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CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY
OF THE WEST INDIES

FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES

By Rosert Tracy Jackson

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIES
OF WEST INDIAN FOSSIL ECHINI

By Tuomas WayLAnp VAUGHAN

PUBLISHED BY THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
WaAsHINGTON, 1922

QE
733.
meal:

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
PusxicaTion No. 306

Copies of this book
were first issued

FEB 15 1922

CONDE NAST PRESS GREENWICH, CONN.

CONTENTS.

Fossiz Ecutnt oF THE West INDIES, By RoBert TRACY JACKSON.

PAGE
TOCUCHION 5 8 +, HRNIOS SIN. we 1
Geographical and Geological Distribution -«) &
Cuba. oa VD ee eee ‘ 4
RUN ses + e PeMR ESS. 5
Dominican Republic ........ 6
OUR G's (ics 5 .<) ROMROEAN Ie 6
sR NE eT SS 7

Ser BETtCDONINE Ws) she) mimeo he ss 8
PS Meira Pics s+ le pea 8
IIE 5 os vee Be evs ig 3. 9
RE lle es date bly se,-"% 10
So TEAR ee oa terse aly Set 10
Geological Distribution ........ 10
Systematic Descriptions ......... 14
SPE SCQUOIGR sc 5 cs ale 14
Parmiy Cidaride {000"5) Sas. 14
Sansa.) SPER) WHITING 3... 14

C. anguille Cotteau. ....... 15

Cy peloria,; €patiove) dance. 16

C; foveata, €panOVes iui cis Be. 17
i Se a ee ae a 18
RECORD dC; cms chad Abed A +. 19

C. loveni Cotteau. ........ 19

oy SERVEL CCOTCEALE 5:6 hs eprammaney + 20

C. melitensis Wright ...... Aes? |

C. tribuloides (Lamarck) ..... 23

Order Centrechinoida .......... 23
Suborder Aulodonta. .......... 23
ys Oa 23
PRMOTGUANR SiG eis ko oe es 23

E. cubensis Cotteau. ...... + 223
Family Hemicidaride ......... 24
Ee eee 24
C.arnaudi Cotteau........ 24
Suborder Stirodonta . . - 1 6 6 5 tees 24
Family Saleniide . . . . - 2 2 + sss «i a
Ne a 5 s+ iain nsnthts) x0 24

S. scutigera (Miinster) ...... 24
Family Phymosomatide ........ 25
Phymosoma ........-. Sh aelsced

P. cubense (Egozcue) ....... 25
Suborder Camerodonta ......... 25
Family Echinometride ........ 25
jo Se a sre 25
ie eo ee ee 25

tee ROCYCIOIA i Ok wee ee 27
Suborder Holectypina.......... 27
RRMIIME Sai he ye Ad < bray pastas el tar eo 27

C. antillensis (Cotteau) ...... 27

Births ESRB are es BO ee 28

Eb, tanieri (Cottean) . ... 6. we 28
SM Ta, ct Se iy tes a) 9, endo ay UB ve 29
eymecorata Desor «1. se e's 29
Suborder Clypeastrina. ....... 7 29
Family Fibulariide .......... 29
REE Paiva, yc. 4: leh iai eee . 29

S. antillarum Cotteau....... 30

S. anguille Cotteau........ 30

iii

Systematic Descriptions—Continued
Suborder Clypeastrina—Continued
Family Clypeastridz
Anomalanthus
A. gregoryi Lambert
Clypeaster
. rosaceus (Linné)
. concavus Cotteau
caudatus, sp. nov.
. dalli (Twitchell)
cubensis Cotteau
parre Desmoulins
lanceolatus Cotteau
antillarum Cotteau
planipetalus Cotteau
cryptopetalus, sp. nov.
cotteaui Egozcue
batheri Lambert
parvus Michelin
duchassaingi Michelin
. ambigenus (Lamarck)
placentoides, sp. nov. .
meridanensis Michelin
oxybaphon, sp. nov.
. platygaster, sp. nov.
Family Laganide .
Laganum
L. elongatum Egozcue
Peronella
P. mirabilis, sp. nov.
Family Scutellide
Echinarachnius
E. sebastiani, sp. nov... .
Encope
E. cize de Cortazar
E. latus, sp. mov. . .
Mellita
M. sp.
Suborder Spatangina
Family Echinoneide
Echinoneus qa
E. orbicularis Desor
E. cyclostomus Leske
Amblypygus
A. americanus Desor
Family Nucleolitide
Parapygus
P. antillarum (Cotteau)
P. parallelus (Cotteau)
Echinolampas
. semiorbis Guppy
. antillarum Cotteau
. ovumserpentis Guppy
. clevei Cotteau
. lycopersicus Guppy
. castroi Cotteau

cTeVeveteleteleleleletelerelelelerere

Beas

PAGE

PAGE

Systematic Descriptions—Continued.

Suborder Spatangina—Continued.
Family Nucleolitide—Continued.
Echinolampas—Continued.

E. anguille Cotteau. ....... 66
Family Plesiospatangide ....... 67
MPOPRRUREART 5 Ves 1s “4-3 5) 0 ete 67
A. excentricum (Lamarck) ..... 67
A. cubense Cotteau ........ 67
Pseudasterostoma. ...-....-s 68
P. jimenoi (Cotteau). ....... 68
Family Echinocorythide........ 69
Cantastet’... osc 3,2 eis) ss! en eee 69
C. cubensis, sp.nov. ....... 69
Family Hemiasteride ......... 70
CT, IN i a enone ha iuc hte Gee 70
A, Sata. ep es ee > te eine 70
A. clevel, Cotta er eer: ee 71
Preaneter ss. SRtr tee te ete, 72
P; ievedl Colle eee es in aoe 72
Piantister Oe ete ne ioe 73
H. cubensis (d’Orbigny) ...... 73
H. antillensis Cotteau....... 73
H. dewalquei Cotteau....... 73
H. berkeyi, sp. mov.. ....... 73
fen nr SERRE trae a nate Shite tin Sera toy: 74
P. antillarum (Cotteau) ...... 75
P. parkinsoni (Defrance) ..... 76
P. clevei (Cotteau) ........- 76
P. loveni (Cotteau) ........ 77
P. subcylindricus (Cotteau) .... 78
Pet 8508 eee st oe 79
P60 be. SO ee ee 79
Petlaster bs ss PRUE eee 80
P. elongatus Cotteau ....... 80

IV CONTENTS.

PAGE
Systematic Descriptions—Continued.
Suborder Spatangina—Continued.
Family Hemiasteride—Continued.
Schizaster
S. scille Agassiz
Family Spatangide
Brissopsis
B. jimenoi Cotteau
B. atlantica Mortensen
B. antillarum Cotteau. ......
Plagiobrismus.... ooo ac oon a SO
P. loveni (Cotteau)
Macropnmeustes .......4....
M. clevei (Cotteau). .......
M. antillarum (Cotteau)......
Brissus ....

81
81
81
81
81
81
82
83
83
84
84
85
86
87
87
Hapatagus . |. s.shsces @ [sa eesbatiel 88
‘| 89
90
90
91
93
94
94
94
96
97
97
97
99

E

E. clevei (Cotteau)

E. antillarum (Cotteau)
E

E.

E

. depressus, sp. mov. .......

. abruptus (Gregory)

. cubensis (Cotteau)

E. elegans, sp. nov. ....... 5
E. vaughani, sp. nov.
Breynie:. .) . 5 socrass heute one

Bibliography ..... 5 < +» dotesaisasaenleee
Description of Plates .....

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIES OF West INDIAN Fossit EcHINI,
By THomas WAYLAND VAUGHAN

PAGE
Recent Papers on Geologic Correlations of
West Indian Tertiary Deposits . ..... 107
Recent Papers on West Indian Paleontology . 108
Tentative correlation table of the Tertiary
Sedimentary formations of Dominican Re-

public = 06. ae jaatetth cad eben latin 109
Cretaceous Species . . . 2 1s wee ee 110
Mavens Goecies 5... zc’ tuelioe Pe Re hf |

Oligocene
Middle Oligocene . . . 6 200. 2 8 112
Upper Oligocene

Post-Eocene Tertiary Echinoids of Cuba. . .

Tertiary Echinoids from Porto Rico. ... .

Tertiary Echinoids from Barbados

Milocene <6 ces) eee ee

Post-Miocene Echinoids ........... 122

Species of Established Stratigraphic Value . 122

FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

By Rosert Tracy Jackson.

With eighteen plates and six text-figures.

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FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

INTRODUCTION.

At the request of Dr. T. Wayland Vaughn, I undertook to make a
study of and prepare a report on the fossil Echini of the West Indies, to
form a part of his geological and paleontological survey of that region.

I would express my deepest obligations to Dr. Hubert Lyman Clark,
Curator of Echinoderms in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy,
Cambridge, whose great knowledge of Recent Echini and whose most
generous help were placed constantly at my disposal.

The species described or otherwise considered include Echini from
the Greater Antilles, namely, Cuba, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic
in Haiti, and Porto Rico. Also Echini are described or listed from a
number of islands of the Lesser Antilles, including Anguilla, St. Bar-
tholomew, Antigua, Guadeloupe, and Barbados, also from the island
of Trinidad off the coast of South America. Besides the species of
which I have had material, the attempt is made to record all species
previously published as occurring fossil in the West Indies. I have
recognized 89 species; of these, I have had specimens of 57, of which 16
are described as new; 32 of the recognized species were not seen, but
in order to give completeness they are included, with a reference and
locality but without description; they are largely from Cotteau’s
Spanish report on the fossil Echini of Cuba.!

The material on which this report is based is from several sources, but
principally from the Cleve collection of Echini, now the property of
the U. S. National Museum, from the islands of St. Bartholomew and
Anguilla. This collection is very important on account of its extent and
also as being the basis of Gustave Honoré Cotteau’s beautiful memoir,
“Description des Echinides Tertiaires des Iles St. Barthélemy et An-
guilla,” published in 1875. Of the 33 species described in that memoir,
the Cleve collection is represented in every species, and in 23 of the
species the Cleve collection alone is recorded. What other material
Cotteau had, as stated in his memoir, was from the museums of Stock-
holm and Upsala, or from his own collection.

The late R. J. Lechmere Guppy, of Trinidad, wrote of this collection
(1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad Proc., part 12, pp. 193-199) that in
1868-69 Professor P. T. Cleve, of the University of Upsala, traveled in
the West Indies and investigated the geology and mineralogy, an
account of which he published (1871, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl.,
vol. 9, No. 12). Professor Cleve made a collection of fossils, among

1 For species not included, as they are not recognizable, see lists by A. Agassiz, Duchassaing,
Michelin, Desor, and Gregory, referred to in foot-notes, pages 6, 9, and 10.

1

2 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

which was a fine series of Echinoderms from the islands of St. Barthol-
omew and Anguilla. These were studied by M. Cotteau, who dis-
tinguished 33 species, all carefully described and delineated in a paper
published in 1875. By the kindness of Professor Cleve, the collection
came into the hands of Mr. Guppy, who published brief notes on it.
Later, it was purchased with some other material, in 1893, by the
United States National Museum, where it now is.

Dr. William H. Dall, through whose intervention this collection
came to the museum, writes that the specimens were glued to wooden
tablets. The names, sometimes written and sometimes printed from
Guppy’s publications, were pasted on the tablets. There was no indi-
cation of their locality other than the island, as “Trinidad,” and none
as to whom they had been given for description. Dr. Dall personally
copied the labels when they were removed from the tablets. Some of
the material in the Cleve collection is beautifully preserved, while parts
of it are in poor condition.

I regret to say that Cotteau’s figures were very freely and often, it
seemed, unwarrantably restored in making the drawings from the speci-
mens, so that structural details figured may be quite wanting in the
specimen. This statement can be verified by comparing the photo-
graphic figures with Cotteau’s published figures of the very same
specimens. The measurements of specimens often differed from those
given in Cotteau’s paper. I would say that my measurements were
made with a steel caliper rule from the specimens in Washington, with
Cotteau’s memoir open before me, so that any discrepancies in measure-
ments are a difference of observation.

The Cleve collection is the most extensive collection of fossil Echini
from the area that I know of. It was studied during two visits to
Washington when notes were taken and specimens were selected for
photographing, which was done under the supervision of Dr. C. Wythe
Cooke of the U. S. Geological Survey, to whom I would express the
warmest thanks for the pains he took in this work.

Quite a large amount of echinoid material was collected by Dr. T.
Wayland Vaughan from the islands of Antigua, Anguilla, and St.
Bartholomew, and a few Echini from the Dominican Republic. From
the American Museum of Natural History, besides several isolated
specimens, was borrowed a fine lot of material from Porto Rico, includ-
ing some very interesting species. This Porto Rican material was
collected by Dr. C: A. Reeds, with the aid of a field assistant, Mr. Pren-
tice B. Hill, while on an expedition under the joint auspices of the New
York Academy of Sciences, the Porto Rican Government, and the
American Museum of Natural History.

The Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences kindly loaned a few
specimens from Antigua, Cuba, and Trinidad. A few interesting species
from Cuba and Jamaica were studied in the Museum of Comparative

INTRODUCTION. 3

Zodlogy, where also library and other facilities were kindly given me
by the director, Mr. Samuel Henshaw.

Of private collections, Mr. Charles T. Ramsden, of Guantanamo,
Cuba, loaned some very choice material from Cuba, including
Clypeaster cotteaui, Echinolampas anguille, and the species Clypeaster
placentoides and Cardiaster cubensis, which are here described as new.
Dr. Carlotta J. Maury, of Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, collected
in the Dominican Republic, in 1917, three choice Echini, Clypeaster
dalli and two specimens of Clypeaster caudatus, the latter here de-
scribed as a new species. These, with other material, she has kindly
presented to the U. S. National Museum. Mr. G. J. Mitchell loaned
some Echini that he collected in Porto Rico, namely, Clypeaster
rosaceus and Hemiaster berkeyi, the latter described as a new species.

To these several institutions and individuals I would express warm
thanks for the loan of material and facilities accorded me. To Dr.
T. Wayland Vaughan I would express very special obligations for
numerous letters giving facts in regard to the material and the local-
ities and for his great patience under a protracted research.

Photographs illustrating specimens in the Guppy collection were
taken in Washington as above stated. Photographs of other specimens
were by Mr. F. A. Saunderson or Mr. E. N. Fischer, both of Boston.
Mr. Saunderson took the photographs illustrating plates 4, 6 to 8, 17,
and 18, also 17 photographs scattered through other plates. Mr. Fischer
took the photographs illustrating plate 2, figures 2 to 5, plate 3, and
plate 12, figure 1. The few text-figures were drawn by Mr. J. Henry Blake.

Besides the species described, there were in the various collections
studied many Echini too imperfect for identification, but which
indicate that in future the West Indian fossil fauna of this group may
be much enriched by new material.

In regard to new material turning up, it is of interest that a new
species of Eupatagus has been received (too late to describe here)
from the foraminiferal limestone (doubtless Oligocene) on the summit
of Bissex Hill, Barbados. Collected by the Honorable A. P. Haynes,
it was kindly given to the U. S. National Museum by Sir John B.
Harrison, formerly stationed at Barbados, who has done much to
further science in the West Indies.

Of the previously published records of fossil Echini occurring in
the West Indies, Guppy in 1866 published notes and a few new species.
Cotteau in 1875 described many new species from the islands of St.
Bartholomew and Anguilla, and in 1881 and 1897 published large
papers on the fossil Echini of Cuba. Lambert in 1915 published on
a collection of Echini from the islands of Anguilla and Antigua. This
material, which is in the British Museum, was collected by J. W.
Gregory, with the addition, as Lambert says, of some Miocene Echini
from Anguilla included by Bather. Two new species are described,

4 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Anomalanthus gregoryi, a very interesting addition to the fauna, and
Clypeaster batheri. Dr. F. A. Bather, who kindly sent me the reference
to Lambert’s paper, writes that Gregory collected in Anguilla and
Antigua in 1899. Besides the above authors, Michelin, Desor, Egozcue,
de Cortazar, J. W. Gregory, A. Agassiz, and Hill published descriptions
of species or lists of species from the various islands of the West
Indies. As noted (p. 98), Kew in a paper on fossil Echini of North-
eastern Mexico, records several of Cotteau’s West Indian species as
occurring in Mexico. Excepting two species, one an Agassizia and one
a Macropneustes, I think the identifications are mistaken.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION
OF WEST INDIAN FOSSIL ECHINI.

In order to bring out the distribution of the fossil Echini in the
West Indies, the species are grouped here in tabular form, taking
up the several islands geographically, and following with a table
showing the geological distribution. Where I have not seen specimens
from the localities as listed, or, indeed, in many cases, have not had
specimens of the species at all, the names are marked with references
to foot-notes where the authority for the references is given.

An interesting and striking fact has been pointed out by students of
other groups of West Indian fossils, that the species in many cases
bear a stronger resemblance to Australian and Indo-Pacific types
in the Recent fauna than they do to Western Atlantic types. This
resemblance in the Echini is noticeable in the cases of Cidaris peloria,
C. foveata, and Cidaris sp. b. (p. 19); the same is true of Clypeaster
oxybaphon. The genera Anomalanthus, Laganum, Peronella, Brissus,
Eupatagus, and Breynia, while occurring fossil in the West Indies, in the
living fauna are essentially Indo-Pacific types. The West Indian fossil
species of Echinolampas are more like the Recent Indo-Pacific than like
the living West Indian species.

At the close of this paper, Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan gives a critical
study of the stratigraphical relations of the West Indian fossil Echini.
His extensive knowledge of the region enables him to treat this aspect of
the subject, whereas it would be quite beyond my technical experience.

CUBA.

Cuba being the largest of the West Indian islands, and collections
from there having been the most extensively published, has yielded
many species of fossil Echini. The species as listed are largely taken
from Cotteau’s monograph on the fossil Echini of Cuba, in which
memoir all the species are well figured.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION .

List of Fossil Echini occurring in the Island of Cuba.

Species.

Eocene. Miocene.

Cidaris tribuloides (Lamarck)........
1 Echinopedina cubensis Cotteau
1 Codiopsis arnaudi Cotteau..........
1 Salenia scutigera (Miinster)
1 Phymosoma cubense (Egozcue)......
Echinometra prisca Cotteau.........
1 Conulus antillensis (Cotteau)
Lanieria lanieri (Cotteau)
1 Discoidea decorata Desor...........
1 Clypeaster rosaceus (Linné)
Clypeaster concavus Cotteau........
1 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau
1 Clypeaster parree Desmoulins........
Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau
Clypeaster antillarum Cotteau......
1 Clypeaster planipetalus Cotteau.....
Clypeaster cotteaui Egozcue.........
1 Clypeaster parvus Michelin
Clypeaster placentoides, sp. nov......
Clypeaster platygaster, sp. nov.......
1 Laganum elongatum Egozcue.......
1 Encope cie de Cort4zar............
1 Echinoneus orbicularis Desor........
Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske.......
1 Parapygus antillarum (Cotteau).....
1 Parapygus parallelus (Cotteau)
Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy
Echinolampas ovumserpentis Guppy..
1 Echinolampas clevei Cotteau
Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy... .
1 Echinolampas castroi Cotteau.......
Echinolampas anguille Cotteau
1 ? Asterostoma excentricum (Lamarck)
1 Asterostoma cubense Cotteau........
1 Pseudasterostoma jimenoi Cotteau.. .
Cardiaster cubensis, sp. nov.........
1 Hemiaster cubensis (d’Orbigny)......
1 Hemiaster antillensis Cotteau.......
1 Hemiaster dewalquei Cotteau.......
1 Paraster parkinsoni (Defrance)
1 Schizaster scille Agassiz............
1 Brissopsis jimenoi Cotteau
1 Macropneustes clevei (Cotteau).... .
1 Macropneustes antillarum (Cotteau).
1 Brissus brissus (Leske)............-
1 Eupatagus cubensis (Cotteau).......
1 Breynia cubensis Cotteau...........

eee renee

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1 Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22.

JAMAICA.
List of Fossil Echini occurring in the Island of Jamaica.

Cidaris foveata, sp. nov.
Clypeaster cotteaui Egozcue.
Amblypygus americanus Desor.

Echinolampas ovumserpentis Guppy.
Paraster sp. a.
Eupatagus sp. a.

This short list of Jamaican Echini includes specimens which are
in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, and are the only ones I have

6 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

seen from the Island.! They are all probably from strata of Eocene
age (Cambridge formation?), excepting Clypeaster cotteaui, which is
apparently Oligocene.

R. T. Hill, in his Geology and Physical Geography of Jamaica
(1899, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 34), mentions having a few Echini
from Jamaica. Under the Blue Mountain series, Cretaceous (p.
118), he gives Salenia, but without specific name. Under the’Cam-
bridge formation, Eocene, with lists of other groups of fossils, he notes
(p: 128) the occurrence of the following Echini: Scutellina from Cam-
bridge and Catadupa; Acrocidaris from Catadupa; Rapinot pneustio
[apparently a clerical error for Macropneustes] from Great River;
Diplopodia and Echinolampas from Great River; and Echinanthus
[probably Clypeaster] from Retrieve. Mr. Hill states in a note that
these several echinoids are in his own collection or in the collection of
the Institute of Jamaica. He further remarks that Macropneustes and
Pygorhymchus have also been collected from the Cambridge formation,
Eocene, at Mountain Spring, St. Elizabeth, and Maroontown.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
List of Fossil Echini occurring in the Dominican Republic, Island of Haiti.

Species. Oligocene. Miocene. Pliocene.

TR Se ee eee ee ee ee Cm x
Cidaris melitensis Wright, spines only ..........|...........- x
Echinopedina cubensis Cotteau.............00-)eeeeeeeeeees x
Clypeaster concavus Cotteau...............55- x

Clypeaster caudatus, sp. NOV... . 2.2... 0.0 c cee ele eee eee ences 4
Clypeaster dali (Tovitchelll) .:4i5...0.20~ <0 tiv ov ine o vo ferece orphlaetnere eae eae ue’ ?
Brissopsis antillarum Cotteau................4- x

This list of fossil Echini from the Dominican Republic includes
specimens recently collected by Dr. Carlotta J. Maury or by Dr.
Vaughan and Dr. Cooke. Miss Maury obtained the Echini while
collecting fossil molluscs in the Dominican Republic, a description
of which she published in 1917 in the Bulletin of American Paleon-
tology, Nos. 29 and 30.

PORTO RICO.

The Echini here listed are all from the collections made on the
Scientific Survey of Porto Rico by the New York Academy of Sciences,
the Porto Rican Government and the American Museum of Natural
History coéperating. The specimens were mainly collected by Dr.
Chester A. Reeds, with Mr. Prentice B. Hill as an assistant, in the

1 Desor, 1858, Synopsis des Echinides, p. 299, describes Pygorhynchus jamaicensis Desor aa
occurring fossil in Jamaica. It apparently has never been figured.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION. 7

List of Fossil Echini occurring in the Island of Porto Rico.

‘ Geologic age
Specks Cretaceous. | Oligocene. doubtful.

Cidaris sp. a
Cidaris sp. b
Echinometra prisca Cotteau...............005:
Clypeaster rosaceus (Linné)...................
Clypeaster concavus Cotteau.................--
Clypeaster oxybaphon, sp. nov...............-.
Echinarachnius sebastiani, sp. nov.............-
BGS MCU Bie OT IRS be ew lee e's
Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy.............-
Hemiaster berkeyi, sp. nov...............-.00.
Paraster loveni (Cotteau)...................-.
Eupatagus depressus, sp. NOV...........6-+005:
Eupatagus elegans, sp. NOV.........-...0.00 00:

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months of June and July 1915. Some of the results of the work of
this Scientific Survey of Porto Rico have already appeared in the
publications of the New York Academy of Sciences. In his Geological
Introduction (1919, New York Academy of Sciences, vol. I, part 1),
Professor C. P. Berkey gives an account of the geological features
of the island and a discussion of the age of the rock formations. Miss
Carlotta J. Maury (1920, New York Acad. Sciences, vol. III, part 1)
describes the Tertiary molluscs of Porto Rico and gives a table of
the correlation of Tertiary formations of Porto Rico with other West
Indian islands.

ANGUILLA.
List of Fossil Echini occurring in the Island of Anguilla.
Cidaris anguillz Cotteau. Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy.
Cidaris clevei Cotteau. Echinolampas anguilla Cotteau.
Cidaris melitensis Wright. Agassizia clevei Cotteau.
Echinometra prisca Cotteau. ? Paraster parkinsoni (Defrance).
Sismondia anguillz Cotteau. Paraster clevei (Cotteau).

_1 Clypeaster rosaceus (Linné). Paraster loveni (Cotteau).
Clypeaster concavus Cotteau. 1 Brissopsis atlantica Mortensen.
Clypeaster antillarum Cotteau. Brissopsis antillarum Cotteau.
Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske. Macropneustes clevei (Cotteau).
Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy. Brissus exiguus Cotteau.

These species of Echini from Anguilla were for the most part in-
cluded in the Guppy ex Cleve collection, which was made by Professor
P. T. Cleve in 1868-69, and on which was based Cotteau’s memoir
on the fossil Echini of the islands of St. Bartholomew and Anguilla.
Additional material has since been collected on the island by J. W.
Gregory in 1899 and by T. W. Vaughan in 1914. Lambert reports

1 Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l'Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, pp. 17-34.
2A. Agassiz, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 10, No. 1, p. 94.

8 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

two additional species collected by Gregory, and A. Agassiz records
Paraster parkinsoni as noted. Except Clypeaster rosaceus and Brissop-
sis atlantica, all of the species from Anguilla are from the Anguillan
upper Oligocene.

ST. BARTHOLOMEW.
List of Fossil Echini occurring in the Island of St. Bartholomew,

Paraster antillarum (Cotteau).
Paraster subcylindricus (Cotteau).
Periaster elongatus Cotteau.
Plagiobrissus loveni (Cotteau).
Macropneustes antillarum (Cotteau),
Eupatagus grandiflorus (Cotteau).
Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau).
Eupatagus antillarum (Cotteau).
Eupatagus sp. b.

Cidaris loveni Cotteau.

Sismondia antillarum Cotteau.
Parapygus antillarum (Cotteau).
Echinolampas antillarum Cotteau.
Echinolampas ovumserpentis Guppy.
Echinolampas clevei Cotteau.
Asterostoma cubense Cotteau.
Agassizia inflata, sp. nov.

Prenaster loveni Cotteau.

Of the species of Echini listed from the island of St. Bartholomew,
Agassizia inflata is described as new. The type of this species was
included in Agassizia clevei by Cotteau, but it is considered distinct
from that species as discussed in the text. A large Eupatagus collected
by Dr. Vaughan in 1914 is considered distinct from other known
species, but is too incomplete for description as a new species. Other-
wise all the species here given from St. Bartholomew were included
in the Guppy ex Cleve collection, which was made by Cleve in 1868-69
and on which was based Cotteau’s memoir on the fossil Echini of
the islands of St. Bartholomew and Anguilla.1 Much additional
material, however, was collected from the island by Dr. Vaughan in
1914. All of these species are from the upper Eocene St. Bartholomew
limestone.

ANTIGUA.
List of Fossil Echini occurring in the Island of Antigua.

Sismondia anguillz Cotteau.

2 Anomalanthus gregoryi Lambert.
Clypeaster concavus Cotteau.

2 Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau.
Clypeaster antillarum Cotteau.
Clypeaster planipetalus Cotteau.
Clypeaster cryptopetalus, sp. nov.

2 Clypeaster cotteaui Egozcue.

2 Clypeaster batheri Lambert.

2 Clypeaster parvus Michelin.
Clypeaster oxybaphon, sp. nov.

2 Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy.

2 Echinolampas anguilla Cotteau,
Paraster clevei (Cotteau),
Eupatagus vaughani, sp. nov.

Dr. J. W. Gregory reported (1895, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London,
vol. 51) specimens of Clypeaster concavus and C. antillarum from
Antigua. The material was in a collection sent to London by J.
Vincent Forrest, Esq. Gregory remarks that no fossil echinoids had
previously been recorded from the island. Dr. Bather informs me

1 For one species, Sismondia alta, not included, as it is not considered recognizable, see list by
A. Agassiz referred to in foot-note, p. 9.
? Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l'Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, pp. 17-34.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION. 9

that this material is not in the British Museum. Later, in 1899, Doctor
Gregory visited Antigua (as well as Anguilla) and collected Echini
which are in the British Museum.

Dr. A. P. Brown collected a number of fossil Echini in Antigua, in
1913, and his specimens are in the collections of the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences; his notes on the geology are published
in the Proceedings of that institution. Doctor Vaughan, in 1914,
visited Antigua and collected quite a large amount of material. Lam-
bert in 1915 published the results of Gergory’s collecting, with some
additional material (from Anguilla). The above list of Echini from
Antigua is based on the Vaughan and Brown collections, which I have
studied, and in addition on Lambert’s publication.

All these species, except perhaps Anomalanthus gregory: Lambert,
are supposed to come from the Antigua formation, Middle Oligocene.

Anomalanthus gregoryi, having a different matrix from the other
species, as recorded by Lambert, may have come from a different bed
and horizon.

GUADELOUPE.
List of Fossil Echini occurring in the Island of Guadeloupe.
1(?) Lanieria lanieri (Cotteau). 3 Clypeaster ambigenus (Lamarck).
2 Clypeaster parre Desmoulins. 1 Clypeaster meridanensis Michelin.
2 Clypeaster parvus Michelin. 1 Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske.
3 Clypeaster duchassaingi Michelin. 1 Brissus brissus (Leske).

I have not seen any echinoid material from the island of Guadeloupe,
and the species indicated are taken from A. Agassiz’s list of West Indian
Echini in the Blake report, from Cotteau’s Spanish report, and from
Michelin’s Monograph of Clypeastroids,‘ all as indicated in foot-notes.

The occurrence of Lanieria lanieri in Guadeloupe is probably a
mistake, as the species is known otherwise only from the Cretaceous
of Cuba. The other species listed are probably all late Tertiary,
but A. Agassiz * is the only authority cited who gave a definite horizon
in recording the occurrence of the species.*®

1A. Agassiz, 1883, Blake Echini. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl. vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 88-93.

* Cotteau, 1897, Spanish report, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22.

* Michelin, 1861, Monographie Clypéastres fossiles, Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, ser. 2, vol. 7.

*Desor, 1858, Synopsis des Echinides, p. 234, briefly describes Scutella michelini Desor,
which, he says, occurs fossil in Guadeloupe; and on p. 288 he describes Rhynchopygus guadelou-
pensis Desor, which, he says, occurs in the Quaternary of Guadeloupe.

5 Mr. A. Agassiz (1883, Blake Echini), in his tables of geographical and geological distribution
of West Indian Echini, pp. 88-91, lists the following species which are apparently nomina nuda
or synonyms: Sismondia alta Cott. Eocene, St. Barts; Clypeaster incurvatus Desm., Pliocene,
Guadeloupe; Mellita ampla Holmes, Pliocene, Guadeloupe.

* Duchassaing (1855, Observations sur les formations modernes de I'tle de la Guadeloupe,
Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, ser. 2, vol. 12, pp. 753-757) gives a list of 13 species of Echini occurring
in the white tuff at Guadeloupe. He gives no authority for the species and their identification
is doubtful. The last two pages of his paper contain a list by Michelin entitled “chinides vivants
et fossiles des Antilles et du Golfe du Mexique.” This list contains many nomina nuda or obvious
mistakes of identification.

10 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

BARBADOS.

Echinolampas anguille Cotteau' and Eupatagus abruptus (Gregory)*
are the only recognizable fossil species of Echini recorded from the
island of Barbados as far as discovered.* (Another species, see p. 3.)

TRINIDAD.
List of Fossil Echini occurring in the Island of Trinidad.

Species. Eocene. Miocene.

Cidaris melitensis Wright. A single spine only ...............)....-.-0000-

Peronella mirabilis, sp. nNOY.2% 4:56:55 seb ap dots wy okie e ofa ee x
Moellita: GD. on's.5 oo acc 6 0s 9.0.0.0ie Glee hia% nye. a6 840b opine nie oubeate Sena ann x
Echinolampas ovumserpentis Guppy............0000eeceeuee x
Pasnatets OD: Dc ioe, 5 o.6)4,¢ 6 sin scien tereinewls entabla ea pe oars EE x
Brissus exiguus Cotteatr. ...... <s o0 0s ace s5.« dm apeiy's aie t eiaie stale ttn anne ?

Previously, only Echinolampas ovumserpentis was recorded from
Trinidad, which is the type locality for that species. The few Echini
recorded are in the U.S. National Museum, excepting Brissus exiguus,
which was recorded by Guppy in 1911.

GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The table of stratigraphic and geographic distribution of fossil
Echini in the West Indies includes all the species that I have had for
study, and in addition the species included in Cotteau’s Spanish
report; species in Lambert’s Report on West Indian Echini in the
British Museum; species described by Michelin, or species listed by
A. Agassiz as occurring fossil in the West Indies; also Echinolampas
anguille and Eupatagus abruptus (Gregory), from Barbados. It does
not include a few Echini from Jamaica, reported by Desor and by R.
T. Hill, for which see the list of Jamaica species (p. 6). It may be said
that the list is complete for the recognizable fossil species recorded, as
far as I am aware.*

Excepting where I have not had the species and the few cases marked
by references to foot-notes, there have been specimens in the collections
studied from each of the localities listed.

Cotteau and Lambert in their publications did not recognize the
Oligocene as a formation, and it is known that some species they
refer to the Miocene should be referred to the Oligocene.

1Guppy, R. J. L., Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 67, p. 692, 1911.

2 Gregory, J. W., Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 48, pp. 163-169, pl. 4, 1892.

® Gregory described Cystechinus crassus Gregory from the Radiolarian marls of Barbados
(1889, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 45, p. 640, figs. 1 to 3). This species is of such
doubtful relationship that it can not be inserted in the key, p. 53, and is omitted excepting for
this note. (See A. Agassiz, 1904, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 31, p. 157.)

‘In foot-notes on page 9 are references to lists of West Indian fossil species of Echini that
seem to be unrecognizable.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION. 11
Stratigraphic and Geographic Distribution of Fossil Echini in the West Indies.
A question mark after the name of an island or country means that the geologic horizon is doubtful.
. Creta- é
Species. etna. Eocene. Oligocene. Miocene. Pliocene.
Order CrpaRomA.
CIGATIS ANSE COLEAIs occe vec i] ec cede sc ee se ceees Anguilla.
RT EN PISS EOS SAS | Porto Rico.
Cidaris foveata, sp. nov...........+-}....6- Jamaica.
RE OS OE (a Sa Porto Rico (?) Dom. Repub.
CEE Peele Pil sals sige deals css achescievccaces Porto Rico (?)
Cidaris loveni Cotteau..............|...... St. Barthol-
omew.
MMETEIEWOD COUPE 555 cose cece clese sc clesscccceeces Anguilla.
Cidaris melitensis Wright ...........)......)....0eee eee Anguilla. Dom. Repub.,
Trinidad.
SE RRITACEUM CENTRIC) 2, si C'e'6 eo T's cod awe ]oe > ca cae eandsfecceaseesveecceee's Cuba.
Order CENTRECHINOIDA.
Echinopedina cubensis Cotteau......]...... SCOR CEN Da ec. eaigte else Seances Dom. Repub.
1 Codiopsis arnaudi Cotteau.......... Cuba.
1 Salenia scutigera (Miinster)......... Cuba.
1 Phymosoma cubense (Egozcue)...... Cuba.
Echinometra prisca Cotteau.........].....c)eceeeeeeeees Cuba (?), Porto} Cuba (?)
Rico, Anguilla.
Order Exocyciorpa.
Suborder HoLecrypina.
1 Conulus antillensis (Cotteau)........| Cuba
Lanieria lanieri (Cotteau)........... NEMS a Nae orcalg cet Brckc.cicd eveir cadens 3 (?) Guade-
loupe.
1 Discoidea decorata Desor........... Cuba.
Suborder CLYPEASTRINA, ©
Sismondia antillarum Cotteau.......|...... St. Barthol-
omew.
Sismondia anguille Cotteau.........|......)....c.e5ccuee Anguilla, Antigua.
Saomnuennttuie etedorys Lambert... ..|:. 2... |<. csesieissiees|oouccseccccccecces Antigua (?)
EEMMMCOUB LAINE) oi oes oe loe rat cfawscce dic sees leccccccccecccsvees 2Cuba (?), 5Anguilla.
Porto Rico(?)
Clypeaster concavus Cotteau........|......].......e00e- Cuba,Dom.Repub.,
Porto Rico, An-
guilla, Antigua.
RePIMCPRICRUGALIG, BD. TOV ssc.005 ++ s|ecccc-|ecesccccccnsleccscccccveael oda Dom. Repub.
EMME GE WIECHIOU) Cateistsie grec[ Jade's s|ossescececsslaccssaccecectececs Dom.Repub. (?)| Dom. Re-
Cuba (?) pub. (?)
Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau......... Aes htan wees biadhss cud me wbtrayeter vate Cuba (?)
1 Clypeaster parre Desmoulins........|......|....cccecuee Cuba (?) Guadeloupe.
Cuba (?)
Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau.......|......)......0cee05 Cuba, Antigua.
Clypeaster antillarum Cotteau.......|......|.......c00- Cuba, Anguilla, An-
; tigua.
Clypeaster planipetalus Cotteau......|......)......0ceeee 2 Cuba, Antigua.
Clypeaster cryptopetalus, sp. nov.....|......|......2.00-- Antigua.
Clypeaster cotteaui Egozcue.........).....)o0.ccceeeuee Cuba, *Antigua,
Jamaica.
‘ Clypeaster batheri Lambert.........]......|..cccceecece Antigua.

1 This species I have not seen; authority, Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22.

* This species I have not seen from this locality; authority, Cotteau,

Espafia, vol. 22.

ZoGl., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 88-94.

1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol.

* This species I have not seen from this locality; authority, A. Agassiz, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp.

‘ This species I have not seen; authority, Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l’Aube (Troyes), vol. 79.

5 This species I have not seen from this locality; authority, Lambert, 1915, Mém.

(Troyes), vol. 79.

Soc. d’Agric, de l'Aube

12

FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Stratigraphic and Geographic Distribution of Fossil Echini in the West Indies—Continued.

Creta-

Species. Gennes Eocene. Oligocene. Miocene. Pliocene.
1 Clypeaster ._parvus Michelin. ........]......[eeceeeeveees ‘Antigua oe .-| Cuba, Gua-
¢Ciypeaster duchassaingi Michelin. . ..2)... «sis. |cicc <eiiie¥reatefinincc co's on ters ss oh ee Oe ee en -| Guadeloupe.
*Clypeaster ambigenus (Lamarck)... ..|.... -%0'|ss0.seswm heii seis «'e « biberee « circle ciel Seinen eae Guadeloupe.
Clypeaster placentoides, sp. NOV......)....0s)ecceeseceees Cuba.
4 Clypeaster meridanensis Michelin... .|......]....ceeescceleccceccscccscececes * Guadeloupe
Clypeaster oxybaphon, sp. nov.......]......)eecceeeceees Porto Rico, Antigua.
Clypeaster platygaster, sp. MOV.......]...-+.|.-seeeeeeeee Cuba.
1 Laganum elongatum Egozcue .......|....+-Jeeseeeeeee ..| Cuba (?) Cuba (?)
Peronella mirabilis, sp. nov...........|...-+- Trinidad
Echinarachnius sebastiani, sp. nov... .|......).......ee00. Porto Rico.
2 Encope cise de Cortazat ......6)<. oss «sic |iesn oe Biers s Wp Ob lacard saan Cuba (?)
Hacope tatus, sp. NOW. + :<:6:0. «+, sae sole] alpiesens thn eens ns 0 tise biere a tala lal Ol ee Porto Rico(?)
A OTIEG BD oe oi.c ws ¢ So. 0 0'e 5 0.5: 0:5 0-4:bib oe ialatatte eiist alors evn a aneesaltle's eteic aia n 5
Suborder SPATANGINA.
t Echinoneus orbicularis Desor. ..... 2... | 5.602 sos sn e'e od nels Se faulreeie ek ss a een eenne TEAK E NS a,
Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske.......|.....+)..see+ee000- Anguilla, Cuba (?) | Cuba (?) Cube and
Amblypygus americanus Desor ......|...... Jamaica. Guadeloupe.
Parapygus antillarum (Cotteau)......|...... St. Barthol-
omew,
2Cuba
1 Parapygus parallelus (Cotteau)......|.....- Cuba.
Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy......|.---+-|.-....eee00: Cuba, Anguilla.
Echinolampas antillarum Cotteau....|...... St. Barthol-
omew.
Echinolampas ovumserpentis Guppy..|.----- Cuba, Jamai-
ca, St. Bar-
tholomew,
Trinidad.
Echinolampas clevei Cotteau.........)...... St. Barthol-
omew,
2 Cuba.
Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy....]......).-...0+ee00- Cuba, Porto | Rico,
Anguilla, * An-
tigua.
1 Echinolampas castroi Cotteau......../...... Cuba
Echinolampas anguille Cotteau......)......)...-e00eeeee Cuba, Anguilla
*Antigua, *Barba-
dos.
1 Asterostoma excentricum (Lamarck).|...... (?) Cuba
Asterostoma cubense Cotteau........]...... Cuba, St
Bartholo-
mew.
1 Pseudasterostoma jimenoi (Cotteau)..|...... Cuba.
Cardiaster cubensis, sp. nov.......... Cuba
Agassizia inflata, sp. nov.............|e.ee0. St. Barthol-
omew.
Agassizia clevel Cotteau, «fic. bb dss fede sfusvnerceaees Anguilla.

1 This species I have not seen; authority, Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22.

2? This species I have not seen
Espafia, vol. 22.

rom this locality; authority, Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol.

* This species I have not seen from this locality; authority, A. Agassiz, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp.

Zodl., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 88-94.

‘This species I have not seen; authority, Michelin, 1861, Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, ser. 2, vol. 7.
° This species I have not seen from this locality; authority, Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l'Aube

(Troyes), vol. 79.

* This species I have not seen from this locality; authority, Guppy, 1911, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc.

London, vol. 67, p. 692.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION.

13

Stratigraphic and Geographic Distribution of Fossil Echini in the West'Indies—Continued.

