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estate tig ean ee Career Ss pribnaeaenlieietnehmeh-cop deren rer 7 ieee
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an att Pn et tant pbc tebe Be ow ne Rae Totnes er — < ~~ Cnt nip Na _ ~
etre stele RiP enamney nieetet ube Soh eared Ts tacensin ePme hap ooemnenn ee trees sicieainee ead eaten Tee - cone Ue
SE = Oa aiiia tay antimnitnene sanipem eae ee bosbsttteent eae Tat (epar na eree =~" en
Pao when new eb eine hegugenen epem Se lrepetenlm pert -thoees moe ne Led Ahn rs aes
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rained sienna eae ana —— Pini Peas abe a os —_ eon
ln hohe ta arent hess Pny tne of ioe aha Enno -. ~” eines mama a ed -
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pet ~Satt- "<a fst O een extobomrnnn Nt ent he > ee r S otebennke
nome naa ge ipa = = ee - = S wee ee eae eae
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Maen se Alea cormiraps aetna nee aie Pn ei eee ares ead
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Cree tet intima nthe adc bee mentee eee ene, <a Pe Soe
ves arn OPO verge eee res eae oe me Pom parse) emerson > pe;
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Fre_tp Co_LumBIAN MusEuM

PUBLICATION 93 : ff

ZOOLOGICAL SERIES VorueV

THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF
MEXICO NORTH OF THE
ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC

w

BY

SetH Eucene Meek, Px. D.

Assistant Curator of Department

D; G. ELE, Po RS. Ei, BTC:
Curator of Department.

CHicaco U.S. A.
August, 1904

PUBLICA TTON

OF THE

meLD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM

ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
Wace a ee

Cuicaco, U: S: A.

1904

191s

, io ig Wi vn
NU eRA Sf" Wn }
" ¥ ed

: i’ Para
% 20 the We

| THE
. FRESH-WATER FISHES

MEXICO NORTE OR THE
Serius OF TEHUANTEPEC

BY

', SetrH Eucene Meek, Pu.D.

Assistant Curator of Department

ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
Vor NV:
PEINTASON AA,

\ MAR 24 1987

Cricaco, Weis. Ac

ISSUED
SEP 23 1904

Tak

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7

a

4

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I

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ho

Pier AGE.

The following paper is based largely on two collections of fishes,
the first being made by the writer and Mr. F. E. Lutz, of the Carnegie
Station for Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, in the
spring of 1901, and the other by the writer during February, March,
April, and May, 1903. Through the courtesy of Dr. Barton W.
Evermann, assistant in charge of Scientific Inquiry, United States
Bureau of Fisheries, I have had at my disposal two small collections
made by Mr. E. W. Nelson, one from the Rio Balsas and the other
from the Rio Soto la Marina. Dr. W. L. Tower, of the University
of Chicago, also placed at my disposal a collection of fishes made by
him at Rio Verde, San Luis Potosi. In January, 1903, in Washing-
ton, D. C., Dr. Richard Rathbun, Assistant Secretary of the Smith-
sonian Institution, and Mr. B. A. Bean, Assistant Curator of fishes
U.S. National Museum, permitted me to examine a large collection
which formed a portion of the Mexican fish exhibit at the Columbian
Exposition. I have included only a small portion of this collection in
the following list because of the doubtful character of the localities
given. To have included the entire collection would have very much
confused our study of geographical distribution.

An account of the collection made by Mr. F. E. Lutz and myself
is published in Vol. III. of the Zodlogical Series of the Field Colum-
bian Museum, Pub. 65, pages 63 to 128, plates 14 to 31. The results
of the second expedition are (1903) included in this paper.

For assistance while making the collection of fishes in 1903, I wish,
on behalf of the Museum, to acknowledge my indebtedness to the
following gentlemen: Mr. C. R. Hudson and Mr. A. V. Temple,
of the Mexican Central R. R.; Mr. D. W. Harvey, of the Mexican
ieieeeVitake 32, Pegram, Mr. FMe Ames, and Mr A. Joy,
Gratnen Vera Cruz sé Pacific “Ro Ra; Mr. W. B. Ryan ‘and: Mr.
Newbury, of- the Tehuantepec R. R.; Mr. W. L. Morkil and
Mr. E. A. White, of the Interoceanic R. R.; Mr. James Parkyn,
Treasurer of the Motzorongo Plantation; Gaham & Hudson,
Forlon, Tamaulipas; Mr. D. W. Hedrick, Superintendent of the
Midland Bridge Company; Mr. P. H. Kilpatrick, a contractor
on the Vera Cruz and Pacific R. R.; Mr. George Greenwood,
Superintendent of the Jalapa Electric Light Company; Mr. R. G.
Ransom, of the Westinghouse Air Brake Company; and the officials
of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. I would especially men-
tion Mr. E. A. White for the personal interest he took in this work,

We

vi FIELD CoLUMBIAN Musreum—Zoo.tocy, Vou. V.

and for his many courtesies which resulted in considerable substantial
aid. I would also mention Mr. D. W. Hedrick, who was superin-
tending the construction of the britges along the Vera Cruz &
Pacific R. R. Mr. Hedrick gave me the freedom of the bridge
camps, which proved to be excellent stopping places in that country.
The superintendents of these camps were very helpful to me in my
work while there. At Perez I met Mr. Julius Freisser, formerly a
taxidermist in Chicago, who assisted me in making collections of
fishes at Perez, Obispo, and El Hule. In general the railroad and
other employees of the organizations mentioned above were very
courteous and helpful to me in my work.

Dr. Barton W. Evermann and Mr. Barton A. Bean have assisted
me in examining material in the U.S. National Museum. Dr. G. A.
Boulenger and Mr. C. T. Regan have done the same in the British
Museum, Dr. D. S. Jordan in Stanford University, and Mr. Henry
W. Fowler in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Dr.
Theo. Gill, Washington, D. C., has kindly called my attention to
a few important references which I would have otherwise omitted.
Hon. Geo. M. Bowers, United States Commissioner of Fish and Fish-
eries, kindly loaned the Museum thirty-one original drawings of fishes
for use in illustrating this work. Four other drawings were kindly
loaned by Dr. Richard Rathbun. To Dr. Evermann I am under
obligations for superintending the making of blocks from these draw-
ings, and also for reading the proof sheets while this -work was
going through the press. Dr. Wm. Owen, of the University of Chi-
cago, and Prof. H. N. Hoffman, of Indiana University, also rendered
me valuable service in correcting the misspelled names of Rafinesque —
and others. Dr. Frederick Starr, of the University of Chicago, has
also kindly revised the proof sheets of this paper with regard to the
spelling of geographical names. I also desire to acknowledge the
many courtesies I received from Hon. Powell Clayton, U. S. Minister
‘to Mexico, while doing field work in Mexico in 1901 and 1903. In
making these acknowledgments I wish to assume responsibility for
whatever errors this volume may contain.

In the present paper it has been my purpose to give a descriptive
list of the fresh-water fishes of Mexico, and keys to assist in identifying
the same. It is impossible to draw an arbitrary line separating the
fresh-water fishes from those of the salt water. A few of the species
of Pomadasys, Achirus, Gobius, and the like, included in this work,
are properly salt-water fishes. I have listed them here rather as fishes
found in fresh water.

In the preparation of this publication I have examined every
paper to which I have had reference and access that throws light on

PREFACE. vii

the subject in question, and I have drawn from these material suited
tomy purpose. In the sequence of the orders and families I have fol-
lowed Jordan and Evermann. in Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. The
sequence of genera and species has been changed whenever, in the
light of new information, it appeared necessary. I have also
made free use of the publication above mentioned for material
in the characterization of orders and families. A special effort has
been made to bring together, in as useful a form as possible, our pres-
ent knowledge of the fresh-water fishes of Mexico north of the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec. The study of this group of animals in this region
is of especial interest, for between these two lines is the meeting place
of the northern and the tropical faunas. In this respect these boun-
dary lines are in a measure natural ones, because very few species of
tropical fishes reach the northern line, and but few northern repre-
sentatives are found farther south than the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
In addition the subject presents very interesting material for a study
in geographical distribution.

line

ERRATA.

Page v, line 33, Gaham should read Graham.

Page xviii, line 9, Steindachner should read Poey.

Page xix, line 5, Steindachmer should read Steindachner.

Page xix, line 6, Salmonotdes should read so/monoides.

Page xxxi, line 49, Cousius should read Couesius.

Page xxxiii, line 14, CARMAN should read CARMEN.

Page xxxix, line 20, macularis should read macularius.

Page lii, line 15, Gruelin should read Gmelin.

Page lviii, line 34, after ORDERS into, insert FAMILIES, FAMILIES into.
Page 65, line 28, after 1896 insert , 264.

Page 139, 5th line from bottom, 1% should read 12.

Page 147, line 27, formosus should read formosa.

Page 162, line 25, Syemathus should read Syngnathus.

Page 169, bottom line, after Igoo msert , 152.

Page 193, line 26, elder should read older.

Page 196, line 12, Ethostomatine should read Etheostomatine.
Page 206, line 30, D. xv1 should read dorsal spines 16.

Page 216, line 12, after depth insert of caudal peduncle.

GABLE OF "CONTENTS:

General Topography and Hydrography of Mexico................
Recent Geological Changes in Mexico and their General Effect on
em G IMAL AW eerat ey tai wspsts bios cot Ava oasecrere Rn oMne eee amore ett ak
List of Localities in Mexico where Collections of Fishes were Made
Dig liatandethe Author it. LOO: \y5, eae eae © Gass ee
List of Localities in Mexico where Collections of Fishes were Made by
Rrinom ACCEL OME DSO) OD) <0. W polcel feAno Gl exten) eae <r'scegce oes ate RAE UME Miran he ame
The River Systems of Mexico and a List of Fishes Known from Each.
He OMen AT Gem OVSLETMIN htt) ven ij.) scniss oe cdeesa SRE eeeue eas. OEE
Rio Grande and its Present Tributaries in Mexico............

Raieu@ AS ASS Gna CS epat cette ied. ci, 205 «She Cee eee sea cet ak eth.

SM CUA les A ILE oon ne se ocak AS 35t Sake Rae Riu het taa ee

psa AUT CTA perce ern Scat Bn Se, ks. eR en mn Drea tes cel PR

IRGIOy ASPB SIZA” hls ero. GIG A FSC see ter RE Ne Os Ir oe ee di Me Na

AGO OMCMAS HOV SEM af... i AG 12 4 pad nt 5 accuse A Metta ales ee OF
etomoouoMicde MAMAN OV SCM ss). {015 ves «ses a chaos lace onsen ae
BaKD) ] PEW ARETE) TON SLN Sa a0\e On Aen a ee ae i ce Sen
| IG) REPS OME SIS fay We 0 oa Ae ere eA
eer GECICHOR ON SLEU eres ny i eeons a. eke RY GONE eshaen edt 6. hick cco ps
ETOP Ute SV SECIS feat ct t/a (ee. cee ee ags coh eo Bac. eases eis
AOR SONORA SSVI SLCIU pam A 8s pe uccy he nate Cae Me ES AY Sil ied
Coloradomivin er SV SLCMI ten oe eR te A ee, Sin ete et an oe:
ower Alnteninic cons Weegee ea Ae Ae Ante aoe ee Re a 8s ant soe

Mile vata MeKIColars tena /sfeoRouper ee ok Se ee Choon 7. te She
ROE OAM NAMeISCO) SV StCU vin. eyaute Guha ope Ata ce Mahe Site eudl wren ed
Wacweasunasmeahy Wendy OU «1.9 «epee ae eee Aen oho.
EOCAMCCHBINIO MS Y.SECTN oe civ hn 2 eee tame ge cee the he Aree
Rom eneunC Ge SV GLCMM erties: \.< choteh ofc ae aes ba Rati ?s gee eee
SiMe OOM Amo NV GbCTN yeh. i Ss. nse Se eee haces eho Sich eee ee
RtOwmeapaloamami oy Stem. -s.).cck eee te aici JS ee want
AOR SAME erOMMOnSySteM . ./ 41, so See uns SUH Aas he ides ohn ois
ie Ome hiucimrepeCamystetals . -..°)') ye a aah es hic bh oeiare Metabo
ISGKOy WISECIE) SSI Sra 0 VR Ai ae Aen oh NE RO ah dna
COMMS SAS mon SLOT puns A hea fv2 6 haus Sela Achapat e Sle rote at di
List of Fishes from Various Localities not Referable to any of
theghivenr oy stetmis wNamed (AbOVe jeter salaets oof oie eats
Geographical Distribution of Fresh-Water Fishes of Mexico. .
Shore Fishes which have Become More or Less Bera phicned! in ins
Bes MM VIALET SW OLMNCKC On oh, ty... a err AMrayiates a egy c'e cautery amd acs ne
Nee Mom CMM EST SIN SM OME MVE KACO) INS on ire ind Sacycaieds lo selsasieye URONesT AE, Poviols gone les
GCE SHE SEG i NWEKICO MR me! Key ste, oilk gue aiee Sache alles Bm eh eas

XXVil1

XXVIil

XXX1li
XXXL
XXXill
XXXill
XXX111
XGKSK I
XXXIV
KOCK AV
XXXVI

XXXVI
XXXVI11
XXXVIi1

REN ORUIO
SXEXERIONG
SXEXORGIER
XXX1X

xii
xiii
xiii

xii
xiii
xliv
xlv
xlv
xiv
xlv

xlvi
xlvi

x FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoO.Loey, VOL. V.

PAGE
ishy Culture and Miexi CoM tiere-totcicre ers eneneet rie oie een ore ener hii
Common Names of Mexican Fresh-Water Fishes................. lv
Definitions and Explanations of Terms used in the Descriptions of

Rishes ane thisgwWiorley. seins csen neem cea ee aay lv
Definition of the Two Classes of Fishes or Fish-like Vertebrates

Inhabiting the Ereshy Wiatersiol Mexicoyae is ieee rena lx

Artificial Key to the Families of Mexican Fresh-Water Fishes..... lx

CLASS Te MARS PR OBIRIAIN CIRM ee ees cee eee I

ORDERW -ELYPEROART 11/2). Neo sn ea ee See eer RA te A638 I

HamitlyilRetromyZontidas ary sare ccs seie were ie aia aus et ete ae I

Genussl sbampetra, Gray aves tet oe sh SIgk d oe ea. Ae I

Tt Spadiceay Bean. 2c get AeWies cuadeet msec ser opel eyes eee ee 2

CEASS Us PISCE Sco cient a+. nae eee 3

ORDER II. RHOMBOGANOIDEA............ De Nasal aiene chia: + top oy oe ee 4

Pamuly iT oepidosteidas i. 3 seis pace yaa ste ena ee a 4

Genus)2. .Lepidosteusslacepedes= yee 4-4 a4 tho Oe ee 5

Subgenus Wepidosteus iLacépéde. 7s...) s2-12 3 = oe ee 5

2 (OSSetis s(MimnZeuis) ey swe ors cee eee tice eee cna 5

[subgenus iCylindrosteus Rafinesqueli.s. 2.0126 7) ae eee 6

[platystomus -Rafinese delta sce: cece Selo etree son 6

subgenus Attractosteus Rafinesqiuce (010) ee oe Sees ee eee 6

2. tristcechus (Blochié Schnerdeny.at.. a «i024 cate oe eee 6

[tropieus” (Gill) %% snes aie On sate SRR eae © ee 7

ORDERIIITT NEMATOGNATHD:: «cc's acaheos aya 5 ease 8

amily Mal kSthurid aes ..s:2 2's deere cee ao opecme tees tae eet oe ee 8

plibfamily Tach ysurinae< 4) .[¢% a staed cid sien Goer & enclose eee ee 9

Genus 3. ‘Galeichthys Cuvier & Valenciennes. .:. 2 42. . fee 9

A wacuadulce Meeks + isao eee ene ee MURR es 5 9

subfamily Ichthyelurinwe: 9. yie, shoe e hos ane ee eee 10

Genusi4. Ichthyzlurus Rafinesquey jf 2..5. 442 4.2. ee 10

Se turcatus’ (bexSueuns lo. nee ae ete a eee IO

6. punctatus (Rafinesque)) oe) 22.2% - cine ot eee II

7. meridionalis. (Gimbther) 9 a4 ace se cee nee eit

Genus5 Amiurus)Rafinesque “2 22.204 ete Te

Subgenus’ Haustor Jordan & Evermann.’:5.5-.4... 7. sesseneee ing)

8. australis Meek... iq. ac es che « Gs cud oie oe eens 13

ow lupus: (Girard) ain Loi se oko Seco eo cee eee 14

TO. Gugesr eB ean. oF 6.08 ele erased Ie ee 14

TT. mexicans, Meeka sais nade sce etre CIs at ne eee 15

12. pricet.(Raitter)nt. as casei oe ee ee eee m5

Subgenus Amiurus (Rafinesques ie tos se 22s: te 16

13. ‘matalis! (be Sueur) aes cearee eale «ete tei 16

Genus:6," Istlarius, Jordan & Snyders= 9.0... + 2: 3) 4. ee 17

14. balsanus Jordan & Snyderso cess jc eh eo ie 17

Genus 7. Leptops: Rafinesque: i. sas noe ee 18

Ts. Olivanis:\CRatinesquie)y ceca eee isi. <r eeet ice a eect nee em 18

Subfamily Pimelodinz<:.,....2. aceae fee eee ee ene ne ee 1g

[Genus:Conorhynchus*Bleeker|i- es oe ek ie 19

[nelsonisEvermann & Goldsborowehiin.. ne are eee 19

TABLE OF CONTENTS. X1

PAGE

(G@ame Sy unewahies Ieee, Gon sot soos cdos Hob ecogdcUopanuddon 20
MOMBOARO Cag CCI Wot. cis paisita cha magia eis ensnahe neta ale oe Shale aren stare ice 4 20
Peet eC AGM CEReCKel))) .) 02 its hase Ponehaleneneys ei eal echo. e ool nllas © x ine ai

POM Achiwpuena (COPS) sf) casei hecses etsrserala lane ee or = tale We cree Is 21
fcvorteria (GG itIner)) ||! .q., .. % i's pia al nae they PANE Blete ol = icuscnnay ans) = eto tee foe 22

MO MpLY Shura «(GAN ber), <.. ac) ys) aeioewae hen) ct sey ifena (2/2
Oro Re WVeMOWEECTOSPONDMMIE. 5. cho ernie ois abe Sitmereaemanene ie ernie yovens tations 24
Hs eamiiillivam Ween CeubOSLOUAIG ce gia oy. esis 2 oe + wap ae Meee in so we, oe et arepo de os 24
SMsramll valehibhyO Mince! ja... <r sie) sy Os Son pete ayy wayeue ene cere 25
Genustow Carpiodes NWanmesque . 5.» sc ieiseie mein. Oe 4 = eyes sites 25
AS), macrauchionehign (Ekshahdowesa) 5 gagdoocccnnscodccbooncdouagae 26

Am, inconcles) Benbaal Cs (Camehaolag ops oocaceacraduad soe bacon uO 26

D2, TASS WOM WINK. Sede soda ccdhoonscamesaonudoomune 27

PREM LOMGa WASMNLEC aaa yore ample cis eis See ntine oRUNMe musta Nek. sacle reais 28

PVM AINTOSUSM VICE K mens ts a.4 tenga) fit siege 2 SPOS apes uh ork fens eee Fone 20
SiMe hye SapO SUOMI 20a. so. «<p <Po a) cus S14 <c-h » cna pcs oe geun Fee sae torh oe 30
(Genussrowseamtosteus (COPE. ya aie = eee s eee are he art 30
aime plebenusn(maird. 6 Gitard). 26 25's. % vale ope ae cate Oar 30
Genuseurem Catostomius Le Suet. 5 2. ese tereeteiere ey oat ie one Bu
AG, SOMO Weiss WWE oe Been laraes aieenara seals oon oc Bo co otc a o-croree 32
orembemiaraini Girard: 5.6 4 rpigtas airoc oats onare ey eieuel cree i-lapes Be

D SmCONCMOSM MEEK can 5 cus = cated ait) oh eiehe te ce teeta naucticcue tl Com asucereesl os 33
Genusn2s xycauchen bigenmann & Karschie a... se a. 2 ise ee 33
BOC ym hOm (MOCK OOM) ie, 6 oe oe wareyene a aoe) Aryan: nei vale het, «1 9" 33
Genus 17a My Zostoma IRatinesque 4) Vi. '. iy) dees oe ies was 2 34
Bo-wcongestuun Baird & Giratd)) we aie sere Se, em ler 34

Qik. Bye sehohbhad) 1skerhal Yonah weds Oieacibly btygc' co Sc. nd a Oke crc 35

Hire Richy am Vier CSN) TrLTTU CLONE ey tatie ccc! gmc) oes hs elle oe ete a Stole eyohada reais © Gr Mlcan eases 36
SubtamilyaCamiposcomatinee «=e. lacy 1 ieictete cvels se eheilaysi-s wees wen 40
Gentusicqes Cam postomianA Gassiz f%. bls oo lp ye. tnoeibi se a des Se Se 40
eG..eopamten banal’ Bahctzh 6 MAUR c pitarins OIFe goed S08 c tb cc One ate eoece ione E 4I

Zhe ANOMALliiaas (LLALINeS GUC) pa teyetynts ieee ager te Sica aps = al eurde ie = 42

27h, Giovaqavocyellbhooyl Cabgenaebe Gmag hae Grin Ab) 4a nbn Oy eon or 42
Suloramily Chondrostomatinas.«,.01. tc 1 quasi cos enn sie p es eie ee 43
(Cenustnn exc strosusm)ordam Se oinyGete-peicn seiner stele rie el) csi e-n- 43
isp OPOGHE MOLGaniec: STY.CeM cin Women. ee ai lele late ea mleha echo 43
(Geis nos, /Ailegwneeey (Caneswyel Soe oe uo bln anoacusmoassucdguoumouods 44
BOmmtineclan( Cuvier ce Vialenclenmes) ia ey aise el aye etch e 2a = 44

BRE ULC CSIMEES CAM anges othst cron cv) oso ae eho wma gensteushe (encliots ele caheegeeena cia rawtene 45

RS, wwlosresms We WM Bootas 40 5o5 cu baoeeeucomoo sons dom ok 46

39. lacustris Steindachinen 2 cera tp ooek Paar Wy
rentismc 7 eal O CMa LATS A CASSIZ 1 Se ese iets cra sis cleo age) ceehinge ehh feu syn i= 48
Momeni sco pits: (Girard)... spicmerionie ieaie oie Usk As): ese ages 1 48

Aste WAKCOMUS) (l|Ortelenar Ca Saves) oon cccue acne sanseouageoucee 50
Centserce bunelocephales, Ratimesquer. ease stay etlesbel lel: siieteieke 50
Am COMeT GUS (Garand) ies een eer ae Ober ast eeer eau cyehsnate demote. 51
Subfamily Mylopharodontine .............. Seas ie nce Rees Mra eos 51
CSS LOR Sty POCO, GarimMam a) 260 Se Meise bapa raise enellatesiea tay niasicile lO iai'ey a4’ 6 51
Peseme SI TMC Tay Cr AtaIa LT. say. dat atic) asics hyn silo ge leper aveg Ar eMtone nna aUe ag oe 51
Sedlerticrtmnmbys Te StL CIS CAINE op ee ct ns isle oa he fa susie ne Vavilov ns Si alte LN lel Sa ater Be 52

Genus 2ou Ptychocheiltss Noassizn (Geese se Weis ys eile. sels wie a one 3% 52

Xl

FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOOLOoGY, VOL. V.

Aare aCiust Girard, oer ey oe Ee ee ed ee ee
Genus sr GilasBaird: é&\Girardey aes cena een ee ke aes eee
Ase eclegamses ana da Gina nine ep see eee as eee rene

46s amainaces !Meele ).4 aay ener ua eh ete ete cass i a as eee Ee
Genuseyeleuciscus| Cuvier me rene eee eee eee eae
yee orescens.a(Girard) mee ecient oe ei ee eee
ftrokvermanverobhbis), ((Cabeshde)) || 5 Gapanasdooaheoastcoecuoueccouc
Genus2, NbramisiCtviers sa ae eee eee eee
Asie, Clakedxe) erromi((IMERKeI HIN) 5 6 Gsooeu seca ehabenendcdeacdogde
Genus 247i CochlogonathussBairdigaGinard 2) .1.26-)0 12k eee
49. Ornatus' Baird (6c) Giraud qm. evn) fae: = oe 202 sac ee
Genus 25; ‘Faleulavjiordan Snyders. 1.0 0-4 ye- 52 - as oo eee
50, Chapale Jiordam éz.onydetas +... scenes oe ae
Genus, 26. -Aztecula: Jordan cE vertuiani =a |e 4... 5 eee eee
cir vittata. (Girard) Bares heme ek Patten io cic eee eee

S2. lerme (Evermann’ & Goldsborough) 22.5. .2.-. 2c eee

53> mexicana Meek te . erga res rare np eee ee
Genus’27. (Nototropis) Raiinesque 4. 221.2. 2e o> tea eee
Subgenus Alburncps) Girardi .2e os. Sas ee oo ee eee
54. cahentis Jordan smydersts ais a. ye ste eke ee

55. braytoni (Jordan & Evermann).......: MEE AISI Ce oc 0c
SOr-robustus: Meek ie ay aa ieyeisih shee sie, nicer cled ttc ee

57. Chihuahua Wooolmanya © .15,0.f ase 3.) ae oe eee

FO.) Doucar dd (Gmbh yee ei ee eee
Subgenus *Codoma“Girardays-- ry as 4.8 oe ee ee tye
5O.ornmatus (Girardi ogee ieue Al seenok bee oe ohne
subgenus. Orcella: Jordan & Evermann. 5.2 f.9a0.05. eee eee
Gosvorca;Woolman:s faite er mists hades ee eer eee

Gr. AmazasyMeel ). choi die re oe ce eben ory le neredn tae ee
Subgenus,Moniana ‘Girard s2% 0. cma ace ot
62: ,torlonensis Meeker te2 2.5) 25 Sais cco

63 alutrensis. (Baird & Girard))2 08. eee oer eee eee

Oa macrostomius (Girard) v2 se, eae ee

Os. -garmani \(iondan) 8 ~ Sea Wieser eee ce eee eee eee

66. santamariz Evermann & Goldsborough....:.......3225

G7 wlormosus (Girard): 2e ce. coe hee ania ae eee

68. sirigidus (Girard): .).swastie oe coe eee eee
subgenus: Nototropis:Rafinesque.> 2.1.2... tees = ee ee eee
609.,-Santarosalice -Meecke. = arcsec oe icie tenes oe oe
Genus 28, 'Phenacobius Cope 2. ca. ose os ate eine se 2 ee
702; scopiter (Cope) a eae a ee ee ee one
Genus 29; Se varrarWioolman yam seer acre meee eee
91. CiSenmanniy WOO limon pesmi oles ele etka otc eyo ee eee

72), “tlalatia censis: Mice kein. ae emene te ate ee ea tie ee
Genus, 30. )RhinichthyseA eassiz) <0 see atts oe ise.
73 ASU SN agian as aa eae esc eect ne ce tte eee
Genus.3't., Agosia,Girard |... [pater pace 2x Ja ee sec sc ee ee
“4.. Oscula: (Girard) 72 ener ees aia a aecdete ccs cll cee oh at he ee

75° Chrysogaster! Girardin seeds spe rite oe
Genus '32)) Eby bopsisAiwassiz tems Sees et eee eee
7Otvastivalis: (Girard) cen oar es ae oc ee eee

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

RAEN OU CLATA) ete Roe cote ut, eatane va oor eled ih uel Schl oie Guat

IC AUdome Hee OUCSIIS, ORCA ete Of tat Sra Beis Bass okie OA ars s.crohrs. duct
AA USTUS AV VOOlMATIN Ate Metin cetatigr eats aes Oe sod Scho oars sock
Seah ya AC Oper: 4 . i.e ct Ae settee ae aie Wits ahs aides Gas kia ae
entrona te lACODLERUS COPE). 5 as yess etd Mele Ata oeuetavens kates Pe eee
OMALSEMCSSITINU SK COPEr..-2 isco om taineaela Ske cas withace ut burs =

EA RaSHT GZ ON/IUS A Oa cee Verb allots as wer aan eer ee ni Cer Ao, «ee a
Staal ye hetrarOnopterinee. «5 wc « «cis aon RE lafee nes oa sae we
Gentisrs ja betta sOnoOplterus Cuvier oe =. Ws katy ae clo oe oe Gees Sr ictateshe

3 OreeiHle Rt CARUIS MDP Tope ta ons) Sic ci ete Oe Ss Aros eid oe Rae

Ur AC NNSRUES (CATER OVS Ga, Sirk ea mE Gai (2, bhi) 0 nae mR i
Genyssoe iremioramm us: Gill cf 2... Bae were seme salve 6 SE Sha ala eee
SZercCOmmpnessyG. MiGEK rth ake. c 3. 'v.s,2a nt BA Eon Cation.
remedy Chanaciim at eh alaleteraie cbse. le 6. aaitrsl < Meneee e MS aye See ke
Bre aucas 7 ance MOldes Crumther. Ni>...... «sje eure Me Danse:
Sgeeciatemalencicn Gaimther)’ 0.2 12 2) Nougat ate Runiew se 5.2

OID RV eS VIB RUAN CITAG errata ie rae «acc és yt de So) eae Ge tug dation.
EL taailiva Velile sony Mid loratte Ad dey tBrsc.)8 as. os eran & «yeh Sega Scie ead ste sae ake
Genusetomovilbranchucn Bloch... 2.4.0: .. ie ote bet ees eee

Sul. ia hmealonengels INGEN. aH dae aes eee dno seas hod ounegabueneee

SO EVE aE EOE S 26 Ma ore ae iha 2 sie cro. ai hans edu Sts, NeOIA ee SA 4d is ay dae
Fireteam AIOE tee sent UTIL Bk Pav scare chia ol ciisr's, <areeehe = SRAM NRC eins «IRS Non es =
(Chas BO), Wawa eRebl DESO) ot ide nae Meer Ree as coe 0 ie Un

Siew CMBVISV DAN AtIICSG LIC hs, 3 uta Ak Wave ee eemenaea a Eh: oS he

ORME RM MISO SPOND YL Ie ry may. tet Gx coke a, Seats SER RR le Bly ne ts ake
rnamlivale ne; MMO OTOSOMA CZ. 85. a nies sa epee ORE asa ne eo a ahdhe
CenucoweD ofosomarnannesgucms oars een ean he ss ene
SOmman ale Mice kane mets taps oat terion tere eevee ay ee, Gee ee

See xe yw Ord any ocs Gil PERU ie we tore Aree ie i aeatee, Roel. A Nki Lae

Genus 41. Signalosa Hvetmann & Kendallit ass 6 s.2.05.......

HS}, canes oneenaa, (Ciebanlowse) 3 of casiceda bocca en Ses eo es dae eRe one

anya eee OA MIA OTUG Corser oe oh..c hc Cae g a mae EMER Te ies, cus ont Sines elope ok
Swelouianaaullhuaseihanvey sbial he, Rae ates eRe Sic 4 45) on a a re
GenucwACre salmon (Atstedn) Wamnsssh = pees eee meee. os 5
SOmmiMeS: COONS) +) c: 5 t- 9s) s tee eM Pele ty Tihs er Bie es

(Ques WUD bee: 18 YES C(O a ae Soil Are Oa gi ee oc A 2 ee
He ila nya ne lee Cat GL ae ode, 2 soos chs oon) Mae ee Mecha, wy tne Siete Be wha
SU Sule call ie eN GR ae GM nN aes oR es ARR a RI A ics 1 eC ae
Gens 23. (Cyraocloramontoyye) Whale, 2 eioc'oe ANAL dea ye ou cee oun:

Orme be MU GMVECe Keane eters. 65 Tue Sek Meee En hte eA tel ape Ebley
Cenuse7reiadclussvace pede. sss sek eeeotiee tls oc ue we ete eae

SNE Te KexSral GUS] SLAVS UCI NGS ci MnmMe cy eam Ee 8 dn
etatemalensissGumphen |e oi aeeeee wetter. Me rks y e
igumetatustGurmthver| iets a) a+ < bactorens Wee er es eee te honk

OITEMO Dexa Cond VICE Keay ani Wf ps ete Renin Le aan ee yete2
Oenavinchusm ordanmroc1 Gil ber te wie Rates tho oe a Scucond ee a:
Qoemcimilicn (Bainduca Girard) ew, sae ania cic asec cis) oe.)

OAL Inkertereorol hh nets) (OUshahoeIbIS)) GG widled dio d AGI Hoo Men a totue Giclee

CSS Gees SUIS SLehb welts chk Crete bets legen ascent) oie cep een a ee

X1V FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoOLoGyY, VOL. V.
PAGE
Habialis Gunther] Sy 2 feces tee oo Eon. chia ie eee 107
Subgenus) Fontinus: Jordan & Evermann.. 5.605... .«.6 atone 108
96. vextensts Jordansc Gillbertaepe eras ee incns = oe ener 108
O74, zebrinus (jordan dcaGalberi) pier cence se ntaes 2 e eeeeee 108
Genusia5. [ucamia: Girard se payne aetonts mieten eee 109
08.) venusta’ (Girard) y eee = eee reer iee crea ini Pat ae eee 109
Genus 46. ‘Zoogoneticus Meek): seep ne ee ane bie at ees 109
(Yel, (biiuArolalsis) (si, INn IEeiM) oa onc ononnaeosdmaaoeboddcoun: IIo
TOO. FAUSeSi+ (Beam) ey ae one etna cin avai eh Sie eee III
[pachycephalus:(Gunthen)ilmeo.caiccite coe ole 2 eee Tez
Lou. frobustus, (Bean)ane Mager cere yey he eure o ct a lee Tre
1o2. mactilatus: Regan, see eves ase ns re ee 113
TOF. diaz. Meela seem cares yen crane eae er cna Acree ee 114
Tod. miniatus Meelcny.* oe me main « acter gs nek. te cia 115
Genus 47. Girardinichthys Bleeker. 2. 22.0. .os. oss 6 set oe eee TS
Los. annrominatusvbleeker: mcm .i. cctennetineccl o oonee 116
Subfamily Oristunzeti en. oats ee edt iead anand oc Scie ae Ce 118
Genusi483 CharacodoniGunithepee cee ee cle ee ee 118
Too!.multiradiatus: Meek aa aeseienorrh cut ce.) =e 2 cas ee 11g
Poy eiseni Rutter ty ceto aieuhstesey ote ences cre fe, ach eee 119
TOS: sVarlatus¥B Gane. ga. sera snaps cee cathe ice crs ce ere 120
Loo. aateralis "Gunther. ase eer ee ery eo. «ee wee
PLO, Carman Wordan dc Mvermeanimerrcs: | cis - tetera eer ent 121
Thr wiurcidenswdiondantéciGillbertiery oan cm cine e eieiee et eee 122
Genus 49.“Chapalichthys Meeks yarn ater 5 era kena goo 123
TL 2. enCaAUSstuss Gllordankccony.den) Gams waa etas eiere eee 123
Genus 502 \Cyprinodom Vacépedey. sas. igre. Jee ee eee 124
TU Eximius: Girard si: epee etacnd cteus so rece tee 125
rig. .clegans Bairdié) Girardin. semis eee chee eee ae 125
Er. maculanius Baird & Girard so 1d..c oes ele = oe eee 126
THO, latifasciatus:Garman<s 2) se ae ee 126
Subfamily \Gam busine su. recs 3° dice Foss Ste © er NG te ayerecel oa eee 127
Genuss1. “Pseadoxiphophorus Bleeker 2) =o. 72. 22 on a ee ey)
trys) bimaculatus (Heckel), sire ss sae ee eee 127
Genusis2. /GamibusialPoeyn. .. tate a ra oes eee 128
rr8.stasciata Meckinn, (ee AAR ete eet ese 129
Tro, gracilis (Heckel) 2 8 & ltecures = eo seach renee 130
120, atinisn(Bairdidr Girard) sees ericson iene eae ee 130
L2i. intans, Woolman a/-> hess aire ies 6 cel cieis eeu eee 131
T222 bomitat Meek, 50%. Sie ee ees ones powers CoN ene ol een 132
Genus 53. ‘Paragamibusia Micellar ints. ons te seh eh cic-es ten eeae 133
123. micaracuensis. (Gunther) ia eee eeteee cee een Tee
Genus '54. (GlaridichthysiGarman (smo... 2. renee ele > ste) 134
tad. latidens*(Garman)es 3 a0.. sareicee ene ae ee 134
Genus ss@ BelonesoxKinern. Seco ae eee eee eee 135
T25. belizanusvikner: = (rset ces ce lero aici il eee aed 135
Subfamilys Anablepimaes case askew tion i kar) toc ken en nee 135
Genus: 56, Anablepsa(Artedi) = Bloch wackw cei ier lcieier tier eee 135
L261) ovis Gall or Aoki s caeiceere nee eeseue tens Sinan, Settee 136
Siubfamily*Goodingew Jc Moo ie Be some Se tree ce eee ol ok 136

Genus 57. (Goodeaw]ordanien se) tear eee eee ee 136

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV

PAGE

SVT» ABUT ESQ NY elo) faa aoe i en aN oe re ee NORPRO ROG)
TMOMMEONTC Gig CC lene ien Adsiatcgt amon emcee Mee her Sie Ie ais 5 tue at 138
RAoueaispolds: (Stemdach mer): a lane a meniel ace le!. t s a me ele caus 139

PAO MLIMMTS FORMAT Mitek s SM mimes eta eetiiee atdlcia Ske « d9 f 140
remiiseno wo Kittie Mele ee ce chs aie Men Meee Paks, sha ehowds ols oes oe 141
Here mitiounctata (Pellegrin): \ sk, see Masel sane oid/te bos 4 0) a cdots 141

Tha Om STE om Vee lce Sh eh a8 talons’ ctr ter cy ee OPM Fs cine. teas eat Reeve 142

Me ae eV ATE ADAM Es. 6.2 12 cyan aut pects STM AGONY %, clsscsoccfe, 0. Neda 143

Vile JOvUbb avery ify (SKet hal) ly aaene yee wR cree Asin Ck, cs AOE Rune ae ae I44

oral ohiewontll yc Ete stl Setate he ey = saree re Pmt eesti ce 144
Genuce on eiaty pocciius Gunther 5... .. 6: done tues iso 2 ede uss 144
RoseeiMacilatusy Gaimthen ns. seh oe NL Sn sheers te 145

EP On paViclil LUE SPIVUC Ee 6, fy ote cis z's Taleo 4 qanchn Mayes Mc Gaede ae oe 146

LOOPS TOK Sor OUT eX ge oi ee Ps ei a 1-0 oh A) 147
Genlsroo sm leterandria AGASSIZ +. 1... faa 2 «tase ieee ls oe oe 147
Moos pleunospilusi (Gunther) . |. 9. 1. i\dan ace neieae eee sich cra 148

BAO MMC VECO tay b ts. «eye sysrs 2 2/3: ala ets Ge RR eyeldees ete phot te 148
Cenusiors Pecciliaibloch & Schneider... 3. Taser shee a eee 149
PAO moccidentalisn(Baird 6. (Girard) 0) sei ayn ere oie ee 150

icin. JH oik on baer airs), 101) cl ea eee oh Co aa 0 LAR a 150

LAO ULTIMO AM cc oc oo .sh cts ye Me. > Ake Ran eeeee NS Ge te Ok ee I51

nage pLresidionis, jordan’ é& (Culver. ../.. si asinine ese 152

BAe ouciianas(GiTacd)), 0d... sc) sisance Sein meboeet heres eae 152

Pye sphenops Cuvier cw Valenciennes? @pe-da sree cigs ois. - 153
Gcnuswoz- Moltenesia Le Sueur. 1". .icinse oop ete wets oa os ells 154

TA ALOR OSAy (CHAT) 60.014. ots. susieuea + te PRRRIENES spafitanentne welsh chk 155

Py oma tipilliaw en SUCUT 2 5 cc <p mle danattee ee ORR CEN PS Ave! shea ces 155
Genncogeecipmophorus lH eckel: +: \.c. 2 2 capers erts's tiene + ee. 156
DAS puny Ulva MICO hae a tah oks a het are pach iain SNe eka OPS capo da fo 156
cAOmmnelleriskleelcell,.: 5°. piglet. eeon hate etaaenes ue toecatira Stan shal ager shahc 157

Myo.) Montezuma yordandcionyder asa eewieeme. ok i. oo 158

SANE cer ONG OVINE N TOG NATED (a a). 4) .sobetsn oe hera castes Manche) Melisa 6.2 vs asa Sas 160
Beatin Nel lm. CLOT 6 885 apVitinvcips od whe Gate ne Beate vnig tis tleiiolel alla ha co wile 160
Genusiods «lylOSsurusiC OCCONs i «shee ute eevee ase NIS+ els tats Ce 160
MS Ten aris. (Wal balsa) hols 50 eke mp eeuiben yous Nara a) carton alte. os 160

WDE Cw OPHOBRANCHIL 21. %).0.8 <2 5 ere aetna aretha site CROs an Metecd's Mota dos 162
Benmilva Mey mona tid so Sac centers atolls) «cfs ocetes las: 162
Genusios eslphostomar Rahinesgue... setts cciehia ee ace chek ns Coe. 162
5 ene vica UdumieNlecls 2). aneey tarpon oie a aek tse! Peer Rae. - 163

yaw stank sia Onan Se Culver 5. te eede stem Waele Geeks hs een © on 163
ORDER ACAN THOR TERI: ci. ¥.. Saletan gests mdse ctatdei ae Ss hakl othe co. 164
| Peal hy, Dee WY se Wel acy 9 ba 6 be =e na, RSE i 2 Pa Oe ee a 165
GenusioOe ChigdstomayOwainSOM! . she auine «Mise sini iss, ae oclee es. 166
SubsenussHclopsarumy jordan! yee veeeeiets ca. seeks. se 169

BSA OTdanta OOlMaN 2... Wo. . 5 deme R eae de The cule ey ela os 169

BS Gene Me7 ciattal MCL... §y:\cuevae cde aseneeatne spare ene Saree N akehe cia). 2. 170

moO. aLee (jordan éisnyder)inn sae ae POM ser wee aie Rae ese yey

Moye Dacron, jordan, 6 Everman Sas Weg alla suis alee. bc 192

is Seecuce maT CCC, 4.25 larsuWe ol auth shot Jase oh Sis dé ae'e tas ee 2 172

I OM mE Caes MCC We Hh 5 ots wii sis ees oR igteMen a 5 ca or lu Sy cae | 173

XVi FIELD CoLUuUMBIAN MusEumM—ZOOLoGy, VOL. V.
PAGE
TOO), patzcuaroWMeeks 1 sala. aah uate pie Mice teh heen toys eee 174
DOW. wzZirahvuenMVicekic nasser toe Aa ele ete eerie: case ane arene 174
Subgenus Chirostoma Swainson era see ieeeei ler ettaets tree epee 175
162) chumboldtramtumas(Ciav Sena) ere ee oe cee eee 17s
163. chapale jordan’ & Snyder ii. oe vaste on 2 4s oe
t64. erandoculeStéindachmen x ee. oe cue -pile ey ced a 176
TOS promelas jordan 6c) omyiCler mpm ci cee 177
Subgenus Lethostole Jordan & Evermann ?-.4.-.45... serene 177
106, Sphyrena, Boulemeersa ee ae tn eee Gf
MOY /pedhoosbbisya pyowlkeresre sy ca nsoucohuconeesnesabdonbdacncoo; 178
LOSs, lermeJiordanvéaioniyider aya aie oie seats eae mene 179
169. Ocotlane. Jordanié: Snyders ico 4 ate is eee 180
Yee MBO P| OMRON 5 saghaagee Se Rae Ob ao sem es so 25 180
Genus 67... Menidia Bonaparte n) meetse sea acrdtoe: stench 181
1:7: in SalleryGRe gam) eye dmitcetenteet sy shot fuente te ce ene 181
r72N lisa: Meekicrt mee, «tase scence ake te alaybhs este hates ogee eee 182
Genusi6S: (MeélanirisiMicek eis vac siycs el ccds eas acetic cies ene 183
T7i2. i Dalsanus: Weckweree . me cetera een nore ee eee 183
Genus Go. Thyrinaeliondan® &-Culveren. ays ae 184
levermann jordan és, Cullver|eys = -e e e eyeee ee eee 184
7A .crystallinay(@jordam, SeCulliver)) eae eet eee ae 184
Bamiuly XV. Mioilid ast) ak Geinye ey erates Saisie baetsy acon ue ie 185
Subfamily: Migiolin ayo} coca creas ft eeta an eee Tere eee ke eee 185
Genus}7omMucil (Arteda) ieammcetl Sateen rice eee 185
ES a Cephialiis Weinince tise: eilgeewe tens eaciees: ccc ence eenete ene ee 186
Subtamuly AconostOminaee se. cis tenia s Gears etre rari hee eae aa 186
Genus. A conostomussD ennete er ect crc: ee eee 186
Subgenus Dajaus Cuvier & Valenciennes’. 2.....5 ms eee 186
r7O.monticola (Bancroft)me cee series. oo 2 eee eee 186
Genus 72. -Neomiupil Vaillant 4oyte ce ceene ey eee 187
P79, sdvousti, Vaillant ty. Wlens cee pita yee sho 188
Genis:732) JoturusePoey: 2 fash gia, tae ie ees ie oe) ee ee 188
07.8. ;pichardiROey i ).cx. ees, os Sore Oe he ee eee 188
Bamulyeex Viz \Cenitranchidee’. 2.5 cf ay.a te sete eee ee es ene 189
Subfamily Lepidopomines 3 se ac le oe ee eee ee ee mere)
Genus 74. Lepidopomus Rafinesque =... >. = 32 ae Igo
Sibgentis*A pomotis Rafinesqiue sta. sarc) 1 ee ee Ig!
79. Cyanellus Ratinesqie ci Sea ne. cree eiea ete ene Igl
Subgents Lepidopomus Rafinesqueri: 2.0 > te.) ae We) eee 192
rao; soccidentalisiMeekit cme ewer cinicte a. caea na ee 192
181. haplognathusiCopet. sa. temenae eis es eet ee 192
182.. pallidus (Mitch). G ttoeye aie oscil) ast teens oe s-de ote 193
Genus 75= Eupomotis Gill epjiondane 5. oe cise -uetetees toi) ite eee 193
193.. wneros, (Baird &. Girard) are ioe ie iene eee 194
Subfamily Micropitenimacss vc oe ole se ieee ieee 194
Genus 76.) Micropterus, wacépedeny ee aae ae er ee ee eee 194
04. Salmonoides (Macepede)= gariaec= = esi n eae ee eee 195
Baniuily XVI. Percid ae a xn 5h 28 otters Sete cle sieu ese acone ieee ene ret ee ee 196
subfamily Htheostomatinge. <1. aseets cul sete cic chet ns era 196
Genus 74), Htheostoma |Ratimesgie mes my-y-ietetiee) jotta tenn ee 196

Subgenus Torrentaria Jordan & Evermann (26... -s4.2 2 see 197

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVil

PAGE

HOG PALS ERAle (OLGA) 2) 10 a \ce secre tune tope ctaielal le eee) a's els) oa ust) oie’) 197

Subgenus Rafinesquiellus Jordan & Evermann................ 197

MSO POUbsIGITATG)* 5 lice yoo Me Maer aenacaledenetnt cams 0) foe a <a) 197

Subsenus Olicocephalus Girard’ -.72k Seten sjaqejeiete ate + cur seers < = 198

£57. lepidum (Baird & Girard) 3 2:07.82. Pe Ma ee ene tet 198

Bela GN Menem tTOpOMlG se. << s,s 2 «sar dete clotylnals oe eerste dee ee 198

Genus 73--Centropemus Lacépede .. . ... Tyjcca dite eteie «= po) te s 199

TKS. Taaverarcrenonbic) ISkolXorbheis ot ayy Beeiale o Gicharak Fue cade. 0-5 ceo Colm Uo. Baie 199

Mien OU Nore Pastantl teers 7 ters ot 06 Ss, ote opiate, Okewele EAtienee ¢ siate Se sa Ss 199

Gemstone Omaddasysduacepede <i). 2 1: = kak matauheyete S05 oc sie pr eanisye - 200

Subgenus Rhonciscus Jordan & Evermann................... 200

OOM citer CCK oe, ver ctee shes, <1 ~) niin e-0.8- Pace steal ofeattel esis ehet hacewe lo) ais 200

Toor pbayanus ondantde I yermann, . cease. tela cpecielte chee iho: 201

191. templei Meek. ..... PRS WIA AL 6 canoe OCI 06 carom i 201

Hag ey OR GSC tre TCE ira SNE gas 7. a7 1c he duecera Headya or age no eestor s Serer orags 102

Suaotamilye la ploidomOtinees cp. ~../5.: ais, <, << + se «yegn te cietossta = ieushem ie => eines 202

Genus, do; sia plotdonotus Ranimesqiue) = .'2.\c)e te tofelans ate et sulinw ee © = 202
EQS eM SNeMS RC AIMMeSG GE tir § sche's hover le epehauchs ebasoue one ie the 0s = 203 >

PERaaMI RG OSS Piel obs BEN. GeO ley Se ae Re re ER git Myetitore Brees: ccchee 204

Genusioim C1chlasoma,owalnsOnie ss 0: 5. fe oa eeas sete teeiereiene ci ecick 204

nse mento UVatlant.cc Pellegrith) 2: < soe saat pe vies, ose =) news 207

Gis MeN \ihaik (Crowell ols) eee ee A Ane eile clonic Ge cheer 207

inongs “lnysysk keller Cie) qe eerie ie een in oir ee eerie 208

Too epavOlaceuta (Gana) =. s....a2Jets + ages om sree Siayacd =) a hel> 209

LOE MICE TiMe OO CAIN Es ees eras) as aye csee ste ce latinna eetbeeeeWa suet “hay ¢ clas = 210

Lecmsteindachnernt Jordan Ge ony denwr. .« sa bactlaie tee ote 4 210

TG loeneworel! (CWsxszim)\ a SMe colton cag clo clod 6 oS b.6 Oomma oD SOIC 21k

goo. istlantnr (jordan G: Stryder). 2) 2.5. epee cierae eystete hele =e shoe 212

Yojies Cyyermantshauany, WY lol giReena Areata Re oiccoinro cash Oo o.0-ciG Dig Eee Seer c 214

202. heterodontum (Vaillant & Pellegrin)................... 215

go3, cyanoruttacum (Baird'& Ginard) Soe fis berc «soe = os eee 2115

Ailes serorusnavereil eine: ((Siyebals elovaver®) os od sho on gob Ou bos Somes aac 216

alsa radon enna NICE , We Abdio Gon aone nude bbio ound Comes 6 a wor 20

Aol, Weousevennokon (eeteehai) “keto cb bio deicobbodcood oD. 218

Bere peutic rt BHeL) 2 0.04 ty eiole’ sage arsyo"s <Medeten cheleh <Puhe ete a cielo..als ny = 218

AOS, can eyagsinbraay ((CxbelNe) Ginn obeouee cou buoSoUuD MUdmor coe 219

Boom eivenmanni Meee Hsia. sce a wheter act cms veers or eye are) ese en 220

zromnepulifer (Gdimther)s 2... 12 22 Gye «lett einc «0 ots et tin em 220

Genus 62,, Neetroplus Gunther 5.5 0 ..y2 og ca nate ok eye sine et puede = 221

ATieCAnoii iS ordam GON yOCh . crams ie. 2 ecks.q vam eers oleh =i 6 221

Genus sss homebthys Meeks i... cs seater sapie ayasels eisvene = oletencieings 222

<pyray \atellllesen. ((ShuemiovGkevelowsVer@)" 50 wea hao Gb on Goo oduoCeUudo Oca 2:23

Beep CULO MCE Gis gee. cce ssh ys eas pertcn te, Cg oye) imcta”= =, + shots fore To me Big

Bvctruitl ype MC MG ODI e . h9Sh ccm. Sy..'oy5 Sole shee Sete tae = eraencte, ob vs Suatien shal Doh 225

Sapo tamil ypPeGtiGinlesw 2 ve ek aks Zc of we ets pniote. Wie ald GiGisyala’s. « Sjeuslis, « 226

Genus 84, Philypnus Cuvier & Valenciennes..........:...-.-+-.. 226

muporqee dormaiton (Macepede): 2-0) 6. sic c tie atch our ieje asso cisions «i 226

(enusessee ormitaton Gill) 2 4 Si. dace Sata etin ee telen se sie le 227

gga mlacwiatys, (S1OCH) <<. $F. geiae i shes slelaths apoio ss efy 2 «2 ato + 227

isendsveo. Pleats Bloch G& Schneider. ect. 6 tame cs oie oo ne cs es 228

OPM TASO TNS Celi CLTD) stag Panett ote arctica asad, © deletes oriahso en=Ps rin! o! - 228

*
XVili FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoOLocGy, VoL. V.
PAGE
ory «pictus kner cpOteimmdachnen , acre sesh. 2 estes, teen 220
Subfamily Goblins (foe. Solel s sto nas eget erchs Meher « orn Ween 229
Genus 87 2'Gobids Linncus.t. one sc ict? dive es ake ee 229
Subgenus: Ctenosobius Gils soe eerie ts 201. 6 ste e 230
20S. parvus, Meek? 750.) poetivtce cuca ei-vol ages i stste oat ey eee eee 230
Subgenus Gobionellus Giracds 2 Ses eee ee 2 nak eee 231
2toy claytoni Meeks > 3032: M-csagerstienctek ersisiole <icheseein eee 231
220. microdons Gilbert ym tate ietteee Yer eyes exten 227
Genus $8: Chonophorus stemmdachnen iiss.) syst 6 8s set eee 232
gor. nelsoni (Everman) Myac ss asis si0c/ee ayers 0-6 OG epee eee 232
220% taiasica (Lichtensteim) i 9. ote a. fiver cre 2) ~<a s Cee 233
293) LIMexVCanus 7(Grumbhem ees otek ter tecais sr fale oe oe 233
Genus?8o9 Gillicththys/Coopetey.urc)s. fe iae sare oy Oe 234
224. detrusus Gilbert. dcsocoheld 5 cia ai.) os = - oe tal 234
Bamaly Xoo A Soletdas: 3 raters tnd cnet ese taie ceerais eleie nbcts Sone eee 234
Subfamily Achirina@s 2 s.c0 ciesecis erelnc & cmserciacs etele este stele <.cye sec eee 235
Genusiqo. AcChinuswbacemeder.ga suas cinta ci eie eae) ecient eat nee Bai
Subgenus Batostoma, Beant invita: cuss «0,5 10'5 (ste ee 235
225. Mazatlanus-(Steindachneh) 1. sor... - «0s <2 235
226, fonsecensis:(Ganthen) <1)... «oie, coke > a 236
Subgenus Achirus;Lacépede] >. i 2.< . dace sites c o-oo 2 see 230
229 MASCIA TUS ME ACE PE UE a snc ei stletals folate snout oe ie he ae eee 236.

