Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. ah see FOREST RESOURCES of NORTH IDAHO Henry J. Dissot Northern = Rocky Mountain Forest © Range Experiment tation Missoula Montana George M-Jemison, Director UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE STATION PAPER NO. 35 DECEMBER [953 Prepared by the Division of Forest Economics H. W. Camp, Jr., Division Chief Statistical and inventory procedures were the responsibility of Paul D. Kemp. Field inventory work was done by R. E. Baldwin, CC.’ We Brown, I. L./\Fineh, bo i. Folsom Ww. /C. Hodge, B. M. Huey, G. A. Hutton, M. E. Metcalf, H. J. Pissot, and J. H. Wikstrom. Office compilation of the field data was under the direction of H. J. Pissot. Assisting were Toile) Finch, H.) EB.) Hanson, Go Ay Hurvon, 1,7. Metcalf, M. E. Reed, and J. H. Wikstrom. Me t FOREST RESOURCES OF NORTH IDAHO % \ i By i i Henry J. Pissot CONTENTS Rarcocmesaurvoey 1m North TAanG: 5) sete «2 a Seis; Wel Wei, ae) se ewe) ele Findings in brief eu ees wT webs eat. te i ctu ada oncrer cn kot, ch iene tr etive Comparison of resurvey with initial sure SU iahior widdc” tee. Math cm ts. Wel Nene ieebn mcs Tables 1. Estimated differences in area statistics by major land and stand-size class. North Idaho el pect 2) : : eee eile 2. Estimated differences in volume statistics on soapy forest land. North Idaho ee He fog cc 3. Land area by major classes of land, Norsh fener "1951 cane Pel rane 4. Land area by county and major elasses of land, North Idaho, 1951 5. Land area by ownership and major classes of femal North Idaho, 1951 6. Commercial forest land area, by ey aes and stand-size classes, North Idaho, 1951 SS 6 SL, Teneay cen, 7. Area of commercial forest land a major penece pees North Maake, J951 5. 3 : See, Wh OMe sce ick 8 8. Net volume of live sawtimber Atel ee) bre stock on commercial 17. 20. ra forest land, by stand—size class, North Idaho, 1951 ..... Net volume of live sawtimber and growing stock on commercial forest land, by ownership class, North Idaho, 1951 Age A eae Net volume of live sawtimber and growing stock on commercial forest land by species, North Idaho, 1951 eee oe ome S Net volume of live sawtimber on commercial forest land by diam- euem Cidas Proups, and, species, Nerbavidano, e951) (5 jee ests Net volume of all timber on commercial forest land, by class Ga. WaALerial and species group, Nerth ddaho, 195) <. . <<... . Live timber volume on commercial forest land by county, North Idaho, 1951 .... : ° oP lowes, elane per ge 56. Net annual growth, annual een and commodity drain on live sawtimber ere growing stock on commercial forest land, by species group, North Idaho, 1951 Sr che ORG aoe Total average output of timber products and commodity drain on live sawtimber and growing stock, North Idaho, 1951 .... Annual sawlog production, North Idaho, 1925-1950 Shicet epikeape vests Annual lumber production reported in North Idaho by species, for specified years, 1869-1950 .. ‘ Saas Annual pulpwood production--sawlogs, forth TaLIAS., 1935-1950 eine Annual- pole production, North Idaho, 19,6-1951 ....4.+. «+. Per—acre volume of live sawtimber on commercial forest land by stand-size class, North Idaho, 1951 sili ae ne se oe Per-acre volume of growing stock on commercial Ronee Land iF stand— and tree-size classes, North Idaho, 1951 ....4.. . Forest survey method CaTetaleciicunet 16d cin veer, Set nin ercuie elem e ke pee. teen orp kew wore Accuracy of estimates Mcrae orale, 35 Blas os eit on fete /t mn) visa Sl vel x ehitey morte ae Definitions Seg Money oe ne Sp Co ores) ce Wagan tol se" Met ee List of forest survey esis fon North Tiere oi. fegttet Wat (aga Meet ukey fee “Sue i/ FOREST SURVEY IN NORTH IDAHO During the period 1932 to 1937 a Sueveyel was made of the forest lands of Idaho's 10 northern counties. It was a part of a nationwide proj- ect authorized by Congress in 1928. Benewah County was resurveyed in 1943-44 and the resurvey of the other nine counties was made between 1947 and 1951. This work was authorized by Congress to maintain cur- rent information on forest resources. The following report summarizes the findings of the resurvey in North Idaho and makes some general com parisons with the initial survey of this area. 1/ North Idaho includes all of the State of Idaho north of the Salmon River. 2/ A list of reports published by the forest survey for North Idaho is given on page 37. FINDINGS IN BRIEF 81% of North Idaho is forest land The total land area in North Idaho is 12,600,000 acres. Of this 10,200,000 acres are forest land. Forest pre- dominates in 8 of the 10 North Idaho counties. Two counties, Lewis and Nez Perce, are less than one-third forested, The 10.2 million acres of forest land in North Idaho are classified as fol- lows: Commercial ... . 76 percent Noncommercial .. 9 percent Resenvicd acy cm ie sie omperce:nn (See table 1 for details of classi- fication. ) Thirty-two percent of the commercial forest is 1rivately owned, including a small ar.a of County lands. The State of Icaho owns 8 percent of the commercial forest. The Forest servace manages 95 percent of the federally owned or managed lands, the Bureau of Land Management 3 percent, and the Indian Service 2 percent. 57% of the live sawtimber is on federally owned or managed lands Thirty-one percent of the total volume of 60,685,000,000 board feet is on private lands, Twelve percent is on State lands. The federally owned or managed saw- timber is broken down as follows: Forest, service... . . 9/ percent Bureau of Land Management... . 2 percent Indian Servace.. . . 