t"d;lu»oS?;ir^wm^nSt<. .^.>ar.lsof Kducatlo... ""tK«rth''eVini?Suon adSr'r rt author and publisher, GRACEANNA LEWIS, 121 west Washington Street. Media. Pennsylvania. Forestry and Village Improvement. Miss DOCK is prepared to till engagements for talks on Village Improvement and Forestry, with or without lantern slides. Address IWISS M. L. DOCK, 1427 N. Front Street, Harrisburg, Pa. f H' : 1 1 1 FOREST LEAVES. ii m I ' I i n ! I nil RHODODENDRONS. The glory of every place possessing Rhododendrons is their superb bloom in the latter part of May and early June. The magnificent coloring and huge clusters of flowers in so many shades of pink, violet, rose, purple, and the delicate creamy- white, give them the first place among the evergreen shrubs. Even 'their foliage is beautiful and most eff'ective in the dull winter months, when their glossy green leaves add a beauty to the otherwise bare shrubbery. The great decorative value of Rhododendrons is now iully recognized, and every year increases their popularity. We take great pleasure in inviting all admirers of Rhododeii- "^ drons to visit our Nurseries during the latter part of May and very early days of June, and we feel sure it will aiford great pleasure to every one who sees our fine collection of over five thousand plants in the beauty of full bloom. SINGLE CLUSTER BHOOODENDBON-BLOOM. i/iiuuuttiiv* ^j Single specimen plant.. bu«hy, well furnished, and well budded, at $1.00, $1.50, $2.00, $3.00. $4.00, $5.00, fG.OO, and $7.50 each. . , ,u for the lawn, and it also makes a fine hedge plant. .... $0 as each; $i 75 per lo; $15 00 per 100 12 to 18 inches, ^ ^5 each ; a 50 per 10; 20 00 per 100 ♦ 18 to 24 inches, * ' * y, ^^ch ; 4 00 per 10 ; 35 00 per loo a to 3 feet, * ' y^ each; 6 00 per 10; 50 0° P^r !«> 3 to 4 feet, * * I 00 each; 8 00 per 10; 65 00 per 100 5 to 6 feet, American Holly. This is one of America's most beautiful evergreens. Its foliage varies very little from that of the English Holly, and its rich clusters of scarlet berries make a good substitute for flowers m the winter shrubbery. It is hardy in almost any locality, and to insure safety in transplanting the leaves should be removed from the ^^ ^wm^^mm^.w.s plant at that time. Plants, twelve to eighteen inches, 50 cents eaeh ; $5.00 per dozen ; ^^(f^,, $25.00 per 100. Andromeda Catesb«i. One of the best shade-supporting plants and very useful lor massing a^ undergrowth. It is a hardy Evergreen ^B»E2K«Mir^ A t^ * Shmb, with stems of dark green and leaves of bronze, colormg ^^MU^BBS^^iJiiUt. beautifully during the fall and winter seasons, and m the spring it bears a sweet-scented white flower, blooming very early. -w»MiM»S7'W»«-atfiATftWRr-M^i Plants, six to twelve inches, 25 cents esiih ; $2.50 per dozen ; $20.00 per 100. Large plants 50 cents each ; $35.00 per 100. White Pine. One of the most stately and valuable of evergreens ; tall, straight, and handsome, with slender glaucous leaves. xa to 18 inches, ... $0 35 each ; $2 00 per 10; $15 00 per 100 fg»-awflg ■■■lllWB iiiwim^. 18 to 24 inches, ... 50 each; 3 00 per 10; 20 00 per 100 a to 2/. feet; 75 "ch; 5 00 per 10; 35 00 per 100 2^ to 3 feet I 00 each; 7 5o per 10; 50 00 per 100 5 to 7 feet, a 00 each ; 15 00 per xo. WHITE PINE. ^ T T ^ CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA., PA WILLIAM WARNER HARPER. CHfc&irNUl Vol. VII. Philadelphia, April, 1900. No. 8. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials • "3 Arbor Day Proclamation "4 ••••••••••••■ A Forestry Chair at Yale University Forestry Loans The Cutting of Evergreens Massachusetts Tree Wardens. To the Point Rock-Splitting Elm Reproduction of Forests '/.'.!'.'.'.'/. Pulp Wood yVu"'VTUr^I.*r PpnVnsuiao^MicW The Timber Reserves of the Upper 1 eninsuia 01 p Poverty Pine, Table Mountam Pine, Prickly ^'"^- ^^' | ^ Amlndn^enfs'lo New York Ff^ New Members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associat^ Economic The Long Leaf Pine Forests ot the South from tne Standpoint New Publications ••••••••••••*■* "5 115 116 116 117 117 118 119 119 120 I2T 122 123 124 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. The attention of Nurserymen and others is calledto the advantages of FoKBST LEAVES as an advertising medium. Rates -will be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, . Founded in June, 1886, labors to disseminate information in regard to '^e "«e,f y and National. ^ r^ j u Annual membership fee , One dollar. 'me^^'i^^'ltJ^tn^ilLe:;'^^^^^^^^^ ship Committee, 512 Walnut Street, Phila. ^^t:f;-S,''ije;£^;rWe,sh Howard M. Jenkins, James C. Haydon, Wm. S. Harvey, ^"^'^•^.^^"fv^^k g;;::;/i%^5^«'?-rM^- Joh'^ntT^ndy. »^ji|.^rM|Krco«,K^ M^F'she^'w.'W." «S, Ch'arsl: Pancoast, J. Rodman Paul, and SSI»^.^^^Sl-:j^^^w.-&^;rii^: «''S':'.^Hr- W. N. Ashman Cb^nnan; Henry Bdd^^C^^^^^ B.^w1lman D^bly and D. Wilham K WJson^ ^^^^ ^^ 0^j;S ^^1%"^. Joh7"p. a" Hiward M. Jenkins, WiUiam 'f.f„iro'.^iSJ,°sfm„e. Marshall, Chairman-, Eugene Ellico.t, Dr J Newton Hunsberger, and Charles G. Ogden. Office of the Association, ioi. Walnut St.. Philadelphia.- J EDITORIALS. WE write these lines near the edge of the great plains extending from the Mis- souri River to the foot-hills of the Rocky mountains, where tree growth is only pos- sible when water is supplied by irrigation ditches. The courses of streams are recognized by the Cottonwood trees outlining their sinuosities, and gutters or ditches are led to supply the trees planted for ornamental use or for fruit production The Pueblo Chieftain voices the appreciation ot trees when, referring to the planting of a number it says : " More trees beautify our city and attract more people to it. " If in Pennsylvania, trees would not grow except along water courses, or where water is artificially suDplied for their sustenance, the appreciation of the value of forests would rapidly develop. If droughts destroyed the tree growth upon as large an area of the State as is burned over annually by carelessness or design, our citizens would bemoan the climatic conditions under which they Uve. Let us awake to the importance of protecting vhat remains of our forests, for we may paraphrase the above by asserting that forests beautify our State and add to its prosperity. J • «• * * * * The establishment of a school of forestry in connection with Yale University is a most satis- factory indication that appreciation of forest values is spreading. Mr. Henry S. Graves, who ha. been connected with the Forestry Division of the De- partment of Agriculture at Washington, is to be the Director of the new school, and we wish for him the fullest measure of success. This Division also furnished to Cornell Univer- sity Prof B. E. Fernow, who initiated in America the movement for forestry schools in connection with our colleges. The example set by Cornell, Yale, and the 1 ilt- more Forestry School, will be followed by other Si I t \ \ I *♦ FOREST LEAVES. 32.J J15^ FOREST LEAVES. 4 \ :d;;:;:;ional institutions ; and, whHe we r^oice ^^ th\< nractical training of young men as foresters, w^trS that additioLl schools wiU not JoUow n,orp ranidlv than there is available skilled pre ceptorrand anxious students. This country needs ?hit its forests be intelligently managed by men fit'ed boVh by technical training and practical ex- perience for this work, but the cause of forestry vi not be advanced unless the students enter ^^onTheir studies as a life -rk, and un - ^^^^^^^ preceptors are thoroughly equipped to direct the ^^tTa'veCSh to have forestry become a fad or merely a respectable profe-sion. It "uist be treated Ja serio'us business -"er^ - which ^he Sr^ollyth commercial problem of obtaining vies for tree products. Both of these feature Ire essen ial to practical forestry, but the s udent "isHSciate acknowledge of geology, of topog- r=.nhv of water conservation, stream t^ow, eic. In fact a tri forester will have a liberal curricu^ 1 a^d w 11 need to be broad in his views and SJdt To educate such will ^Jj-n ^he b-t efforts of professors or directors of ^vlde expen ence and liberal acciuirements. ^ ^J • • The nroclaina*tion of the (^.overnor of Pennsyl^ J.^yj,,ished m ^^ ^reVdtl t: trsIatrThat -e l^-t^^^^^^^^^^^^^ cedent by the fact that the Chief {^-"^iv.. ssi.es a nroclamation concerning Arbor Days. "'Oyauy Xe State demands of its citi-ns that the fornia nroclamation of the Governor receive their atten on a"d their co-operation, 'rhe -«>gn7n^^^^^ 4rhor Dav is therefore a patriotic duty, and eacn ciUm. should in some way recognize its pur,^ose. ♦ * * * * X joint meeting of the New Century Club and the Pennsylvania Forestry Association will be hefd at the New Century Drawing Room 124 b ; t Streel?hiladelphia, o"l'riday April 6 h,at Q T, ^, There will be addresses by Dr. J. i- Rothock Enyra Lloyd Dock and Dr. P:..nly cSbons Hunt. Notice of the meeting has been mailed to all our members. ^ ^ On March i^th, after the •"egular meeting of the Pennsylvania Fish Protectrve Aj^soc ation, there was a ceneral discussion on the subject ot f 'sn, SmeTn^d Forestry," and the most adva^tageou way to promote general interests. This would, perhaps, be best accomplished by the conference of a committee from each Society, as each Asso ciation has its own particular aims and duues =,nd thev could not well be combined. The 1 enn svlvania Frsh Protective Association and the Penn- sv van a Forestry Association have already ap- fointed such committees, so that they are ready to S at anytime with a similar committee from the C ame Protective Association. We hope that in tWrtvay mutual interests and legislation can be aided to advantage. Arbor Day Proclamation. /„ the Name and by Authority of the Common- . Jalth of Pennsylvania. Executive Depart- mcnt. Proclamation. It is my pleasant duty to again call the atten- tion of the citizens of this Commonwealth to the me-honored custom of systematically planting ;;;: and shmbs, and thus, in a --.e ^m g the iniurv caused by a too rapid destruct on ot our fore ? The inestimable benefits of this custom °re vklenced not only by the ev--|-;-;-g beauty of our parks and avenues, ^-\^^^^^ terest which our people are taking in the necessay and benefits of larger wooded areas. I hrough the efforts of scientific wood culture, young for- ests areCinging up in different parts of the State, !nd ft w m notU long before an appreciable change tvUlbr noticed in the flow of the waters of our ^'psnecially should Arbor Day be observed, in increased the market vamc ,,,4 o larirer revenue should come to mc tracts, and a larger reven counties from taxes >r'*^*l 3° U^e wiH soon be a in other countries show t^^t here v^ 1 considerable revenue to ^^e^tate from the sae^ nier.hantable timber taken from its forest reserves r; th:ulediate benefit is to t^e l-l'lc- -^ have the right to go upon '^ese lands fol.sh.ife, : hunting, outing and camping.withoufeehn^^^ selves liable as trespassers. Our cities na i parks maintained at great f ''P^"^^^' ' '^^^^'^i fX reserves will be the people's parks, free to all wno ' c:n7y with the laws for their P--^^^^ In calling the f ^"^V^'Ure t Ws b thf State, Day to the purchase of forest lands y ^^^^^ rs-ir^^eeto-nirhtstr^^^^ ened. In order that our citizens, both young and old, may continue to contribute their share in this great movement, I, William A. Stone, Governor of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, in accordance with law, do hereby designate and proclaim Friday, the sixth day of April, and Friday, the twentieth day of April, A.D. 1900, to be observed as Arbor Days throughout the Commonwealth. Two days are set apart for the observance ot Arbor Day. Inasmuch as the climatic conditions may render one of these days more favorable for the purpose intended than the other, the selection is left with the citizens of the various sections of the Commonwealth. o i r ..u Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the State at the City of Harrisburg, this ninth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred, and of the Commonwealth the one hundred and twenty -fourth. William A. Stone. ,.^A^ By the Governor : i SEAL \ W. W. Greist, ( , , ) Secretary of the Commonwealth. A Forestry Chair at Yale University. /0-ORNP:LL UNIVERSrrY was the first of our \Cj great educational institutions to found a forestry college, and this has been followed by the announcement of the establishment of a similar chair at Yale University. A communication from New Haven, Conn., dated March i6th, states that at a meeting of the Yale corporation, held that afternoon, a gift was announced of $150,000 to Yale for the purpose of founding a School of Forestry. The donors were Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Pinchot, of New York city, and their sons, Gifford Pinchot and Amos R. E. Pinchot. This school will be a new department at Yale. The founding of it has been due to President Hadley and to Mr. Gifford Pinchot, who is at the head of the Division of Forestry in the De- partment of Agriculture at Washington The corporation confirmed the selection ot Mr. Henry S. Graves as the head of the new school. Mr. Graves is now Mr. Gifford Pinchot s first assistant at Washington. The School of Forestry will for the time being be located in the house of the late Professor O. C Marsh. It is believed that this department will become an important one at Yale. Mr and Mrs. J. W. Pinchot have also given Yale the use of a large tract of land in Pike County, Penna., for practical demonstration in forestry during the summer vacation months of Yale, in other words, this land will be used for a summer school of the Yale School of Forestry, l^he use of the land is given to Yale for a period of twenty- one years. ^ ,, , . We hope that this action will be followed by the founding of similar chairs at the Universities of Pennsylvania, Harvard, Princeton and other prominent educational institutions. Forestry Loans. WE all know that forestry is as necessary for our country as an army and navy ; the one for the defense against foes outside, the other against foes inside the country, viz. : ni- creasing death rate from pulmonary diseases, in- undations, devastation and unproductive condition of national soil, gradual collapse of the timber in- dustry, etc. , ^ r » On the other hand, we all know that forestry offers only small returns to the investor. 1 hus, unless the people offer inducements to the wood- owners practicing forestry (tax reduction, protec- tion of forests from fire), or unless the people en- caue in forestry on their own account, there can never be forestry large enough to be a sufficient safeguard of their interests in forest regulation. Suppose the people buy 1,000,000 acres of wood- land atiii per acre, thus spending i!i,ooo,ooo, naviuK for it out of a loan contracted at 4 per cent The expense for the surveying and demar- cating the lands, for working -plans, etc., will add to the purchase price another $50,000. 1 he con- struction of roads and trails, built in order to make the forest accessible both to the people and to for- est industries, will require an additional expense of ^i w,ooo. The expense of administration and protection will be $10,000 per annum, paid out ol a capital, to be set aside for the purpose, aggre- iratinc S2';o,ooo. . Thus the reserve will run the State into an out- lay of about $1,45°.°°°. the interest on which, at 4 per cent., equals $58.°°° per year. There is nothing wrong, morally or econom- icallv, in contracting forest loans, as we are mak- ing over to posterity assets of a value equal, nay,_ larger than the debt contracted. After a few years the returns obtainable from the forest will partly offset the $58,000 required for its maintenance and for interest on the loan. After a few decades of years there will be an excess of returns over expenses, allowing of a grad- ual redemption of the forest-bonds by the State. Thus if the people are ready to spend $5«.°°° for a few years, a 1,000,000 acre forest reserve is easily established, provided the land mi be ac- quired at $1 per acre. C. A. bCHENCK. H I f M i III ' I 1. r If W' f,' l,r III m til if! FOREST LEAVES. 3X3 FOREST LEAVES. The Cutting of Evergreens. A MONO the echoes of the holiday season A that one hears is the complaint of the too i liberal use of evergreen, ground pine and young trees. It would be all right if we had an [nexhaustible supply of the trees and the ground pTne, but we have not. Steadily, year by year, K demand has outgrown the supply, until now there are more young Christmas trees t.aken from our forests than can be supplied again in a year s dme One instance will suffice to show how seri- ous this inroad is getting to be. A man, so it is i stated came to Colonel R. B. Ricketts, and asked perm1;sSn to cut "a few Christmas trees ' ' otf fhe North Mountain tract of forest which is the property of Colonel Ricketts. The permission S anted, but the term " a few ' became sus- ceptible of great enlargement, for it was subse- quently found that the man had cut not a dozen but hardly less than a thousand young hemlock and pine trees. This supply was shipped in the main to Wilkes Barre. There were dozens of other and smaller dealers who also brought Christ- mas trees into the local market. The area of our forest land is steadily dimin- ishing and the area of our population is constantly ncreasing The young trees taken from the forest or Ch isfmas dec'oration are not being replaced ^they should be, and a few years hence we are foing to wake up to the fact that the sijpply is not fobehad except with the greatest difficulty and at the greatest expense. In a certain few sections we hea^r of the liberal planting every year of more young trees than are taken away each year. Al- bet Lewis has in fact started this scheme on his vast tracts of thousands of acres on the neighl o^ ing mountains. But many other large fore t andowners will have to imitate this example if he supply of forest trees of the evergreen sort Ire to be maintained and saved. The ciuestion is o^ie of those serious features of the forestry argu^ ment that comes to our attention every few months. It ought to be brought home d-a^ to the attention of the people. In Philadelphia U is estimated that hardly less than twenty-five or thirty thousand young Christmas trees were sold mes'any one imagine that there have bee" mea"s taken to plant as many trees as have thus been cut away from their woodland surroundings? And if the Nvhole number of trees cut and used for this year's holiday decoration throughout the country Sd be told, the figures would be startling and '^Te'^rfspectfully refer this --''''^''''',.^'T''rIn pern^is warden may, if he deems it expedient, grant permis sion for such cutting or removal, without calling a hearing if the tree in question is on a public way outside of the residential part of the town, the limits of such residential part to be determined by the selectmen. No tree within such residential part shall be cut by the tree warden, except to trim it, or removed by him without a hearing as afore- said ; but in all cases the decision of the tree war- den shall be final. Section 4. Towns may annually raise and ap- propriate such sum of money as they deem neces- sary, to be expended under the direction of the tree warden in exterminating insect pests withm the limits of their public ways and places, and in the removal from said public ways and places ot all trees and other plants upon which such pests naturally breed : provided lunvever, that where an owner or lessee of real estate" shall, to the satisfac- tion of the tree warden, annually exterminate all insect pests upon the trees and other plants within the limits of any public way or place abutting on said real estate, such trees and plants shall be ex- empt from the provisions of this section. Section 5. Whoever affixes to any tree in a public way or place a playbill, picture, announce- ment, notice, advertisement or other thing, whether in writing or otherwise, or cuts, paints or marks such tree, except for the purpose of protecting it and under a written permit from the tree warden, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding htty dollars for each offence. _ , t ^^ Section 6. Whoever wantohly injures, detaces, breaks or destroys an ornamental or shade tree within the limits of any public way or place shall forfeit not less than five nor more than one hundred dollars, to be recovered by complaint, one half to the coniplainant and the other half to the use of the town. , , , , Section 7. Whoever negligently or ca.reles.sly suffers a horse or other beast driven by or for h.m or a beast belonging to him and unlawfully in a public way or place, to break down, injure or de- stroy a shade or ornamental tree within the limits of 4id public way or place, or whoever negli- gently or wilfully by any other means breaks down fnjures or destroys any such tree, shall be l.al.k to the penalties prescribed in the foregoing sec- tion, and shall in addition be liable for all damages ''^ sJciMoN'^^'it shall be the duty of the tree warden to enforce the provisions of the preceding sections. \Ahfroved Max i^, \ic)()'\ . •- The Association has printed a circular urging the nomination of competent men for tree wardens statine that "The street trees of Massachusetts owns are celebrated for their beauty, and may wel^l be considered among their most valuable assets. If they are valuable they should be prop- erly cared for, and it remains for the voters of every town to say whether they will enhance the value of their trees by electing competent men to care for them. " Every town in the Commonwealth must, how- ever, elect a Tree Warden in some manner at its annual election this year, and, there is nothing to prevent his being elected by acclamation at the business session of the annual meeting. To the Point. IS. MONO the replies received by the Forestry A. Division at Harrisburg to the ([uestion, 4 "What caused the forest fire?" the fol- lowing appeared: "My neighbor set fire to a stump, and went to the store to sit on the head of a salt barrel. The fool ought to be prose- cuted, but, living right here, I should get the ill- will of that man and his friends for my life s time ; but the State should and could protect her citizens from such harm and imposition. ' ' This fire burned over ten acres, destroyed 100 telegraph poles, $100 worth of pulp wood, so cords of beech birch and maple, 80 rods of fence, and rec,uired from three to ten men three days to suppress it. Total loss to the owner estimated at J300. It is true the State ought to protect its citizens, and the State does protect its citizens, having pas.sed a law which makes it the duty of County Commis- sioners to bring men to punishment who create these forest fires. The law is specific, and was framed for that purpose, and we may expect forest fires to continue until the county officers do their duty, do lodge information, and demand that prosecution be commenced. Rock-Splitting Elm. THE rock-splitting elm, an illustration of which is given in this issue, was found near Klizabethtown, in lancaster County. The rock is one of the many rounded masses_ which have been separated from the trap dyke of that district. Many examples of the immense expansive force exerted by a growing tree can be found in Pennsylvania. This, however, is one of he most striking. If one doubts that such things are possible, it is merely necessary to remember that a crop of mushrooms or toadstools, develop- ing under the bricks, may in a single night raise large surfaces of pavement. „ , , „<■ We are indebted to Mr. John Brubaker of Elizabethtown, Pa., for the illustration. I I|;! II 'l!ii m\\ 448- FOREST LEAVES. Reproduction of Forests. T N all that I have ever read I have never seen, 1 nor in any of the expressions I have ever is- "^ tened to have I ever heard, a single intelli .xent expression or thought on this subject even ?rom botanists. The forest lands the world over hTve been forests for ages back, new growths starting as the older growths were passing off into decay And what is singular is the fact that the new growth is invariably of a different species to "hat which preceded it. Ask whoever you may he question as to the origin of these "ew growths and he universal answer is that the seeds of the new growth had lain dormant in the sod for inany years back. Your next .luestion may be. By what Sns was this distribution of seed '-de ? And you are told by the birds, lo me, ^^^'d^a ^p pears ridiculous and preposterous. I .et us picture Tforest territory of itself vastly remote, and in the common order of nature destined to next produce a variety of species of trees h-therto i.n^ known in that region, l-et us suppose, to begin t"th oak, chestnut and beech. Are we to be- Ueve that birds at some time have been engaged n the business of carrying acorns, beechnuts and chestnuts perhaps hundreds, if not thou^"d^ « miles, and distributing the same over vast areas of country? Then, again, let us take into con^ skleration an island, or a continent, which, m the natural evolution of things, is about to start .no existence its first vegetable growth. Are we to suppose that seeds of endless variety have been taken there from some other part of the xvoria £e vegetation could appear? We may also consider fhe different species o trees that do not bear seed-the different kinds of birch, the cherry that we find in a state of nf ^ " ^^^^ woods, as well as n^any other varieties of trees How do these trees start into existence f an actual seed is necessary before plant life -" b^g-^Jf the discovery of this country had just taken place, and nowhere was it possible to find a -ngle ev.^ dence of the existence of a common bner, and in Sis condition we were to fell an acre, or 20 ooo acres of woods, to be followed by fire, what won d be the re;ult? First, a heavy growth of nre-weed, followed by a heavy thicket of briers Ind iL; by a growth of trees and ^-h- such as had never before been in existence «" this con tinent. Even admitting that «eeds can remain in the soil for a long term of years without ger minating which is doubtful, is it to be supposed Tt bll carried this blackberry seed from Europe or some other e-iually distant region, and the same Sy seed for all the other entirely new species of vegetation that we see ? Most assuredly not. Nature or God (have it as you please) has made provision for all things. All soil that has not been rendered absolutely sterile by one means or another contains the elerhents, or germs, neces- sary for the bringing into existence of inanimate life subject to conditions that are ever changing 'l-o' illustrate, let us suppose this continent had not been discovered, and that we confine our imaginations to regions that have been devastated by lumbermen, and that the trees we have cut away had remained and died of old age. Under the?e conditions the -new fife which would "have taken the place of the old would have been in no- wise the s^me as that which has followed our dep- redations. Following on in the proper order ot Immolested nature would have been a con inuous reproduction of magnificent forests, in place of the almost universal growth of worthless vegeta- tion that follows the axe and forest ^res- 'h's teaches us that the germ ife in soil '« "^t ^he same under strictly natural conditions as when subjected to the common ravages ot man. i\ would be interesting if some one who has had the advantage of education would take up this subject and treat it in a scientific manner, proving the fallacy of my ideas, or the good sense, as the case may be. 'r„„».»M Ai.FREn Truman. We print Mr. Truman's paper. He starts the same old idea and runs up against the same old '" He'fmds great trouble in believing that birds are the d sfributors of seeds over wide enough Jreas to account for the presence of plants which have appeared there for the first time. VVe heartily Ihare with him in this trouble ; but the fact remains that birds do carry seed wh''^^^^^ left in a condition to germinate. Jay birds hax e been seen over and over again '■arry.ng ac^^^^^^^^^^ bee<:hnuts, and even chestnuts, to considerable d s tances, and dropping them on "Pe" «1'^*.^^- ^^ this there is no doubt. Squirrels do the same thin.r and what is more, trees have been known o g <;rfronTseeds so planted. Of course these facts do not wholly explain the difficulty. 1 o Sunt for the presence of such vast nuivj.ers of seeds as would be required is as yet ^m^^^fl'^ but it is a partial explanation to say that birds and animals carry them. ^.u^^is On the other hand, Mr. Truman's hypothes's, which is virtually that of spontaneous gei^eration is no explanation at all, because there '« "o* »" record a single undoubted case f ^'^^ origmating without a previously existing life. 1 here have been thousands of experiments niade ancMho sands of dollars expended in making them, but m FOREST LEAVES. U5 'v JL J- *^ to-day we are unable to prove that a single life, of any form, high or low, ever arose without a parent To ask whence came the first parents is merely to play upon words. -It does not .alter the facts as we find them tOvday. . , . , i • u It was unfortunate that Mr. Truman -ted birch and the wild cherry as examples of seedless trees They are well known to produce seeds, and our nurserymen raise young trees from them. Pulp Wood. It will be observed that this consideration is entirely from the economic point of view. No excuse for that need be offered, however since all the private forestry that we can ever have in this country must be the forestry that pays. A. O. ONE of the most significant and encouraging signs to be noted of late is an apparent movement of the pulp-wood lumbermen, or some of them, toward the point of view of the *^° ThS'is the more important because the cutting of pdp wood is generally understood to mean clelring the land of every tree on it ; and so it is, t::Sly practiced. Who has not -" ^^^ ^ vastation of hillside forests wrought by the seekers of sjmice or poplar wood for the ever-growing ^X plileJ material is getting scarce, at least in the East, and the manufacturers are ooking to e whence they shall get their supply. 1 hey stui own the land that they have cut over, and the :.^;e Son of the forester that a second crop may be irrown sometimes has a hearing--th.s the morf readily because trees large enough for pulp can be had in a much shorter tune than those re ..uired for lumber. second Still better than the possibility of a secona 1 \.u i^nds is the treatment of present {/rowth on old lands is ine nc „„, Waited bnf^re^^^^i-^oSe'of^^rs^l^f;^ ;:;c^nM>s in New ljn,>shire t^^^^^^^^^^^ many precautions are uken to avoid damage o The younger trees. The choppers are regularly Sstruc ed in the proper manner of feU.ng and , Ciling trees to avoid unnecessary waste ; in short, thf re is the beginning of forestry. In New York even more is done on one or two tracts regularly managed under the direction of %Snris1hat Tn7class of lumbermen have reached a point where the systematic treatment of forests Fs apparently demanded, and we may fairly expect o see the pulp-makers, who have been Sm the forest-preserver's point of view, ^he JraveS offenders, active supporters of a con- the gravest «"^ ^^^^^ maintain a servative forest poucy hillsides, continuous growth on many 01 uu The Timber Reserves of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. T lEUT. -GOVERNOR O. W. ROBINSON I C of Michigan, in a late issue of the MiJ- waukee Journal, makes the following state- ment as to the timber in that district : ( )f pine timber there is but a limited amount standing in the upper peninsula. The l"-berme" of these regions are turning their attention more ^o hemlock and hardwood as the future supply for their mills. Tributary to the Sturgeon rive as an outlet, there is standing to-day at least Too 000 000 of good hemlock, and equally as much more along the shores of Keweenaw and Hiuon bays A stretch of country in Ontonagon Sty a' distance of fifty miles by fifteen miles wide IS almost an unbroken hemlock forest. N^rlh and east of L'Anse, stretching through to Arvon, in Baraga County, is another large tract of hemlock, which has been encroached upon but very slightly. Other -cUo"s o he country, with which the writer is no so familiar, contain large tracts of standing hem ock. " 1 The inore southerly counties the cedar has been very largely cut, but in the more northern an the bulk of the timber in certain slaty ridges where it is known to the lumbermen a.s yellow pine. How they could avoid noticing the difference between the cones of the yellow pine and Table Mountain pine is very hard to inderstand. About 1864 it w-as discovered 1 , think, in Berks County, by Professors Porter and I Meehan. A year or two later. Professor Asa Gray and the writer noticed its preseice 'ji Mifflin County, in this State It is a pity that the term "Table Mountain Pine" cannot be re- jected for this tree. It is too long, too local, and to most persons absolutely without meaning. Prickly I'ine would be an infinitely more charac- teristic title; and to any one who has seen this tree growing on some of the slaty ridges of our site the term "Poverty Pine" would be sug- gestive, even though not elegant. ^ With us the tree is from twenty to fifty feet high. In its general appearance it is very like U^t pitch pine, except that the bark is usual y a Sir dark in color,' and the leaves are in twos instead of threes ; rather thick, and about two inches long. The illustration which we have given shows rather a luxuriant specimen of the tree As ordinarily seen, the prickly pine branches are sparse, somewhat angular in their curves, and seem to suggest rather a hard life. The distinguishing feature of the prickly pine is found in its cones. The matured but unopened cone is about three inches long and two inches in diameter at an inch from the base. 1 hese are arranged in clusters around the branches at a .riven point, instead of being scattered rather in- definitely, as most cones seem to be on other nines and they will remain on for several years ' Ef'they hav'e become c.iite dark brown and thoroughly weathered in appearance 1 he scales are tipped with a long, stout prickle, which is from a fourth to a half inch long, and usua ly points towards the apex. Some of the prickles have a more or less distinct hook-like curvature So far as known at present, the prickly pme does not figure extensively in any constn.ct.on work, though I do not know why 1 would no rnsw;r for mine props and the like, almost as w-el as the common pitch or yellow P'^f- Jt has been used for charcoal, and is as good fo-" ordi- nary fuel as the other pines are which are closely related to it. . .n,c • Physical properties: specific gravity, 0.4935 - percentage of ash, 0.27; relative approximae fuel value, 0.49" ; weight in pounds of a cubic foot of dry wood, 30.75; relative s^regh^^^^^ •0 4! —For the protection of the Suez Canal from drifting sand considerable tree and shrub planting s eing done, and the results so far obtained are ncourtging. This planting has been gomg^on since 1896, as previous experiments wth fascine , sand fences, and similar devices were not uccess ful. Reeds have been planted along 8. 7 m.les of the canal proper and along the whole length of the Swee^watir Canal, the reeds being protected by U^::;;:;^ from ba^k eddi*^. ^^nj^^^^/i^-^lljj top of the banks of the Sweetwater Canal such ' hrubs as the .//. and Atrif-lc. lalun.s have been used and in 19 miles of this canal and on a part of the ship canal, plantations of trees e>aend.ng back 328 feet from the water-line have been made to keep back the sand from the desert. Amoni, the trees employed for this \fT'^,ZSfSTr^ lyptus and the cypress, and the Pantat ions are ir igated by fresh water, which is h^o^ght ^mm the Nile by the canals excavate.l when the ship canal was being built. I ^i i I w If 1 ■ - ^ " 1 1 * i ; ; ■ ■-''. t 1 j \\^- !» - ■11 i 1 ■ ' " i ■ SI t||i! I \ 'ii;i 4 I 4 1 '* i^li ^ i ! Forest Leaves, Vol. vii., No. 8. BY J. T. ROrHROOK. COPYRIGHTED, 1900. 'Pi i:*^ ?». f/" ■^,-J ags; ■;',>!r ^ ^O^f^^* - ^ ^6^*1 •>^> V. ^^i«*t ';>';' -4* ^ „ >^K' -•If • V, ., , :-^' ... c.MC DRirKL Y PINE. POVERTY PINE. (PiNUS pungens, Mich., f.) TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE, PRICKLY KllNt, MIFFLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. ij M !Hi Ml 1 M *i 'in I !li : I Forest Leaves, Vol. vit., No. 8. BY J. T. ROTHROOK. COPYRIQHTED, 1900 111 iili TABLE MOU NTAIN PINE, PRICKLY PINE, POVERTY PINE. (P,NUS punoens, M,ch., f.) MIFFLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. m ■^flf^ 31? FOREST LEAVES. -121- Amendments to New York's Forestry Laws. ■4 »'«! i ■X i iiii H m A N Act has been introduced in the New AX York Legislature to amend the fisheries, 4 game and forest law, relative to additional protection of the forest preserve, adding seven, new sections, which read as follows : Superintendent of Forests, and Other Officials.— The engineer of the commission shall act as su- perintendent of forests and shall perform the duties pertaining to that office as hereinafter described. The commission shall appoint an assistant super- intendent of forests, a chief firewarden, thirty- five forest rangers, a land clerk, and such cleri- cal assistance as may be actually necessary. 1 he chief firewarden shall give a bond to the com- mission in the sum of one thousand dollars, and each forest ranger shall give a bond in the sum of five hundred dollars, said bonds to be with two sureties and to be approved by the commission and conditioned for the faithful performance of the duties of said officers respectively. 1 he com- mission may appoint expert foresters, not exceed- ing five in number, who shall be employed in the work of reforesting the burned, barren or denuded lands in the forest preserve, and in such other work as may tend to the improvement and in- creased value of the State forest. 1 hey shall re- ceive for their services such compensation as may be fixed by the commission. ^ Duties of Superintendent of Forests and Ins Assistants.-V\.^ superintendent of Crests '""; der the direction of the commission, shall have charge of all work connected with the care and custody of the forest preserve, the prevention of forest fires, and the general supervision of the forestry interests of the State. He shall repor annually to the commission, showing the annua timber product of the Adirondack and Catskill forests, and also the extent of the forest fires and o"es ^herefrom. He shall make such other re^ ports from time to time as may be required by the commission, or may be "^^^^^^/y f^^/'j^^' '"l formation. The assistant superintendent of forests hallrender such assistance as the -M-intendent may reciuire, see that the rangers patrol their re- spectlvi districts diligently, make fre.p.ent exami^ nations of the lots of the forest preserve not in The patroled districts, and submit wrUten reports of the character and condition of such lands. Duties of the Chief /.■//r7«,r,/.;;.-lhe chief firewarden; under the direction of the commis- sion shall have supervision of the town f.rewar^ dens visit each town as often as P-ct-cabU.^,-^ fully acmiaint each firewarden with his duties notffy the commission of all vacancies on the roll of firewardens as soon as they occur, see that the towns are divided into districts of suitable size and proper location and that district firewardens are appointed as provided by law, have charge- of the firewardens' reports, and when the cause of a fire is not reported ascertain its origin ; under authority of the commission institute prosecutions for violations of the law regulating forest fires, and have supervision of all bills agairist the State rendered by the various towns for fighting forest ^^^ Duties of Forest Rangers.— -^^^^ rangers shall reside on the districts to be patrolled by them resiiectively, said districts to be designated by the commission. The rangers must report to the nearest protector immediately any violations ot the fisheries, game and forest law which they dis- cover and to the nearest firewarden or district fire- warden of the starting of fires, if unable to extin- guish same. Each ranger must patrol his district daily, for the prevention of fires, trespasses, and violations of the fish and game law. Duties of Land C/.r/C-.