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FOREST RESERVE
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FOREST RESERVE MANUAL,

INFORMATION AND USE

FOREST OFFICERS.

APPROVED BY THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR
APRIE 12, 1902.

DEPARTMENT OE THE INTERIOR,
GENERAL LAND OFFICE.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
19 0 2.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

V*

GENERAL INFORMATION.
OBJECT OF THE FOREST RESERVES.

The object of these reserves is to maintain forests on lands
where they are needed for two principal reasons:

1. To furnish timber, a valuable and much needed product,
from lands which are unlit to produce a more valuable crop,
such as corn or wheat.

2. To regulate the flow of the water. This they do —

(a) By shading- the ground and snow and affording protec-
tion against the melting and drying action of the sun.

(h) By acting as wind-breaks, and thus protecting the ground
and snow against the drying action of the wind.

(c) By protecting the earth from washing away, and thus
maintaining a "storage layer," into which rain and snow water
soak and are stored for the dry seasons, when snow and rain
are wanting.

(<1) By keeping the soil more pervious, so that water soaks
in more readily and more of it is thereby prevented from
running off in time of rain or when the snow is melting.

From this it follows that the more extensive the forest and
the better its condition, the better it will serve its purpose.
It is evident that an open park, an old " burn." an extensive
"slash," or an open stand of scattering trees or chaparral
does not serve this purpose of the forest as well as a close.
thrifty stand of young timber.

Keeping in mind the object and purpose of the reserves and
their forests, it is clear that the first and foremost dut}T of
every forest officer is to care for the forest, and every act,
every decision he is called upon to make should be guided by
the thought, Will it improve and extend the forest \

3

4 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

UTILIZATION OF THE RESERVES.
AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT.

Farmers on patented land are, of course, in full possession
of their lands, just as much as if the farm were outside of the
reserve.

Farmers or agricultural settlers on land not patented stand
as follows:

1. If the land was settled on prior to the creation of the re-
serve, is surveyed land and the claim dury tiled, the settler
obtains title just as if the land were outside of the reserve.

2. If the land was settled on prior to the creation of the
reserve, but is unsurveyed land, and, therefore, the claim is
not tiled in a United States land office, the settler may so tile
on the land when it is surveyed, but must do so within three
months after the survey plats covering- his land are tiled in the
local land office.

3. Settlers on unsurveyed lands, who, when survey is made,
find that they are on the grant of some railway company (rail-
road land within the primary limits), come under two classes,
viz :

(a) Settlers who settled on the land before it was a railroad
grant. Such settlers have the superior right and can file on
the land and obtain title subject to the time limitations stated
in paragraph 2.

(b) Settlers who settled after the land became a grant.
Such settlers have to deal with the railway company.

The fact that the railway company may have relinquished
the land to the Government under the act of June 4, 1897
(practically sold it), does not alter the case; the claims of the
settlers remain invalid.

4. Any person who purchases a farm which is not patented,
a mere "" claim " (unperfected settlement claim), subsequent
to the creation of the reserve, gains no rights whatever. For
here, as elsewhere, the principle holds that no person acquires
any rights hi/ the purchase of the settlement claim of another.

5. Anyone settling on agricultural lands after the creation
of the reserve commits trespass, and gains no rights by his
settlement.

Concerning timber on agricultural claims, see p. 25.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 5

PROSPECTING AND MINING IN FOREST RESERVES.

Prospecting and mining in forest reserves is not prohibited
or interfered with, and location and entry of claims is allowed
under the general mining laws of the United States and the
particular State or Territory.

Concerning timber on mining claims, see p. 2-1.

BUILDING OF ROADS AND TRAILS.

The permit to construct, enlarge, and repair roads and
trails in reserves is granted only b}' the Secretaiw of the
Interior, and never by rangers or other forest officers.

Anyone wishing to construct a road or trail should make
application to the Secretary of the Interior.

This application should state:

1. Name of reserve.

2. Name and address of party desiring to build the road.

3. Location and length of the road, giving terminal points
and course. This should be accompanied by a map.

4. Width of road and width of right of way intended to be
cleared.

5. Character of land, or whether the road passes through
timber, burns, or open parks.

6. Amount of timber and stone desired for purposes of
construction.

7. When and by whom it will be built.

8. What demand there is for such road.

This application may be sent to the Secretaiy of the Inte-
rior direct or transmitted through the supervisor. In an}-
case, an investigation and full report of the forest officer is
required before it can be considered. For this reason all
applications of this kind should be made in good season, and
not deferred to the last moment.

RIGHTS OF WAY FOR IRRIGATION DITCHES, CANALS, PIPE LINES,
AND RESERVOIRS.

The law says that:

All waters on such reservations may be used for domestic, mining, mill-
ing, or irrigation purposes, under the laws of the State wherein such forest
reservations are situated, or under the laws of the United States and the
rules and regulations established thereunder.

6 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

The manner of dealing with projects of this kind is laid
down by law.

The permit to build and use such ditches, etc.. can be
granted only by the Secretary, and not by any forest officer.
Anyone wishing to construct a canal, etc., should apply, by
letter, to the Secretary of the Interior, since a full explana-
tion of the requirements is beyond the scope of this manual.

Generally, it requires an application with proper survey,
map, and field notes; execution of a bond; investigation and
report of forest officer: consideration by the Department, and
granting or refusal of permit.

While the law distinctly permits the use of water for these
purposes, it is equally distinct in stating:

That no such right of way shall be so located as to interfere with the
proper occupation by the Government of any such reservation. * * *

As in all cases of this kind, to begin work before permis-
sion is given by the Department, is trespass, and should be
promptly stopped and reported by forest officers.

RAILWAYS, TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE LINES.

The manner of dealing with these enterprises is similar to
that prescribed for canals, etc.

A formal application with maps and field notes of a regular
survey is submitted, a bond is executed, and the report of a
forest officer on the nature of the ground along the line, and
the effect of the construction of the line in the reserve, and its
management, are considered in connection with the papers of
the company.

After permit is issued the construction can begin. The
forest officer in charge of the particular district should in
every case make certain that a permit has been granted; and,
in case no permit has been issued, he should stop the work
and report the case as a trespass, according to the form
provided for such cases.

SITES FOR SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES IN RESERVES.

Schoolhouses or churches may be erected on reserve lands,
but the amount of land used for any one school or church site
must not exceed 2 acres. The matter is simply a privilege;
the title to the land remains in the Government. To obtain

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 7

the privilege, application is made according to the prescribed
form; see p. 68.

HOTELS, ROAD RANCHES, STORES, AND OTHER BUSINESS
ENTERPRISES IN FOREST RESERVES.

Establishments of this kind are permitted wherever the
demand for them appears to warrant the granting' of a per-
mit for their construction and maintenance.

The Secretary alone grants the privilege. So far, it is
granted free of charge. The application is made as per form
on page 68.

A report of the forest officer in regular form accompanies
the application or is made afterwards.

The applicant in all cases of this kind signs a definite con-
tract in which he agrees to observe the several rules and regu-
lations governing forest reserves, especially those relating to
the protection of timber against tire and trespass. Where the
importance of the case appears to warrant, the applicant is
required to give bond to assure proper fulfillment of his
agreement.

Where the rapid development of some mining districts
leads to the sudden " springing up" of little hamlets or towns,
the mistake has frequently been made to build on bogus or
fraudulent mineral claims, commonly placer claims, without
any showing of mineral. Since this use of the placer claim,
and the removal of the timber for such purposes, is trespass,
and is almost certain to lead to complications and prosecution,
forest officers should inform the people to this effect, and
induce them to make applications to the Department for use
and occupany of the ground, in the manner set forth above
for hotels, stores, etc.

Application for permit to erect a sawmill on land within a
forest reserve is made in the same form as for other privileges.
In addition to the information reported in other cases, the
applicant will state the kind of mill, water or steam power,
its daily capacity, and the kind of machinery, whether circu-
lar or band saw, and whether shingle, lath, or other additional
machinery will be used. Also, whether the lumber is dried
on the ground, necessitating a large yard, or is hauled away
2'reen.

8 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

Applicants for sawmill permits are required to enter into a
contract (see form of contract on p. 79) and execute a bond
for its proper fulfillment.

The proper disposition of refuse especially is insisted upon
in every case.

SANITARIUMS AND HOTELS AT MINERAL. MEDICINAL, OR OTHER

SPRINGS.

Land about such springs can be leased.

The Secretary alone grants permit and leases such lands.

The proceeds of such leasing go to a special fund and are
expended in the care of the forest reserves.

The application is made in the same manner as prescribed
for ordinary hotels, stores, etc.

The time for which the lease may be drawn, and the amount
to be paid per year, are determined by the Department.

TRAVEL IN AND ACROSS THE RESERVES.

All law-abiding people are permitted to travel in forest
reserves for purposes of prospecting, surveying, to go to and
from their own lands or claims, and for pleasure or recreation.

But in every case the person or persons so traveling, camp-
ing, etc.. must obey the rules established by the Department
for forest reserves, and particularly will the}' be expected to
refrain from doing anything which may result in injury to
the forests. See information concerning tires.

GRAZING IN FOREST RESERVES.

The Secretary of the Interior, in being charged with the
proper protection of the forest reserves, has the right to forbid
any and all kinds of grazing therein.

Whenever the grazing appears to do no marked damage to
the forests of the reserve, grazing is allowed by the Depart-
ment; but until the Secretary has decided that it will do no
harm, and that a certain number of either sheep and goats or
cattle and horses may graze in a reserve or part of a reserve,
the grazing of stock is prohibited; and all parties responsible
for its presence in the reserve prior to such decision by the
Secretary of the Interior, are liable to criminal and civil suits
for trespass and damage.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 9

The grazing- is generally governed by the following con-
ditions :

1. Only citizens of the United States, or those who have
declared their intention to become citizens, are entitled to the
grazing privilege.

2. Stock owned by residents of one State or Territory is not
allowed to graze in a forest reserve in another State or Ter-
ritory.

3. The grazing of sheep, goats, and horses in herds is gener-
ally prohibited. If allowed, it is only in those reserves or in
parts of reserves where special conditions warrant special
privileges.

4. Cattle are generally allowed to graze in all reserves, and
excluded only in cases where unfavorable conditions make all
grazing undesirable.

5. The few head of horses of prospectors and travelers are
not considered in matters of grazing, and require no permit.

. 6. When the grazing has been allowed by the Secretary,
all persons who desire the grazing privilege must make appli-
cation on a blank form furnished by the Department and to
be had of the forest supervisor. These applications must
cover no more nor no less stock than the applicant actually
owns and intends to graze in the reserve.

7. The applications for sheep grazing are handled in two
ways;

(a) Where a woolgrowers' association exists, which includes
a -majority of the persons who are interested in the use of the
reserve, the association may allot the range and sheep among
the applicants, the allotment being to individual applicants,
except when circumstances make necessary the allotment of
joint ranges; but in no case is the reserve to be used in com-
mon, regardless of such allotments. The applications for the
allotted ranges and the number of sheep allowed each appli-
cant are then to be approved by the association and forwarded
to the supervisor. The application, together with the recom-
mendations of the supervisor, is then submitted to the Depart-
ment, where it is approved or refused, and where the necessary
permits are issued.

(b) Where such an association does not exist, or does not
care to assume responsibility, all applications are made to the
forest supervisor direct, who acts upon and forwards the same

10 FOEEST RESERVE MANUAL.

to the Commissioner of the General Land Office, with his
approval or other recommendation.

8. No stock of any kind is allowed to graze in a reserve
without a permit based on the the application made. All
permits, except those for 100 head or less of cattle and horses
owned by persons who live in the reserve, are issued b}T the
Department.

9. The supervisor may issue permits himself for not more
than 100 head of cattle and horses combined, to any one per-
son who actually lives in the reserve and who does not own
more than 100 head; but the permit must not cover more stock
than he owns, be it few or many, up to 100. These reserve
residents or farmers must make application, the same as out-
siders, before the supervisor will issue the permit.

10. The applications of all reserve residents who have more
than 100 head of cattle and horses are to be forwarded to the
General Land Office the same as the applications of outsiders,
and the Department will issue the permits thereon.

11. Reserves in which grazing is allowed b}r the Depart-
ment will be divided into sheep and cattle ranges whenever
this can be done without injury to either interest; but such
division must first be determined by the Department. At the
end of each grazing season the supervisor should report fully
on an}^ such existing divisions, and recommend an}r changes or
further divisions which are warranted by existing conditions.

12. Sheep are always herded and restricted to the limits
fixed by the Department.

18. Cattle and horses need not be herded, and may roam at
large.

11. When the owner of cattle or horses who has a permit,
is ready to drive in his stock, he should notify the supervisor,
stating the number and brand.

15. Cattle and horses of persons who graze on the reserve
only part of the time, some days off and some days on, require
a permit; but such cases should be fully explained by the super-
visor when he makes his recommendations and estimates.

16. Applicants for the grazing privilege are given prefer-
ence in the following order:

(a) Persons residing within the reserve.

(b) Persons owning ranches within the reserve, but not
residing thereon.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 11

(c) Persons living in the vicinity of the reserve owning
what may be called neighboring stock.

(d) Persons living at a distance from the reserve who have
some equitable claim to use the reserve.

17. Class (b) under paragraph 16 should not be construed
so as to allow large stock owners to obtain the preference
therein given, by simply buying or obtaining small ranches
inadequate for their business. This will not be tolerated.

18. All persons holding grazing permits pledge themselves
to assist in protecting the reserve and in preventing and
lighting tires.

19. All persons who violate any of. the reserve rules, or the
terms of their applications and permits, will be debarred from
the use of the reserve.

20. Persons who own, or who have leased from owners,
lands within any reserve which they desire to use for graz-
ing purposes, and who must cross the reserve lands with their
stock to reach such private holdings, must make application
to the supervisor for the privilege of crossing. The applica-
tion must be accompanied with an abstract of title showing
the ownership of the land, and, if leased from an owner, a cer-
tified copy of the lease, and must state the number of stock to
be taken in, the length of time required to cross the reserve
land, the route over which the stock is to be driven, and the
date of starting, and the time when the stock will start out
again; also how much stock the owned or leased lands will
carry during the period it is proposed to keep the stock
thereon. When any such application is made to the super-
visor, he will examine it with care, and, if he finds it reason-
able and just and made in good faith for the purpose of utiliz-
ing such private holdings only, he will approve the same and
forward it to the Commissioner of the General Land Office.
After the Secretaiy approves the application, due notice
thereof will be given the applicant, through the supervisor,
and he may then take his stock in; but owners of lands within
a reserve where grazing is allowed, may avail themselves of
the grazing privilege under paragraph 16 of this circular.

21. The total number of cattle and horses or sheep that may
be allowed in a reserve is fixed by the Secretary of the Interior
for the following year at the end of each grazing season. At
the end of each season the supervisor should, therefore, go

12 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

over the grazing grounds and examine into the effect the graz-
ing has had on the reserve and make a full report thereon,
with such recommendations as to changes in the number to be
allowed the following .year, and such changes as to the areas
to be opened to grazing, as are warranted by the season's
experience.

For forms of grazing applications and permits see p. 80.

FREE USE OF TIMBER AND STONE.

1. The matter is a pm '/vilege, and not a right. It may be
refused to any person.

2. Who can get timber under free-use provisions of law: It
is usually granted to settlers, farmers, prospectors, and others
residing within or in the neighborhood of a forest reserve.

3. Who can not get it: It is refused to corporations, com-
panies, sawmill parties, and owners of large establishments,
who require larger quantities and are expected to purchase:
and to nonresidents of the State in which the reserve is located.

1. Mow in uch is given, and by whom : Permits for an amount
not exceeding $20 in stumpage value ma}' be granted by the
forest supervisor. Permits for a larger amount, and within
the stumpage value of $100, are granted only by the Secretary
of the Interior.

5. Sow often the same person can apply: Not oftener than
once a year.

6. How long a permit holds <j<><>d: Six months from the date
when it was issued; or less time, in the discretion of the forest
supervisor.

7. What earn be obtained: All kinds of timber; generally
dry hrewood, dry poles and logs; also, if really needed, green
timber.

8. IIovj obtained:

(a) Application must be made to the forest supervisor.

(b) Blank form of application is furnished by the forest offi-
cers, and is tilled out and signed by the applicant. (If neces-
sary, the forest officer will lend assistance in tilling out the
blank application.)

(c) The timber must be located by a forest officer before
any cutting is done.

9. Terms of this p>rivUege:

(a) Only the timber applied for can be cut. For instance,
no green timber ma}* be taken if dry wood is applied for.

FOEEST RESERVE MANUAL. 13

(l) OnhT so much can be cut as was applied for; and it must
be measured, either standing or in the pile, before being-
hauled away.

(c) No unmarked live timber can be cut.

(//) There must be no cutting across the line of the area
assigned. Cutting across the line is trespass.

(<) The rules about cleaning up tops and brush must be
obeyed. The cutting area must be left in good, clean condition.

(f) The rules, generally/, governing forest reserves must
be observed.

(g) The wood, timber, or material derived from it is to be
used only at the place stated in the application. The use of
it elsewhere, and especially the sale of it, makes the cutting a
trespass, and the applicant becomes liable to suit and is always
ihhiirred thereafter from tin' privilege of free use.

(//) The cutting of the timber by a local mill is permissible;
but the sawing must be paid for in cash, and can not he done
an shares. Moreover, the sawing and hauling of the lumber
must be done in a manner required by the forest officer, and
in such way as to enable him to determine whether or not
the timber and lumber are really used in the place and manner
promised in the application.

(/) In placing a valuation on timber given under the ''free-
use'' act, §1 per M for timber, green or dry, and 25 cents per
cord for fuel wood will be the minimum price considered.

(/,■) Applications for ''shakes,1' etc., involving a wasteful
use of timber, will be refused wherever a more economical
utilization and satisfactory cleaning up of the tops and lops is
not guaranteed.

10. In case of emergency, where needy persons require
immediate relief in the form of a load of dry firewood, the
supervisor has authority to grant such privilege without
marking or measuring the material be}^ond assigning to the
applicant the particular area where to cut this material; all
cases of this kind-to appear in the usual monthly report.

11. The "free-use" permit being considered a very impor-
tant one, forest officers will not fail to deal with these eases
promptly and justly, and will at all times lend assistance in
making out applications and otherwise assisting deserving
applicants.

14 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

SALE OF TIMBER IN FOREST RESERVES.
GENERAL.

1. Timber will be sold, both live and dead, wherever the
removal of such material will be beneficial, or at least not
detrimental, to the forest reserves.

2. In the disposition of this material the local demand will
have preference, and, in localities where this local demand
is so great that all available timber is likel}T to be needed,
applications involving the export of the material to distant
points will be refused.

HOW THE TIMBER MAY BE PURCHASED.

1. The applicant who wishes to purchase timber will apply.
in person or in writing, to the supervisor of the reserve,
stating —

(a) How much timber he wishes to buy;

(h) The kind of material desired:

(c) Where the timber is located.