2 percent White pine is the principal sawtimber tree PERCENT OF BOARD FO WESTERN WHITE PINE DOUGLAS-FIR GRAND FIR PONDEROSA PINE WESTERN LARCH SPRUCE WESTERN REDCEDAR LODGEPOLE PINE OTHER SPECIES OT VOLUME Four species (western white pine, Douglas-fir, grand fir, and pon- derosa pine) make up 70 percent of the live sawtimber board-foot volume. Although ponderosa pine represents only 11 percent of the volume, this species totals approx- imately 21 percent of the sawlogs produced in North Idaho. Douglas-fir has the largest total volume PERCENT OF CUBIC FOOT VOLUME DOUGLAS-FIR WESTERN WHITE PINE GRAND FIR LODGEPOLE PINE WESTERN LARCH PONDEROSA PINE SPRUCE WESTERN REDCEDAR OTHER SPECIES Fé The only major difference in pro- portions from the above occurs in the case of lodgepole pine. Char- acteristically a small tree, this species makes up only 2 percent of the sawtimber volume but 9 percent of the total volume of sawtimber and pole size trees. 54% of the total sawtimber volume is in trees below 21 inches in diameter PERCENT OF SAWTIMBER VOLUME Thirty-two percent of the VOLUMES pny eRees from 20: to 30.9 inches and 14 per- cent in trees 31 inches and larger. By species the percentages differ a great deal. For example, 70 per- cent of the ponderosa pine volume is in medium and large trees. Ninety-nine percent of the lodgepole pine volume WESTERN HEMLOCK and almost 100 percent of SPRUCE the white bark and limber pine volume is in small LODGEPOLE PINE a emenen W. B.zvd L. PINE enn COTTONWOOD W. WHITE PINE PONDEROSA PINE | WESTERN LARCH DOUGLAS-FIR GRAND FIR ALPINE FIR WESTERN REDCEDAR 0 25 50 75 100 MN al frees —t.0-209" =) Medium rrees 21.0-30.9° (BEM 7/G2 17ees 3707 7h% of the total cubic foot volume is in sawtimber trees The total timber volume in trees 5.0 inches and Har cer isi ilsi2 melaecon cubic feet. The net sawtimber growth in North Idaho is 22% higher than the cut If the excessive losses (mortality) could be reduced, there would be even greater opportunities for in- , WY ClLL0n creasing the cut. (Goatd Je The cut has not been evenly dis- tributed among the species, In general, the drain on white pine and ponderosa pine has exceeded the growth. The net growth of all trees 5.0 inches in diameter and larger is more than twice as high as the cut This reflects the fact that a major part of the growth is in pole size trees but practically all of the cut is in sawtimber. White pine has _been the principal species cut in North Idaho In the decade 1941-1950 38 percent of the sawlog production was white pine, A\NNUAL SAWLOG PRODUCTION mc’ 1925-1950: 21 percent ponderosa pine, & 700 18 percent Douglas-fir, 10 percent: lareh.) 10 ppercent grand) fir.) andy percent other species. Twenty-three sawlog production censuses have) been! taken simce 925% In only one of these (1948) was white pine production surpassed--then by ponderosa pine. ~ 600 Million Board Feet 3 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 YEAR Lumber production in North Idaho is at record levels or ae The 1950 sawmill output of +—__» 925 million board feet was exceeded only in 1925. An important difference between these two years is that a much smaller proportion of the total output in 1950 was white pine. This is indicated by the upper chart. al | ANNUAL LUMBER PRODUCTION 1869-1950 NM/LLION FEET (Board Measure) 0 1869 B5 1900 19/0 1920 1930 1940 1950 YEAR ig COMPARISON OF RESURVEY WITH INITIAL SURVEY Some of the most significant information forest survey data can show is trends. Comparison of growth and drain data throw some light on trends but in the long run the most revealing comparisons will be between suc-— cessive inventories. However, two circumstances limit the comparisons which can be made between the original forest survey in North Idaho and this resurvey. One is that a generally tightening wood supply situation has resulted in more critical standards. For example, a considerable area that was once classified as noncommercial has now, because of im- proved economic conditions, become commercial. The other circumstance is the change of standards made to conform to revised nationwide defini- tions so that data from the various regions will be comparative and addi- tive. For example, the minimum size for some species of sawtimber trees in this region formerly was 13.0 inches d.b.h. he minimum size for all species is now 11.0 inches. The minimum volume for sawtimber stands was reduced from 4,000 and 3,000 board feet per acre Scribner rule to 1,500 board feet per acre International 1/4-inch rule. Some broad adjustments have nevertheless been made in the initial forest survey data to make them as comparable as possible with the resurvey. The most important adjustment in the initial survey data was the reclassi- fication of 910,000 acres from the noncommercial to commercial category. Developments in logging and transportation equipment and increased value of wood products make this area presentiy or potentially operable. Tables 1 and 2 on pages 9 and 10 summarize these comparisons. The differences between the adjusted initial survey and the resurvey so far as total forest area and commercial forest’ area are concerned are less than the sampling error limits of the resurvey. Thus the data in themselves indicate no trend. However, the survey transects showed some conversion of commercial forest to cropland and virtually no reversion of cropland to forest. Hence, there has probably been a very small re- duction in forest area. The differences between the two surveys in area figures by stand-size classes likewise is less than the sampling error limits. However, for all types as a group, it is believed that the cutting of sawbimber stands has been offset by the transiticn of pole stands into sawtimber size. Because of the disproportionately heavy cut of white pine and ponderosa pine the sawtimber area of these types has undoubtedly shrunk. The resurvey shows a higher proportion of deforested land than was indi-- cated in the initial survey before adjustment. This is because a large part of the area reclassified from noncommercial to commercial is de- forested. Also, the resurvey has tallied numerous small openings "washed in" with other stand classes in the initial