-The land clerk shal have charge of the assessment rolls of the forest preserve, and shall report any discriminations against the State in the assessment of taxes ; have charge of the land records, and prepare statistics giving information as to the acreage of the various kinds of land. . , ^, . . Compensation of Forest Offiaals.-'XV^ assist- ant superintendent of forests shall receive fifteen hundred dollars annually, the chief firewardens shall receive fifteen hundred dollars annually, and each of the said officials shall receive his actual and necessary travelling expenses. I he forest rangers shall each receive five hundred do lars annually, and the land clerk shal! receive eighteen hundred dollars annually. This act shall take effect immediately. The olive can be grown only in a small and fa- vored portion of the globe ; middle and Southern California, and (perhaps) part of Arizona, are the only iioints in the United States, so there will be no danger of over-production. Regarding the culture of the olive from the mercenary stand- point there is more to commend it to the investor han dther the orange or ,.rune. Trees are now growing in California that at eight years old pro- duced 2000 gallons of olives to the acre. 1 hese will make 250 gallons of oil, which-at say S3 l>er gallon, means an income of $75° l>er a«re^ he net income from such a crop would be not less than SSoo per acre ; and with good care in any event the crop is large and sure from year to year for a century. \± ^It 111 ; II 111 l^lt >^^^ 122 FOREST LEAVES. New Members of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association. ¥ANY persons have joined the Association during the summer, fall and winter, and we give below a list of these new members : Albert E T 124 S. 9tb St., Philadelphia, Pa. A ' w ^'\i 1 1 ? S 4th St. , Philadelphia, Pa. Atkinson, T. Ogborn, ('hevnev Pa » 'Mrs "IXTy., '900 Spru. S^y^i^'l Pa. i:S: li^s 'irr^e, I: .836 Archest., Philadelphia. Pa. B^u! Miss Laura. .428 Spruce St. , I'^-ladelphm Pa. Biddle. Miss Emily M.. , "n^' Mass' Biddle Miss Emily Williams, pu^T^i. Pa Biddle Mrs. Nicholas. lyU locust St., Ph. ade ph.a, P.a. Binder Rudolph C. , 2100 Spruce St.. Philadelphia. Pa. BUckburt M- J. P., - 37 Pif'H Ave McKeesport, Pa. Blakiston, Mrs. Presley, 2042 Chestnut St., Phila., fa. Blankenburg, Mrs. >-c-^ia^I;i^g^„ ^q., Philadelphia, Pa. Bodine, Ceorge T., .29 «• fh St., PW'adelphia, Pa. Brazier, Miss E. Josephine, '^^ f« ^ f ' ' ' ^t ' Pa Brock, Robert C. H., /6/2 Walnnt SL, Ph,U, Fa^ Bruen Mrs. E. T., 1814 S. l^^'^n^^se Sq. Ph.la. , Pa. Brush, Mrs. Anna F., Chestnut H, II, P>>fde^^'l' ^l' Buckley, Miss Katharine, 1 508 Spruce St., Phda. , Pa. Burnham, George, 340' Powelton Ave^ PMa^, P"- Caldwell, Miss Florence V., 1705 I-»<;"S' St., PhUa., Pa. Clark, Miss Sarah S., pw.cImt,, Pa 1773 Second Ave., llazlewood, Pittsburg, ra. Cleveland, Miss Jennie R., 729 •'^"^^.'^Vi ^•''' pt' Cobb Dewey Austin, 3320 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. r^l..; Fr^ W q N. Front St., Harrisburg, Pa. c l:::: rtis!M.n.. .43? walnut st v^^.^, p- Co/tins '//. H., American and Oxford Sis , Phila , /a. C^ngdon. ErneW Arnold. .5.0 Walnut St. , Phiadelphia, Pa. Coxfjohn I.., "219 I-ocust St., Philadelphia la. I'ar jngton. Miss Hannah, ^^l.^p Tdi:: ^St^rrc-r^' 2430 N. Broad St , PHdaAhia, Pa- S::!:o.! '^b ^Fl;nkH;'- ^^^'"^ t-san^^rst-rphiiaT. Uavison, n. rrauKuii, ' o c ^ c* l>Vi;ii Pa Davison, J. R., Jr., 7i8 Sansom St., Ihila., la. Day, Mrs. Frank Miles, „ ^* Upsal St., C.ermantown, Phila., la. ,. „ Q Saginaw, Mich. uS. Samiel, P-uUitt Building, Philadelphia, Pa. UiUingham. Joseph B. . 2206 Walnut St. , 1 hila., 1 a. Dobbins. Edward T.. i.i^i,:, Po 1808 S. Rittenhou.se S(iuare. Philadelphia, la. Donaldson. Mrs. (1. W.. L^"T,?r'^ l' w' Pn 1 )reer, Frederick A. . 1 520 Spruce St. . h. ade ph a, la. Dulles, neatly C, 324 S. 19th St., Philadelphia, 1 a. Dundas, Kalph Wurts,^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ Philadelphia, Pa. Dunlap, Miss R. H., 1827 De l-ancey Place, PhiU. Pa- Earle, -Ihomas, 324 ^f^'••"^^VJ P O Pa Ea.stman, Miss Sylvia J., Ogontz SchooU • O , a. Elkinton Thom^i, 400 S. 9th St. , h. a< e h a, la. Ely. Miss Anna W.. 1819 ^"'^'"''^''j^^^^f}^}^' l.^" plrr, George IV., Jr., ,S,o Spruce St., ^ "''"'''f /«• ^J- Ferguson. Wm. C. . .00. Chestnut St. . Ph'ladelph.a. Pa. Flaig, Mrs. Stanley G., Jr., . 116 S. 20lh St., Ph.la., 1 a. f^ w ^■' ;?.XTit.':piaphi:; 'p:: ^rss^H.^, jr.. 203I De .ancey Pla^ce^P.... Pa. G:^l:^.t: W., 772 Park Ave., New York N. V, Coldsmith Mrs. Chas. W., 772 Park Ave., ^e^ Jf ^'.N. \ . rZTn H W 17 16 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. (.reen, "• y-' ' Haverford, Pa. ( • uTekTnst r' 7 1 2 Arch St. . Philadelphia, Pa. Vl"acte" Mi;.-'charles, .820 Rittenhouse Square, Ph a.. Pa. T^ninf**; F C Ila nes and Chew Sts., Utn., Ptiiia., ra. 'iXkiss ^Sarah Dickinson ^"'/pWu' pt Hance, Edward H., '04 ™pehocken St Otn., Ph a,. Pa. Hancock G W., Lancaster Ave. and 40th St., Phila., ra. Hrns^c^ot, O. M.; ^ Hotel Haughtoi^ Baltimore Md. Hare Miss Elizabeth C, 312 S. loth St, Phila., Fa. Hnr? Mrs Emily P., 120 S. 22d St., Philadelphia, Pa. ^r;/^/^rC , f6o7 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. HarTraiff Miss Annie, Hotel Walton, ™ladelph-. Pa. Harlranft Mrs. J. F., Hotel Walton Phd ade p^^^ Pa. Haslam, Miss Elizabeth, 213 N. 33^ St., Ihila., Pa. Helme, Mrs. Wm Herring, W. E., Hill, Jason C, Hillier, Alonzo, Hills, Albert S., 1 7 19 Vine St.\ Philadelphia, Pa. 157 N. i8th St , Philadelphia, Pa. 1856 N. 17th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 7^4 Arch St., Philadelphia Pa. Haydenville, Mass. lllnkle? Daniel's., 4. Rex Ave. , Chestnut Hill, Phila.. Pa. Holbrook, Miss Hannah S. ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ Moopes, Mrs. Edward, '9o8 Walnut St., Phil^a., Pa. Hoskins. Dr. W. Horace, 3452 I-"dlow St., Phila., Pa. ""X". Fort^: Depart. Agriculture, Washington D.C I lowe, Frank, Jn, Walnut St. Theatre, P^' adelphia. Pa. II . M...; i>iviert, jonn, jr., Bethlehem, Pa. i everine A M., .84 Green Eane, Manayunk Phila., Pa. l;:;-s:iiiss Ma.; I. ^ 3.7 S^ 20th St., Ph aaelph;a la. Lippincott, Miss h. S., 213 N. 33^ ^t., 1 '^"^"^ji^^^/ p^^ l:^^hatcSs,"t8^N. Highland Ave.. Pittsburgh, Pa. 'uo^ng^tA' m\ss H. G., M.6 Spruce St., Philac^^^^^^^^ t}:l^"R'r"^^'23^^°raSi'n : ^^, Pa- ^r;. Mi. ilary, .609 Arch St., Phil^e.ph.a la. STam'er^-' ' ' Aldine Hotel, Philadelpf la, I'a. MU^r' Wss A A., 1838 Houvier St., Philadelphia, Pa. Millrr: Mi: M. a: .8J8 Bouvier St., ™ladeM-. Pa. Mitch^son, Mrs. E. B. A.. 1608 '^"^^A,^ • ' X^' Pa T'""'-^^ ''(Vis^r"' ^ >t&. Pt. Norris, William F., M.D., 1530 Locust St., Phtla., la. l 1 » '. f M • FOREST LEAVES. 4^' Wn\ i„m<.»B Shields, Allegheny Co., Pa. Oliver, James 1^ , ^^^ Philadelphia, Pa. Overend, Guy K , 4» 4 pj^;,^^ p^ Parsons, Mrs. John H., 3 H ^^ p^.,^ ^ p^ Patten. Mrs. R"^; ^ ^anor, 55 ^ g p^,,^^ p^. ^,^'"1' "^ZT' ^cSDe Lancey Place; PhiU., Pa. f:^™ 'MtrXn'me S., .307 Sj^ruce St., Ph. a Pa. ,^ Ai- viwnlwh W 1^07 Spruce St., Pnila., ra. Perot, Miss rJizauetn vv., *j^/ y ' pv,ni Pa r'' ^'^wa^d^^ ^- .520 Chl^t^lrPh'-ad^l'^a, ^a. p'^"^;inh Mrs' Evan 2002 Arch St.. Philadelph a. a. R^n Iv^lohn 20 5 De l.ancey I'lace. Philadelphia, Pa. Reilly, John, 201 s / Conshohocken. Pa. I^^'t^s W P 92 wlut St.. Philadelphia, 1^. Saunders, W 1., 9 5 . ,j ^ Harrisburg. Pa. SiXe": R^L't W.! ' • .8 Vnroad St.. Philadelphia. Pa. Smith. Edward W. ^^._^ ^^^ Oermantown, PhiU., V.. ,j ^^ ^ Pineville, ra. Smith, James Tden Narberth, Pa. Tt ?^cob "^ 427 Walnut St. , Philadelphia, Pa. Snare, Jacob,^ ^ / Elizabethtown, Pa. ,0^1 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa. Qoo Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. P O Box 1086, Pittsburgh, la. Oakmont, Pa. Memphis, Tenn. Lancaster, Pa. Box 358 liiltmore, N. C. Stauffer, I. H., Stewart, Ralph C, Stoddart, Clideon, Thaw, J. C., Wade, William, Wellford, Walker L., Wickersham, Mrs. Harold, Win, (ieorge H., w!::ds' Kd'^ard 'a.. 7-5 Tradesmen's Building, Pitts., Pa. Italics indicate life meml)ership. We also regret to chronicle the death of several valued members : ^, , T Harrisburg, Pa. Pailey Charles L ^ ^^^^^^ y^-,, p,. Ikown, U.U., '7^^^'' Wakefield, Ctn., Phila Carpenter, Mrs. deorge w., -^ - Chew St., (iermantown, Phila. 2016 Spruce St, Philadelphia, Pa. 116 S. 38th St., Philadelphia, la. C17 Arch St., Philadelphia, la. 218 N. 6th St, Reading, la. Ithaca, N. Y. Prentiss, ^J^^'^'''} p^^j.^^^e Bld^., Wilkes Barre, Pa. Rvffian, W. P., Coal h.xcnan^e ^' A Phila., Pa. Sellers, Miss Martha, 3303 Hamilton St. , Hnla^, ^^^ ^;;;=fE3H:, ^^^^N.lWlSt.,Phila.,Pa. Cope, Alfred, Lewis, Miss E. W., Lyon, (ieorge W., Merchant, H. W., Paxson, Mrs. L. B., Prentiss, Prof. A. N., There is a probability of the establishment r^f^ore Forestry schools in this country. Prest- dent HadleT of Yale, has annot.nced a complete forestry school for that t.niversity, to be con- duct with a view to the treatment of Amen- in fores s on lines st.ited to the s.tttat.on tn ^"s country and Harvard University .s under- ^^d to le' considering the establishment of a SmTlar school. Of the latter, no annottncement is made. The Long Leaf Pine Forests of the South from the Economic Standpoint. THERE is a striking contrast between the pine forests of the South and the pine forests of the Northwest. After heavy lumbering, the regeneration of the forest from self-sown seed in the Northwest is practically an impossibility, mainly due to the fierce fires invariably following the lumbering. . ^x.^ ^^^ in the South the " yellow pine is, on the one hand, more fire-proof, and, on the other hand the atmospheric moisture and the annual precipitations are so much higher, that fires do not have he same bad effect on regeneration which they have in the Northwest. There cannot be any doubt that the economic condition of virgin forest is one of economic stagnation. Virgin forest in which the old and decrepit trees predominate is unprodut.tive, the annual accretion of wood being equal to the annual death-rate of trees ; consecpiently, the virgin for- est should fall and must fall. . . 1. 'Ihe capital represented by the growing stock in a virgin forest is larger than is desirable. It should be the forester's aim to curtail this capital, leaving only as much on the ground as will bear the highest possible interest in a safe way. At fhe present time, in the North as well as in the South, the lumberman, or rather the wood- owner goU too far in reducing the capital left in the fo ett, leaving, in themajority of cases, prac- icaiy no hing. 'rhe lumberman does not believe h-vt after the exhaustion of the present surpUis of virgin forest supplies, prices must gradually rise to 2 evel ranging abroad, where the demand is just e^, ill to thelipply. The old ^^ig^-s, which are not growing any more at a rate of say 4 per cent "merest, should certainly be cut, because they w. 1 not profit any more from the future rise in prices. The young trees, however, which are growing at a high rate of increment, and which will be niature 'at the time at which ^^tm^'age vdties will be three times what they are now (the stumpage o? Norway Pine in Germany, for instance is now on an average, worth ^5 l-" ^^-""^>'„t°" tm left standing. The wood owner who allows them to stJnd will, it is my opinion, make about 10 per cent interest on the capital value which they now represent, from which, of course, must be deducted he amount spent annually for taxes. At the same H^iie the wood owner must not allow his trees to Ee boxed for rosin, because, after boxing, young fr^po THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE FORESTRY SCHOOL \Pm^2h2^ Forestry AT BILTMORE, N.C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D. Forester to the Biltmore Estate. UEiA£lS' TReE CHKRTS. The whole series eonsis^ of fif^ennun^^^^^^^^^ PARTS of three """^.Hfo'^fnUseriL a\ The^ prices named below, -by the part -or by the ^"JJ^f L^^^' airea^^^ printed. The Mo?e than half of the ««"^« i^^/?emaiiUng c^ be P"^ drawings are completed, and tncrema «^j^ ^g^nd paid sub- •^^;?io^L' o? |«^.^rtnourdts'u?i"lUe immediate publication of tne whole series. TERMS :-CASH IN ADVANCE. Price of single number 50 cents each. Price of Part, $1.40 each. '^T^^^^^S^^^ a * as .et unpHnted.) Extinct Oaks. «-^ ^^-r''^^l^^^TBe.lT''^^^:^i^.^^'^^'^ and No' 5 77.^ .5?S.'' AmSan, Japanese, and European ' rrm^XrAScan species and varieties m i5«d««%nd allied familiesof numerousspeeies. The Mamiolia and related trees. XT .1 TK i/rfn«(s and allies. fo n. t}^= S^^rVrlnted in advance.) .M ' isf A^^'^cZpas, rarOmmia, and other,. J^uferll^nnaUoUd^JHc aut.or. pn.is.er and GRACEANNA LEWIS, . - Pennsylvania. Media, Association ^e^( The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. RATES. I inch, . ^ page, • V^ " • I (( insertion. $1.00 4.00 7.00 12.00 insertions. $4.00 17.00 30.00 50.00 xa insertions. $8.00 34.00 60.00 100.00 No. 6. Part III.— No. 7. *No. 8. *No. 9. Part IV.— *N(). 10 *No. U Forestry and Village Improvement. IWISS DOCK is prepared to fill engagements for talks on Village Improvement and Forestry, with or without lantern slides. Address MISS M. L. DOCK, 1427 N. Front Street, HARRISBURG, PA. lit 5^^ t|l! ill iiiw •» 1H> 128 FOREST LEAVES. SUGAR MAPLES. One of the very finest deciduous-leaved trees of North America is the tall Sugar Maple. It can truly be called NO • the noblest of all the Maples. BETTER VARIETY CAN BE USED FOR STREET, PARK, OR LAWN PLANTING, as its growth is rapid and straight, its form symmetrical, onH it dne<; not have the objectionable density of foliage possessed by the Norway Maple. For this reason it is well adapted for planting near build- ings, as it does not obstruct light or air, and the grass will grow up to its very trunk. It is deep-rooted, and • the wood is not brittle ; hence, it is not easily damaged by storms. The Sugar Maple will thrive in almost all localities, except where the ground is damp or boggy. No tree has more gorgeous autumn coloring, as^it varies in all shades of yellow, orange and scarlet until the leaves finally fall. PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING LOW PRICES 7 to 8 ft. ; trans., 8 to 9 ft. ; trans., 9 to lo ft. ; trans., 10 to 12 ft. ; I'X to lyi in ; trans., . 12 to 14 ft.; i>^ to i^ in.; trans., 14 to 15 ft. ; i^ to 2 in. ; trans., Larger trees, 2 to 2}4 in. diam. ; trans.. Larger trees, 2;^ to 3 in. diam. ; trans.. Larger trees, 3 to 3;^ in. diam. ; trans.. Each. 10 100 $0 35 $2 50 $22 50 50 4 00 30 00 75 6 00 40 00 I 00 7 50 50 GO I 50 12 50 100 00 I 75 15 00 125 00 2 25 20 00 150 00 3 50 30 00 4 00 35 00 flJlDORHA nUnSERIES, CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA., PA, WILIJAM WAHNKli HAUPKli. Vol. VIL Philadelphia, June, 1900, No. 9. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION^ 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials ;.;•—• "9 Arbor Day Forestry Meeting 131 Forest Fires in Pennsylvania. r '" " j^^ of Pennsylvania, for 1899 ,35 The Calaveras Grove [ 136 A Bit of Primeval Forest ,36 The Timber of Washington V.V.V.V.V.V...... i37 Correspondence 138 Our Recent Forest Fires.... '39 Spring Arbor Days ••. 139 Forestry, Destructive and Constructive ^^^ Susceptibility of Trees to Lightnmg I Subscription, $1.00 per Year. The attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages of Forest Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in June, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methrds of forest culture and preservation, and to ^e<^"^^^. '^f^f^^^'j ment and entorcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership fee. One dollar. I ife membership, ¥\iic€:i\ *\o\\^rs,. , .. » . . • • » ^a^a Nldtherihe membership nor the work of this Association .s intended to brUmited to theState.of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become membi^ shoSd send their names to /l.jff. «-«Wr. Chairman Member- ship Committee, 512 Walnut Street, Phila. ^;;/^rJ/i;«'" ^He;£ Howard M. Jenkins. James C. Haydon, Wm. S. Harvey, R'chard Wood deneral Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy. 7V^aj«r^r. Charles E. Pancoast. r7^Jrilat.Laree Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Rev. Alfred L. Elwyn. ^«r«c^WS Harvey. Chairman; William L. Elkins, Dr. Henry M Fisher,' W.'w.FrLzieV, Charles E. Pancoast, J. Rodman Paul, and "^tembTrfh^pl ^^h.n B. Weimer. Chairman; Mrs^ Henry J. Biddle Edwin Swift &lch. Charles W. Freedley, Joseph W. Johnson, and Dr. ^""Zt^^on^. N. Ashman, Chairman ; Henry Budd. Charles He^eTt. Sen;y Howson Henry C- ^?cCormick and John A S.ner^ Publication, ]o^n Birkmb.ne, Chairman FL. Bitler. J.C. Brooks, w Witman Damblv. and Dr. William P. Wilson. ^^rJ^Dr Alfred L. Elwyn, Chairman; Mrs Bnnton Coxe^ Mrs^ George T Heston, Mrs. John P. Lundy, Howard M. Jenkins, W.ll.am ^'^^^ntTSr^tZ'^^^^^^ ^^"«- ^"'-"' Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Charles G. Ogden. Office of the Association, 1012 Walnut St.. Philadelphia. EDITORIALS. F the people of the United States were as slow to appreciate the natural conditions which favor the country as they are to realize the serious injury done by forest fires, we would not to-day hold the position among the nations of the world of which we are justly proud. With the opening of spring the daily press pre- sents to its readers telegraphic announcements or detailed correspondence of destructive forest fires in various portions of the country— fires which are not confined to underbrush, or even to young saplings which gave promise for future forest growth— but mature standing timber has suffered, and must be cut before the market is ready for the wood, or be left standing to die and feed subse- quent forest fires. The on- rushing flames have also licked up the homes and personal possessions of farmers, destroyed settlements, threatened towns, and demanded the despatch of relief trains to rescue lives endangered. Only the latter phase of the destructive action of forest fires, viz., the damage to improved prop- erty and endangered humanity, appears to awaken public interest in the possibilities of checking forest fires, or, better still, of preventing them, and to tifis extent these disasters serve a good purpose. Hdd interest been earlier awakened, much property and many lives would have been saved. Year after year the owners of forest lands must face the probability of a fire, started by carelessness or design, often by some one holding no property, or possibly a stranger to the locality, devastating and destroying standing timber, and checking the growth of immature trees. Season after season those living near to wooded areas stand in dread of homes becoming a prey to flames or dear ones subjected to dire personal risk. ^ . , , . , While in some States there is insufficient legisla- tion to protect the forests and to punish those who cause their destruction, there are others where the > ti ^^^^^^SSSSSSmti^ lit if! I« '» i c, I- ll'lf I I FOREST LEAVES. n? 4^1- FOREST LEAVES. 1 I- »" run? "1;rti^Si,»'- inoperative. If the ^""^^J^ • ; ^^ towns, .XntiSr/as would demand a change. The financial loss represented n a orest nC":S°.- °he'r,S- for .hei, U.a...y, recognize their ^^lue " ^^^^^j greatest evils from wnicn uu. ^ suffers^ ****** Amone the indications that the forestry mov-e- "'°T :re: b7 id ngS movements unless rhesToff^rcolgeme^nt for faith in their popu- ^"i^nother indication is in the efforts of -n^f.^. exploit forestry as a means of seu.nng ^,f;,,. £nrtr:ptt:vra^ml^^^^^^^^^^ C believed that a public demand existed.^ ^ Gov*ernor*Stone*has one forestry idea by ^he a, owner, of, and not a. trespassers upon, the '"This is the time to suggest that tantbering -"tX'""v-rt;:s°»r:?'jfe •sS;: U„r."e're a forest ,ro.,h ™»™, .Ha. tin.hpr should be protected. It is more vaiudi ro'cSns as i summer outing gro-d than ' lo if rleared The money derived from tne ^ of L lumber would be a mere bagateUe conv A \u thp value of the forest as such to the pared with he value ot ^^ ^^.^ ^.^^^^^ people and the State i , ^^^^^j^. L?br.^mt'm:^;i:/l-i;M.ime. There- bibiting absolutely all ciU .ng ui 't^ f^-J^J; commercial purposes_ }^^^ ^\l^,,^^^^. We for the woods are the ^f^^'J^ f ^^^%,,,,^ to hope to make our forest. ^J^^-^J^ ^^^^ ^^ l"^^ ^T' "t'thTsaL me I outing places for have them at the same . -^ necessary s^sj shoii^ f Is - : ;;^ - r^s LtantheyS^bepf^^^^^^^^ jt;:s:^n;£^ £3r^:;u: ro;\oo° >« ^f Ktfr^rei&l counties and when the returns for the entire State are compUed, it will be largely augmented being %S ov;r a million dollars. J-^^^l fcTS^a^^e t trsoif ^rfls^t b^=^of;!^e:erZrif1hfe^^^^^ there would not have been such an appalling rec- °' Excerpts from newspaper reports from various parts of the State may be of interest • D ii,f„„t^ Pn Mav 4. — Rain, which began falS^SafSnoon combined with hard work o mfny men, is fast subduing one of f^ "^^ destructive forest fires ever known in this county. For two weeks the fire has raged, doing incalcula^ ble d» to timber land, burning over thousands of acres'ind entailing a heavy loss to lumbermen 'Iv^ntTCnships in this county have been visuld by' fire. The' combined loss i" the junty as estimated, will reach $150,000. The total loss ow^:; oT'timbe; land^n Berks County have.j^^^ tained losses exceeding $100,000 this year as the Result of forest fires. For -arly two >v.eks the fire marshals were kept busy, and through the r efforts much property was saved ; but the fires were LfreqSand so widely scattered that much dam- ^^InTlbtTxownship, along the northern border of the county, the loss was greatest For tiye L^^Z of the Schuylkill River the southern slope of the Blue Mountain has been denuded of t mber The flames made a clean sweep and cr"pt up to the very edge of the village of Port """"trnville. Pa., May 4. -The losses from forest fires in Schuylkill County have been greater this year than for many years past. vP";y %5""'"3^' estimated where ten houses were burned, at an estima loss of $12,000. _careful estimates place the^:^re 'd/mage^'^r the yea^due to forest J^s southern part of the county. Towanda, May i.— A forest hre tnat raging on the Barclay Mountain fo he , as^ four days ha-s encroached upon the m'" ng Long Valley to such an extent that w ^ the village might be destroyed. Constable Davis summoned a posse and the coal company took seventy-five men from the mines to fight the hre. Galeion, Pa., May 8.— All the buildings in the village of Corbett, this county, were destroyed by forest fires this afternoon, and at least two people were burned to death. The inhabitants fled to Galeton. ^ , „ Lancaster, April 27.— Forest fires raged all last night and part of to-day on the Welsh Moun- tain in the eastern end of the county. Hundreds of acres were burned over. Large bodies of men fought the fire all night, and succeeded toward morning in getting it .under control. The loss will be several thousand dollars. Bloomsburg, April 27.— Forest fires in Colum- bia County are raging with unabated fury Atter a day's work the residents of Catawissa Valley suc- ceeded in saving the large mill and valuable tim- ber land The Knob Mountain, near Orangeville, this county, is on fire, and the constables with a large force of men are having considerable trouble in keeping it away from the dwelling-houses. The list is far from complete, but it shows how the State is being damaged. The Appalachian Park. TTOREST LEAVES has in previous issues ad- K vocated the establishment of a National ^ Appalachian Park, to extend from North Carolina to and through Pennsylvania, and as an Stance of the favor with w^hich it •« ;;e->ved may be mentioned the following resolution of the Appalachian Mountain Club : To the Senate ami House of Representatives of the United States of America : The Petition of the Appalachian Mountain Club " -Cyo^.rTe^tioner is an organization of about ..oomembeil composed principal y of residens of Boston, Mass., and New England, with scatter- Sg memb;rs throughout the Union organized in anuary, 1876, and re-organi.ed and chartered as a corporation by the Connnonwealth of Mas.sa rhusetts in April, 1878. rhat its object is to bring together for co- operation all those interested in the Mountains of New England and adjacent regions ; ... - ' o libine'the energies of all those who - ine-ste^ in efl-orts not only to preserve the present beauty Lnd attractiveness of our Mountain resorts-and tntartScular their forests-but also to render them more attractive by building paths, camps, and other conveniences, constructing and publishing accurate maps, and by collecting all available in- formation concerning the mountain regions. ... In short, the Club may be considered the representative in this part of the country of the interests of all lovers of the mountains ; in addi- tion to which it has made such substantial contri- butions to various departments of geography as to gain recognition as a representative of general geographical science. It having come to the knowledge of this Club that there is now on foot a movement for the establishment of a National Forest and Mountain Preserve in the Southern AUeghames, to be known as the National Appalachian Park ; and, further, that there is now before the Congress a petition from an organization known as the Appalachian National Park Association, "praying for such action as will result in causing to be forthwith made such examination and surveys as may be necessary to determine the best possible location and the proper area for a National Park in the Southern Appalachian region, to the end that upon the coming in of the report of the Forester, or of such other reports as the Congress may desire, appropriate steps may be taken to acquire the title to the land to be comprised within the limits of such Park ; or that the Congress may take such other action as it may deem proper, your petitioners therefore state : That we be- lieve the movement is inaugurated at a most opportune time, being well aware of the increased diffi.ulty that will attend the securing of suitable land for this purpose at a later date, when land values increase and timber and land interests com- bine against such a movement ; that they are deeply interested in this movement, which they believe, if carried out, will result in untold heal h and recreation to future generations, and heartily concur in the above mentioned petition ; and they respectfully pray that the said petition of the Ap- palachian National Park Association may receive favorable consideration with the Congress. [Signed] Albion A. Perry, •- * -■ President. RoswELi. B. Lawrence, Recording Secretary. John Ritchie, Jr., Corresponding Secretary. We hope that this project may be speedily accomplished, and a National Appalachian Park wilbe established running from North Carolina to New York, thus furnishing tiot only a timber reserve, but a i.leasure ground for all of our Eastern States. V ; ( it FOREST LEAVES. -1^ ' I ; m 1 1 I Htl'li FOREST LEAVES. Secretary of Agriculture of Pennsyl- vania, for 1899. il i t THIS report contains many interesting artices, but our readers will be particularly inter- ested in the record of the Division of ""ThTcommissioner of Forestry has been actively at work carrying out the provisions of the seve.al acts of Legislature -lating to forest y^ The reuort of the Secretary of Internal Affairs places he acreage of land in Pennsylvania now in tim- ber at bSween eight and nine milhons of acr^^ 'Hiese fiiiures are confessedly inaccurate and need o be Stfied. There are undoubtedly seven \ millions of acres in forets in the State of Penn- sWvank at a low estimate, which is about one- fourth of ^he entire area of the State, and includes not only racts well covered with timber, but also Und'ying waste, from which the timber has been taken and which are now covered w th brush or ImaU'new-growth timl)er not yet marketable Until ciuite recently, no systematic effort was made to provide for the protection of these lands acrainst fire, or to secure the re-forest.ng of waste Sicts'so as to supply the future needs of the uu 'Vhf- rpmilt has been that toresi : Commonwealth. ine resiui nar, uk. j^ ^r ' fir^, uncontrolled, have destroyed thousands of acre; of valuable young timber, and in some d^ tricts these fires have consumed he vegetable matter and seeds in the soil to such an extent that no new growth of any value is ^und Ihe State, however, has now begun to real'ze ^e ex- tent ^f the damage that has occurred hrough ne gleet in past years to properly P/f f ^^^^ r en' Ld has enacted laws, and provided for their en forcement through the Division of Forestry of th.s Department, which promise to be effective and will, it is believed, guard her forest lands from de vastation from this source in the future The State has also given authority for the pur chase of unseated lands for forest >-eservaUons- the lands to be purchased at tax ^ks, and the ,>rire naid not to exceed the amount of taxes lor hrnon-payment of which the lands are being sow, and the costs. The Forestry Con...J«.one has klso authority to purchase unseated 'amis frcMn the owners of said lands, at a price to "^ agrees' upon and to be approved by the '^^rd °n jOpe t^^ of the State, and not to exceed the a-s-^^ssed value of said lands, and in no case to exceed $3^00 per ■ ^re The Legislature has also provided for a r • ";., «n state Forest Reservations, who LrriTto^L'Telnd condemn, subject to jury Sa^es, three forestry reservations of 40.000 acres each-one upon waters which drain into tne Delaware River, one upon waters which drain into the Susquehanna River, and one upon waters which drain into the Ohio River. Under these laws, therefore, the State can ac- nuire forestry reservations which,- under proper management, will in time be of great va "e and ought to be a source of revenue which will relieve the citizens of much of the tax that ,s now assessed for the support of government. An investigation made by the writer into the forestry conditions of Germany and Prussia reveals the following facts : That the government forests produce about htty- five cubic feet of lumber per acre each year, and that this is worth annually about 52.72 per acre , $1 12 of this goes for expense of management leaving about ^1.60 per acre per >;^ar Profit I quote from my report above referred to, made in 1894 to the Department of Agriculture : Let us now apply these figures to the conditions as they List 'in 'Pennsylvania. If the 7,ooo,ooa acres of wood land in Pennsylvania could be Purchased for an average of $2 per acre (and undoubtedl) a large portion of it could be bought f,ut as our iiresent tax laws are framed, it is im o sMe for Iny one to hold ti-ber lands for any ength of time, lest they be ---onfisca ed ly State Take an actual occurrence for illustration A tract of land containing .9° -^'^^^^'''^^/Z .leared of its timber about 40 years ago, and ai S to grow up again, so that the present timber i growth represents the growth of about 40 years is located in a central portion of the State- he I annual tax upon this is $16 63. 1 his sum paid 1 annually, and compounded for 40 years at^s x pe i cent., will amount to $27^7-3^- . ^". X* and been made several times to sell the timl er, and 1 a though it is situated along the -i -acl aiul . easily worked, the highest price ever offered lor the stumpage is $9-00 Per acre, which wo>ild be for the tract $1710.00, or $1017.32 less than the sum paid for taxes in the last 40 years If the tract is held for 50 years, the tax would reach $sii6.>;8, and if $12.00 per acre was then offered for the stumpage, the loss to the owner would be «28^6 e,S Part of this tract was cut off, and the entire product was twenty-five cords to the acre, which, at forty cents per cord, would be $10.00. " But this is only part of the loss that the owner of the land sustains. If the land itself were worth originally $2.00 per acre, this sum, at compound interest at six per cent, for 40 years, would amount to $20.57, making the 190 acres cost without the taxes «iQo8.^o,whichsumaddedto $2727.32, the iSnfpaid for' taxes, would make a total cost of t66x^ 62, and all that the land will bring is for the timber $1710.00, and for the land $380.00, a total of $2090.00, making a net loss to the owner in 40 years of $4545-62. ''Theie are other cases where the tax on un- seated lands this year is 30 mills on the valuation of $10.00 per acre. The tax, therefore, for 40 years would be $52.21 per acre, and the land reck- oned as worth $2.00 per acre, compounded for 40 years, would be $20.57 n.ore, making the property cost $72.78 per acre, or $13,828.20 for the 190 ^"^^U ihe value of the land is the same at the end of the 40 years, as in the other case the net loss to the owner would reach the sum of $11,738-20. "This explains why there are 938 sawmills in Pennsylvania to-day cutting out her forests as fast as steam can drive her saws, and this also explains why it is that large districts that are annually cleared of all the value that they POssess are abandonen pme^ The writer remembers seeing about 1850 two | taU trees of this kind felled one morning because j h y s Ld in the way of a projected -Iroad and each of those stumps measured six feet across ire was not a speck of decay or a \' -'"f J.^^^ \ or a blemish of any kind in the magnificent trunks so far as revealed. At the prices ruling for good wh te pine now, each of those trees, delivered as boa ds in the market, would have been worth dmost three hundred dollars. The white pine on an acre as it stood on thousands of square miles in Pennsylvania, would have been worth to-day with itrproduct delivered, more than a thousand dollars, after making every allowance. Such, then, are some of the reasons for calling attention again to this tree, which grows naturaUy , only on a portion of the northern part of the eastern slope of America. On the other hand, it is capable of being sue cessfuUy grown in other parts of the «orld if ulanted as has been abundantly proven, for elampk bCermany. There are not now stand- tngT this State two such trees as those alluded to ^'^ No other tree of our woods compared in height with this royal white pine. r^„ntva 1 saw, several years ago, in Centre County a niixe" forest of oak and pine, '''he o-\--;^^^\^, matured and of average size, but the tall ^vhite i,ine sent its tops well above all the oaks 1 hen Tme : storm a'nd snapped off all the white pines just down to the level of the oak tops. H"t th^e eafless, branchless trunks stood, so much clear lumber' in a wilderness of '"--^es^nd foliage The old-fashioned white pine the soft kno less white pine, will soon be a thing of the pas . Many of the major industries of the country will suffer in consequence. Even the art of whittling which characterized the Yankee nation and a the bargainings, the store gossip, and the thou sand humanizing influences of the leisure hour in niral regions, will be hindered and rendered Imitisfactory', because the old-fashioned white "'Tt is" Suo'preserve an illustration of what the nrimeval pine forest was. ^ A second crop will take its place, but it appears doubtful whether our impatient c.v.lization w.U ciive it the surroundings under which it attained fts best condition, or allow it to stand long enough to mellow its fibre. J- ^- Roihrock. The Timber of Washington. AVERY interesting report has been made by the Northern Pacific Railroad as to the amount of standing timber in the State of Washington west of the Cascade jangeth^^^^^ territorv including the vast bulk of the timber re territory inc g elsewhere being :"tTered anS of'^mparatively little importance. The rSrt is stated to be the result of a comp.la^ « ioS oTall available information. Its own land errant it had carefully cruised. Ihe btate usen fad done Vnuch cruising in the selection of State fands and much individual information was avail- ^'^The estimate of the total of standing timber of merchaSe character west of the Cascades is -" cording to the report, about ,1° 3, 000, 000, 000 feet hvided among the principal varieties of ^'n ^e^s follows- Fir, 66,209,861,000 feet, cedar, 10 fo2l-,6 000 feet hemlock, 14,699,759,0°° /^^t ' 192,270,000 , careful esti- spruce, 6,402,605,000 feet. ^^^^ i-rl^^l^H^dliedcanbeconsM^ approximately correct, places the quantity in that section at about 10,000,000,000 feet Attention was ,.aid in ,>repar.ng the repo. U, the question of destruction by f""*^' ^"*^ .^"^f/j " ion ias arrived at that a 'ovrt -- f^^^J ^^^Je- age 'has been cut for the mills, 'eav-ng about ^^ '^^:f:J:r=!.rs:r^-^^^ the mountains have been lu.rne.1 .^ The county having most stanaing Chehalis, whose resources are estimated at 18 79 000,000 feet. Next comes Skagit County, Forest Leaves, Vol. vii., No. 9. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. COPYRIGHTED, 1900 Ifc'Hl ii! ¥)\' till II if !!l|l I ' * ill i il ORIGINAL WHITE PINE FOREST. DUBOIS, CLEARFIELD COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. COPYRIGHTED, m^O. boRKST Lkavf.s, Vol. vii., No. 9. BY J. T. ROTHROCC. ORIGINAL WHITE PINE FOREST. DUBOIS, CLEARFIELD COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. ''I » V »1 m Forest Leaves, Vol. vii., No. 9. 8Y J. T. ROTHKOCK. COPYRIGHTED, 1900- L* y 'K P;^^ «h i^'--- .j*^.:^.'-- ^^ \j.l' • 1^7' \ .B-^' -,'^t€«^"-.. ; ^•*> iil^^ ,;:4-.v. i 5?- ill ■■.■■■ -^M' * ..*••••■ — ^ ; •.,... • w,^'- ' /<:■- ^ / -«!«*-:*T -. ^^ ^ /-' ':^'.:ii ORIGINAL WHITE PINE FOREST. DUBOIS, CLEARFIELD COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. COPVRIG^'^EO, l"''0 loRKST LKAVKS, Vol.. Vll., No. Q. BY J. T. ROTHROCC. ORIGINAL WHITE PINE FOREST. DUBOIS, CLEARFIELD COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. 11 \ TNTTCMTTON AT . SECOND EXPOSURE .54-3 FOREST LEAVES. 197 ill i! ^ mi northern part of the timber belt, with 10,000,000,- 000 feet, and Challam, with 9,000,000,000 feet. It is stated that the totals are made up from esti- mates based on the cruising of about 3000 square miles or perhaps a third of the eastern timber area ' If it were not for the destruction by forest fires it might be safely assumed that the total tim- ber product of Washington would far exceed this estimate, for growth, together with a sharper defi- nition of what is merchantable timber, always vastly swells the aggregate of product above the original estimates made when the country was new. It is probable, however, that in the future the de- struction by forest fires will be much less than in the past, for the subject is receiving a great deal of attention, with the design of, as far as possible, limiting it. The tremendous fires which occur in that State threaten its welfare, not only as a timber producer, but in many other ways, and stringent fire laws will largely reduce the loss. CORRESPONDENCE. II THE secretary has received the following letter, which will need no comment : May 12, 1900. J. T. Rothrock: Dear Sir.— You will remember my report of having grafted ten thousand chestnut sprouts in i8q7, and of grafting twenty thousand in 1898^ Thol; grafted in 1897 gave fruit last year and the general outlook was much better than I had expected. I was urged to further efforts by my city friends. . i^n.