LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN IN MEMORY OF STEWART S. HOWE JOURNALISM CLASS OF 1928 STEWART S. HOWE FOUNDATION 634.9 C77f cop. 5 I.H.S. HON. PETER REINBERG PRESIDENT FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONERS OF COOK COUNTY. The Forest Preserves of Cook County OWNED BY THE FOREST PRESERVE DISTRICT OF COOK COUNTY IN THE STATE OF ILLINOIS 1918 Clohesey & Company, Printers 127 North Wells Street Chicago rx 6~ Habitation tty ritiH?n01)ip of (Eook (Eonnig tl|t0 bwtrtrt of 3F0r?0t Jrf 0^rtip0, 0tayi«g tlje l|anh of bp01rurtton for all time in tl|e r^alm of mnjttt forp01, of rrfuge for tmlfo gamp attb btrb0, uie bf btrale tl|t0 hook b0uot?b a0 tt t0 to tl|f brut lopmpttt of tl|p forgot pre 0eroatton pro|erl pntr«0tpb to ttj? 0pon0or0 of tl|p book, th,e Hoarb of 3Forp0t Pr00prup (Eommt00umer0 of Olook Olountg. THE FOREST PRESERVES OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS Table of Contents PAGE Dedication 3 Table of Contents 5, 6, 7 Board of Forest Preserve Commissioners (Membership) 9 Introduction 11 Personnel — Forest Preserve Commissioners 29 Personnel — Citizen Members of Plan Committee 39 The Forest Preserves, Their Present and Future 45 The Forest Preserves 67 Deer Grove Preserve ( Palatine) 69 Desplaines River Valley Preserve 77 Palos Hills Preserve ' 89 Salt Creek Valley Preserve 95 North Branch Chicago River Preserve 103 Beverly Hills Preserve 109 Thornton-Glen wood Preserve 112 Chicago Heights Preserve 117 Elk Grove Preserve 120 Miscellaneous Preserves 124 Rules Regulating the Use of Forest Preserves 126 ILLUSTRATIONS. Portrait Hon. Peter Reinberg, President, Forest Preserve District of Cook County Frontispiece Typical Scene ( Palos Park) 11 Lily Pond (Salt Creek) 13 Hillside Woodlands (Palatine) 14 Desplaines River (Northfield Township) 15 Exploring the Salt Creek Region 16 Path Through Thicketed Banks of Desplaines River 17 Where the Giant of the Woods Stands On Guard 18 Artificial Lake ( Palatine) 19 North Branch of Chicago River 20 Nymphs at Play 21 An Exploring Party 21 Desplaines River, South From Allison Bridge 22 Canoeing on Lake Reinberg 23 Concrete Road Leading to Preserve 24 Real Estate Committee on Tour of Investigation 25 THE FOREST PRESERVES PAGE Let Lofty Trees My Lowly Banks, etc 26 Forest Preserve Commissioners in Committee Meeting 30 Portraits (Group), Commissioners Reinberg, Burg, Busse, Carolan, Fitzgerald 33 Portraits (Group), Commissioners Kasperski, Maclean, Miller, Mo- riarty, Nowak 35 Portraits (Group), Commissioners O'Malley, Pier son, Ragen, Ryan, Scott 37 Portraits (Group) , Citizen Members Plan Committee 41 Partly Obliterated Indian Trail (Elk Grove) 43 A Patriarch of the Woods 44 Open Scene (Salt Creek) 45 Junction of Rand and Ballard Roads, With Senne Woods in Back- ground 46 Type of Road Connecting Preserves 47 Typical River Scene (Salt Creek) 48 Campers in Thatcher's Woods 49 Picnic Party on Preserve Grounds 50 And Oaks in Deeper Groans Reply, etc 50 Boy Scouts Camping on Preserve 51 Family Recreation (Northwestern Park) 52 Girls' Camp (Northwestern Park) 52 Carpet of Wild Flowers 53 Summer or Winter, Day or Night, etc 54 Bathers, Children's Outing Camp 55 Camp Fire Girls (Palatine Preserve) 56 Bluffs (Palos Park) 57 Thriving Seedlings (Palos Hills) - ' 58 Cattle Pasturing on Preserve Lands 58 Nature-Built Playground 59 Where the Bullfrog Reigns Supreme 60 Shock-head Willows, Two by Two, by Rivers, etc 61 Sheep Graze in Palatine 62 Horses Pasturing in Palos Hills 63 Old Indian Trail (Palos Park) 64 The Forest Leaves Convert, etc 66 Hospital Building ( Camp Reinberg) 69 Boy Scouts' Drill 70 Deer Grazing 70 President Reinberg at Children's Outing Camp 71 Where Weeps the Birch with Silver Bark, etc 75 Baseball in the Woods (Wheeling Township) 77 Old Stage Coach Ford on Desplaines River 78 Along the Desplaines (Leyden Township) 80 OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS PAGE Type of Comfort Stations 81 Thou Belongest to the Air 84 Parking Space (Thatcher Park) 85 A Pillar'd Shade High Overarched, etc 88 Swallows' Nests in Bluff (Palos Park) 91 And Here Amid the Silent, etc 92 Tree Colony ( Salt Creek Region) 95 Patrolling the Desplaines River 96 View of the Desplaines Near Riverside 99 Inundation from Spring Freshets 101 North Branch Chicago River at Glenview 108 Along the Salt Creek 110 Timber Line (Elk Grove) 112 Homewood-Lansing Road, Skirted by Preserve Property 113 Because of the Beautiful River Cold, Covered, etc 116 Typical Timber (Elk Grove) 119 Old Algonquin Trail (Elk Grove) 121 MAPS AND PLATS. Forest Preserve District of Cook County 10 Visualized Map of Cook County in 1818 12 Deer Grove Preserve ( Palatine) 68 Desplaines River Valley Preserve from County Line South to Junc- tion of River and Milwaukee Avenue 76 Thatcher Park 82, 83 Palos Hills Preserve, North of Bluff Road 90 Portage Preserve (Lyons Township) 98 Turnbull Woods (New Trier) 102 Caldwell Preserve, from Milwaukee Avenue East (City of Chicago) 104 Beverly Hills Preserve ( Chicago) 109 THE FOREST PRESERVES OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 9 The Board of Forest Preserve Commissioners of Cook County 1914-1918 PETER REINBERG, PRESIDENT BARTLEY BURG DANIEL MORIARTY WILLIAM BUSSE ALBERT NOWAK JOSEPH CAROLAN OWEN O'MALLEY JOSEPH M. FITZGERALD DUDLEY D. PIERSON THOMAS KASPERSKI FRANK RAGEN WILLIAM H. MACLEAN DANIEL RYAN GEORGE A. MILLER WILLIAM D. SCOTT Commissioners. Citizen Members of Plan Committee CHARLES H. WACKER JOHN C. VAUGHAN WILLIAM A. PETERSON DWIGHT H. PERKINS 10 THE FOREST PRESERVES FOREST PRESERVE DISTRICT or COOK COUNTY MILKS. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 11 TYPICAL SCENE (PALOS PARK). INTRODUCTION TO THE CITIZENSHIP OF CHICAGO AND COOK COUNTY. Cook County's chain of Forest Preserve Districts, as yet comparatively unknown to the public generally although destined to become the great public playground, has a story of the county's earliest history which has never been told. It is the story from Nature in the role of eye-witness. Where mankind with its frailties has failed in the preserva- tion of facts bearing on the earliest life in this region, since de- veloped into such a powerful world factor, sturdy nature has not failed. The story is there, truer and more beautiful than ever was put upon paper. 12 THE FOREST PRESERVES Each piece of rugged forest with its never-to-be-erased trails winding through valleys and over hills is a chapter in that story. Each stream with its fords marked by mighty rocks that will be waiting for many generations to come, is an imperishable illus- tration of the narrative. PHYSICAL ASPECT OF TERRITORY EMBRACED IN COOK COUNTY OF TODAY, AS IT APPEARED IN 1818. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 13 And in issuing this book by the Forest Preserve Commis- sion it is the hope of the commissioners that it may be the means of awakening the people of Chicago and Cook County to the fact that this most wonderful story by Nature is spread out be- fore them. LILY POND (SALT CREEK). If that one thing is accomplished the purpose of this publi- cation will not have been conceived in vain. It will have brought to the people of this community the message that these great primeval forests that were the battlegrounds and hunting grounds of prehistoric Cook County are the recreation grounds for the twentieth century citizenship. And with that accomplished we have accomplished the ends sought by the lawmakers of Illinois who conceived the idea of the Forest Preserve District — preservation of the forest land for the people, protection of the last fragments of Nature's most wonderful handiwork so fast giving way before the crushing heel of Industry and Commerce. Historians generally go back to where civilization first showed its hand and beyond that they are helpless to do other than con- jecture and theorize. Historians attempting to tell us the story of Cook County have been no different. The recognized history tells how Joliet and Marquette, those French explorers never to be forgotten, braved all the dangers of the Illinois River, banked with savage redskins, to visit the 14 THE FOREST PRESERVES "Checaugau Portage" in 1673. They tell us only that Indians did live here previous to that time. Where, how and how long? Historians fail us but there is where Nature comes to the rescue. That is the beginning of this most wonderful story open to all in Cook County willing to have a rendezvous with Nature in these tracts of forest land skirting the City of Chicago. In the Palos Hills tract — 2,370 acres of virgin forest bor- dering the Drainage Canal that was the Checaugau (Wild Onion) River in Indian days — there is the only evidence we have as to what were perhaps the original inhabitants of our countryside. They were mound Indians. Mounds stand there today, our only link to the life that existed on the ground we occupy, back in the days when men seeking to establish the globular formation of the earth stumbled onto America. They tell at least how and where the aborigines lived. In that same picturesque tract which abounds in historical lore to be recited for you in succeeding chapters of this publica- tion, we are able to lead ourselves down with the years and cen- turies to the present day. HILLSIDE WOODLANDS (PALATINE). OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 15 DESPLAINES RIVER IN NORTHFIELD TOWNSHIP. Trails easily definable for amateurs and unmistakable rem- nants of village habitation bear evidence to the activities of the Pottowatomies, Ottawas, Chippewas, Winnebagoes and Iroquois, chiefly the first named — Indians who might be styled the na- tives of Cook County. There, also, are found the marks that tell of white man's first venture into our domain — the explorations of the French- men. Ruins of French forts furnish the story of their struggles to hold the territory against the Indians who were making a fight for their native land. Then in the northern end of the county we likewise find trace of the French effort in the short-lived development of the territory which was theirs by virtue of their exploring tendency. It is the site of Father Francois Pinet's Jesuit Mission founded in 1696 — Cook County's first religious institution. That was located near the present Gross Point, west of Wilmette, at what were then the headwaters of the North Branch of the Chicago River. The site overlooked what the Indians styled "Quiet Lake" from which we have today the picturesque Skokie Marsh. 16 THE FOREST PRESERVES This "Mission of Guardian Angel", founded there because of the popularity of a portage between that point on the North Branch and the southward flowing waters of the Desplaines, and the Durantye fort, 1686, near the river mouth, constituted the French effort toward settlement of Cook County. In 1699 opposition to the Jesuits resulted in abandonment of Father Pinet's mission and for almost a century the tribes of red men held full sway throughout the country, and, in fact, throughout the entire Northwest. Indian hostility forced prac- tical abandonment of the "Checaugau portages" by white men. It was during that period that the Pottowatomies, having demonstrated their right to the territory by many bloody wars fought on the shores of the Desplaines, Chicago and Calumet rivers, developed the "Indian Cook County" evidenced in the chain of villages and forts connecting trails. EXPLORING THE SALT CREEK REGION. It was of these Indians — our county's first inhabitants — that Judge Caton, close student of redman traits, wrote, "They despised the cultivation of the soil as too mean even for their women and children, and deemed the captures of the chase the only fit food for a valorous people." Yet it was the Pottowatomies that gave us those "good Indians", Alexander Robinson and Billy Caldwell (Sauganash) whose names have been written indelibly into Cook County's history and of whom you will hear more later. And Grover, writing of the Pottowatomies of the Woods, credited them with "becoming in time a different people; they were susceptible to the influence of civilization and religion ; and took kindly to agriculture to supplement the fruits of the chase." OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 17 PATH THROUGH THICKETED BANKS OF DESPLAINES RIVER. Emerging from this century long Indian domination of the county we find that the English, triumphant in seven years of war with France, had come into possession, acquiring everything west to the Mississippi under the treaty of Paris, 1763. And now we are getting close to the War of the Revolution in which Cook County Indian Land figured more than most suspect. In the timberland bordering the Calumet river there is the scene, never definitely located, of the Battle of South Chicago- — a Revolutionary conflict the same as Bunker Hill, Lexington or Yorktown. It was a victory for the British, however. A motley but daring force of Americans, Indians and Frenchmen had given vent to a little revolutionary spirit by a successful raid upon the British fort at St. Joseph, Mich. Laden with loot they were overtaken by a British pursuit force and a deadly conflict was fought out on the banks of the Calumet, Dec. 5, 1780. First genuine conquest of the Northwest territory brought George Rogers Clark and his historic band of soldier-pioneers, backed by the state of Virginia, within the present Cook County for battles with the Indians though the decisive actions were at Vincennes, Indiana, and Kaskaskia, the Indian day state capital of Illinois. But even after that treaty of 1783 the Indians clung on tenaci- ously. It was twelve years later before Gen. Anthony Wayne delivered the defeat — the Battle of Fallen Timbers, across the line in Indiana — that resulted in the Treaty of Greenville under which six square miles at the mouth of the Chicago river and fifteen other like tracts over the Northwest were given up to Americans. 18 THE FOREST PRESERVES O fc < W O OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 19 Surveys were never made, however, and that treaty does not figure m the land titles of today. It was the Indian Boundary Line treaty in 1816 that finally fixed definitely the dividing line between White man's and Red man's ground in Cook County. Rogers Avenue follows the line of the northern boundary today. In the meantime first substantial settlement of Chicago and Cook County by Americans came with the government's decision to deal firmly with the unruly Indians by establishment of Fort Dearborn at the mouth of the river. With the fort, or shortly afterward, came John Kinzie. That settlement and its tragic ending in the Fort Dearborn massacre — summer of 1812 — is one of the most stirring periods in Chicago's history and like all others it finds amplification of the story in the lands that constitute Cook County's forest pre- serve districts. Land grants that involved the woodland along the Chicago river (north branch) and the Desplaines, then known as the Riviere Aux Pleins, present a phase of those perilous days which has received but scant attention from historians. One section of that land went originally to Claude La Fram- boise, a French voyageur whose wife, Josette, was in the house- hold of John Kinzie at the time of the Indian outbreak. An- other went to Achange Ouilmette, Indian wife of Antoine, like- wise a massacre hero. Voctoire Pothier and Jane Miranda won title to tracts on the Chicago River, presumably their reward for parts played in the earlier tragedy that crept into the life of Kinzie before the massacre. Mrs. Pothier or Porthier was an eye-witness to the shooting of John Lalime. ARTIFICIAL LAKE, PALATINE PRESERVE. 20 THE FOREST PRESERVES Mrs. Porthier, a half breed living in the Ouilmette house a . stone's throw from the newly erected Fort Dearborn, saw Kinzie and Lalime leaving the Fort. There was a quarrel, a shot, Lalime fell dead and John Kinzie became a fugitive. With the aid of Mrs. Porthier's father, Mirandeau, Kinzie got to Milwaukee. Later on news from Chicago that the mili- tary authorities, on the strength of the half breed's story, had completely exonerated him, both Kinzie and Mirandeau returned. By this same list of land grants Chicago's two "good In- dians" around whom the earlier history of Cook County was practically written, came into possession of big tracts which passed onto their children and have come into the hands of the Forest Preserve District. We refer to Billy Caldwell and Alex- ander Robinson. NORTH BRANCH, CHICAGO RIVER. Caldwell — Sauganash was his Indian name — was the son of Col. Caldwell, a British officer of Irish birth, who had married a Pottowatomie girl. He was educated by the Jesuit Fathers at Detroit and spoke English and French as well as being the master of a dozen different Indian tongues. He was a staunch ally of the bloodthirsty Tecumseh's in the British cause during the troubled days leading up to the War of 1812 and the Fort Dearborn massacre but he never forgot OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 21 his friendship for the Kinzies and that Chi- cago colony. Sauganash was really the savior of the Kinzie family. After the members of the Kinzie household had escaped miracu- lously from the slaughter at what is now Eighteenth Street, the Indians — their faces decorated with death paint — had invaded the Kinzie home. With a word Sauganash sent them away and with the help of Robinson, Pottowatomie chief known as Chee-Chu-Pin-Quay or Che-Chee-Bing-Way, he safely conducted John Kinzie and the half dozen survivors of the massacre to the fort at St. Joseph, Mich. Later he lived for years just north of the village at what is now State street and Chicago avenue in a house built for him by the government. In addition to the land he was given an annuity of $400 and by the treaty of 1833 he was awarded $10,000, an amount that the United States Senate cut in half. He was popular with the settlers, saving them from many Indian attacks, and at one time was one of the city's accredited justices of the peace though he never became a citizen. In 1836 he left with his people for Council Bluffs, accomplishing the Indian removal in which laws and soldiers had failed. Sauganash Hotel, the first institution of its kind in Chicago, was named for this Indian but it has been nothing but a memory for many years. Practically the only hope of preserving the names of these noteworthy Redskins rests in the Caldwell and Robinson reservations now a part of the preserves. Caldwell's reser- vation was that pic- turesque stretch of timberland on the Chicago River be- tween Bryn Mawr and Kenilworth ave- nues, the boundaries being fixed under the original grant made by President Tyler Dec. 28, 1843. The Robinson *< Y. 22 THE FOREST PRESERVES DESPLAINES RIVER, SOUTH FROM ALLISON BRIDGE. ground lies on both sides of the Desplaines between Addison and Foster avenues. The old Indian chief lived here until his death in 1872, at which time he was generally reputed to be anywhere from 85 to 110 years of age. He was a citizen, voter and tax- payer of Chicago. But like Caldwell, Robinson's best claim on the white man's friendship came through his efforts in their behalf at the time of the bloody massacre. He had the distinction of having been married to the squaw of his choice by Justice of the Peace Kinzie. Then at the time the Chicago colony was threatened with extinction by the Indian uprising known as the Winnebago wars, Robinson saved the day by a soul-stirring plea that kept the Pottowatomies from joining with the Sauks in an attack that would have been fatal. It was largely through the efforts of these two Indian leaders that the St. Louis treaty under which Cook County be- came part of the United States, August 1816, by the establish- ment of the famous Indian Boundary Lines. Here are the treaty words defining the white man's territory: "Beginning on the left bank of the Fox River of Illinois ten miles above the mouth of said Fox River; thence running so as to cross Sandy Creek, ten miles above its mouth; thence in a direct line to a point ten miles north of the west end of OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 23 the portage between Chicago Creek which empties into Lake Michigan, and the River Depleine, a fork of the Illinois ; thence in a direct line to a point on Lake Michigan, ten miles north- ward of the mouth of Chicago Creek; thence along the lake to a point ten miles southward of the mouth of the said Chi- cago Creek ; thence in a direct line to a point on the Kankakee, ten miles above its mouth ; thence with the said Kankakee and the Illinois River to the mouth of the Fox River and thence to the beginning." CANOEING ON LAKE REINBERG. The old Indian trails — many of which have developed into highways for modern traffic and under the "good roads" cam- paign instituted by the county commissioners have blossomed forth as splendid boulevards — furnish a perfect network of communications between the different forest preserves. No surveyor or engineer of today could anticipate the needs of two generations to come as did those uncivilized Indians more than a century ago when they "beat the path" for the modern highways of today. For instance there is the heavily travelled Green Bay Road which has sprung from the red men's Green Bay trail. 