Creta-

Species. beds. Eocene. Oligocene. Miocene. Pliocene.
Prenaster loveni Cotteau...........-J...++- St. Barthol-
omew.
RN OTN TIMARR COTO PUEMBNE lara gs Bilis cic U's «oa «0,0, - o\e'< e | o:ecee vield « le win dais eins] widen eles ssie'$ Cuba.
1 Hemiaster antillensis Cotteau........]...... Cuba, ea
zon
1 Hemiaster dewalquei Cotteau.......]...... Cuba, hori-
zon (?)
Hemiaster berkeyi, sp. nov..........- ie
Paraster antillarum (Cotteau)........]...... St. Barthol-
omew.
Se patamter Parkinson’ (Detance). . ....-| 2.0.2). seccceccesclescanescactes cae res An-
guilla.
Paraster clevei (Cotteau)i.. 05.0. clic ce fee c ee cece wee Anguilla, Antigua.
MMR RIUETE (COLUPAIY 6 ons 5d cs 0.0 d |e seicbe ss cle cselaces Porto Rico, Anguilla.
Paraster subcylindricus (Cotteau)....|...... St. Barthol-
omew,
a. dG viacds ales 50's, 2g] ohw os Jamaica.
a Pry Trinidad.
Periaster elongatus Cotteau........../...... St. Barthol-
omew.
RRR NET a0. oc oi bas oinae cd Severe vice alee Seenene’s Cuba (?)
1 Brissopsis jimenoi Cotteau...........)......)ee.ee eee eee Cuba.
ES COON 26 FIGE ES Shes lah dia gis’ ysd.o. + ccs ef sos a wele vecs.e «ao sine aPetl Valea wise Anguilla.
Brissopsis antillarum Cotteau........|.....-[.... eee eevee Anguilla,
Dom. Repub.
Plagiobrissus loveni Cotteau.........]...... St. Barthol-
omew.
Macropneustes clevei (Cotteau)......)......).....0000 eee Anguilla. 2 Cuba.
Macropneustes antillarum (Cotteau)..|...... ?Cuba, St.
Bartholo-
mew.
BRUISE) SRO Bee 0a a Cuba, hori- |* Guadeloupe.
zon?
SMINIIOR COLPAT sg... oeisc cle ccecale.cecccscees Anguilla 5 Trinidad.
Eupatagus grandiflorus (Cotteau).....}...... St. Barthol-
omew.
OES Sea Ae Jamaica.
Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau)..........]...... St. Barthol-
omew.
Eupatagus antillarum (Cotteau)......|...... St. Barthol-
omew.
Eupatagus depressus, sp. nov.........|......)..-.0eseeeee Porto Rico.
* Eupatagus abruptus (Gregory) .......|......)......cceee- Barbados.
1 Eupatagus cubensis (Cotteau) .......|...... Cuba.
Eupatagus elegans, sp. nov...........|......|eceeseeeeee Porto Rico.
Eupatagus vaughani, sp. nov.........|......|.....seeeees Antigua.
OSTA us d's'c ord aio Oniate ue whe we oo: St. Barthol-
omew.
1 Breynia cubensis Cotteau ...........|.....- Cuba, hori-
zon (?)

1 This species I have not seen; authority, Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22.
? This species I have not seen from this locality; authority, Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol.

Espaiia, vol. 22.

* This species I have not seen from this locality; authority, A. Agassiz, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp.

Zobl., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 88-94,

‘ This species I have not seen; authority, Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l’Aube (Troyes), vol. 79.
* This species I have not seen from this locality; Guppy, 1911, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol.

67, p. 685.

* This species I have not seen; authority, Gregory, 1892, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 48, p. 163.

14 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS.

REGULAR OR ENDOCYCLIC ECHINI; THE CIDAROIDA
AND CENTRECHINOIDA.

The fossils occurring in the West Indies comprise very few of the
regular or endocyclic Echini, although 7 species of cidarids occur and
there are indications that more will be found; of the Centrechinoida,!
however, the remains are extremely rare, Echinometra prisca being
the only species known from a considerable amount of material. In
the collections studied, I have seen only one other species of the order
Centrechinoida, namely, Echinopedina cubensis, from the Dominican
Republic (known also from Cuba). Cotteau records 3 additional
species from Cuba, not known elsewhere in the West Indies.

Key to the West Indian Families of Fossil Regular Echini, the Cidaroida and Centrechinoida.
Tubercles perforate.

(CrpARoIDA)

Ambulacra composed wholly of simple primary plates. ........ Cidaride

(CENTRECHINOIDA)

(AULODONTA)

Ambulacra composed in part at least of compound plates. ....... Pedinide

Tubercles imperforate.

(STIRODONTA)

No primary tubercles above the ambitus. ............ Hemicidaride
Many primary tubercles above the ambitus.

Periproct with large suranal plate. .........2+.+2.+4.2-.-. Saleniide

Periproct without large suranal plate.

Ambitus circular... 2... Soa e'< sany olete aes ae Phymosomatide

: (CAMERODONTA)

Ambitus ‘elliptical: 6.4)... (053.0. RES ee .. . . . Echinometride

Under the Cidaridz 7 fossil species are recognized (see key, p. 15).
Under the Pedinidz there is only 1 fossil species, Echinopedina cubensis.
Under the Hemicidaride there is only 1 fossil species, Codiopsis
arnaudi. Under the Saleniide there is only 1 fossil species, Salenia
scutigera. Under the Phymosomatide there is only 1 fossil species,
Phymosoma cubensis. Under the Echinometridz there is only 1 fossil
species, Echinometra prisca.

Order CIDAROIDA Duncan, 1889.
Family CIDARID Gray, 1825.
Genus CIDARIS Leske, 1778.
Type species.—Echinus cidaris Linné, 1758, Sys. Nat., ed. 10, p. 664.
Of the genus Cidaris, 7 species are definitely known as described,
occurring fossil in the West Indies. In addition, a few spines have
been found which are not referable to any of the known species.

1The ordinal name Centrechinoida and the family name Centrechinide are taken from
Centrechinus, a name proposed by Jackson (1912, Phylogeny of the Echini, p. 27) to replace
Diadema, which name is not available for Echini, being preoccupied.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CIDAROIDA. 15

These are described without specific name and indicate that more
species may be found in future, but it is not thought reasonable to
base additional species on such meager material. Of the recognized
species 4 have been previously described by Cotteau in his monograph;
1 species, C. tribuloides, is here recognized for the first time as occurring
fossil in that region, although it is abundant in the living fauna through-
out the West Indies; 2 species, C. peloria and C. foveata, are described
as new and are quite distinct from anything previously known, either
living or fossil, in that region. With the abundance of Recent cidarids
in the West Indies, it is perhaps remarkable that more species and
more individual specimens have not been found in the fossil condition.
With the limited amount of material, no attempt has been made to
refer the species to the minor generic divisions of Cidaris which are
recognized in the classification of Recent species and to some extent
in the fossil as well.

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Cidaris.
Primary spines short, thick, markedly fusiform, with large granules or spinelets, in

longitudinal series or irregularly arranged....................- C. anguille
Primary spines very long, thick, smooth or with flutings only near the distal end..... C. peloria
Primary spines not as above or unknown. The species are separated on characters of

the test.
Interambulacra with conspicuous sunken pits in median line....................4. C. foveata

Interambulacra without such pits.
Pores of a pair in an ambulacral plate widely separated, distance between them being
much greater than diameter of pore; pores of a pair connected by a
furrow; coronal plates well covered with tubercles and granules.. C. loveni
Pores of a pair in an ambulacral plate not widely separated; pores of a pair not
connected by a furrow.
Coronal plates numerous (7 or 8), low and wide; areole not half as wide as
coronal plates; scrobicular circle inconspicuous .................+. C. clevet
Coronal plates more than 6 only in very large specimens, areole half as wide as
plate or more; scrobicular circle inconspicuous.
Ampbulacra wide (one-third to one-half width of interambulacra); coronal

plates rather sparsely covered with tubercles................ C. melitensis
Ambulacra narrow (about one-fourth width of interambulacra); coronal
plates with rather crowded tubercles. ...............00eeeeee C. tribuloides
Cidaris anguille Cotteau.

(Plate 1, Figure 1.)

Cidaris anguille Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Svens. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 11,
plate 1, figs. 17, 18.
Cidaris melitensis Guppy (pars), 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 194.

The following is from the original description of this species:

Test unknown. Spine of medium size, elongate, cylindrical, subfusiform,
provided with thorny granules, sometimes very projecting, disposed in
regular longitudinal series. The extremity of the spine is truncate and
the granules elongating, form small, flattened extensions, suggesting a
star or corolla. Collar distinct, finely striate, ring prominent. Articular
facet non-crenulate.

The Washington specimen measures 12 mm. in length and 3 mm. in
diameter. It is somewhat shorter than Cotteau’s measurement and

16 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

does not show completely the distal tip as figured by Cotteau. It
may have been broken at the tip. This species is known only from
primary spines, and Cotteau mentions another specimen besides the
one he figured, presumably in the Cleve collection. The Washington
specimen compared with spines of melitensis shows that in anguille
the ornamenting spinelets are higher, larger, and more alternating
in rows than are those of melitensis. As the spines of Cidaris clevet,
which occurs in the same formation and island, are unknown, it may
be that these spines should be referred to that species; but of this
there is no certainty. Guppy referred both Cidaris clevei and anguille
to melitensis as synonyms. It seems that he was quite mistaken in
the case of anguille, and in the case of clevei the conclusive evidence
is wanting.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, island of Anguilla, Guppy collection
ex Cleve, cotype, one spine, and indeterminable fragments of other
spines on a small slab, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115393. Cotteau mentions
a second spine of the same size, but it was not found in the Guppy
collection. It is of course possible that the Washington specimen
is this second spine referred to.

Cidaris peloria,! new species.
(Plate 1, Figures 2 to 5.)

The following is a description of this species:

Known only from primary spines and a single interambulacral plate.
There are numerous primary spines, none of which, however, is complete
both distally and proximally. Spines massive, circular in section, tapering
gradually from just above the milled ring to the tip, which ends bluntly.
Smooth throughout the length, excepting near the tip, where there are a
few, 7 to 10, low, ridged plications, the longest of these being about 15 mm.
in extent. In a few spines, which are presumably from the ventral side,
the distal plications are more strongly pronounced, and there is a rounded
median spinelet given off from the distal end of the spine. The largest
single fragment measures 59 mm. in length and 8 mm. in diameter at the
widest part. Another fragment, somewhat shorter but of greater thickness,
measures 9 mm. in diameter. Putting fragments together and allowing
for the angle of tapering of the spine, as in plate 1, figure 5, a complete
large spine must have measured at least from 100 to 120 mm. in length.
The single interambulacral plate, which is apparently from the middle or
ventral side of the test, has a high, rounded, perforate mammelon, wide
scrobicular area, and relatively narrow row of marginal secondary tubercles.
The plate measures 15 mm. in width and 10 mm. in height, 13 mm. in width
on the horizontal suture line where it came in contact with the next adjacent
interambulacral plate in the vertical series.

This species evidently was very large, but there is not the evidence

for making any close estimate of its size; however, comparing the single
interambulacral plate with W. B. Clark’s figure of the Cretaceous

1 qeA@ptos = huge, gigantic.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CIDAROIDA. 17

Cidaris texana W. B. Clark (1915, Monograph U. S. Geol. Survey,
vol. 54, plate 9, fig. 26), it is very probable that the test of C. peloria
was not less than 60 mm. in diameter and may have been a good deal
larger. No other known species in the West Indies, either living or
fossil, has spines which approach those of this species either in size
or character. In fact, the nearest thing to which it can be compared is
the Recent Australian cidarid Phyllacanthus longispinus Mortensen.
Mortensen (1918, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 58, No. 9)
says of this species that a specimen measures 85 mm. in diameter
and the longest primary spines measure 105 to 107 mm. in length.

Oligocene, marly beds, base of “Arecibo” formation, Government
Road, San Sebastian to Lares, km. post 33, Porto Rico, 48 specimens
(including the holotype and 4 paratypes which are in the American
Museum of Natural History, No. 18564), station 56. Base of “Are-
cibo” limestone, Government Road, San Sebastian to Lares, Porto
Rico, km. post 33, collected from north side of road from excavations
where road-metal has been quarried, 1 specimen, station 58. “Are-
cibo” formation, Government Road, San Sebastian to Lares, Porto
Rico, shaly limestone, south side of road, km. post 33 (11 km. east
of San Sebastian or 5 km. west of Lares), 26 specimens, station 20.
Collazo shales, Government Road, San Sebastian to Lares, Porto
Rico, near km. post 29, 2 specimens, station 105. The holotype and
all of the above paratypes were collected by C. A. Reeds on an expedi-
tion of the New York Academy of Sciences, the Porto Rican Govern-
ment and the American Museum of Natural History codperating.

Cidaris foveata, new species.
(Plate 1, Figures 6, 7.)

The following is a description of this species:

Test large, flattened dorsally and ventrally. Ambitus below the mid-
zone. Ambulacra wide (8 mm.), sunken; poriferous areas wide; pores
oval, connected by deep furrows. The interporiferous areas are as wide
as a poriferous area, deeply channeled in the median line, elevated on the
borders. Interporiferous area ornamented with a series of large tubercles
on the outer border of the area on each side, and a second series of smaller
tubercles runs parallel to the larger tubercles and just within the same.
There are also 2 or 3 miliary tubercles on each plate near the center of the
area. The ambulacral areas are quite straight dorsally, but sinuous below
the mid-zone. About 12 ambulacral plates equal the height of an inter-
ambulacral plate at the mid-zone. Interambulacral plates with large prom-
inent tubercles, which are mammillate, perforate, deeply crenulate, with
high and wide scrobicular areas which extend dorsally and ventrally nearly
to the borders of the plate. A row of secondary tubercles surrounds the
primaries, and minute miliary tubercles are abundant toward the middle
line of the area on each plate. There are 10 interambulacral plates in a
column. The most striking features of the interambulacra and also of
the species is a series of deep pits in the median line of each area. These

18 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

pits occupy a position at the admedian apex of each interambulacral plate,
so that in each plate there are 3 pits, one in the middle line and one at the
point of both its upper and lower margins where it comes in contact with the
borders of the next adjacent interambulacral plates.

Height of the test 34 mm., diameter 54 mm., diameter of the periproct
and peristome about 15 mm.

This species is entirely distinct from any other known cidarid occur-
ring either fossil or living in the West Indies. It is characterized by
the size of the test, which is larger than any other fossil species at
present known (though the test of Cidaris peloria, which is unknown,
was probably even larger), by the very broad poriferous areas with
deep connecting furrows, by the deeply channeled interporiferous
area, and especially by the deep pits which mark the interambulacral
areas. These pits are comparable to those seen in Goniocidaris tubaria
(Lamarck) of the Australian region, but with the difference that they
are more deeply marked in C. foveata and do not run together in
grooves as they do in G. tubaria. This is still another case of a fossil
West Indian species finding its nearest living ally in eastern Pacific
waters. It is associated in the same lot, evidently from the same local-
ity with the Echinolampas ovumserpentis, Paraster sp. a, and Eupatagus
sp. @ as here described.

Eocene, from yellowish limestone, probably the Cambridge formation
of R. T. Hill, Jamaica, with no detailed locality; one specimen, holo-
type, Mus. Comp. Zodél. No. 3234.

Cidaris species a. (Text-figure 1.)

The following is a description of this specimen:

Primary spine long, slender, acicular, with 8 to 10 rows of low denticulate
ridges running parallel to the longer axis. The most perfect spine, which
is very nearly entire proximally, showing indications of
the milled ring and collar. It is incomplete distally. As
far as preserved, it measures 13 mm. in length and 2 mm. i
in diameter at about the middle of its total length. :

This species is represented by one fairly complete
spine and a second fragmentary one on a slab of soft
yellow limestone. It differs from any other known
species of Cidaris occurring fossil in the West Indies,
but makes a very close approach in character to the
Recent West Indian species Dorocidaris rugosa H. L.
Clark (1907, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 51, No. 7, peeiiah
p. 210, plates 4, 5). iy Ss ah

Geologic age not known, probably Miocene, Ponce
Chalk, 2 km. southwest of Juana Diaz, from fallen
block of limestone alongside of the irrigation flume on flood-plain of
the Jacaguas River, Porto Rico, station 195, American Mus. Nat.
Hist. No. 18565, C. A. Reeds collector, Expedition of the New York

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CIDAROIDA. 19

Academy of Sciences, the Porto Rican Government and the American
Museum of Natural History coéperating. A Cidaris spine closely
similar occurred in the Miocene, Gurabo formation at Rio Mao, half
a mile above ford at Cercado de Mao, Dominican Republic, T. W.
Vaughan and C. W. Cooke collectors, one spine, U. S. Geol. Sur.
station 8519.

Cidaris species b. (Text-figures 2, 3.)

The following is a description of these specimens:

Spines small, cylindrical, tapering gradually from above the collar, or
contracted above. the collar and thence tapering distally. Both specimens
are complete proximally, showing the milled ring and collar, but wanting
at the distal tip. Thickly and irregularly set with thornlike spinelets
which stand out nearly at right angles to the axis, or with fewer and larger
spinelets, which again are nearly at right angles to the axis. The specimen
with smaller and numerous spinelets and which is nearly complete distally,
measures 15 mm. in length by 3 mm. in its greatest diameter. The one
with two large spinelets, which is larger, is of undeterminate length, but
measures 3.5 mm. in diameter.

This species is quite distinct from any other
known, living or fossil, in the West Indies. It
can be compared, however, very closely with
Goniocidaris biserialis Déderlein (1887, Die
Japanischen Seeigel, Stuttgart, plate 5), which
has similar and very variable spines. It is in-
teresting that 3 species of fossil Cidaris in the
West Indies, C. peloria, C. foveata, and the
present one, find their closest analogy in Recent 2, 3.—Cidaris sp. b.
Eastern Pacific forms. Spines, x 2.

Geologic age not known, Arecibo limestone,
weathered marl, Government Road, Aguadilla to Rincon, Porto Rico,
km. post 2, from roadside grottoes where road-metal had been taken
out, 2 specimens, station 117, American Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 18566,
C. A. Reeds collector, Expedition of New York Academy of Sciences,
the Porto Rican Government and the American Museum of Natural
History codperating.

Cidaris loveni Cotteau.
(Plate 1, Figures 8 to 10.)

Cidaris lovent Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Svens. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 10, plate 1,
figs. 11 to 14. Guppy, 1882, Scient. Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 195.

The following is an extract from the original description of this
species:

This species is of medium size, subcircular, slightly pentagonal, nearly
equally flattened above and below. Ambulacral areas sunken, relatively
wide, subundulate, nearly straight dorsally and ventrally. Pores oval,
very open, disposed nearly horizontally, each pair separated by a transverse
swelling, at first sight like the pores of Rhabdocidaris, but this resemblance

20 ' FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

is more apparent than real. The interporiferous areas are very broad, with
two rows of regular granules placed on the border of the poriferous areas,
the intermediate space occupied by two other ranges of finer granules,
less regularly arranged and less equal in size. Interambulacral tubercles
prominent, strongly mammillate, perforate, non-crenulate. Scrobicules
moderately developed, rounded dorsally, subelliptical as one approaches
the peristome, bordered with a circle of mammillate granules, the space
without this circle being covered with smaller tubercles, irregular and rather
widely scattered.

Height of specimen 15 mm., diameter 26.5 mm., width of ambula-
crum at the mid-zone 4 mm., width of interambulacrum at the same
plane 12 mm. Cotteau says that there are 6 interambulacral plates in
a column, but I found that, in some areas at least, there are 7; they
are, however, very incomplete and worn dorsally.

This species is easily distinguished from the other fossil species
of Cidaris of the region by the widely separated ambulacral pores of a
pair connected by a furrow, as in the living genus Phyllacanthus.
When compared with an adult Recent Cidaris bartletti (A. Ag.) from
Barbados (M. C. Z. No. 133), the differences are slight, the only
tangible one being the more numerous tubercles and granules on the
coronal plates. About 12 ambulacral plates at the mid-zone abut
against a single interambulacral plate. Interambulacrum with 6
plates in a column, as stated by Cotteau, though in one area at least
7 existed, as I counted that number. Interambulacral plates prom-
inent, strongly mammillate, non-crenulate. This species, Joveni,
although of considerable antiquity geologically, is certainly very
similar to the Recent bariletti.

Cotteau does not mention more than one specimen of this species
and only says very rare. The specimen gives the same measurements
as Cotteau’s, and while in part much worn, it is evidently the holo-
type of which Cotteau’s figures were quite freely restored, especially
in the dorsal view.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, island of St. Bartholomew,
Guppy Collection ex Cleve, holotype, 1 specimen, U. S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115415.

Cidaris clevei Cotteau.
(Plate 1, Figure 11.)

Cidaris clevei Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Svens. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 11, plate
1, figs. 15, 16.
Cidaris melitensis Guppy (pars), 1882, Scient. Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 194.

The following is an extract from original description of this species :

Species of small size, circular, moderately elevated, ambulacra narrow,
straight, slightly sunken, ambulacral area with 6 rows of granules nearly
equal in size, the 6 rows being reduced to 4 ventrally and dorsally. Inter-
ambulacral tubercles small, perforate, non-crenulate, 7 to 8 plates in a
column. Scrobicules small, narrow, never meeting at the base. Space
around scrobicules filled with small granular tubercles.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CIDAROIDA. 21

This species was based by Cotteau on a single specimen which con-
sists of an interambulacral area with a half-ambulacrum on either
side. The specimen measures 9.5 mm. in height. The width of the
interambulacrum at the mid-zone is 6 mm. and of each half-ambula-
crum 1.5 mm. As the width of an interambulacrum plus an ambula-
crum at the mid-zone equals 9 mm., the circumference of a complete
specimen of the same size would be about 45 mm. and the diameter
as estimated about 14 mm. The species is characterized by its low
and wide coronal plates and also by the fact that the areolz are so
small that their horizontal diameter is less than one-half the horizontal
width of the plate. On the other hand, in most West Indian cidarids,
the horizontal diameter of the areolz at the mid-zone is more than
half the width of the plate. Again, in clevei, the surface of the coronal
plates outside the areolz is rather uniformly tuberculated, and there
is a conspicuous scrobicular circle of secondary tubercles. Cotteau
says there are 7 to 8 interambulacral plates in a series (column);
7 were counted on the specimen; and a space for probably 1 additional
plate exists against the ambulacrum. There is no evidence, however,
for 9 plates in a column as shown in the right half of Cotteau’s figure.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, from the island of Anguilla; holotype
and only known specimen, Guppy collection ex Cleve, U. S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115400.

Cidaris melitensis Wright.
(Plate 1, Figures 12 to 17.)

Cidaris melitensis Wright, 1855, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 15, p. 107, plate 4, figs. Latoc.
Guppy, 1866, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22, p. 299. Cotteau, 1875,
Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 8, plate 1, figs. 1 to 10. Guppy,
1882, Scient. Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 194.

The following is an extract from Cotteau’s description of this
species:

Species of medium size, circular, about equally depressed dorsally and
ventrally. Ambulacral areas relatively broad, a little depressed, sub-
undulate. Pores rounded, very open, disposed a little obliquely, each
pair of pores separated by a small elevation. Interporiferous areas very
narrow toward the poles, with 2 principal rows of granules near the pores
and with 2 vertical rows of smaller tubercles in each half-area at the ambitus.
Interambulacral tubercles prominent, strongly mammillate, .perforate,
non-crenulate. Scrobicules large, subelliptical toward the peristome,
tending to become circular dorsally, bordered with a regular circle of small
mammillate granules. Beyond this circle the plates are rather sparingly
covered with small granules. Peristome subcircular, periproct subpen-
tagonal, and Cotteau says a little larger than the peristome. Spines elongate,
cylindrical, acuminate distally, furnished with granules disposed in longi-
tudinal series, more prominent toward the base. The upper end of the
spine appears to be quite smooth.

In the U. S. National Museum there are 2 specimens of tests and 3
spines which are evidently the originals of Cotteau’s figures. In

22 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Cotteau’s figure of the larger specimen he has restored the outlines
so as not to show the lateral crushing. The larger crushed test measures
15 mm. in height, 17.5 mm. across the plane of crushing, and 26 mm.
in the plane of crushing at the mid-zone (plate 1, fig. 12). The width
of an ambulacrum at the mid-zone is 3.5 mm. and of an interam-
bulacrum is 9 mm. Eight ambulacral plates abut against an inter-
ambulacral plate at the mid-zone. In this specimen there are 6
interambulacral plates in a column in each area. As noted in the
description, Cotteau says that the periproct is a little larger than the
peristome, but as far as one can judge in their somewhat crushed
condition, it appears that they are practically of the same size. In
the smaller specimen, which is not crushed at all, the periproct and
peristome are of the same size. This matter of similar size of periproct
and peristome is a good character to distinguish melitensis from the
nearly allied C. tribuloides, in which the peristome is larger than the
apical disk. The smaller test is better preserved, not being compressed.
It measures 9 mm. in height and 17 mm. in diameter; width of ambu-
lacrum 2.5 mm., of interambulacrum 7 mm. The diameters of the
periproct and peristome measure about 8mm. each. In this smaller _
specimen there are either 5 or 6 plates in each interambulacral column,
in some columns the sixth plate not yet having appeared, whereas
the larger specimen had 6 plates in each column. The youngest plates
dorsally bear tubercles, but they have not yet developed perforations,
this being the typical character of young plates dorsally in Cidaris.
The spines measure up to 20.5 mm. in length and 3 mm. in diameter
at the widest part.

In addition to the above, there are in the U. S. National Museum
3 fragmentary tests in the Guppy collection which probably were not
collected by Cleve or studied by Cotteau. They have 5 or 6 plates
in each interambulacral column, and one of them shows apophyses of
the perignathic girdle for the attachment of lantern muscles.

Cidaris melitensis is closely allied to C. tribuloides, but is at once
distinguished by its much more sparsely tuberculated coronal plates
and wider ambulacra; also by the fact that in melitensis the peristome
and apical disk are practically of the same diameter, whereas in tribu-
loides the peristome is much wider than the apical disk.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, island of Anguilla, Guppy collection
ex Cleve, 2 tests and 3 spines, evidently the originals of Cotteau’s
plate 1, figs. 1-10, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115399. Anguilla, Guppy
collection, 3 fragmentary tests, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115412. Miocene,
a single fragmentary spine, evidently referable to this species from
(loc. 11) Mayo Village Quarry, Trinidad, F. W. Penny collector,
U.S. Geol. Sur. station 8583. Miocene, 2 small spines 12 and 14 mm.
long respectively, apparently attributable to this species, are from
the Gurabo formation, Rio Mao, one-half mile above ford at Cercado

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CENTRECHINOIDA. 23

de Mao, Dominican Republic, T. W. Vaughan and C. W. Cooke
collectors, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 8519.

Cidaris tribuloides (Lamarck).
(Plate 1, Figures 18 to 20.)
Cidarites tribuloides Lamarck, 1816, Anim. sans Vert., vol. 3, p. 56.

The following is a description of this species:

Test moderate-sized, circular, ambulacra flush, very narrow; pores in
ambulacral plates crowded; interporiferous areas narrow with crowded
tubercles. Interambulacral plates with prominent tubercles and very
large areole; space around scrobicules densely packed with small tuber-
cles. Diameter of peristome much greater than that of the apical disk.

This Recent species, which is abundant in the living fauna of the
West Indies, has not been previously recorded as occurring fossil in
that region. Two finely preserved tests in the U. S. National Museum
are clearly referable to the species. The larger of the two measures
17 mm. in height, 29 mm. in diameter; width of ambulacrum at
the mid-zone 4 mm. ; width of interambulacrum at the mid-zone 13 mm.
The diameter of the periproct is 11 mm. and the diameter of the peris-
tome is 14 mm. There are 6 or 7 plates in each interambulacral
column, and the same is true of the smaller specimen.

Cidaris tribuloides is close to C. melitensis, but differs from that
species as there described, the main features of difference being the
narrow ambulacra, crowded ambulacral pores, and the greater diameter
of peristome than apical disk in tribuloides. This species occurred
in the same lot with Echinomeira prisca and Echinoneus cyclostomus,
both of which are found in the Oligocene of Anguilla, all as stated
under those species.

Miocene (?), Santiago de Cuba, received January 29, 1910, 2 com-
plete tests and 3 fragmentary tests, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 5255,
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328221.

Order CENTRECHINOIDA Jackson, 1912.
Suborder AULODONTA Jackson, 1912.
Family PEDINIDZ Gregory, 1900.
Genus ECHINOPEDINA Cotteau, 1866.

Type species.—Echinopsis gacheti Agassiz, 1846, Catalogue Raisonné,
Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. 6, p. 355.

Echinopedina cubensis Cotteau.

(Plate 2, Figure 1.)

Echinopedina cubensis Cotteau, 1881, Annal. Soc. Géol. de Belgique, vol. 9, p. 9, plate 1,
figs. 1 to 6; 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 16, plate 2, figs. 1 to 6.

Regular Echini other than the Cidaroida appear to be extremely
rare as fossils in the West Indies, while a few have been described

24 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

by Cotteau, in the collections that I have seen, only two species occurred,
namely, Echinometra prisca and one other which is provisionally placed
here.

The specimen here described is so much worn that it is not certain
what the species is, yet it shows a good many characters worth record-
ing. Test circular, low, rounded, dome-shaped, flattened on the lower
side; ambulacral plates narrow, compound; the pores in arcs of 3
pairs to each plate; interambulacra twice the width of the ambulacra
‘at the mid-zone. The surface of the test is so worn that while sutures
can be made out, no external characters are retained. Genital and
ocular plates are in place, and though indistinct, the genitals appar-
ently meet in a ring, shutting out the oculars from the periproct.
Height of specimen ,13 mm., diameter 29 mm.

Miocene, Gurabo formation, Rio Gurabo, above Gurabo Adentro,
District of Monte Christi, Dominican Republic; T. W. Vaughan and
C. W. Cooke collectors, May 1919, 1 specimen, U. S. Geol. Sur.
station 8547, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 328232. Cotteau gives as locality
in his original description, Cienfuegos, Cuba, and ascribes this species
to the Eocene.

Family HEMICIDARIDE Wright, 1857.
Genus CODIOPSIS Agassiz, 1840.

Type species —Echinus doma Defrance, 1825, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol.
37, p. 101.
Codiopsis arnaudi Cotteau.

Codiopsis arnaudi Cotteau, 1862-67, Paléontologie Francaise, vol. 7, p. 786, plate 1192,
figs. 12 to18; 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 14, plate 1, figs. 10 to 15.

This species was originally described from the Cretaceous of France.
I have not seen any West Indian material, but Cotteau ascribes to
this species a specimen from the Cretaceous of Santa Lucia, Province
of Santa Clara, Cuba.

Suborder STIRODONTA Jackson, 1912.
Family SALENIIDZ Duncan and Sladen, 1887.
Genus SALENIA Gray, 1835.

Type species—Cidarites scutigera Miinster in Goldfuss, 1829, Petre-
facta Germaniz, vol. 1, p. 121, plate 49, figs. 4a, 40.

Salenia scutigera (Miinster).

Cidarites scutigera Miinster, loc. cit.
Salenia scutigera Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 8, plate 1, figs. 1 to 3.

To this species, described from the Cretaceous of Europe, Cotteau
refers a single specimen from the Cretaceous of Santa Lucia, Province
of Santa Clara, Cuba, Coll. Comisi6n del Mapa Geoldégico de Espafiia.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CENTRECHINOIDA. 25

Family PHYMOSOMATIDZ Meissner, 1903.
Genus PHYMOSOMA Haime, 1853.1

Type species—Cidaris konigii Mantell, 1822, Geology of Sussex,
p. 189.

Phymosoma cubense (Egozcue).

Cyphosoma cubense Egozcue in Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 12,
plate 1, figs. 4 to 9.

Cretaceous, ingenio Concepcién de Montalvo, Cienfuegos, Province
of Santa Clara, Cuba, very rare, collection of Comisién del Mapa
Geoldgico de Espafia, Madrid.

Suborder CAMERODONTA Jackson, 1912.
Family ECHINOMETRIDZ Gray, 1855.
Genus ECHINOMETRA Gray, 1825.

Type species —Echinus lucunter Linné, 1758, Sys. Nat., ed. 10, p. 665.

Echinometra prisca Cotteau.
(Plate 1, Figures 21 to 24.)

Echinometra acufera Guppy (non Blainville), 1866, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol.
22, p. 299.

Echinomeira prisca Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 12,
plate 1, figs. 19 to 27. Guppy, 1882, Scient. Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 195.

The following is an extract from the original description of this
species:

Species of relatively small size, elongate, oblique. Upper face moderately
swollen, lower face slightly hollowed. Ambulacral areas straight dorsally,
subundulate at the ambitus and ventrally. Pores small; rounded, in arcs
of 3 or 4 pairs. Ambulacral areas wide, with 2 rows of tubercles which are
strongly mammillate, regularly disposed, diminishing in size toward the
peristome and apical disk. Space between the 2 rows of tubercles occupied
by some granules irregularly disposed. Interambulacral areas with 2 rows
of prominent tubercles similar to those of the ambulacral areas, a little
more developed, however, especially dorsally. Accompanying these primary
tubercles are 4 rows of secondary tubercles, 1 on each side of the ambulacral
areas and 2 in the miliary zone. The secondary tubercles, which are much
smaller than the others, especially those which occupy the middle of the
miliary area, form incomplete ranges, a little irregular, which disappear
dorsally and before arriving at the peristome. The granules which accom-
pany these are very unequal and are placed without order, tending, how-
ver, to group themselves around the tubercles of the upper side. Peristome
Sit large, subcircular, a little oval, with weak cuts, strengthened on the

order.

The largest specimen from Anguilla measures 16 mm. in height,
33.5 mm. in length, and 27.5 mm. in width. A smaller specimen, very
well preserved, also from Anguilla, measures 11 mm. in height, 24.5

1 The name Cyphosoma for the genus was preoccupied for Coleoptera and the name Phymosoma
of Haime was substituted by A. Agassiz, Revision of the Echini, pt. 1, p. 151.

26 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

mm. in length, and 19 mm. in width. The large specimen mentioned
shows the auricles extending vertically and joined in suture over the
ambulacrum as usual in the genus. The species superficially resem-
bles Echinometra lucunter, which is abundant in the living West Indian
fauna, but so far has not been found fossil. It differs strongly in that
lucunter has pore-pairs in arcs of 7 to 8 pairs in each plate, whereas
prisca has only 3 or 4 pairs to a plate. Some specimens show 3 only,
as far as preserved, others show 3 or 4 pore-pairs, and a specimen from
Cuba (station 5255) shows 4 pairs to a plate throughout. Cotteau’s
figure 22 of an ambulacrum, enlarged, shows 3 pore-pairs only to a
plate. The ambulacra in /ucunter widen to the peristomal border,
whereas in prisca they become narrow at this area. These two are
sufficient characters to separate the two species, which at first sight
look alike.

Echinometra prisca with its few pore-pairs is a very primitive species
in the genus, being comparable to the young of lucunier and other
species. Moreover, it is the only species of the genus occurring fossil,
as far as I am aware. The Recent species of Echinometra have from
4 to 8 or 9 pore-pairs to a plate, and it is most interesting that this
fossil species with only 3 or 4 pairs to a plate makes such an approach
to the next lower family, the Echinidez, which is characterized by 3
pore-pairs to a plate.

The feature of the pore-pairs in the ambulacral plates of Echinomeira
prisca, as described, is in direct accord with the important principle
that in a genetic series the characters in the young of a higher group
and also in the geologically oldest members of the higher group make
a close approach to the characters of the adults of a more primitive
group in a phylogenetic series.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, island of Anguilla, Guppy collection
ex Cleve, 8 specimens, cotypes, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115398. Anguilla,
Guppy collection, 4 specimens, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115414. Road
Bay, south side, near western end of point on north side of Bay,
Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 1 specimen, U. S. Geol.
Sur. station 6969a. Geologic age doubtful, Santiago de Cuba, 1
specimen, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 5255, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 328222.
Cliff face, east shore of Guanica Harbor, Porto Rico, 300 feet south of
small cave of station 341; the beds are a shaly limestone, somewhat
stratified, 1 specimen, C. A. Reeds collector, station 375, Expedition
of the New York Academy of Sciences, the Porto Rican Government
and the American Museum of Natural History codperating.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—HOLECTYPINA. 27

IRREGULAR OR EXOCYCLIC ECHINI.

THE EXOCYCLOIDA,

While the regular or endocyclic Echini occurring fossil in the West
Indies are very rare for the most part and represented by but very
few species outside of the Cidaridz, on the other hand the exocyclic
Echini are abundant in species and often in individuals. With but
few holectypoids, the clypeastroids are abundant in species and in-
dividuals, and there are many species of spatangoids.

Clypeastroids usually have thick, solid tests well adapted for pre-
servation as fossils; but spatangoids, on the other hand, often have
thin, delicate tests which, as fossils, are frequently crushed beyond

recognition.
Key to the West Indian Fossil Suborders of Exocycloida.
Peristome central, jaws present.
Ambulacral plates compound or largely simple, areas non-petaloid dorsally; ambitus

oval or circular, but test when circular is not discoidal............ HOLECTYPINA

Ambulacral plates simple, areas petaloid dorsally; when the ambitus is circular the
Te a Pare was ica s wiela 64s tie Fp Sse hs Gesle oF a0 nis ¢ CLYPEASTRINA
PNUNGTNNIE COCEMOFIG, WILGOUL TAWO ie Ss cd. oc elec ks lee weeds case cewecccees SPATANGINA

The Holectypina are represented in the fossil West Indian fauna
by only 3 genera and the same number of species. The Clypeastrina
are represented by 8 genera and numerous species. The Spatangina
are represented by 19 genera and numerous species.

Order EXOCYCLOIDA Jackson, 1912.
Suborder HOLECTYPINA Gregory, 1900.

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Holectypina.

Ambitus oval; periproct marginal or supramarginal.................... Conulus antillensis
Ambitus circular; periproct on oral surface.
Test high, vertical diameter not much less than horizontal diameter; periproct
broadly oval. Genital 2 much larger than other genitals.... Lanieria lanieri
Test depressed, vertical diameter only about 60 per cent of horizontal diameter;
periproct narrowly elliptical. Genital 2 not much larger than other
MI Be DRE Reieie W)t'0sicpiaiie 9 ¢.<\pe.n'a Vie edule ,«)9/ Kea His ec Discoidea decorata

Genus CONULUS Leske, 1778.

Type species —Conulus albogalerus Leske, 1778, Add. ad Klein, p. 98.
The name Echinoconus, a pre-Linnzan name, gives way to Conulus
Leske, which is the name first used after Linnzeus. Galerites of Lamarck
is the same thing, but is a later name than Conulus and therefore be-
comes a synonym.
Conulus antillensis (Cotteau).
Echinoconus antillensis Cotteau, 1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 13, plate 2, figs.
1, 2; 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 21, plate 3, figs. 1, 2.
Cotteau says that this species is known only from a single specimen,
which he attributes to the Cretaceous. Cienfuegos, Cuba, collection
of M. Moens, in Lede.

28 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Genus LANIERIA Duncan, 1889.

Type species—Echinoconus lanieri Cotteau, 1881, Ann. Soc. Géol.
Belgique, vol. 9, p. 11.
Lanieria lanieri (Cotteau).
(Plate 2, Figures 2 to 5.)
Echinoconus lanieri Cotteau, 1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 11, plate 1, figs.
7 to 13. A. Agassiz, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 10, No. 1, p. 88. Cotteau,
1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 19, plate 2, figs. 7 to 13.
Lanieria lanieri Hawkins, 1913, Geol. Mag., vol. 10, p. 200, figs. a, B.

The following is an extract from the original description of this
species:

Species of small size, high, circular, globular; upper face rounded, some-
times subconical; lower face flattened around the peristome. Ambulacra
straight, a little more than half the width of the interambulacra; ambulacral
pores very small, close together, separated by a small elevation, very directly
superposed, showing toward the ambitus and as far as the peristome a
tendency, more or less pronounced, to group themselves in triple pairs.
Tubercles small, crenulate, perforate, increasing in size on the ventral
face, disposed in horizontal and vertical series, somewhat irregular, and
the number varying with the size of the individual. The space between
the tubercles is occupied by granules grouped around the scrobicules.
Peristome small, circular, central; periproct large, elliptical, acuminate
on its adapical border, situated on lower face, very near the peristome.
Apical disk prominent, pentagonal, with very large genital pores; the
madreporite extending to the center of the disk which it fills; ocular plates
small, triangular, separating the genitals and broadly in contact with the
extended madreporite.

Of this very pretty species there are 4 specimens in the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences. The largest of these measures 18 mm.
in height and 23 mm. in diameter. Another,and more globular speci-
men measures 17 mm. in height and 19.5 mm. in diameter. This
species has been attributed to d’Orbigny, who gave the name Galerites
lanieri on plates of fossils of Cuba, but as Cotteau says that the plates
were never published, it is evidently a manuscript name and the species
should be attributed to Cotteau as above. Hawkins gives an inter-
esting study of this species, and selects one of Cotteau’s figured speci-
mens as the type. This specimen, which was in the Dewalque collec-
tion, is now in the British Museum (E. 4570).

Cretaceous, Cuba, T. A. Conrad collector, 4 specimens, Philadelphia
Academy Nat. Sci. No. 1505. There is no detailed locality with the
Philadelphia specimens, but Cotteau gives the locality Cienfuegos,
Cuba, which in his original publication he considers Eocene. In the
Spanish report, however, he refers it to the Cretaceous. He cites
material from the collections of Dewalque in Liége, Vidal in Barcelona,
Cotteau in Paris, and Comisién del Mapa Geolégico in Madrid. A.
Agassiz lists the species as occurring in the Miocene of Guadeloupe,
which is probably a mistake.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CLYPEASTRINA. 29

Genus DISCOIDEA Gray, 1825.
Type species —Echinites subuculus Leske, 1778, Add. ad Klein, p. 107.

Discoidea decorata Desor.

Discoidea decorata Desor, 1842, Monog. des Galerites, p. 63, plate 8, figs. 1 to 3. Cotteau,
1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 23, plate 12, figs. 1 to 7.

Occurring in the Cretaceous of Europe, this species is also found
fossil in the West Indies.

Cretaceous, Cienfuegos, province of Santa Clara, island of Cuba.
Many specimens in the collection of Comisién del Mapa Geoldégico
de Espafia, Madrid.

Order EXOCYCLOIDA Jackson, 1912.
Suborder CLYPEASTRINA Gregory, 1900.
Key to the West Indian Fossil Genera of Clypeastrina.
Test without lunule or marginal slits.