„. But here my story changes. I received a letter early this week, in effect that forest fires had de- vastated the country for miles about me ; that the fires came from several directions at the same time ; that over a hundred men were engaged ; but they were helpless, and the graft^mg is a tota loss Mv fire lines were kept quite clear, but hey were of no avail. I understand that others 1 in the neighborhood have had considerable loss. I shall have to wait two years for sufficient growth, if 1 renew my efforts. , -• »u I have procured four hundred pounds of the new grass seed, Bromus /vermis, which is said to Se green from the beginning of March to end of November, in Dakota. This would cover the periods of danger from fire, and is expected to be Otherwise valuable. To tell you the truth, I am not so full of hope and do not feel just the same as 1 did. It has been predicted that my place would burn ; that fire lines would not save me. I have found that the fence on my place so as to keep off my neigh- bor's cattle is an offence. Some years ago it was said that the house and barn on a neighboring place ought to be burned because city sportsmen used to stay there, and shortly afterwards it was burned. It is an offence to improve above the average. • 4. i, • I feel sorry in many ways, and would not hesi- tate a moment about retracing my steps on a much larger scale, but I cannot rid myself of the idea that while man proposes man also disposes. I am very truly yours. The following letter explains itself. Mr. H. a. Chase, Phila., Pa.: j)^^^ 5/y,— Yesterday I was out fighting the biggest fire we have had here in twenty years, and did not get in until late. The fire came down through the deep hollow^ The air was hot and dry, and a very high wind blew the heat and smoke in our faces all day. it burned the side of the hill toward George Engle s with most of his timber that he has been saving for a number of years, and a strip up along our fields that has not been burned for more than ^"^Men ^were out from Tannersville, Scot Run, Swiftwater, and Mr. Hooker sent some of his men to help us. ^ , .. 1 About 4 o'clock we had the fire under control, and some of the men who were entirely exhausted, having been fighting since 3 o'clock in the morn- ins with scarcely anything to eat or drink, were preparing to go home, when some one from Lother gang of men came and told "s the fire was coming in above the spring, l^ose of us who were able would have had to go and fight a fire from the Springs down to I.ittle ^ reek, had not Providence intervened in the «hape of sending a heavy thunder storm, which lasted until 8 o clock in the evening. „, Mrs. (leo. Engle did some noble work. She was along the fire line most of the day, handing Iht men food and drink whenever they could stop lotiL^ enough to take it. 1 hear the county will pay all men who assist in stopping forest fires, and I am going to lanners- ville to day to hand in a list of the men who were helping me. Very truly, 1). W. Bowman, '111 I J' i "^ Mt. Pocono, Monroe County, Pa. } ' M 1 lilHl II "111 >iilk 1 FOREST LEAVES. i+5 FOREST LEAVES. Our Recent Forest Fires. THE fearfully destructive forest fires of this vear call for certain immediate comment, and first of all, let it be said, that under any circumstances springs of such unusual drought as the present will lead to serious fires, "«. matter what llws may exist. But under any leg.slat on a great reduction of these fires may be effected by educational influences. These influences are of two kinds : those for the careless man and those for the malicious man. Under the first head, we rank those parties going into the woods with no intent to damage Lv one's property, but who nevertheless do cause disastrous burnings by not knowing o remembering that an unextinguished match or cSr if thrown upon a bed of dry leaves, may Sroy miles of young forests; and in this con- nection let it be said that too often the destructive forest fires of spring and autumn are coincident whh the opening of the fishing and hunting sea- sons It is useless to attempt to avoid this conclu- sion' for it admits of no doubt. In some countries this 'difficulty is met by allowing only responsible persons to enjoy the privileges of the chase ^ Of course, nothing but the direst extremity should lead to such a limitation of the pr.vdeges of our people. It must, however, be remem- bered thlt there is no question before the people of this State to-day which is of greater impor- tance to the Commonwealth than the Prevention of these forest fires, which are burning the very life out of the soil, from which our prosperity must come. Of course, when the responsibility can be fixed upon any of these careless people tSey should be made to suffer the full penalty of j *'' There is another class of careless people who have for years merited the attention of the law : 1 mean those who create fires upon their own -rround for the purpose of burning brush and Vhen allow these fires to escape beyond their limit. With most such people there seems to be a belief j that when they see fit to start a brush fire they , have no legal or moral responsibility. It is full time that they were informed that they have both. Never within the last thirty years have fires of this kind been so freJ substantiated, then they ^re prol^Uy alse and unworthy of consideration. We have talked : h Inany fi're-fighters, and the -ntm.e«^t I commonly expressed is, that the very ha dest way ! to earn twelve <:ents an hour is by fighting a fores i fire It is furthermore worthy of note, that in a : of the thousands of Reports which are on fik in : the office of the Commissioner of '"orestry ^ Har risl.uru and in which a cause is as.signed for hese i t'heone ""der consideration now very seldom appears We can only conclude, therefore, in I tKords of a very intelligent County Commis- ' sioner, that "there is not mu<:h in ^e cliarfee^ This subject will be treated more ^dlyn another plares are confined to one portion of each annua Hng : the White-Oak (whose pith-rays give Tier train of quartered oak) belongs to the o mTlSbed oaks ; the Rock Oak, with its «rk vah. ahle in tanning, belongs to the Black Daks, nn ith ''1ecirthediffuse-porous,astheWaliuit where th^ nores exist throughout the annual ring. A iKt^rlof bo h forms'is seen in the Hickory, one of the trees found nowhere in the world but in east- ^n North America. Us buds, with the large I II I m\ mm ^\' U It'- Mfli FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. flame-colored scales opening about the velvety- green leaf, were special favorites of W^ A. bt.les fthe lamented editor of " Garden and forest ). Third the non-porous woods, and to this group the conifers belong ; the Cedars whose wood is used in lead-pencil making ; the White Pine, our noblest conifer, with its endlessly useful wood ; the Hemlock, valuable in tanning and carpentry, and the slowest growing of our conifers. One would expect a nation to devise some means for continu- ing the growth of trees which require two hundred years to acquire dignity of size, but that seems t_o have been lost sight of in the past. Hemlock is also used in pulp-making for cheap paper, but the great food of the pulp-mill is Spruce. The large pulp mill at Erie uses daily about 80 cords of spruce ; most careful processes have been invented to produce the paper so free y wasted Every one interested in forestry should visit one of these wonderful places, if only to see the careful way the water is filtered. It would lead them to think of the shocking abuse of our beautiful streams and rivers, dumping-grounds for all the communities upon their banks. Not many years since the mountainous portion of our State was verdure-clad. To-day an area - larger than the State of Connecticut is bare burned and gullied, and what must the physical and mental 'condition be of those who have to live in those arid, unattractive places. In the East we have sometimes destructive cyclones in the West avalanches of terrific power, but where Ihe have you seen places that resemble these? These views of forest cuttings in Pennsylvania and in the Cascade Mountains only differ in degree not in kind, from the waste and desolation of the cyclone and avalanche. Here are stream-banks as nature makes them, "overed with vegetation to the bluff or water's edge, holding back soil and rock ; here, the reverse. I n Pennsylvania we not only have floods such as you see here extending in- Ld for nules, but great quantities of culm from the coal regions are washed into our streams ; hey Z to but do not improve the water for drinking or domestic purposes, though the minerals held in solution make an ideal beverage for pou try It is an interesting sight, too, in flood-times, to see people lifted out of second -story «>nl s above/he citv gives a fair idea of what a forest block is, thougk they are not by any means abvays laid o U o regularly as this seems, for the d-'-o^v, 'Uto compartments vary in size, species, etc. 1 )oes not Svfew seem familiar and yet unfamiliar, with he S-^Lnted promenade along the river, and the rarefullv-tended forest above? Here is a renn y'lvS rtver-town, of about the same size as Heidelberg ; there are trees, it is true, along the Hver shorf but there are no pleasant walks, no Thrre is water, but no one may swim, while in 5ie German o^ns the floating baths afford oppor- Sy " ct-ovl'^ wind-Iwept hill, sometimes thrho'me of one wealthy person oftener.t.s on^y washed and unproductive fie ds^ Above me r^rman town is the city forest, which "Ot oniy prSes revenue, but also serves as a wo^ds n which to ramble or rest, a natural Park. Heidel LrrCarlsruhe, Baden-Baden, Freiburg, all pos- SorSs wWch provide -enues of J^m ten to ^-^>' ^r Tot tmTar^e C im^p'sst^e^ Vith Se'viUage forestXt'from aLut two hundred acres of hillside yield eight hundred dollars a vear or village communities, such as that in t^he TeSL MinW ^^^:^^^ and each householder '•eceives ^^^^^ *'^, ^ZT^FrS ou SeS journey began ThSgh t^e upper Btk Forest. Here we ^w at .iTfferlnt elevations forests, pure and mixed, of the At Staufen the greater portion of the range o about thirteen thousand acres belongs to the com- mune. In the next range the communes also largely predominated as owners. In this second range, Schonau, there was a great deal of cut or pastured highland turned into new forest. All operations are planned as to main features by a State Board, which every ten years revises the working-plans for each forest, and prescribes the amount' to be cut annually. This cut is based upon the annual increment, but it is, as a rule not cut to the full amount. If, however a town wishes a new road, or water-works, or other public improvement, it obtains permission from the , Board to make an extra cut. AH the range operations (they average about ten thousand acres) are under the care of the Forest Officer fo that range the separate forests being called blocks, and their subdivisions compartments. From Schonau we travelled to Todtmoos, in the range o St. Blasien; audit must be remembered that all these villages, though in lumber regions, are health resorts and often manufacturing communities, but thS fhe main source of wealth in the mountains is '''St.^-Cutting is of two "--kinds-thin- nings, which are called ' ' intermediate cuttings and true timber cutting, which is known as ' final cuu ng Thinnings are made in young forests at f on twenty to thirty years of age, and are sup- posed To pay all the expenses of management up Lthat time' The wood is ijsed fo^-ffold and vineyard poles, pulp and firewood, and other nurnoses Scaffold timber is not sawed ; both in Cland and Germany I saw only round supports Sws purpose ; and in cutting, trees a- cut much lower on the trunk than ^'^h "s Bark ,s peekd sometimes burnt, the l«"g ' ' ^^\f '\^e open the roadsides, where, at intervals there are open << V..^lt/ nlatz " where timber is piled until "^TLa removed by the buyers. Side branches :i cuflTto the diameter'of about four inches Tnd sold for various purposes. Smaller branches and wi are sorted into lots, and given away to he v'lages, who are allowed to remove any forests afford the only available fuel. Where a ^ean cutting is made, three years generally are a lowed to pL before the area is planted so that destructive fungi and insects will be out of the '''^^Re,eneration.*-^\\ forests for some years pre- vious to cutting the ripe timber are^ in _th^^e -7;r;;;^;^;;;^e to Board of Agriculture, but not yet published. r m ill 1 ' 1 I 11 j 1 ( ; 1 l| 1 FOREST LEAVES. known as "closed" when their crowns form a continuous roof, and the growth of rnoss and ac- cumulation of humus or forest mould is so deep that seeds do not germinate. If natural repro- duction or "regeneration" is desired, what is known as a "preparatory" cutting takes place. These openings dry out the forest mould somewhat ; then in a good seed year extensive cuttings are made, followed in several years more by light cuttings, which afford light and air to the seed- lines later, when all the mature trees have been removed, the young forest reaches a thicket stage, when the young trees lose their branches, and thin- ning is then in order until the trees reach a diam- eter of about eight inches, when the young, fast- growing trees are known as poles ; and untd the time when the forest again becomes " closed it cannot be said to be beautiful to the casua^^ob" server or tourist, who knows nothing of forest management, or the economic reasons of the tor- mal, planted forests. iV-//Wm«.*— All ranges have their own forest nurseries, or "plant-schools," to supply planta- tions. Areas are prepared as if for a garden crop, and seeds are sown in drills. Many hardwood seedlings are not transplanted until they are set out in the forest. The conifers grow as seedlings in two years, then are transplanted to other beds for two years, when they are set out at four or five years of age. If the forest is to be mixed, fir and spruce are set out several years in advance of the faster-growing beech, or if beech is already on the ground, it is kept down until the conifers have a start, as beech in its early years grows like a weed. The roads are solidly built, men being em- ployed upon them the year round, who through- out August and September are busy breaking stone for repairs, from two to six cubic meters for eN-ery hundred meters of road. The seats so often found by roadside or forest path are usually placed by the local members of the Black Forest Society, who also construct the pavilions and towers upon the heights. Then to St. Blasien, set in the spruce hills, and then to Uhlingen, in the range of the same name. Both of these ranges contained more crown than communal land. In each range we experienced more than kindness from the forest officers and their families, and we earned away a hope of the time when in our State we may ook in vain for traces of fire, when our river and hill towns may possess their own forests and tree-planted river walks, and when our great waste places shal be grown with pine and our other noble forest trees, so that we shall again have Penn's Woods. Susceptibility of Trees to Lightning. THE overseers of nine forestry stations in the dukedom of I.ippe, in Germany, have made an examination of trees struck by lightning throughout an area of 45,000 acres, in order to ascertain for the German government the susceptibility of various trees to lightning, and its effects and occurrence in general. As a result of their observations it was found that the oak tree was by far the most liable to lightning, in spite of the fact that they were not as frequent as other trees in the forest. The percentages of the vari- ous species were given as follows : Beech, 70 per cent. ; oak, 11 ; pines, 13, and firs, 6. During the several years through which these observations were made, 275 trees were struck by lightning, and of these 159 or 58 per cent, were oaks, 59 or 21 per cent, firs, 21 or 8 per cent, beeches, and 20 or 7 per cent, pines, the other varieties damaged being still less in numher.—T/ie Manufacturer. MiRA L. Dock. "VT>;;;;rR^ort made to Board of Agriculture, but not yet published. 'Phe famous Johnstown flood of May 31,1 889, will possibly soon be recalled to the public by an attempt to reforest a large portion of the Cone- maugh watershed to prevent further damage from freshets The Johnstown Water Company, which controls 5000 acres of mountain land, asked the Division of Forestry to devise a plan by which the area can be re covered with timber, and the too rapid run-off of the rainfall prevented. The region is peculiarly liable to freshets, owing to its topographical character and the removal of its timber. The now historic catastrophe, which swept away $10,000,000 in property and half a^ many lives as the battle of Gettysburg was but an exaggerated instance of many similar floods. Ihis tendency has been increased by logging off he timber and clearing numerous farms so that the rainfall flows quickly from the surface, causing high water at one time, and the drying up of springs later. The tract is in a sandstone region, much broken with valleys averaging 35° /eet in depth. The timber consists of hemlock, oak, locust and ash, with some beech and poplar. 1 he openings are from 20 to 50 acres. The Superintendent of Tree Plantmg, and another working-plan expert of the Division of Forestry, examined the region and will decide on a plan of reforestation. In the clearings, tree planting will be required. An attempt will prob- ably be made to increase the stand over the whole area by skillfully assisting natural reproduction. Protection from fire and cattle will be required The expense will be shared by the Governmen I and Water Company, the former furnishing expert ' work and, possibly, some material for planting. FOREST LEAVES. F. R. MEIER Consulting Forester^ MAHWAH, N. J FOREST LE\VE^. oo THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE FORESTRY SCHOOL \Pjnnsylvanm Forestry AT BILTIWORE, N.C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D. Association. Forester to the Biltmore Estate. ^^iA£lS' TREE CHKRTS. The whole series eonsist. of ^Hf^;;;,-^^^^^^^^^^ PARTS of three """^.^^'^.f^^f ^i;.^^ at "he prices named below, -by the part -or by the ful} series, aj J^"^/^'^^,^ printed. The More than half of the «e"^« ^^^.J^tnf^Sts will be pub- drawings are co"?V>l«^^^'iiVf?Jie'^da^e P^^ «^'^- ll?;rp?ioL^ o? |6^.^rLKMnsu?r -the immediate pubUeat.on of the whole series. TERMS -.-CASH IN ADVANCE. Price of single number 50 cents each. Price of Part, »1.40 each. n^™/dedm.x1on*'wUl'be"mad'' to Boards of Education or --{,lT."^.,».^M"S5ata^„"d%^K , Extinct Oaks. --^ ^^rr^'SS^^'^TseJeTT^^^^S^'^r.e.. and I,.f iJSS.'' AS?an. Japane«.. and European TH^^l^es"" ^'American species and varieties. ,^ The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, .012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. , RATES. 1 inch, V2 " insertion. $1.00 4.00 7.00 12.00 insertions. $4.00 17.00 30.00 50.00 n insertions. $8.00 34.00 60.00 100.00 No. 5. N0.6. Part Ill- No. 7. *No. 8. *No. 9. Part IV.— ♦No. 10 ♦No. 11 ?;\%";S!^C^S-raXffi%Usoon ra/iSn^and allied familiesof numerousspecies. The Mag)tolia and related trees. The Hnrte Chenlnulii and allies. fo. n. tZ S^^^rTPrmted in advance.) Part V.— , , „,,.„ ^f pgo Family of several genera. :g- lis '(i^TcJ:s%:'MZfJA, s>^et «»». .^ ««», Jfurir;.Un --r - autnor. pul.UsHer and GRACEANNA LEWIS, . - Pennsylvania. Media, Forestry and Village Improvement. MISS DOCK is prepared to fill engagements for talks on Village Improvement and Forestry, with or without lantern slides. Address MISS M. L. DOCK, 1427 N. Front Street, HARRISBURG, PA. i M t ■■ '1| 1 m !tl 4 m ; t. \\ I \\ il: i ! " li 444 FOREST LEAVES. SUGAR MAPLES One of the very finest deciduous-leaved trees of North - An^^rir;, is the tall Sugar Maple. It can truly be called NO the noblest of all the Maples. rTTER VARIETY CAN BE USED FOR SI PARK, OR LAWN PLANTING, as its growth is rapid .nd straight, its form symmetrical, and it does not hav^ ^he objectionable density of foliage possessed by the Norway Maple. For this reason it is well adapted for planting near build- ings as it does not obstruct light or air, and the grass will grow up to its very trunk. It is deep-rooted, and the wood is not brittle ; hence, it is not easily damaged by storms. The Sugar Maple will thrive in almost all localities, except where the ground is damp or boggy. No tree has more gorgeous autumn colormg, as it varies in all shades of yellow, orange and scarlet until the leaves finally fall. PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING LOW PRICES. 7 to 8 ft. 8 to 9 ft. 9 to ID ft. lo to 12 ft. 12 to 14 ^t. 14 to 15 ft. trans., trans., trans., iX *o ^/^ ^" » trans., i]4 to i^ in. ; trans., Each. $0 35 50 75 I 00 I 50 1 75 2 25 I X to 2 in. ; trans., Larger trees, 2 to 2>^ in. diam. ; trans., . 3 50 Larger trees, 2>^ to 3 in. diam. ; trans., 4 00 Larger trees, 3 to 3^ in. diam. ; trans., 10 $2 50 4 00 6 00 7 50 12 50 15 00 20 00 30 00 35 00 100 $22 50 30 00 40 00 50 00 100 00 125 00 150 00 RNDORRR flUHSEHIES, WLmAM WAKNEB HABPEB^ CHESTNUT HILL. PHILA., fa. Philadelphia, August, 1900. No. 10. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as .second class matter. CONTENTS. M5 146 148 Editorials Forestry Conference The Japanese Paulo^nia..............----—^^^^^ 150 The Proposed Appalachian National Far ic ^^^ Instructions for Fighting Forest ^^^^"^l^dVcornus Aorida, L.).- ^5^ Dogwood, Flowering Dogwood, ^^^"^^^"^ ^"^ i53 Modern Methods of Tree 1 ransplanting ,5^ I^ech Lake Chippewa Reservation ,55 An Object Lesson in Forestry V.'.V."!!.' ^56 Correspondence - ••' i57 Forestry Reserves as Game Preserves....... Fo est Resources of the Philippine ^^^^^"^^^^^^^^^^^ Meeting of the American Forestry Association 157 158 Subscription, $1.00 per Year. or FORI^T LEAVES as an advertising maium. RaUs ^M be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in June, 1886, Labors ,o disseminate information i",r«f;d'o the necessity and r„'il^a°L£;re'mero7pTot=?'";^^^^^^^^^ National. - ^ . n 1 Annmil membership fee. One dollar. 1 ship Committee, 512 Walnut Street, Phila. | ^^?;:Jji;ii':,^HeS\e,sh H.;.ard M. Jenkins. James C. Haydon, Wm. S. Harvey, Ri'^^^d Wood. M^F;she"'W.W."rzr/r: SwIeTlP-oast. J. Rodman Paul, and Herbert Welsh. Weimer Chairman; Mrs. Henry J. Biddle, Ei^Ts^t^^'BafctcharieYw^Freedley, Joseph W.Johnson, and Dr. ^^ZtX^: W.N. Ashman C,j^. - Henr^^ B. Witman Dambly and Dr. W.lharn W^Wdson ^^^^ ^^ G.^^S°HJ^o:fyt.- ^ohrP. LuXnoward M. JenUins, William Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Charles L.. ugaen. Ofp.ce of the Association, tot. Walnut St.. Philadelphia. EDITORIALS. THE efforts of those interested in forest pres- ervation who seek to encourage economi- cal methods in utilizing forest products are often condemned as impracticable, and urgent protests against permitting forest fires to go un- checked are met with scornful intimations that the Protestants are ignorant of forestral «>ndit.ons. Several years ago we chronicled in Forks i Leaves impressions gained during a personal in- spection of an attempt by a lumber company in North Carolina to obtain from a given area a prac- tically continuous supply of timber. This was accomplished by cutting mature timber only, and felling the trees so as to damage the younger standing timber to as slight an extent as possible. That this course is proving remunerative is indi- cated by the results. The effort to develop tree growth and create a valuable forest preserve at Biltmore, North Caro- lina, is attracting interest elsewhere, and encour- adng some to follow in part the plans which are there projected on such an elaborate scale. I A narrative of the delightful conference ar- I ranged and carried to a most successful conclusion ' bv Mr. Albert Lewis appears in this issue of Im.r- I Fsr LEAVES. The reading of this must impress ' our readers as a practical illustration of the possi^ bilities of forest protection carried forward by a lumber manufacturer. , , . i „r While Mr. Lewis has shown that he is a lover ot trees and appreciates their aesthetic influences, he irprimarily a lumber man, and values his forests for their present and prospective value. It has been our privilege on numerous occasions to suggest to our readers the decided change in sentiment favoring the care of forests, and we are Gratified to give space to the narrative of the con- 1 ference at Bear Creek and Harvey's lake as an- other illustration of practical forest protection. Our regret is that other engagements prevented iiil i n ■'I V 't I l» II i-^:} W i?«t i!|* If ii ; i f ' 1 J o.b^A. FOREST LEAVES. B^ our presence at what was certainly an enjoyable and instructive occasion ^^ ^^ ■ We congratulate Mr. l.ewis "P^ ; ^f hj^ accomplished, and ^^cord ow api reaat.^^^^^^ ^^^^ successful effort ^o protect his fores e ^^ fire and pest, as well ^/"''ff.iends of forestry method he chose for gmng^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^,^^ ,, r KSr -d propagation of forests are practicable problems.^ ^^^.^^^^ ^^^^^^^ Assemblies ^^ tl^^;';^';*'^^ propagation of the interested in the care ^""i J ^.^ich Forest forests are of great value to the cause wn ^^^^ LEAVES is endeavoring Jo advance, ^ ^^ meetings can (as in \he^on^ej^X several days, l,ewis is ^^^'^^X:Ticeto^cZ can be com- where methods of tree pro ^.^^^_ pared with the absence o^^^^; they ^^^ latp all who narticii)ate to greater eiici g;- , p^' each with facts to combat opposition. ^ ^ i- ^iTe^^U^ ^ne^Uue.^^ How*many readers of Jokest Leaves can pc- ture the ^Uow mg snuation o b^^^^^^^^ sutement is true : 1 ^ere are ^^ ,...«, ."Hout » •~, « .^kr.^. ..-en. of r7„p»'or:rr.^°n=o.«„„,d..a glimpse into Paradise^ nevertheless, and appears ,„rirrrinr'thTwyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ' Wyoming is not an arm reg ' pulation and implies, but XeTt reLrvesTT^o pLts are em- three national forest reserves _ i j ^j^^ phasized by ^^^^XttTTarelyt-i^^^ i- : older oi^es at any rate rare y ^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^ , portance of trees as sneiier lumber ir;st'Seriri'sitpoi,..e ,», * What «s call the forestry pTOblem ha. mny phL'S; on. or ».o.e aPPl^^fJ- '» '^n iwaS our hillsides to save the streams, lo p ' c].in^ awav of valuable soil, and to afford washing away oi population, to say srorrrn/^S^S'^ctti Kiu^^c thqt had not occurred to tnem peiuic. work goes on, ana d""S j ^f t^ees the whole country shall see the true vaa ^ ^^ and forests. Forestry Conference. Y invitation of Mr. Albert Lewis, a number ^ Officers and ladies of the Pennsylvama — Forestry Association met some ^'ends ot forestry at Bear' Creek, Luzerne County, Pa., on June 2oth. (,j Summit with Mr. Lewis met his guests at ^^^ carriages, brake and coach and drove^h ^^ Creek, nine miles distant- ^ 4cted from r tt'estnd *hStamsd^^^^^^^^^^ ^r^TI^X^ Seek and Harvey's Lake around Harvey s or ^ j circumference l^ntfninJn^ills, anTliving opportunity to see the woodland on the east and north sides of '' Mthe excursion ground at fe "PP-^VRln' l;,ke a car was taken on the Lehigh \ alley Kau road for Wilkesbarre, where, after luncheon aUhe isrwr^^wCt^^^r'^c^- Ste^for this '^f^:^,if::;^j:s. All present were pleased w'th the ope ^ hospitality shown to them, and it is hoped t the forest-protecting estates of Mr. l-evMS ai GeneSofiver wiU serve as bright exam^pl-_to be copied by others. The Japanese Paulownia. PAUTOWNIA imperialis, a tree of wide- soreading form, attains the diameter of fSm on'e to tw^o and a half feet, and a height of thirty or more feet, i^he vicinrty of Phfladelphia. Us appearance, ^^^^'^^^J^^^^'^ fs one of dense umbrageousness, very 'mPjessi^^ IS one ui where it is native, the rnk '^h: tree mE a growth of thirty to forty rpSkLTof \hfpllwrarKansas, says : << It r'gro'wn from -^ j.^ ^^thT Vo-d an^ ^^n^oneTa^nk^rfut^U^bore^^^^^^ Zl broad leaves. In the summer o t888. °- sprout from this root g--^^ .^^^^ ^^ ^^ j'e'of and two and a half inches in d.ameter^ ^^^_ the leaves were "^^'•^y/J" t^'ifSt high and tumn this sprout was cutback t^ s x feet^^ g^^^^^ wrapped thickly with hay i ^.^^^^^ ing being a mild one It came tg^^^ .^^^^ injury, and by ^h^ f ^^^^"^ growth of seven . ^",t'f" D^p'tntllowt in the'ime journal de- Slbes the g'ol of the tree in Mont-l;;^^^^^^^^ is usually killed by the ^^^.^^ .^^^1' b"^ '^^ been killed to the g'^""^^^ "^^la^rger than that growth of each -as^n ha^,7;,frS^ a height of the preceding, and this yea ^^^^^^ -rar^be g-^ ^^^^ diameter, is covered by a geen^^^^^ bark marked by the large, hi .^^^ heart-shaped leaf-scars, th>-^f "j^^^^ f|, indistinct in diameter, showing on either s. ^^^ ^^ stipular scars. Above ^he scar >n ^^^ ^^^^^ two superimposed b^^s ^^^^ ^„V the h'eart-shaped one depressed m ^f^^'^^J^ne raised on a slight cicatrix, the other and upper one^ ^^^^ triangular boss, a trifle above i Xhorseshoe- The vascular scar is depressed as ^^^ shaped area broken only a he upper ^^^ ^^.^^^^^ leaf. Bounding the edge 01 xn ^^^^_ raised rim of surrounding bark-ceUs^^^^^j ish fawn-colored bark is marked by narrow ellip- tical short or long boat-shaped lenticels which crown its surface. The large, broad cordate leaves alternately decussate, and the internodes in most cases are a foot long, slightly flattened on the side corresponding to the leaves of the next lower phy ton. * The leaves of the sprout are very large, cordate -reni form, palmately netted-veined, the main vein i J^ to 2 feet long, the breadth of the leaf being about 2 feet. S. C. Masonf re- fers to the leaves in these words : ' ' Some of the leaves were nearly two feet broad. ' ' The leaf is dark green on the upper side and satiny pubescent. The lower surface is of a lighter color, the ribs are prominent, and with the petiole are provided with lenticels, more or less confluent lengthwise. The surface is similarly finely hirsute. The secondary growth and branching ot the plant is noteworthy, and merits an extended de- scription. , ^ .__. The branches of 1898+ have a somewhat simi- lar external appearance to the lank suckers. 1 hey are, however, much shorter, the leaves are one- fourth smaller, and the leaf-scars, which are essen- tially the same shape and appearance, propor- tionately so. They terminate in the usual man- ner or they end in a loose terminal inflorescence. The branching of the stem is sympodial. Starting with the base of a strong lateral branch, the manner of growth in past years is descriptively as follows : In the year 1894, a branch terminated in an inflorescence. In 1 895, two opposite lateral branches were given off from the axils of leaf- scars immediately below this inflorescence which later become dry and dead. Each of the two branches thus given off continued to grow until the season of 1898 by branching and rebranch- ing Two branches, produced on one side of the main shoot, produced flowers in x899^ The main stem was continued forward in 1895 by a growth of at least three feet, terminating, as be- fore in an inflorescence which was broken ofi". Two strong opposite branches, as before, were given off below this inflorescence of 1895. Lach of the two branches rebranched in the same man- ner (sympodially) until 1898. One of the branches produced flowers on two 'nflorescences ,n 18QQ ■ the other, not having exhausted its force of growth in the fruit production of 1897 and 1898, continued its growth by normally appearing in- florescences and two adventitious ones, both of these successful shoots were on the same side of the main axis of growth. On the main stan of ,895 two very weak fruiting branches were de- • Garden and forest, ,•*•.?• 575- ^ Garden and Forest, ».,p(>^°- » i88q. Gray, Structural Botany, p. 7- . 2^<^^ <:>V. X This study was made in 1898. veloped ; one from the bud of 1896. From the base of the inflorescence of this leader of 1895 a branch developed from a bud which terminated by a strong inflorescence in 1 899 . Consequently, the portion of the inflorescence of 1895 died back only to where this branch was given ofl^. 1 he forward developing shoot of 1896 made a growth of about two and a half feet. It terminated in an inflorescence, the fruits of which, produced in 1807, remained attached to the tree in an empty state in 1898. Two lateral opposite branches were given off" from below this inflorescence, as before, only one of which flowered, the other dy- ing back, and a third, as in previous years, pushed forward the growth of the shoot. Ihe inflores- cence terminating the growth of 1896, and which flowered and fruited in the following year 1897, died back. The main forward growing shoot ol 1897 made a growth of a foot or more and ter- minated likewise in an inflorescence, which in De- cember 1898, still bore unopened fruit-capsules. Again two lateral branches, as in previous years were given off during the growing season of 1898 from this leader of 1897- One became a. vegeta- tive branch, the other terminated in an inflores- cence The third bud developed into the leading shoot of 1898, which bore green leaves and ter- minated its growth by the production of a large, fully developed inflorescence. The flower-cluster, or inflorescence of Paulownia, is of considerable morphological interest. At the base of the axis of the inflorescence there are a mimber of circular leaf-scars with buds in their axils These buds are surrounded by a cushion of cells somewhat raised around them. The vascular scar is horseshoe-shaped and open above. In the axUs of the bracts, which are early deciduous short flower branches, densely ferruginous, with snori uy ^ ^ jg gj,^rs rusty-brown hairs, are lounu. grow smaller as the axis is ascended. Jbe aux fliarv flower-clusters which together make up this florescence are dichasial cymes approaching he scorpioid condition. The lower dichasial, IcorpToW cymes are, as a rule, five -flowered-one flowe terminal, the other four lateral, with the stuMfression of two which ought to be present to r^ike Ae cluster a symmetrical dichotomous cyme^ The upper clusters are still further reduced to four three and one flower respectively. In the h ce-flowered form we have a simple d.chasuin. \ single flower-bud, covered with the dry, vel- J ferfuginous coat, is bent on jbe pednncle which is about an inch long. S. C. Mason cribes these buds as follows: " These are borne in iSe terminal racemes, (?) and are about the * Garden and Forest, iv., p. 557- I, ■ t rn - :^^7 FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. size of a Morello cherry, and have the appearance of being made of thick, soft buckskin, so snugly are the embryo blossoms protected from frost by the thick calyx lobes." The surface of these pro- tected sepals is covered with branched antler-like hairs, which spread their branches so that they interlock and form a dense protective covering. These have been developed, it seems, in direct response to environmental conditions. The tree grows most abundantly in the southern provinces of Japan, flourishing in the valleys and on the hills exposed to the powerful action of the sun. As the plant flowers in April, in Japan, the flower-buds for the next year are formed very early in the season, and not only need protection from the summer sun, but also from the cold, frosty snaps of winter both in its native home and in this country. 'I^he fruit capsule is obpyriform. Passing by the consideration of its structure, the placental cushion is found of interest. The presence in it of a considerable (quantity of tannin is indicated by the discoloration ])roduced on the razor-blade when sections are cut. Several pieces were tested with ferric-chloride, and the characteristic green- ish-black tannin reaction resulted. Crushing pieces of the cushion in ferric-chloride caused a dense inky precipitate. It is unfortunate that we have no trustworthy methods for the positive micro- | chemical distinction of these substances, although j this is the more to be desired since we have cer- tainly to do with very diff"erent substances, and, as Reinitzer* has shown, it is very hazardous to assume a common physiological function for this whole group of compounds. What the role of the tannin can be in a structure which partially dries up when the fruit capsule dehisces is an enigma. The tannin here, as far as is ascertainable, is evi- dently a waste product, but to make this state- ment solely on a priori ground is unscientific. There is a possibility that the tannin in the pla- cental cushion has some function as a reserve substance, later broken down for the use of the ripening seeds. For, in opening a capsule a month after the first observations were made, namely, on November 8th, the cushion showed tannin, but in very much smaller quantities. Between December 7 and December 22, 1898, most of the fruits had dehisced and discharged their winged seeds. At this time, when the ferric-chloride test was applied to the crushed mass of the |)lacental cushion, no reaction was obtained. Why the seeds should be discharged in mid- winter in this latitude it is hard to imagine, in * Bemerkungen zur Physiologic des Gerbstoffs. Bericht d. botan. Ges., 18S9, p 187. the absence of information concerning the exact meteorological conditions which influenced Pau- lownia in its past environmental history in Japan before its introduction to America in the year 1847. The leaves, covered with a felt of trichornic structures, are also protected by these adaptive structures from the powerful action of the sun and other climatic conditions as they exist in its na- tive home, Japan. In conclusion, it may be of interest to mention the origin of the generic name. Dr. Siebold named the genus in honor of her Royal Imperial Highness, the hereditary princess of the low countries. The Japanese hold the tree in high honor, for Siebold states : ' ' Parceque la feuille ornee de trois tiges de fleurs a servi d' amies aii celebre heros Talkasma, est encore ajourd 'hui fort en honneur en Japon." John W. Harshberger. University of Pennsylvania. The Proposed Appalachian National Park. A BILL has been passed by Congress appro - ^\ priating $5000 for the investigation of the ^ forest conditions of the Southern Appa- lachian mountains, and particularly in western North Carolina. This law went into efl'ect on July ist, and the commission which the President will appoint will probably investigate the region under contemplation this summer and make a report back to Congress next winter. There are three tracts of timber in the western part of the State which the Appalachian National Park Association proposes to point out to the com- mission appointed, as the territory in which they have been interested, and which they would like to have investigated. One of these tracts is the body along the North Carolina and Tennessee State lines between the Pigeon and Little l^ennessee rivers. Another is the Highlands and Sapphire country, embracing the possessions of the Toxaway company, and the third embraces the Linville section and extends over Mt. Mitchell and includes the Murchison boundary. In either one of these three locations it should be perfectly feasible to establish a national park which would contain not only fine timber, but would also embrace beautiful mountain scenery. The commission appointed will have to report upon the standing timber, streams, mountains, al- titudes, lakes, mountain scenery, cascades, condi- tions of soil, cleared lands, inhabitants, proximity to railroads, accessibility and feasibility of secur- ing control of acreage, and many other points. u , Instructions for Fighting Forest Fires. ¥R. EDWARD H. LYTLE, Fire Detective for the Southern District of Blair County, Pennsylvania, has issued a circular letter in regard to fighting forest fires and ferreting out the originators. It is as follows : Dear Sir : In obedience to a law of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania relating to the appointment of Constables (and Supervisors of Roads under certain circumstances), as Fire Wardens of their respective townships, passed the 30th day of March, a.d. 1899, and in obedience also to another law of said Commonwealth, passed on the 15th day of July, a.d. 1899, relative to the appointment of Fire Detectives in the several counties of the Commonwealth, you are hereby notified that it will be your duty, as the proper officer of the district in which you are elected, to look diligently after the welfare of the forest lands within your jurisdiction, and especially to do all in your power to preserve them from destruction by fire. You are also to help the Fire Detectives of your county by every means in your power to discover how said fires originate, whether they are caused by accident or criminal negligence, mali- cious mischief or incendiarism. And you are to assist said Fire Detectives in every possible way to bring to a speedy trial and conviction, as soon as discovered, any parties guilty of any of the above misdemeanors and crimes. You will choose ten able-bodied men of good character from your district who are permanent residents of the same, and appoint them a guard for the purpose of fighting forest fires. You are to carefully drill this guard in fire-fighting at the first fire they are called out to, so that after they have had some experience they can work together to the best advantage possible. (Ten well-drilled, intelligent fire-fighters are worth one hundred green men in fighting a forest fire.) Make your men realize that you have conferred an honor upon them (as you undoubtedly have) by selecting them on account of the especially good ciualifications they possess for this purpose. In fighting forest fires the following rules should be strictly observed, viz. : 1 . Whenever it is possible, put a fire out by beat- ing it with pine brush, or anything else suitable for the purpose. 