24 THE FOREST PRESERVES Every one of these old trails, running north, northwest, west, southwest and south and reaching all points where In- dians found chance for trade, has left some marks in the pres- ent day preserves as will be noted in the plat presented else- where in this publication showing location of all trails, villages, etc., with reference to the preserves. Happily the close-to-fifteen thousand acres of forest land, now constituting the preserve district, represent all that is choice in the Cook County ground so dear to the modern citizenship for its Indian associations. By some good turn of fate it is the historically famous tract in almost every locality that was preserved all these years awaiting the inevitable government action that has taken form in the creation of the district. Landscape value has probably been the secret of our good fortune. Strange as it may seem to the citizens of Cook County wont to read of natural splendors from afar and so admire them, no where in the world can be found scenery that can CONCRETE ROAD LEADING TO PRESERVE. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 25 THE REAL ESTATE COMMITTEE ON A TOUR OF INVESTIGATION. be compared, in many respects, to landscapes right here at your doorstep. And peculiar as it may seem to us with whom thoughts of explorations carry us back centuries, there are acres upon acres of the wildest sort of territory within the county's pre- serves that have probably never been explored — a veritable ad- venturer's paradise. For the admirer of natural scenic effects there are weeks and weeks of thrills ahead just in visits to territory within their own county. Both historically and geologically the Cook County Forest Preserve Districts constitute a national attraction yet to be recognized locally. One might well spend weeks along the Desplaines River in that stretch of 2,500 acres extending twenty miles from Madi- son street north to the county line — a valley so loved by Indians that many preferred to die there rather than yield to the palefaces. That is the same river valley which Joliet and Marquette styled the "realm of beautiful country" back in 1673. It was always the favorite abode of the Red Men. Every turn in the beloved stream had its village; every promontory its fort for the purpose of defending the home against invaders. 26 THE FOREST PRESERVES OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 27 And the same is true of the Salt Creek valley, extending west of Riverside to the county line, another Indian paradise — 684 acres which men competent to judge on rugged natural fores- try admit have no superior anywhere in the country. Great forests of oaks and maples and hickory and elm, in- habited by every known specie of animal and bird life — those extinct are being revived — and carpeted with a variety of flowers and fauna worthy of a horticulturist's dream, are found here. Northernly — all Preserves are connected with the splendid concrete roa/ls and easily accessible by the maze of railway lines as shown in the complete guide and route map appearing in this book — there are the two famous groves for which townships are named — Elk Grove and Palatine Deer Grove. These with) the Desplaines and Chicago Rivers tracts, the old Turnbull Woods and Big Woods or Evanston Woods on the Green -Bay Trail and the Schaumburg reservation consti- tute the system for the north of the County, all of which will be described in detail later. In the south a system just as attractive has been established with the acquisition of Palos Hills, the Willow Springs wood- land where canal boat drivers on the Illinois and Michigan canal stopped to fill their water barrels, the Chicago Heights tract, a thousand acres of incomparable scenery, the Homewood, Little Calumet and Beverly Hills. Beverly Hills alone, at 87th street and Western Avenue, with that massive rock formation standing close to 100 feet high, rivalling the far-famed Starved Rock on which Indians died by the hundreds, constitute an attraction worth travelling miles to see. This Beverly Hills peak was an important point in the days of Indian wars. It was the chief signal tower from which the orders went out mobilizing the redskinned warriors from villages for miles around in case of emergency. Then directly west of the City of Chicago there is the beau- tiful Thatcher's woods, which including the Steele tract, has long been known to the city's and county's recreation seekers as we hope will soon be the case with every inch of the woodland in the district's 13,000 and more acres of today. Wherever possible the preserve commissioners have striven to develop this great natural park system for the convenience of the public. Artificial improvements, such as the construction of the "wonder lake" in the Palatine tract, have been made and will be made wherever possible. 28 THE FOREST PRESERVES Shelter houses and refuges are rapidly springing into exist- ence in each tract. Topographical maps have been made to blaze the trail to every point of interest — trails that are being marked for the guidance of all. Road development — on which you will hear more later — is being directed to fit into the preserve system. In line with the present national endeavor — winning the war — the board has diverted no land previously dedicated to the production of food. In fact the board's influence has been given to extension of such plans wherever district lands were in- volved. Then in addition to the scheme for propagation of wild animal and bird life on the preserves, the board has seen the opportunity to enter into the national spirit by establishment of sheep grazes as will be noted in later detail on the different tracts. In the development of the Forest Preserve District the president and members of the board of commissioners are actuated only by the desire to carry out the law creating the district in such a way as to operate to the best interests of the public. Each and every citizen of Cook County is a partner in this project — the greatest thing of its kind as may be seen if time is taken to read through this first Forest Preserve year book. And the one thing that is going to make it still greater is wide- spread public interest which we feel is coming once the public is advised. It is for that purpose we are issuing this book. It is our hope that you will find in it an adequate introduction to your Forest Preserve District which, as we have said before, is des- tined to become the world's greatest park system of natural forest land. FOREST PRESERVE DISTRICT OF COOK COUNTY. PETER REINBERG, DANIEL MORIARTY President ALBERT NOWAK HARTLEY BURG OWEN O'MALLEY WILLIAM BUSSE DUDLEY D. PIERSON JOSEPH CAROLAN FRANK RAGEN JOSEPH M. FITZGERALD PETER REINBERG THOMAS KASPERSKI DANIEL RYAN WILLIAM H. MACLEAN WILLIAM D. SCOTT GEORGE A. MILLER Commissioners Personnel Forest Preserve Commissioners 30 THE FOREST PRESERVES OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 31 PETER REINBERG PRESIDENT OF THE FOREST PRESERVE DISTRICT OF COOK COUNTY By election as President of the Board of Commissioners of Cook County in 1914 Peter Reinberg was put into a posi- tion where he automatically became the first President of the Forest Preserve District when the law creating the district went into effect. The boundaries of the County and the District are co-extensive and under the law the county commissioners act as the district commissioners without additional compensation. Had the voters' discrimination been utilized specifically in the selection of the first president of the district a happier choice could not have been made. Mr. Reinberg, a man who has made flower culture and horticulture his life business, was peculiarly fitted for the post of chief executive in the upbuilding of this great governmental structure with forest preservation as its paramount aim. Furthermore Mr. Reinberg stepped into the office with wide experience in the fulfillment of public trust and manage- ment of public affairs. His years as Alderman from the Twenty Sixth Ward, most of which were spent in that most laborious, most trying and most important council berth, the chairman of the Local Transportation committee, had well equipped him for this even bigger task. In addition he was for three years the directing head of the City of Chicago's mammoth public school system, another spot where executive genius is indispensable. As President of the District Mr. Reinberg has assumed the duties of chairman of the Plan committee, a real force in the district organization, and has acted as member ex-officio of all standing and special committees. 32 THE FOREST PRESERVES BARTLEY BURG FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER In Bartley Burg the district fell heir to a tried and sea- soned veteran in the management of public affairs. He had for years represented the great West Side of the City of Chi- cago on the county board and his training fitted him admirably for the important part he played in the establishment of the district. Commissioner Burg is chairman of the highly im- portant Committee on Forestry and Improvements and is a member of the Rules and Judiciary committees. WILLIAM BUSSE FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER With Commissioner Busse the creation of the district brought the second man of experience as head of the county governmental system to its directorate. He is a country town commissioner who was president of the county board from 1907 to 1910. He held that position at the time the present Cook County Courthouse was erected, a monument to his executive genius. His acquaintance with the country dis- tricts has been invaluable to the Real Estate, Plan, Deposi- taries and Forestry and Improvements committees on which he has served. JOSEPH CAROLAN FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER Commissioner Carolan is another country commissioner whose long service as such commissioner and ability in the promo- tion and management of public affairs has made itself felt in the development of the county's chain of forest preserves. As chair- man of the Committee on Requisition and Supplies his energy has been one of the principal arteries on which the district has fed and has grown. He is also a member of the Finance and Rules committees. JOSEPH M. FITZGERALD FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER Commissioner Fitzgerald as the representative of the city's Stock Yards district on the county board, assumed the duties of forest preserve commissioner with an appreciation of the district's possibilities that is reflected in many of the recreational features of the preserves today. He has always been a strong advocate of the District as the world's greatest system of public parks in which the pentup city dwellers may find health and recreation. He is a member of the Finance and Forestry and Improvements committees. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOFS 33 Forest Preserve Commissioners $/Cook County, Peter Remberq President \ Joseph Carolan | Joseph M.ntzgeKilQ\ 34 THE FOREST PRESERVES THOMAS KASPERSKI FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER Commissioner Kasperski, on the county board as a repre- sentative of the City of Chicago's great colony of Americans of Polish descent, has been a close student of the forestry problems which will some day be met in a history-making fashion by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County. As a member of the Forestry committee he has been able to sur- vey the situation with the view to formulation of the "big- ger forestry plan" that will ultimately be launched. He is also a member of the committees on Real Estate and Requisition and Supplies. WILLIAM H. MACLEAN FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER In Commissioner Maclean the District has a director with legal training and in the perilous pioneer days of the organiza- tion he was a mainstay. His experience gained in the Illinois legislature as representative and senator in which he served on the Judiciary Committees, has been recognized in his appoint- ment to the chairmanship of the Committee on Judiciary which led the district through unexplored realms as far as law and precedents were concerned. GEORGE A. MILLER FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER Another legally trained mind was put into the director- ate of the district in the person of Commissioner Miller. As such his genius and energy have been utilized to the utmost on the Real Estate and Plan Committees, the real trail-blazers in the formation of the preserve districts. He was a member of the first park board for the Park District of Oak Park, and had served two terms in the legislature and at the time when the Forest Preserve Law was passed. He is a member of t the district committee on Depositaries. DANIEL MORIARTY FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER Commissioner Moriarty came onto the District Board with a long record as member of the County Board in addi- tion to a military record gained as Colonel of the "Fighting Seventh", the National Guard organization that was the pride of the county. He has been an important factor in the up- building of the forest preserve chain, serving upon the Real Estate committee and the Judiciary committee. He was a Democratic candidate for president of the county board in 1914. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 35 7orest Preserve Commissioners o/Cook County, 36 THE FOREST PRESERVES ALBERT NOWAK FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER Commissioner Nowak is one of the younger members of the county board who have exhibited a wonderful adapta- bility to the work in behalf of the public. In the administra- tion of the affairs of the Forest Preserve District he has found the same opportunity for unselfish service and untiring efforts in the public interest. He is chairman of the Committee on Rules which had the task of formulating a procedure for the District in the early years. He is also a member of the com- mittees on finance and requisition and supplies. OWEN O'MALLEY FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER As one of the active proponents of good roads Commis- sioner O'Malley has given invaluable service in the district development which is so closely related to the county's sys- tem of improved highways. In the chairmanship of the Real Estate committee he was charged with responsibility for the most important phase of the district activities, namely the purchase of lands. He is also a member of the equally im- portant Plan committee and he serves on the Finance and Requisition committees. DUDLEY D. PIERSON FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER Commissioner Pierson, representing the southwest section of Cook County where some of the choicest tracts were ac- quired as preserves, was possessed of a knowledge by which the District profited extensively in the official discussion of purchase terms. By reason of that fact his services have been and are especially valuable to Chairman Ryan and his fel- low members of the Finance committee. He is also a mem- ber of the committees on Rules and Requisition. FRANK RAGEN FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER Commissioner Ragen came onto the Forest Preserve board with six years experience as a member of the county board. He was first elected to the board in 1912. In 1914 he was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for Presi- dent of the board and he was nominated and elected as com- missioner. In 1918 he was an unsuccessful candidate for President and commissioner. He has been a member of the Forest Preserve board committees on Rules and Judiciary. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 37 Forest Preserve Commissioners o/Cook County, 1914 < *-^-* -* ^Ac 38 THE FOREST PRESERVES DANIEL RYAN FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER Commissioner Ryan, by virtue of his years of experience as county finance chairman was able to take up the financial reins of the district in a manner possible under no other cir- cumstances. As chairman of the District finance committee he has instituted a budget system that has meant thousands upon thousands of dollars to the taxpaying public. Likewise as chairman of the Committee on Depositaries he has been always on guard of the public interest. He is also a member of the committees on Real Estate, Plan and Forestry and Improvement. WILLIAM D. SCOTT FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONER Commissioner Scott was serving his first term as county commissioner when the creation of the Forest Preserve Dis- trict made him a member of that board also. He was elected to the county board in 1914 and in 1918 he was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election. He has been a member of the Forest Preserve board committees on Judiciary Rules and Requisi- tions and Supplies. Citizen Members of Plan Committee 40 THE FOREST PRESERVES CHARLES H. WACKER Mr. Wacker, as president of the Chicago Plan Commis- sion, came onto the Forest Preserve Plan Committee with years of experience in city planning, a movement that neces- sarily dovetails with the establishment of an outer park belt. As the Chicago Plan Commission head Mr. Wacker has guided the City of Chicago up to realization on two of the greatest improvement projects any city has ever undertaken, the Twelfth Street widening and the Michigan Avenue ex- tension. With the help of Mr. Wacker the Plan Committee has been able to lay out Cook County's Forest Preserve District in a manner that will some day make possible the Greater Cook County playground system, including the combined recreational features of the City of Chicago and Cook County. WILLIAM A. PETERSON Mr. Peterson has a thorough technical knowledge of horticulture and one of his chief treasures is a library of some 4,000 volumes, including old manuscripts and rare first editions in English, Latin, French, German and the Scandinavian languages. To his booklore he has supplemented extensive travels, gaining a familiarity with the best examples of European land- scape art through visits to the court gardens at Potsdam and St. Petersburg that were, where the men in charge were old associates of his father in the early days at Louis Van Houtte's at Ghent. Possibly Mr. Peterson's work with the peony has con- tributed as much as any one thing to his reputation for horti- cultural erudition. Possessed of abundant means Mr. Peterson has acquired a large museum of Indian and other relics, his arrow heads being one of the most complete collections in the country, many of them picked up on the nursery grounds which were the site of an old Indian village. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 41 Citizen Members Plan Committee 42 THE FOREST PRESERVES JOHN C. VAUGHAN Mr. Vaughan has been engaged in the seed business in Chicago since 1876 and like other citizen members of the Plan committee he was one of the little band of public spirited citizens who have shown a fatherly spirit towards the Forest Preserve idea since its conception. He is a native of Pennsylvania and came to Chicago when a youngster. He graduated from the old Chicago Central High School in 1872 and later studied at the Hillside College in Michigan. He has served as a member of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture and as a member of the Illinois State Art Com- mission, having charge of the production of the Lincoln statue for the centennial. DWIGHT H. PERKINS Mr. Perkins has lived in Chicago all his life and as an architect he has felt that his city and its environs should be planned in the same orderly manner that is followed in de- signing a good house. He 'has felt especially that provision should be made for children — that the requisite conditions for their development into useful and happy men and women, should be established and that those conditions included not only the best schools but playgrounds, fields and forest as well. And further that they should be distributed as near uniformly as possible and that they were quite as desirable, even necessary, for adults as for children. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 43 PARTLY OBLITERATED INDIAN TRAIL (ELK GROVE.) 44 THE FOREST PRESERVES A PATRIARCH OF THE WOODS. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 45 The Forest Preserves Their Present and Future BY PETER REINBERG PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF FOREST PRESERVE COMMISSIONERS OF COOK COUNTY Cook County's Forest Preserve tracts, over 13,000 acres which have been acquired and developed at a cost less than $5,000,000 in two years' time, form a perfect chain of woodland about the great city of Chicago. One day they will constitute a world marvel as a public park system as well as the economic life-belt of the community. In the acquisition of the county's available timberland the board of commissioners has had that very thing in view along with the general scheme of perpetuating the community's few remaining specimen of primitive rugged forest land for develop- ment into Cook County's "greater forest." 46 THE FOREST PRESERVES At the same time, the board of county commissioners and the board of forest preserve commissioners fortunately being one and the same, the county's unequalled system of concrete highways has been laid out with a double purpose. These high- ways are being built with an eye on the "greater forest" idea. JUNCTION OF RAND AND BALLARD ROADS, SENNE WOODS IN BACKGROUND. It has been possible for the board to construct these won- derful "country boulevards" to meet all the demands of economic development of the county and to serve as connecting links for this world's greatest chain of public playgrounds. On the suc- cess of that we want you to judge. No wild stretch of imagination need be employed to visualize the Forest Preserve District of a few years from now when each picturesque tract will be brought to every citizen's door by a network of automobile bus lines operating on these perfect highways. In fact such a development is in a measure already here. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 47 At the present time a "Chicago Line" that will carry recrea- tion seekers for twenty miles along the forest-fringed Desplaines River — Cook County's Indian Day center of population — is being planned. District ownership of such lines is a part of the general scheme for future development as conceived by your commis- sioners. In the same way enterprising automobile owners in such towns as Willow Springs, awakening to the popularity of nearby woodlands, are meeting the demand for short-haul transporta- tion. They meet practically all railroad trains picking up recrea- tion seekers for delivery in the midst of the far-famed Palos Hills. For the camper and seeker of health, rest and recreation the Forest Preserves present unrivalled opportunities for out- door life and enjoyment. Within a few years the reputation of the Preserves will be such that 100,000 visitors on a pleasant Sunday will be nothing unusual. The popularity of these great natural playgrounds has al- ready been demonstrated in a small way by the hundreds of thousands that have visited the tracts each year even before they were acquired, consolidated and developed in accordance with the "great forest" plan. TYPE OF ROADS CONNECTING PRESERVES. 48 THE FOREST PRESERVES 0 C/i e CO OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 49 Roads and trails, many of which were first opened genera- tions ago by the tread of moccasined feet, run in every con- ceivable direction in all tracts. Traced and marked by signs by the district's forest rangers, these trails make the forest as acces- sible to you as they were to the Indians. CAMPERS IN THATCHER'S WOODS. In each preserve there are innumerable secluded spots along the banks of streams and at the edge of lakes where camps may be pitched, a privilege free to all though prospective campers are required to notify caretakers of their plans. Topographical maps of the forests will enable visitors to select just the type of forest they are seeking. By the use of those guides one can find beautiful tracts of hardwood slope forest, the jagged gully woodland or the stately forestry flats. At the same time a perfect index to animal life and wild flower growth is available. By a simple reference you can estab- lish the exact character, down to every possible detail, of each one of the more than 13,000 acres at present constituting the county preserves. In the same way the course of streams and the location of lakes, both of which abound in the district, is laid before you. And with all there are mapped out the splendid concrete high- ways that lead you to the edge of the preserves and the pic- turesque trails that carry to the scenic interior. 50 THE FOREST PRESERVES PICNIC PARTY ON PRESERVE GROUNDS. Looking toward convenience of the public in enjoyment of these outdoor splendors we have endeavored to make in each of the preserves all the improvements possible without encroach- ing upon the handiwork of nature herself. Much has been accomplished along this line. In the first place practically all the tracts so far acquired have included what had previously been popular picnic groves. It is at these spots that the board has found the opportunity for erection of shelters, comfort stations and the like. These features likewise are easily accessible to the visiting public in the wildest tracts by virtue of the guide maps which keep pace with the construction of the shelters, the picnic pavilions, the comfort stations and the dance pavilions. "AND OAKS IN DEEPER GROANS REPLY TO MURMUR DIRGES AROUND His GRAVE." OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 51 How well these facilities are appreciated by the public has been shown by the number of visitors that flock into the preserves on Sundays and holidays though the district has been opened to the public less than two years. Already hundreds of thou- sands have made their pilgrimages to Cook County's forest land and week days also see the streams of exploring parties and family groups coming from the city and country seeking rest and recreation. And what is it that constitutes the chief attraction for visi- tors ? It is the forest land to be found in its primitive state with all its wild, natural, rugged beauty, with its wild flowers and other growth, with its birds and with its animals. BOY SCOUTS CAMPING ON PRESERVE. With city-folk, particularly — fed up as they are on city parks with their transplanted trees, their cultivated plants, closely mown-lawns, all man-made scenery deadly for its sameness — the natural forest with its ravines, streams, and hills is an un- deniable lure. However it is a novelty that never wears out because be- neath all that is the study that grips everyone — Nature. Then there are the historical associations which give almost every tree, rock and stream its part in state and national history — our only connections with antiquity aside from written words and a few relics. 52 THE FOREST PRESERVES FAMILY RECREATION BENEATH ELMS (NORTHWESTERN PARK). As the Chicago Historical Society has written it will be a sad day indeed if the time comes that one must reply that the old Indian trails were obliterated long ago and real estate subdivisions have preempted the sites of our old Indian villages. "Possibly there are some thousands of people in Chicago and Cook County to whom the knowledge has never come that once on a time all Indian trails hereabout focused at the mouth of the Chicago River and that today it is possible to follow those trails through the very heart of our city. GIRLS' CAMP (NORTHWESTERN PARK). OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 53 "Even those who know that North Clark street is the Green Bay Trail and Lincoln Avenue the trail leading to the Little Fort (Waukegan) do not know the vestiges of the aboriginal occupants are to be found today not far from these ancient thoroughfares and that monuments of the Mound Builders have not quite disappeared from the neighboring countryside. At the present moment the forest tract beginning at the borders of the Lake in the Skokie region and continuing west- ward to the Desplaines River southward to Palos Park and eastward to Lake Calumet and the Sand Dunes is in its primi- tive state. Coinciding with this region of natural beauty are works of the Mound Builders, trails village sites and reserva- tions granted to individual Indians for services rendered to the government. CARPET OF WILD FLOWERS (THATCHER PARK). By that it can be seen what an important role the Forest Preserve District has taken from the historical aspect. It is our intention that preserves shall be named for the historical significance attached to the land and that all points of historical interest shall be marked by a monument of some kind. And still we have not touched on what is considered by many the most important function of forest preservation, a 54 THE FOREST PRESERVES OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 55 phase that seldom occurs to the citizen looking only towards the recreational possibilities of forest land. That is the real object of a forest in the economy of mankind. Most people would nod affirmatively were they asked if they knew what a forest is, yet they would find it more difficult to give a definition of it. The name forest, derived from the Latin foris, means out-of-doors yet that could hardly be accepted as a definition applying to all cases. Manwood defined a forest as a "certain territory of wooded grounds, fruitful pastures, privileged for wild beasts and fowls of forest, chase and warren, to rest and abide in, in the safe pro- tection of the king for his princely delight and pleasure." However with the modern-day economic aspect of forests that primitive definition has given way until the forest may now in a general way be described as an area which is for the most part set aside for the production of timber and other forest produce or which is expected to exercise certain climatic effects. BATHERS — CHILDREN'S OUTING CAMP. As far as conclusions may now be drawn, agree scientists, it is probable that the greater part of the dry land of the earth was at some time covered with forest which consisted chiefly of trees and shrubs according to the climate, soil and configura- tion of the locality. When the old trees reached their limit of life they disap- peared and younger trees took their places. The conditions for 56 THE FOREST PRESERVES CAMPFIRE GIRLS AT PALATINE PRESERVE. an uninterrupted regeneration of the forest were favorable and the result was a vigorous production by the creative powers of the soil and climate. Then came man and by degrees he interfered until in most countries of the earth the area of forest has been considerably reduced. The first decided interference was probably due to the establishment of domestic animals — men burned the forests to obtain pasture for their flocks. Subsequently similar measures on an ever-increasing scale were employed to prepare the land for agricultural purposes. Then came the reckless cutting and subsequent firing for econ- omic purposes and the governmental intervention such as the creation of the Forest Preserve District of Cook County. Gifford Pinchot wrote that "forestry has principally to do with the supply of wood for various purposes, with the main- tenance of waterflow in streams, with the prevention of floods and with the supply of forage for grazing animals within the forest." The forests are generally located at the headwaters of streams whose protection is essential to irrigated agriculture on the lands below them, he wrote, and such is the case with the forest lands of Cook County. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 57 It is but few of our people who have ever given time and thought enough to the question to appreciate what an import- ant part the forest land plays in the maintenance of waterflow in our vitally important streams. In the same way few realize that forest land constitutes our greatest agency of protection from devastating floods. Appleton has said of forestry that first it furnishes wood and other products, useful materials without which human civili- zation would be greatly impeded, if not impossible and secondly it furnishes a certain cover for the soil and secures the influence which such cover has on climate and on water conditions. This object has been only vaguely felt, he has written, until in more recent times experimental proof has been brought to the relations of the forests to the weather and to the water flow. Natural forest conditions consist in dense growth, mixed growth and undergrowth. So far as any one of these conditions is deficient or lacking by so much is the forest short of the ideal. Reduced evapora- tion is forest condition. Shade reduces evaporation. Dense growth furnishes not only straight clear timber but shade. Mixed growth alone can preserve a continuous shade for a long time. Undergrowth assists in keeping the ground shaded. Reforestation of Cook County lands is one of the problems which in my opinion gives the board of forest preserve commis- sioners an opportunity for service second in importance only to the conservation of the existing woodland. We have taken some steps in that direction. BLUFFS, PALOS PARK PRESERVE. 58 THE FOREST PRESERVES THRIVING SEEDLINGS IN PALOS HILLS. But what has been done in the way of developing nursery stock and transplanting is nothing to what should be under way in behalf of this great county and I should like to give a brief outline of a reforestation scheme that would prove an economic blessing to the county. Simply by the establishment of a county nursery tract, for which we already have the suitable ground, the Forest Preserve District will be able to start a general reforesting movement that will completely "make over" the entire county. And unlike most public projects with benefits so extensive this nursery scheme is one that can be put into active operation with practically a nominal expenditure of money. And here is what could be accomplished: CATTLE PASTURING ON PRESERVE LANDS. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 59 1 — Would raise trees for reforesting the lands which have come into the county's possession with the acquisition of the Forest Preserve District of 13,000 acres and more. Some tree planting has been undertaken but for the plans of future develop- ment of the District the growing of trees on a much larger scale will be necessary. 2 — Would raise trees for reforesting lands in cities and towns of the county giving impetus to the development of munici- pal forests that would one day take their places as important factors in Cook County's health-giving waves of timberland. 3 — Would raise trees to be distributed at a small margin over cost to beginners in forest planting and thus encourage more private owners to reforest waste land. It would be the district's policy to adhere more to the educational feature in stimulating private planting and to leave to commercial nurseries the larger planting operations, thereby increasing the field for commercial nurseries and in no way furnishing them competition for private business. A — Could raise shade and ornamental trees that could be furnished to the towns and county for planting along roadsides and for the creation of timber groves about schoolhouses and all public buildings. 5 — Could be made the site for an experimental forest which would be the means of demonstrating just what can and can- not be accomplished in the way of reforesting Cook County lands — a service that would not only lighten the way for the Preserve District but for every private land owner in the county. NATURE-BUILT PLAYGROUND, SALT CREEK REGION. 60 THE FOREST PRESERVES PQ w s (1 w OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 61 And practically all the improvements necessary to make possible establishment of such an important piece of work would be represented in a barn, a shop, maybe a packing house and possibly a small plain building1 for the housing of what labor might be needed in the spring and fall with the activities of the nursery. Then establishment of such an industry in the name of the Forest Preserve District of Cook County at such a nominal cost would give us the further advantage of a field headquarters from which the District could conduct all other lines of develop- ment that are contemplated. "SHOCK-HEAD WILLOWS, Two BY Two, BY RIVERS GALLOPADED."- TENNYSON (DESPLAINES RIVER). And these lines are many and important. For instance there is the work of stocking the District streams with fish, something which every citizen will agree is necessary. In that we have already the co-operation of the State Game and Fish Commission. In many of the preserve tracts the streams are today getting the attention of the "state stockers"— a propagation campaign which will eventually give the district dozens of clear-water streams abounding in fish such as black bass, croppies and blue gills. And with what help the District gets from the State Com- mission we will be able to establish a game and fish department of our own that will in a few years be able to bring the county forest lands back to a state, as to wild life, that stood before the advent of hunters. 