Madreporic pore single, test very small and flattened...................008- Sismondia
Madreporic pores several or many.
Poriferous areas of petals divergent, not incurved distally........ Anomalanthus

Poriferous areas of petals more or less incurved distally.
Test high, or if flattened, with thickened margins; petals broad, often rounded or
truncate at tip; auricles separate................0-.e00+ Clypeaster
Test flat; auricles fused into one piece.
Petals narrow and pointed.

Genital pores 5... . Laganum
EO ge oot EO aR eR AA ALE eG AN Peronella
Petals wide, blunt, more or less widely open at tip.............. Echinarachnius

Test flat, with lunules or marginal slits and notches.
Genital pores 5; test tending to be heavy, and lunules (or marginal notches) wide.. Encope
Genital pores 4; test very flat, tending to be fragile, with lunules narrow......... Mellita

Of the genera of the Clypeastrina found fossil in the West Indies,
the following number of species have been recognized:

Under Sismondia there are 2 fossil species (see Key, p. 29).

Under Anomalanthus there is only 1 fossil species, Anomalanthus gregoryi.

Under Clypeaster there are 19 fossil species (see Key, p. 32).

Under Laganum there is only 1 fossil species, Laganum elongatum.

Under Peronella there is only 1 fossil species, Peronella mirabilis, sp. nov.

Under Echinarachnius there is only 1 fossil species, Echinarachnius sebastiani, sp. nov.
Under Encope there are 2 fossil species (see Key, p. 50).

Under Mellita there is only 1 fossil species.

Family FIBULARIID Gray, 1855.
Genus SISMONDIA Desor, 1858.

Type species—Scutella occitana Defrance, 1827, Dict. Sci. Nat.,
vol. 48, p. 231.

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Sismondia,

Test very flat, petals somewhat pointed at tip............ccccccccesececcucs S. antillarum
Test moderately high (height equals one-third of length); petals blunt, open...... S. anguille

30 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Sismondia antillarum Cotteau.
(Plate 2, Figures 6, 7.)
Sismondia antillarum Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 17,
plate 3, figs. 1 to 4.

The following is an extract from the original description of this
species:

Species of small size, rounded, slightly pentagonal, a little angular anteri-
orly. Upper face nearly flat, thickened on the border, subdepressed around
ambulacral petals; apical disk central. Ambulacral petals short, narrow,
subcostulate, closed at the tips. Ambulacral pores very unequal, the internal
rounded, the outer narrowed, oblique, elongate. Beyond the petals the
pores are no longer visible, but reappear on the ventral side, though few
and rare. Tubercles of small size, numerous, crowded, homogeneous.
Periproct circular, nearer to the posterior border of the test than to the
peristome, which is not preserved in the single known specimen.

The material in the U. S. National Museum consists of one quite
complete specimen, evidently the original of Cotteau’s figures, and
a fragment, about one-half of a test. Cotteau says there is only one
specimen, so this second one may have come in later. The complete
specimen measures 3.25 mm. in height, 13.5 mm. in length, and 13 mm.
in width through ambulacra II and IV. These measurements are
slightly greater than those given by Cotteau, but in a number of
specimens measured I do not find that my measurements quite agree
with his. The specimen does not show the genital and ocular pores,
but a pit, dorsal to interambulacrum 2, appears to be the single madre-
poric pore which is characteristic of the genus.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy
collection ex Cleve, the holotype, the original of Cotteau’s figures, and
an additional fragmentary specimen, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115394.

Sismondia anguille Cotteau.
(Plate 2, Figures 8, 9.)

Sismondia anguille Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 18,
plate 3, figs. 5 to 8.

Sismondia antillarum Brown, 1914 (non Cotteau), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia,
vol. 65, p. 601.

The following is an extract from the original description of this
species:

Species of small size, rounded, slightly oval, a little angular anteriorly;
upper face convex, lower face depressed, concave in the middle. Apex
central. Ambulacral petals relatively large, subcostulate, open at their
tips. Ambulacral pores very unequal, the inner ones rounded, the outer
narrow, oblique, and very elongate. At some distance from the border
of the test the pores cease to be petaloid, becoming equal, rounded, and
disposed in oblique pairs. They are not visible on the lower side of the
test. Tubercles are crowded, abundant, homogeneous. Periproct circular,
situated about halfway from the peristome to the posterior border of the
test, but a little nearer to the Jatter. Peristome rounded, opening in the
middle of the lower face in a deep depression.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—-CLYPEASTRINA. 31

The specimen measures 3.5 mm. in height, 10.5 mm. in length
through ambulacrum III and interambulacrum 5, and 10 mm. in
width. The genital pores were made out above the interambulacra
2, 3, and 4, but did not show in area 1, where one doubtless existed. The
genital pore is absent in area 5 as a typical character. The ambulacral
pores on the ventral side are indicated in Cotteau’s figure 7, but he
states in the text that they are invisible on the lower side, and I could
not perceive any trace of them. This species is easily distinguished
from antillarum by its more elevated test and open petals.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, island of Anguilla, Guppy collection
ex Cleve, 1 specimen, the holotype, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115421. Antigua
formation, Willoughby Bay, Antigua, A. P. Brown collector, 1913,
2 specimens, Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. No. 1662.

Family CLYPEASTRIDZ A. Agassiz, 1873.
Genus ANOMALANTHUS Bell, 1884.

Anomalanthus Bell, 1884, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, p. 43, plates 2, 3.

Type species —Echinanthus tumidus Tenison-Woods, 1878, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S. W., vol. 2, p. 169.

This genus, Anomalanthus, is based on a Recent species from Aus-
tralia, but of somewhat doubtful locality. This Recent species with
the following are the only species so far attributed to the genus.

Anomalanthus gregoryi Lambert.

Anomalanthus gregoryi Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l’Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, p.
27, plate [unnumbered], figs. 1, 2.

The following is a description of this species:

Test large, ovoid, subhemispherical, 177 mm. in length, 101 mm. in
width, and 57 mm. in height. Apical disk slightly anterior. Ambulacral
petals very long, widely flaring, ventrally moderately concave, peristome
inframarginal.

‘As the petals, though very flaring, curve in slightly at the distal
ends in A. gregoryi, also as the periproct is inframarginal, it is doubtful
if the species should be referred to Anomalanthus. In the type of
that genus the petals are flaring and straight throughout and the peri-
proct is marginal, both of which characters distinguish Anomalanthus
from Clypeaster. While gregoryi is very close to Anomalanthus, it
seems to have characters of both the allied genera.

“Miocene,” Antigua. Lambert says that the matrix differs from that
of other “Miocene” [Oligocene] Echini of Antigua and indicates a
different bed, J. W. Gregory collector, 1899, collection of British
Museum.

32 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Genus CLYPEASTER Lamarck, 1801.

Type species—Echinus rosaceus Linné, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 665.

The genus Clypeasier is represented by many species, 19 occurring
fossil in the fauna of the West Indies. The species have so much
variation, and the characters of different species run so close, that
Doctor Clark’s expert opinion in diagnosing them has been of the great-
est value in describing the material and arriving at conclusions as to
what should be considered as distinct species.

Many fossil species have been described by Cotteau and other
authors from this region, but it has been found necessary to add 5
new ones to include material that could not find a place in those already
described. On account of the closeness and difficulty of identifying
species of Clypeaster, I have given under each species the essential
diagnostic characters, even where there were no available specimens.

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Clypeaster.

1. Oral surface of the test deeply concave.
A. Poriferous areas of petals more or less incurved at tip, often nearly or quite closing
petal; if petals are widely open, the interporiferous area is broadly
obovate.
B. Petals more or less obovate; interporiferous area near proximal end only about
half as wide as it is where widest.
C. Mouth and apical system approximately central.
D. Width of test 85 per cent of length, or less.
E. Test not excessively arched nor interporiferous areas remarkably swollen.
F. Petals more or less widely open... .......-.2-eseeeeeccecceees C. rosaceus
FF. Petals more or less nearly closed.
G. Test with a more or less evident flat area, distal to petals; poriferous
areas, especially of petals II and IV, rather markedly wider near
tips, which bend in somewhat abruptly and nearly meet.... C. concavus
GG. Test more uniformly arched, with no flattened area distal to petals;
poriferous areas not markedly widened near tips, which, after
bending inwards, turn abruptly outwards and run parallel for a

short distance. ......2cccss ase be cams ena see ahem One T eae C. caudatus
EE. Test excessively arched and interporiferous areas remarkably swollen.. C. dalli
DD. Width of test 90 per cent of length, or more.........-..00-00eeeeee C. cubensis

CC. Apical system distinctly excentric posteriorly, mouth perhaps posterior;
petals very large, posterior pair reaching nearly to the ambitus.. C. parre
BB. Petals long, elliptical; interporiferous areas not twice as wide distally, or near
middle as proximally.
H. Test narrow anteriorly, its width just in front of petals II and IV
about 70 per cent of length; petaloid area small, its length about
60 per cent of test length; tips of petals II and IV nearly closed
and rather abruptly so, as though pinched together........ C. lanceolatus
HH. Test in front of petals II and IV with width about 80 per cent of
length; petaloid area large, with its length about 70 per cent of
test length; tips of petals II and IV more or less widely open.. C. antillarum
AA. Poriferous areas of petals not strongly incurved at tip; petals widely open.
7. Petals rounded and poriferous areas incurved at tip, at least a little.
J. Sides of interporiferous areas convex, converging slightly near tip.
K. Petals all marked with distinct furrows connecting the pores of a pair, test

more or less arched; test margin moderately thin...... C. planipetalus
KK. Petals very indistinct, with furrows connecting pore-pairs shallow, or nearly
wanting; test flat with very thick margin............ C. cryptopetalus
JJ. Sides of interporiferous areas nearly or quite straight and even a little diverging e
ft GomMe Cases. oso. hoes tse ene stains Ob 465 Sane Seistels ms C. cotteaui
iI. Petals truncate and poriferous areas more or less so.
L. Petaloid area two-thirds of test length. .........0.0 eee e ee ee ee eeeees C. batheri

LL. Petaloid area distinctly more than two-thirds of test length.......... C. parvus

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CLYPEASTRINA. 33

Key to West Indian Fossil Species of Clypeaster—Continued.

2. Oral surface of test slightly concave or flat, with mouth more or less sunken.
M. Test convex, sloping upward more or less uniformly from the thick margin.

N. Height of test equal to or exceeding one-half its width................ C. duchassaingi
NN. Height of test not more than one-third its width ...............45--005 C. ambigenus
MM. Test flattened; if petaloid area is elevated, it does not slope upward evenly
from margin.
O. Test with thin, uniformly sloping margin.
P. Test very flat, with flush petaloid area. ....... 0.62 ee cece eee eens C. placentoides
PP. Test not flat, its petaloid area conspicuously elevated............ C. meridanensis
OO. Test with very thick, more or less swollen margins.
Q, Oral surface distinctly Concave. ... 0... lic ois es ese edlnen ene ene C. oxybaphon
SE CORN MUNI DUTTOCEIY FSC ow. occa ab cemineanss game pnens C. platygaster

Clypeaster rosaceus (Linné).

Echinus rosaceus Linné, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 665.

Clypeaster rosaceus Lamarck, 1801, Anim. sans Vert., p. 349. Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com.
Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 29, plate 5, figs. 1 to 5. Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc.
d’Agric. de l’Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, p. 19.

The following is a description of this species:

This well-known living species, occurring abundantly in the Recent
fauna of the West Indies, also occurs fossil in the same region. Test very
large, pentagonal in outline, the sides and posterior end being somewhat
concave, the anterior end bluntly pointed, and margin thick. The upper
surface is convex, very variable in the height and width of the test, but
Dr. H. L. Clark says he has never seen a specimen in which the width
equaled 85 per cent of the length. The under surface is flat near the margin,
but deeply concave to the peristomal opening. The ambulacral petals
are very broad, usually strongly elevated. The interporiferous area is
almost always markedly obovate, especially in the anterior petals II and
IV. In the poriferous areas there are 6 to 9 primary tubercles on the ridges
between the pore-pairs. The interambulacral areas are very narrow, espe-
cially at the margin. Apical disk is central, peristome pentagonal, central,
at the bottom of the deep central cavity; periproct small on the ventral
side, but near the posterior border of the test.

A very fine large specimen, collected by Mr. Mitchell in Porto Rico,
gives the following measurements: height, 45 mm.; length through
ambulacrum III and interambulacrum 5, 132 mm.; width, 107 mm.

This species seems to be peculiar in its distribution as a fossil. It is
quite abundant in Porto Rico and is reported by Cotteau from Cuba,
but excepting Lambert’s I do not know of definite records of fossil
material from other islands of the West Indies. It is such a
massive, solid species it should have been preserved if it had occurred.

Desor (1858, Synopsis des Echinides, p. 244) notes that rosaceus
occurs fossil and says “Des Antilles et de la Guadeloupe. Trés abon-
dant.” It seems that this has reference, however, to the abundance of
the living form in that region rather than as a definite locality for the
fossil. He gives the name Clypeaster incurvatus Desmoulins (which is
a nomen nudum) as a synonym of C. rosaceus.

34 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Miocene (?), from a solid buff limestone along south coast of Porto
Rico, about 5 miles west of Ponce, in what is called Culebrinas Point;
this limestone is exposed in a bluff over 50 feet high; 3 fine specimens.
Station 37/5, Graham John Mitchell collector, 1917. Mr. Mitchell
had charge of the Ponce District in the Survey work of 1917. Ponce
Chalk, Government Road, Ponce to Penuelas, km. 1, collected from
embankment 200 feet long on north side of the road, Porto Rico, 1 fine
specimen, station 285. Ponce limestone, cliff bank, north side of Ponce
to Penuelas Road, km. 2, about 5 km. west of Ponce, Porto Rico, 1
specimen, station 299. Same data, 2 specimens, station 301. Material
from the Porto Rico stations 285, 299, and 301 collected by C. A. Reeds,
on Expedition of the New York Academy of Sciences, the Porto Rican
Government and the American Museum of Natural History codp-
erating.

The locality given by Cotteau is calcareous concretions, Bellamar, in
the Province of Matanzas, Cuba. He does not give any geological
horizon, but says the specimen he figured is in the collection of the
Comisién del Mapa Geolédgico de Espafia. Lambert reports this
species from Anguilla and says the matrix is a calcareous tuff very
different from that of the Miocene species and evidently is Pliocene;
J. W. Gregory collector, 1899, specimen in the British Museum.

Clypeaster concavus Cotteau.

(Plate 2, Figures 10 to 12.)

Clypeaster ellipticus Guppy (non Michelin), 1866, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22,
p. 299.

Clypeaster concavus Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 16,
plate 2, figs. 4to 8. Guppy, 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 195.
Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 36, plate 7, figs. 4 to 8.
Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l’Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, p. 18.

Echinanthus concavus Gregory, 1895, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 51, p. 295.

Diplothecanthus concavus Brown, 1914, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 65, p. 600.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of medium size, narrowed and rounded anteriorly, wider and
subtruncate posteriorly, upper face more or less swollen, sometimes sub-
convex, always thinning posteriorly, ventral side strongly depressed.
Apical disk nearly central. Ambulacral areas wide, swollen, strongly
petaloid. Petals nearly closed at the tips, unequal, the anterior petal III
being longer and narrower than the other four. Poriferous areas very
much developed, having their greatest width toward the tips of the petals,
formed of pores distinctly unequal, united by a groove. In the part where
the poriferous areas are the widest, the ridges of the test which separate
the grooves contain each a series of 10 or 12 small tubercles. Peristome
narrow, subpentagonal, opening in the excavation of the lower side. Peri-
proct small, rounded, near the posterior border of the test, from which
it is separated by a narrow band of test. Apical disk stelliform, with 5
genital pores.

A large specimen in the U. S. National Museum, Cleve collection
(No. 115375), measures 21.5 mm. in height, 73 mm. in length, and 58.5

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CLYPEASTRINA. 35

mm. in width. A larger and very perfect specimen (No. 115376) from
Anguilla measures 25 mm. in height, 100 mm. in length, and 84.5 mm.
in width. Clypeaster concavus is very near to C. rosaceus, but in the
latter the petals are always well open, often very widely so, while the
test is usually at least one-third as high as it is long. In concavus,
however, the petals are nearly closed and the test is not one-third as
high as it is long. There are small (young) specimens of rosaceus that
are very close to concavus, which suggests a genetic connection between
the species. Cotteau’s figures show the petals in concavus more widely
open and blunter than they are in the specimens. This species has been
found at a number of localities in the West Indies and is represented by
many specimens in the U. S. National Museum.

A small specimen of this species, collected at Arroyo Blanco, near
Cevicos, Dominican Republic, by Messrs. Cooke and Ross, is of
interest as being a four-rayed individual. There are 4 petals dorsally
and, as far as can be made out, the specimen is completely four-rayed
throughout (plate 2, fig. 12). This tetramerous variant falls under the
system No. 4, in Jackson’s study of tetramerous Echini (Phylogeny
of the Echini, p. 38).

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, island of Anguilla, Guppy collection,
1 specimen, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115373. Anguilla, Guppy collection,
2 specimens, labeled C. ellipticus Mich. =concavus Cotteau, U.S. Nat.
Mus. No. 115374. Anguilla, Guppy collection ex Cleve, cotype, labeled
as original of Cotteau’s plate 2, figures 4 to 8, U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
115375. Anguilla, Guppy collection ex Cleve, cotype, U. S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115376. Cotteau mentions, besides the Cleve collection, having
material from the museums of Stockholm and Upsala. Anguilla,
Guppy collection, bearing the original label C. ellipticus and on the
reverse C. concavus, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115377.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, Crocus Bay, roadside descent to
Crocus Bay from Valley, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 1
specimen, U.S. Geol. Sur. station 6893. Crocus Bay Bluff, southwest
side, 125 feet above sea-level, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914,
2 specimens, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6967. Anguilla, several speci-
mens, British Museum, reported on by Lambert. Arroyo Blanco,
Cevicos limestone, near Cevicos, Dominican Republic, Cooke and
Ross collectors, 1 four-rayed specimen, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328233,
and 4 fragments, U.S. Geol. Sur. station 8598. Jique de la Argolla,
Rio Seco de San Antonio, Guantanamo, Cuba, C. T. Ramsden collec-
tion, 1 young specimen. Limestone escarpment northwest of Utuado,
Porto Rico, Arecibo formation, H. E. Anthony collector, 2 specimens,
station 554, Expedition of New York Academy of Sciences, the Porto
Rican Government and American Museum of Natural History
coéperating.

Gregory reports having this species from Antigua. Dr. A. P.

36 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Brown says that C. concavus is the commonest echinoid in the Antigua
white limestone (Antigua formation) and was found in great numbers
at Hodges Bay, Antigua (4 specimens in Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci.,
No. 1658); along the shore at Willoughby Bay, Antigua (9 specimens,
Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., No. 1659); and at High Point, Antigua.
Oligocene, Havana, Cuba, from de la Torre collection, 1 specimen,
Mus. Comp. Zoél. No. 3233. Cotteau, in his Spanish report, gives the
horizon as “Miocene” and the localities, Province of Santa Clara, also
ingenios San Marco and San Lino and Cienfuegos, Cuba, collection of
Comisién del Mapa Geoldégico de Espafia, Madrid.

Clypeaster caudatus, new species.

(Plate 3, Figures 1, 2.)

The following is a description of this species:

This species, while near to others, has features which distinguish it from
rosaceus and concavus. ‘The test is massive, quite uniformly arched, but
with rather a gradual slope from the apical disk to the anterior border of
the test, and posteriorly a less marked slope to the rather abruptly truncated
posterior border. The outline of the test is rounded anteriorly; posteriorly
it is abruptly rounded and truncated, even slightly reéntrant on the median
line. The ambulacral petals are very broad and long, nearly closed at the
tips and pinched up so that the interporiferous area at the end of the petal
terminates in a tail-like tip, especially in ambulacra I, V and II, lV. The
anterior petal III is longer than the anterior pair II and IV and is of the same
length as the posterior pair I and V. The anterior petal III at its broadest
part has the same width as petals II and IV, but is distinctly narrower than
petals I and V. The interporiferous areas of the petals are wide and only
very slightly raised above the general outline of the test. The apical disk
is nearly central and the 5 genital pores are clearly shown in the holo-
type. As the ventral side of the test is hidden in both specimens, no
observations can be made on the peristome, periproct, or other ventral char-
acters. Both specimens are so worn that the tubercles are largely eroded
away, but dorsally where visible they are numerous and closely associated.
Ventrally the tubercles are somewhat larger and very densely crowded,
so that there is almost no intertubercular tissue.

The holotype measures about 45 mm. in height, 141 mm. in length
and 121 mm. in width. A smaller specimen, the paratype, measures
25 mm. in height, 80 mm. in length, and 70 mm. in width. Clypeaster
caudatus is very near to C. concavus; the small specimen differs only
in the more markedly arched test and in the fact that the tips of the
petals are pinched together and pulled out distally.

Miocene, Gurabo formation, or the Mao Adentro limestone, Rio
Gurabo, near Los Quemados, not in place, probably from Zone C,
Dominican Republic, Dr. C. J. Maury collector, 1907, holotype,
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328235. Paratype with same locality and data,
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328236.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CLYPEASTRINA. 37

Clypeaster dalli (Twitchell).
(Plate 4, Figure 1.)

Diplothecanthus + dalli Twitchell, in Clark and Twitchell, 1915, Monograph U. S. Geol. Survey,
vol. 54, p. 218, plate 99, figs. 2a, b; plate 100, figs. 1a, b.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Test large, pentagonal in outline, longer than broad, widest across the
Jine of ambulacral petals II and IV; pointed anteriorly, posterior end
truncated; upper surface irregularly convex, high, highest back of the
center, thence sloping in a straight line to the blunt tumid anterior edge,
and quite steeply and in a straight line to the thinner wedge-shaped pos-
terior edge; the under surface deeply concave. Ambulacral petals large,
broad, very tumid, almost reaching to the margin, nearly closing distally;
the posterior pair slightly longer than the odd anterior petal, which is
slightly longer than the anterior pair. Apical system central, sloping
downward anteriorly; 5 genital pores a slight distance from the slightly
depressed madreporite. Peristome large, a little excentric posteriorly,
subpentagonal, deeply sunken; ambulacral furrows simple, straight,
reaching the margin. Periproct rather large, subcircular, inframarginal.

The specimen in hand, from the Dominican Republic, measures
60 mm. in height, 125 mm. in length, and 108 mm. in width across the
line of ambulacra II and IV. The height is not far from half the
length of the test, the same feature being indicated by Twitchell’s
measurements of his type material. Clypeaster dalli is a well-marked
species on account of its highly swollen petaloid areas, but it is to be
remarked that some specimens of C. rosaceus are noticeably swollen.
This seems to be just one of those cases in which, among nearly related
species, the individual variant of one species takes on the character
typical of an allied species. This species was described by Twitchell
from the Pliocene, near Fort Thompson, Caloosahatchee River,
Florida. The type material, collected by Dr. William H. Dall, is in the
U. S. National Museum, No. 164670.

Miocene or Pliocene, Gato, on the southern side of the island,
Dominican Republic, given to Dr. Carlotta J. Maury by the late
Sefior Rodolfo Cambiarso, of Santo Domingo; Miss Maury very
kindly gave it to the National Museum, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 328234.

Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau.

Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 6.;
1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. de Belgique, vol. 9, p. 16; 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol.
Espafia, vol. 22, p. 33, plate 6, figs. 1 to 5.

This species, of which no material has been available, seems to be
valid, as it is remarkably wide in proportion to its length and has very
large petals.

Miocene (?), Matanzas, Cuba, collections of Cotteau in Paris and of
Comisién del Mapa Geélogico de Espafia, in Madrid.

| Dr. Hubert Lyman Clark (The Genera of Recent Clypeastroids, 1911, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 8, vol. 7, p. 600) does not recognize Duncan’s Diplothecanthus as a distinct genus.

38 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Clypeaster parre Desmoulins.

Erizos petrificados Antonio Parra, 1787, Descripcién de diferentes piezas de Hist. Nat. del
ramo maritimo, Havana [Cuba], p. 181, plate 65, fig. 2.

Clypeaster parre Desmoulins, 1835-37, Etud. sur les Echin., pp. 218 to 219. Michelin, 1861,
Monog. des Clyp. fossiles, Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, vol. 7, p. 112, plate
14, figs. 2a to e. Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 31,
plate 11, figs. 1 to 5.

This species, of which I have not seen material, is well marked by
the excentric position posteriorly of the apical system and the exces-
sively large petals. Cotteau says that neither the mouth nor peri-
proct was preserved in the specimen from which Michelin described
the species. The mouth (in a posterior position) and periproct are
indicated in Cotteau’s cross-section, plate 11, figure 2, but in view of
his statement, this figure must be considered schematic.

According to Michelin, this species is found in the Tertiary and
littoral formations of the islands of Cuba and Guadeloupe, Michelin
collection.

Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau.
(Plate 4, Figure 2.)
Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 39, plate 9,
figs. 1 to 3. Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d'Agric. de l'Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, p. 24.

Jackson, 1917, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, p. 490, plate 62, figs. 1,2; 1919, Bull.
103, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 104, plate 46, figs. 1 to 2.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Test oval, upper face moderately elevated, lower face concave; the 5
ambulacral furrows are well marked from the peristome to the border.
Ambulacral areas are petaloid, slightly elevated, lanceolate, almost closed
at the tips. Poriferous areas are narrow, depressed, terminating in a closed
point, each of the plates bearing 5 or 6 tubercles. Peristome subpentagonal.
Periproct circular, distinctly near the border of the test. Vertex central.
Apical disk not visible, as the test is worn away at that point.

The specimen in the American Museum measures about 25 mm. in
height; the length is doubtful, as it is broken away posteriorly, but it
would, as estimated, measure about 120 mm. in length and 98 mm. in
width. Cotteau gives as the measurements of his type specimen,
height, 21.5 mm.; length, 86 mm.; width, 65 mm. (?). The width in
his measurements is queried, as the specimen is incomplete on one side.
The New York Museum specimen is therefore distinctly larger than
the type, but seems to be clearly referable to this species. Clypeaster
lanceolatus is near to C. antillarum, but it has a relatively smaller
petaloid area, more elevated petals, and is more deeply concave ven-
trally than is antillarum.

This species is credited to Azpeita by Cotteau, but it is a purely
manuscript name with Azpeita and should be credited to Cotteau, who
first published it.

Oligocene, Havana, Cuba, not far from the university buildings; 1
specimen, collected by Barnum Brown, American Museum Natural

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CLYPEASTRINA. 39

History, No. 18577. Cotteau gives his type as from the “Miocene,”
Matanzas, Cuba, very rare; collection of Comisién del Mapa Geolégico
de Espafia. Lambert reports specimens from the “Miocene” of Antigua,
collected by J. W. Gregory, 1899, collection of British Museum. It
is of interest that this species, as described by Jackson, occurs in the
Oligocene, Emperador limestone, of Las Cascadas, Panama, U. S.
Nat. Mus. No. 324452; also at a nearby locality opposite Las Cascadas,
Gaillard Cut, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 324451.

Clypeaster antillarum Cotteau.
(Plate 5, Figures 1, 2.)

Clypeaster antillarum Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 15,
plate 2, figs. 1 to 3. Guppy, 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 195.
Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa, Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 35, plate 7, figs. 1 to 3.
Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l'Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, p. 25.
Echinanthus antillarum Gregory, 1895, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 51, p. 295. Non
Cotteau, see p. 56.
Diplothecanthus antillarum Brown, 1914, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. 65, p. 601.
The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of large size, subpentagonal, a little angular anteriorly, truncated
squarely posteriorly; upper face moderately swollen, thick and subsinuous
on the border; lower face nearly flat in the inframarginal region, strongly
concave in the middle, marked with 5 ambulacral grooves, which are pro-
nounced at some distance from the border and descend in to the peristome.
Apical disk subcentral, a little posterior to the center. Ambulacra swollen,
strongly petaloid, scarcely open at their extremities, unequal, the anterior
ambulacrum longer and narrower than the others; poriferous areas very
wide, with pores rounded, united by a groove; interporiferous areas rela-
tively little developed. Peristome subpentagonal, deeply sunken. Periproct
small, near the border, subelliptical in the transverse diameter.

One splendid specimen in the National Museum measures 33.5 mm.
in height, 123 mm. in length, and 112 mm. in greatest width across
ambulacra I] and IV. This species is undoubtedly near to rosaceus,
but the form of the interporiferous areas is entirely different. Besides
the type in the Cleve collection, 2 fine specimens from Cuba in the
American Museum are ascribed to this species.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, island of Anguilla, Guppy collection
ex Cleve, holotype, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115390. Disintegrated lime-
stone near asylum in quarry near Guajay, 15 miles southwest of
Havana, Cuba, 2 specimens, American Museum of Natural History,
No. 18578. Consolacién del Sur, Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba,
collected by the alcalde, 1901, U.S. Geol. Sur. station 3474. Gregory
reports this species from Antigua in 1895, it, with C. concavus, he says,
being the most typical species of the West Indian Oligocene. Dr. A. P.
Brown collected a specimen which he identified as antillarum in the
Antigua formation at Willoughby Bay, Antigua; it is rather indis-
tinctly preserved and is in the Philadelphia Academy Natural Sciences,
No. 1660. Lambert tentatively refers to this species a rather imper-

40 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

fect specimen from the “Miocene” of Antigua, collected by J. W.
Gregory in 1899, collection of British Museum. Cotteau ascribes the
species to the “Miocene” and gives the locality as San Martin, Province
of Matanzas, Cuba.

Clypeaster planipetalus Cotteau.
(Plate 6, Figures 1, 2.)

Clypeaster planipetalus Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 38, plate 8,
figs. 1 to 4.
The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Test medium-sized, elliptically subpentagonal, truncate posteriorly,
elongate anteriorly. Upper side moderately elevated, lower side moder-
ately concave. Ambulacral areas petaloid, open at the distal ends. Porif-
erous areas with round pores united by shallow furrows. At the distal
ends of each poriferous area the internal pores are almost united with the
external, coming together in an irregular manner. On each of the ridges
which separate the ambulacral furrows is a band of tubercles, 4 or 5 in
number, on the outer broad part of each area. Tubercles small, abundant,
somewhat larger on the lower side, showing between them fine granulation.
Madreporic plate decagonal in form, porous, bulky, including almost the
whole of the apical disk. The 5 genital pores, rather large, appear on the
border of the madreporite. The ocular plates, somewhat triangular, show
a little pore on their outer border. Peristome invisible in the specimen
described. Periproct small, a little separated from the margin.

There is quite a series of specimens of this species from Antigua. The
best-preserved one, which is figured, measures 88 mm. in length, 78 mm.
in width, and about 30 mm. in height. This specimen is proportion-
ately much wider than typical. The apical disk is a little anterior
to the center of the test, as it is also in Cotteau’s figure, although
he does not mention it in his text. This specimen has 6 tubercles
on the ridges between the ambulacral furrows instead of 4 or 5 as
described in the type, but other specimens show fewer than 6.

Oligocene, Antigua formation, from bluff on north side of Willoughby
Bay, Antigua, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1 figured specimen, U. S.
Nat. Mus. No. 328237. Also, with same data, 8 specimens, U.S. Geol.
Sur. station 6881, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 328238. Cotteau records this
species from the “Miocene” of ingenio San Lino, Province of Santa
Clara, very rare, collection of Comisién del Mapa Gedélogico de Espafia.

Clypeaster cryptopetalus, new species.
(Plate 6, Figures 3 to 5.)

The following is a description of this species:

Test rather small, elongate, subpentagonal, thick on the margins, flattened
above, moderately concave below. Much longer than wide. The speci-
mens, excepting one, are not at all compressed or worn, being in excellent
condition of preservation, so that the shape and characters can not be
ascribed to wear. The ambulacral petals are almost perfectly flush with
the surface and are extraordinarily inconspicuous. This is due to the

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CLYPEASTRINA. 41

flushness and the shallowness of the pore-pair furrows. Petals open at
the tips. Apical disk in the center of the test. The peristome doubtless
is central in position, but is not visible. Tubercles are well preserved,
rather scattered dorsally, closely associated ventrally. Periproct small,
situated on the ventral side, 3 mm. from the posterior border of the test.

The holotype measures 21 mm. in height, 68 mm. in length, and 58 mm.
in width in the plane of ambulacra II and IV, which is the widest part
of the test. The petals of ambulacra II, III, and IV give closely the same
measurements, namely, 21 mm. long by 12 mm. wide at the widest part;
petal I is in part hidden, but petal V, the left posterior, measures 27 mm.
in length by 13 mm. in width.

This species is readily distinguished by its flattened, biscuit-like
form and the almost invisible character of the petals.

Oligocene, Antigua formation, Rifle Butts, Antigua, T. W. Vaughan
collector, February 1914, 3 specimens, all very well preserved, U. S.
Geol. Sur. station 6854; the holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 328239,
and 2 paratypes, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328240. Base and western slope
of Friar’s Hill, Antigua, T. W. Vaughan collector, February 1914, 1
specimen, much worn, U.S. Geol. Sur. station 6856. The stratigraphic
position of the horizon at which these specimens were collected is near
the bottom of the Antigua formation.

Clypeaster cotteaui Egozcue.
(Plate 6, Figures 6 to 8.)

Clypeaster cotteaui Egozcue in Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 40,
plate 10, figs. 1 to 4. Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l’'Aube (Troyes), vol.
79, p. 24.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Test of moderate size, oval, a little narrowed anteriorly, upper surface
slightly convex. Margin thick and rounded. Lower surface concave,
with ambulacral furrows which expand and deepen as they approach the
mouth. Peristome pentagonal. Periproct circular, slightly separated from
the margin. Apex nearly central, very little excentric anteriorly. Apical
disk small, with madreporite constituting a relatively large star. Ambulacral
areas superficial, petals truncate and very open at the distal tips. Poriferous
areas a little depressed and very characteristic, the inner series of pores
curving and converging near the apex of each ambulacrum, below which
they make a nearly straight line to the distal tips, but converging. The
outer series of pores curve throughout their whole length, forming in the
extreme tip a curve of less radius, converging to meet the inner series; as
a sort of termination, 4 pores, smaller and elongated, form an irregular
quadrilateral. Each poriferous plate has 6 tubercles.

The specimen figured measures 20 mm. in height, 65 mm. in length,
and 52 mm. in width in the line of ambulacra II and IV. The ambula-
cral petals I, V, and III measure 22 mm. in length and ambulacral
petals II and IV measure somewhat less, 18 mm. in length. Petals I
and V measure 14 mm. in width, but petals II, III, and IV are some-
what narrower, measuring only 12 mm. in width. The periproct is 3
mm. from the posterior border of the test.

42 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

This species is markedly peculiar in its very widely open petals, the
nearly straight line of the inner rows of pores, and the 4 pores situated
below the tips of the petals. In the photographic figure these peculiar
pores are seen well below the posterior pair of petals I and V.

Oligocene, from place of Marco Sanchez, at the base of Monte Toro,
northwest of Guantanamo, Cuba, C. T. Ramsden’s collection. Jamaica,
1 specimen, purchased of Ward, Mus. Comp. Zodl. No. 3255. Cotteau
gives as rare in the “Miocene” of Matanzas, Cuba, collection Comisién
del Mapa Geolégico de Espafia. Lambert reports a single badly
distorted specimen from Antigua, collected by J. W. Gregory in 1899,
collection of British Museum.

Clypeaster batheri Lambert.

Clypeaster batheri Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l'Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, p. 26,
plate [unnumbered], figs. 3 to 7.

The following is a description of this species:

Species of medium size, longer than wide, depressed, oval, narrowed
anteriorly, subtruncate posteriorly. Upper face moderately convex, ventrally
widely and deeply concave. Petals wide open, with a tendency to narrow
toward the extremities. The type measures 52 mm. in length, 44 mm. in
width, and 15 mm. in height.

Lambert compares this species with C. cotteaui, from which he
distinguishes it by its form more elongate, its petals longer and less
open, and pores more widely spaced. It differs also in that cotteau
is high and rounded on the margin, whereas batheri is low on the
margin. It differs from C. parvus in that the petals are proportionately
very much longer in that species.

Lambert refers this species to the “Miocene” [Oligocene] of Antigua,
collected by J. W. Gregory in 1899, collection of British Museum.

Clypeaster parvus Michelin.

Clypeaster parvus Michelin, 1861, Mon. Clyp. Foss., p. 117, plate 19, figs. 2a tof. Cotteau,
1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 41, plate 15, figs. 1 to 3. Lambert,
1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l’Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, p. 23.

Cotteau in his synonymy refers this species to Duchassaing 1847,
Agassiz 1847, and Desor 1858; but in these several references the name
is a nomen nudum, as there is no adequate description. Michelin is
clearly the first describer of the species. I have not seen any specimens
of this species and it may only represent the young of C. cofteawi or C.
planipetalus, but the very truncate petals and poriferous areas indicate
that it is distinct. In the Revision of Echini, Mr. Agassiz considers
parvus a synonym of rosaceus, presumably thinking it the young of
that species, but comparison with young rosaceus (12 to 30 mm.) shows
that this is not the case, the petals being perfectly distinctive.

Cotteau says that it occurs in the white littoral tuff of Guadeloupe,

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—-CLYPEASTRINA. 43

where it is not rare; also in the vicinity of Havana, Cuba, where it is
rare, collection of Comisién del Mapa Geoldégico de Espafia. Lambert
reports a single badly preserved specimen from Antigua, which from
its association with Clypeaster lanceolatus and Echinolampas lycopersicus
he attributes to the “Miocene” [Oligocene], collected by J. W. Gregory
in 1899, collection British Museum.

Clypeaster duchassaingi Michelin.

Clypeaster duchassaingi Michelin, 1861, Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, ser. 2, vol. 7, p. 107, plate
9, figs. a to g.

Test convex, sloping upwards from its thick margin, differs from C.
rosaceus and ellipticus by its flat base and petals not swollen.

Michelin gives as “formations madréporiques,” Guadeloupe, Antilles.

Clypeaster ambigenus (Lamarck).

Scutella ambigena Lamarck, 1816, Anim. sans Vert., vol. 3, p. 12.
Clypeaster ambigenus Blainville, 1834, Manuel d’Actinolgie, p. 216. Michelin, 1861, Mém.
Soc. Géol. de France, ser. 2, vol. 7, p. 113, plate 15, figs. 1a to f.
The following is a description of this species:

Test low, rounded, flattened on base. Differs from rosaceus by its flat-
tened base and large tubercles around the peristome.

Michelin says: “formations modernes et madréporiques,” Guade-
loupe. He says it also occurs in the “Eocene” of Jacksonboro, Georgia.

Clypeaster placentoides, new species.
(Plate 7, Figures 1, 2.)

The following is a description of this species:

This species is represented by 2 individuals, a larger and a smaller, the
latter resting on the dorsal face of the larger, as shown in the figures. The
test is ovally rounded, a little longer than wide, thin, biscuit-like in shape,
being very much flattened dorsally. The margin is relatively thin and the
ventral side as far as shown on the larger specimen is very flat. The apical
disk is central in position, but no details of structure are preserved. Ambu-
lacral petals are nearly flush with the surface, rounded and moderately
open at the distal ends. Poriferous areas sunken, the inner and outer rows
of pores curved in outline. Furrows connecting the pores are moderately
deep, with 3 or 4 tubercles on the intermediate ridges. Tubercles are
small dorsally, larger and more densely associated on the ventral side.
Periproct round, very near the posterior border of the test, as shown well
on the larger specimen.

The larger specimen (on which the smaller rests, as seen in Plate 7,
figs. 1, 2) measures 75 mm. in length, 65 mm. in width, and about
14 mm. in height. The periproct is only 1.5 mm. from the posterior
border of the test. This larger specimen shows something of the flat-
ness of the lower side and tubercles on the same, but does not show the
peristome or ambulacral furrows which are hidden by the matrix. The
smaller specimen measures 54 mm. in length, 48 mm. in width, and

44 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

about 7 mm. in height. The ambulacral petals are visible on this
smaller specimen only. Petals I, V, and III measure 14 mm. in length
by 8 mm. in width. Petals II and IV measure 12 mm. in length by
8 mm. in width. R

Clypeaster placentoides is near to the Recent West Indian C. depressus
in-some particulars, but the petals are rounded at the tips, not bluntly
pointed as in subdepressus. Also, the petals are flat, not markedly
arched. The test is much thicker at the edge than in a specimen of
subdepressus of the same size.

Oligocene, El Jique de la Argolla, about 2 miles from San Antonio
Central, northeast of Guantanamo, Cuba, C. T. Ramsden’s collection.

Clypeaster meridanensis Michelin.

Clypeaster meridanensis Michelin, 1850, Revue et Mag. Zodl., vol. 2, p. 240; Mém. Soc.
Géol. de France, ser. 2, vol. 7, p. 136, plate 14, figs. 1a to f. A. Agassiz, 1883, Mém.
Mus. Comp. Zo@l., vol. 10, No. 1, p. 89.

Test elevated dorsally, but very flat on base.

Michelin gives only Tertiary in the environs of Merida, Yucatan.
A. Agassiz, however, records the species as “Miocene,” Guadeloupe.

Clypeaster oxybaphon,' new species.
(Plate 7, Figures 3, 4; Plate 8, Figures 1 to 3.)

The following is a description of this species:

Test low, pentagonal in outline, elongate anteriorly, truncate poste-
riorly; thick and rounded on the margin, depressed in a dish-like fashion
dorsally, and in the center of the dish the proximal portion of the petals
with the apical disk rise in a slight eminence, moderately concave ventrally.
Ambulacral petals slightly raised above the general surface of the test;
petals gently rounded, but open at the distal tips. Poriferous areas are
sunken; the pores are connected by well-marked furrows, the ridges between
which bear 8 or 9 small tubercles. The outline of both the inner and outer
poriferous areas present a gentle curve from the base to the distal end.
Petals I, V, and III are closely of the same length and width; II and IV
are shorter, but of about the same width as the others. The apical disk
is central in position, genital pores are large and sunken. Periproct well
removed from the posterior border of the test. Ambulacral grooves are
strongly marked, deepening toward the centrally placed mouth. Tubercles
are small, closely associated, and somewhat larger and more crowded on
the ventral side.

The holotype measures 116 mm. in length, 102 mm. in width across
ambulacra II and IV, and about 17 mm. in height. Another and more
elongate specimen from Porto Rico measures 130 mm. in length,
91 mm. in width, and 24 mm. in height. In this specimen the periproct
is 4 mm. from the posterior border of the test.