2. When impossible to do this, and it becomes necessary to counterfire or fire against the main fire, make a good clear path, throwing all obstruc- tions that lay in the way of this path in towards the main fire. Always counterfire as close as, in your judgment, it is safe and possible to go to the main fire. Use the best tools or material you have at hand to make a clean path with. 3. Choose your most determined and enduring man to lead the gang, especially when you coun- terfire, and pick out two of the most trustworthy men as a rear-guard, to keep back of the others and see that all is safe behind you where you have just been firing. Do not allow the men who counterfire to go too fast, so as to rush unduly the path-sweepers, or leave the rear-guard too far be- hind. 4. Never counterfire up a grade, up a hill, un- less the forest fire is within one hundred yards or less of the fences. If further off, and you can do no better, wait until it works down the hill to said distance, and then fire against it. Always remember that a forest fire working its way natu- rally down a hill will not destroy one-twentieth of the timber that a counterfire climbing up hill will destroy. 5. Always endeavor to commence fighting a forest fire at one end of it, else when you think you have it out it will burn around the ground you have just gone over. 6. Keep a close watch upon the direction the wind is coming from, and endeavor to make it aid your work instead of obstructing it. It is often difficult to counterfire when the wind is against you, and in such a case take an oblique course to the wind instead of facing it squarely. 7. Look out for pine stumps or old logs burn- ing near firing-line, and put them out by shovel- ing earth on them. Also where fire is burning deep in among the rocks, try to smother it in this way. 8. Appoint one man as a water-carrier for the rest, and if you are out at meal-times, make him attend to the commissary department for the party, so that the rest can stay steadily at the fire- fighting. 9. Never leave a fire until you are sure it is en- tirely out, unless you are certain that the circum- stances are such that it is impossible to put it out. It is best even then to stay near it and watch for a favorable chance to get it under control. 10. As sooa as you know of a forest fire ex- isting in your township, gather your men together and go to it at once without delay and with your complete party. Even one hour's delay sometimes will cause the loss of much valuable property. Yours very truly, Edward H. Lvtle, Fire Detective Southern District of Blair. June i, 1900. il! ,1J -^^ — FOREST LEAVES. Dogwood, Flowering Dogwood, Boxwood, (Cornus florida, L.) IV T O tree of our Pennsylvania woods attracts 1\ more attention in early spring, for those who ^ love and observe trees, than the flowering dogwood. This is not because it is a large tree, or because of any grace of form, but because, fol- lowing close upon the heels of winter, it presents a mass of white '' flowers " just at the time one is best prepared to appreciate the display. Dr. Darlington writes that the tree becomes, sometimes, forty feet high. I do not know of such a tree in Pennsylvania. It does not often here exceed thirty feet in height, or attain a dia- meter of over one foot. 'l^he bark on an old trunk is gray, and is apt to be shed, or rubbed ofl", in flakes of an inch in width and three, four or five inches in length, revealing a light yellowish-brown or orange- colored surface beneath. The trunk begins nat- urally to branch low down, hence the main shaft is short. Apparently abortion of buds, or destruc- tion of the young branches, interferes with the plan and shape of a tree which but for these mis- haps would be quite symmetrical. It is, in fact, the rule to find the dogwood in the woods quite gnarled and twisted in its branches. For the lawn this may or may not be desirable. If, however, a straight trunk is desired, it may easily be obtained by planting a young dogwood where you wish it to stand; then, when it has become well rooted in a year or two, cut the stem clear back to the ground. A new straight shoot will spring up, and the lower branches of this may be so pruned away that the desired height of stem can be readily obtained. There is no tree of our forests whose young branches are more symmetrical in the order of their arrangement than is the dogwood. First, there is the main stem or main branch; at a vari- able distance back from the apex of these, either four or two (generally the former) branches come off. These are regularly i)laced, by rule, not by accident. In earlier times, when the art of spin- ning was common in this country, these growing tips with four branches were used as distaffs, from which the flax was drawn off. When first formed the young branch is olive-green in color, and for some distance back is marked by the scars whence the opposite leaves have fallen. Observation clearly shows the tip of the coming branch be- tween the leaves, which at first appear to grow directly on the end. I^ter on a gray line will ap- pear on the upper surface of these young branches, while the olive green of the rest of the surface passes into a bronze color. Finally the whole branch assumes a dead gray, which simply becomes more and more rough with advancing years. The leaves are oblong, feather-veined, and usu- ally terminate in a more or less twisted point, and are entire along the margin. The upper sur- face is bright green, and the lower a conspicuous gray -green. The contrast between the upper and lower surfaces is thus quite marked. The crowning glory of the flowering dogwood is its mass of bloom. When the conspicuous four- leaved involucre, which is usually mistaken for the flower, first appears, the leaves of the season have hardly started ; — so that there is nothing to attract attention but this seeming flower. From the start it is beautiful; white, with a tinge of green when it first opens, it becomes more and more attractive for almost an entire month. The green color gives j)lace to a more pure white, or sometimes to a rosy tinge, until, when fully open, these floral leaves have a spread of nearly six inches in the largest flower clusters. The tip of each floral leaf is more or less distinctly notched and purple -colored. The flowers proper are found in a green head in the centre of the conspicuous floral leaves. They never have any other color than green. As they open, the stamens and pistils protrude an eighth of an inch from each little flower. When the fertilization of the young seed is assured, the showy floral leaves have done their work and soon droop and wither. As autumn approaches, the leaves pass from a green color to a conspicuous red. The fruit is then bright red. Those who are familiar with the flowering dog- wood of the Pacific Coast are apt to compare it with our own to the disadvantage of the latter. While it is true that the western species is gener- ally more showy than ours, this is not always the case. Last year I saw along the road between Bushkilland Milford, in Pike County, many speci- mens of our dogwood which were in every way as attractive in their flowers as those from the west. Emerson has called attention to the fact that the tree is almost as showy in autumn, from the bright red, scarlet or orange berries, as it is in spring with the conspicuous involucres. The dogwood evidently merits a larger use in landscape gardening than it has received. Our illustrations come from Marshall Park, in West Chester, where the tree is one of the chief spring attractions of a park which would be a credit to any city. The dogwood should be considered by any one who has ground for half a dozen trees. Properly cared for, it soon comes into bloom, and then for nearly a month is a delight to look at. This tree does not figure largely in the arts, but it nevertheless has its uses. It is said to have been used to a limited degree as a substitute for \ i li o o K z o K o J o > > X z o K >• a. O u COPYRIGHTED, 1900. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii., No. io. BY J. T. ROTHROCK < 9 tr O en z O O Q O O o o o z < > -I >- CO z z ui Q. z O o GC Ul CO UJ Z o DOGWOOD (CORNUS FLORIDA. L.) CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. COPYRIGHTED, 1900. Forest Lkaves, Vol. vii., No. lo. BY J. T. ROTHHOCK z ^ < cr O en Z QC O O o o o o o o > CO z z Ui Q. > I- Z D O o a. MX h- co liJ X o DOGWOOD 'CoRNUS Florida. L.), CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE FOREST LEAVES. 4S3. i ' boxwood, and it takes a beautiful polish. Cabi- net-makers have used it for small furniture. Its hard texture renders it serviceable to the woods- man for wedges, and to the artisan in the manufac- ture of tool-handles and cogs. The young stems have made good hoops for the cooper, and from the smaller roots the Indians are alleged to have obtained a good scarlet color. The young branches stripped of bark can be used as an effective tooth- brush, which makes the teeth ''extremely white." Before the introduction of Peruvian Bark dog- wood was considered a valuable tonic, and was much used as a remedy for our intermittent fevers. Our little tree has ''a wide geographical range, growing from New England to Florida, and from Ontario to Texas. The physical properties of the dogwood are : specific gravity, 0.8153 ' percentage of ash, 0.67 ; relative approximate fuel value, 0.8098 ; weight in pounds of a cubic foot of dry wood, 50.81 ; relative strength, 91." J. T. ROTHROCK. Modern Methods of Tree Transplanting. T I THE New York Herald in a late issue takes I up the question of saving and transplant- ^^ ing the large trees on the Western Boule- vard which would otherwise be destroyed by the construction of the Rapid Transit Road. It says : ** After the contract for the Rapid Transit was signed it was discovered that the construction of the road would utterly destroy the five hundred and fifty-seven beautiful elms which now grace either side of the central pathway of the Western Boulevard. *' There are four rows of elms along its borders, which have been growing for nearly thirty years — one row on either side along the curb of the sidewalk, and two more rows along the central pathway close to the central curbs. These last two rows will be destroyed if something is not done to preserve them. *' The industry of removing and replanting large trees is not new, but it has never been regarded as a successful operation until within the last few years. Now, however, it can be accomplished with little risk and little danger to the tree itself. The gentleman who has been called in consulta- tion with the West Side Association has not only assured the association that ninety -five per cent, of the trees can be saved, but he has offered a trust company's guarantee for the perfect reinstal- lation of ninety per cent, of them. '' Investigation has established the fact that along the outer rows of trees on the Boulevard — that is to say, the rows nearest the sidewalks — there are missing 268 trees. Those missing are the ones which died as saplings and have never been re- placed, for saplings have precarious lives, and oftener die than live. Mr. W. I. Dickerman, of Flatbush, has made tree culture the study of his life. It was at his suggestion that the question of the removal and saving of the trees along the Boulevard was first mooted, and he has succeeded in obtaining three or four propositions that are now being considered by those who are most interested. Two of them only need be referred to. ** Proposition No. i is to remove the 557 doomed trees to the parks and driveways, adjacent streets, and to the upper part of Broadway, above 156th street, and reset them. To accomplish this the curb, cement walk and asphalt pavement must be removed, a hole ten to twelve feet in diameter and four to five feet deep must be dug, the tree must be pulled, taken to its new home and re- planted, and its curb, cement and asphalt re- placed in its original condition. *' Proposition No. 2 contemplates the removal of the trees as stated in proposition No. i, but, in ad- dition, provides for their return to the original positions as soon as the construction of the under- ground road shall have progressed far enough to permit this to be done. In the meantime the trees will, of course, be replanted in one of the parks, and there cared for until it is time to re- turn them to their homes, when the second re- moval will begin. In this latter proposition the trees will not be disturbed until it is rendered necessary by the near approach of the workmen on the road, and they will be returned to their former positions as rapidly as the work progresses sufficiently far to permit this to be done. The advantage of this method is obvious. The beauty of the Boulevard will scarcely be marred ; the trees will be moved and replaced almost as rapidly as the work on, or rather under, the street ad- vances, and at no time will there be more than a nominal number of trees missing. ** The comparative expense in relation to these two propositions is another interesting item, since the second one, which practically preserves the beauty of the thoroughfare unimpaired, costs only about $25 more per tree than the first, which, although it saves the trees, transports them to an- other locality and leaves the avenue forever bare of its central and most attractive rows of shade and foliage. *' The trees average in age about thirty years. They have, everything considered, already cost the city from $300 to $400 each, or, in round num- bers, $200,000. Every tree, it is claimed, can be saved and replaced and the delightful thorough - m IP^ i^l FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. -^ 1'55~" fare preserved by an outlay of something less than $100,000. The West Side Association proposes to raise this amount by subscription among those who are most interested. ' ' Mr. Dickerman describes the operation of re- moving and replacing a large tree as follows : ''*A trench three or four feet deep is dug around the tree at a distance of from three to six feet from its base, depending upon the size and character of the tree. The machine, which to the ordinary observer is merely a huge wagon, is then backed up against the tree and an upright arm is fastened to the trunk. The bark of the tree is protected by swaddling-clothes so that it cannot be marred or defaced. Chains to which hooks are attached are led downward, the hooks being firmly fastened underneath the larger roots, and a mechanical device not unlike the ordinary idea of a derrick, but which is really a huge lever, is attached to the upright arm. After that it is only necessary for the workmen to turn a crank such as is used in the operation of hoisting safes to office windows in high buildings. *' 'Without any appreciable strain the tree is pulled from its bed, bringing with it a ball of earth which may weigh several tons. It is re- markable that a root rarely breaks during this work. They pull out of the soil, and, when the tree is replanted, readily find new crevices in the ! earth into which they intrude themselves. The | tree, once clear of the ground, is swung over ' gently upon the saddle of the machine, ropes are j passed around the branches to prevent them from dragging upon the ground, and the tree may with- out injury then be transported scores of miles, if such distance is necessary. '' * Arrived at the point of replanting, an exca- vation of sufficient size is made, the machine is backed up against it, guy ropes are attached to convenient anchorages — or, if these are not obtain- able, to iron stakes driven in the ground or pave- ment— and the tree is gently lowered into its new home. After that it is a mere matter of filling in. ** * It is only necessary that for a short time the tree should have care, but only ordinary care is required. It is very rarely that a tree is injured in any way, no matter at what time of the year the removal takes place. In the winter or in the summer, in the spring or in the fall, the result is the same. ** * Trees that weigh twenty and thirty tons can be handled with ease. I moved a tree a short time ago that was twenty -nine inches in diameter, three feet from the base.' **The question was then asked: * After the work of excavation and the construction of so much mason work underneath the street, would the trees find sufficient nourishment to continue to exist after being returned to their original homes ?' '' 'Without any doubt whatever,' replied Mr. Dickerman. ' At all events, the guarantee for two years covers that. You must remember that after the work of tunneling is completed there will be plenty of soil where a tree can grow. While the work itself would destroy a tree, after the work is done and the earth is back in place, the same ef- fect will have been produced as that done by the plow in your garden. *' ' It seems, therefore, as if the Boulevard should be preserved. If the work of thirty years can be accomplished in a few days, some method to per- form that work should be devised. After the de- structive operation of building the tunnel has been accomplished, if saplings are planted where the trees now stand, thirty years must elapse before the avenue will have resumed its present aspect, if, indeed, it ever does, under the circumstances. If 550 saplings were planted where the trees now stand, from thirty to fifty per cent, of them would ' not live, and we would have arrived at the year 1930 before the others would have attained the stage in maturity of the trees that are there now. Leech Lake Chippewa Reservation. A T the close of the biennial meeting of the ^t\. Federated Women's Clubs, a party was ^ organized and conducted by Miss Ander- son, of the Minneapolis Journal, through the re- gion so well described by Mr. Cristadoro, of St. Paul : ^'Atthe headwaters of the Mississippi River, in the northern part of Minnesota, is an Indian reservation already ceded to the Government un- der the Rice Treaty with the Indians. This reservation is known as the Leech Lake Chippewa Reservation. *^In this tract are 830,000 acres, of which 218,000 are water. Within its boundaries are the three great lakes of Leech (with 576 miles of shore line), Winibigoshish and Cass, besides fiftv smaller lakes connecting with the infant Mississippi, making one great checker-board of forest and water. *Mt is said that upon this reservation is to-day the greatest body of white and Norway pine to be found in this country. Conservative estimates give 2,000,000,000 feet of standing pine, exclusive of some hard woods and jack pine, making altogether a great watershed and filter-bed for the Missis- sippi River. **Some prominent citizens of the Northwest are doing their utmost to have this land reserved \ as a national forest park by the Government, instead of having it sold to the lumbermen. **Upon this tract are tribes of Chippewa Indians numbering in all 1500 souls. It is pro- posed that the Indians be left where they are, instead of being driven away to a foreign reser- vation. **The intelligent thinking person must realize the effect upon the flow and quantity of water in a river, with its timber-covered headwaters denuded. A flood in the early spring and mid- summer and low water for the rest of the year is the history of every stream after its headwaters have suffered at the hands of the lumbermen. **The mean depth of the Mississippi would undoubtedly be greatly lowered were the timber to be cut from this great watershed. This being so, to keep the river navigable its entire length from St. Paul to the Gulf would require the expenditure of many millions annually. To do that which would lower this great river two or three feet would prove a catastrophe to the whole Mississippi River Valley, with its more than 30,- 000,000 inhabitants." — New York Sun. I wish every member of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association could have made the trip under the guidance we enjoyed, for I am positive that they would appreciate the struggle of the medical men, of disinterested people, and especially of the State Federation of Minnesota Women, in their efforts to save the Chippewa Reservation for a National Park. On the route to the Reservation, travelled from Minneapolis by the Great Northern Railway to Leech Lake, some beautiful farming and dairy country was passed, but as we neared the Reser- vation the area of desolation increased. It is on this point that interest concentrates, for the men who are scheming, threatening and using every device to acquire the Reservation are al- ways announcing that *^ the land should be opened to settlers." From Leech to Cass Lake, a distance of about 35 miles, and from Cass Lake to Duluth, about 160 miles, the fallacy of the *' settler" statement is seen. Almost everywhere the axe has been followed by fire ; settlement is rare, and villages are unsafe, as the sad records of Minnesota fires prove. An immense amount of land adjacent to the railway line is Sphagnum bog, which will never be cultivated. The land is about 1200 feet above tide, slightly rolling, and where the forest is intact there is a natural sanitarium of alterna- ting wood, lake and stream. The President of the Minnesota Federation spent last winter in Washington, working for the bill which would place the Reservation under the same control as the Western Forest Reserves, but the bill was lost in the last crowded days of the session, and now the work must be repeated. The Federation does not ask to withdraw the tract from use, but only from destruction. They ask to have the forest placed under * * wise admin- istration," and preserved to the use of all the people of the Northwest. I wish you could con- trast the smoking areas that we passed through (three fires), with blackened sticks of timber extending as far as one could see in every direc- tion, with the still existing bodies of white and Norway pine. The forests are lighter and sunnier than ours, as in many instances there is no under- brush, and the forest floor is simply carpeted with lilies, bunch-berry and linnea. The pines in some places are very large, in the most part only average size, but very even -aged, and beautiful young second growth is coming on where as yet there has been no fire. The Federation knows, if the Reservation is opened, that no effort will be made to do anything but cut without regard to results. They believe, and have expert advice to prove, that the people in the end will be far richer if the Reservation is managed by the Division of Forestry. Of the iniquitous land laws, of their evasion, of the highway robbery and petty thieving shown in some regions of the State, every Minnesotan knows. Citizens of other States, better protected, cannot believe the degree to which robbery has been carried. The ^'dead and down" timber act becomes suddenly illuminated when, on a cross-country walk, one finds the remains of the torches used to produce * ' dead and down timber. The Minnesota Federation deserves the admira- tion and active help of every forestry association for the determined and wisely considered meas- ures they have taken to preserve for all time, and for the public good, land that should belong to the people for profit, recreation and health. MiRA Lloyd Dock. An Object Lesson in Forestry. IN 1872 Mr. W. H. Case, of Tobyhanna, Mon- roe County, Pa., protected some growing spruce trees in a lot near his home. These now form a fine grove, which is large enough to be a conspicuous feature in the town. Some of the trees are almost a foot in diameter. It is note- worthy how many of these trees have sent out fresh, vigorous shoots, just as chestnut would do, from the stump after the original tree was cut. This is quite surprising in a conifer, and suggests the sprouting pine forest of New Jersey. « f '2>i-^- 4S& FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. tt3 CORRESPONDENCE. State College, Centre County, Pa., June 15, 1900. Dear Sir : The widespread and destructive for- est fires this spring may well cause us to attempt to devise some additional means of prevention and suppression, since upon this hinges the whole question of a rational forest practice, whether State or individual. I am not sufficiently in touch with the people to hear much expression of opinion respecting the present fire law, but, so far as I have heard, there is, hereabouts, very de- cided opinion that the law is a temptation to forest firing by those vagrants in a community who hope to be called out and expect to loiter away their time when placed on the ** firing line," away from any oversight, or even to spread the fire if opportunity should offer. I know Com- missioner Rothrock says he can get no direct evi- dence upon this point, and I am unable to furnish any. I only give the case as it has been occa- sionally given to me by men fairly competent to judge. I apprehend that besides the hope of re- ward which such vagrants have, there goes with it a dare-devil spirit to have a little fun out of the officers and to test the new law. Forest fires are old — at least, in many communities, almost an annual occurrence, expected even at about such a date ; the law is new — an innovation and restric- tion upon old-time privileges. Hence it is not surprising if, in its early years, it should be se- verely tried and its utility and expediency ques- tioned. Personally, I consider the law ethically sound and entirely feasible and practicable so soon as it shall have passed through the initiatory stages. The objections which have been raised against it inhere in every law, when it is new. But it needs supplementing by additional pro- visions which will materially shorten the time needed for its initiation. It seems to me there are three of these which should be put in force as soon as possible : ( I ) A systematic campaign of education where- by shall be brought home to the people at large the necessity and value of an improved system of forest practice. In addition to what has already been done along this line (and I do not wish to be considered as in anywise criticizing or decrying it) there should be issued by the Department of Agriculture cheap, compact, popular bulletins or leaflets on the subject, and they should be care- fully circulated so as to get into the hands of the people who need them. Provision should also be made for presenting, particularly, the (question of forest protection and renewal, at Farmers' Insti- tutes held in those counties where forest lands are of large extent. The location of some of these institutes might well be determined by the oppor- tunity of carrying this information where it is most needed. (2) The time when forest fires occur in this State is chiefly limited to a few weeks in early spring, and destructive fires at any other time are comparatively rare and local. During this time there should be a special watch and patrol, so placed as most advantageously and thoroughly to protect the largest areas. In this locality a few men judiciously placed could control a large area. A fire could be reached in a comparatively short time, and only in exceptional cases could it escape from the '* block " in which it originated. In many cases fires prove very destructive because they are not fought until they have spread so as to threaten valuable property. So long as they are in cut over, or any form of '* waste " land, they are per- mitted to exist. (3) Fire lanes should be required not only on the State lands, but wherever there are large areas of land suitable for forestry purposes. They should be of liberal width and so laid out as to take advantage of the natural '' lay of the land," streams, etc. Many fire lanes were ineffective this spring because they were too narrow, being often only the old wood road, scarcely ten feet feet wide, or had not been burned out, but were choked with debris. W. A. Buckhout. — Investigation of the causes, effects, and means of prevention of forest fires in the West is being carried on this summer in Washington, Oregon, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, South Dakota. Be- sides field study, designed chiefly to discover means of preventing the evil, the Forestry Division is making a historic record of all important fires which have occurred in the United States since 1754. Although yet incomplete, this indicates that the annual recorded loss by forest burnings in the United States is, at the very lowest, ^20,- 000,000. It will probably run far above this sum, as the Pacific Coast States have been only partially examined. Accounts of over 5500 dis- astrous fires have been obtained in the seventeen States already examined. Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin have suff'ered the most severely. 'I'hese records are taken chiefly from newspapers, and where it has been possible to compare them with the figures of practical lumbermen, it has been found that the tendency of the press is to underestimate the damage. Forestry Reserves as Game Preserves. IN the annual report of the Zoological Society of Philadelphia for the year ending February 28, 1900, attention is called to the increas- ing difficulty of procuring specimens of the more important animals belonging to Pennsylvania, and says : *' It would appear probable that among the large tracts of land which are being acquired by the State of Pennsylvania as a ' forest reserve, ' there should be some which will offer opportunity whereby some of our native animals which are still resident, but in decreasing numbers, such as the common deer, the wild turkey, and the ruffed grouse, may be indefinitely preserved, and perhaps others, such as the elk, re-established. '* This noble animal was formerly abundant in mountainous regions, and it is not fifty years since the killing of the last one known within the State. It is certain that with suitable forest tracts of suffi- cient extent, and with adequate protection, this species could, at small cost, be again established as a resident." We understand that it is the intention of the Forestry Commissioner to enforce the game and fish laws on the forest reserves, and possibly some portion could also be set aside as a game pre- serve. Forest Resources of the Philippine Islands. THE Philadelphia Commercial Museum states that the Philippine archipelago has been endowed by nature with an extravagance of wealth. Auriferous deposits abound ; copper ores are plentiful ; there are extensive deposits of coal ; one of the most valuable textile plants, the hemp plant, grows there, and there alone ; th^ cotton tree grows wild, and no soil or climate is better adapted to the cultivation of sugar, coffee and tobacco. These are riches indeed, but they are over- shadowed by the extent, variety and magnificence of the forest growth. There are trees that yield resins and mastic gums, and there are trees suited to the requirements of the cabinet-maker and ship -builder. There are trees from the flowers of which the choicest perfumes are distilled, and there are trees which yield shingles for roofing, boards for flooring, beams and scantling for the construction of dwellings and factories. The cocoa palm grows profusely, and the tall, umbrageous dome of the JDamboo pops up in every direction. The Spanish Government caused to be pre- pared in 1875 an exhaustive list of the forest products of the Philippines under the title of **Memoria Catalogo De La Coleccion De Pro- ductos Forestales De Las Philippinas. ' ' This was prepared for the Centennial Exposition of 1876, but was never used. The catalogue mentions over 250 varieties of trees, and the name and use of each tree is given. These include many varie- ties of the cedar, and there are ebony, rosewood, sandalwood, teak and ironwood, and scores of other hardwoods unknown outside of the Orient. The celebrated banyan is common, and there is a myrtacea that is practically indestructible. There are 160 other trees specifically referred to as suitable for heavy and light house construction, bridge building, etc. Eighteen woods which are mentioned as suitable for ship-building purposes. The cabinet-making woods number 23. Other woods are used for making boxes, building canoes and small boats, woodenware, wooden shoes and wheels, natural soap, and there are numerous other trees mentioned in the catalogue as yielding dyes, resins, gums, etc. The exploitation of this immense wealth in lumber has never been attempted except on the most limited scale. Only those trees have been touched which grew along the coast line or on the margin of the streams, and could therefore be hauled by water. The lack of roads and facili- ties for transportation preserved the integrity of the forests in the interior. Such lumbering as was attempted was prose- cuted more vigorously ten years ago than recently. A company organized in Hong Kong attempted to operate on a large scale, and for a time turned out considerable lumber, but failed through lack of sufficient experience and knowledge in the work of getting out the lumber. At this time it was calculated that the area over which trees had been cut was about 1,000,000 acres. There is one steam saw -mill in Manila, but the conversion of the lumber is done for the most part by hand sawyers. Each of the most important towns, such as Manila, on the island of Luzon ; Iloilo, on Panay ; Cebu, on the island of the name ; Vigan, and a few others, have their lumber mer- chants and sawing-pits. It must be remembered that all the houses and factories are built of lum- ber, and the construction is of the heaviest and stoutest kind, to withstand the effects of the fre- quent earthquake shocks. It need scarcely be pointed out that, since the whole of the islands became a part of the territory of the United States, there is an unusual and mag- nificent 'field for the enterprise of American lum- bermen. p>om the list of native woods above given, it is seen that the Philippines are without the soft woods, with the exception of a species of pine. 158"^ FOREST LEAVES. From the nature of the construction of the dwell- ings and factories there does not seem to be any requirement for these woods, and there does not seem to be any such lumber imported. Possibly in time Pacific slope exporters may open up a trade for some of the coast woods, sending out manu- factured lumber and bringing back some of the unique and valuable product of the Philippines. The Philippine Islands offer particular facilities for lumbering operations. The streams and the water-courses are numerous, and the principal rivers are deep enough for running logs singly or in rafts. The character of the native labor, how- ever, is ill-suited to the work, the native finding a living so easily in other ways that he will not undertake anything that looks like hard work. The chief points of supply have been the forests of Negros, Guimaras, and the district of Concep- cion, and the forests of Leite and Surigao, on the island of Mindanao. The latter island, which is at the extreme southern end of the group, is par- ticularly rich in its forest growth. Its area is little less than that of Pennsylvania, while the islands of Panay, Cebu and Negros each has an area about as large as that of Maryland. Inci- dentally, it may be remarked that valuable coal deposits exist on the island of Cebu. The island of Luzon, which is about the same size as Minda- nao, is inferior in wealth to the islands named. The islands present splendid examples of tropi- cal landscapes, the beauty of which is enhanced by the marked changes that occur from season to season, on account of the alternations of the monsoons, due to their distance from the equator. The vegetation of the seaboard is dense and leafy ; the shores are indented with bays and in- lets ; beautiful lakes reflect the surrounding wood- lands, and the horizon is bounded by lofty crests and cones wrapped in the vapors of the volcanoes. The whole surface of the Philippines is moun- tainous, the only plains occurring where there are alluvial deposits at the river mouths and spaces at the intersection of the ranges. The islands are of volcanic origin, and most of their surface ap- pears to be formed of old rocks, especially schists. In the north of Luzon granite takes the place of the schists. The climate of the Philippines varies little from that of other tropical countries, l^he death rate in the cities is high, but due more to the absence of sanitation than to climatic effects. The ther- mometer ranges from 60 to 90 degrees. The season is divided into three periods — the cold and dry, beginning in November ; the warm and dry, dating from March, and the very wet, lasting from June to November. From April to May the heat is most oppressive. When the rainy season sets m, in June, it drizzles and pours almost con- stantly until December. The rivers and creeks overflow their banks, and the streets and fields are sometimes inundated to a depth of four feet. For six months travelling in the interior is im- possible. The maximum annual rainfall is 144 inches, and the minimum 84 inches. After December the cool season sets in, lasting until March. The nights and mornings are re- freshingly cool and pleasant, and the whole face of the country, densely clad in tropical verdure, is beautiful. During the afternoon the thermom- eter occasionally reaches 90 degrees, but about four o'clock a brisk breeze blows down from the China Sea for three or four hours, when it sub- sides, leaving the air cool and agreeable. Meeting of the American Forestry Asso- ciation. THE Summer meeting of the American For- estry Association was held on June 26th, in conjunction with the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, at Have- meyer Hall, Columbia University, New York. j Mr. C. C. Vermeule read a paper on the *^ Forests of Northern New Jersey and their Re- 1 lation to the Water Supply. ' ' I A paper was contributed on *^The Forestry Work of the Maryland Geological Survey," by William B. Clark, Geologist of the State. J. B. Brown, Secretary of the Indiana Forestry Asso- ciation, told of the artificial groves and belts which have sprung up in Kansas since 1870. Thirty years ago not a tree was to be seen about Topeka, where now there is a magnificent forest. **The Fungus Enemies of Forest Trees" was the theme of a paper by Hermann von Schrenk, Special Agent for timber diseases of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mr. Ayres, of the United States Geological Survey, had a paper on ''Cutting, Burning, and Fire Protec- tion." At the last session, a resolution was passed asking Congress to establish a National Forest Reserve in the Southern Appalachian region. Mr. Hopkins spoke on '* Forest insects. ' ' Charles W. Garfield, President of the Michigan Forest Commission, contributed a paper on *' Forestry in Michigan." *' Sylviculture Prospects of Cuba" was the subject of a paper by John Gifford. Miss M. L. Dock read a paper on *'The Work of the federation of Women's Clubs in Forestry." A resolution was also passed calling upon Congress to establish a National Park in Northern Min- nesota. '^1^^ ! yi FOREST LEAVES. K. R. MEIER, Consulting Korester, MAHWAH, N. J. FORESTRY SCHOOL AT BILTMORE, N. C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D. Forester to the Biltmore Estate. L-Ein^IS* TREE CHKRTS. The whole series consists of fifteen numbers, divided into PARTS of three numbers each. They may be purchased singly, —by the part,— or by the full series, at the prices named below. More than half of the series has already been printed. The drawings are completed, and the remaining charts will be pub- lished at the earliest practicable date. One thousand paid sub- scriptions of $6.00 each would insure the immediate publication of the whole series. TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE. Price of single number, 50 cents each. Price of Part, $1.40 each. Price of full series, $6.00 each. A liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education or others purchasing in large numbers. NOW READY.