62 THE FOREST PRESERVES With the district embodying hundreds upon hundreds of acres of woodland that has for years been the refuge of birds of every conceivable type, it will require but little effort to bring back the county's colonies of wild canaries and such species almost extinct. In the same way this land in the past was the home for every known kind of wild game. By the application of strict rules for the protection of desirable animal life and by the in- troduction of scientific plans of propagation plans the District hopes to restore that attractive feature of the woodland. Within the 13,000 acres now owned by the Forest Preserve District there are also inestimable possibilities for food produc- tion which, though barely touched, have already developed in such a fashion as to prove a vital factor in helping the nation win the present war. Along with the woodland there are hundreds upon hun- dreds of acres of excellent pasturage all of which will eventually be utilized for the raising of live stock, a project that has been started. I refer to the sheep graze. Last year the National Sheep and Wool Bureau appealed to the country to save from slaughter 10,000 ewe lambs about to be consigned to the markets from states in the northwest. The Governor of Illinois was asked to interest the municipal authori- ties. The Forest Preserve District purchased 500 head of the sheep. Those sheep were placed on one of the preserves and were cared for during the winter. With the lambs the band now numbers about 800 and the first shearing produced a wool clip of 2,500 pounds which will be greatly increased in future years. SHEEP GRAZE IN PALATINE. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 63 HORSES PASTURING IN PALOS HILLS. That was a small beginning of what the Forest Preserve District plans to make a big feature of the district lands in the future. Eventually the Forest Preserve District will not only be a source of greatest enjoyment to the citizenship of Cook County but may become self-sustaining. In the purchase of forest tracts the board acquired many small areas of meadow land and open places suitable to grazing. In the aggregate these pastures cover several thousand acres. In response to the call for food conservation the Board decided that none of the land should be withdrawn from pasturage. Former owners of the land and other farmers in the ad- joining countryside were requested to raise cattle on these lands — the district was unable to do it — and the result was that more than 2,500 head of beef stock grazed on forest preserve pas- tures during the year. Likewise many of the wooded tracts acquired contained a small acreage of cultivated land, aggregating about 600 acres. To meet the food crisis 525 acres was utilized in the production of corn, oats and vegetables and many tons of hay were harvested in the meadows not used for pasturage. During last winter's coal famine over 300 cords of fire- wood from dead and fallen trees were sold at a nominal price to persons unable to obtain other fuel and the district is making still more extensive preparations for aiding in meeting such a crisis if it develops again. 64 THE FOREST PRESERVES Still another phase of the district's value to the nation in the conduct of war is found in the vast acreage of many of the preserves where are found natural facilities for camps and drill grounds that will accommodate any where from two to five regiments of militia. Camps for Boy Scouts and other semi-military organizations have already been established in the preserves. And within the confines of the district there are dozens of sites that could not be better adapted for the accommodation of convalescing sick and the wounded soldiers. A number of farm buildings on the grounds could easily be converted into tem- porary hospitals. OLD INDIAN TRAIL (PALOS PARK). No more healthful or sanitary localities could be found for that purpose. Removed from the smoke, dust and noise of the city; with fresh, pure air and the healing and stimulating balm of the trees and flowers, the conditions are ideal for the speedy recuperation of temporarily disabled fighting men. In endeavoring to outline for the citizens of Cook County what has been done for preservation of forests in the creation of the Forest Preserve District, it is my sincere hope that I may have been the means of awakening some public interest in the movement. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 65 All over the country the importance of the movement for forest preservation is given official recognition. Our forests are not only the source of raw material for the nation's third greatest industry — namely lumbering — but upon the forests al- most all industrial pursuits depend either directly or indirectly. More than that the value of forests in holding the soil in place and regulating stream flow, in governing climatic condi- tions as windbreaks, as purifiers of the air and as aesthetic fea- tures in the lives of our citizens, make their preservation one of the big problems of the day. In preparation for another step in the future development of the District we have taken up the question of sustained flow in the beautiful Desplaines. Introduction of water from the nearby Lake Michigan in dry seasons has been considered. The feasibility of the plan has already been demonstrated in conferences with the authorities of the Sanitary District of Chi- cago and the citizenship may rest assured that the day is coming when the beauty of this river valley will be protected against annual droughts. In Cook County we are fortunate in having passed the legislative stage. The Forest Preserve District of Cook County is a reality. The District owns more than 13,000 acres of in- comparable forest land and has plans for development that will make Cook County unique in the forest world. And you might ask, "How can I help in this campaign of development?" And the answer is "By acquainting yourself with the work underway by the Forest Preserve Commissioners and lending your support because the efforts of any governmental body is only successful so far as it represents the sentiment of the people it is elected to represent." In conclusion I wish to express my utmost thanks and grati- tude to the thousands of citizens of Cook County who have given such tireless and self-sacrificing efforts in aid of my work as President of the Board of Forest Preserve Commissioners and to thank in advance those thousands who, I am sure, are going to enlist themselves in such a wonderful project. 66 THE FOREST PRESERVES 'THE FOREST LEAVES CONVERT TO LIFE THE VIEWLESS AIR." — BRYANT. The Forest Preserves 68 THE FOREST PRESERVES O OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 69 HOSPITAL BUILDING (CAMP REINBERG). Deer Grove (Palatine Preserve) Picture eleven hundred and fifty acres of rolling hilly wood- land, interspersed with spring-water streams winding their way through ravines and dotted with lakes that fit well into Nature's best effort in scenic effects, and you have a fair idea of the Palatine tract — 26 miles northwest of Chicago. With the purchase of innumerable pieces of this strip of primitive forest, constituting Sections 4, 5, 8 and 9, your Board of Forest Preserve Commissioners has been able to make the consolidation that brought into being what many consider the choicest tract thrown open for the public. 70 THE FOREST PRESERVES BOY SCOUTS' DRILL (CAMP REINBERG). Running a mile and a quarter from north to south and a mile and a half from east to west there are runs of shag-hickory, the like of which cannot be found elsewhere in the country. Aside from that there are scores of walnut groves and a sprink- ling of oaks presenting some of the finest specimens in existence. With old Indian trails reaching this way and that through the ever-interesting tract, the Palatine preserve, already famed as a rendezvous of picnickers, holds for visitors days of out- door exploration — the kind that brings back youth and lavishes health blessings upon all seekers. By the use of the guide-maps furnished by the District officers visitors here are able to pick up the trails first blazed by the Indians and follow their very footsteps to the still-marked sites of their villages, camps and chipping stations. It is a region fairly abounding in historical significance. On the extreme eastern end of the Preserve is to be found Camp Rein- berg, fully equipped for the management of outings for poor children, a movement that was instituted by your board of pre- serve commissioners immediately upon the acquisition of this choice property. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 71 As a part of that camp there are two large bunkhouses de- signed for sheltering the boys and girls brought to the country for the few weeks of outdoor existence that adds so much to their lives. This entire camp is supplied by a water pressure system and everything else necessary for sanitation. Alongside the bunkhouses there is the kitchen and dining room, the bathhouse equipped for showers and the hospital build- ing erected for handling any emergency cases that might develop with 300 or 400 youngsters participating in the outing. Then there are the buildings for housing the camp's executive officers. PRESIDENT • REINBERG AT CHILDREN'S OUTING CAMP. Still another feature of Camp Reinberg, named for the first president of the Board .of- Forest Preserve Commissioners, is a large ice house by which the., camp managers are able to furnish that most necessary commo^it^ in the lives of children with- standing the hot summer weather. Within a stone's throw of the camp buildings there has been established an athletic field that has proved a delight to the young and old visiting the preserve in the quest of recreation. In addition to facilities for staging all sorts of field games there is a regulation baseball diamond. 72 THE FOREST PRESERVES Endeavoring al- ways tq restore the woodland to as near its natural state as possible your Board of Commissioners has undertaken to make it once more the home of deer. This forest was origi- nally a stalking ground for deer. The Indians established what became known as the Deer Trail in getting here from the shores of Lake Michigan. At the present time there is a pasture of 850 acres com- pletely fenced for deer. Within that pasture four of the finest species of that much-admired animal have been placed and within a few years the Board hopes to have developed a deer park that will be an attraction for thousands. In the same region of the Palatine woods the board, at- tempting to help the nation meet the wartime wool and food crisis has established a sheep graze upon which 500 head of sheep are already working for the taxpayers of Cook County. This year's wool clip, only a starter, netted over a ton of wool. For the student of bird life this district holds almost every kind of feathered creatures known in the Northwest. All the song birds, including thrushes, robins, bluebirds, etc., make this their home. Quail and pheasants are likewise a common sight. Favored as it is with running streams and clearwater lakes the tract is a rendezvous for the blue heron and the bittern all the year round. As a wild duck refuge this tract has long been widely known. The mallard colony here was estimated at more than 500 many years ago. What its membership is now is prob- lematical. For the fisherman also the Palatine woods are a source of delight. With proof of possibilities in the propagation of fresh water fish the Illinois State Game and Fish Commission has consented to send "stackers" here with black bass, croppies and blue gills. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 73 Visitors arriving by the Lake Zurich railroad alight in the very midst of the preserve's spots of foremost interest. The railroad station is within the preserve itself. Camp Reinberg and all its attract- ive features are found just east of the railroad. To the west just across the pictur- esque Lake Zurich road winding its way through the woodland there is the deer park and the sheep graze. By following the plainly marked Indian trail, now a picknickers' trail, one conies to the twenty- five acre lake which the board was able to construct by the simple erection of a dam. On the banks of this artificial lake, created at the cost of a few dollars, there are acres upon acres of picnicking spots which once they become known to the citizens of Cook County will be always a lure for them. There are to be found boating facili- ties which are being added to as quickly as possible. From the lake, going still further west or further north the explorer comes into his own. Here are hundreds upon hun- dreds of acres of virgin timberland, so primitive in fact as to give one the idea that Redskin warriors might be expected to leap out from behind trees any minute. The fact that Indians did haunt these same ravines, main- taining lookouts on every peak and crag, will lend the territory an added interest to the majority of visitors. Indeed there is, in these secluded tracts, every opportunity for research work which will be encouraged by the board. Visitors driving to the tract will will find the main entrance at the south- east corner where the houses of the caretakers are located. On the western end, also, where the Dundee road skirts the preserve there is a much used en- trance. There is a road darting its way inward. 74 THE FOREST PRESERVES A quarter-mile within there is a cleared spot pointed out by many as the site of the traditional Big Foot camp, so- called because of its part in the Winne- bago Wars scare in 1827 among the white settlers about Chi- cago. At the time Big Foot, the chief, was at Lake Geneva using every wile in an effort to get the aid of the then peaceful Pot- towatomies in the uprising against the white. In these Pal- atine woods, tradition tells us, was a tribe of Pottowatomies wavering on the proposition. Friendly Indian chieftains such as Robinson and Shab- bona left for Lake Geneva on a peace mission. Here on this cleared spot, it is told, Robinson harangued with the leaders of the Indian "war party" for thirty hours and the crisis was finally averted for the white settlers. Another pretty story that has been associated with the Salt Creek headwaters to be found in these woods is that of an Indian maid who committed a most spectacular suicide in grief over the loss of her warrior-lover. He was supposed to have fallen in battle. In the birchbark canoe of her fallen brave this Indian miss is supposed to have patrolled the waters for days and days, refusing- to take food or1 water, until she finally collapsed and was carried away by the stream. How to Get There — By automobile from Chicago take Milwaukee Avenue to Ballard Road in Maine Township, to Rand Road, to Dundee Road, to Quinten's Corner Road, which turns north, penetrating and skirting preserve, connecting with well-beaten old trails that lead to scores of picturesque spots. By rail, take Chicago and Northwestern Railroad to Palatine, thence via Palatine, Lake Zurich and Waucanda Railway, which stops within the preserve at Camp Reinberg (old Deer Grove Park), where thousands of poor children get annual outings. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 75 76 THE FOREST PRESERVES DESPLAINES RIVER PRESERVE FROM COUNTY LINE SOUTH TO INTER- SECTION OF MILWAUKEE AVE. AND DESPLAINES RIVER. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 77 BASEBALL IN THE WOODS (WHEELING PARK). Desplaines River Valley Preserve Running from Madison street on the south to the county line on the north, twenty miles of primeval mixed hardwood forest from a half to a mile deep on either bank of the Des- plaines river, trailed the entire length by a winding state road — that is the Desplaines River Valley Preserve. Were all the painting geniuses of the world to submit their ideas of beauty possible in a river valley studded with forestry and were those ideas consolidated in a "valley ideal" it couldn't produce a single suggestion for improvement of this bit of work Nature has handed down to us. Indians were alive to the blessings provided for them in this region. One thing that writers of Cook County's early history do agree on is that the Desplaines River valley was the real home of the Pottowatomie Indians generally credited with being the aboriginal inhabitants of "Checaugau." 78 THE FOREST PRESERVES u •I 6 OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 79 The red men found this "land of beautiful country" in their quest of a route to and from Lake Michigan with their furs procured in the interior. Albert Scharf's map shows the sites of more than a dozen Indian vil- lages within this twenty-mile stretch along the river. There are more than 2,900 acres in this marvelous strip of forestry which has been acquired for preservation. It includes most of the Indian reservations that were made by the Treaty of 1832 in the interest of redskinned friends of the white man in the perilous days of the massacre. The extreme north end of the preserve is what was known as the Wheeling tract, a collection of picnic grounds that have already been the means of introducing thousands to the charms of the "Riviere Aux Pleins" as the original Erench'^xplorers styled it. Here at the junction of the Dundee and Desplaines River roads has always been a popular outing grounds— a region that has been made doubly attractive to the recreation seeker by the District's construction of shelters, improved springs and public conveniences. The maple and white oak forests by withstanding the ravages of civilization have been the means of preserving for us some of the country's wild life, including all the known species of song birds as well as the four-footed animals. Directly to the south one finds that beautiful tract which was taken over for park purposes years ago as a result of the energy of the citizens of the village of Desplaines. This North- western Park, already improved, has been acquired to complete the Preserve chain. Then we come to tracts still bearing traces of the activ- ities that otherwise live only in written history. On the old Hayward woods there is the site of the Old Grove portage. It is unmistakable and President Reinberg of the District has already taken steps to insure its proper identification. Here it was that Father Marquette, the French explorer, supposedly first put foot upon the ground of Cook County and that spot, as it happened, was upon a monster rock imbedded in the river bank where it still nestles. That, likewise, is to be marked appropriately. 