survey. When ac- count is taken of these factors it appears that the deforested area has actually decreased. The deforested area, nevertheless, is very large and constitutes an obstacle to continued high level production. Much of it is potentially high yielding white pine land. Some of the defor-. estation dates back to 1910 which indicates the land is not restoring itself very rapidly. -7— The resurvey shows a larger reserved area than the initial survey. The differences arise from refinements in survey techniques and definitions for there has actually been little change in the reserved area. Better maps are now available, permitting closer delineation of primitive area boundaries. Also, during the resurvey all land, regardless of ownership, lying within the primitive area boundaries was called reserved; the ini- tial survey excluded all private lands so situated. Sawtimber growth and drain for all species combined on areas presently defined as commercial forest land have been more or less in balance, with the result that the total sawtimber volume in 1952 is about the same as in the middle 1930's. However, because of the disproportionately high cut of white and ponderosa pines, it is reasonable to assume that the vol- ume of these pines has diminished, Wee 1° O+ 4uso Leg Lit - - - 90T- PeI- QGT+ G+ ut at 0 soroe puesnoyL . gee Petes yp po ,eUur4sy 17S" S 326 =. 888 9972 OLE VOLT 16s i) Cee 092°2 o¢efor -2oS°%eT Aoammsoy voGe 266 §©6888 997'2 Sue 1 gee‘T ern ear Se Ladd CSO “49S en /prets tal “ees gel 982 OS6°1 sors G06 BLT 664°T 499‘ wos"9 O¢e°OT —29G°eT Vg ---+- ------------- Bone puemnoy, ---------+--+--------- Je sae Ja y ear > pegseaog: Suttdes : a ee :Iequry : : : : puelt : >peAteos +: [Teqo] $ -oq :~suUT[Tpoees ; > -meg 3: Te,oy : : eere : agseaoj: PeAtesed ;—oguoy : : SSC[O ezts-pueys : > Teo0, > puet : feaae Ze 40 : TeTOdoUlog : ; Teron = -uoN : *foAINSed pue LSAINS TeTI4YTUT pegsnf{pe Useemyeq souedtesI—Iq VE, *foAINSeT Y1TM oTqTssod se stseq eTqeaedwoo se uo AoAaNS [TeT4TUrT /¢ *peqdoded se seams TeTyIu /¢ *Ioqut4 [TeTodteuluoo Sutonpoad jo etTqedeo ao sutonpoad puelT 4sedoq Ve °Jequt4 Telortewmuoo Ssutonpodd jo eTqedeout puelT 4setog /T ooo e 3 a a > ba o6- 0° 6+ Se Nhe Sl erOs O oo DUB, {sedoy ° Ouepl Y4doN SSBTO EZTS—-pusjs pue pueT sofeu Aq SOTYST9BYS Bore UL sedUedeTIIp pe_veUtaisy °T eTaeL Boe Table 2. Estimated differences in volume statistics on commercial forest land, North Idaho : Estimated differences oo ay, : Initial : Resurvey : Volume : Percent _ Million board feet 59611 60685 +O Pals Million cubic feet 12864 13210 + 346 Decal ae ee ree av), Initial survey on as comparable basis as possible with re- survey. wos Table 3. Land area by major classes of land, North Idaho, 1951 Class of land Forest Commercial Noncommercial Reserved from commercial timber use Unproductive for timber use 1/ Total Nonforest 2/ Total, all classes ee ee Sampling Area error > --- Thousand acres --- 7,760 78 932 1,534 ee 10,226 oy 2,341 12,567 1/ Includes 646 thousand acres withdrawn for special uses. 2/ Includes 54 thousand acres of water according to survey standards of area classification but defined by the Bureau of Census as land. ye Table 4. Land area by county and major classes of land, North Idaho, 1951 : : ~_ Forest land _ ines 5 : Percent of 3 Total : : Other : Non- : total land County : land : Com- : Non- SBbG eran :forest: area in : area : Total :mercial:reserved: : land: forest SH erally aie : sey, Byun [ih ly eines Jane —- a= === thousandiacres |e Percent Benewah 506 LOL 395 ial, - - MOZ es | 9 eS Bonner aaa, A090 88h 11, Qiao /uen alia 90.0 Boundary 816 (80 547 190 = = 12 90.3 Clearwater Ibe (oavh IeLSie | 329 155 23s = 130 91.9 Tdahob/ 45500. 3,729 A977) OG se CS On wal Gunmmeras 82.9 Kootenai 804, 620 591 29 B/N cute aol (tifa Latah 698 421 ALT A = - Za 60.3 Lewis 306 94 92 2 - - ZZ Oo ff Nez Perce 542 1LO4 Oa 3 - = 438 UDA 2 Shoshone 1,670 1,633 1,429 204 neers hee A oy 978 Total 12,567 10,226 7,760 eee 9320 eno) soem Nainemee From 1950 U. S. Census. Forest land incapable of producing commercial timber. Forest land producing or capable of producing commercial timber. Includes 54 thousand acres of water according to survey standards of area classification but defined by the Bureau of the Census as land. Less than 0.5 thousand acres. Includes only that portion of Idaho County north of the Salmon River. Se SSS moe Table 5. Land area by ownership and major classes of land, North Idaho, 1951 : Total Ownership class : land : area Federally owned or managed National forest 6,890 Indian 191 Other 269 Total tg3 50 State oe Peiyaeee! 1, 560 Total, all ownerships 8/12 ,567 \ pt all St ~“ ee 80 #0 Total 10,226 Forest land : : : Other : Non- . ree Sen oWerses : f : Cor : Non Rosemead forest smercial:reserved: land 4,418 703 928 61.6 195 Th 6 - ~ Ta 162 36 i val 4,654 745 928 646 377 631 77 E : 49 2,475 Cena = seem digi 7,760 ges 93266 Y/2, 342 Forest land incapable of producing commercial timber, Forest land producing or capable of producing commercial timber. Includes a negligible acreage of county-— and municipal-owned land. Private land within the primitive area boundary. Less than 0.5 thousand acres. from 1950 U. S. Census. Includes 54 thousand acres of water according to survey standards of area classification but defined by the Bureau of Census as land. 13. Table 6. Commercial forest land area, by ownership and stand-size classes, North Idaho, 1951 : 5 Stand-size class : Nonstocked Ownership class : Total : Saw-— : Pol :Seedling--: and other = stimber: 7°-© ;: sapling : areas ay ------------ Thousand acres -~---~----~-~-~-- Federally owned or managed National forest LLU) MSM LOSE: 67h, 738 Indian Th 29 26 aye i Other 162 58 56 21 27 Total oyeyhy, saealielefe), wralney is 707 a2 State 631 391 106 Th | 60 eee Farm 851 236 380 134 101 Industrial and other 1624 909 229 249 2311 Total PAGES UES 609 383 338 Total, all ownerships 1ieOm Sos 5a Logi: 1164 1170 1/ Includes areas not classified elsewhere. 