— (These with a ^ as yet unprinted.) Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species. No. 1. Biennial Pniited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies. No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies. No. 3. Southern, Pacific, Hardy ^ Foreign, and examples oj Extinct Oaks. Part II.— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species. No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and European Chestnuts. No. 5. The Walnuts. American, Japanese, and European species and varieties. The Hickories. American species and varieties. N0.6. Part III.— No. 7. *No. 8. ♦No. 9. Part IV.— ♦No. 10. ♦No. 11. No. 12. Part V.— ♦No. 13. ♦No The Willows and Poplars. Numerous species. The Birches, Elms, Buttonwoods and allies. (Will soon be printed.) The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species. The Magnolia and related trees. The Horse Chestnuts and allies. The Maples. (Printed in advance.) Locusts and allies of Pea Family of several genera. Wild Cherry, Mountain Ash, Sweet Gum, Sour Oum, Persimmon. ♦No. 15) Ashes, Calalpas, Paulovmia, and others. For further information address the author, publisher and proprietor, "1 .15) GRACEANNA LEWIS, Media, .... Pennsylvania. FOREST LEI^VE^. oo THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania . Forestry Association. The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. I inch, 'A page, V2 '' it RATES. I . 6 insertion. insertions. $1.00 $4.00 It insertions. $8.00 4.00 7.00 17.00 30.00 34-00 60.00 12.00 50.00 100.00 Forestry and Village Improvement. Miss Dock is prepared to fill engagements for talks on Village Improvement and Forestry, with or without lantern slides. Address MISS M. L. DOCK, 1427 N. Front Street, Harrisburg, Pa. FOREST LEAVES. SUGAR MAPLES One of the very finest deciduous-leaved trees of North NO America is the tall Sugar Maple. It can truly be called the noblest of all the Maples. ETTER VARIETY CAN BE USED FOR S PARK, OR LAWN PLANTING, as its growth is rapid and straight, its form symmetrical and it does not have the objectionable density of foliage possessed by the Norway Maple. ' For this reason it is well adapted for planting near build- ings, as it does not obstruct light or air, and the grass will grow up to its very trunk. It is deep-rooted, and the wood is not britde ; hence, it is not easily damaged by storms. The Sugar Maple will thrive in almost all localities, except where the ground is damp or boggy. .No tree has more gorgeous autumn coloring, as it varies in all shades of yellow, orange and scarlet until the leaves finally fall. PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING LOW PRICES. 7 to 8 ft. 8 to 9 ft. 9 to ID ft. lO to 12 ft. 12 to 14 ft. 14 to 15 ft. trans., trans., trans.. 1% to ij4 in. ; trans. 1/4 to i^ in. ; trans., . . ij{ to 2 in. ; trans., . . . Larger trees, 2 to 2;^ in. diam. ; trans., Larger trees, 2;^ to 3 in. diam. ; trans.. Larger trees, 3 to 3;^ in. diam. ; trans.. Each. 10 100 $0 35 $2 50 $22 50 50 4 00 30 00 75 6 00 40 00 I 00 7 50 50 00 I 50 12 50 100 00 I 75 15 00 125 00 2 25 20 00 150 00 3 50 30 00 4 00 35 00 flflDOf^l^fl WILLIAM WARNER HARPER. riUfJSEf^IES. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA., PA. Vol. VII. Philadelphia, October, 1900. No. II Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as second class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials i6i Autumn Arbor Day 162 Arbor Day in New Jersey Schools 162 Correspondence ^63 Forestry in Spain 164 A Suggestion for a School ot Forestry 164 Enforcement of Forest Fire Laws 4 ^^5 Forestry Rules in the Philippine Islands 166 Game Protective Law 167 The New Hunting ^67 American Foresters in Germany 168 New Members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association 172 New Publications i73 Subscription, $z.oo per Year. The attention 0/ Nurserymen and others is called to the adznint.iges of FoKBST Leaves as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application^ The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in June, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual member ship fee. One dollar. Life membership, Fifteen dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names \.o A.B. IVeimer, Chairman Member- ship Committee, 512 Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Herbert Welsh, Howard M. Jenkins, James C. Haydon, Wm. S. Harvey, Richard Wood. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Corresponding^ Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy. Treasurer , Charles E. Pancoast. Council at-Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Rev. Alfred L. Elwyn. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman; William L. Elkins, Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, Charles E. Pancoast, J. Rodman Paul, and Herbert Welsh. Membership, When B. Weimer, Chairman ; Mrs. Henry J. Biddle, Edwin Swift Balch, Charles W. Freedley, Joseph W. Johnson, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Law, Hon. W.N. Ashman, Chairman; Henry Budd, Charles Hewett, Henry Howson, Henry C. McCormick, and John A. Siner. Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman : F. L. Bitler, J. C. Brooks, B. Witman Dambly, and Dr. William P. Wilson. IVork, Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, Chairman ; Mrs Brinton Coxe. Mrs. George T. Heston, Mrs. John P. Lundy, Howard M. Jenkins, William 8. Kirk, and Richard Wood. County Organization, Samuc\ Msirs,ha\\,Cha\rmsin', Eugene Ellicott, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Charles G. Ogden. Office of the Association, 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia. EDITORIALS. TO appreciate the true value of anything it sometimes seems necessary that we should be denied the use or enjoyment of it ; for while familiarity may not breed contempt, it has a tendency to limit the value placed upon a pos- session or privilege. Applied to the protection of forests, this reasoning suggests that the abun- dant tree growth with which most of us have been or are familiar, has developed a carelessness as to the maintenance of forests, and even after real- izing how important and necessary trees are, the improvidence developed in youth is subject to recurrence. Such were the impressions which asserted them- selves during a late journey in the Rocky Moun- tain section of the country, which has this year been the scene of destructive forest fires. The pioneers who opened up this section reached it after tedious journeys over treeless plains, which must have impressed upon them the delights and the utility of forests. But after these pioneers had reached localities where timber was fairly abun- dant the les.son of the plains seems to have been in a measure lost, and in some cases evidences of their improvidence are prominent in unnecessarily denuded areas. A comparatively small proportion of the popu- lation of the arid or semi -arid bells are native born, most of the population having been assem- bled from other portions of the country. Yet familiar as the people are with the irrigating ditch and storage reservoir as necessities for any vege- table growth of value, the bulk of the residents in the Rocky Mountain region are careless as to forestal care. The value of water is thoroughly appreciated, and any interference with water privileges or any injury to sources of supply, or channels for distribution, meets summary punish- ment. But the forests, which, besides being a source of value, assist in conserving the water, 1,i.<. FOREST LEAVES. and delivering it with regularity, receive scant attention. True, there is a growing sentiment favoring forest protection, and some of the most enthusiastic friends of forestry are found in the Rocky Mountain region. Fire wardens have also rendered valuable service in decreasing the dam- age from forest fires. We recognize the advances made, but at the same time cannot claim that the community in general realizes how much value there is in forest growth, nor the necessity of a strong public sentiment, which would demand and secure the punishment of those who cause such destruction as has been chronicled in Colorado and adjacent States during the past season. Scarcely a year elapses without the record of great destruc- tion in the mountain regions from fires which ravage the forests, destroying a source of revenue, driving out game, and depleting the most potent means of conserving water supplies. J. B. * * * * :|c A press of important State business has pre- vented Dr. J. T. Rothrock from presenting in this issue his usual illustrated article, which we much regret, but hope in the December number to present from him pictures of the Carolina pop- lar, to be followed in the future by descriptions of other trees, continuing along the line which he has made so interesting and instructive to our readers. Dr. N. C. Schaffer, Superintendent of Public Instruction of Pennsylvania, has appointed Friday, October 19, as Fall Arbor Day, the text of the announcement being given in this issue, and we hope our readers will join with the pupils of the schools and others in making the occasion a memorable one. ***** A well-attended forestry meeting was held at the Lake Mohonk Mountain House, Mohonk Lake, New York, on the evening of July 27th, as announced in the last issue of Forkst Lkaves. Dr. B. E. Fernow delivered an interesting address on the various phases of the forestry question, with a description of the practical work now be- mg carried on at the State School of Forestry of Cornell University, and in the Adirondacks. Autumn Arbor Day. THE beneficial effect of the observance of Arbor Days is everywhere known and ac- knowledged. Since trees can be planted m the Fall as well as in the Spring of the year and since many schools are not in session when the Sprmg Arbor Days are observed, it has become customary to fix an Autumn Arbor Day in order that all the children of the Commonwealth may learn to take an interest in the planting and care of trees, and in the preservation and restoration of our forests, especially upon areas not suited for agriculture. In accordance with this custom, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 1 9, 1900, is hereby designated as Autumn Arbor Day, with the recommendation that teachers, pupils and all others interested in the schools celebrate the day by the planting of trees, and by other appropriate exercises. Nathan C. Schaffkr, Superintendent of Public Instruction. Arbor Day in New Jersey Schools. FOREST LEAVES. Now may be seen clearly whither tends this fatal connection of cause and effect which begins with the destruction of the forest, and ends in the miseries of the population ; dooming thus man to share the ruining of the soil which he has devas- tated.—Surell. MR. JOHN TERHUNE, School Superin- tendent of Bergen County, N. J., in his annual report to the State Superinten- dent for 1900, devotes considerable space to a description of the Arbor Day celebrations in the schools, the day being almost universally ob- served. In closing he says : ** Arbor Day is the only holiday that exists for the future ; all others eulogize the past, keep alive some memory mingled with sorrow. It speaks only of joy, progress, hope, the most unselfish of days, providing for the welfare of the future, add- ing to the joy of our descendants, rather than glorifying the deeds of our ancestors. "• While we are striving to influence the present generation toward tree preservation, it is among the school children that the greatest work must be done. Only by arousing a tree-planting sen- timent among them can we hope for forests in the future. '*The educational day of any school officer or teacher who slights or shirks his duty to teach the reasons why trees should be venerated, loved and preserved, should not be dateless. One day earnestly devoted to the entire school generation in giving instruction relating to the comfort and benefit derived from the functions of the vegeta- ble kingdom, will be of more value to posterity than a century of time spent with the few who are studying about the groves of stars in the sky that furnish them no shade." 163 > CORRESPONDENCE. I The following letter has been received from one of our valued correspondents, whose lands are located in Lycoming County, this State : New York City, May 17, 1900. J. T. Rothrock, Conwtissioner : Dear Sir : Enclosed find report of loss by the forest fire in 1899. This year, a week or two ago, the mountains were burned over again, but did not reach my land, as the man employed by me to watch enlisted a force and put it out. Most of the fires I believe are started by tramps who camp along the railroads. I have for a number of years kept a man on my land to clear out underbrush, and open the thickets, to prevent fires, and give the timber a chance to grow. In that portion of it where the fires have been kept out, the growth in ten years has surprised me, and the woods, re- sulting from this care, is the wonder of the neigh- borhood. If a money value was to be put upon it, I have no doubt it would show a profit beyond belief. This experience of mine opened my eyes to the enormous value of the Pennsylvania mountains as a timber growing region. If it were possible for the State to organize a regular military force, un- der the charge of the Forestry Commissioner, and systematically care for the waste lands, the high floods would cease, the supply of water through the summer would be uniform, and the timber that could be safely cut from year to year would much more than pay for the expense, after ten or twenty years. I am glad to note a movement among the lovers of old Pennsylvania's mountains, to preserve them in their beauty. It would be a great shame to allow them to become barren wastes, when so little care, at the pro[)er time, would enrich the State, and give to her children a heritage as valuable as Central Park is to a city like New York. As long as I live, you can rely on me to co-op- erate with you in any way that I can to keep the woods sacred. Very truly yours, W. L. YOUNGMAN. The Commissioner of Forestry sends us the fol- lowing from one of his correspondents : Dear Sir: Have just read with satisfaction the opinion of the Attorney-Ceneral of the State on the subject of the law relating to forest fires, etc., called out by your communication to him. During the past week the most destructive fires have raged throughout this section of the State. Great losses have been sustained, timber, fences and a number of buildings destroyed. In this section the constables do the work vig- orously, and the citizens are always ready to turn out. Last Sunday the able-bodied men of a large congregation left the church and hastened to the forest at the call of an officer. My observation is that in a gale, such as existed during the past week, many men can do little more than protect buildings and fences. They try to protect by *'back firing," but as a rule this only adds to the destruction. And this continues un- til rain stops the flames. A better plan, in my opinion, and far less ex- pensive to the County and State, would be to sta- tion good men along the railroads, and at certain points upon the public roads which pass through the mountains, and watch for those who set the mountains a-fire. The fires do not originate from locomotives al- ways, as is generally charged. A majority of them are started by irresponsible parties who live in the mountains, possessing one or more cows. New and fresh pasture is wanted. Detectives can be easily located in this vicinity so as to put a stop to unlawful acts of this char- acter ; and now that the law has been interpreted, I believe more security will be had if the Com- missioners will act. For a number of years past I have been a pur- chaser of mountain tracts in this vicinity, more than a thousand acres, because the beautiful peaks surround the vale in which I reside. I never cut a live tree, and am regularly remov- ing the old and fallen ones. There is a marked gradual decrease of the vol- ume of water flowing from the streams and springs in this section, covering many years. A persist- ent trout fisherman, as well as a surveyor, I am able to note this fact. Springs that were once active have dried up, ai)parently for the reason that the forests that once surrounded them have disappeared. The Forestry Division reports that in the pine belt of the Atlantic coast it has long been the custom of many owners to let a light fire run through the forests annually, or once in several years. The fire is started in winter or early spring, when the ground is damp and it can be kept un- der control. The measure is very successful in protecting the standing timber, but in many cases it destroys the young seedlings, and the ultimate efi'ect on the forest is injurious. ^7^ 4^ FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. 17/ ♦i I' I Forestry in Spain. ON my way to Brazil, in 1882, I went through France and Spain, and was espe- cially struck by the great contrast be- tween those countries in respect to forests. It was a source of delight in France to see the lofty, crowded and splendid forests, and particu- larly on approaching the Pyrenees mountains, which separate the two countries, to observe how the thin, sandy soil, unfit for agriculture, was made to yield a good profit in pine forest. On crossing into Spain, how great was the change ! A vast area of hilly land was passed which once must have been covered with forest, but which then was naked and sterile. The Spaniards had cleared the forest from land that was only fit to bear forest, and had done nothing for its repro- duction, just as we Americans have been doing for two centuries and are still doing. There was, apparently, the same ignorance of forestry in Spain that there is in this country. That I may not be thought prejudiced, I will state that I was attracted to the Spanish people. The Spaniards are behind in some things, because of their isolated situation — off at one corner of Europe. They have not kept in touch with the most advanced countries, and this they show in a marked manner by their neglect of forestry. C. C. Andrews. A Suggestion for a School of Forestry. KAGLE' S MERE has achieved almost national fame from its lake and forest surroundings. The axe and the fire threaten to destroy the forest within a few years if some preventive measures are not taken very quickly. And who is to tell whether the destruction of the forests and the resulting drying up of the springs may not so far reduce the water supply as to destroy the beauty of the lake that has many admirers? The future will not take care of itself. Unless some plan is devised to gather the surrounding wilds into one estate, with a well-planned manage- ment and supervision, the next decade may possi- bly see the glory of the place departed. Who is to a.ssume the care and resi>onsibility ? No single individual, nor even an associated few. Such a scheme is impracticable unless some George Van- derbilt will establish a Biltmore in the locality, and the conditions are not here for any such scheme. We are at the '* parting of the ways." It is possible under some plan to gather together now from 10,000 to 20,000 acres of adjoining territory, and it will probably not be possible f\\e years from now. r To the writer the School of Forestry seems to solve the problem. It will not be sufficient to ac- quire the lands, even if public-spirited citizens furn- ish the money, and let it stand at that. Scientific forestry must care for the primitive forests still standing, protect and develop the young timber growing upon lands that have been cut over, and guard against fires in the '* slashings " that have been left by the bark-peeler and lumberman. Then, indeed, may we continue to have a Mecca towards which shall turn tired and wornout hu- man nature seeking recuperation and health. It is suggested that an effort be made to acquire from the holders of the Geyelin estates their en- tire holdings of six thousand acres by securing to them a moderate revenue based upon actual values, and made absolutely sure to them. In addition, secure, if possible, from the Union Tanning Com- pany all their lands south of Loyalsock Creek, from which they have taken the hemlock timber ; or, if the timber is not all removed, secure the land subject to the removal of the timber, thus getting an estate, if possible, of upwards of 20,000 acres — all this to be placed at the disposal of the University of Pennsylvania on condition of es- tablishing a School of Forestry thereon, and main- taining it in perpetuity. If this can be accomplished, then the State of Pennsylvania may reasonably be asked to render liberal aid in endowing the school so as to invite the very largest patronage, and to educate our people as rapidly as possible on the importance of care of the remaining forests of the State, and the reforestation of the thousands of acres that have been denuded. It is impossible to conceive of a locality so ideally adapted to the purpose. It is accessible, and yet isolated. All desired forest conditions are found within the suggested limits. There is ample provision for students and interested visit- ors to live. The little narrow-gauge railroad can be extended to all parts of it more cheaply than wagon roads could be built. Lakes and mountain streams make possible the addition of fish culture as part of the attendant work. The wilderness would make an admirable game preserve at a min- imum of expense. In the acquirement of the lands it is suggested that the boundaries of the borough of Eagle's Mere be extended so as to take in the desired area, and that it be made a Municipal Park, and thus bring it under home police protection. As the borough could not legally create a debt sufficiently large to borrow an amount of money that would be needed to purchase the lands, it is suggested that an effort be made to induce the owners to make a conveyance under a * * ground 1 i I rent deed," that shall reserve to them a rental equal to the interest on the cost of the lands, this rental being extinguishable by the payment of an amount fixed in the deed. The annual rental could easily be raised by a special tax for that purpose, and at some future time there is little doubt that assist- ance could be secured from the State toward the extinguishment of the rental. Meanwhile the vendors would have the best investment that could possibly be devised. When forestry methods are inaugurated, any saw timber that had to be cut under the requirements of scientific forestry would find a ready and profit- able market at the sawmills within the limits of the suggested area. All the cordwood could be sold either at the washboard factory at Sonestown or the acetate works at Nordmont, and the rail- roads would cheerfully accord the most liberal terms for its transportation in such a cause. Or- dinary laws of transportation would be ignored in their disposition to foster the work of the forestry school. I^bor is at hand at very moderate rates, sufificient to do the forest work that would be needed, under the direction of the schools. Ex- pense of living for the students would be at a minimum of cost, with a maximum of comfort. The interested visitors by thousands, if need be, could be conveyed through the forest reservation on the little railroad so as to see with their own eyes what was being done, and then go home and vote for representative men who would foster the work that is now generally believed to be of tran- scendent importance to the whole State. Benjamin G. Welch. The following will be read with genuine sadness by all who know the important part that the Engles, father and son, have taken in introducing the Par- agon chestnut to the notice of the public, and the success which has attended their efforts: ** We regret to inform you that a fire which broke out in the York County hills, in Hellam Township, near Wild Cat Falls, has almost entirely destroyed our Paragon chestnut orchard, from which we gathered about 250 bushels of chestnuts last season." The destruction of such an orchard is not represented by the loss in dollars and cents, which an ordinary observer might place upon it. It had become a distributing centre of experimental knowledge in this country, and was an inspiration to many per- sons who are endeavoring to place a new article upon the food list of the country. We sympathize with the owners of the orchard, and would urge them to use every legal means at their command to bring to justice those who created this fire, if it resulted from ignorance, carelessness or crime. J. T. R. Enforcement of Forest Fire Laws. THE enormous loss to the State by forest fires last spring is producing its legitimate fruit in the activity with which offenders against those laws are being punished in various counties of the State. Lycoming County heads the list, with three convictions. We hope to give the full details of these in another issue. September 6th a conviction was secured in Perry County of a lumberman by whose alleged care- lessness a fire was started, which was said to have spread over about eighteen square miles of wood- land. He was tried and convicted before Squire Kern, of Blaine, under the Act of June i, 1887, as amended by the Act of May 14, 1891. R. V. Woods, the county detective, carefully worked up the case, and made the complaint which led to the arrest. One source of trouble hitherto has been that these fires were regarded as on the list of civil suits, for which damages alone could be claimed, and when the offender had no property, it was considered impossible to reach him. By the Acts above alluded to these are considered criminal cases, and where a fine cannot be collected, or a refusal to pay it follows, imprisonment is the al- ternative. For the first time in the history of this State these offences are now being vigorously followed, and we may confidently expect that it will result in a diminished number of fires, and in an in- creased security to land owners. We clip the following from the Harrisburg Te/e- ^raph of September 6th : Care of our forests has become a public neces- sity. It is demanded by almost every considera- tion of public economy. It is useless, however, to spend money in planting until the spring and autumn fires are under control. There is no dis- guising the fact that the laws now upon the statute books are ample wherever there exists a desire on the part of the county ofificials to enforce them, but they are wholly inadequate unless that desire exists. We are now in possession of facts which fairly appal one at the criminal negligence and apathy of some county officers in this State. This is not the place to specify further, but we have a good reason to believe that inside of the next two weeks there will be a shaking up in cer- tain quarters which will be rather startling. The season for autumn fires is upon us, or will be shortly. But there remain the scores of last May to settle, and as others than the county officials have commenced a crusade, some interesting times may FOREST LEAVES. be expected. Never were the forest fires more dis- astrous than last spring, and never were convic- tions easier than then. The causes of the fires were classed among the criminal offences. In many instances those who created them were well known,yet in few cases did the detectives appointed by the county commissioners make any arrests. In no case should the State pay a dollar for al- leged services where it can be shown that none were rendered, and the penalty of the law should be visited upon county commissioners who have neglected to appoint the detectives required by law to do efficient work. It is high time an end were made of this mockery of law. Lycoming County stands out as a conspicuous example of good work this year in enforcing the fire laws. Somerset also, we believe, has had one or two convictions of guilty parties. But in al- most the whole of the remainder of the fire-in- fested counties there has hardly been an attempt to punish those who have wilfully and carelessly destroyed thousands of dollars worth of property for their neighbors, and who will do the same thing next spring, or this fall, if they are not arrested and punished in the meanwhile. I The following was taken from the Milton Even- vtg Standard : \ '*The first arrest in this section on the charge I of causing forest fires has just been made at Wil- | liamsport. County detective Munson returned from the Lycoming and Sullivan county line, where he arrested Henry Warner, of Pennsdale, on the charge of starting a forest fire, and the man was i placed under $300 bail for court." ' We would add in addition to the above that Somerset County has just sentenced a forest incen- diary to six months' imprisonment for his crime. 1 Let the good work go on. A few examples of this kind will soon work wonders in the way of forest protection.— J. T. R. The Massachusetts Forestry Association has just published a little pamphlet entitled '' Practical Suggestions for Tree Wardens." It deals with the duties of a tree warden in general, with pruning, planting and insect pests. It is needless to say that the work is well done. It may be well here to mention that in 1899 the general court of that State authorized the ai)pointment of tree wardens for the various towns of the Commonwealth, and that this Act is not a dead letter. It insures to the citizens of the towns good trees, plenty of them, and proper care for the trees when planted. Some of the desolate, treeless towns of Central Penn- sylvania would not only be more attractive, but healthier and more comfortable if a similar' Act were in force in this State.— J. T. R. Forestry Rules in the Philippine Islands. MAJ. JOHN BIDDLE PORTER, a mem- ^ ber of the Association, who is now sta- tioned at Manila, has kindly furnished a copy of the '' Regulations Governing the Utiliza- tion of Forest Products of State Lands, ' ' which went into effect on July i, 1900. The timber of the Philippine Islands is divided into SIX groups, and the prices to be paid for the State timber is respectively 14, lo, 8, 3, 2 and i cent per cubic foot, measured standing. The value of logs of Camagon wood is increased 100 per cent., and of ebony 200 per cent. In the supe- rior group 12 trees are included, both the popular and scientific names being given ; in the next lower group are found 1 7 varieties ; the other four groups contain respectively 48, 75, 200 and ^Z varieties, a total for all the classes of 385. But one year is allowed in the license for felling and removing timber, and if a longer time is nec- essary, a new license must be obtained. Owners of mining concessions must pay a rent or tax on the ground occupied, and also give a bond of sufficient amount to cover any damage which may happen to the trees or forest products from such operations. They must also obtain a license before utilizing State timber. (Gratuitous licenses are issued to needy residents for building or manufacturing purposes, not to exceed 1000 cubic feet, but trees belonging to the two higher classes cannot be thus cut. Trees of the lower three classes only can be used for firewood, and if any of the higher classes are cut, a fine of four times the value of the wood is imposed. Licenses are also issued for harvesting caout- chouc, gum elastic, gutta percha, gum mastic, rosin (black and white), and balao, and the felling of these trees is also absolutely prohibited. The felling of trees of the two higher classes, excepting ebony, camuning and lancte of a less diameter than 40 centimetres, is also prohibited, as well as the felling of any ylang ylang tree. Trees are to be cut close to the ground, and care taken not to damage adjacent trees in felling or re- moving. Fines and penalties are imposed for non- compliance with the rules, and forestry officials are to see that they are i)roperly carried out. It is not wars which have brought most evil upon the region of the Mediterranean, but aridity brought on and aggravated by the reckless destruction of woods, and by the excessive abuse of pasturing sheep on the mountains. — Deherau. FOREST LEAVES. :P2 4W- i> Game Protective Law. ' > >.-. THE Pennsylvania Game Commission has issued a Bulletin in regard to the Lacey Bill for the protection of game, which was passed by Congress, and became a law on May 25th. According to this national law, and our own State law, it is clearly a violation of the law of Pennsylvania to purchase or sell deer, wild turkey, pheasant, quail or woodcock within the State, and it is evident that parties carrying game out of the State can be reached (whether they be individuals or common carriers), not only by State, but by National law. The New Hunting. IN what he calls ** New Hunting," Ernest Seton- Thompson makes a suggestion full of interest to all foresters, professional and amateur, and opens wide possibilities for sport to everyone who loves to roam the woods, or who enjoys a contest of skill with wild animals. And the best of it all is, that there is no blood about it, no killing, and the bird or deer or wolf is there for the next hunter. Mr. Seton -Thompson, after hunting all over this country and some others, and bagging much big game, has laid aside his rifle and shot-gun, and now shoots with the camera. One needs but the suggestion to see the possibilities in it ; no need to go a thousand miles to find something for a mark ; no running against gatne laws ; and, best of all, something to prove that one has done the thing. If fishing can only be done in a similar way, imagine the effect on our morals ! And let no one say that there is no ** sport," no excitement, in the new hunting. If one must work half a day to get near enough to a deer to kill him, how much more skill and patience must it recjuire to get near enough to take his picture. And what is a dead bird compared with a ** snap- shot " of him and his mate about their household affairs, or, perhaps, a picture of his fight for life with an enemy. This sort of thing is full of possibilities ; it gives an occupation to many who love the woods, and it will take to the woods, the life-giving woods, many who know not their charm. | For the forester it has a practical side — that is, j if it be admitted that game-keeping and forestry ; should, or may, go hand in hand. In Europe for- I esters are encouraged to hunt, in the belief that the pursuit of game will lead them into the wildest • and most remote parts of their ranges. That might be true here, or it might not, but there can be on (question that the keeper of a State or private reserve could easily provide game for any number of •*view" hunters where but a few of the killing kind could be satisfied. Henceforth, ** Let's go a-hunting " has a new meaning. A. G. — The Division of Forestry has selected South- ern California as the field for an exhaustive series of measurements and investigations for the purpose of securing accurate knowledge of the relation of forest to the run -off of streams. The question has become an exceedingly important one in many parts of the United States where lumbering is ex- tensive, and has caused much diversity of opinion among scientific men. After examining many watersheds and securing the advice of a number of hydraulic engineers, the watershed which em- braces the sources of the Mohave River, in the San Bernardino Mountains, was chosen as the best centre for experiments. The work will embrace a comprehensive study of the present forest cover, considered in relation to the rainfall and the flood capacity of streams. The area selected contains three distinct types — the Holcomb shed, a brush -covered district ; the Litttle Bear shed, which has been denuded by lumbering ; and Deep Creek shed, still covered with heavy virgin forest. These areas are under the control of the Arrowhead Irrigation Company, which has kept twenty-eight rain-gauge stations in operation for seven years, and has also measured the flow of the streams during that time ; so that the Government experts will have much data already on hand. The soil is similar on all portions, and the geological formation uniformly granitic. The rain- fall on the forested and logged-off tracts is prac- tically the same, but is slightly less on the Hol- comb shed, which approaches desert conditions. It is believed that conditions are so nearly similar throughout the region that the observations will be as instructive as if made on the same tract before and after lumbering. The effect of grazing and fires will also be noted. I'he flood capacity of the streams will be made the basis (of investigation. It is well known that, although the rainfall may be less, a barren area will often produce greater floods than a wooded area. This is because the water, unobstructed by vegetable cover, runs off the surface rapidly, and is practically wasted. A lesser total rainfall, if conserved by the forest, will soak into the ground and flow steadily throughout the year. The in- vestigations projected will be the first, however, in this country, to attempt to prove by figures that the flood extreme of streams is in proportion to the lack of forest covering. The results will be applicable in a general way to any portion of the country, and will be of special value to all regions where irrigation is practiced. ^ ^,7f 168 FOREST LEAVES. American Foresters in Germany. 