80 THE FOREST PRESERVES ALONG THE DESPLAINES (LEYDEN TOWNSHIP). The plan has been suggested for a construction of a pub- lic shelter at this popular section of the preserve and that no doubt, when erected, will derive its name for the revered Frenchman to whom went the honor of first discovering our county. In a still more substantial manner the old Indian ford, later called the Talcott ford, just south of the town of Des- plaines, will be marked with the construction of an automobile ford which was first conceived for Wheeling Park traffic still further north. There the engineers are engaged in laying a full-fledged concrete road across on the bottom of the river for the benefit of automobiles and horse-drawn vehicles as well. This will be marked by iron uprights on which will be strung a pictur- esque footbridge. But it is when one gets down into the old Indian reserva- tion region of the river' valley that the full import of the val- ley's connection with Indian life is realized. There is to be found some of the few remaining specimen of Indian mounds in this section of the northwest. To John Kennicott, Cook County's first doctor whose home was within a stone's throw of the Old Grove Portage and who incidentally was the father of the present District Forester, Ransom E. Kennicott, goes the credit of locating these mounds. Consequently they have been named for him. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 81 These mounds are found in the woods just to the north of the west extension of North Avenue. Eventually this spot, like all others, will be indicated by the comprehensive system of signs that will guide travelers in the woods and on the roads. Dr. Kennicott has told how the Indians, using the portage, dragged their canoes past his home and across the "high road," that is now the Milwaukee Avenue road, to the waters that led them to the Chicago River and the Lake. He knew by name practically all the savages who used the portage. From Irving Park boulevard to Higgins Road (Lawrence Avenue extension) on the north there are truly majestic for- ests that have for years been known as "Indian Reservation." They constitute the tracts that went to Claude LaFramboise and Alexander Robinson under the Treaty of Prairie du Chien. A daughter of Chief Robinson, Mrs. Mary Robinson Rager, still makes her home on this ancient domain. Just west of the Desplaines River road there lies the old family burying ground with quaint stones marking the graves of the Chief and his wife, Catherine Chevallier. TYPE OF COMFORT STATIONS. 82 THE FOREST PRESERVES THATCHER PARK, NORTH OF CHICAGO AVENUE. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 83 THATCHER PARK, FROM CHICAGO AVE. SOUTH TO MADISON ST. 84 THE FOREST PRESERVES pq OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 85 PARKING SPACE, THATCHER PARK. As historical society writers have said of Mrs. Rager, she lives almost entirely independent of the outside world on her estate. She says she has never needed medicine other than the sights and sounds of the 'river and the forests of elms, pines and maples that tower above her cottage which, buried in the trees, is surrounded by natural grassy lawns and shrubbery. South of Irving Park Boulevard one conies to the river's intersection with the old Indian Boundary Line which de- scribed a zone about the mouth of the Chicago River. Under the treaty of 1816 the Indians relinquished all this territory to the white man and access to the lake could only be had north of that line. On almost the exact course of that dead line for Indians there was later constructed a railroad, a right-of-way since abandoned. That historical strip of land running northwest from the river into the city at Norwood Park has been acquired for future development as a drive that will connect the pre- serves on the Desplaines and Chicago Rivers, diverting traffic from the city drives. In the establishment of the historical points about this re- markable preserve the District officers have only started. It 86 THE FOREST PRESERVES is when the public has awakened to the possibilities for re- search in this practically unexplored region that we will begin to get the real story of this river valley's history. From a silviculturist's standpoint the region presents a typical American forest, containing as it does at some point or another colonies of practically all the thoroughbred hardwood trees. For plant life an equally varied field for study is found. In the spring it is fairly carpeted with violets. Then with its river bank shrubbery the preserve holds for the visitor additional charms. Add to this the ever-present bird life, the forest-living animals and the water fowl and fish that find a home in the Desplaines and you have a composite picture of this region. For the picnicker and camper this preserve was built to order. The river with its grassy-slope banks, ribboned with springs turning their sparkling waters into the stream, is one continuous ideal spot such as bring cries of joy from discover- ers. And it is all a few steps off the river road. In beautiful Thatcher Park, large tract of elms and soft maples, that constitutes the southermost end of the river pre- serve there is a cinder-path drive for autos that traverses al- most the entire interior. It strikes into the woodland at Chi- cago Avenue and comes out at Division Street. Wheeling Tract How to Get There — . By automobile take Milwaukee Avenue, skirting preserve in Wheeling Township, via Dundee Road, which leads into preserve. By rail take Soo Line Railroad to Wheeling, within walking distance of choicest sections of the preserve, where picknickers congregate by thousands. Northwestern Park Tract How to Get There — By automobile take Milwaukee Avenue to Ballard Road, thence direct into the village of Desplaines. To make the more picturesque river drive, take Washington boulevard to Thatcher avenue, north to River Grove, Grand Avenue west to River Road, which follows river north, the length of the preserve to the village of Desplaines. , By rail take Chicago and Northwestern Railroad to the village of Des- plaines. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 87 Robinson and La Framboise Reservations How to Get There — By automobile take Washington Boulevard Route given for North- western Park, the River Road taking you through Reservation ground. By rail, take Soo Line to Franklin Park, Fairview or Orchard Place, or take C, M. & St. P. Railroad to Franklin Park. By street car, go out Grand Avenue to end of line and take Elmwood Cemetery bus. Thatcher Park Including the famous Steele tract. How to Get There By automobile, take Washington Boulevard west to Thatcher Avenue, then north to Chicago Avenue and the Thatcher Park preserve. By rail, take Chicago and Northwestern Railroad to River Forest. By street car, take either Madison Street or Lake Street cars (two fares required) or take Oak Park Elevated Road to western terminal (one fare), thence walk west to preserve. To Steele tract same route, as preserves are adjoining. 88 THE FOREST PRESERVES O •i u W -° 8 n a Is OSS. w ^ > fc o g 2 I H c/) OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 89 Palos Hills Preserve "And here, amid The silent majesty of these deep woods, Its presence shall uplift thy thoughts from earth, As to the sunshine and the pure bright air Their tops the green trees lift." When Longfellow wrote those words he might easily have had in mind the beautiful Palos Hills, constituting as they do the "preserve beautiful" in Cook County's forest chain. But all words fall hopeless before the amazing splendor of this forest landscape with its ever-changing panorama. There 2,000 acres of it lies, an expanse between the Calu- met feeder and the canal, every inch of which seems striving to outdo the other in scenic effects. Ravines, hills, cliffs, bluffs and valleys — and all are trimmed in forest de luxe. And what will be still more interesting to the citizenship is that this 2,000 acres is but the heart of a zone just as pic- turesque for miles around. Eventually the Palos Hills pre- serve will comprise 10,000 acres taking in the entire Sag dis- trict long famed for its extraordinary landscape. On every side there is nothing but the most rugged type of primitive forest. Then there are the stretches of the wild- est character, territory that does the heart of a natural-born ex- plorer good. Here surely are many opportunities for un- covering spots yet to be touched by the hand of man. And through it all runs scores of cold, clear streams, that owe their existence to springs which bubble up through the rocky formation so prevalent throughout the region. The place is fairly alive with song and game birds. The immutable laws of the wilds still hold here. From the point of accessibility this district has many ad- vantages despite its extent and wild character. Skirted as it is on either side by navigable streams of water it can be reached by motorboats from Calumet by the feeder or from Chicago by the canal. 90 THE FOREST PRESERVES OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 91 SWALLOWS' NESTS SHOWN IN BLUFF (PALOS PARK). Striking through the thickest of the timber the section lines are all marked by improved state roads furnishing some of the forest's delightfully picturesque drives. One needs only step out of his automobile to find himself in the wildest sort of country any human ever craved. Scenic masterpieces present themselves everywhere. Swallow Cliff presents an effect for which visitors have traveled miles and miles. It stands there, fifty feet high of a chalk-like forma- tion furnishing a haven for thousands upon thousands of swallows. The bluffs constituting the southern border of the district along Mill Creek are the kind artists seek. Mounted as they are by lofty elms and sturdy oaks, overlooking the fast-run- ning stream and fringed with stupendous crags of limestone, they surely present a picture worth traveling to see. Then here is to be found one of the few sycamore groves that have survived in Cook County. Basswood abounds in the region and nut-bearing trees of every variety are sprinkled throughout the forest giving rise to great colonies of squirrels and birds looking to such growth for sustenance. And for the historical research worker here is the chance for months of productive effort. This is the zone in which the most of Chicago's history was made in the days when French explorers followed by French soldiery were making their at- tempt to subjugate the stubborn Potto watomie Indians. 92 THE FOREST PRESERVES Within the 2,000 acres now owned by the district there are the ruins of two French forts, giving evidence of the martial spirit that once prevailed in these forests. Both of these his- torical landmarks are destined for restoration and the marks that will point them out to posterity. One of these demolished forts, the traces of which time has almost removed, is located on the edge of that beautiful Lady's Lane drive through the soul-stirring timber. It was there that one of the bloodiest battles between the French and the Indians was staged. Stones that were sunken into the ground as a foundation for the superstructure still rest there. Preliminary excava- tions, which have been made in the neighborhood, have led many to believe that valuable relics of that almost pre-historic age might be obtained by a systematic search. Unfortunately, the other fort site has in years past been converted into a barnyard and much that might have been found of great historical interest has been obliterated. How- ever, it will still be possible to definitely locate the site and a suitable building to commemorate its associations will be erected. Then in the hills is found the further traces of the mound- building Indians. Scientists have been prone to quarrel over the authenticity of the different types of Indians' mounds dis- covered in this region, but nevertheless there is evidence suf- ficient to convince the layman. "AND HERE, AMID THE SILENT MAJESTY OF THESE DEEP WOODS/ OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 93 On the canal side of the preserve every turn in the stream has its own historical connections. It was here that Father Marquette was forced to land on account of floods in the course of his second and ill-fated journey into the "valley of the Il- linois." The spot has already been marked by the citizens of Summit. And what will interest even the man who cares but little for the old sentimental things, are the springs from which the nearby town gets its name, Willow Springs. Here the canal boat men on the old Illinois and Michigan canal stopped to fill their water-barrels. But aside from all the historical associations loaded down on this choice tract of forest land, there is the natural lure of the outdoors that is bound to bring thousands within its boun- daries. It holds for the city dweller what Riley expressed so well: "I'd rather lay out here among the trees, With the singin'-birds and bumblebees, A-knowin' that I can do as I please, Than live what folks call a life of ease Up thar in the city." Palos Hills, if they do no other one thing, present the tired business man his opportunity to seek the absolute rest obtain- able only in the lap of nature where one is removed from all vestiges of civilization. It is a region of virgin forest yet to be despoiled by the hand of man. How to Get There — Section 3 — Go south on Western Avenue to Ninety-fifth Street and west on Ninety-fifth to Kean Avenue. Paved roads all the way. Section 4 — Same road directions. By rail take Chicago and Joliet Electric Railway to Willow Springs, where the station is less than 300 feet from the entrance to the preserve. Section 5 — Take Archer Avenue to Fairmount, either by automobile or street car. Sections 7 and 8 — Take Archer Avenue car to Maple Hill station, thence south on Maple Hill road about 500 feet. Section 9 — Go south on Western Avenue to Ninety-fifth Street, west on Ninety-fifth Street to road, one and a half miles west of pavement's end to Ninety-fifth, then one-half mile south. Sections 17 and 18 — South on Western Avenue to Ninety-fifth Street, then west on Ninety-fifth to Kean Avenue, south on Kean Avenue to Bluff Road (107th Street), west on 107th Street to the preserve. Section 21 — South on Western Avenue to Ninety-fifth Street, west 94 THE FOREST PRESERVES on Ninety-fifth to Kean Avenue, south on Kean Avenue to One Hundred and Nineteenth Street, west on One Hundred and Nineteenth one-half mile. Sections 27 and 28 — Same as directions for 21. Sections 22 and 23 — Same as directions for 21, but go east on One Hundred and Nineteenth Street three-fourths mile, then north one-quarter mile to Palos Springs a short distance east of the road. OF XboK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 95 TREE COLONY IN SALT CREEK REGION. Salt Creek Valley Preserve In the Salt Creek Valley Preserve you have laid out be- fore you 684 acres of forest landscape that has been adjudged the aristocracy in tree life by scientists who know the pines of Maine, the redwoods of California, and the stately firs of the North. Like the Desplaines Preserve this region is doubly attrac- tive because of its winding course, following always the whims of the Salt Creek, "Lovely Little River" as the Indians were wopt to call it. And none there is to dispute the taste ancL"'' judgrrtentiqC those connoisseurs of nature. /•' How distinctly individual is this , Charming iittle stream, the banks of which have collaborated in the formation of this preserve, is shown by the state geographical survey which cred- its Salt Creek with being the one body of water in Illinois that flows north. For a mile and a half this headstrong current upsets all the geological precedents of the state and flows directly north. Then as if to show its will all its own the stream makes an absolute about-face and flows as directly south to join with the Desplaines River — a contortion all executed within the limits of the preserve. 96 THE FOREST PRESERVES OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 97 Just what the answer is to this unusual acrobatic tendency of the Salt Creek, none has been able to furnish but the neigh- boring country is as distinctively individual. It is a rolling, then sweeping, country that furnishes forestry in every phase of growth. As might be expected from territory put up in such original form by Nature, we also find here what is probably the finest natural golf course in the country. And what is most extra- ordinary there has at many places been provided a close ap- proach to natural putting greens. "Here is a golf course the like of which has cost many golf clubs thousands upon thousands of dollars and in many respects I consider it superior to anything in existence", is the report on the tract received from golf links engineers. "In our opinion the expenditure of a few hundred dollars would be the means of throwing open a course to the public", the report continued. "Such a public course set down in the very midst of a primeval forest would be of incalculable value to the community." Included in this preserve is the widely known McCormick tract which embraces two picnic groves that have been visited by hundreds of thousands every year in the past. With develop- ment as a part of the Forest Preserve District this domain is destined to treble its popularity. Rustic shelters are springing up in every section of the vast forest. With the construction of numerous footbridges cross- ing the creek the District plans to add to the public convenience in traversing the ground. Improved springs are being estab- lished everywhere. Shabbona Valley might well be the name of this incom- parable tract for history tells us how that old Indian chief, later to come into such great favor with the white settlers about Chicago, found here a beauty spot that he placed above everything else in the "land of the Illinois." It is said that Shabbona and his Pottowatomie braves on their travels to the post at the mouth of the "Checaugau River" always made a long and arduous portage through the present DuPage County territory for the sole purpose of travelling through the game-infested Salt Creek valley. One of the distinctive features of the Salt Creek woods is the network of beaten paths that extends from one end to the other. Just how these trails were started no one seems to know but it is perfectly obvious that they are laid with definite ob- 98 THE FOREST PRESERVES PORTAGE PRESERVE (LYONS TOWNSHIP). OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 99 VIEW OF THE DESPLAINES NEAR RIVERSIDE. jectives. Wherever one would want to go there is a well-defined trail leading there. With this tract famed for its bird life it is probable that under the District's plan for future propagation of feathered animals here will be the scene of an intensified campaign. It is the District's purpose to go scientifically about the restoration of wild animal growth as nearly as possible. To do this it will be necessary to make an exhaustive study of the conditions under which the wing-propelled creatures will thrive. At the same time it is vitally essential that the causes of decrease in such habitation of the woods be discovered and dealt with in an effective manner. Across the Desplaines River there is what might almost be considered a southern extension of the Salt Creek preserve. It is a small tract that has, like many others, been far-famed as a rendezvous of picnickers. It is the grove at Thirty-Ninth street and Harlem avenue, which will eventually styled the Portage Preserve because of historical associations. There the artificial development includes dancing pavilions, shelters, drinking fountains and comfort stations to accommo- date thousands. Naturally the years of picnicking has resulted in retirement of most animal life but with strict supervision the District hopes to bring the grove back into its own as a woodlot without restricting recreation there in the least. 