2/ Includes a negligible acreage of county and municipal. Table 7. Area se commercial forest land by major forest types, North Idaho, 1951 Forest type : Thousand acres White pine group LV Western white pine 1,920 Cedar 258 Total Aare Ponderosa pine 1,109 Western larch 72k Douglas-fir 1,286 Lodgepole pine group Lodgepole pine 1,209 Whitebark and limber pine ey Total 1,209 Spruce-fir group Spruce 214 Hemlock-grand fir 990 Total 1,204 Hardwoods 50 Total, all types 7,760 1/ White pine type requires 20-percent or more vol- ume plurality in white pine species; all other types require 50—percent volume plurality in their respective species. 2/ Less than 0.5 thousand acres. afb Table 8, Net volume of live sawtimber and growing stock on commercial forest land, by stand-size class, North Idaho, 1951 Stand-size class Sawtimber Growing stock Million board feet Million cubic feet Sawtimber stands 58,143 10,563 Poletimber stands 2.133 25420 Seedling=-sapling stands 183 178 Nonstocked and other areas not elsewhere classified 226 49 Total, all stands VW/60,685 Y/13,210 a/ Sampling errors on the basis of odds of 2 out of 3 are + 1687 million board feet for sawtimber, and + 296 million cubic feet for growing stock. Table 9. Net volume of live sawtimber and growing stock on _ commercial forest land, by ownership class, North Idaho, 1951 Ownership class : Sawtimber ; Growing stock Million board feet Million cubic feet Federally owned or managed National forest 33055 7,403 Indian 310 80 Other 860 PAN Total 3h, 503 75694 State Gp gpk 1,455 Privates Farm Le al 1,046 Industrial and other U,,756 BOUS Total ater saya 4061 Total, all ownerships 60,685 13 S210 V/ Includes a negligible volume in county and municipal. -16- Table 10. Net-volume of live sawtimber and growing stock on commercial forest land by species, North Idaho, 1951 Species Softwoods Western white pine Ponderosa pine Western larch Douglas-fir Grand fir Alpine fir Western redcedar Hemlock 1/ Spruce Lodgepole pine Whitebark and limber pine Total Hardwoods Aspen Cottonwood Birch Reba Total, all species 1/ Includes 78 million board feet and 18 million cubic feet of mountain hemlock. Sawtimber Million board feet 13,381 6,931 Degas i390 10,720 167 60,685 2/ Less than 0.5 million feet, my ° ° Growing stock 2,389 19220 1,232 262 2,186 310 74,0 506 860 1,249 2 13,166 2/ 13,210 Million cubic feet Table 11, Net volume of live sawtimber on commercial forest land by diameter class groups and species, North Idaho, 1951 Species Western white pine Ponderosa pine Western larch Douglas-fir Grand fir Alpine fir Western redcedar Hemlock Spruce Lodgepole pine Whitebark and limber pine Aspen Cottonwood Total vy, Includes 78 million board feet of mountain hemlock. 2/ Less than 0.5 million board feet. =-18= : Diameter cillass group, dba.) : TV OR 20S hs OLS O— is ON tensa Robot 2059" is BOSOM, Bese Guan susaieg crane wo ee Million board feet ~------~-~-—-—= 7,015 4182 LAS) 159 dS re ssl 2,082 2,285 2,009 Doe On OBL 2,988 1,668 778 119 5 553 6,638 3,185 84.8 119 11,390 6,238 Bi 007, 76k, sil Les 720 983 24,2 - - 1,225 1,682 990 320 106 3,098 1/1 ,622 51,2 27 ~ 2,198. 2,194 Pe Poa 307 52 4,770 1,28 6 = - Leek 35» Bh = : 35 2/ i 2/ 143 2k ih een st eine ee, 32,838 19,608 6,478 ly gent 60, 685 Table 12, Net volume of all timber on commercial forest land, by class of material and species group, North Idaho, 1951 Class of material ‘* Total * Softwood * Hardwood ° ° e ° ------ Million cubic feet ~---- Growing stock Sawtimber trees: Sawlog portion 8,879 8,855 2h Upper stem portion 883 876 Od Total 9,762 ie(enl Suk Poletimber trees 3 ALS 35455 165) Total 13,20 13 5.66 Li Other material Sound cull trees 195 a5 - Rotten cull trees 1,749 1, 74S us Hardwood limbs aly) = Uy Salvable dead trees 5D 555 = Total 2,499 2,498 i Total, all timber 15,709 15,664 5 1/ Less than 0.5 million cubic feet. S10s by county, North Idaho, 1951 Table 13. County Live ae : timber Million bdeiiit. Benewah 1,946 Bonner 4899 Boundary Be) Clearwater i L5S Idaho 18,070 Kootenai 5.320 Latah 3,2h0 Lewis 1.26 Nez Perce 523 Shoshone 95218 Total 60,685 ° ° 2), Geral’ Total Si teeesl: limbs 558 309 1,238 191 896 151 2,796 B19 B. Soi, B27 838 120 67h, 97 95 9 117 12 213i 349 g Growing stock : soawbimbers Pole ; trees: trees: 323 25) 806 432 611 285 25384 412 2,888 979 542 296 520 154 70 2 88 29 130 _ 601 9,762 3 ALS 13,210), 1. 9hu Live timber volume on commercial forest land io : Live all timber 2/ .Hardwood. aereant ee a ee ee er 3/ 3/ 129 2,480 15,154 1/ Trees 11.0" d.b.h. and larger measured by International 1/4" rule. > € 2/ The volume, excluding bark, of sound trees and the sound volume of ull trees 5.0" d.b.h, and larger from 1-foot stump to a 4.0—inch mini- mum top diameter including the sound volume of limbwood for hardwood species to a 4,.0-inch minimum top diameter. 3/ Less than 0.5 million cubic feet. Bipya us Table 14. Net annual growth, annual mortality, and commodity drain on live sawtimber and growing stock on commer-— cial forest land, by species group, North Idaho, 1951 : Sawtimber : Growing stock __ = PEEPS eed ss eis (98 apd pol Million board feet Million cubic feet Net annual growth 977 973 4 281 281 a Annual mortality 278 2H AS Wty, 56 56 af Commodity drain Timber products 789 788 ny 116 116 as Logging waste PAs. is I, 4 Wy, 1 Total 802 801 a 130 130 ay | 1/ Less than 0.5 million feet. Soi aL Tables.) shotalk ee of timber products and d_ commodity drain on live live sawtimber and growing stock, North Idaho, 1951 2/ +: Commodity drain : Commodity drain : Pout 4) VISITS Ae : on sawtimber :on growing stock Product :Standard : : Thousand: :Soft-:Hard-: sSoft-sHard— Hy pubes 2 NBG Ea ewes : Total wood swood ¢ Total wood wood Maden bdie iti. Ma iden cutive Sawlogs, veneer logs & M bd. ft. uy : ; bolts 3/ 782,662 111,913. 