73 A RELY is an excursion so entirely success- L^ fill as that planned and conducted by Dr. C. A Schenck, of Biltmore, last sum- mer. One does not expect to see it all in ten weeks, yet under such direction as that of Dr Schenck and of Dr. Wm. Schlich, director of the forestry school at Coopers Hill, England, who kindly took up a part of the party after Dr Schenck left for the United States, an opportu- nity was given to see and learn more than was possible in any ordinary way. Foresters gener- ally are glad to have any one take an interest in their doings, but not always do they care to de- vote themselves to a stranger ; in this case the chief officer of each forest accompanied the party, and naturally made a point of explaining the special features of his method of culture. The technical part of the study is not in place here, yet some observations may have interest to the readers of Forest Leaves. I shall write of German forestry, with the reminder, however, that in most respects that is merely another term for universal forestry or scientific woodcraft The Swiss, the French, the English in India, and so on, have developed their woodlands more or less intensively and have many able foresters ; still, the art has its home and fullest development in (Germany. First of all let it be noted that German forestry IS eminently practical. One is reminded of the fabled Chinese recipe for preparing roast pig- shut the pig in a house and burn down the house —when he reflects that a journey to Europe was necessary to bring that fact home to twelve Americans who had given some time and thought to the subject. The impression that ( Jerman for- estry IS theoretical in the extreme, that it com- prehends more botany and calculus than belongs to such a business, prevails largely in the United States. I am sure, and we ought to get rid of it, the trouble probably comes from two sources: first, from the observations and remarks of trav- elers, who overlook all but the systematically planted and regularly tended forests ; and sec- ond, from the text-books, which, of course, lay down rule and law in absolute fashion. In prac- tice trees are planted, seeds are sown, or natural regeneration is induced according to the possi- bilities of the situation and the ideas of the man- agement. When seeds are sown, or young trees set out, it is easier and costs less to do it sys- tematically than at haphazard ; thus a planted forest, like the right sort of a cornfield, simply uses all the ground to best advantage. Neverthe- less, planting is not so much in favor now as it was some years ago; foresters prefer to help Nature start the young crop wherever it is possi- ble, and they have learned to do it without much loss of time. In respect to lumbering methods, they are sim- ply those that suit the locality best. In the high mountains of Bavaria, logging sometimes is done very much after the American manner— fell the trees, slide the logs down hill to a stream, whence they can be floated by splash -dam to a river or mill, and leave the brush in the woods. Usually however, lumber is worth so much and labor so little, relatively, that everything is used, and it pays to handle the logs carefully; in selection forests the branches are sometimes lopped before the trees are felled, to lessen the damage to the young growth. Throughout Europe the strongest impression that one gets is of the economy of the people, and that principle applied to forestry is seen in the carefully protected bits of woodland that stand wherever soil or situation is unsuited toother crops. The hill-tops and steep slopes naturally are given over to trees, but often one may see a fine tree stand on what was once a worn-out field, or a young tree plantation on a bit of farm land that has yielded less and less, year by year, until the owner thinks that there is more in a crop of lum- ber. Everyone there knows that trees enrich the soil, while field-crops exhaust it, that fire is little to be feared, and that taxes will be adjusted to the yield of the land. All this is in striking contrast to the situation in Pennsylvania, or in any part of the United States, where waste of lumber, waste of soil, waste of river and spring water, and obliviousness to future needs go merrily on. And yet Europe^s position in respect to her forests has come from a need such as ours will be, and follows a careless misuse of the woodlands not much unlike ours. In fact, a little study of forest history shows that many parts of Europe, even of (iermany, are still paying the cost of the reckless waste of former times. The diff'erence between our situation and theirs is that they reached a point at which they ///us/ care for their forests two hundred, or one hundred years, or even less, sooner than we have. One cannot have a doubt that American forest protection must follow American wastefulness exactly as the one has followed the other in Europe, with this differ- ence, that if we s/o/> our fi/-es now we shall have more to begin with than Europe had at the com- mencement of her regeneration period, and we shall not be burdened with the proscri|)tive rights, the servitudes, that still seriously interfere with the best management of many CJerman forests. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii., No. ii. VIEWS IN THE BLACK FOREST OF GERMANY. A Black Fokfst Valley WITH FIELDS AND FORESTS: THE LINES IN THE FIELDS ARE IRRIGATING DITCHES. A Planted Forest i8 Years Old. THREE ROWS OF SPRUCE ALTERNATE WITH TWO ROWS OF BEECH. NOTE THE CLEAR, STRAI(;HT STEMS AND THE BELTS OF SOIL- HROTECTINC; LITTER UNDER THE BEECHES, WHILE UNDER THE SPRUCE THERE IS LITTLE. IN WINTER THIS WILL BE BLOWN ABOUT — AND DECAYING, ENRICH THE .SOIL OF BOTH ALIKE. Lumbering in the Black Forest where trees have a high value. ^.7f 168 FOREST LEAVES. American Foresters in Germany. RARELY is an excursion so entirely success- ^ fill as that planned and conducted by Dr. C. A Schenck, of Biltmore, last sum- mer. One does not expect to see it all in ten weeks, yet under such direction as that of I)r Schenck and of Dr. Wm. Schlich, director of the forestry school at Coopers Hill, England, who kindly took up a part of the party after Dr Schenck left for the United States, an opportu- nity was given to see and learn more than was possible in any ordinary way. Foresters gener- ally are glad to have any one take an interest in their doings, but not always do they care to de- vote themselves to a stranger ; in this case the chief officer of each forest accompanied the party, and naturally made a point of explaining the special features of his method of culture. The technical part of the study is not in place here, yet some observations may have interest to the readers of Forkst Leaves. I shall write of German forestry, with the reminder, however, that in most res]jects that is merely another term for universal forestry or scientific woodcraft. The Swiss, the French, the English in India, and so on, have develoj^ed their woodlands more or less intensively and have many able foresters ; still, the art has its home and fullest development in (iermany. First of all let it be noted that (lerman forestry IS eminently i)ractical. One is reminded of the fabled Chinese recipe for i)reparing roast pig- shut the pig in a house and burn down the house —when he reflects that a journey to Euro|)e was necessary to bring that fact home to twelve Americans who had given some time and thought to the subject. 'I'he impression that (lerman for- estry is theoretical in the extreme, that it com- j)rehends more botany and calculus than belongs to such a business, ])revails largely in the United States. I am sure, and we ought to get rid of it, the trouble probably comes from two sources: first, from the observations and remarks of trav- elers, who overlook all but the systematically planted and regularly tended forests ; and, sec- ond, from the text-books, which, of course, lay down rule and law in absolute fashion. In jirac- tice trees are i)lanted, seeds are sown, or natural regeneration is induced according to the possi- bilities of the situation and the ideas of the man- agement. When seeds are sown, or young trees set out, it is easier and costs less to do it .sys- tematically than at haphazard ; thus a i)lanted forest, like the right sort of a cornfield, simply uses all the ground to best advantage. Neverthe- less, planting is not so much in favor now as it was some years ago; foresters prefer to help Nature start the young crop wherever it is possi- ble, and they have learned to do it without much loss of time. In respect to lumbering methods, they are sim- ply those that suit the locality best. In the high mountains of Bavaria, logging sometimes is done very much after the American manner— fell the trees, slide the logs down hill to a stream, whence they can be floated by splash -dam to a river or mill, and leave the brush in the woods. Usually however, lumber is worth so much and labor so little, relatively, that everything is used, and it pays to handle the logs carefully; in selection forests the branches are sometimes lopi)ed before the trees are felled, to lessen the damage to the young growth. Throughout Europe the strongest impression that one gets is of the economy of the people, and that principle applied to forestry is seen in the carefully protected bits of woodland that stand wherever soil or situation is unsuited toother crops. The hill-tops and steep slopes naturally are given over to trees, but often one may see a fine tree stand on what was once a worn-out field, or a young tree plantation on a bit of farm land that has yielded less and less, year by year, until the owner thinks that there is more in a crop of lum- ber. Everyone there knows that trees enrich the soil, while field-crops exhaust it, that fire is little to be feared, and that taxes will be adjusted to the yield of the land. All this is in striking contrast to the situation in Pennsylvania, or in any jxart of the United States, where waste of lumber, waste of soil, waste of river and spring water, and obliviousness to future needs go merrily on. And yet Europe's position in respect to her forests has come from a need such as ours will be, and follows a careless misuse of the woodlands not much unlike ours. In fact, a little study of forest history shows that many i)arts of Europe, even of (Iermany, are still paying the cost of the reckless waste of former times. The difference between our situation and theirs is that they reached a point at whi( h they w//^7 care for their forests two hundred, or one hundred years, or even less, sooner than we have. One cannot have a doubt that American forest protection must follow American wastefiilness exactly as the one has followed the other in Europe, with this differ- ence, that if we stop our fires now we shall have more to begin with than Europe had at the com- mencement of her regeneration period, and we shall not be burdened with the proscri|)tive rights, the servitudes, that still seriously interfere with the best management of many (lerman forests. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii., No. ii. VIEWS IN THE BLACK FOREST OF GERMANY. A Black Foktst V^alley WITH FIELDS AND FORESTS: THE LINES IN 1 H H FIELDS AKE IKKI(;ATIX(; DITCHES. A Planted Forest i8 Years Old. THREE ROWS OF SPRUCE ALTERNATE WITH TWO ROWS OF BEECH. NOTE THB CLEAR, STRAKJHT STEMS AND THE BELTS OF SOIL- I'ROTECTINfi LITTER INDER THE BEE(HKS, WHILE INDER THE SI'RCl E THERE IS LITTLE. IN WINTER THIS WILL BE BLOWN ABOUT — AND DECAYINfi, ENRICH THE SOIL OF BOTH ALIKE. Ll'MHERINf; IN THE BlACK FoREST WHERE TREES HAVE A HI(;H VALUE. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE ' 3^5 FOREST LEAVES. It is not worth while to make much account of the distinctions between State, communal and private forests; the management of all is con- trolled by government to an extent that, broadly speaking, is determined by local necessities ; that is, if the State owns a large part of the forests in any district, the communal or private owners of the smaller tracts can treat them about as they please ; whereas, in districts where the State is a relatively small holder, or where forests must be maintained on steep mountain sides — called pro- tection forests — the control is strict ; government protects the community against its members. And it is instructive to note how often State forests, in spite of servitude and embarrassments, look better and produce more than private forests lying next them, wherein the owners have been tempted by hard times or high prices to cut more heavily than they should. I have in mind two parts of the Black Forest near Wolfach, and par- ticularly the forest belonging to the city of Zurich, in Switzerland. Most of the latter has been under management for upwards of five hundred years, but a part is newly acquired. The contrast be- tween the two is striking. One forest adds to its volume year by year, 6 per cent, on the average ; the other may make 3)4 per cent., and will re- quire many years of care to bring it to the condi- tion of the first. The key to the economic administration of every German forest is efficient transportation. Everywhere this is recognized and is made the basis of all operations. Of course, the roads are not all of the best ; good material may be lacking, or more time and money may be recjuired ; but the aim is to connect each part of the forest with main pike-roads or with railroads ; the system is elaborately worked out with majorand minor roads, paths and trails, all of which serve one another, and answer as fire-lanes and compartment boun- daries. The high productive power of these forests, of which we hear so much, is the direct result of their road systems, and any forester can show in the most convincing manner how the yield of his forest increased as the material was made more ac- cessible. In this matter of good roads we have more to learn of Europe than in any other, perhaps ; we may be learning, or, having learned something, are bettering our common roads as fast as we can; yet we must recognize the fact that whenever any- thing shall be done with our forests, the means of ready and reasonable transportation is all-impor- tant. The Oerman forester is a man of figures ; he will tell you how many trees per hectare stand on any section of his forest, what their Average height and average diameter is, and how much logs and firewood of every grade are worth ; he can calculate to a fraction the size of the smallest branch or twig that it will pay him to market, and he can figure how much he can afford to spend for planting or sowing and for cultivating, when lum- ber will have a certain value a hundred years hence. All this is part of his training, and though in practice he uses, perhaps, one-tenth of his school teaching and forgets the rest, he is able to take his forest and its records from his predecessor, ad- minister and develop it along definite lines, and leave it to his successor usually in better shape than he found it — that at least is always his am- bition. He generally does his own surveying, is his own engineer and bridge-builder, and his own clerk and bookkeeper ; he knows how to do everything needful to the proper management of his charge ; he lives with it, and is acquainted with it from beginning to end. With all this he often knows nothing of the utilization of the lumber after it leaves the forest ; the operations of a sawmill are quite outside his field. This is because in Germany logs and fire- wood are sold by auction on the ground, and the forester need concern himself only about the price his material will bring in that condition. Many a time were we almost amused at the value put on timber ; for instance, a spruce log 6o feet long, 13 inches in diameter at the butt, and 6>4 inches at the top, was said to be worth $4.50 where it lay beside a road in the forest in Bavaria ; no lumberman could get more than 80 cents for it at any camp in the United States, though, perhaps, as pulp-wood it would bring $1.00 at a paper-mill in Maine. Again, an oak log 40 feet long, 32 inches in diameter at the butt, brought at an auc- tion sale in the Spessart last January $220.00 ! Let some of our lumber friends figure how much such a piece of timber would be worth to them. These are but examples of the difference between lumber values in Germany and in the United States ; they show the uselessness of comparing prices or net earnings in the two situations ; there- fore I refrain from quoting more of the figures concerning the value and yield of the German forests that were so freely given us ; they would but serve to create false impressions. In general, well-managed State and some private forests pay steadily year by year 4, 5 or even 6 per cent, net on the capital invested. A fact that has interest, however, is that everywhere the revenues have steadily increased ; in a representative district in WUrtemberg, for instance (Schonmiinzach), the FOREST LEAVES, forest yielded, in 1827, 60 cents per acre per an- num ; in 1853, $1.00; in 1868, ;^2.6o; in 1888, $3.00. This increase is partly due to the advance of prices in all lines, but mainly, it is said, to ef- fective culture and to road construction. If that sort of thing can be done where land has a high value, how much more does it seem possible where land costs almost nothing, and where, moreover, lumber prices are rapidly advancing ; there are thousands of acres in Pennsylvania as well suited to timber crops as any in Germany, and as capable of yielding steadily forever a rate of interest that any trust or guardian, a church fund for instance, would be glad to get. It is no doubt true that the high prices that lumber brings in Germany just now are in some measure due to the wave of prosperity that has spread over the whole country ; but, on the whole, wood is becoming more valuable as population in- creases and new uses for it are found ; it is safe to say that there is, and always will be, a steady demand for forest products in spite of the increas- ing use of metals. Europe sees this, and is wisely establishing forestry on a permanent basis, and is using every means to insure steady productiveness and practical safety for invested capital. Some- times governmental foresight goes further and looks to the continuance of local industries by working State forests with a view to the produc- tion of certain kinds of timber ; thus in parts of the Spessart the Bavarian government carefully preserves a number of old beech trees, and allows only a certain quantity to be cut each year, in or- der that there may be a sufficiency of wood for making large malting shovels and broad bakers* s paddles ! That sort of thing seems ridiculous when it is admitted that the big trees are preserved at a direct financial loss, but it shows that the for- ests are meant to serve the State and the people. Another interesting point in this connection is, how nearly has Germany provided herself with a continuous wood supply? It is pretty generally admitted that in soft woods there is a fair repre- sentation of all ages, but in hard woods, especially oak, there is a gap ; that is, there is a sufficiency of old wood for present purposes, and plenty of immature forests, but comparatively little of the younger woods that can reach maturity before the supply of old shall be exhausted. Thus, if oak cannot profitably be cut under 140 years old, what is to be done when the mature wood is gone, and there can be no more for forty or fifty years ? The rights, privileges and servitudes that cum- ber many of the German forests are intensely in- teresting features, except, perhaps, to the forester in charge, whose administration is hampered by them. The commonest right that the people pos- sess is that to gather dead wood for fuel. In itself the practice does little harm ; the trouble is that sometimes young trees or branches are helped to '* go dead." Another common right is that of pasture in the forest, and where it exists it is hard to start young trees. But the worst of all is the right to remove litter for stable -bedding ; under it the forest soil is made bare, and the trees so robbed of their nat- ural fertilizer that their growth is seriously retarded. In many forests some or all of these rights have been bought up, or otherwise extinguished ; in others they take a good ])art of the normal yield, besides interfering with the proper sylvicultural management. Here is a list of what one forest in Baden has to bear, with some of the limitations that the management now imposes. The people mav take from the forest : 1. All dry wood up to 3^^ inches diameter to be taken away on Tuesdays and Fridays in May, June and July, 2. All branch wood up to 2 inches in diameter when trees are felled. 3. All the mast (acorns and nuts) in ordinary years ; in full seed years the forest is closed from Sept. 29th to Feb. 2d, unless the peasants deliver a stated quantity of good nuts for seed. 4. All the litter, except that of late years the first half of the rotation (period of growth), and the last ten years (regeneration period) are pro- tected. 5. All windfalls containing less than one stere (about 1^ cord). 6. All felled timber so rotten that it will not hold a wedge. 7. All wood cut in cultural operations, thinning, etc. ; and they have 8. The right to pasture their cattle in the forest. This is a pretty heavy load for any administra- tion to carry, especially when no end of ancient l)rejudices go with it ; it is the worst case that we found, however — even worse than that of the Nu- remberg town forest, where, in spite of two serious losses from insects within sixty years, the manage- ment must continue to grow pure pine because the people want pine litter, and will have no other. From this sort of thing we fortunately are almost free, so that when the time comes to establish our forests, it will be possible to do it with no such embarrassments. All over (iermany we found game keeping mixed up with forestry proper, and if a forester spoke his mind, and was not over-fond of his gun, he ad- mitted that it was the greatest drawback to success- ful tree-culture that he had to deal with. Hunting in Germany usually means having a lot of tame deer or boars driven before the * ' sportsmen, ' ' who shoot FOREST LEAVES. ' V ' them from very safe vantage points. However, the method of hunting is none of our business, nor need we object to game-keeping by one who can afford it ; our observation is that the institution as an adjunct to forestry is a detriment, and costs much more than it is worih. Deer, apparently, are the favorite game and the worst offenders ; they bite the fresh shoots, and in young trees prac- tically put a stop to healthy growth. All sorts of devices, such as tarring the shoots, or wrapping bits of tow about them, are employed to balk the animals, and lots of valuable time has been lost ; foresters now say that the only effective thing to do is to fence in all plantations until the tree-shoots are out of reach ; that's a pretty costly business, and, of course, cannot be applied to mixed or se- lection forests. For us the question is important only because we are so often urged to protect our forests and enjoy unlimited hunting. From the experience of Germany it looks as if game-keep- ing with forestry might do very well, but forestry and game-keeping is a bad combination. It will be easier for us to ignore the game ques- tion in connection with our forests than it is for Germany to give it up, because there there are traditions, rights and privileges that cannot easily be got rid of. The intimate association of forestry and agricul- ture was observed everywhere we went, and sug- gested the possibility of our combining the two to a considerable extent. In the rougher mountain regions one sees all the bottoms and fertile benches under cultivation, while the slopes are forest -clad ; in the hay-fields irrigation is practiced to an extent that is surprising when the rainfall, 40 to 60 inches, is considered ; the water from the mountain streams is led, by a series of ditches, all over the fields, and the result is ordinarily three good crops a year. (See illustration.) Another practice is to cultivate coppice forests, and after the wood is cut to grow grain for two or three years between the stumps ; of course the grain -growing has to be given up as soon as the new tree -shoots are big enough to shade the ground. But the great advantage of this union of the two industries is that a large number of people are given employment the year round — in their fields in summer and in the woods in winter ; the roads also are constantly used, and the cost of their mak- ing and mending thereby justified. This combined utility forms the basis of many of the rules for the government of forests, and it is a point that we as well ought to bear in mind, for it not only pro- vides for the fies/ use of all the land, but it keeps people in and about the forest all the time, where they can be called upon in case of fire or Other necessity. There never was a greater mistake than that of imagining that forests should be uninhab- ited ; the rule should be, rather, keep as many peo- ple in them as they will support. The greatest value that this tour had, was that it exhibited a variety of conditions, diverse meth- ods and objects of management, and brought us into contact with a number of foresters. To be sure the time spent with each was all too short, yet it sufficed to give a fairly clear idea of what each man was trying to make of his opportunities, and to some extent to suggest how similar treat- ment might be applied to existing or possible con- ditions at home. Foresters disagree as much as the proverbial doctors, and we soon found that one must listen to the gospel of this and that preacher, and accept as much of it as one's earlier-gained knowledge would allow. The difference between (Germany and the United States in respect to the variety of forest trees was apparent at once ; there they have but eight or ten valuable trees, and usually a forest contains not more than three or four species. The older for- esters believed that pure forests, or at most forests of two species, were best, and consequently one finds to-day large tracts of pure pine, or pure spruce, or of beech and oak, and so on, often pro- duced at considerable cost by converting native mixed forests ; in large measure, however, this practice is being given over because pure forests invite disease and loss from various causes — it's a sorry sight to see, as at Forstenried, a State forest near Munich, hundreds of acres of fine spruce killed off by the ** nun " moth, or in many places great areas thrown over by the wind ; it is, per- haps, not to much to say that the most progressive foresters are striving to bring about a condition similar to that found in many of our forests to-day ; />., a mixture of a number of species. Naturally, only valuable kinds are fostered, and a judicious management selects and groups the species with reference to their mutual dependence and individ- ual requirements, recognizing in every case the principle that one tree can always help or hinder the development of another. In this view our forests, with their wealth of valuable species, are the envy of the Germans ; they would make **big money" out of them; and one can imagine the sort of forest that would replace our virgin woods ; we should miss the ** grand old monarchs ' ' to sure, and the picturesque tangle of decrepit and fallen trunks, broken branches and clustered moss, but should have four, five and ten- fold as much good lumber. It is worth noting that the liveliest controversy now going on amongst German foresters is over the question of importing new species to replace, 472r FOREST LEAVES. or to grow along with, the native ones ; one party would bring in all good trees that can be adapted to German localities ; the other is afraid to take the risk of planting and having to wait fifty, sixty or more years to know the measure of their success or failure ; the one says ** Nature knows best," the other '* Nature has not had a chance. ' ' This much may be said : too many of the plantations of for- eign trees have been made with seeds of unknown origin, and too many plants have been set in un- suitable localities ; east or west in Europe may often mean west or east on the other side of the Atlantic, and white pine from Pennsylvania, for instance, might reasonably object to grow with expected rapidity in the latitude of Manitoba. Nevertheless, a forty -seven year old stand of white pine in the Frankfort town forest is doing well, and is quite equal to the forester's expectations. For us the warning is sharp and clear. For, in the years to come, we shall have to do more or less planting ; we must know where our seeds or plants come from, and whether our conditions are at least as favorable as those under which the seeds ripened. On this account experiment stations are impera- tive, and should be established at once. Lest our friends who look at the forests from their aesthetic side conclude that we are too ma- terial, and would make and use our woods solely for *'what is in it," let us see what lesson the Ger- mans have for us here. Many parts of the famous Black Forest, the forest of Thuringia, the Spessart and town forests, such as those of Frankfort, Baden- Baden, Zurich, are emi)loyed and enjoyed as pleas- ure-grounds ; in fact, wherever a forest is near enough to a city or town, the park idea is carried out ; the woods, roads and trails are kept clear for walkers, and perhaps a few other desirable ones made ; a bench is placed here and there, a '' view ' ' opened up at a good point, and an occasional res- taurant licensed — the latter often being the house of a forest guard or ranger. Such are the ** parks " that are found all over the country, and one needs but to visit them to be convinced that they are appreciated. The main roads are much used by drivers and bicyclists, yet walking is the thing. Thousands of people do it every summer, and often whole families may be seen, knapsacks on backs, living in the woods by day, and at night putting up at a convenient inn. One necessarily speaks of parks and forests, for the continuity is broken, and the ownershij) various ; yet for the tourist it is all one, and, thanks to the '* beautify- ing societies " (Verschoener Ungsvereine) which clearly mark the i)aths in each district, publish maps, and so on, one can walk, as 1 have done, two hundred miles or more through a succession of forests, along streams fringed with fields filled with greenness and busy people, and' over moun- tains that inspire and make one fitter to take a part in the busy world again. This is not all forestry, I know, yet in the main it is, for the forests make the whole thing possible. And the cost is nothing! the forest management spends something on roads and paths, but that is all, and, if need were, the inn-keepers could af- ford to reimburse it. In the State reserves that Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts are acquiring, is the possibility of a pleasure-ground equal to any in Europe, and if joined to the White Mountain region of New Hampshire, all the va- riety that Germany enjoys may be found. The forests must form the basis of it, and when once they are established, may be a source of revenue, not an expense. Pennsylvania can easily create a great park as attractive in every way as the fa- mous Black Forest; and the part of the State, in addition to the management of her reserves, is no more than to control forest fires, and, by reason- able taxation, invite property owners to preserve their woods. Alfred Gaskill. New Members of the Pennsylvania For- estry Association. SINCE the April issue the following persons have joined the Pennsylvania Forestry Association : Alderson, Miss Lilian C, ' Overbrook, Pa. Barnesy Mrs. John Hampton^ Paoliy Pa. Hiddle, Mrs. Charles J., 2108 I)e Lancey, Place, Phila., Pa. Hiddle, Harrison W., l>Iair, Mrs. J. C. , Bond, Francis Edward, Busch, Henry E., iiushnell, Charles E., Hushnell, Miss Edith, Cadlmry, Joel, 1420 Walnut St., Phila., Pa. 222 Penn St., Huntingdon, Pa. Spring House, Pa. 1006 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1836 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1631 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1502 (ireen St., Philadelphia, Pa. Campbell, Mrs. St. Ceorge, 1630 Walnut St., Phila., Pa. Capp, Seth Bunker, ** Overlook," Devon, Pa. Carpenter, Rev. C. B., Milford, Pa. Carson, The Misses, 344 S. 15th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Cauffman, Joseph, 435 School Lane, Gerniantown, Phila. Chambers, J. Howard, 3839 Powelton Ave., Phila., Pa. Clarke, John S., The Auto Car Co., Ardmore, Pa. Collins^ Alfred M., American and Oxford Sts.^ Phila. Conrad, Mrs. Thomas K., 1711 Walnut St., Phila., Pa. Cowperthwait, Mrs. J. B., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. Cozens, Miss Henriette, 407 S. 22d St., Philadelphia, Pa. Cramp, Henry W., 507 S. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa. Cressler, Miss I^elle, 575 Philada. Ave., Chambersburg, Pa. Dexter, Chas. L., 5831 Drexel Road, Overbrook, Pa. Emmert, Prof. D., 17th and Mifflin Sts., Huntingdon, Pa. Gibson, Wm. ()., 209 Ninth St., Pittsburgh, Pa. Hawke, C. L., Piedmont, Ala. Homer, Thomas B., E. Washington Lane, Germantown, Pa. Itschner, Werner, 17th and Ontario Sts., [Philadelphia, Pa. Kelly, Miss M. Kuhl, 323 S. 17th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Kelly, Mrs. Wm., 3307 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. Long, IV. P., M.D., Weatherly, Pa. HI FOREST LEAVES. Miller, Louis J., Huntingdon, Pa. Newbold, John S., 113 S. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa. Rau, Mrs. Wm. H., 2207 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Schott, Miss Mary W., 1906 S. Rittenhouse Sq., Phila., Pa. Wharton, Miss Frances Brinley, Chestnut Hill, Phila., Pa. Wiitman, Mrs. N. B., 44 N. 4th St., Reading, Pa. Italics indicate life members. We regret to chronicle the deaths of three mem- bers : Ashhurst, John, Jr., M.D., 2000 De Lancey Place, Phila. Blight, Miss E. R., 1500 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Disston, Horace C, 1515 N. Broad St , Philadelphia, I'a. We have before us a neat little pamphlet by C. A. Schenck, Ph.D., Forester to the Biltmore Es- tate, in North Carolina, entitled : ''Some Business Problems of American Forestry." It consists of a series of forestry problems for several States of the Union, which the author has propounded and worked out upon a scientific ba- sis. We give here the list of the table of con- tents : Table of Problems. A Longleaf Pine Problem (Florida). Another Longleaf Pine Problem (Florida). A Red Fir Problem (Oregon). A Yellow Poplar Problem (North Carolina). Another Yellow Poplar Prob- lem (North Carolina). An Adirondack Problem. A Spruce Problem. Another Spruce Problem. A White Pine Problem (Minnesota). A Short- leaf Pine Problem (Arkansas). Influence of For- est Fires on Rate of Interest. Stumpage — Prices of the Future. Forest Taxation in the United States. Influence of Taxes on Business Forestry. A National Park Problem (Minnesota). State Loans for Forestry Purposes (Pennsylvania). Weeding and Road -building. The one proposed for Pennsylvania naturally has the greatest interest for us, and Dr. Schenck, under the head of *' State Loans for Forestry Pur- poses," off'ers the following: Premises : The State of P. decides to engage in St^te forestry, and to that end takes up a loan of $1,450,000 at 4 per cent, which is to be used as follows : $1,000,000 for purchase of 1,000,000 acres at the headwaters of the rivers. $50,000 for lawyers' fees, surveys, demarkation, etc. $150,000 for roads, etc. $250,000 for defraying the annual salaries of superintendents and rangers. After the road system is developed, twelve years from to-day, an annual revenue of 10 cents per acre per annum will bed erived, under conserva- tive management, and it is expected that this rev- enue will gradually increase at the rate of 3 per cent, per annum. Question : Within how many years will the forest itself be able to redeem the loan ? What is the forest worth after the loan is re- deemed ? Result : The loan can be entirely redeemed within 43 years after the 12th year, or within 55 years from to-day. The forest, freed from all incumbrances ^fter 55 years, and producing annually $356,000, with prospect of an annual increase of revenue equal- ing 3 per cent., is worth about $35,600,000. If the people are ready to spend $58,000 for 1 2 years, they will gradually build up a very valuable forest. Far-leading calculations in forestry might seem fallacious and absurd, if forest history had not proved the very contrary. To all the friends of forestry, this is a very se- ductive showing for Pennsylvania. There is, how- ever, one insuperable obstacle in the way. This powerful and rich old Commonwealth has a con- stitution which is perverse enough to stand in the way of borrowing money for even so good a j)urpose as this. However, we commend Dr. Schenck' s paper to all students of forestry possi- bilities in this country. New Publications. A Summer' s Work Abroad. By Mira Lloyd Dock. Bulletin No. 62, Department of Agricul- ture of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pa. 8vo., 33 pages, illustrated. Miss Dock spent the summer and part of the fall of 1899 in England and Europe, and was commissioned by the Secretary of Agriculture to make incpiiry and observations in regard to rural school grounds, house grounds, forests, parks and playgrounds, which would increase interest in and improve our practice in their care. The results of these observations are contained in this bulletin, and are confined to England, Scotland and Oermany. The English parks, roads, school - houses, farm and garden work, inns, etc. , are well described, and a brief synopsis of some portions of the forestry work in the Black Forest (here printed in full) has already been given by Miss Dock in Forest Leaves. We would commend this mono- graph to all who are interested in forestry, parks, adornment of rural grounds, etc. A Course in Nature Study for Use in the Public Schools. By Miss Louise Miller. Bulletin No. 63, n FOREST LEAVES. Department of Agriculture, State of Pennsylva- nia, Harrisburg, Pa. 8vo. ,117 pages. This bulletin is intended as a guide to teachers, indicating the subjects adapted to each grade of scholars, and the order by months in which the subject ought to be pursued. The new rational method of instruction, by teaching the scholars to observe the various phases of nature, is a good one, and will do much toward advancing the education of to-day. JVor//i American Fauna, No. 18. By Wilfred H. Osgood, Assistant Biologist, Biological Survey U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 8vo., 74 pages, illustrated. This monograph was prepared under the direc- tion of Dr. C. Hart Merriam, and is a ** Revision of the Pocket Mice of the Genus Perognathus. ' ' The first bulletin of North American fauna which treated of pocket mice has been wholly revised, new species added, and made complete to date. ' A Revieiu of Economic Ornithology in the United States, By J. S. Palmer, Assistant Chief of Bio- logical Survey, U. S Department of Agriculture Washington, I). C. 8vo., 34 pages, illustrated. This excellent bulletin gives a brief account of the development of American ornithology, inves- tigations which were undertaken as to the value of birds, the work accomplished by the Biological Survey in fourteen years, treats of the commer- cial uses of birds, and also discusses measures which were taken for the destruction, preservation and introduction of birds, together with a general epitome of the present status of birds. Progress of Forestry in the United States. By Gifford Pinchot, Forester, Division of Forestry, United States Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. 8vo., 16 pages, illustrated. This IS a reprint from the 1899 year-book of the Department of Agriculture, and is a review of the gradual advances made by forestry The wise protection enacted by the early settlers for the preservation of the woodlands is instanced, which was soon overlooked by later arrivals— the development of a forest policy, the creation and administration of national forest reserves, private and State forestry, forest fire legislation, the work of the Division of Forestry, forestry associations, protection of game and fish, and Arbor Day. The Practice of Forestry by Private Oiuners. «y Henry S. Graves, Superiniendent Working Plans, Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 8vo., 16 pages, illustrated. i £> > This interesting reprint from the 1800 year- book treats of a subject for which it is hard to secure data, as the efforts of private individuals and companies to practice forestry is but seldom heralded in print or becomes known outside of the immediate neighborhood. Yet these efforts should be encouraged and aided, as they will do much to aid in the foundation of a true forest policy. The Tiuentieth Annual Report of the United States Geological Sun^ey, 1898-99, part 5, Forest Reserves, has been received. Accompanying it in a pocket we find the following maps : A large map of Washington, showing in colors a classification of lands. This is an extremely valuable map. Location and Extent of the Forest Reserves and National Parks in Western United States. The following smaller maps are likewise found in the pocket : Pike's Peak, Plum Creek and South Platte Porest Reserves, showing density of forests. Pike's Peak, Plum Creek and South Platte Forest Reserves, showing range of principal tim- ber trees, irrespective of burned areas, etc. Pike's Peak, Plum Creek and South Platte forest Reserves, showing burned areas. White River Plateau Timber Reserve, showing distribution of commercial timber, burned areas etc. ' Battlement Mesa Forest Reserve, showing dis- tribution of commercial timber, burned areas, etc. Bitterroot Forest Reserve, showing Land Clas- sification. There are 478 pages of text, a copious index, and 159 plates and two figures. The first 37 pages, bristling with figures and statistics, are from the pen of Mr. Henry (iannett, Chief of Division. These no doubt are as exact as can be until a close detailed survey is made-^-such as a Pennsylvania lumberman would make before pur- chasing a tract of timber. The half-tone illus- trations are, many of them, extremely fine. Some few do not come up to the general standard. We would be very glad indeed to devote more space to this admirable volume, but cannot do it jus- tice by anything short of an extended notice. We would advise the friends of forestry to pro- cure a copy for their libraries,— if they can. J. T. R. An owner of 30,000 acres in Clark County, Wis., considers it a practicable and profitable un- dertaking to clear up and burn the tops after lumbering, which he has done for the last six years. I \ FOREST LEAVES. 