Clypeaster oxybaphon is very different from any other Recent or

1 é£v84¢wyv =a shallow dish or saucer.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CLYPEASTRINA. 45

fossil West Indian Clypeaster, approaching nearest to C. platygaster,
the next-described species, but it differs from that in that platygaster
is perfectly flat ventrally, whereas oxybaphon is concave. C. oxybaphon
resembles C. reticulatus (Linnzeus) of the Indo-Pacific region in test
form, but has very different petals.

Oligocene, Antigua formation, from bluff north side of Willoughby
Bay, Antigua, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914; U. S. Geol. Sur.
station 6881, 4 specimens; the holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 328241;
the paratype figured in plate 8, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 328242; and two
additional paratypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 328243. Rifle Butts, Anti-
gua, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1 specimen, U.S. Geol. Sur. station 6851.

Oligocene, cliff face, east shore Guanica Harbor, Porto Rico, 300 feet
south of small cave (of station 341), beds of shaly limestone somewhat
stratified; 8 good specimens, including those figured on plate 7,.
figures 3 and 4, which are in the American Museum Nat. Hist. Nos.
18567 and 18568; also some 50 fragmentary specimens, numerous
stations under this locality, stations 368, 369, 371 to 375, 377, 380.
East shore of Guanica Harbor, Porto Rico, from small cave in Tertiary
limestone, dip 3° 10’ south, 4 specimens, stations 341, 345, 346. White
gray ledge, capping top of hill, 1 km. distant and south 37° east of
Guanica central mill, Porto Rico, 1 good specimen and 8 fragments,
stations 355, 356. Juana Diaz shales, ford on Jacaguas River, 1 km.
northwest of Juana Diaz, Porto Rico, 4 fragments, station 185. All
above Porto Rican material collected by C. A. Reeds on Expedition of
the New York Academy of Sciences, the Porto Rican Government and
American Museum of Natural History coéperating.

Clypeaster platygaster,! new species.
(Plate 9, Figures 1, 2.)

The following is a description of this species:

Test elongate, pentagonal, drawn out anteriorly; truncate posteriorly,
with thick, rounded margin. Dorsally the test is depressed in a saucer-
like fashion, in the middle of which the center of the test rises to a moderate
elevation above the outline of the thickened margin. Ventrally the test
is perfectly flat, a marked distinction from the preceding species, C. oxy-
baphon. ‘The apical disk, which is very small, does not show structural
detail. It is situated almost in the center of the test, but about 3 mm.
nearer to the anterior border than it is to the posterior. Ambulacral petals
are very broad, moderately elevated above the general surface, nearly
closed at the tips. The petals are all of very nearly the same width, but
III is the longest. The posterior pair I and V are shorter and the anterior
pair II and IV are still shorter. The poriferous areas of the petals are very .
wide, sunken, and strongly marked; the furrows connecting the pores are
deeply incised, and the ridges between bear about 10 small tubercles at
the widest part. The interporiferous areas are remarkably attenuated.
The ambulacral furrows on the ventral side are strongly marked, deepening

larharbs flat; yaornp belly.

46 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

to the peristomal border. The peristome is round, excentric, being 8 mm.
nearer to the anterior than to the posterior border of the test. Periproct
on the ventral side is situated 5 mm. from the posterior border of the test.
The tubercles are small, widely spaced on the dorsal side, somewhat larger
and more crowded on the ventral side.

This species is known only from the holotype, which is a beautifully
preserved specimen. It measures 22 mm. in height, 108 mm. in length,
and 84 mm. in width across ambulacra II and IV, which is the widest
part of the test. The ambulacral petal III measures 40 mm. in length;
petals I and V measure 37 mm. and petals II and IV measure 30 mm.
in length; they all measure 18 mm. in width at the widest part.

Clypeaster platygaster is well characterized as a species by the excep-
tionally flat ventral surface, the nearly closed petals with very broad
poriferous areas, and the remarkable attenuated interporiferous areas.
Another marked distinction of the species is the deeply depressed
dorsal area surrounding the only slightly elevated central part of the
abactinal surface.

This species bears considerable resemblance to C. oxybaphon, but
differs in the relative size and shape of the petals, and differs markedly
in that platygaster is perfectly flat ventrally, while oxybaphon is con-
cave. Clypeaster platygaster also resembles Laganum elongatum, but
in C. platygaster the petals are not sharply pointed distally, the porif-
erous areas are very much wider, and the test is flat ventrally. In
Laganum elongatum, on the other hand, the petals are sharply pointed
distally, the poriferous areas of the petals are narrow, and the test is
concave around the peristome.

Oligocene, Havana, Cuba, not far from the university buildings;
the holotype and only known specimen, collected by Barnum Brown,
American Museum of Natural History, No. 18569.

Family LAGANIDZ Desor, 1857.
Genus LAGANUM Gray, 1825.

Type species—Echinodiscus laganum Leske, 1778, Add. ad Klein,
p. 140.

The genus Laganum among Recent species is an Indo-Pacific type
in its distribution, but fossil species have been referred to the genus
from Europe and North America as well as the Far East. It is inter-
esting that a West Indian fossil species has been described. The
resemblance of Laganum to Clypeaster is very marked, but the test in
Laganum is very flat, never highly arched. The petals are pointed at
the tips and the auricles are fused into one piece, whereas in Clypeaster
the test is more or less high and usually arched, the petals are rounded
at the tips, and the auricles which give attachment to lantern muscles
are separated, not fused. Laganum also closely resembles Peronella,
but Laganum has 5 genital pores, or in one Recent species 6 genital

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CLYPEASTRINA. 47

pores, whereas Peronella has only 4 genital pores, the pore being

absent in area 5.
Laganum elongatum Egozcue.

Laganum elongatum Egozcue, in Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22,
p. 26, plate 4, figs. 1 to 4.

I have not seen a specimen of Laganum elongatum. It is a relatively
large species; Cotteau says 16 mm. in height, 74 mm. in length, and
55 mm. in width. It is flat, but high and rounded on the borders.
Ventrally it is flat near the border, but deeply hollowed around the
peristome. The ambulacral petals are narrow, acuminately pointed,
with narrow poriferous areas. The apical disk is not known in the
species, but it is assumed that it had 5 genital pores. If 4 only existed,
then it would be referred to Peronella instead of Laganum. —

Cotteau refers the single specimen described to the “Miocene,” from
the environs of Matanzas, Cuba, collection of Comisién del Mapa
Geolégico de Espajia, Madrid.

Genus PERONELLA Gray, 1855.

Type species —Laganum peronii Agassiz, 1841, Monographies
d’Echinodermes, Scutelles, p. 123.

The genus Peronella as well as Laganum among Recent species is an
Indo-Pacific type in its distribution. It is therefore very interesting
to find the genus represented fossil in the West Indies. It may be
pointed out that of the 6 species referred to Laganum in Clark and
Twitchell’s memoir (1915, Mon. U. S. Geol. Sur., vol. 54), each is
described as having 4 genital pores and might therefore be properly
referred to Peronella rather than Laganum.

Peronella mirabilis, new species.
(Plate 9, Figure 3.)

The following is a description of this species:

Test small, thin, elongate, subpentagonal in outline, dorsally slightly
elevated, with rounded low margin, flat ventrally. Ambulacral petals
are narrow, pointed, but open slightly at the tips. Petals I, V, and III
are of the same length, 6 mm.; petals II and IV are a little shorter, 5 mm.
in length. Poriferous areas are narrow and curved; interporiferous areas
lanceolate, about half as wide again as a poriferous area. Apical disk
anterior, 8 mm. from the anterior border and 9.5 mm. from the posterior
border of the test. Peristome and periproct are invisible, as they are
covered up by matrix on the ventral side. The most remarkable feature
of this species is the tubercles; dorsally there are 6 large, perforate primary
tubercles, sunken in deep pits, the upper part of the tubercles being flush
with the surface of the test; 2 of these large sunken tubercules are situated
in interambulacrum 1 and there are also 2 in interambulacrum 4. In the
anterior interambulacra 2 and 3 there is in each area one of these large
tubercles, a most distinctive and, as far as I know, unique character in
the Clypeastroida.t Secondary tubercles of medium size are scattered over

1 What at first sight looks like a second tubercle in interambulacrum 3, and lying close to the
petal of ambulacrum III, is a local imperfection and not a tubercle.

48 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

the test dorsally; ventrally they are similar, but more closely associated.
There are 4 genital pores, the pore being absent in area 5, as is typical in
the genus. Several madreporic pores exist.

There are 2 specimens of this new species. The larger measures
3 mm. in height, 18 mm. in length, and 17 mm. in width. The fact that
there are only 4 genital pores indicates that this species should be
referred to the genus Peronella.

This species is remarkable in the large primary tubercles which occur
on the dorsal side. The only clypeastroid apparently to which it can
be compared is the Recent Clypeaster lampas H.L. Clark (C. latissimus
A. Agassiz, Blake Echini, plate 15c), in which species there are a number
of large tubercles on the ventral side; but they are not sunken in pits
and are quite numerous instead of very limited in number. A better
comparison structurally of the peculiar large tubercles in Peronella
mirabilis is to compare them with similar tubercles seen in the spatan-
goids Lovenia and the Recent Maretia tuberculata A. Agassiz and Clark
(1917, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 46, No. 2, plate 160, figs. 5 to 7).
In this comparison with spatangoids the similar character is a pure case
of parallelism. ;

The second specimen, which is somewhat smaller and less perfect
than the holotype, is instructive in that it shows a similar distribution
of the large primary tubercles, 2 in interambulacrum 4 and 1 in inter-
ambulacrum 3. They also doubtless existed similarly in interambulacra
1 and 2, but these areas are worn away. This species was associated in
the same lot with Echinolampas ovumserpentis, as collected by J. A.
Bullbrook.

Eocene, San Fernando formation, Vitabella Road, Mount Moriah,
San Fernando, Trinidad, J. A. Bullbrook collector; 2 specimens, U. S.
Geol. Sur. station 8878; the holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 328247;
and a paratype, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 328248.

Family SCUTELLIDZ Agassiz, 1841.
Genus ECHINARACHNIUS Gray, 1825.

Type species ——Scutella parma Lamarck, 1816, Anim. sans Vert.,
vol. 3, p. 11

Echinarachnius sebastiani, new species.
(Plate 7, Figures 5, 6; Text-figure 4.)

The following is a description of this species:

Test very thin, wider than long, flat on the lower side, arched on the
upper side, with very thin margin. Apical disk central. Petals wide,
rounded and open at the distal tips, being wider open in the large specimen
than in the two small ones, which I take to be immature. Surface of the
test closely set with small tubercles. The details of the apical disk can not
be made out, but it is central in position. The periproct is on the posterior
margin in a small reéntrant notch. The peristome is quite hidden by the

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CLYPEASTRINA. ~ 49

matrix in the two smaller specimens, but in the large one it is preserved in
part with traces of the Aristotle’s lantern in what appears to be about the
middle of the test.

The material of this species consists of 2 small specimens and a large
one. The largest is four-rayed and imperfectly preserved, so that
although it is of considerable interest as an abnormal departure from
the typical pentamerous symmetry, I hesitate to make it a holotype.
The holotype selected is the more perfect of the two smaller specimens.
It measures 25 mm. in length, 28 mm. in width, and about 3.5 mm. in
thickness. The other small specimen is nearly of the same size. The
large specimen, which is four-
rayed, is seen from the ventral
side with considerable of the test

broken away, so that it is a com- ’ gil

bination view of the exterior of H

the ventral side and the interior el 9
% in +? gt <<

of the dorsal side. No complete
measurements can be given, but
from the periphery to the center
it measures 47 mm., so that the
whole diameter would be about
twice that amount or in the vicin-
ity of 94 mm. Three ambulacral
petals of the dorsal side are seen F< ies hagas ieee new spe-
viewed from within and the 3 are aa Rha fee

placed at right angles to each other in the plane of their main axes;
that is, they present an angle of about 90° to one another instead
of an angle of about 72°, which is characteristic of the 5 ambulacra
of Echinarachnius and other Echini that are not bilaterally elongate.
This angle of 90° in the specimen in hand indicates clearly that
a fourth petal would complete the circuit of the test. I described
(Phylogeny of the Echini, p. 49) a partially six-rayed Recent Echina-
rachnius parma, but this is the first four-rayed specimen of the genus
known. Six-rayed Echini are exceedingly rare, and I have only seen
6 more or less completely six-rayed specimens in a careful examination
of some 55,000 specimens of Recent and fossil Echini. More or less
completely four-rayed specimens are, however, much commoner. It
may be noted here that a four-rayed Clypeaster concavus is figured
in plate 2, figure 12, and recently I have seen in the Museum of
Comparative Zoélogy a partially four-rayed Clypeaster rosaceus from
the Tortugas, Florida.

Echinarachnius sebastiani finds its nearest allied form apparently in
the Recent Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck). It differs from that
species in that it is wider than long and in the extreme thinness of the
test, especially on its marginal border.

Ceensayeypncm Sarr

* r

oat

50 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Oligocene; the smaller specimens are from the Collazo shales, Collazo
River, 5 km. ‘east of San Sebastian, Porto Rico, collected by Mr.
Rabell; holotype and paratype, 2 specimens, station 116, Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist. No. 18570. The larger four-rayed specimen is from shaly
limestone, Rabell’s Ranch, 11 km. northeast of San Sebastian, Porto
Rico, collected by C. A. Reeds, station 115, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
No. 18571. All are from the Expedition of the New York Academy of
Sciences, the Porto Rican Government and the American Museum of
Natural History coéperating.

Genus ENCOPE Agassiz, 1841.

Type species —Echinodiscus emarginatus Leske, 1778, Add. ad
Klein, p. 136.

As the genera Encope and Mellita are represented in the living fauna
on both the east and west coasts of tropical America, and the genus
Encope is known from several species occurring fossil in the Panama
Canal Zone, it is perhaps singular that so little is known of these genera
as occurring fossil in the West Indies.

I described 3 species of Encope from the Miocene, Gatun formation,
of the Panama Canal Zone as new, namely, E. annectans, platyiata,
and megatrema (1917, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, pp. 489 to 501,
plates 62 to 68). When that paper was published, by oversight an
article by Franz Toula was overlooked (Die jung-tertiaire Fauna von
Gatun am Panama Kanal, Jahrb. Geol. Reichsant., Wien, vol. 61,
pp. 487 to 530, plates 30 and 31, 1911). In his paper Toula described as
new Encope gatunensis. The species I described as platytata is near to
but probably distinct from gatunensis. The similarities are in the
flatness of the test and the narrowness and long posterior extension of
the ambulacral petals I and V. The differences are that the lunule in
interambulacrum 5 is short and rounded in platytata, whereas it is
long and slit-like in gatunensis. Both species are represented only by
fragmentary specimens, platytata being wanting in the posterior
portion of the test and gatunensis wanting in the anterior portion.
Unless further material should prove the identity of these species, it
seems they had best be considered close but distinct.

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Encope.

Test large, longer than wide. .. oso, 0:vwis.s +0 00's Alomsis o«-s)nn dele slay Sinem ene E. ce
Tést small, wider than Tong. 26 )00. od os be tde es wlele s\¢ yp ofele.ale etnee sls Getta tele anenannE E., latus

‘Encope cie de Cortazar.

Encope cie de Cortazar, 1880, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 7, p. 227, plate G, figs.
lato 3a; plate H, figs. 1a, 2a. Cotteau, 1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 17;
1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 44, plate 13, figs. lato 3a; plate 14,
figs. 1a, 2a.

This fine large species, known only from a single specimen, is referred
by Cotteau to the upper “Miocene” of Calabazar, in the environs of

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—CLYPEASTRINA. 51

Havana, Cuba. It is in the collection of the Comisién del Mapa Geolé-
gico de Espajia, Madrid.
Encope latus, new species.
(Plate 7, Figure 7; Text-figure 5.)

The following is a description of this species:

Test thin, very low, with very thin margin, wider than long. There
is an oval, rounded lunule in interambulacrum 5, almost exactly halfway
from the apical disk to the posterior border of the test. Deep notches or
_ emarginations in ambulacra I and V, also II, and by inference in IV as

well, though it can not be actually observed in this last-mentioned area.
The emargination in ambulacrum III is very shallow. The apical disk
is a trifle nearer the anterior border
of the test than the posterior, being
20 mm. from the anterior and 24mm.
from the posterior border. From local
imperfections, details of the apical
disk can not be made out. The ventral
side is completely hidden in the matrix,
so that the character of the peristome
and periproct can not be given. The
ambulacral petals are relatively broad
and rounded. Petals I and V measure
13 mm. in length and are a little
longer than petals II and IV, which
measure 11 mm. in length and evi-
dently are longer than petal III, which, Fic. 5—Encope latus, new species. Holo-
however, can not be measured, as it type, X 1.
is imperfect distally.

The single known specimen measures 43.5 mm. in length, 46 mm. in
width, and about 4 mm. in height. This species is very small and also
extremely thin and light for the genus, and it is not at all impossible
that the specimen described is an immature individual; it is, however,
large enough so that it should have full species characters nearly or
quite developed.

As the genital pores are not made out, it is possible that this species
should be referred to Mellita, which has 4 genital pores, rather than
Encope, which has 5. The specimen, however, has the look of an
Encope, so that it is referred to that genus. Encope latus approaches
E. annectans Jackson, of the Panama Canal Zone, but differs in the
proportionate size of the ambulacral petals, for I and V are the shorter
of all the areas in annectans. It also differs in the size, position, and
depth of the lunule of interambulacrum 5.

Miocene (?) from the “Arecibo” (?) limestone, Government Road,
Aguadilla to Rincon, km. post 10, Porto Rico, 1 specimen, the holo-
type, station 122, American Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 18572, C. A. Reeds
collector, under the auspices of the New York Academy of Sciences,
the Porto Rican Government and the American Museum of Natural
History coéperating.

52 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Genus MELLITA Agassiz, 1841.

Type species —Scutella quinquefora Lamarck, 1816, Anim. sans Vert.,
vol. 3, p. 9=Echinodiscus quinquiesperforatus Leske, 1778, Add. ad
Klein, p. 133.

Mellita species.
(Text-figure 6.)

The following is a description of this specimen:

Test elliptical, a little longer than wide. Very small, low, thin, with
rounded edges. The ambulacral petals are rounded and rather short. A
small oval lunule is in interambulacrum 5, nearer to the posterior border
of the test than it is to the apical disk. There are slight emarginations in
ambulacra I and V, which appear to be the beginnings of lunules formed
by inclusion. The apical disk is central in position, but there are no genital
pores visible, although the specimen is very well preserved. It would seem
that the absence of the genital pores indicates the youth of the specimen.

This specimen measures 7 mm. in length, 6 mm. in width, and
about 1 mm. in height.

Comparing this evidently young individual with
material in the Museum of Comparative Zodélogy,
it is almost identical in structure with very young
specimens of Mellita sexiesperforata (Leske) of about
the same size.

It seems at first sight unreasonable to assume that
the genus Mellita should be represented in the fossil
state in the West Indies only by a specimen of such ;
rarity as a very young individual. The only other ™"%.° {eile spe
reasonable view would be to assume that it is an
adult, or at least relatively much older individual of a very small
species. It would then be most primitive in structure, would not fit
into the genus Mellita or any other genus at present known, and the
absence of genital pores, which is only a youthful character in Echini,
would not be accounted for other than by assuming rather extreme
youth.

Miocene, Mayo Village Quarry (locality 11), Trinidad, F. W.
Penny collector, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 8583, U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
228244.

Order EXOCYCLOIDA Jackson, 1912.
Suborder SPATANGINA Jackson, 1912.

Of the Spatangina, there are many species occurring fossil in the
West Indies, and including those which have been published but of
which I have not seen material, there are more species than of all other
Echini put together. Notwithstanding their relative abundance, the
spatangoids are usually harder to study in that the material has
much thinner tests and is therefore much more fragile and usually is
not as well preserved.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 53

Key to the West Indian Fossil Genera of Spatangina.

1. Interambulacra all approximately alike 6rally, so that there is no sternum developed,
even when the mouth is anterior.
A. Ambulacra not petaloid; test more or less depressed, peristome oblique.
Test elongate, oval in marginal outline................ 060.0 cece eeeee Echinoneus
Test nearly or quite circular in marginal outline....................... Amblypygus
AA. Ambulacra all more or less petaloid.
B. All ambulacra petaloid or subpetaloid abactinally.

Periproct higher than wide, marginal.................0-ceeccceeceeeees Parapygus
Periproct wider than high, submarginal.................00.0000ee00e Echinolampas
BB. Ambulacrum III conspicuously different abactinally from other ambulacra, which
are broadly petaloid.
Ambitus oval or elliptical; petals not tending to close at ambitus........ Asterostoma
Ambitus subcircular; petals closing at ambitus.................00: Pseudasterostoma
2. Interambulacrum 5 conspicuously different orally from the others, forming the so-called
sternum.

A. Apical system elongate; genitals 2 and 3 meeting in mid-line, but separated from
genitals 1 and 4 by oculars II and IV, only a marginal fasciole
aE DCLG CRS cn Css ace oa a.< oa shpat ok-t <x oP etre awld <4 4 sh4 Cardidster

AA. Apical system not as above.
B. No true subanal fasciole, but a lateroanal fasciole is frequently present.
C. Peripetalous fasciole wanting anteriorly as it passes, on side of test, into a mar-
ginal fasciole which runs below the ambitus both anteriorly and

posteriorly.
Ambulacra II and IV scarcely petaloid dorsally, the anterior series of pore-pairs
in each are greatly reduced or wanting. ............0.c0cccecceucees Agassizia
Ambulacra II and IV petaloid; anterior series of pore-pairsnormal........ Prenaster

CC. Peripetalous fasciole complete; no marginal fasciole.
D. Abactinal system ethmophract; no lateroanal fasciole; genital pores 4.. Hemiaster
DD. Abactinal system ethmolytic.
E. Genital pores 4; lateral petals not deeply sunken.

Petals I and V much shorter than II and IV; test very wide........ Paraster
Petals I and V about as long as II and IV; test narrower.......... Periaster
EE. Genital pores 2 or 3; all petals deeply sunken...................000- Schizaster

BB. Subanal fasciole present.
F. No internal fasciole.
G, Petals, at least the paired ones, deeply sunken.

H. Ambulacrum III more or less petaloid, sunken...........-... Brissopsis
HH. Ambulacrum III not petaloid.
I. A distinct anal fasciole present............20.s00eecuees Plagiobrissus

II. No anal fasciole.
Ambulacrum III sunken so that the ambitus is concave anteriorly,

SMM IRN. SoS ahs wad ais s/5.> 4 ods SIERRA «10 Satin chad Macropneustes

Ambulacrum III flush, ambitus anteriorly more or less convex. Brissus

RRND vy wis 's wiv's) ik naselai¥ dials o @iar Aetna mee Eupatagus
Mata PAIIOPEMEE TOSCIOLE PEOMCTIC.. 60. sc aks c os av ndesccccsticcesivccccvas Breynia

Of the genera of the Spatangina found fossil in the West Indies,
the following number of fossil species have been recognized:

Under Echinoneus 2 fossil species (see Key, p. 54).

Under Amblypygus only 1 fossil species, Amblypygus americanus,
Under Parapygus 2 fossil species (see Key, p. 56)

Under Echinalampas 7 fossil species (see Key, p. 57).

Under A sterostoma 2 fossil species (see Key, p. 67).

Under Pseudasterostoma only 1 fossil species, Pseudasterostoma jimenoi.
Under Cardiaster only 1 fossil species, Cardiaster cubensis.
Under A gassizia 2 fossil species (see Key, p. 70).

Under Prenaster only 1 fossil species, Prenaster loveni:

Under Hemiaster 4 fossil species (see Key, p. 73).

Under Paraster 5 fossil species (see Key, p. 75).

Under Periaster only 1 fossil species, Periaster elongatus.

Under Schizaster only 1 fossil species, Schizaster scille.

Under Brissopsis 3 fossil species (see Key, p. 81).

Under Plagiobrissus only 1 fossil species, Plagiobrissus loveni.

54 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Under Macropneustes 2 fossil species (see Key, p. 84).
Under Brissus 2 fossil species (see Key, p. 86).
Under Eupatagus 7 fossil species (see Key, p. 88).
Under Breynia only 1 fossil species, Breynia cubensis.

Family ECHINONEIDZ A. Agassiz, 1881.
Echinoneide A. Agassiz, 1881 = Echinonide Wright, 1855.

Genus ECHINONEUS Leske, 1778.

Type species.—Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778, Add. ad Klein,
p. 109.

There seem to be only 2 species recognizable among the fossil species
of this genus in the West Indies.

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Echinoneus.

Ambitus nearly circular, the shorter diameter being over 90 per cent of the longer. E. orbicularis
Ambitus elliptical, the shorter diameter being less than 90 per cent and usually about 75
per cent of. the longer. ..). 0.50.2 0, OG NGI OU EW clere eal Btale Ce ee aTmnS Oe E. cyclostomus

Echinoneus orbicularis Desor.

Echinoneus orbicularis Desor, 1846, Catalogue Raisonné, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser 3, vol. 7, p. 144.
Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 47, plate 15, fig. 4.

This species is recorded by Cotteau as known fossil in the West
Indies from a single specimen from Recent calcareous concretions in
the island of Cuba. The specimen is in the d’Orbigny collection in
the Paris Museum.

Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske.
(Plate 9, Figures 4, 5.)

Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778, Add. ad Klein, p. 109. Guppy, 1866, Quart. Jour.
Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22, p. 301. Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia,
vol. 22, p. 48, plate 15, figs. 5to9. H.L. Clark, 1917, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoil.,
vol. 46, No. 2, p. 102.

Echi: s semil is A. Agassiz, 1873, Revision of Echini, p. 118; 1883, Mem. Mus.
Comp. Zoél., vol. 10, No. 1, p. 90.

Echinoneus Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 14, plate 1,
figs. 28 to 30.

Echinoneus minor Guppy (non Leske), 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 195.

The following is a description of this species:

Test oval, low, rounded, wider posteriorly than anteriorly. Peristome
strongly elliptical, a little anterior to the middle of the test, set on a slant
from the antero-posterior axis of the test. Periproct large, ovate, broadest
anteriorly, situated halfway from the peristome to the posterior border
of the test. Ambulacra apetaloid, flush with surface, narrow, and broadest
above the ambitus. Poriferous areas are very narrow. Apical system-a
little anterior to the middle of the test, but the details of apical plates or
pores could not be made out. Tubercles small, not very closely associated
dorsally; ventrally more closely associated, as shown in the figures.

This species is represented by a single specimen from Anguilla in the
National Museum. Cotteau says that he had a single specimen in
the Cleve collection from Anguilla, on which his figures were based.
Guppy also had a single specimen from Anguilla, as stated by him in
his published paper. Whether this specimen in the U. S. National

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 55

Museum is the original of Guppy or Cleve is not certain, but it corre-
sponds so well with Cotteau’s figures that it is probably the Cleve
specimen. Somewhat curiously, Cotteau did not feel that he could
give a species name to Echinoneus as he described it on page 14 of the
work cited, for his published figures are very good.

The specimen measures 7.5 mm. in height, 17 mm. in length, and
12.5 mm. in width. It is interesting to find that this species, which is
living at the present time in the West Indian fauna as well as in the
Pacific Ocean, should be found fossil in such comparatively ancient
geological deposits. It was in this species that Mr. A. Agassiz described
(1909, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 28, pp.490 to 492, plate 2) the most interest-
ing fact that the young of Echinoneus has a lantern, it being at present
the only known case of this structure occurring in the spatangoids.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, Anguilla, Guppy collection ex Cleve
(or possibly from the original Guppy collection), 1 specimen, probably
the original of Cotteau’s, 1875, plate 1, figs. 28 to 30, U.S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115402. Santiago de Cuba, 1 specimen, received January 1910,
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328223. Cotteau, in his Spanish report, quoting
A. Agassiz (Blake Echini), says that this species occurs in the Pliocene
of Cuba and Guadeloupe, also the Miocene [Oligocene] of Anguilla.

Genus AMBLYPYGUS Agassiz, 1846-7.

Type species—Amblypygus apheles Agassiz, 1847. Cat. Raisonné,
Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. 7, p. 166.

Amblypygus americanus Desor.
Amblypygus americanus Desor, 1858, Synopsis des Echinides fossiles, p. 256.

The following is a description of this species:

Large species, circular in marginal outline, with high rounded border,
flattened dome-shaped above, concave below, ambulacra wide, 15 mm. at
the ambitus, slightly elevated, non-petaloid, continuous over the border
to the peristome. The poriferous areas of the ambulacra are depressed, 4
mm. wide at the widest part, which is about midway from the ambitus to
the apical disk and from this broadest part narrowing adapically and ado-
rally. The apical disk is small, excentric anteriorly. The peristome is a
little excentric anteriorly and is small, but the outline is not clear on the
plaster cast from which these observations are made. It is, however, doubt-
less obliquely elongate, as in other species of the genus. The peristome is
evidently smaller than the periproct as noted by Desor. The periproct
is large, elongate pyriform, measuring 21 mm. in length and 12 mm, in its
greatest width. The peristome is situated on the ventral surface halfway from
the peristome to the posterior border of the test. Details of the apical disk,
outlines of plates, and tubercles are not distinguishable on the plaster cast.

The specimen measures 37 mm. in height, 93 mm. in length, and
90 mm. in width.

This species was described by Desor, but has apparently never
been figured. He states that the original is in the Michelin collection.
The observations here made are based on a plaster cast bearing the

56 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

original number of “Y. 5,” which is the number given by Desor as
the type of the species. It is from the Louis Agassiz collection, which
was received at the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy in 1859. Duncan
and Sladen (1883, Palzontologia Indica, ser. 14, p. 13) publish some
notes on the species based on a specimen in the British Museum.

This species closely resembles Amblypygus merrilli Twitchell (1915,
Monograph U. S. Geol. Sur., vol. 54, p. 165, pls. 76, 77, 78, figs. 1a
. to 1b), but the test in americanus is much lower, not conical as in mer-
villi. Twitchell described A. merrilli from the Ocala limestone of
Florida, and this formation was then considered as Oligocene. Accord-
ing to latest authority, however (see p. 110), the Ocala limestone is
considered as Eocene.

Tertiary, doubtless Eocene, Jamaica. A plaster cast of the type (orig.
No. Y. 5), L. Agassiz collection, subscription of 1859, Mus. Comp.
Zodl. No. 724.

Family NUCLEOLITIDZE Gregory, 1900.

The family name Nucleolitide is used to replace the old name
Cassidulide, which had to be abandoned, since Cassidulus is pre-
occupied, all as set forth by H. L. Clark, 1917, Mem. Mus. Comp.
Zodl., vol. 46, No. 2, p. 103.

Genus PARAPYGUS Pomel, 1883.
Type species —Botriopygus toucasanus d’Orbigny, 1855, Paléon-
tologie Frangaise, vol. 6, Echini, p. 340, plate 931.
The name Parapygus must replace Echinanthus as used by Desor,
Duncan, Cotteau, and others. For full account of this change, see
H. L. Clark, 1911, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 7, p. 594.

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Parapygus.

Periproct marginal; test about half as high as long; petals tend to close......... P, antillarum
Periproct supramarginal; height of test over 60 per cent of length; petals not tending
POI. 65s 34d Ssiediis stele ahi] S'. Sats chee ees > Maks Wak ees a5 5 eRe P. parallelus

Parapygus antillarum (Cotteau).
(Plate 9, Figures 6 to 9.)

Echinanthus antillarum Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 26,
plate 4, figs. 9 to 12; 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espaifia, vol. 22, p. 52, plate 16,
figs. 1 to 4. Non Gregory, see p. 39.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of medium size, rounded anteriorly, subtruncate posteriorly;
upper face swollen, thick on the sides, subcarinate posteriorly; lower face
nearly flat, a little hollowed antero-posteriorly. Apical disk anterior to
the center. Ambulacral areas petaloid, slightly swollen, fairly broad,
contracting at their tips, the two posterior petals a little longer than the
others. Poriferous areas a little depressed, with unequal pores, the internal
rounded, the external narrow, elongated, and oblique. The poriferous
areas cease being petaloid at a considerable distance from the ventral
border; the pores become very small and disappear among the tubercles,
which are small, crowded, homogeneous, and everywhere very abundant.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATAN GINA. 57

The peristome is excentric anteriorly, stelliform, and is furnished with
a very apparent floscelle. The periproct is narrow, elongate, supramarginal,
opening on the posterior face at the summit of a groove, slightly indicated
and surmounted by a slight expansion of the test.

Height, 25.5mm., length, 48 mm., width, 34mm. These measure-
ments do not correspond very closely with those given by Cotteau, but
the specimen is somewhat distorted and he may have allowed for this.
The sutures of the plates in the type are nearly or quite invisible, as
are also the genital pores. I saw no trace of the ambulacra below the
petals or at all on the ventral side of the test, but the tubercular
ornamentation of the test is clearly preserved.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, cotype, the
original of Cotteau’s figures, Guppy collection ex Cleve, 1 specimen,
U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115417. Two additional specimens, apparently
cotypes, both good for the ventral side showing the peristome, St.
Bartholomew, Guppy collection ex Cleve, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115420.
Cotteau cites specimens from the Eocene of Santa Lucia, Cuba.

Parapygus parallelus (Cotteau).

Echinanthus parallelus Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 53,
plate 12, figs. 8 to 13.

This species is referred by Cotteau to Azpeita, but with him it is
simply a manuscript name with no standing. I have not seen material
of this species, of which Cotteau says it is common in the Eocene
deposits of Santa Lucia, Province of Santa Clara, Cuba.

Genus ECHINOLAMPAS Gray, 1825.

Type species —Echinanthus ovatus Leske, 1778, Add. ad Klein, p. 127.
There are many fossil species of this genus in the West Indies and
the characters run so close they are hard to distinguish. H. L. Clark
(1917, Mem. Mus. Com. Zodl., vol. 46, No. 2, p. 111) also says that the
Recent species of this genus are very hard to distinguish from one

another. None of the fossil species is at all near to the Recent species
of the West Indies.

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Echinolampas.

Size very large; ambitus nearly circular; test high..................00 cece cues E. semiorbis
Size moderate or small; ambitus more or less elliptical or oval.
Lateral margins of interporiferous areas of petals straight and diverging.
Periproct marginal; interporiferous areas of petals flat.................... E. antillarum
Periproct submarginal; interporiferous areas of petals slightly tumid..... E. ovumserpentis
Lateral margins of interporiferous areas of petals convex, converging slightly near the tip.
Test long, narrow; petals, especially the posterior pair, short; peristome anterior,
DOEROCE TOMI RUN E Rd eae ee wie’ dos EE ila vino. cinig, hu pie bss ADA Une cia tid'sacaven E. clevei
Test wider; petals longer; peristome central or subcentral. :
Test more or less flattened, or if high, not at all subconical; petals short, wide, with
unequal or subequal poriferous areas; peristome only a little sunken..E. lycopersicus
Test high and subconical; poriferous areas of lateral petals often quite unequal.
Height of test 60 per cent of length; poriferous areas of posterior petals about
equal; peristome slightly sunken. .............ccevecccscecsecceces ss E.. castrot
Height of test about 50 per cent of length; poriferous areas of posterior petals
quite unequal; peristome deeply sunken................0eeeeeeeee E. anguille

58 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy.
(Plate 10, Figures 1 to 3.)

Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy, 1866, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22, p. 299,
plate 19, fig. 7. Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6,
p. 24, plate 5, figs. 1, 2; plate 6, fig. 1; 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia,
vol. 22, p. 55, plate 17, figs. 1,2; plate 18, figs. 1,2. Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc.
d’Agric. de l’Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, p. 20.

The following is an extract from Cotteau’s description of this species:

Species of large size, subcircular, a little longer than wide; upper face
high, regularly arched, hemispherical; lower face nearly flat, rounded on
the borders, subconcave in the middle. Apical disk nearly central, slightly
anterior. Ambulacral areas are not elevated, but petaloid, nearly straight,
long, widely open at the ends, nearly equal; the posterior pair I and V,
however, a little longer than the others. Poriferous areas very well devel-
oped, a little depressed, with very unequal pores; the internal pores are
rounded, the external long, narrow, and oblique. The poriferous areas
in the anterior ambulacra II, III, and IV cease to be petaloid at a con-
siderable distance from the ambitus. In the posterior ambulacra I and V,
they preserve their petaloid forms a little nearer to the ambitus. Toward
the ambitus and lower face the pores become single, very small, widely
spaced, and scarcely visible among the tubercles. They reappear and
increase around the peristome. Tubercles are strongly scrobiculate, crowded,
similar everywhere, abundant, a little more widely spaced at the approach
to the mouth. [There are minute granules in the intertubercular spaces
on exceptionally well preserved specimens.] Peristome transverse, narrow,
subpentagonal, furnished with a floscelle, opening in the middle of the
depression of the lower face; a little excentric anteriorly, corresponding
in position to the apical disk dorsally. Periproct oval, transverse, infra-
marginal. Apical disk compact, prominent, remarkable for the development
of the madreporite, which fills the middle of the disk. The two anterior
genital pores 2 and 3 are nearer together than are the two posterior pores 1
and 4.

This species is one of the most distinctive of all the species of Echino-
lampas occurring fossil in the West Indies. A fine large specimen in the
U. S. National Museum (No. 115386), labeled as the type, measures
50 mm. in height, 107 mm. in length, and 97 mm. in width. It shows
the ornamentation and ventral characters well, but does not show
suture lines. Another specimen in the U. S. National Museum (No.
115383) is almost an exact duplicate of the above, but is not quite as
well preserved, as some plates are wanting; however, it is better in
some respects, as the madreporite and characteristic 4 genital pores
are clearly preserved and the ornamentation is fine.

This species, semiorbis, is distinguished from the other West Indian
fossil forms by its great.size, high dome-shaped test, and flat base. It is
very abundant in the island of Anguilla, where Guppy says it is used asa
pound weight by the inhabitants. Doctor Vaughan, in collecting at
Anguilla, obtained no less than 34 finely preserved specimens, which are
strikingly alike in form and even in size. The most obvious difference
as a matter of variation is that in some individuals the apical disk is
set farther forward than in others, resulting in a more marked posterior

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—-SPATANGINA. 59

slope of the test from the apical disk to the ambitus. While apparently
most abundant in the island of Anguilla, E. semiorbis has quite a wide
distribution, having been found in Cuba and the Panama Canal Zone.

Cotteau, 1875, gives the locality for this species as St. Bartholomew,
and this is repeated in his Spanish report, 1897. It is, however, an
entire mistake. This error was strongly pointed out by Guppy in
1911.1 Also, Vaughan tells me that no such material is found in St.
Bartholomew. The geological horizon of the rocks in St. Bartholo-
mew is Eocene and the lithological facies is entirely distinct from the
Anguilla rocks. The fossils of St. Bartholomew are dark blue-gray,
whereas those from Anguilla are a light yellowish-buff.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, Guppy collection, cotype, figured by
Guppy in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., plate 19, fig. 7, U. S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115386. Another specimen from Anguilla, Guppy collection, also
labeled as a type [cotype], U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115383. Whether
either of these two specimens is the original of Cotteau’s 1875 figures is
not certain; but the first one mentioned, and here reproduced (No.
115386), may well have been the basis of his published figures. Cotteau
mentions having specimens from Cuba in his own collection. Crocus
Bay Hill, roadside descent to Crocus Bay from Valley, Anguilla, T. W.
Vaughan collector, 1914, 4 specimens, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6893.
Crocus Bay, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 24 specimens,
U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6894. Southwest side of Crocus Bay, 30 to
50 feet above sea-level, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 6
specimens, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6966. Lambert reports from the
“Miocene” of Anguilla numerous specimens of semiorbis in the British
Museum. Oligocene, Finca Carillo, near River Hanabana, El Caimito,
Cuba, from Dr. Carlos de la Torre collection, 1 specimen, beautifully
preserved, Mus. Comp. Zodl. No. 3231.

In addition to the above localities for this species, Cotteau gives
San Martin, Matanzas, Cuba, collection of Comisién del Mapa Geo-
légico de Espafia. It also occurs in the Oligocene Emperador limestone
of the Panama Canal Zone, Las Cascadas, Gaillard Cut, several
specimens, collected by D. F. Macdonald and T. W. Vaughan, U. S.
Geol. Sur. stations 58666 and 6019G.

Echinolampas antillarum Cotteau.
(Plate 9, Figures 10 to 12.)

Echinolampas antillarum Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol 13, No. 6,
p. 19, plate 3, figs. 9 to 12.
Echinolampas ‘pentis Guppy (pars), 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12,
p. 196.
The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of medium size, oval, elongate, rounded anteriorly, subtruncate
posteriorly; upper surface very little swollen, lower face cushion-shaped;

? Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 67, p. 685.

60 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

rounded on the border, concave in the middle. Apical disk subcentral
[anterior to the center]. Ambulacral areas are narrow, elongate, nearly
straight, flush, narrowing at the tips, which, however, are widely open.
The posterior ambulacra I and V are a little longer than the others; porif-
erous areas are narrow, not depressed, with unequal pores; the internal
rounded, the external elongate, narrow, and oblique. The poriferous areas
only cease to be petaloid at a very short distance from the border. Tubercles
are scrobiculate, scattered, abundant, a little less crowded on the upper
face than in the marginal region. Peristome opening in a depression of
the lower face. Periproct transversely elongate, angular, placed very
near the border.

There is only a single specimen in the Washington collection. It
measures 15.5 mm. in height, 33 mm. in length, and 29 mm. in width.
Of this species Cotteau says it is very rare, but he does not say how
many specimens he had, other than mentioning both the Cleve collec-
tion and the Museum at Upsala. The Cleve specimen differs so much
in measurement from Cotteau’s figures, and moreover is so imperfectly
preserved, both dorsally and ventrally, that it is quite probable that
Cotteau figured and made use of the Upsala specimen rather than this
one in his description. This species is very close to Echinolampas
lycopersicus, the similarity being in general configuration, in the
anterior position of the apical disk, and in the large oval periproct.
Cotteau pointed out the resemblance to lycopersicus, but distinguished
it by the fact that the ambulacra are narrower, straighter, longer, and
less petaloid. The test is more concave ventrally and the periproct
is situated farther posteriorly. Guppy treated antillarum as a form of
ovumserpentis, but I think the previous comparison is much closer.
It is to be noted that lycopersicus is from the Oligocene, whereas both
antillarum and ovumserpentis are Eocene.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy
collection ex Cleve, 1 specimen, cotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115401.
The label refers this specimen to Cotteau’s plate 3, figures 9 to 11, but
it seems more likely, from the discrepancies of the specimen and
figures, that these figures were taken from the Upsala Museum
specimen, which Cotteau mentions in his text.