766 766 121) gor ae Pulpwood Ry logs Ht Dee 2,082 iS) 12 au 2 2 puciweed ) (Stascerds) 153.000 5 Bo Bt ee Poles M pieces 189 3 ,8h9 als} 13 = A by = hk j Posts Ml 1,560 1,620 ab a = &/ B/ = / Hewn ties ti 5) 18 / 4/ - A/ bf = Mine timbers Mocu.tv. 1,869 1,869 5 5 - 2 2 = Shingle bolts a 482 482 3 3 = i ai = Total XXX posoee lence! ECB son al 130) 1300, Average output for poles is based on annual estimates of 1946 through 1950. Estimates for 1942, 1944, 1946, 1948, and 1950 were used for all other products. Includes material from both growing stock and other miscellanecus sources. International 1/4-inch rule. SS i/ Less than 0.5 million feet. 5/ Rough wood basis. rat Table 16. Annual sawlog Prodectione North Idaho, 1925-1950 - ee ee ee a Ge sWestern: i : : :Western: = : .Ponderosa,Western,Douglas-,Grand, yog_ :Spruce:Other: Total Year : white : : : pine ;: pane > larch ; fir ; fir ; cedar : ns se 1925 38h. 235 96 91 19 35 24 4 941 1926 348 187 62 63 52 21 16 6 755 1927 401 156 82 52 17 16 fh 3 761 1928 409 A 70 79 61 1 vi oie 194 1929-429 181 72 79 16 1a. 5 2 S55 1930 42h 122 Thi 1,0 ig 6 5 iL 688 1931. 391 40 15 12 21 3 3 2 417 1932 176 19 9 9 3 ‘L gee 218 $933 217 21 11 li 3 il p<. 266 1934 27 49 14 22 6 ab si an 377 1935 379 at 18 21 1 rR , 2 509 1936 = 435 1 23 31 Tn 3 6 1 591 1937 4,50 95 26 3y 3 4 5 2 624 1938 507 64, 19 23 aby 5 2 i 438 1939 aTo fA 25 28 13 6 bh 2 528 1940 431 88 28 Ter 15 i 7 i 618 1941 1,03 134 33 91 3 10 5 2 717 1942 320 132 re) 140 58 9 5 aL Tia 1943-278 109 53 120 68 5 6 3 64,2 194A 4 143 63 116 72 ia f) 4 663 1946 276 126 81 103 90 19 6 5 706 1948 215 233 116 150 100 22 10 sh 81,7 1950-275 218 108 206 lig 31 16 3 975 1/ Items in this table are not comparable with lumber production shown in the following table because some sawlogs produced in North Idaho were milled in either Washington or Montana, and vice versa, and because of overrun. 2/ Less than 0.5 million board feet. 03 Table 17, Annual lumber production reported in North Idaho by species, for specified years, 1869-1950 . : Western : B 8 $ s Western : 8 : 5 : Year!/: white : Ponderosa : Douglas-: Western : Grand : Spruce: red- = Western : Lodgepole : Cotton-: Other : Total ‘pines ues pane fir archi: tar cedar : hemlock : pine : wood 2/: g 1869 = 1,820 = = = > = = - - - 1,820 1879 - 15,470 84,0 - - - - - - - - 16,310 1889 3 ,000 22,750 2,520 - = - - - - - - 28,270 1899 1,990 48,039 4,171 ay ae 2,100 a i oe oe 56,300 1904 S55 119,325 25,914 3,149 = = 10,835 = - - 21,000 193,378 . 1905 62,453 76,112 8,549 9,685 - 125 15,560 1,525 ~ 5,224 22,500 201,733 1906 84,314 191,377 29,123 37,992 10,304 2,169 27,736 4,019 - 2,610 - 389, 644 1907 79,518 2345939 61,481 535943 773,928 854 17,087 2542h = 25305 - 530,479 1908 115,761 190,461 50,686 73,032 10,774 862 39,280 850 - 3,519 570 485,795 1909 169,403 231,397 53,650 937, 633/Nwee5o39, 557 28, 644 1,165 159 5 228 84 606,459 1910 232,442 255,285 52,7h6 96,491 24,761 413 38,831 3423 121 392 - 70h »905 1911 297,056 200, 733 64,810 93,689 33,559 397)» 1355083 2,010 104 319 - 727,760 1912 309,564 163 ,675 43,550 106,567 15,113 475 35,165 7,340 106 1,519 - 683 ,O74 1913 227,845 161,710 56,374 114,925 27,666 52 esi 3 017 6,505 131 845 - 619 ,4.60 191, 280,608 145,453 80,911 104,441 42,983 181 61,041 11,891 96 42 - 727,647 1915 301,600 183,690 64,078 106,891 . 42,048 1,143 29,654 1,345 137 998 - 731,584 1916 304,055 165,545 67,202 103,514 49,137 6,633 35,981 27 273 1,389 Si) TES H TRS 1917 =—193,404 177,918 45,086 98,950 36,627 18,770 15,319 W325 146 473 = 588,018 1918 208,749 173 5424 46,246 116,691 49,644 12,360 26,810 204, 50 261 - 634.5439 1919 234,207 135,170 24,930 140,805 46,504 5,417 26,165 1,918 - 306 - 615,422 1920 261,251 229,853 72,58, 138,787 53,319 9,822 26,663 120 60 1,376 - 793 835 1921 167,300 138,365 41,024 70,728 22,930 9,671 13,872 15 11 916 - 464,832 1922 297,970 198,276 51,076 89,627 55,828 12,965 20,269 50 50 Ah - 726,155 1923 374,385 234,766 67,824 121,160 47,614 9,958 25,930 1,021 6 711 = 883 375 OL Si DsilitiD 225,744 78,453 88,773 43,669 10,563 25,022 1,281 70 826 - 850,176 1925 389,267 236,540 99,492 104,210 66,484 21,322 34,377 2,485 33 1.65 - 954,675 1926 348,813 182,086 7h, 5000 71,13 58,360 16,323 24,343 2,744 19 202 - 778, 033 1927 410,252 147,360 59,042 96,355 51,897 4,460 16,789 2,228 37 487 - 788,907 1928 424,049 142,783 92,854 81,460 67,694 6,991 11,879 2,110 22 207 = 830,049 1929 437,568 167,758 89,640 81,538 80,403 5,416 12,047 1,418 3 57 - 875,848 1930 432,438 123,309 THES BIASES) TORS Eh Gerster 7hteulh 332 27 450 - 721,655 1931 316,115 25523 16,263 18,227 25,556 2,452 2,463 845 - 18 - 417,462 1932 169,425 1,660 10,460 10,818 3,191 947 7239 2 20 2 - 210,264 1933 219,577 13,660 12,859 13,532 4,839 1,701 719 410 30 1 - 267,338 1934 289,848 27,513 23 613 14,971 7,525 924 1,542 ala B = - 365,960 1935 374,401 53,468 2353300 2051955 1 O58r mn h, SOOM 19 358 21 6 - 491,863 1936 441,865 64,511 32,209 23,560 11,703 14,836 3,119 1,168 22 4 - 582,997 1937 459,661 79,993 35,410 29,075 16,118 2,636 5,088 911 57 30 - 628,979 1938 286,767 50,914 24 353 20,216 16,604 1,521 4,617 829 168 - _- 405,989 1939 365,540 56,271 31,401 245464 15,204 35393 6,241 aA) 10 = = 504 , 503 19,0 421,698 71,842 42,819 27,598 15,953 5,381 7,534 982 37 - - 593,84, 1941 386,714 116,276 92,866 31,418 36,865 4,281 11,738 2,047 115 3 - 682,323 1942 321,541 133,038 135,793 39,591 62,319 5,269 95527 4,28 169 100 - 707,775 1943 298,608 105,692 120,101 47,388 72,566 5853 5,607 2,026 36 - - 657,877 1944 254,171 141,449 118,433 59,866 76,108 6,421 11,876 2,953 wy sly - 672,105 1945 220,321 125,422 110,732 46,982 84,621 6,341 15,485 1,105 176 10 3 611,198 1946 214,130 127,245 104,134 70,586 84,647 Belin) alee) 3,780 66 383 1 630,012 1948 225,102 191,085 147,880 86,850 106,887 8,961 17,888 1,807 95 - - 786,555 1950 287,657 178,654 202,493 80,529 125,776 15,300 25,717 8,686 339 11 - 925,162 ay Mills cutting less than 50 M feet annually not included for years 1869 to 1919, inclusive. 