100 THE FOREST PRESERVES How to Get There — By automobile, take Jackson Boulevard or Washington Boulevard to Oak Park Avenue, thence south to Harrison Street, west on Harrison to Desplaines Avenue, south to Twelfth Street, west to Fifth Avenue, May- wood, south to Salt Creek and LaGrange, or Continue south on Desplaines Avenue to Riverside, thence to Salt Creek. \ By rail, take Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad to Hollywood, then walk north to the Salt Creek. By street car, take Twenty-second Street car to Forty-sixth Avenue, thence by Chicago and LaGrange trolley to Salt Creek, or take Metropolitan Elevated Line to Austin Avenue (Sixtieth) and thence by the LaGrange trolley. Portage Preserve How to Get There — Take Twenty-Second Street car to Harlem Avenue and south to Thirty-ninth Street. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 101 102 THE FOREST PRESERVES TURNBULL WOODS (NEW TRIER). OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 103 North Branch Chicago River Preserves Starting with the celebrated Turnbull tract of 148 acres alongside the old Green Bay Indian trail and within a half mile of Lake Michigan on the north line of the county and running south with the north branch of the Chicago River, the North Shore preserves constitute a playground for thousands. The old Turnbull tract situated on the bluffs over-looking the lake is heavily timbered with oak, elm, hickory and miscel- laneous hardwood trees. The property has been owned by the Turnbulls since 1852 and on it still stands the family homestead, a landmark of the early north shore settlement. That territory along the banks of the north branch of the river includes some of the county's most picturesque timber- land, much of it bordering upon the Skokie Marsh and the headwaters of the river, a much traversed zone in the days of Indians and early white settlers. At the northernmost point there is the site of Father Binet's Mission of the Guardian Angel, Chicago's first church, estab- lished there in the days when the north portage made this an important trading post for the Indians and the Whites. It was an institution of the Jesuits that survived only a year. On further south there are the Badek woods, famed for their wild flowers, Harms woods with their seemingly inex- haustible daisy fields, Peterson woods, once the Cook County home of the wild canaries, the Caldwell Indian reservation, the Edgebrook Golf Course and last, the gorgeous Forest Glen. On the reservation there are traces of the old home of Billy Caldwell, Sauganash by his Indian name, where he lived by authority of a government land grant until the Indian removal in 1835. He left his home to lead his countrymen westward in accordance with the treaty they had signed. 104 THE FOREST PRESERVES CALDWELL PRESERVE FROM MILWAUKEE AVENUE, EAST, CITY OF CHICAGO. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 105 CALDWELL PRESERVE EAST FROM CHICAGO, M. & ST. P. TRACKS. 106 THE FOREST PRESERVES Sauganash, for whom the first Chicago hotel, now only a faint memory, was named, was probably the white settlers' best friend among the Indian chieftains in the days of the Fort Dear- born massacre. He was the means of saving the members of the distinguished Kinzie family from the general slaughter. In selecting this stretch of woodland along the north branch as a reward for Billy Caldwell, the government chose what was already the favorite haunt of his tribesmen. This was the hunt- ing ground and home for the Sauganash braves supposed to have been numbered at 5,000 at one time. The reservation allotted to him extended up to the old Indian Boundary line, back of which the redskin warriors agreed to remain by the 1816 pact. From that point north clear to the county line then was dotted with Indian villages, camps and chipping stations. Today there still exists evidence of the signal stations located on bluffs and peaks where the Indians still a bit distrustful of the Whites despite the treaty of peace, maintained lookouts night and day. In Glen View there is a typical lookout station which might well be marked with a statue of an "Indian on the Alert." Accessible as these tracts are with the network of improved roads invading them all and with the steam railroads and elec- tric traction lines reaching everywhere, the popularity of the North Shore preserves have been established even ahead of the district organization. In the latest addition to the North Branch of the Chicago River preserves — 193 acres of wonderfully improved land in- cluding the famous Edgebrook nine hole golf course — the Dis- trict was able to insure an increased popularity for this North Shore recreation zone. That tract, lying wholly in the town of Edgebrook, adjoin- ing the celebrated LeMoyne and Brumel tracts, all bisected by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, was the best buy of the year for the District. The sporty golf course will be thrown open to the public in the spring. How to Get There — To Forest Glen, by automobile north to Peterson Avenue, thence west on Peterson to Forest Glen Avenue. By street car, take any northbound car to Lawrence Avenue, transfer to North LeClaire (Fifty-first Avenue) to end of the line and walk north about three-fourths mile. By rail, take Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad to Forest Glen station, which is on south line of the preserve. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 107 To Indian Reservation, by auto and street car, take Milwaukee Avenue car to end of the line. By rail, take Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad to Edgebrook station and then walk westerly about one mile. To Turnbull, by auto take Sheridan Road to county line, thence west about one-half mile, or Green Bay Road to county line, then east to pre- serve entrance. Green Bay Road skirts preserve. By rail, take Chicago and Northwestern Railroad to Braeside station or Chicago and North Shore Electric Railway to same station (county line) and walk west one- quarter mile. To Badek, by auto take Milwaukee Avenue to town of Wheeling, thence east on Dundee Road to preserve, one mile east of village of Scher- merville, or take Milwaukee Avenue and Waukegan Road to Schermer- ville, then northeast one mile to the Dundee Road and the preserve, or take Sheridan Road to Glencoe, then west on the Wheeling Road to just west of the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad (the Lake Bluff cut-off). By rail, take Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad to Schermerville and walk east about one mile to Dundee Road and the preserve. To Glenview, by auto take Milwaukee Avenue to north line of the vil- lage of Niles, thence north on the Chicago and Waukegan Road to point opposite Golf Station, thence east through golf links to preserve, or take Milwauke avenue to Glenview Road, thence east to about one mile east of the village of Glenview, or take Lincoln Avenue through Niles Center to Harms Road to preserve, or Sheridan Road to Church Street, or Central Street, Evanston, or to Lake Street, Wilmette, and then west about four miles to Harms Road and the preserve, or take Broadway and turn north- west on Ridge Road to Church Street, Evanston, then west four miles to Harms Road to center of preserve. By rail take Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad to Golf Station and then walk east about one mile on road through golf club to preserve, or take Chicago and Northwestern Railroad or Northwestern Elevated Lines to Central Street, Evanston; take Central Street car to end of line, take trolley line to Glenview Golf Club and the preserves. 108 THE FOREST PRESERVES o H U OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 109 Beverly Hills Preserve BEVERLY HILLS PRESERVE (CHICAGO). 110 THE FOREST PRESERVES In Beverly Hills, the southern end of Cook County has a real beauty spot. It is a preserve only 126 acres in extent but for its acreage it boasts more spectacular points of interest than any other stretch of forest land in the county. It is an ideal natural park. If there was not another single attractive feature about the entire preserve the Indian lookout station, for which the tract has long been famous, would be justification for establishment of a public park here. It has long been recognized as a his- torical attraction. Standing in the center of this beautifully wooded spot is the towering bluff which the Indian warriors utilized as a lookout and signal station in the days when they were fighting to hold their homes against the invading white men. It was the Indian general headquarters. Situated as it was where reports of scouts on the hated white man's activities could be received quickly from the shores of Lake Michigan which invaders from the east were wont to follow and from the valley of the Illinois used by those from the south, the Indians found great advantages here. With the reports that necessitated a marshalling of forces to give combat this signal station atop the "Beverly Bluff" would burst into flames. Those were the bonfires which produced the ribbons of smokes running into the sky and giving warning to allied tribes for miles around. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS ill Furthermore the Beverly Hills preserve is among the best improved in the county system. Its Indian associations have resulted in its being a favorite spot for study among school children and for the convenience of these parties shelters and all sorts of public conveniences have been erected. And added to all these features bound to result in a popu- larity with the general public, this preserve unit has the dis- tinction of being the one accessible to all of Chicago on a five cent fare. Further it is bounded on all sides by hard roads of the most improved type. How to Get There — By automobile, take Michigan Boulevard sctuth to Garfield Boulevard, west to Western Avenue, south to~ Eighty-fifth Street, which is the north line of the preserve. By street car, take Ashland Avenue car to Eighty-seventh Street and walk west one-half mile to the eastern boundary line of the preserve. By rail, take Rock Island Railroad from La Salle Street station to Beverly Hills station and walk one block west to preserve. 112 THE FOREST PRESERVES The Thornton and Glenwood Preserves In the Thornton and Glenwood tracts, almost directly south past Blue Island, Harvey and Homewood, there is a big acreage of rugged timber — the site of one of the Indian strongholds in the days when the French were striving to make this country a part of their possessions. It was the scene of a bitter conflict between the Iroquois Indians and the allied Pottowatomies, Chippewas and Ottawas in the still earlier days when those Redmen from New York State undertook to subjugate the braves in the Illinois valley. This was as far as the invaders were able to go. And throughout the length and breadth of this primeval forest hunters for relics are still picking up spear heads and such primitive utensils of warfare that were undoubtedly used OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 113 HOMEWOOD — LANSING ROAD, SKIRTED BY PRESERVES. in that sanguinary battle. Hundreds upon hundreds of the savage warriors fell during the days and days of fighting. The Thornton tract, situated as it is on the very edge of the town of Thornton which has sprung upon the site of the original Indian village as shown by the Scharf maps, has long been a favorite with the present day citizenship. Its improve- ments make it doubly popular for recreation seekers. The Glenwood tract, bordering upon the grounds of the Glenwood Training School for Boys, has been developed as a great outdoor schoolroom for nature studies. And best of all the electric and steam railroads skirt the preserves, within a mile of their borders at all points. One of the outstanding features of the Thornton tract is the mineral water available there in unlimited quantities. Wells flowing throughout that region of majestic oak trees will event- ually be developed into a revenue producer for the District. 114 THE FOREST PRESERVES Wells producing the identical water on adjoining territory have been commercialized these many years and for hundreds of miles about the country the Thornton water, of which little is known locally, is purchased as a panacea of all ills. Thorn Creek winding its way the length of the Thornton and Glenwood tracts is responsible for many picturesque scenes that are ever a delight to picnickers. Rustic bridges, of which there will be scores, add to the scenic beauty of the zone. I OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 115 How to Get There — To Thornton by auto, take Michigan Boulevard south to Garfield Boulevard, west to Normal Boulevard, south to Marquette Road, west to Halsted Street, south to One Hundred and Forty-seventh Street, west to Center avenue, Harvey ; south to One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Street, east to Blue Island road and south to Thornton. Preserve lies south of village and east of C. & E. I. Railroad. By street car, take Halsted Street car to Sixty-third Street Elevated Railroad station and take Crete Electric Line to Franklin depot and walk east one mile to Thornton. By rail, take Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad from Dearborn Street station to Thornton, station within walking distance of preserve. To Glenwood, by auto same route as to Thornton, thence south one and one-half miles to preserve, which lies one-half mile west of village. By street car, same route as to Thornton, only continue on Crete Electric to Glenwood station and walk one mile east to preserve. By rail, take C. & E. I. Railroad from Dearborn Street station to Glenwood station and walk east to preserve. 116 THE FOREST PRESERVES ° OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 117 The Chicago Heights Preserves Down at the junction of the Dixie and Lincoln highways the Chicago Heights preserve, in two sections which are con- nected by the beautiful park system in the city of Chicago Heights, is a vast region of woodland that one day will be a marvel among public park systems. For miles it runs along the Little Calumet. Through it runs two of the most important highways of Indian days — the Sauk trail, east and west, and the Vincennes trail, north and south, the latter being the scene of Hubbard's ride, a feat al- most as important in Northwest history as Paul Revere's. It was at the time when the white settlement about the mouth of the Chicago river was threatened with extinction by the Indian uprising that became known as the Winnebago Wars. The nearest help for the whites was the fort at Vincennes, In- diana. How to get word there was the problem. Gurdon Hubbard, one of the daring pioneers, solved the problem. He mounted his horse and started for Vincennes, a journey that was in those days a most perilous one in times of peace. The settlers never expected him back that day he set out through the woods infested by the war-painted bloodthirsty Indians. 118 THE FOREST PRESERVES Ponds, lakes and monster springs abound in this region already plentifully supplied with water by the running streams, Little Calumet and Thorn Creek. Ravines, many of which represent depths running close to a hundred feet, contribute to the grandeur. Oak and walnut run each other a close race for predom- inance in this splendid run of timber. Throughout the region boasts of a forest turf such as puts the finishing touch of the recreational side of woodland. It is what might be styled the ideal forest. How to Get There — By automobile, take Michigan Boulevard south to Garfield Boule- vard, west to Western Avenue,, south on Western Avenue and Dixie High- way to South Chicago Heights, west along "Sauk Trail" road, one-half mile to preserve. By street car, take Halsted Street car to Sixty-third Street Elevated Railroad Station and take Crete Electric Line to South Chicago Heights and walk one-half mile west along Sauk Trail Road to preserve. By rail, take Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad from Dearborn Street station to Chicago Heights, Crete Electric Line to South Chicago Heights and walk one-half mile west along Sauk Trail Road to preserve. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 119 120 THE FOREST PRESERVES Elk Grove Preserve As one of Chicago pioneers has so aptly put it, "Tell me what the Indians called this place and I will tell you what there is worth while about it." Such is the case with the Elk Grove woods, 1,600 acres constituting another northwest pre- serve. "The Land of Bubbling Springs" was the name by which they designated this stretch of hardwood forest punctuated by pure water springs giving rise to little streams that give joy to the little ones and grown-ups alike. Along the entire west boundary of the preserve, which is destined to become one of the most popular of the entire string, the historical Salt Creek finds its serene way, banked on either side by lofty elms and Gibraltar-like oaks. The whole interior, webbed with roads and trails, presents a realm made to order for the lover of outdoors in its natural state. It has been estimated that on this tract more millions of feet of nut-bearing timber has been spared by lumbermen than on any tract in existence. For the one who loves to roam for hours without even a semblance of civilization presenting itself, here is the spot. The claim has been made that before the days of designated trails visitors have been known to wander through these woods from morning till night looking for the way out. And what would the redskin of a hundred years ago say were he to gaze upon his "land of bubbling springs" today? Bubbling, these springs still flow on but today they are the mecca of thousands who feast upon the waters as though it was some new-found elixir of life. And, perhaps, they are not far off. Chemists employed by the district officers have made analyses of these waters and have found a 100 per cent score. Eventually it is the scheme to give some appropriate name to each of the improved springs. One feature that every visitor to the Elk Grove Preserve is going to appreciate is the arrangement by which all points of interest will be easily accessible in maze of forestry. These guide maps will be what the balls of yarn were to the mythical labyrinth prisoners. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 121 OLD ALGONQUIN TRAIL (ELK GROVE). 