Echinolampas ovumserpentis Guppy.
(Plate 10, Figures 4, 5.)
Eckinolampas ovumserpentis Guppy, 1866, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22, p. 300,
plate 19, figs. 4a, b, 5, 6. Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13,

No. 6, p. 20, plate 3, figs. 13 to 21; 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22,
p. 62, plate 16, figs. 5 to 9.

The following is an extract from Cotteau’s description of this species:

Species of medium size, elongate, narrow, and rounded anteriorly; a
little dilated and truncate posteriorly. Upper face high, more or less
rounded above, sometimes subdepressed, having its greatest height cor-
responding to the apical disk; lower face strongly cushion-like, rounded
on the borders. The apical disk is nearly central, more often a little pos- —

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 61

terior. Ambulacral areas petaloid, subcostulate, very open distally, and
yet contracted a little at the ends. The anterior ambulacrum III longer,
straighter, and narrower than the others; the anterior pair II and IV is
shorter than the posterior pair. Poriferous areas strongly developed, with
very unequal pores, the internal rounded, the external long, narrow, and
transverse. Near the ambitus the areas cease to be petaloid and the pores are
reduced, as in all species of Echinolampas, to single series ranged obliquely
and scarcely visible in the midst of the tubercles; the poriferous areas
then converge in nearly a straight line to the peristome, around which,
without being very numerous, the pores appear to draw together and in-
crease a little. Tubercles are strongly scrobiculate, homogeneous, and
disposed without order, everywhere very abundant. Peristome relatively
large, subpentagonal and angular [sunken, opening a little posterior to or]
in the middle of the lower face. Periproct small, subcircular, inframarginal,
a little removed from the posterior border. The apical disk is compact,
slightly developed, and prominent. The madreporite is very extended,
forming a large part of the apical disk. Four genital pores, very open;
the anterior pair nearer together than the posterior pair. Ocular plates
are angular, very small, in direct contact with the madreporic plate.

This species is very abundant in Trinidad and St. Bartholomew.
Measurements are taken from a Trinidad specimen in the collections
of the U. S. National Museum (No. 115389). Height, 19 mm., length,
42 mm., width, 33 mm.

A large and very beautiful series of specimens from Trinidad, col-
lected by J. A. Bullbrook, are fine for a study of variation and for
structure as well, as they are beautifully preserved. Some of these are
broad and flattened, strongly resembling /ycopersicus; others are high
and rounded, as is typical of the species. The material came in after
this manuscript was finished and too late to make use of it further
than by this brief note.

A large collection of specimens of this species made by Vaughan in
St. Bartholomew, with other material, gives good opportunity for
seeing the range of variation in this species, which is considerable.
Some are wide and quite flat, others narrow, elongate, rounded, and
high; the apical disk is quite uniformly close to the center of the test
or a little posterior.

Echinolampas ovumserpentis approaches nearest to lycopersicus of
all the West Indian fossil species, but is distinguished from that by
a number of characters. In ovumserpentis the apical disk is central
or slightly posterior; the ambulacral petals are truncate and extend
nearer to the ambitus; the tuberculation is coarser, with tubercles
relatively farther apart. There are typically 3 tubercles in a line across
the interporiferous area of an ambulacral petal; the periproct is very
small and farther from the posterior border; the peristome is more
angular and more deeply sunken. On the other hand, in lycopersicus
the apical disk is anterior, not central; the ambulacral petals are flaring
at the tips and do not extend so near to the ambitus; the tubercula-
tion is finer, with tubercles more crowded. There are typically 6

62 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

tubercles across the interporiferous area of an ambulacral petal; the
periproct is much larger and nearer the posterior border of the test;
the peristome is less angular and less sunken than in ovumserpentis.

The material in Washington consists of several lots from Trinidad,
the type locality, and from St. Bartholomew. Cotteau says that
besides the Cleve collection he had specimens from the museums of
Stockholm and Upsala.

Specimens of Echinolampas ovumserpentis from Jamaica are asso-
ciated with Cidaris foveata and from Trinidad are associated with
Peronella mirabilis, both as here described.

Eocene, San Fernando formation, San Fernando, Trinidad, Guppy
collection, labeled as types [cotypes] and figured, Quart. Jour. Geol.
Soc., vol. 22, 7 specimens, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115389. San Fernando,
Trinidad, Guppy collection, also labeled as types [cotypes], 6 specimens,
all much worn, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115409. Trinidad, cotypes,
W. M. Gabb collection ex Guppy, 5 specimens, Philadelphia Acad.
Nat. Sci. No. 3352. Vitabella Road, Mount Moriah, San Fernando,
Trinidad, J. A. Bullbrook collector, a series of 27 specimens of young
and adult, beautifully preserved, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 8878.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy col-
lection ex Cleve, 6 specimens, labeled as original of Cotteau’s plate 3,
figs. 13 to 21, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115392. Anse Ecaille, side of point
between Anse Ecaille and Anse Lézard, from conglomerate and sand-
stone below upper limestone bed, St. Bartholomew, T. W. Vaughan
collector, 1914, 5 specimens, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6897. Point
between Anse Lézard and Anse Ecaille, St. Bartholomew, T. W.
Vaughan collector, 1914, 1 specimen, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6897a.
From a conglomerate and shaly bed interbedded with limestone, below
the main limestones and at top of the conglomerate series of beds,
point between Colombier Point and bay next to St. Jean Bay, St.
Bartholomew, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 10 specimens; speci-
mens from this locality run exceptionally low and flat for the species;
U. S. Geol. Sur. station 68976. Northwest side of St. Jean Bay, along
sea-face, St. Bartholomew, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 4 specimens,
U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6905. Point northwest side of St. Jean Bay,
from bed of limestone, St. Bartholomew, T. W. Vaughan collector,
1914, 67 specimens (many of these are very well preserved for struc-
tural detail), U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6924. From conglomerate bed
below limestone at top of section or partly from lower limestone bed
just above conglomerate, St. Bartholomew, T. W. Vaughan collector,
1914, 2 specimens, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6925. Spur on southeast
side of bay northwest of St. Jean Bay, St. Bartholomew, 170 feet above
sea-level, 1 specimen, T. W. Vaughan collector, U. S. Geol. Sur.
station 6895. This last-mentioned specimen is very unusual in its
flatness and also in its exceptional width, in which it simulates the

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 63

broad, low forms of E. lycopersicus, seen as variations in large collec-
tions of that species.

Eocene, Jamaica, from yellow marl or limestone (probably from Cam-
bridge formation), 1 specimen, Mus. Comp. Zodl. No. 3235. Maga-
zique, Cuba, Dr. Carlos de la Torre Coll., 1 specimen, Mus. Comp.
Zoél. No. 3232. Cotteau also records the species from Matanzas,
Cuba, Coll. Comisién del Mapa Geoldégico de Espajia, Madrid.

Echinolampas clevei Cotteau.
(Plate 10, Figures 6, 7; Plate 11, Figures 1, 2.)

Echinolampas clevei Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 23,
plate 4, figs. 1 to 5. Guppy, 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 196.
Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 61, plate 19, figs. 4 to 6.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of medium size, very elongate, subcylindrical; upper face high,
rounded, subangular anteriorly and posteriorly, marked posteriorly by
a vague, attenuated ridge. Lower side cushion-like, somewhat prominent
in the posterior interambulacral area, rounded on the borders. The apical
disk is very excentric anteriorly. Ambulacral areas wide, petaloid, not
costate, contracted at their lower extremity, which is slightly open, espe-
cially in the anterior pair II and IV, unequal. The anterior ambulacrum
III is narrower and nearly straight, the anterior pair II and IV relatively
very short; the posterior pair I and V are distinctly longer. Poriferous
areas are not depressed, formed of unequal pores, the internal rounded,
the external elongate, narrow, and oblique. The poriferous areas cease
to be petaloid a long distance from the border. Tubercles scrobiculate,
scattered, abundant. The peristome is small, subpentagonal, appearing
to open flush with the test. Periproct little developed, oval, subtriangular,
wholly inframarginal.

A small immature specimen measures 16 mm. in height, 25 mm. in
length, and 18 mm. in width. A large specimen measures 25 mm. in
height, 49 mm. in length, and 35 mm. in width. An exceptionally large
specimen, plate 11, figures 1 and 2 (No. 115374), which is evidently the
one especially mentioned by Cotteau for its size, measures 50 mm. in
height, 77 mm. in length, and 55 mm. in width. This species, by its
elongate form and extreme roundness of outline and height, differs from
other species of the genus occurring fossil in the West Indies. It also
differs by its short ambulacral petals and by its small periproct.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy
collection ex Cleve, 2 specimens, cotypes, labeled as the originals of
Cotteau’s plate 4, figures 1 and 5, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115419. St.
Bartholomew, Guppy collection ex Cleve, cotype, the original of
Cotteau’s plate 4, figure 4, 1 specimen, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115374.
Cotteau says that he also had material of this species from the Upsala
Museum, which probably was the original of two of his figures. He
later records clevei from Matanzas, Cuba, the material being in the
collection of the Comisién del Mapa Geolégico de Espajia, Madrid.

64 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy.
(Plate 11, Figures 3 to 6.)

Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy, 1866, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22, p. 300,
plate 19, fig. 8. Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6,
p. 21, plate 3, figs. 22 to 26; 1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 20; 1897,
Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 59, plate 19, figs. 1 to 3. Lambert,
1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l'Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, pp. 21, 29,
The following is an extract from Cotteau’s description of this species:

Species of large size, oval, elongate, rounded anteriorly, a little angular
posteriorly; upper face moderately swollen, thick on the borders; lower
face nearly flat, slightly cushion-like, subconcave around the peristome.
Apical disk excentric anteriorly, ambulacral areas wide, petaliform, sub-
costulate, very open distally and yet distinctly contracted at the lower
end. Poriferous areas depressed, with very unequal pores, the internal
rounded, the external long, narrow, transverse. At some distance from
the ambitus the ambulacra cease to be petaloid.and are reduced to very
small pores directly superposed. Around the peristome the pairs of pores
are more apparent and increase a little. Tubercles scrobiculate, crowded,
homogeneous, everywhere abundant. The peristome is narrow, a little
excentric anteriorly, sensibly elongate in the transverse direction, and
furnished with a very evident floscelle. Periproct transverse, elliptical,
inframarginal. Apical disk compact, granular, circular, and furnished
with four large genital] pores.

A specimen which is apparently the original one figured by Guppy
measures 22 mm. in height, 40.5 mm. in length, and 30.5 mm. in
width. A larger specimen in the same lot of cotypes measures 27 mm.
in height, 53 mm. in length, and 46.5 mm. in width. This species,
which is very abundant in the islands of Anguilla and Porto Rico, is
very uniform in character and varies principally in the height of the
test. While most specimens are quite low, some, especially from Porto
Rico, are much higher and dome-shaped.

Echinolampas lycopersicus is very similar to E. ovumserpentis. A
comparison of the two species is made under the description of the
latter. The essential distinction of lycopersicus is the anterior position
of the apical disk, the larger size of the periproct, the flatness of the
lower side, and the shallowness of the peristome. Also, the petals are
shorter and less unequal. E. lycopersicus is also very close to anguille,
from which it differs in its less massive form and less deeply sunken
peristome.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, Anguilla, Guppy collection, cotypes,
being Guppy’s original material, 6 specimens, all well preserved, U. S.
Nat. Mus. No. 115388. Anguilla, W. M. Gabb collection ex R. J. L.
Guppy, cotypes, 3 specimens, Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. No. 3353.
Anguilla, Guppy collection ex Cleve, labeled as the originals of Cot-
teau’s plate 3, figures 22 to 26, to which they closely correspond, 3
specimens, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115387. Cotteau mentions that
besides the Cleve collection he had material of this species from the
Stockholm Museum.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 65

Crocus Bay, Anguilla formation, southwest side, from rubble above
shore-line, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 2 specimens,
U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6864. Crocus Bay Hill, roadside descent to
Crocus Bay from Valley, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 3
specimens, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6893. Crocus Bay, southwest side,
Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 31 specimens, U. S. Geol.
Sur. station 6894. Crocus Bay, southwest shore, from lowest 10 to
15 feet of fossiliferous marls, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914,
1 specimen, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6965. Crocus Bay, 30 to 50 feet
above sea-level, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 32 specimens,
U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6966. Lambert reports numerous specimens
from the “Miocene” of Anguilla. He also reports a single specimen
from the “Miocene” of Antigua, in which it appears to be rare, this
being the only record for lycopersicus in the island of Antigua. The
Antigua specimen and probably some Anguilla specimens were col-
lected by J. W. Gregory in 1899, collection of British Museum.

Oligocene; Rabell’s Ranch, 11 km. northeast of San Sebastian,
Porto Rico, shaly limestone, 1 km. northeast of ranch house (a higher
horizon than station 108), 30 specimens, stations 100 to 112,C.A. Reeds
collector. Collazo shales, Government Road, San Sebastian to
Lares, Porto Rico; kilometer post 28; collected from talus slope
beneath limestone bluff some 50 feet in height; 3 specimens, station
51, C. A. Reeds collector. Collazo shales, Government Road, San
Sebastian to Lares, Porto Rico, kilometer post 29, from 11 to 12 feet
of bluish shale exposed along roadside; 1 specimen, station 63, C. A.
Reeds collector. “Arecibo” to Lares Road, km. 16, Porto Rico, collected
from fresh limestone fragments thrown out from a cistern excavation
along side of road; 7 specimens, station 509, C. A. Reeds collector.
Collazo shales, Collazo River, 5 km. east of San Sebastian, Porto Rico;
collected from stream bank below third waterfall, 20 to 100 feet below
height of bridge on Government Road, 1 specimen, station 36, C. A.
Reeds collector. Cliff face, east shore of Guanica Harbor, Porto
Rico, 300 feet south of small cave (of station 341); beds of shaly
limestone, somewhat stratified, 1 specimen, station 375, C. A. Reeds
collector. “Arecibo” limestone, Corozal, Porto Rico, 1 specimen,
station 555, Professor N. L. Britton collector. “Arecibo” formation,
limestone escarpment northwest of Utuado, Porto Rico, 1 highly
crystalline specimen, station 554, H. E. Anthony collector, 1916. All
of above Porto Rican material collected on the expedition of New
York Academy of Sciences, the Porto Rican Government and the
American Museum of Natural History codperating.

Oligocene; mountain near Candelaria, Pinar del Rio Province,
Cuba, W. Palmer collector, 1917; 1 specimen, U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
324447, Near Santiago, Cuba, De la Torre collector; 1 specimen,
Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. No. 3349. San Martin, Guamutas,

66 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Cuba, Poey collection; 1 specimen, Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. No.
3350. Cotteau records this species from the “Miocene” of San Martin,
Matanzas, Cuba.

Echinolampas castroi Cotteau.

Echinolampas castroi Cotteau, 1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 19, plate 2, figs.
3 to 6; 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 57, plate 3, figs. 3 to 6.

Cotteau ascribes this species to the Eocene and says it is rare, environs
of Matanzas, Cuba, and that he has material in his own collection.

Echinolampas anguille Cotteau.
(Plate 11, Figures 7 to 9.)

Echinolampas anguille Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 24,
plate 4, figs. 6 to 8. Guppy, 1911, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 67, p. 692.
Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l’'Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, p. 30.

Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy (pars), 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12,
p. 196.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of large size, elongate, rounded, and a little narrowed anteriorly,
more dilated and slightly subrostrate posteriorly; upper face swollen,
elevated, subconical, sloping on the sides, having its greatest height through
the apical disk. Lower face subcushion-like, rounded on the borders,
deeply depressed in the middle. Apical disk excentric anteriorly. Ambu-
lacral areas are wide, petaloid, subcostulate, and very open distally, though
somewhat contracted at that point. The anterior ambulacrum III is
straighter and a little narrower than the others, the posterior pair I and
V is longer. Poriferous areas are depressed, formed of very unequal pores,
the internal being rounded, the external long, narrow, and transverse. At
a certain distance from the border the areas cease to be petaloid and the
pores are reduced to single pores ranged by oblique pairs and very difficult
to see among the tubercles. The tubercles are scrobiculate, crowded,
homogeneous, and everywhere very abundant. The peristome is a little
excentric anteriorly, appearing to be longer transversely, opening in a
deep depression of the lower side. The periproct is transversely elliptical,
subangular, and inframarginal.

There is only one specimen in the Guppy collection, and that appears
to be the only one Cotteau had, as he says it is very rare and does not
figure or mention any other. It measures 38 mm. in height, 75 mm. in
length, and 60.5 mm. in width. This species is very close to lycopersicus
and seems to differ principally in its massive and subconical form. The
type is more deeply concave ventrally than lycopersicus, which is very
shallow in its ventral depression. It may be observed that other speci-
mens that are referable to anguille have a somewhat shallower ventral
depression than the type. Guppy, in his 1882 paper, considered
anguille as simply an unusual form of lycopersicus, but it seems a fairly
distinctive species to maintain.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, Anguilla, Guppy collection ex Cleve,
holotype, the original of Cotteau’s plate 4, figures 6 to 8, 1 specimen,

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 67

U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115372. Slope about 100 feet above sea-level,
between Little Harbor and Pelican Point, of Crocus Bay, Anguilla,
T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 1 specimen, U.S. Geol. Sur. station 6971.
Lambert records 3 specimens from the “Miocene” of Antigua, where it
appears to be less rare than at Anguilla, collected by J. W. Gregory in
1899, collection of British Museum. Jique de la Argolla, Rio Seco de
San Antonio, Guantanamo, Cuba, C. T. Ramsden collection, 2 specimens.
Bissex Hill formation, Barbados (fide R. J. L. Guppy, 1911).

Family PLESIOSPATANGID Duncan, 1889.
Genus ASTEROSTOMA Agassiz, 1847.
Type species —Clypeaster excentricus Lamarck. See below.
There are 2 species of Asterostoma that have been recognized as occur-
ring fossil in the West Indies.
Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Asterostoma.
Peristome subcentral; ambulacra II and IV at ambitus about one-fifth as wide as inter-

RNR MIMD Ol ee tnt Sia Ge sic'e ob Mews ob wh ws Se ee mine eie basic eles A. excentricum
Peristome anterior; ambulacra II and IV at ambitus about two-fifths as wide as inter-
MEM EC SEIET a igtd.. rile SAe'y fvie vie 8.5-se lenses vee ene edbdee biweee A. cubense

Asterostomma excentricum (Lamarck).

Clypeaster excentricus Lamarck, 1816, Anim. sans Vert., vol. 3. p. 15.

Asterostoma excentricum Agassiz, 1847, Catalogue Raisonné, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. 7,
p. 168. Cotteau, 1871, Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, ser. 2, vol. 9, p. 183; 1897,
Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 65, plate 20, figs. 1, 2.

This species, of which Cotteau had only a single specimen, which is
in the Zodlogical Museum in Paris, is of doubtful locality, but Cotteau
thinks, from the lithological character of the rock, that it comes from
the same region as A. cubense Cotteau and Pseudasterostoma jimenoi
(Cotteau), both of which were described from the Eocene of Cuba.

Asterostoma cubense Cotteau.

Asterostoma cubense Cotteau, 1870, Comptes Rendus de 1’Acad. des Sci., vol. 70, p. 273;
1871, Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, ser. 2, vol. 9, p. 181, plate 16, figs. 2 to 4; plate 17,
figs. 2 to 4; 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 6 and 46; 1881,
Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 27; 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol.
22, p. 67, plate 21, figs. 1, 2.
The following is an extract from Cotteau’s description of this species

in the Annals of the Geological Society of Belgium:

Species of large size, a little elongate, rounded anteriorly, more narrow
and slightly tapering posteriorly; upper face high, swollen, thick on the
borders, sloping posteriorly, having its greatest height through the apical
disk and its greatest width about the middle of the ambitus. Lower face
nearly flat, concave at the approach to the peristome. Apical disk excentric
anteriorly, The anterior ambulacrum III is very different from the others,
flush with the test, widening toward the ambitus, having the poriferous
areas with very small equal pores disposed in pairs. The paired ambulacra
are very much more obvious, straight, descending low. The pores dorsally
are unequal, the external elongate, the internal rounded, disposed in pairs

68 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

on the outer borders of the ambulacral plates. These pores extend as far as
the ambitus, where they cease abruptly and are replaced by other pores,
smaller and scarcely visible. They spread out on the lower face at the
approach to the peristome and are lodged in depressions which widen and
extend directly to the mouth. Tubercles crenulate, perforate, and scrobicu-
late, unequal, abundant, and scattered all over the test, more crowded -
toward the ambitus and ventrally, nearly wanting in the ambulacral depres-
sions. Granules are usually disposed in circles around the scrobicules. The
peristome is very excentric anteriorly, transverse, elliptical, and opening in a
depression of the lower side. Periproct posterior, a little above the ambitus.

Apical disk subcircular; madreporite slightly developed; the two pos-
terior genital plates and the two posterior oculars are separated by a com-
plementary plate [genital 5] which is imperforate, long, and angular, oud
extends to the madreporite.

As to measurements, Cotteau says the height is 66 mm., length
121 mm., and width 113 mm. Cotteau publishes a good figure of a com-
plete specimen in his Spanish report. It is there evident that the plate
which separates the genitals 1 and 4 and the oculars I and V is an exten-
sion of the posterior genital 5, which is imperforate. He says (1897)
that this species is very rare in the Eocene of Matanzas, Cuba, and the
unique specimen figured is in his own collection in Paris. In Cotteau’s
(1875) memoir (p. 46) he says some specimens of large size from the
Eocene of St. Bartholomew, while very incomplete, are perfectly recog-
nizable as being this species by their high form, thickness, swelling,
absence of the anterior groove, the narrow ambulacral areas, which are
elongate, superficial, and the structure of the pores. He does not men-
tion the Cleve collection, which is probably an oversight, as on page 46
he does not cite any source of the material, as is his custom. On page 6
he does mention having specimens of this species from St. Bartholomew
in his own collection. Further, Guppy, in ‘his 1882 paper, distinctly lists
Asterostoma cubense as part of the material he received in the Cleve
collection, so that undoubtedly this is the material referred to by Cotteau.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy Collec-
tion ex Cleve; specimens described by Cotteau, 1875, p. 46, 2 speci-
mens, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115385. Cotteau gives as locality, Eocene,
Matanzas, Cuba; the single known specimen from Cuba is in his

collection in Paris.
Genus PSEUDASTEROSTOMA Duncan, 1889.

Type species —Asterostoma jimenoi Cotteau. See below.

Pseudasterostoma jimenoi (Cotteau).

Asterostoma jimenoi Cotteau, 1870, Comptes Rend. Acad. des Sci., vol. 70, p. 273; 1871,
Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, ser. 2, vol. 9, p. 180; pl. 16, fig. 1; pl. 17, fig. 1;
1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 69, plate 22, figs. 1, 2.
Cotteau, in his Spanish paper, says that this species is very rare in
the Eocene deposits of Matanzas, Cuba; the unique specimen is in his
own collection in Paris.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 69

Family ECHINOCORYTHIDZ Gregory, 1900.
Genus CARDIASTER Forbes.

Type species —Spatangus excentricus Woodward, 1833, Geology of
Norfolk, p. 37, also [57], explanation of plate 1, fig. 5.

Cardiaster cubensis, new species.
(Plate 12, Figure 1.)

The following is a description of this species:

Test large, low, cordiform, with a deep sulcus anteriorly, bounded by
a high rounded ridge on either side; posteriorly contracted to a rounded
end; dorsally a rounded but sloping ridge runs from the apical disk to the
posterior end. From this posterior sloping elevation and from the ridges
bounding the anterior sulcus the surface of the test slopes in a gentle incline,
right and left from the center to the ambitus. The ventral side is wanting,
but the indications are that it was at least comparatively flat. The greatest
height is through the apical disk, which is excentric posteriorly. The width
and length of the test measure alike, and the height is about but somewhat
more than one-third of the length. The ambulacra are non-petaloid, flush
with the surface of the test, except the anterior, which is in a deep groove.
The anterior ambulacrum III is much narrower than the other areas, but
widening from the apical disk, passing toward the ambitus, the ambulacral
plates are proportionately and actually higher than in the other areas, and
the two pores in each plate are small and set at an oblique angle, the lower
pore being the inner of each pair. Ambulacra of the anterior pair II and
IV from the apex, where they are narrow, widen progressively to the ambitus,
and present a strong, sweeping, forward curve in outline, the posterior
side of each of these two areas presenting the more strongly curved outline.
The pores of these ambulacra II and IV differ markedly on the two sides
of each area. Starting dorsally near the apical disk, where the pores are
all closely alike, being elongate and oval, and passing ventrally, the pos-
terior row of pores in each area becomes long drawn out and almost slit-
like and widely spaced. On the other hand, the pores of the anterior half
of each of these two areas are rounded on the outer side and elongate oval
on the inner side. Passing ventrally, the pores of these anterior half-areas
move from the anterior end of each plate gradually, until at the ambitus
they occupy the middle line (vertically) of the plates; here also both pores
are smaller and rounded instead of larger and one elongate oval. On the
anterior half of these two areas II and IV, the outer pores retain an approach
to a circular form throughout the length of the area, but the inner series
elongate, though not in anything like the degree that they do on the pos-
terior halves of the same areas. The posterior ambulacra I and V are very
much shorter and narrower than the anterior pair. They widen and curve
forward somewhat in passing to the ambitus. The character and shape
of the pores is similar to those of the anterior pair, but in a very much less
degree. The apical disk is situated posteriorly, 35 mm. from the posterior
border and 56 mm. from the anterior border of the test. The plates of
the apical disk are in part preserved and genital 5 is absent, as is typical
of the genus. Oculars IV and V meet the middle line of the area, but are
separated from each other by genital 4, showing that it has the typical
apical disk characteristic of the genus. The periproct is not observable,
as the plates are broken away at the posterior end and nothing of the

70 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

ventral side can be seen, as that area is quite gone. The surface of the
test is covered with small, rather widely scattered tubercles, more closely
associated near the ambitus. Small granules which doubtless existed
between them are quite wanting, as the surface of the test is much worn.

Length, 91 mm., width, also 91 mm., the height as it stands measures
32 mm., but this is somewhat less than the original height of the single
known specimen, which is worn away ventrally.

This is the only species of the genus so far found fossil in the West
Indies. It is very much larger and does not make a near approach to
any species known in American formations.

Cretaceous, from high slopes in the valley of Rio Yateras, about 21
miles northeast of Guantanamo, Cuba, holotype, C. T. Ramsden

collection.
Family HEMIASTERIDZ H. L. Clark, 1917.

Genus AGASSIZIA Valenciennes, 1846.

Type species —A gassizia scrobiculata Valenciennes, 1846, Voyage de
la Venus, Atlas, Zoéphytes, plate 1, figs. 2 to 2f.

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Agassizia.

Test high, conical, arched anteriorly, plastron strongly elevated..........-...-+.+++: A. inflata
Test high, rounded, sloping anteriorly, plastron not elevated. ...........++-+-++++++- A. clevet

Agassizia inflata, new species.
(Plate 12, Figures 2 to 4.)

Agassizia clevei Cotteau (pars), 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p.
33, plate 6, figs. 9, 10, nom 2 to 8.

The following is a description of this species:

Species of small size, obovate; very widely rounded anteriorly; rounded
but much narrower posteriorly; upper face very high, subconical; arched
anteriorly from the apical disk to the ambitus; the greatest height is
through the apical disk; posterior face truncate, nearly vertical. The
sternum is strongly projecting, increasing in elevation to the anterior end
of the plastron. The apical disk is excentric posteriorly; anterior furrow
slight, but well marked dorsally, but it does not extend to the ambitus.
The anterior ambulacrum III is straight and narrow, the plates higher than
wide, with small pores near the middle of each plate. Ambulacra II and
IV, the anterior pair, are very peculiar, the anterior half-ambulacrum
being reduced to very narrow plates, nearly atrophied dorsally, with very
small rounded pores. The posterior halves of ambulacra II and IV are
much more obvious than the anterior halves, and extend farther toward
the ambitus. The plates are low, relatively wide, with two vertical rows
of large oval pores. The angle of divergence of ambulacra II and IV is
less than that of A. clevei. The posterior ambulacra I and V are sunken
in slight furrows, are longer than in clevez, and have relatively large oval
pores, much as in the posterior halves of II and IV. Where not worn by
erosion, small tubercles cover the test, being more closely crowded near
the ambitus. The apical disk is small, but details can not be ascertained
in this specimen excepting for the 4 genital pores, which are obvious. The
periproct, transversely oval, is situated in the posterior face and is just
visible from above; the peristome is semicircular, labiate, and situated

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 71

far anteriorly, 5 mm. from the anterior border. The plastron is wide,
swollen, and ornamented with tubercles in regular, close-ranked series.

The single known specimen of this species measures 17 mm. in height,
23 mm. in length, and 20 mm. in width.

The species Agassizia inflata is near to clevei, and the specimen here
described was included in that species by Cotteau in his original descrip-
tion. Guppy made the remark, in his 1882 paper, that this was the
only known case in which one species of Echini occurred in both the
islands of St. Bartholomew and Anguilla. The species inflata differs
from clevei in its wider and more conical form, in its anterior curvature
from the apical disk to the ambitus, in its more marked furrow an-
teriorly, more elevated swollen plastron, and in the fact that ambulacra
II and IV are both longer and less divergent than in clevei.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy collec-
tion ex Cleve, holotype, 1 specimen only, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 325610.

Agassizia clevei Cotteau.
(Plate 12, Figures 5 to 7.)

Agassizia clevei Cotteau (pars), 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 33,
plate 6, figs. 2to 8; non 9,10. Guppy (pars), 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc.,
part 12, p. 197.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of small size, ovoid, rounded anteriorly, a little narrower pos-
teriorly; upper face very swollen, obliquely inclined anteriorly, having
its greatest height through the apical disk. Posterior face narrow, truncate
subvertically; a little reéntrant. The lower face is slightly projecting,
depressed in front of the peristome. Apical disk excentric posteriorly,
anterior furrow scarcely apparent on the upper face, wholly wanting at
the ambitus. Anterior ambulacrum III straight, circumscribed by small
pores disposed in pairs. The paired ambulacra are unequal, the anterior
divergent, subflexuous, slightly excavated; the posterior shorter, nearly
superficial. Pores of the anterior paired ambulacra II and IV very un-
equal. The anterior half-area is reduced in all its extent to very small
pores, rounded, nearly microscopic, disposed in oblique pairs, forming a
linear series which passes beyond the petals and extends to the peristome.
The posterior half-area is much larger and composed of pores oblong and
transverse. The two halves approach one another and leave scarcely
place for a narrow interporiferous band. Pores of the posterior pair of
ambulacra I and V always equal, nearly identical in distribution to the
larger (or posterior) half of the anterior paired ambulacra II and IV.
Tubercles are crowded, abundant; unequal, most developed on the anterior
face and on the inframarginal region. On the lower face the interambulacral
plastron is covered with scaly tubercles disposed in very regular divergent
series. The space occupied by the posterior ambulacra, in place of being
smooth, is finely granular. The peristome is semicircular, labiate, near to
the [anterior] border. The periproct is subtransversely angular at the
summit of the posterior face. Apical disk compact, slightly developed,
with 4 genital pores, the 2 anterior much less separated than the two pos-
terior. Madreporite elongate, narrow, and extended to the center of the
apical disk, as in Prenaster. The peripetalous fasciole is narrow, sineous,

72 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

incomplete. At some distance from the anterior ambulacrum it enlarges
and goes to rejoin the marginal fasciole, which is sinuous and passes under
the periproct in descending as far as the base of the posterior face.

One of the two specimens of this species in Washington measures
13 mm. in height, 19 mm. in length, and 15 mm. in width. The second
specimen is of about the same size. The relatively large specimen, of
which Cotteau (1875) gives measurements in the last paragraph of his
page 33, is evidently the one from St. Bartholomew, which is here con-
sidered a distinct species, A. inflata. While nearly allied, these species
differ as set forth in the description of A. inflata.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, Anguilla, Guppy collection ex Cleve,
2 specimens, cotypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115407. Besides the Cleve
collection, Cotteau mentions having material from the museums of
Stockholm and Upsala; he does not say whether they were from An-
guilla or not. Southwest side of Crocus Bay, 30 to 50 feet above sea-
level, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 1 specimen, U. S. Geol.
Sur. station, 6966.

Genus PRENASTER Desor, 1853.

Type species —Prenaster alpinus Desor, 1853, Act. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat.,
vol. 38, p. 279 [12 of reprint].

Prenaster loveni Cotteau.
(Plate 12, Figures 8, 9.)

Prenaster loveni Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 34, plate
6, figs. 11 to 15.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of medium size, elongate, ovoid, rounded anteriorly; subcarinate
posteriorly. The upper face is high, swollen, everywhere of about equal
height. Posterior face vertically subtruncate, rounded; lower face uni-
formly rounded. Apical disk excentric anteriorly. Anterior furrow wholly
wanting, even at the approach to the apical disc. Anterior ambulacrum
III straight, with pores disposed in pairs of separated pores. The paired
ambulacra are subpetaloid, slightly concave, open at their extremity,
unequal; the anterior long, nearly transverse [at an angle of about 155°
to each other], the posterior shorter, more nearly convergent and forming an
acute angle [of about 55°] posteriorly. Poriferous areas are wide, composed
of transverse pores united by a furrow, unequal, the internal oval, the
external more elongate. The interporiferous areas are well developed and
depressed in the middle. Peristome semicircular and near the anterior
border. Periproct oval, opening on the posterior face. The tubercles,
apical disk, and fascioles are not known in this species, and it is only by
reason of its form, position of the ambulacra, and absence of the anterior —
furrow that it is placed in the genus Prenaster.

The only specimen in the collection measures 20 mm. in height, 23 mm.
in length, and 20mm. in width. The periproct is high up on the posterior
end and is just visible from above, though not so shown in Cotteau’s
figures. This is quite natural, for a so nearly globular specimen shows

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 73

more or less, according as it is tilted. The anterior ambulacrum III is
hardly visible and the mouth is visible, but not clearly outlined.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy collec-
tion ex Cleve, holotype, 1 specimen only, the original of Cotteau’s plate
6, figures 11 to 15, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115411.

Genus HEMIASTER Desor, 1847.

Type species —Spatangus bufo Al. Brongniart, 1822, Cuvier’s Oss.
Foss., vol. 2, pp. 320, 604.

There are 4 species of Hemiaster occurring as fossils in the West Indies;
of these I have seen only 1, which is here described as new.

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Hemiaster.

Posterior petals I and V not half as long as the antero-lateral II and IV.
Test abruptly narrowed posteriorly; petals II and IV moderately divergent..... H. cubensis
Test not narrowed posteriorly; petals II and IV extremely divergent......:. H. antillensis
Posterior petals I and V much more than half as long as II and IV.
Height of test over 80 per cent of length; test not sloping markedly to the front.. H. dewalquei
Height of test 50 to 60 per cent of length; test sloping markedly to the front..... H. berkeyi

Hemiaster cubensis (d’Orbigny).

Schizaster cubensis d’Orbigny in Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Catalogue Raisonné, Ann. Sci.
Nat., ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 22.
Hemiaster cubensis Cotteau, 1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 41, plate 4, figs. 1 to 3;
1897. Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 73, plate 25, figs. 1 to 3.
Cotteau cites this species as Pliocene or Recent, very rare in the island
of Cuba; from the d’Orbigny collection in the Natural History Museum
in Paris.
Hemiaster antillensis Cotteau.

Hemiaster antillensis Cotteau, 1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 31, plate 3, figs. 1 to 4;
1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 72, plate 24, figs. 1 to 4.

Cotteau cites this species as Eocene(?), Santa Lucia and Concepcién in
the district of Cienfuegos, Province of Santa Clara, Cuba; collections of
Dewalque in Liége and Comisiéndel Mapa Geolégico de Espafia, Madrid.

Hemiaster dewalquei Cotteau.

Hemiaster dewalquei Cotteau, 1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 30, plate 2, figs. 7 to 9;
1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 75, plate 3, figs. 7 to 9.
Cotteau cites this species as from the Eocene(?) of Cienfuegos, Cuba,
very rare; collection of Dewalque in Liége.

Hemiaster berkeyi, new species.
(Plate 12, Figure 10.)

The following is a description of this species:
Test large, cordiform, high, subconical, rounded below, from the highest
point of the test dorsally sloping anteriorly, posteriorly, and laterally to

74 “ FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

the ambitus. Ambulacra petaloid, wide, in deep, broad furrows. The
anterior ambulacrum III is narrower than the others and lies in a shallow
furrow which reaches to the ambitus. Ambulacra II and IV, the anterior
pair, are widely divergent, at an angle of about 95° to each other and are
in grooves, which extend nearly to the ambitus. They measure 30 mm.
in length. The posterior ambulacra I and V lie in grooves and are narrower
and much shorter than the anterior pair, measuring about 18 mm. in length.
The pores in the paired ambulacra are at the ends of narrow, slit-like
grooves. The interambulacra are narrow and elevated dorsally. The
apical disk is very close to median in position, perhaps actually median,
but, from imperfections posteriorly, exact measurement in the antero-
posterior axis can not be made. The apical disk is quite well preserved
and shows the 4 genital plates with large perforations; the madreporite
is of medium size, meeting but not separating the other genitals. Oculars
I and V are in contact on account of the absence of genital 5, as is charac-
teristic of the genus. From imperfections the peristome and periproct
are not preserved. Small perforate tubercles with scrobicules are scattered
over the test somewhat distantly and small granules thickly cover the
spaces between the larger tubercles.

The specimen measures 40 mm. in height, and this is a close approxima-
tion to the real height; if not worn ventrally, it would be slightly higher.
It measures about 65 mm. in length and 65 mm. in width. This species
is very much larger and more conical than any other fossil species of
the genus from the West Indies; it differs also in its shape from any
known North American species. At the request of the collector, Mr.
Graham John Mitchell, this species is named in honor of Professor
Charles P. Berkey, of Columbia University.

Cretaceous, Guanica Central, just west of the town of Guanica, South
coast of Porto Rico, holotype, 1 specimen, station 211. This fossil
echinoid, with a few other fossils, is from a dense, hard limestone from
the upturned and unconformable beds of the older formation, which
Professor Berkey! considers as Cretaceous. It was collected by Mr.
Graham John Mitchell, who had charge of the Ponce district in the
survey work of 1917.

Genus PARASTER Pomel.

Type species —Schizaster gibberulus Agassiz, 1847, Catalogue Rai-
sonné, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 22.

All of the species described by Cotteau in his St. Bartholomew and
Anguilla memoir as Schizaster belong properly to the genus Paraster.
There are no Recent species of Paraster in the West Indian region, so far
as we yet know. The genus Schizaster is characterized by having only
2 genital pores, which are in genital plates 1 and 4, whereas the genus
Paraster has 4 genital pores, 1 in each of the genital plates existent.
Genital 5 is absent typically in both genera.

1 Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 1, part
1, 1919,

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—-SPATANGINA. 75

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Paraster.

A. Test about as wide as long; apical system central or a little posterior.
B. Ambulacrum III scarcely depressed at ambitus; petals II and IV nearly straight,
GEE NUIION GD TIL VOT GIS 5 5% 5, a5 6.4 !e15.9) ork a9 0d 8s singin woe swe woes P. antillarum
BB. Ambulacrum III much depressed at ambitus; petals II and IV slightly curved;
not so widely diverging.
C. Petals II and IV curved outward at tip somewhat abruptly; petals I and V

three-fourths as long as II and IV, narrow and somewhat
EDIE Nhs v's a's, 05,4 140.50 a oh 16 eee eRe ea eei aa ees P. parkinsoni

CC. Petals II and IV not curved outward at tip; petals I and V not much more
than half as long as II and IV, wide and rounded.

D. Interambulacra 1, 4, and 5 near apical system, much elevated and some-
what compressed; petals widest near or just distal to middle, taper-
ing more or less towards each end; test rounded pentagonal..... P. clevei
DD. Interambulacra 1, 4, and 5 not much elevated or compressed; petals

widest near tip; test more evenly oval...............-2+-005 P. loveni

AA. Test not nearly as wide as long; apical system markedly posterior...... P. subcylindricus

Paraster antillarum (Cotteau).
(Plate 13, Figures 1 to 3.)

Schiszaster antillarum Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 28,
plate 5, figs. 3 to 5.
Schizaster subcylindricus Guppy (pars), 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p.197.

The following is an extract from the original description of thisspecies:

Species of medium size, nearly as wide as long, subcordiform, expanded
anteriorly and acuminate posteriorly. Upper face swollen, sloping ante-
riorly, having its greatest height a little posterior to the apical disk. The
posterior face is narrow, subangular, obliquely truncate. Lower face
slightly swollen, rounded on the borders, sub-depressed anterior to the
peristome. Apical disk subcentral, a little posterior. Anterior furrow
wide, deep dorsally and attenuated toward the ambitus. Anterior am-
bulacrum III narrow, elongate, and straight, with simple pores in pairs.
The paired ambulacra are petaloid, subflexuous, excavated, closed at the
ends and unequal. The anterior ambulacra II and IV are longer than the
posterior pair; poriferous areas with pores which are alike elongate and
narrow, united by a furrow; interporiferous areas narrower than the por-
iferous. Interambulacra are narrow, compressed, and prominent near the
apex. The peristome is semicircular, near the anterior border. Periproct
oval, situated in the posterior face. Peripetalous and subanal fascioles
are indistinct, yet visible enough to show they are like those of Schizaster.