LIST OF FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE PAGE
Map of Mexico, showing Fish Faunal Areas. . xivii
I. Goodea luitpoldi (Steindachner)..Photograph by C. H. Carpenter 1
II. Ovary of Goodea luitpoldi (Stein-

GEEK aisaVEMs. Wcreo ola ice aod Seo Photograph by C. H. Carpenter 1

III. Large-mouth Black Bass, (Micropterus Salmonoides Lacépéde)
showing parts referred to in descriptions of fishes ............ lvi
IV. Galeichthys aguadulce Meek .....Photograph by C. H. Carpenter 9
Niewiwhamdta oaxaca Meeks.) .../.). 6 - Drawing by W. D. Douglas.... 20
VI. Catostomus sonorensis Meek..... Drawing by W. D. Douglas.... 32
VII. Catostomus conchos Meek. ...... Drawing by W. D. Douglas.... 33
WaT. ( Skiffia lermze Meek (4) .......... Drawing by W. D. Douglas.... 142
( Skiffia lermee Meek (9) .......... Drawing by W. D. Douglas. . 142
IX. Platypoecilus maculatus Ginther .Photograph by C. H. Gappente: 145
xe Platypeecilus variatus Meek ..... Photograph by C. H. Carpenter 146
Xiphophorus helleri Heckel...... Photograph by C. H. Carpenter 157
XI. Xiphophorus jalapze Meek. ...... Drawing by W. D. Douglas.... 156
XII. Lepidopomus occidentalis Meek. .Drawing by W. D. Douglas.... 192
Sth Pomadasys starn Meek 5.5... a. Photograph by C. H. Carpenter 200
XIV. Pomadasys templei Meek ....... Photograph by C. H. Carpenter 201
XV. Cichlasoma parma (Gunther) ....Photograph by C. H. Carpenter 218
XVI. Cichlasoma eigenmanni Meek ....Drawing by W. D. Douglas.... 220
XVII. Gobius’parvus Meek ».....2...7. Drawing by W. D. Douglas.... 230
Gobius claytoni Meek 2. . a. 22s: Drawing by W. D. Douglas.... 230

X1X

ae
a. PVA Vc,
Pia Ys

Fic.
Teewaniupettasspadicea Bean...) . 0... - Drawaneebiys bs ahoddiis. =
2. Istlarius balsanus Jordan & Snyder ... Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks..

ios)

LishOF TEXT ALEUSTRATIONS:

‘ Conorhynchus nelsoni Evermann &
(Goldsborotshie ein. arte. ea Drawing by A. H. Baldwin....
Embryo of Conorhynchus nelsoni ...Drawing by A. H. Baldwin....
. Carpiodes microstomus Meek........ Drawing by Howard Stebbins...
Carpiodes elongatus Meek ...........Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
fCarpiodes labiosus Meek ............ Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
Xystrosus popoche Jordan & Snyder. Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks..
Niganscandueesis Beaten. s.6502--6- 56 Drawing by A. H. Baldwin....
misanseapmillbescens) Meeks, a 442 -e Drawing by W. D. Douglas....

Hybognathus rasconis (Jordan & Sny-

CSD oS ie Ouch ent Oe Ae RE ee Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks. .
spuilanmainaca: Meek . Weie.c. acess oe Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
. Falcula chapale Jordan & Snyder....Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks. .
me LeCtlagviutavan(Girard)ie 4. 1... Drawing by A. H. Baldwin....
. Aztecula lerme (Evermann & Golds-

(S(OrRoke Nad 79 Ue SNe a ee ee Drawing by A. H. Baldwin....
mmeAmtectiaimexicanaiMeek™. .5.......3: Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
. Nototropis calientis Jordan & Snyder Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks..
BNotetropis robustus Meek... ..... 0+. Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
. Nototropis chihuahua Woolman...... Drawing by A. H. Baldwin....
PeNOLOtIOpIS, nazas*Meek. 72... as. ys Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
mw Nototropis forlonensis Meek. .......... Drawing by Howard Stebbins.. .
. Nototropis santamarie Evermann &

Coldsborovicihive sera a ope Drawing by A. H. Baldwin....

Nototropis santarosalie Meek. ....... Drawing by W. D. Douglas...
. Evarra eigenmanni Woolman........ Drawing by A. H. Baldwin....
. Evarra tlahuacensis Meek........... ‘Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
. Hemigrammus compressus Meek. .... Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
205 Worosoma anale Meek. .2). 2.35 6.16 es Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
. Cynodonichthys tenuis Meek ........ Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
Peewandulis Oaxaca Meeks. - i4...-.-5-. Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
. Zoogoneticus cuitzeoensis (B. A. Bean). Drawing by A. H. Baldwin. ...
. Zoogoneticus dugesi (Bean).......... Drawing by Ee: Moddass =.
. Zoogoneticus robustus (Bean) ....... Drawing-by A. H. Baldwin....
maoosonemeus diazi Meek 7.5, 2a... 45: Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
. Zoogoneticus miniatus Meek ........ Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
mCharacodon vatiatus Beanis..:..--.- Drawingiby Lie: Rodda... =.
= Characodon variatus Bean ?......?-. Drawing by H. L. Todd......
. Chapalichthys encaustus (Jordan &

SST Ty) te Ras cites Seesraeg es NT ed og Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks. .
mratilptisia tasciata Meek). ..... 25.2 +. Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
. Gambusia infans Woolman.......... Drawing by A. H. Baldwin....
» Gambusia bonita Meek ............: Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
mcogdea wiriter Meek im. 65 fac 2 Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .

XX1

104
III
ime
113
II4
II5
120
120
Te
129
132
132
137

‘

26,6 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zo6Locy, VOL. V.

Fic.

41.
42.
43-
44.
45-
46.
47-
48.
49.

50.

ia.
Re
53-
54-
55:
56.
57-
58.

59.
60.
Or.
62.
62;
64.
65.
66.
67.

68.
69.

70.
fir
VD

troodea) towerieWeeka. fs -t0-5) see ere Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
Goodea luitpoldi (Steindachner)...... Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks. .
Goodearatripinnis Jordan \o.175 2. 22.2. Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks. .
SiainarvarieratasWeels. <r 7a5... ae Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
Sloffia ‘bilineata (Bean) >. 4. ...-ne Drawing by W. 5S. Haines......
Platypoccilus nelsoni Meek -2 2. 4a. Photograph by C. H. Carpenter
Peterandriaylutz1:)Meekey sin air ois Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
Poecilia latipunctata Meek ~ {e223 - Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
Poecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes

Boye Aiice setahals Skat > hee eer ane gee Drawing by W. S. Atkinson... .
Xiphophorus montezumze Jordan &

SOY eR ei > wipe helene aw eee rae ee Drawing by W. S. Atkinson....
Siphostoma brevicaudum Meek...... Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
Chirostoma jordani Woolman ....... Drawing by A. H. Baldwin....
Chirostoma mezquital Meek. 4925... 5. Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
Chirostoma arge (Jordan & Snyder) .. Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks. .
Chirostoma attenuatum Meek........ Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
Chirostoma patzcuaro* Meeks. 9. 2.7, Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
Chirostoma zirahuen Meek .......... Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
Chirostoma chapale Jordan & Snyder Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks. .
Chirostoma sphyrena Boulenger .....Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks...
Chirostoma lucius Boulenger......... Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks. .

Chirostoma lerme Jordan & Snyder .. Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks. .
Chirostoma ocotlane Jordan & Snyder Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks. .

Menidiadisa Mceke 2c Spin ote Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
Melaniris balsanus Meek ............ Drawing by W. D. Douglas....
Haploidonotus grunniens Rafinesque . Drawing by Miss J. Gloetzner..
Cichlasoma;hedricki Meek: 7 se aaa Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
Cichlasoma steindachneri Jordan &

STVGEGE ee aoe cic la cuca ere ce ie Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks. .
Cichlasoma bartoni (Bean). ......... Drawing by A. H. Baldwin....
Cichlasoma istlanum (Jordan & Sny-

G ISIE) eS set? 6: piston Ola Sibi Cerone ticle 6 iva bc Drawing by Mrs. C. L. Starks...
Cichlasoma evermanni Meek ........ Drawing by W. D. Douglas. ...
Cichlasoma mojarra Meek ........... Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .
MhorichthysielliotimMeek: Jes. sees: Drawing by Howard Stebbins. .

PAGE
138
139
I40
143
144
147
149
150

LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES WHICH APPEAR AS NEW
IN THE PRESENT WORK.

: NEW GENERA. PAGE
emette rte eAT eT GUY Se oe Set eck fe ARPS aicia ok ala lao Behe’ aaatads say Spe vaya te etn) sea IRs IOI
Paragambusia..... eer ee ids: SS. See ee, een 133
IDEA Cres OUT ADY Soaps Siok ay Gest eohav es oe Moist aya rn by are, io ar Shey es, Shore ode) ENS cree eee woe e's 222

NEW SPECIES.
Meme entaNdS APTAGIN Clr om ARIES ci<ie aS os ars Dale's fo oi a eR Ee eae 9
2 SETFEE RES aN Sj MEE As poe ne a he Conteh eR eS 13
Amiurus mexicanus....... fa Ene ee a ee teins oF yay OO ok eis 15
Barge teas THICTOSPOUSIIS 4 5, We wNa ae 2 2:2) <ye!'s «= plain aha steed Aha o> ninieioeae. oe 27
DIP ELOEISS CELLS ES ESR RE eo a at) pees De mee a 28
Paige SM INOS IS, eo cols ian cota ,w 5-10 Pis.c tals, o!ss <at> Steele ae e ecsvsiSane ts pene 29
_ (DS) HEG IS AEG WAG Soi. Satan A nr ree A cy MiP te iebe Rais wae 70
(Sib RPC ea tovel ler e¥oa eae ee a, SP aoe Eadie 70
Bets ele SSBB I MCOMAPILOCRSIES noo 4.o's, chase js) e 8-0 00h 2 Fe eM tele Sa aes, ek oe 87
eee AR EEA eR ee See yan Sas jel eo vn 0 akeeyn eo a aap LS s+ dase Cee 93
eA TENE AAA SOLETILI Se 2 oy 5 Soa oc. o, «200 = 3 Sov axis Fast nsee eee Be See 2,2 satan IOI
Relics te OMOMeItAL LILAC LIS) oa Pegeie s<uee xcs = S ahstersi see ie Meee «© 3s Syke aie cae)
“TSE! EYES i PAS ig aE Re 2 ®t es ye Se ie 129
Cpe ELE vera ri Rey Aas Cle A ee Cg ig A Sah el 132
EP DUCSEEs EE SR ei a, 2 a RED a a Seay
(SE DUED UE SR eee es Gs 5 SRR eRe ee SAA inn remem ede 138
Mem MSN IS AV ALIA LU Siok, oh atelelS Sse % tote Gir Se dae apoio aeons eis as SS agrees pe 146
Eee RCCUMS HEISONE ep opteits Sire oon anaes aye he aie es = Stee es ot 147
(> Deeps "a4 Prop recy: ry © WU ene ae en aa on a 150
Petes aI OTEM ICAU UE © e605 Na a0 gases 58+ 9; aan age Sosy ocete ae Dhaene a's epee’ citen oie 160
PEP DS PEVEO Tee CY EE 91 Oa a ne Erne oe ce Maar 170
Wn BERG ES) ESS) I LP Se an 182
Ra aA RAS ASI GUE gee oes el tal shege ciatinlle ale shal? 3 2 ecg sSttge = SARS, ME Sh gn Ob 200
UES SST 2 ie ot, Se NC Aa 201
SL EELES cela y Ee Fee Cie a a Re I el 208
RAN A RAIAA AC MCT AISELAU ETT fe oh OSs ks we Kah Se ds wiayale sae ea, eRe Oe 214
meee Se TRIES [ein ee Me Ge UL oan ais fee Mata Sucve a75, Se ete 217
Ditaartelts Mares fe St i... Aas oe Ge he ce aS eee 223

XXili

:
R

- ~~
“a ?,
7

‘ch ~ .

awa ss

a

INTRODUCTION:

GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY AND HYDROGRAPHY OF MEXICO.

The greater portion of Mexico is a plateau ranging in elevation
from 3,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea. The northern portion is the
lower, and the slope to the northeast, especially of that portion drained
by the Rio Grande and its tributaries, is more gentle than of any other
portion. The eastern border of this plateau is formed by the eastern
range of the Sierra Madre Mountains, leaving to the east a plain vary-
~ ing in width from about 150 miles east of Monterey to less than 50
miles west of Tampico and Vera Cruz. This plain north of Tampico
is chiefly drained by three rivers: the Rio Conchas and the Rio Soto
la Marina, which flow into the Gulf; and the Rio Forlon, a tributary
of the Rio Panuco. None of these streams drain any portion of the
central plateau. Two of the tributaries of the Rio Panuco, the Rio
San Juan and the Rio Tula, have their origin on the central plateau,
and reach the main river through a gap in the mountains by a Series
of cascades and falls. South of Tampico this narrow plain is drained
by a number of small streams which are wholly confined to the eastern
slope. South of Vera Cruz and in the southern portion of the State
of Oaxaca this eastern range of the Sierra Madre meets the southern
range, the Sierra Madre del Sur, the two forming the low water shed
of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The northern portion of this Isthmus
is drained by the Rio Coatzacoalcos. Between this river and the City
of Vera Cruz is a rather broad, low plain on which from 1o to 15 feet
of rain falls each year. This plain is mostly drained by the Rio
Papaloapam and its tributaries, the Rio Tonto, the Rio Quiotepec,
the Rio Tesechoacan, and the Rio San Juan Evangelista. Owing to
the great rainfall in this region, these rivers are very large as com-
pared with the area they drain. The Sierra Madre del Sur extends
parallel to the coast as far as Colima, where it becomes the western
range of the Sierra Madre. Between the Sierra Madre del Sur and
the zone of recent volcanoes which extends west of Puebla and forms
the watershed between the Rio Balsas and the Rio Lerma is a con-
siderable plateau drained by the Rio Balsas, the second largest river
in Mexico, which flows into the Pacific Ocean. North of the Rio
Balsas basin the central plateau is drained by the Rio Lerma, which,
after it leaves Lago de Chapala, is known as the Rio Grande de San-
tiago, the two forming the longest river wholly within the republic.
The Rio Santiago reaches the sea by a series of cascades and falls.

XXV

XXVi FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoOOLoGy, VOL. V.

The Valley of Mexico is an independent drainage basin, though judg-
ing from the nature of its fish fauna, at some previous time its waters
probably flowed into the Rio Lerma. The northern limit of the
basin of the Rio Lerma is at Zacatecas.

A glance at any map of Mexico reveals the fact that the largest
western rivers north of the Rio Grande de Santiago rise to the east of
the central range of the Sierra Madre Mountains, or in the western
portion of the Central plateau. The western Sierra is exceedingly
rough and its western slope very steep. To such an extent is this
the case that of the seven railroads which have western terminals
not one has yet reached the Pacific coast.

The rainfall in Mexico is variable, the greatest precipitation being
in the State of Vera Cruz. On the Isthmus of Tehuantepec the rains
begin about the first of May, and continue into December, though
there are occasional rains until about the first of February. In the
neighborhood of the City of Mexico and the Lerma Valley the rains
begin the first of May and continue until about the first of November;
between Tampico and Monterey they begin about the last of May
and continue until October. In northern Mexico, in the State of
Chihuahua, the rainy season commences the last of June and ceases
in September. The rainfall in southern Mexico is much more abun-
dant than in the northern part. Where the wet season is much longer
than the dry season the larger rivers contain a good supply of water
during the entire year. In the height of the wet season many of
them overflow, forming, in depressions, shallow lakes, bayous, and
ponds; these later become dry, causing the destruction of a great
many fishes. The same conditions hold in the dryer portions, but
here many of the streams also become partially dry. On the plateau
the water in the dry season in many streams is confined to a portion
of the upper part of its course, and such streams usually contain a
small number of species of fishes. During the wet season many of
the isolated streams in northern Mexico form at their mouths lakes
of considerable size, such as Lago de Guzman at the mouth of the Rio
Casas Grandes, Lago de Patos at the mouth of the Rio Carmen, etc.,
etc. From the upper part of these river courses the lakes into which
they flow become stocked with fishes. There is considerable alkali
in the beds of these lakes which the water takes up in solution. As
the dry season comes on the lakes gradually become smaller and the
water in them more alkaline. When each lake is reduced to about
three-fourths of its original size the water becomes so charged with
alkali that the fishes die in great numbers. During the latter part of
the dry season there is very little water in the Rio Casas Grandes
below Terrasas, more than half of its bed being dry. What is true

—""

ne

INTRODUCTION. XXV11

of this river is also true of many other rivers in the dryer portions
of Mexico, and especially so of those streams whose waters never
reach the sea.

REGENT GEOLOGICAL CHANGES IN’) MEXICO: AND. THEIR
GENERAL EFFECT ON THE FISH FAUNA.

Geologically speaking, within more recent times the climatic and
hydrographic conditions of Mexico have been less stable than in the
Mississippi Valley. The central portion of Mexico has been subject
to considerable volcanic disturbances which have continued to within
recent times. The northern portion has evidently at some former
time been much better watered than it is now. Such streams as the
Rio Casas Grandes, Rio Santa Maria, Rio Carmen, the Rio Nazas,
and many others in this region whose waters never reach the sea were,
perhaps, formerly tributaries of the Rio Grande. This supposi-
tion is based on the character of their fish faunas and the
general topography of the country. Dr. O. C. Farrington, of the
Department of Geology of this Museum, suggests that the reduced
size of these streams is due largely to the fact that most of the moun-
tain drainage of this part of Mexico is now to the west; and that the
portions of the western rivers which are east of the Sierra Madre
Mountains were formerly the upper tributaries of the streams which
flow to the east. According to this view the western streams have
cut their way back, captured the head-waters of the eastern streams,
and with them their portion of the eastern fish fauna. Mr. A. V.
Temple, who has traveled extensively over this region for the past
thirty-five years, informs me that there is much less water in this por-
tion of Mexico now than when he first visited it. Many lakes have
become entirely dry, though occasionally one, as La Laguna in Chi-
huahua, which has been dry for years, may be partially filled by a heavy
rain. When the Mexican Central Railroad built its line from El Paso
to the City of Mexico it was extended across the dry bed of this lake.
About seven years ago a heavy rain submerged this portion of the
track and delayed traffic until the road could lay its present line some
distance to one side of the lake. Since then, La Laguna has grad-
ually become smaller and is likely soon to return to a dry basin again.
Disturbances of the kind noted above have their influence on the
aquatic life of the country. Any change in environment means that
animals affected by it must change physically to meet the new con-
ditions; those that are unable to change to suit these conditions sooner
or later disappear, while new varieties, and, if the time is long enough,
new species, come into existence.

XXVili FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoOLoGy, VoL. V.

Thus, in a measure at least, species of fishes in Mexico are under-
going changes, and the process of making species or varieties is still
actively in progress. There is in general more individual variation
in species of Mexican fresh-water fishes than among the species which
inhabit the Mississippi Valley. To define properly the species and
subspecies of fishes in the country in question a much more extended
study of each is necessary, and for this reason I have not recognized
any subspecies in the present paper.

A few species, as Hybognathus episcopus (Girard), have a wide dis-
tribution, besides this they range from near sea level to an altitude of
6,000 or 7,000 feet. If in this case we recognize any subspecies at
all, we must recognize one for each important stream in which the
species occurs. In such cases I have recognized one species and noted
the important, though slight, differences in the specimens from the vari-
ous localities from which I have material. For examples of extreme
individual variation of color markings, I would refer to Platy-
pecilus maculatus Giinther, and Platypecilus variatus Meek. The
student of Mexican fresh-water fishes must be constantly on the out-
look for these variations. In defining species it is certainly better to
rely on structural differences rather than on differences in color. On
many of the tropical fishes, especially in the streams of the lower
lands, there are black blotches which appear more like stains than
markings. These are not at all definite in outline, or in position;
some may be large, others small, and their position without regularity.
An example of this kind is seen in Xiphophorus hellert Gunther, of
which a variety noted by Dr. A.Gtnther, because of these black blotches,
was later for the same reason regarded as a distinct species* by Jordan
& Evermann. Many of the Peciliid@é have these blotches, although
they are not uncommon in other species. Unless an apparently new
species is very different from its nearest relative, it is quite as well
not to describe it as new unless a large amount of material is at hand
for comparison. I am not certain that I have properly followed this
rule myself, still a careful examination of my material will, I believe,
show that I have not materially departed from it.

LIST OF LOCALITIES IN “MEXICO WHERE ‘COEEEG@M@RS
QF FISHES WERE MADE IN “1901 BY MR. Ea Eee
AND THE AUTHOR.

Colonia Juarez, Chihuahua; Rio Casas Grandes, June 26.

Guzman, Chihuahua; spring near railroad station, June 25.

Santa Maria, Chihuahua; springs and ponds near clubhouse, June 24.
San Jose, Chihuahua; spring at San Jose ranch, June 21.

*Xiphophorus gunthert Jordan & Evermann.

INTRODUCTION. XX1X

Ahumada, Chihuahua; a large irrigating ditch, June 22.

Chihuahua, Chihuahua; Rio Chihuahua, June 19.

Santa Rosalia, Chihuahua; Rio Noavaco, June ro.

Jimenez, Chihuahua; Rio Conchos, June 9.

San Andres, Chihuahua; Rio Santa Cruz, June 17, 18.

Bustillos, Chihuahua; Lago de Castillo, the lake was dry except a few small holes,
& June rq.

Minaca, Chihuahua; Rio Paphigochic, June 16, 17.

Aguas Calientes, Aguas Calientes; Rio Verde, June 7.

Lagos, Jalisco; tributary of the Rio Verde, and small lake near the city, June 6.

La Barca, Jalisco; Rio Lerma, June 5s.

Ocotlan, Jalisco; Rio Grande de Santiago and a few bayous, June 2 and 3.

Celaya, Guanajuato; small stream tributary to the Rio Lerma, May 28.

Acambaro, Guanajuato; Rio Lerma, May 27.

La Palma, Michoacan; Lago de Chalco, May 30, 31.

Huingo, Michoacan; Lago de Cuitzeo, May 26.

Patzcuaro, Michoacan; Lago de Patzcuaro, May 18 to 22.

Zirahuen, Michoacan; Lago de Zirahuen, May 24.

San Juan del Rio, Queretaro; Rio San Juan, May 16.

Chalco, Mexico; Lago de Chalco, April 30, May 1.

Texcoco, Mexico; Lago de Texcoco, May 13.

Puente de Ixtla, Morelos; Rio Ixtla, April 24 to 26.

Balsas, Guerrero; Rio Balsas and Rio Cocula, April 22 and 23.

Venta Salada, Puebla; Rio Tehuacan, May 6, root.

Cuicatlan, Oaxaca; Rio Quiotepec, May 5, 1g9o1.

Oaxaca, Oaxaca; Rio Verde, May 4, 1901.

Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Rio Sordo, May 9g.

La Antigua, Vera Cruz; Rio San Francisco, May to.

Bist -OF LOCALITIES IN MEXICO WHERE "COLLECTIONS
OE FISHES WERE MADE BY THE AUTHOR IN 1903.

Sauz, Chihuahua; Rio Sauz, May 29.

Lerdo, Durango; Rio Nazas, May 21.

Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango; Rio Nazas, May 25.

Labor, Durango; a small spring brook with no outlet from the sea; a small col-
lection received in June from Mr. H. Douglas, conductor on Interna-
tional Railroad.

Durango, Durango; Rio Mezquital, and a spring near the city, May 23.

Monterey, Nuevo Leon; Spring in the city, May 20.

San Juan, Nuevo Leon; Rio San Juan, May 1g.

Montemorelos, Nuevo Leon; Rio Pilon, May 18.

Linares, Nuevo Leon; Rio Camacho, May 16.

Linares, Nuevo Leon; Rio Pabillo, May 17.

Garza Valdez, Tamaulipas; Rio Pilon, May 1s.

La Cruz, Tamaulipas; Rio de Purification, May 13.

Santa Engracia, Tamaulipas; Rio de Santa Engracia, May 12.

Victoria, Tamaulipas; Rio de San Marcos, May 11.

Forlon, Tamaulipas; Rio Forlon, May 9.

Valles, San Luis Potosi; Rio Valles, May 7.

Rascon, San Luis Potosi; Tributary of the Rio Valles, May 6.

XXX FIELD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM—Zo6toey, Vo. V

Rio Verde, San Luis Potosi; Rio Verde, collection made by W. L.. Tower,
August.

Lerma, Mexico; Rio Lerma, March 17 and 18.

City of Mexico, Mexico; Viga canal, March 20.

Chalco, Mexico; Canals, April 19.

Cuautla, Morelos; Rio Cuautla, March 25.

Yautepec, Morelos; Rio Yautepec, March 27.

Jojutla, Morelos; Rio Apatlaco, March 28.

Puebla, Puebla; Rio Atoyac; April 4 and 18.

Atlixco, Puebla; tributary of the Rio Atoyac, April 1.

Matamoras, Puebla; Rio Atila, April 2.

Chietla, Puebla; Rio Coetzala, April 3.

Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Rio Sordo, March 13.

Xico, Vera Cruz; Rio Texcolo, March 12.

San Francisco, Vera Cruz; Rio San Francisco, March ro.

Vera Cruz, Vera Cruz; small creek north of the city, March 9g.

Boca del Rio, Vera Cruz; Boca del Rio, March 7.

Cordoba, Vera Cruz; Rio Blanco, April 6.

Rio Blanco, Vera Cruz; Rio Blanco, March s.

Otopa, Vera Cruz; Rio Otopa, March 4.

Motzorongo, Vera Cruz; Rio Motzorongo, April 9.

Refugio, Vera Cruz; Rio Tonto, April ro.

El Hule, Oaxaca; Rio Papaloapam, April 22.

Obispo, Oaxaca; Rio Obispo, April 24.

Perez, Vera Cruz; Rio Tesechocan, March 1 and 2, and April 23.

San Juan Evangelista, Vera Cruz; Rio San Juan Evangelista, Feb. 27.

Sanborn, Vera Cruz; tributary of Rio Coatzacoalcos, February 22.

San Geronimo, Oaxaca; Rio San Geronimo, February 26.

Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Rio Tehuantepec, February 25.

THE RIVER SYSTEMS OF MEXICO AND A’ LIST (OF VEISHES
KNOWN FROM EACH.

RIO GRANDE SYSTEM.

From El Paso, Texas, east to the Gulf of Mexico the Rio Grande
forms the boundary between Mexico and the United States, therefore
only this portion of the river and its southern tributaries are con-
cerned: in the drainage of Mexico. In the Rio Grande system
is included the numerous small independent streams and lakes east of
the Sierra Madre Mountains in Chihuahua and Durango, for these
were, no doubt, at some former period tributaries to the Rio Grande.
This portion of the Mexican plateau in general is a treeless plain with
a scant vegetation. The yucca, the mesquite, various species of
cacti, sage brush, a few stunted cedars and the like, together with a
sparse growth of various species of grasses, comprise the larger part
of the vegetation of this region. During the rainy season, and a
short time after it, there is promise of a luxuriant growth of plant

INTRODUCTION. XEKO

life; but after a few months of exposure to the piercing rays of the
tropical sun the character of the country changes, assuming the ap-
pearance of a parched desert. The rivers, which are large in the
rainy season, become very small by the end of the long dry season.
Many of the lakes in this region become dry and the streams which
flow into them contain little water except in the upper part of their
courses where they are fed by mountain springs, and streams of this
character contain but few species of fishes.

RIO GRANDE AND ITS PRESENT TRIBUTARIES IN MEXICO.
Below is a list of fishes known from this drainage area:

Lepidosteus osseus (Linnzus): Santa Rosalia; San Juan.

Ichthyzlurus furcatus (Le Sueur): Brownsville.

Ichthyzlurus punctatus (Rafinesque): El Paso.

Amiurus lupus Baird & Girard: San Juan; Montemorelos.

Amiurus natalis (Le Sueur): Brownsville.

Leptops olivaris (Rafinesque): El Paso; Santa Rosalia.

Carpiodes tumidus (Girard): Ft. Brown; Brownsville.

Carpiodes microstomus Meek: Santa Rosalia; Jimenez.

Carpiodes elongatus Meek: San Juan; Montemorelos.

Pantosteus plebeius (Baird & Girard): San Andres.

Catostomus conchos Meek: Jimenez.

Myzostoma congestum (Baird & Girard): Monterey; Santa Rosalia; San Juan;
Montemorelos; El Paso.

Campostoma ornatum Girard: Chihuahua; San Andres; Santa Rosalia; Jimenez.

Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque): Cadereita; Acapulco; San Juan; Monte-
morelos.

Campostoma formosulum Girard: Brownsville.

Hybognathus episcopus (Girard): Chihuahua: Jimenez; Comanche Spring; Sal-
tillo; Monterey; Cadereita; Montemorelos; Ft. Brown; Brownsville; Buena
Vista; Guajuco.

Pimelocephales confertus (Girard): San Andres; Chihuahua; Santa Rosalia;
Jimenez; Brownsville.

Leuciscus nigrescens (Girard): Chihuahua; San Andres; Saltillo.

Abramis chrysoleucus (Mitchill): Brownsville.

Cochlognathus ornatus Baird & Girard; Brownsville.

Nototropis braytoni (Jordan & Evermann); Cadereita; San Juan; Montemorelos.

Nototropis robustus Meek: Santa Rosalia; Jimenez.

Nototropis chihuahua Woolman; Chihuahua; San Andres; Santa Rosalia; Jim-
enez.

Nototropis ornatus Girard: Chihuahua; Jimenez; San Andres.

Nototropis orca Woolman; El Paso.

Nototropis lutrensis (Baird & Girard): China; Cadereita; Monterey; Acupulco;
Chihuahua; Santa Rosalia; San Andres; Jimenez; Brownsville:

Nototropis macrostomus (Girard): China; San Juan; Montemorelos.

Nototropis santarosalie Meek: Santa Rosalia.

Phenacobius scopifer (Cope): Brownsville.

Rhinichthys simus Garman: ‘‘Coahuila’’; Santa Rosalia; Montemorelos.

Hybopsis estivalis (Girard): Cadereita; El Paso; San Juan.

Cousius adustus Woolman: Chihuahua.

>. .ab FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEUM—ZOOLOoGyY, VoL. V.

Tetragonopterus mexicanus Filippi: Chihuahua; Santa Rosalia; Jimenez; Mon-
terey; San Juan; Montemorelos; Brownsville; Comanche Spring; Mon-
clova.

Anguilla chrysypa Rafinesque: Matamoras; Brownsville; San Juan.

Dorosoma exile Jordan & Gilbert: San Juan.

Fundulus similis (Baird & Girard): Brownsville.

Fundulus zebrinus (Jordan & Gilbert): Brownsville.

Lucania venusta (Girard): Matamoras.

Cyprinodon eximius Girard:, Chihuahua; San Andres; Jimenez; Santa Rosalia.

Cyprinodon elegans Baird & Girard: Comanche Spring.

Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard): Comanche Spring; Chihuahua; Cadereita;
Matamoras; Jimenez; San Andres; Santa Rosalia; Monterey; Monclova.

Glaridichthys latidens (Garman): Chihuahua.

Peecilia couchiana (Girard): Monterey; Cadereita.

Peecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes; San Juan; Monterey.

Mollienesia formosa (Girard): Palo Alto.

Mollienesia latipinna Le Sueur: Brownsville; Matamoras.

Lepidopomus cyanellus Rafinesque: Eagle Pass; Brownsville.

Lepidopomus occidentalis Meek: Jimenez; Santa Rosalia.

Lepidopomus haplognathus Cope: Monterey.

Lepidopomus pallidus (Mitchill): Brownsville; Cadereita.

Eupomotis heros (Baird & Girard): Cadereita.

Micropterus salmonoides (Lacépéde): San Juan; Montemorelos.

Etheostoma australe (Jordan): Chihuahua; San Andres; Jimenez; Santa Rosalia.

Etheostoma pottsii (Girard): Chihuahua; San Andres; Santa Rosalia; Jimenez.

Etheostoma lepidum (Baird & Girard): Brownsville.

Haploidonotus grunniens Rafinesque: Matamoras.

Cichlasoma pavonaceum (Garman): Monclova.

Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum (Baird & Girard): Brownsville; Fort Brown; Mata-
moras; Cadereita; San Juan; Montemorelos; Monterey.

Neetroplus carpintis Jordan & Snyder: San Juan.

Philypnus dormitor (Lacépéde): Brownsville.

Dormitator maculatus (Bloch): Brownsville.

RIO CASAS GRANDES.

This is a small mountain stream in northern Chihuahua which
flows into Lago de Guzman. By the end of the dry season the lake
becomes nearly or entirely dry, and there is very little water in the
river below Terrasas.

Below is a list of the fishes known from this river and its trib-
utaries:

Amiurus pricei (Rutter): San Diego.

Pantosteus plebeius (Baird & Girard): Rio Mimbres; Rio Janos; Colonia Garcia;
San Diego; Casas Grandes; Colonia Juarez.

Campostoma ornatum Girard: Colonia Garcia; Colonia Juarez.

Pimelocephales confertus (Girard): Colonia Juarez; Guzman.

Leuciscus nigrescens (Girard): Rio Janos; Boca Grande; Rio Mimbres; Colonia
Juarez; San Diego.

Nototropis formosus (Girard): Rio Mimbres; Colonia Juarez.

Cyprinodon elegans Baird & Girard: Colonia Juarez; Guzman; San Diego.

a

INTRODUCTION. 2: Gbhl

RIO SANTA MARIA.

This stream is parallel to the Rio Casas Grandes and flows into
Lago de Santa Maria about 1o miles southeast of Lago de Guzman.
These lakes are separated by a comparatively low ridge, but so high
that their waters have not been connected for a considerable time.
The fishes of this stream are but little known. The following is a list
of those known from it at present:

Pimelocephales confertus (Girard): Santa Maria.

Leuciscus nigrescens (Girard): Santa Maria.

Nototropis lutrensis (Baird & Girard): Santa Maria.

Nototropis santamarie Evermann & Goldsborough: Santa Maria.
Nototropis frigidus (Girard): Santa Maria.

Cyprinodon elegans Baird & Girard: Santa Maria.

RIO CARMAN.

This is a small river east of the Rio Santa Maria and flows into
Lago de Patos. This lake becomes dry by the end of the dry season,
and there is no water in the river for some distance above Ahumada.
The few fishes known from this river basin were taken from an irrigat-
ing ditch near Ahumada, and from a spring at San Jose.

Pantosteus plebeius (Baird & Girard:) Ahumada.
Leuciscus nigrescens (Girard): Reported above Ahumada.
Nototropis lutrensis (Baird & Girard): Ahumada; San Jose.
Cyprinodon eximius Girard: Ahumada..

RIO SAUZ.

This is a small stream about fifteen miles in length, situated a
short distance north of the City of Chihuahua. At Sauz, about the
middle of its course, it contains a small amount of running water
during the dry season.

The following four species of fishes are known to occur there:
Pantosteus plebeius (Baird & Girard): Sauz.

Nototropis lutrensis (Baird & Girard): Sauz.
Cyprinodon eximius Girard: Sauz.
Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard): Sauz.

LAGO DE CASTILLOS.

This small mountain lake is situated on the divide between the
head waters of a tributary of the Rio Grande and of the Rio Yaqui.
It becomes nearly dry by the last of June. There are a number of
springs in this region which are said to contain small fishes. The fol-
lowing is the only species I obtained in a pond left by the drying up
of this lake:

Leuciscus nigrescens (Girard): Bustillos.

RIO NAZAS.
This is a river of considerable size in central Mexico. It rises in
the Sierra Madre Mountains and flows into Lago de Mayran. By the

XXXiV FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoO6o.oecy, VoL. V.

end of the dry season there is no water in its bed and little or none

in the river below Lerdo. The Rio Nieves is south of the Rio Nazas

and flows into Lago de Parras, which is only a few miles south of Lago

de Mayran. It is very probable that at some former time these two

streams united near here, and flowed north into the Rio Grande near

the border line between the States of Chihuahua and Coahuila.
Below is a list of the fishes known from ‘these rivers:

Amiurus pricei (Rutter): Lerdo.

Carpiodes tumidus Baird & Girard: San Pedro.

Pantosteus plebeius (Baird & Girard): Lerdo; Santiago Papasquiaro; Rio Nazas.

Campostoma ornatum Girard: Santiago Papasquiaro.

Hybognathus episcopus (Girard): Parras.

Stypodon signifer Garman: Lago de Parras.

Leuciscus nigrescens (Girard): Lerdo; Santiago Papasquiaro; Rio Nazas; Parras.

Nototropis ornatus (Girard): Santiago Papasquiaro.

Nototropis nazas Meek: Santiago Papasquiaro.

Nototropis garmani (Jordan): Parras; Lerdo; Santiago Papasquiaro.

Tetragonopterus mexicanus Filippi: Lago del Muerto; Lerdo; Santiago Papas-
quiaro. ;

Characodon garmani Jordan & Evermann: Parras.

Cyprinodon latifasciatus Garman: Parras.

Etheostoma pottsii (Girard): Santiago Papasquiaro.

RIO, CONGHAS SYSTEM.

This river drains only a small area east of the Sierra Madre
and south of the lower portion of the Rio Grande. The city of
Linares is situated between two branches of the stream; both of these
branches contain, by the end of the dry season, only a small amount
of water. The following is the list of fishes known from this river
system. Amiurus lupus (Girard) and Neetroplus carpintis J. & S.
were taken only in the stream north of the city; all the other species
were taken in both streams.

Amiurus lupus (Girard): Linares.

Carpiodes elongatus Meek: Linares.

Myzostoma congestum (Baird & Girard): Linares.
Nototropis lutrensis (Baird & Girard): Linares.
Hybopsis zstivalis (Girard): Linares.
Tetragonopterus mexicanus Filippi: Linares.
Fundulus similis (Baird & Girard): Linares.
Peecilia sphenops (Cuvier & Valenciennes): Linares.
Micropterus salmonoides (Lacépéde): Linares.
Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum (Baird & Girard): Linares.
Neetroplus carpintis Jordan & Snyder: Linares.

RIO SOTO LA MARINA SYSTEM.

This river and its tributaries drain a comparatively small area
east of the Sierra Madre Mountains and between the Rio Conchas and

INTRODUCTION. DOO.es

the Rio Panuco. I visited the tributaries of this river where they are
crossed by the railroad.

At Garza Valdez most of the river bed was dry, the water being
confined to deep holes. The bed of the stream was covered with large
waterworn rocks, indicating a rapid current during the wet season.
Along the banks were many large cedar trees.

The tributary at La Cruz contained at the time of my visit a con-
siderable amount of clear, swiftly running water. This is the largest
river between Tampico and Monterey, and it no doubt contains many
more fishes than any other of the streams in this region. Big large-
mouthed black bass, catfish, trucha, cichlids, and suckers could be
seen in abundance from the bank.

At Santa Engracia there was but little running water in the river.
Above a dam near the railroad bridge the water in the channel was
in many places over six feet deep and very clear. This stream also
contained many large-mouthed black bass, a few of which I captured.
So far as known this is the southern limit of this species. Along the
banks of the stream are also many large cedar trees. The trucha,
or trout of the natives, was also abundant, but I was unable to capture
any of them.

The stream at Victoria is small, and I found but little water in it.
Of the eighteen species known from this river system, twelve* are
northern forms and six are tropical.

*Ichthyelurus furcatus (Le Sueur): Rio Soto la Marina.

*Amiurus lupus (Girard): Garza Valdez; La Cruz.

*Carpiodes tumidus Baird & Girard: Garza Valdez.

*Carpiodes elongatus Meek: La Cruz.

*Myzostoma congestum (Baird & Girard): Garza Valdez; Victoria.

*Nototropis braytoni (Jordan & Evermann): Garza Valdez; La Cruz; Santa En-
gracia; Victoria.

Tetragonopterus mexicanus Filippi: Garza Valdez; La Cruz; Santa Engracia;
Victoria.

*Anguilla chrysypa Rafinesque: La Cruz.

*Fundulus similis (Baird & Girard): Victoria.

*Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard): Garza Valdez; La Cruz; Santa Engracia.

Platypecilus variatus Meek: Garza Valdez; Santa Engracia; Victoria.

Pecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes: Garza Valdez; La Cruz; Santa En-
*gracia; Victoria.

*Mollienesia latipinna Le Sueur: La Vega.

*Micropterus salmonoides (Lacépéde): La Cruz; Santa Engracia.

*Haploidonotus grunniens Rafinesque: La Cruz.

Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum (Baird & Girard): La Cruz; Garza Valdez; Santa
Engratia; Victoria.

Neetroplus carpintis Jordan & Snyder: Garza Valdez; La Cruz; Santa Engracia;
Victoria.

Philypnus dormitor (Lacépéde): Santa Engracia; La Vega.

XXXV1 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOo6OLOGY, VOL. V.

RIO PANUCO SYSTEM.

The Rio Panuco is a very large stream flowing into the Gulf at
Tampico. Some of its upper tributaries drain a portion of the central
plateau, from which it reaches the main river through a gap in the
mountains by a series of cascades and falls. Near the mouth of the
Rio Panuco are several large salt or brackish water lagoons. The tide
backs up into the river and lagoons to some distance above the city
of Tampico. There have been only a few collections of fishes made
in this river basin.

The Rio Forlon, which at Forlon is a small stream in the dry
season, flows over a rocky and gravelly bed.

The Rio Valles at Valles is a broad and rather sluggish stream
flowing past the city over a rocky bed; for some distance above it if
deep and has a muddy bottom.

A tributary of the Rio Valles at Rascon has a more rapid current,
and its wateris very clear. It flows through a narrow valley in which
is a dense forest of palms, mesquite, and thickets of canes, ferns, and
vines.

The Rio San Juan, at San Juan del Rio, becomes nearly dry in the
dry season, as does also the Rio Tula at Tula. I spent one day at San
Juan del Rio in May, rgor, collecting fishes. I found here but three
species,* which properly belong to the fauna of the Rio Lerma.

Dr. W. L. Tower made a small collection in 1904 in the Rio Verde
at Rio Verde. Except a few fishes taken by Dr. A. Dugés in Huas-
teca Potosina in northeastern Guanajuato, collections of fishes have
been made in this river basin only at the places mentioned above.

Of the thirty-two species recorded from this river basin, fifteent
belong to the northern fauna, the others are tropical.

Below is given a list of the fishes known from the Rio Panuco and
its tributaries:

{Lepidosteus osseus (Linnzus): Forlon; Valles; Tampico.

+Lepidosteus tristeechus (Bloch & Schneider): Tampico; ‘‘Tamaulipas.”’

+Ichthyelurus furcatus (Le Sueur): Tampico.

yIchthyelurus punctatus (Rafinesque): Forlon.

y+Amiurus australis Meek: Forlon.

;+Amiurus mexicanus Meek: Rio Verde; Rascon.

;Carpiodes tumidus Baird & Girard: Forlon; Tampico.

+Carpiodes labiosus Meek: Valles.

*Algansea tincella (Cuvier & Valenciennes): San Juan del Rio.

+Hybognathus rasconis (Jordan & Snyder): Rio Verde; Rascon; Valles; Forlon.

*Aztecula mexicana Meek: San Juan del Rio.

+Nototropis forlonensis Meek: Forlon; Valles.

Tetragonopterus mexicanus Filippi: Rascon; Valles; Forlon; Rio Verde; Tam-
pico.

+Dorosoma exile Jordan & Gilbert: Forlon; Valles.

INTRODUCTION. XXXV1i

Signalosa mexicana (Gtinther): Valles.
‘{Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnzus): Tampico.
+Cyprinodon eximius Girard: Tampico.
+Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard): Forlon; Valles; Tampico.
Goodea toweri Meek: Rio Verde.
*Goodea atripinnis Jordan: San Juan del Rio.
Platypeecilus variatus Meek: Forlon; Valles; Rascon.
/ Pecilia latipunctata Meek: Forlon.
Peecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes; Forlon; Valles; Rascon; Tampico.
+Molienesia latipinna Le Sueur: Tampico.
Xiphophorus montezume Jordan & Snyder: Rascon.
_Pomadasys templei Meek: Valles.
Cichlasoma steindachneri Jordan & Snyder: Rascon; Valles; Forlon.
Cichlasoma bartoni (Bean): Rio Verde; Huasteca Potosina.
Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum (Baird & Girard): Forlon; Rascon.
Neetroplus carpintis Jordan & Snyder: Forlon; Valles; Tampico.
Philypnus dormitor (Lacépéde) : Tampico; Forlon; Valles; Rascon.
Chonophorus taiasica (Lichtenstein): Valles.

RIO MEZQUITAL SYSTEM.

The Rio Mezquital rises east of the central range of the Sierra
Madre Mountains and empties into the Pacific Ocean a short distance
north of the mouth of the Rio Grande de Santiago. I visited this
river at Durango where it is a rather small stream with a sluggish
current. The collection of fishes made here is of especial interest
because all of them, except three,* belong to the fauna of the
Rio Grande. Characodon furcidens J. & G., is known from this river
only near its mouth. Of the eleven species from this river Chara-
codon garmant J. & E., Characodon furcidens J. & G., and Clirostoma
mezquital Meek, are the only ones that can properly be ascribed to
the southern or tropical fauna.

The fishes of the upper portion of the river certainly indicate that
it was at some former time a portion of the Rio Grande system.

Characodon garmant Jordan & Evermann is very abundant ina
large spring in the city of Durango.

Near Labor, about eight miles from Durango, is a large spring
from which was taken three species of fishes. The following is a list
of fishes known from this river system
Amiurus pricei (Rutter): Durango.

Pantosteus plebeius (Baird & Girard): Durango.
*Myzostoma austrinum Bean: Durango.

Hybognathus episcopus (Girard): Durango; Labor.
Leuciscus nigrescens (Girard): Durango.

Nototropis ornatus (Girard): Durango.

Characodon garmani Jordan & Evermann: Durango; Labor.
*Characodon furcidens Jordan & Gilbert: Tuxpan.
Cyprinodon latifasciatus Garman: Labor; Durango.

*Chirostoma mezquital Meek: Durango.
Etheostoma pottsii (Girard): Durango.

XXXVill Fi—ELD COoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoO6.LoGy, VoL. V.

RIO PRESIDIO SYSTEM.

The Rio Presidio is a short stream on the western slope of the
Sierra Madre Mountains. The only collection of fishes known from
this river basin was made by Dr. D. S. Jordan at Presidio, a short
distance above its mouth. Here the stream flows with consider-
able current over a sandy and gravelly bed.