2/ Cottonwood not reported as separate species prior to 1905. : 3/ Mostly softwoods. He} hs Table 18. Annual pulpwood production——-sawlogs, North Idaho, 1935-1950 i er ee ee Species © 2 9855]: ~-1996.e) 987 1s 1938: 's 1939 * 1940 =: 1941 2. 19k2 oo Thousand board feet, International 1/4" rule ------ Grand fir 3,760 18,516 13,522 5,367 8,207 11,054 6,815 3,843 Spruce 243 - &,096. 6,660" 6,384 1,885 928 71953 50 Western hemlock y GS Sey 711 Sel). 15369,” “2,544 1229 566 Cottonwood 1,128 - 208 810 492 516 955 1,AAd Total peetA 25.393 v2 gLOl, 13.425 11,953 15,038. “10,952, 5,903 eee 99kS e194, > 1945-5 2946 < W19K71+ gees 9kG = W950 -----~-- Thousand board feet, International 1/4" rule ------ Grand fir 2,462 9,977 8,883 6,357 19,823 13,810 12,300 5,088 Spruce 2ageo 425737 92) A298 ey 55h) 32,539. 1 a56 Western hemleck 4,031 4,710 10,656 7,217 11,157 3,170 5,439 @,410 Cottonwood 361 882 503 286 636 8 43 345 emesis tines remem cnet termes ttn een Ed Total 9,813 18,306 20,136 14,989 33,203 17,542 20,321 14,999 Table 19. Annual pole production, North-Idaho, 1946-1951 pees Hid 1906. = 19,9. : A948 o> FgHe 9: ese. +. lost —~-----~---------- Number of poles ------------------ Western redcedar 163,503 150,774 164,691 241,639 151,850 134,040 Western larch 47,460 85,702 28,366 55,639 Pa sell Fosce Lodgepole pine 31,929 30,020 eG ou yes. 1,200 Ad Douglas-fir 5,419 568 347 1,879 190 3,038 Western white pine 390 - = = = - Ponderosa pine PA - - = - - Total 248,722 267,064 205,035 300,808 180,410 193,341 Ob. Table 20. Stand=-size class Sawtimber Pole Seedling-sapling Nonstocked Toba 1/ International 1/4" Table 21, Stand=size class Sawtimber Pole Seedling-sapling Nonstocked Total land by stand-size class, North Idaho, 1951 o o ° ° ° 395 1,891 1,164 1170 7,760 rule. Thousand acres o ° ° 0 ° ry Mllion ° board feett/ 2 98,143 2,133 183 226 60,685 Per-acre volume of live sawtimber on commercial forest ¢ Board feet “per acre 16,448 ie 26 SES) A ee at ee Ne SI Per=-acre volume of growing stock on commercial forest b land by stand= and tree-size classes, North Idaho, . North Idaho, 1951 ¢Thousand: acres : Saw- ° ° a 9.920 1,891 TG 11:70 (ee etimber ° ° ° ° Trees Pole ° ° ° ° All Million ecubie feet 9,314 B77 3a LO Or e2 1,249 2,043 147 9 3 4h8 ED b= 10, 563 2.420 178 L9 comes res oe nie 13,210 ¢ Sawe °s Pole etimbers Trees FOREST SURVEY METHOD Area_and Volume Initial survey. The initial survey of North Idaho was made during the years 1932 to 1937 by the "compilation" method as follows: The bounda- ries of non-forest land and forest land classified by type, stand-size, stocking, age, and site classes were delineated on 2-inch-to-the-mile base maps as precisely as possible from intensive cruise data, county assessment records, cutting and fire records, and other available sources. Stand characteristics, such as age and site, which could not be deter- mined from available records, along with some missing data, were deter— mined by field examination in connection with an over-all check of all data. Forest cover classifications were based on prevailing conditions on areas of generally 40 acres or more. From 2-inch-to-the-mile townships maps the area of the various cover classes within each ownership was computed by planimeter or 10-acre square count. The area data were tabulated by Land Office sections and summarized by ownership, classification, and county. The possible number of classes for commercial forest land alone were 10 (types) x 3 (stand=-size classes) x 3 (stocking classes) x 6 (age classes) x 5 (site classes) or 2700. Timber volume was estimated for each commercial forest delineation either from intensive cruises adjusted to a common standard, field sam- ples, ocular estimates, or modified normal yields correlated with type, stocking, age, and site classes. Resurvey. Although the initial survey gave very detailed and localized statistics on the forest resource, the cost of repeating periodically such a survey to obtain current statistics would be prohibitive. To offset this cost a sampling method was designed and followed-—with some variations--for all of the ten counties in North Idaho. In resurveying eight of the counties (the design varied for Benewah and Idaho Counties), the areas of nonforest and forest land with various subclasses were derived by correlating initial survey area data with forest cover observed along sample transects. The transects were run in a random direction to and from Land Office section corners spaced at 4-mile intervals. Cover conditions were observed, classified, and recorded on a strip two chains wide; a 2x2 chain or O.4-acre unit be- ing the minimum area considered in the classification. The transect courses were plotted on the initial survey type maps. The total area of each initial survey classification was reclassified in accordance with the composition indicated by the transect sample for that classification. For volume determination a location, consisting of three 1/5~acre sample plots, was established at each Land Office section corner which controlled the line transects. The measurements from these plots =O provided the basis for the mean-acre volumes by classes, Total vclume estimates were derived by applying the mean-volume estimates to the re- vised acres by classes. ‘The resurvey area and volume statistics for the eight counties are based on the initial survey cover-type area modified by sample line transects and volume sample plots shown in the following tables: County Area Volume Chains of transect Number of plots Bonner 1620.0 282 Boundary 1921.0 198 Clearwater 2090.0 408 Kootenai 858.5 198 Latah 607.0 135 Lewis ALAS) 2 Nez Perce 259.0 Sh Shoshone L733 250 hih Total 9262.0 1731 Transect courses, location of section corners and plots, and other in= formation were recorded on available aerial photographs