There is only one specimen in the collection in Washington, which
measures 20.5 mm. in height, 28 mm. in length, and 27.5 mm. in width.
These measurements greatly exceed Cotteau’s, for he says 11 mm. in
height, 17 mm. in length, and 16 mm. in width. However, he mentions
having 2 specimens, both badly preserved, and his measurements were
doubtless taken from the other specimen, which I can not locate. It is
probable that Cotteau’s figures were also taken from this second speci-
men mentioned, as the one in hand does not show some of the features he
depicts. The periproct is in the upper part of the posterior face, as
Cotteau describes it, but is indistinct, so does not come out well in the
photograph of the posterior view. The specimen is so much worn that
it shows very little of structural detail. This species (antillarum) differs
from clevei in the shape of the test and the shape and depth of the anterior

76 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

furrow and lateral petals, and it differs from Joveni in the same characters.
It differs in the furrow, petals, and general shape from subcylindricus, to
which species Guppy referred it as a synonym; in fact, it is closer to
clevet, as mentioned, than it is to subcylindricus, so that perhaps Guppy
made a lapsus calami in this comparison.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy collec-
tion ex Cleve, 1 specimen, cotype (2 specimens are mentioned by Cotteau),
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115404. From a conglomerate and shaly bed inter-
bedded with limestone below the main limestones and at the top of con-
glomerate series of beds, point between Colombier Point and bay next
St. Jean Bay, St. Bartholomew, T. W. Vaughan collector, U. S. Geol.
Sur. station 6897, 1 specimen. Point northwest side of St. Jean Bay,
from bed of limestone at top of described section, St. Bartholomew,
T. W. Vaughan collector, 2 specimens, U.S. Geol. Sur. station 6924.

Paraster parkinsoni (Defrance).

Spatangus parkinsoni Defrance, 1827, Dict. des Sci. Nat., vol. 50, p. 96.

Schizaster parkinsoni Agassiz, 1847, Catalogue Raisonné, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 22.
Cotteau 1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 38. A. Agassiz, 1883, Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 10, No. 1, p. 94. Cotteau, 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol.
Espafia, vol. 22, p. 84, plate 27, figs. 1 to 3.

This species, known from a number of European localities, is also
recorded from the West Indies. Cotteau refers to it specimens from the
“Miocene” of Matanzas, Cuba, Cotteau collection. A. Agassiz lists this
species from the “Miocene” of Anguilla.

Paraster clevei (Cotteau).
(Plate 13, Figures 4, 5.)

Schizaster clevei Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 29, plate 5,
figs. 7,8. Brown, 1914, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. 65, p. 601.
Schizaster loveni Guppy (pars), 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 197.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of medium size, very obliquely sloping anteriorly, subcordiform;
marked posteriorly by an attenuated carina. Posterior face truncate
subvertically, lower face rounded on the borders, slightly swollen. Apical
disk excentric posteriorly. Anterior furrow narrow, very deep, with high
ridges on the borders, while reduced toward the ambitus, it extends as
far as the peristome. Anterior ambulacrum III straighter and longer than
the others, having the poriferous areas much less developed than the interval
which separates them. The paired ambulacra are deeply excavated, wide,
unequal; the anterior II and IV are subflexuous, divergent; the posterior
ambulacra I and V are shorter, rounded at their tips, having the poriferous
areas wider than the interval which separates them. The peristome, periproct,
and a part of the fascioles are not visible in the fragmentary specimen.

Height, 27 mm.; length, 40 mm. (this is the length of this individual
specimen, but as it is very imperfect posteriorly, another specimen might
naturally give different proportions); width, 39 mm. Ambulacrum III is
in a very deep furrow; the paired ambulacra are also in deep depressions;
the petals of ambulacra II and IV measure 15 mm. in length, but I and V

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 77

are shorter, measuring 10 mm. in length. The periproct is quite wanting,
as the specimen is broken away posteriorly.

Cotteau says that this species is very rare and mentions only the Cleve
collection. There is only one specimen in Washington, and it agrees so
closely with Cotteau’s figures, it is undoubtedly the one from which the
drawings were made, although it does not show all the details there
depicted. This species is certainly very close to P. loveni, but it seems
that Cotteau’s distinctions are well taken, as clevei is narrower, more
swollen, and especially has the posterior ambulacra I and V longer and
deeper than in loveni.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, island of Anguilla, Guppy collection
ex Cleve, 1 specimen, holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115408. Antigua
formation, Willoughby Bay, Montpelier, St. Phillips, Antigua, Dr. A. P.
Brown collector, 1 specimen, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences,
No. 1663.

Paraster loveni (Cotteau).
(Plate 13, Figures 6 to 9.)

Schizaster scille Guppy (non Agassiz), 1866, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22, p. 301.
Schizaster lovenit Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 29, plate 5,
figs. 9to 13. Guppy, 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 197.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species good-sized, subcordiform, expanded anteriorly, and subcarinate
posteriorly. Upper face thick, moderately swollen, obliquely inclined
anteriorly and posteriorly; marked posteriorly by a very attenuated carina.
Posterior face subvertically truncate; lower face nearly flat, rounded to-
ward the ambitus; a little swollen in the middle, depressed in front of the
mouth. Apical disk subcentral, slightly posterior. Anterior furrow wide,
deep, subcarinate on the sides, attenuated towards the ambitus, prolonged
as far as the peristome. Anterior ambulacrum III straighter and longer
than the others, having its poriferous areas much narrower than the interval
which separates them. The paired ambulacra are deeply excavated, very
unequal, the anterior pair II and IV subflexuous, divergent; the posterior
pair I and V are much shorter, rounded at the tips, having the poriferous
areas wider than the space which separates them. Peristome transverse,
labiate, near the anterior border. Periproct elliptical, opening at the
summit of the posterior face. Peripetalous fasciole very sinuous.

In the U. S. National Museum there are 5 specimens of this species,
one large and the rest small. The large one measures 26 mm. in height,
43 mm. in length, and 41 mm. in width. A smaller specimen, very per-
fectly preserved, especially ventrally, measures 18 mm. in height, 28.5
mm. in length, and 26 mm. in width. Guppy, in 1882, says that the
specimens from Anguilla which he, in 1866, referred to Schizaster scille,
are the same as Cotteau’s Joveni. ‘The anterior ambulacrum III lies in a
deep furrow which is somewhat wider than in clevei; the anterior pair
II and IV are in shallower and more open depressions than in clevei and
measure 13 mm. in length. The posterior ambulacra I and V, also in
relatively shallow depressions, measure 8 mm. in length. Cotteau com-
pares loveni closely with parkinsoni, but I have not seen that species.

78 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

He says it differs in that loveni is less swollen, in the divergence of ambu-
lacra II and IV, and in the nearly central apical disk.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, island of Anguilla, Guppy collection
ex Cleve, 5 specimens, cotypes (the large one is apparently the original
of Cotteau’s plate 5, fig. 9), U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115391. Besides the
Cleve collection, Cotteau mentions having specimens from the muse-
ums of Stockholm and Upsala. Crocus Bay Hill, roadside descent to
Crocus Bay from Valley, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 2 speci-
mens, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6893. Crocus Bay, southwest side,
Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 2 specimens, U. S. Geol. Sur.
station 6894, Crocus Bay, southwest shore from the lowest 10 to 15
feet of fossiliferous marls, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914,
3 specimens, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6965. Crocus Bay Bluff, south-
west side, from the uppermost horizon, 125 feet above sea-level, mostly
limestone, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 4 poorly preserved
specimens, but doubtless referable to the species, U. S. Geol. Sur.
station 6967. Specimens which are wanting in structural detail, but
fairly referable to this species, Government Road, Aguadilla to Rincon,
Porto Rico, “Arecibo” limestone, weathered marl, kilometer post 2,
from roadside grottoes where road-metal had been taken out, C. A.
Reeds collector, 7 specimens, station 117, Expedition of New York
Academy of Sciences, the Porto Rican Government and American
Museum of Natural History codperating.

Paraster subcylindricus (Cotteau).
(Plate 13, Figure 10; Plate 14, Figures 1, 2.)

Schizaster subcylindricus Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 31,
plate 5, figs. 14to 17. Guppy, 1882, Sci. Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 197.

The following is an extract from original description of this species:

Species of small size, oblong, rounded anteriorly, subtruncate posteriorly.
The upper face thick, swollen, nearly as high in the anterior region as in
the posterior, slightly sloping anteriorly. Posterior face vertically sub-
truncate. Lower face rounded on the borders, uniformly bulging, which
gives a very remarkable subcylindrical aspect. Apical disk strongly excen-
tric posteriorly. Anterior furrow wide, scarcely excavated, apparent only
at the approach to the summit; very attenuate and nearly wanting toward
the ambitus. The anterior ambulacrum III is quite different from the
others, straight, with small pores, separate and widening in spacing, more
as they approach the ambitus. The paired ambulacra are excavated,
flexuous, scarcely open at the tips, very unequal; the posterior I and V
are shorter than the others, having the poriferous areas distinctly wider
than the interval which separates them. The interambulacra toward the
apical disk are narrow, compressed, prominent. The peristome is semi-
circular, labiate near the anterior border. Periproct rounded, opening
at the summit of the posterior face. Peripetalous fasciole less sinuous than
in some species.

Of 4 specimens in Washington, the largest measures 20.5 mm. in
height, 30 mm. in length, and 27 mm. in width. This species is dis-

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 79

tinguished from its near allies by its shallow and broad anterior furrow,
which does not reach to the ambitus, by the shallow depressions of the
paired ambulacral petals, by the far posterior position of the apical disk,
and by its strongly rounded form. The periproct is very rounded on the
upper part of the posterior face and is not visible from above.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy collec-
tion ex Cleve, 4 specimens, cotypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115416. Cot-
teau also mentions having specimens from the museums of Stockholm
and Upsala. From a conglomerate and shaly bed interbedded with
limestone below the main limestones and at the top of the conglomerate
series of beds, point between Colombier Point and bay next to St. Jean
Bay, St. Bartholomew, T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914, 1 specimen,
U. S. Geol. Sur. station 68970.

Paraster species a.

The following is a description of the specimens:

Test of medium size, high, rounded, expanded anteriorly, and bluntly
truncate; narrowed posteriorly. Upper face high, obliquely inclined from
the highest point posteriorly. Border high, rounded, lower face rounded.
Apical disk subcentral, a little posterior. Anterior furrow moderately
deep, subcarinate on the sides dorsally, extended to the peristome. Anterior
ambulacrum straight and narrow. The paired ambulacra are deeply
excavated, very unequal. The anterior pair II and IV widely divergent,
the posterior pair I and V much shorter, rounded at the tips. Peristome
anterior, transverse. Periproct and fascioles not visible.

There are only 2 specimens, the larger being the better preserved. It
measures 26 mm. in height, 33 mm. in length, and 29 mm. in width. The
specific identity, and even the generic, are doubtful on account of the
lack of detailed structure, but it appears to be a Paraster and quite near
to P. subcylindricus. Associated with Cidaris foveaia, sp. nov., Echino-
lampas ovumserpentis, and Eupatagus sp. a, as here described.

Eocene, from yellowish limestone, probably the Cambridge formation
of R. T. Hill, Jamaica, with no detailed locality; 2 specimens, Mus.
Comp. Zodl. No. 3236.

Paraster species b.

A specimen of Paraster that is too incomplete to describe as new and
does not seem referable to any of the known species is of interest as being
from the island of Trinidad, so it is briefly described.

Test moderately high, truncate anteriorly; pointed posteriorly; dorsally
with a deep anterior furrow that extends over the ambitus and to the
peristomal border. The ambulacra are completely obliterated, excepting
ventrally, where they are seen extending to the peristome. The apical
disk and periproct are also quite invisible. The peristome is situated far
anteriorly; it is wide, labiate, and sunken. The specimen measures about
16 mm. in height, 27 mm. in length, and 23 mm. in width. This specimen
makes a close approach to Paraster loveni in form, but that species comes
from the Oligocene and is probably distinct.

80 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Eocene, San Fernando formation, Vitabella Road, Mount Moriah,
San Fernando, Trinidad, J. A. Bullbrook collector, 1 specimen, U. S.
Geol. Sur. station 8878; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328225.

Genus PERIASTER d’Orbigny, 1854.

Type species——Periaster conicus d’Orbigny, 1854, Paléontologie
Francaise, vol. 6, p. 274, plate 899.

The genus Periaster is very dubious. Duncan considers it a synonym
of Linthia. Apparently no type-species has ever been definitely desig-
nated for the genus. If Periaster conicus d’Orbigny be now designated
as the type, then the genus can be recognized and Cotteau’s Periaster
elongatus from St. Bartholomew can be considered as a valid Periaster.
Cotteau says that the genus Periaster is distinguished from Schizaster
by the fact that its posterior ambulacra are ordinarily more elongate.

Periaster elongatus Cotteau.
(Plate 13, Figure 11.)

Periaster elongatus Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol 13, No. 6, p. 27,
plate 5, fig. 6.
Schizaster (Periaster) elongatus Guppy, 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 196.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

The test is of medium size, elongate, hollowed, and expanded anteriorly;
subacuminate posteriorly. Upper face high, swollen, strongly carinate
posteriorly, having its greatest thickness a little behind the apical disk.
Posterior face subangular and truncate. Apical disk very excentric ante-
riorly. Anterior furrow wide, deep, commencing at the apical disk and
extending as far as the ambitus. The anterior ambulacrum III is different
from the others, with small pores separated by a granuliform swelling and
disposed in crowded pairs. The paired ambulacra are petaloid, subflexuous,
strongly excavated, and very nearly equal in length. The anterior am-
bulacra II and IV are very divergent [at an angle of about 165° to each
other], nearly horizontal; the posterior I and V more converging, forming
between them an acute angle [of about 40°]; poriferous areas are wider
than the interval between them, with pores which are equal, transverse,
elongate, and united by a furrow. The interambulacral areas are crowded,
compressed, very prominent at the approach to the summit. Tubercles
are abundant, small, unequal and scattered; the largest are in the anterior
region on the border of the ambulacral furrow. The peristome, periproct,
and apical disk are not visible in the only known specimen of the species.

The height can not be given exactly, as the base of the specimen is
buried in matrix, but it is estimated to be about 18 mm., the length is
about 34 mm., the width 24 mm. While these measurements differ
markedly from those given by Cotteau, I think there is no question that
this is the specimen he figures, for he says that it is very rare, and the
specimen is buried in matrix in the same way that he delineates. The
species is distinguished from its near allies by its elongate form, apical
disk excentric anteriorly, deep and wide anterior furrow, and the paired

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 81

ambulacral petals of equal length; also by the fact that the interam-
bulacra are strongly pinched up and prominent.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy collec-
tion ex Cleve, 1 specimen, holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115418.

Genus SCHIZASTER Agassiz, 1836.

Type species——Schizaster studeri Agassiz, 1835, Prodrome Mono-
graphie Radiaires, Mem. Soc. Sci., Neuchatel, vol. 1, p. 185 [separate
. 18}.
. Schizaster scille Agassiz.

Schizaster scille Agassiz, 1847, Catalogue Raisonné, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 21
(non Guppy, 1866, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22, p. 301). Cotteau,
1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 35; 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia,
vol. 22, p. 82; plate 26, figs. 4, 5; plate 27, figs. 4 to 6.

I have not seen material of this species. Guppy (1882, Scientific
Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 197) says that the specimens from
Anguilla, which in 1866 he referred to Schizaster scille, should be referred
to the species which Cotteau describes as Schizaster loveni, here called
Paraster loveni.

Cotteau describes specimens of scille from the “Miocene” of Cien-
fuegos, Cuba, where he says it is rare; Dewalque collection in Liége.

Family SPATANGIDZ Gray, 1825.
Genus BRISSOPSIS Agassiz, 1840.

Type species—Brissus lyrifer Forbes, 1841, British Starfishes, p. 187.

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Brissopsis.

Petals not very divergent, II and IV ascending and then curving outward.
PeetnEU SU Wiante SLOT DOVES TS FP 5 Selec Lee EG Oe ee ee bile B. jimenoi
Werinrare wisibie rome AAV! sai 5) oi cscs son bye oe Seed bale eo Seige a lees Wolo gs wie ols B. atlantica
Petals markedly divergent; II and IV not curved; periproct visible from above. B. antillarum

Brissopsis jimenoi Cotteau.

Brissopsis jimenoi Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 6;
1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 33, plate 3, figs. 5 to 9; 1897, Bol. Com.
Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 79, plate 24, figs. 5 to 9.

This species was described by Cotteau from the “Miocene” of Cien-
fuegos, San Martin, Province of Santa Clara, Cuba, where he says it is
rare. Collections of Dewalque in Liége, Cotteau in Paris, and Comisién
del Mapa Geolégico de Espafia, Madrid.

Brissopsis atlantica Mortensen.

Brissopsis atlantica Mortensen, 1907, Danish Ingolf Expedition, vol. 4, part 2, p. 160, plate 3,
figs. 6, 10,17. Lambert, 1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l’Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, p. 22.

This species, described by Mortensen from the living fauna, is reported
by Lambert as occurring fossil in the West Indies. He says that the
matrix is identical with that of Clypeaster rosaceus, which he also reports

82 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

from Anguilla, and he attributes them both to the Pliocene(?), An-
guilla, 1 specimen, collected by J. W. Gregory in 1899; British Museum.

Brissopsis antillarum Cotteau.
(Plate 14, Figures 3, 4.)

Brissopsis antillarum Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 37,
plate 6, figs. 19 to 25.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of medium size, subcordiform, a little acuminate posteriorly.
Upper face moderately swollen, having its greatest height posteriorly.
The posterior end is narrow and a little obliquely truncate. Lower face
depressed, but having posteriorly a swellingin the plastron. The apical disk
is excentric anteriorly. The anterior furrow is wide, deep, extending to
the ambitus, and prolonged below as far as the peristome. The anterior
ambulacrum III is straight, with very small pores disposed in oblique
pairs. The paired ambulacra have the petals excavated and nearly equal,
but the anterior pair II and IV are widely separated, while the posterior
pair I and V are nearer together, and have a tendency to round themselves
a little on each side of the summit. Poriferous areas are wide, with oblong
pores, comma-like, nearly equal, scarcely open at their extremity. Inter-
poriferous areas are very narrow, nearly wanting. Approaching the apical
disk, the anterior halves of ambulacra II and IV are partly atrophied and
the pores are reduced to small separated pores. [Similarly in the same region
the posterior halves of ambulacra I and V are partly atrophied and the
pores correspondingly reduced.] Ventrally, the ambulacral areas form
wide, smooth bands; the plates are very greatly developed and the pores
very widely spaced. The pores are nearer together and enlarge a little
near the peristome. Tubercles are small dorsally, except at the apex and
on the borders of the anterior furrow, where they are larger; they are also
larger on the lower side. Peristome semicircular, excentric anteriorly,
but well removed from the anterior border. Periproct rounded, opening
at the summit of the posterior face. There are 4 genital pores; the anterior
pair 2 and 3 are nearer together than are the posterior pair 1 and 4. Peri-
petalous and subanal fascioles are narrow, sinuous, and perfectly distinct.

Height, 20 mm., length, 47 mm., width, 38mm. This is the measure-
ment of the largest of 3 specimens_in Washington; it is somewhat
depressed, so that if not depressed, it would be a little higher. The best
preserved specimen is somewhat smaller and measures 20 mm. in height,
43.5 mm. in length, and 36 mm. in width. A young specimen which is
finely preserved measures 7 mm. in height, 14 mm. in length, and 11.5
mm. in width. All the evidence is that this young one and the largest
one are the specimens which were figured by Cotteau. This species
differs from B. jimenoi and atlantica, the only other West Indian fossil
species of the genus, in that the anterior paired ambulacral petals are
more divergent and not curved in antillarum. Cotteau cites differences
between antillarum and a number of European species.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, island of Anguilla, Guppy collection
ex Cleve, 3 specimens, cotypes, the originals of Cotteau’s plate 6, figures
19 to 25, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115406. Crocus Bay, southwest side,

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 83
Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector, 2 specimens, U. S. Geol. Sur. station
6894. Crocus Bay Bluff, southwest side, uppermost horizon, 125 feet
above sea-level, mostly limestone, Anguilla, T. W. Vaughan collector,
1 specimen, U. S. Geol. Sur. station 6967. Cevicos limestone, Arroyo
La Mora, west of Cevicos, Dominican Republic, C. W. Cooke collector,
1 specimen, U.S. Geol. Sur. station 8599.

Genus PLAGIOBRISSUS Pomel, 1883.

Type species —Spatangus pectoralis Lamarck, 1816, Anim. sans
Vert., vol. 3, p. 29—Echinus grandis Gmelin, 1788, Linné, Syst. Nat.,
ed. 13, vol. 1, part 6, p. 3200.

Cotteau calls his species Plagionotus loveni, but Plagionotus as a
generic name is not available for Echini and Pomel’s substitute Plagio-
brissus must be used (see H. L. Clark, 1917, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl.,
vol. 46, p. 207). Clark considers that the group of Echini distinguished
under the name Plagiobrissus is rightfully separated from Metalia, as
it not only differs from that genus structurally, but its geographical
distribution is wholly different. Metalia is an Indo-Pacific genus, while
Plagiobrissus is confined to certain parts of the tropical Atlantic and
the western Mediterranean. Louis Agassiz first distinguished the group,
but his generic name Plagionotus being preoccupied, A. Agassiz, in the
Revision, simply merged the component species with Metalia of Gray,
which is the most nearly allied genus. There the matter has rested,
excepting that Pomel, in his remarkable but generally ignored work,
suggested the name Plagiobrissus as a substitute for the preoccupied
Plagionotus.

Plagiobrissus loveni (Cotteau).
(Plate 14, Figure 5.)
Ses Cotteau, Kongi. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 41, plate 8,
The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of large size, cordiform, rounded and strongly indented anteriorly,
a little acuminate posteriorly. Upper face moderately swollen. Apical
disk excentric anteriorly. Anterior furrow nearly wanting on approaching
the apical disk; very pronounced toward the ambitus. Anterior ambu-
lacrum III straight, with small rounded pores. The paired ambulacral
petals are narrow, long, excavated, especially in the upper part, nearly
superficial in approaching the ambitus. Poriferous areas are wide, with
oblong transverse pores united by a furrow, alternating with small granular
bands. The interporiferous areas are furnished with small tubercles, unequal
in size and scattered; these areas are of nearly the same width as one of the
poriferous areas. Tubercles are of two kinds, one very large, crenulate,
and perforate, surrounded by a large scrobicule, unequal and scattered;
these occupy a large part of the dorsal region, descending nearly to the
ambitus, but clearly limited by the peripetalous fasciole. The other kind
of tubercles are much smaller, crowded, and very abundant, filling the
spaces between the large tubercles. Below the peripetalous fasciole and
as far as the ambitus these smaller tubercles are very fine, crowded, per-

84 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

fectly homogeneous, and form small subconcentric and interrupted ranges,
quite regular. The apical disk is granular, with 4 genital pores; the two
anterior pores 2 and 3 are less open and are nearer together than are the
two posterior pores 1 and 4. The peripetalous fasciole is wide, distinct, not
sinuous, relatively very near the ambitus, subanal fasciole annular.

I did not take any measurement of the height, but it is very low.
Cotteau says it is 35 mm. in height. The length is approximately 110 mm.
and the width 100 mm.

There is only one specimen in Washington, and Cotteau does not
mention any other, merely saying that it is very rare. It is beautifully
preserved in part, but very incomplete. Ambulacrum V is finely pre-
served and also interambulacra 4 and 5, with the indication of the peri-
proct on the right side of the posterior face. It does not make any near
approach to any Recent species of the genus.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy collec-
tion ex Cleve, 1 specimen, holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115370.

Genus MACROPNEUSTES Agassiz, 1847.

Type species —Macropneustes deshayesi Agassiz, 1847, Catalogue Rai-
sonné, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 8.

Cotteau’s genus Peripneustes is not recognized by authorities and is
considered purely a synonym of Macropneustes, which indeed Cotteau
himself recognized, for the species here considered he put in the genus
Macropneustes in his Spanish report, 1897.

Key to West Indian Fossil Species of Macropneustes.

Petals II and IV straight; test widest across apical system.............00eeeeeeuee M. clevet
Petals II and IV curved; test widest well back of apical system............... M. antillarum

Macropneustes clevei (Cotteau).
(Plate 14, Figures 6, 7.)

Peripneustes clevei Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 40,
plate 7, figs. 4 to 7.

Macropneustes clevei Guppy, 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p.198. Cotteau,
1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 93, plate 28, figs. 1 to 4.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of medium size, elongate, subcordiform, expanded anteriorly,
acuminate posteriorly. Upper face swollen, inclined on the sides. Sub-
carinate posteriorly, having its greatest height a little posterior to the
apical disk. Posterior face truncate subvertically, a little reéntrant. Lower
face swollen, rounded on the sides, depressed in front of the peristome and
marked by an elevation of the plastron. Apical disk excentric anteriorly.
The anterior furrow is wanting at the summit, but is wide and deep, espe-
cially toward the ambitus, which it enters strongly. Anterior ambulacrum
III with small pores, separated, disposed obliquely, alternating on each
side with a row of small tubercles. The paired ambulacra are narrow,
elongate, and quite deeply sunken, open at the tips. The anterior pair
II and IV are widely divergent [at an angle of about 145° to each other],

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—-SPATANGINA. 85

nearly horizontal. The posterior pair I and V are a little longer and form
an acute angle [of about 48°] posteriorly. Tubercles are abundant, fine,
crowded, and homogeneous below the ambitus; larger and more widely
spaced dorsally at the approach to the apical disk and completely cir-
cumscribed by the peripetalous fasciole. Ventrally, around the peristome,
the tubercles are relatively larger and less numerous; they form on the
plastron very regular longitudinal and radiating series. The peristome is
semicircular, labiate, excentric anteriorly. Periproct oval, opening at the
summit of the posterior face. The apical disk is small, with 4 genital pores;
the anterior pores 2 and 3 are nearer than the posterior pores 1 and 4.
Peripetalous agit very sinuous, following the contour of the ambulacral
petals; subanal fasciole annular.

Height 35 mm., length 61 mm., width 51 mm.; the width would
measure a little more but for lateral compression. This species is near
to M. antillarum, but differs from it greatly in size. M. clevei is also
higher, more swollen, the anterior furrow nearly wanting at the sum-
mit, and the apical disk relatively farther posteriorly than it is in
antillarum. The apical disk is 24 mm. from the anterior border.

There is only one specimen in Washington, which is doubtless the
original of Cotteau’s figures. He says that it is very rare and does not
mention other material than the Cleve collection in his 1875 memoir, but
does mention other specimens of the species in his Spanish report, 1897,
where he says the species occurs in Cuba.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, island of Anguilla, Guppy collection
ex Cleve, 1 specimen, holotype, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115410. Cotteau
records the species from the “Miocene” of Cuba and says an internal mold
is in the collection of the Comisién del Mapa Geoldgico de Espafia,
Madrid.

Macropneustes antillarum (Cotteau).
(Plate 15, Figure 1.)

Peripneustes antillarum Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 7,
39, plate 7, figs. 1 to 3; 1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 46.

Macropneustes antillarum Guppy, 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 198.

Macropneustes antillarum Cotteau [by clerical error Macropneustes antillanus on his page 95],
1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 95, plate 29, figs. 1 to 3.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of very large size, elongate, subcordiform; expanded anteriorly,
a little narrowed posteriorly. Upper face high and elevated anteriorly,
strongly inclined posteriorly, having its greatest height a little anterior
to the apical disk. Posterior face short, truncate, and slightly reéntrant.
Lower face nearly flat, appearing to be a little elevated in the posterior
interambulacrum, depressed in front of the peristome. Apical disk very
excentric anteriorly [only about 32 mm. from the border]. The anterior
furrow beginning near the apical disk is narrow and short at its upper
portion, wide and deep in approaching the ambitus, which it strongly
indents. Anterior ambulacrum III with small pores widely spaced. The
paired ambulacra with narrow, elongate petals are quite deeply excavated.
The anterior pair II and IV are very divergent, nearly horizontal; the
posterior pair I and V are a little longer and form an acute angle posteriorly.

86 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Cotteau says that the known specimens from St. Bartholomew are badly
worn, but two from the Eocene of Cuba are perfectly preserved and aided
in completing his description. Tubercles are of two kinds: The larger,
which are crenulate and perforate, occur dorsally near the summit and
especially anteriorly on the border of the furrow; they are everywhere
very definitely limited by the peripetalous fasciole. The other tubercles
are fine, crowded, homogeneous, very small, principally abundant above
the ambitus and in the marginal region. The peristome is labiate, semi-
lunar, and very excentric anteriorly. Apical disk relatively little developed;
madreporite long, narrow, traversing the whole area [and, as Cotteau shows
in a figure, separating the two posterior genitals 1 and 4 and oculars I and V].
There are 4 genital pores, the anterior pair are smaller and nearer together
than are the posterior pair. The peripetalous fasciole is sinuous, following
very closely the contour of the ambulacral petals; the subanal fasciole
is doubtful.

Height 44 mm., length 128 mm., width 99 mm. These measurements
differ very much from Cotteau’s, who says the height is 43 mm., length
117 mm., width 105 mm. His measurements were doubtless taken from
one of his Cuban specimens, for his published figure was from one of
these, as he states.

The Washington specimen is longer and narrower than Cotteau’s
measurements and also than his published figure, and the apical disk is
much farther forward, being about 32 mm. from the anterior border,
whereas in Cotteau’s figure it is 41 mm. from the anterior border. I
think it is quite probably a distinct species, but it is so worn that sur-
face characters are largely eroded away and it therefore seems best
to leave it where Cotteau placed it. In position and shape of the
ambulacra it agrees well with Cotteau’s figure, and it may be merely
a variant. In the Washington specimen ambulacra II and IV are at an
angle of about 160° to each other, and ambulacra I and V are at an
acute angle of about 40° to each other.

This species is distinct from others known in the genus in its great
size, its elongate form, elevated anteriorly and strongly inclined pos-
teriorly, its wide and deep anterior furrow, its paired ambulacral petals
very long and deep, its small tubercles, and very sinuous peripetalous
fasciole.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy collec-
tion ex Cleve, cotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115369. Cotteau also cites
specimens from the Eocene of Mantanzas, Cuba, which are cotypes
and in his own collection.

Genus BRISSUS Gray, 1825.

Type species—Spatangus brissus Leske, 1778, Add. ad Klein, pp.
xx, 182.
Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Brissus.
Width of test 70 per cent of length (more or less); periproct not visible from above... B. brissus

Width of test 55 per cent of length (more or less); periproct transversely elongate,
viaible from above. oy ie8 65.54 2's 34 5 ace dev. ch laiely “ole Geietane en ales Rae ly ie eae eT RIS B. exiguus

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 87

Brissus brissus (Leske).

Spatangus brissus Leske, 1778, Add. ad Klein, pp. xx, 182.

Spatangus columbaris Lamarck, 1816, Anim. sans Vert., vol 3, p. 30.

Brissus columbaris A. Agassiz, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoil., vol. 10, No. I, p. 93. Cotteau,
1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 77, plate 26, figs. 1 to 3.

I have not seen fossil material of this species. Cotteau, in his Spanish
paper, describes the species and copies some old figures of a specimen
from Cuba, but without detailed locality. According to Cotteau, this
species probably also occurs in Guadeloupe. Indeed, A. Agassiz lists
the species as from the Pliocene of Guadeloupe. It appears evident,
from his resorting to a copy for an illustration, that Cotteau had no
material himself.

Brissus exiguus Cotteau.
(Plate 15, Figures 2 to 4.)

Brissus dimidiatus Guppy (non Agassiz), 1866, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22, p. 301.

Brissus exiguus Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 35, plate 6,
figs. 16 to 18. Guppy, 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 198;
1911, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 67, p. 685.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of very small size, elongate, narrow and rounded anteriorly,
subtruncate posteriorly. Upper face swollen, subcarinate posteriorly.
Lower face regularly elevated, depressed in front of the peristome. Apical
disk very excentric anteriorly. Anterior furrow wholly wanting, anterior
ambulacrum III straight, elongate, narrow, with large tubercles; pores are
widely separated and scarcely visible. The paired ambulacra are wide,
subflexuous, very unequal; the anterior pair II and IV are nearly trans-
verse, a little rounded at the ends, moderately excavated; the posterior
pair I and V are longer, straighter, a little deeper and much less divergent.
The poriferous areas are wide, with elongate, narrow, equal pores in the two
half-areas approaching one another so closely as to leave no interporiferous
area. Tubercles are relatively well developed dorsally on the border of
ambulacrum III and near the apical disk on the interambulacral areas;
fine and crowded on the marginal region; larger and more widely separated
ventrally. Peristome semicircular, very excentric anteriorly. The apical
disk is small, compact, granular, with only 3 genital pores in the specimen
in hand; the genital pore of the madreporite appears to be atrophied.
ier fasciole subflexuous, not limiting the large tubercles of the

orsal side.

Height 11 mm., length 19 mm., width estimated at 13 mm. It is
estimated because one side is crushed and therefore an exact measure-
ment of the width can not be made.

This beautifully preserved specimen in Washington is the only one
that Cotteau had, as he states. It is therefore a holotype and the original
of his figures. The ambulacral petals II and IV, which measure 5 mm. in
length each, are at right angles to the long axis and, except for the slight
forward curvature, are almost in a straight line, making practically an
angle of 180° with each other; petals I and V are a little longer, measur-
ing 7 mm. each; they extend back, forming an acute angle of about 40°
posteriorly. The absence of a genital pore in the madreporite, as noted

88 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

above, is obviously an abnormal feature, as 4 pores are the typical
generic character; the absence of a genital pore in Recent Echini is not a
very ia occurrence, as I have elsewhere noted (Phylogeny of the Echini,
p. 170).

Another specimen in the Guppy collection at Washington (my plate 15,
fig. 4) is larger than the one that Cotteau described. It measures 17 mm.
in height, 34 mm. in length, and 23 mm. in width. This specimen is much
broader anteriorly than the type, but otherwise has the essential species
characters. As it is nearly twice as large as the type, possibly this change
in shape may be a matter of development, or it may be a variation. The
shape would be apparently the only feature of difference. Cotteau says
that having only one small specimen to represent this species, it may be
that it is the young of some larger one not yet known. It differs from the
Recent West Indian species Brissus unicola Leske by being longer and
narrower, dorsally more carinate at the posterior end, and by the close-
ness of the poriferous areas of the paired ambulacra, which do not have
any appreciable intermediate area.

Oligocene, Anguilla formation, island of Anguilla, Guppy collection ex
Cleve, 1 specimen, holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115396. Anguilla,
Guppy collection, 2 specimens, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115378. Evidently
these last are the specimens referred to by Guppy in his Trinidad paper
as “the examples of this species recorded by me in 1866..... as
dimidiatus ..... were much larger and in better preservation than
the single specimen of the Cleve collection.” Guppy in 1911 notes that
Brissus exiguus has lately been obtained from “Miocene” [Oligocene]
beds in Trinidad associated with the characteristic fossils of that
formation.

Genus EUPATAGUS Agassiz, 1847.

Type species —Eupatagus valenciennesti Agassiz, 1847, Catalogue
Raisonné, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 9.

This is Cotteau’s Euspatangus, an emended spelling. The West
Indian fossil species of Eupaiagus are very different from the single
Recent species from Australia. They are readily distinguished from each
other, as follows:

Key to the West Indian Fossil Species of Eupatagus.

A. Apical system only a little excentric anteriorly; petals II and IV widely diver-
; gent, but not nearly at right angles to long axis of test.
B. Petals II and IV half as wide as long; their interporiferous areas about 60 per

cent. of Ghitir width... 00.550 \.0d ed Sues tao eee RD E. grandiflorus
BB. Petals II and IV not nearly half as wide as long; their interporiferous areas 5
half theig widthy... 6). ick boss cs ote gue Bald s vaste tk en ee eel E, clevet

AA. Apical system very markedly anterior; petals II and IV nearly at right angles
to long axis of the test.
C. Petals relatively short, so that intrafasciolar area does not cover most of abactinal
surface; petals II and IV not curved.

D. Interporiferous area of petals (especially of I and V) widest at middle or
distally. 6. Fe u's so soos bo Mae oto Una alee a a ete ee ne SNe oe E. antillarum

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 89

DD. Interporiferous areas widest proximally; poriferous areas curved......... E. depressus
CC. Petals very long, nearly or quite reaching ambitus, so that intrafasciolar area
covers all of abactinal surface.
Te, WAR SROOU TE Bie ce kee ces enterereasoseensescosecce E. abruptus.
EE. Length exceeds width.
F. Test high and narrow (height much more than half the length; width
about 80 per cent. of length); petals IJ and IV straight ....E. cubensis
FF. Test low and wide (height less than half the length; width about 90 per
cent. of length); petals II and IV curved forward.
G. Test widest anteriorly; peristome little sunken................ E. elegans
GG. Test widest posteriorly;, peristome deeply sunken............. E. vaughani

Eupatagus grandiflorus (Cotteau).
(Plate 15, Figures 5, 6.)

Euspatangus grandiflorus Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6,
p. 45, plate 8, figs. 5, 6.
Eupatagus clevei Guppy (pars), 1882, Scientific Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 199.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of large size, elongate, a little contracted anteriorly; dorsally
high, thick, and swollen; slightly carinate posteriorly; ventrally nearly
flat. Apical disk excentric anteriorly. Anterior furrow wanting near the
apical disk, more pronounced as it approaches the border, entering the
ambitus strongly. Anterior ambulacrum III straight, narrow, and long,
with very small pores, separated widely and scarcely visible. The paired
ambulacra petaloid, very wide, nearly closed at their tips, and unequal. The
anterior pair II and IV is a little arcuate in approaching the apical disk.
[They are widely separate, presenting an angle of about 140° to each other.]
The posterior pair I and V is just a little longer, less divergent, and forming
an acute angle [of about 55°] posteriorly. Poriferous areas are wide, slightly
sunken; the pores are rounded and very open, united by a furrow. [Inter-
poriferous area very wide.] In the ambulacra II and IV, the anterior pori-
ferous area is very rounded and the pores become very small in approaching
the apex. The tubercles are of two kinds, as in all species of the genus;
the larger scattered, less developed than they are ordinarily, and some are
preserved in the posterior interambulacrum; the other kind of tubercles
are small, crowded, and homogeneous. Peripetalous fasciole nonsinuous,
the rest scarcely visible.

Height 42 mm., length 74 mm.; as the specimen is wanting posteriorly,
this measurement is inadequate; if complete, it would doubtless be from
3 to 5 mm. longer; the width is 64 mm.

Cotteau says that he had only a single specimen, which was from the
Cleve collection. It is very much worn and shows very little of the
surface characters, yet shows the petaloid ambulacra very well. Ambula-
crum III is very narrow; the anterior paired ambulacra II and IV are
very wide, 14 mm.; the posterior ambulacra I and V are a trifle nar-
rower, measuring 13 mm. in width. This species is to be recognized from
others by its size, shape, the anterior furrow, well marked at the ambitus,
and especially by the width of the paired ambulacral areas, which is a
striking character.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy collec-
tion ex Cleve, 1 specimen, holotype, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115371.

90 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Eupatagus species a.

The following is a description of the specimen:

Species of large size, rounded, dome-shaped; a little narrower anteriorly
than posteriorly. Anterior furrow wanting dorsally, clearly marked as a
broad, shallow furrow on approaching the ambitus. Ambitus below the
midzone. Rounded on the border, ventrally sunken around the peristome.
Apical disk anterior, 32 mm. from the anterior border and 65 mm. from
the posterior border of the test. Anterior ambulacrum straight and narrow,
flush dorsally, lying in the shallow furrow toward the ambitus. The paired
ambulacra are petaloid, of moderate width, slightly sunken. Ambulacra
II and IV widely divergent, at an angle of about 155° to each other. The
posterior pair I and V form an acute angle of about 50° posteriorly. Por-
iferous areas are wide, the pores elongate, comma-shaped, and united by
a furrow. Interporiferous area about the width of a poriferous. The
ambulacra are too incomplete for a full description. Larger tubercles are
scattered thickly over the surface of the test; the smaller abundantly fill
the spaces between the larger tubercles, but are visible only in favored
spots. The peristome is anterior, but details are not visible. The periproct
and details of the apical disk and fascioles are wanting.

Height 50 mm., length 97 mm., width 85 mm. This species resembles
E. grandiflorus, but differs in that the ambulacral petals are very much
narrower and the apical disk is farther anterior. The paired petals are of
about the same width as are those of E. clevei, but petals II and IV are
much more divergent. Coming from Jamaica, from which island only a
few fossil Echini are at present known, the specimen has a considerable
interest. It came in the same lot with the same lithological facies as
the Cidaris foveata, sp. nov., and Echinolampas ovumserpentis as here
described.

Eocene, probably from the Cambridge formation of R. T. Hill,
Jamaica, no detailed locality; 1 specimen, Mus. Comp. Zoél. No. 3237.

Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau).
(Plate 16, Figures 1, 2.)

Euspatangus clevei Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 6, No. 6, p. 44,
plate 8, figs. 1 to 4. Z
Eupatagus clevei Guppy (pars), 1882, Sci. Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 199.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of medium size, elongate, rounded, and a little expanded ante-
riorly; more narrow and truncate posteriorly; thick dorsally, swollen, a
little inclined anteriorly; high and subcarinate posteriorly. Ventrally
nearly flat, a little depressed anteriorly, presenting a slight elevation in
the posterior interambulacrum. Apical disk excentric anteriorly. Anterior
furrow very attenuate, nearly wanting. Anterior ambulacrum III straight,
narrow, long, with small pores scarcely visible. The paired ambulacra
are wide, petaloid, subflexuous, closed at their tips and unequal. The
anterior pair II and IV are widely divergent, but are not transverse, a little
arcuate; the posterior pair I and V are longer than the others, forming
between them an acute angle posteriorly. Poriferous areas are wide, a
little depressed, with pores rounded, very open, and united by an oblique

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 91

furrow. Tubercles are abundant, very unequal, moderately developed,
nearly as numerous in the posterior interambulacrum as in the other areas
and circumscribed by the peripetalous fasciole. Ordinary tubercles are
abundant and crowded toward the ambitus in the inframarginal region and
on the ventral swelling of the posterior interambulacrum. They are a
little more widely spaced on the approach to the peristome, leaving wholly
smooth the ventral area of the posterior ambulacra I and V. Peristome
narrow, sublabiate, transversely elongate, excentric anteriorly. Periproct
oval, opening at the summit of the posterior face. The apical disk is narrow,
compact, granular, and remarkable for the development of the madreporite
which traverses the length of the disk, and in Cotteau’s figure it is seen to
separate the posterior genitals 1 and 4 and oculars I and V. Four genital
pores, the two anterior (2 and 3) are nearer and less open than are the
two posterior (1 and 4). Peripetalous and subanal fascioles non-sinuous.