475 K. R. MEIER, Consulting Korester, MAHWAH, N. J. FORESTRY SCHOOL AT BILTMORE, N.C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D. Forester to the Biltmore Fstate. I-EiA£IS' TREE CH73CRTS. The whole series consists of fifteen numbers, divided into FARTS of three numbers each. They may be purchased singly -by the part —or by the full series, at the prices named below. More than half of the series has already been printed. The drawings are completed, and the remaining charts will be pub- lished at the earliest practicable date. One thousand paid sub- scriptions of S6.00 each would insure the immediate publication of the whole series. TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE. Price of single number, 50 cents each. Price of Part, $1.40 each. Price of full series, $6.00 each. A liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education or others purchasing in large numbers. NOW READY.— (These with a * as yet unprinted.) Part I. —THE OAKS. Forty-two species. No. 1. Hiennuil Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies. No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies. No. 3. Southern, Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples of Extinct Oaks. Part II.— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species. No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and European (-hestnuts. No 5. The Walnuts. American, Japanese, and European species and varieties. The Hi<;kories. American species and varieties. No. 6. Part III.— No. 7. *No. 8. ♦No. 9. Part IV.— ♦No. 10. ♦No. 11. No. 12. Part V.— ♦No. 13. ♦No. 14 The Willows and Poplars. Numerous species. The Birches, Elms, BiUtonwoods &nd allies. (Will soon be printed.) The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species. The Magnolia and related trees. The Horse Chestnuts and allies. The Maples. (Printed in advance.) .15) Locusts and allies of Pea Family of several genera. Wild Cherry, Mountain Axh, Sweet Gum, Soicr Qum, Persimmon. ♦No. 15) Ashes, Catalpas, Paxdownia, and others. For further information address the author, publisher and proprietor, GRACEANNA LEWIS, Media, - - - - Pennsylvania, FOREST \BM, o<||>o THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. RATES. I inch, . % page, , V2 '' it insertion. $1.00 4.00 7.00 12.00 insertions. $4,00 17.00 30,00 50.00 19 insertions. $8,00 , 34-00 60.00 100.00 Forestry and Village Improvement. Miss Dock Is prepared to fill engagements for talks on Village Improvement and Forestry, with or without lantern slides. Address MISS M. L, DOCK, 1427 N. Front Street, Harrisburg, Pa. Mi ^^^ Mt FOREST LEAVES. !| I ' i SUGAR MAPLES. One of the very finest deciduous-leaved trees of North America is the tall Sugar Maple. It can truly be -called the noblest of all the Maples. NO BETTER VARIETY CAN BE USED FOR STREET, PARK, OR LAWN PLANTING, as its growth is rapid and straig^ht, its form symmetrical, and it does not have the objectionable density of foliage possessed by the Norway Maple. For this reason it is well adapted for planting near build- ings, as it does not obstruct light or air, and the grass will grow up to Its very trunk. It is deep-rooted, and the wood is not britde; hence, it is not easily damaged by storms. The Sugar Maple will thrive in almost all localities, except where the ground is damp or t)Oggy. No tree has more gorgeous autumn coloring, as it varies in all shades of yellow, orange and scarlet until the leaves finally fall. PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING LOW PRICES- trans, trans, trans. Each. $o 35 50 75 iX to i^ in. ; trans., i 00 1)4 to 1^ in. ; trans., i 50 i^ to 2 in. ; trans., i 75 Larger trees, 2 to 2)4 in. diam. ; trans., 2 25 Larger trees, 2)4 to 3 in. diam. ; trans., 3 50 Larger trees, 3 to 3)4 in. diam. ; trans., 4 00 7 to 8 ft. 8 to 9 ft. 9 to 10 ft. 10 to 12 ft. 12 to 14 ft. 14 to 15 ft. 10 $2 50 4 00 6 00 7 50 12 50 15 00 20 00 30 00 35 00 100 $22 50 30 00 40 00 50 00 100 00 125 00 150 00 fll^DORl^A flUt^SEPIES, WILLIAM WARNER HARPER. CHESTNUT HILL, PHILA., PA. Vql. vil Philadelphia, December, 1900. No. 12. Published Bi-Monthly by the PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Officc as second class matter. CONTENTS. Editorials Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association President's Address, Pennsylvania Forestry Association Treasurer's Report Address of the General Secretary of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association Report of the Council of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association... Forest Conditions in Porto Rico Cottonwood, Carolina Poplar, Necklace Poplar. (Populus moni- lifera. Ait.) (Sargent, Silva N. A., Vol. IX, Populus deltoidea, P- i79» t. 494. 495.) A Useful Organization in the Ridgway Public Schools Resolutions in Aid of Forestry Forestry at the Pan-American Exposition Forestry Schools Correspondence Stumpage Prices '. New Books 177 178 179 180 ! 180 i 183 I 183 I 184 185 185 185 186 187 187 189 Subscription, $i.oo per Year. The attention of Nurserymen and others is called to the advantages of FoRBST Lbavbs as an advertising medium. Rates will be fur- nished on application. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Founded in June, 1886, Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture and preservation, and to secure the enact- ment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws, both State and National. Annual membership fee. One dollar. Life membership, Fifteen dollars. Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names X.0A.B. IVeimer, Chairman Member- ship Committee, 512 Walnut Street, Phila. President, John Birkinbine. Vice-Presidents, Herbert Welsh, Howard M. Jenkins, James C. Haydon, Wm. S. Harvey, Richard Wood. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Council- at- Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Rev. Alfred L. Elwyn. Finance, W. S. Harvey, Chairman ; William L. Elkins, Dr. Henry M. Fisher, W. W. Frazier, Charles E. Pancoast, J. Rodman Paul, and Herbert Welsh. Membership, Albert B. Weimer, Chairman; Edwin Swift Balch, Charles W. Freedley, Joseph W. Johnson, and Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Law, Hon. W. N. Ashman, Chairman ; Henry Budd, Charles Hewett, Henry Howson, Henry C. McCormick, and John A. Siner. Publication, John Birkinbine, Chairman ; F. L. Bitler, J. C. Brooks, B. Witman Dambly, and Dr. William P. Wilson. Work, Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, Chairman ; Mrs Brinton Coxe. Mrs. George T. Heston, Mrs. John P. Lundy, Howard M. Jenkins, William S. Kirk, and Richard Wood. County Organization, Samuel Marshall, Chairman ; Eugene Ellicott, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, and Charles G. Ogden. Office of the Association, 1012 Walnut St.. Philadelphia. EDITORIALS. SPACE is given in this issue to a presentation of the Educational problem as it is affected by schools of forestry, in hopes that we may have this interesting question discussed in the columns of Forest Leaves. We feel quite certain that there are not now available sufficient educated young men who have made forestry a study to fill the requirements of the Government. The fact of a man having a good education and b sing fond of trees does not necessarily make him a good forest specialist. Whether the demand for educated foresters will keep pace with the supply is an interesting ques- tion which we leave to those who have given the problem study. The suggestion of using educated men in the forests is certainly a good one. J. B. ***** The readers of Forest Leaves in Pennsylvania are reminded that in a few weeks the State Legis- lature will meet. It will be the privilege and the duty of each to keep posted on any legislation proposed which affects the forests of the State, aud to immediately communicate to legislators their desire to have the protection of our forests assured. As we write. Congress is in session, and each one can watch with interest what is done in Wash- ington concerning governmental protection of forests. J. B. ***** Much of the space of this issue is devoted to the addresses and reports presented at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry As- sociation, and to the narrative of this meeting. We trust that our readers will find in these papers much of interest and encouragement. J. B. I !H ^i>^ FOREST LEAVES. Narrative of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. THE annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was held in the room of the Association, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., on Monday, December 10, 1900, at 4 p. M. President John Birkinbine in the chair. The meeting was well attended and was opened with the address of the President, followed bv the reports of the General Secretary, the Treasurer, and of Council, all of which will be found on other pages in this issue. Messrs. Samuel Marshall and W. B. Atkinson, M.D., were appointed tellers of the election, and after counting the ballots announced that the fol- lowing persons had been elected as officers to serve during the coming year : President, John Birkinbine, Vice- Presidents, Herbert Welsh, Wm. S. Harvey, Richard Wood, James C. Haydon, Howard M. Jenkins. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Correspondincr Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. Council. At Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe, Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, Albert Lewis. Allegheny County, Hon. Geo. W. Guthrie, George M. Lehman, Henry Phipps. Berks County, Mrs. George Brooke, J. H. Stembergh. Blair County, Harvey Linton. Bradford County, C. S. Maurice. Bucks County, Mrs. Geo. T. Heston, Alfred Paschill, Dr. Howard Pursell. Cambria County, Hartley C. Wolle. Carbon County, M. S. Kemmerer. Centre County, Prof. Wm. A. Buckhout. Chester County, Hugh DeHaven, Wm. S. Kirk, Samuel Marshall. Clarion County, Jos. M. Fox. Clearfield County, John E. DuBois. . Clinton County, A. F. Ryon. Craivford County, George W. Barr, M. D. Cumberland County, J . C. Fuller. Dauphin County, E. C. Felton, Miss Mira L. Dock. Delaware County, Charles Potts. Elk County, Hon. Geo. R. Dixon. Erie County, Ira J. Dunn, M.D. Fayette County, Hon. Nathaniel Ewing. Forest County, Samuel D. Irwin. Franklin County, Col. T. B. Kennedy. Huntingdon County, Mrs. William Dorris. Jefferson County, J. C. Cochran, M.D. Lackawanna County, G. Edgar Dean, M.D., Hon. L. A. Watres. Lancaster County, J. H. Baumgardner, Hon. C. C. Kaufftnan. Lebanon County, Mrs. Bertham Dawson Coleman Lehigh County, Dr. William Heibst. Luzerne County, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, Col. R. Bruce Ricketts, Gen. Paul A. Oliver, I. A. Stearns. Lycoming County, Dr. B. H. Detwiler, J. Henry Cochran. McKean County, F. H. Newell. Mercer County, Jonas J. Pierce. Montgomery County, Dr. J. M. Anders, Hon. B. Witman Dambly, Dr. H. M. Fisher, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, Prof. J. Shelly Weinberger, Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Montour County, Isaac X. Grier. Northampton County, Dr. Thomas M. Drown Prof. T. C. Porter. Northumberland County, G. R. Van Alen. Perry County, Mrs. John Wister. Philadelphia County, Hon. W. N. Ashman, Henry Budd, Henry Howson, Joseph W. Johnson, J. Rodman Paul, Albert B. Weimer, Dr. W. P. Wilson. Pike County, Arthur M. Adams. Potter County, Arthur B. Mann. Schuylkill County, Wm. L. Sheafer, Heber S. Thompson. Somerset County, H. D. Moore, M.D. Sullivan County, Hon. B. W. Jenning.s. Susquehanna County, Edgar A. Turrell. Tioga County, Charles Tubbs. Union County, George G. Groff, M.D. Venango County, Prof. C. A. Babcock. Warren County, James O. Parmlee. Washington County, Wm. Parkison Warne. Wayne County, Alonzo T. Searle. Westmoreland County, Hon. Lucien W. Doty. Wyoming County, James W. Piatt. York County, Dr. I. C. Gable. — A discussion of the fire laws of Pennsylvania, by Mr. Hartley, of Bedford, and Dr. J. T. Roth- rock, occupied the recess taken to count the ballot. The meeting then adjourned sine die. — President Schurman, of Cornell University, announces that the New York State College of For- estry has been asked to furnish six competent as- sistants to the Forestry Bureau at Manila, P. I. Captain Ahern, in charge of that Bureau, proposes to reorganize the Bureau, which, under Spanish rule, employed over 130 officials to supervise the exploitation of iwenty or more millions of acres of public forest domain, furnishing now a revenue of $100,000 annually. He expects to increase the revenue greatly under competent foresters. He also proposes to send graduates from native colleges to take a special course in forestry at Cornell University. FOREST LEAVES. President's Address, Pennsylvania Forestry Association. IT is with gratification that your President in- vites attention to the reports of the Secretary and Treasurer of the Association and of the Secretary of the Council, which should command )EWr interest. The progress made in securing Forest Reserves, the operation of the Bureau of Forestry, and the general status of the movement for forest protection in Pennsylvania, is emphasized by the Secretary and needs no comment. The Treasurer' s report shows that the Association maintains its credit, but the figures demonstrate upon what meager income a work of magnitude is being attempted, and calls for effort on the part of the members to add to the available funds. The Council's Secretary, while inviting attention to a continued increase in membership, suggests how much greater the advance should be. Our publication, Forest Leaves, has been issued regularly, and during the year, 17,000 copies were printed. The Montgomery County branch, deeming that its members would render more practical service if directly connected with the State organization, decided to merge into the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. One thousand five hundred and fifty earnest women and men can, by co-operation, accomplish a great work, but if their efforts were strength- ened by association with ten times that number the result would be greater and the success more pronounced. A membership ten times that of the present is not chimerical, for 15,000 is less than the number of those who love trees, or of those who are interested in the present and future advance of the six million inhabitants of Pennsylvania. We may congratulate our neighboring State, New Jersey, upon the excellent compilation of data concerning its forest resources and possibilities, and which appear in the reports of the Geological Survey, issued by Prof. J. C. Smock, and trust that the State authorities of Pennsylvania may permit its Bureau of Forestry to carry forward similar investigations and present them in form available for its citizens. Favorable report of progress can also be made as to continued interest in the cause of forestry throughout the country, for efficient work is car- ried forward by the Departments of Agriculture and of the Interior of the General Government. The late convention, which decided to memorialize Congress in behalf of irrigation by having the Government construct reservoirs on the head waters of streams, demonstrates how greatly irri- gation depends upon the protection of the forests to conserve the flow of water. The importance attached to our forests by those who have been chosen to represent our govern- ment is well shown by the following excerpt from President McKinley's last address : ''The results obtained from our forest policy have demonstrated its wisdom and the necessity in the interest of the public for its continuance and increased appropriations by the Congress for the carrying on of the work. On June 30, 1900, there were thirty-seven forest reserves, created by Presidential proclamations under Section 24 of the act of March 3, 1891, embracing an area of 46,425,529 acres." The Hon. James Wilson, Secretary U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, presents the following interesting statement in regard to the work of the Forestry Division : ''There has been a great growth in forestry work which is of such a kind as to fully justify additional resources. The total requests for work- ing plans at the close of the year exceeded 50,000, - 000 acres, of which 2,500,000 were private land. Personal examinations were made of forty-eight tracts in fourteen States, covering nearly 900,000 acres; plans were actually prepared for 200,000 acres, and 50,000 acres were put under manage- ment. Tree-planting plans were made for fifty- nine applicants. ''The department is receiving with increased frequency applications for planting and working plans for watersheds from which cities obtain their supplies. ' ' The activity of the Forestry Bureau of Pennsyl- vania in securing for the State nuclei for forest preserves, and in efforts to protect the remaining forests from wasteful destruction, has been pro- ductive of satisfactory results, — so satisfactory, in fact, as to develop opposition to some of the work attempted. The friends of forestry dare not presume that the contest for protecting the remnant of standing forests ended when laws were enacted which dele- gated to the County Commissioners or to consta- bles power to suppress forest fires. These laws impose duties upon County Commissioners or con- stables which in some instances are not cheerfully accepted ; duties which, while adding to the respon - sibility of the officials, may engender animosi- ties. An effort is, therefore, being made by the County Commissioners to be relieved from addi- tional duties imposed, which carry with them but moderate compensation, particularly as the per- formance of these duties may lead to political antagonisms, while necessitating considerable physical exertion, demands prompt action on the part of the commissioners. i I'Hi 1 FOREST LEAVES. 41 But forest protection must not take a step back- ward. It is possibly at times an unpleasant and onerous duty to assume the responsibility of or- ganizing and directing a force to fight forest fires, and as long as the minor offices are steps to reach greater political preferment the performance of duty may be expected to occasionally force offi- cials into undesirable complications. • We have no fault to find with an officer who feels that he should not be called upon to perform a duty for the public without adequate compen- sation ; on the contrary, we favor an equitable basis for paying commissioners or constables, and all who assist in suppressing forest fires. But if objection to existing laws is based upon a desire to occupy an office with no active duties, or upon the wish to maintain political status without causing animosities by performing its functions, we have no sympathy to waste upon such parties. It is from men who do their duty honestly, with- out fear or favoritism, that we should select our officers, and it is seldom that conscientious work fails to bring its reward. We believe that the nearer the salary or other compensation of a public officer approaches a fair remuneration the better will be the service which the public has a right to expect, and we favor insisting upon having this service faithfully ren- dered. If laws are beneficial, their enforcement will be to the advantage of the State ; if they ap- pear inequitable, this will best be determined by rigidly insisting upon their provisions. The friends of forestry should maintain a solid front in opposition to any change in our protec- tive laws, except to make them more effective. One of the laws to which objection is made was passed March 30, 1897. It makes the constables of the various townships of the Commonwealth ex-officio fire wardens, whose duty it shall be, when fire is discovered in the forests, immediately to take such measures as are necessary for its ex- tinction and to call upon any persons within their respective townships for assistance. Another law passed July 15, 1897, provides '' That it shall be the duty of the commissioners of the several counties of this Commonwealth to appoint persons, under oath, whose duty it shall be to ferret out and bring to punishment all per- sons or corporations who either wilfully or other- wise cause the burning of timber lands within their respective counties, and to take measures to have such fires extinguished where it can be done ; and on failure of the commissioners of any county, after demand made upon them by the Commis- sioner of Forestry of this Commonwealth to com- ply with this provision, they shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor in office, and upon con- FOREST LEAVES. viction thereof shall be fined in a sum not exceed- ing one hundred dollars, or suffer an imprison- ment not. exceeding two years, or both, at the discretion of the court. ' ' Let every member of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association impress upon the legislator in whose district he or she resides the importance of main- taining our existing laws for the prevention and suppression of forest fires and of securing their rigid enforcement. John Birkinbine. Treasurer's Report. Treasurer' s Statement for year ending December To balance on hand December i, 1899, Cash, annual dues to December i, 1900, Cash, donalions, .... Cash, Life Membership fees, Cash, from Montgomery County Branch, Cash, sale of Fores r Leaves and advertise ments, ...... Cash, from County Branches for dues,. Cash, City Parks Association for room rent and janitor service. Cash, interest on deposit, . By cash for Forest Leaves fund, . Publication Forest Leaves, Sundries, postage, office rent, etc.. Assistant Secretary's salary, Lectures and hall rent, Life Membership account, . Expenses Membership Committee, Expenses Finance Committee, ^ Balance on hand December i, igoo. Dr. ^1032 65 105 1 00 1155 00 330 00 192 17 128 24 23 00 82 50 2 04 ;^3996 60 Cr. $1495 42 936 30 341 32 600 00 84 63 315 00 124 90 ^i 00 68 03 ^3996 60 Charles E. Pancoast, Treasurer. Address of the General Secretary of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. WHEN this organization began its work, not only was the purpose for which it was founded but poorly understood by its friends, but its mission was regarded by the masses as impossible of realization, and of doubt- ful utility if realized. To-day it meets in its an- nual session with more work actually accomplished than we had in sight fifteen years ago, and with larger plans for the future than we had dreamed of in the past. Seldom, indeed, has so much been accomplished by the generation which started a movement for the public good. The realization of beneficent public designs is usually deferred until those who 48^ gave them their first impulse have been gathered to their fathers. Leaving to the Assistant Secretary, Mr. Bitler, the task of stating the growth of the Association during the past year, I will endeavor at once to report to you briefly, in my dual capacity as your General Secretary and the Commissioner of For- estry for the Commonwealth, upon the condition of the forestry movement throughout the State. First of all, allow me to say that it never was so strong as now. Not only is there a larger number of people interested in the success of the move- ment than ever before, but the importance and the feasibility of what we have started out to ac- complish is more real and apparent than ever before. It is a social as well as a physical law that bodies attract in proportion to their mass. This is en- couraging for us. But, on the other hand, there is also a tendency to disintegration in proportion to mass as bodies grow larger. This may be a wisely ordered plan to prevent humanity from rushing into a single channel where stagnation would take the place of progress. The forestry movement was safe so long as it was obscure. Anything which commands attention invites criti- cism, and in the hour of our success it is doubly necessary that we ask nothing which is not clearly for the public good, and that we create no an- tagonisms. I desire in this connection to remind you of the wise utterance of the Chief Executive of this State, that ** there is no politics in for- estry." It means much more than is apparent at first sight. The public movement which com- mands the sympathy and support of the best men of every party cannot fail of ultimate success. Probably nothing induces interest more than a sense of ownership, and as the State is now in actual possession of more than one hundred thou- sand acres of land as a nucleus upon which to build up its system of State Forestry Reservations, the public interest now evinced is natural, desir- able and commendable. Allow me here to direct your attention to the fact that when the roll of States is called our own will stand second on the list. New York only having preceded it in this great growing public movement. It may be well here to briefly state some of the reasons which led to the inauguration of the policy of the State owning land. The first and most ap- parent one was that, under the natural stages of lumbering, a large business was disappearing ; that land which was once productive had ceased to be so ; that it was becoming depopulated and more barren each year ; and that, unless the State did assume the care of it, it would soon lose all its surface value. The second reason was, that it was at last realized that without 'exercise of any pa- ternalism the State could and should restore it to productiveness as a measure of self-protection. In addition to the above reasons, there existed the further cogent one that the timberless hills of the State were wasting the water-power and caus- ing serious erosion of our soil, while at the same time they induced a clogging of the channels by material washed down. I now beg to call your attention to a reason for these Reservations which up to this time has re- ceived but little attention, yet I think it is, in reality, of as much importance as either of the others. Let us take, in illustration, the case of Pike County. Already there exist several flourish- ing clubs whose landed holdings are in that county. These organizations are made up largely of business men who seek the rest and recreation which life in the woods affords. It adds to their health, and to the sum of their productive power as citizens. Therefore we may consider that such organizations are capable of doing a useful work, and the presumption is that they do do it. Every acre of such ground, out of the thousands of acres so held, is closed against the public. As a rule, the land most attractive in scenery and most de- sirable for hunting and fishing purposes was the first purchased. We have no fault whatever to find with this condition. There is not, so far as I am aware, a single charge of fraud or wrong to the public against any of these clubs. What they hold appears to be theirs equitably and legallv. But others than those who are able to aff*ord membership in these organizations are in equal need of similar outing privileges ; and probably the very cheapest luxury the State can aff*ord for its citizens, and at the same time the one which promises the largest return in productive energy to the Commonwealth, will be found in these Reservations, which are the property of all, and open to all, subject only to such restrictions as are for the good of all, and which the clubs them- selves, in the main, observe on their own ground. No government can long or safely endure now except it be founded upon the content of the peo- ple. Special privileges for some which others do not possess become a cause of social unrest. The wisest of rulers long ago discovered that it was a measure of sound statesmanship to give the people such pleasures and privileges as induce content- ment. The mere fact that the State has posted notices on its land allowing lawful hunting and fishing has disarmed criticism in certain regions, and made active helpful friends of those who formerly looked u])on the forestry movement as something in which they had no interest. For all ordinary outing purposes the land to FOREST LEAVES. FOREST LEAVES. ^^1 Am- which the State has acquired title is admirably adapted. . The Hopkins Reservation in Chnton and in Centre Counties contains, in a body, about forty thousand acres, with at least twenty thousand more in immediate proximity. In altitude it ranges from 800 feet above tide to 2200 feet. Its highest part is a pine-covered plateau, with abundance of pure spring water. From the promontories in which this plateau ends one may look down into gorges which are a thousand feet deep, and through every one of which a trout stream flows. Deer and bear and pheasants abound in that re- gion. I have recently returned from it, and saw in one hunting camp four deer, and in another three deer and a black bear. In order to perpetuate the fish and the game the laws must be enforced. For all time, those who come after us can enjoy the chase and gain health on this ground if we will but use it prop- erly. In this work we have the cordial co-opera- tion and support of the State Sportsmen's Associa- tion, which numbers in this State many thousand members. The Pennsylvania Fish Protective Association has given us its hearty co-operation, and as its interests and our own are so nearly identical, we can but hope that this alliance will become more close. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association has for years been so intimately related to the Pennsyl- vania State Board of Health that we have almost come to regard our work as part of a whole, rather than two distinct things. It is therefore with great pleasure that 1 say the friends of forestry, as well as the State Forestry officials, will be glad to see the resources of the Reservations utilized for public purposes to the fullest extent by those who are the health officers of the Commonwealth. To be specific, I would say that we believe the sana- tory influences of either the Hopkins Reservation or the smaller one in Pike County are in all respects equal to those of the Adirondack region, and that they will be as fully appreciated when : they are as well known. We ask the co-opera- tion of the State Board of Health in making known these facts, and in enabling us to turn them to practical use in the treatment of our citizens who may be suffering with bronchial or pulmo- nary troubles. The Pike County Reservation, at present, con- tains about twenty-four thousand acres. In its sanatory relations it may be said to be similar to the Hopkins Reservation. In its topography, however, it is very diff'erent. It is a plateau, it is true, but in a region of lakes rather than of deep gorges. It is probably as well stocked with game and fish as the Hopkins Reservation, and will probably come into favor earlier, as it is ad- jacent to resorts which are already well known. The Forestry Commission, in the selection of land for the State Reservation, has constantly had in mind the possible usefulness of the ground as a source of supply of pure water for our towns and cities. You may be assured that in future this same idea will be kept in mind. The possession of these tracts, which are but a portion of what the State should have, implies the care of them. The time has arrived when the friends of for- estry should be bold enough to ask that authority be given to employ trained foresters to take up the work where the lumberman abandoned it. To do this will require money. That it is worth the expenditure, no one doubts who has looked into the subject. It is above all things necessary that great care be exercised in the selection of the men who are to guard the interests of the State in I the Reservations. They should be men of char- ' acter, intelligence and courage. In my opinion there should be a warden for each five thousand acres which the State owns. Just here the influence of this Association can be most efl'ectively used. Your membership is made up of the most influential citizens of the State. They are scattered over the entire Com- monwealth. It is fair to assume that they are in- terested in the work and desire to see it continue in an uninterrupted advance. I therefore request that you keep them fully informed through Forkst Leaves, and from time to time by circulars, of the work in hand, and that you invite their co-opera- tion, through their representatives in Harrisburg, in whatever measures may be brought before the General Assembly. We have no right to expect that body to enact laws unless they are desired by those whom they represent. I desire to thank you for the aid you have given me during the past year, and at the same time to express the hope that the coming year may be as full of promise for our work as the last one hafi been of work accomplished. The influence of the Forestry Committee of the New Century Club of Philadelphia in favor of forestry has been powerfully felt for good all over the State, and I desire here to make grateful ac- knowledgment of the service so cheerfully ren- dered. To the newspapers we can but repeat the thanks of earlier years. But for them, the realization of our plans must have been long postponed. Respectfully submitted. J. T. ROTHROCK, General Secretary. k Report of the Council of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association. 1: DURING the past year interest throughout the State in the forestry problem has been quietly but surely growing and coalescing. One evidence of this is that 169 persons joined the Association, while 91 have resigned or been dropped from the rolls, and we regret to chroni- cle the loss of 18 by death, one a member of Council, making the net gain during the year 60 or nearly 4 per cent., and the total membership 1 55 1. We hope each one will do what they can to still further swell the number. A joint meeting of the New Century Club and the Pennsylvania Forestry Association was held on the evening of April 6th. Dr. J. T. Roth- rock opened the meeting with a few well-chosen remarks, illustrated addresses being made by Miss Mira Lloyd Dock and Dr. Emily Gibbon Hunt. On June 2oth-2 2d some of the officers of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, at the invi- tation of Mr. Albert Lewis, visited his large estate of 25,000 acres at Bear Creek, Luzerne County, where he is successfully reforesting the cut-over timber lands, which are now in such excellent condition that cutting to a limited extent could at once be started there. After enjoying this de- lightful example of true forestry, the party visited Harvey's Lake, passing close to where General Paul A. Oliver is also pursuing a reforesting policy. At Harvey's Lake the magnificent virgin forests forming part of the 28,000 acres owned by Mr. Lewis and the Lewis Lumber Company were in- spected. The officers present were convinced that it was practicable to successfully reforest cut- over lands, and that, with a few more such exam- ples scattered through the State, much good would be accomplished in educating the people to a knowledge of its true value. The Association may be gratified that during the year there was purchased a portion, amount- ing to nearly 100,000 acres, of the three forest reservations of at least 40,000 acres each at the head-waters of our principal river systems (the Delaware, Susquehanna and Ohio), the bill for the creation of which originated with the Association. Through the eff'orts of a member of the Coun- cil the influence of the Association outside of the State borders was exhibited by a meeting at Lake Mohonk, N. Y., in which members of the Association were active. Dr. B. E. Fernow de- livered the address, the attendance was large, and much interest exhibited. Forest fires created much havoc last Spring, the County Commissioners failing in most in- stances to enforce the laws for their extinguish- ment, and the ferreting out and prosecuting of the persons starting them. It is anticipated that the County Commissioners will make an attempt during the coming meeting of the Legislature to have these laws vital to the forestry interests repealed. If they are successful, it will be a disaster which will defeat the object for which the Association has struggled for years, and it is hoped each member of the Association will exert his or her most earnest efforts with their members of the Legisla- ture to have these laws retained on the statute books of Pennsylvania, and properly enforced, or else more efl"ective laws passed to take their place. Arbor Days, both Spring and Fall, were cele- brated throughout the State, the schools being prominent in observing these days. The year, taken as a whole, has seen the con- summation of some of the objects for which the Pennsylvania Forestry Association has long striven, but it is well to remind our members that opposition has been aroused, and it will be nec- essary to be watchful as well as ready to act promptly in case of hostile legislation during the coming year. F. L. Bitler, Secretary of Council. Forest Conditions in Porto Rico. THIS island was undoubtedly heavily tim- bered when first occupied. Although very little now remains, there is enough to in- dicate what were the original conditions. The largest boards or planks which the writer of this note observed while on the island were a red cedar board 24 inches wide, and a plank 48 inches wide, the latter being a very heavy, hard wood, the name of which was not obtained. There is practically no merchantable timber remaining on the island, if we use the term in the American sense. The natives get such heavy tim- bers as they need for the few good houses which they build, but all flooring and siding is imported. All timber is dressed and sawn in the moun- tains where cut, then dragged over the ground to market by oxen, one log at a time. For siding, in the interior, boards are split from the hard outer part of the royal palm. This furnishes a very suitable product. This note is written to call attention to the need of good forest laws for the island. There are now thousands of acres of rough land which produce scanty crops, which should be planted to the best of the native forest trees, or, in some cases, with a view to producing fuel, which is now scarce and expensive. Geo. G. Groff, Late Supt. of Public Instruction in P. R. ^^ FOREST LEAVES. Cottonwood, Carolina Poplar, Necklace Poplar. (Populus monilifera. Ait.) (Sar- gent, Silva N. A., Vol. IX, Populus del- toidea, p. 179, t. 494, 495.) THE Carolina Poplar but a few years ago would have had but little claim upon our attention. Almost its only merit was, that it was a quick-growing shade-tree. The very promptness with which it grew and the size which it attained, together with the brittle char- acter of its wood, which rendered the tree unable to withstand heavy wind storms, were in them- selves serious objections. It is said, in its best growing region, to sometimes attain a height of 100 feet, with the diameter of 7 or 8 feet. While it reaches no such size in the State of Pennsyl- vania, it nevertheless often becomes a very large tree, — say nearly 5 feet in diameter. The term ** Carolina," as applied to this tree, might lead one to suppose that it was unusually abundant there. In this respect the name is misleading, as I am informed by Dr. Schenck that it is by no means common in the Carolinas. The outer bark is dark gray, *' granite color," very deeply and very roughly fissured. The inner bark is yellow. The young branchlets are round, but in a year or two are found to be more or less angular, and roughened by transverse cracks and white points. VV'e seldom see the tree here except in a much branched condition, where in the open ground its rapid growth affords the itinerant tree-pruner an abundant opportunity for the exercise of his un- canny art. In the woods, however, it is much less branched and runs '' more to trunk." The buds are green, moderate sized, and slightly covered with balsam, or gum. The yearling shoots, in the winter, generally show a distinct green ring of chlorophyll surrounding the pith. The leaves are usually somewhat triangular in outline, and are on leaf-stalks which are flattened, smooth, and often slightly longer than the leaves. The leaves vary greatly in size, and are, say, from 3 to 8 inches in length, and usually somewhat broader than long. The base may be straight, somewhat rounded, or distinctly heart- shaped. On either side of the insertion of the foot-stalk there is upon the upper surface a single small, gland-like body, about half the size of a pin's head. The margins of the leaves have rounded, ''incurved teeth, which point towards the tapering leaf tip ; and each tooth ends in a small brown gland. ' ' The leaves when first opened are a little gummy and possess, to a slight degree, a balsamic odor. As in all of the rest of the pop- lars, and the willows, the sexes are separate, so that any particular tree is either wholly niiile or wholly female. And this points the remark, which has been made before by Emerson, that the male trees are more desirable, for shade purposes, than the female, because they do not strew the ground with the cottony masses of fruit. Both the male and female flowers, however, arise from near the ends of the young branches, * ' in drooping clus- ters from 2 to 4 inches in length and from one- fourth to half of an inch in diameter." The fe- male clusters elongate very much during growth, becoming sometimes a foot long. This separates the maturing seed-vessels, which are on slender stalks, and probably has suggested the name of necklace poplar. Of late years a change in commercial conditions has given a new value to this tree. Whilst the wood is brittle, and liable to split and warp, never- theless it will make a fairly good pulp by the soda process, and many thousand cords of it will be used this year for that purpose. It is not that this wood is inherently more valuable for the produc- tion of wood pulp that the tree has been brought into notice, but because the tree probably exceeds all others of our native silva in rapidity of growth and adaptation to all kinds of soil. In illustration of this, I may say that in the autumn of 1899 there were planted in a small clearing, made by the Pennsylvania Forestry Commissioner, in a barren part of Pike County, one thousand cuttings of Carolina poplar. The following winter was a most trying one. There was almost no protection afforded by snow, and the alternating periods of freezing and thawing tended to ''heave" the slips out of the ground. The ensuing summer was one of almost unparalled drought. Notwith- standing all this, 75 per cent, of the slips planted were alive in October, 1900, and had made a satis- factory growth. It was about as severe a test as could be made. In fairly good soil the tree may be expected to make a growth, annually, of 10 feet in length and an inch in diameter. Examples can be shown where even on poor soil this has been exceeded. It is safe to say that for the pur- poses of the pulp maker, where a tall, straight trunk is desired, that these trees should be planted about 10 feet apart, and that in from 15 to 20 years they should produce a trunk having a di- ameter of at least i foot at the base and an avail- able length of from 25 to 30 feet. If these ex- pectations can be realized, or nearly realized, it will place a new value upon tens of thousands of otherwise useless acres in this State. It will in- crease and perpetuate the wood pulp industry in Pennsylvania, and may, in spite of this pop- lar's bad reputation, become the means of giving an impetus to the forestry movement. The tree is not common in this State naturally, and appears (» n OOPVRIQHTED, 1900. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii., No. 12. ^^^^~~~"^^^ ,'» Vs I I 4 >r :\ ^ V ^:i- ^ . .- TTi? > j ' BY J. T. ROTHROCK. '4 - ■^>' .-'I.^T^i ,.' .■;■., ;v-:j^^. I 4 ■«1 • 'f *T'i 1 " COPYRIGHTED 1900. Forest Leaves, Vol. vil. No. 12. BY J. T. ROTHROCK. TRUNK OF CAROLINA POPLAR (Populus monilifera, Ait.), CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. CAROLINA POPLAR (POPULUS MONILIFERA, AlT.). CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. COPYRIQHTED, 1900. Forest Leaves, Vol. vii., No. 12. SV J. T. ROTHROCK. It COPYRIGHTED 1900. Forest Leaves, Vol. vil. No. 12. er J. T. ROTHROCK. TRUNK OF CAROLINA POPLAR (Populus monilifera, Ait.). CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. CAROLINA POPLAR (Populus monilifera, Ait). CHESTER county, PENNSYLVANIA. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE < <► (i *( y: 117 FOREST LEAVES. to be confined mainly to the region west of the Allegheny Mountains. It is, however, very gen- erally planted as a shade tree in the remainder of the State. As compared with the quaking aspen, which is a close relative of the Carolina poplar, the latter seems to be of much more rapid growth, and, other things being equal, is therefore more valuable. The Carolina poplar ranges from Lake Champlain south to Florida and west to the Rocky Mountains. Its physical properties are : specific gravity, 0.3889 ; percentage of ash, 0.96 ; weight in pounds of a cubic foot of dry wood, 24.24. J. T. Roth ROCK. A Useful Organization in the Ridgway Public Schools. THE junior Village Improvement Association was organized in Ridgway, Penna., three years ago in the public schools, by Mrs. J. K. P. Hall. Its objects are such as every proper minded citizen must endorse, and it has been a complete and entire success from the start. Through its operations Ridgway has been made one of the most attractive towns in the State. One of the great benefits it has conferred upon the community, under the direction of Mrs. Hall, has been the erection in the main street of a beau- tiful water fountain, fed by the purest mountain water, which has blessed man and beast since it was erected. The Constitution states that the purpose of the Association is to encourage abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, profanity, stimulate public sentiment, preserve and protect our forests, groves and birds. Any boy or girl can become a member who pledges to abide by the above. The officers consist of a Senator, President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer and two Superintendents, the latter be- ing selected from the teachers. The office of Senator is held by Mrs. J. K. P. Hall, who is to assist the President and other officers by her coun- sel, and determine the expenditures of money. The President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer, who are members of the Association, are to perform their respective duties. A Pro- gramme Committee, consisting of the two Super- intendents and a committee of three appointed by the President, exercise a general supervision over the business of the Association, and arrange pro- grammes for the monthly meetings. The annual meeting for the election of officers is held the first Friday in January. Seven mem- bers constitute a quorum. The annual dues are five cents. We hope many other towns will start a similar work. J. T. Rothrock. Resolutions in Aid of Forestry. THE following is taken from the minutes of the State Medical Society. The meeting was held in Wilkesbarre in September : ''On motion of Dr. W. T. Bishop, a vote of thanks was rendered Dr. Rothrock for his excel- lent address on Hygiene, and the members of the Society were urged to do all they can to secure additional legislation to advance the work. ' ' The New Century Club of Philadelphia, in June, 1900, passed the following Resolution urging the co-operation of the federated clubs of Pennsylvania in support of the Forest-Fire Laws of the State : IV/iereas, The one thing now preventing suc- cessful forestry operations in this State is danger from forest fires ; and Whereas, By the action of the laws enacted in 1897 to guard against such fires, they have been greatly reduced in frequency and in severity ; therefore. Resolved, That the New Century Club of Phila- delphia, through its Committee on Forestry, asks for a cordial support of those laws by the citizens of the State ; and Resolved, That it also asks the co-operation of all the affiliated clubs of this State in making the usefulness of these laws known and in urging their faithful execution on all upon whom this duty lawfully devolves. (Miss) Susan W. Janney, Chairman Cofn. on Forestry. -s=^^ Forestry at the Pan-American Expo- sition. 7\ CCORDING to the prospectus just issued by rpL. the Pan-American Exposition to be held at Buffalo, N. Y., May i to November i, 1 90 1, forestry will occupy a prominent place. The building devoted to forestry and mines is 150 feet square, forming one of a group of three at the western end of the Plaza. A scientific presentation of forestry interests will be made by several of the States by means of maps, each map illustrating the habitat of a particular species of tree. Large logs, cross and tangential sections of trees and woods, with polished, varnished and unfinished specimens, are to be shown. The ex- hibits will include articles made from a variety of woods, showing the various uses to which certain kinds are best adapted. The importance of pre- serving the forests with a view of securing from them a continuous supply of useful woods will he brought to the attention of the public. ^ii^ ■i^- FOREST LEAVES. Forestry Schools. DOUBTLESS it is akin to heresy to question the propriety of any movement having for its object the extension of knowledge concerning our forests and their proper treatment, yet it seems to me that most, if not all, of the suggestions relating to the establishment of more schools for the instruction of foresters are prema- ture. If there were even a reasonable probability of a number of men finding paying employment in the near future the case would be different ; as it is, the chances are too great to make it wise or even fair to encourage young men to take up a profession that is more likely than not to lead to disappointment. It is possible that those men who are now studying at Cornell, at Biltmore and at Yale may find employment under the Division of Forestry or elsewhere ; but what chance is there for the greater number of men who might study at the half a dozen or more schools that it is proposed to establish in connection with other colleges and universities ? The profession itself is so attractive that men are sure to be drawn to it. What becomes, then, of the moral obligation incurred when a school of any kind is established and young men are invited to enter it with at least an understanding that there is some prospect of a career before them ? In putting forth this plea I hope I shall not be misunderstood. Speed the day when each univer- sity shall have its school of forestry, and when any man who likes the out-door life, and is content with the modest position and moderate pay that a forester's must always be, can see the way before him at least no more difificult than that of a doctor or lawyer ! As it now is, there is no such pros- pect ; everything is in the air, and it is but fair to see the situation as it actually is. But there is another side to the question, and on that I am glad to be on the popular side, if it may be so called. Whatever we may do in the way of putting our forests, public or private, under management, it is certain that we shall need — in fact, need now, in a limited way — a class of men not now to be found in this country. In Ciermany they are called ** forstgehilfe," forest assistants, the men who have the immediate oversight and direction of the daily work in the forest, and their number to that of the foresters proper is about ten to one. Focests cannot be managed without them, and wherever forestry has had a beginning their lack is seriously felt. Abroad, such men come from the lower classes, but they are trained to their work, and admirably do they do it ! Here, of course, the class dis- tinctions do not hold, yet there doubtless are, in many parts of the country, boys and young men who cannot hope to qualify as foresters in the reg- ular way, but who live in the woods and know them, and who, with a moderate amount of in- struction of the right sort, could find congenial and well-paid employment. Even if employment under foresters failed, such men would be valuable to lumbermen, road -builders, etc. The needed training probably can be best given at agricultural or industrial colleges ; and in the hope that this may come to the notice of some who are in position to consider the value of the suggestion, I will give a synopsis of the regulations concerning the management of the five schools maintained by the Bavarian Government for the instruction of forest -assistants. These points were given me by Forstmeister Berg, superintendent of the school at Kelheim, to whom I am also in- debted for much other valuable information : *'The object of the schools is to train forest- servants, to supplement the common schools to that end, but not to give a general education. ' Too much is as bad as too little !' * ** The instruction shall include : ^* German — Complete facility in reading and writing. ^^Mathematics — Fractions, proportion, squares and cubes, and interest. • *^ Writing — Ordinary and formal script. ^^ Geography — Brief in general; particular for Germany, and more so for Bavaria. ^'History — Only modern of Germany, and par- ticularly of Bavaria. ^^ Zoology — Elements only, but a thorough knowledge of all local animals, and their use or evil influence in the forest. ^^ Botany — Elements, and a familiarity with local tree-species and their habits. ^^ Chemistry — Only enough to make clear the growth of plants, the various effects of soils on plants, and of fertilizers, and the reasons for work- ing the soil. ^*' Mineralogy — To know the common rocks and the making of soils through their weathering and mechanical disintegration. ^^Draiving — Thorough practice in line and free-hand ; the former to aid in practical work and the latter especially to fix the forms, etc., of plants and animals. ^^ Law and Practice — Enough to control them in their police-powers. ^^ Forms of correspondence and account-keeping ** In addition, there shall be constant practice in all branches of forest work, and in the use of tools and instruments. ' ' FOREST LEAVES. •) <» The above is pretty comprehensive, yet it is all eminently practical. The boys come from the peasantry for the most part, enter the school when fourteen to sixteen years old, and stay four years. At the end of that lime comes their two years of military service, after which they become candi- dates for the lowest places in the forestry service. Alfred Gaskill. Munich, November i, 1900. CORRESPONDENCE. THE Forestry Commission recently received the following letter, which makes so per- fectly plain the natural desire of our masses for an outing ground that we publish it here as another reason why the State policy of opening forest reservations is wise and proper : "October, 24, 1900. ^^ Dear Sir : I am informed that you have con- trol of the Peck Mill property in Pike County. I would like to know if you would let a party of us camp there. We are all poor people, and have to work for all we get. The clubs are crowding us out altogether ; it is hard for us to have to give up all of our sport becaitse we are poor. The party is all natives of this county (Monroe). ** Hoping you will do us this favor, ** I remain, ** Yours truly," The Commissioner made the following reply : ** Of course you understand that as an officer of the State I must request you to be very careful to destroy no property, allow no fire to escape you, and to do no hunting or fishing except that which the law allows. It is my desire to have every citizen of this State feel that the lands which the State purchases are for the good of all the citizens, and that you have just as much right there as anybody else so long as you observe the laws. For the present, you must obtain your permission from Mr. Rake. I enclose you a letter to him, and I do not think you will find him unreasonable. If at any time this division can help you or your friends in any matter concerning the State Reservations, do not hesitate to ask it. We, on the other hand, will expect you, as good citizens, to aid us in pro- tecting the State property. '* With best wishes, ** Very sincerely yours, '* J. T. ROTHROCK." Stumpage Prices. WE copy the following from the Southern Lumberman : The time has passed in which any forestry movement was looked upon as an attempt to force on business men and on the people in general the old sen- timent, '* Woodman, spare that tree." To-day forestry is considered in its true light — namely, that it is intensely practical, and not merely so much absurd theory ; that it is a financial opera- tion ; and that, as such, it is necessary to sustain the finances of one of the greatest industries in our country. A very important factor is stumpage price, and, indeed, under the existing tax and fire laws, the only salvation for forestry as a financial success is the gradual and sure increase of the stumpage prices of all American trees. As any lumberman knows, the stumpage price of a wood depends mainly upon three things : the demands of the market, the (quality of the wood, and the distance from market. Of course there are numerous other things, but of small account in themselves, which exert an influence that nmst not be overlooked entirely, such as facilities for trans- portation— railways, waterways, good roads, price of labor, etc. The influence of these items may be best shown, perhaps, by a glance at some conditions in Germany, past and present. Two or three centuries ago the (xerman did not think of the ex- haustion of his forests, for there were many of them, and it was his privilege to help himself to the best and to take as much as he could use profitably. What manufactories there were, were furnished with timber free of charge. But the in- crease of population and the continual increase of the demand soon made way with the best. A great many of the forests were used for pasture, and, of course, were burned over now and then, sometimes accidentally and sometimes otherwise. Everything combined to make the forests of that character so well known in America — the valuable timber gone, ** weeds" and coppice growth taking its place, or places entirely barren. In those days coal was still unknown and wood was the only supply of fuel, and this was now getting scarce — so much so that the atten- tion of the authorities was called to it, and at once steps. were taken to prevent a timber famine. What remained of the forests were well cared for and restrictions were placed on the cut ; new forests were started. The peasants, seeing the necessity of the thing, began to realize that it was as much a crime to set out fire on another's forest land as it would be for him to break into that FOREST LEAVES. man's home and steal so much money. A young tree, too, was then valued not at its timber value when young, but at its worth when mature — in other words, as a small capital, but as bearing a high rate of compound interest. So by the time of Frederick the Great a good forestry system was established, and stumpage prices had risen from //// to what might compare favorably with Ameri- can prices to-day. The wars coming on then, many forests changed owners, and the period of unrest continued to the close of the Napoleonic wars. The drain upon the forest was heavy, and at the same time people became careless ; and even now, in the Black Forest, spruce and fir stumps i, 2, or 3 feet high can be seen. In most of the old houses the flooring is of magnificent boards 2 feet or over in breadth. But this has still increased the stumpage prices. Oak has risen from an average of about $2 per thousand feet, board measure, to prices ranging from $45 to $75 or more per thousand. Ash timber now brings about $80 per thousand feet, board measure, and beech brings from $20 to $25. In the Alps spruce and fir logs fit for timber sell at a stumpage price of about $12, and within the last twenty years the increased demand for pulp wood has brought small spruce and fir logs from less than $3 up to $9 and over per cord. The development of mining in Ciermany has put a stumpage price of at least $10 per cord on Scotch pine poles, whereas fifty years ago wind-breaks in pole woods had to be burned to be rid of the decaying wood. As to the influence of the quality of the wood on stumpage prices, little needs to be mentioned, and yet a few things are interesting to note. There is so much difference in prices that in most pine, spruce, or fir forests from one to two hun- dred of the straightest and best trees to the acre are trimmed of branches to about 1 5 feet high when they are, say, 30 years old, and this is at an expense of J 2 or $3 per acre. Also, the ** stand- ard " system is frequently seen. About a dozen trees per acre are left standing after a ** final cut- ting." These stand for a *^ double rotation," and then bring, in the case of pine, $45 per thou- sand, instead of $25 per thousand at the end of the first rotation. On the whole, better timber and more of it is produced under proper forestry conditions than otherwise. After hastily reviewing these few German con- ditions, many of those of the past being almost the same as the conditions in America up to the pres- ent time, and knowing that the German Govern- ment receives annually from her State forests alone about $40,000,000, besides the indirect good in the way of preservation of soil, water and health, — when we consider the tendency of our own con- ditions, it is evident that the practice of forestry should begin at once, and that it will pay. In the January number of a lumber paper it was stated that the word * depression" would no longer be in a lumberman's vocabulary. With oak selling now at a stumpage price of from $2 to J 3 per thousand feet, and becoming scarce very rapidly, the prospects are good for the prices to increase five or six times in the next quarter of a century. The white pine of the Western States has been estimated to last, at the present rate of cut, about fifteen years, and after that it will rise even more rapidly than it is rising now. It must. The Southern pine selling now at $1.50 per thou- sand feet will take the same course. Spruce in this country, too, has risen within a comparatively short time from m7 to a very fair price, and is already disappearing rapidly. Hemlock is doing the same. Then, as Bruncken says that our forefathers hewed down our forests to make way for ad- vancing civilization, and did their work well, it remains for us, and especially with such prospects of success, to care for and reinvigorate the exist- ing forests, and to make new ones where it is pos- sible, in order to sustain the civilization given us by our fathers. '* Let us then be up and doing." George H. Wirt, Bilttnore School of Forestry. BiLTMORE, N. C, August II, I9OO. The Nashville American comments on the above thus : '' George H. Wirt, of the Biltmore School of Forestry, has an instructive article in this week's number of the Southern Lumberman. 'Let us then be up and doing,' says Mr. Wirt. Yes, let us, and the Legislature should make the first move." Mr. Wirt is a Pennsylvanian who is now study- ing forestry under Dr. Schenck, and a member of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. The above communication shows that his student ex- perience in Germany was to some purpose. J. T. R. — The Division of Forestry of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture states that the Great Northern Paper Company of Maine, owning a tract of 300,000 acres on the Penobscot and Ken- nebec Rivers, chiefly spruce land, is undertaking to lumber in such a manner that the same acres can be cut over repeatedly with good profit, and is making use of the aid and advice of trained foresters in order that its estimates and the plans and methods which it adopts may be reliable and best adapted to the ends in view. 5^5 FOREST LEAVES. I New Books. Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for i8gg. 8vo., 519 pages. Illustrated. Published by Geological Survey of New Jersey, Trenton, N. J. The first 192 pages of this valuable book are taken up by reports on paleozoic formations, artesian wells,, and the iron, zinc and copper mines. What our readers will be particularly interested in is the latter and larger portion of the volume, entitled '' Report on Forests." This is divided into four ^parts. Part I., by C. C. Vermeule, gives a general description of the forested area and the conditions in the several natural divisions of New Jersey, and contains sections on the '* Physical Conditions of New Jersey Forests," ^* Field Notes of Forest Conditions," ^'Effect of Fire on Forest Produc- tion, " * * Silvicultural Notes on the White Cedar, ' ' ** Forests and Water Supply," and ** Forest and Climate," the last two being the results of Mr. Vermeule' s studies and examinations for a series of years. Part 11. , by Prof. Arthur Hallick, treats of '' The Relation Between Forestry and Geology in New Jersey," and contains many facts about the distribution of the more common trees, and dis- cusses their relation to the geological formations and the evolution of the tree species. Part III. is contributed by Prof. John B Smith, the State Entomologist, on **The Role of Insects in the Poorest." Part IV., **The Forestal Conditions and Silvi- cultural Prospects of the Coastal Plain of New Jersey," by Dr. John Gifford, is described more fully below. This volume will be a valuable addition to the library of anyone interested in forestry. We have received The Forestal Conditions and Silvicultural Prospects of the Coastal Plain of New Jersey, ^t, pages and 1 9 illustrations, most of them full page. The article is taken from the Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1899. The first portion of this most interesting report consists of a general description of the Coastal Plain. The second part gives Forest Policy and Silvicultural Suggestions. At the outset the author. Professor John Gifford, raises the question whether the remedy for the deplorable condition in which he finds a vast area of land in New Jer- sey is individual or State ownership. He insists that whatever it may be for the State, it may be- come a profitable field for the individual to work, providing the forests which are already in exist- ence there are treated according to scientific prin- ciples. One recognizes from the start that Mr. Gifford is inclined to institute comparisons be- tween the sandy coast of New Jersey and the sandy coasts of Holland and France, and to those who are familiar with both, it is not strange that he does so. There never has been in this country the urgent need for the State to guard its citizens against the overflows of sand which have been a source of disaster to some other countries. It is not likely that this will ever become so urgent here as there. But, on the other hand, it is quite cer- tain that there are places along our Atlantic sea- board which would be the better for Govern- ment interference and protection against the in- vading dunes which frequently change the whole face of a country. Mr. Gifford recognizes that, whatever else may be done, forest fires should be stopped. And he proposes, to accomplish this end, that *^ fire-lanes be constructed and kept in order in a way similar to the construction of State roads, which have been so popular of late [in New Jersey] . In this way, no terrible burden of expense rests upon anybody. The individual benefited thereby pays part, the community pays another part, and the State pays the remaining part." He proposes, further, to treat the existing roads as fire-lanes. Mr. Gifford also suggests the crea- tion of industries, if possible, within the region, which will utilize and consume the forest products, or reduce Jhem in bulk, and put them in more sal- able form. He also advocates the reduction of taxes upon forest property. Mr. Gifford considers the availability of our native trees for forestry pur- poses in New Jersey, and naturally he places a very high estimate upon the short-leaf pine. Among the hard-wood trees he considers our common locust as the most valuable for the dry uplands of New Jersey, in spite of the fact that it is likely to be depredated upon by the borers. ' ' The white cedar {Chatncecyparis thyoides) is the choicest of the soft woods of Eastern America. Not even infe- rior to the famous pumpkin-white-pine. In fact, for boat and tank construction it has no equal. The wood is light, soft, clean, easily seasoned, and remarkable for its durability. It neither warps nor checks under the most trying circumstances." Mr. Gifford alludes to the growing willow industry in New Jersey, and suggests that it would be a good plan, as is common in Europe, for one member of the family to learn the trade of basket making. Part third is a consideration of the portions of Europe which are similar to southern New Jersey. Among these he refers to the Belgian Campine, the Dunes and Landes of Gascony, the Banat Sand-Desert of Southern Hungary, the Luneberg and other adjacent heath and moor lands, and for- estry in Denmark. This little book will add to Mr. Gifford's well-earned reputation, and it merits a T • I I I ! -^1^ FOREST LEAVES. very careful perusal on the part of our American foresters. J. T. R. J^ifi^/i Annual Report of the Chief Fire Warden of Minnesota for the Year j8g^, 8vo., 143 pages. Illustrated. St. Paul, Minn. In this report Gen. C. C. Andrews states that up to September ist but ten forest fires had been reported and the damage but $1541, certainly a commendable record. Thirty-four prairie fires were reported, with a total damage of ^4856. While some persons were convicted for starting forest fires, still, as in our own State, the proper officers w^ere reluctant to institute criminal proceedings. He treats of various phases of forestry and ad- vocates establishing a National park in Minnesota, to include Leech Lake, Lake Winnebegoshish and Cass Lake, Indian reservations, in all 611,582 acres of land and 218,470 acres of water surface. The latter part of the report treats of '' Euro- pean Forestry," Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Den- mark, France, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Prussia, Saxony, Switzerland, etc., being described, and I the amounts of land in forest, revenue^ loss from forest fires, etc., mentioned. We have the Report of the Royal Commission on Forestry Protection in Ontario, 1899; with an outline map of the Province of Ontario, which latter adds very much to the interest and value of the report. It is only possible for us to call atten- tion here to certain points which do not appear to be generally appreciated or known, thus : '' As the evaporation from the open field is only about 40 per cent, of the rainfall, it would seem that the forest, from taking up more rainfall, would tend to greater drought, but it must be remem- bered that the water transpired through the leaves of trees is taken from the underground supply ; that the evaporation from the soil under a forest is only 12 per cent, instead of 40 in the open field, the balance being made up from sources that do not affect the surface moisture. It is worthy of notice, also, that other forms of vegetation trans- pire about as much moisture per acre as trees, and owing to the shallower root system, the surface supply of water is drawn up. ' ' The above is from page 9. On page 15 the following statement appears : ** Paper-making from wood pulp, for which the spruce tree has been found best adapted, has as- sumed such proportions, the past few years, as to become a lumbering and forestry cjuestion," be- cause ^^a cord of wood manufactured into cheap newspaper may be valued at forty dollars, but would only be worth seven dollars sawed into' lum- ber. It would appear that, in a mixed forest of hard wood and pine, the latter is being crowded out I by the former. Examined under a magnifier a young pine tree one inch in diameter showed from thirty to forty annual rings. ' ' The followi'ng summary of conclusions have been reached by the Forestry Commissioners of Ontario : ^^ I. A large proportion of the Central Division of the Province is more profitable from the stand- point of public revenue as forest land than under cultivation for farm crops, and as, in addition to this, it contains the headwaters of all our princi- pal streams, all that part of this Division found, upon examination, to be not well adapted for farm- ing, should be added to the permanent Crown Forest Reserves. ''2. All licensed and unlicensed lands held by the Crown where tourists, lumbermen or pros- pectors are permitted, should be patrolled by fire rangers, and these rangers should be controlled di- rectly by the Government. '* 3. Suitable regulations should be enforced to prevent too rapid or too close cutting upon lands under license. *' 4. No license in arrears for ground rent should be renewed,but the territory, if not suitable for agri- culture, should be added to the Forest Reserves. ''5. Fire notices in English, French and Indian I languages should be posted along the canoe routes through the territory north of the Height of I^nd. I '* 6. License holders should not be allowed to \ cut any trees for logs smaller than will measure twelve inches across the stump two feet from the I ground, except by special permission from the Department of Crown Lands, and under the super- vision of the district forest ranger." J. T. R. The Report of the Park Commission of Essex County, N. /., for the year i8^8-g, shows prog- ress, which is flattering to the management, and ought to be .satisfactory to the public. The work which is revealed by this paper, and the public spirit of the citizens who authorized it, may well be held up as example to a score or more of flourishing cities and towns in the State of Penn- sylvania, though but few of them, however, would be able to authorize the expenditure of so large a sum as is here shown ($1,127,937.86). Some of the contrasting pictures, for example, the archway under the drive east of the lake, 1899, and the site of the archway in 1897, show clearly the magnitude of the work. For all who are in- terested in the improvement of city surroundings no report within our knowledge is more inspiring or helpful. If it were possible for every member of every town council in the State of Pennsylva- nia to study this report from end to end, the re- sult would necessarily be a great improvement in the towns of the State, or sincere regrets that it could not be so. J. T. R. ^V FOREST LEAVES. K. R. MEIER, Consulting Korester, MAHWAH, N. J. FORESTRY SCHOOL AT BILTMORE, N. C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D. Forester to the Biltmore Estate. I-E3n£IS' TREE CHKRTS. The whole series consists of fifteen numbers, divided into PARTS of three numbers each. They may be purchased singly, —by the part,— or by the full series, at the prices named below. More than half of the series has already been printed. The drawings are completed, and the remaining charts will be pub- lished at the earliest practicable date. One thousand paid sub- scriptions of $6.00 each would insure the immediate publication of the whole series. TERMS:— CASH IN ADVANCE. Price of single number, 50 cents each. Price of Part, $1.40 each. Price of full series, $6.00 each. A liberal deduction will be made to Boards of Education or others purchasing in large numbers. NOW READY.— (These with a * as yet unprinted.) Part I.— THE OAKS. Forty-two species. No. 1. Biennial Fruited Oaks. Black Oak and Allies. No. 2. Annual Fruited Oaks. White Oak and Allies. No. 3. Southern, Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples qf Extinct Oaks. Part II.— THE NUT BEARERS. Numerous species. No. 4. The Chestnuts and Beeches. American, Japanese and European Chestnuts. No. 5. The Walnuts. American, Japanese, and European species and varieties. The Hickories. American species and varieties. No. 6. Part III.— No. 7. ♦No. 8. •No. 9. Part IV.— ♦No. 10. ♦No. 11. No. 12. Part V.— ♦No. 13. ♦No. 14 The Willows and Poplars. Numerous species. The Birches, Elms, ButtonvHMds &nd allies. (Will soon be printed.) The Lindens, and allied families of numerous species. The Magnolia and related trees. The Horse Chestnuts and allies. The Maples. (Printed in advance.) Locusts and allies of Pea Family of several genera. Wild Cherry, Mountain Ash, Sweet Own, Sour Gum, Persimmon. ♦No. 15) Ashes, Catalpas, Paulownia, and others. For further information address the author, publisher and proprietor, } \ GRACEANNA LEWIS, Media, .... Fennsylv^ania. FOREST LEAVER. o<|b>o THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Pennsylvania Forestry Association, The attention of the advertising public is called to the advantages we offer as a medium. Address, 1012 Walnut Street. Philadelphia, Pa. I inch, % page, V2 t( << 'cr^{^ ^' RATES. I 6 insertion. insertions. $1.00 $4.00 19 insertions. $8.00 4.00 7.00 17.00 30.00 34.00 60.00 12.00 50.00 100.00 Forestry and Village Improvement. Miss Dock is prepared to fill engagements for talks on Village Improvement and Forestry, with or without lantern slides. Address MISS M. L. DOCK, 1427 N. Front Street, Harrisburg, Pa. FOREST LEAVES. SUGAR MAPLES One of the very finest deciduous-leaved trees of North America is the tall Sugar Maple. It can truly be called the noblest of all the Maples. ETTER VARIETY CAN BE USED FOR S PARK, OR LAWN PLANTING, as its growth is rapid and straight, its form symmetrical, and it does not have the objectionable density of foliage possessed by the Norway Maple. For this reason it is well adapted for planting near build- ings, as it does not obstruct light or air, and the grass will grow up to its very trunk. It is deep-rooted, and the wood is not brittle; hence, it is not easily damaged by storms. The Sugar Maple will thrive in almost all localities, except where the ground is damp or boggy. No tree has more i:jorgeous autumn coloring, as it varies in all shades of yellow, orange and scarlet until the leaves finally fall. 7 to 8 ft. 8 to 9 ft. 9 to 10 ft. lo to 12 ft. 12 to 14 ft. 14 to 15 ft. PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING LOW PRICES. Each. trans., $0 35 trans., 50 trans., 75 I*/ to I in. ; trans., i oo lyz to i^ in. ; trans., i 50 i|^ to 2 in. ; trans., i 75 Larger trees, 2 to 2^ in. diam. Larger trees, 2j^ to 3 in. diam. Larger trees, 3 to 3|^ in. diam. trans., 2 25 trans., 3 50 trans., 4 00 flflDORHR l^Uf^SE^IES, WILLIAM WARNER HARPER. 10 100 b $2 50 $22 50 1 4 00 6 00 30 00 40 00 7 50 50 00 1 12 50 100 00 1 15 00 125 00 20 00 150 00 30 00 35 00 3. m :>, M PHIL.^ v.. PA. •k