The following is a list of the species taken at this place:

Peecilia butleri Jordan: Presidio.

Peecilia presidionis Jordan & Culver: Presidio.
Siphostoma starksi Jordan & Culver: Presidio.
Thyrina crystallina Jordan & Culver: Presidio.
Agonostomus monticola Bancroft: Presidio.
Cichlasoma beani (Jordan): Presidio.
Philypnus dormitor (Lacépéde): Presidio.
Dormitator maculata (Bloch): Presidio.
Eleotris pictus Kner & Steindachner: Presidio.
Chonophorus taiasica (Lichtenstein): Presidio.
Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner): Presidio.
Achirus fonsecensis (Giinther): Presidio.

RIO TYAOQUISSYSTEM,

This river, like the Rio Mesquital, has its origin east of the Sierra
Madre Mountains, and the fish fauna of its upper tributaries is essen-
tially that of the Rio Grande. Very little is known concerning the
fishes in the lower part of this river. The northern tributaries, or
those which rise near the head waters of the Rio Gila, contain at least
a few Colorado river fishes. Of the fourteen species listed below,
four* properly belong to the Rio Colorado fauna; twof are known
only from this basin; the remaining eight belong to the Rio Grande
fauna.

‘

Amiurus pricei (Rutter): Mifiaca: ‘San Bernardino Creek.’’

Pantosteus plebeius (Baird & Girard): Mifiaca.

+Catostomus sonorensis Meek: Mifiaca.

+Catostomus bernardini Girard: San Bernardino Creek; Sonora.

Campostoma ornatum Girard: Rucker Cafion.

Pimelocephales confertus (Girard): Mifiaca.

*Gila minace Meek: Mifiaca.

Leuciscus nigrescens (Girard): Mifiaca; Morse Cafion; Opsura.

Nototropis ornatus Girard: Minaca.

Nototropis lutrensis (Baird & Girard): Mifiaca.

*Agosia chrysogaster Girard: Morse Cafion; Rucker Cafion; ‘‘near summit of
Sierra Madre.”’

Cyprinodon elegans Baird & Girard; Mifiaca.

*Poecilia occidentalis (Baird & Girard): San Bernardino Creek; Opsura.

*Salmo irideus Gibbons: Reported by Mr. Jno. Ramsey to be abundant in head-
waters of Rio Yaqui.

= ye

eae

INTRODUCTION. XXK1X

RIO SONORA SYSTEM.

Concerning the fishes of this river very little is known. The two
or three species known from it indicate that its fauna is that of the
Rio Colorado.

Ptychocheilus lucius Girard: Northern Sonora. (River basin doubtful.)

Agosia chrysogaster Girard: Hermosillo.
Peecilia occidentalis (Baird & Girard): Hermosillo.

COLORADO RIVER SYSTEM.

This river drains but a very small portion of Mexico. I have here
included only those fishes found between Yuma and the Gulf of
California. I am uncertain as to whether the two species of Agosza
‘should be credited to the Rio Colorado or to.the Rio Yaqui. The
Rio Santa Cruz may possibly belong to the Rio Sonora.

Xyrauchen cypho (Lockington): Yuma; Horseshoe Bend.

Ptychocheilus lucius Girard: “Northern Sonora’; Yuma; Horseshoe Bend.
Gila elegans Baird & Girard: Yuma; Horseshoe Bend.

Agosia oscula (Girard): Rio Santa Cruz; Sonora.

Agosia chrysogaster Girard: ‘“‘Rio Santa Cruz.”

Plagopterus argentissimus Cope: Yuma.

Cyprinodon macularis Baird & Girard: Lerdo.
Gillichthys detrusus Gilbert & Scofield: Horseshoe Bend.

LOWER CALIFORNIA.

There are only a few streams in Lower California, and but little
is known concerning the fishes which inhabit them. Mr. Heller
found but one species, Salmo irideus Gibbons, in the streams of the
northern part of this peninsula. Three species have been taken from
either La Paz or Cape San Lucas, most likely from the former place.
The other species known from the fresh waters of this region were
taken in the Rio San Jose, near San Jose del Cabo.

Salmo irideus Gibbons: San Antonio.

Fundulus vinctus Jordan & Gilbert: La Paz; or Cape San Lucas.
Fundulus extensis Jordan & Gilbert: La Paz or Cape San Lucas.
Characodon furcidens Jordan & Gilbert: La Paz or Cape San Lucas.
Siphostoma starksi Jordan & Culver: San Jose del Cabo.
Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft): San Jose del Cabo.

Neomugil digueti Vailliant: Sierra de las Cacachilas de Santa Cruz.
Pomadasys bayanus Jordan & Evermann: San Jose del Cabo.
Philypnus dormitor (Lacépéde) : San Jose del Cabo; Cape San Lucas.
Dormitator maculatus (Bloch): San Jose del Cabo.
Eleotris pictus Kner & Steindachner: San Jose del Cabo.
Chonophorus taiasica (Lichtenstein) : San Jose del Cabo.

RIO GRANDE DE SANTIAGO SYSTEM.
The Rio Grande de Santiago and its largest tributary form the
longest stream in Mexico, draining a considerably elevated plateau

xl FieLp CoLuMBIAN MusEumM—ZOoO.LoGy, VOL. V.

on which are a number of fresh-water lakes;-one of these, Lago de
Chapala, is the largest fresh-water lake in Mexico.

A number of lakes in this drainage basin have no outlet, and in
some, as Lago de Patzcuaro and Lago de Cuitzeo, the water is quite
brackish. The fishes of this drainage basin are quite distinct from
those of the neighboring rivers. The Valley of Mexico was no doubt
formerly a portion of this river basin. The fishes found in the Rio
San Juan at San Juan del Rio indicate that the head waters of that
river were also at one time a tributary of the Lerma.

The following is a list of fishes known from this river system:

Lampetra spadicea Bean: Guanajuato; Tanganzicuaro; Chapala.

Amiurus dugesi Bean: Turbio; Guanajuato; Salamanca; La Barca; La Palma;
“Estado de Jalisco”’; Ocotlan; Chapala.

Myzostoma austrinum Bean: Piedad; Salamanca; Aguas Calientes; Ataquiza;
Ocotlan; La Palma.

Xystrosus popoche Jordan & Snyder: Chapala; Ocotlan; La Palma.

Algansea tincella (Cuvier & Valenciennes): Salamanca; Aguas Calientes; Lagos;
Celaya; Acambaro; ‘‘Estado de Jalisco.”’

Algansea dugesi Bean: ‘“‘Lago de Yuriria.”’

Algansea rubescens Meek: Ocotlan.

Algansea lacustris Steindachner: Patzcuaro.

Falcula chapale Jordan & Snyder: Chapala; Ocotlan; La Barca; La Palma.

Aztecula lerme (Evermann & Goldsborough): Lerma.

Nototropis calientis Jordan & Snyder: Aguas Calientes; Ocotlan; Acambaro.

Hybopsis altus (Jordan): Tupataro; Salamanca; Rio Cuitzeo; Lagos; Aguas Cal-
ientes; Acambaro; Celaya.

Zoogoneticus cuitzeoensis (B. A. Bean): Cuitzeo; Ocotlan; La Barca.

Zoogoneticus dugesi (Bean): Guanajuato; Patzcuaro; Lagos.

Zoogoneticus robustus (Bean): Chapala; Cuitzeo; Ocotlan; Patzcuaro; Zirahuen;
“Guanajuato.”’

Zoogoneticus maculatus Regan: Rio Santiago.

Zoogoneticus diazi Meek: Patzcuaro; Zirahuen:

Characodon multiradiatus Meek: Lerma.

Characodon eiseni Rutter: Tepic.

Characodon variatus Bean: Salamanca; Aguas Calientes; Lagos; Ocotlan;
Huingo; Celaya; ‘“‘Guanajuato.”’

Characodon lateralis Giinther: ‘‘Estado de Jalisco.’

’

Chapalichthys encaustus (Jordan & Snyder): Chapala; Ocotlan; La Barca; La |

Palma; ‘‘Estado de Jalisco;”’

Gambusia infans Woolman: Salamanca; Celaya; Ocotlan; La Barca; Huingo;
‘Lago de Zacoalco.”’

Goodea luitpoldi (Steindachner): Patzcuaro; Ocotlan; La Barca; La Palma;
“Lago de Zacoalco.’’

Goodea atripinnis Jordan: Aguas Calientes; Celaya; Acambaro; Huingo; Leon;
Lagos.

Skiffia multipunctata (Pellegrin): Ocotlan; Jalisco (Estado).

Skiffia lermez Meck: Celaya; Patzcuaro.

Skiffia variegata Meek: Zirahuen.

Skiffia bilineata (Bean): Huingo; ‘“‘Rio Lerma, Guanajuato.”’

ee ae ae ee re

INTRODUCTION. xli

( Peecilia occidentalis (Baird & Girard): Tepic.
~Chirostoma jordani Woolman: Salamanca; Cuitzeo; Aguas Calientes; Lagos;
Ocotlan; Acambaro; Huingo.
Chirostoma arge (Jordan & Snyder): Aguas Calientes; Lagos.
Chirostoma bartoni Jordan & Evermann: Lerma; ‘“‘near Guanajuato.”
Chirostoma attenuatum Meek: Patzcuaro.
Chirostoma labarce Meek: La Barca; La Palma.
Chirostoma patzcuaro Meek: Patzcuaro.
Chirostoma zirahuen Meek: Zirahuen.
Chirostoma humboldtianum (Cuvier & Valenciennes) : La Laguna; Lago de Juan-
acatlan; Patzcuaro.
Chirostoma chapale Jordan & Snyder: Chapala; Ocotlan; La Palma; ‘‘Estado
de Jalisco.”’
Chirostoma grandocule Steindachner: Patzcuaro; Ocotlan; La Palma.
Chirostoma promelas Jordan & Snyder: Chapala; Ocotlan; La Palma; ‘‘Estado
de Jalisco.”
Chirostoma sphyrzna Boulenger; Chapala.
_Chirostoma lucius Boulenger: Chapala, Ocotlan; La Palma; La Barca.
Chirostoma lerme Jordan & Snyder: Chapala; Ocotlan; La Palma.
Chirostoma ocotlane Jordan & Snyder: Ocotlan; La Palma; ‘‘Estado de Jalisco.”’
Chirostoma estor Jordan: Patzcuaro; Chapala.
Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft); Rio Santiago.
Cichlasoma beani (Jordan): Tepic.

VALEBY, OF sMEXIC@:

The Valley of Mexico was formerly a part of the Lerma drainage
system, though it has no natural outlet to the sea. The following
is a list of the fishes known to this valley. All of these species except
five* have been taken in the basin of the Lerma, and but one of these,
Aztecula vittata (Girard), in the basin of the Rio Balsas.

Algansea tincella (Cuvier & Valenciennes) : Chalco; Texcoco; Viga Canal.

*Aztecula vittata (Girard): Chalco; Texcoco; Xochimilco; Viga Canal.

*Evarra eigenmanni Woolman: Tlahuac; “Valley of Mexico.”

*Evarra tlahuacensis Meek: Tlahuac.

*Zoogoneticus miniatus Meek: Chalco.

*Girardinichthys innominatus Bleeker: Chalco; Texcoco; Xochimilco; Viga Canal.

Skiffia variegata Meek: Chalco.

Chirostoma jordani Woolman: Chalco; Texcoco; Xochimilco; Viga Canal.

Chirostoma humboldtianum (Cuvier & Valenciennes): Chalco; Xochimilco;
Viga Canal.

Chirostoma estor Jordan: Xochimilco.

RIO SAN FRANCISCO SYSTEM.

At La Antigua and San Francisco the Rio San Francisco is a broad
stream with a gravelly or a sandy bottom; the former place is just
above tide-water. At San Francisco the stream is quite rapid. I
made a small collection of fishes at these two places, also one at Jalapa
andoneat Xico. Thestream at Jalapa is small, and from it were taken
only two species.

xii FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEumM—dZoO.Loey, VoL. V.

At Xico there is a waterfall of 260 feet, which is used for power
to generate electricity for lighting several cities in this region. I
found but one species of fish above these falls. The streams at Perote
and at Tezuitlan contain no fishes, and it is probable that none are
found in this region at a greater altitude than Xico, or not exceeding
6,000 feet. .

The following is a list of species known from the Rio San Fran-
cisco and its tributaries:
Dorosoma exile Jordan & Gilbert: La Antigua.
Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus (Heckel): Jalapa; Xico.
Pecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes: La Antigua.
Xiphophorus jalape Meek: Jalapa.
Tylosurus marinus (Walbaum): San Francisco.
Centropomus mexicanus Bocourt: San Francisco.
Cichlasoma parma (Ginther): La Antigua; San Francisco.
Philypnus dormitor (Lacépéde): San Francisco; La Antigua.
Gobius parvus Meek: La Antigua.
Gobius claytoni Meek: La Antigua; San Francisco.
Chonophorus taiasica (Lichtenstein): La Antigua; San Francisco.

LAS LAGUNAS, NEAR VERA CRUZ.

Near the city of Vera Cruz are a large number of sand dunes,
among which are ponds, swamps, and small lakes (Las Lagunas) con-
taining fresh water. These usually have an outlet to the sea. One
of these, about two miles north of the city, was visited, and from it
the following species of fishes, except one,* were taken:
*Symbranchus marmoratus Bloch: Vera Cruz.

Pecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes: Vera Cruz.
Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft): Vera Cruz.
Cichlasoma hedricki Meek: Vera Cruz.

Cichlasoma parma (Gunther),; Vera Cruz.
Cichlasoma melanurum (Ginther): Vera Cruz.
Dormitator maculatus (Bloch): Vera Cruz.

Eleotris pisonis (Gmelin): Vera Cruz.

Gobius parvus Meck: Vera Cruz.

Gobius claytoni Meek: Vera Cruz.

BOCA DEL RIO SYSTEM.

The river at Boca del Rio is broad and its water brackish. A
short distance above the city it is quite fresh, but the fishes are mostly
salt-water forms.

Below is given a list of the species taken which I-have included
as fresh-water fishes:

Paragambusia nicaraguensis (Giinther): Boca del Rio.
Belonesox belizanus Kner: Boca del Rio.

Peecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes: Boca del Rio.
Siphostoma brevicaudum Meek: Boca del Rio.

, ne ; fa aD At pe ve a

INTRODUCTION. xliii

Centropomus mexicanus Bocourt: Boca del Rio.
Cichlasoma parma (Gunther): Boca del Rio.
Philypnus dormitor (Lacépéde): Boca del Rio.
Dormitator maculatus (Bloch): Boca del Rio.
Eleotris pisonis (Gmelin): Boca del Rio.
Gobius parvus Meek: Boca del Rio.

Gobius claytoni Meek: Boca del Rio.

RIO BLANCO SYSTEM.

The Rio Blanco rises at the foot of Mt. Orizaba and flows into the
Gulf about thirty miles south of Vera Cruz. I visited this river at Rio
Blanco and one of its tributaries at Cordoba. The upper part of its
course is a mountain torrent. The tributary at Cordoba was nearly
dry, the water being confined to holes among the huge boulders along
its bed. This stream becomes a mountain torrent in the rainy season.
At Rio Blanco the banks were so steep and although the current is
sluggish, it was impossible to use a seine here with any success. The
fish fauna of this river is certainly much greater than the present
list would indicate.

Amiurus australis Meek: Rio Blanco.

Rhamdia oaxace Meek: Rio Blanco; Cordoba.

Rhamdia brachyptera (Cope): Orizaba.

Tetragonopterus zneus Giinther: Cordoba.
.Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus (Heckel): Orizaba; Cordoba.
“Gambusia gracilis (Heckel) : Orizaba.

‘Xiphophorus helleri Heckel: Cordoba.
Chonophorus taiasica (Lichtenstein): Orizaba.

RIO OTOPA SYSTEM.

The River Otopa is a small stream about 35 miles south of Vera
Cruz. When visited the water was very low, and the river consisted
of a few deep holes with very little running water between them.
The bottom was sandy. At Otopa the railroad bridge is a single span
of about 75 feet.

The following fishes were taken at this place:

Ichthyelurus meridionalis (Ginther): Otopa.
Rhamdia oaxacze Meek: Otopa.

Tetragonopterus zneus Ginther: Otopa.
eee anale Meek: Otopa. .
Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus (Heckel) : Otopa.
Paragambusia nicaraguensis (Ginther): Otopa.
Belonesox belizanus Kner: Otopa.

Heterandria lutzi Meek: Otopa.

Peecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes: Otopa.
Xiphophorus helleri Heckel: Otopa.
Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft): Otopa.
Cichlasoma melanurum (Giinther): Otopa.
Thorichthys helleri (Steindachner) :, Otopa.

xliv FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoOo.Locy, VoL. V.

RIO PAPALOAPAM SYSTEM.

The Rio Papaloapam and its tributaries drain nearly all of the
eastern slope of Mexico between the Rio Blanco and the Isthmus of
Tehuantepec. Owing to the abundance of rainfall in this region this
river and its principal tributaries are much larger than their drainage
-area would indicate.

The largest bridge in the republic crosses the Papaloapam at El
Hule. The portion of the bridge which crosses the main channel is
1,100 feet in length. Much of this drainage area is a dense jungle of
palms, various other species of trees, shrubs, and vines.

The following is a list of the known fishes from this river system;
all except three* properly belong to the tropical fauna.

Galeichthys aguadulce Meek: Perez.

Rhamdia oaxace Meek: Cuicatlan; Motzorongo; El Hule; Obispo; Perez.

Rhamdia brachyptera (Cope): Motzorongo.

*Carpiodes meridionalis (Giinther): Perez.

Tetragonopterus mexicanus Filippi: Cuicatlan; Venta Salada.

Tetragonopterus zneus Giinther: Motzorongo; Refugio; El Hule; Obispo; Perez;
San Juan Evangelista.

Hemigrammus compressus Meek: El Hule; Obispo.

*Dorosoma anale Meek: El Hule; Perez; San Juan Evangelista.

*Dorosoma exile Jordan & Gilbert: Cademaco.

Signalosa mexicana (Ginther): Obispo; El Hule; Perez.

Cynodonichthys tenuis Meek: El Hule.

‘Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus (Heckel): Motzorongo; El Hule; Obispo; Perez.

Gambusia bonita Meek: Motzorongo; Refugio.

Paragambusia nicaraguensis (Ginther): El Hule; Obispo; Perez.

Belonesox belizanus Kner: El Hule; Obispo; Perez.

Platypeecilus maculatus Giinther: El Hule; Obispo; Perez.

Heterandria lutzi Meek: Cuicatlan; Venta Salada; El Hule; Perez; Motzorongo.

Peecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes: El Hule; Obispo; Perez; San Juan
Evangelista.

Xiphophorus helleri Heckel: Motzorongo; Refugio; El Hule; Obispo.

Tylosurus marinus (Walbaum): Perez.

Menidia lisa Meek: Refugio; El Hule.

Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft): Cuicatlan; Motzorongo.

Centropomus mexicanus Bocourt: El Hule; Perez.

Pomadasys starri Meek: Perez.

Pomadasys templei Meek: Perez.

Cichlasoma salvini (Giinther) : Motzorongo; Refugio; El Hule; Obispo; Perez.

Cichlasoma hedricki Meek: El Hule; Obispo; Perez.

Cichlasoma parma (Giinther): Obispo; Perez.

Cichlasoma melanurum (Giinther): Cuicatlan; Motzorongo; Obispo; Perez.

Cichlasoma eigenmanni Meek: Venta Salada.

Cichlasoma nebulifer (Gunther): San Juan Evangelista. :

Thorichthys helleri (Steindachner): El Hule; Obispo; Perez; San Juan Evan-
gelista.

Thorichthys ellioti Meek: Motzorongo.

i

INTRODUCTION. xlv

Philypnus dormitor (Lacépéde): Motzorongo; Obispo; Perez.
Dormitator maculatus (Bloch): El Hule; Obispo; Perez.
Chonophorus taiasica (Lichtenstein): Perez.

Achirus fasciatus Lacépéde: Perez.

RIO SAN GERONIMO SYSTEM.

This stream was visited at San Geronimo. It is a small river
flowing with considerable current over a sandy bottom.

The following is a list of the species taken from it:
Tetragonopterus zneus Giinther: San Geronimo.
Reeboides guatemalensis (Giinther): San Geronimo. ¢
peaches fasciata Meek: San Geronimo.
Heterandria pleurospilus (Giinther): San Geronimo.

Peecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes: San Geronimo.
Siphostoma starksi Jordan & Culver: San Geronimo.
Cichlasoma mojarra Meek: San Geronimo.

Cichlasoma melanurum (Giinther): San Geronimo.

RIO TEHUANTEPEC SYSTEM.
I visited this river at Tehuantepec. Its water was low, flowing
over a sandy bed with a moderate current.
The following fishes are known to occur in this river:

Tetragonopterus zneus Giinther: Tehuantepec.
(Gambusia fasciata Meek: Tehuantepec.

Anableps dovii Gill: Tehuantepec; Tequisistlan.
aoe lutzi Meek: Tehuantepec.

\Peecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes: Tehuantepec.
Mugil cephalus Linnzeus: Tehuantepec.

Cichlasoma evermanni Meek: Tehuantepec.

Philypnus dormitor (Lacépéde): Tehuantepec.

RIO VERDE SYSTEM.

The Rio Verde is a small Pacific coast stream heading a short dis-
tance above Oaxaca. When we visited this stream near Oaxaca it
was nearly dry; its bed being broad and covered with sand. <A few
holes in the bed contained a few small fishes belonging to two species.
Tetragonopterus zeneus Giinther: Oaxaca.

Fundulus oaxace Meek: Oaxaca.
(Heterandria lutzi Meek: Oaxaca.
RIO BALSAS SYSTEM.

The Rio Balsas is the second largest river in Mexico, which flows
into the Pacific Ocean. It drains most of the area between the zone
of recent volcanoes, which forms the water-shed between it and the
Rio Lerma, and the Sierra Madre del Sur. The water in all the trib-
utaries examined by me is clear and flows over a sandy or rocky bot-
tom. In comparison to the size of this river the number of species
of fishes known from it is small.

xlvi FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEUuM—ZOOLoGy, VoL. V.

Istlarius balsanus Jordan & Snyder: Cuautla; Jojutla; Puente de Ixtla; Balsas.

Aztecula vittata (Girard): Puebla.

Nototropis boucardi (Giinther): Puente de Ixtla; Balsas; Cuernavaca; Cuautla;
Yautepec; Jojutla; Atlixco; Matamoras; Chietla.

Tetragonopterus mexicanus Filippi: Puente de Ixtla; Balsas; Cuautla; Yautepec;
Jojutla; Atlixco; Chietla; Cuernavaca; Matamoras.

Gambusia gracilis (Heckel): Puente de Ixtla; Balsas; Cuautla; Yautepec; Jo-
jutla; Chietla.

Goodea whitei Meek: Cuautla; Yautepec.

Platypeecilus nelsoni Meek: Papayo.

Peecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes: Jojutla; Puente de Ixtla; Balsas.

Melaniris balsanus Meek: Balsas.

Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft): Balsas; Puente de Ixtla; Cuautla; Jojutla.

Cichlasoma istlanum (Jordan & Snyder): Puente de Ixtla; Balsas; Yautepec;
Jojutla; Chietla; Papayo.

Chonophorus taiasica (Lichtenstein): Puente de Ixtla; Balsas; Cuautla.

LIST ‘OF FISHES FROM VARIOUS (EOCALITIES NOT, REEERA-
BLE T© ANY OF THE: RIVER SYSTEMS-NAMED ABOVE:

Tetragonopterus zneus Ginther: Sanborn, Vera Cruz.

Symbranchus marmoratus Bloch: Santa Maria, Vera Cruz.

Characodon furcidens Jordan & Gilbert: Colima.

Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus (Heckel): Sanborn, Vera Cruz; Mirador, Vera
Cruz.

Peecilia butleri Jordan: Salina Cruz, Oaxaca.

Peecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes: Santa Maria, Vera Cruz.

Xiphophorus helleri Heckel: Sanborn, Vera Cruz.

Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft): Ixtapa, near the Bay of Banderas, Jalisco;
Maria Magdalena Islands; Maria Cleofa Islands; Santa Maria.

Joturus pichardi Poey: Misantla.

Cichlasoma mento (Vaillant & Pellegrin): Rio Negro, Southern Mexico.

Cichlasoma beani (Jordan): Rosario, Sinaloa.

Cichlasoma heterodontum (Vaillant & Pellegrin): Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Cichlasoma melanurum (Ginther): Santa Maria, Vera Cruz.

Ethorichthys helleri (Steindachner): Santa Maria, Vera Cruz; Santo Domingo
de Guzman.

Philypnus dormitor (Lacépéde): Dominica and Santa Maria, Vera Cruz.

Gobius microdon Gilbert: San Juan Lagoon, north of Rio Ahome.

Chonophorus nelsoni (Evermann): Rosario, Sinaloa.

Chonophorus mexicanus Ginther: Santa Maria.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH - WATER FISHES
OF MEXICO:

In the study of the distribution of fishes over any particular area
it is necessary to consider the origin of the fauna or faunas represented,
the means and routes of travel, and the significance of the barriers
along these routes.. None of the fishes in Mexico are able to travel
overland, their only highways of travel being the streams and lakes.

a

INTRODUCTION. xlvii

It is often argued that fishes are taken accidentally by water birds
from one body of water to the other. We have no positive evidence
that this has ever been done, but we have enough negative evidence
to warrant us in doubting its possibility. Without going into the
discussion of this subject I will mention an example bearing upon it
which is at least suggestive. When Shoshone and Lewis lakes in the
Yellowstone Park were discovered, there were no fishes in them,
while only a few miles distant were lakes and streams quite abun-
- dantly supplied. These streams and lakes were stocked through
Two-Ocean Pass* from the head waters of the Snake River, but the
falls in the Lewis River prevented the fishes from entering Lewis and
Shoshone lakes. If water birds were at all active agents in the dis-
tribution of fishes, these two lakes would have undoubtedly been well
stocked.

As shown by the foregoing lists, there are in Mexico four quite
distinct fish faunas. Two of these have migrated or resulted through
migrations from the north, one from the south, while the other had its
origin within the country. The fish fauna of northern Mexico is
essentially that of the Rocky Mountains and eastern United States.
The two large rivers which have furnished highways through which this
portion of Mexico became stocked with fishes are the Colorado and the
Rio Grande. The former flows into the Gulf of California, the latter
into the Gulf of Mexico. In their upper courses these two rivers are
near each other, but their fishes are not the same. The only fish
common to both river basins is a small dace, Khinichthys dulcis (Gir-
ard), which is also found in the head waters of the Arkansas, the
Missouri, and the Columbia rivers. From the Colorado River thirty-
two species of fishes are known, twenty-two of which are thus far
peculiar to this basin. Only four or five species of Colorado River
fishes are at present known from the Rio Sonora and the Rio Yaqui;
however the lower courses of these two rivers, where we would expect
Colorado river fishes, have been but little explored.

There are in all about eighty-seven species known from the Rio
Grande Basin; and according to Dr. Evermann and Dr. Kendall,t
twenty-three of these are found in the Wabash River in Indiana.
In the Rio Grande Basin in Mexico there are seventy species. It is
interesting to note that eight of these have been found in the head
waters of the Rio Yaqui, and eight in the head waters of the Rio
Mezquital. In fact, the fish fauna of the head waters of these two
streams is essentially that of the Rio Grande.

*Evetmann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1891, 24.
TBull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1892, 57-126.

€ Montemorelqs x

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UO GRANDE FISHES

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: MAP GMExico, SHOWING FISH FAUNAL AREAS.

1
|

xlviii FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEUM—ZOOLOGY, VOL. V.

The presence in the Rio Yaqui of so many fishes from the Rio
Grande basin can be thus interpreted: The head waters of the Rio
Paphigochic, a tributary of the Rio Yaqui, lie east of the central range
of the Sierra Madre. That portion of this stream no doubt formerly
had its outlet into the Rio Conchos and in this way became stocked
with fishes from the Rio Grande. The fact that the fauna of the Rio
Yaqui is so much like that of the isolated river basins in northern
Mexico rather strengthens this belief, though its ultimate proof
must depend on the geologist. The same is probably true concerning
that portion of the Rio Mezquital which hes east of the central range
of the Sierra Madre. It would be interesting to compare the fauna
of the upper with that of the lower portion of these rivers. No col-
lection of fishes has been made in the head waters of the Pacific Coast
streams between the Rio Yaqui and the Rio Mezquital, but we may
reasonably suppose that the portions of those streams east of the main
range of the Sierra Madre contain Rio Grande fishes. From the Rio
Presidio, which flows into the Pacific Ocean near Mazatlan, a col-
lection of fishes was made (at Presidio) a short distance from its
mouth by Dr. D. S. Jordan. Of the twelve species taken here, not
one belongs to the northern fresh-water fauna. Two species* are
brackish water fishes, onef belongs to the tropical fresh-water fauna,
while the other speciest are salt-water forms which have become more
or less established in fresh water. The fishes listed from the lower por-
tion of the Rio Presidio are much the same as those from the Rio San
Jose in lower California. It is quite probable that the list of fishes
from these two places fairly well represent the fish fauna of the lower
portion of all of the Pacific Coast streams between the Rio Yaqui and
the Rio Grande de Santiago. As mentioned before, it is probable that
the portions of the upper tributaries of these rivers which lie east of the
main range of the Sierra Madre have in them fishes belonging to the
Rio Grande fauna, and this fauna has been obtained by capturing
upper tributaries of the Rio Grande. All of these Pacific slope
streams reach the sea evidently in a long series of cascades and falls
which are sufficient barriers to prevent fishes from migrating in either
direction. Fishes are limited in their ability to ascend falls, and we
have reason to believe, as stated below, that they are unable to go
over any considerable falls and become established below them. The
Falls of the Yellowstone is the dividing line between the fauna of the
Missouri River and that of the Upper Yellowstone. The Shoshone

*Pecilia bullerit Jordan, Pecilia presidionis Jordan & Culver.
+Cichlasoma beani (Jordan). ;
tAgonosiomus monticola (Bancroft), Philypnus dormitor (Lacépéde), and
Chono phorus taiasica (Lichtenstein) are found only in fresh or brackish water.

INTRODUCTION. xlix

Falls is also the dividing line between the fauna of the upper Snake
River and of that portion of it below the falls. In both of these in-
stancés fishes belonging to the fauna above the falls have not become
established below them.

It is quite probable that along the middle course of these Pacific
slope rivers in Mexico there are no fishes, or possibly a few species
of Peciliide or of some brackish or salt water form which was asso-
ciated with the rivers in their formation. Many fishes no doubt go
over falls and cascades, but not in quantities sufficiently large to
enable the survivors to become established below them. A studi of
the fishes along the courses of these Pacific coast streams would be
very interesting indeed.

The southern portion of the Mexican plateau is drained by two
rivers; the one to the east, the San Juan del Rio, is a small stream
which flows into the Rio Panuco; the other, the Lerma, is a tributary
of the Rio Grande de Santiago, which flows into the Pacific. Judging
from the nature of its fish fauna, the Valley of Mexico was formerly
a part of the Lerma drainage system. The fish fauna of this region
is very different from that either to the north or the south. From
the area which includes the valley of Mexico the head waters of the
San Juan del Rio and the Lerma basin, there are at present fifty-four
species of fishes known, only two of which, Myzostoma austrinum
Bean, and Aztecula vittata (Girard), have been taken in any other
river basin. These fifty-four species belong to twenty-one* genera,
eight of which are peculiar to this region.

Of the genera found elsewhere and which occur on the plateau,
Characodon is represented in southern Mexico, central America, and
Lower California; Gambusia comprises a number of small viviparous
fishes usually inhabiting swamps and springs all the way from
southern Illinois to Panama; Goodea is represented in the Rio Panuco
and the Rio Balsas, and Aztecula in the Rio Balsas; one species of C/i-
rostoma is found in the Rio Mezquital; Lampetra, Amiurus, Myzostoma,
Nototropis and Hybopsis are northern genera, and all except Noto-
tropis are not represented by any species farther south than the Rio
Lerma. Thirty-six of the fifty-four species found in this region belong
to two families, twenty to Peciliide (the killifishes), and sixteen to
Atherinide (the silversides). It is curious to note here that all of
the killifishes are viviparous, yet only two species, Gambusia injans

*The genera in italics are peculiar to this region,

Lampetra 1, Amiurus 1, Myzostoma 1, Xystrosus 1, Algansea 4, Falcula 1,
Aztecula 3, Nototropis 1, Evarra 2, Hybopsis 1, Zoogoneticus 6, Girardinichihys
1, Characodon 4, Chapalichihys 1, Gambusia 1, Goodea 2, Skzffia 4, Poecilia 1,
Chirostoma 16, Agonostomus 1, Cichlasoma 1.

)
1 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoO6LOoGY, VOL. V.

Woolman and Pecilia occidentalis (Baird & Girard), have the anal fin
of the male placed well forward and modified into an intromittent
organ such as is characteristic of Heterandria, Pecilia and the like.
In the other species the anal fin of the male has its normal position
and size, but it is slightly modified by the shortening of the first five
or six rays, and their slight separation from the rest of the fin by a
shallow notch. This modification was first noticed by Ginther in
Characodon lateralis Gtinther. It was also described by Bean in
Zoogoneticus robustus (Bean), and by Jordan and Snyder in Goodea
atripinnis Jordan, but no significance was attached to it. Just
what part this fin plays in fertilizing the eggs in the body of the
female is not known, but it evidently plays a prominent part in this
operation.

I was so fortunate as to collect these fishes during the breeding
season and thus their viviparity was easily proved. The largest
killifish known from the Lerma basin reaches a length of 8 or ro inches.
The accompanying figure was made from a photograph of the largest
female of this species I was able to obtain. The ovary consists of a
membranous sack with a number of infolded partitions. Removing
a portion of one side shows the ovary full of quite well developed
young. The little fishes are not arranged in any definite order.

The spawning time of these fishes is near the close of the dry season.
At this time the water is more concentrated, as is also the food on
which the young must feed. The aquatic insects, crustaceans and
small fishes which would feast on the eggs if deposited then are also
more concentrated, so that depositing the eggs at this time would
mean considerable destruction to the species. As it is, the young
are born in a well-developed stage, and reach some size before the wet
season setsin. They are then perhaps in the best condition to become
widely distributed as the volume and area of water increases. As
the dry season approaches again, and the small streams and ponds
become dry, some of these small fishes perish. They are, however,
present everywhere to establish themselves in any body of water
which may carry them through the next rainy season.

The gestation of many tropical fishes presents some strange pecu-
liarities. Some of the catfishes carry the eggs in the mouth till hatched,
while a few others are thought to be viviparous. Viviparity among
the tropical killifishes seems to be the rule rather than the exception.
It would seem that in the tropical fresh waters of America there is
much more provision made for the care of the young than in the cooler
waters of the northern continent.

It is rather surprising to find such a large number of Chirostoma

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. PLATE l, ZOOLOGY.

GOODEA LUITPOLDI (Steindachner). OVARY WITH YOUNG EXPOSED.
No. 3613, Field Columbian Museum.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. PLATE Il, ZOOLOGY
' 0

OVARY OF GOODEA LUITPOLD! (Steindachner).

INTRODUCTION. li

in the Lerma basin; indeed, no other river in North America has so
large a proportion of its fishes belonging to a salt-water* family. It
is probable that when this basin is more thoroughly explored the
number will be considerably increased. I had seen but few speci-
mens of Chirostoma before going to Mexico, and thus had never had
an opportunity to study these fishes. And while I was careful to pick
up specimens of all species observed, yet my unfamiliarity at that
time with the group caused me, no doubt, to overlook some species.
Again, there are a number of small isolated lakes which have never
been visited. It is known that some of these lakes, as Patzcuaro
and Zirahuen, have in them one or more characteristic species, and
no doubt most of the others also have. The Lerma River system is
far from being thoroughly explored, but apparently its fishes are quite
as distinct and characteristic as if the fauna were insular. This area
has been in a center of distribution.

The Rio Balsas is one of the largest rivers in Mexico. It is south-
east of the Lerma, and drains about an equal area; and though these
two rivers are so near each other, only one species is known to be
common to them. But one species of silversides and four of killi-
fishes are known from the Rio Balsas, yet these two families comprise_
two-thirds of the fishes of the Lerma basin. Only the upper and
northern tributaries of the Rio Balsas have been explored; however,
enough has been done to indicate the nature of its fauna and that
it contains comparatively few species of fishes.

The South and Central American faunas prevail largely as far
north as the City of Mexico. The few forms which extend farther
north apparently keep to the lowland streams; especially is this true
on the Pacific side. The most northern representative of the south-
ern, American fauna, one of the Cichlids, is found at Mazatlan. On
the east coast this family has a representative in Texas.

Mexico in general is not a well watered country. Nearly all of the
small streams and many of the large ones become much reduced in
size by the end of the long dry season, and such streams never sustain
a large number of species of fishes. On the Mexican plateau the
largest and most important lakes are found in the Lerma basin; Lake
Chapala, being the largest and the only one which has a river outlet
and inlet, sustains the largest fish fauna. Patzcuaro, a large lake
with no inlet nor outlet, does not have so varied a fauna, but supports
a large number of individuals. In view of the fact that more species
of fishes belong to tropical Mexico than to a like area farther north,

*The Chirostoma are the only fishes belonging to a salt-water family found
on the Mexican plateau.

li FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zo6.Loecy, VoL. V.

it seems strange that a great river like the Balsas which lies wholly
within the tropics should contain so few species. This river is fed
by many mountain streams, and even in the dry season contains an
abundance of clear water. Collections of fishes have been made at
eight places in this river basin, and in all only twelve species of fishes
have been taken, a number much fewer than one would expect.

SHORE FISHES: WHICH HAVE’ BEGOME, MORE “OR Wess
ESTABLISHED IN; THESERESH” WATERS OP MEXIC @x

There has been a tendency in this as in other countries for salt-
water fishes to become established in fresh water. Some of these
may properly be considered as fresh water species.* The others are
properly shore fishes found in fresh water, and usually at a consider-
able distance from the sea. Below is given a list of these species:

Tylosurus marinus (Walbaum). Dormitator maculatus (Bloch).
Thyrina crystallina (Jordan & Culver). Eleotris pisonis (Gruelin).

Menidia lisa Meek. Eleotris pictus Kner & Steindachner.
Mugil cephalus Linneus. Gobius parvus Meek.

*Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft). Gobius claytoni Meek.

Neomugil digueti Vaillant. Chonophorus nelsoni (Evermann).
Joturus pichardi Poey. *Chonophorus taiasica (Lichtenstein).
Centropomus mexicanus Bocourt. Chonophorus mexicanus (Gunther).
Pomadasys templei Meck. Gillichthys detrusus Gilbert & Scofield.
Pomadasys starri Meek. Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner).
*Haploidonotus grunniens Rafinesque. Achirus fonsecensis (Gunther).
*Philypnus dormitor Lacépéde. Achirus fasciatus Lacépéde.

The species of Chirostoma belong to a salt-water family; they are,
however, confined to the Mexican plateau, and cannot be regarded
as shore fishes, and so are not included in the foregoing list.

GAME” FISHES OR. MEXIG@:

The large-mouthed black bass which is abundant in the streams
of northeastern Mexico as far south as the Rio Soto la Marina, and
the trout in the mountain streams of the Pacific slope in Sonora Chi-
huahua and Durango are the only fishes in northern Mexico which
can properly be called game fishes. Each of these species is confined
to a rather small area. In the streams of southern Mexico there are
no game fishes. The Cichlids are abundant, but will not take the
hook in a manner that would best please the professional angler.
There are in these southern streams a species of Centropomus and two
of Pomadasys, usually called by the natives Roballo, which are
regarded as game fishes. They are not properly fresh-water fishes,

INTRODUCTION. liti

although they are found in the rivers at a considerable distance
from the sea; it is quite probable that these are not abundant enough
to make them of importance to the angler.

FOOD FISHES. OF MEXICO}

Many of the fresh-water fishes of Mexico are used for food by the
natives. Of these the trout and the black bass are probably the best.
There are several species of the catfish family which are large enough
for the market. In the Valley of Mexico, and in the basin of the Rio
Lerma are several species of Chirostoma, known as Pescados Blancos
(whitefishes), which are excellent food fishes, but none of these will
take the hook. The smaller species of the whitefishes are dried in
large quantities in this region and shipped to different parts of the
republic.

The Trucha, or trout (Agonostomus monticola Bancroft), is a first-
class food fish, but it is found nowhere in any considerable numbers.
The Cichlids, which much resemble our sunfishes in form and general
habits, are only fair food fishes. They are very abundant in all of the
rivers of southern Mexico, and in the Atlantic coast streams north
to Texas. Most of the fishes seen in the markets of the City of Mexico
are brought from Vera Cruz, and are salt-water forms. <A few
whitefishes are shipped from Lago de Chapala to the City of Mexico,
and some are brought in from the neighboring lakes. Many buffalo
fishes are eaten in the region where found, but these are regarded as
considerably inferior to the catfishes. Tamales are made of the
Juilis, Algansea tincella (C. & V.), taken from the lakes in the Valley
of Mexico. The species of garpike found in the Rio Panuco find a
ready sale in the markets of Tampico. It is quite probable that the
flesh of these fishes, like that of the fresh-water drum (Haploidonotus
grunmens Raf.), improves in southern waters. In the Great Lake
region of North America the drum is quite worthless for food, but in
Louisiana it is an important market fish. The negroes along the
lower portion of the Arkansas river eat many garpike and consider
them as good for food as the catfishes. The larger species of the killi-
fishes, Peciliide,in the basin of the Rio Lerma,some of which in this
region reach a length of eight inches, are quite important food fishes.

FISH CULTURE “IN MEXICO.

Very little has been done in Mexico in regard to stocking streams
with fishes not native to the country. Goldfish and carp are quite
abundant in the lakes in the Valley of Mexico, and also in some of the

liv FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEumM--ZoOLoGy, VoL. V.

tributaries of the Rio Lerma. I was not aware until March 18, 1903,
that any effort had ever been made in Mexico to hatch trout, at which
time I made a trip from the city of Mexico to Lerma, the head waters
of the river of the same name, to collect fishes there. The station
agent kindly directed me to a German, Mr. Vincente Richter, living
some six miles distant, whom he said had many fishes. On arriving
at Mr. Richter’s house | was much surprised to see a quite well regu-
lated fish hatchery, which has been in existence for about fifteen years,
in full operation., It is on the hacienda owned by Senor Eduardo Gon-
zales, to whom the government pays a fixed ‘annual sum for its main-
tenance. One-half to one million of eggs of the rainbow trout are
hatched here annually. Several large springs form the source of the
Rio Lerma at this place, and from these an abundance of water is
obtained for the hatchery. The temperature of the water at its
source is about 55° F., and its volume is so great that the temperature
is not more than one or two degrees higher when it reaches the hatch-
ing troughs. Considering the great abundance of water, and the
facility for making suitable ponds at only a moderate expense, the
abundance of small crustacea, insect larve, and the like, which are
excellent food for the young trout, Mr. Richter is certain that trout
can be raised here for the markets of the City of México with profit.
There are native trout in the Pacific streams of Mexico as far south
as Durango. The experience of Mr. Richter indicates that trout will
flourish as far south as the Rio Lerma. On the Atlantic slope near |
Jalapa are many mountain streams flowing through dense forests in
which I believe trout would flourish. In many of these streams there
are few or no fishes. The fact that there are no fishes in some of these
streams, is, however, no indication that fishes will not live in them. -
Fishes are evidently not there because they have not been able to
ascend the many falls and cascades, and at the head waters it is quite
evident that there has been no center of distribution.

One of the most promising fields for the introduction of food and
game fishes is in the Lerma Basin, for in this region are many streams
and lakes in which many species of small fishes abound which would
furnish an abundant supply of food for the larger introduced species.

In introducing fishes into a country the conditions should be
carefully studied in order to avoid the selection of unsuitable species.
The lakes in the Lerma basin should in my opinion be an ideal place
for the large-mouth black bass. The rainbow trout would probably
do quite as well and not disturb the present fish fauna as much as
would the black bass.

INTRODUCTION. lv

COMMON NAMES OF MEXICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES.

Many common names applied to the fresh-water fishes of Mexico
are used in a collective sense, and so do not apply to any particular
species. Below are given some of these names and the names of the
fishes to which they are applied.

The garpikes and the needle fishes are known by the name Muja.*
Bagre is the name generally applied to catfishes. I heard no other
name applied to these fishes south of the City of Mexico. For the
catfishes in the streams north of Tampico several names are used,
and rather indiscriminately, and I am uncertain in my distribution
of them. Besugo is probably applied to Leptops olivaris Raf., and to
dark-colored individuals of Amzurus. Petonte is applied to the chan-
nel cats and to Amiurus lupus (Girard), which much resemble them.
Metalote is a buffalo fish, this name being applied to all of the species
north of Tampico. Lisa is applied to Myzostoma congestum (B. & G.),
to species of the genus Mugil, and to Menzdia lisa Meek, a species of
silverside. Nototropis boucardi (Gth.) is known as Salmichi. Algansea
tincella (C. & V.) is called Juilis. The other species of minnows are
known as Sardina. The name Sardina is commonly used for silvery col-
ored fishes as the Dorosomatids or gizzard shads. Anguilla is the
name of the eels. Mixpapatl is applied to Goodea wiitei Meek.
Roballo is the name of the black bass; this name is also used for Cen-
tropomus mexicamus (Boc.). The black bass is sometimes called Besugo.
The fresh-water drum and the species of Pomadasys in the Rio Panuco
are known as Dorado. Mojarra is applied to the Cichlids and some of
the larger Peciliide where Cichlids are not found. Metapil is applied
only to Philypnus dormitor Lac. Trucha is the name of Agonostomus
monticola (Bancroft) and Bobo is Foturus pichardi Poey.

DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF TERMS USED IN THE
DESCRIPTION, OF FISHES: IN THIS WORK:

In order to be able to identify a fish, or rather to know just what
species any particular fish may be, there are some things regarding its
anatomy that should be known. Inthe accompanying figure of the
large-mouth black bass the important parts of the external anatomy
are indicated by name. All of the parts represented on this fish do not
occur on all fishes, and so it will require some care to make out those
that are present. A careful study of this figure, and the following
definitions and explanations, will enable one to easily use the keys
and descriptions in this work. A little practice will make the iden-
tification of most of the species comparatively easy.

*] will not vouch for the correct spelling of some of these names.

lvi FieELD CoLUMBIAN MuszEumM—Zoo.oey, Vou. V.
1. Head. 13. Spinous portion of dorsal fin,
2. Snout. 14. Soft portion of dorsal fin.
3. Eye. 15. Base of dorsal fin.
4. Premaxillary. 16. Pectoral fin.
5. Maxillary. 17. Anal fin.
6. Supplemental maxillary. 18. Ventral fin,
7. Mandible, or lower jaw. 19. Base of caudal fin (last vertebra).
8. Symphysis. 20. Caudal fin.
9. Cheek. 21. Lateral line.

H
oO

. Preopercle, | 22. Depth of the fish.
. Opercle, ' Gill covers. 23. Depth of caudal peduncle,
24

2. Subopercle, . Caudal peduncle.

a |
> La |

The PROFILE of the fish, unless otherwise mentioned, is the curve
from the highest point on the back to the tip of the snout. The
ORIGIN of the DORSAL Or ANAL FIN is the insertion of its first spine
or ray.

Fishes in general, and especially those treated of in this work,
breathe by means of GILLs, which are fine hair-like projections
(BRANCHIZ) usually supported on the outer curves of cartilaginous
or bony arches known as GILL ARCHES; in the true fishes the normal
number on each side is four. The GILL RAKERS are a series of bony
appendages variously formed along the inner edge of the anterior gill
arch.

The GILL MEMBRANES usually serve to attach the GILL COVERS
to the istuHmuS, which is the thick, fleshy projection between the gill
openings. The BRANCHIOSTEGAL MEMBRANES are attached to the
lower posterior portions of the gill covers; the cartilaginous or bony
supports of this membrane are the BRANCHIOSTEGAL RAYS.

The PSEUDOBRANCHI& are small or imperfectly developed gills
on the inner side of the opercle, near its junction with the preopercle.

The PHARYNGEAL BONES are behind the gills and at the beginning
of the @sopHacus; in true fishes they represent a fifth gill arch.

In general the TEETH of fishes are conical and pointed; frequently
some are INCISOR Of MOLAR-LIKE. Occasionally, as in some of the
killifishes (Characodon, Goodea, and Skrfjia, etc.), the incisor-like teeth
are BICUSPID or (Cyprinodon) TRICUSPID. The upper teeth of fishes may
be attached to one or more of the following bones: PREMAXILLARY,
MAXILLARY, PREFRONTAL, VOMER, PALATINE, PTERYGOID, and UPPER
PHARYNGEALS; lower, to the MANDIBLE, TONGUE, and LOWER PHARYN-
GEALS. In some fishes treated of in this work, as the Large-mouth
Black Bass, teeth are present on nearly all of the parts of the mouth
and pharynx as above mentioned; in the suckers and minnows teeth
are present only on the pharyngeal bones. Fishes do not masticate
their food; the teeth are used chiefly for catching, holding, and break-

PLATE Ill, ZOOLOGY.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

of fishes.

10nSs

de), showing parts referred to in descript

acépe

a

Large-mouth Black Bass, Micropterus salmonoides (LL

INTRODUCTION. lvii

ing the objects used for food in pieces which will-admit of being swal-
lowed.

The fins of fishes are composed of sPINES and Rays, the former
being stiff, bony structures usually connected by a thin membrane;
the rays are rather weak, jointed cartilaginous structures and are also
connected by a thin membrane. SPINEs are present on one or more
fins of all of the spiny rayed fishes. The dorsal and the pectoral fins
of some of the soft rayed fishes, as the Carp and the Catfishes, are
preceded by a spine which is only the modification of one or more of
the soft rays. Most fishes, except Catfishes, are covered with sCALEs.
A CYCLOID SCALE has its posterior margin smooth; such scales are
usually found on soft rayed fishes. A CTENOID SCALE has its posterior
margin rough or toothed; such scales are characteristic of the spiny
rayed fishes.