± As soon as practicable the supervisor or his assistant
will go over the ground with the applicant, and determine
whether the timber may be sold, under what conditions, and
at what price.

3. After an agreement is reached the applicant should sign
a definite application, prepared on the regular form, with the
assistance of the forest officer.

I. After this, the forest officer marks out the block or area
where the timber may be cut, maps it, and estimates the
amount of timber on the whole, and also the particular kind
applied for. He also makes a general forest description of
the tract, block, or quarter section.

5. Then the application, together with the forest officer's
description and recommendation, is sent to the Department at
Washington.

6. If approved, the timber will be advertised in a local paper
for thirty days (sixty days in California). This advertisement
will be waived only in cases where the amount involved in the
sale is of $100 stumpage value, or less.

7. Bids on this timber will then be in order. These bids,
together with a deposit (insuring the good faith of the bid-

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

15

der), should be sent by the bidders to the receiver of the local
land office, and the bid will be forwarded from that office to
the Department.

8. At the end of thirty days (sixty days in California), the
timber will be awarded to the highest bidder: and if the ap-
plicant is the successful bidder, the deposit is credited on the
sale; if not. the money will be refunded.

9. When the timber is awarded the applicant will sign a
contract containing the specifications contained in the original
application, as to manner of cutting, scaling, and cleaning up,
etc.. and, if the case seems to justify it. he will be asked to
give a bond, usually in an amount double the value of the
timber, to secure the proper fulfillment of the contract.

10. Cutting may then begin.

11. The material will be skidded or piled in the customary
manner, and the purchaser is required to mark the tops of
the logs to facilitate scaling.

12. The scaling will be done in the customary way by the
old Scribner rule, by which the contents of a 16-foot log are
as follows:

Diameter
inside of

bark.

Contents.

Diameter

insid '

bark.

Contents.

Diameter

inside of

bark.

Contents.

Diameter
inside of

bark.

Contents.

Inch* g.

F( t t B. M.

Ilirln 8.

Ft > t B. M.

Iiirln S.

F< et B. M.

Inches.

F< ■ i B. M.

6

9

17

185

1>

582

39

1,120

7

16

18

213

29

609

10

1.204

8

25

19

240

30

657

41

1 . 272

9

36

20

280

31

710

42

1,343

10

49

21

304

32

736

43

1,396

11

64

22

334

33

784

44

1,480

12

79

23

377

34

800

45

1,518

13

97

24

404

35

876

46

1 . 587

14

114

25

459

36

923

47

1,656

15

142

26

500

37

1,029

18

1,72s

16

159

27

548

38

L,068

This rule applies to saw timber and mining timber. Logs
of 21 feet and over in length, are scaled at more than one
point; so that a log 21 feet long, for instance, is scaled at 16
feet and at the top. In other words, long pieces are treated
as 16-foot logs and fractions thereof.

Square-hewed goods are measured like sawed timber, as
solid pieces. Thus, an 8 by 12 inch 16-foot timber contains
128 feet B. M.

16 FOEEST RESERVE MANUAL.

Railway ties are simply counted, and

30 ties, 8 feet in length, equal 1,000 feet B. M.
10 ties, 6 feet in length, equal 1,000 feet B. M.

Cordwood is measured in the ordinary way. Where green
timber, 10 inches and over in diameter, is cut into cordwood, it
is charged as timber, and two cords are considered equal to
1,000 feet B. M.

13. The scaling will be done according to the conditions of
the case. If the cutting is on a sufficiently large scale, it will
be done in such a way as to keep up with the work: other-
wise, the scaling will be done at set times.

11. All timber must be marked with the United States
stamp before it may be removed.

The following blank forms for application and contract,
tilled in as samples, will be used in all timber sales:

4— lis

No. m.

PUBLIC TIMBER SALE.

Black Hills Forest Reserve.

APPLICATION.

I hereby make application for the sale and purchase of tim-
ber located and described as follows: 100 M feet B. M. , saw
timber, green or dry; no M feet B. M., mining timber, green

or dry; no railroad ties, green, dry; 250 cords

cordwood, green, and dry ; and is located 8W.

i, SW. i, S. c25, T. 3 N., R. 3 K To be used at mines near
Deadwood.

I promise to deposit with the receiver of public moneys at
the United States land office at Rapid City, S. Dak., such
sum as may be required at the time of riling my bid for the
above -described timber, and I further promise that in case
my application is favorably considered I will deposit with the
said receiver such sum as may be required to cover the cost
of advertising for bids for the purchase of this timber, and in

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 17

the event that the timber is awarded to me as the successful
bidder 1 promise to pay to the said receiver the amount cov-
ered by my bid. [Here insert the condition of payment,
whether full cash payment or one-third down and the balance
in thirty, sixty, and ninety days, as the case may lie.] Cash
in advance, at price of: $3.50 per M. ft. B. M. for timber;
SO cents per cord for cord/wood of all kinds; credit being given
for the sums heretofore deposited with the said receiver by
me in connection with this sale and purchase; which, other-
wise, will be refunded to me.

And I further agree and promise to conduct the work of
cutting and removing said timber in accordance with the fol-
lowing specifications:

1. I will compby strictly with the laws and the regulations
governing forest reserves.

2. Submit all timber and wood to measurement by the for-
est officer before the same is removed.

3. Pay in advance for all timber before cutting the same.

4. To cut only timber on the area agreed upon and blazed
and marked, and not to cut any of the live trees bounding
this area.

5. To leave no logs, ties, lagging, or other material in the
woods, and to pay double the agreed price for any material
thus left in the woods.

6. To pay for all material used in shanties or buildings of
any kind; also for material used in the construction of skid-
ways, corduroy, log roads, bridges, and other improvements.

7. To cut only marked timber, and to cut all marked timber.

8. To leave no trees lodged in process of felling.

9. That all material is marked on skidwajT or in pile, the
amount to be placed in plain figures at top or on blaze near
by, and that no material will be piled on such skidway or pile
after the scaling has been finished.

10. All felling and cutting with saw, e.ccept frewood.

11. Stumps high; none higher than AS' inches.

I'l. Shaft of tree to be used to diameter of 6 inches, .

13. Cordwood to be cut from all tops down to a diameter of
S inches.

14. Tops to be dragged bodily into openings ready for
burning. See 15.

15. Tops to be lopped and brush piled on entire area.
25310—02 2

18 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

16. No hewing, except at skidways in openings .

17. No cutting of timber in summer season between month
of and ■. Waived in this case.

18. Cut all dead material sound enough for fuel .

19. Cut only standing dead material. See No. 18.

20. Cut only and all dead material. Dead and green allowt d.

21. Build camps at place agreed upon, located . as

per map . No camps allowed in this case.

22. Construct dam at point agreed upon, located at ,

as per map . No dams allowed in this case.

23. To pile or skid all material before measuring .

24. Scaling to be done [once a week or month, continuously,
to keep up with cutting] once a week, the maximum to be not

over 20 M feet B. M., and 25 cords, — ties per day or

week, per week.

I further agree that in case my bid for this timber is accepted
I will execute a contract embodying the above provisions for
the purchase of said timber, and deliver therewith a bond
which shall be satisfactory to the forest officers for the faith-
ful performance of the conditions imposed in said contract;
and 1 further agree that in case of failure on my part to ful-
fill, all and singular, the requirements of said contract I will
forfeit the said bond and all moneys paid to the receiver of
public moneys herein mentioned.

JNO. DOE.

Dated at Hill City, S. Dak., Jan. 15, 1902.

4—179.
No. 123.

Public Timber Sale.

Black Hill* Forest Reserve.

CONTRACT.

This contract is hereby entered into by and between Jho.
Doc, party of the first part, and the Secretary of the Interior

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 19

for the United States of America, party of the second part,
for the purchase of certain public timber in the Black Hills
Forest Reserve, based upon the bid of the said Jho. Doe for
said timber, submitted in pursuance of a duly advertised pro-
posal to sell said timber, which bid has been accepted by the
Secretary of the Interior, said bid and advertisement being-
made a part of this contract.

Approximately 100 M feet B. M., saw timber, green or
dry; no M feet B. M., mining timber, green or dry; no rail-
road ties, — — — green, dry; 250 cords cord wood,

green, and dry. All timber to be removed within one year
from date of this contract, and is located SW. \ of S W. ^, S.
25, T. 3 N., R. 2 E. To be used at mines near Dead wood.

In consideration of the sale of this timber to me I, Jno.
Doe, promise to pay the Receiver of Public Mone}Ts at the
United States Land Office at Rapid City, S. Dak., the sum
of three hundred and tioenty-five dollars {$325), being at the
rate of $2.50 per thousand for timber and 30 cents per cord for
cordwood, entire sum cash in advance, credit being given for
the sums heretofore deposited with the said Receiver by me
in connection with this sale and purchase.

And I further agree and promise to conduct the work of
cutting and removing said timber in accordance with the fol-
lowing specifications:

1. I will comply strictly with the laws and the regulations
governing forest reserves.

2. Submit all timber and wood to measurement by the forest
officer before the same is removed.

3. Pay in advance for all timber before cutting the same.

4. To cut only timber on the area agreed upon and blazed
and marked, and not to cut any of the live trees bounding
this area.

5. To leave no logs, ties, lagging, or other material in the
woods, and to pay double the agreed price for an}- material
thus left in the woods.

6. To pay for all materials used in shanties or buildings of
any kind; also for material used in the construction of skid-
ways, corduroy, log roads, bridges, and other improvements.

7. To cut only marked timber, and to cut all marked timber.

8. To leave no trees lodged in process of felling.

20 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

9. That all material is marked on skidway or in pile, the
amount to be placed in plain figures at the top or on the blaze
near by, and that no material will be piled on such skidway
or pile after the scaling has been finished.

10. All felling and cutting with saw, except firewood .

11. Stumps high; none higher than 18" .

12. Shaft of tree to be used to diameter of 6 inches, .

13. Cord wood to be cut from all tops down to a diameter of
3 inches.

14. Tops to be dragged bodily into openings ready for
burning. See No. 15.

15. Tops to be lopped and brush piled on entire area.

16. No hewing, except at skidways in openings .

17. No cutting of timber in summer season between month
of and . Waived in this case.

18. Cut all dead material sound enough for fuel .

19. Cut only standing dead material. See No. 18:

20. Cut only and all dead material. Dead and green allowed-.

21. Build camps at place agreed upon, located , as

per map . No camps allowed in this case.

22. Construct dam at point agreed upon, located at ,

as per map . No dams allowed in this case.

23. To pile or skid all material before measuring .

24. Scaling to be done [once a week or month, continuously,
to keep up with cutting] once a week, the maximum to be not

over 20 M feet B. M., and 25 cords, ties per day- or

week, per week.

And as a further guarantee of a faithful performance of
the conditions of this contract, 1 have executed and deliver
herewith a bond in twice the amount of the purchase price
named in this contract, which bond shall be forfeited, together
with all moneys paid or promised under this contract, upon
failure upon my part to fulfill, all and singular, the conditions
and requirements herein set forth or made a part hereof.

Given under my hand at Lead, S. Dak. , this 20 day of Feb. ,
1902.

JNO. DOE.

Given under my hand at Washington, D. C, this 15 day
of March, 1902.

, Secretary of the Interior.

FOKEST RESERVE MANUAL. 21

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS.

The following considerations are of special importance:

1. Applications will be considered and attended to in the
order in which they are received; but exceptions to this rule
will occur, with special local conditions, such as isolation of
particular cutting, great distances, insufficient force of work-
ers, etc.

2. All applications in any reserve will be held up and
delayed whenever it becomes evident that the reserve force,
for any reason whatever, fails to carry out the work accord-
ing to the prescribed regulations.

3. The timber purchased is not in every case the amount
called for in the application, but the amount actually found
on the cutting area as located and marked out by the forest
office]1. If there is less timber on this area than the appli-
cant desires he must make a new application, but is never
allowed to cut over the original line as laid down for his case.

4. The following violations of the regulations will be re-
garded as trespass, and will lead to a suspension of all opera-
tions until the case is settled:

(a) Cutting across the line surrounding the cutting area;

(b) Cutting of unmarked timber;

(c) Removal of any material before it is properly scaled
and stamped or marked.

5. Since a considerable time is necessarily required in
attending to any case of timber sale, and the law positively
forbids any short-cut methods, the public is earnestly
requested not to delay applications of this kind.

6. When the applicant fails to hear of his application in a
reasonable time, say thirty days, he should address letters
both to the supervisor and to the Commissioner of the General
Land Office, Washington, D. C.

7. Any incivilities, or evident neglect on the part of the
forest officers which hinders the purchaser in his work or
endangers his case by giving to it the appearance of willful
or negligent trespass, should be reported to the supervisor,
and, if not promptly corrected, should be reported to the
Commissioner of the General Land Office.

8. Trespassers, in the absence of a proper settlement for
the trespass, will not be awarded timber.

22 FOREST EESERVE MANUAL.

9. It is a common mistake on the part of applicants and
forest officers, to suppose that any kind of timber under any
circumstances must be sold whenever any one wishes to pur-
chase. Such is not the case. Timber will be sold only —

(a) If it may be spared without injury to the reserve.

(J)) If it is really in demand to supply local needs, either b}r
being used in the vicinit}^ or by maintaining local industries.

(c) If the demand is such that applicant can afford to and
is willing to make clean work of his cutting, and thus leave
the forest in a satisfactory condition, and not lnerety to pick
out some particularly desirable material or to leave it a mere
"slash."

RELINQUISHMENT OF CLAIMS.

The law provides that where a tract within a forest reservation
is covered by an unperf ected bona fide claim, or by a patent, the
settler or owner may, if he so desires, relinquish the tract to
the United States and select in lieu thereof a tract of vacant
public land outside of the reservation, open to settlement, not
exceeding in area the tract relinquished. No charge is to be
made for placing the new entry of record. This is in con-
sideration of previous fees and commissions paid. Where the
entry is in lieu of an unperf ected one, the necessary fees in
the making of final proof and issuance of certificate will be
required. Where the entry is based on an unsurveyed claim,
all fees and commissions attending entry must be paid, none
having been paid previously.

Where an application is made for change of entiy under the
above provision, it must be filed in the land office for the dis-
trict in which the lieu selection lies. The application must
describe the tract selected and the tract covered by the unper-
fected entry, and must be accompanied by a formal relinquish-
ment to the United States of all right, title, and interest in
and to the tract embraced in said entry. There must also be
filed with the application an affidavit, corroborated by at least
two witnesses cognizant of the facts, showing the periods and
length of claimant's residence on his relinquished claim; as
credit for the time spent thereon will be allowed under the
new entry in computing the period of residence required by
law. Residence and improvements are requisite on the new
entry, the same as on the old, subject only, in respect to

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 23

residence, to a deduction of the period covered by the relin-
quished entry.

Where final certificate or patent has issued, it will be nec-
essaiy for the entryman or owner thereunder to execute a
quitclaim deed to the United States, have the same recorded
on the county records, and furnish an abstract of title, duly
authenticated, showing chain of title from the Government
back again to the United States. The abstract of title should
accompany the application for change of entry, which must
be filed, without the affidavit therein called for.

In case a settler on an unsurveyed tract within a forest reser-
vation desires to make a change of settlement to land outside
of the reservation and receive credit for previous residence,
he should file his application, including the affidavit as to resi-
dence therein required, and describing his unsurveyed claim
with sufficient accuracy to enable the local land officers to
approximately determine its location.

All applications for change of entry or settlement must be
fowarded by the local officers to the Commissioner of the Gen-
eral Land Office for consideration, together with report as to
the status of the tract applied for.

Where land has been relinquished to the Government, the
supervisor will be informed as soon as the transaction is com-
pleted by the acceptance of the quitclaim deed or its equivalent
on the part of the Government.

The supervisors will make diligent effort to ascertain the
status of all lands within their reserves, and record the same
in their books, so that a complete report may be made on this
subject at any time.

This record should also be shown on one of their maps.

RESTRICTIONS AND PENALTIES.
. FIRES IX FOREST RESERVES.

The law of 1897 says—

That any person who shall willfully or maliciously set on fire, or cause
to be set on fire, any timber, underbrush, or grass upon the public domain,
or shall leave or suffer fire to burn unattended near any timber or other
inflammable material, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon
conviction thereof in any district court of the United States having juris-
diction of the same shall be fined in a sum not more than five thousand
dollars or be imprisoned for a term of not more than two years, or both.

24 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

That any person who shall build a fire in or near any forest; timber, or
other inflammable material upon the public domain shall, before leaving
saiil tire, totally extinguish the same. Any person failing to do so shall
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in any
district court of the I nited States having jurisdiction of the same shall be
fined in a sum not more than one thousand dollars or be imprisoned for a
term of not more than one year, or both.

That in all cases arising under this act the fines collected shall be paid
into the public-school fund of the county in which the lands where the
offense was committed arc situated.

This law is perfectly clear in forbidding two things:

((/) To set fire to the woods.

(h) To lea/oe a fire, such as a camp fire, etc., without extin-
guishing the same.

To inform and warn the public. "' tire-warning notices" are
freely distributed. To tear down such a notice is a willful
and malicious trespass, punishable by a line of $500.

PENALTIES FOE THE VIOLATION OF THE FOREST RESERVE

LAWS.

To violate the laws and the rules and regulations established
for the protection of reserves is forbidden, and the law says
that such a violation shall be punished according to the act of
June 4, 1888, which provides that —

Every person who unlawfully cuts or aids, or is employed in unlawfully
cutting, or wantonly destroys, or procures to be wantonly destroyed, any
timber Btanding upon land of the United States * * * reserved for
military or other purposes * * * shall pay a fine of not more than five
hundred dollars or be imprisoned not more than twelve months, or both,
in the discretion of the court.

This law applies to any willful or malicious trespass, whether
in timber, by grazing, destruction of property, cr otherwise.

ORDINARY TIMBER TRESPASS.

Of this trespass there are a number of distinct forms. ■

A person trespasses in a forest reserve by —

((f) Cutting and removing timber without permit.

(b) Cutting and disposing Gf more timber than is necessary
to develop his mining claim.

Thus the claimant of a placer claim may cut timber on his
claim to develop it, to erect buildings, construct flumes, etc.
But when no more such structures are needed, or he ceases to

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 25

build such structures he can cut only so much timber as is
actually necessaiy to work the claim or develop it. If for
purposes of digging* away the ground, or similar necessary
work, it is required to clear part of the claim of timber,
such timber may be taken from the claim and used elsewhere
or even sold. But where a forest officer tinds that timber is
being removed without such legitimate use and without such
necessity to the carrying on of the work of the claim, and
especially where he tinds that timber removed in this illegal
way is being sold, it becomes his duty to interfere, report the
matter as trespass, and give notice to stop the work.