Height 34 mm., length 61 mm., width 48 mm. The Washington
specimen is much worn anteriorly and shows little detail anterior to the
apical disk. This species is distinguished from E. antillarum by its
larger size, by the fact that it is very broadly rounded anteriorly, is pro-
portionately wider; is more elevated and subcarinate posteriorly; the
anterior paired ambulacra as far as made out (petal II is preserved in part,
but petal IV is completely obliterated, as is also the anterior petal III),
are wider and less divergent, in place of being nearly horizontal, as
they are in antillarum. Ambulacra II and IV present an angle of
about 125° to each other, and the posterior pair I and V make an acute
angle of about 65° to each other. The peristome is transversely elon-
gate, instead of being nearly round as in antillarum.

Cotteau says that this species is rare and mentions only the Cleve
collection. It is probable that the Washington specimen was the only
one that he had, as it agrees well with his measurements, and while it
does not show all the details of his figures, it has nothing discordant
with them.

Eocene, from the St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew,
Guppy collection ex Cleve, 1 specimen, apparently the holotype, U. S.
Nat. Mus. No. 115379.

Eupatagus antillarum (Cotteau).
(Plate 16, Figures 3 to 6.)

Euspatangus antillarum Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6,
p. 43, plate 7, figs. 8 to 12.
Eupatagus antillarum Guppy, 1882, Sci. Assoc. Trinidad, Proc., part 12, p. 199.

The following is an extract from the original description of this species:

Species of small size, rounded and subdilated anteriorly; narrower and
truncate posteriorly; a little swollen dorsally, thick on the borders. Lower
face nearly flat, marked with an elevation corresponding to the posterior
interambulacrum, which is prominent and subangular. Apical disk very
excentric anteriorly. Anterior furrow very attenuated, nearly wanting.
Anterior ambulacrum III narrow, long, and straight, with very small
pores scarcely visible. The paired ambulacral petals are closed at their
tips, very unequal; the anterior II and IV transverse [at an angle of about

92 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

150° to each other]; the posterior I and V longer, very arcuate, forming
between them an acute angle [of about 55°] posteriorly. Poriferous areas
are wide, depressed, with rounded, very open pores, united by a furrow
and strongly channeled. Tubercles are of two kinds; the larger are medium-
sized, unequal, scrobiculate, irregularly disposed, and circumscribed by
the peripetalous fasciole. These tubercles are less abundant and smaller
in the posterior interambulacrum. The smaller tubercles are crowded
and abundant, very fine above the ambitus, a little larger inframarginally
and on the elevation of the posterior interambulacrum ventrally. They
are more widely spaced toward the peristome and on the ventral surface
leave nearly smooth the areas of the posterior ambulacra. The peristome
is subcircular, a little elongated, excentric anteriorly. The periproct is oval,
opening at the summit of the posterior face. The peripetalous and the
anal fascioles are observable only at some points. They appear to be very
little sinuous.

There are 2 specimens in the U. S. National Museum. The larger
measures 18 mm. in height, 47 mm. in length, and 33 mm. in width; the
smaller specimen measures 17 mm. in height, 38 mm. in length, and 31
mm. in width. The smaller specimen (my plate 16, figs. 5 and 6) is the
better preserved of the two and more closely agrees with Cotteau’s
specific description. It is apparently the original of his plate 7, figures
8 to 11.1. This specimen is broadly rounded anteriorly, presenting one
nearly continuous curve from one side around the border to the other;
posteriorly it is much narrower and truncate. The larger specimen (my
plate 16, figs. 3 and 4), which is apparently the original of Cotteau’s
plate 7, figure 12, is in shape almost the exact reverse of the small speci-
men. It is narrowly rounded and truncate anteriorly and broadly
rounded posteriorly, presenting one nearly continuous curve from one
side around the border to the other side. The test is widest distinctly
posterior to the middle. The anterior petals II and IV are markedly
wider than the same petals of the smaller specimen and the petals of the
posterior ambulacra curve outward, not inward, as they do in the smaller
specimen. These differences may be only a matter of variation, but this
large specimen is probably a distinct species. As I have noted these
characters mainly on the photographs and have not the specimens before
me, I hesitate to describe it as a new species and therefore leave it where
Cotteau placed it, under antillarum.

The small size, ovate or obovate form, and almost perfectly trans-
verse anterior pair of ambulacra distinguish this species from other
West Indian fossil species of Eupatagus.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholomew, Guppy collec-
tion ex Cleve, 2 specimens, cotypes, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115395. Besides
the Cleve collection, Cotteau mentions having specimens from the
museums of Stockholm and Upsala.

1 By clerical error, Cotteau, in his text (p. 43), refers this species to plate 7, figures 7 to 11,
which should read, figures 8 to 12. Similarly, in his description of the figures, each figure referred
to is one number too low; figure 7, side view, should read, figure 8, side view, etc. The legend
on the plate is correct.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 93

Eupatagus depressus, new species.

(Plate 16, Figure 7.)

The following is a description of this species:

Test subcordiform, broadly rounded anteriorly; narrower posteriorly;
very low dorsally, curving very gently from the highest point at the apical
disk to the relatively high rounded border on all sides; ventrally it is very
nearly flat as far as preserved, but wanting in part posteriorly. Anterior
furrow very slight, deepening and widening as it approaches the ambitus.
Anterior ambulacrum III narrow, 2.5 mm. wide at halfway from the apical
disk to the border, with small pores, widely spaced and inconspicuous. Petals
of the paired ambulacra slightly raised, narrow, curved, pointed, nearly
closed at the tips. The anterior pair II and IV is widely divergent, but
not transverse, at an angle of about 140° to each other, 21 mm. long, curving
gently anteriorly; the posterior pair I and V (ambulacrum V is wanting,
but the suture of its contact with interambulacrum 4 exists, thus indicating
its contour on that side) is longer, 28 mm. in length, curving outward and
forming an acute angle of about 60° to each other posteriorly. Poriferous
areas are narrow, sunken, with nearly round medium-sized pores connected
by a deep, strongly marked furrow. Tubercles are of twokinds. The larger
are very large, with strongly marked scrobicules, they are widely spaced on
the four anterior interambulacra dorsally, but are wanting on interambu-
lacrum 5, and are circumscribed by the peripetalous fasciole. Ventrally,
these primary tubercles are crowded near the border; for the rest of the
ventral area they are abundant but more widely spaced. The ventral side
is too imperfect, or in part wanting, to show much detail. Small tubercles
are crowded and occupy the spaces between the large tubercles and alone
exist on the ambulacral areas and on the posterior interambulacrum 5
dorsally. Peristome obscurely outlined, but wide and excentric anteriorly,
24 mm. from the anterior border. Periproct wanting, apical disk excentric
anteriorly, 27 mm. from the anterior border; it is very small, and imperfect
from a local fracture, but the madreporite with its large pore is preserved.
The peripetalous fasciole is obscurely marked, following the outline of
the petals; the subanal fasciole is wanting, as the test is largely broken away
at that area.

Height 13 mm., length about 65 mm., width 60 mm. This species is
characterized by its very low, flat form, yet, with high rounded border
and curving narrow ambulacra, is radically different from any other
fossil West Indian species of the genus. It approaches nearest to
Eupatagus carolinensis W. B. Clark,! but is much larger and flatter,
with a distinct anterior sinus which is quite wanting in carolinensis.

. Oligocene, high bluff, 2 km. southwest of Juana Diaz, Porto Rico,
from huge blocks of fallen limestone where irrigation flume is covered
with earth, 1 specimen the holotype, station 199, American Mus. Nat.
Hist. No. 18573, C. A. Reeds collector, under auspices of the New York
Academy of Sciences, the Porto Rican Government and the American
Museum of Natural History codperating.

1 Clark and Twitchell, 1915, Monograph, U. S. Geol. Sur., p. 153, plate 71, figs. 3a to 3d, 4.

94 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Eupatagus abruptus (Gregory).

Archeopneustes abrupius Gregory, 1892, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 48, p. 163,
plate 4, figs. 1 to 5.

Asterostoma, sp. nov. Gregory, 1892, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 3, p. 107 [errata p. xii says,
for Asterostoma, n. sp. read Archeopreuster abruptus Greg.}.

This species belongs to Eupatagus rather than Archeopneustes because
of its close relationship to Eupatagus cubensis (Cotteau). It has no near
relationship to Paleopneustes hystrix A. Agassiz, which Recent species
Gregory made the type of his genus Archeopneustes. Gregory does not
give a geological age to this species in his description, but in a later paper
(1895, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. 51, pp. 255 to 312) says that the Oceanic
series is younger than the Scotland beds. R. J. L. Guppy! reports finding
Echinolampas anguille in the bed whence this species came. The age of
the deposit, the Bissex Hill formation, would therefore be Oligocene, either
the Antiguan or the Anguillan horizon. For a new Eupatagus from
Barbados, recently received by the U. S. National Museum, see p. 3.

Oligocene, uppermost limestone of the Oceanic series, Bissex Hill “beds,”
Barbados, G. Firth Franks collector; type, British Museum, No. E 3433.

Eupatagus cubensis (Cotteau).

Macropneustes cubensis (Cotteau), 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 6;
1881, Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 48, plate 4, fig. 7; 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa
Geol. Espafia, vol. 22, p. 91, plate 23, figs. 1 to 4; plate 25, fig. 7.

I have not seen specimens of this species. It belongs in the genus
Eupatagus rather than Macropneustes, because the ambulacral petals are
flush, not sunken. Cotteau describes the species from the Eocene of
St. Martin, Province of Matanzas, Cuba, Cotteau collection, Paris; also
ingenio Constancia, in the Province of Santa Clara, Cuba, collection
Comisién del Mapa Geolégico de Espafia, Madrid.

Eupatagus elegans, new species.
(Plate 16, Figure 8; Plate 17, Figure 1.)

The following is a description of this species:

Species of large size, ovate in outline, broadly rounded anteriorly, nar-
rower and almost coming to a point posteriorly. Upper face subconical,
the apex coinciding with the apical disk, which is excentric anteriorly.
From the apex the test slopes quite steeply anteriorly and more gradually
posteriorly and laterally to the ambitus. It is rounded quite sharply at
the ambitus. The ventral side is depressed about the peristome and rises
in a prominent elevation in the plastron, especially posteriorly. This
swelling, while marked, is not as excessive as it is in the next species, EZ.
vaughani. There is a slight depression anteriorly in which the ambulacrum
III lies, which could hardly be called a furrow. The paired ambulacra
all lie in radial slight depressions of the test. The anterior ambulacrum
III is straight, narrow, with small pores situated in the lower half of the
plates. The paired ambulacra are rather narrow for the size of the specimen
(13 mm. at the widest part), petaloid, widening markedly below the petals,
widest at the ambitus, thence narrowing to the peristomal border. Ambu-
lacra II and IV, the anterior pair, are widely divergent, almost at right

1 Guppy, R. J. L., Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 67, p. 692, 1911.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPATANGINA. 95

angles to the long axis, lying at an angle of about 160° to each other. The
posterior pair I and V converge strongly, forming an acute angle of about
65° posteriorly. Poriferous areas are narrow, the outer pores elongate,
oblique; the inner slightly oval. The interporiferous areas are narrow; near
the peristome the pores are close together and situated near the lower border
of each plate. Interambulacra are broad, the lower border of the plates
being markedly curved. Plastron long, rather narrow, and it, with the
adjacent ambulacra I and V, is moderately but distinctly elevated.
The primary tubercles are small, perforate, crenulate, and scrobiculate;
scattered on the dorsal surface, more crowded toward the ambitus and
ventrally. Small granules are scattered abundantly between the primary
tubercles and form rings around the latter. A few spines are preserved in
protected spots; these spines are slender and acicular, and the best pre-
served measure about 5 mm. in length. The apical disk is very small,
with 4 genital plates having extra large genital pores; the pores of genitals
2 and 3 are nearer together than are those of 1 and 4. The madreporite
extends back, separating the posterior genitals and oculars. Oculars are
very small. The peristome is situated anteriorly, but at a considerable
distance (30 mm.) from the anterior border; it is in a moderate depression,
transversely elongate, labiate. The periproct is not clearly outlined in any
of the specimens, but it is large, oval in the vertical plane, and situated on
the posterior face, not visible from above.

This species is represented by several finely preserved specimens.
The holotype (plate 17, fig. 1), which is the most complete dorsally,
measures about 43 mm. in height, 119 mm. in length, and 108 mm. in
width across ambulacra II and IV, which is the widest part of the test.
The paratype (plate 16, fig. 8), which is a little smaller than the holotype,
measures 41 mm. in height, 110 mm. in length, and 100 mm. in width.
It is extremely well preserved ventrally and in part dorsally.

The two described specimens are light gray. A third individual from
the same locality but from yellowish shales, which color the specimen has,
is referred to this species with some doubt. It is well preserved, but is
very imperfect dorsally. It has the same form in outline as the type, but
is very much flattened. The plastron is much narrower anteriorly and
wider posteriorly. My impression is that it belongs to a distinct and
new species, but it has not sufficient structure preserved for a proper
description. It is interesting that some spines are associated with speci-
mens of this species. This is the only species of West Indian fossil Echini,
other than the species of Cidaris, of which I have seen the spines, and
they have not been reported in any other species as far as known. The
large size, conical form, and the great width anteriorly and narrowness
posteriorly distinguish this species from any other West Indian or
American species of the genus.

Oligocene, high bluff, 2 km. southwest of Juana Diaz, Porto Rico,
from huge block of limestone, halfway up slope and just beneath basal
limestone ledge, in situ, 1 specimen, the holotype, station 196, American
Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 18574. High bluff, 2 km. southwest of Juana Diaz,
Porto Rico, greenish to yellowish shales (Juana Diaz), exposed in the west

96 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

bank of the Jacaguas River, 1 specimen, paratype (also a fragment,
both olive gray), station 188, American Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 18575.
Same locality and data; 1 specimen, which is referred doubtfully to
this species, station 189. All of the above specimens of this species
were collected by C. A. Reeds under the auspices of the New York
Academy of Sciences, the Porto Rican Government and the American
Museum of Natural History coéperating.

Eupatagus vaughani, new species.
(Plate 17, Figure 2; Plate 18, Figures 1, 2.)

The following is a description of this species:

Test massive, oval, elongate, a little contracted anteriorly; low, rounded,
dome-shaped dorsally, presenting almost an equal curve anteroposteriorly,
but is a little steeper anteriorly; strongly rounded on the border, especially
posteriorly. Posteriorly, rising in a rounded outline rather than a steep
face. Ventrally, nearly flat on the marginal outline, hollowed into the
anterior peristome. The plastron is elevated strongly, and posteriorly
it presents almost a median ridge. The anterior furrow is wanting, except
ventrally, close to the peristome. Ambulacra flush, wide, petaloid, curved,
excepting ambulacrum III, which is narrow, straight, inconspicuous, widen-
ing as it approaches the peristome. The pores of ambulacrum III can not
be made out dorsally, as the specimen is much worn, but ventrally they
appear as single pores in a furrow, which widens as it approaches the per-
istome. The paired ambulacra are wide, petaloid, curving, the petals
extending to the ambitus. The anterior pair II and IV are widely diverging,
at an angle of about 145° to each other, curving forward as they approach
the ambitus; the posterior pair I and V are a little wider than II and IV,
much less diverging, and present an acute angle of about 60° posteriorly;
they are only slightly curved. The pores of the paired areas are very much
alike, rounded, and prominent; the inner and outer pores are in a straight
line, separated by a moderately short space, and situated on the outer
border of the plates; the interporiferous area is narrow. The interam-
bulacra are wide and the plates are strongly curved on the horizontal suture
lines. The details of plate-sutures and tubercles are almost gone from
mechanical wear of the surface in the holotype, but in the second specimen
or paratype the sutures are quite obvious and a few tubercles are preserved.
These tubercles are small, perforate, scrobiculate, not crowded. The apical
disk is small, excentric anteriorly, but no details of the plates are preserved.
The peristome is transversely elongate, labiate, excentric, quite near the
anterior border of the test. The periproct is very large (23 mm. high, 19
mm. wide), oval in a vertical plane, situated on the posterior face and just
barely visible from above. The plastron is very large, triangular, wide
and strongly elevated posteriorly, so much so that this area stands out
as a distinct bulge below the ambital outline when seen in profile. Fascioles
are not preserved in either specimen.

The holotype, which is the more complete of the two known specimens,
measures 50 mm. in height through the plane of apical disk, 134 mm.
in length, and 118 mm. in greatest width through interambulacra
1 and 4.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS—-SPATANGINA. 97

This fine species by far surpasses in size any other West Indian species
of the genus and makes no close approach to any of them. It is clearly
characterized by its great size, low, rounded dorsal outline, and the great
swelling ventrally of interambulacrum 5 near the posterior border of the
test. While the holotype is the more perfect specimen as a whole, the
second specimen, or paratype, shows interambulacral suture lines and in
protected spots very well preserved tubercles. I take great pleasure in
naming this species for Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan, who has done so much
to elucidate the geology and palzontology of the West Indies.

Oligocene, Antigua formation, bluff on north side of Willoughby Bay,
Antigua; T. W. Vaughan collector, 1914; U.S. Geol. Sur. station 6881;
2 specimens, the holotype, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328245; and a paratype,
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328246.

Eupatagus species b.

This species is represented by a single specimen, too incomplete for
description, but representing a very large species distinct from others
known, but nearest to Eupatagus vaughanit. The test is elongate, very
low and wide. The apical disk is posterior to the center, being about
90 mm. from the anterior border. Petals II and IV are widely divergent;
petals I and V are sunken, and present an acute angle posteriorly. The
outer pores are elongate, oval, the inner pores rounded, the pores of each
pair being connected by a furrow. The interporiferous area is twice the
width of a poriferous area. The width of petal I at its widest part is
22 mm., and of petal IV is about 20mm. Ambulacrum III is imper-
fectly visible in part, but it is apparently flush, straight, and much
narrower than the other ambulacral areas.

The specimen is about 145 mm. in length and about 130 mm. in width;
it is very low, but the height is unknown, as the specimen is too incom-
plete to allow any accurate vertical measurement. It is a pity that it
is not better preserved, as it represents a fine and very large species.

Eocene, St. Bartholomew limestone, Governor’s Bay, point between
the bay and Grand or Négre Point, St. Bartholomew, 1 specimen, T. W.
Vaughan collector, 1914; U.S. Geol. Sur. station 6921; U.S. Nat. Mus.
No. 328224.

Genus BREYNIA Desor, 1847.

Type species—Spatangus crux-andree Lamarck, 1816, Anim. sans
Vert., vol. 3, p. 31=Spatangus australasie Leach, 1815, Zodl. Misc.,
vol. 2, p. 68, plate 82.

Breynia cubensis Cotteau.

Breynia cubensis Cotteau, 1875, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 7; Ann.
Soc. Géol. Belgique, vol. 9, p. 43, plate 4, figs. 4 to 6; 1897, Bol. Com. Mapa Geol.

Espafia, vol. 22, p. 87, plate 25, figs. 4 to 6.
The genus Breynia is an Indo-Australian type in the Recent fauna,

and it is quite remarkable that a fossil West Indian species should have

98 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

occurred. I have not seen a specimen, but Cotteau described this species
from the Eocene (?) of Matanzas, Cuba. The material is in his own
collection.

Lambert (1915, Mém. Soc. d’Agric. de l’Aube (Troyes), vol. 79, p. 31)
claims that Cotteau’s Breynia cubensis is not a true Breynia, but belongs
rather with Brissoides. He notes that a specimen of the genus Brissoides
was found at “Dodger’s Bay,” Antigua, and that it differs from cubensis
in that the latter has fewer but larger tubercles, more equal petals, less
tapering and non-flexuous. The specimen which Lambert describes,
without specific name, is very imperfectly preserved; it was collected by
J. W. Gregory, 1899, collection of British Museum.

[NotE.—In a paper on fossil Echini from northeastern Mexico, a number
of Cotteau’s West Indian species are recorded as occurring in Mexico. This
paper by Kew (in R. E. Dickerson and W. S. W. Kew, 1917. The fauna of a
medial Tertiary formation and the associated horizons of northeastern
Mexico. Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 7, pp. 125-156, pls. 17—26a)
came to my attention too late to be considered otherwise than by this note.
The species referred to are beautifully figured, and a locality is given but
no description. What Kew calls Clypeaster cf. concavus Cotteau has petals
too flaring and wide open, and the test is proportionately too wide to be
closely compared to concavus. His Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau, though I
have not seen specimens of the species, appears to be too flattened above
the border and has petals too short proportionately to be referred to that
species. His Agassizia clevei Cotteau is evidently very close to the species
here (p. 70) separated from Cotteau’s clevei as A. inflata, sp. nov. What
Kew calls Schizaster clevei Cotteau differs so radically in side view from
clevei that it seems it can not be referred to that species. Kew’s Macropneus-
tes antillarum Cotteau is much higher posteriorly and more rounded margin-
ally than the only specimen of the species that I have seen. It is very
doubtful if Kew’s identification is correct.]

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRINCIPAL PUBLICATIONS ON
WEST INDIAN FOSSIL ECHINI.

Acassiz, ALEXANDER. 1883. Reports on results of dredging. . . by U. S. Coast
Survey steamer Blake. Report on the Echini, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl.,
vol. 10, No. 1, pp. i-viii, 9-94, pls. 1-9, 9a, 10-15, 15a—15c, 16-28.

Brown, Amos P. 1914. Notes on the geology of the island of Antigua. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci.; Phila., vol. 65, pp. 584-616, pls. 18-20.

Cotreau, [GustavE Honoré]. 1871. Notice sur le genre Asterostoma. Mém. Soc. Géol. de
France, ser. 2, vol. 9, pp. 177-184, pls. 16, 17.

—. 1875. Descriptions des Echinides tertiaires des Iles St. Barthélemy et Anguilla.
Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 1-48, pls. 1-8.

——. 1881. Description des Echinides fossiles de I’'Ile de Cuba. Annales Soc. Géol.
de Belgique, vol. 9, pp. 1-49, pls. 1-4.

—. 1897. Descripcién de los Equinoides Fésiles de la Isla de Cuba por M. G. Cotteau,
adicionada por D. Justo Egozcue y Cia. .Bol. Com. del Mapa Geol. de
Espafia, vol. 22, pp. 1-100, pls. 1-29.

pE CortAzar, D. 1880. Descripcién de un nuevo Equinodermo de la Isla de Cuba:
Encope cig,n. sp. Bol. Com. del Mapa Geol. de Espajfia, vol. 7, pp. 227-232
[pp. 1-6 of article], pls. G and H.

Desor, Epovarp. 1858 Synopsis des Echinides fossiles, pp. i-Ixiii, 1-490, 1-44, pls.
1-4,

DUCHASSAING, PIERRE. 1855. Sur les formations modernes de |’ile de la Guadeloupe, par
M. Duchassaing, D.—M. a I’tle Saint-Thomas (Antilles). Bull. Soc. Géol.
de France, ser. 2, vol. 12, pp. 753-757.

Ecozcur y Cia, Justo. See Correau, 1897.

Grecory, J. W. 1889. Cystechinus crassus, a new species from the Radiolarian marls of
Barbados, and the evidence it affords as to the age and origin of these deposits.
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 45, pp. 640-650, figs. 1-3.

———, 1892. Archeopneustes abruptus, a new genus and species of echinoid from the
Oceanic series in Barbados. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 48, pp. 163-
169, pl. 4.

——. 1892a. The relations of the American and European echinoid faunas. Bull.
Geol. Soc. America, vol. 3, pp. 101-108. [See errata, p. xii of that volume.]
1895. Contributions to the paleontology and physical geology of the West

Indies. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 51, pp. 255-312, pl. 11.
Guppy, R. J. Lecumere. 1866. On Tertiary Echinoderms from the West Indies.
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22, pp. 297-301, pl. 19.
1882. On the fossil Echinodermata of the West Indies. Scientific Assoc.
Trinidad, Proc., part 12, pp. 193-199.
——. 1911. On the geology of Antigua and other West Indian islands with reference
to the physical history of the Caribbean region. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc.
London, vol. 67, pp. 681-700, pl. 50 [map].
Hi, Ropert T. 1899. The geology and physical geography of Jamaica. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zodl., vol. 34, pp. 1-256, pls. 1-41.
LAMBERT, J. 1915. Echinides Néogénes des Antilles Anglaises. Mém. Soc. Acad.
d’Agriculture, des Sciences, Arts et Belles Lettres du Départment de |’Aube,
Troyes, vol. 79, pp. 17-34, one plate [not numbered].
Micuetin, Harpourn. 1855. Echinides vivants et fossiles des Antilles et du Golfe
= Mp Bull. Soc, Géol. de France, ser. 2, vol. 12, pp. 758-759 [signed
———. 1861. Monographie des Clypéastres fossiles. Mém. Soc: Géol. de France, ser. 2,
vol. 7, pp. 101-148, pls. 9-36.
[Notr.—For lists of recent papers on West Indian geology and paleontology and on

Mesozoic and Tertiary Echini of the United States and Central America, see the following
paper by Doctor Vaughan, pages 107, 108, and 120.]

99

100 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

[The accompanying plates were made up to be reduced to a uniform width of 534 inches.
This proved to be undesirable, and the plates are reduced to 5 inches in width, with in most
cases a corresponding slight reduction of the original figures. The approximate size of the
figures is given in the descriptions. Where desired the exact size of specimens can usually
be obtained from the descriptions in the text.]

PLATE 1.

Fic. 1. Cidaris anguille Cotteau. Cotype, X 3.4; spine; Anguilla; U. S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115393.

Fics. 2-5. Cidaris peloria, sp. nov. Spines and interambulacral plate, X 0.9; (2) base
and shaft, holotype; (3) interambulacral plate; (4) tip of probably
a ventral spine; (5) base and tip with estimated interval indicated
by dotted lines; (3 to 5) paratypes; near San Sebastian, Porto
Rico; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 18564.

Fics. 6,7. Cidaris foveata, sp. nov. Holotype, X 0.9; (6) dorsal and (7) side views of
the same specimen. The peculiar pits are best seen in right inter-
ambulacrum. Jamaica; Mus. Comp. Zoél. No. 3234.

Fics. 8-10. Cidaris loveni Cotteau. Holotype, X 0.9; (8) dorsal, (9) ventral, and
(10) side views of same specimen; St. Bartholomew; U.S. Nat.
Mus. No. 115415.

Fic. 11. Cidaris clevei Cotteau. Holotype, X 4; side view of interambulacrum and
two half-ambulacra; Anguilla; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115400.

Fics. 12-17. Cidaris melitensis Wright. Tests and spines, X 0.8; (12) dorsal, (13)
ventral, and (14) side views of the same specimen; (15) spines;
(16) dorsal and (17) ventral views of an immature specimen;
Anguilla; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115399.

Fics. 18-20. Cidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). Test, X 1; (18) dorsal, (19) ventral,
and (20) side views of same specimen, Santiago de Cuba; U. S.
Nat. Mus. No. 328221.

Fics. 21-24. Echinometra prisca Cotteau. Cotype, X 1.8; (21) dorsal, (22) ventral,
(23) side view in longer axis, and (24) side view in shorter axis of
same specimen; Anguilla; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115398.

PLATE 2.

Fic. 1. Echinopedina cubensis Cotteau. Dorsal view, X 0.9; Rio Gurabo, Dominican
Republic; U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 328232.

Fics. 2-5. Lanieria lanieri (Cotteau). (2) Dorsal view of large specimen and (3)
left side view of same specimen, X 0.9; (4) dorsal view of smaller
specimen, X 1.8; (5) ventral view of another small specimen,
X 1.8; Cuba; Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. No. 1505.

Fics. 6, 7. Sismondia antillarum Cotteau. Holotype, X 1.8; (6) dorsal and (7) ven-
tral views of same specimen; St. Bartholomew; U.S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115394.

Fics. 8, 9. Sismondia anguille Cotteau. Holotype, X 1.8; (8) dorsal and (9) ventral
views of same specimen. The periproct is very small. Anguilla;
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115421.

Fics. 10,11. Clypeaster concavus Cotteau. Cotype, X 0.9; (10) dorsal and (11) ven-
tral views of same specimen; Anguilla; U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
115376.

Fic. 12. Clypeaster concavus Cotteau. Four-rayed specimen, X 0.9; near Cevicos,
Dominican Republic; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328233.

PLATE 3.
Fics. 1, 2. Clypeaster caudatus, sp. nov. Holotype, X 1; (1) dorsal and (2) left side
views of same specimen; Los Quemados, Dominican Republic;

U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328235.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 101

PLATE 4.

Fic. 1. Clypeaster dalli (Twitchell). Dorsal view, X 0.7; Gato, Dominican Republic;
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328234,

Fic. 2. Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau. Dorsal view, X 0.7; Havana, Cuba; Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 18577.

PLATE 5.

Fics. 1,2. Clypeaster antillarum Cotteau. Holotype, X41; (1) dorsal and (2)
ventral views of same specimen; Anguilla; U.S. Nat. Mus. No.
115390.

PLATE 6.

Fics. 1, 2. Clypeaster planipetalus Cotteau. (1) Dorsal arid (2) left side views of
same specimen, X 0.9; north side of Willoughby Bay, Antigua;
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328237.

Fics. 3-5. Clypeaster cryptopetalus, sp. nov. Holotype, X 0.9; (3) dorsal, (4) ven-
tral, and (5) left side views of same specimen; Rifle Butts, Antigua;
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328239.

Fics. 6-8. Clypeaster cotteaui Egozcue. (6) Dorsal, (7) ventral, and (8) left side
views of same specimen; X 0.9; near Guantanamo, Cuba; C. T.
Ramsden’s collection.

PLATE 7.

Fics. 1, 2. Clypeaster placentoides, sp. nov. The holotype is the smaller specimen
resting on the dorsal side of the larger, which is the same species;
X 0.9; (1) dorsal and (2) left side views of same; near Guantanamo,
Cuba; C. T. Ramsden’s collection.

Fic. 3. Clypeaster oxybaphon, sp. nov. Paratype, X 0.9; dorsal view; Guanica
Harbor, Porto Rico; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 18567.

Fic. 4. Clypeaster oxybaphon, sp. nov. Paratype, X 0.9; ventral view; Guanica
Harbor, Porto Rico; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 18568.

Fics. 5, 6. Echinarachnius sebastiani, sp. nov. (5) Holotype, dorsal view; (6) para-
type, dorsal view; X 0.9; San Sebastian, Porto Rico; Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist. No. 18570.

Fic. 7. Encope latus, sp. nov. Holotype; dorsal view; X 0.9; the vertical axis of this
figure is twisted to the left; compare text-figure 5, p. 51; Govern-
ment Road, Aguadilla to Rincon, Porto Rico; Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. No. 18572.

PLATE 8.

Fics. 1, 2. Clypeaster oxybaphon, sp. nov. Holotype, X 1; (1) dorsal and (2) left
side views of same specimen; north side of Willoughby Bay,
Antigua; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328241.

Fic. 3. Clypeaster oxybaphon, sp. nov. Paratype, X 1; dorsal view, north side
of Willoughby Bay, Antigua; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328242.

PLATE 9.

Fics. 1, 2. Clypeaster platygaster, sp.nov. Holotype, X 0.9; (1) dorsal and (2) ven-
tral views of same specimen; Havana, Cuba; Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. No. 18569. -

Fic. 3. Peronella mirabilis, sp. nov. Holotype, X 1.8; dorsal view; Mount Moriah,
San Fernando, Trinidad; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328247.

Fics. 4, 5. Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske. (4) Dorsal and (5) ventral views of same
specimen, X 1.8; Anguilla; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115402.

Fics. 6-8. Parapygus antillarum (Cotteau). Cotype, X 0.9; (6) dorsal, (7) ventral,
and (8) right side views of same specimen; St. Bartholomew;
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115417.

Fic. 9. Parapygus antillarum (Cotteau). Cotype, X 0.9; ventral view; St. Bartholo-
mew; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115420.

102 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

PLATE 9—continued.

Fics. 10-12. Echinolampas antillarum Cotteau. Cotype, X 0.9; (10) dorsal, (11)
ventral, and (12) right side views of same specimen; St. Bartholo-
mew; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115401.

PLATE 10.

Fics. 1-3. Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy. Cotype, X 0.9; (1) dorsal, (2) ventral,
and (3) anterior views of same specimen; Anguilla; U.S. Nat.
Mus. No. 115386.

Fics, 4, 5. Echinolampas ovumserpentis Guppy. Cotypes, X 0.9; (4) dorsal view;
(5) ventral view of another specimen; San Fernando, Trinidad;
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115389,

Fics. 6,7. Echinolampas clevei Cotteau. Cotypes;. X 0.9; (6) dorsal view; (7) ven-
tral view of young specimen; St. Bartholomew; U.S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115419.

PLATE 11.

Fics. 1, 2. Echinolampas clevei Cotteau. Cotpye, X 0.9; (1) dorsal and (2) left side
views of same specimen; St. Bartholomew; U.S. Nat. Mus. No.
115374.

Fics. 3-5. Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy. (3) Dorsal, (4) ventral, and (5) right
side views of same specimen, X 0.9; Anguilla; U.S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115387.

Fic. 6. Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy. Cotype, X 0.9; dorsal view; Anguilla;
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115388.

Fics. 7-9. Echinolampas anguille Cotteau. Holotype, X 0.8; (7) dorsal, (8) ventral,
and (9) left side views of same specimen; Anguilla; U. S. Nat.
Mus. No. 115372.

PLATE 12.

Fic. 1. Cardiaster cubensis, sp. nov. Holotype, X 0.9; dorsal view; valley of Rio
Yateras, Cuba; C. T. Ramsden collection.

Fics. 2-4. Agassizia inflata, sp.nov. Holotype, X 1.8; (2) dorsal, (3) ventral, and
(4) left side views of same specimen; St. Bartholomew; U. S.
Nat. Mus. No. 325610.

Fics. 5-7. Agassizia clevei Cotteau. Cotype, X 1.8; (5) dorsal, (6) ventral, and (7)
left side views of same specimen; Anguilla; U.S. Nat. Mus. No.
115407.

Fics. 8, 9. Prenaster loveni Cotteau. Holotype, X 2; (8) dorsal and (9) ventral
views of same specimen; St. Bartholomew; U.S, Nat. Mus.
No, 115411.

Fic. 10. Hemiaster berkeyi, sp. nov. Holotype, X 0.9; dorsal view; Guanica, Porto
Rico; G. J. Mitchell collection.

PLATE 13.

Fics. 1-3. Paraster antillarum (Cotteau). Cotype, X 1.8; (1) dorsal, (2) ventral, and
(3) left side views of same specimen; St. Bartholomew; U. S.
Nat. Mus. No. 115404

Fics. 4, 5. Paraster clevei (Cotteau). Holotype, X 0.9; (4) dorsal and (5) left side
views of same specimen; Anguilla; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115408.

Fics. 6-8. Paraster loveni (Cotteau). Cotypes, X 1.8; (6) dorsal and (7) ventral
views of same specimen; (8) dorsal view of another specimen;
Anguilla; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115391.

Fic. 9. Paraster loveni (Cotteau). Cotype, X 0.9; dorsal view of another specimen;

+ Anguilla; U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 115391.

Fic. 10. Paraster subcylindricus (Cotteau). Cotype, X 1.8; dorsal view; St. Barthol-
omew; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115416.

Fic. 11. Periaster elongatus Cotteau. Holotype, X 0.9; dorsal view; St. Barthol-
omew; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115418.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 103

PLATE 14.

Fics. 1, 2. Paraster subcylindricus (Cotteau). Cotype, X 1.8; (1) dorsal and (2)
ventral views of same specimen; St. Bartholomew; U. S. Nat.
Mus. No. 115416.

Fics. 3, 4. Brissopsis antillarum Cotteau. Cotype, X 0.9; \(3) dorsal and (4) ventral
views of same specimen; Anguilla; U.S. Nat. Mus, No. 115406.

Fic. 5. Plagiobrissus loveni (Cotteau). Holotype, X 0.9; dorsal view; St. Bar-
tholomew; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115370.

Fics. 6, 7. Macropneustes clevei (Cotteau). Holotype, X 0.9; (6) dorsal and (7)
ventral views of same specimen; Anguilla; U. S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115410.

PLATE 15.

Fic. 1. Macropneustes antillarum (Cotteau). Cotype, X 0.9; dorsal view; St.
Bartholomew; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115369.

Fics. 2, 3. Brissus exiguus Cotteau. Holotype, X 3.6; (2) dorsal and (3) left side
views of same specimen; Anguilla; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 115396.

Fic. 4. Brissus exiguus Cotteau. Dorsal view; X 0.9; Anguilla; U.S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115378.

Fics, 5, 6. Eupatagus grandiflorus (Cotteau). Holotype, X 0.9; (5) dorsal and (6) left
side views of same specimen; St. Bartholomew; U.S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115371.

PLATE 16,

Figs. 1, 2. tapchaese clevei (Cotteau). Holotype, X 0.9; (1) dorsal and (2) ventral
views of same specimen; St. Bartholomew; U. S. Nat. Mus.
No. 115379.

Fics. 3-6. Eupatagus antillarum (Cotteau). Cotypes; X 0.9; (3) dorsal and (4)
ventral views of same specimen; (5) another specimen, dorsal view,
and (6) ventral view of the same; St. Bartholomew; U. S. Nat.
Mus. No. 115395.

Fic. 7. Eupatagus depressus, sp. nov. Holotype, X 0.9; dorsal view; near Juana
Diaz, Porto Rico; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 18573.

Fic. 8. Eupatagus elegans, sp. nov. Paratype, X 0.9; ventral view; near Juana
Diaz, Porto Rico; Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 18575.

PLATE 17.

Fic. 1. Eupatagus elegans, sp.nov. Holotype, X 0.9; dorsal view; near Juana Diaz,
Porto Rico; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 18574.

Fic. 2. Eupatagus vaughani, sp. nov. Holotype, X 1; ventral view (for dorsal and
side views of same specimen see plate 18); north side of Wil-
loughby Bay, Antigua; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 328245.

PLateE 18.

Fics. 1, 2. Eupatagus vaughani, sp. nov. Holotype, X 1; (1) dorsal and (2) right
side views of same specimen (for ventral view of same, see plate 17);
north side of Willoughby Bay, Antigua; U.S. Nat. Mus. No.
328245.

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JACKSON PLATE 1

1. Cidaris anguilla. 8 to10. C. loveni. 18 to 20. C. tribuloides.
2to5. C. peloria. 11. C. clevei.
6,7. C. foveata. 12 to 17. C. melitensis.

21 to 24. Echinometra prisca.

JACKSON PLATE 2

1. Echinopedina cubensis. 6, 7. Sismondia antillarum.
2 to 5. Lanieria lanieri. 8, 9. S. anguillz.

10 to 12. Clypeaster concavus.

JACKSON

PLATE 4

JACKSON

lanceolatus.

rn On

Clypeaster dalli.

i

JACKSON PLATE 5

=)
aq
iso]
=
‘3
S
fo]
rm
o
~
n
w
o
a
Ls
O
N
“4

JACKSON PLATE 6

1, 2. Clypeaster planipetalus. 3 to 5. C. cryptopetalus. 6 to 8. C. cotteaui.

JACKSON

1, 2. Clypeaster placentoides. . Echinarachnius sebastiani.
3, 4. C. oxybaphon. . Encope latus.

JACKSON

PLATE 8

1 to 3. Clypeaster oxybaphon.

JACKSON

PLATE 9

1, 2. Clypeaster platygaster.

4, 5. Echinoneus cyclostomus.
3. Peronella mirabilis.

6 to 9. Parapygus antillarum.
10 to 12. Echinolampas antillarum.

JACKSON PLATE 10

2

1 to 3, Echinolampas semiorbis. 4, 5. E. ovumserpentis. 6, 7. E. clevei.

JACKSON

1, 2. Echinolampas

clevei.

3 to 6. E. lycopersicus.

PLATE 11

7 to 9. E. anguille.

PLATE 12

JACKSON

10. Hemiaster berkeyi.

5 to 7. A. clevei.

1. Cardiaster cubensis.

2 to 4. Agassizia inflata.

venl.

8, 9. Prenaster lo

JACKSON PLATE 13

10

8

1 to 3. Parasterantillarum. 6 to 9. P. loveni. 11. Periaster elongatus.
4 to 5. P. clevei. 10. F. subcylindricus.

JACKSON PLATE 14

1, 2. Paraster subcylindricus. 5. Plagiobrissus loveni.
3, 4. Brissopsis antillarum. 6,7

. Macropneustes clevei.

JACKSON PLATE 15

1. Macropneustes antillarum. 2 to 4. Brissus exiguus.
5, 6. Eupatagus grandiflorus.

JACKSON PLATE 16

7

1, 2. Eupatagus clevei. 7. E. depressus.
3 to 6. E. antillarum. 8. E. elegans.

“1uBYysNeA “| *Z ‘suvSaja sn3ejedny

S

PLATE 17

z
9°
Q
x
oO
<
5

JACKSON PLATE 18

2

1, 2. Eupatagus vaughani.

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIES
OF WEST INDIAN FOSSIL ECHINI.

By Tomas WayYLAND VAUGHAN,

Geologist in charge of Coastal Plain Investigations
and West Indian Geological Surveys, U. S. Geological Survey.

105

edie? ait IO AOAA:
WII MRBOT

.

7.

ES OO

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIES
OF WEST INDIAN FOSSIL ECHINI.

INTRODUCTION.

In order that the geologist who is particularly concerned with
problems in stratigraphic geology may easily utilize the results of the
detailed study of Doctor Jackson, it seems desirable to have in suc-
cinct form what is definitely known of the stratigraphic occurrence
of the species of echinoids described in his paper.

The present status of the correlation of the West Indian Tertiary for-
mations is indicated in the accompanying correlation table! (p. 109),
taken, with slight modifications, from a report issued in December, 1921.
The Dominican Republic exhibits the most comprehensive succession of
Tertiary strata at present known in the West Indies, and the section
there exposed may appropriately be used as a reference section for
that region. It may also be stated that there is no possibility of error
in the stratigraphic succession of the Dominican formations as indi-
cated in the accompanying table.

For the benefit of those who may wish to examine the recent litera-
ture on the correlation of West Indian and Central American Tertiary
formations and who may wish to know what other organisms are
associated with the echinoids described by Doctor Jackson, a list of
recent publications is here given:

Recent Papers on Geologic Correlation of West Indian Tertiary Deposits.

Cooke, C. WytHe. Stratigraphic significance of Orthaulax (abstract): Geol. Soc. Amer.
Bull., vol. 31, p. 206, 1920.

Geologic reconnaissance in Santo Domingo (abstract): Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.,
vol. 31, pp. 217-219, 1920. Correlation table on p. 219.