The LENGTH of the FISH is measured from the tip of the upper jaw
to the base of the caudal fin or end of last vertebra, the TOTAL LENGTH
from extreme ends of the fish. The LENGTH of the HEAD is measured
from tip of upper jaw to the posterior edge of the opercle, the LENGTH
of snout from tip of upper jaw to anterior margin of the orbit. The
DEPTH of the BODY is measured at its deepest part, none of the fins
being included; the DEPTH of CAUDAL PEDUNCLE is measured at its
narrowest part, its length from base of last anal ray to end of last
vertebra. Only fully developed fin rays are counted, the rudimentary
dorsal and anal rays when closely adnate to the first ray is counted
as one; when the last ray is double and the two parts have the same
base it is counted asoneray. The SCALES in the LATERAL SERIES are
counted from upper edge of opercle to base of caudal fin, the TRANS-
VERSE SERIES from the dorsal fin to ventrals or origin of anal, which-
ever is nearest the middle of the body. In making the transverse
count the scale on the lateral line, when it is present, is counted with
those on upper part of body. The LENGTH of the DORSAL and ANAL
FINS is measured along their BASES, the HEIGHT is the length of their '
_ Spines or rays. The length of the other fins is measured from attach-
ment to the body to the tips of longest rays.

Substantially the same order is followed in all descriptions. The
comparative measurements which best indicate the general form of
the fish are given first; the number of spines and rays of the dorsal
and anal fins next, and the number of scales in the lateral and trans-
verse series last. These are followed by a general remark on the form
of the fish, and then other important specific points are given in detail.
The description of the color is given last.

In order to abbreviate, the following expressions are used: ‘‘HEap

lviti FIELD COoOLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoO6O.LoeGy, VoL. V.

4” or “Heap 4%” indicates that the head of the fish is contained 4
times or 424 times in the distance from the tip of the snout to the end
of the last caudal vertebra; ‘‘DEptuH 4”’ that the greatest depth (none
of the fins being included) is contained 4 times in the same distance;
“TD. 8,” indicates that the fish has a single dorsal fin which is composed
of 8 soft rays; ‘‘D. Iv, 9,” that the dorsal fin is single and is composed
of 4 spines and 9 soft rays; ‘‘D. 1v—-9,” that there are two dorsal fins,
the first one composed of 4 spines and the other of 9 soft rays. Spines
are always indicated in roman letters, soft rays by figures. The ab-
breviations used in the count of other fin rays and spines are similarly
explained. The diameter of the eye, the length of the snout, and
many other short measurements are compared with the length of the
head. ‘‘EyrE 3 IN HEAD,” “SNOUT 3 IN HEAD,” indicate that each
is contained 3 times in the length of the head. In these particular
cases ‘‘ % of the length of the head’’ would mean the same thing.

All of these measurements are so far as possible intended to apply
to mature fish of average size; a certain amount of allowance must,
however, be made for age and individual variation. Young fishes
usually have larger eyes, shorter snout, smaller mouth, and longer fin
rays than adults of the same species; more often they are also deeper,
but this is not always true.

At the close of each description the approximate length of the
adult of the species is given. The size of fishes 1s more dependent
on environment than in case of any other group of vertebrates.
Fishes in large bodies of water grow much more rapidly and larger
than the same species under other conditions. If food is plentiful
and easily obtained the fish will eat oftener than where less favored.
It is not necessary for a fish to eat as much as one meal each day; he
may eat once each week, or even once each month, without appar-
ently experiencing the evil effects of hunger, but in such cases his
growth will be somewhat retarded.

For convenience in classification, and to afford an expression of
relationship, fishes, or fish-like vertebrates, are divided into classes,
each class into ORDERS, ORDERS into GENERA, and each GENUS com-
prises one Or more SPECIES.

The catfish of the Rio Balsas is classified as follows:

Class, PISCEs:
Order, NEMATOGNATHI.
Family, SILURID&.
Genus, ISTLARIUS.
Species, BALSANUS.

Each of these divisions may be divided into sub-groups.

ee

INTRODUCTION. lix

The scientific name of a fish is a combination of the name of the
genus and the species. The large catfish (Bagre) found in the Rio:
Balsas belongs to the genus /stlarius and its specific name is balsanus.
Its scientific name is /stlarius balsanus. ‘The scientific names as they
are usually written, and as they appear in this work, are followed by
the name of the person or persons who first described the fish and
proposed the specific name for it. The name referred to above is
properly written Jstlarius balsanus Jordan & Snyder.

Under the description of each order, family, and genus a key is
given to facilitate the identification of the species. These keys are
arranged as far as possible on the alternative basis. To use the key,
examine the fish in hand and read the first statement lettered ‘‘a’’;
either that or its alternative, lettered ‘‘aa,’’ is true. Next read the
lettered statement below ‘‘a”’ or ‘“‘aa’’ as the case may be, and con-
tinue until a letter is reached under which there are no subdivisions,
when you will be brought to an order, family, generic, or specific name.
The page indicated by the figure following this name contains the
description of the family, genus, or species, as the case may be, to
which your fish belongs. Ifa family, read the key to the genera, then
to the species, which will refer you to the description of the species
of the fish in question.

In order to find at once the family to which the specimen in hand
belongs it is better to use the artificial key to the Families of Fishes
on the following page.

In all of the keys in this work, except this one, the sequence of
the orders, families, genera and species, as the case may be, is the same
as the descriptions. It must be borne in mind that this work treats
only of fishes known to inhabit the fresh waters of Mexico north of
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Reference is made under each genus to the original description,
and the type of the genus. No other reference is given unless the
synonym is based on forms found in Mexico or is deserving of
subgeneric rank. Under the name of each species the first reference
is to the original description and the type locality; references are also
made to Dr. Ginther’s Catalogue of Fishes of the British Museum (1),
to his Fishes of Central America (2), to Prof. Garman’s Cyprinodonts
(3), and to Jordan & Evermann’s Synopsis of Fishes of North and
Middle America (4). All other references relate only to Mexican
fresh-water fishes. For aid in geographical study all known local-

(1) Gtinther, Catalogue, Fishes British Museum, 8 vols. 1859 to 1870.
(2) Gtnther, Fishes of Central America, 1 vol. 1860.

(3) Garman, The Cyprinodonts, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. x1x, 1895.
(4) Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus. 4 vols. 1896 to 1900.

lx FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEUuM—ZOOLoGY, VOL. V.

ities from which Mexican fishes have been taken are given with each
reference. The names of places mentioned in parentheses preceding
each description are localities from which the species was taken by
mein 1903. In many cases the localities of the early authors are very
indefinite. Frequently ‘‘Mexico”’ only is mentioned. A few of the
definite localities as given which appear to be wrong are discussed
under the species in question, it being intended that some one may
be able to either verify these or to correct them.

DEFINITION: © PHE- TWO, CLASSES: © FISHES ORSEISES
LIKE VERTEBRATES INHABITING THE PRESH
WATERS OF MEXICO.

The fresh-water fishes, or fish-hke vertebrates of Mexico, belong
to two classes: the Marsipobranchi1, Lampreys, hag-fishes, and the
like; and Pisces, the sharks, skates, and the true fishes. The former
is represented by a single species of lamprey known at present only
from the Lerma River Basin; the latter is represented by a large
number of species of true fishes. Sharks and skates often ascend
streams far above tide-water, but at present we have no evidence
that any of these forms are permanent residents of the rivers of
Mexico.

The fishes, or fish-like vertebrates, may be defined as cold-
blooded vertebrates adapted for life in the water, breathing by means
of gills, which are persistent throughout life, and having the limbs,
if present, developed as fins, never with fingers and toes. The cere-
bral hemispheres are smaller than the optic lobes.

The two classes of fish-like vertebrates may be briefly defined as
follows:

Crass I. MARSIPOBRANCHII (THE Lampreys).
Skull imperfectly developed, without true jaws; gills purse-
shaped, not attached to cartilaginous arches; a single
median nostril; body eel-shaped.

CLiass4l. PISCES (fee, PisnEs).
Skull well developed, and with jaws; gills attached to
arches; nostrils not median, in one or more pairs.

ARTIFICIAL KEY (TO, (HE PAMILIES SOF -MExXI@G as
FRESH-WADER” GISHES.

a. Mouth subcircular, without true jaws; 7 gill PAGE
openings on each side; no paired fins........ Petromyzontide 1
aa. Mouth normal, with true jaws; one gill open-
ing on each side.

INTRODUCTION.

b. Ventral fins present, abdominal.
c. Adipose fin on dorsal region present.

d. Body without scales; 4 to 8 long barbels
about the mouth and nostrils; a single
spine in each pectoral and dorsal fin.......

dd. Body with scales, mouth without barbels;
pectoral and dorsal fin without spines.

e. Mouth large; teeth all conical; body elon-
gate, depth 334 to 5%; anal rays ro to 12.
ee. Mouth smaller; teeth incisor-like or else
rudimentary; body deep, compressed,

.... .Stluride

...Salmonide

depth 1% to. 31%, anal rays more than 18..Characinide

ec. Dorsal region without adipose fin.
f. Tail heterocercal; scales rhomboidal, very
Laan MOA OT ween eee es ed Ds ois lan eee le
ff. Tail not heterocercal; scales normal, thin.
g. Dorsal fin single, composed of soft rays
sony
h. Jaws toothless, head without scales.
i. Ventral region without bony serre; body
elongate, not much compressed.

j. Mouth usually inferior; lips thick, fleshy
with plice or papille; pharyngeal teeth
very numerous, in a row like the teeth
of a comb; dorsal of more than ro rays.

jj. Mouth usually terminal, lips thin, not
fleshy, without plice or papille; phar-
yngeal teeth few, fewer than 8; dorsal
fin with less than 10 rays (except in the
CAIN Meera ines ht Reed tae lay

ii. Ventral region with bony serre, body
deep, Mitel compressed.) 0 yes ca...
hh. Jaws with teeth; head more or less scaly.
k. Lateral line wanting or represented by
a few imperfect pores; jaws not pro-
duced@intoway lone. beake, i.) 22...

kk. Lateral line present, running as a fold
along side of belly; both jaws produced

COMMA memes eh ae Soh ty olla

gg. Dorsal fins 2, the first composed of spines,
the second of soft rays.

1. Anal spines 3; dorsal spines strong, 4.....

. Lepidosteide

. .Catostomide

.. Cyprimde

Dorosomatide

... Peclude

....Belonide

... Mugilide

95

83

24

36

Q2

98

160

Ixii Fi—ELD COoLUMBIAN MusEumM—ZoO.LoGy, VoL. V.

ll. Anal spines single; dorsal spines slender,

PAGE

3 GO Bia! Be AON, REL Aa ee Are Re oR ea 7 Atherimide 165

bb. Ventral fins present, thoracic or jugular.

m. Ventral fins each composed definitely of
one spine and 5 soft rays; eyes symmet-
rical, one on each side of the head.

n. Ventral fins completely united; gill mem-
branes joined to the isthmus; no lateral

nee. ae Beckise ko me he Mo ee

nn. Ventral fins separate.
o. Nostril single on each side; lateral line in-

Lemriupved. anal Spines 2etor rt pec ee ey

oo. Nostril double on each side; lateral line
not interrupted.
p. Lateral line extending on caudal fin.
q. Anal spines 3, the second very strong.
r. Dorsal fins two, separate; preopercle
with two margins, the posterior one

....Gobuide

. .Cichlide

225

204

stronglyatoothedssy wwen miner nites & Centropomideé 198

rr. Dorsal fins connected; preopercle with

OnewtaaT Se way Es Ae ya. Mew eee.

pp. Lateral line, if present, not extending on
caudal fin.
s. Dorsal fins separate or scarcely con-
nected.
t. Anal spines 3; the second very strong;

body elongate, compressed............

tt. Anal spines 1 or 2; body usually slender,
never much compressed.

u. No lateral line; ventral fins with the

inner rays the longest; dorsal spines

SOr we lessit 9 Wee ae ere ae eee

uu. Lateral line present; ventral fins with
the outer rays the longest; dorsal

SPINES’ SOL MOTE 4.8 es ware ee ee

ss. Dorsal fin single, the spinous and soft
portions being connected; body usually

deep and much compressed.
mm. Ventral fins each not composed definitely
of one spine and 5 soft rays; eyes unsym-
metrical, both being on the same side of the

10516 ER PWR RR OMT oe Re ANd See

Hemulide

...Sc1@nide

Hemulide

....Gobude

....Percide

.... Soleide

199
202

199

225

196

234

INTRODUCTION. }xiit

bbb. Ventral fins wholly wanting, pectorals us- PAGE
ually present.
v. Snout not tubular with the small mouth at its
end; body not covered with bony plates,
eel-shaped.
w. Gill openings lateral and vertical; snout
conic, the jaws not very heavy; gape longi-
tudinal; lips thick; lower jaw projecting;
teeth in cardiform bands on jaws and
WONT Oe ara Ree depend es Se Ae os, Sack tk ws ce ee Anguillide go
ww. Gill openings horizontal, inferior, very
close together, apparently confluent; pos-
tenor nostrils in front of eye’..00....... Symbranchide 89
vv. Snout tubular, bearing the small mouth at
its end; body angular, covered with bony
plates, not truly eel-shaped............... Syngnathide 162

CLASS I. MARSIPOBRANCHIT.

THE LAMPREYS.

Skeleton cartilaginous; skull not separate from the imperfectly
segmented vertebral column; no true jaws; no limbs; no shoulder
girdle; no pelvic elements, and no ribs; gills purse-shaped, without
gill arches; 6 or more gill openings on each side; nostril single, on
top of the head; heart without arterial bulb; alimentary canal
straight, simple, without ccecal appendages, pancreas, or spleen;
naked, eel-shaped animals.

Order I. Hyperoartii.

Nasal duct a blind sac not communicating with the palate;
mouth nearly circular, suctorial.

Family |. Petromyzontidee.
THE LAMPREYS.

Body eel-shaped, somewhat compressed posteriorly; mouth nearly
circular, suctorial, and armed with horny, tooth-like tubercles which
are simple or multicuspid; those just above and below the cesophagus
more or less specialized; gill openings 7 on each side of the chest; lips
fringed.

The lampreys undergo a metamorphosis; the young are toothless,
have rudimentary eyes, and live buried in the sand. In the larval
state they are white, and evidently feed upon small crustacea, insect
larve, and the like. In the adult state the lamprey attaches itself
to a fish by means of its suctorial mouth, rasps off the flesh, and
feasts upon the blood and lymph of the victim.

1. Lampetra Gray.

Lampetra Gray, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1851, 235. (Type, Petro-

myzon fluviatilis Linneus.)

Dorsal fin in two parts, the second part continuous with the low
anal fin around the tail; supraoral lamina broad, forming a crescentic
plate, with a large, bluntish cusp at each end; lingual teeth small;
buccal plate small, its few teeth bicuspid and tricuspid; lips fringed.
Lampreys of small size, inhabiting the brooks of Europe and North
America.

2 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEUM—ZOOLOoGY, VoL. V.

1. Lampetra spadicea Bean.
Lam petra spadicea Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 374; Guana-
juato: Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1892, 283; Tanganzicuaro:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 13.

FIG. 1. LAMPETRA SPADICEA Bean.
No. 38005, U. S. National Museum.

Basin of the Rio Lerma. -

Infraoral lamina with 9 cusps, the outer largest; lingual teeth
with about 20 pectine; 4 teeth on each side of buccal disk, one or
more being tricuspid, the others bicuspid; dorsal fins separate, the
interspace equaling half length of snout; second dorsal a little
higher than the first, its origin near middle of body.

Color chestnut brown, somewhat lighter on the belly; basal por-
tion of second dorsal pale; the remaining portion somewhat like the
body. Length about 8 inches.

This species is probably distributed throughout the Lerma Basin.
Dr. Duges has collected several specimens in the upper waters of the
Lerma near Guanajuato. It has also been taken by E. W. Nelson
in Lago de Chapala.

CLASS II. —PISCES.

THE FISHEs.

Skeleton more or less ossified; skull separate from the segmented
vertebral column; mouth with true jaws; limbs, shoulder girdle,
and pelvic bones usually present; gills attached to imperfect skeletal
arches, usually less than 6 gill openings on each side; nostrils one or
more pairs; heart with arterial bulb; alimentary canal variable in
form, and with pancreas and spleen.

KEY. DOCLEHE, ORDERS JOE PISGCES:

a. Tail heterocercal; vertebra opisthoccelian (con- PAGE
cavo-convex); air bladder cellular; scales rhom-
Iicremaimeled plates es 64. bx’. ete ae - Rhomboganotidea 4

aa. Tail not heterocercal; vertebrae amphiccelian
(double concave); air bladder, if present, not
cellular; scales, if present, of the ordinary sort.
b. Anterior vertebre (about 4) much modified,
co-ossified, and provided with ossicula audi-
tus; ventral fins, if present, abdominal and
without spines.
c. Maxillary bone imperfect, forming the base
of a conspicuous barbel; no subopercle; no
SCOIGS mee tae tron ite Mls ewe, , Ma Nematognatht 8
cc. Maxillary bone perfect (rarely wanting),
never entering into the base of a barbel;
subopercle present; scales usually present. :
ee ME ink MAP PER NE A BELGE Mises seins oka 3 Plectospondylu 24
bb. Anterior vertebre unmodified, similar to the
others or more elongate, separate and with-
out ossicula auditus.
d. Body eel-shaped; vertebree numerous (100
to 250); scales minute or wanting; no ven-
tral fins; pectorals usually present; gill open-
ings restricted; four pairs of gill arches.
e. Premaxillary, maxillary, and palatine bones
well developed and distinct from each
other as in ordinary fishes; pectoral and
ventral fins wanting; gill openings con-
HUG UL ee AenaRN wah alt siiaaic ne co ks. i cae OO VPOTAMCHIG 180

>
0)

4 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoO.LoGy, VoL. V.

ee. Premaxillary atrophied or lost; maxillaries PAGE
lateral, more or less confluent with the
PalatinEs ts Wk as OAs Or aa eee ee ee ge pe Apodes go

dd.Body not truly eel-shaped; vertebre in
moderate number (14 to 100); ventral fins
usually present; gill openings not restricted.
f. Ventral fins,if present, abdominal; fins with-
out spines.
g. Body stout, not covered with bony plates;
gills laminated; ventral fins present, ab-
dominal, without spines.
h. Mesocoracoid well developed; pectoral fins
INGerted: JOWs: kc. ton eon ckecakes Le Isospondyli 92
bh. Mesocoracoid always wanting; head scaly ;
dorsal and anal fins without spines.
i. Lateral line none, or imperfectly devel-
oped; air bladder with a persistent duct;
lower phanyngedlsiseparate- ty on as ae _Haplomi 98
ii. Lateral line developed, concurrent with
the belly; air bladder without duct in the
adult; lower pharyngeals fully united ..Synentognathi 160
gg. Body elongate, covered with bony plates
which are firmly connected, forming a
carapace; gills tufted; no ventral fins;

cill‘openings small Seeks eee Lophobranchia 162
ff. Ventral fins usually anterior in position:
spines usually present in the fins...........7 Acanthoptert 164
Order I]. Rhomboganoidea.

THE GARPIKES.

This order comprises one family of living fishes. Tail hetero-
cercal; vertebre connected by ball and socket joints, the concavity
of each vertebra being posterior; air bladder lung-like, but connecting
with the dorsal side of the cesophagus.

Family Il. Lepidosteidz.
THE GARPIKES.

Body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with hard rhombic ganoid
scales or plates which are imbricated in oblique series running down-
ward and backward; premaxillary forming most of the upper jaw;
jaws long, spatulate or beak-like; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines;

FamiLy II. LepripostTeip&. 5

some of the teeth in the jaws large and canine-like; tail heterocercal,
the vertebre extending into the upper lobe of the tail; an accessory
gill on inner side of the opercle; spiral valve of intestines rudimentary.

This family is represented in North America by four species;
three of these have been taken in Mexico, the other one is found in
southeastern Texas, and probably occurs in the lower tributaries of
the Rio Grande. The fishes of this family are especially interesting,
because they are the last living relations of a large group of ganoid
fishes now extinct.

2. Lepidosteus Lacépéde.
THE GARPIKES.

4

Lepisosieus: Lacépéde, Hist. Nat, Poiss., v, 331, 1803. (Type,

Leptsosteus gavialis Lacépede= Esox osseus Linneus.)

Atractosteus Rafinesque, Ich. Ohiensis,72, 1820. (Type, Lepisosteus

jerox Rafinesque = Lepidosteus tristechus Bloch & Schneider.)

Cylindrosteus Rafinesque, Ich. Ohiensis, 72,1820. (Type, Lepisosteus

platostomus Rafinesque. )

Jaws with one or more series of teeth, some being enlarged and
fitting into a depression in the opposite jaw; usually some of the
anterior teeth movable; teeth on vomer and palatines; in the young
the anterior teeth are often enlarged.

EVO Be SPE CIN S.On TE PlDOSREUS:

a. Large teeth of upper jaw in a single row on PAGE,
~ each side.
b. Jaws long and slender; snout more than
twice length olenestolgdeadarct ay. face eb soo tey ees osseus 5
bb. Jaws shorter and broader, little longer than
FHESTE TO ANKE eG Sees Ais aA es Ca ee ia erg ae ee [ platystomus | 6

aa. Large teeth of upper jaw in two series on

each side; jaws short and broad, not longer
than rest of head.

c. Scales 60 in the lateral series; dorsal rays 8 ..... tristechus 6

cc. Scales 53 in the lateral series; dorsal rays 6....... [tropicus]

“I

Subgenus Lepidosteus Lacépéde.

2. Lepidosteus osseus (Linnzeus). LONG-NOSED GARPIKE; COMMON
GARPIKE.
Esox osseus Linneeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 313, 1758; after Acus
maxima squamosa viridis of Artedi.

6 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEumM—ZOoOLoGyY, VOL. V.

Leptidosteus osseus Giinther, Cat., vill, 330, 1870; North America.

Lepisosteus osseus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 109: Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1900,
117; Tampico: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 72; Santa
Rosalia.

Great Lakes to the Carolinas and Mexico as far south as Tam-
pico. (San Juan; Valles; Forlon.)

Head 3; depth 12; D. 8; A. 9; scales about 62. Body elongate,
cylindrical; jaws long and slender, beak-like; snout more than twice
length of rest of head, its least width 15 to 20 in its length;
large teeth of the upper jaw in a single row on each side; ventral
fins with 6 rays.

Color olivaceous, pale, somewhat silvery below; vertical fins and
posterior part of the body with round black spots, which are more
distinct in the young; very young with a black lateral band. Length
about 3 feet.

The most southern record of this species is Valles, in the
Rio Panuco Basin. I saw quite a number in a deep sluggish creek
at Forlon, but was unable to capture any of them. This species
seldom exceeds a length of 3 feet, and except on the Arkansas River,
I have never seen it used for food. It is easily distinguished from
the other members of the family by its exceedingly long, narrow,
beak-like jaws.

Subgenus Cylindrosteus Rafinesque.

Lepidosteus platystomus Rafinesque. SHORT-NOSED GARPIKE.
Lepisosteus plaiosiomus Rafinesque, Ichth..Ohiensis, 72, 1820; Ohio River.
Lepidosteus platysiomus Gunther, Cat., vill, 329, 1870: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, r1o.

Mississippi Valley south to the Rio Pecos in Texas, ranging as far east as
Florida.

Head 3%; depth 8; D. 8; A. 8; scales about 56. Body elongate, cylindrical;
jaws broad, beak-like; snout usually about one-third longer than rest of
head, its least width 5 to 6 in its length; large teeth of upper jaw ina single
row on each side.

Color similar to the preceding, but usually darker. Length 2 or 3 feet.

This species. probably occurs in northeastern Mexico.

Subgenus Atractosteus Rafinesque.
3. Lepidosteus tristeechus (Bloch & Schneider). ALLIGATOR GAR-

PIKE; MANJUARI.

Esox tristechus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 395, 1801; Cuba;
after Manjuart of Para.

Lepidosteus berlandieri Girard, Pac. R. R. Sur., 353, 1858;
Tamaulipas.

Atractosteus luctus Dumeril, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 364, 1870;
Tampico, Mexico.

Famity II. LeEpiposTEeips. 7

Lepidosteus tropicus Giinther, Fishes, Cent. Amer., 490, 1866;
Huamuchal.

Lepidosteus viridis Gunther, Cat., vill, 329, 1870; Huamuchal;
Mexico.

Lepisosteus tristechus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 111: Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,

1g00, 117; Tampico.

Rio Panuco north to the mouth of the Missouri River, south and

east to Cuba. (Tampico.)

Head 3%; D. 8; A. 8; scales about 60. Body elongate, cylin-
drical; jaws beak-like; snout usually shorter than rest of head, its
least width 3% times its length; 18 to 20 scales in oblique series
from ventrals to middle of dorsal fin; ventral fin with 6 rays.

Color greenish, pale below; the adult usually not spotted. Length
HOREO 1 2ateev.

I saw quite a number of this species in the Tampico markets
where it was regarded as a very good food fish. This fish is reported
to be quite abundant in the large river channels and the lagoons
about Tampico. It is one of our largest fresh-water fishes.
Lepidosteus tropicus (Gill). TRopicat GARPIKE.

Atractosteus tropicus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 172; streams

near Panama.

Lepisosteus tropicus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896,
111: Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1902, 139;
Montecristo and Teapa, Tabasco.

Central*America and southern Mexico, south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Head 31%; depth 9; D. 5; A. 7; scales 53. Body cylindrical, rather short and
stout; snout short and broad, its length less then half that of head; upper jaw
the longer; teeth sharp, those of upper jaw in two lateral rows; enlarged teeth of
lower jaw in one row; eye small; origin of dorsal fin slightly behind that of anal;
pectoral rays 12; ventral rays 6.

Color leaden silvery above, white on belly; a few spots on posterior part of
body; rays of dorsal, caudal, and anal dusky; the membranes pale; pectorals and
ventrals pale. Length 2 feet, possibly much larger.

This species has not been recorded farther north than Montecristo, on the
Rio Usumacinta, and Teapa on the Rio Teapa, both places being in the State of

Tabasco. Its southernmost range is the Isthmus of Panama. It is very closely
related to the preceding species.

Order III. Nematognathi.

THE CATFISHES.

Fishes with the four anterior vertebre co-ossified, and with ossicula
auditus; maxillary rudimentary, forming the base of a conspicuous
barbel; no subopercle; body naked, or more or less covered with
bony plates. A large order comprising several families, only one
of which is represented in Mexico.

Family Ill. Siluridz.

Body more or less elongate, naked or covered with bony plates;
no true scales; anterior portion of the head with two or more barbels,
the base of the longest pair formed by the small or rudimentary
maxillary; margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries
only; subopercle absent; opercle present; dorsal fin usually short,
opposite to or in front of ventrals; adipose fin present; anterior
rays of dorsal and pectoral fins spinous; air bladder usually present,
large, and connected with the organ of hearing by means of auditory
ossicles; lower pharyngeals separate.

The catfishes of Mexico allied to those found in the United States,
have representatives known as far south as the Rio Usumacinta in
Guatemala. None of the South American forms have yet been
taken farther north than Cordoba and Orizaba.

KGEYs LOGS Te GENERA OF SILURIDA.
a. Adipose fin small, its posterior margin free. PAGE
b. Nostrils close together, neither with a barbel,

the posterior with a valve; teeth on palate ....Galeichthys 9.

bb. Nostrils remote from each other.

c. Posterior nostril with a barbel; barbels 8, the
longest reaching past eye; teeth on the lower
jaw well developed.

d. Premaxillary band of teeth truncate behind,
not produced backward at the outer angles.

e. Supraoccipital bone continued backward
from the nape, its notched tip receiving the
bone at base of dorsal spine, so that a con-
tinuous bony bridge is formed under the

Skin from snout to baseroidorsal. ye.tys Ichthyelurus to
ee. Supraoccipital bone not reaching inter-
spinal, bones; the bridge incomplete, 2... Amiurus 12

8

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. PLATE IV, ZOOLOGY.

GALEICHTHYS AGUADULCE Meek.

FamILy III. SiLuripa. 9

dd. Premaxillary band of teeth with a lateral PAGE
backward extension on each side.
f. Lower jaw shorter than the upper; head

not much depressed; anal rays 21 to 24...... [stlaris 17
ff. Lower jaw longer than the upper; head
mrreh: depressed anal irays: 12) to.15. 22. fee) Leptops 18

cc. Posterior nostril without a barbel; barbels
6, the longest not reaching eye; teeth in the

omen jawaviery weal. =. l.5.04.21.' 0h Conorhynchus] 19.
aa. Adipose fin long, its posterior margin adnate
OMe MOA Katee yet ee ee es ks ght ap nek wane Rhamdia 20

Subfamily Tachysurine.
3. Galeiechthys Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Galeichthys Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,v, 28, 1840.
(Type, Galeichthys jeliceps Cuv. & Val., etc.)

Body more or less elongate; head armed with a bony shield above,
behind which is an occipital shield; skull with a fontanelle; mouth
rather small, the upper jaw the longer; villiform or granular. teeth
in each jaw; teeth on vomer and palatines; barbels 6, none at nostrils;
adipose fin small, its posterior margin free; caudal fin deeply forked.

A large group of marine catfishes, especially numerous on sandy
shores in tropical seas. It is not known to what extent these fishes
enter fresh water.

4. Galeichthys aguadulce sp.nov. BaAGReE.

Type, No. 4678, F.C. M., 11% inches in length; Perez, Vera Cruz.

Basin of the Rio Papaloapam.

Head 32; depth 434; D.1,6; A. 17. Body elongate, moderately
compressed posteriorly; head long and slender, narrow forward, its
greatest width 1% in its length, not much depressed; mouth rather
small, its width 3 in head; upper jaw the longer; teeth in jaws in
villiform bands; vomerine teeth in two large patches, shghtly separate
from each other, and without backward projection; snout 2% in
head; diameter of eye 5% in head; tip of maxillary barbel reach-
ing slightly past base of pectoral, outer mental barbel to gill opening;
gill membranes broadly connected to isthmus, their hinder margin
free; top of head posterior to orbits granular; occipital process longer
than broad; posterior margin of fontanelle midway between tip of
snout and base of dorsal spine, the fontanelle extending as a groove
nearly to occipital process; dorsal spine rather slender, its length 1%
in head; anterior margin of dorsal spine nearly smooth, its posterior
margin slightly serrate; anterior margin of pectoral spine smooth,

1K) FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEUM—ZOOLOGY, VOL. V.

the posterior finely denticulate; length of pectoral spine 12 in head;
caudal fin deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer. |
Color dark bluish above, much lighter below; the dark color
on lower half of sides and on fins made up of small dark punctula-
tions; ventral and pectorals and distal half of anal nearly black;
caudal and dorsal with tips of rays black; belly white.
One specimen (type) from Perez.

Subfamily Ichthyeelurine.

4. Iechthyzelurus Rafinesque.
CHANNEL Cats; BAGRES.

[ctalurus Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 61, 1820. (Type, Pimelodus
maculatus Rafinesque = [ctalurus punctatus Rafinesque.)

Body elongate, slender, compressed posteriorly; head slender and
conical; supraoccipital bone or process prolonged backward, its
emarginated apex receiving the accuminate anterior point of the
second interspinal, thus forming a continuous bony ridge from the
head to the dorsal spine; mouth small, terminal, the upper jaw the
longer; teeth in a short band in each jaw; dorsal fin with one spine
and usually 6 soft rays; adipose fin short, with free posterior margin
opposite posterior margin of anal fin; anal fin long, 25 to 35
rays; pectoral spine strong, retrorse-serrate within; caudal fin elon-
gate, deeply forked.

The fishes of this genus live chiefly in river channels. As food
fishes they are superior to other members of the catfish family in
North America. y

KEY lO (HE SPECIES OF IGE GY A hUIRUS:
a. Anal fin very long, its base nearly % its body, PAGE
TESTE AVS Gm OMe So cure te ea PM a ten IMac jurcatus 10
aa. Anal fin shorter, its rays 25 to 29.
b. Barbels long, extending considerably beyond

sillvopenitie:. anal trays about, 20 sce a re ta punctatus 11
bb. Barbels short, the longest only reaching gill
Opening: vanal Taysess OF 420.8. ana ate meridionalis 11

5. Ichthyzlurus furcatus (Le Sueur). CHUCKLE-HEADED Cart.

Pimelodus furcatus Le Sueur, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist.
Nat. Poiss., v, 136, 1840; New Orleans.

Pimelodus affinis Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1854, 26, Rio Grande: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 32, pl. xv1, 1859;
mouth of the Rio Grande, at Brownsville, Texas.

Amiurus furcatus Gunther, Cat., v, 103, 1864.

Famizy III. SrLuripa@. Pat

Amturus affinis Gunther, Cat., v, 103, 1864.

Ictalurus furcatus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 134: Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1goo,
171; Rio Tamesin, Tampico.

Rio Panuco north to lowa and Ohio.

Head 4%; depth 4 (in adults) to 5% (in young); D. 1, 6; A. 32
to 35. Body elongate; profile from snout to dorsal somewhat con-
cave, especially in adults; head small; eye small, the middle of the
head being behind its posterior margin; pectoral spine rather long;
humeral spine stout, shortish, not reaching middle of pectoral spine;
anal fin long, its base about 3 in body, its rays 32 to 35.

Color silvery, plain or somewhat spotted. Length about 4 feet.

A specimen of this species, which was reported to have been
caught in the Rio Tamesoe, was purchased by Dr. Jordan in 1899
in the Tampico Markets. This species is known to reach a weight
of 150 pounds, being the largest catfish known in American waters.
It lives in clear running streams, and is an excellent food fish. Dr.
Evermann informs me that this species was taken by E. W. Nelson
in the Rio Soto la Marina,. Tamaulipas.

6. Ichthyzlurus punctatus (Rafinesque). CHANNEL Cat; WHITE Cart.
Silurus punctatus Rafinesque, American Monthly Magazine, 1818,
359; Ohio River.

Ictalurus punctatus Woolman, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Com., 1894, 56;
Rio Grande, El Paso, Texas: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
US: Nat. Mus;, 1896,;.134:

Rio Panuco and streams tributary to the Gulf of Mexico, north in
the Mississippi Valley to the rivers of the Great Lake region. (Forlon.)

Head 4; depth 5; D. 1,°6; A. 25 to 30. « Body elongate; slender,
back little elevated; head rather small, narrow, convex above;
eye large, a little anterior of middle of head; mouth small;
barbels long, the maxillary barbel reaching more or less be-
yond gill opening; humeral process long and _ slender; more
than % length of pectoral spine; pectoral spine strongly serrate
behind.

Color light bluish above, the sides pale or silvery, and almost
always with irregular, small, round dark spots; fins often with dark
edgings. Length about 3 feet.

This fish, though smaller, is very similar in appearance and
habits to the preceding species.

7. Ichthyzlurus meridionalis (Giinther). TRopicaL CaTrisH; BAGRE.
Amiurus meridionalis Giinther, Cat., v, 102, 1864; Rio Usuma-
cinta.

12 FIELD CoLuMBIAN Museum—Zootocy, Vou. V.

Ictalurus meridionalis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 135.

Large streams on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Tehuan-
tepec. (Otopa.)

Head 4 to 4%; depth 5; D. 1, 6; A. 28 to 29. Body elomgate:
head % to % longer than broad; snout obtusely rounded, the upper
jaw longer than the lower; premaxillary teeth in a band, 5 or 6
times as broad as long; maxillary barbels reaching to end of
head; outer mandibular barbels reaching to posterior margin
of gill membranes; distance of origin of dorsal fin from tip of
snout 2 to 2% in its distance from caudal fin, its spine finely
retrorse-serrate on posterior margin; length of base of adipose
fin equaling that of dorsal, the fin short; pectoral spine strongly
retrorse-serrate on inner margin, its length 1% in head, the spine
stronger and a little shorter than the dorsal spine; pectoral fin longer
than ventral, 1% in length of head; ventral extending to origin
of anal fin; caudal fin deeply forked.

Color brownish above, with steel blue reflections; lower half of
body silvery, with a reddish tinge and finely punctulate with dark
dots. Length of adults not known.

One specimen 534 inches in length was taken in the Rio Otopa
at Otopa.

5. Amiurus Rafinesque.

Tue Hornep Povuts.

Ameturus Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 65,1820. (Type, Pumelodus
cupreus Rafinesque = Pimelodus natalis LeSueur.)

Haustor Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896,
135. (Type, Gadus lacustris Walbaum.)

Body moderately elongate, robust anteriorly, the caudal peduncle
much compressed; head large, wide; supraoccipital extended back-
ward, terminating in a more or less acute point, which is entirely
separate from the second inter-spinal buckler; skin covering the
bones usually thick; mouth large, the upper jaw in most species the
longer; teeth in broad bands on the premaxillaries and dentaries;
band on upper jaw convex in front, of equal breadth and without
backward prolongation; adipose fin short, its hinder margin free;
anal fin of 15 to 35 rays; caudal fin usually short, truncate or
deeply forked; lateral line usually incomplete; all Mexican species
so far known, except one (Amiurus mnatalis), with a deeply
forked caudal fin.

ee

FamiLy III. Siturip#. 13

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AMIURUS.

a. Caudal fin lunate or forked. PAGE
b. Base of anal fin longer than head, its rays 24
or more; upper jaw the longer.
c. Head very broad, not narrowed forward;
dorsal spine 22 in head; pectoral spine 22,
its infer margin rough, but without teeth...... australis 13
ec. Head less broad, and narrowed forward;
dorsal spine long, its length 14 in head;
pectoral spine 134 in head, its hinder margin
WALL EOC OnbetLONSesteet ht. ..7.)) sa. cs es duane les lupus 14
bb. Base of anal fin equal to or shorter than the
head; anal rays about 20.
d. Dorsal spine long, 124 to 1% in head; pec-
toral spine weakly serrate on inner margin.
e. Pectoral spine strong, its length 2 in head;
caudal fin deeply forked, its inner rays less
incom ESS OUTLET 2.10. tote oan Sk St dugest 14
ee. Pectoral spine moderate, its length 22 in
head; caudal fin moderately forked, its
HIME RAS aed Le yoOutert .. oa... ee, mexicanus 15
dd. Dorsal spine short, 2% in head; pectoral
spine short and strong and strongly serrate

on its, inmer margin, its-length 2% in head........ pricey, Ys
aa. Caudal fin truncate, or very slightly lunate:
TAN SIAL CORQ 7 cosa h ed ake hike Re mete en eo ee. natalis 16

Subgenus Haustor Jordan & Evermann.

8. Amiurus australis sp. nov.

Type, No. 4474, F.C. M., 17.7 inches in length; Forlon, Tamauli-
pas.

Rio Panuco to the Rio Blanco in Southern Vera Cruz. (Forlon;
Rio Blanco.)

Head 334; depth 5%; D. 1, 6; A. 26. Body elongate, head
broad and. much depressed, its greatest width 114 in its length;
interorbital 21%; eye rather small, 6% in head; upper jaw consid-
_ erably the longer; teeth on jaws in bands, and without backward
projections; maxillary barbels long, their tips reaching middle of
pectoral fin; dorsal spine 2? in head; pectoral spine rather strong,
22 in head, its inner margin rough, but without teeth; anal fin long,
its base slightly longer than head; caudal fin forked, but less so than
in species of /chthyelurus,; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head.

14 FieELD CoLUMBIAN MusEumM—Zo6.ocy, Vou. V.

Color dark slaty blue, belly white, somewhat marbled with
brownish; all of the fins very dark.

While in the Midland Bridge Company’s Camp at Rio Blanco,
one of the men caught a catfish 25 inches in length, which I identify
with this species. The following are some of the notes made con-
cerning it: total length, 25 inches; length to base of caudal 2134
inches; length of head 534 inches; depth 5% inches; length of base
of anal 6 inches; bridge from snout to dorsal fin not complete; max-
illary teeth without backward extension; caudal fin forked, but not
sharply, its lobes rounded; inner margin of pectoral fin but slightly
serrate; body marked with dark blotches. Large catfish are reported
from all of the large rivers which I visited south of Vera Cruz, but
the specimen noted above is the only large one I saw.

9. Amiurus lupus (Girard). BAGRE; PETONTE. .

Pimelodus lupus Girard, Pac. R. R. Sur., x, 211, 1858; Rio Pecos.

Amiurus lupus Ginther, Cat., v, ror, 1864.

Ameiurus lupus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,

POOQU, bay"

Rivers of northeastern Mexico and southeastern Texas. (San
Juan; Montemorelos; Linares; La Cruz; Garza Valdez.)

Head 334; depth 4% to 4%; D.1,6; A. 23 or 24. Body elongate,
moderately compressed; head flat above, narrowed forward; upper
jaw the longer; interorbital area 21% in head; snout 274 in head; diam-
eter of eye 324 in head; maxillary barbel reaching almost to tip of pec-
toral spine; outer mandibulary barbels reaching to base of pectoral;
origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than adipose fin; dorsal spine
rather long and slender, its length 1$ in head, weakly serrate on
hinder margin; pectoral spine strong, with 7 to 9 retrose teeth on
hinder margin (these becoming somewhat smaller in specimens 12
inches in length); pectoral spine 134 in head; base of anal fin longer
than head, 3% to 324 in body; caudal fin deeply forked.

Color slaty brownish above, lighter below; sides finely punctulate;
occasionally a few black spots on side made up of dots; fins dusky
with more or less orange base; margin of vertical fins black. Length
about 18 inches.

This species very much resembles in color and form /chthyelurus
punctatus, from which it differs in having a somewhat less forked tail,
larger eye, and a shorter anal. The supraoccipital is entirely separate
from the interspinal buckler which makes it a true Amiurus. This
species is abundant in the streams of northeastern Mexico. It lives
mostly in river channels.

Famity III. Siturip&. Ts

10. Amiurus dugesi Bean. BaGre.

Amiurus dugest Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 304; Rio
Turbio, Guanajuato: Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1894, 61; Rio Lerma, Salamanca, Guanajuato: Jordan &
Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 138: Jordan &
Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1900, 117; Lago de Chapala
& Guadalajara market: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902,
73; Ocotlan; La Barca; La Palma.

Amiurus catus Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1901, 204;
Estado de Jalisco.

Rio Lerma, and in Lago de Chapala, but does not occur in the
lakes about the City of Mexico, nor in Lago de Patzcuaro.

Mead 32; depth 5; D.1, 6;-A. 20. Body rather elongate; head
moderate, flattish above; interorbital 2%; eye 54; upper jaw slightly
the longer; maxillary barbels reaching slightly beyond base of pec-
toral; pectoral spine strong, its length 114 in head, weakly serrate
behind; base of anal 4% in body, shorter than the head; caudal fin
‘deeply forked, its inner rays less than half length of outer rays.

Color light steel blue above, lighter below; margin of vertical fins
black; body without black spots. Length 2 to 3 feet.

As a food fish, this is one of the most important in the region where
found.

11. Amiurus mexicanus sp. nov. BaGrReE.

Type, No. 4507, F. C. M., 11% inches in length; Rascon, San
Luis Potosi.

Basin of the Rio Panuco. (Rio Verde; Rascon.)

Head 32; depth 5%; D. 1, 6; A. 20 or 21. Body elongate, com-
pressed behind; head flat, considerably depressed; interorbital 2%
in head; upper jaw somewhat the longer; mouth wide, its width 14
in head; eye 6 in head; snout 3; dorsal spine moderate, its length 2%
in head; pectoral spine nearly smooth on hinder margin (slightly
serrate in young specimens), its length 2% in head; base of anal
considerably shorter than head, 4% in body; caudal fin forked, but
much less so than in Amzurus lupus; maxillary barbels reaching
slightly beyond base of pectorals; outer mandibular barbel not reach-
ing to gill opening.

Color dark steel blue, lighter below; sides of body without black
spots; skin very rough, with fleshy hair-like projections. Length
12 to 18 inches.

I secured one large and one small specimen of this species at
Rascon, and Dr. Tower collected three specimens at Rio Verde. It
is probably one of the smaller catfishes of Mexico.

16 FIELD COLUMBIAN MuseEuM—ZoO.Loey, VOL. V.

. 12. Amiurus pricei (Rutter). BAGRE DE SONORA.

Villarius pricer Rutter, Proc. Cal; Acad. Set, 1896, 257.s0am
Bernardino Creek, a tributary of the Rio Yaqui in southern
Arizona: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
I900, 2799.

Ameiurus dugest Bean, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, 168;
Rio Verde, near San Diego, Chihuahua.

Ameturus pricet Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 73; Mifiaca.

Streams of the Sierra Madre Mountains in Chihuahua, Sonora
and Durango. (Lerdo; Durango.)

Head 34; depth 5; D. 1, 6; A. 19. Body elongate, head rather
narrow; lower jaw the shorter; interorbital width 2+ in head: eye
small, 6 in head; maxillary barbels reaching slightly beyond gill
openings; pectoral spine smooth in front, strongly retrose-serrate
behind, its length 2% in head; base of anal 1% in head, 4% in body;
caudal fin deeply forked, its inner rays about one-half the length
of outer ones.

Color bluish above, lighter below; a few dark spots on the
body; lobes of caudal edged with black. Length probably 2 feet or
more.

All specimens of this species which I have seen were less than 12
inches in length. Mr. C. M. Barber, who has traveled extensively
in Chihuahua and Sonora, informs me that there is a large catfish in
the upper tributaries of the Rio Yaqui. It is quite likely that this 1s
the species, and that it grows to a length of 2 feet or more.

Subgenus Amiurus Rafinesque.

13. Amiurus natalis (Le Sueur). YELLOW Car.
Pimelodus natalis Le Sueur, Mem. Mus., v, 1819, 154; North
America.
Ameiurus natalis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
LS GO, 139.
Amiurus natalis antoniensts Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur.,
1878, 405; Brownsville, Texas.

Northeastern Mexico to the Great Lake region and east to Vir-
ginia.

Head 3% to.4; depth 4 to 5; D. 1,16; Ay \24 to 27. Body mer
much elongate, usually rather deep and chubby; head wide and flattish,
not much longer than broad, the mouth very wide; jaws equal or the
lower the shorter; pectoral spine with a few teeth on its inner margin,
its length about 2 in head; anal fin very long, its base about 4 in
body; caudal fin truncate or slightly notched.

FamiLy III. SriLturip2. 17

Color yellowish, greenish, or blackish, very variable. Length 12
to 18 inches.

The most southern record for this species is the Rio Grande at
Brownsville, Texas. It is the only member of the family found in
Mexico which does not have a decidedly forked tail.

6. Istlarius Jordan & Snyder.
Istlartus Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1900, 118.
(Type, /stlarius balsanus Jordan & Snyder.)

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; teeth in villiform bands
in both jaws, the one in the upper jaw with an angular posterior ex-
tension on each side; band of teeth in lower jaw with a median divi-
sion growing narrow and pointed posteriorly ; gill rakers long and slen-
der, 17 on first gill arch; barbels 8; skin completely covering the head;
supraoccipital bone widely separated from interspinal; humeral
process short, almost hidden by the skin; adipose fin with its pos-
terior margin free.

14. Istlarius balsanus Jordan & Snyder. BaAGRE DEL BALSas.
Istlarius balsanus Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1g00, 118; Rio Ixtla, Puente de Ixtla, Morelos: Jordan & Ever-
mann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3138: Meek, Field Col.
Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 72; Puente de Ixtla; Balsas.
Basin of the Rio Balsas. (Cuautla; Jojutla.)

FIG. 2. JAWS SHOWING TEETH OF ISTLARIUS BALSANUS Jordan & Snyder.

Head 4; depth 424; D. 1, 6; A. 24. Body oblong, deep, some-
what compressed; head narrow, not greatly depressed; upper jaw
the longer; eye small, 5% in head; distance from tip of snout to origin
of dorsal fin 234 in body; tips of maxillary barbels reaching slightly '
past base of pectoral; pectoral spine slightly serrate on inner margin;
anal fin long, its base equaling length of head; caudal fin forked, the
lobes equal; caudal peduncle robust, its least depth 2% in the head.

18 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MuseEumM—ZOoO.LoGY, VOL. V.

Color bluish slate above, light silvery below; a few small dark
spots on head and sides; fins dusky. Length 3 feet or more.

This is the only member of the catfish family yet known from
the basin of the Rio Balsas, where it lives in the clear deep water of
the main stream and its larger tributaries. It is an excellent food fish.

~

‘. Leptops Rafinesque.
Mup-cartTs.

Leptops Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 64,1820. (Type, Sz/urus uts-

cosus Rafinesque =Szlurus olivaris Rafinesque.)

Body elongate, slender, much depressed anteriorly; head large,
very wide and depressed; skin very thick, entirely concealing the
skull; supraoccipital bone entirely free from the head of second inter-
spinal; eyes small; mouth very large, the lower jaw always project-
ing beyond the upper; teeth in broad villiform bands on premaxil-
laries and dentaries; band on the upper jaw convex anteriorly, and
at insertion of the maxillaries, proceeding backward as an elongated
triangular extension; premaxillary band of teeth slightly divided at
the symphysis; lower band of teeth attenuated at the corners of the
mouth; branchiostigals 12; adipose fin large, its posterior margin free;
dorsal and pectoral each with a spine-like ray; anal fin small; caudal
oblong and truncate.

15. Leptops olivaris (Rafinesque). Mup-cat; BAGRE; BESUGO.
Silurus olivaris Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1818, 355;
Ohio River.

Amiurus punctulatus Gunther, Cat., v, 101, 1864.

Leptops olivaris Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1894, 56; Rio
Grande, El Paso, Texas: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.
S. Nat. Mus., 1895, 143: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902,
74; Santa Rosalia.

Northeastern Mexico, north of the Rio Panuco, and streams of
the southern United States and the Mississippi Valley.

Head 3%; depth 6; D. 1,7; A. 12 to15. Body slender, depressed
forward, the head extremely Pes lower jaw projecting; snout 374 in
head; barbels short, maxillary barbels reaching slightly beyond base
of pectoral; eye small, 7 in head; dorsal spine very weak, 2 in height
of the fin; anal fin short, its base 6% in the body; humeral process short ;
pectoral spine strong, serrate on both edges, its length 3 in head;
caudal fin slightly emarginate.

Color yellowish, much mottled with brown and greenish, nea
below. Length 3 to q feet.

FamiLy III. SiLuripa. 19

This species is not recorded south of Santa Rosalia, but may be
expected to range as far south as the Rio Panuco. It is one of the
largest in the family, reaching a weight of 75 pounds, and is a much-
used, excellent food fish.

Subfamily Pimelodine.

Conorhynehus Bleeker.

Conorhynchus Bleeker, Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk, 102, 1863. (Type, Pimelodus
controsiris Cuvier & Valenciennes.)
Body elongate, nearly terete anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; snout
pointed; mouth narrow; barbels 6; teeth in the upper jaw minute, the lower with
very weak teeth or none; no teeth on palate.

Conorhynchus nelsoni Evermann & Goldsborough.
Conorhynchus nelsoni Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1g02, 140, fig. 1; Rio Usumacinta, Montecristo, Chiapas.
Atlantic streams from Chiapas to Brazil.

Fig. 3. CONORHYNCHUS NELSON! Evermann & Goldsborough.
No. 50001, U.S. National Museum.