(c) Trespass is committed if the settler on an agricultural
claim cuts more timber than must be cut in the actual clear-
ing of the land for cultivation. But the settlor has a right to
sell logs which he cuts in actual clearing for cultivation.
Forest officers will take care in dealing with such cases not
to overstep their power and cause unnecessary hardship.

(d) Trespass is committed by violating the principal rules
in cases of "Free use of timber" and "Sale of timber.'"

Timber trespass is punished according as it is committed
willfully or Irv mistake.

The following is the decision of the United States Supreme
Court:

1. Where the trespasser is a knowing and willful one, the
full value of the property at the time and place of demand,
with no deduction for labor and expense of the defendant, is
the proper rule of damages.

•2. Where the trespasser is an unintentional or mistaken
one, or an innocent purchaser from such a trespasser, the
value of the timber at the time when first taken by the tres-
passer, or if it has been converted into other material, its then
value, less what the labor and expense of the trespasser and
his vendee have added to its value, is the proper rule of
damages.

3. Where a person or corporation is a purchaser without
notice of wrong from a willful trespasser, the value at the
time of purchase should be the measure of damages.

Generally, then, the willful trespasser pays what the mate-
rial is worth at the lumber yard. mine, etc., where it is found,
while the unintentional trespasser pays simply the stumpage
price.

26 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

Forest officers report a trespass according to the blank pro-
vided for this purpose, taking care to have dates, names,
amounts, and places determined with care.

TRESPASS BY GRAZING.

Any person grazing stock, cattle, horses, sheep, and goats
in forest reserves without permit; and any person driving-
herds of stock across such reserves, without permit, commits
trespass. A person committing this kind of trespass is guilty
of violating the rules of forest reserves and of destroying
timber, hy damaging and destroying the seedlings and young
growth of forest trees.

UNLAWFUL INCLOSURE.

This form of trespass is forbidden by special law (act of
1885), which should be enforced in every case. "

The manner of reporting on this subject is prescribed by
the form on p. 73.

SETTLEMENT IN FOREST RESERVES.

Trespass of this kind almost invariably involves trespass in
timber, which in this case must be regarded as willful.

MISCELLANEOUS TRESPASS.

Trespass is committed in forest reserves by doing any of
the following acts without permit:

(a) Building of roads, trails, and railwa}^s.

(h) Construction of ditches, canals, and reservoirs.

(<■) Erecting telephone and telegraph lines.

(d) Erecting, occupying, and conducting hotels, stores, saw-
mills, power plants, and other manufacturing enterprises, and
carrying on any kind of work except as permitted by law and
regulations, unless performed on patented land or land held
under some form of valid title. Any kind of trespass should
be stopped and reported, and the failure to discover, stop, and
report trespass will be considered one of the most serious de-
ficiencies in a forest officer.

For more exact and detailed information as to the several
laws and rules concerning forest reserves, see Compilation of
Laws and Regulations and Decisions Thereunder, relating to

FOKEST RESERVE MANUAL. 27

the Creation and Administration of Public Forest Reserves,
which may be obtained by applying to the forest supervisor
or to the Commissioner of the General Land Office.

DUTIES OF FOREST OFFICERS.

The work of forest officers, supervisors, and rangers may
be enumerated as follows:

1. Protective duty, guarding against tire and trespass, fight-
ing fires and stopping trespass, as well as assisting the State
authorities in the protection of game.

2. Care and propagation of the forest hy a judicious man-
agement of timber sales and cases of "free use" of timber,
and actual propagation by seeding and planting.

3. Special work in attending to grazing, to the supervision
of the construction of roads and other improvements, and in
examining into and reporting upon the numerous claims and
applications for special privileges, etc.

•i. Permanent improvements carried out by the reserve
force, such as making surveys of land and timber, and the
construction of trails, cabins, bridges, and other improve-
ments.

Protective Duty.

1. PREVENTING AND FIGHTING FIRES.

It is expected that every ranger and other forest officer is
constantly on the lookout for fires.

Fi/re notices. — An ample supply of fire-warning posters will
be furnished at all times, and it is imperative that the reserves
be thorough^ "posted" with these useful notices. The fact
that, in a few rare cases, malicious persons destroy them, is
no excuse for neglecting this important preventive e^'ort.
In many cases the warning can be combined with some useful
information, such as a signboard to indicate the trail or dis-
tance to nearby or important points, to indicate the reserve
line, limits of districts, or excluded parts in grazing ranges,
etc. The destruction of the notices is willful trespass.

Camp fires. — Forest officers should inform transients and
others concerning the rules and regulations governing camp
and other fires. This should be done cheerfully and politely;
and an officer who is unable to talk with persons who, from
ignorance concerning the rules, or from lack of experience in

28 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

camping, appear to do wrong, without losing his temper or
without using improper language, fails to that extent in one
of his principal duties. In cases where inexperienced per-
sons build a fire against a large rotten log merely to cook a
cup of coffee, or where a fire is built in a mass of dry duff,
etc., and where the work of putting out such a fire is beyond
ordinary effort, a forest officer should call their attention to
such mistake and instruct them in the proper way of building
and handling fires. The two main points in this connection
are always:

(a) Do not start a fire where it will be difficult to put it out.

(i) Never leave a fire without putting it out. This is law.

The puerile desire to see a fine balsam or spruce burn and
show like a huge candle in the night, which has so often been
expressed and carried out, must, of course, never be tolerated.
It is malicious burning, and may bring a fine of $5,000.

Lightning fires. — Fires from this source are not rare, espe-
cially in our dry mountain regions, and it is necessary after
every electric storm to make a special effort to locate and
extinguish any such fires before they are well under way.

Fighting fires. — When once a fire has spread over an acre
or more, especially on difficult ground where a large amount of
dead and down material makes it a real hot fire, the matter
is frequently beyond the possibilities of one ranger alone. In
such cases it is often best to seek for help.

In fighting fires of this kind the character and conditions of
the woods, the weather, and even the time of day have so
much to do with the case that a set of general directions has
little value, and the experience and good judgment of the
ranger mean everything.

Generall}', it may be said that the proper tools to fight the
fire are the shovel, mattock, and ax.

For this reason the ranger should always carry at least
shovel and ax during all the dangerous season, so that he is
never unarmed against this archenem}T of the woods.

In humid, heavy timber the fire usually travels slowty, and
a few men, if persistent, can keep it in check by trenching,
though they can never extinguish it, and must therefore watch
it until a rain helps them out.

In dry, open pine woods the fire travels faster, and it is
often best to go some distance and hunt the most open and
clean ground, trench, and hack fire from there.

FOKEST EESERVE MANUAL. 29

In handling back tires great care is required to avoid the
useless burning of forest.

In all kinds of tires, the night or the early morning hours
are the best time to work, whenever any choice of time exists;
for nearly all forest tires die down more or less during the
cool of the night, and then flare up again during the heat of
the day.

Generally, we may say:

(a) Protect the valuable timber rather than the brush or
waste.

(I) Never leave a tire unless driven out, or until it is put
out.

(c) Young sapling thickets suffer more than old mature
timber.

(d) A surface fire in open pine woods, though not danger-
ous, does great harm in destroying the seedling growth.

(e) A fire rushes up hill, crosses a crest slowly, and is more
or less retarded in traveling down. Therefore, if possible,
use the crest of the ridge and the bottom as your lines of
attack.

if) &. good trail, a road, a stream, an open park, check or
'"bring down1' the fire. Use them whenever possible.

(g) A bit of thinking often saves labor and makes work
successful. Ill-planned efforts suggested by haste and excite-
ment rarely lead to success.

JExj)enses. — While the Government is willing and anxious
to prevent and fight fires, and is willing to go to considerable
expense therefor, it is unreasonable to suppose that an unlim-
ited amount of money is to be devoted to this effort. Experi-
ence has proven conclusively that in most cases a reasonable
effort is all that is justified, and that a fire which can not be
controlled by 20 to 40 men will run away from 100 or even
more men, since heat and smoke in such cases make the direct
fight an impossibility.

Unusual expenditures will not be tolerated. They are
unnecessary, wasteful, and even mischievous. For it is
claimed, in not a few cases, that the fire was started and
thrived because of the opportunity for a job. In and about
nearly every reserve it is possible to enlist the cooperation of
the better citizens, and thus to have such an agreement that
in time of need there can be had a sufficient number of men,
and men of the proper kind. A crowd of men hastily gath-

30 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

ered about the taverns, etc., of a town, without organization,
without interest, and without experience, is usually a poor
makeshift with which to battle a lire.

Accounts. — Every person who is entitled to compensation
for services rendered at a forest lire must sign duplicate
vouchers for the amount received for such services. The
original voucher U transmitted with the forest officer's (super-
visor or superintendent) regular monthly account for the
month in which the expense of the fire was incurred. The
duplicate should be retained for future reference by the officer
submitting the account.

Full directions for preparing vouchers and accounts will be
found in circular of March 1, 1900, regulating the traveling
expenses and other allowances of field employees of this office.

Government employees and parties who have been granted
grazing permits or other privileges within a forest reserve,
are not entitled to compensation for services rendered in extin-
guishing a forest fire.

2. GUARDING AGAINST TRESPASS.

Every kind of trespass, but particularly trespass in timber,
must be prevented, or reported and stopped.

Whenever a ranger or supervisor passes by a place where
timber cutting is in progress, whether under permit or not, he
should, if possible, take the time to examine the cutting. He
should see that the timber, if cut under permit, is marked;
that the block is blazed and marked; that the logs being hauled
away are stamped; in general, that the cutting is done accord-
ing to the rules of the Department set forth in the following
pages.

If the cutting is without permit, the ranger should ascer-
tain by What authority the timber is being cut; and if the
authority is sufficient he should ascertain if the lines limiting
the area are clear, and that no cutting is being done across
such lines.

If he finds that the cutting is without permit or without
authorit}T, or finds irregularities or violation of the rules, he
should at once collect the facts as required hj the form of
report on trespass in timber and prepare such a report. This
report he will transmit to the supervisor. If the case appears
to be unquestionably a trespass, the ranger will notify the
persons to stop cutting and hauling, taking care to note time

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 31

of day, date, and place of such notice, giving- such notice, if
possible, only in presence of a witness.

Where the case requires prompt action the supervisor will
seize all material cut under trespass and invoke such assist-
ance as appears necessary.

If the nature of the case warrants such procedure, the
trespasser is asked to settle, and his offer of settlement can
accompany the report. In all offers of this kind a certified
check for the amount offered should accompany the report.

Forest officers will note the above enumeration of tres-
passes and will guard against all of them. In no case should
the officer pass an}* work, etc., without ascertaining whether
or not it is done under proper authority. In reporting the
different trespasses the form for general trespass, on page 75,
is to be followed.

In all cases of trespass, the supervisor has the right to
administer the oath in taking testimony in the case.

Care and Propagation of the Forest.

In dealing with cases of timber sales the following instruc-
tions should be followed, and should be amplified wherever
experience and future study indicate such improvement.

Instructions in Cases of Sales and also in Cases of
•'Free Use*' of Timber in Forest Reserves.

Forest reserves have two chief functions: Continued pro-
duction of timber and regulation of the water supply; and
since timber constantly grows scarcer and in greater demand,
and as the industries which depend upon a sure and sustained
water flow are certain to increase, the future capability of the
reserves is of even greater importance than their present con-
dition. For this reason all questions concerning their man-
agement must be decided with regard for future effects as well
as immediate results.

The relative importance of the functions referred to varies
in different reserves. Protection of the water supply should
never be lost sight of, even in the regions of heavy rainfall
where lumber production is most important; in mountainous
reserves of the arid States it is paramount. It can only be
insured where the ground is covered by vegetation, which
prevents rapid run-off, and is best attained by a dense growth
of vigorous timber.

32 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

For this reason, the first question to arise when the removal
of any timber is discussed is whether or not it can be spared,
and to decide this question, the forest officer must know
whether another growth of timber will replace the one
removed or whether the land will become waste.

The foremost point to be studied in this connection is the
reproduction of the forest under various conditions. The
number of small trees, their kind, their vigor, the seed-bearing
capacity of those which would be left after cutting, the possi-
ble destruction of the young growth by logging or fire — all
these points must be considered fully. The growths on simi-
lar areas which have been burned or logged afford the best
guides in this study.

If it seems certain that the timber may be cut safely, the
best method of cutting must be decided — whether the trees
below a certain diameter should be left to form the next crop,
whether a number of seed trees should be left, whether the
surrounding timber will furnish enough and the right kind of
seed, whether the cutting may be unrestricted or confined to
strips — or, in other words, what system will be surest to bring
about satisfactory reproduction.

In unsurveyed territory no attempt to follow the regular
square-mile section system need be made. The block should
conform to the lay of the land and the conditions which regu-
late cutting. Ridges and streams should indicate boundaries
wherever practicable, and at least one boundaiw or corner,
serving as a starting point, should be identified with some
easily found natural object. Roads or streams should be used
as base lines where possible. The boundary lines need not
run north and south by east and west, but may take such
angles as may be necessary to follow the natural outlines
referred to. The compass bearing and length of each line
must be recorded to admit of proper mapping of the block.
All corners must be marked by posts and witness trees bear-
ing the marks of the district and the block; as D-3, B-l,
e eaning district No. 3 and block No. 1. The boundary lines
must be clearty blazed and reenforced by the marking hammer.

The sketch map of the block must include such details as
buildings, roads, and trails, fences, mill sites, and mining or
other claims. Each block should be mapped on a separate
sheet, and all maps must be made on a scale of 12 inches to
the mile.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 33

DESCRIPTION AND ESTIMATE.

Complete information concerning each block must be
recorded on the blank form, as indicated in the following
imaginary case:
Division 3.
District 8, Block 5.
(In case of surveyed land, description by township, range.
meridian, section, and quarter.)

1. Topography. Steep slope cm north side of Cougar Creek.

2. Surface. Rough, rocky, difficult to log.

3. Soil. Compact b ><t m.

I. Acreage. Total, 180; timbered, 155; logged, 120; burned, 5.

5. Character of timber. Dense stand of pure bull pine
except narrow strip cdong creek in which spruce forms half.

6. Condition of timber. Pine unusually sound, except along
north edge, which was injured by fire in 1899. Spruce badly
ground-rotten and falling constantly. Little dead material of
any value on block.

7. Reproduction. Pine seedliny growth sparse, but there
are about 50 trees to acre just under nit rcha n table size. Spr uct
reproduction good throughout a 10 -rod strip cdong creek. On
the whole, second crop is well assured.

8. Accessibility. Block ll< s 4 '" lies from nearest mill, which
is at Red Dog, on the railroad. Good down-hill road all the
way, and creek could be made drivable at small expense. The
mill referred to is apparently permanent and timber will
always he in demand. Can be logged and hauled for $5 pei%
thou mnd.

9. Old cuttings. About 20 acres in extreme northeast conn r
"■<is cut in 1899 under sale case No. lfi. This cutting is in
poor condition, covered with rubbish, and reproduction is poor.

10. Private interests. Nothing of the hind but one placer
claim on creek near southwest corner of block, apparently
abandoned. Practically no timber on this claim.

II. Proposed cuttings. (This space is to be used when blank
accom/pan ies application.)

1'2. Additional information and recommendations. The
burn which touches the north side of the block is cue, red with
rubbish and apt to burn at any time. The prevailing winds
are from the north. For this reason, believe it safer to cut the
block as soon as possible iu spite of the good condition of the
25310—02 3

34

EOKEST RESERVE MANUAL.

timber. Since there is a hear// stand of small trees, advise
reducing the diameter limit from 1% to 10 inches, and do not
think it necessary to leave any trees above this size for seed.
The cutting should be made with special precaution against fire.

If different portions of the block vary so greatly in character
that a single description is impracticable, two or more sec-
tions may be indicated on the map by dotted lines and each
described on a separate blank.

All estimates of timber, whether for entire blocks or frac-
tions thereof, should be submitted upon the following form,
and the method of estimating must be stated.

ESTIMATE SHEET.

Estimated stand per acre on Block 5, District 8, Division 3 —
[Here state whether for entire block, portions of block, or
tract applied for only.] — Covers entire block.

LIVING TIMBER.

Bull

Pine.

TOTAL.

Number of trees above 8 inches, per acre

70

70

55

55

16

If,

', ',00

MOO

5i

Sf

DEAD TIMBER SOUND ENOUGH FOR' USE.

2

1

Cords standing timber per acre, suitable for fuel

1

What per cent of total was actually estimated and what system was used? 10 per cent
of the timbered area (155 acres), i-acre circle method.

JOHN DOE,
Head Ranger.

Feb. 2, 1002.

forest rp;serve manual. 35

handling of applications.

If, after examining a tract applied for, the forest officer
decides to recommend the sale, he explains to the applicant all
the requirements which will be demanded of him by the regu-
lations, adding such as he may think necessary in the instance
at hand, and these are agreed to in the signed application. To
avoid misunderstanding later, it is important that all points
concerning the proposed cutting be discussed fully before the
application is submitted. Following are a number which
must be included in all applications, and the forest officer is
expected to add others when advisable:

1. To what minimum diameter on the stump will cutting be
allowed ?

2. How many seed trees per acre shall be left?

3. To what diameter in the tops must trees be utilized?

I. Should the brush be piled, and in what manner?

5. Will any extra work, such as cleaning up down stuff not
cut by the purchaser or burning brush, etc., be required of
him ?

6. How high are the stumps to be (usually not higher than
the tree is thick, and in valuable stuff not above 18 inches) '.

7. Should felling be done with saws?

8. "Will hewing be allowed except at skidways and openings ?

9. Will cutting be allowed throughout the year?

10. What material may be used for skidways, road material,
and camps, and shall it be paid for?

II. Where will applicant be allowed to locate camps, roads,
dams, etc. ?

CASE OF DEAD TIMBER.

This includes only wood, standing or down, which is actually
dead, and in no case trees which are apparently dying. In
the case of evergreen species, all trees having any green
leaves are classed as living timber. Since deciduous species,
such as tamarack and most hard woods, have no foliage in
winter, special attention must be given during this season.
Trees dead at the top and green below, generally called spike-
topped trees, are classed as living, and must never be cut
under dead-timber permits. The dead portion may, however,
be scaled and charged for as dead timber.

In considering applications for dead timber, the following

36 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

points should be discussed in addition to those enumerated
above:

1. Should all, or only standing, dead timber be taken (

2. Should all sound enough for fuel be taken \ a

3. Should all above a given size (what size ?) be given %

4. Should purchaser pile the unsound portions of down
trees from which he uses the sound parts?

4—178.

No. .

Public Timber Sale.

Forest Reserve.

APPLICATION.

I hereby make application for the sale and purchase of tim-
ber located and described as follows: M feet B. M.,

saw timber, green or dry; M feet B. M., mining tim-
ber, green or dry; railroad ties, green,

dry; cordwood, green, dry; and is

located . To be used at .