122 THE FOREST PRESERVES Next to the spring-water, this preserve might well enjoy a national reputation as a squirrel refuge. Despite the ravages of hunters in years gone past this 1,600-acre tract today stands as the greatest expanse of squirrel-inhabited wood in the coun- try. This is probably due to the inexhaustible supply of nuts produced each year on the thousands and thousands of walnut and hickory nut trees found in the tract. Those who have made studies of the wild life of this forest have found every variety of squirrels. As would be expected, there is the same prevalence of bird life in this incomparable woodland with its density of forest, its mixed growth and its undergrowth — all features that go to make territory preferable in the eyes of wild animals. As the Salt Creek follows the west boundary of the pre- serve, so the state road follows the east boundary, bringing motorists at many points within easy walking distance of the springs for which the district is famed. Then there is the highly improved Higgins road that shoots its way directly through the forest. For the driver seeking something different there are countless trails, passable as drives, leading from these roads into the heart of the forest. Duck swamps found here and there through the woodland are probably the explanation of the thing that brought the In- dians here for the discovery of the spring water. Though his- tory tells of no spectacular activities in Indian days there are many things to show its popularity among the original inhab- itants. Discovery of Indian heads at all parts of the forest have demonstrated that the Indians, in their days of peace and in their days of war, did not overlook this dense patch. Early settlers have told of temporary camps always to be found near the Elk Grove springs. The dense character of this tract is best illustrated by an interesting story of the Indian day activities that is worth re- peating though historians have given it no recognition. It shows how the redmen appreciated this spot as a safe retreat. Some time before the Fort Dearborn massacre the soldiers and settlers about the Fort received their first intimation of impending Indian troubles by a preliminary massacre per- petrated on the so-called Hardscrabble farm, a few miles south of the Fort on the Chicago River. A small band of Winnebago Indians was responsible for that outrage and tradition has it that, respecting the military OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 123 force which was more or less of an unknown quantity to them, they took refuge on these thicketed banks of Salt Creek at the junction of the present Schaumburg Creek. However, as the story runs, the blood-thirsty Indians maintained a cautious lookout here for days while they coun- selled with one another in plans for further ravages and to date the explorers of this region have been unable to discover any probable station for that lookout. How to Get There — By automobile take Milwaukee Avenue to Higgins Road, thence west and northwest direct into preserve. By rail take Chicago and Northwestern Railroad to Arlington Heights, thence direct south on highway that leads to preserve. 124 THE FOREST PRESERVES Miscellaneous Preserves M i s c e 1 laneous tracts acquired here and there over the county constitute some of the most val- uable property now in the hands of the Forest Preserve Dis- trict of Cook County. As an instance, the Murphy tract of 350 acres in Lyons town- ship near Willow Springs may be cited. There the Forest Preserve District has thrown its protec- tive hand over a picturesque bit of wooded land that has for years been the delight of city and country folks alike bent on recreation. It is conveniently located on the perfectly im- proved Joliet road. For miles and miles the splendid hardwood forests with their ever-interesting flower and animal life are stretched out before the visitor. Winding trails that lead to the innermost recesses of this virgin forest make the spot doubly attractive for picnickers. In the same way seven acres of rugged forest, preserved as if by magic within the borders of the town of Evanston, has come into the hands of the District. That recreation zone, despite its diminutive size, is bound to develop into the Dis- trict's most popular spot. Trees of an age estimated generally between 100 and 200 years abound in this section. Furthermore, the seven-acre tract has won a country-wide reputation for its fields of wild flowers. In years past, this wooded tract has produced mil- lions upon millions of spring beauties and practically every known variety of wild blossoms. Then at West Hammond, the District in the purchase of 137 acres of Cook County's "forest of big trees" has laid the basis for an inter-state park. Situated as the tract is on the Illinois-Indiana land it is destined to development as the great playground of the people of the two states. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 125 This is exceptionally heavily wooded territory. Walnut, oak and maple predominate in this forest which is some mirac- ulous fashion has escaped the ravages of the wood cutters in generations past. It is a realm of fully developed trees and in consequence still boasts of being a refuge for most of the native wild game and birds. In the acquisition of a hundred-odd acres of fertile soil adjoining the Oak Forest Infirmary the District came into pos- session of a tract ideally fitted for establishment of a sheep graze and nurseries with which the big reforestration project will be fed. Murphy Tract How to Get There — Take Twelfth Street on Twenty-second Street, to Fifth Avenue, La- Grange, thence south to preserve. West Hammond Tract How to Get There — Go to Hammond, Indiana, by rail and take street car to southermost end of West Hammond. It is located in Illinois — Indiana State line road. Oak Forest Tract How to Get There — Take Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad to Oak Forest sta- tion. Evanston Woods How to Get There — Take Northwestern Elevated line to Central street, and street car to preserve. 126 THE FOREST PRESERVES AN ORDINANCE ESTABLISHING RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE USE OF THE FOREST PRESERVES OF COOK COUNTY, AND PRESCRIBING FINES FOR THE VIOLATION OF THE SAME. Passed May 20, 1918. BE IT ORDAINED, by the Board of Forest Preserve Commis- sioners for the Forest Preserve District of Cook County. CHAPTER IX PROTECTION OF FOREST PRESERVES Section 76. Railroads. Section 80. Permit — Deposit. Section 77. Penalty. Section 81. Refunding Deposit. Section 78. Wires, Cables, Pipes. Section 82. Bond. Section 79. Penalty. Section 83. Revocation of Permits. Railroads SECTION 76. No person, firm or corporation shall lay or maintain any railroad or street car track or tracks, in or upon any part of the property owned and controlled by the District without having first obtained an ordinance from the Board of the District authorizing- the laying and maintaining of such tracks and also having obtained a permit specifying in detail the work to be done pursuant to the terms of such ordinance. Penalty SECTION 77. Any person, firm or corporation laying or maintaining- any track or tracks in violation of the above sec- tion or without complying with the terms of said ordinance and permit shall be fined not less than One Hundred Dollars nor more than Two Hundred Dollars and pay a further penalty of One Hundred Dollars a day for each and every day such track or tracks shall remain in the preserve, where said tracks have been laid without such ordinance and permit or in violation of the terms of any ordinance or permit granted. The Forester may cause such track or tracks to be imme- diately removed from said preserve at the expense of said per- son, firm or corporation laying or maintaining them. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 127 Wires, Cables, Pipes SECTION 78. No telephone, telegraph or electric light wires or cables, nor any conductors of power nor any wires or ropes of any kind shall be suspended or strung aerially over or across or upon any of the property owned and controlled by the Dis- trict, nor shall any supporting posts or columns used for carry- ing such wires, cables or ropes be erected or allowed to stand upon any of the property of the District, nor shall any wires, cables, or pipes of any kind and for any purpose be placed upon or below the surface of any property owned and controlled by the District without having first obtained an ordinance from the Board of the District authorizing the stringing aerially of such wires, cables or ropes, or the laying upon or below the surface of such wires, cables, ropes or pipes and also having obtained a permit specifying in detail the work to be done pursuant to the terms of such ordinance. Penalty SECTION 79. Any person, firm or corporation stringing aerially such wires, cables or ropes or laying upon or below the surface, such wires, cables, ropes or pipes in violation of the foregoing section or without complying with the terms of said ordinances and permit, shall be fined not less than One Hundred Dollars nor more than Two Hundred Dollars and pay a further fine of Twenty-five Dollars a day for each and every day such wires, cables, ropes or pipes shall remain on the premises of the District. The Forester may cause such wires, cables, ropes, pipes, posts or columns to be immediately removed from said premises at the expense of said person, firm, or corporation. Permit — Deposit SECTION 80. The applicant for a permit to do or perform any act for which a permit is required under any Section of this ordinance, or any other ordinance of the District, shall, before such permit shall issue, deposit with the Secretary a sum of money sufficient to cover all expense that may be incurred on account of the issuance of such permit. Such deposit shall be held by the District as a guaranty that all the conditions prescribed in such permit shall be kept and complied with, and that no injury shall be done or happen to the Preserve, and that the Board and its officers shall be fully indemnified against and saved harmless from all damages and costs which may ensue from any act done or omitted under such permit. Thereupon the Secretary may issue such permit, 128 THE FOREST PRESERVES stating all the conditions under which the same is issued, and particularly limiting therein the time in which the act permit- ted must be done. Refunding Deposit SECTION 81. After the work shall have been done, for which such permit was issued, all excavations caused thereby shall be refilled and the premises restored to their former con- dition at the sole expense of the person, firm, or corporation, to whom such permit was issued, if necessary by the employees of the District. After deducting the actual expense incurred in connection with the work done under such permit, the Sec- retary shall refund to the person entitled thereto, the balance, if any, of the amount deposited. Bond SECTION 82. Before issuing a permit to do any work in these ordinances provided for, the Secretary shall, if required by the Board, take from the applicant a Bond in the sum fixed by the ordinance or the Board, indemnifying said Board against any loss, claim, expense, damages or claim for dam- ages on account of any injury to persons or property, whether that of the District or otherwise, which may be occasioned by or result from the issuing of such permit or the use of the Property of the District, for the purposes stated in said permit. Revocation of Permits SECTION 83. Any permit issued under the provisions of this Chapter may be revoked at any time upon the order of the President by the Secretary and such fact shall be printed on the face of each permit. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 129 CHAPTER X PROTECTION OF TIMBER Section 84, Section 85, Section 86 Section 87, Section 88, Section 89. Corners Section 90 Section 91, ties. Section 92 Section 93 Section 94 Section 95 Timber. Section 96 Section 97 Trees. Erecting Fences. Destroying Fences. , Penalty. Obstruction. Penalty. Destruction of Survey or Marks. Penalty. Protection of Antiqui- Penalty. , Stock Trespass. Penalty. , Cutting or Removing Penalty. , Chipping or Boxing Section 98. Penalty. Section 99. Setting Timber on Fire. Section 100. Penalty. Section 101. Building Fire Near Timber — Failure to Extinguish. Section 102. Penalty. Section 103. Places to Build Fires In Designated. Section 104. Using Combustible Gun Wads — Carrying Naked Torches. Section 105. Throwing Away Light- ed Matches, Etc. Section 106. Destroying Fire No- tices. Section 107. Penalty. Erecting Fences SECTION 84. No person, firm, or corporation shall erect, construct or maintain any fence within any Preserve or assert a right to the exclusive use and occupany of any part of any Preserve, without having first obtained a permit in writing from the Board for the erection, construction or maintenance of such fence, or a license for the use and occupancy of such inclosure. The Forester is hereby authorized to take such measures as shall be necessary to remove and destroy such unlawful inclosure at the expense of the trespasser. Destroying Fences SECTION 85. No person, firm, or corporation shall break, open, remove, or destroy any gate, fence, hedge, or wall inclos- ing any land owned and controlled by the District. The Forester is hereby authorized to repair, close, replace or rebuild any gate, fence, hedge, or wall so broken, opened, re- moved, or destroyed at the expense of the trespasser. Penalty SECTION 86. Any person, firm or corporation violating any of the provisions in Sections 84 and 85 or who shall aid, abet, counsel, advise or assist in any violation thereof, shall be fined 130 THE FOREST PRESERVES in a sum of not less than Twenty-five Dollars and not more than One Hundred Dollars, or be imprisoned not exceeding six months, or both, for each offense. Obstruction SECTION 87. No person, firm, or corporation shall by force, threats, intimidations or by any unlawful fencing or inclosing or any other unlawful means, prevent or obstruct, or shall com- bine and confederate with orders to prevent or obstruct, any person from peaceably entering upon any preserve of the Dis- trict or prevent or obstruct free passage or transit over or through any preserve of the District. Penalty SECTION 88. Any person violating any provision of said Section 87, or aiding, abetting, counseling, advising, or assisting in any violation thereof, shall be fined, in a sum of not less than Ten Dollars and not more than One Hundred Dollars. Destruction of Survey Corners or Marks SECTION 89. No person shall wilfully destroy, deface, change or remove to another place any section corner, quarter section corner or meander post, or any line of survey, or shall wilfully cut down any witness tree or any tree blazed to mark the line of survey, or shall wilfully deface, change or remove any monument or bench mark of any survey. Penalty SECTION 90. Any person violating any clause or provision of the foregoing section shall be subject to a fine of not less than Twenty-five Dollars, and not more than One Hundred Dollars, or be imprisoned not more than six months or both, for each offense. Protection of Antiquities SECTION 91. No person shall appropriate, excavate, in- jure or destroy any historic or prehistoric ruin or monument or any object of antiquity situated on land owned and controlled by the District, without the permit of the Board of the District. Penalty SECTION 92. Any person violating any provision of Sec- tion 91 shall be fined not less than Ten Dollars and not more OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 131 than Two Hundred Dollars or be imprisoned not more than six months, or both, for each offense. Stock Trespass SECTION 93. No person shall drive any cattle, horses, hogs, or other live stock upon any lands of the District for the pur- pose of destroying the grass or trees on said lands, or where they may destroy the said grass or trees and no person shall knowingly permit his cattle, horses, hogs, or other live stock to enter through any inclosure upon any such lands of the District where such cattle, hogs, or other live stock may or can destroy the grass or trees or other property of the District on said lands without the permit or license of the Board of the District. Penalty SECTION 94. Any person violating any provision of Sec- tion 93 shall be fined not less than Ten Dollars nor more than One Hundred Dollars or be imprisoned not more than six months, or both, for each offense. Cutting or Removing Timber SECTION 95. No person shall cut, or cause, or procure to be cut, or shall wantonly destroy, or cause to be wantonly de- stroyed, any timber growing on land owned by the District, or remove or cause to be removed, any timber from said land. Penalty SECTION 96. Any person violating any provision of the above section shall be fined not less than Twenty-five Dollars, and not more than Two Hundred Dollars, or be imprisoned not more than six months, or both, for each offense. Chipping or Boxing Trees SECTION 97. No person shall cut, chip, chop, or box any tree on land owned by the District, for pitch, turpentine, or any other substance, or shall knowingly encourage, cause, procure, or aid in the cutting, chipping, chopping, or boxing of any such tree, or shall buy, trade for, or in any manner acquire any pitch, turpentine, or other substance, or any article or commodity from any pitch, turpentine, or other substance, so obtained from said land. 132 THE FOREST PRESERVES Penalty SECTION 98. Any person violating any provision of the above section, shall be fined not less than Twenty-five Dollars and not more than Two Hundred Dollars, or be imprisoned, not more than six months, or both, for each offense. Setting Timber on Fire SECTION 99. No person shall wilfully set on fire, or cause to be set on fire, any timber, underbrush or grass, upon any land owned by the District, or shall leave or suffer fire to burn unattended near any timber or other inflammable material. Penalty SECTION 100. Any person violating any provision of the above section shall be fined not less than Twenty-five Dollars and not more than Two Hundred Dollars, or be imprisoned, not more than six months, or both, for each offense. Building Fire Near Forest Failure to Extinguish SECTION 101. No person shall build a fire in or near any forest, timber, or other inflammable material, upon land owned by the District, and no person shall leave said fire without totally extinguishing the same. Penalty SECTION 102. Any person violating any provision of the above section shall be fined not less than Ten Dollars, and not more than One Hundred Dollars, or be imprisoned, not more than six months, or both, for each offense. Places to Build Fires in, Designated SECTION 103. No person shall light or make use of any fire in any preserve except such portions thereof as may be desig- nated by the Board of Commissioners for such purposes, and then under such regulations as may be prescribed. Using Combustible Gun Wads — Carrying Naked Torches SECTION 104. No person shall use combustible gun wads or carry naked torches on forest lands ; no fire shall be set in or OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 133 near forest land in connection with camping, without all inflam- mable material having first been removed for a distance of at least three feet around the fire. Throwing Away Lighted Matches, Cigars, Etc. SECTION 105. No person shall drop, throw, or otherwise scatter lighted matches, burning cigars, cigarettes, or tobacco within any preserve. Destroying Fire Notices SECTION 106. No person shall deface or destroy any notice posted, containing forest fire warnings, laws, or rules and regu- lations. Penalty SECTION 107. Any person violating any clause or provision of Sections 103, 104, 105, 106, shall be fined not less than Five Dollars and not more than Two Hundred Dollars, for each offense. 134 THE FOREST PRESERVES CHAPTER XI PROTECTION OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS Section 108. Killing or Wounding Section 110. Hunting and Trap- Animals, ping. Section 109. Killing or Wounding Section 111. Penalty. Birds. Killing or Wounding Animals SECTION 108. No person shall kill or wound or attempt to kill or wound any animal, or rob or molest any lair, den or burrow of any animal in or upon any land owned by the Dis- trict. Killing or Wounding Birds SECTION 109. No person shall kill or wound, or attempt to kill or wound with firearms, bow and arrow, pelting with stones, or otherwise, any bird within or upon any of the land owned by the District, or shoot any arrow, or throw a stone or club or missile at any bird therein, or rob or molest any nest of any bird, or take the eggs of any such bird. Hunting and Trapping SECTION 110. No person shall hunt, trap, capture, carry or lead away, disturb or treat cruelly any animal or bird upon or from land owned by the District. Penalty SECTION 111. Any person violating any clause or provision of Sections 108, 109 and 110, shall be fined not less than Five Dollars and not more than Two Hundred Dollars, or be im- prisoned not more than six months, or both, for each offense. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 135 CHAPTER XII PROTECTION OF OTHER PROPERTY Section 112. Injuring Buildings, ments. Bridges, Etc. Section 117. Fishing or Bathing. Section 113. Throwing Articles in Section 118. Taking Animals to Water. Water. Section 114. Goods as Obstruction. Section 119. Boats, Yachts, Etc. Section 115. Destroying Announce- Section 120. Games and Sports. ments of Board. Section 121. Penalty. Section 116. Display of Advertise- SECTION 112. No person shall cut, break, mark upon, or in any way injure or deface any of the trees, shrubs, plants, flow- ers, turf, grass, lamp posts, fences, walls, benches, bridges, build- ings, or other construction or property in or upon the land owned by the District. Throwing Articles in Water SECTION 113. No person shall deposit, dump, throw, cast, lay or place any coal, ashes, dust, manure, rubbish, paper, gar- bage, refuse matter, or obstructions of any kind in or upon any part of the waters or grounds of any preserve. Goods as Obstruction SECTION 114. No person shall set or place, or cause to be placed, any goods, wares, or merchandise, or property of any kind in any preserve to the obstruction of the use of such pre- serve. Destroying Announcements of Board SECTION 115. No person shall deface, destroy, or remove any placard, notice, announcement or signs of any kind placed or exhibited in any preserve by order of, or by permit from the Board of the District. Display of Advertisements SECTION 116. No person shall display any placard or ad- vertisement in any preserve, or post or affix any bill, pamphlet, circular, advertisement or notice on any tree, lamp-post, flag- stone, fence, wall, bridge, bench, or building, or other construc- tion or property in any preserve. 136 THE FOREST PRESERVES Fishing or Bathing SECTION 117. No person shall fish or bathe in any of the waters of the Forest Preserve, except such portions thereof as may be designated by the Board for such purposes and under such regulations as may be prescribed. Taking Animals to Water SECTION 118. No person shall ride, drive, send or lead any animal into any of the waters of any Forest Preserve, except such portion thereof, as may be designated, by the Board for such purposes. Boats, Yachts, Etc. SECTION 119. No person shall bring any boat, yacht, float, raft or other water craft into, or upon any of the waters under the control of the Board except into such portions of said waters as may be designated by said Board for the use by private craft. Games and Sports SECTION 120. No person shall engage in any sport, game, amusement, or exercise in any preserve, except such portions thereof, as may be designated for that purpose by the Board and then under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the District. Penalty SECTION 121. Any person violating any clause or provision of Sections 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120 shall be fined not less than Five Dollars, nor more than Two Hundred Dollars for each offense. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 137 CHAPTER XIII MISDEMEANORS Section 122. Section 123. Section 124. cape. Section 125. Section 126. lice. Section 127. Section 128, Hindering Employes. Penalty. Resisting Police — Es- Penalty. Impersonation of Po- Penalty. Breach of Peace, Riot, Disorderly Conduct, Etc. Section 129. Penalty. Section 130. Intoxicating Bever- ages, Drunkenness, Etc. Section 131. Penalty. Horse Racing and Section 132. Gambling. Section 133. Section 134. Section 135. dling. Section 136. Penalty. Gambling Abated. Hawking and Ped- Penalty. Indecent Exposure, Section 137. Etc. Section 138. Obscene or Indecent Books, Pamphlets, Etc. Section 139. Penalty. Section 140. Indecent Language, Cheating Devices, Etc. Section 141. Penalty. Section 142. Fire Arms. Section 143. Penalty. Section 144. Concealed Weapons. Section 145. Penalty. Section 146. Confiscation of Weap- ons. Section 147. Use of Preserves and Buildings for Picnics, Etc. Section 148. Penalty. Section 149. Balloons, Aeroplanes and Parachutes. Section 150. Penalty. Section 151. Public Exhibitions. Section 152. Penalty. Hindering Employes SECTION 122. No person shall interfere with, or in any manner, hinder any employe of the District while engaged in constructing, repairing, or caring for any portion of the Pre- serve. Penalty SECTION 123. Any person violating any clause or provi- sion of Section 122 shall be fined not less than Five Dollars nor more than Two Hundred Dollars for each offense. Resisting Police — Escape SECTION 124. No person shall resist any member of the police force in the discharge of his duty, or fail, or refuse to obey any lawful command of any police officer or in any way interfere with or hinder or prevent from discharging his duty, or offer or endeavor to do so, or in any manner assist any per- son in custody of any member of the police force to escape, or attempt to escape from such custody, or rescue any person in custody. 138 THE FOREST PRESERVES Penalty SECTION 125. Any person violating any of the provisions of Section 124, shall be fined not less than Ten Dollars, nor more than Two Hundred Dollars for each offense. Impersonation of Police SECTION: 126. No person shall falsely represent or im- personate any member of the police force, or pretend to be a member of the police force, or with intent to deceive, use any of the signs, signals, or devices adopted or used by the police. Penalty SECTION 127. Any person violating any of the provisions of Section 126 shall be subject to a fine of not less than Ten Dollars and not more than Two Hundred Dollars for each and every offense. Breach of Peace, Riot, Disorderly Conduct, Etc. SECTION 128. No person shall make, aid, countenance or assist in making any improper noise, riot, disturbance, breach of the peace or diversion tending to a breach of the peace within any of the preserves under the control of the District, or be guilty of any disorderly conduct thereon, or collect with other persons, in bodies or crowds for unlawful purposes, or for any purpose, to the annoyance or disturbance of citizens or travelers. Penalty SECTION 129. Any person violating any of the provision of Section 128 shall be subject to a fine of not less than Two Dollars nor exceeding One Hundred Dollars for each and every offense. Intoxicating Beverages, Drunkenness SECTION 130. No person shall bring intoxicating beverages of any kind for sale, or for use, or for giving away, into any of the preserves. No intoxicated person shall be tolerated in any preserve. Penalty SECTION 131. Any person violating any clause or provi- sion of the foregoing section, shall be fined not less than Five Dollars and not more than Two Hundred Dollars, for each of- fense. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 139 Horse Racing and Gambling SECTION 132. No person, company, corporation, or asso- ciation and no agent, employe, servant, or officer thereof, or any of them, shall carry on or conduct, or aid or assist in the carry- ing on or maintenance of any horse race or horse racing, gam- bling or betting upon the result of any horse race, or any game of chance upon or within any preserve, and no person, company, corporation or association, and no agent, employe, servant, or officer thereof, or any of them, shall keep, possess, maintain or conduct, or aid in keeping, possessing, maintaining, or conducting any place, house, building, tent, or any enclosed or unenclosed ground upon or within any preserve for the purpose of horse racing or betting upon the result of any horse racing or game of chance, or for the purpose of gambling of any kind. Penalty SECTION 1.33. Any person, company, corporation or asso- ciation, or any agent, employe, servant, or officer thereof, who shall violate any of the provisions of the foregoing section, shall upon conviction thereof, be subject to a fine of not less than Fifty Dollars nor more than Two Hundred Dollars for each and every offense. Gambling Abated SECTION 134. All horse racing or gambling of any kind upon or within any preserve are hereby prohibited and for- bidden; and all horse racing and gambling shall be abated, and the Police Force are hereby empowered, directed and or- dered to prohibit, forbid, and abate all horse racing and gambling within the preserves aforesaid. Hawking and Peddling SECTION 135. No person, shall expose or offer for sale, any articles or thing, or do any hawking or peddling within or upon any of said preserves. Penalty SECTION 136. Any person violating any of the provisions of the foregoing Section, shall be subject to a fine of not to exceed Twenty-five Dollars, for each and every offense. Indecent Exposure, Etc. SECTION 137. If any person shall appear in any preserve in a state of nudity, or in a dress not properly belonging to 140 THE FOREST PRESERVES his or her sex, or in an indecent or lewd dress, or shall make any indecent exposure of his or her person, he or she shall be subject to a fine or not less than Ten Dollars and not more than Two Hundred Dollars, for each and every offense. Obscene or Indecent Books, Pamphlets, Etc. SECTION 138. No person shall exhibit, sell or offer to sell, give away, or offer to give away, or have in his possession, with or without intent to sell or give away, any obscene or indecent book, pamphlet, paper, drawing, lithograph, engrav- ing, picture, daguerrotype, photograph, stereoscopic picture, model, cast, instrument, or any article of indecent or immoral use within any preserve of the District. Penalty SECTION 139. Any person violating any of the provisions of the foregoing Section, shall be subject to a fine of not less than Five Dollars and not more than Two Hundred Dollars. Indecent Language, Gambling, Cheating Devices, Etc. SECTION 140. No person shall use abusive, insulting, or obscene language, or language calculated to occasion a breach of the peace, in any preserve. No person shall tell fortunes, play at games of chance, or do any indecent acts in any pre- serve. No person shall manage, use or practice any game or device whatever, with intent to cheat or defraud another, in any preserve. Penalty SECTION 141. Any person violating any clause or pro- vision of the foregoing Section, shall be fined not less than Five Dollars nor more than Two Hundred Dollars for each offense. Fire Arms SECTION 142. No person shall enter into any preserve carrying a revolver, pistol, shotgun, rifle, air or water gun, or any other fire arm of any kind, or any sling shot. Penalty SECTION 143. Any person violating any clause or provision of the foregoing Section, shall be fined not less than Twenty- five Dollars nor more than Two Hundred Dollars for each offense. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 141 Concealed Weapons — Fireworks SECTION 144. No person shall carry or wear under his or her clothes, or concealed about his or her person, any pistol, revolver, derringer, bowie knife, dirk knife, or dirk razor, dagger, sling-shot, metallic knuckles or other dangerous or deadly weapon in or upon any preserve ; nor shall any person fire or discharge any gun, pistol, revolver, or throw stones or other missiles in or upon any such preserve, nor shall any person fire, discharge, or set off any rocket, cracker, torpedo, squib, or other fireworks; or other things containing any substance of an explosive nature in or upon any such preserve, provided, how- ever, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent any police officer of the District, Sheriff, Coroner, Constable, Members of the City Police Force or other Peace Officers, from carrying such firearms as may be necessary in the discharge of his duties as such officer, nor shall it apply to any person sum- moned by any of such officers to assist in making arrest, or pre- serving the peace, while such person so summoned is engaged in assisting such officer. Penalty SECTION 145. Any person violating any clause, or provi- sion of the foregoing section, shall be fined not less than Five Dollars and not more than Two Hundred Dollars for each and every offense. Confiscation of Weapons SECTION 146. Any such weapon or weapons worn or car- ried by any person in violation of said Sections 142 and 144, shall be confiscated and forfeited to the District. Use of Preserves and Buildings for Picnics, Etc. SECTION 147. No person or society shall use any preserve or any of the buildings in any preserve, for meeting or picnic purposes without having first obtained a permit in writing from the Board. Penalty SECTION 148. Any person or society violating any clause or provision of the foregoing section shall be subject to a fine of not less than Five Dollars and not more than Two Hundred Dollars. Balloons, Aeroplanes and Parachutes SECTION 149. No person shall make any ascent in any bal- loon or aeroplane or any descent in or from any balloon, aero- 142 THE FOREST PRESERVES plane or parachute, in any preserve. Neither shall any person cause or permit any balloon or aeroplane to ascend from, or any balloon, aeroplane or parachute to descend in any preserve with- out permit from the Board. Penalty SECTION 150. Any person violating any clause or provi- sion of the foregoing section shall be fined not less than Ten Dollars and not more than Two Hundred Dollars for each of- fense. Public Exhibitions SECTION 151. No person shall exhibit any machine or show, or any animal, or indulge in any acrobatic feats in or upon any preserve, nor shall any person carry on any performance or do anything whatsoever therein which shall collect any crowd of persons, so as to interfere with the proper use of such preserves by the general public, or obstruct the passage of vehicles or per- sons. Penalty SECTION 152. Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of the foregoing section shall be fined not less than Three Dollars and not more than Twenty-five Dollars for each and every offense. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 143 CHAPTER XIV ORDINANCES Section 153. Record of Ordi- Expressed — Maximum. nances. Section 156. Penalty Not Ex- Section 154. Two Penalties — Elect- pressed. ive — One Judgment. Section 157. Construction of Section 155. Minimum Fine Only Words. Record of Ordinances SECTION 153. All ordinances shall be recorded by the Sec- retary in a proper book or books with indices. The originals of such ordinances shall be filed in the office of the Secretary. Two Penalties — Elective — One Judgment SECTION 154. In all cases where the same offense shall be made punishable, or shall be created by different clauses or sections of ordinances, the officer, or person prosecuting may elect under which to proceed, but not more than one recovery shall be had against the same person for the same offense. Minimum Fine Only Expressed — Maximum SECTION 155. Whenever in this or any ordinance here- after passed a minimum, but no maximum fine or penalty is imposed, the court may in its discretion adjudge the offender or offenders to pay any sum of money exceeding the mini- mum fine or penalty so fixed, not exceeding the sum of Two Hundred Dollars. Penalty Not Expressed SECTION 156. Whenever in any ordinance the doing of any act or the omission to do any act or duty is declared to be a breach thereof, and there shall be no fine or penalty de- clared for such breach, any person who shall be convicted of any such breach shall be adjudged to pay a fine of not less than Three Dollars nor more than One Hundred Dollars. Construction of Words SECTION 157. Whenever any words in any ordinance importing the plural number shall be used in describing or referring to any matters, parties or persons, any single mat- 144 THE FOREST PRESERVES ter, party or person, shall be deemed to be included, although distributive words may not be used; and when any subject matter, party or person shall be referred to in any ordinance by words importing- the singular number only, or in the masculine gender, several matters, parties or persons, and females as well as males, and bodies corporate, shall be deemed to be included; provided, however, that these rules of con- struction shall not be applied to any ordinance which shall contain any express provision excluding such construction, or where the subject matter or contents of such ordinance may be repugnant thereto. Each of the words: Woods, Timber, Forest, Preserve, whenever used in any ordinance means : Land owned by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County. "District" whenever used in any ordinance means: Forest Preserve District of Cook County. "President" whenever used in any ordinance means: President of the Board of Forest Preserve Commissioners for the Forest Preserve District of Cook County. "Board" whenever used in any ordinance means : Board of Forest Preserve Commissioners for the Forest Preserve District of Cook County. "Ordinance" whenever used in any ordinance, means: Ordinance of the Forest Preserve District of Cook County. "Person" whenever used in any ordinance means : In- dividuals, firms, corporations, societies. "Police" whenever used in any ordinance means : Police of the Forest Preserve District of Cook County. OF COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS 145 CHAPTER XV REPEAL Section 158. Repeal. Pending Suits or Prosecutions. Section 159. Repeal Not to Affect Section 160. In Force. SECTION 158. All ordinances and parts of ordinances and all resolutions and orders, or any parts thereof, in conflict with this ordinance, or any parts thereof, are hereby repealed. Repeal Not to Affect Pending Suits or Prosecutions SECTION 159. Neither this ordinance nor any new ordi- nance hereafter passed shall be construed or held to repeal a former ordinance, whether such former ordinance is expressly repealed or not, as to any offense committed against the former ordinance or as to any act done, any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred, or any right accrued, or claims arising under the former ordinance, or in any way whatever to affect any such offense or act so committed or done, or any penalty, forfeiture or punishment so incurred or any right accrued, or claims arising before this or any such new ordinance takes effect, save only that the proceedings thereafter shall conform, so far as practicable, to the ordinances in force at the time of such proceedings. If any penalty, forfeiture or punishment be mitigated by any provision of a new ordinance, such pro- vision may, by the consent of the party affected, be applied to any judgment pronounced after the new ordinance takes effect. The Section shall extend to all repeals either by express words or by implication, whether the repeal is in the ordinance making any new provision upon the same subject or any other ordinance. In Force SECTION 160. This Ordinance shall be in force and effect upon and from its passage and publication. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA THE FOREST PRESERVES OF COOK COUNTY, OWN