Large figure about 4 natural size.
Small figure, embryo, natural size.
s

Head 31; depth 5; D.1,6; A.17. Body elongate, nearly terete, becoming
somewhat compressed posteriorly; head conical, about as wide as deep; a gran-
ular saddle over occipital region, extending anteriorly to posterior portion of
eye; a small granular saddle at base of front of dorsal; fontanelle long and nar-
row, extending an equal distance in front of and behind eye; a narrow transverse
bridge equal to diameter of pupil just back of posterior border of eye; snout
very long and pointed; mouth small, nearly circular; upper jaw the longer;
barbels all very short; maxillary barbel not nearly reaching eye, its length 2 in
snout; other barbels shorter; no teeth on vomer and palatines; teeth on upper jaw
confluent in one broad patch, concave posteriorly; teeth in lower jaw very weak;
buccal cavity very large; origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and
posterior base of anal; dorsal spine 21 in head, its upper posterior third roughly
serrate; adipose fin large; pectoral spine 2% in head, its posterior edge very
strongly serrate; caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer.

Color light brown above lateral line with bluish reflections, silvery below,
becoming pale on the belly; dorsal pale dusky; spine darker in front; inner edge
of caudal lobes black. (Evermann & Goldsborough.)

The male of this species carries the eggs in his mouth during the period of
gestation, during which time he is unable to eat any food. This peculiar cus-
tom, concerning which but little is known, is practiced by some South American
catfishes.

20 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoOLoGyY, VOL. V.

8. Rhamdia Bleeker.

Rhamdia Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Siluri., 1858, 197. (Type, Pime-
lodus quelen Quoy & Gaimard.)

Body more or less elongate; head not especially widened; oc-
cipital process small or wanting, not reaching the dorsal plate;
fontanelle variously developed, not continued backward beyond
the eye, except in the young; young usually with two bony bridges
across the fontanelle, the one behind the eye the other in front of
the occiput; in old specimens the entire fontanelle becoming obliter-
ated; adipose fin very long, adnate for its entire length to the back;
posterior nostril without a barbel; barbels 6.

Several species of this genus are recorded from Mexico, but the
most of them probably occur south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
This group of fishes is not well known. ;

KEY 1O DHE SPECIES, OF RHAMDIA,

PAGE
a. Head,33, imlength ot body: analisays 10.72. 254-5. oaxace 20
aa. Head 4 to 5 in length of body.
b. Head 4 to 4% in length of body.
c. Anal rays 12, or 13; adipose fin 3% in body;
eyo 274 1n.interorbitalarea head 474 7-6-2) eee laticauda 2
ec. Anal rays 9 or to.
e:, sive largeims 24 cin ead. sok ah sts pee brachyptera 21
ec, Eye simalli7%4 to.81in heads. 2.25.2 .95.- 5 ee [wagneri] 22
Dhan eadis depth iO--analiraysire sla. een hypselura 22

16. Rhamdia oaxace Meek. BaGre.

Rhamdia oaxace Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 74; Cuicatlan.

Streams of Mexico on the Atlantic side south of Vera Cruz. (Otopa;
Cordoba; Rio Blanco; Motzorongo; El] Hule; Obispo;. Perez.)

Head 334; depth 5%; D.1, 6; A. 10. - Body slender, stout ante-
riorly, compressed posteriorly; head large, flat, narrowed forward;
interorbital space 3 in head; eye high up, small, its diameter 6 % 1n head;
occipital process 4% in head; width of mouth 2 in head; teeth in
jaws in bands; maxillary barbel reaching to middle of base of adipose
fin (slightly shorter in largest specimens, 634 inches in length) ; mental
barbel reaching # distance to base of pectoral; postmental to just
past base of pectoral; humeral spine extending to about '% length of
pectoral fin, covered with a membrane; gill rakers 3+7; origin of
dorsal fin slightly nearer tip of snout than first anal ray, its margin
rounded; origin of adipose fin at tips of dorsal rays, when fin is deflexed
and extending to opposite tips of depressed anal fin; origin of anal

tunasnyy uvriquinjoy platy “41Zt “ow
“M99TY AVOVXVO VIGWVYHY

< SS

"ADO 100Z ‘A aLV1d “WNASNW NVISWN100 G17al4d

Famity III. SILuRID&é. 21

midway between base of caudal and base of next to last dorsal ray;
caudal fin forked, its lower lobe broad and round, its upper pointed;
fontanelle reaching middle of orbit; dorsal fin slightly higher than long,
its base 14 in head; dorsal spine weak, flexible, its length 1% in base
of fin; pectoral fin small, its spine strong, with small teeth on its
outer margin, the largest being near its tip, the inner margin ser-
rate, except the portion nearest tip opposite the large teeth on
outer margin; pectoral spine 2% in head; length of adipose fin 28 in
body; ventrals inserted opposite last dorsal ray.

Color uniform dull brownish, slightly lighter on the lower half of
the body; a narrow black lateral band; dorsal fin with a light cross-
band occupying the second fourth of the fin from base; no dark dots.

This species reaches a length of about 18 inches. It is very
abundant in the streams of Mexico south of Vera Cruz.

17. Rhamdia laticauda (Heckel).
Pimelodus laticaudus WHeckel, in Kner, Sitz. Wien, Ac., XxXvVI,
420, 1857; Mexico: Giinther, Cat., v, 127, 1864.
Rhamdia laticauda Jordan & Evermann., Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 152.

Head 4%; D.1, 6; A. 13. Body elongate; head covered with soft
skin above; occipital process short; lower jaw the shorter; the eyes
situated somewhat before the middle of the head, their diameter 2
width of interorbital; pectoral spine only half as long as rays; base
of adipose 3% in body; caudal peduncle nearly as deep as body;
caudal fin subtruncate. (Kner.)

We know this species only from the above account.

18. Rhamdia brachyptera (Cope).
Pimelodus brachypterus Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1866, 404;
Orizaba, Mexico.
Rhamdia brachyptera Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mitisa 1896" 16 1-

Mountain streams of the south central portion of Vera Cruz.
(Motzorongo.) ;

Head 42; depth 5; D.1,7;A.10. Body rather elongate, robust
anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; back slightly elevated; head
elongate, rather narrow, flattened with rather steep sides; snout
little broader than long, its length 23 in head; eye small, high up on
head, directed outward and upward; diameter of eye 5% in head;
width of mouth 2%; teeth small, sharp, conic; interorbital 234;
maxillary barbel short, its tip reaching base of ventral; outer mental
barbel extending to the tip of the humeral process; fontanelle extend-

22 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoOLoeGy, VOL. V.

ing from internasal space to scarcely beyond the posterior margin of
the eyes; opercle with fine radiating striae; humeral spine extending
for about the first third of its length of the pectoral fin, covered with
a thin membrane; origin of dorsal fin nearly midway between the
tip of the snout and origin of anal, its margin rounded; origin of
adipose fin near dorsal and extending to tips of depressed rays of
anal; origin of anal a little nearer base of the caudal than the dorsal;
caudal fin deeply emarginate, its lobes pointed; pectoral fin small,
reaghing a little over half-way to the base of ventrals, its com-
pressed spine about two-thirds its length; ventrals inserted below
the posterior base of the dorsal fin, reaching about 5¢ of its distance
to the anal.

Color uniform dull russet brown; the upper half a little darker
than the lower; a pale shade on dorsal. Length 67% inches.

The above description was taken by Mr. Henry Fowler from the
type which is in the Museum of the Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.
This species is known only from this and one other specimen, 11
inches in length, collected by the writer at Motzorongo.

Rhamdia wagneri (Gtnther).

Pimelodus wagner: Gtnther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 474, 1869; Atlantic and
Pacific Rivers of Panama.

Rhamdia wagnert Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 150:
Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1902, 146; Teapa
and Frontera, Tabasco.

Southern Mexico to Panama.

Head 4 to 4%; depth 5 to 5%; D.1,6;A.9o0ri10. Body elongate, tapering
backward from head and much compressed posteriorly; head broad and flat,
slightly longer than wide, covered with soft, smooth skin; interorbital width 2%
in head; eye small, high up on the head, its diameter 71% to 8 in head; mouth
moderate, jaws equal; teeth in broad cardiform bands on each jawy maxillary
barbel reaching adipose fin; mental barbel reaching beyond base of pectoral;
occipital process narrow, reaching about half-way to dorsal spine; base of adipose
fin 22% to 3 in body, reaching slightly farther than anal; fontanelle not continued
beyond the eye.

Color brown, lighter below; many dots over the body; a dark lateral band;
base of dorsal pale. Length probably about 18 inches. Specimens described
are from Teapa and Frontera.

This species was taken at Teapa and Frontera, Tabasco, by Mr. E. W.
Nelson. So far this is the most northern record we have of it. The largest
specimen collected by Mr. Nelson is 14% inches in length.

19. Rhamdia hypselura (Giinther).
Pimelodus hypselurus Ginther, Cat., v, 126, 1864; Mexico.
Rhamdia hypselura Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
PSO5,, 252.

Head 5; depth 6; D.1,6;A.13. Body elongate, apparently quite
slender; lower jaw the shorter, the band of teeth in the upper jaw
about five times as broad as long; eyes near middle of head, their
diameter being 24 width of interorbital space; head covered with soft

FamiLy III. Siturip#. 2g

skin; occipital process triangular, rather short; dorsal fin with a
weak spine, the fin higher than long; base of adipose fin 4 in body;
pectoral spine 2 in body; the posterior anal rays, if the fin is deflexed,
extending nearly to the vertical from the end of the adipose fin;
caudal peduncle deeper than long; caudal fin forked, with both
lobes rounded.

Color uniform blackish (Gunther).

We know this species only from the above account.

Order IV. Plectospondyli.

THE CARP-LIKE FISHES.

The anterior vertebre modified as in the preceding order; oper-
cular bones all present; maxillary developed, not entering into the
base of a barbel; body covered with ordinary scales, rarely naked;
ventral fins abdominal.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF PLEGTOSPONDYLT.

a. Braincase produced between the orbits; jaws PAGE
toothless; no adipose dorsal fin; lower pharyn-
geal bones falciform.
b. Pharyngeal teeth numerous, pectinate; max-
illary forming part of the margin of the upper

GV UUVER en ta cae Ske ee AOA ty ages Ee en Catostomide 24
bb. Pharyngeal teeth few; margin of the upper
jaw formed by the premaxillaries only.......... Cyprinide 36

aa. Braincase not produced between the orbits;
jaws usually with teeth; adipose fin usually
PRESEMIL Coie Se erin UE ROR ares se ents es Characinide 83

Family IV. Catostomidze.
THE? SUCKERS,

Body oblong or elongate, usually more or less compressed; head
more or less conical; mouth usually protractile and with fleshy lips;
margin of the upper jaw formed in the middle by the small premaxil-
laries and outside by the maxillaries; jaws toothless; lower pharyn-
geal bones falciform, armed with a single row of numerous comb-
like teeth; branchiostegals 3; gill membranes more or less united to
the isthmus; gills 4; pseudobranchie present; scales cycloid; lateral
line usually present; ventrals abdominal; alimentary canal long; no
pyloric coeca; air bladder in two or three parts. Fishes inhabiting
the fresh waters of Eastern Asia and North America. The buffalo
fishes are much used for food, but the other members of the family
are of little value for this purpose.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF CATOSTOMID.

a. Dorsal fin elongate, with 25 to 50 rdys, its PAGE
first 6 or 8 rays much longer than the others. .....Carptodes 25
aa. Dorsal fin short, with ro to 18 rays. :
24

FamiILy IV. CatTosToMIDé. 25

b. Scales small, more than 55 in the lateral PAGE
series; air bladder in two parts.
c. Scales very small, more than 80 in the lateral
series; jaws with hard sheathes; under lip
very broad and deeply incised; fontanelle
wanting, or very smallin the young, ./....... Pantosteus 30
cc. Scales moderate, less than 80 in the lateral
series; fontanelle present in the adult.

ds Nuchak repion; without,a hump... 4.°..7... Catostomus 31
dd. Nuchal region developed in a high sharp-
SAeripuINUMIS nwen ft woes. cols We Rast olhne ee Xyrauchen 33
bb. Scales large, less than 45 in the lateral series;
air bladder in 3 parts; lateral line complete....Myzostoma 34

Subfamily Ichthyobine.
9. Carpiodes Rafinesque.

Carptodes Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 56,1820. (Type, Catostomus
cyprinus Le Sueur.)

Head comparatively short and deep, its upper surface always
rounded; mouth small, horizontal and inferior; suborbital bones well
developed; fontanelle present; lips thin or moderately thick, more or
less plicate; pharyngeal bones very thin; teeth compressed, nearly
equally thin all along the length of the bone, forming a fine, comb-
like crest of minute serratures; gill rakers slender and stiff above,
becoming reduced downward; caudal peduncle rather short and deep;
scales large, about equal all over the body; lateral line well developed,
nearly straight; dorsal fin long, with 23 to 30 rays; caudal fin forked,
lobes about equal. The fishes of this group reach a large size. They
inhabit the larger streams of the Mississippi Valley, extending as far
south as the Rio Usumacinta in Guatemala.

KD VeOr SPE Che SiOPFeNREIODES:

a. Tips of pectoral fins reaching nearly or quite PAGE
to base of ventrals; lips moderate.
b. Dorsal rays 28 or 30; scales 40 in the lateral
series; depth 24; lower lip slightly thicker

PVCUe CCU CIM, Make epee oio. tae feed a ee acer meridionalis 26
bb. Dorsal rays 24; scales 36 in the lateral series;
GUSSON aL OR ee NG) ec ee aera aR ee a a ean (1S tumidus 26

aa. Tips of pectoral not nearly reaching base of
ventral; distance from tip of pectoral to base
of ventral about half the length of pectoral fin.

26 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOo6.Loey, VoL. V.

c. Lips thin; mouth small; lower lip about twice PAGE
as thick as upper.
d. Body robust, its depth 234 to 3 in length

of body >shead large..22 nh eee 2 See ee microstomus 27
dd. Body elongate, its depth 34% to 3% in
length of body; head rather small, 44%......... elongatus 28

cc. Lips very thick; mouth large; lower lip
about as thick as upper; lips strongly papil-
lose; body very slender, its depth 3%........... labiosus 29

20. Carpiodes meridionalis (Giinther).

Sclerognathus meridionalis Ginther, Cat., vil, 23, 1868; Rio Usu-

macinta, Guatemala.

Icttobus meridionalis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.

Mus., 1896, 164.

Large rivers of Mexico south of the City of Vera Cruz and of the
east slope of Guatemala. (Perez.)

Head 334; depth 24; D. 28 to 30; A. 9; scales 9-40-6. Body
elongate, compressed, dorsal region elevated; head small; mouth in-
ferior; lips moderately thick, papillose, the lower slightly the thicker;
hinder margin of lower lip rounded, the lobes not forming an angle;
snout short, blunt, its length 4 in head; diameter of eye 4 in head;
opercles striate; origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and
base of caudal; dorsal fin falcate, its longest rays shorter than the head;
base of dorsal 2% in head; tips of pectorals not reaching base of
ventrals by a distance equaling 1% length of the fin; pectoral 1% in
head; ventral 114; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head; caudal
fin forked, the lower lobe the broader and the shorter.

Color brownish olive above, below silvery. Length 2 feet or more.

The most southern range of this species, so far as known at pres-
ent, is the Rio Usumacinta in Guatemala. This fish is reported to
reach a weight of 20 to 30 pounds. It was very abundant in isolated
ponds near Perez. None of the specimens taken by me exceeded a
length of 12 to 14 inches.

21. Carpiodes tumidus Baird & Girard. MerETALOTE; BUFFALO.
Carpiodes tumidus Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1854, 28; Rio Grande, Ft. Brown, Tex.: Jordan, Bulle Uses:
Geol. Sur., 1878, 404, 666; Brownsville, Texas: Jordan & Snyder,
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,1goo, 119, lagoons near Tampico.
[ctiobus tumidus Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 34, pl. x1x, figs. 1-4, 1859;
Rio Grande, Ft. Brown, Texas.
Ichthyobus tumidus Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1881, 89;
Rio Nazas, San Pedro, Coahuila.

Famity IV. CaTosToMID&. 29)

Car piodes veltfer, in part, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 167.

Lowland streams from the Rio Panuco to the Rio Grande. (Garza
Valdez; Forlon.) =

Head 334; depth 22; D. 24; A. 8; scales 9-36-5. Body deep,
compressed, back considerably arched; head broad, convex; interorbital
214 in head; eye 5; snout 324; mouth moderately large, inferior; lips
rather thick, the lower plicate, each plication broken into two or
three parts; upper lip papillose, the greatest diameter of papille at
right angles to mouth; opercles faintly striate; origin of dorsal slightly
nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; dorsal fin falcate, tips of its
longest rays reaching beyond middle of fin; longest ray 1% in base of
fin, which is 2% in body; tips of pectorals reaching base of ventrals;
length of pectoral 1% in head, and slightly longer than ventrals; tips
of ventrals reaching 7% of distance between its base and origin of
anal; caudal peduncle deep, its least depth nearly equal to its length
and 134 in length of head; caudal fin forked, the two lobes about equal.

Color light plumbeous above, lighter below; fins plain, rather
darker in the larger specimens. Length probably 18 inches to 2 feet.

Longest specimen seen by me 12% inches, taken at Forlon. A
large, rather dark colored buffalo fish inhabiting the larger rivers of
northeastern Mexico.

22. Carpiodes microstomus sp. nov.
Type, No. 3542, F.C. M., 4% inches in length; Santa Rosalia, Chi-
huahua.
Carpiodes tumidus Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 74; Santa
Rosalia; Jimenez (not Carpiodes tumidus Girard).
Basin of the Rio Conchos in Chihuahua.

Fic. 4. CARPIODES MICROSTOMUS Meek.

28 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOOLOGY, VoL. V.

Head 32; depth 2% to 3; D. 24 to 26; A. 8; scales 7—38 to 41-6.
Body robust, compressed, back arched; head moderately large; lips
very thin papillose, the long diameter of papille at right angles to
mouth, giving the lips a plicate appearance; opercle strongly striate;
lower lip shghtly broader than upper, lobes somewhat U-shaped;
interorbital convex, 214 in head; snout 32% in head; dorsal fin falcate,
tips of longest rays when deflexed reaching past middle of its base;
longest rays 1% in its base; origin of dorsal slightly nearer tip of snout
than base of caudal; distance between tip of pectoral and base of ven-
tral 2 in length of pectoral; pectoral 12 in head; ventral 1%; caudal
peduncle deep, its least depth 114 in its length; caudal fin forked, its
lobes about equal.

Color light brownish, silvery below; middle of each scale silvery,
forming indistinct silvery lines along rows of scales; these more con-
spicuous on lower half of body. Length about to inches.

A small species inhabiting the tributaries of the Rio Grande, on the
Mexican Plateau.

23. Carpiodes elongatus sp. nov. METALOTE.

Type, No. 4425, F. C. M., 9 inches in length; Linares, Nuevo
Leon.

Rivers of northeastern Mexico between the Rio Panuco and the
Rio Grande. (San Juan; Montemorelos; Linares; La Cruz.)

Fic. 5. CARPIODES ELONGATUS Meek.

Head 4 to 4%; depth 3% to 3%; D. 23 to 26; A: 7; scales 8—38-5.
Body elongate, not much compressed, back little elevated; head
small; interorbital convex, its width 22,in head; diameter of eye 334
to 4; snout 3%; mouth small; lips thin, the lower about twice as thick
as the upper; lips papillose, the papille with long diameter at right
angles to the mouth, giving the lips a plicate appearance; opercles

FamiLy IV. CaATOosTOMID&. 20

strongly striate; dorsal fin falcate, the tip of first rays when deflexed
reaching past middle of the base of fin; base of dorsal 2,%, in body;
origin of dorsal fin nearer tip of snout than base of caudal by a distance
equal to the length of the snout; length of pectoral 11% in head; dis-
tance from tip of pectoral to base of ventral 2 in length of pectoral;.
ventrals 14% in head; caudal peduncle long and slender, its least
depth 1% in its length (measured from last dorsal ray); caudal forked,
the lobes about equal; lateral line decurved anteriorly.

Color light brownish above, lighter below, silvery; fins all plain.
Length about 12 inches.

This species is more slender and has thicker lips than the preced-
ing, which it most resembles.

24. Carpiodes labiosus sp. nov.

Type, No. 4492, F.C. M., 10% inches in length; Valles, San
Luis Potosi.

Basin of the Rio Panuco. (Valles.)

Fic. 6. CARPIODES LABIOSUS Meek.

Head 4%; depth 32; D. 23; A. 9; scales 10-43-6. Body rather
elongate, moderately compressed; back not much arched; head
rather small; mouth large, overhung by the rather blunt snout; lips
very thick, papillose, resembling those of Catostomus; eye 4 in head;
snout 22; opercles not striate; dorsal fin falcate, when deflexed the
tips of longest rays reaching 34 distance to base of last ray; origin of
dorsal fin midway between base of caudal and tip of snout, slightly
in advance of ventrals; base of dorsal fin 32 in length of body; dis-
tance from last dorsal ray to base of caudal 1% in the base of the
dorsal fin; caudal peduncle slender, its least depth 12 in distance
from last dorsal ray to base of caudal; pectoral fin 1,', in head, its tips
not reaching base of ventrals by a distance equal to % of their length;
ventrals 14 in head, their tips not reaching origin of anal fin.

30 FIELD CoLUuMBIAN MusEumM—Zo6toey, VoL. V.

. Color silvery plumbeous on upper half of body, lower white; middle
oi each scale more silvery than the margin, forming indistinct silvery
lateral stripes along the’ rows of scales.

This species is easily distinguished by being more slender than any
other member of the genus and having thick papillose lips like the
species of Catostomus. One large (type) and one small (114% inches)
specimen were taken at Valles.

Subfamily Catostomine.
10. Pantosteus Cope.
MOUNTAIN SUCKERS.
Pantosteus Cope, Lieut. Wheeler’s Expl. W., rooth Mer., v., 673,
1876. (Type, Minomus platyrhynchus Cope.)

Body rather elongate, not much compressed; head rather small;
suborbital bones narrow; bones of the head rather thick; the parietal
bones in the adult more or less uniting, partly or wholly obliterating
the fontanelle; mouth large, entirely inferior; each jaw with a devel-
oped cartilaginous sheath; upper lip broad, papillose, with a rather
broad free margin, and two or more series of tubercles; lower lip largely
developed, the broad deep margin deeply incised behind; pharyngeal
bones and teeth essentially as in Catostomus,; isthmus broad; scales
small, 80 to over 100 in lateral series; lateral line well developed, nearly

straight; fins rather small; caudal short, emarginate; air bladder in
two parts.

25. Pantosteus plebeius (Baird & Girard).

Catostomus pleberus Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1854, 28; Rio Mimbres, a tributary of Lago de Guzman.

Minomus pleberus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 173:
Rio Janos, tributary of Lago de Guzman: Girard, Mex. Bd.
Sur., 38, pl. xx11, figs. r-4, 1858; Rio Mimbres.

Catostomus guzmaniensis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,
173; Rio Janos, tributary of Lago de Guzman.

Acomus guzmaniensts Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 39, pl. xxut, figs.
t—10, 1858; Rio Janos, tributary of Lago de Guzman.

Catostomus nebuliferus Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., 1881,
VIll, 89; Rio Nazas, Coahuila.

Pantosteus plebetus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., .
1896, 171: Bean, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, 167; San
Diego, Chihuahua: Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U.S. Fish
Comm., 1902, 146; Rio Piedras, Colonia Garcia and Rio Casas
Grandes, Casas Grandes, Chihuahua: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub.
65, 1902, 75; Colonia Juarez; Ahumada; San Andres; Mifiaca.

Famity IV. CaTosToMID. Bit

Streams and lakes on the plateau in northern Mexico, ranging as far
south as the headwaters of the Rio Mezquital in Durango, and the
Rio Nazas. (Sauz; Lerdo; Santiago Papasquiaro; Durango.)

Head 4% to 4%; depth 4%; D. 9 to 11; A. 8; scales 14-85 to 100-
14. Body elongate, rather stout, little compressed; upper surface of
head convex, mouth inferior; lips papillose, papillae on upper lip in
about six rows; free margin of lower lip incised, the incision reaching
about half-way to margin of jaw; interorbital convex, its width 2} in
head; eye small, high up on the head, its diameter about from 5-6%
in head; snout 2} in head; origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than
base of caudal; dorsal low, its margin convex, its longest ray about 1?
in head; base of dorsal 2} in head; pectorals moderate, 11% in head,
and slightly more than the space between their tips and base of caudal;
ventral fins 12 in head, their tips reaching half-way to base of anal;
caudal peduncle somewhat compressed, its least diameter 21 in head;
caudal fin very short, emarginate, its longest rays 134 in head; scales
small, those on anterior half of body smaller than those on posterior
half, or on ventral surface; about 50 scales in a series between nape
and dorsal fin.

Color dark brown, the sides mottled with darker; in small speci-
mens a dark lateral band; in large males in life, the side has a bright
orange band. Length 12 to 18 inches.

This species is easily recognized on account of the small scales,
hard cartilaginous lips, and short fins, and especially by the short
caudal fin. Itis usually very abundant where found, and seldom ex-
ceeds 12 inches in length.

11. Catostomus Le Sueur.
FINE-SCALED SUCKERS.

Catostomus Le Sueur, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1817,89. (Type,
Cyprinus catostomus Forster.)

Body elongate, terete anteriorly, not much compressed; mouth
rather large, inferior; upper lip thick, papillose; lower lip greatly
developed, with broad, deeply incised free portion; scales small, those
on anterior half of the body much reduced in size; pharyngeal teeth
compressed vertically, rapidly diminishing in size upward; lateral line
nearly straight, well developed; air bladder in two parts; vertebre 45
to 47. Species chiefly North American.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CATOSTOMUS:
a. Scales large, 60 to 75 in the lateral series; not

more than 35 in a series between nape and
dorsal fin.

32 FIELD CoLumMBIAN MusEuM—Zo6 Loey, VoL. V.

b. Scales in the lateral series 65; 30 scales in a PAGE
Series between nape and dorsaleiitess) | ae a4 ae sonorensis 32

bb. Scales in the lateral line 75; 31 scales in a
Series) between nape andidorsali fin «24... bernardint 32

aa. Scales in the lateral line 80; about 45 scales in
a Series between nape and dorsaldime ss. 7 14. 22. conchos 33

26. Catostomus sonorensis Meek.
Catostomus sonorensis Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 75;
Minaca.

Upper tributaries of the Rio Yaqui.

Head 4; depth 4%; D. 12; A. 7; scales 11-65-10. Body robust,
profile very convex; top of head flattish, broad; interorbital 2% in
head; lips thick, papillose, the papillae on upper hp in 8 or g rows;
lower lip very broad, from anterior to posterior margin 4} in head;
the two halves meeting at a very obtuse angle; dorsal fin as high as
long, its base 12 in head; origin of dorsal fin slightly nearer base of -
caudal fin than tip of snout; margin of dorsal fin slightly convex; base
of ventrals under middle rays of dorsal fin; pectoral fin 12 in head;
distance from tip of pectoral to base of ventral 14 in pectoral fin;
ventrals 13 in head, their tips nearly reaching anal fin; lateral line
shghtly decurved anteriorly; no fontanelle; caudal fin deeply emar-
ginate; lobes equal; scales on anterior half of body much reduced.

Color steel blue to brownish, white below; young specimens have
the dark lateral blotches. Length about 12 inches.

27. Catostomus bernardini Girard.

Catostomus bernardint Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,
175; San Bernardino Creek, tributary of Rio Huagui, west of
Sierra Madre Mts., Mexico: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 40, xx111, figs.
1-5, 1858; San Bernardino Creek: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 178: Rutter, Proc. Cal vAcad= Sci, 1s9e,
258; Rio Yaqui, Sonora: Bean, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1898, 166, Sonora.

Pacific slope streams in Sonora.

Head 4%; depth about 44%; D. 12; A.7;scales75. Body elongate,
rather slender; head small; lips broad, the lower deeply incised; eye
large, 4 in head; origin of the dorsal fin slightly nearer tip of snout than
base of caudal; margin of dorsal fin subconvex; base of dorsal a little
less than length of longest ray; pectorals about 14 1n the head; scales
on anterior half of the body much reduced in size, 31 in a series be-
tween nape and first dorsal ray; fontanelle large.

Color uniform, purplish black and yellowish white beneath. This
species probably reaches a length of 12 inches.

‘tunasny UeIqUIN[OD pray ‘Fost ‘ON
“Y99IN SISNAYONOS SNWOLSOLVD

AAs Secon Aseeed
coe ae Co < GOCCOLE

A geet “agence

“ADO 1002 NA 3LV1d “WNASNW NVIGWN100 d1A4l4

‘umasnyw uviquinjod platy “4SSt “ON
“Y99IN SOHONOO SNWOLSOLVD

ECLOCCEOCCOREE

*AD0100Z ‘WIA 3LV1d “WOASNW NVIGWN100 Q1414

FamiLty IV. CaTOSTOMIDZ. 33

28. Catostomus conchos Meek.

Catostomus conchos Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 75; Jimenez.

Basin of the Rio Conchos, in Chihuahua.

Head 4%; depth 4%; D. 9; A. 7; scales 13-80-13. Body robust,
terete, not much compressed, except posterior third; profile convex;
head broad; interorbital area convex, its width 21% in head; lips thick,
papillose, the papille on the upper lip in about 9 rows; lower lip broad,
44 in head from anterior to posterior margin; lower lip deeply incised,
its lobes meeting at a very obtuse angle; dorsal fin as high as long,
its base 1% in head; origin of dorsal fin nearer tip of snout than base
of caudal by a distance equaling % head; margin of dorsal fin slightly
convex; base of ventrals under seventh dorsal ray; pectoral fin 11% in
head; distance from tip of pectoral to base of ventral 2 in pectoral fin;
ventral fins 12 in head, their tips not reaching anal; lateral line slight-
ly decurved anteriorly ; no fontanelle; caudal fin not deeply emarginate
the lobes about equal.

Color light steel blue on back,shading into dark olive; sides
lighter below, especially on posterior half of body where the line be-
tween the light and dark color is very marked; on anterior half of the
body the colors gradually merge into one another; young with the
black lateral blotches. Length 12 inches or more.

At present this species is known only from the type locality.

12. Xyrauchen Eigenmann & Kirsch.
RAZOR-BACK SUCKERS.

Xyrauchen Eigenmann & Kirsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888,
556. (Type, Catostomus cypho Lockington.)

Body rather elongate, compressed; nuchal region with a large
sharp-edged hump, formed by a singular development of the inter-
neural bones, otherwise as in Catostomus.

29. Xyrauchen cypho (Lockington). RAzor-BACK SUCKER.

Catostomus cypho Lockington, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1880,

237; Colorado River at mouth of the Gila, Arizona: Gilbert &
Scofield, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 491; Colorado River at
Yuma, and Horseshoe Bend.

Basin of the Colorado River.

Head 4; depth 4; D. 13 or 14; A. 7; scales 14-72 to 77-13., Body
stout, compressed; the head small, low, the profile ascending to the
prominent nuchal hump, which is largest in adults; anterior edge of
hump straight, sharp, and without scales; mouth wide, inferior; upper
lip with two rows of papilla; lower lip deeply divided, with 8 rows;

34 FIELD CoLuMBIAN MusEum—Zo6.ocy, Vou. V.

dorsal fin low, long, with concave edge; caudal fin broad and strong,
with numerous rudimentary rays; pectorals moderate.

Color plain, olivaceous. Length 2 feet or more.

A very peculiar Sucker, known only from the basin of the Colorado
River. It reaches a weight of 8 to 10 pounds.

15. Myzostoma Rafinesque.
RED-HORSE SUCKERS.

Moxostoma Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 54, 1820. (Type, Catos-

tomus anisurus Rafinesque.)

Body more or less elongate, nearly terete’ usually more or less
compressed posteriorly; suborbital bones very narrow; fontanelle
present; mouth inferior; lips plicate, the lower not deeply incised;
jaws without cartilaginous sheath; opercular bones moderately devel-
oped, nearly smooth; isthmus broad; gill rakers weak, rather long;
pharyngeal bones rather weak; teeth compressed, the lower 5 or 6
stronger than the others, which rapidly diminish in size upward, each
with a prominent internal cusp. Scales large, nearly equal in size
over the body and not especially crowded anywhere; lateral line de-
veloped, slightly curved anteriorly, fins all developed; caudal forked;
anal fin short and high; air bladder with three chambers. A group of
large-scaled suckers chiefly inhabiting the streams of United States
east of the Rocky Mountains.

REYe LO THE SPECIES: OFSVMYZOSTONA >

a. Distance from tips of pectorals to base of ven- PAGE
trals 54 in-the lengthvof the pectoral fin 7.2.22. congestum 34
aa. Distance from tips of pectorals to base of ven-
Cralsrod. i Jenot Dh Oe peCLOnal ice a t\.0. artes ate ae austrinum 35

30. Myzostoma congestum (Baird & Girard). Lisa.
Catostomus congestus Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1854, 27; Rio Salada, Texas.
Ptychostomus albidus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,
172; Rio San Juan, Monterey, Nuevo Leon; near Monterey.
Moxostoma congestum Woolman, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1894,
56; Rio Grande, El Paso, Texas: Jordan & Evermann, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 192: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65,
1902, 76; Santa Rosalia.
Basin of the Rio Soto la Marina north to the Rio Grande and west
to the upper tributaries of the Rio Conchos in Chihuahua. (San
Juan; Montemorelos; Linares; Garza Valdez; Victoria.)

Famity IV. Catostomip&. 35

Head 42; depth 4; D. 11; A. 7; scales 7-45-5. Body elongate,
terete; head large; interorbital area flat, its width 2 in the length of
the head; eye 474; snout 2%; origin of dorsal fin midway between tip
of snout and tip of last anal ray; about 16 scales in a series before
dorsal fin; margin of dorsal fin slightly concave, the length of its first
rays 1% in head, its base 1% ; shortest dorsalray 2%; caudal fin forked,
its lower lobe slightly the larger; longest caudal ray 1% in head;
length of pectorals equals the length of the head; distance from tip of
pectorals to base of ventrals 5% in length of pectoral; ventrals 12
in head, their tips reaching 2% distance to anal fin; least depth of
caudal peduncle 2% in head.

Color light olivaceous above, lighter below; conan of each scale
silvery, forming faint longitudinal stripes along rows of scales; dorsal
membranes blackish; other fins plain. Length 12 to 14 inches.

This species has not been taken in the Rio Nazas or in other iso-
lated bodies of water in northern Mexico.

31. lyzostoma austrinum Bean.

Myxostoma austrina Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 302; La
Piedad in Morelia, Michoacan.

Moxostoma austrinum Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1894,
61; Rio Lerma, Salamanca, Guanajuato: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1876, 192: Jordan & Snyder, Bull.
U. 5. Fish. Comm., 1900, 120; Rio Verde, Aguas Calientes;
Rio Santiago, Ataquiza, Jalisco: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65,
1902, 76; Ocotlan; La Palma.

Basin of the Rio Lerma and headwaters of the Rio Mezquital.
(Durango.)

Head 4% to 44; depth 4; D. 11; A. 6; scales 7-44 to 48-6. Body
rather stout; head rather small; interorbital area 21% in head; eye 4%
to 6; snout 21%; origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and
base of last anal ray; 16 scales in series before dorsal fin; margin of
dorsal fin slightly concave, its longest ray 14 in head; base of dorsal
12 in head; shortest dorsal ray 2% in head; caudal fin forked, lobes
about equal; the length of the pectorals equals the length of the head;
distance from tip of pectoral to base of ventrals 2} in length of pec-
toral; ventrals 12 in head, their tips reaching 24 distance to vent;
least depth of caudal peduncle 2,!, in head.

Color light brown above, lower parts yellowish white; dorsal mem-
brane blackish, other fins plain. Length about 15 inches.

36 FIELD CoLumMBIAN MusEumM—Zo6.oey, Vou. V.

Family V. Cyprinidz.
THe MINNows.

Body elongate, more or less compressed; mouth large or small, ter-
minal or subinferior; margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxil-
laries; no teeth in the jaws; pharyngeal bones well developed, falci-
form, and nearly parallel with the gill arches, each provided with 1 to
3 rows of teeth, usually 4 to 7 in the main row; fewer in the other rows
if present; barbels usually none, never more than 2 to 4; belly rounded,
rarely compressed to an edge, and never serrate; gill membranes
broadly joined to the isthmus; branchiostegals always 3; gills 4;
pseudobranchiz usually present; ventral fins abdominal; air bladder
large, usually in two lobes; stomach without appendages.

This family comprises many small fresh-water fishes. A few of
our western forms reach a large size. On this continent the south-
ernmost limit of this family is in the Balsas basin in southern Mexico.

This large group of small fishes which so much resemble each other
in form, size and coloration is one of the most difficult in which to dis-
tinguish genera and species. Before one can make much progress in
the study of these species, careful attention must be given to the
teeth, as the genera are based largely on dental characters. The teeth
are confined to the pharyngeal bones which are just back of the gill
openings on either side of the cesophagus. In American species the
teeth on each pharyngeal bone are in one large row of 4 or 5, in front
of which is usually a smaller row of one or two teeth. The pharyn-
geal bones must be removed with great care to avoid breaking the
teeth from them. It is best to clean the teeth by tearing away the
flesh with a needle or other sharp-pointed instrument, after which
they are easily examined with a hand lens. The herbivorous species
have teeth usually not hooked and with a flat or concave surface.
In the carnivorous species they usually have a sharp cutting or a ser-
rated edge and hooked tips. Their number is indicated by a dental
formula. Thus ‘‘teeth 4-4,’’ indicates that only the principal row 1s
present. ‘‘Teeth 2, 4-5, 2,’’ indicates the principal row on one side
contains four teeth, the other five, while the lesser row on each side
contains two each, and so on.

During the breeding season the males are more or less covered with
tubercles, outgrowths of the epidermis. Usually these are confined
to the head, but often are found over the entire body. The lower
parts of the body and the fins are often highly colored; the prevailing
color being red, although in some genera it is satin white, yellow, or
black. In some cases the males are deeper than the females. Young
examples are always difficult to identify; these are usually more

FamMILy V. CyPRINIDA. 37

slender and have a larger eye than the adults. Often the young have
a lateral band and a dark caudal spot which the adults do not possess.
In the following descriptions the rudimentary rays of the dorsal and
anal fins are not counted. Besides the native species here mentioned,
two other species* from Europe and Asia have been introduced into
some of the streams and lakes of Mexico, where they have become quite
abundant, especially so in the Rio Lerma and the lakes in the Valley
of Mexico. Both of these species are offered for sale in the markets
in the City of Mexico. They are easily distinguished from the native
fresh-water fishes by the long dorsal fin-which is preceded by a serrated
spine.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF CYPRINIDZ.

a. Dorsal fin short, without developed spine. PAGE
b. Air bladder surrounded by many convolutions
of the long alimentary canal; pharyngeal
teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, o, with oblique grinding
surface, the tips slightly hooked; peritoneum

ope Keteaivre ce ces ne 2 eR Ae lah At aS a, Lol Bea ales Campostoma 40
*Dorsal fin elongate, its rays 18 or more; dorsal and anal fins each preceded
by a serrated spine; teeth molar. PAGE
AP SAL CISA LCC I Bet OS QeUn ahi s .hevote. che oy diay baycvars, orth Goats duals ss Cyprinus 37
daeg bar pelsenomermbee thw gaa i. ahtls.d 2 ete siseneeg sn cigrn Capel wie eea Carassius 37

Genus Cyprinus (Artedi) L.

Body deep, robust; mouth moderate, terminal, with 4 long barbels; snout
blunt, rounded; pharyngeal teeth 1, 1, 3-3, 1, 1, molar-like; dorsal fin very
long, with a stout spine, serrate behind; lateral line complete; scales large.
Large fishes of the fresh waters of Asia.

Cyprinus carpio Linnzeus. CARP; CARPA.

Dorsal 111, 20; A. 111, 5; scales 5-38—-5. Body stout, more or less com-
pressed, heavy anteriorly; color silvery. Length 3 feet.

This species was introduced into Europe and America from Asia. The carp
is normally covered with large scales; in domestication several varieties have
arisen, the prominent ones being the ‘‘ Leather Carp,”’ having no scales, and the
“Mirror Carp,’’ with a few series of very large scales.

Genus Carassius Nilsson.

Body oblong, compressed and elevated; mouth terminal, without barbels;
teeth 4-4, molar-like, but compressed; dorsal fin very long, with a stout spine
which is serrate behind; anal short with a similar spine; ventrals well forward.
Large fishes of the fresh waters of Asia.

Carassius auratus (Linneus). Go.Lp-FisH.

Dorsal 11,18; A. 11, 7; scales 26; teeth 4-4. Body rather robust, much
compressed; lateral line complete.

Color olivaceous, orange, or variegated in domestication. Length about
18 inches.

The streams of China and Japan are the native homes of this species. Owing
to its bright coloration it has been introduced everywhere as an aquarium fish,
where it has taken on numerous and strange variations. In the lakes in the
Valley of Mexico it has become quite an important food fish.

38 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOOLoGyY, VoL. V.

bb. Air bladder not surrounded by alimentary
canal.

c. Intestinal canal elongate, usually more
than twice the length of the body, and with
several convolutions; peritoneum usually
black.

d. Scales small, more than 55 in the lateral
series; lateral line complete.
e. Gill rakers long and slender, more than
Coonithe frst oilVarchites sue eewn si eens
ee. Gill rakers short, less than 60 on the
TSG Cll Sarchisk het cpeone ee eels cee eae
dd. Scales large, 35 to 45 in the lateral series.
f. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal fin
slender, and attached firmly to the first
GEV ElOped sCayrs Mack srs Sa eet Pat mers
ff. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal fin blunt,
enlarged and connected to first dorsal ray

.. XYSEVOSUS

... Algansea

Hybognathus

Dp Ae TO TMOT ADC Ree Neenah oy se Were ae Pimelocephales

cc. Intestinal canal short, less than twice
length of the body, and with usually one
convolution; peritoneum usually pale.

g. Teeth in the main row 5-5 or 4-5 (3-3 in
Stypodon); usually 2 teeth in the lesser
row.

h. Abdomen behind ventral fins transversely
rounded, the scales passing over it, the
edge not forming a scaleless ridge; base
of anal fin generally short; body little
compressed; lateral line but slightly be-
low axis of the body.

i. Teeth subconical, scarcely hooked, sharp
edged, wide apart; the long limb of the
pharyngeal bone elongate; body elongate;
mouth large.

We cheeti, a=s-1Scales. jisuh at a cece eae

jj. Leeth’2, 4-42 7scales So tOi90me a: an =
11. Teeth compressed, strongly hooked; the
pharyngeal bones of the usual form.

k. Caudal peduncle slender and elongate;
the caudal fin forked, its basal rudi-
ments much developed; scales very
small, 83 to 87 in lateral series; head

...Stypodon

Ptychocheilus

PAGE

43

44

48

50°

ae
52

kk.

FaMILy V. CyPpRINID&.

depressed in the adult; anal rays 9 or

Caudal peduncle stout, basal rudiments
but little developed; scales 60 to 75;

AIPA SOG Ae Ae es aber p igh amt Ne

hh. Abdomen behind ventral fins compressed
to asharp edge over which the scales do
not pass; abdomen in front of ventrals
rounded; anal basis elongate, its ray 12
40,14 dorsal.fin posterior: teeth, 5—5
body much compressed; the lateral line

much below axis of body

gg. Teeth in the main row 4-4, usually absent

in

the lesser row, rarely one or two being

present.
1. Maxillary without barbels.

m.

nn.

(Or

Scales large, 30 to 60 in the lateral
series.

Jaws each with a _ hardened sheath;
the first dorsal ray spine-like, con-
nected by a membrane to the first

developed ray; teeth '4—4.4.....c foes Cochlognathus

Jaws without bony sheath, being

normally formed.

Lower jaw with the lip thin, not de-

veloped as a fleshy lobe on each side

at base.
Fins high; longest dorsal ray as long
as head; tips of pectorals reaching
middle of base of ventrals; scales 50
in the lateral series; teeth 4—4; origin
of dorsal much nearer snout than
base of caudal

pp. Fins moderate; longest dorsal ray

less than the length of the head; tips
of pectorals not reaching base of ven-
trals; origin of dorsal fin about in
middle of body.

q. Scales small, 47 to 60 in the lateral

series; body robust; teeth 4-4;
about 23 to 30 scales in a series

between dorsal fin and nape.....'....

ees eles fiei re as.0 fie New) 6 a6 te, ex (9, 0

...Falcula

.. Aztecula

Gala

Abramtis

39

PAGE

aS

a

56

Dil

58

59

40 FIELD CoLumBIAN MuszEuM—Zo6.Locy, VoL. V.

qq. Scales larger, 30 to 45 in the lateral ; PAGE
series; less than 20 scales between
nape and dorsal fin; teeth 4-4 in
the main row, occasionally one or
two in smallen cow. che ase nee Me ototropis 62
oo. Lower jaw with the lip developed as
a fleshy lobe on each side; teeth 4-4;
Scales:asitong Rua as. t23.. een ee we Phenacobius 76
mm. Scales small, 80 to too in the lateral
series; body long and slender, subterete;
mouth small, the upper jaw little pro-
tractilersteeth 44a wc keen ee ee Evarra
ll. Maxillary with a small barbel at or near its
extremity.
r. Premaxillaries not protractile, the frenum
very broad; teeth 2, 4-4, 2 or 1; scales
small, 60 in the lateral series........... Rhinichthys 79
rr. Premaxillaries protractile, rarely joined
to the forehead by a narrow frenum.
s. Scales very small, 60 to go in the
lateral series; lateral line often incom-
plete; dorsalnimposteniorss 2... sea a ee dgosia 79
ss. Scales large, 35 to 55 in the lateral
series; dorsal median; lateral line com-
plete.
t. Teeth 4-4, or 1,4-4,1 oro; the lesser
row with never more than one; scales

“I
“I

BiG OVALS. aie Sen cera ee aloe eee eS Hybopsis 80
tt. Teeth 2) °4—4> 2 or <1. scales’ more
than ;so7nsthealateraliiserites oa ee tenn Couesius 82

aa. Dorsal fin short, posterior, with a strong spine;
body without scales; teeth 2, 4-4, 2; maxillary
With a bDacbeli one wey dine ihe aaa dae mee Plagopterus 83

Subfamily Campostomatine.
14. Campostoma Agassiz.
Campostoma Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1855, 218. (Type, Ru-
tilus anomalus Rafinesque.)
Body moderately elongate, little compressed; mouth rather small,
the jaws with thick lips and the rudiment of a hard sheath; premaxil-

laries protractile; no barbel; pharyngeal teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 0, with
oblique grinding surface, and a slight hook on one or two teeth; air

FAMILY V. CyPRINID&. 4I

bladder suspended in the abdominal cavity, and entirely surrounded
by many convolutions of the long alimentary canal, which is 6 to 9
times the length of the body; ovaries similarly inclosed by the ali-
mentary canal; peritoneum black; pseudobranchiz present; lateral line
present; anal fin short; dorsal nearly over ventrals.

The surrounding of the air bladder by many convolutions of the
alimentary canal is peculiar to this group of fishes. During the breed-
ing season, which occurs in the spring, the males are covered with
large tubercles, those on the head being the largest.

KEY DO-GEE SPECIES OF CAMPOSTOMA-:

PAGE

a. Scales small, about 70 to 75 in the lateral series. . . -ornatum AI
aa. Scales larger, about 40 to 55 in the lateral series.

b. sy sceales in the lateralseries, about 53 .).......... anomalum 42

Dbepocalesin thedlateralseries, about 46.........: formosulum 42

32. Campostoma ornatum Girard.

Campostoma ornatum Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,
176; Rio Chihuahua, Mexico: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 4, pl. xiv,
figs. 1-4, 1858; Rio Chihuahua, Mexico: Gtnther, Cat., vu,
183, 1868: Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1894, 57; Rio
Chihuahua, Chihuahua: Woolman, Ibid., 1894, 61; Rio Lerma,
Salamanca, Guanajuato (there is some mistake in regard
to this reference, for it is quite evident that this species does
not occur in the Lerma Basin): Jordan & Evermann, Bull.
AW. S) Nat. Muss, 18096, 205: Rutter, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
1896, 259; Rucker Cafion, trib. Rio Yaqui, Chiricahua Mts.,
Arizona: Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm.,
1902, 146; Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua: Meek, Field Col. Mus.
Pub. 65, 1902, 77; Colonia Juarez; Chihuahua; San Andres;
Santa Rosalia; Jimenez.

Campostoma pricet Jordan & Thoburn, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 205; Rucker Canon, tributary of Rio Yaqui, Chiricahua
Mts., southern Arizona.

Rivers of northern Mexico in the headwaters of the Atlantic and
Pacific coast streams, its southern range being the headwaters of the
Rio Nazas. (Santiago Papasquiaro.)

Head 3% to 3%; depth 4 to 4%; D. 8; A. 8; scales 10-72 to 75-9.
Body rather stout, not much compressed; head rather large, the snout
projecting and somewhat acute; mouth small, the maxillary not
reaching to vertical from anterior margin of orbit; length of snout 274
in head; diameter of eye 434 in head; origin of dorsal fin midway be-
tween base of caudal and anterior margin of eye; 35 to 4o scales ina

42 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoO.Locy, VoL. V.

series between nape and dorsal fin; longest dorsal ray 12 in head;
pectoral 1% in head; ventrals 14 in head; caudal forked; lateral line
nearly complete, usually absent on about last 10 scales; males in the
spring with large tubercles on head and body.

Color brownish with a brassy luster above; the scales more or less
mottled with dark; sides much and irregularly mottled with darker;
small specimens with a fairly well developed lateral band, and an in-
distinct caudal spot; a broad black band across the base of the dorsal
fin; all other fins plain. Length about 4% inches.

Ovaries in females, taken the latter part of May, not enough
developed to give a definite idea as to the time of spawning. One
specimen taken at Santiago Papasquiaro.

33. Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque). STONE-ROLLER.

Rutilus anomalus Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 52, 1820; Licking

River, Kentucky. |
Campostoma nasutum Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,
176; Cadereita and Acapulco, Nuevo Leon.

Campostoma dubtum Gunther, Cat., vu, 183, 1868.

Campostoma anomalum Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. 5. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 205.

Rivers of the Mississippi Valley south to the Rio San Juan in
northeastern Mexico. (San Juan; Montemorelos.)

Head 4 to: 44; depth 42; D. 8; A. 7 or 8; scales 47—53-8, Body
stoutish, moderately compressed, the antedorsal region becoming
swollen and prominent in large specimens; head moderate; the snout
moderately decurved and pointed, its length 2% in head; diameter
of eye 41 in head; maxillary not reaching vertical from anterior
margin of orbit; 22 to 25 scales in a series between nape and dorsal
fin; longest dorsal ray 1% in head; length of pectoral 1% in head;
ventral 14 in head; caudal fin forked; lateral line complete; males
in the spring with tubercles on snout and body.