1 promise to deposit with the Receiver of Public Moneys at

the United States Land Office at — '■ such sum as may be

required at the time of filing my bid for the above-described

8 Note. — The purchaser shall not be bound to cut timber which may die
after the date of sale, or to dispose of unsound material which was sound
at that time; unless it is shown that reasonable diligence on his part would
have prevented the loss.

If the applicant agrees to the conditions of cutting, as explained to him
by the head ranger or other forest officer who has made the preliminary
examination, such officer must at once prepare, upon the proper blank
form, a report embodying a description of the tract in question, an esti-
mate of the timber upon it, and his recommendations regarding the pro-
posed sale or permit. The application will not be considered unless
accompanied by this report, and in most cases it will be desirable to defer
rilling that portion of the application blank devoted to the amount and
location or the desired timber until the forest officer has completed his
examination and estimate. With this definite information, the applicant
can state exactly the amount and situation of the timber, make his offer
of price, and sign the application.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 37

timber, and I further promise that in case my application is
favorably considered I will deposit with the said Receiver such
sum as may be required to cover the cost of advertising- for
bids for the purchase of this timber, and in the event that the
timber is awarded to me as the successful bidder I promise to
pay to the said Receiver the amount covered by my bid [here
insert the condition of payment, whether full cash payment
or one-third down and the balance in thirty, sixty, and ninety

days, as the case may be] , credit being given for the

sums heretofore deposited with the said Receiver by me in
connection with this sale and purchase; which, otherwise, will
be refunded to me.

And I further agree and promise to conduct the work of
cutting and removing said timber in accordance with the fol-
lowing specifications:

1. I will comply strictly with the laws and regulations gov-
erning forest reserves.

2. Submit all timber and wood to measurement by the for-
est officer before the same is removed.

3. Pay in advance for all timber before cutting the same.
1. To cut only timber on the area agreed upon and blazed

and marked, and not to cut any of the live trees bounding
this area.

5. To leave no logs, ties, lagging, or other material in the
woods, and to pay double the agreed price for any material
thus left in the woods.

6. To pay for all material used in shanties or buildings of
any kind; also for material used in construction of skidways,
corduroy, log roads, bridges, and other improvements.

7. To cut only marked timber, and to cut all marked timber.

8. To leave no trees lodged in process of felling.

9. That all material is marked on skidway or in pile, the
amount to be placed in plain figures at the top or on blaze
near by, and that no material will be piled on such skidway
or pile after the scaling has been finished.

10. All felling and cutting with saw .

11. Stumps high; none higher than .

12. Shaft of tree to be used to diameter of inches,

13. Cordwood to be cut from all tops down to a diameter
of inches .

38 EOREST EESERVE MANUAL.

11. Tops to be dragged bodily into openings ready for
burning .

15. Tops to be lopped and brush piled .

16. No hewing, except at skidways in openings .

17. No cutting of timber in summer season between months
of and .

18. Cut all dead material sound enough for fuel .

19. Cut only standing dead material .

20. Cut only and all dead material .

21. Build camps at place agreed upon, located , as

per map .

22. Construct dam at point agreed upon, located at ,

as per map .

23. To pile or skid all material before measuring .

24. Scaling to be done [once a week or month, con-
tinuously, to keep up with cutting], the maximum to be not

over M feet B. M., and cords, ties per

day or week .

I further agree that in case 1113- bid for this timber is accepted,
I will execute a contract embodying the above provisions for
the purchase of said timber, and deliver therewith a bond
which shall be satisfactory to the forest officers for the faithful
performance of the conditions imposed in said contract; and I
further agree that in case of failure on my part to fulfill, all
and singular, the requirements of said contract I will forfeit
the said bond and all moneys paid to the Receiver of Public
Alonevs herein mentioned.

Dated at , , 190—.

ESTIMATE, DESCRIPTION, AND REPORT.

Unless part of such information has been previously secured,
the examination of the tract by the forest officer must include:

1. Surveying, mapping, and blazing out the block or blocks
on which the cutting will be located.

2. Locating definitely enough to permit estimate, descrip-
tion, and locating on map, of cutting area itself.

3. Measuring and estimating of timber on proposed cutting
area, and on entire block when practicable.

■1. Description of block and cutting area.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 39

5. Recommendations concerning proposed sale, with reasons
for them. These should embrace such points as the probable
effect on the future composition of the forest and the water-
flow of the region; the condition of the timber in so far as it
affects the policy of holding it for advance in price; the need
for the timber applied for; the possibility or difficulty of get-
ting it in some better place; the reliability of the applicant.
and the price which should be obtained. The latter point is one
of great importance, and should be decided, not by general
precedent in the region, but by the actual value of the timber
as determined by its character, difficulty to log, and distance
from market. Timber on a gentle slope and near a mill or
drivable stream may be worth more than twice that made
inaccessible by canyons or distance. The forest officer should
determine the cost of marketing all material and recommend
prices which will make it approximately equally desirable.

The report upon the foregoing points must be made upon
the blank for block description already described. If it pro-
vides insufficient space, additional matter may be affixed. If
the tract applied for is less than a block, and the estimate for
the latter can not be relied upon for the small area in question,
a separate estimate should be made and submitted upon
another blank.

MARKING AND CUTTING.

If the application is approved, the head ranger or super-
visor (with assistance, if necessary) will mark at once all trees
to be cut. This is imperative in all cases involving living
timber. Where only dead timber is purchased, and there is
no danger of confounding it with timber in various stages of
injury or disease, the marking of individual trees will be dis-
pensed with. In such instances the forest officer may simply
blaze and mark the boundary of the cutting area and instruct
the purchaser in the manner of cutting.

The marking of standing timber must be done with the
"U. S." stamping hammer, and all trees must be marked
near the ground in order that the stumps may afford positive
evidence of the marking. Where snow may conceal such
marking from the cutters, it will be necessary to mark each
tree at a point several feet from the ground also.

Unless an emergency is declared by the Secretary of the

40 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

Interior, no cutting shall be permitted until the advertisement
of sale has run its course and the district ranger has been
notified by the supervisor that the successful bidder has made
the required advance payment and is entitled to the timber.
Upon receiving- this notice the ranger will permit cutting, and
as soon as it begins "will report the date thereof to the super-
visor. This statement will be upon the regular scale-report
blank and will begin the ranger's periodical report upon the
cutting.

The head ranger will visit the cutting as often as possible,
and will report fully upon its condition (using blank No. 4-484).

It is the duty of the ranger to see that the cutting is con-
fined to the least possible area and not distributed here and
there over the entire tract; also, that, so far as reasonable, all
branches of the logging operations keep pace with each other.
In no instance will the brush piling be allowed to fall behind
the manufacture and removal of logs, ties, and other material.
The ground must be cleared as fast as the work proceeds.

The manner of piling brush may be varied according to
conditions, but the object is always to insure ready and clean
burning, as soon as possible, with the least injury to standing
timber and seedlings. The piles should be compact and large
enough to kindle easily and burn clean without repiling.
When possible, they should not be nearer than 15 feet from
standing green trees or dead trees having many branches or a
covering of moss which might be ignited. Where the density
of the standing timber makes the above rule impracticable,
openings should be made by cutting, or, if this is not feasible,
the piling should be near the least valuable trees and where
there is least danger of the tire spreading. All chunks, knotty
sections, or other unutilized portions of trees, as well as the
branches, must be piled, and as much of such material as pos-
sible should be piled together to insure clean burning. Where
the contract does not oblige the purchaser to utilize the trees
into the extreme tops, all the remaining portions must be cut
up and piled or dragged full size into openings where large
piles ma}T be burned safely.

SCALING.

When possible all timber should be scaled at skidway or
landing, and not as it lies in the woods. In all reserves the

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 41

Scribner rule will be used for lagging and saw logs, and each
stick must be scaled and stamped separately. Hasty methods
of averaging different sizes will not be allowed.

Railway tics are rated as follows:

8-foot ties, 33i feet B. M. each.

6-foot ties, 25 feet B. M. each.

Posts, poles, and piles are measured by linear feet, the valu-
ation per foot increasing with the length and size of the stick.

Shake and shingle-bolt material is measured by the cord.

Square material is scaled like lumber, at its actual contents
B. M.j making no allowance for saw kerf. Thus, an 8 by 12
inch 16-foot stick contains L28 feet B. M.

Where green logs 8 inches and over in diameter are made
into cord wood, they are paid for as saw timber at the rate of
2 cords to the 1.000 feet B. M.

All wood and timber must lie scaled before removal from
the tract or landing, and every stick of timber and pile of
wood must be stamped with the " U . S." marking hammer.

In cases of "'free use'' of timber the same precautions are
necessary as in the cases of sale of timber.

Every application, whether approved by the supervisor or
by the Department, should be accompanied by a definite report
giving sufficient information to enable a proper decision.
The blank form provided for such report (see p. 62) should
be followed.

The sowing of tree seeds has been carried on experimentally
in some of the reserves in California. There are many places
where an expenditure of money for that purpose may. at some
future time, be warranted. Generally, however, the great
extent of the reserve forests, the limited market, the uncer-
tainty of success in the very places where this method is most
called for, indicate a conservative attitude, and not until a far
more liberal appropriation of money is assured is there reason
for introducing seeding and planting methods on more than an
experimental scale.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS IN TIMBER SURVEYING AND SCALING.

The system of subdivision and description of reserve tim-
ber herein outlined is designed to enable purchasers and for-
est officers to conduct sides with certainty and dispatch. Not

42 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

onty does ability to refer accurately to the location, charac-
ter, and amount of any timber applied for save much time in the
handling of the application by those in the field, but it is of
the utmost importance in order that the central office may be
prompt in final action upon the proposed sale.

For this reason all land within the reserves which bears
commercial timber applied for, is to be surveyed into "blocks "
and "districts" and mapped, estimated, and described in a
systematic manner. This work is to be done by the super-
visors or head rangers, with such assistance from the ranger
force as is necessary.

Compasses, chains, blanks, and other necessary equipment
will be supplied the supervisors or head rangers, who will be
held responsible for them in case of loss, but not for unavoid-
able wear or breakage. In case the supervisor is not able to
do the required surveying and mapping, or has no rangers
who can do it, he should promptly inform the central office
and request the provision of a competent assistant.

DISTRICTS AND DIVISIONS.

The chief object in the creation of districts, is to simplify
specifications relative to the location of the blocks, each to
contain approximately 160 acres, the reference to which, with-
out classification into larger divisions, would entail unneces-
sary numbering and confusion. The district should seldom
contain more than 100 blocks, except when the region has
been legalhr subdivided into townships and sections, in which
case the district will consist of one township, 6 miles square,
containing 114 blocks of a quarter section each.

In the case of unsurveyed land the form of the block should
be determined b}T the topography of the region. Valleys or
drainage basins usually form the best limits, notonby because
they are easiby mapped and referred to, but because all
blocks thus included are apt to be reached by the same road
or driving stream. For instance, one of the simplest and
most desirable forms is that of a district 2 or 3 miles wide
from rim rock to rim rock, and about 10 miles long, the stream
running longitudinally through the center. Should the valley
be much wider than this, it is better to make a long district
on either side the stream, each comprising one slope from
stream to top of ridge, than to attempt to make the districts

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 43

reach entirely across the valley by shortening their length.
In much-broken country, however, where small ravines are
numerous, several may be included in one district. In such
cases the natural outlet of the timber must be considered, and
canyons leading away from each other should not go into the
same distrct.

As a rule, districts should not be less than 2 miles wide or
more than 10 miles long, and, except in the case of surveyed
land, when townships are considered districts, should not con-
tain more than 25 or 30 square miles.

In order to insure permanence and ease in finding them, as
well as to save work in blazing, wherever possible, streams
roads, bare ridges, cliffs, or burns should form the boundaries
of both blocks and districts. Where, however, the uniformity
of the region makes artificial lines necessary, the}T should be
plainly blazed and all blazes stamped with the United States
marking hammer, to identify them as the work of forest officers.

In all cases corners must be marked b}7 posts or monuments
and witness trees. The side of the post toward each district
should be faced and marked with the initial and number of
the district, viz, '"D-20." The witness tree bears the same
mark.

The areas of the districts need not be computed, nor the
boundaries actually measured, although for the purpose of
mapping it ma}T often be necessary to record the compass
direction of the latter. When a fairly accurate map of the
reserve already exists it will be sufficient to outline the dis-
tricts upon it, accepting the correctness of the streams and
ridges forming the natural boundaries. The surveyed and
blazed boundaries ma}T be drawn from their recorded distance
and compass direction from some known point on the map.
If, for instance, a district is bounded on the east by a stream
and on the west by the summit of a parallel ridge, both of
which features are shown upon the map, the north and south
boundaries should be run by compass and located b}- measure-
ment to some object, such as a fork or bend of the stream, or
a road or building, also shown on the map. If no good map
of the region exists, a map must be made for each district.
Measurement of distances will not be required, but approxi-
mations should be made with great care, and triangulation
should be done wherever possible.

44 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

In reserves containing great areas of unsurveyed timber
land it is necessary, in order to prevent multiplicity and con-
fusion in the number of districts, to combine these into still
larger areas, called divisions. These have been determined
and numbered b}" the central office, and each supervisor will
be furnished with a map of his reserve, showing their out-
lines. All applications, reports, and other correspondence
referring to timber on land not legally subdivided into town-
ships and sections, therefore, must mention division, district,
and block by initial, as Div. 3, D-l, B-6.

The district and division are merely combinations of blocks,
and will never be described or estimated as a whole. The
block constitutes the unit of measurement, and must be
mapped, estimated, and described accurately, for this infor-
mation will guide the central office in approving or rejecting
applications of all kinds.

In surveyed land each quarter section constitutes a block,
and the only surveying required will be the occasional reblaz-
ing of obliterated section lines, remarking of corners, and
division into quarter sections by blazed lines from quarter
post to quarter post. In the center of the section should be
set a post having the side toward each quarter faced and
marked with the number of the quarter, as NE. i sec. 2.

These quarter sections, while considered as blocks, will be
described by land-survey nomenclature, as NE. £ sec. 2,
T. 3 N., R. 5 W., etc. (See sample map, fig. 1.)

In unsurveyed land the blocks need not be of uniform shape
or size, although, as a rule, they should not contain more than
160 acres. The}T should conform to the lajT of the land and
the conditions which regulate cutting. Ridges, roads, and
streams should form boundaries wherever practicable, and at
least one boundary or corner should be identified with some
easily-found natural object. Boundary lines need not run
north and south or east and west, but may take such angles as
are necessary in order to follow the natural outlines referred
to. It is desirable to avoid including in one block greatly
differing classes of timber or timber which, by reason of ridges
or canyons, will not have the same outlet.

Squads of four men, consisting of compassman, two chain-

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

45

men and axman. will usually be found most convenient in lay-
ing out blocks. Since the work does not require absolute
accuracy no rodman is necessary, the axman simply being
kept in line as he blazes ahead of the others.

i

//

0/d Cutfmg 1839 .
Perm* No. 7. .'

Fig. 1.— Black Hills Reserve. NE. \ see. 14, T. 2 X., R. 3 E.

In chaining boundaries the chain need not be broken in
order to secure horizontal measurement, as in ordinary land
and railway surveying. In most cases it will be sufficient to
allow it to drag loosely on the ground, although more care
must be taken in exceedingly steep or rocky places.

In the absence of a surveyors chain a strong cord may be
used, the quarters and halves being marked by knots or bits

46 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

of cloth. Whether full chains (66 feet) or half chains (33 feet)
should be used depends largely upon the character of the
region.

In emergency cases, when receipt of an application makes
it necessary to lay out a block at once, two men ma\r do the
work, running- and blazing the boundaries first and measur-
ing them later.

As a rule, the method of survejdng each block will be as
follows:

Select a beginning point which can be accurately located,
preferably the corner of some previously surveyed block, or,
if such is wanting, a point on some stream, road, trail, or
cutting which can be definitely described or located on already
existing maps. Forks of roads or streams, or intersections
of such, afford simple means of location. If no such features
exist within or on the boundary of the block, the distance and
direction of one given corner of the block from some known
point outside should be established. The object of this care
in location is not only to facilitate finding the block in the
woods, but to allow accurate mapping. The beginning point
will usually form one corner of the block, and should be dis-
tinctly marked by post and witness tree.

From this point run, chain, and blaze around the tract, not-
ing the length and direction of the line between each corner
and the distance to the crossing of all roads, streams, cliff's,
and similar features; also the positions of buildings, clearings,
or other objects which should appear on the map. Where the
boundary of the block follows irregular lines, such as roads,
streams, or ridges, the line must never curve, but may be
meandered by as many angles and offsets as necssary to follow
the general direction. Boundaries formed by roads, streams,
open ground, or other unmistakable objects need not be blazed,
but in such cases the corners must be clearly marked. (See
sample map, fig. 2.)

All blazing must be reenforced by the United States mark.
Block corners will be marked by posts, monuments, and wit-
ness trees, as in the case of districts, except that the marking
must show the number of both block and district, as D-l, B-3.

Since, in many instances, it will be impossible to subdivide
an entire district at one time, and the laying out of blocks will
follow the receipt of applications, there will be considerable

FOREST RESERVE MAXT'AL.

47

difficulty in numbering- them by any definite system. For
instance, application for timber in the southern end of a dis-
trict, and the consequent survey of the block from which it is

03

0 2-

-£M"

(0-

40<L

C*1

^

Pr0LQar

E3

oT

n9*

,£<£

-b<^-

Fig. 2.— Big Horn Reserve. Piney Creek Drainage Basin, valley of South Piney, Dis-
trict No. 3, Block No. 1.

to be taken, may be followed by a similar requirement in the
north end. while the intermediate portion remains unsurveyed.
In such a case it will be necessary to number the blocks a-

48 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

the}?- are surveyed, without reference to their position in the
district. If, however, there is an opportunity to subdivide
the whole district, it is desirable that the numbering commence
in the north end and proceed southward in regular order.

For this reason, and also to utilize the advantage of a com-
plete surve}dng squad as long as possible, before other reserve
work requires the breaking up of the party, the work of dis-
tricting and blocking should be pushed as fast as practicable.
The mapping, estimating, and description may be left for a
time when fewer men can be spared. The districting may
proceed independently of the blocking and should, preferably,
keep well ahead of it, though a district may be established
before all of its boundaries are run out and marked.

Block maps should include such details as buildings, roads,
trails, streams, cuttings, fences, and mining or other claims.
The topograph}^ may be shown by dotted contour lines, of
which, to avoid confusion, there should never be more than
four in one block. This rule will prevent the use of a regu-
lar interval between them, and the height of each should be
marked, the lowest portion of the block representing zero.

If the block is surveyed especially to enable description of
a tract covered by application, the proposed cutting area
must be outlined on the map.

Block maps should be drawn with a hard, sharp pencil upon
ruled sheets furnished for the purpose by the Department.
In the absence of this, plain 8 by 10 paper may be used. A
scale of 12 inches to the mile should be adhered to in all cases,
and only one block is mapped on one sheet.