. *Orthaulax, a Tertiary guide fossil: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 129, pp. 23-37,
pls. 2-5, 1921.

—. Stratigraphic and structural geology and geologic history: Dom. Rep. Geol.

Survey, Mem., vol. 1, chap. 4, pp., 50-82, pls. 8-13, 1921.
Hupparp, Beta. The Tertiary formations of Porto Rico: Science, n.s., vol. 51, pp. 395,
396, 1920.
Maury, Cartorta J. On the correlation of Porto Rican Tertiary formations with other
Antillean and mainland horizons: Amer. Jour. Sci.: ser. 4, vol. 48, pp. 209,
215, 1919,
-* Tertiary Mollusca from Porto Rico: New York Acad. Sci.: Scientific Survey of
Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 1-77, 9 pls., 1920.
VAUGHAN, THOMAS WAYLAND. Correlation of the Tertiary geologic formations of the
southeastern United States, Central America, and the West Indies: Wash. Acad.
Sci. Jour., vol. 8, pp. 268-276, 1918.

——. Geologic history of Central America and the West Indies during Cenozoic time:
Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., vol. 29, pp. 615-630, 1919.

1T. W. Vaughan, C. Wythe Cooke, D. D. Condit, C. P. Ross, W. P. Woodring, and
F.C, Calkins, A geological reconnaissance of the Dominican Republic: Dominican Repub. Geo-
logical Survey, Memoirs, vol. 1, 268 pp., 23 pls., 1921.

*The three papers marked with asterisks in this list contain systematic descriptions of fossils,
but their titles are not repeated in the next list.

107

108 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

VAUGHAN, THOMAS WAYLAND. * Fossil corals from Central America, Cuba, and Porto
Rico, with an account of the American Tertiary, Pleistocene, and Recent coral
reefs: U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, pp. 189-524, i-xiv, pls. 68-152, 1919.

———. The biologic character and geologic correlation of the sedimentary formations of
Panama in their relation to the geologic history of Central America and the West:
Indies: U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, pp. 547-612, 1919.

——. Stratigraphy of the Virgin Islands of the United States and of Culebra and
Vieques Islands (abstract): Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., vol. 31, pp. 216-217, 1920.

———.,, and WENDELL P. Wooprinc. Tertiary and Quaternary stratigraphic paleontology
(of the Dominican Republic): Dom. Repub. Geol. Sur., Mem., vol. 1, chap. v,
pp. 89-168, 1921.

Recent Papers on West Indian Paleontology.

Berry, E. W. Tertiary fossil plants from the Dominican Republic: Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 59, pp. 117-127, pl. 21, 1921.

Canu, F., and R. S. BAssLER. Fossil Bryozoa from the West Indies: Carnegie Inst.
Wash. Pub. No. 291, pp. 73-102, 7 pls., 1919.

Cooks, C. WYTHE. Tertiary Mollusca from the Leeward Islands and Cuba: Carnegie
Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 291, pp. 103-156, 16 pls., 1919.

CusHMAN, JosePH A. Fossil Foraminifera from the West Indies: Carnegie Inst. Wash.

Pub. No. 291, pp. 21-71, 15 pls., 1919.

The American species of Orthophragmina and Lepidocyclina: U.S, Geol. Sur.

Prof. Paper 125, pp. 39-108, pls. 7-35, 1920.

—. American species of Operculina and Heterostigina and their faunal relations:
U. S. Geol. Sur. Prof. Paper 128, pp. 125-137, pls. 18-21, 1921.

Howe, Marsuatt A, Tertiary calcareous alge from the islands of Saint Bartholomew,
Antigua, and Anguilla: Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 291, pp. 9-19, 6 pls., 1919.

HupparD, Beta. Tertiary Mollusca from the Lares District, Porto Rico: New York Acad.
Sci., Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 79-
164, pls. 10-25, 1920.

Maury, Cartotra J. Santo Domingo type sections and fossils: Amer. Pal. Bull., vol. 5,
pp. 165-459, pls. 29-67, 1917.

Ratusun, Mary J. West Indian Tertiary Decapod Crustacea: Carnegie Inst. Wash.
Pub. No. 291, pp. 157-184, 9 pls., 1919.

——. Additions to West Indian Tertiary Decapod Crustaceans: U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc.,
vol. 58, pp. 381-384, pl. 25, 1920.

Before beginning the detailed discussion of the stratigraphy of the
West Indian echinoid faunas, it is appropriate to call attention to the
fact that this paper by Doctor Jackson, in connection with other
papers, makes our knowledge of North American, Central American,
and West Indian Mesozoic and Tertiary echinoids as complete as pres-
ent available collections permit. The other papers are listed below:

B6ésE, Em1xtio. Sobre algunas faunas Tertiarias de Mexico: Inst. Geol. de Mexico, Bol. No.22,
97 pp., 12 pls., 1906.

. Monografia geolégica y paleontolégica del Cerro Muleros: Inst. Geol. de Mexico,
Bol, No. 25, v1-+193 pp., 2 maps, 48 pls., 1910.

Crark, W. B., and M. W. TwitcHELL. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the
United States: U.S. Geol. Sur. Mon., vol. 54, 341 pp., 108 pls., 1915,

Jackson, R. T. Fossil Echini of the Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica: U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 103, pp. 103-116, I, pls. 46-52, 1918.

Kew, W.S.W. Description of species [of fossil echinoids] in “The fauna of a medial Tertiary
formation and the associated horizons of northeastern Mexico,” by Roy E. Dicker-
son and W. S. W. Kew: Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc., ser. 4, vol. 7, pp. 132-156, pls.
17-26, 1917.

——. Cretaceous and Cenozoic Echinoidea of the Pacific Coast of North America:
Univ. Calif. Pub. in Geol., vol. 12, pp. 23-236, pls. 3-42, 5 text-figs., 1920.

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIES.

109

Tentative correlation table of the Tertiary sedimentary formations of the Dominican Republic.

American
time sub-
divisions.

NE.

PLIOCE

Dominican Republic.

North Side.

South Side.

Localities of some other
American equivalents.

European
time sub-
divisions.

Upper.

Middle.

MIOCENE.

Lower,

Las Matas
formation.

Panama, Jamaica, Cuba, and
Costa Rica.

Sicilian.
Astian.
Plaisancian.

Cerros de Sal
formation.

Not known elsewhere in West
Indies.

Yorktown and Duplin forma-
tions of Virginia and North
Carolina.

Pontian.
Sarmatian.
Tortonian.

Yaque Group

Mao clay.

Mao adentro limestone.

Gurabo formation.
(Sconsia levigata zone.)

Cercado formation.
(A phera islacolonis zone.)

Baitoa formation and
Bulla conglomerate.

Yaque group.
(Not yet divided
into formations.)

La Cruz marl of Cuba; Bowden
marl of Jamaica; upper part
of Gatun formation, Panama
and Porto Rico; Calvert,
Choptank, and St. Marys for-
mations of Maryland and
Virginia.

Helvetian.

Middle part of Gatun formation,
Panamaand Porto Rico; Shoal
River marl and Oak Grove
sand of Florida.

Lower part of Gatun formation,
Panama; Chipola marl of
Florida; eastern Porto Rico;
St. Croix?

Burdigalian.

OLIGOCENE.
Lower. Middle. Upper.

Cevicos limestone.

East of Bani and
elsewhere.

Anguilla; St. Croix; Porto Rico;
Cuba; Panama; Tampa, Flor-
ida.

Tabera formation.!

Near Tiibano.

Antigua; St. Croix; Porto Rico;
Cuba; Bainbridge, Georgia;
eastern Mexico; Panama, etc.

Vicksburg group of Mississippi,
Alabama, Florida, and Geor-
gia.

EOCENE,
Upper

Limestone at Damajagua

and elsewhere.

Limestone in
Sierra de Neiba,
Sierra de
Bahoruco, and
elsewhere.

San Fernando formation of Trin-
idad; St. Bartholomew lime-
stone; Plaisance limestone of
Republic of Haiti; represented
at many places in Cuba; Cam-
bridge and Richmond forma-
tions of Jamaica; Ocala lime-
stone of Florida; Jackson for-
mation of Mississippi, etc.

Ludian.
Bartonian.

1 May include lower Oligocene.

The monograph by Clark and Twitchell now needs revision in some

particulars, for instance, in the stratigraphic references of upper Eocene

110 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

and lower Oligocene species. At the time the manuscript for their
monograph was prepared, the Ocala limestone was supposed to be of
Oligocene age. Later C. W. Cooke showed that its horizon is upper
Eocene.! Doctor Cooke has for several years been studying the
stratigraphy and the faunas of the upper Eocene and lower Oligocene
formations of the southern and southeastern United States, and intends
in a future paper to present a complete account of the stratigraphic
distribution of the echinoids found in these deposits. He has already
published some information on this subject in the paper cited below.?
Notwithstanding Kew’s careful descriptions and good figures of the
Tertiary echinoids from northeastern Mexico, knowledge of them is
deficient, mostly because of the inadequacy of the data on their
stratigraphic relations. Recently I have had an opportunity to review
in the field the stratigraphy of the Tertiary formations in eastern
Mexico and large collections of echinoids have come into my hands.
Therefore it is hoped that before a great while an adequate account
of the echinoids from this region, accompanied by proper stratigraphic
data, may be made available to stratigraphers and palzontologists.

CRETACEOUS SPECIES.

List of species of West Indian Cretaceous Echinoids.

Names of species. Localities.
Codiopsis arnaudi Cotteau.... . Santa Lucia, Cuba.
Salenia scutigera (Miinster).... Do.
Phymosoma cubense (Egozcue) .| Cienfuegos, Cuba.
Conulus antillensis (Cotteau) . . . Do.
Lanieria lanieri (Cotteau)...... Do.
Discoidea decorata Desor...... Do.
Cardiaster cubensis Jackson....} Valley of Rio Yateras, Cuba.
Hemiaster berkeyi Jackson.....} Guanica, Porto Rico.

All of the species above listed, except Hemiaster berkeyi, described as
new by Doctor Jackson, are known only from Cuba. With reference
to the Cuban specimens, it is regrettable that the precise stratigraphic
relations under which they occur are not known. Some specimens from
Santa Lucfa are referred by Cotteau and Egozcue to the Cretaceous
and others from the same locality are referred to the Eocene. Speci-
mens from Cienfuegos are referred to the Cretaceous, Eocene, and
Miocene. Additional collections made according to the stratigraphic
position of the specimens are not available, but it seems probable that
the eight species here considered are of Cretaceous age.

1 Cooke, C. W., Age of the Ocala limestone: U.S. Geol. Sur. Prof. Paper 95, pp. 107-117, 1915.

2 Cooke, C. W., The stratigraphic position and faunal associates of the orbitoid Foraminifera
of the genus Orthophragmina from Georgia and Florida: U. S. Geol. Sur. Prof. Paper 108,
pp. 109-113, 1917.

—E—————————— —S

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIES. 111

EOCENE SPECIES.
List of species of West Indian Eocene Echinoids.

Name of species.

Locality and formation.

Notes.

?Cidaris foveata Jackson.........
loveni Cotteau...........
? Echinopedina cubensis Cotteau . ..

Sismondia antillarum Cotteau......
Peronella mirabilis Jackson........
?Amblypygus americanus Desor ....
Parapygus antillarum (Cotteau)....
? parallelus (Cotteau)....
Echinolampas antillarum Cotteau.. .

ovumserpentis Guppy

clevei Cotteau........
castroi Cotteau......

?Asterostoma excentricum (Lamarck)

cubense Cotteau......

Pseudasterostoma jimenoi (Cotteau)

Agassizia inflata Jackson..........

Prenaster loveni Cotteau..........

? Hemiaster antillensis Cotteau.....

? dewalquei Cotteau.....

Paraster antillarum (Cotteau)......

Paraster subcylindricus (Cotteau)...

PIR MPOWUED BOs Gi statss sick edie eee baa

Periaster elongatus Curbedes sos i.

Plagiobrissus loveni (Cotteau)......

Macropneustes antillarum ee

Eupatagus grandiflorus (Cotteau)..

? DOs. FF agi Caisetn cr iso %
clevei (Cotteau)........
antillarum (Cotteau)....
cubensis (Cotteau)......
WPL Gascs bie sae sii aysaier i

? Breynia cubensis Cotteau........

Jamaica, (?) Cambridge formation.
St. Bartholomew.
Cienfuegos, Cuba... J .........0..0+

St. Bartholomew.
Trinidad, San Fernando formation.
Jamaica.

St. Bartholomew; Santa Lucfa, Cuba.

Santa Lucia, Cuba.

St. Bartholomew.

St. Bartholomew; Magazique and
Matanzas, Cuba; Jamaica,
(?) Cambridge formation; Trini-
dad, San Fernando formation.

St. Bartholomew; Matanzas, Cuba.

Matanzas, Cuba (fide Cotteau).

(?) Cuba.

St. Bartholomew; Matanzas, Cuba.

Matanzas, Cuba.

St. Bartholomew.

St. Bartholomew.

Santa Lucia and Concepcién, Cuba.

Cienfuegos, Cuba.

St. Bartholomew.

St. Bartholomew.

Jamaica, (?) Cambridge formation.

Trinidad, San Fernando formation.

St. Bartholomew.

St. Bartholomew.

St. Bartholomew, Cuba.

St. Bartholomew.

Jamaica, (?) Cambridge formation.

St. Bartholomew.

St. Bartholomew.

Cuba.

St. Bartholomew.

Matanzas, Cuba.

Miocene, Gurabo
formation, Do-
minican Re-
public.

In the foregoing list an interrogation mark (?) before the name of a
species means that the Eocene age of the species is questionable. Of
the 33 species listed, 10 are questioned and 2 of the unquestioned species
are not specifically identified, leaving 21. The undoubtedly Eocene
species are those from the St. Bartholomew limestone, St. Bartholo-
mew, and the San Fernando formation, Trinidad. At present only
species from these two formations may be used with assurance of
correctness in the identification of Eocene deposits, by means of
echinoids, in the West Indies and Central America. Eocene echinoids
have been found in Cuba and Jamaica, but their stratigraphic rela-
tions are so imperfectly known that they can not be eit. o used for

correlation purposes.

112

FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

It is worthy of note that every undoubtedly Eocene species in the

West Indies is confined to the Eocene.

These species, therefore,

according to present information, are excellent indicators of strati-

graphic position.

OLIGOCENE.

The Oligocene in the West Indies comprises two horizons, which are
typified by the Antiguan middle Oligocene and the Anguillan upper
Oligocene.! The Anguillan horizon would be referred to the Miocene
by many stratigraphers, because it and equivalent horizons are
correlated with the European Aquitanian.

MIDDLE OLIGOCENE,
List of species from the West Indian middle (Antiguan) Oligocene.

Echinarachnius sebastiani Jackson. .

Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy ..

anguille Cotteau....

Paraster clevei (Cotteau)..........
Eupatagus vaughani Jackson.......

elegans Jackson........
? depressus Jackson......

Names of species. Localities. Notes.
Cidaris peloria Jackson............ Porto Rico, Collazo shale and base
of “Arecibo” formation.
Sismondia anguille Cotteau........ ANTS. ..:0b evere od s.+ 9 8.4 vahtesteeane Also Anguilla for-
mation.
? Anomalanthus gregoryi Lambert. .| Antigua
Clypeaster concavus Cotteau....... ATUIZUR. « ccns 2-0 Aiea nee ih omigieania ote Also Anguilla for-
mation and its
equivalents.
lanceolatus Cotteau..... PTUs 4, 0,054 0.26 0000 ds sis eise aaealate Emperador lime-
stone, Panama;
? La Cruz marl,
Cuba.
antillarum Cotteau..... PID a soo kes mriovs oe Sheena ae Anguilla forma-
tion.
planipetalus Cotteau....| Antigua.............0seeeeeeeaees Santa Clara Prov-
ince, Cuba.
cryptopetalus Jackson. ..| Antigua.
cotteaui Egozcue........ Antigua (fide Lambert)............ Also Guantanamo
and Matanzas,
Cuba; Jamaica.
batheri Lambert........ Antigua.
parvus Michelin........ AROQUG. 6 does: 0ds ceed ee Also Guadeloupe
and Havana,
Cuba. :
oxybaphon Jackson..... Antigua; Guanica limestone and

Juana Diaz shales, Porto Rico.
Porto Rico, Collazo, and San Sebas-
tian shales.
Antigua (fide Lambert).............

Antigua (fide Lambert).............

Antigua.

Porto Rico, Juana Diaz shale.

Porto Rico, 2 km. southwest of
Juana Diaz.

1 For discussion, see T. W. Vaughan, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, pp. 198-212, 582-586, 1919.

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIES. 113

The names of 19 species, 15 of which are reported from Antigua,
occur in the foregoing list. Records of three species are from Lambert.
The names of two species are preceded by queries, indicating that
their occurrence in the Antigua formation is doubtful. The strati-
graphic position of Eupatagus depressus Jackson, one of the questioned
species, is not known, but it is probably the Juana Diaz shale; 7 of
the 17 unquestioned species range upward to the younger Anguillan
horizon or its equivalent, the Emperador limestone of the Panama
Canal Zone. It is probable that Clypeaster cotteaut, which is also
found at Guantanamo and Matanzas, Cuba, and Jamaica, and Cly-
peaster parvus, also found at Havana, Cuba, range upward to the
Anguillan horizon. If correct, 9 of the Antiguan species are also found
at the Anguillan horizon, and only 8 seem to be confined to the Anti-
guan horizon. The echinoids of the two horizons appear more similar
than do the members of other groups of organisms.! It is possible that
some of the echinoids reported on by Lambert came from a horizon in
Antigua higher than the Antigua formation.

Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau, doubtfully present in the Miocene
La Cruz marl at Santiago, Cuba, is discussed on page 116.

UPPER OLIGOCENE.

The names of 21 species occur in the following list, two of which may
not occur at this horizon, as is indicated by queries. As the type
locality of this division of the Oligocene is the Anguilla formation,
island of Anguilla, the species from that formation must be the basis
of correlation with other localities. The number of species from the
Anguilla formation is 17, and another species, Clypeaster lanceolatus,
occurs in its stratigraphically equivalent formation, the Emperador
limestone, in the Panama Canal Zone. Because of identity of other
echinoid species found in Havana with Anguillan species, it seems
probable that Clypeaster platygaster Jackson also belongs at this
horizon, but it will be left out of further consideration. Of the 18
species that may safely be considered as occurring at the horizon of
the Anguilla formation, 7 are also reported from the Antigua formation;
1 also occurs and another species may occur in the Miocene of Trinidad,
and 2 others may range upward into the Miocene proper. After
deducting the species also found in the Antigua formation and those .
that may also be of Miocene age, there are left only 7 species from the
Anguillan horizon, and it is mostly on these that correlation by means
of echinoids with that horizon must be based.

1See p. 108 for references to papers on other fossils.

114

FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

List of species from the West Indian upper (Anguillan) Oligocene.

Names of species.

Localities.

Notes.

Cidaris anguilla Cotteau
clevei Cotteau

Echinometra prisca Cotteau.......

Sismondia anguille Cotteau

Clypeaster concavus Cotteau

? cubensis Cotteau.......
lanceolatus Cotteau ....

antillarum Cotteau......
platygaster Jackson.....

Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske. ... .

lycopersicus Guppy. .

anguille Cotteau....

Agassizia clevei Cotteau

clevei (Cotteau)..........

loveni (Cotteau).........
Macropneustes clevei (Cotteau) . .. .
Brissopsis antillarum Cotteau......

Brissus exiguus Cotteau

Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy... .

?Paraster parkinsoni (Defrance) ... .

Anguilla.

Anguilla; Cevicos limestone, Do-
minican Republic.

Anguilla; Emperador limestone,
Panama.

Anguilla; Cevicos limestone, Do-
minican Republic.

*

Also Miocene,
Trinidad; Gu-
rabo formation,
Dominican Re-
public.

Also Santiago,
Cuba;! Guani-
ca Harbor, Por-
to Rico.

Also Antigua for-
mation.

Also Antigua for-
mation; “Areci-
bo” formation,
Porto Rico; Cu-
ba.!

Cuba.!

Also Antigua for-
mation; Cuba.!

Also Antigua for-
mation; Cuba.

Also Cuba.!

Also Cuba.!

Also Cuba.!

Also Antigua for-
mation (/fide
Lambert); Co-
llazo shale, Por-
to Rico; Cuba.

Also Antigua (fide
Lambert); Cu-
ba;! Bissex Hill
formation, Bar-
bados.

Also Cuba.!

Also Antigua for-
mation.

Also Porto Rico.

Also ? Miocene,
Trinidad.

1 For special discussion of Cuban post-Eocene Tertiary echinoids, see following pages.

POST-EOCENE TERTIARY ECHINOIDS OF CUBA.

The probable geologic age of the post-Eocene echinoid-bearing
beds of Cuba, Porto Rico, and Barbados needs more detailed dis-
cussion.

The following is a table of the post-Eocene Tertiary echinoids of
Cuba, with the localities from which they are reported:

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIES. 115

Table of post-Eocene Tertiary Echinoids from Cuba.

Prov-

ined ince of rt Province of cur Occurring
del Rio. | “> | Matanzas.| Sante Clara. | orient, | elsewhere.

Names of species.

Havana.

i
:

locality.

Ingenio

a

| Consolaci6n
del Sur,
Candelaria,
Guajay.
Bellamar.
Cienfuegos.
No definite
| Monte Toro.

San Martin.

Echinopedina cubensis Cotteau ...}...|...|...[..-|..-|..-]eee]eee[eeeleee
Echinometra prisca Cotteau...... Beals, < aR RURN 9 a Lita Ad dra Laas Leselediorate ete Cla wai whats. Agere
Clypeaster rosaceus (Linné)....... POLS rele, rare tnreleh PO Re stale, ¢ ol cin-Shcw ties homAl ba Ghe sie o.ct nosed

Laganum elongatum Egozcue..... Septet thot s Hetohde cha acct Dedlciextserd ss <1csio lee dom «leche vel eenee
Encope cie de Cortazar.......... 5 ry RS RGR 3) RS ee
Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske ...|...)...)...)...]..-/.../..-]..
Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy ...|...|...|..-|...|..-|...|..-

Hemiaster cubensis (d’Orbigny)...}...|...|...|..-|..-}.--}eeefeee{eeefee de
Paraster parkinsoni (Defrance) ...|...|...|...|...|..-|..-| KJ..-|..-[..el-
Schizaster scille Agassiz......... PHL A acet is CLoceL eval, ccbesopess
Brissopsis jimenoi Cotteau....... 7 SB) GE) A POA PRR: FESS 8 ae (a
Macropneustes clevei (Cotteau)...}...|...]...|...[...[..-[eee[eee[ee elec cleeeleeeleecleesfee eee sleee{eee
Brissus brissus (Leske)j.......... Bote e 7) Ried 0) Pe ie bo eM Crd 28 a BOR eS Pe PG SO PR

eee DRIIORE MEMEMOROIN DON, cues cele as ts.s.3heWel tele slants fepmtac el stc.claw cf Oe Donat omelns eles sles
: ber

-_.

concavus Cotteau...... visfeee{ecs] Xfocefeeeleeeleel XP XEXI XIE X Lp xpd.
cubensis Cotteau...... pee yial ds ha tbls se bie Laeeclcokdah bile dhe «1s ahead rahe <lste'al cua

parre Cotteau........ hh ot ge Gad Gre re S88 Biya! SRE ete bes ss ark eee eiset
Ne Fe Bay Mes lee ee) Go 4 SR Pel as ere Ores ee ees A
Gmeabtaree Cottedigs 5 li be | She ve fiee ehh + oie. of IS Loar dc osdas [ee ela caparmrefovets
AMARC TCE o shee wis¢ olacsle elect acl Ow Los shes «[s.«Ghoveel'ea tds ee
cotteaui Egozcue...... opts Anal cccelawels ave CoE Ie Lod cheats bow 3] h cle he cpttcw'e loyal ah
parvus Michelin ...... Ce RED SN IE RR ee ES ee ae ee! ree A eee
placentoides Jackson..|...|...|...|.
platygaster Jackson]... .|...

> xxXXxXX:

x
E te
>I xXKKKI DEE bd

XX:

lycopersicus. Guppy}...| X |...|...|..-]...]... AVF vapeed Neds Ra Apey Pes
pi eS Se ee eae) ee es ey Peed Be Par Po) eee Pes PP) ee >)

ae

The probable age of each of the echinoid-bearing localities in Cuba
will now be briefly reviewed.

Consolacién del Sur: The one species of echinoid, Clypeaster antil-
larum, found at this locality occurs both in Antigua and Anguilla,
but the mollusks are more similar to those of Anguilla than to those
of Antigua.! This locality, therefore, is probably of Anguillan age.

Candelarta: Echinolampas lycopersicus is common in Anguilla but
very rare in Antigua, and it is not certain that the specimen from
Antigua came from the Antigua formation. The probability is that
this locality is also at the Anguillan horizon.

Guajay: Although Clypeaster antillarum found at this locality
occurs both at the Antiguan and Anguillan horizons, the presence
there of Ostrea haitiensis' indicates a horizon higher than the Antiguan.

Havana: In and around Havana are geological formations of several
different ages; there are certainly deposits of Pleistocene, Miocene,
and Oligocene age, and perhaps deposits of older age. It is, there-
fore, highly important to know the stratigraphic relations of beds

1 Cooke, C. W., Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 291, p. 109, 1919.

116 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

from which collections of fossils were made, but stratigraphic data
are lacking in most instances. Two species, Clypeaster lanceolatus
and C. platygaster, were collected by Dr. Barnum Brown “not far from
the University buildings”; C. concavus is also found in Havana.
The beds from which these specimens come are at either the Antiguan
or Anguillan horizon, with the probability rather in favor of the latter.
Clypeaster parvus, reported from Havana by Cotteau, is recorded by
Lambert from Antigua, where he says it is mixed with Clypeaster
lanceolatus and Echinolampas lycopersicus. ,

Calabazar: Encope cie from this locality is said by de Cortazar to
come from upper Miocene deposits. The species probably belongs.
stratigraphically above the Anguillan horizon.

Bellamar: This locality is probably Pleistocene, but it might be
Pliocene.

Matanzas: In the vicinity of Matanzas are deposits of Pleistocene,
Miocene, Oligocene, and Eocene age. Clypeasier lanceolatus, C.
cotteaui, and Paraster parkinsoni indicate an Oligocene horizon, either
Antiguan or Anguillan, or both. Clypeaster cubensis and Laganum
elongatum may be Miocene, but new collections with reference to
the stratigraphic relations are needed to determine this.

San Marttn: This locality seems to be definitely Anguillan Oligocene.

Ingenios San Lino and San Marcos: These two localities are Oligo-
cene, but what horizon they represent is not determinable from the
two species of echinoids, Clypeaster concavus and C. planipeialus,
found at them.

Cienfuegos: Near this place are strata ranging in age from Cretaceous
to Miocene. Without data on stratigraphic relations precise correla-
tion is not possible, but the occurrence near Cienfuegos of Clypeaster
concavus and Brissopsis jimenoi show that Oligocene strata, probably
the Anguillan horizon, are present there. Echinopedina cubensis,
doubtfully referred by Cotteau to the Eocene at Cienfuegos, may be
a Miocene species, as Doctor Jackson has identified it in collections
from the Gurabo formation, Dominican Republic.

Santa Clara Province, no definite locality: Clypeaster concavus is
known from both the Antiguan and the Anguillan Oligocene.

Santiago de Cuba: Specimens of three species collected by Lieut.
Fred P. Black, U. S. N., are not accompanied by stratigraphic data.
Of these species, Cidaris tribuloides (Lamarck), Echinometra prisca,
and Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske occur at the Anguillan horizon.
Cidaris tribuloides and Echinoneus cyclostomus are still living in the
West Indies. Although these species may come from the Miocene
La Cruz marl, their stratigraphic relations are doubtful, because
more ancient deposits are present in the vicinity of Santiago. Echino-
lampas lycopersicus was obtained by de la Torre near Santiago in
beds of Oligocene age.

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIES. 117

Jique de la Argolla: Three species of echinoids collected at this
locality indicate a deposit of Oligocene age, but the evidence is in-
sufficient to decide what horizon is represented.

Monte Toro: The single species, Clypeaster cotteaut Egozcue, found
at this locality indicates Antiguan Oligocene.

TERTIARY ECHINOIDS FROM PORTO RICO.

The discussion of the Porto Rican echinoids will be introduced by
quoting Dr. Carlotta J. Maury’s table of geological formations in
Porto Rico.t Dr. Maury correlated the middle Oligocene of her table
with the Antigua formation and the upper Sige of her table
with the Anguilla formation.

Table of Tertiary formations in Porto Rico (after C. J. Maury).

North Side. South Side.
- | Quebradillas limestone with Bow-
st = as den fauna and Metis trinitaria.
ai,a| 38
Q ; 3%
© 2 :
el El a
23
‘ 3 Aguadilla limestone with Orthau- | Ponce chalky beds with Ostrea
3 3 a lax aguadillensis. cahobasensis.
2 5 Lares limestone with Campanile
Q (Portoricia) laricum.
Sly | aes
5 | & 5 M2 Rio Collazo shales with Clemen- | Guanica shaly limestone with
re) 3 30 Z tia rabelli. Ostrea antiguensis.
#858

On the following page is a table of the Tertiary echinoids from Porto
Rico described by Doctor Jackson in his paper.

First, with regard to the “Arecibo” formation of Berkey, according
to Berkey’s original description of the formation,? it seems to me that
he intended the name to apply to all deposits between the Cretaceous
and Pleistocene in Porto Rico, and that he included in it the San
Sebastian, Lares, and Collazo shales.

According to the information supplied Doctor Jackson’ on horizons
whence the echinoids came, the base of the “Arecibo” formation,
the Collazo shale, and the San Sebastian shale represent one horizon.
This horizon has Echinolampas lycopersicus in common with the

1 Maury, C. J., Tertiary Mollusca from Porto Rico: New York Acad. Sci. Scientific Survey of
Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 3, part 1, table opposite p. 4, 1920.

2 Berkey, Charles P., Geological Reconnaissance of Porto Rico, New York Acad. Sci. Ann.,
vol. 26, pp. 12-17, 1915.

118 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

Antiguan and Anguillan horizons. The Guanica shaly limestone and
the Juana Diaz have Clypeaster oxybaphon in common with the Antigua
formation of Antigua, where I collected specimens. It therefore appears
that the deposits bearing five names in Porto Rico, viz, San Sebastian,
Lares, Collazo, and Juana Diaz shale, and Guanica shaly limestone,
represent essentially the same horizon, and it is, as Doctor Maury
indicates in her table, the Antiguan horizon. The evidence of the
echinoids on this problem is interesting in that it accords with the
conclusions based on studies of both the corals! and the mollusks.

Tertiary Echinoids from Porto Rico.

be ag ee 5 g a.
f& 3 |g 3]. ‘ 3
» §| 4 CA CHERERE
a S Py 4 3A
ames of species. S otes.
N f speci ae] 2/23/28) 22/42/ 4: Notes
4 (o) S.sis |
[o} ss
2 |S |* |o7|" |g am
Cidaris peloria Jackson .......... x x
WD, iShs sneer a ues since oO Pry ed fa a es) or Vee eee Ne VS
mation.
SS Biacninnacte Raves Che x
Echinometra prisca Cotteau...... PPT) OT RE eee ee: hes oe! Also Anguilla.
Clypeaster rosaceus (Linné) ...... oncasleconel, OS. lees cles «9 ates. dmleieatees DM ameanennnN
Matanzas,Cu-
ba.
oxybaphon Jackson ...... nianceins es ttepaaekede X |.....|.....]/ Also Antigua.
Echinarachnius sebastiani Jackson|.....| X |.....|.....J..---| &
Encope latus Jackson ............ x
Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy| X | X |....-| & |...-.| X |.-.-.-|AlsoAntiguaand
Anguilla.
Paraster loveni (Cotteau) ........ Pak MA es Ree GR re
Eupatagus depressus Jackson ..... ois oa ]os MARNE ies cheese bw ale are
elegans Jackson ...... ra Peaeeey Megres SPY ares By

There are no echinoids definitely referred to the Lares, Aguadilla,
and Quebradillas limestones. ‘The two species recorded from the
Ponce limestone indicate that it is of Miocene, not Oligocene, age.
Recent work in Haiti has shown according to Dr. W. P. Woodring

(oral statement) that Ostrea cahobasensis is Miocene, not Oligocene, ~

as indicated in Doctor Maury’s table quoted above.

1 For an account of some corals from the same horizon and an earlier similar correlation, see
T. W. Vaughan, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, pp. 203, 204, 1919. I first made this correlation in
1899. I wish here to call attention to a misrepresentation of my usage of terms in my discussions
of Porto Rican horizons. Bela Hubbard in his “Tertiary Mollusca from the Lares district,
Porto Rico,” N. Y. Acad. Sci. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico, et cetera, vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 79-164,
1920, in the table on p. 79, represents me as having classified under the Pepino formation every-
thing from middle Oligocene to his “upper Oligocene,” which is probably late Miocene. A very
casual reading of my use of the term “Pepino” would have shown Doctor Hubbard that I confined
the use of the name to a single horizon, palzontologically characterized by the fossil corals I have
listed in U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, p. 204. The horizon is considered middle Oligocene. Hill may
have intended the term to have a more extensive application, but of this I am not sure.

ae

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIES.

119

TERTIARY ECHINOIDS FROM BARBADOS.

Two species of Tertiary echinoids are known from the Bissex Hill
formation of Barbados, viz, Eupatagus abruptus (Gregory) and Echino-
lampas anguille Cotteau.! Because of the presence of Echinolampas
anguille in it, the Bissex Hill formation may be confidently referred
to the Oligocene, but whether middle or upper can not be decided
from present evidence. A note on another species of Eupatagas from

Barbados appears on page 3.
MIOCENE.
List of species from the West Indies Miocene.
Gurabo
4 formation, |La Cruz marl, Miscellaneous
Names of species: Dominican Cuba. localities.
Republic.
Cidaris melitensis Wright ......... Meee Weasth dassitste ote Also Anguilla formation;
Mayo Village, Trinidad.
tribuloides (Lamarck)......}............ (?)
Echinopedina cubensis Cotteau... . eee Natane cede oe Cienfuegos, Cuba.
Echinometra prisca Cotteau.......|...........- (?) Also Anguilla formation;
Guanica Harbor, Porto
Rico, Cuba.
? Clypeaster rosaceus (Linné)......|......... 00) ccc aee eens Bellamar, Matanzas, Cuba;
Ponce limestone, Porto
Rico.
caudatus Jackson ..... ae? U4. 278 cudnt This may come from the
Mao Adentro limestone.
? MO MEMEED Ss ok GS Ueigna Fa sec cw wbewscdeceen cle Gato, Dominican Republic.
? SIRI CORROONE. cet lacs sce ocaclevcvlecuse ced Matanzas, Cuba.
PCIE CI Te CORTDEAT oes oiciigsliaye-k 6a, Oe'p cnie oboe ois ld 0 0b 9 Calabazar, Cuba.
? REMMI tig fis Shades bs% cbse eles ne kanwine vs “Arecibo” limestone, Porto
Rico.
EE EINE Meitinte a aia i/o ou ails aefivies 6G Kes + CoN Kens ve sles bs Mayo Village quarry, Trin-
idad.
Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske.....]............ (?) Also Anguilla formation.
? Paraster parkinsoni (Defrance)...|...........-)e.eee ee eeeee Matanzas, Cuba.
PE RCRRREES, BCU ABN ons Ss sche alesie + mesetnne sf», vistecerava ies 0. Cienfuegos, Cuba.
? Brissopsis jimenoi Cotteau.......).......-..ccfeceecceeeces Cienfuegos, Cuba.
fae RIMINI COUEONEE oo ga 0. s o's cio.cae vrjuushes cece asthres Trinidad.

Examination of this list reveals that only four species of echinoids
are definitely known from the West Indian Miocene. These are:

Cidaris melitensis Wright, Mayo Village, Trinidad.

Echinopedina cubensis Cotteau, Gurabo formation, Dominican Republic.

Clypeaster caudatus Jackson, Gurabo formation or Mao Adentro limestone,
Dominican Republic.

Mellita sp., Mayo Village, Trinidad.

1R. J. L. Guppy, on the geology of Antigua and other West Indian Islands, with references
to the physical history of the Caribbean region: Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., vol. 67, p.

692, 1911.
which had escaped my notice.

I am indebted to Sir J. B. Harrison for this reference to Echinolampas anguille,

120 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

All other species on the list may be of Miocene age, but additional
information is needed before a definite opinion is warranted.

The few species of Miocene echinoids known from the West Indies is
rather surprising, because the number of species of Miocene organisms
is probably as much as ten times more than all of those from the Eocene
and Oligocene formations combined. The sediments of the different
epochs are different. The Eocene and Oligocene deposits are largely
calcareous and contain organisms of reef facies, viz, corals, calcareous
algee, large Foraminifera such as Orthophragmina, Lepidocyclina,
and Operculina, incrusting Bryozoa, and echinoids. The Miocene
strata as a rule are less calcareous and more arenaceous or argillaceous,
and are exceedingly rich in species of mollusca, the number of species
of this group probably exceeding 2,000; there are many species of
smaller Foraminifera and Bryozoa, and simple corals are abundant.
But in some places there are calcareous Miocene strata, and when
they are searched for echinoids they may yield additions to the Miocene
echinoid faunas.

These quantitative relations of the echinoids to the mollusks hold
true also in the United States. Echinoids are most abundant in the
Ocala limestone, of upper Eocene age, approximately contempora-
neous with the St. Bartholomew limestone; there are a few common
species in the Oligocene (Vicksburg group and Chattahoochee forma-
tion); but they are very rare in the Miocene, in striking contrast to
the great profusion of mollusks in the Alum Bluff and Choctawhatchee
formations.

The following are the names of the known Miocene echinoids from
Panama and Costa Rica:

Clypeaster gatuni Jackson.1. Miocene, Gatun formation, station 5662, near Gatun Dam
site; and upper Oligocene, Emperador limestone at station 6237, north of Ancon
Hill, about 4 miles south of Diablo ridge.

Encope annectans Jackson.1 Miocene, Gatun formation, station 5846, Spillway, Gatun
Dam.

Encope platytata Jackson.1 Miocene, Gatun formation, station 6029a, 0.25 to 0.5 mile
from Camp Cotton, toward Monte Lirio.

Encope megatrema Jackson. Miocene, Gatun formation, station 6030, about 1.5 miles
from Camp Cotton, toward Monte Lirio.

Encope gatunensis Toula.2? Miocene, Gatun formation.

Schizaster armiger W. B. Clark.1_ Miocene (?), Bonilla, Costa Rica.

Schizaster cristatus Jackson. Miocene (?), Brazil, Costa Rica, station 5505.

Schizaster panamensis Jackson.1 Miocene, Gatun formation, near Gatun, stations 6008
and 7294,

1 Jackson, R. T., Fossil Echini of the Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica: U.S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 103, pp. 103-116, I, pls. 46-52, 1918.

2 Toula, Franz, Die jung-tertiire Fauna von Gatun am Panama Kanal: Geolog. Reichs-
Anstalt, Wien, vol. 61, pp. 487-530, pls. 30-31, 1911.

—

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIES.

Table of West Indian Echinoids of stratigraphic value.

121

Species.

Creta-
ceous.

Oligocene.

Middle.| Upper.

Codiopsis arnaudi Cotteau.............26555
Salenia scutigera (Miinster)..................
Phymosoma cubense (Egozcue)..............
Conulus antillensis (Cotteau)................
Lanieria lanieri (Cotteau) .................+-
Discoidea decorata Desor...........-..-.+--

- XXXXXXXX

Sismondia antillarum Cotteau............... Be

Peronella mirabilis Jackson ...............--.
Parapygus antillarum (Cotteau)..............
Echinolampas antillarum Cotteau............

Asterostoma cubense Cotteau................
Pseudasterostoma jimenoi (Cotteau)..........
Agassizia inflata Jackson.................4-.
Prenaster loveni Cotteau..............2..5--
Paraster antillarum (Cotteau)...............

subcylindricus (Cotteau)............
Periaster elongatus Cotteau.................

Macropneustes antillarum (Cotteau)..........

clevei (Cotteau)................4-
antillarum (Cotteau).............
cubensis (Cotteau)
Cidaris peloria Jackson....................45
Sismondia anguille Cotteau.................

Clypeaster concavus Cotteau................. AES) lf ES

Janceolatus Cotteau...............
antillarum Cotteau...............

guille
Paraster clevei (Cotteau)

Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske............... eis

Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy..............
Paraster loven] (Cotteau)....................
Macropneustes clevei (Cotteau)..............
Brissus exiguus Cotteau....................-
Cidaris tribuloides (Lamarck)................
Echinopedina cubensis Cotteau...........
Clypeaster caudatus Jackson................

Agassizia clevei Cotteau.................-... valdev ded

Brissopsis antillarum Cotteau................ eee

122 FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE WEST INDIES.

POST-MIOCENE ECHINOIDS.

The following table gives the West Indian species of echinoids that
are of Pliocene or younger age and of unknown geologic age younger
than Miocene:

List of West Indian post-Miocene Fossil Echinoids.

Horizon and names. Localities, etc.
Pliocene or younger age:
Clypeaster dalli (Twitchell) ........... Gato, Dominican Republic. (Also Caloosa-
hatchee marl.)
Echinoneus orbicularis Desor........... Cuba (Recent).
Hemiaster cubensis (d’Orbigny) ........ Cuba (Pliocene or Recent).
Geologic horizon unknown:
Clypeaster duchassaingi Michelin... .... Guadeloupe (“Formation madréporique”).
ambigenus (Lamarck)...... Guadeloupe (“Formations moderne et ma-
dréporique”).
meridanensis Michelin... ... Yucatan and Guadeloupe (probably Pliocene).
Brissus brissus (Leske)...............-. Cuba and Guadeloupe (Pliocene).

SPECIES OF ESTABLISHED STRATIGRAPHIC VALUE.

From preceding tables and discussion, the table of species (page 121)
of ascertained stratigraphic value has been constructed.

Eupatagus abruptus (Gregory) from the Bissex Hill formation of
Barbados is an Oligocene species, but whether it comes from the
Antiguan or Anguillan horizon is not known.

QE Jackson, Robert Tracy
783 Fossil Echini of the ‘West
E273 Indies

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