Color brownish, much mottled with darker; a broad black band
across the base of the dorsal fin; other fins plain; small specimens
have a well-defined lateral band and a small black caudal spot.
Length 6 to 8 inches.

34. Campostoma formosulum Girard.
Campostoma jormosulum Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phila.,
1856, 176; Rio Sabinal, near San Antonio, Texas: Jordan,
Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., 1878, 401; Rio Grande, Brownsville,
Texas: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896,
200.

FamiIty V. CyPpRINID&. 43

Rio Grande to the Rio Sabinal in Texas.

Head 4; depth 4%; D. 8; A. 7; scales 46. Head short and blunt,
with broad, projecting snout.

Color grayish above, whitish below; sides more or less marmorate;
a black patch at base of caudal fin and one on the dorsal.

A little-known species.

Subfamily Chondrostomatine.
15. Xystrosus Jordan & Snyder.
EL PopocHeE.

Aystrosus jordan & Snyder, Bull. U: S. Fish Com:, 18809, 123.
(Type, Xystrosus popoche Jordan & Snyder.)

Body elongate, compressed; interorbital space low and flat;
mouth terminal, very oblique, jaws about equal; premaxillary pro-
tractile; no barbels; no pseudobranchie; gill rakers very long and
slender, about 66 on first gill arch; teeth 4-4, hooked, with developed
grinding surface; alimentary canal about twice as long as body,
peritoneum dusky.

35. Xystrosus popoche Jordan & Snyder. POopocue.
Xystrosus popoche Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900,
123; Lago de Chapala, Ocotlan, Jalisco: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1902, 3142; Meek, Field Col. Mus.
Pub. 65, 1902, 85; Ocotlan; La Palma.
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

ey)

beeen:
iy rer
Ky x

oy
ey
YK KY

X

KKK KX
la a Xx
x

Fic. 7. XYSTROSUS POPOCHE Jordan & Snyder.
No. 6151, Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Head 312; depth 414; .D. 8; A. 7; scales 15-61-7: “Body rather
robust, compressed; head large, flattish above, interorbital width
2% in head; snout pointed,:4 in head; mouth large, very oblique,
end of maxillary reaching vertical from anterior margin of orbit;
diameter of eye 4 to 4% in head; origin of dorsal midway between

44 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—dZoOo.tocy, Vou. V.

tip of snout and base of caudal; base of dorsal 22 in head; longest
dorsal ray 12 in head; pectoral 1% in head; ventral 14 in head;
caudal fin rather short, forked; Lee peduncle robust, its least
depth 2% in head; lateral line decurved anteriorly, complete; gill

rakers long, longest about 24 diameter of eye, about 66 on first gill .

arch; alimentary canal elongate, with about 5 convolutions; peri-
toneum black.

Color light brownish, lighter below; no distinct lateral band; on
smaller specimens (less than 4 inches) a dark caudal spot; fins all
plain. Length about 12 inches.

This species is so far known only from Lago de Chapala, where
it is quite abundant and is much used for food. Ovaries of females
taken the last week of May are quite mature. The spawning season
is probably in June.

16. Algansea Girard.

Algansea Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 182. (Type,
Leuciscus tincella Cuv. & Val.)

Body robust, not much compressed; mouth moderate, terminal,
oblique; no barbels; caudal peduncle strong; fins very small; eyes
small; scales small, 60 to.110 in the lateral series; gill rakers short,
from 15 to 23 on first gill arch; intestinal canal moderate, % to 2
times the length of the body, folded on the right side; peritoneum
black; teeth 4-4; vertebre 20+17 = 37.

KEY. ‘TO: THESSPECIES OFCALGANSEA:

a. Scales large, 57 to 70 in the lateral series. PAGE
b. Gill rakers short and blunt, 15 to 19.
c. Gill rakers 3+12; dorsal fin inserted over

VERE AIS 3 SE aud ee cee tee Neo.) ea ere ee ee ie tincella 44

ce. Gillrakers 4+15; dorsal fin inserted slightly
before ventralis Asoc cog coe sae aps, leteweee ca ake chee eee ame dugest 45

bb. Gill rakers long and slender, 22 or 23 on the
first gill arch; scales 65 in the lateral series... .. rubescens 46
aa. scales ‘small, 35°too5 im-the lateral'series 74-8. 3! lacustris 47

36. Algansea tincella (Cuvier & Valenciennes). JUILIS.
Leuciscus tincella Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 323,
1844; City of Mexico.
Algansea tincella Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. ae 1856, 183;
City of Mexico: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 46, pl. xxvu, figs.
1-4, 1858; City of Mexico: Woolman, Bull. a S. Fish Comm.,
1894, 61; Rio Lerma, Salamanca, Guanajuato: Jordan &

Famity V. CypRINID&. 45

Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 211: Jordan &
Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1900, 120; Lago de Chalco,
Valley of Mexico; Rio Verde, Aguas Calientes: Pellegrin, Bull.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1901, 205; Estado de Jalisco: Meek, Field
Col, Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 77; Aguas Calientes; Lagos; Celaya;
Acambaro; San Juan del Rio; Lago de Chalco; Texcoco.

Ceratichthys sallev* Gunther, Cat., vil, 1868, 484; Cuernavaca,
Mexico.

Algansea sallg1 Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 212.

Basin of the Rio Lerma, the Valley of Mexico and the head-
waters of the Rio San Juan to tributary of the Rio Panuco. (Chalco;
Viga Canal.)

Head 34 to 4; depth 34 to 4; D. 8; A. 8; scales 17-65 to 70-13.
Body very stout, moderately compressed; head moderate; snout
rather pointed; mouth terminal, oblique; teeth 4-4; maxillary scarcely
reaching vertical from anterior margin of orbit; maxillary 334 in
head; snout 3% in head; eye small, 6 in head; interorbital area very
convex, 234 in head; origin of dorsal fin in advance of ventrals and
midway between tip of snout and base of caudal fin; about 35 scales
between nape and dorsal fin; longest dorsal ray 134 1n head; base of
dorsal 22 in head; pectoral very short, rounded, 134 in head; ventrals
21% in head; caudal fin forked, its length r% in head; caudal fin of
specimens from lakes about the City of Mexico slightly shorter, and
the fish shghtly more robust than those from the Lerma Basin; gill
rakers very short, 15 on gill arch; lateral line somewhat decurved,
complete; vertebre 20417 = 37.

Color dark reddish brown, gradually becoming lighter below;
smaller specimens have a faint lateral band which usually ends in
a black caudal spot. This caudal spot is not very evident on speci-
mens 6 or more inches in length. Length about 1o inches.

37. Algansea dugesi Bean.
Algansea dugest Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1892, 283, pl. xLiv,
fig. 1; Lago de Yuriria, Guanajuato: Jordan & Evermann,
Bulle 77 We. Nat. Mus. 1806, 212.

*This is the only record of a species of this genus occurring in the basin of
the Rio Balsas. I did not find it south or east of Cuernavaca. Jam inclined
to believe that the specimen on which the description of Ceratichithys sallei
was based was secured in the markets of the City of Mexico. It is quite prob-
able that the pond in the famous Borda Garden was partially stocked with
fishes from the lakes near the City of Mexico, and the specimen now in the
British Museum was taken from it. This pond is said by Dr. W. L. Tower, who
saw it last summer, to be about 400 feet long, 200 feet wide, and the water in it
to be 6 to 10 feet deep. It contains a large number of fishes from 4 to 8 inches
in length. The scales on the type are given by Dr. Boulenger as 57 to 60.

46 FieELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zo6.oey, Vou. V.

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

ads J

Yas

Fic. 8. ALGANSEA DUGES! Bean.
No. 41818, U. S. National Museum.

Head 4; depth 4; D. 7; A. 6; scales 18-69 to 72-13. Body robust;
snout rather pointed, its length 314 in head; mouth rather large,
maxillary reaching to vertical from anterior margin of orbit; lower
jaw slightly included; teeth 4-4; dorsal fin inserted somewhat before
ventrals; midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; longest
dorsal ray 1% in head; about 30 scales in a series between nape and
dorsal fin; length of pectoral fin 1% in head; ventral 14; lateral
line decurved, complete; gill rakers\4+15 on first gill arch.

Color dusky brown; sides of head silvery; a faint dusky spot at
base of caudal; upper fins dusky, unmarked. (Bean.) Length about
6 inches. Known only from the type locality.

38. Algansea rubescens Meek.
Algansea rubescens Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 78;
Ocotlan.
Lago de Chapala and neighboring region.

Fig. 9. ALGANSEA RUBESCENS Meek.
No. 3653, Field Columbian Museum,

Famity V. CyYPRINIDA. Aq

Head: 4; depth 4 to 44; D. 8; A. 7; scales 16-65-10. . Body
elongate, rather robust; snout rather blunt, 4 in head; mouth oblique;
lower jaw short included; maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from
anterior of eye, its length 3% in head; interorbital convex, 2% in
head; eye 5 in head; origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout
and base of caudal; longest dorsal ray 1% in head; base of dorsal
21% in head; 33 scales in a series between nape and dorsal fin; pectoral
12 in head; ventral 124 in head; caudal fin forked, its length about
1345 in head; gill rakers long and rather slender, 22 or 23 on the
first gill arch; lateral line complete, decurved.

Color reddish, becoming lighter below, not much silvery; a very
faint lateral band on posterior half of body; a black caudal spot,
which is rather faint in specimens over 6 inches long. Length 6 to
ro inches.

Spawning time about the middle or last of June.

39. Algansea lacustris Steindachner.
Algansea lacustris Steindachner, Einige Fisharten, Mexico, 1895,
to, pl. 11, figs. r-1b; Lago de Patzcuaro: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3140: Meek, Field Col. Mus.
RulbbwG5 81902, 756: Patzcuaro.
Algansea tarascorum Steindachner, ibid., figs. 2-2c; Lago de Patz-
cuaro, Michoacan: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1898, 2796.

Basin of the Rio Lerma; very abundant in Lago de Patzcuaro.

Heads3 7% stor4;, depth 224 to 4, 1.73; Axy7 or 3; scales 24—85 to
1oo-15. Body rather stout, head moderate; snout rather pointed;
mouth oblique, terminal, maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from
anterior margin of orbit; snout rather pointed, 3% in head; eye
small, 5 to 6 in head; interorbital area moderately convex, 22% in
head; origin of dorsal fin in advance of ventrals, midway between
base of caudal and nostril; longest dorsal ray 134 in head; base of
dorsal fin 224 in head; pectoral 1% in head; ventral 24% in head;
caudal fin forked, its length 11% in head; gill rakers moderately long
and slender, about 22 on first gill arch; lateral line complete, some-
what decurved.

Color light reddish above, lighter with a silvery tinge below.
The young have a very faint lateral band which ends in a caudal
spot. This spot is very obscure in specimens of 6 inches or over.
Length about 8 inches. F

This species is easily distinguished from the others of the genus .
by its very small scales. Spawning time the last of May or early
in June.

48 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoOLOoGY, VOL. V.

1%. Hybognathus Agassiz.
THE SILVERY MINNOwWsS.
Hybognathus Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1855, 223. (Type,
Hybognathus nuchalts Agassiz.)
Dionda Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat.Sci. Phila} 2856, 177. (@ype
Dionda eptscopa Girard.)

Algoma Girard, |. c., 180. (Type, Algoma amara Girard.)

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; mouth small, horizontal
or oblique; the jaws normal, sharp-edged; lower jaw with a slight,
hard protuberance on anterior margin; no barbel; upper jaw pro-
tractile; teeth 4-4, with grinding surface, little if any hooked; alimen-
tary canal elongate, three or more times length of body; peritoneum
black; scales large, about 40 in lateral series; dorsal fin in advance
of ventrals; anal fin short. Small fishes usually inhabiting streams
with considerable current.

KEY TO. THE SPECIES OF HY BOGNADHUS:
a. Body robust, depth less than 4 in body; no well PAGE

defined lateral band; eyesmall, 34% in head....... episcopus 48
aa. Body rather slender, depth 4 in body; a well de-

fined lateral band and a distinct caudal spot;

eveanee;).222- b02 an Meads ads tie = cee ene eee: rasconis 50

40. Hybognathus episcopus (Girard). SILVERY MINNow.

Dionda episcopa Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 177;
Comanche Spring, a tributary of the Rio Grande.

Dionda melanops Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 178;
Buena Vista, Coahuila: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 44, pl. xxv,
figs. 17-20, 1859; Buena Vista, Coahuila.

Dionda coucht Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 178;
Guajuco, Monterey, and Cadereita, Nuevo Leon: Girard, Mex.
Bd. Sur., 44, pl. xxvi, figs. 1-4, 1859; Guajuco, Monterey and
Cadereita, Nuevo Leon.

Algoma amara Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 180;
Lagoon near Ft. Brown, Texas: Girard} Mex. Bd. Surasmpl
XXvil, figs. 17-20, 1859; Ft. Brown, Texas.

Algoma fluviatilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 181;
near Monterey, Nuevo Leon: Girard, Mex. Bd: Sumac
XXvil, figs. 17-20, 1859; Monterey, Nuevo Leon.

Dionda amara Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., 1876, 401; Browns-
ville, Texas.

Hybognathus serenus Jordan, Bull. Geol. Sur., 1878, 401; Browns-
ville, Texas: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 214.

Famity V. CyYPRINIDA. AQ

Hybognathus melanops Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., 1878, 402;
Brownsville, Texas: Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1894,
59; Rio Conchos, Chihuahua: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
U.S? Nat. Mus., 1896, 217: Meek, Field’Col. Mus. Pub. 65,
1902, 77; Chihuahua, Jimenez.

Hybognathus punctifer Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1881,
89; Parras, and Spring near Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.

Hybognathus civilis Cope, Trans. Amer. Phila. Soc., 1884, 167;
Monterey, Nuevo Leon.

Hybognathus episcopa Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 214.

Hybognathus amara Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 215.

Southern Texas and northern Mexico south to the Rio Mezquital
in Durango, and the Rio San Juan,in Nuevo Leon. (Labor; Durango;
Monterey; Montemorelos.)

Head 4; depth 32; D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-38 to 45-5. Body rather
stout, moderately compressed; head moderate, flattish above; snout
bluntish, 314; interorbital width 2 in head; eye 314; mouth small,
oblique; maxillary reaching about half-way to vertical of front of
eye; margin of upper lip on a level with lower margin of pupil;
pharyngeal teeth 4-4, grinding surface not hooked, sometimes the
distal portion blackish; origin of dorsal midway between base of
caudal and nostril; longest dorsal ray 14 in head; base of dorsal 2 in
head; length of pectoral 11% in head; ventral 134 in head; lateral
line slightly decurved, occasionally missing on a few scales; caudal
peduncle rather strong, its least width about 2 in head (caudal
peduncle in Durango specimen is about 2} in head and in Chihuahua
specimens about 2 in head); alimentary canal about three times the
length of the body; peritoneum black.

Color dark to light brownish (specimens from Montemorelos con-
siderably paler), lighter below; edges of scales darker, forming dark
lines along their rows; in darker specimens a dark lateral band
ending in a dark caudal spot; in paler specimens this band and spot
very faint; fins all plain. Length about 3 inches. Southern Texas
and northern Mexico, south to the Rio Mezquital, Durango, and
the Rio San Juan, Montemorelos.

This species is very variable. I have compared many specimens
from various localities in Mexico and regard all as belonging to the
same species. The specimens taken at Durango and Monterey are
much darker than those from Montemorelos; the color of specimens
from other localities represent various shades between these extremes.
Spawning time the last of May and first part of June.

50 Fietp CotumBIAN MusEum—Zo6.ocy, VoL. V.

41. Hybognathus rasconis (Jordan & Snyder).

Notropis rasconts Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1900,
121; Rio Verde, near Rascon, San Luis Potosi: Jordan &
Evermann, -Bull. 475 U. Ss. Nat. Musi proce, 3145,

Basin of the Rio Panuco. (Forlon; Valles; Rascon; Rio Verde,

Dr. W. L. Tower.)

Fic. 10. HYBOGNATHUS RASCONIS (Jordan & Snyder).
No. 6153 (Notvopis rasconis Jordan & Snyder), Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Head 4; depth 4; D. 8; A. 8; scales 7-36 to 42-5. Body rather
elongate, aspect of Nototropis heterodon; head small, convex above,
interorbital width 2% to 3; eye 2% to 3; snout 3%; teeth 4-4; mouth
moderate, the maxillary nearly reaching vertical from anterior margin
of orbit; mouth oblique, more so than in preceding species; origin
of dorsal fin midway between base of caudal and tip of snout; longest
dorsal ray 1% in head; base of dorsal 2} in head; pectorals 14 in
head; ventrals 14 in head; lateral line decurved, occasionally missing
on a few scales.

Color dark olivaceous above, lighter below; sides with a well-
defined lateral band ending in a black caudal spot. Length about
234 inches. |

18. Pimelocephales Rafinesque.
FLAT-HEAD MINNOWS.

Pimephales Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 52, 1820. (Pimephales
promelas Rafinesque).

Body rather robust, little compressed; head short and rounded;
mouth small, inferior; upper jaw protractile; no barbels; teeth 4-4,
with oblique grinding surface, usually but one of the teeth hooked;
dorsal fin opposite ventrals, its first (rudimentary) ray separated
from the rest by a membrane, and not adnate to the first developed
ray, as is usual in minnows (most distinct in adult males, in which
the skin of the first ray is thickened); anal base short; alimentary
canal elongate, about 21% times the length of the body; peritoneum
black; lateral line complete or missing on some scales. A small group
of minnows inhabiting streams east of the Rocky Mountains and
south to Chihuahua.

FamILy V. CyYPRINIDA. 51

42. Pimelocephales confertus (Girard).

Hyborhynchus confertus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,
179; Hurrah Creek, tributary of the Rio Pecos, Texas.

Pimephales promelas Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., 1878, 402;
Brownsville, Texas.

Pimephales confertus Woolman, Bull. U. 5. Fish Comm., 1894,
57; Rio Chihuahua, Chihuahua: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
U. S. Nat.,Mus., 1896, 217: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub: 6s,
1902, 79; Colonia Juarez; Guzman; Santa Maria; Chihuahua;
San Andres; Santa Rosalia; Jimenez; Mifiaca.

Tributaries of the Rio Grande and the Rio Yaqui in northern
Mexico and southwestern Texas.

Heada4: depun, 3345: 73 AY 7; scales 12-52 to, 55—8. ‘Body
robust, head flat above; interorbital width 24 in head; snout blunt,
4 in head; diameter of eye 3% in the head; teeth 4—4; origin of dorsal
midway between base of caudal fin and nostril; longest dorsal ray
14% in head; pectoral 14 in head; ventral 14%; scales on anterior
and upper part of body very small, about 35 in a series between nape
and dorsal fin; lateral line decurved, complete; caudal fin forked;
intestinal canal 2% times length of body.

Color light olivaceous to nearly black; the very black males have
a light vertical bar from base of pectoral to back; a second light bar
from first dorsal rays to base of ventrals; pectoral fins black; middle
portion of ventral and anal fins very dark; caudal with a dark bar
across its middle; all of the fins in the light colored specimens pale.
Length about 234 inches.

Subfamily Mylopharodontine.
19. Stypodon Garman.

Stypodon Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., v111, 1881, 90. (Type,
Stypodon signijer Garman.)

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large deciduous scales;
mouth small, terminal; premaxillaries protractile; fold of lower lip
not crossing the symphysis; lower jaw trenchant, without horny
covering; no barbels; pharyngeals strong; teeth 3-3, more or less
cylindrical, with rounded grinding surface, the posterior more slender
and subconical; lateral line complete, decurved; gill rakers short;
dorsal and anal fins short.

43. Stypodon signifer Garman.
Stypodon signijer Garman, Bull. Comp. Zodl., 1881, 90; Lago de
Parras, Coahuila: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 220.

52 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoO.LocGy, VoL. V.

Head 3%; depth 324; D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-35-20. Body oblong,
compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines similar; snout short, less
than diameter of eye; mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching
vertical from front of eye; lower jaw the longer; pectorals not reach-
ing ventrals; the latter to anal.

Color brown, silvery below; a broad brown lateral band bordered
above by a narrow silvery line. (Garman.)

A small fish, known only from the above account.

Subfamily Leuciscine.
20. Ptychocheilus Agassiz.

Ptychochetlus Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 229. (Type,
Ptychochetlus gracilis Agassiz.)

Body elongate, little elevated, the caudal peduncle not contracted;
head long and slender, pike-like; mouth nearly horizontal, widely
cleft, the maxillary extending below the eye; the margin of the upper
lip rather lower than the inferior margin of the eye; lower jaw in-
cluded; no barbels; lips thick; scales small; mostly longer than deep;
lateral line decurved; gill rakers very short; dorsal fin some-
what behind ventrals; anal base short; caudal fin strong; intestinal
canal short; teeth 2, 5-4, 2; the straight limb of the pharyngeal
bone extremely long and slender, its teeth wide apart; teeth sub-
conical, scarcely compressed and but slightly curved at the tip; no
grinding surface. Minnows of very large size.

44. Ptychocheilus lucius Girard. WuireE SALMON OF THE COL-
ORADO RIVER.
Ptychochetlus lucius Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,
209; Rio Colorado: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 225: Bean, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898,
165; Northern Sonora: Gilbert & Scofield, Proc. U. 5S. Nat.
Mus., 1898, 492; Colorado River at Yuma and Horseshoe
Bend, near its mouth. |

Sonora and the Colorado River Basin, north to the Uncompagre
River at Delta, Colorado.

Head 3%; depth 5%; D. 9; A. 9; scales 83 to 87. Body slender,
elongate, with long, slender, depressed head; eye small, 214 in the
snout, 7 in head; mouth large; maxillary 23 in head, its tip reaching
past vertical from anterior margin of eye; teeth 2, 4-5, 2; lateral
line strongly decurved; fins moderate.

Color plain, darker above; the young always with a caudal spot
and a faint pale lateral line below a darker one. Length about 4 feet.

—-

FamMILy V. CyYPpRINIDA. 53

This is the largest member of the American Cyprinide, reaching
a weight of 80 pounds. It has been taken in northern (probably
in the Rio Sonora or Rio Yaqui) Sonora; otherwise known only from
the Colorado Basin.

21. Gila Baird & Girard.

Gia Baird & Girard, Proc: Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.; 1853; 368:
(Type, Gila robusta Baird & Girard.)

Body elongate, little compressed; the back arched, especially in
the adult; the caudal peduncle extremely long, slender, contracted,
much narrower than the base of the caudal fin which is widely forked,
with its basal fulcra very much developed; head broad, more or less
depressed, its profile concave; mouth large, horizontal and over-
lapped by the broad snout; dorsal fin behind the middle of the body,
slightly behind ventrals; anal base short; intestinal canal short;
peritoneum dusky; scales very small, longer than deep, especially
posteriorly; no barbels; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, closely set, compressed and
hooked, without grinding surface; vertebre 42 to 46. Minnows of
large size, known only from the Colorado, Gila, and Yaqui rivers.
These fishes are easily distinguished from others of the family by
the long, slender caudal peduncle.

KEY TO {THE SPECIES OF*GI LA:
a. Head short, 5 1n the length; anal rays’ ro; PAGE
caudal peduncle long and slender, as broad as
deep; tips of pectorals reaching 7% distance to
BSC sO Lee ML UR ANGI eats gh ROR. ee hie zat oye elegans = 553
aa. Head longer, 34 in the length; anal rays 8;
caudal peduncle more robust; tips of pectorals
Fedc mime TOuDASe OlaVentralSaicct pee ee sinc ees costn oye a. minace 54

45. Gila elegans Baird & Girard. Bony-Tai_; GILa Trout.
Gila elegans Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853,
369; Zuni, Colorado, and Gila rivers: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 226: Gilbert & Scofield, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 492; Colorado and Gila rivers, at
Yuma and Horseshoe Bend.

Channels of the Colorado and Gila rivers.

Head 5; depth 5; D. 9; A. 10; scales 23-85-10. Body elongate,
somewhat compressed, the region before the dorsal elevated, forming
a sort of hump; head short, broad; the snout depressed and broadly
rounded; the anterior part of the head from behind the eyes broad
and depressed, the posterior part high, so that the profile forms a

oS 4ae FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEumM—ZoO6.Locy, VoL. V

concave arch; mouth rather large, nearly horizontal, the upper lip
on the level of the inferior margin of eye; lower jaw included; skin
of the lower jaw hard; teeth 2, 4-5, 2; eye small, 5 in head; gill
rakers rather weak; fins all long and falcate; pectorals reaching
ventrals; caudal deeply forked.

Color bluish above, pale below. Length about 12 inches.

46. Gila minacz Meek. BOoNy-TAIL.
Gila minace Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 80; Minaca.
Headwaters of the Rio Yaqut.

Fic. 11. GILA MINACZ Meek.
No. 3573, Field Columbian Museum.

Head 34; depth 42; D.9; A. 8; scales 24-90-11. Body elongate,
back not arched; snout bluntish; mouth terminal, rather large;
maxillary not reaching anterior margin of pupil, its length 3% in
head; snout 31%; diameter of eye 414; body completely scaled; origin
of dorsal fin slightly behind base of ventrals, midway between base
of caudal and anterior margin of orbit; base of dorsal 2 in head, its
longest ray 11 in head; the tips of the dorsal rays fall together
when the fin is deflexed and fall opposite to the middle of the base
of the anal fin; ventrals 124 in head, their tips reaching vent; caudal
fin forked, its upper lobe the larger; lateral line complete, decurved,
its lowest portion over space between tip of pectorals and ventrals,
reaching axis of the body on posterior half of caudal peduncle; a
row of pores from nostril to nape; a second row on sides of head
under eye to near upper angle of opercle; caudal peduncle very
slender, nearly terete, its least depth 3% in the head.

Color light olivaceous; a faint dark band from base of caudal
to opposite first dorsal rays; fins all plain; a faint caudal spot. Length
of type 4.46 inches.

FaMILY V. CyPRINID&. 55

22. Leueiseus Cuvier.
DACE.

Leuciscus (Klein) Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 1, 194, 1817. (No

type mentioned, Cyprinus leuciscus Linneus, understood.)
Body oblong, robust, compressed or nearly terete, caudal pedun-
cle rather strong; mouth usually large, terminal and oblique; no
barbels; scales large or small, 36 to 100 in the lateral series; dorsal
fin usually behind the ventrals; intestinal canal short; teeth (in
American species) 2, 5-4, 2, to 1, 4-4, 1, hooked, with a narrow
grinding surface or none; lateral line decurved, complete or not; anal
fin composed of from 7 to 22 rays. A very large genus of very

variable fishes, of which only two species are known from Mexico.

KE VeOME Lit spr Che Ss Oh LEUCISE€US:

a. Body rather slender; head 44 in length of PAGE
OC RCP UO A maetante ae eke ok ol banka ae nigrescens 55
aa. Body elongate, heavy forward; head 334;
(GHESD BLOT ioe DEON tO Pot a a a CE [untermedius] 56

47. Leuciscus nigrescens (Girard). PrscapiTo; CHUB OF THE Rio
GRANDE.

Tigoma nigrescens Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 207;
Boca Grande and Rio Janos, Chihuahua: Girard, Mex. Bd.
DUD, Of, sols xXxxIl, figs.°1—-4, 18505. Boca ‘Grande and Rio
Janos, Chihuahua.

Tigoma pulchella Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 206;
Rio Mimbres, tributary of Lago de Guzman, Chihuahua:
Girard, Mex") Bd. Sur. 62; pli xxxiIv, figs. 5-8; 1856; Rio
Mimbres, Chihuahua.

Tigoma pulchra Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 207;
Rio Chihuahua, Chihuahua.

Gila conspersa Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., 1881, 91; Rio
Nazas.

Cheonda modesta Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., 1881, 92; Rio
Salinas, Saltillo, Coahuila.

Cheonda nigrescens Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1881, 92;
Parras, Coahuila.

Leuciscus nigrescens Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1894,
57; Rio Chihuahua, Chihuahua: Jordan & Evermann, Bull.
47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 233: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub.
65, 1902, 80; Colonia Juarez; Santa Maria; Chihuahua; Bus-
tillos; San Andres; Minaca; Ahumada.

56 FrELD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM—Zoo.toey, Vou. V.

Tigoma conspersa Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., 1896, 234;
Rio Nazas, Coahuila.

Leuciscus purpureus Rutter, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1896, 260;
Morse Canon and the Rio Yaqui east of Opsura.

Leuciscus mger Bean, Bull. Amer. Mus., 1898, 166; San Diego,
Chihuahua.

Northern Mexico, headwaters of the Rio Yaqui, to the head-
waters of the Rio Mezquital, the Rio Nazas, and east to Saltillo,
Coahuila. (Lerdo; Santiago Papasquiaro; Durango.)

Head 3% to 44; depth 4. to 42; D. 8; A. 8; scales 15 to 18-60
to 75-8 to 10. Body rather slender, little compressed; head rather
long and pointed; snout 32 in head; mouth moderate, oblique,
terminal; the jaws equal, the maxillary about reaching front of eye;
eye rather small, 5 to 6 in head; origin of dorsal fin midway between
base of dorsal and nostril, its longest ray 1% in head; base of dorsal
fin 2 in head; pectorals reaching about % distance to ventrals, 1%
in head; ventrals 13 in head; lateral line decurved, complete; caudal
fin forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 2} in head; teeth 2, 4-5, 1,
hooked, and with narrow grinding surface.

Color dusky above, silvery below; some larger specimens with
a reddish tinge; young specimens usually have a dark lateral band
and a black caudal spot; the band and caudal spot disappearing with
age, being quite absent on specimens over 8 inches in length. Length
about 12 inches. <A very abundant and variable species.

Leuciscus intermedius (Girard).

Tigoma intermedia Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 206; Rio San
Pedro, tributary of the Gila, Arizona.

Leuciscus intermedius Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896,
235: Gilbert & Scofield, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 493 (see this ref-
erence for synonymy).

Leuciscus niger Jordan & Evermann, ibid., 235.

This species has been taken in Arizona, near the Mexican border. It may

occur in northern Sonora.

Head 334; depth 334 to 4; D. 8; A. 8 or 9; scales 15-65 to 80-9. Body elon-
gate, heavy forward; head long, rather pointed, broad above, depressed over
the eye; interorbital 44% in head; mouth large, oblique, the jaws equal, the
maxillary just reaching vertical from the eye; dorsal fin slightly behind origin of
ventrals; pectorals long, nearly reaching ventrals, 124 in head; ventrals 2 in
head; lateral line decurved; teeth 2, 5-4, 2.

Color dusky, paler below; small specimens with a dark lateral band; fins all
dusky. Southwestern Arizona in basin of the Gila River.

In size and appearance this species is very much like the preceding.

23. Abramis Cuvier.

BREAMS.

Abramis Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed.1, 111, 1817. (Type, Cyprinus
brama Linnezus.)

™ fhe

FamILy V. CyYPRINIDA. 57

Notemigonus Rafinesque, Jour. Phys. Chem. et Hist. Nat. Paris,
1819, 421. (Type, Notemigonus auratus Rafinesque =Cyprinus
crrysoleucas Mitchill.)

Body sub-elliptical, strongly compressed; dorsal and ventral out-
lines similar; belly behind ventral fins forming a keel over which
the scales do not pass; head small, conic; mouth small, oblique; no
barbels; dorsal fin inserted behind ventrals; anal fin long, its rays
(American species) 9 to 18; lateral line complete, much decurved,
concurrent with ventral outline; alimentary canal short, a little
longer than the body; teeth 5—s5, edges crenate.

48. Abramis chrysoleucus (Mitchill). GoLDEN SHINER; BREAM.
Cyprinus crysoleucas Mitchill, Rept. Fish. N. Y., 23, 1814; New
York.

Notemigonus chrysoleucus Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., 1878,
404; Brownsville, Texas.

Abramis americanus Gunther, Cat., VII, 305, 1868.

Abramis crysoleucas Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. 5S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 250.

Mouth of the Rio Graride north to the Dakotas and Nova Scotia.

Head 4%; depth 3; D. 8; A. 12 to 14; scales 10-46 to 55-3. Body
moderately elongate, strongly compressed; head short, sub-conic,
compressed, the profile somewhat concave; mouth small, oblique,
the upper lip on a level of upper part of pupil; the maxillary not
reaching vertical from anterior margin of the orbit.

Color greenish above; sides silvery with golden reflections; fins
yellowish, the tips of the lower fins sometimes slightly orange in
spring males. Length about 12 inches.

The most southern known locality of this'species is the mouth
of the Rio Grande at Brownsville, Texas; from here it ranges north
to Dakota and Nova Scotia. It lives mostly in bayous and ponds
where there is much vegetation.

24. Cochlognathus Baird & Girard.

Cochlognathus Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854,
158. (Type, Cochlognathus ornatus Baird & Girard.)

Body elongate; head rather large; jaws each provided with a hard
cutting plate, the sharp, bony edge being surrounded by the usual
lip; teeth 4-4, with grinding surface, the tips slightly hooked; first
dorsal ray spine-like and separate from the next ray by a membrane;
alimentary canal short; anal fin small.

58 FIELD CoLuMBIAN MusEumM—Zo6.ocy, VOL. V.

49. Cochlognathus ornatus Baird & Girard. Harp-jaw MINNow.
Cochlognathus ornatus Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1854, 158; Brownsville, Texas: Girard, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila.,
1856, 181; Brownsville, Texas: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 46,
pl. xxv, figs. 12-17, 1859; Brownsville, Texas: Giinther, Cat.,
vil, 187, 1868: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 252.
Head 4; depth 44%; D. 8; A. 6; scales 40. Body moderately elon-
gate; head long; dorsal fin over ventrals, rather high; caudal fin short.
Color dusky, yellowish; a dusky lateral band; dorsal fin with a
black spot near the base in front and a dusky blotch behind; caudal
fin with a dusky median band, preceded and followed by a pale
area; snout tuberculate in the spring during the breeding season.
Length about three inches. Known only from the type locality.

25. Faleula Jordan & Snyder.

Falcula Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. 5. Fish Comm., 1899, 124.
(Type, Falcula chapale Jordan & Snyder.)

Body elongate, compressed; caudal “peduncle slender; mouth
large; lips thin, premaxillary protractile; no barbels; teeth 4-4,
hooked, with grinding surface; gill rakers few, short, far apart; alimen-
tary canal short; peritoneum light; fins high.

50. Falcula chapale Jordan & Snyder. SARDINA.
Falcula chapala Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1900,
125, fig. 6; Lago de Chapala, Jalisco: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3143: Meek, Field Col. Mus.
Pub. 65, 1902, 85; Ocotlan; La Palma; La Barca
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

ioe" p,
SSCS, -

YOY OOO
PPO ate ae

Fiag. 12. FALCULA CHAPALA Jordan & Snyder.
No. 6152, Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Head 334 to 4; depth 4to 434; D. 8; A. 8; scales 8-s0—-5. Body
elongate, compressed, back little arched; head long, narrowed for-

FamiILty V. CyPRINID&. 59

wards; interorbital broad, convex, 3 in head; snout very slightly
bluntish, 314 in head; eye 3% to 4% in head; mouth large, oblique;
maxillary reaching vertical from anterior margin of orbit; origin of
dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; base of dorsal 214 in
head; its longest ray 1% in head; pectoral long and slender, its length
1% in head; ventral 1% in head; base of anal 224 in head; caudal fin
long and pointed; caudal peduncle rather slender, its least depth 22
in head; lateral line decurved, complete.

Color light brownish; a faint plumbeous band on side; no caudal
spot; the fins all plain. Length about ro inches.

This species is known only from the region about the lake whose
name it bears, and where it is abundant. Spawning time the mid-
dle or the latter part of June. This fish is much used for food.

26. Aztecula Jordan & Evermannn.
Azteca Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896,
258. (Type, Notropis aztecus Woolman=Codoma vittata Girard.)
Aztecula Jordan & Evermann, ibid., 1898, 2799; substitute for
Azteca, which is preoccupied in Entomology.

Body very robust; moderately compressed; head rather large;
snout decurved; mouth terminal, oblique, rather small; fins small;
scales small; origin of dorsal slightly behind ventrals; teeth 4-4, no
grinding surface, tips slightly hooked; intestinal canal short, about
equal to the length of the fish; gill rakers very short, about g on first gill
arch; vertebra 18-+16 =34.

KEY TOME SPE GIES OF AZPECULA:
a. Scales large, about 50 in the lateral line; about PAGE
23 scales between nape and dorsal fin.
b. Eye large, its diameter 334 in the head; caudal
peduncle robust, its least depth 2in head.......... vittata = 59
bb. Eye smaller, its diameter 5 in the head;
caudal peduncle slender, its least depth 21%

UGE NBUSENGh, SURE RCS cans Sem eR RET aL 1 Oar ae ee eR lermeé. 60
aa. Scales small, about 59 in the lateral line; about
g0.seales between nape and dorsaldim 222.0040... mexicana 61

51. Aztecula vittata (Girard).

Codoma wiittata Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 195;
Walley ‘of Mexico: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur:, 53; pl, xxix, figs:
18-21, 1859; Valley of Mexico.

Notropts aztecus Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1894, 63; Canals
about the City of Mexico: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1896, 258; City of Mexico.

60 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zo6LoGy, VoL. V.

Aztecula azteca Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 81; Texcoco;
Chalco.
Valley of Mexico and headwaters of the Rio Balsas at Puebla
(Viga Canal; Chalco; Puebla: Xochimilco.)

FiG. 13. AZTECULA VITTATA (Girard).
No. 45569 (Vofropfis aztecus \WWoolman), U.S. National Museum.

Head 4; depth 3% to 4; D. 8; A. 8; scales 7-50-5. Body robust, .
back moderately arched, the highest point over pectorals; snout
bluntish, 4% in head; mouth small, oblique; maxillary scarcely
reaching vertical from front of eye, 334 in head; teeth 4-4; eye small,
4% in head; origin of dorsal midway between base of caudal and eye;
about 23 scales in a series between nape and dorsal fin; pectoral fin
short, 13 in head; ventral 14; caudal fin forked; caudal peduncle rather
stout, its least depth 2 in head; lateral line decurved. wavy, complete.

Color dark brown above, lighter below; a dark lateral band more
distinct on posterior half of body; the band more prominent in young
examples; caudal spot very indistinct.

This species is very abundant in the lakes and canals about the
City of Mexico. I also took six specimens of this species from the
river at Puebla and a number of small ones from a pond near by. Its
appearance in the Balsas basin was rather unexpected. There is
a quite deep artificial pond at Santa Maria, near Puebla, in which
are fishes of this species which were probably brought from the lakes
near the City of Mexico, and have escaped into the river near by.

52. Aztecula lermaz (Evermann & Goldsborough).
Notropis lerme Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm.,
1902, 147, fig. 3; Lago de Lerma, Mexico.
Basin of the Rio Lerma. (Lerma.)
Head 324; depth 324; D. 9; A. 8; scales 7-47-5. Bodystout,
deep, not much compressed, the dorsal region gently elevated; head

=~

FamMiILty V. CyYPRINIDZ. 61

rather heavy; snout short and rather blunt; mouth small, oblique,
the lower jaw included; the maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from
anterior margin of the eye, 3% in head; eye 5 in head; snout 34;
teeth 4-4; hooked, and with crenate edges; origin of dorsal fin midway

Fic. 14. AZTECULA LERM€@ (Evermann & Goldsborough).
No. 50003, U.S. National Museum.

between base of caudal and nostril; about 23 scales in a series be-
tween nape and dorsal fin; pectoral 14 in head; ventral 2; lateral line
decurved, not wholly complete, an occasional scale without any pore;
least depth of caudal peduncle 21% in head.

Color grayish olivaceous on back and upper part of side, the scales
profusely covered with dark punctulations; a broad dark plumbeous
lateral band ending in an indistinct black spot at base of caudal;
pectoral, caudal, and dorsal fins dusky; the ventrals and anal pale.
Length about 2% inches.

This species is Closely related to the preceding, from which it differs
chiefly in the more slender peduncle, the larger eye, less rounded snout
and coloration. Spawns late in summer. At present this species is
known only from Lerma, from which place a few specimens were taken
by me.

53. Aztecula mexicana Meek.
Aztecula mexicana Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 81; San
Juan del Rio.

Basin of Rio San Juan on the Mexican Plateau.

Head 4; depth 3% to 4; D. 8; A. 7; scales 9-59—-7. Body robust,
back slightly elevated, its highest point over pectoral fin and some-
what in advance of the dorsal; snout bluntish; mouth small, oblique,
terminal, lower jaw the shorter; snout 4 in head; teeth 4-4, hooked,
no grinding surface; interorbital area 3 in head; eye small, 4% in
head; origin of dorsal fin midway between base of caudal and the eye;
about 30 scales in a series between nape and dorsal fin; pectoral fins
short, 13 in head; ventrals 2 in head; caudal fin rather short, forked;

62 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoO6toecy, Vou. V.

Fig. 15. AZTECULA MEXICANA Meek.
No. 3606, Field Columbian Museum,

caudal peduncle slender, its least depth 2% in head; lateral line
decurved and wavy, complete or missing on a few scales.

Color dark brownish above, lighter below; a faint lateral band,
most conspicuous on last half of the body; the faint caudal spot
more prominent in the young.

This species differs from the preceding in having smaller scales.
Length about 3 inches.

2%. Nototropis Rafinesque.
THE SHINERS.

Notropis Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., 11, 1818, 204. (Type,
Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque.)

Codoma Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 194. (Type, Co-
doma ornata Girard.)

Alburnops Girard, 1l.c.,194. (Type, Alburnops blennius Girard.)

Moniana Girard, 1.c.: 199. (Type, Leuciscus lutrensis Baird &
Girard.)

Graodus Giinther, Cat., vil, 485, 1868. (Type, Graodus nigrotenia-
tus Giinther = Leuciscus boucard: Gunther.)

Orcella Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 289.
(Type, Notropts orca Woolman.)

Body elongate, more or less compressed; mouth normal, mostly
terminal and oblique, or subinferior; no barbels; teeth 4-4, or 0, 1 or
2, 4-4, 1 or 2, sharp-edged or with narrow grinding surface; scales
usually large, 30 to 55 in the lateral series; lateral line complete or
not, in some species not extending beyond base of ventrals; coloration
more or less silvery; males usually in the breeding season with much
red on body and fins, and with tubercles on head and body. The
fishes belonging to this group are all small, most of them less than 3

FamiILy V. CyYPpRINID&. 63

inches in length, seldom do any of them exceed 5 inches; in color and
form most of the species are very variable.

This genus contains a large number of species of small fishes in-
habiting the streams of the United States east of the Rocky Moun-
tains, ranging south into Mexico to the Rio Panuco and west to the
headwaters of the Rio Yaqui, and south on the Pacific side to the Rio
Balsas. They are among the most feeble of our fresh-water fishes.
None of them are of any value as food for man, but are of great impor-
tance as food for larger fishes. Very few of the species inhabit river
channels, nearly all being confined to the smaller streams and ponds,
from which they probably migrate only very short distances. So far
as known, the species all spawn in the spring, at which time the males
are more or less highly colored, some being red, or with red fins, while
others are white or entirely black, and the head and often the entire
body is covered with tubercles, an outgrowth of the epidermis.

All of the species of this group are quite variable, many being
difficult to determine. Their food consists largely of small crus-
taceans and.insect larve.

KEY GO THE SPECIES OF NOTOERROPIS.

a. Body subterete, not much compressed; snout PAGE
bluntish.
b. Scales large, less than 40 in the lateral series.
c. Sides of body without dark vertical bars;
depth of body 3% to 4; least depth of caudal
peduncle 2 to 2% in head. (
d. Lateral line incomplete, usually on from 3
to ro scales, not extending beyond base of
CRUE Tech Siete cary cts pce idee Wares PUR ces Stal eG calientts 65
dd. Lateral line complete or very nearly so.
e. Head large, 3% to 3% in body; about 14
or 15 scales before dorsal fin.
f. Eye large, 3 in head; dorsal rays 8; anal
rays 7; origin of dorsal fin midway be-
tween tip of snout and base of caudal fin..... braytont 65
ff. Eye smaller, 3% in head; dorsal rays 9;
anal rays 8; origin of dorsal fin midway
between base of caudal and nostril ......... robustus 66
ee. Head shorter, 4 in body; about 16 scales
before dorsal fin.
g. Caudal peduncle slender, its least depth
22 in head; a narrow dark lateral band;
upper half of body with many spots,
cach about the size of pupil ..t2. 204) 42: chihuahua 67

64 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoOoLocy, VoL. V.

gg. Caudal peduncle strong, its least depth
2 in head; a broad, dark lateral band;

mo spots.on upper halrot body. weow es... boucardt

cc. Sides of body with 8 to 10 dark vertical bars;
body very robust; caudal peduncle strong,
1% in body; depth of body 3anits length? ys... - ornatus
bb. Scales small, more than 40 in the lateral series.
h. Origin of dorsal fin nearer snout than base
Oljcaudal: scales S426 4+ G@ep ilies. ete ge ee ee orca
hh. Origin of dorsal fin midway between pos-
terior sey of eye and base of caudal fin;
GE Mtl 4 ers hee eeeegs eee Bee sat cee ee eee eee nazas
aa. Body ia compressed, snout pointed.
i. Scales deeper than long; body usually deep,
its depth 3 to 4 in its Jength.
j. Lateral line decurved, below the middle of the
body; 6 tog rows of scales above (including
lateral line) lateral line, 2 or 3 rows below it.
k. Scales large, less than 40 in the lateral
series; less than 20 scales in a series before
dorsal fin.
1. Lateral line complete, or nearly so.
m. Origin of dorsal fin midway between
base of caudal and nostril; anal fin
long, its base 134 to 2 in head.

noe, Hive larse,y3 an head; analerays o%--.4 ene forlonensis
nn. Eye small, 3% to 334 in‘ head; anal
rays 8.
o. Lateral band on the posterior portion
otsthe ‘body only.) seen ae keer ae lutrensis
oo. Lateral band extending from eye to
baserotvcatidial sat) ie. specs. ieee oie macrostomus

min. Origin of dorsal fin midway between base
of caudal and pupil; anal base long, 11%
in head; caudal peduncle slender, its

least, deptho2/imibodyastvaee, steer eta garmant
ll. Lateral line incomplete, on 11 to 13 scales;
anal rays g; lateral line much decurved;

SCAIESHO AIS 2s ok, Ce ae aera nue eee ere santamarie

kk. Scales small, more than 4o in the lateral
series; about 24 scales before dorsal fin....... formosus

jj. Lateral line on or above the middle of the
body; scales 5—-35-6; head 4; depth 4% ........... jrigidus

11. Scales not deeper than long; body slender,
its depth 4% in head; anal rays 10..........santarosalieg

PAGE

67

68

69

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7°

72

73

74
74
75

1S

FamiLty V. CypRINIDA. 65

Subgenus Alburnops Girard.

54. Nototropis calientis Jordan & Snyder.
Notropis calientis Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1900,
Rio Verde, Aguas Calientes: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
U. S.: Nat. Mus., 1900, 3197: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65,
1902, 83; Aguas Calientes; Ocotlan; Acambaro.
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Fic. 16. NOTOTROPIS CALIENTIS Jordan & Snyder.
No. 6193, Leland Stanford, Jr. University.

Head 334 to'4; depth 3% to 3%; D. 8; A. 7; scales 6—33 to 35-3.
Body oblong, rather stout, not much compressed, back little elevated ;
snout bluntish, 4 in head; mouth small, maxillary scarcely reaching
vertical from anterior margin of orbit; eye small, 4 in head; teeth
4-4, hooked, with narrow grinding surface; origin of dorsal fin mid-
way between tip of snout and base of caudal, base of dorsal 2 in
head; longest dorsal ray 14% in head; pectoral 1% in head; ventral
1% in head; base of anal fin 2% in head; caudal fin forked, its lobes
rather rounded; caudal peduncle moderate, 21% in head; lateral line
decurved, incomplete, usually only on the first three to ten scales,
seldom reaching as far as opposite origin of ventrals; vertebrz
20 + 18 = 38.

Color rather dark brownish, lighter below; an indefinite dark
band on middle of sides; no black caudal spot. Length 21% inches.

This species spawns during the first half of June.

55. Nototropis braytoni (Jordan & Evermann).

Moniana nitida Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 20;
Cadereita, Nuevo Leon: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 58, 1858;
Cadereita, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.

Notropts braytont Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1896; name a substitute for Montana nitida, preoccupied.

Streams in northeastern Mexico between the Rio Panuco and

the Rio Grande. (San Juan; Montemorelos; Garza Valdez; La Cruz;
Santa Engracia; Victoria.)

Head 324; depth 4; D. 8; A. 7; scales 6-36-3. Body elongate,

robust, not much compressed; head stout, rather broad; snout blunt;

66 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MuseEumM—ZoonocGy, Vou. V.

mouth rather large, little oblique, tip of maxillary reaching vertical
from front of eye; snout 3%; interorbital width 22 in head; eye
large, its diameter 3 in head; origin of dorsal fin midway between
tip of snout and base of caudal fin; about 15 scales in a series between
nape and dorsal fin; longest dorsal ray 114 in head; base of dorsal
2 in head; pectorals 14 in head; ventrals 14%; base of anal 2% in
head; lateral line decurved, complete; caudal fin forked; caudal
peduncle stout, its least depth nearly half head.

Color straw, lighter below; a faint lateral band on posterior half
of body, ending usually in a black caudal spot. Length about 3
inches.

56. Nototropis robustus Meek.
Notropis robustus Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 82; Santa
Rosalia; Jimenez.
Upper tributaries of the Rio Conchos in Chihuahua.

Fic. 17. NOTOTROPIS ROBUSTUS Meek.
No. 3548, Field Columbian Museum.

Head 3%; depth 4; D. 9; A. 8; scales 6—37-4. Body robust, back
little arched, its highest point being just in front of dorsal fin; snout
blunt, its length 3% in head; mouth large, nearly terminal, slightly
oblique; maxillary 314 in head, its tip reaching vertical from pupil;
teeth 4-4, the tips slightly hooked; eye large, its diameter 3% in
head; interorbital space 3 in head; origin of dorsal midway between
base of caudal and nostril; 15 scales in a series between napeand
origin of dorsal fin; pectoral fins long, nearly reaching ventrals, 1%
in head; ventrals 2 in head.

Color olivaceous, a dark lateral band from snout to base of caudal
fin, ending in a small caudal spot; chin white. Spawning time the
latter part of June.