and field forms to facilitate relocation and future measurements. The 1943-44 resurvey in Benewah County consisted of collecting data on about 4000 1/20-acre sample plots five chains apart along parallel eruise lines spaced three miles apart and disposed in a north-south direction, A six-year adjustment for cutting and growth was applied to the resurvey estimates to bring Benewah County statistics up to a comparable date with the other counties in North Idaho. In resurveying Idaho County a complete new cover type map was made. The mapping was done in the field on aerial photographs and later transferred to 2=inch=-to-the-mile township maps. As in the initial survey the area was classified by nonforest land and forest land with subclasses by type, stand-size, stocking,. age, and site classes. Finally, the various cover classes were tabulated by ownership and summarized. For volume estimates in Idaho County the method was similar to that of the eight counties already described with the exception that only two i/5-acre sample plots were measured at each location. A total of 237 locations, or 474 sample plots, were measured. Growth Gross and net growth were derived from increment borings of 1513 sam-= ple trees and mortality tallies on each sample plot measured for =28— inventory purposes. Three sample-plot sizes were used to measure growth: 1/500 acre for trees 5.0 inches to 10.9 inches d.b.h., 1/50 acre for trees 11.0 inches to 24.9 inches d.b.h. and 1/5 acre for trees 25.0 inches d.b.h. and larger. In Idaho County the maximum for the 1/50 acre was 30.9 inches d.b.h. and the 1/5-acre plot included all trees 31.0 inches d.b.h. and larger. Radial growth was determined for the 10-year period preceding the date of field examination. Radial growth was converted to volume growth by subtracting the reconstructed volume of sample trees 10 years ago, taking into account changes in height and bark thickness as well as diameter, from current sample tree vol- ume. For the total growth determination sample trees were divided into two classes: (1) ingrowth trees, those that either developed from sap- ling into pole size or that grew out of pole size into sawtimber size, and (2) main-growth trees, those that remained either of pole size or of sawtimber size during the growth-study decade. Main-growth percents were calculated and applied to total inventory volumes by stand-size, species, and diameter-class groups. The gross growth was modified by reductions for cull and mortality, and by additions for ingrowth and growth on cut trees. Mortality Mortality was based on a tally of trees judged to have died during the last half of the growth-study period (5 years) on each 1/5-acre plot sampled for inventory. The five-year mortality was doubled to obtain estimated mortality for the entire growth-study period. Commodity Drain The statistics on commodity drain are based chiefly on the reports of producing or consuming industries, with adjustments for wesue as de- termined from woods and mill-scale studies. ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES In determining the area, volume,and growth of the various cover types and species there are two possible sources of error: (1) human errors in classifying the cover of field samples, in measurements on sample plots, and in compiling the field data, and bias resulting from the improper construction, selection, and use of tree-volume tables; (2) sampling errors. The former result from mistakes of judgment or tech- nique and from the complexity of the cover which often grades from one class into another with no clearly defined boundaries. It is seldom possible to evaluate such errors. An effort was made to main- tain a high order of accuracy and uniformity of standards in the classi- fication, collection, and compilation of sample data by field checks, by a continuing program of training, and by cross-checks in the office. Sampling errors (standard errors), on the other hand, do not involve human errors, but rather are theoretical measures of the reliability of estimates based on the variability of sample measurements. For a given condition they vary inversely with the square root of the number 320 of samples and directly with the square root cof the unsampled part of the total population. Hence, they can be controlled by altering either the number of samples, the size of individual samples, or both. Since the percentage error increases with each subdivision of the total, small acreages or volumes may have large errors and may therefore indi- cate only relative magnitudes. Area Area estimates for the part covered by complete survey have no sampling errors, For the part covered by sampling, the probabilities are 2 out of 3 that sampling errors are within the following limits: ; Estimated area standard error Acres Acres Percent Commercial forest land 2:2... 5,163,000 78,000 pac) Noncommercial and reserved forest: Landini sae mien 714,000 +86,000 wl Lovatsforesve lands ces semis 6,497,000 +57, 000 0.9 For North Idaho as a whole, considering sampling and technique errors for the sampled area and technique errors for the area covered by com= plete survey, it is judged that actual areas lie between the following Animes 2 Thousand acres Commercial forest: and) acc: eater ae 7,082~ 7,838 Noncommercial and reserved forest land .. 2, 300— 2352 Total forest. land! s.5 osc fe eee tote > 10,169-10,283 Volume Volume sampling errors,after properly adjusting for sampling errors in area determination, are: Growing stock Live sawtimber Maidaon, cubic heen, i beucens Million board feet Percent + 296 202 acu lucisy/ we 2ae The true volumes for North Idaho are estimated to be within the follow- ing limits: Growingustock tine. 3 ee) = io) ibis iaonG cube) wees Live sawtimber ..... 