The original map will be forwarded, through the supervisor,
to the central office, where copies will be made for the use of
the supervisor and rangers.

ESTIMATING.

No forest officer will be considered competent who can not
estimate standing timber. All work of this kind in the
reserves will be required to be done systematically and accu-
rately, and in all cases estimates must be accompanied by a
description of the method used.

Most systems require knowledge of the contents, in cords

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 49

and in board feet, of trees of any given height and diameter.
The estimator should be able to approximate at a glance the
number of logs of any length in a tree, the average diameter
of these logs, and the number required to make 1,000 feet
B. M. Where the timber is to be used for sawed lumber, he
should note the probable proportion of the tree which will
furnish clear material. In all cases the probable percentage
of cullf or decay should, at least, be approximated. Forest
officers should familiarize themselves with the condition of
each species within their district, and endeavor, Irv observa-
tions at mills and logging camps, to learn the average propor-
tion of unsound in each. Little timber will cull less than In
per cent., and 30 to 40 per cent, is not uncommon in certain
species. The outward signs of defect, such as "conks,"
;'punk knots," exudations of resin, etc., should be carefully
studied.

While officers, familiar with some particular methods of esti-
mating, may often do more accurate work by them than if they
attempt to learn entirely new systems, they should at least
acquaint themselves with as many as possible. Since for many
species of reserve timber the Government has prepared vol-
ume tables based on height and diameter at breast-high (4t> feet
from ground), it is important to be able to estimate the latter
dimension readily. Given the number of trees of each diam-
eter upon a tract and a table showing the average contents in
board feet for these diameters, accurate computation of the
stand is simple.

When these tables are not available, the breast-high diam-
eter may still be used by estimating the number of logs and
allowing a taper of about 1 inch in diameter to every 10 feet
in length. This taper varies slightly with the height and
species of timber, and the estimator should verify it by meas-
urements of fallen trees.

Assuming, for illustration, that the estimator finds his tract
averages to the acre 25 11-inch trees, 13 16-inch trees, 11
18-inch trees, etc.; also that all trees below 18 inches have an
average log length of 22 feet, and those above 18 inches a log
length of 26 feet, and, allowing a.2-foot stump and a taper of 1
inch to 8 feet, he finds that the average 11-inch tree contains
a 22-foot log 11? inches in diameter (outside bark) at the small
end. Or. if he wishes to reckon by smaller logs, it will make
25340—02 1

50 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

one log 12 feet long by 12£ inches at the small end and one 10
feet by 11^ inches. By deducting the probable thickness of
bark and scaling these logs by the rule, he obtains the board-
foot contents of the average 14-inch tree, and, multiplying
this by 25, has the total contents of all trees on the acre in the
14-inch class. By using the same process for the other diame-
ters and adding the results, he has the total stand per acre.

The forest officer should know the probable yield of cord
wood from the tops of trees of given diameter; also the
amount from the tops and lops of 1,000 feet of saw logs or
mining timber. In many cases where an estimate of both
cord wood and logs is required, it will be sufficient to find the
amount of logs and reckon the wood at the rate of so many
cords to the 1,000 feet.

Given ability to judge of the contents of single trees, the
estimator has choice of several methods for ascertaining the
Dumber of trees on his tract and therefore the total stand.
The simplest of these, known as the quarter-acre circle method,
which may be used when time does not permit more accurate
work, is as follows:

The estimate is made on circles of 20 yards radius, each of
which contains quarter of an acre. These are taken at regu-
lar intervals throughout the tract and should actually cover
as large a portion of it as possible. Less than 5 per cent, of
the area is not worth doing at all.

An experienced man can determine at a glance the area in-
cluded within a 20-yard radius. An officer unfamiliar with
the method will insure accurac}7 by placing a stick in the
ground and pacing 20 yards in several directions until the
size of the circle is learned. He then counts all trees within
the circle which are of merchantable size, estimates the con-
tents of the average tree or the number of trees to the thou-
sand feet board measure, and notes the condition of the
timber, per cent, clear and defective, etc. If he is familiar
with breast-high measurements this system should be used, in
which case he tallies separately the trees of different diame-
ters, entering them in 2-inch classes, as 12-inch, 14-inch, etc.
He can then compute the stand later according to the system
previously described.

The figures for each circle should be kept separate, and, with
a diagram showing the location of the circles in the tract, be
forwarded with the total estimate upon the regular blank.

FOKEST RESERVE MANUAL. 51

A more accurate method than the above, but which requires
more work, is the estimating by strips about 4 rods wide taken
at frequent intervals entirely across the tract. The counting
and estimating of the trees is done in the same way as before.
These strips should always run across, not parallel with, ridges
and ravines, and their location on a diagram of the tract is
similarly required.

When practicable, the entire-area method is preferable to
either of the above. In this system the entire tract is esti-
mated by going through it a sufficient number of times to see
all the timber. To work to the best advantage, there should
be two men — one to keep a straight line with the compass and
to pace the distances and the other to estimate and tally the
trees. This method is especially desirable in case of surveyed
land, where the estimate should be made by "forties."

In ordinary practice it is usual to cross each ''fort}"" four
times, tallying by the strip method already described. It is bet-
ter, however, to go through each block (in the case of surveyed
land a quarter section) on lines not over 100 yards apart, mak-
ing a halt at every 100 yards, and estimating the 100-yard
square around this station. The figures for each square
should be kept separate, and the location on the diagram will
permit the averaging to be made for the entire block, or for
each '"forty." as desired.

The circle method first described should never be used in
large timber, or where the trees stand far apart, since the
area is too small to get a fair average of the number of trees
on an acre.

Estimates of all tracts, whether entire blocks or areas cov-
ered by applications, should be reduced to average acres, and
entered upon the blank form furnished for this purpose. The
size of the tract is stated in the space at the top of the blank
and the total stand may be computed in the office. The dia-
gram of the circles, strips, or squares, and the figures for
each, forwarded with the total estimate on the blank form
will enable the office, should it subsequently be desired, to
obtain the stand on any portion of the tract which may differ
from an average of the total.

SCALING.

Each stick of saw logs, timbers, poles, and lagging must be
scaled separately. Hasty method- or averaging diameters or

52 FOKEST RESERVE MANUAL.

lengths will not be allowed. The Old Scribner rule will be
used in all cases.

Ties need only to be counted; and are reckoned as follows:
8-foot ties, standard face, 33-t feet B. M., each;
6-foot ties, standard face, 25 feet B. M., each.

Posts, poles, and piles are measured by linear feet, the val-
uation per foot increasing- according to the length and size of
the stick.

Shake and shingle-bolt material is measured by the cord.

Squared timbers are scaled by their actual contents in board
feet with no allowance for saw kerf. Thus, an 8 b}r 12 inch
16-foot stick contains 128 feet B. M.

Unsound or crooked logs should be scaled down to repre-
sent their actual contents of merchantable material. In order,
however, to restrain purchasers from unnecessary waste, all
partially unsound but merchantable stuff should be scaled,
whether removed or not. In ground-rotten timber, butts
which, though decayed at heart, contain good lumber toward
the outside are frequently left in the woods. Where such
material will pay for sawing, the forest officer will scale it at
what he considers its true value and include it in the amount
purchased.

Logs with elliptical cross section should be scaled on the
average diameter; flats and lagging on the widest diameter.
All scaling is inside of bark.

In the absence of a log rule, or where the position of logs
in the pile makes its use difficult-, the diameters and lengths
may be tallied and the contents figured from a scale table
later.

When possible the purchaser shall be required to mark top
ends of logs to avoid question when they are scaled in the pile.
The forest officer should insist on having one end of piles or
skidways even, so that ends of logs may be easily accessible.
Where there is difficulty in ascertaining lengths of piled logs,
two men should work together.

When scaled, each stick of saw logs, timbers, ties, lagging,
posts, poles, or piles must be stamped with the United States
mark on at least one end, and on both when possible. ' Cord
material, such as wood or bolts, must be stamped at both top
and bottom of piles and at least 12 pieces in each cord must
be stamped.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 53

When green logs 8 inches and over in diameter are made
into cordwood they are paid for as saw timber at the rate of
2 cords to the 1,000 feet B. M.

The butt diameter of a 16-foot log is usually from an inch
to 2 inches greater than that of the top end; yet if this log is
sawed into lumber the amount of material obtained depends
entirely upon the smaller diameter, because there is generally
no way of utilizing the wedge-shaped slabs. For this reason
logs are scaled at the small end. and in ordinary practice the
same method is applied to logs of all lengths.

While this is approximately just in the case of short logs,
it does not give fair valuation on long ones. By most rules a
log 48 feet long measuring 12 inches at the small end is cred-
ited the same as three 16-foot logs of 12 inches diameter, or.
taking the Scribner rule, 192 board feet. In reality, the 18-
foot stick can be cut into three 16-foot logs of 12. 11. and 16
inch diameters, respectively. These will scale, by the same
rule, 64, 100, and 141, or a total of 308 board feet, which is
51 % more than is given by scaling the whole log. A mill
man buying a 24-foot by 20-inch log pays for 420 board feet.
But by cutting it in two he has a 12-foot log of 20 inches diam-
eter and one of about 22 inches. These two logs contain 461
feet by the Scribner rule, and they are of an ordinary and
profitable stock length. Again, he can saw the 24-foot log
full length, but by taking 1-inch slabs which can be trimmed
and edged into 12, 16, or perhaps 18 foot boards, still get more
than the log scaled.

For this reason, in forest reserves. onhT logs 18 feet or less
in length may be scaled at the small end alone. For those
above that length the following system is prescribed:

A 20-foot log I1 10-foot log with toP diameter.

(1 10-foot log with top diameter — 1 inch.

A 22-foot log J1 10_foot lo8 with toP diameter.

[1 12-foot log with top diameter — 1 inch.

A 24-foot log I1 12-foot l°S with top diameter.

(1 12-foot log with top diameter -\- 1 inch.

A 26-foot log J1 12'foot lfJg with toP diameter.

|l 14-foot log with top diameter 4- 1 inch.

\ 28-foot lo" I1 1_l"^oot *°8 w*tn toP diameter.

"jl 14-foot log with top diameter 4- 2 inch.

(1 10-foot log with top diameter.
Jl

A 30-foot log 1 10-foot log with top diameter -f 1 inch.

1 10-foot log with top diameter 4- 2 inch.

54 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

Longer lengths may be computed in the same way, dividing
the stick into 10-foot lengths, as near as convenient, and allow-
ing about an inch taper to each 10 feet. This may vary some-
what, and if a greater taper is required the scaler must use
his own judgment.

When a log is sawed there is a large waste in the form of
sawdust and the proportion thus wasted depends both upon
the thickness of saw used and the number of pieces made. It
is clear that there is twice as much waste in cutting 1-inch
boards as in sawing 2-inch planks.

It is also evident that for these reasons there can be no scale
showing accurately how much lumber will be cut from any
given log. Consequently there are a great number of scales,
each devised for a special class of logs or for the manufacture
of a special kind of stock. For the present the Old Scribner
scale will be used in all reserve work.

Where the scale or stick is too short the contents of a sound
log are figured according to the formula of the much-used
Scribner-Doyle rule, which says:

Contents in board feet = (Diameter — 4)*; for example, an 18-inch log
16 feet long is computed thus:
Contents = ( 18 — 4) 2 or 14 X 14 = 196 feet B. M.

Wherever the purchaser desires, timber will be sold by the
cubic foot, which is an absolutely impartial measurement. In
this case the area of each end of the log is found and the aver-
age of the two multiplied by the length of the stick in feet.
This process gives the contents of the log in cubic feet.
Tables giving areas of circles with any given diameter are
easily available.

4. SPECIAL WORK.

This includes work incidental to grazing- by sheep and cat-
tle; examination of rights of way for roads, railways, canals,
reservoirs, telephone and telegraph lines; the examination of
agricultural claims, mining claims, sawmills, and other plants,
and examinations necessary in attending to cases of special
privileges, such as hotels, stopping places, stores, etc.

Generally, work of this kind is ordered specially, or arises
in connection with special applications. It is important that
examinations be thorough, complete, and correct in matters of
detail, and that the report be full and clear. Mistakes, omis-

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 55

sions. and unsatisfactory reports are sure to result in delay,
and lead, in main' eases, to a refusal in what is really a meri-
torious case. The forest officer should ever remember that
the Department, generally, has no information in the prem-
ises save his report.

5. PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS.

Under this head falls the work of timber survey, outlined
in connection with instructions in the matter of timber sales.
The laying out of every block is a permanent improvement,
useful as long as the landmarks and map are in existence.

This kind of work is supposed to be carried on whenever
circumstances permit, as. for instance, during- damp weather
in summer, when danger from fire is small; also, during fall,
winter, and spring, whenever other work is not too pressing.
In judging this it may be said generally that the importance
of the several kinds of work is as follows:

(a) Protection against tire.

(h) Protection against trespass.

(c) Special orders.

(d) Regular work in timber (sales and ''free-use" cases).

(e) Trail work. etc.
{/) Surve}* work.

In many localities the work of timber survey is carried on
fully as well on snowshoes in winter as on dry ground in
summer, and forest officers will act accordingly.

The construction of trail-, placing of signboards, and sim-
ilar work must necessarily depend on conditions which the
forest officers alone can know.

In any case a random blazing through the woods should be
avoided. If the trail is worth making it is usually worth
doing well, and should therefore be properly planned, laid
out. and then cut out and worked. The custom of leaving
trails •• hidden," as it were, b}~ avoiding to mark their terminal
points and by leaving oti' signboards is considered inadvisable.
Every improvement of this kind should be made with a view
to doing as much good as possible.

The construction of shelters, cabins, etc. . should be done eco-
nomically, and should, like all work of this kind, be done only
with the approval of the supervisor. All work done should
be reported promptly and intelligently.

56 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

6. PROTECTION OF GAME.

In the protection of game the forest officer acts as an assist-
ant to the game wardens of the State or Territory in which he
is located. It is his duty to discover violators of the game
laws and help to stop their depredations.

Reports on violations of the game laws are made to the
central office and to the local or State game warden, and if
the case seems to warrant, a copy of such report is sent to
the governor of the State.

REPORTS.

A proper management of the reserves demands that all
conditions, all work, and all occurrences which affect the
reserve in any way should be properly reported and recorded.
Without a fairly complete knowledge of the character of land
and timber it is impossible to regulate proper!}* the utilization
of the reserve.

In nearly all cases a mere general information is of very
little value. For instance, an application for a million feet of
timber can not possibly be properly considered simply upon
a showing that there exists an abundance of timber in the
reserve, or even in the particular township. The conditions
and amount of timber on the particular quarter section, can-
yon, or hillside is what is needed.

Accordingly, every forest officer should learn to report,
and, in order to report well, should learn to observe and
record fully and correctly. Clearness, completeness, and
brevity should be combined in reporting as far as possible;
long dissertations and reference to irrelevant matters must be
avoided.

The different reports are classified as follows:

rangers' reports.

(1) Report of service. This report is made at the option
of the supervisor, and its form and details are determined by
that officer. Regular blank forms are furnished for this
report.

(2) Reports on regular work, such as timber survey, forest
description, '•free-use" applications, inspection of timber
cutting, burning of brush, building trails, etc.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 57

All reports of this kind are made according to the regular
forms, and on regular blanks, where such are furnished. In
making the report the ranger should never have more than
one subject on a sheet of paper. Thus, he should not report
the results of an inspection of a timber cutting on the same
sheet with a report on a "free-use" application, but should
use a separate sheet for each report. The reports may be
made with a hard pencil or in ink. but where rain is likely to
spoil a manuscript in ink the pencil is preferred.

(3) Reports on miscellaneous matters, such as grazing, saw-
mills, agricultural claims, mining claims, mining mills: appli-
cations for right of way of roads or railways, canals, ditches.
reservoirs, telephone and telegraph lines; for special privileges,
such as hotels, road ranches, stores, whether isolated or in
hamlets, villages, or towns, and reports on all forms of tres-
pass. These reports are made whenever the case arises or the
report is specially ordered. Like the preceding, report- of
this kind are made according to the prescribed forms.

REPORTS OF SUPERVISORS.

A. — MONTHLY RKPORTS.

These reports must include regularly:

(1) Daily service report of supervisor (regular blank).

{•!) Service sheet of forest rangers (regular sheet).

(3) Reports of timber survey, on regular blanks. Each
" block" or quarter section forms a separate report, consist-
ing of:

{a) Map.

(b) Estimate sheet, or sheets.

(c) Description sheet, or sheets.

(4) Reports on scaling and cutting of timber. Every cut-
ting is reported, on regular blank form, twice every month
from the time the cutting is started until the case is closed,
whether work is going on or not.

(5) Miscellaneous work, such as burning of brush, working
on trails, construction of cabins, cutting tire lines, seeding or
planting, etc. Each kind of work is reported separately, on
separate sheet, according to the prescribed form.

(6) Report on fires.

(7) Plan for the coming month. A brief statement as to

58 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

what work will be carried on. giving estimates of amount of
work, probable expense, and reasons for extraordinary
changes or enterprises.

(8) Reports on k'free use" of timber. Made at end of
every quarter.

(9) Report on grazing. Regular blank form. This report
is made at the end of the grazing season and should contain
the following information, in addition to the information con-
tained on the regular sheet:

(a) Condition of the stock as they left the range, whether
poor or in good flesh.

(h) Condition of range, whether good, too closely fed down.
or seriously injured. State particular areas and not mere
generalities.

(c) Whether the same number and distribution of stock
(cattle and sheep) should again be adopted for the coming
year or whether changes should be made in:

The total number.

The number in any district.

The size and limits of the different grazing districts and
the parts of the reserves closed to sheep or to grazing alto-
gether.

B. — SPECIAL REPORTS

These reports treat of :

(1) Agricultural claims or farms.

(l') Sawmills.

(3) Mining mills, power plants, and other manufacturing
plants.

(•A) Mining claims, referring only to claims investigated for
some special reasons.

(5) Hotels, road ranches, stores, etc., located in forest
reserves, whether isolated or in hamlets.

(6) Rights of way of roads, railways, telegraph lines, irri-
gation, and other canals, reservoir sites.

(7) Trespass in timber or any other kind of trespass, and
such other reports as will be required from time to time.

Until all agricultural claims or farms, all sawmills, road
ranches, or stopping places, hotels, stores, mining and manu-
facturing establishments existing within the reserve have been
duly reported and recorded on the books of the supervisor and

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 59

located on his maps, every monthly report will be accompanied
by reports on these farms and establishments as time and
opportunity exist for gathering* the necessary information.
While it is not intended that a special series of tours or jour-
neys should be made to obtain this information, it is expected
that every ranger will take every opportunity to collect data
of this kind, so that the existence and location of every farm,
mill, etc., be properly recorded and reported to the central
office.

This class of special reports then comes under two heads:

(a) Reports transmitted with monthly reports and pertain-
ing to information gathered as opportunity offers and time
permits.