FamMILy V. CyYPRINID&. 67

57. Nototropis chihuahua Woolman.
Notropis chihuahua Woolman, Amer. Nat., March, 1892, 260; Rio
Conchos, Chihuahua: Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1894,
58; Rio Conchos, Chihuahua: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 265: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub., 6s,
1902, 83; Chihuahua; San Andres; Santa Rosalia; Jimenez.
Headwaters of the Rio Conchos in Chihuahua, where it is very
abundant.

: ee

FiG. 18. NOTOTROPIS CHIHUAHUA Woolman.
No. 44151, U.S. National Museum.

Head 4; depth 4; D. 8; A. 7; scales 6-33 to 37-3. Body rather
robust, little compressed, the back little elevated; head large; snout
blunt, its length 3% in head; mouth slightly oblique, the maxillary
scarcely reaching vertical from anterior margin of the eye; eye 3%
in head; origin of the dorsal midway between tip of snout and base
of caudal; about 16 scales in a series between nape and dorsal fin;
base of dorsal fin 2 in head, its longest ray 1% in head; base of anal
*22 in head; caudal fin forked; caudal peduncle slender, its least
depth 22 in head; lateral line nearly straight, complete.

Color light brown; scales above dark edged; numerous round dark
dots on upper half of the body, the largest sometimes nearly the size
of pupil; the spots unequal and irregularly placed; a plumbeous
lateral band from eye through snout, ending in a black caudal spot;
fins plain. Length about 21% inches.

One of the most conspicuously marked species in the genus.
Spawning season the last of June and the early part of July.

58. Nototropis boucardi (Gtinther). SALMIcHI.
Leuciscus boucard: Giinther, Cat., vil, 485, 1868; Cuernavaca.
Rutilus boucardi Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 247.

68 FIELD COLUMBIAN MuszEuM—ZoO.toey, Vou. V.

Graodus nigroteniatus Gtnther, Cat., vil, 485, 1868; Atlixco,
Mexico.

Notropis nigroteniatus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 264: Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.
1900, 121; Rio Ixtla, Puente de Ixtla, Morelos: Meek, Field
Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902; Balsas; Puente de Ixtla.

Basin of the Rio Balsas. (Cuautla; Yautepec; Jojutla; Atlixco;
Matamoras; Chietla.)

Head 4; depth 4; D. 8; A. 8; scales 7-36 to 38-4. Body elongate,
very robust, not much compressed, back little elevated; head large;
snout blunt, 3% in head; mouth moderate, maxillary reaching to
vertical from anterior margin of orbit; teeth 4-4; eye 32 to 41n head;
origin of dorsal slightly nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; base
of dorsal 2 in head; longest dorsal ray 11% in head; about 16 scales
in a series between the nape and dorsal fin; pectorals 114 in head;
ventrals 1%; base of anal 21%; caudal forked; caudal peduncle rather
robust its least depth 2 in head; lateral line complete, slightly de-
curved.

Color dark brownish above, much lighter below; sides with a
dark lateral band, more prominent on smaller specimens and on
posterior half of body, ending in a black caudal spot; fins plain.
Length about 334 inches.

Mr. C. Tate Regan, of the British Museum, London, has kindly
examined the types of Leuciscus boucardi and Graodus nigroteniatus,
and he considers both to be the same species. This decision agrees
with the result of my study of the minnows of the Balsas Basin.
This species is in North America the most southern member of the
family to which it belongs. Specimens taken at Yautepec on March
26th have the ovaries well developed, indicating the spawning season
to be in April.

Subgenus Codoma Girard.

59. Nototropis ornatus (Girard).

Codoma ornata Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 195;
Rio Chihuahua» Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur; 59; pl ceeae=
22-25, 1859; Rio Chihuahua and its tributaries.

Notropis ornatus Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1894, 58, Rio
Conchos, Chihuahtia: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 27: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902,°83;
Chihuahua; San Andres; Jimenez; Mifiaca.

Headwaters of the Rio Mezquital and the Rio Nazas, in Durango,

to the upper tributaries of the Rio Yaqui and the Rio Conchos, in
Chihuahua. (Santiago Papasquiaro; Durango.)

Famity V. CyYPRINID&. 69

Head 334 to 4; depth 3; D. 8; A. 7; scales 8-40-4. Body very
stout and moderately compressed, the back arched; the head very
blunt, thick, and rounded; mouth small, somewhat oblique; the cleft
mostly anterior; the jaws equal; teeth 4-4; snout 3% in head; eye
small, 334 to 4 in the head; origin of dorsal midway between tip
of snout and base of caudal; base of dorsal 2 in head, its longest ray
1% in head; 18 scales in a series between nape and dorsal fin; pec-
torals 114 in head; ventrals 12 in head; base of anal 2% in head;
caudal fin forked; caudal peduncle very stout, its least depth 134
in head; males in breeding season with prickles on head and body;
lateral line complete.

Color dark, lighter below; sides with about 8 to ro more or less
conspicuous cross-bars; fins with the middle parts dusky or black.
The smaller specimens do not have as prominent bars as the larger
ones, but they have a more prominent caudal spot. A few males
are black with a white vertical band on preopercle behind eye; all
of the fins are black with light margins. Length about 234 inches.
Spawning time apparently the first part of June

Subgenus Orcella Jordan & Evermaniu.

60. Nototropis orca Woolman.

Notropis orca Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1894, 56; Rio
Grande, El Paso, Texas: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1896, 289.

Rio Grande at El Paso, Texas.

Head 4%; depth 5; D. 7; A. 8; scales 8-42-4. Body robust,
little compressed, with broad back; dorsal outline somewhat elevated;
head heavy; snout blunt, decurved; mouth subinferior, little oblique;
lower jaw slightly included; maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from
pupil; top of head transversely rounded so that the eye is as near
the lower as the upper profile of the head; interorbital space very
wide and very convex, equals distance from tip of snout to pupil;
origin of dorsal fin a little nearer snout than base of caudal; longest
dorsal ray 11 in head; pectorals slightly falcate, about reaching
ventrals, 114 in head; ventrals 2 in head; caudal deeply forked; scales
rather large, thin; lateral line somewhat decurved.

Color pale; side with a broad distinct silvery band as broad as
length of snout, bordered above by a narrow plumbeous line; back
sparsely covered with fine dark punctulations; median line of back
with a faint plumbeous band; top of head darkish; fins pale. Length
about 3% inches. (Jordan & Evermann.)

70 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusrEumM—Zoo.LoeGy, VOL. V.

61. Nototropis nazas sp. nov,

Type, No. 4375, F. C. M., 2% inches in length; Santiago Papas-
quiaro, Durango.

Headwaters of the Rio Nazas in Durango.

Fig. 19. NOTOTROPIS NAZAS Meek.

Head 4%; depth-4% to 42; D. 8; A. 8; scales 10-49 to 54-5.
Body elongate, not much compressed; top of head flattish, the eye
being much nearer the upper than the lower profile of the head;
snout rather pointed, slightly overhanging the mouth, 3% in head;
mouth large, maxillary about reaching vertical from anterior margin
of pupil; maxillary 3 in head; teeth 4-4, hooked and with grind-
ing surface quite well developed; pharyngeal bones and teeth very
small; eye 3% in snout; origin of dorsal fin about midway between
base of caudal and anterior margin of eye; about 30 scales in a series
between nape and dorsal fin; base of dorsal 134 in head; its longest
ray 1% in head; pectoral 1% in head, its tips reaching about 2
distance from its base to base of ventrals; ventrals nearly reaching
anal, 13 in head; base of anal 2 in head; caudal fin deeply forked;
caudal peduncle slender, its least depth 31% in head; scales small,
smaller on upper anterior part of the body; lateral line complete.

Color light brownish, lighter below; a narrow dark lateral band,
which ends in a faint caudal spot, on base of caudal rays; back finely
punctulate with dark dots, many being grouped to form larger dots.
Length about 234 inches. Spawning time the latter part of May.
(Nazas,—name of the river from which the type was taken.)

Subgenus Moniana Girard.
62. Nototropis forlonensis sp. nov.
Type, No. 4478, F. C. M., 2 inches in length; Forlon, Tamaulipas.
Basin of the Rio Panuco. (Forlon; Valles.)
Head 334 to 4; depth 34; D. 8; A. 9; scales 0—-35-3: - Body
elongate, considerably compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines about
equal; snout pointed, 4 in head; mouth terminal, oblique; end of

FamiLty V. CyYPRINIDA. 71

maxillary reaching vertical from anterior margin of orbit; eye large,
3 in head; teeth 4-4, hooked, with narrow grinding surface; origin
of dorsal fin midway between base of caudal and nostril; base of
dorsal 24 in head; its longest ray 12 in head; pectoral pointed,

Fic. 20. NOTOTROPIS FORLONENSIS Meek.

1} in head; ventral 114 in head; base of anal 134 in head; caudal
peduncle rather slender, its least depth 214 in head; scales rather
deeper than long; lateral line decurved, complete.

Color rather light brownish, with a lateral plumbeous band,
ending in a very faint caudal spot. Length about 2 inches.

This species resembles Nototropts lutrensis, differing, however, from
it in having a better developed lateral band, a faint caudal spot,
and a larger eye. Spawning time the latter part of May. (Forlon,—
name of the river from which the type was taken.)

63. Nototropis lutrensis (Baird & Girard).

Leuciscus lutrensis Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1853, 391; Otter Creek, tributary of the North Fork of Red
River, Arkansas. :

Montana couch Girard,’ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 201;
China, Nuevo Leon: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 57, pl. xxx,, figs.
21-24, 1859; China, Nuevo Leon.

Momiana rutila Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 201, 1856;
Cadereita, Nuevo Leon: Girard; Mex. Bd. Sur.; 57, pl. xxx,
figs. 1-4, 1859; Cadereita, Nuevo Leon.

Momana gracilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 201, 1856;
Monterey, Nuevo Leon: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 59, 1859;
Acapulco, near Monterey, Nuevo Leon.

Montana gibbosa Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 1859, 59; Brownsville,

’ Texas.

Cyprinella bubalina Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., 1878, 403;
Brownsville, Texas.

Cliola montiregis Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1884, 168; Mon-
terey, Nuevo Leon.

72 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MuszEuM—Zo6 oey, Vou. V.

Notropis lutrensis Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1894, 58;
Rio Chihuahua, Chihuahua: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 271: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65:
1902; Santa Maria; Ahumada; Chihuahua; Santa Rosalia;
Jimenez; San Andres; Mifiaca.

Small streams from the Rio Conchos in Chihuahua, north and
east to South Dakota. (Sauz; Linares.)

Head 3% to 4; depth 3 to 4; D. 7 or 8; A. 8; scales 6 or 7, 36-3.
Body elongate, compressed; head rather large; snout slightly bluntish;
mouth moderate, oblique; end of maxillary reaching vertical from
anterior margin of orbit; teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 0, 1 or 2; eye small,
about equal to snout, 334 to 4 in head; origin of dorsal fin midway
between base of caudal and nostril; about 14 to 19 scales in a series
between nape and dorsal fin; base of dorsal 134 in head, its longest
ray 11% in head; pectorals 1} in head; ventrals 12 in head; base of
anal 2 in head; caudal fin forked; caudal peduncle moderate, its
least depth 2 in head; scales deeper than long; lateral line consid-
erably decurved.

Color bluish above, lighter below; on darker specimens a dark
vertical bar behind gill opening followed by a pale vertical bar which
in life is red; in males, which have the body entirely covered with
tubercles, the body in life is tinged with red, the pectorals, ventrals,
and anals a bright red; small specimens with a very faint lateral
band on posterior half of body; no caudal spot. Length about 3
inches.

A very variable and widely distributed species. Spawning time
the last half of May.

64. Nototropis macrostomus (Girard).
Cyprinella macrostoma Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,
198; Devil’s River, Texas; China, Nuevo Leon: Girard, Mex.
Bd. Sur., 54, pl. xxx1, figs. 5-8, 1859; China, Nuevo Leon.
Notropis macrostomus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 274.

Streams tributary to the Rio Grande, in northeastern Mexico.
(San Juan; Montemorelos.)

Head 32; depth 3%; D. 8; A. 8; scales 7-35-2. Body rather
elongate, moderately compressed; head conical; snout bluntish;
mouth rather large, terminal, the maxillary reaching vertical from
front of orbit; eye equal to length of snout, 3% in head; origin of
dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; dorsal
fin short, its base 2 in head; pectoral 114 in head; ventrals reaching
vent, 1% in head; base of anal 214 in head; least depth of caudal

FamiILty V. CyPpRINID&. i

ios)

peduncle 2} in head; lateral line above pectoral considerably de-
curved.

Color olivaceous; a silvery band from eye to base of caudal, with
a narrow light line above it. Length about 2.25 inches.

The males of this species are much the darker, with the lateral
band very faint; tubercles on head and nape. Females with well-
developed eggs. This species resembles Nototropis lutrensis, but is
' more slender than that species, and the lateral band is more promi-
nent on anterior half of the body; the mouth is also larger.

65. Nototropis garmani (Jordan). p

Cyprinella rubripinna Garman, Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1881, 91; Lago

del Muerte, near Parras, Coahuila.

Notropis garmant Jordan, Cat. Fishes N. Amer., 1885, 813; name

a substitute for rubripinna, preoccupied: Jordan & Ever-
mann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 281.

Basin of the Rio Nazas. (Lerdo; Santiago Papasquiaro.)

Head 334 to 4; depth 234 to 4; D. 9; A. 10 to 12; scales 736-3.
Body elongate to very deep, much compressed, the back somewhat
arched; head rather small; snout bluntish, 4 in head; mouth small,
oblique, terminal, the lower jaw included when mouth is closed; the
tip of maxillary reaching vertical from anterior margin of the orbit;
teeth 4-4, narrow grinding surface, tips hooked; eye 3% in the head;
origin of dorsal fin midway between base of caudal and pupil; about
18 scales between nape and dorsal fin; base of dorsal 114 in head,
slightly less than length of longest ray; fins all large, the tips of the
pectorals, in the deeper specimens, reaching base of ventrals; pectorals
14 in head; ventrals 1% in head; base of anal equals length of
longest anal ray, 114 in head; scales rather latge, deeper than long,
especially on deepest specimens; caudal fin forked; caudal peduncle
very slender, its least depth 214 in head; vertebre 16+17 = 33.

Color bluish above, lighter below; a dark band on middle of the
body on posterior half; no caudal spot; fins plain; males in breeding
season with much red on body and fins, and tubercles on body; old
males with tubercles over the entire body. Length about 3 inches.

This species is very variable in form and color; it differs chiefly
from Nototropis lutrensis, which it most resembles, in having larger
fins and a much more slender caudal peduncle. The specimens from
Lerdo are very.much compressed, appearing much like half-starved
fish; dark olivaceous, not much silvery. The large males are very
red in life, with a dark bar followed by a lighter one just back
of head.

This species may possibly prove to be a variety of Nototropts
lutrensts. Spawning time the latter part of May and in June.

74 FieLtp CoLuMBIAN MusEum—Zodo.ocy, VoL. V.

66. Nototropis santamariz Evermann & Goldsborough.
Notropis santamarie Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., 1902, 147; Lago de Santa Maria, Chihuahua.
Basin of the Rio Santa Maria.

ae %

ay
r aie
a Aes
nu

tii mys
en sis 4% mie i s
ON co me

Fig. 21. NOTOTROPIS SANTAMARIAZ. Evermann & Goldsborough.
No. 50003, U. S. National Museum.

Head 4; depth 3%; D. 8; A. 9; scales 9—-38-2. Body short, deep,
and compressed; head short, obtuse; mouth rather small, oblique;
jaws subequal, the lower slightly included; maxillary scarcely reach-
ing eye; its length 6 in head; interorbital 6 in head; eye large, 3%
in head; origin of dorsal fin over ventrals, midway between base of
caudal and anterior margin of the orbit; scales large, loose, and
closely imbricated, the exposed portions of the anterior ones deeper
than long; about 15 scales between nape and dorsal fin; longest
dorsal ray 13 in head; pectorals short, pointed, 144 in head, not
reaching base of ventrals; ventrals barely reaching origin of anal;
lateral line greatly decurved and incomplete, only 11 to 13 pores;
fins all small; teeth 4-4, slightly hooked; caudal peduncle moderate,
its least depth 22 in head.

Color olivaceous, paler below; back and upper part of side with ~
numerous small dark specks; the edges of the scales dark; an obscure
dark lateral band, plainest on caudal peduncle; median line of back
dark; top of head dark; snout somewhat dusky; dorsal and caudal
fins dusky, other fins pale. Length about 2 inches. Known only
from the type locality.

67. Nototropis formosus (Girard).
Moniana formosa Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 201;
Rio Mimbres, Chihuahua: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 58, pl.

xxx, figs. 5-8, 1859; Rio Mimbres, Chihuahua.

FaMILY V. CyYPRINID&. 75

Notropis formosus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 271: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 84; Colonia
Juarez.

Basin of the Rio Casas Grandes.

Head 3%; depth 3% to 334; D. 9; A. 8; scales 10-42 or 48-5.

Body elongate, much compressed; head large; snout pointed, 4 in

head; mouth moderate, end of maxillary reaching to vertical from

anterior margin of eye; teeth 4-4, narrow grinding surface, tips little
hooked; eye small, 3% in head; origin of dorsal fin midway between
base of caudal and nostril; about 24 scales in a series between nape
and dorsal fin; base of dorsal 124 in head; longest ray 1% in head;
pectoral 1% in head; ventral 1% in head; caudal fin forked; caudal

peduncle 2 in head; lateral line decurved, complete or absent on a

few scales. ‘

Color dark bluish, much lighter below; a dark band on middle
of posterior part of body; no caudal spot; vertical fins darkish; outer
margin of first pectoral ray dark. Length 2 inches.

This species is abundant in the basin of the Rio Casas Grandes.
It has not been taken elsewhere.

68. Nototropis frigidus (Girard).
Moniana frigida Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 200;
Rio Frio, Texas: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 271.
Notropis jrigidus Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., 1902, 148; Lago de Santa Maria, Chihuahua.

Northern Chihuahua to Texas.

Head 4; depth 4%; D. 7; A. 9; scales 5—35-6.. Body slender,
compressed; head small; mouth small, oblique, lower jaw slightly
included; scales thin, deciduous; fins small; origin of dorsal slightly
behind base of ventrals. ©

Color pale yellowish or straw color; a few dark punctulations
along the median line of back. Length about 2 inches.

A single specimen 2 inches long from a pool near Lake Santa
Maria, Chihuahua, seems to be this species, though too badly muti-
lated to enable us to identify it with certainty. (Evermann & Golds-
borough.)

Subgenus Nototropis Rafinesque.

69. Nototropis santarosaliz Meek.
Notropis santarosalie Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 85;
Santa Rosalia.
Basin of the Rio Conchos in Chihuahua.

76 FieELD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoO.LoGY, VOL. V.

Head 4; depth 4%; D. 8; A. 10; scales 6—37—3. -Body elongate,
rather slender; snout pointed, short; 4 in head; mouth large, terminal,
oblique; jaws about equal; end of maxillary reaching to middle of
the pupil; margin of upper lip on level with center of eye; eye large,

FIG. 22. NOTOTROPIS SANTAROSALIZ Meek.
No. 3535, Field Columbian Museum.

3 in head; origin of dorsal fin midway between base of caudal and
anterior margin of the orbit; 18 scales in a series before dorsal fin;
base of dorsal fin 21% in head, its longest ray 1141in head; pectorals
1% in head; ventrals 14; lateral line decurved, complete; the lateral
line about one scale-width below the lateral band.

Color light olivaceous, with a broad dark lateral band from snout
through eye to base of caudal, more prominent on the posterior
half of the body, not ending in a black caudal spot; fins all plain.
Length about 2 inches.

28. Phenacobius Cope.
Phenacobius Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 96. (Type,
Phenacobtius teretulus Cope.)
Sarcidium Cope, Hayden’s Geol. Sur. Wyom., 1870 (1871), 440.
(Type, Sarcidium scopijerum Cope.)

Body elongate, little compressed; head moderate, subterete;
mouth inferior, the lower lip thin mesially, but enlarged into a
fleshy lobe on each side toward the angle of the mouth, resembling
a cut lip; upper lip with a callous covering within; dentary bones
distinct, except at the symphysis; no barbel; upper jaw protractile;
teeth 4-4, without grinding surface; scales small; lateral line present;
isthmus wide; alimentary canal short; peritoneum white.

70. Phenacobius scopifer (Cope).
Sarcidium scoptferum Cope, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyo., 1870
(1871), 440; Missouri River near St. Joseph, Missouri.

FamiILty V. CyPpRINID&. a7

Phenacobius scopijer Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., 1878, 666;
Brownsville, Texas: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 302. i

Mouth of the Rio Grande north to St. Joseph, Missouri.

Heads 4 to i434; depth 434; De 8; A. 7; scales. 6—-43-5. Body
moderately slender; head short; snout rather blunt; mouth small;
dorsal fin in front of ventrals.

Color olivaceous, a silvery lateral band, and a black caudal spot;
edges of scales with dark edgings, which sharply define their outlines.
Length about 3 inches.

29. Evarra Woolman.

Evarra Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1894, 64. (Type, Evarra

ergenmannt Woolman.)

Body very elongate, slender, subterete; head small; snout bluntish;
mouth small, terminal, oblique; no barbels; the lips thickish; upper
jaw protractile; lateral line complete; dorsal fin low; teeth small 4-4;
alimentary canal about as long as body.

To this genus belong 2 species which are known only from the
lakes and canals near the City of Mexico.

KEYS tO rir SPECIES OF Pe VARIRA:

a. Anal fin short, with about 7 rays; scales about PAGE
Bomiietie: laberaleSCGlCGny . wastes Saar anes: elgenmannt 77
aa. Anal fin long, with 14 rays; scales 95 in lateral
SERIES io. F ee nt: GAIT ee hers eases ARE Oe. Dah eee: tlahuacensis 78

71. Evarra eigenmanni Woolman.

_ Evarra eigenmannt Woolman, Bull. U. 5S. Fish Comm., 1894, 64;
City of Mexico: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. 5S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 304: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 86;
Tlahuac.

Valley of Mexico.

Fig. 23. EVARRA EIGENMANNI Woolman.
No. 45571, U.S. National Museum.

78 FIELD CoLuMBIAN MusEumM—Zo6.tocy, VoL. V.

Head 4%; depth 5%; D. 8; A. 7; scales 17-88-10. Body elon-
gate, subterete; head small; the snout bluntish, 31% in head; inter-
orbital area broad and flattish; mouth small, the maxillary not
reaching vertical from eye; lips somewhat thickened; lateral line
decurved anteriorly, complete; fins all very small; dorsal inserted
slightly behind origin of ventrals. ,

Color olivaceous, silvery below; sides with a faint plumbeous
lateral band, ending in a small caudal spot; a dark dorsal stripe;
fins all plain. Length about 3 inches.

72. Evarra tlahuacensis Meek.
Evarra tlahuacensts Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 85;
Tlahuac.
Valley of Mexico.

Fig. 24. EVARRA TLAHUACENSIS Meek.
No. 3681, Field Columbian Museum.

Head 4; depth 514; D. 8; A. 14; scales 95. Body elongate, rather
slender; snout blunt, its length 324 in head; upper jaw protractile;
teeth 4-4, tips hooked, grinding surface fairly developed; mouth
little, oblique, tip of maxillary reaching margin of orbit; diameter
of eye 3% in head; origin of dorsal fin midway between base of
caudal and posterior marginof eye; about 38 scales in a series before
dorsal fin; first dorsal ray reaching beyond tip of the last ray, when
the fin is deflexed; lateral line complete, decurved above the pec-
torals; gill membranes connected to isthmus; peritoneum black;
the length of the alimentary canal equals distance from eye to tip
of caudal fin.

Color dark olive, white below, the line between the colors very
distinct and extending from below eye to one-quarter distance from,
ventral surface of caudal peduncle; a dark vertebral and a dark
lateral band. Length about 2% inches.

FamiLty V. CypRINIDA. 79

30. Rhinichthys Agassiz.
BLACK-NOSED DACE.

Rhinichthys Agassiz, Lake Superior, 353, 1850. (Type, Cyprinus

atronasus Mitchill.)

Body elongate, not much compressed; mouth small, subinferior ;
the upper jaw not protractile; the upper lip continuous with the
skin of the forehead, forming a very broad frenum; a small barbel
on end of maxillary; scales very small; lateral line complete; teeth
2, 4-4, 2 or 1, hooked, and without grinding surface; intestinal canal
short. Species few, inhabiting springs and running water.

73. Rhinichthys simus Garman. SouTHERN Dace.
~ Rhintchthys simus Garman, Science Observer, 1881, 61; Coahuila:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 307:
Meek, Field Col. Mus., Pub., 65, 1902, 86; Santa Rosalia.

Tributaries of the Rio Grande in northern Mexico. (Monte-
morelos. )

Head 34; depth 42; D. 8; A. 8; scales 12-62-8. Body elongate,
little compressed; head depressed; snout blunt, its length 234 in
head; mouth inferior; lips thick; eye small, 5% in head; interorbital
area 34 in head; origin of dorsal fin midway between base of caudal
and nostril; pectoral fin large, nearly reaching ventrals, its length 114
in head; ventrals 1% in head; caudal fin forked; caudal peduncle
strong, its least depth 2% in head; lateral line complete, nearly
straight.

Color light brownish; young with a dark lateral band and small
caudal spot, disappearing in the largest specimens. Length about
3 inches. Spawning time the last of May and early in June.

31. Agosia Girard. ~
Agosia Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 186. (Type,
Agosia chrysogaster Girard.)
Apocope Cope, Hayden’s Geol. Sur. Mont., 1871-4, 472. (Type,
A pocope carringtont Cope.) ;

Body elongate, not much compressed; head long; snout blunt;
maxillary with a terminal barbel; premaxillaries protractile; scales
small, 60 to go in the lateral series; teeth 4-4, 1, or 2, 4-4, I or 2; intes-
tinal canal short. A genus which much resembles Khinichthys.

KEY TOV E SPECIES OF AGOSIA:

a. Teeth 1, 4-4, 1; body elongate, its depth 434 PAGE
viral: “UEInUS) | OXGXC AVE she tre DRC ter aa ea. IRA oscula 80
aa. Teeth 4-4, body rather deep, its depth 4 in body. .chrysogaster 80

80 FreLp CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoO.LoGyY, VOL. V.

74. Agosia oscula (Girard).

Argyreus osculus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 186;
Babocomori Creek, a tributary of the Rio San Pedro, Arizona.

Argyreus notabilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 186;
Rio Santa Cruz, a tributary of the Gila, Sonora: Girard, Mex.
Bd. Sur., 47, pl. xxvil, figs. 5-8, 1859; Rio Santa Cruz, Sonora.

Agosia oscula Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 3009.

Tributaries of the Gila River in Arizona and Sonora.

Head 4; depth 434; D. 8; A. 7; scales 18-89-15. Body rather
elongate, the caudal peduncle stout; snout obtuse, but narrowed
anteriorly, not overhanging the mouth; maxillary barbels small; eye
small, 4 in head.

Color dusky olive above; a blackish lateral band; male with axils
of pectorals and ventrals scarlet; a scarlet patch above gill openings
and one on side of snout. Length about 3 inches.

75. Agosia chrysogaster Girard.

Agosta chrysogastcr Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,
187; Rio Santa Cruz, Sonora (Gila Basin): Girard, Mex. Bd.
Sur., 49, pl. xxvitl, figs. 5-8, 1859; Rio Santa Cruz, Sonora:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 313:
Rutter, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1896, 260; Morse Cafion; Rucker
Canon, Yaqui Basin; Hermosillo: Evermann & Goldsborough,
Bull: U. S. Fish Comm., 1902; 148; near summit of Sierra
Madre. Chihuahua.

Northern Sonora and Chihuahua.

Head 4; depth 4; D. 8; A. 7; scales 88. Body fusiform; head
rather heavy; snout conical; maxillary barbel small; mouth terminal,
the upper jaw the longer; maxillary reaching about vertical from
outer margin of orbit; eye small, 4 in head; fins long.

Color dark iron gray above, sometimes spotted; a darker band
of same along the side above lateral line, extending from end of
snout to middle of caudal; males with the belly yellow or orange.
Length about 3 inches.

32. Hybopsis Agassiz.
Horny HEabs.
Hybopsis Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 358. (Type,
Hvbopsts gracilis Agassiz = Rutilus amblops Rafinesque.)
Yuriria Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 321.
(Type, Hudsontus altus Jordan.)

Famity V. CyYPRINIDA. 81

Body ‘robust or elongate; mouth terminal or inferior, with a
barbel present and terminal on maxillary; a second barbel some-
times present on each side; premaxillaries protractile; teeth 4-4 or
1, 4-4, 1 or o, hooked, with narrow grinding surface; scales rather
large, 35 to 60 in the lateral line; lateral line complete; males usually
with tubercles on snout in breeding season, and sometimes flushed
with red. A small group of fishes usually inhabiting river channels.

SB YeROMELE SPECIE SIO EY BOPRSIS:

a. Body slender, 5% in, in length; scales 36 in PAGE

the lateral series; mouth moderate, inferior;

the snout projecting and rather pointed; color

silvery, everywhere sprinkled with dark dots..... estivalis 81
aa. Body more robust, 334 to 44; mouth large

oblique, terminal, the lower jaw slightly in-

_cluded; scales 45 in the lateral line; color sil-

VCR VRWAL HOU ICATIGKCOLS: oro yf xen Ge EM oe apne’ altus 81

76. Hybopsis zstivalis (Girard).
Gobio e@stivalis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 189;
Rio San Juan, near Cadereita, Nuevo Leon: Girard, Mex.
Bd. Sur., 49, pl. Lv, figs. 17-29, 1859; Rio San Juan near
Cadereita, Nuevo Leon. ;
Hybopsis estivalis Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., 1894, 56;
Rio Grande, El Paso, Texas: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
Wes: Nat: Mus., 1896, 316:

Northeastern Mexico north to the upper tributaries of the Rio
Grande in New Mexico, and to the Arkansas River in Arkansas.
(San Juan; Linares.)

Head 334; depth 5%; D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-36-4. Body slender,
with long caudal peduncle, the back scarcely elevated; head long
and slender; the snout much projecting and rather pointed; mouth
moderate, inferior, the maxillary reaching posterior nostril; barbels
long, nearly as long as snout, about 3 in head; each maxillary with
single barbel; eye small 4 to 4% in head; fins rather long, the caudal
deeply forked, its lobes subequal; origin of dorsal over ventrals
nearer tip of snout than base of caudal.

Color silvery, everywhere sprinkled with small black dots; fins
plain. Length about 3 inches. This species spawns during the latter
part of June.

77. Hybopsis altus (Jordan). Prscapa BLANCa.
Hudsonius altus Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 301; Lago
de Tupatara, Guanajuato: Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1896, 322.

82 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoO.LoGY, VoL. V.

Hybopsis altus Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1894, 61;
Rio Lerma, Salamanca, Queretaro: Jordan & Evermann, Bull.
47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 322: - Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U.S.
Fish Comm., 1900, 125; Rio Verde; Aguas Calientes: Pellegrin,
Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris. 1901, 205; Estado de Jalisco: Meek,
Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 86; Acambaro; Celaya; Aguas
Calientes; Lagos.

Notropis alius B. A. Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 539; Rio
Cuitzeo, Michoacan.

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Head 3% to 4; depth 334 to 4; scales 9-46-4. Body rather
elongate, me ee back elevated; head low, rather long; snout
bluntish; mouth terminal, large; end of maxillary reaching slightly
beyond vertical from anterior margin of orbit, its length 3% in head;
snout 324 in head; jaws equal; teeth 4-4, with grinding surface and
tips slightly hooked; maxillary barbel rather small; eye 434 in head;
origin of dorsal fin slightly nearer tip of snout than base of caudal;
pectoral fins pointed, 114 in head; ventrals 1? in head: caudal fin
forked; caudal peduncle strong, its least dent: 21% in head; lateral
line complete, slightly decurved.

Color light olivaceous, lighter below; sides above lateral line with
a more or less plumbeous lateral band; no caudal spot. Length about
ro inches.

This species is,usually found in clear running water. It is quite

abundant in the upper tributaries of the Rio Lerma, from which.

streams only it is known. Sexual organs of specimens taken the third
week of May not developed. Evidently it spawns late in the summer.

oo. Couesius Jordan.

Couesius Jordan, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Sur. Terr., Iv, 785, 1878.
(Type, Nocomts milnert Jordan.)

Body elongate; head normal, not depressed; the profile convex;
mouth terminal, normal; a well-developed barbel on the anterior
side of the maxillary, just above its tip; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, hooked, with-
out grinding surface; scales rather small; lateral line complete.

78. Couesius adustus Woolman.
Couesius adustus Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1894, 57; Rio
Conchos, Chihuahua: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. 5.
Nat. Mus., 1896, 325.
Rio Conchos in Chihuahua.
Head 41%; depth 424; D. 8; A. 7; scales 13-58-8. Body moderate-
ly compressed, the back little elevated, the anterior profile rather

-

px

Fam. V. CypRINID&. Fam. VI. CHARACINIDA. 83

convex; snout rather long, slightly pointed; its length 32 in head;
mouth low, terminal, oblique; the jaws subequal, the maxillary
opposite posterior nostril; barbel evident in young, inconspicuous
in the adult, its position not quite terminal; interorbital space broad,
flattish; eye 32% 1n head; preorbital broad; origin of dorsal inserted
over or a little behind ventrals, the latter reaching to vent.

Color olivaceous, dusky above; sides silvery; a narrow plumbeous
lateral band ending in a small caudal spot in young individuals; fins
all plain. Length about 4 inches.

This species is known only from the type locality.

Subfamily Plagopterine.
34. Plagopterus Cope.
Plagopterus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1874, 301. (Type,
Plagopterus argentissumus Cope.)

Body slender; mouth terminal; a barbel at the extremity of the
maxillary; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface; body
without scales; dorsal fin short, posterior, with a strong spine
composed of 2 spines, the posterior one being received into a longi-
tudinal groove of the anterior; inner border of ventral fins adherent
to the body.

79. Plagopterus argentissimus Cope.
Plagopterus argentissimus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila.,
1874, 130; San Luis Valley, Colorado: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 329: Gilbert & Scofield, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 496; mouth of Rio Gila at Yuma.

Colorado River Basin in Colorado to Ft. Yuma, Arizona.

Head 4; depth 6; D. 11, 7; A. to. Body slender; head rather
broad, the muzzle slightly depressed, overhanging the rather small,
horizontal mouth; lips thin; maxillary reaching front of eye; eye
moderate, 44 in head; dorsal fin entirely behind ventrals, the first
spine curved, longer than the second; soft rays of dorsal thickened,
ossified at base; lateral line complete, slightly deflexed.

Color silvery; back dusky, with minute black dots. Length about
2% inches. A singular little fish.

Family VI. Characinide.
THE CHARACINS.

Body usually rather elongate, compressed and covered with cycloid
scales; head naked; margin of the upper jaw formed mesially by
the premaxillaries and laterally by the maxillaries; no barbels; pre-

84 FIELD CoLumMBIAN MusEumM—Zo6toecy, VoL. V.

maxillaries protractile; teeth various, often incisor-like, often wanting;
branchiostegals usually 3; gill membranes united to the isthmus or
not; no pseudobranchie; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; lower
pharyngeals more or less curved, armed with small, sometimes villi-
form, teeth; adipose fin present (occasionally wanting); air bladder
transversely divided into two portions; anterior vertebre coalesced
and modified.

A large family of fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of South
America and Africa. A few species inhabit the streams of southern
Mexico, ranging as far north as the United States. All of the mem-
bers of this family in Mexico are small, none reaching a length of
over six inches.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF CHARACINID.

a. Scales large, less than 50 in the lateral series; PAGE
anal fin short, with less than 35 rays.
b. Anterior teeth strong, incisor-like; premax-
illary teeth in a double series, those on man-
dible in a single series; less than 4o scales .
in the lateral series; lateral line complete. .Tetragonopterus 84
bb. Anterior teeth weaker, more or less conical
and with lateral cusps; more than 4o scales
in the lateral series; lateral line incomplete. Hemigrammus 87
aa. Scales small, more than 60 in the lateral series;
anal tin Jonow with more than 4otrays7. fn a Reboides 88

Subfamily Tetragonopterine.
35. Tetragonopterus Cuvier.

Tetragonopterus Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 1, Vol. 11, 166, 1817.
(Type, Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier.)

Astyanax Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 26.
(Type, Astyanax argentatus Baird & Girard.)

Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with moderate
scales; belly rounded; mouth rather small; anterior teeth strong,
incisor-like; lateral teeth small; premaxillary and mandibular teeth
about equal in size, with a compressed, notched crown, the former
in a double, the latter in a single series; nostrils of each side close
together, separated by a valve only; lower pharyngeals very slender,
curved, armed with a single series of slender, hooked teeth; gill
openings wide; gill membranes not connected, free from the isthmus;
origin of the dorsal fin about midway between tip of snout and base
of caudal.

FamiLy VI. CHARACINIDA. 85

The species of this genus, which inhabit the streams of Mexico,
are extremely variable. In the collections studied by me, I am
unable to recognize more than two species.

KEY lO;vHE, SPECIES OF THERAGONOPTERUS.

PAGE
eee ATA imISHOG, AUSITAyS TO. bON23 2.205 se cay. 2 ee Be mexicanus 85
BAaMecdal ino lOnSen. Abs Tays 24tOwe 7... Pgs sok oils 4) 4)s cts eneus 86

80. Tetragonopterus mexicanus Filippi.

Tetragonopterus mexicanus Filippi, Guerins Rev. Mag. Zodl., 1853,
166; Mexico: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, ‘335: Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1900,
125; Rio Ixtla, Puente de Ixtla, Morelos: Meek, Field Col.
Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 86; Puente de Ixtla; Balsas; Cuicatlan;
Venta Salada.

Astyanax argentatus Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1854, 27; Comanche Spring and Brownsville, Texas: Girard,
Mex. Bd. Sur., 74, pl. vim, figs. 5—9, 1859; mouth of the Rio
Grande: Ginther, Cat., v, 380, 1864: Garman, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zoél., 1881, 92; tributaries of Lago del Muerto and
spring near Monclova.

Tetragonopterus fulgens Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zodl., 1x, 1868,

62; Province of Cuernavaca: Vaillant & Pellegrin, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 1904, 325; Cuernavaca.

Tetragonopterus argentatus Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1894, 60; Rio Chihuahua, Chihuahua: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896: Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U.S.
Fish Comm., 1900, 125; Rio Verde, near Rascon, San Luis
Potosi; Rio Tamesin, Tampico: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub.
65, 1902, 86; Chihuahua; Santa Rosalia; Jimenez.

Tetragonopterus nitidus Vaillant & Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, 1904, 324; Cuernavaca.

Rio Balsas and Rio Tehuacan to the Rio Grande. (Lerdo; Santiago
Papasquiaro; Monterey; San Juan; Montemorelos; Linares; Garza
Valdez; La Cruz; Santa Engracia; Victoria; Rio Verde; Forlon:Valles
Rascon; Cuautla; Yautepec; Jojutla; Atlixco; Matamoras; Chietla.)

Head 3% toi4; depth 224 to 3; D:.9 or ro; A. 20 to 23; scales
8-34 to 37-6. Body elongate, compressed, the dorsal and ventral
outlines similar; head rather small; snout bluntish; mouth terminal,
small; the free straight portion of the maxillary 31% in head; snout
3 to 3%; eye 3 to 3%; origin of dorsal fin about midway between
tip of snout and base of caudal fin (in most specimens nearer tip of
snout); base of dorsal 1% in its longest ray, 2 in head; pectorals

86 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOOLOGY, VOL. V.

nearly or quite reaching ventrals, 11% in head; ventrals to vent, 134
in head; base of anal equals the length of the head; origin of adipose
fin over the last ray of the anal; caudal fin forked, the lobes equal;
least depth of caudal peduncle 2% in head; lateral line complete,
nearly straight; gill rakers short, rather slender, about 17 on the first
gill arch; vertebre 16+17 =33.

Color light olivaceous above, silvery below; a broad bluish silvery
band becoming darker posteriorly from upper edge of gill opening to
base of caudal fin; an oblong black caudal spot extending on the mid-
dle rays of caudal fin; adark humeral blotch. Length about 4 inches.

This species is very abundant and variable. Specimens from the
Rio Nazas, the upper waters of the Rio Conchos and from the Rio
Panuco average a little deeper than those from the other localities.
Those found in streams where vegetation is the most abundant are
the darker in color. The females are full of eggs, indicating that
the spawning season is the latter part of May and early in June.
Eggs small, the diameter of each .035 inch.

81. Tetragonopterus zeneus Giinther.

Tetragonopterus eneus Gutnther, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1860,
319; Oaxaca, Mexico: Ginther Cat., v, 326, 1864; Oaxaca:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 333.

Tetragonopterus oaxacanensis Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zodl., 1x,
1868, 62; Oaxaca.

Lowland streams south of the city of Vera Cruz and of the Rio
Balsas. (Otopa; Cordoba; Motzorongo; Refugio; El] Hule; Obispo;
Perez; Sanborn; San Juan Evangelista; San Geronimo; Tehuantepec.)

Head 3% to 4; depth 2% to 3; D. 10; A. 24 to 27; scales 8 or 9,35
to 38-6. Body elongate, or rather deep, compressed; head short;
mouth small; in some of the larger specimens the outer cusps of the
upper teeth protrude through the skin of the upper lip; snout short,
blunt, 4 in head; eye 23; maxillary rather slender, its posterior por-
tion nearly vertical and about 34 diameter of the eye; no teeth on
maxillary; origin of the dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and
base of caudal, or slightly near the snout; longest dorsal ray slightly
longer than the head; tip of pectorals reaching ventrals; pectoral 14
in head; tips of ventrals not quite reaching anal; lateral line complete,
slightly decurved; caudal fin deeply forked.

Color light olivaceous, a silvery band on sides, ending in an oblong
caudal spot extending on middle rays of the caudal fin; this band
is darker in dark colored specimens; a black humeral spot with trace
of a second one behind it. Length about 4 inches. Streams south of
Cordoba and south of the Rio Balsas.

Famity VI. CHARACINID. 87

In form this species is very variable, usually the deeper specimens
are more compressed than the more elongate ones. The darker speci-
‘mens are from Refugio and Motzorongo, the lighter from San Juan
Evangelista. The former were taken in a shady stream, the latter
on the edge of a sand-bar. This species is very abundant in the
lower portions of all streams examined by me south of Vera Cruz.

36. Hemigrammus Gill.
Hemigrammus Gill, Ann. N.Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist.,1858,420. (Type,
Hemigrammus umilineatus Gill.)

Body elongate, much compressed; belly before ventrals rounded ;
head moderate; snout pointed; teeth in both jaws uniserial, pointed,
with one to three cusps; teeth on maxillary o—5; gill membranes not
connected, free from the isthmus; gill rakers long and slender, nu-
merous; lateral line incomplete.

82. Hemigrammus compressus sp. nov.
Type, No. 4641, F. C. M., 154 inches in length; El Hule, Oaxaca.
Basin of the Rio Papaloapam. (El Hule; Obispo.)

=

Fic. 25. HEMIGRAMMUS COMPRESSUS Meek.

ead 334; depth 224; D. 11; A. 25 or 273:scalés 45 to 48. . Body
deep, much compressed; ventral region rounded before and behind
ventrals; mouth moderate; maxillary slender, its tip reaching vertical
from pupil, its length 21% in head; teeth in jaws in one series, con-
ical; snout short, its length slightly more than 1% diameter of eye;
dorsal fin high, its longest’ ray slightly more than length of head,
its base 134 in head; origin of dorsal fin midway between base
of caudal fin and anterior margin of eye; pectorals 14 in the head,
their tips reaching slightly past base of ventrals; ventral fins slightly
shorter than pectorals; caudal peduncle very slender, its least depth

88 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusreEumM—ZOoo.tocy, VoL. V.

3 in base of anal fin; base of anal fin 3% in body; anal fin falcate, its
longest rays equaling the length of the head; the lateral line incom-
plete, on 4 to 10 anterior scales; caudal fin widely forked.

Color light olivaceous, body and fins sprinkled with black dots,
being more numerous on dorsal region and region near anal fin; basal
half of anterior dorsal rays black; anal fin with many dark dots. The
largest specimen obtained is 1.75 inches in length.

Subfamily Characinee.

3%. Roeboides Giinther.
Reboides Giinther, Cat., v, 347, 1864. (Type, Epicyrtus microlepis
Rheinhardt. )

Body oblong, rather elevated, covered with small scales; belly
rounded in front of ventrals; pectoral and ventral fins near each other;
humerus dilated or produced into a process before pectoral fin; mouth
wide, with conical teeth in the premaxillary, maxillary, and mandible;
those on the mandible uniserial, on the upper jaw uniserial or biserial;
front of jaws with short, conical, tooth-like processes directed forward ;
no teeth on palate; nostrils close together, separated by a membrane
only; gill openings wide, the membranes separate and free from the
isthmus; gill rakers slender, lanceolate; adipose fin present; verte-
bre 12+22=34.

83. Raeboides guatemalensis (Ginther).
Anacyrtus guatemalensis Gunther, Cat., v, 347, 1864; Rio Chagres;
Huamuchal: Gunther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 479, pl. 82, fig.
4, 1869; Huamuchal.
Reboides guatemalensis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 338.

Rivers of the Pacific slope of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and Cen-
tral America. (San Geronimo.)

Head 334; depth 3; D. 9; A. 50; scales 86. Body elongate, profile
rather gibbous at the nape; head small, subconical; mouth large;
maxillary long and slender, its tips reaching vertical from posterior
margin of the pupil, its length 2} in head; snout equaling diameter of
eye, 3% in head; origin of dorsal fin slightly nearer tip of snout than
base of caudal fin; ventrals long and slender, 14 in head, their tips
reaching anal; ventrals 1% in head; caudal fin deeply forked; lateral
line straight, complete.

Color olivaceous; sides with a silvery band; a faint dark blotch
above lateral line over middle of pectoral; a larger blotch below lateral
line above origin of anal; a faint caudal blotch; no markings on the
fins. Length about 3 inches.

One specimen 3 inches in length was taken by me at San Geronimo.

Order V. Symbranchia.

THE SYMBRANCHOID EELS.

Body eel-shaped; premaxillary, maxillary, and palatine bones
well developed and distinct from each other; no paired fins; vertical
fins rudimentary, reduced to folds of the skin; gill openings confluent
in a single slit; no air bladder; vertebrae numerous, the anterior ones
not modified.

Family VII. Symbranchidze.
THE SYMBRANCHOID EELS.

Body eel-shaped, naked, the abdomen very long, longer than the
tail; snout short; eyes small, anterior; teeth small; palatine teeth in a
band; gill openings confluent in a narrow slit; 4 gill arches; gills
well developed; gill membranes free from the isthmus; no accessory
breathing sac: shoulder girdle attached to the skull by a well-developed
bifurcate post-temporal.

28. Symbranchus Bloch.

Symbranchus Bloch, Ichthyologia, 1x, 87,1795. (Type, Symbranchus
marmoratus Bloch.)

The description of the genus is included in that of the family.

84. Symbranchus marmoratus Bloch. - :
Symbranchus marmoratus Bloch. Ichth., tx, 87, pl. 418, 1795; Trop-
ical America: Gtinther, Cat., vill, 15, 1870; Mexico; Vera Cruz:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 342: B.

A. Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 539; Santa Maria.

Tropical streams from Vera Cruz to the Amazon.

Body elongate; snout short, rounded or pointed; eyes small, rather
close to the end of the snout; gill opening narrow, not extending to the
edge of the ventral surface, generally transverse, arched, frequently
appearing as a longitudinal shit unless drawn out; vertebre 79+57 =
T210..

Color brownish, variously marbled, sometimes immaculate.
eneth.4) to 5 feet.

89

Order VI. Apodes.

Tre” EES,

Sody eel-shaped; premaxillaries atrophied or lost, the maxillaries
lateral; vertebrae numerous, 110 to 2 SO, the anterior ones not mod-
ified; no ventral fins; tail isocercal; gill openings comparatively
small, lateral. To this order belong the larger number of our eel-
like fishes.

Family VIII. Anguillidze.

Body elongate, eel-shaped; skin covered with rudimentary em-
bedded scales, usually linear in form, arranged in small groups, and
placed obliquely at right angles to those of neighboring groups; pec-
toral and vertical fins well developed, the latter confluent around the
tail; gill openings lateral and vertical; teeth in cardiform bands on -
jaws and vomer.

39. Anguilla Shaw.
ComMoNn EEL; ANGUILLA.

Angwmlla Shaw, General Zodlogy, Iv, 15, 1804. (Type, Murena

anguilla Linnzus.)

Body elongate, compressed posteriorly; head long, conical, moder-
ately pointed, the rather small eye well forward and over the angle of
the mouth; teeth small, subequal in bands on each jaw and a long
patch on the vomer; lower jaw the longer; gill openings rather small,
slit-like, and partly below pectorals; lateral line well developed; nos-
trils well separated, the anterior with a slight tube; dorsal fin con-
fluent with anal around tail; pectorals well developed.

85. Anguilla chrysypa Rafinesque. Common EEL; ANGUILLA;
FRESH-WATER EEL.

Anguilla chrysypa Rafinesque, Amer. Mon. Mag. & Crit. Rev.,
1817, 120; Lake George; Hudson River; Lake Champlain:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 348.

Anguilla tyrannus Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 75, pl. xt, 1859; Mata=
moras; mouth of the Rio Grande.

This species is quite abundant in all streams east of the Rocky
Mountains from Canada to Tampico; it is also common in salt and
brackish water along the adjacent coasts, and in the West Indies.
(San Juan.)

go

Famity VIII. ANGUILLIDA. gI

Head 2 to 2% in trunk; the fin rays and scales very numerous.
Body elongate, rather robust; distance from origin of dorsal to vent
1% to 2 in head.

Color brown above, nearly plain, often tinged with yellowish, paler
below, the color very variable. Length 4 to 5 feet.

This species is apparently abundant in the streams of Mexico
north of Tampico. Two specimens were taken by me in the river at
San Juan.

Order VII. Isospondyli,

THE ISOSPONDYLOUS FISHES.

Anterior vertebre simple; opercular bones distinct; pharyngeal
bones not falciform; jaws well developed, the maxillary broad, always
distinct from premaxillary, and forming part of margin of upper jaw;
no barbels; gills 4; ventral fins abdominal.

KEY TO THESEAMIELES OF ISOSrONDYVER

a. Adipose fin none; no lateral line; ventral sur- PAGE

face compressed to an edge which is armed

with bony serratures; stomach short, mus-

cular, like the gizzard of a fowl; last ray of

dorsal fin produced into a filament’... - 2... Dorosomatide 92
aa. Adipose fin present; lateral line present; ven-

tral surface rounded; stomach siphonal, not

gizzard-like; last ray of dorsal fin not produced

IMGO: a iilarnenitates sc cyssee tet co ete cot eee Salmonide 95

Family IX. Dorosomatidze.
THE GIZZARD SHADS.