59.0 ~ 62.4 billion board feet 30= Growth For thearea sampled, standard errors of net annual growth are: Growing stock Live sawtimber Million cubic feet Percent Million board feet Percent All species + 33 page La plsy. #51556 Commodity Drain Estimates of commodity drain are based chiefly on a complete tabula- tion of production and consumption statistics, adjusted for waste on the basis of woods and mill studies. Only 23 percent of the cubic- foot and 21 percent of the board-foot drain are based on sampling. However, the translation of production statistics into drain intro- duces an indeterminable error. The average annual commodity drain estimates for North Idaho are judged to lie between the following limits: All species Growing stock 123-139 million cubic feet Live sawtimber 777-841 million board feet =3e Lo DEFINITIONS Forest Land Classes Forest land. Includes (a) lands at least 10-percent stocked by trees of any size and capable of producing timber or other wood products, or of exerting an influence on the climate or on the water regime; (b) lands from which the trees described in (a) have been removed to less than 10-percent stocking and which have not been developed for other use; and (c) afforested areas. The minimum area for forest- land classification was 10 acres with a minimum width of 120 feet. Commercial forest land. Forest land which is (a) producing, or is physically capable of producing, usable creps of wood (usually saw- timber), (b) economically available now or prospectively, and (c) not withdrawn from timber utilization. Noncommercial forest land. Forest land incapable of yielding usable wood products (usually sawtimber) because of adverse site conditions, or so physically inaccessible as to be permanently unavailable eco- nomically and not withdrawn for special purposes. Reserved forest land. Forest land that has been withdraw from tim- ber utilization through statute, ordinance, or administrative order. a. Reserved commercial forest land. Reserved forest land that otherwise qualifies as commercial forest land. b. Reserved noncommercial forest land. Reserved forest land that otherwise gualifies as noncommercial forest land. Forest Stand=-Size Classes Sawtimber stands. All stands with sawtimber trees of softwoods and/or hardwoods having a minimum volume of 1500 board feet per acre, International 1/h-inch rule. Poletimber stands. Stands failing to meet the sawtimber stands speci- fication, but at least 10-percent stocked with poletimber and larger (5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger) trees, and with at least half the mini- IMum stocking in poletimber trees. Seedlings and ‘sapling stands. Forest stands not qualifying as either Ssawtimber or poletimber stands, but having at least 10-percent stock- ing of trees and with at least half the minimum stocking in seedlings and saplings. Nonstocked and other areas not elsewhere classified. Areas not quali- fying as sawtimber, poletimber, or seedling-sapling stands. a3 Forest Type Classes 1. White pine group: ae White pine. Forests in which 20 percent or more of the stand is western white pine. b. Western redcedar. Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is western redcedar and less than 20 percent is western white pine. 2. Ponderosa pine: Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is ponderosa pine and less than 20 percent is western white pine, 3. Larch: Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is larch and less than 20 percent is western white pine. 4. Douglas-fir: Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is Douglas-fir and less than 20 percent is western white pine. 5. lLodgepole pine group: a. Lodgepole pine, Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is lodgepole pine and less than 20 percent is western white pine. b. Whitebark and limber pine. Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is whitebark and/or limber pine and less than 20 percent is western white pine. 6. Spruce-fir group: a. Spruce. Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is Engelmann spruce and less than 20 percent is western white pine. b. Hemlock-grand fir. Forests in which 50 percent or more of the volume is hemlock, grand fir, or alpine fir, singly or in combination, and less than 20 percent is western white pine. 7. Hardwoods: Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is hardwood species and less than 20 percent is western white pine. Ownership Classes 1. National forest ownership. Federal lands which, by executive or- der or statute, have been designated as national forests, purchase units, or experimental areas, or have been placed under the admin- istration of the Forest Service. 2. Indian ownership. Indian tribal lands and trust allotments. Lands held in fee by the Federal Government but administered and managed for Indian tribal groups, or allotted in trust to individual Indians. =—33= Br Ae Other Federal ownership. Lands owned by the Federal Government not classed as national forest or Indian. tate ownership, Lands in state ownership. state ownersnip Private ownership. Lands in private ownership. a. Private farm ownership. Private commercial forest land in farms, using as the definition of "farm" the official defi- nition in the latest Census of Agriculture. b. Other private ownership. Commercial forest land in private cwnership other than farm. Tree-Merchantability Classes (Live Merchantable sawtimber trees. Live white pine sawtimber trees in which the merchantable portion is 33 percent or more of the total board-foot volume, live sawtimber trees of other species that are at least 50 percent merchantable by board-foot volume. Cull sawtimber trees, Live white pine sawtimber trees in which the unmerchantable portion exceeds 67 percent, and live sawbtimber trees of other species in which the deduction for cull exceeds 50 percent ef total board-foot volume. a. Sound cull sawtimber trees. Live sawtimber trees in which the unmerchantable portion results from defect other than rot;