(I) Reports occasioned by applications for timber or grazing,
by trespass, etc., or ordered by the central office, such as
reports on rights of way of roads, telegraph lines^ irrigation
ditches, etc., which are forwarded as soon as possible.

When a farm, sawmill, etc., is once reported according to
the forms here prescribed it will not be reported again unless
some important changes have taken place, as, for instance, if
the farm is abandoned or the mill removed from the reserve.

In transmitting the reports of ordinary rangers, the origi-
nal (usually in lead pencil) is copied either on regular blank
forms, sheets, or separate paper.

Inspectors, superintendents, and head rangers furnish the
monthly reports of their daily service and make such special
reports on inspections, investigations, and other work as occa-
sion requires or as they are ordered from time to time.

In using the following blank forms for reports, it must not
be understood that only the particular questions need be
answered, but all information necessary to a full understand-
ing of the case is desired.

RECORDS OF THE SUPERVISOR.

The supervisor is required to keep record of the principal
affairs of his reserve. These records, except that on the free
use of timber, are kept in a book made of separate blank sheets
furnished by the Department, showing:

(1) Service of rangers.

(2) Free use of timber (kept in separate book).

(3) Sale of timber.

60 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

(4) Survey work.

(5) Miscellaneous work.

(6) Planting and seeding work.

(7) Grazing.

(8) Agricultural settlements.

(9) Sawmills.

(10) Special privileges, hotels, stores, etc.

(11) Special reports.
(12; Timber trespass.

(13) Trespass other than in timber.

(U) Fires.

(15) Accounts.

Every report of ranger or supervisor, regular or special, is
entered in this record. This record enables the supervisor at
aivrtime to see how man}T agricultural claims, sawmills, etc.,
are within his reserve and where every one of these is located.
It will serve the supervisor, as well as superintendent and
inspector, to see where and what kind of work is under wa}*,
and also to facilitate the work of preparing the monthly report
which for the most part will be a mere excerpt from or copy of
the records of the several items. Where special circumstances
make it desirable to keep additional records, temporarily or
permanently, there is, of course, no objection to such addi-
tional record.

MAPS OF RESERVE.

In every supervisor's headquarters there should be kept at
least two maps of the reserve on which important work and
other data are noted for convenient reference. One of these
maps should indicate all cuttings. Every cutting is marked
on the map by the number of its case: It appears, therefore,

as (67) if it is sale No. 67, etc. To keep sale and free-use
cases apart the former are noted in red ink, the latter in
green. Where the cases are too numerous, an enlarged sketch
map of the particular district should be used.

On the second map all alienated lands, i. e., lands owned
or claimed, and therefore not vacant, are shown. The ordi-
nary mining claims need not be thus indicated as they are
usually too small; but where large groups are held or a large
part of the land is in mineral locations it should be indicated.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 61

In addition, this map shows sawmills, mining mills, and all
roads, trails, telegraph lines, etc.

Wherever sheep grazing is allowed or definite ranges are
established, a range map is also maintained and kept up to
date.

REPORT ON SERVICE OF FIELD FORCE, RANGERS, AND OTHER

HELP.

This report forms part of the monthly report and is made
on the blank sheets furnished for this purpose. On this sheet
there appears, for every ranger, the following: Name of ranger;
number of days spent during the month at the following kinds
of work:

{a) Patrol duty.

(b) Timber work, including the marking and scaling of tim-
ber in cases of sale and free use.

(c) Forest survey, laying out districts and blocks, estimating
timber, and doing map work.

{(I) Special work, such as looking after grazingmen, mak-
ing investigations and reports on rights of way, agricultural
claims, etc.

(e) Miscellaneous work, such as the construction of trails,
cabins, fire lines, seeding, and planting.

(/') Fighting of fires.

{</) Time spent off the reserve.

A total for each kind of work is given at base of column.

REPORT ON FIRE.

This form is used b}T the ranger in reporting fires, and it
also appears on a regular sheet furnished for this purpose to
be used in recording the fires by the supervisors.

The sheet contains the following information:

(1) Location of fire.

(2) Kind of .fire. The fires are divided into three classes, as follows:

(«) Camp fires and other small fires covering not more than a few
square rods.

(b) Small forest fires, extinguished without any extra expense or
help and generally not covering over 5 acres.

(c) Large fires, requiring extra help and expense.

(3) Damage done by tires:

(a) Number of acres burned over.

62 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

(b) Number of acres of real timber burned.

(c) Number of feet B. M. of:

1. Green timber)

2. Dry timber } destroyed by fire.

(d) Value of all timber destroyed.

(4) Probable cause of fire.

(5) By whom was fire discovered?

(6) When was it discovered?

(7) When was it brought to notice of forest officer?

(8) When was the work of checking the fire begun.

(9) When was the work finished.

(10) How many extra men were employed.

(11) Cost of fire:

(a) For help (outside of rangers).

(b) For material, tools, etc.

(c) Total cost.

REPORT OX THE FREE USE OF TIMBER.

A report is transmitted quarterly (every three months) with
the month 1}' report, on the regular sheet furnished for this
purpose, accompanied by the original applications, and copies
of permits.

The following* is the regular report made by the ranger and
accompanies the application for the privilege:

REPORT OX APPLICATIOX FOR '"FREE USE OF TIMBER/''

This report should be made by the ranger or other forest officer on every
application, and it should be sent with every case submitted to the Depart-
ment.

Reserve,

, 190—.

1. Name and address of applicant: — .

2. Does the undersigned forest officer know the applicant personally?

3. Is the undersigned forest officer familiar himself with the applicant's
farm or claim on which the timber is to be used? .

4. Does the undersigned forest officer know the statements in the appli-
cation to be true? .

5. Is there any danger of collusion between the applicant and a neighbor-
hood sawmill owner or operator, or other person interested, to obtain this
timber? .

6. What precautions are taken to avoid this? .

7. If the application is for more than the ordinary amount of fuel, fenc-
ing, etc., the undersigned forest officer will state what he knows concern-
ing this extra demand for material on the part of the applicant: .

8. Location of timber applied for: .

9. Kind of timber applied for: .

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

63

10. Description of timber: .

( This description is to be given on the regular blank forms provided for
forest descriptions and estimates. )

, Ranger.

, Supervisor.

REPORT ON SCALING AND CUTTING OF TIMBER.

In all cases of timber sales the case is reported twice in
every month, according to the following blank form. This
is necessary, whether any cutting is going on or not, and the
report is never omitted until case is closed or finished.

4—484.

Department of the Interior,

General Land Office.

forest officers' report of timber cut.

Public timber sale . I n XT

T-. 4. ' ,-Uase^o. .

I orest reserve, I

, forest ranger, of timber cut by ,

Report of

purchaser of the timber sold in the above-entitled case under order of the
Department of the Interior, dated , 190 — , for the end-
ing , 190—.

Green Timber:

Saw logs, feet board measure

Railroad ties, feet board measure

Piling, feet boa rd measure

Mining timbers, feet board measure

Fence posts, number

W i, cords, number

Dead Timber (Standing):

Saw logs, feet board measure

Railroad ties, feet board measure

Piling, feet board measure

Mining timbers, feet board measure

Fence posts, number

Wood, cords, number

Dead Timber (Down):

Wi ' ,1. cords, number

Miscellaneous, not enumerated above:

Has every piece of the above-mentioned timber been scaled according
to official rule? .

Has every piece of the above-mentioned timber been stamped with a
United States marking hammer? .

Has all of the above-mentioned cordwood been stamped, according to
official rules, at time of measurement? .

64 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

1. Are the boundaries of the cutting area clearly outlined and marked?

2. Have all trees cut been marked?

3. Did the trees marked include all (excepting seed trees) above a cer-
tain diameter? .

4. What was this diameter? (If both dead and live timber were cut,
give minimum diameter in both cases.) .

5. Is the purchaser making clean work, cutting all marked trees as he
proceeds? .

6. Are the tops being utilized? .

7. Down to what diameter? .

8. Is any timber being cut into cordwood which is suitable for more
valuable products? .

9. Has any timber been utilized for purposes not stated in the applica-
tion? .

10. If so, how? .

11. Is all brush and debris made in this, cutting piled so it maybe
burned easily and without danger to standing timber? .

12. Has the use of timber for camps, bridges, and road material been
restricted to unsalable material? .

13. If not, has the timber used for such purposes been scaled and re-
ported? . .

14. Does the yield per acre overrun or underrun the original estimate?

15. Is cutting in progress on the tract at present?

16. On what part of the area is the cutting in progress?

17. If not, give reasons for the suspension: .

18. How many men are employed in cutting? .

19. Has any material been removed from the tract during the time cov-
ered by this report? .

20. Does the removal of material keep pace with the manufacture?

21. If not, give the approximate amount of manufactured material on
the tract. .

22. Has the purchasei in any way failed to observe the terms of his con-
tract or the instructions pf the forest officers; and if so, how? .

Signed .

Dated at .

REPORT ON MISCELLANEOUS WORK.

This forms part of the monthly report of the supervisor.
All work of this kind must be definitely located. Each trail
should have its definite terminal points and appear on the

map with definite name or number.

Reserve.

(1) Kind of work, whether trail, cabin, fire line, telephone line, etc.

(2) Location of work; name or number of trail. (If necessary this
statement is accompanied by a map. )

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 65

(3) When laid out or planned.

(4) By whom laid out.

(5) By whom the work was done (name the rangers).

(6) Amount of such work, length of trail, size of cabin, inclosure,
extent of fire line, or brush burned.

(7) What was the cost for:

(a) Material purchased.

(b) Extra help.

( c) Total.

REPORT ON PLANTATIONS OF TREES.

All eases of seeding and planting- should be reported at the
end of each season in connection with the monthly report for
October. Every plantation, if successful at all, should be
reported for three years in succession, to show its condition
for the first three seasons. In the second and third report of
any plantation, onl}T its condition need be indicated, but, of
course, its location is stated, and reference is made to the
first report.

Reserve.

(1) Plantation by seeding, planting.

(2) Kinds of trees.

(3) Locality, division, district, block, or seccion.

(4) When executed.

(5) By whom work was performed.

(6) What method used.

(7) Number of acres seeded or planted.

(8) Number of trees set out.

(9) Cost of—

(a) Material, seed, trees, etc.

(b) Extra help.

(10) Success; whether trees died or lived, seed came up, and seedlings
lived, etc.

REPORT ON GRAZING.

This report is made at the end of the grazing season. A
blank sheet, used also for the permanent record of the super-
visor, is furnished by the Department.

The report covers the following:

1. Name and address of applicant.

2. Number of permit.

3. Kind of stock, whether cattle, sheep, etc.
•A. Number of head.

5. Name of herder.
25340—02 5

66 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

6. Date when stock enters reserve.

7. Locality where stock ranges on the reserve.

8. Date when stock leaves reserve.

PLAN OF WORK FOR COMING MONTH.

This accompanies the monthly report of supervisor.

(1) Patrol duty:

(a) How many men needed for this purpose exclusively.

(b) What are the principal dangers and danger points'?

(2) Regular work:

(a) Number of cases of "free use" under way.
(6) Number of cases of sales under way.

(3) Special work on hand.

(4) Survey and miscellaneous work planned for coining month:

Survey.
Estimates.
Trails, etc.

REPORT ON GRAZING OF SHEEP.

(This report is made by the ranger whenever he meets a band of sheep not before

reported. )

Reserve.

Date of report: day of , 190 — .

1. Name and address of owner: .

2. Name and address of herder: .

b\ Name and address of foreman: .

4. Number of sheep in band: ; by actual count or by statement

of herder: .

5. Kind of sheep (regular stock herd, lambing herd, yearlings, weth-
ers): .

6. Number of goats with band: .

7. Condition of sheep (whether scabby or clean) :

8. When did the band enter the reserve? .

9. Where is their present camp? .

10. How long camped there? .

11. When does herder intend to move? .

12. To what camp or range does he intend to move?

13. Date when seen by ranger: .

Any additional information: .

Signed: -

Ranger.

This same form, properly modified, is used in reporting
actual herds (not loose stock) of an}T kind, grazing or in tran-
sit, with or with without permit, on the reserve.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 67

REPORT ON AGRICULTURAL CLAIM, SETTLEMENT. OR CATTLE
AND SHEEP RANCH.

Reserve,

Dated the day of , 190—.

1. Name and address of claimant: .

2. Married or single: .

3. Location of land (add a sketch map, if necessary): .

4. Land is held as (patent, agricultural claim, placer claim, mere squat-
ter): .

5. When settled on by present occupant: .

6. When filed on: .

7. Is it the actual and only residence of claimant? .

8. If he is the head of a family, is their actual residence on the land or
elsewhere? .

9. What improvements: .

House made of ; approximate size, ; r<

Barn of ; approximate size, by .

Acres under plow: .

Acres under ditch: .

Acres under fence: .

10. Claimant raises mostly: ; and raised the past season:

11. Character of land claimed: .

(a) What proportion is timbered? .

(b) Kinds and quality, and approximate stand of timber:

(c) What proportion is open ground without timber?

(d) Was the field or cultivated land cleared or was it open
park? .

(e) What proportion of claim is tillable? .

(/) Does the land need irrigation? .

12. Is this a stock ranch? .

13. How many head of —

(a) Cattle: .

(b) Horses: .

(c) Sheep: .

'(d) Goats: .

belong with this farm or claim? .

14. Where are they grazed? .

15. Has permit been obtained for them to graze on public land?

16. Has claimant sold or negotiated for the sale of any timber?

17. Additional information in the knowledge of forest officer: -

18. If the claim or entry is believed to have been made at the instance
or in the interest of any others, or believed to be in any way fraudu-
lent, give name, residence, and post-office address of reliable witnesses,
and abstract of their testimony:

19. When and by whom examined:

20. Recommendation as to action that should be taken:

Signed:

, Supervisor.

Ranger.

68 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

FORM OF APPLICATION FOR SPECIAL PRIVILEGES.

When it is desired to occupy and use public lands in the
reserve for a schoolhouse, church, store, hotel, road ranch,
public stopping place, sawmill, and other purposes.

, , 190 .

The Honorable the Secretary of the Interior.
Sir: I, the undersigned, have the honor to apply for permit to —

1. Erect and occupy .

2. To be located on the Forest Reserve at: (Describe situation by

land survey, or along a road or stream, and by distances from well-known
points. ) .

3. Demand for this exists for the following reasons: .

4. The amount of land to be occupied will not exceed acres.

5. The character of the land is: (State if covered by forest growth, or
whether it is open park, burn, brush land, rough, dry, desert.) .

6. The timber needed for construction will amount to: (Number of
board feet and kind of timber — whether pine, spruce, etc., and whether
green, dead, etc.) .

7. State additional facts pertinent to the case: .

8. In case of permit obtained, I promise to obey all rules and regula-
tions governing forest reserves, and to execute such contract and bond as
will be required in this case.

Very respectfully,

FORM OF REPORT UPON THE PRIVILEGE OF 'ROAD RANCH,
PUBLIC STOPPING PLACE, HOTEL, STORE, ETC.

[For sawmill report see special form.]

Forest Reserve.

day of , 190-

1. Name and address of applicant: .

2. Is he a citizen of the State or Territory? .

3. Married or single? .

4. Present employment or business of applicant and place of same: —

5. Location of hotel, etc: (On what road, etc.; state how far from a
certain well-known point, and in what sectional legal subdivision of
survey.) .

6. Proposed buildings, dimensions of same, and material of construc-
tion: .

7. How much ground is to be occupied? .

8. Each feature of the business to be conducted. State by usual trade
classification. .

9. Is the land open park or timbered? .

10. Is the land patented, or claimed; and, if so, under what form of
claim and bv whom? .

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 09

11. What improvement? are there on the ground now? (Number and
size of buildings; amount of ground under fence, under plow, under
ditch.) .

12. What kinds, and how much timber will be cut in building and
clearing? .

13. How near is the nearest place where such business as that named in
the application is conducted? .

14. What need is there for the privilege applied for? .

15. Who will be the people benefited by such a place at this point? .

16. What is the applicant's reputation? .

17. What is his financial standing? .

18. If the location is at shore of lake or bank of stream, will the grant-
ing of this privilege involve any monopoly of specially desirable camping
grounds or place of resort, and will it otherwise enable the applicant to
hinder other persons in the use and enjoyment of the reserve? .

19. Will the establishment add materially to the difficulties of caring for
the reserve, and in what way? .

20. Is there a trail or road over this ground, and where does the trail or
road lead to, and what is its condition? .

21. If it is the purpose of leasing the ground under the act of February
28, 1899 (30 Stat., 908), what is its value? .

22. What special qualification has applicant for keeping this place? .

23. When and by whom was the ground examined? .

24. Other information and recommendation of forest officer: .

(Signed): .

REPORT ON SAWMILLS.

Reserve.

Date: day of , 190—.

(1) Owner of sawmill: . P. O. address: .

(2) Location of mills: (Whether on patented or vacant public land, or
on mining claim, etc., and where, on what stream, road, etc.) .

(3) Kind ot sawmill: (Steam, water, circular, sash, band.) . Daily

capacity: ; extra machinery: (Edger, trimmer, lath or shingle saw,

planer, etc. ) .

(4) Operated by: (Owner, other person.) .

(5) Number of men usually employed about the mill: .

(6) When was mill located? .

(7) Since when operated ? .

(8) About how long in each year does the mill run ? ( Months. ) .

(9) Where are the logs now obtained for the mill ? (Give distance from
mill and locality of timber. ) .

(10) What is the value of the logs at mill? .

(11) Does the miller do his own logging, or is it done by contract? (Give
price, if by contract?) .

(12) What is the timber mostly cut into? (Boards, square timber, min-
ing timber, railway ties, etc. ) .

70 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

(13) Is the material piled and seasoned at the mill, or is it hauled away
green ? .

( 14 ) Is the material usually sold at the mill, and at what prices ? .

(15) Is the material hauled to market to sell ? Whereto? How far?
(Name of place, distance in miles. ) .

(16) What is the cost of hauling from mill to market? ($ per M ft.

b. m.) .

(17) What is the material worth at market point where sold? .

(18) In what manner is the sawdust, edgings, slabs, and other refuse
taken care of? .

(19) Is there any pollution of the stream by sawdust or other refuse?

(20) Are proper precautions taken to prevent fire? .

(21) Is the owner or miller financially responsible? .

(22) What is the owner's or miller's rerjutation in the community?

(23) When was the permit granted for this mill ? .

(24) Has the mill in the past given trouble of any kind, and has miller
obeyed readily the reserve regulations and orders of forest officers ? .

(25) When was this mill inspected last, and by whom? .

(26) Recommendations of forest officer are: .

Signed:

GENERAL REPORT ON LANDS IN FOREST RESERVE.

[This form is used in examining lands with a view to elimination from reserves, or for
other purposes.]

FOREST RESERVE.

The forest officer will proceed and go over every section of this land and,
unless ordered otherwise, describe the same by quarter sections, stating,
for each quarter section, the following:

1. Location of land : .

2. Topography: (Is the ground steep, etc. , and what is the approximate
height of the highest above the lowest point?) .

3. Surface: (Whether even, smooth, or covered by ravines, draws, etc.
Also, whether stony or not. ) .

. 4. Soil: (Loam, sand, color, depth.) .

5. What proportion is covered by timber, burns, park, or open prairie
ground? .

6. What kinds of timber? .

7. Condition of timber: (Mature, thrifty, defective, damaged by fire,
etc. ) .

8. Amount of timber, estimated.) .

9. How many acres of damp meadow land? .

10. How many acres of tillable land? .

11. Does land require irrigation? .

12. Is there sufficient water accessible to irrigate this land?

13. What crops can be raised on the land? .

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 71
14. If the land is on the shores of a lake, or bank of stream, state: .

(a) Will the settlement tend to monopolize the shore line and prevent
the public enjoying the water and scenery of the locality? .

(I>) Will settlement interfere with the removal of timber from the por-
tions more remote from the water, and thereby hinder the use of the
forest? .

15. If there is any settlement in existence, report the same according to
the form prescribed for this purpose. .

1»). State what you know concerning the motives leading to the petition
for elimination, inclusion, or reservation, etc., as the case may be. .

17. Recommendation of forest officer: .

Forest Ranger.
Approved: , 190 — .

Forest Supervisor.

REPORT ON RIGHT OF WAY OF WAGON ROADS, RAILROADS,
CANALS, DITCHES, RESERVOIRS, TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH
LINES.

The forest officer, if not furnished by this office with a
sketch map of the proposed wagon road, ditch, etc., can use
the map of the company as base or skeleton to copy from.
'With this map he will follow the survey as far as it extends
through the reserve. In examining the land he will sketch
in his note book all points of importance, mapping them on a
scale of 6 inches to 1 mile.

A sketch map and a description may be made for every half
mile; but if the survey runs for a mile or two through forest
of practically the same kind, or through a barren burn, the
description of the first or preceding half mile may answer for
the second or all following half miles; and the note will then
simply be: " Same as last half mile," etc.

In his report the forest officer will answer the questions in
the same order as adopted in this form and give to each
answer the same number that the question has.

The report will, in form, be as follows:

Report on right of way: (Wagon road, railroad, ditch, etc.) in

Reserve.

(Month and date.) , 190 — .

1. Name and address of applicant (person or firm proposing to build and
use the road, ditch, canal, etc.) .

For every lialf mile, state:

2. Lay of land, level, slope, bluff, both on right of way and on each
side; whether the way runs in a narrow valley, on hillside, etc.

72 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

3. Surface: Whether smooth or broken, rocky, bare, waste, grassy park,
timber.

4. Soil: Whether gravel, loam, sand, rocky, deep, or shallow.

5. Timber on right of way and on each side. This is to be indicated by
map and description.

As the maps are numbered in the order in which the examination is
conducted, the description will refer to the map at every point.
In describing the timber, note:

(a) Condition of timber: Old or young growth; green or dead; defec-
tive or sound; injured by fire or a mere "burn."

(6) Kinds of timber: Name the different kinds and give their propor-
tions, as, for instance: Mixed growth of fir 40, cedar 10, hemlock 35 per
cent., with some balsam and spruce.

(c) Size of timber, as, for instance: Fir trees run generally from

to inches, and are about feet high. Cedar is from to

inches, etc.

(</) Amount of timber per acre, as per estimate according to

method.

Red fir: M. ft.

Cedar: M. ft.

Hemlock: M. ft.

Others: M. ft.

(e) How much timber will be cut on right of way? .

(/) Value of timber to be cut on right of way. .

6. If railway should be built, will there be great danger of fire from it;
and, if so, what can be done in cleaning or clearing near the right of way
to lessen this danger? .

7. Any roads, trails, fields, bridges, on right of way? .

For report on the whole right of way , state:

8. If railway, canal, etc., will hinder the use of existing road or trail or
other public improvement or convenience, and otherwise interfere with
travel, with future logging, etc., at this point: .

9. What is the necessity for the right of way?

10. Is the proposed enterprise likely to be a benefit to the reserve or a
damage; and, in either case, why? .

11. Will the proposed construction benefit the settlements in and near
the reserve, and in what way? .

12. Will it increase the danger of trespass? If so, in what way? -
(a) If there are signs of this now, state what they are.

13. Has any work been done on this right of way, ditch, etc.? .

(a) If so, has it been reported, and when? .

( If the right of way is for a canal, ditch, or reservoir, report, in addition
to the foregoing, on the following points):

14. Will the water from the ditch or canal do damage to the land and
timber below the ditch? .

L5. Are there any old ditches used in this enterprise? .

16. Concerning the reservoir site, what is the —

(a) Area of the reservoir site: .

(b) Surface: (Whether rough, broken, even, etc.) .

(c) Soil: (Whether sandy, loam, rocky, etc.) .

(d) Timber: (What kind of stand, what species, what size, how
much by estimate. ) — .

FOEEST RESERVE MANUAL. 73

17. Are there anv water rights on this stream involved here? .

(a ) If so, name the pers< >ns, i >r the number of them approximately,
and the capacity of their ditches and their claims, singly or in the
aggregate. .

18. Does the stream furnish all the water needed by these claimants at
all times of the year? .

19. If all the water is not used by them, is it likely that the ditch con-
sidered in this application will interfere with existing rights, at least
during dry seasons? .

20. Is the canal or ditch to be used to provide water for power
purposes? .

If so, state:

(a) Whether the site for buildings and other improvements is well
chosen or not. .

(b) How much land will thus be occupied? .

(c) How much timber will be removed in constructing and maintain-
ing these improvements? .

(d) Will the presence of these improvements specially endanger the
timber of the reserve? If so, in what way, and to what extent? .

(<?) Will the operation of the plant in any way affect the character of

the water in the streams, and to what extent? .

(If the right-of-way is for a telegraph or telephone line, the description

of topography, surface, and soil need not be stated in such full detail as

above indicated. A general statement will suffice. )

In addition to the information outlined above concerning timber, state:

(a) If the line follows a road or trail: .

(b) If along a road, is it a public highway as the word is used in the
law of the State or Territory? That is, is it a recorded county road, i >v is
it merely a neighborhood road? .

(c) What kind of timber is to be used for the poles? .

(d) Of what size are the poles to be? .

(c) Where are the poles to be obtained? .

(/) Under what authority or permit are they to be obtained?

, Ranger.

, Supervisor.

RECOMMENDATION.

The forest officer, in his letter transmitting this detailed report, will
make such recommendation for approval or rejection of the application as
the case seems to require, and give his reasons for such recommendation?

REPORT ON UNLAWFUL FENCING.

Eeserve,

Date: day of , 190—.

1. Name and address of party using the fence: .

2. Location of fenced land: .

3. How manv rods of fence are there? .

74 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

4. "What kind of fence — barbed wire, rail, brush, etc. — including bluffs
and other natural barriers? .

5. When was the fence built? .

6. By whom was it built? .

7. Is all inclosed land vacant public land? .

8. If not, what other kinds of lands — railway, State, etc. — are included,
and how much of each? .

9. In what condition is the fence now? .

10. Are there a sufficient number of gates to accommodate people in
travel through the district? .

11. Does the fence work hardship and annoyance to the people of the
district, and in what way? .

12. Do the parties maintaining the fence hinder settlers and travelers, or
otherwise make themselves disagreeable? .

13. What attempts have been made to obtain title to the public lands
within the inclosure? .

14. Have parties been notified to remove the fence? When, and by
whom? .

15. Other information and recommendations of forest officer: .

16. When and by whom examined? .

Signed: .

REPORT ON MINING CLAIM.

Reserve,

Date: day of , 190—.

1. Name and address of claimant: .

2. Location of claim: (By legal subdivisions or natural landmarks;
preferably use description given in register of mining claims as filed in
district recorder's office.) .

3. Has it been recorded? (If so, state where, by whom, and under what
designation.) .

4. Topography of land or claim: (State whether level, steep slope,
rough, broken ground; whether in valley, on hillsides, or on top of ridge
or butte.) .

5. Surface: (State whether even or rough and broken, smooth or strewn
with rocks.) .

6. Soil: (State whether coarse sand, clay or loam, whether stony, grav-
elly, fertile, or useless for agricultural purposes. ) .

7. Is there water on or near the claim which may be used in working
this claim? .

8. Is there now a ditch or other means of bringing water on this claim
for prospecting or mining purposes? .

9. If not, what has claimant done in the past to supply water for this
work? .

10. Is the claim clearly staked out by posts or marks? .

11. Kind of claim: (Placer, etc.) .

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 75

12. Kinds of mineral alleged to exist on claim: (Gold, silver, lead, etc. )

13. When located:

14. Has assessment work been performed every year requiring an expend-
iture of not less than $100, and what evidence is there to substantiate
this? .

15. What improvements are there on the claim?

(a) Buildings: .

(b) Excavations: (Extent and depth, length of shaft, etc. ) .

16. Is there timber on the claim? If so, what kinds and how muchj,

17. What evidence is there to show that there is mineral enough to
make the claim a valid mining claim? .

18. Has the claim been thoroughly examined by an expert prospector,
or miner employed to ascertain the character of the claim? If so, what is
his name and finding? ( Use extra sheet, if much information is added. )

19. When and by what forest officer was claim inspected? .

20. Opinion of forest officer, and reasons for such opinion: (Do you
think claim a valid one, or one merely located to hold the land for busi-
ness location, town-site uses, or to obtain timber, or for other purposes?)

21. Recommendation of forest officer: .

, Ra tiger.

, Supervisor.

REPORT ON TRESPASS.

(This form is used in trespass other than in timber.)

Reserve.

Date: day of , 190—.

1. Name and address of trespasser: .

2. Trespass has been committed by: (Grazing; fencing; building of
houses, mill; excavation of ditch, canal; construction of road, railway,
etc) .

3. Here follows a report according to the nature of the case, and made
out in agreement with the scheme laid down for the particular kind of
report; for instance, if it pertains to unlawful construction of fences, see
report on this subject, etc. : .

4. In every case add:

(a) When, how, and by whom was trespass discovered? .

(6) When and by whom was it examined? .

(c) How long did trespass continue? .

(d) What damage was done by trespass? .

(e) Is there any damage done now by the existence, occupation, or
use of the works, structures, etc. , constructed in this trespass? .

76 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

(/) What steps have been taken to stop trespass? .

(g) Was it willful? .

(h) Has there been effort at settlement; and if so, what offers

have been made? .

Note. — Any offer of settlement must be accompanied by certified check.
(i) Additional information and recommendation of forest officer:

Signed: , Ranger.

Witnessed: .

(Form No. 4-478 A.)
REPORT OF TIMBER TRESPASS.

Forest Reserve,

Dated at

, 190-

1. Name of trespasser: .

2. Occupation of trespasser: .

3. Residence and address of trespasser: .

(a) Has trespasser timber on his own land or claim? .

4. Was the trespass committed on —

(a) Vacant public land? .

(6) Homestead claim? .

(c) Mining claim? .

5. Describe land trespassed upon: (If unsurveyed, indicate by streams
and other natural objects distance and direction from nearest surveyed
lands, towns, etc. If surveyed, describe as indicated by the following sam-
ple: In township 7 N., range 13 W7., Boise Mer., Idaho, NE. \ of NW. \, and
W. 2 of NE. | of section 4. )

6. If trespass occurred in connection with —

(a) "Free use" permit: (Give name and residence of permit
holder.) .

(b) Timber sale: No. of sale case: — : . Name of party in sale

case: .

7. Kind of trespass:

(a) Did trespasser simply cut ? .

( b) Did he cut and also remove ? .

(c) Did he violate any of the regulations of the "free use" permit?
If so, which? .

((/) Did he violate contract of sale? If so, how?

(e) If the trespass was on a homestead or settlement claim, did the
trespasser cut more than was necessary in clearing for cultivation?

(/) If the trespass was on a mining claim, did the trespasser cut
more than was necessary to develop that mining claim? .

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 77

8. What kind of material was cut? (Dead, live, standing, or down; pine,
Bpruce, etc. ) .

9. Amount of material cut in trespass: (Number feet B. M. of logs, or
timber; number of ties, posts, poles.) .

10. When was trespass committed? ( Date of cutting, hauling, etc.) .

11. Who did the cutting? .

12. \Vh<> did the skidding, hauling, scaling, etc.? .

13. Where was it sawed into lumber, and by whom? .

14. Is there any manufactured material — logs, ties, etc., on the cutting
aiva or claim? If so, what, and how much of each? .

15. Was any of the material cut in this trespass found at other places — at
sawmills, along the road, at streams, landings, etc.? If so, where, what
kinds, and how much? .

16. Has any of the material been seized? If so, where, by whom, and
how much? .

17. How is this material guarded? .

18. What was the material cut in trespass used for?

19. Where was it used? .

20. Is anv or all of the timber sold? .

21. If any is sold, give name and address of purchaser: .

22. What price was paid or agreed upon in this sale? .

23. Where was the timber delivered? .

24. Amount delivered to purchaser: .

25. Did purchaser make this purchase innocently or with knowledge of
the trespass? Give reasons for your statements: .

26. What is the value of the material?

(o) On the stump: .

(b) After being cut into logs, poles, posts, cord wood, ties, etc.:

(c) After sawing and at sawmill yard: .

(d) At nearest lumber yard or other market point: .

27. Names and addresses of witnesses, and brief of testimony. (The tes-
timony must be as to facts; mere inferences, opinions, and hearsay evidence
will not suffice. The parties involved in the trespass should always be
requested to submit a statement as to the facts in the case. ) .

28. On what date did the forest officer examine the land trespassed
upon? .

29. What facts did the forest officer himself find; that is to say, what is
his own testimony? .

30. Was the trespass willful or unintentional? (State carefully all the
facts and circumstances that lead you to think it either willful or uninten-
tional. ) . »

31. Is the trespasser financially responsible, and to what extent? .

32. Has the trespasser offered to settle, and on what terms? .

Note. — All applications for settlement must be accompanied by certified
check for amount of money offered.

33. Action recommended by the forest officer:

Signature of officer who examined the land and case: .

Report examined by: , Forest Svp> rvisor.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

Contract for Special Privileges.

Forest Reserve.

No. .

CONTRACT.

This contract is hereby entered into by and between , party ot

the first part, and the Secretary of the Interior for the United States of

America, party of the second part, for the privilege of occupying

acres of land, situated in the Forest Reserve, and located as follows:

. And to erect thereon (number) buildings, as follows:

(Here give size, number of stories, and material of each.) to be

constructed from timber to be obtained from (claim or reserve)

under (sale or free use) . The buildings to be used as (hotel, store,

shop, mill, post-office, dwelling, etc. ) , in agreement with my appli-
cation.

To maintain a (boat, steamboat, ferryboat, or other special privilege —

here describe same) on (here describe location of operation of

privilege — lake, river, etc.) .

In consideration of this permit so granted to me, I (name), promise and
agree to observe and obey the following conditions and requirements:

1. To commit no trespass on timber or otherwise.

2. Never to assist or encourage trespass of any kind by keeping or assist-
ing trespassers, or by purchasing timber or other material obtained in
trespass.

3. To assist forest officers in the execution of their duties by furnishing
information and actual help in cases of emergency.

4. To do all in my power to prevent forest tires and to assist in fighting
the same, without waiting to be called upon to do so by the proper officer.

5. Never to kill game out of season or otherwise violate the game laws.

6. Not to purchase game, pelts, or skins when there is good reason to
believe that the game laws have been violated in the capture of these
articles.

7. To obey cheerfully, and at all times, the rules and regulations pre-
scribed by the Department for the government of forest reserves.

8. To conduct my business in a proper, honest manner, satisfactory to
the public, which is to be served thereby.

9. To refrain from excessive charges.

10. To keep a clean and orderly place.

11. To keep a satisfactory stock of goods, so that there may exist no
reason for additional establishments of this kind at this place.

12. Never to harbor evil-minded persons, or persons of bad repute.

13. That I will pay the United States for any and all damage sustained
by reason of my use and occupation of said forest reserve, regardless of the
cause or circumstances under which such damage may occur.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 79

.4. To (Here add as the case requires: If for a hotel, such clauses as
pertain to the sale of liquors, gaming devices, etc. ) .

I further agree to execute a bond, running to the United States, with

approved sureties, in the sum of , conditioned for the payment of

any and all damage, as aforesaid, and for the faithful performance of this
agreement and strict compliance with the laws and regulations aforesaid;
and in the event of failure on my part to do and perform any of the re-
quirements hereinbefore set forth, then, in such event, said bond is to be
declared forfeited and the permission hereinbefore granted and all privileges
thereunder shall cease and terminate. It is further agreed and under-
stood that the permission herein granted is subject to revocation by the
Secretary of the Interior, in his discretion, at any time, notwithstanding
the period for which this agreement is approved may not have then
expired.

Dated at

190-

Departmext of the Ixterior,

Washington, D. ('., , 190 — .

This contract is approved and entered into for the period of from

190 — ; and is executed in duplicate, the original to be retained in

the General Land Ohice and the duplicate to be delivered to the applicant.

Secretary of the Interior.

4—180.

COXTRACT FOR SAWMILL PRIVILEGE.

Forest Reserve.

This memorandum of agreement witnesseth: That in consideration of
permission hereby granted by the Secretary of the Interior, authorizing
me to erect a sawmill on [describe here location and kind (steam, water,
etc., circular or band), and also daily capacity, etc.] .

I, the undersigned, agree and promise:

1. To conduct the business of such sawmill in an orderly manner.

2. To abstain from any illegal cutting of timber.

3. To refuse to saw or handle any timber or lumber where I am not
assured that it is procured according to the rules prescribed by the Depart-
ment of the Interior.

4. That I will take all necessary precautions against fire, and will obey
all orders issued and directions given by the officers in charge of said
reservation for the better protection of the forest reserve.

5. That the disposition of the sawdust and other refuse will be made in
such manner as not to violate the rules of the Department guarding the

80 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

purity of the streams, and that any orders issued or directions given by
forest officers pertaining to a proper disposition of such sawdust or refuse
will be promptly obeyed.

6. That I will comply with the laws and all rules and regulations of the
Department now or hereafter in force during the continuance of this agree-
ment governing forest reserves, and will do every act and submit to every
requirement necessary to the promotion of the interests involved in the
creation of said forest reservation.

7. That I will pay the United States for any and all damage sustained
by reason of my use and occupation of said forest reserve, regardless of the
cause or circumstances under which such damage may occur.

I further agree to execute a bond, running to the United States, with

approved sureties, in the sum of , conditioned for the payment of

any and all damage as aforesaid, and for the faithful performance of this
agreement and strict compliance with the laws and regulations aforesaid;
and in the event of failure on my part to do and perform any of the
requirements hereinbefore set forth, then in such event said bond is to be
declared forfeited and the permission hereinbefore granted and all privi-
leges thereunder shall cease and determine. It is further agreed and
understood that the permission herein granted is subject to revocation by
the Secretary of the Interior, in his discretion, at any time, notwithstand-
ing the period for which this agreement is approved may not have then
expired.

Dated at , 190—.

Department of the Interior,

Washington, D. (.'., , WO— .

This contract is approved and entered into for the period of from

190 — , and is executed in duplicate, the original to be retained in

the General Land Office and the duplicate to be delivered to the applicant.

Secretary of (he Interior.

Application for Sheep-Grazing Privilege.

No. .

State of .

, 190— .

I, , of , being a citizen, or having declared my intention to

become a citizen, of the United States and a resident of the State of ,

do hereby make application for the privilege of pasturing not more
than head of sheep, actually owned by me, within the for-
est reserve: Provided, That there shall be excepted, and on which the
animals shall not intrude, the following-described areas, localities, and

tracts, to wit:

It is my desire to graze said animals upon that part of the reserve

bounded and described as follows, to wit: exclusive of any of the

eaid excepted areas, localties, and tracts which may fall within said bounds.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 81

This application is made for my own exclusive use and benefit, and not
directly or indirectly for the use of any other person; and not for the pur-
pose of obtaining a permit to be sold or relinquished in any manner or for
any consideration, and if the pasturing is permitted hereunder, I do hereby

agree that it shall not begin earlier than , 190 — , and that it shall

end not latter than , 190—, and that the animals shall not be corralled

within five hundred (500) yards of any running stream or living spring,
and that they shall not intrude on any of the said excepted areas, or on
any well-known places of public resort or reservoir supply.

Further: If this application is granted, I do hereby agree to fully com-
ply with all and singular the requirements of any law of Congress now or
hereafter enacted relating to the grazing of live stock in forest reserves,
and with all and singular the requirements of any rules or regulations now
or hereafter adopted in pursuance of any such law of Congress.

I also hereby bind myself and employees engaged in caring for the ani-
mals while on the reserve to extinguish all fires started by any of said
employees before leaving the vicinity thereof, and to aid in extinguishing
all camp and forest fires within the territory occupied by me or said
employees, and to cooperate generally with the forest officers and rangers
in protecting the reserve from fires and depredations, if possible to do so,
and to give timely information thereof to the said forest officers and
rangers.

I also further agree that as soon as my animals enter the reserve, and
thereafter, to notify the forest supervisor in charge of the reserve of their
specific location, and to give a description of the range occupied, to the
end that their exact location at all times, while in the reserve, may be
known to the forest officers.

This application is also made with the understanding and full agreement
thereto that penalties will be imposed for a violation of rules, as follows:

PERMITS CANCELED AND REFUSED.

1. For obtaining or attemptingto obtain a permit on false representations.

2. For willful trespass upon areas where not permitted, either on closed
areas or the ranges of others.

3. For setting out fires to clear range.

4. For willful negligence in leaving camp or other fires.

5. For refusing to observe promptly any direct order from the Depart-
ment requiring an observance of any rule.

OTHER PENALTIES.

The number of sheep covered by a permit to be materially reduced for
the following-stated causes, viz:

1. For crowding onto a neighbor's range without the consent of said
neighbor.

2. For bedding sheep more than six nights in succession in any one
place, except when bedding bands of ewes during lambing season.

3. For entering the reserve prior to the date authorized.

4. For remaining in the reserve after the permit has expired.

25340—02 6

82 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

5. For corralling within five hundred yards of a running stream or
living spring.

6. For gross carelessness in leaving camp fires.

7. For failure to aid in extinguishing a fire occurring within the range
occupied when possible to do so.

8. And for such other minor violations of the rules as may occur.

9. For failure to remove sheep promptly upon order of forest officer
when damage is being done to the range.

10. For failure of herder to corral for count, upon order of forest officer
or ranger, when number of sheep appears to be greater than the number
covered by permit.

I also agree to forfeit the permit for a violation of any of its terms or of
the terms hereof, or whenever an injury is being done the reserve by reason
of the presence of the animals therein.

(P. 0. address):

Witnessed by-

(P. 0. address): .

Examined and recommended , 190 — .

Forest Supervisor.

Application approved , 190 — .

Commissioner l~. S. General Land OjHce.

Application fob Cattle and Horse Grazing Privilege.

No. .

State of

, 190— .

I, , of , being a citizen, or having declared my intention to

become a citizen, of the United States and a resident of the State of .

do hereby make application for the privilege of pasturing head of

cattle and head of horses within the forest reserve: Providt d,

That there shall be excepted, and on which the animals shall not intrude,
the following-described areas, localities, and tracts, to wit:

It is my desire to graze said animals upon that part of the reserve
bounded and described as follows, to wit:

This application is made for my own exclusive use and benefit, and not
directly or indirectly for the use of any other person, and not for the pur-
pose of obtaining a permit to be sold or relinquished in any manner or for
any consideration, and if the pasturing is permitted hereunder I do hereby

agree that it shall not begin earlier than , 190 — , and that it shall

end not later than , 190 — , and that the animals shall not intrude on

any of the said excepted areas or on any well-known places of public
resort or reservoir supply.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 83

Further: If this application is granted, I do hereby agree to full}' com-
ply with all and singular the requirements of any law of Congress now or
hereafter enacted relating to the grazing of live stock in forest reserves,
and with all and singular the requirements of any rules or regulations now
or hereafter adopted in pursuance of any such law of Congress.

I also hereby bind myself and employees engaged in caring for the ani-
mals while on the reserve to extinguish all fires started by any of said
employees before leaving the vicinity thereof, and to aid in extinguishing
all camp and forest, fires within the territory occupied by me or said
employees, and to cooperate generally with the forest officers and rangers
in protecting the reserve from fires and depredations, if possible to do so,
ami to give timely information thereof to the said forest officers and
rangers.

I also further agree that as soon as my animals enter the reserve, and
thereafter, to notify the forest supervisor in charge of the reserve of their
specific location, and to give a description of the range occupied, to the
end that their exact location at all times, while in the reserve, may be
known to the forest officers.

I also agree to forfeit the permit for a violation of any of its terms or of
the terms hereof or whenever an injury is being done the reserve by reason
of the presence of the animals therein.

Witnessed by —

(P. O. address):

(P. 0. address):

Examined and recommended , 190 — .

Forest Supervisor.
Application approved , 190 — .

(Commissioner U. S. General Land Office.

Sheep Grazing Permit.
No. — Act of June 4, 1897.

Department of the Interior,

General Land Office,

Washington, D. C, , 190-

Under Department regulations of December 23, 1901, M. , of —

is hereby authorized to pasture head of sheep within the

forest reserve from . , 190 — , to , 190—: Provided, That the ani-
mals shall not be corralled within five hundred yards of any running stream
or living spring, nor intrude upon (to which this permit does not extend)
any place of public resort or reservoir supply, nor upon any of the areas,
localities, and tracts described as follows, to wit:

84 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

This permit is issued on the conditions that said has, by his

application No. , dated , 190 — , agreed to fully comply with all

and singular the requirements of any law of Congress now or hereafter
enacted relating to the grazing of live stock in forest reserves, and with
all and singular the requirements of any rules or regulations now or here-
after adopted in pursuance of any such law of Congress, and that he or
his employees engaged in caring for the animals while on the reserve will
extinguish all fires started by himself or any of said employees before leav-
ing the vicinity thereof, and to cooperate generally, so far as possible, with
the forest officers and rangers in protecting the reserve from fires and dep-
redations; and that as soon as said animals shall enter the reserve, and
thereafter, to notify the forest supervisor in charge of their specific loca-
tion, giving a description of the range occupied; and that the said applica-
tion was made with the understanding, and full agreement thereto, that
penalties will be imposed for a violation of rules as follows:

PERMITS CANCELED AND REFUSED.

1. For obtaining or attempting to obtain a permit on false representa-
tions.

2. For willful trespass upon areas Avhere not permitted, either on closeu
areas or the ranges of others.

3. For setting out fires to clear range.

4. For willful negligence in leaving camp or other fires.

5. For refusing to observe promptly any direct order from the Depart-
ment requiring an observance of any rule.

OTHER PENALTIES.

The number of sneep covered by a permit to be materially reduced for
the following-stated causes, viz:

1. For crowding onto a neighbor's range without the consent of said
neighbor.

2. For bedding sheep more than six nights in succession in any one
place, except when bedding bands of ewes during lambing season.

3. For entering the reserve prior to the date authorized.

4. For remaining in the reserve after the permit has expired.

5. For corralling within five hundred yards of a running stream or living
spring.

6. For gross carelessness in leaving camp fires.

7. For failure to aid in extinguishing a fire occurring within the range
occupied when possible to do so.

S. And for such other minor violations of the rules as may occur.

9. For failure to remove sheep promptly upon order of forest officer
when damage is being done to the range.

10. For failure of herder to corral for count, upon order of forest officer
or ranger, when number of sheep appears to be greater than the number
covered by permit.

This privilege is extended with no obligation or agreement to maintain
an exclusive possession upon any part of said reserve to any one person or
firm, nor as to adjustment of any conflict as to possession.

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 85

For a violation of any of the terms hereof, or any of the terms of the
application on which it is based, or wherever an injury is being done the
reserve by reason of the presence of the animals therein, this permit will
be canceled and the animals will be removed from the reserve.

( 'niiniiissimi, r,
Approved, , 190 — .

Secretary of the Interior.

OFFICIAL STANDING AND DUTIES OF FOREST OFFICERS.
INSPECTOR OF FOREST RESERVES.

1. The forest inspectors are appointed only after having
established special proficiency in timber surveying-, measuring-
and estimating, and all kinds of work connected with forest
reserves. Successful experience in forest-reserve service will
count for much.

2. The salary of the inspectors will be determined by the
Secretaiy of the Interior, but in all eases they will be allowed
all necessary traveling expenses and $3 per diem in lieu of
subsistence.

3. The inspector is the superior officer in the field, wherever
he is assigned to duty. He advises with all forest officers and
has access to any books, reports,. or other records at the head-
quarters of these several officers, and is assisted by the super-
visors and superintendents in his work.

4. His duties are to inspect the different reserves, their
condition, and the prog*ress, condition, and execution of all
work, and to report to the Commissioner of the General Land
Office all facts necessary for a proper management of such
reserves. He investigates special cases when assigned to
him, and assists, by suggestion and advice, the central office
as well as the superintendents and supervisors or other local
officers.

5. He is authorized to hire men and purchase materials
necessaiy in the performance of his duties, but not involved
in his subsistence, but must obtain special authority from
the Department in advance for such special expenditures in
excess of $50.

SUPERINTENDENTS.

1. Superintendents will only be appointed after having
shown special proficiency in timber surveying, measuring,

86 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

and estimating and all other forest-reserve work. Successful
experience in forest-reserve service will count for much.

2. The salary of forest superintendents will not be uniform,
but will be fixed by the Secretary of the Interior in accord-
ance with the importance attached to each jurisdiction, but in
all cases necessary traveling expenses are allowed.

3. The forest superintendent acts as local inspector for the
reserves under his charge. He has access to any books,
reports, or other records of the several forest officers, and is
assisted by the supervisors and rangers in work connected
with their respective reserves.

4. His duties are to inspect the different reserves under his
charge, their condition, and the progress,' condition, and exe-
cution of all work, and to report to the Commissioner of the
General Land Office all facts necessary for a proper under-
standing of existing conditions and for the management of
such reserves. He assists, by suggestion and advice, the cen-
tral office as well as the local officers, and consults with the
supervisors and helps plan the work of the reserves.

SUPERVISORS.

1. Forest supervisors will onty be appointed after demon-
strating their ability to perform the duties of the office; and
only men well grounded and experienced in forest survey,
timber estimating, and timber business will be considered eli-
gible. Successful experience in forest-reserve service will
count for much.

2. The salary of supervisors will not be uniform, but will
be fixed by the Secretary of the Interior in accordance with
the amount of business in the reserve or reserves in each
jurisdiction.

3. Each supervisor will be required to keep, at his own
expense, one or more saddle horses, to be used under saddle
or to vehicle, for his transportation in the reserve; and will
only be allowed such necessary traveling expenses as are
incurred when the urgency of the case requires some other
means of transportation.

4. The supervisor will have full charge of the subordinate
employees and the business of his reserve or reserves.

5. He will plan and direct all work, have entire disposition

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 87

of his rangers and other help, and will be responsible for the
efficiency of the service.

6. He has authority to suspend any subordinate employee
in his reserve, except head ranger, and to recommend his dis-
charge from the date of suspension; and also to recommend
such changes in the field force as the good of the service may
demand.

7. No charge for services of a surveyor, scaler of timber,
assistant, or extra help, nor for any other than ordinary and
usual expenses will be allowed, unless specific official authority
is first obtained therefor in each case, which will be granted
only on such statement of facts as the Commissioner may
decide to justify the authorization requested. However, in
case of emergency clearly precluding prior authorization, he
ma}* employ the necessary assistants without first obtaining
the required authority; but when the expense incurred in an
emergency case is transmitted for payment, the expense
account must be accompanied by a full and complete state-
ment of the facts, showing why the case was one of emergency,
and also, conclusively, that the expense was absolutely neces-
sary and for the good of the service; failing in this, the charge
will be disallowed.

s. In the case of forest fires the supervisor is authorized
to hire temporary men, purchase materials and supplies, and
to pay for their transportation from place to place to extin-
guish the fire; but when it is evident that the expense of any
fire in any such cast is liable to be over $300100 he must at
once telegraph the central office for authority to incur the
additional expense. No expense for fighting a fire outside of
the reserve must be incurred unless the fire threatens the
reserve.

9. The supervisor will advise with the forest inspector and
superintendent whenever either calls upon him, or is on duty
in his reserve or reserves. He will also consult with his head
rangers on the work intrusted to their care, and whenever the
importance of any case demands.

10. He must make general monthly reports to the central
office concerning all matters of importance coming to his
attention, embodying therein all information affecting the
reserve comino- from the ranerers or from other sources.

SS FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

RULES GOVERNING THE APPOINTMENT, DUTIES, AND
STANDING OF HEAD RANGERS IN FOREST RESERVES.

APPOINTMENT.

Head rangers will only be employed in forest reserves
where their services, as such, are needed. They will be re-
quired to pass an examination tending to show their qualifi-
cations, experience, and efficiency in forest work, especially
forest surveying, timber estimating, scaling, logging, the
methods and principles of general forestry, and ready knowl-
edge of our forest trees.

The salaries paid them will vary, and will be tixed by the
Secretary in accordance with the services required and ren-
dered in the reserve where employed.

They will be required to keep one or more saddle horses for
their own transportation in the reserves, but they will be
allowed traveling expenses wherever their work require-
other means of transportation.

They will be suspended or removed by the Secretary of the
Interior on established charges.

Examinations for appointment will generally be had at the
office of the forest supervisor for the reserve where the head
ranger is to be employed. A printed form of set question-.
to be approved by the Department, will be furnished the
supervisor from which to conduct the examination. Each
applicant will be required to write out his answers to the
questions in the examination papers in the presence of the
supervisor, unaided, and to swear to the same. Upon direc-
tion of the Commissioner of the General Land Offiee. the
forest supervisor will set convenient days for examination-.

Examinations may also be held, in the discretion of the
Commissioner, in places to be designated by him.

DUTIES.

They will act as technical assistants to the forest super-
visors, and. as such, will survey and map the reserve areas,
and will be given charge of timber cutting in sales and "free
use" cases, and will direct the marking, cutting, and scaling
of timber, and the cleaning up of the cutting areas, and will
inspect cuttings and attend to other reserve work. They

FOREST RESERVE MANUAL. 89

will also attend to cases of trespass; and will assist the super-
visor in planning the distribution of the rangers and other
workers; and, in the absence of the supervisor, will direct the
work of the reserve.

STANDING.

Head rangers will be subordinate to the supervisor, but
will have the right to advise with that officer, and to originate
their own reports, which reports the supervisor will imme-
diately transmit to the Commissioner of the General Land
Office.

Thev will act as superiors to the ordinary rangers and other
workers wherever assigned to duty by the supervisor, and
will direct the work and movements of all ordinary rangers
and workers who ma}* be engaged upon work within the juris-
diction of the head ranger.

GRADES, APPLICATIONS, QUALIFICATIONS, PRIVILEGES,
AND DUTIES OF ORDINARY FOREST RANGERS.

There will be three classes of forest rangers, exclusive of
head rangers, as follows

Class 1, with a salary of £90 per month.

Class 2, with a salary of $75 per month.

Class 3, with a salary of §60 per month.

All applicants are required to make application on a form
prepared by this office for that purpose, and to swear to the
same. The application must be supported by two persons as
vouchers for the applicant. Blank spaces in the applications
are provided for the statements of the vouchers.

Hangers of class 1 are expected to be familiar with work in
the woods, to be able to locate land and timber, to estimate
and scale timber, to follow and run out survey lines, and to
direct and report intelligently on the ordinary work of the
reserve.

For rangers of classes 2 and 3 no special qualifications arc
required, but they must be able-bodied, sober, and industrious
men, fully capable of comprehending and following their
instructions.

Appointments to positions as rangers of classes 2 and 1 will
be made by promotion from class 3 whenever the service of

90 FOREST RESERVE MANUAL.

the ranger of the lcwer grade warrants such promotion, to
the end that good service may lead to better pay.

Rangers are required to keep one or two saddle horses to
enable them to travel readily about the reserve. Where the
conditions are such that the horse is of no service, the super-
visor may waive this requirement. Rangers must also pro-
vide themselves with a pocket compass, a camp outfit, ax,
shovel, and pick or mattock.

When appointed, they are to report direct to the forest
supervisor for duty.

They ma}' be suspended without pay by the supervisor,
superintendent, or inspector for insubordination, improper
conduct, or gross neglect of duty.

The cause of the suspension being established by report
from the superior officer, the ranger will be disciplined or
dismissed by the Department.

Rangers will not be allowed to be absent from the reserves,
with pay, to obtain supplies, horseshoeing, mail, or for other
purposes, for more than four da}\s in an}T one month; and
cmy absence from the reserve, not exceeding four days, will
only be allowed in the discretion of the forest supervisor.
The supervisor may also grant leave for a longer period,
without pay, when urgent private business, family sickness,
or an absolute necessity requires the ranger's absence from
his field of duty; but in no case for more than thirty days,
the leave in each such case to be no longer than is necessary
for that case.

The supervisor will report all leaves granted at the end of
each month, that the same may be considered in connection
with the settlement of the ranger's account.

The ranger's entire time must be given to the service; he
can follow no other occupation, such as keeping store, farm-
ing, stock raising, working for cattle and sheep owners, or
being in the employ of others and at the same time be a
ranger.

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