Body short and deep, strongly compressed, covered with thin
deciduous cycloid scales; belly compressed to an edge which is armed
with bony serratures; head rather small, without scales; no lateral
line; gill membranes not united, free from the isthmus; pseudo-
branchia large; dorsal fin short, its last ray produced into a long fila-
ment; anal fin long and low: stomach short, muscular, like the
gizzard of afowl. Mud-eating fishes of warm regions.

EY TO} THE GENE RAZOR DOROSOMAT DAs

a. Maxillary short, in two pieces, with a notch PAGE
Ole *OuUuter Marois vee aes OP Cus ee oe Dorosoma g2
aa. Maxillary long, curved, in three pieces, and
without a-notch; Onits outer mateiie oe ae pee Signalosa 94

40. Dorosoma Rafinesque.
THE GIZZARD SHADS.

Dorosoma Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 39, 1820. (Type, Dorosoma
notata Rafinesque = Megalops cepedianum Le Sueur.)

Body short, deep, and strongly compressed; dorsal and ventral
outlines similar; head rather small; snout blunt, overlapping the small

g2

Famity IX. DorosomaTID&. 93

inferior oblique mouth; maxillary narrow and short, with a single
supplemental bone, not extending to opposite middle of the eye;
maxillary with a notch on outer margin; caudal peduncle slender.
Mud-eating fishes, having no value as food.

KEY 20 THE ‘SPECIES OF DOROSOMA.

a.. Scales small, 69 to 73 in lateral series; anal PAGE
yes ON LOMO g. Ren. ep ata ears ne. cn oust avn aah aon eras anale = 93
aa. Scales larger, 56 to 60 in lateral series; anal
CUES eeeS OME MEG ATE oceania ai. wenae. a's Ga! ete ss ona es exile 94

86. Dorosoma anale sp. nov.
Type, No. 4637, F.C. M., 7% inches in length; El Hule, Oaxaca.
Atlantic streams of Mexico south of the city of Vera Cruz. (Otopa;
El Hule; Perez; San Juan Evangelista.)
Head 34 to 4%; depth 234 to 3; D. 12; A. 36 to 38; scales 25-69

Fic. 26. DOROSOMA ANALE Meek.

to 73. Body much compressed, deep, profile with a slight angle at nape;
dorsal region elevated; eye large with a well-developed adipose eyelid,
its diameter 3% in head; snout very short, its length about one-half
diameter of eye; origin of dorsal slightly nearer tip of snout than base
of caudal; ventral scutes 18+10; least depth of caudal peduncle 22.

Color brownish on upper third of body, light silvery below; a
black spot on shoulder; fins all plain. Length about 12 inches.

All of the specimens collected by me have a long anal fin. The
specimen recorded from Montecristo by Evermann & Goldsborough
Dr. Evermann informs me has 32 rays in the anal fin. The smaller
scales of this species readily distinguishes it from the next one.

94 Fi—LD CoLuMBIAN MusEumM—Zoo ocy, VoL. V.

87. Dorosoma exile Jordan & Gilbert. GizzArRp SuHap; Hickory
SHAD.

Dorosoma cepedianum exile Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1882, 585; Galveston, Texas: Jordan & Evermann, Bull.
A7 Use Nat. Mus., 1896, 416.

Dorosoma mexicanum B. A. Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1899,
539; Lago de Cademaco, south of Vera Cruz: Jordan & Ever-
mann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 416: Meek, Field Col.
Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 87; La Antigua.

Lowland streams which flow into the Gulf of Mexico north of the

city of Vera Cruz. (San Juan; Forlon; Valles.)

Head 41%; depth 24 to 3; D. 12; A. 30 to 34; scales 29-56 to 60.
Body deep, compressed, the back elevated; ventral scutes 18+11;
origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and opposite tips of
last anal ray; dorsal fin slightly behind ventrals, its filamentous ray
about as long as head; least depth of caudal peduncle 2? in head.

Color bluish brown above, silvery below; a black spot on the
shoulder. Length about 12 inches.

41. Signalosa Evermann & Kendall.

Signalosa Evermann & Kendall, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1897
(Feb. 9, 1898) 127. (Type, Szgnalosa atchajalaye Evermann &
Kendall =Chatoessus mexicanus Gunther.)

Body short, deep and compressed, the form somewhat elliptical;
ventral outline more strongly curved than the dorsal; mouth small.
terminal, oblique, the lower jaw scarcely included; maxillary in three
pieces, broad and curved and without notch in outer margin; bran-
chiostegals 5; pseudobranchie large; gill rakers short and very nu-
merous, about 340 in number; no teeth; adipose eyelid present; last ray
of dorsal filamentous.

88. Signalosa mexicana (Gunther).
Chatoessus mexicanus Giinther, Cat., vil, 409, 1868; Mexico and
Central America.
Dorosoma mexicanum Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 416.
Signalosa atchafalaye Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1898, 2809.
Louisiana to Central America, in lowland streams which empty
into the Gulf of Mexico. (Valles; Obispo; El Hule; Perez.)
Head 3% to 4; depth 224 to 3; D. 11 or 12; A. 24 to 26; scales
15-42. Body rather deep, compressed; mouth terminal, rather large;
no teeth; maxillary reaching vertical from anterior margin of pupil,

FAMILY X. SALMONIDA. 95

its length 34 to 34 in head; origin of dorsal fin midway between tip
of snout and tip of last anal ray; last ray of dorsal 3 in body; pectoral
1% in head, reaching base of ventrals; ventrals 214; base of anal fin
equaling length of head; scutes well developed, 15 or 16+ 9; scales
large, thin, deciduous; caudal fin forked; least depth of caudal pedun-
cle 2% in head.

Color brownish above, light silvery below, the opercles and ad-
joining region with considerable yellowish; a black humeral spot; fins
all plain. Length about 6 inches.

Mr. C. Tate Regan, of the British Museum, has kindly ree¢xamined
the types of Chatoessus mexicanus Giinther, and he informs me that
Signalosa atchajalaye Evermann & Kendall is the same species.

Family X. Salmonidee.
THE SALMON FamILy.

Body elongate, covered with cycloid scales; head naked; mouth
terminal, large or small, the maxillary forming its lateral margin;
maxillary with a supplemental bone; premaxillaries not protractile;
teeth various, sometimes wanting; pseudobranchie present; gill
membranes not connected, free from the isthmus; branchiostegals
to to 20; no barbels; dorsal fin small, placed near the middle of the
body, its rays 9 to 1s; adipose fin present; caudal fin forked; lateral
line present; abdomen rounded in outline; air bladder large; stomach
siphonal; pyloric coeca numerous; ova large, falling into cavity of the
body before exclusion.

The fishes which belong to this family are confined to the northern
regions, one species ranging as far south as Durango.

Subfamily Salmonine.
42. Salmo (Artedi) Linnzus.
SALMON AND TROUT.

Salmo (Artedi, Genera Piscium) Linnzus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 302,
1758. (Type, Salmo salar Linneus.)

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; mouth large; jaws, pala-
tines, and tongue toothed; vomer flat, its shaft not depressed, a few
teeth on chevron of the vomer, behind which is a somewhat irregular
single or double series of teeth (in migratory forms deciduous with
age); scales small, more than r1oo in the lateral series; dorsal and
anal fins short, of 10 to 12 rays each; sides and median fins black
spotted.

The species of this genus are confined to the colder portions of the
northern hemisphere. Of the three species on the Atlantic side of

96 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEUM—ZOoO.LoGyY, VOL. V.

North America, one Salmo salar Linneus is anadromous, while the
other two, Salmo sebago Girard and Salmo ouananiche McCarthy, are
land-locked; those in the Rocky Mountains and western streams with
few exceptions remain in fresh water, the exceptions comprise a few
species which usually inhabit the streams near the sea, and which
spend a portion of their time in salt water. All of the species are
very variable and difficult to distinguish. ‘‘ The almost.infinite varia-
tions of these fishes are dependent on age, sex, sexual development,
food, and the properties of the water.’’: The young are barred.
The size of these fishes seems to depend largely on the extent of
water and the abundance of food.» The water also has a marked
influence on colors. Trout found in shaded streams with clear rapid
water are brightly colored, and profusely spotted with black; those
which spend considerable time in brackish or salt water are silvery
and with few or no spots.

89. Salmo irideus Gibbons. Rainsow Trout.
Salmo trideus Gibbons, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1855; 36; San Leandro
Creek, Alameda Co., California: Jordan & Evermann, Bull.
47, Uso. Nat: Mis. 2890;°500.

Headwaters of Pacific coast streams of Durango north to Wash-
ington.

Head 4; depth 324; D. 10; A. 9; scales 135. Body rather robust;
head moderate; mouth large; maxillary reaching posterior margin of
eye, its length 24 in head; diameter of eye 32; length of mandible
12; origin of dorsal fin slightly nearer tip of snout than, base of
caudal; length of pectoral 14% in head; ventral 12; least depth of
caudal peduncle 21% in head; branchiostegals ro.

Color olive brown, darker above; sides with a few scattered dark
blotches; a few small black spots on upper and posterior part of
caudal peduncle; dorsal fin with black spots, none on other fins; basal
*4 of anal dark; ventrals with a dark shade; specimens 3 inches in
length with 9 or 10 pale marks on the side, the dorsal fin black spotted,
but no spots on other fins. :

Four specimens collected June, 1902, by Mr. E. Heller at San
Antonio, Lower California, the longest specimen 5.80 inches in length.
This species reaches a weight from % (in small mountain brooks) to
6 pounds.

There is a species of trout found in the streams on the Pacific
slope of the Sierra Madre Mountains in Chihuahua and Durango. I
have not seen any specimens of this trout and so, provisionally at
least, regard it as this species. Mr. John Ramsey, General Manager of
the R.-G., S.-M. & P. R. R., informs me that a trout is quite abundant

FaMILY X. SALMONIDA. 97

in the upper tributaries of the Rio Yaqui. Mr. A. V. Temple also
told me trout were found in the Pacific coast streams west of the city
of Durango. In the American Naturalist, 1886, 735, I quote the fol-
lowing from Prof. E. D. Cope: ‘“‘The most southern salmon.—I owe
to my friend, Professor Lupton, two specimens of a black-spotted
trout from a locality far south of any which has hitherto yielded
Salmonide. They are from streams of the Sierra Madre, of Mexico,
at an elevation of between 7,000 and 8,000 feet, in the southern part of
the State of Chihuahua, near the boundaries of Durango and Sinaloa.
The specimens are young, and have teeth on the basihyal. bones, as
in Salmo purpuratus, which they otherwise resemble.”

Order VIL: Haplomi.

THE PIKE-LIKE FISHES.

Anterior vertebre simple; mesocoracoid wanting; the coracoids
normally developed; opercular bones well developed; ventral fins
abdominal; pectoral fins placed low; dorsal fin more or less posterior,
the first ray sometimes stiffened and spine-like; no adipose fin; head
usually covered with cycloid scales like those on the body; mouth with
teeth. Fishes chiefly inhabiting fresh water. .

Family XI. Poeciliidze.
Tue KILLIFISHES.

Body elongate, or deep and compressed behind, depressed forward,
and covered by rather large cycloid scales; head scaly, at least
so above; mouth terminal, small, lower jaw usually the longer; pre-
maxillaries extremely protractile; teeth conical, or incisor-like, usually
confined to the jaws, sometimes on vomer; lower pharyngeals separ-
ate, with cardiform, rarely molar teeth; gill membranes somewhat °
connected, free from the isthmus; gill rakers very short and thick;
branchiostegals 4 to 6; pseudobranchie none; dorsal fin single, behind
the middle of the body; caudal fin not forked; ventral fins abdominal,
rarely absent; air bladder, if present, simple.

The species of this family are usually of small size, some are ovip-
arous, others viviparous. In the oviparoys forms, the males and
females are more nearly alike in size and color, and the anal fin of
both sexes is similar in form and position. In many of the viviparous
species the anal fin of the male is placed well forward and modified
into an intromittent organ, and the male is about half the length of
the female. In other viviparous forms the anal fin of the male has
the same position as that in the female, but differs from it in having
the first five or six rays short and stiff, and separated from the rest of
the fin by a shallow notch; the sexes differ in color, but are of about the
same size. In some species the alimentary canal is about as long as
the fish; in others it is several times as long.

KEY TO LHE GENERACOF PCE Cle DAs.
a. Intestinal canal comparatively short, little
convoluted, usually less than one and one-half
times the total length of the body (2 in Chap-
alichthys) ; teeth little movable; dentary bones
firmly united; species chiefly carnivorous.
98

FamMILy XI. PecILiipa.

b. A few of the anterior teeth in each jaw much

emlanged-ecanime-lWke en Biot es gh tee ee 2 Cynodonichthys

bb. Anterior teeth in each jaw subequal, none
canine-like.

c. Outer series of teeth enlarged, pointed, or a
few of the anterior ones compressed, incisor-
like, none of them notched, bicuspid or tri-
cuspid.

d. Anal fin of the male similar to that of the
female; pharyngeal bones and teeth not
enlarged; species oviparous. :

e. Teeth in more than one series, usually a
larger outer series, behind which is a band
of smaller teeth; no caudal ocellus; body
oblong; dorsal fin variable in size and in-
SSTetHG) OU.) 6 Seg eed SMe eae

ee. Teeth arranged in a single series; dorsal
fin inserted in advance of anal, its rays 9
US OMIRS Te erat cl ye forest PE AC ins oc, See chal SS

dd. Anal fin of the male with its first five or six
rays short and stiff, and slightly separated
from the rest of the fin by a shallow notch;
Species viviparous, the young usually of
large size at birth.

f. Dorsal and anal fin each of less than 18
rays; body elongate, not much com-
JOURS SING tir ods eel Ge I i ee te me

ff. Dorsal and anal fins gach of 19 or more

...Fundulus

Reiren Lucania

. Zoogoneticus

Lays sbody compressed hs oki a. a 5 cs Girardinichthys

cc. Outer series of teeth incisor-like, bicuspid
or tricuspid.
g. Outer series of teeth bicuspid with a
band of villiform teeth behind them.
h. Intestinaicanal about 1% in total length
of body; the teeth very firmly attached
hh. Intestinal canal about 2 in total length

. .Characodon

of body; teeth less firmly attached... .Chapalichthys

gg. Outer series of teeth tricuspid, no villi-
form teeth behind them; dorsal fin short,
of 10 to 12 rays, the first ray slender
LTC MGM AME Mb aT ae ors MM od ad tee ake

ddd. Anal fin of the males placed well forward
and modified into a sword-shaped intro-

. .Cyprinodon

99

PAGE
IOI

102

109

109g

Wits

118.

123

124

100 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEUM—ZOOLOoGY, VOL. V.

mittent organ; teeth all pointed, arranged
in bands; species viviparous, the young of
moderate or large size at birth.

i. Eye normal, the pupil not divided by a
partition; dorsal fin inserted more or less
behind the front of the anal.

}. Jaws not produced into a beak; lower
jaw prominent, longer than the upper;
the males much smaller than the females.

k. Dorsal fin long, of 14 to 16 rays; anal

ShOGis tere ae see PE LOM eal en ee Pseudoxt pho phorous
kk. Dorsal fin short, of 6 to to rays; anal

fin short.
1. Alimentary canal less than twice length

of body.

m.. Anal fin not faleate, its first three
rays not produced, the longest being
less than the lengthvot head: 7s.ees Gambusia
mm. Anal fin falcate, its first three rays
much produced, the longest longer
than. the-hedd sews eae ees Paragambusia
ll. Alimentary canal more than twice the
dene Che Ot hes Dodie a: vermis ast stein. ae Glaridichthys
jj. Jaws produced into a moderate beak;
dorsal and anal short, each of g to 11 rays’ ..Belonesox
ii. Eye divided into two portions by a hori-
zontal cross partition; vertical fins short,
Ol QUO: Ta YEAS he fer ea ard Sonne Peet cee ae Anableps
aa. Intestinal canal elongate, usually coiled on
ventral and right side, with numerous convolu-
tions; dentary bones loosely joined; teeth mov-
able; species chiefly mud-eating.
n. Outer series of teeth bicuspid, with villi-
form teeth behind them; anal fin of the male
with first five or six rays of anal fin short
and stiff and separated from the rest of the
fin by a notch; species viviparous, the young
of large size when born.
o. Body robust, oblong, depth 3 to 4 in length
of body; gill rakers long and slender, 35 to
40 on the first gill arch; vertebre 19-++-17
1916»... 058 Se eeeeal| Ae) ee Rec tie gehen cae eet a tale Goodea

PAGE

‘135

136

Famity XI. PccILiIpDaé. IOI

00. Body deep, compressed, depth 27% to 314 in PAGE
length; gill rakers rather short, stiff, about
20;on the first gill arch; vertebrae 164-1834 2. ..:. Skiffia 141

nn. Outer series of teeth pointed: anal fin of the
male placed well forward and modified into an
intromittent organ; species Viviparous.
p. Leeth un-a single’ series. \
q. Dorsal fin inserted in advance of the anal...Platypecilus 144
qq. Dorsal fin inserted more or less behind the
OMG etMeNAamalke mr wane, fk ss eM. art Heterandria 147
pp. Teeth in more than one series; dorsal fin in-
serted over or in advance of anal, its rays
much elevated in the male.
r. Dorsal fin short, of less than 7 to 11 rays;
teeth of the inner series in both jaws entire ..... Peclia 149
tr: Dorsal fin long, of 12 to 16 rays.
s. Caudal fin normal, alike in both sexes, or
with the lower angle merely sharp in the

SaaaN Sh. S 2, east yhen acs ake Hels ee eee Noted ee ore Mollienestia~ 154
ss. Caudal fin in the males with its lower lobe
much produced and sword-shaped.. ....... Xtphophorus 156

Subfamily Funduline.

43. Cynodonichthys gen. nov.

Type, Cynodonichthys tenuis Meek.

Body elongate, depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly;
head broad and flat; lower jaw the longer; teeth in villiform bands,
a large canine-like tooth on each side in front of upper jaw; a few
smaller and similar teeth in front of lower jaw; dorsal fin posterior, its
origin over posterior third of anal; margins of caudal fins formed by
tips of short basal rays; head entirely scaled. A very peculiar fish,

quite unlike any other member of the family. 5vd> dog, 006» tooth,
?y@d¢ fish.

90. Cynodonichthys tenuis sp. nov.

Type, No. 4643, F. C. M., 1.6 inches in length; El Hule, Oaxaca.

Head 3%; depth 4%; D. 8; A. 11; scales 10-38. Body elongate,
depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; head broad, much de-
pressed; interorbital flat, 2 in head; snout short, 4 in head; upper jaw
the longer; teeth in jaws in villiform bands, upper jaw with a well-
developed canine-like tooth on each side; some of anterior teeth of
lower jaw canine-like; eye small, 324 in head; premaxillary pro-

102 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEUuM—ZOoOOLOGY, VoL. V. ’

tractile, its exposed part very small, with a short, fleshy, blunt-like
protuberance on each side; gill membranes not connected, free from

the isthmus; head entirely covered with scales; 30 scales in a series:

from snout to origin of dorsal fin; dorsal fin posterior, its origin

= = 2

SEN Ses
SS

SR

Fig. 27. CYNODONICHTHYS TENUIS Meek,

over posterior third of anal; origin of dorsal fin slightly nearer tip
of caudal than origin of pectoral fin; base of dorsal 3 in head; base of
anal 2; pectoral 11%; ventrals very short, 3% in head, their tips nearly
reaching anal fin; caudal fin rounded, its first outer rays short, and
gradually increasing in length, forming the margins of the fins.

Color dark brownish, pectoral fins dark; dorsal fin with about 3
narrow cross-bars made up of small faint dark spots; lower margin
of caudal fin light.

One specimen only of this species was taken.

While collecting at El Hule this specimen was taken in one of the
early hauls of the seine. I saw it was quite different from any other
fish I had collected in Mexico and made an extra effort to secure more
of them, but was unable to do so. I also spent one day afterwards
collecting at Perez and one at Obispo, but was unable to secure more
specimens of this fish. A short siege of fever, and the hard rains
made it impossible for me to do further collecting then in that region.

44. Fundulus Lacépéde.
KILLIFISHES.

Fundulus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 37,1803. (Type. Fundulus

mudfish Lacépéde.)

Fontinus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,,U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896,

633. (Type, Fundulus seminolis Girard.)

Body rather elongate, compressed behind; mouth moderate, the
lower jaw projecting; jaws each with two or more series of pointed
teeth, usually forming a narrow band; bones of the mandible firmly
united; scales moderate; gill opening not restricted above; preopercle
preorbital and mandible with mucous pores; dorsal and anal fins
similar, small; origin of the dorsal fin either in front of, above, or

Famity XI. PeciLipDa. 103

behind that of the anal; ventrals well developed; air bladder present;
intestinal canal short, 1 to 11% times the length of the body; anal fin
of male not modified, it being similar in size and position to that
in the female; oviparous.

KE nO EH SPECIES OF FUNDWIEWS:
a. Scales large, 31 to 38 in the lateral series. PAGE
b. Body without cross-bars; anal rays 13 to 106.
c. Body rather slender; depth 4 to 4%; dorsal
Gays 2. Or ©3;,scales 34) or 35.

GANA Taye TArCOu LO, Geptlh Ae. t.5 ./..0sl08 [guatemalensts] 103
cide Amaloraysh ras depth Ato. ei Oy wal elas ce [punctatus] 104

cc. Body rather robust, head 3%; depth 337;
dorsal rays 14; anal rays 15; scales 11-30;
origin of dorsal midway between tip of cau-
GaleaMawor Dit soe gue ieee ano ares Ber ee eters eau a ene oaxace 104
bb. Body with cross-bars; anal rays’ 9 to 11. ;
scales large, 30 to 33 in the lateral series.
f. Body with about 23 narrow undulating
silvery bars, narrower than the inter-
Spaces; insjaeanrly, plain’ scales! ro=35 95.5.5... 5- vinctus 105
ff. Body with 7 to 15 narrow, dark, vertical
bars % to 2% as wide as interspaces, and
Movnvenvedarke SCAleS LI 332-2 Al Aaky. © ote nw ae aciS similis 105
aa. Scales small, 35 to 48 in the lateral series.
g. Dorsal rays 10 to 11; anal rays 9 to 11; depth
33 to 4%.
h. Scales 35 to 38 in the lateral series; depth
DreaL OMG Sees a Rost NAR Rene Mens, ices cis Rs heteroclitus 106
nih socales-amto, 40: depth atoiata. o> Suk ee ccs te grandis 107
gg. Dorsal rays 13 to 15; analrays 13 to17; depth
4% to 5%.
i. Scales in lateral series 37 to 39; dorsal rays

POPOL, Tavs TOPOl ©7.1 a Gir vgs. scaly e atoms [labialis] 107

ii. Scales in lateral series 47 to 60.
j. scales in the lateral series 47; depth 5% ....... extensus 108
jj. Scales in the lateral series 60; depth 4% to 434......zebrinus 108

Subgenus Fundulus Lacépéde.

Fundulus guatemalensis Gtinther.

Fundulus guatemalensis Giinther, Cat., v1, 321, 1866; Lago de Duenas; Lago
de Amatitlan; Rio Gujalote (all in Guatemala): Gtinther, Fishes Cent.
Amer., 483, pl. 86, figs. 3 and 4, 1869; Lago de Duefias; Lago de Ama-
titlan; Rio Guacalate (all in Guatemala).

Adinia guatemalensis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 660.

Zoogoneticus guatemalensis Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 94.

104 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEUM—ZOOLOGY, VOL. V.

Guatemala.

Head 4; depth 4; D. 12 or 13; A. 14 to 16; scales 12-32 to 35. Body moder-
ately elongate; head thick and broad; interorbital area broad, slightly convex,
its width being a little less than half its length; snout broad, obtuse, lower jaw
slightly projecting beyond the upper; mandible longer than eye; diameter of eye
about equaling length of snout, 4 in head; origin of dorsal fin midway be-
tween tip of caudal and posterior margin of orbit, slightly in advance of anal;
dorsal fin of male higher than that of female; basal half of caudal fin scaly.

Color brown above and on sides; pale below; females with a very indistinct
dark band along the side; fins plain; anal with a light margin. (Gutnther.)
Length about 3% inches. :

Two years ago I suggested that this species and also Fundulus labialis
Giinther, probably belonged to Zoogoneticus. Mr. C. Tate Regan* has since
reéxamined the types and finds that both species belong to Fundulus.

Fundulus punctatus Gunther.
Fundulus punctatus Gunther, Cat., v1, 230, 1866, Chiapas: Gtinther, Fishes
Cent. Amer., 482, pl. 86, fig. 5, 1869; Chiapas: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896,'637-

Guatemala and southern Mexico.

Head 4; depth 4%; D. 12; A. 13; scales 12-34. Body little elongate; head
broad, interorbital area slightly convex, its width 2 in head; snout broad,
obtuse, much depressed, the lower jaw scarcely projecting beyond the upper;
mandible longer than eye; upper lip of moderate breadth; eye small, 414 in
head; origin of dorsal slightly nearer extremity of caudal than orbit, over the
rgth scale in the lateral series; dorsal fin slightly in advance of anal; pectoral fins
not reaching base of ventrals, shorter than head (without snout); caudal fin
subtruncate, scaly on its basal half.

Color brownish olive, paler below; each scale, especially those on the tail, with
a vertical dark purplish violet spot on the center; dorsal with 3 or 4 series of
blackish dots, anal with a whitish margin. Length about 3% inches.

Through the courtesy of Dr. B. W. Evermann, of the Bureau of Fisheries, I
have been permitted to examine a number of specimens of this species, which
were collected by Dr. Gustav Eisen in July, 1902, in Lake Atitlan, Guatemala,
at an altitude of about 4,500 feet. These specimens agree very well with the
description given by Dr. Giinther, except in the absence of spots on the dorsal

fin.
91. Fundulus oaxace Meek.
Fundulus oaxace Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, go;

Oaxaca.
Basin of the Rio Verde in Oaxaca.

Fic. 28. FUNDULUS OAXACA Meek.
No. 3721, Field Columbian Museum.

*Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1904, 257.

Famity XI. PeciLiipaz. 105

Head 3%; depth 334; D.'14; A. 15; scales 11-30. Body robust,
profile from nape slightly concave; top of head broad, slightly convex;
snout not much depressed, 32% in head; lower jaw slightly the longer;
teeth pointed, in a band in both jaws, the outer series the larger;
eye small, 4% in head; interorbital space 2} in head; origin of the
dorsal fin slightly in advance of the anal, midway between tip of
caudal fin and posterior margin of the eye; base of dorsal 21% in head,
its height slightly more than half the head; pectoral 1? in head;
ventral 2% in head; caudal fin subtruncate; peritoneum black;
alimentary canal shorter than the total length of the fish.

Color brownish olive, a dark spot in the middle of each scale;
these spots more prominent on the posterior half of the body
of males from 1% to 134 inches in length; males usually with a row
of spots on base of the dorsal and anal fins; young with a few faint
dark cross bars on the sides, becoming a faint dark lateral band in
the larger females. Length about 2% inches.

This species is so far known only from the type locality. Time
of spawning about the third week in May. A female 2.05 inches
in length contained 100 eggs.

92. Fundulus vinctus Jordan & Gilbert.

Fundulus vinctus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882,
355; Cape San Lucas, Lower California (probably from pools
about La Paz): Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 637.

Southern portion of Lower California.

Head 334; depth 4%; D. 12; A. 11; scales about 10-31. Body
little elongate, compressed posteriorly; head large, very broad and
somewhat depressed above; mouth moderate; teeth in narrow bands,
the outer much enlarged; interorbital space 2 in head; dorsal fin a
little in advance of the anal, its origin midway between base of caudal
and occiput; pectoral 124 in head; caudal 11; scales comparatively
large.

Color olivaceous, with about 23 narrow silvery bars with undulat-
ing edges, the bars narrower than the darker interspaces; fins all
plain. (J. & G.) Length about 2% inches.

This species is known only from the type locality, which is prob-
ably La Paz instead of Cape San Lucas, as given in the original
description. (Jordan.)

93. Fundulus similis (Baird & Girard). Sac-a-Lair.
Hydrargyra similis Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1853, 389; Indianola, Texas: Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur.,
1878, 400; Rio Grande, Brownsville, Texas.

106 FIELD CoLUuMBIAN MusEuM—Zo6LoGy, VOL. V.

Fundulus similis Gunther, Cat., v1, 323, 1866: Jordan & Ever-

man. Bull? 47,00 oF Nate Mus ereoo. soso:

Brackish and fresh waters along the gulf coast from Florida to
Mexico north of the Rio Panuco. (Linares; Victoria.)

Head 3%; depth 334 to 42; D..1r to.13; A. ro; scales a1—3F
Body slender, the outlines scarcely arched; adults deeper than young;
head very narrow and long, narrowed forward; snout 3 in head;
mouth small, maxillary not reaching vertical from anterior nostril;
teeth very small, in villiform bands, the outer series not at all en-
larged; eye small, 4 to 5 in head; origin of dorsal midway between
tip of caudal fin and eye, slightly in advance of anal; pectoral 1%
in head; ventrals 314 in head; caudal subtruncate.

Color of male olivaceous, lighter below; sides with 10 to 15 narrow
dark bars % to % as wide as interspaces; a large, diffuse, dark,
humeral spot; dorsal dusky, a small occellated spot on last dorsal
ray in the young; female olivaceous, sides paler, with metallic
luster; white below; 7 to 15 very narrow black bars on sides not ex-
tending on the back, scarcely broader than pupil. Length about
334 inches.

The largest specimen taken by me is 3.75 inches in length. Spawn-
ing time not known.

94. Fundulus heteroclitus (Linneus). KILLIFISH.
Cobitts heterochtus Linneus, Syst. Nat., Ed. xii, 500, 1766;
Charleston, South Carolina.
Fundulus heteroclitus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 640: Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1900, 126; Lagoons, Tampico: Evermann & Goldsborough,
Bulls.W.iS.. Fish Comm, 19021403 Rroereso.

Abundant in lagoons and brackish waters along the coast from
Tampico to Maine. It probably does not enter fresh water.

Head: 3 to, 324; depth 32 to 3%; D. 21; A. 10%0r 17; \Scalesmua ea.
to 38. Body short and deep; anteriorly broad, posteriorly com-
pressed, the back elevated, the caudal peduncle robust; head rather
short, broad, and flat on top; snout bluntish, 3% in head; teeth in
bands, the outer series enlarged; eye small, 4 to 5 in head; origin
of dorsal midway between tip of caudal and tip of snout (4) or eye
(2); caudal fin truncate; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head;
pectorals 12% in head; ventrals 2%.

Color of males dull dark green above, more or less orange below;
sides with numerous, quite narrow, ill defined silvery spots, most
distinct posteriorly, and with conspicuous white or yellow spots

Famity XI. PeciLiipe. 107

irregularly scattered; vertical fins dark, with numerous small round
pale spots; dorsal often with a blackish spot on its last ray; females
nearly plain olivaceous above, lighter below; sides often with about
15 dark cross-bars or shades, more definite in the young. Length
about 6 inches.

95. Fundulus grandis Baird & Girard.

Fundulus grandis Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
resavisso), -Ladianola, Nexas:,Girard,’ Mex. Bd. Sur:, 69, ‘pl:
XXXVI, 1859: Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U. 5. Fish
Comm., 1901, 149; Progreso.

Fundulus heteroclitus grandis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1896, 641.

Fresh and brackish water lagoons of coast of Gulf of Mexico.

Bead.) depth4 to4y ; D. ro. or 11; A..9 orto; scales 14:06 15—
40 to 46. Body rather robust, compressed posteriorly; interorbital
broad, 3 in head; eye 534 to 6; snout 3% to 3%; longest dorsal ray
(3) 2 to (9) 2%.

Color males dark green above, paler posteriorly; sides with many
small, round, pearly spots, some of them often in vertical series; pos-
terior.y traces of 8 or 9 narrow, pale cross-bars alternating with broader,
faint, dusky ones; belly yellowish; base of caudal with numerous small
white spots; dorsal olive with many small, white spots; female olive
and silvery, with minute speckles below; sides usually with traces of
12 to 15 narrow, silvery, vertical bars, less than half as wide as the
dusky interspaces; no white spots on body or fins; fins mostly dusky
olive, nearly plain. Length about 6 inches.

This species has been taken on the coast of Texas and of Yucatan,
and no doubt occurs in fresh water and brackish lagoons along the
eastern coast of Mexico.

Fundulus labialis Giinther.

Fundulus labialis Ginther, Cat., v1, 319, 1866; Rio San Geronimo, Guate-
mala; Yzabel: Giinther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 48, 1869, Rio San Geronimo;
Yzabel: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 644.

Guatemala.

Head 4 to 44%; depth 4%; D. 13 or 14; A. 16 or 17; scales 15-37 to 39. Body
rather slender, head broad, slightly convex, its width being less than half of
the head; snout broad, obtuse, depressed; jaws equal in front; mandible very
short; upper lip well developed, broad, extending to the angle of the mouth;
diameter of the eye less than the length of the snout, about 4 in the head; origin
of dorsal fin midway between tip of caudal fin and eye, opposite anal fin; caudal
fin truncate, its basal third scaly.

Color uniform brownish olive above, paler below; sometimes irregular,
cloudy markings on the tail; fins plain; the anal fin in male black at the base and
bright yellow on its marginal half; upper margin of dorsal fin of male yellow-

ish. (Ginther.)
Known only from the above account.

108 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MuszEuM—ZoO6OLocy, Vou. V.

Subgenus Fontinus Jordan & Evermann.

96. Fundulus extensus Jordan & Gilbert.

Fundulus extensus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882,
355; Cape San Lucas (probably from La Paz), Lower Cali-
fornia: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 646.

Coast of Lower California.

Head 334; depth 524; D. 15; A. 13; scales 12-47. Body usually
elongate, moderately compressed, head slender, not very broad, the
interorbital width 22 in head; mouth rather large; the teeth moder-
ate in a band, the outer considerably enlarged; eye large, 34% in
head; origin of dorsal fin in front of anal, midway between eye and
base of caudal; pectoral 124 in head; caudal fin truncate; caudal
peduncle much longer than head.

Color plain, somewhat translucent, with no markings anywhere,
except traces of some very narrow dark bars on the sides; fins low
and plain. (Jordan & Gilbert.) Known only from the types.

97. Fundulus zebrinus (Jordan & Gilbert).

Hydrargyra zebra Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 60;
tributaries of Rio Grande, between Fort Defiance and Fort
Union, New Mexico: Ginther, Cat., v1, 324, 1866: Jordan,
Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., 1878, 664; Brownsville, Texas.

Fundulus zebrinus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 646.

Streams from the mouth of the Rio Grande north to western

Kansas, Dakota, lowa, and Kentucky.

Head 3% to 334; depth 4% to 43%; D. 14 or 15; A. 13 or 14; scales
21-60. Body long and slender; head moderate; snout not much
elongate, its length 334 in head; teeth in bands, the external series
much enlarged; eye 4 to 4% in head; interorbital width 224 in head;
origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and tip of caudal
fin; a little more anterior in the males; origin of dorsal fin opposite
that of anal in males, a little in advance in females; caudal fin trun-
cate; in males the margins of the scales are rough, with minute
tubercles.

Color greenish above, sides and below silvery white, the sides
tinged with sulphur yellow; sides with 14 to 18 dusky bars from
back to ventral region, occasionally meeting on the ventral line;
these bars varying much in width, being rather narrower in females,
and with half bars usually between them; the interspaces as wide
as the bars or usually wider; fins usually dusky, plain. Length
about 3 inches.

—— S

\
Famity XI. Pa@ciLip@. 109

45. Lueania Girard.

Lucama Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 118. (Type,
_ Limia venusta Girard.)

Body oblong, compressed; mouth moderate, its cleft short and
very oblique; lower jaw prominent; each jaw with a single series of
conical teeth; scales large, usually less than 30 in the lateral series:
gill openings not restricted; the dorsal fin above or slightly in advance
of the anal; anal fin of male like that of female, not modified into an
intromittent organ nor with first rays short and stiff.

98. Lucania venusta (Girard).
Lima venusta Girard, U. S. Mex. Bd. Sur., 71, pl. xxxix, figs.
20-23, 1859; Indianola, Texas.
Lucania affints Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., FSSO, LES:
Matamoras, Tamaulipas.

Lucania venusta Gtnther, Cat., v1, 310, 1866: Jordan & Ever-
mann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 66s.

Lagoons and inlets along the gulf coast of Mexico, north of Tam-
pico.

Head 334; depth 3%; D. rr or 12; A. 9 or 10; scales 8-26. Body
rather strongly compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines about
equally arched; head narrow, compressed, flattened above the eyes;
snout compressed, short, and vertically rounded, its height greater
than its width; mouth very small, protractile forward, the lower
jaw much projecting in open mouth; mandible heavy, short, and
strongly convex; less than diameter of orbit; teeth small, firm and
conical in a single series; eye large, 3 in head; origin of dorsal fin
nearly midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; origin of
anal fin opposite middle of dorsal; pectorals 134 in head; ventrals 14;
caudal fin slightly rounded; caudal peduncle long and slender, its
least depth about 2 in head.

Color of male light olive, pale on the belly; sides with some silver
luster and with indistinct trace of an obsolete dusky lateral stripe.
Length about 2 inches.

46. Zoogoneticus Meek.

Zoogoneticus Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 91. (Type, Pla-

typecilus quitzeoensis B. A. Bean.)

Body little elongate, rather deep, somewhat compressed; mouth
moderate, the lower jaw projecting; jaws each with bands of pointed
teeth, the outer series the larger; scales moderate; gill openings not
restricted; dorsal fin usually large, of more than 12 rays; anal fin of

110 FIELD COLUMBIAN MuszEumM—ZoO6OLocy, Vou. V.

male with its first 5 or 6 rays short and stiff and separated from
the rest of the fin by a shallow notch; dorsal fin of male higher than
that of female; viviparous. The ovary is a strong membranous sack,
with several infolded partitions; in this the young develop and
reach a comparatively large size when they are born, which is during

May and June.

KEY TO°THE SPECIES OF ZOOGONETICUS:

a. Four to six black spots about as large as eye
on lower half of caudal peduncle; 2 similar

blackyspotsnatobase.ol caudale etree pene

aa. No black spots on lower half of caudal pedun-

cle; not more than one black spot at base of
caudal.

b. Sides of body with 7 to 9 well defined black

bars each about as wide as the interspaces........

bb. Sides of body without well-defined cross-bars.

c. Anal fin longer than the dorsal; dorsal rays
12 to 14; anal rays 14 to 17.

d. Scales large, 32 to 35 in the lateral series;

head very thick and broad, 3% in length;

dorsal rays 13 or 14; anal rays 15; scales

PAGE

cuitzeoensis 110

.dugest 11

O35 b coashcw an SB MORE ea eee eee ee ee [pachycephalus| 112

dd. Scales smaller, 37 to 39 in the lateral series.
e. Origin of dorsal fin midway between tip
of caudal fin and tip of snout; head large,

3% in length; depth 3; dorsal rays 14; anal

TAV Sah OMsSCAlCS TO —3 Ors ha iep eee

‘ee. Origin of dorsal fin midway between tip

Ohicatidal fimvanGdiOpercle a ae ee eet

ce. Anal fin shorter than the dorsal; dorsal rays
17; anal rays 14.

f. Origin of dorsal fin midway between base of

caudal and posterior margin of opercle; head

BOA depth ia UG 8 wen eheteucrae acter terse olen tae

ff. Origin of dorsal fin midway between base
of caudal and preopercle; head 314; depth

BU Tae Atha eek eRe PORE EL ERT

99. Zoogoneticus cuitzeoensis (B. A. Bean).

....robustus 112

..maculatus 113

aegis diazt 114

...mimatus 115

Platypecilus quitzeoensis B. A. Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mes
1898, 540, fig. 1; Lago de Cuitzeo, Michoacan: Jordan &
Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 2873.

Famity XI. PccILiipa. 111

Zoogoneticus quitzeoensis Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 91;
Ocotlan; La Barca.
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Fig. 29. ZOOGONETICUS CUITZEOENSIS (B. A. Bean).
No. 48209 (Platypcecilus quitzeoensis B. A. Bean), U.S. National Museum.

Head 3%; depth 3 to 3%; D. 13 or 14; A. 13 to 15; scales 11-30.
Body compressed, the back somewhat arched; usually in larger
specimens an angle at the nape; head rather small; interorbital space
flattish, its width 224 in head; mouth moderately large, chin promi-
nent; lower jaw projecting; outer series of teeth large; snout 4% in
head; eye 334; origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of caudal and
tip of snout, and in advance of ventral; pectoral fin 12 in head;
ventral 2; caudal fin truncate; caudal peduncle rather deep, its least
depth 17% in head.

Color light brownish tinged with red; on the middle of sides of
female to opposite tip of pectoral usually with three faint dark
spots, also four to six dark bars on lower half of caudal peduncle,
and a dark spot on upper portion of caudal peduncle above last bar;
color of the males more uniform and much darker than that of the
females; the spots or bars so conspicuous on the females being scarcelv
noticeable on the male; dorsal and anal fins tipped with yellow; the
caudals and tips of ventrals blackish; pectorals light; fins of the
female pale. Length 2% inches.

100. Zoogoneticus dugesi (Bean).

Fundulus dugesa Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 373, pl.
xx, fig. 5; Guanajuato: Garman, Memoirs Mus. Comp. Zodl.,
LOO5, LO.

Adinia dugesit Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 661.

Zoogoneticus dugesitt Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 92;
Lagos; Patzcuaro.

II2 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEUM—ZOoOOLOGY, VOL. V.
i]

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Head 314; depth: 3-.Di 1740 Ay ae"sealesa 220: Body rather
robust anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; back little arched; head
rather large; interorbital area flattish; its width 214 in head; mouth

Fia. 30. ZOOGONETICUS DUGES! (Bean).
No. 37831, U.S. National! Museum.

rather large; upper series of teeth large; lower jaw the longer, chin
prominent; length of snout 4% in head; diameter of eye 4; origin of
dorsal slightly in advance of origin of anal, midway between tip of
caudal fin and posterior margin of eye; pectoral fin 1% in head;
ventral 2%; caudal peduncle short, its least depth 2 in head.

Color light brownish; sides with about 8 dark cross bands, about
equal to the interspaces: the bars not always of equal width. Length
about 2% inches.

The young are born about the last week of May.

Zoogoneticus pachycephalus (Giinther).
Fundulus pachycephalus Gunther, Cat., v1, 321, 1866; Guatemala: Gunther,
Fishes Cent. Amer., 483, pl. 86, fig. 6, 1869; Guatemala.

Adinia pachycephalus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 660.

Zoogoneticus pachycephalus Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub., 65, 1902, 94.

Guatemala.

Head 314; depth 3} to 32; D. 13 or 14; A. 15; scales 12-35. Body rather
deep, head very thick and broad; interorbital space very broad, slightly convex,
its width 2 in head; snout broad, obtuse; lower jaw slightly projecting beyond
upper; mandible longer than eye; eye 4 in head; origin of dorsal fin slightly
in advance of anal, midway between tip of caudal and posterior margin of the
orbit; caudal fin subtruncate.

Color brownish above and on sides, each scale darker on tip; an indistinct
dark band along middle of tail; fins plain, anal fin with the lower margin whitish.
(Giinther.)

Known only from the above description.

101. Zoogoneticus robustus (Bean).
Fundulus robustus Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1892, 285, pl.
XLIV, fig. 2; Guanajuato: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.5.
Nat. Mus., 1896, 644: Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. 5S. Fish
Comm., 1900, 126; Lago de Chapala: B. A. Bean, Proc) Us:
Nat. Mus., 1898, 541; Lago de Cuitzeo, Michoacan.

Pamiry 2Gl Pe@ciwitpa. 1st 23

Zoogoneticus robustus Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 92;
Ocotlan; Patzcuaro; Zirahuen.
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Fig. 31. ZOOGONETICUS ROBUSTUS (Bean).
No. 43760, U.S. National Museum.

ledge satOns 4 (depth 36034. .. 13 or 145 Avera. fO4r6, Scales
15-38. Body robust anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; head broad,
interorbital area nearly flat, its width 2% in head; mouth rather
large; lower jaw the longer; chin prominent; snout 3% in head; eye
4 to 4% in head; origin of dorsal fin slightly in front of anal and mid-
way between tip of caudal fin and tip of snout; pectoral fin 1% in
head; ventral fin 21% in head; caudal fin truncate; least depth of caudal
peduncle 2 in head.

Color light brownish, much speckled and variegated with darker;
on young specimens a tendency to form a narrow dark lateral band
on posterior half of body; fins all plain. Length about 5% inches.

This species is the largest member of the genus on the Mexican
Plateau. Females 4% to 4% inches in length, contain from 20 to 38
young, each from .67 to .75 inches in length. The young are born
in May.

102. Zoogoneticus maculatus Regan.

Zoogoneticus maculatus Regan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1904,

256; Rio Santiago, Mexico.

ieades Gnetotallensth)= depth 314 to 434.9. 13, or 14> AY 15%
scales 36 to 38; mouth moderate, the lower jaw prominent; length
of snout equaling diameter of eye, 4 to 4% in head; interorbital 21%
to 22%; origin of dorsal fin about midway between posterior edge of
preopercle and base of caudal, its longest ray a little longer than
the base of the fin, 2 in head (or less); origin of the anal a little behind
that of dorsal, the first 6 rays in male, short, stiff, and of equal

114 FiELD CoLumMBIAN MusEumM—Zo6.Loecy, VoL. V.

4

vent; caudal truncate; caudal peduncle 17% to 2 times as long as deep.
Color brownish above, silvery below, with dark spots which are

most conspicuous posteriorly; fins immaculate; total length 84 mm.
Three specimens from the Rio Santiago, Mexico. (Regan.)

length; pectoral fin 3 to 24 the length of the head; ventrals reaching

103. Zoogoneticus diazi Meek.
Zoogoneticus diazi Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 93;
Patzcuaro; Zirahuen.
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Fic. 32. ZOOGONETICUS DIAZ! Meek.
No. 3618, Field Columbian Museum.

Head 324; depth 3%; D. 17; A. 14; scales 13-34. Body elongate,
robust, compressed; back much elevated, forming a prominent angle
at the nape; top of head slightly convex; interorbital width 2% in
head; snout bluntish, 4 in head; mouth large, teeth conical-in a band
in each jaw. the outer series being the larger; lower jaw the longer;
chin very prominent; eye moderate, 3% in head; dorsal fin slightly
in advance of the anal, its origin midway between base of caudal
and posterior margin of opercle; base of dorsal 1? in head, its height
2 (in male 12) in head; pectoral fin 12 in head; ventral 22; alimentary
canal scarcely as long as the body; peritoneum pale.

Color light olivaceous, young much mottled with darker; the
darker in form of irregular cross-bars on the sides; many of the
larger specimens in life with a reddish tinge over the body, fading
to nearly a uniform light olive; fins all plain; the males a little duller
and of a more uniform color than the females. Length about 3
inches.

Abundant where found. One female 3 inches in length contained
28 young, each .60 inches in length. A second female 3.15 inches
in length contained 47 young, each .43 inches in length. The young
are born the last of May and early in June.

Selon

anal

Famity XI. PacrIvipa. I15

104. Zoogoneticus miniatus Meek.
Zoogoneticus miniatus Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 94;
Chalco.
Valley of Mexico.

FIG. 33. ZOOGONETICUS MINIATUS Meek.

No. 3680, Field Columbian Museum.

Head gt; depth 3%; D:. 17; A. 14; scales 14-32. Body elongate,
compressed; head rather narrow, interorbital width 3 1n head; mouth
rather large; lower jaw slightly the longer; teeth conical in a band,
the outer series being the larger; snout 4% in head; eye 22% in head;
dorsal fin slightly in advance of anal, its origin midway between base
of caudal fin and the middle of preopercle; intestinal canal short,
about as long as body.

Color olivaceous, much mottled with darker; no distinct lateral
band; sides with irregular dark blotches, the last one forming an
indistinct black caudal spot. Length about 124 inches. Known only
from the type locality.

4%. Girardinichthys Bleeker.

Girardinichthys Bleeker, Cyprin., 481,1860. (Type, Girardinichthys

innominatus Bleeker.)

Limnurgus Gtnther, Cat., v1, 309, 1866. (Type, Limnurgus varie-

gatus Gunther =Girardinichthys innominatus Bleeker.)

Body robust; mouth small, its cleft nearly vertical; teeth small,
pointed, in one or more series in each jaw; dorsal and anal fins long,
the former slightly in advance of the latter; intestinal canal on left
side, not coiled, about the length of the body; peritoneum spotted,
not wholly black; gill membranes partly united, free from the isthmus;
anal fin of the male with its first 6 to 8 rays short and stiff and sepa-
rated from the rest of the fin by a shallow notch; viviparous.

116 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEumM—ZOOLoGy, VoL. V.

105. Girardinichthys innominatus Bleeker.

Lucania sp. Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 118; City

of Mexico.

Girardimchthys innominatus Bleeker, Cyprin., 484, 1860; City of

Mexico.
Limnurgus variegatus Giinther, Cat., v1, 309, 1866; City of Mexico.
Girardimchthys imnominatus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 666: Garman, Memoirs Mus. Comp.
Zool., 1895, 39, pl. 1, fig. 11 (teeth); City of Mexico: Meek,
Field Col: Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, .05; Chalco; Lexcoco; Xocha-
milco.
Characodon geddest Regan, Ann. & Mag., Nat. Hist., 1904, 257;
Texcoco, Mexico.

Valley of Mexico. Abundant in the lakes, canals, and ditches.
(Viga Canal.)

Head 4; depth 3 to 3%; D. 18 to 23; A. 20 to 26; scales 16-40 to 44.
Body rather robust, deep, compressed, back not much elevated;
head flat above; usually in larger specimens an angle at the nape;
interorbital 2 in head; snout 4; eye 4; mouth small, lower jaw the
longer, chin prominent; teeth rather strong, conical, in a band rather
than in a single series; origin of dorsal fin midway between base of
caudal and posterior half of opercle (2) or eye (4), and slightly in
advance of origin of anal fin; the fins all small; pectoral 1% in head;
ventrals 3; caudal fin rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 134
in head; gill rakers short and stiff, about 15 on first gill arch.

Color grayish to dark brownish, some males being almost entirely
black; sides variegated with darker, usually in the form of indefinite
bars; young specimens usually with a dark spot shghtly in advance
and a little above anal; the color of this species is extremely variable.
Length about 234 inches.

My attention has been called by Dr. Theo. Gill to the fact that
the viviparity of this fish was noticed as early as 1769, a published
account of it appearing in 1772. The reference to ‘this account,
and a translation of it by Dr. Theo. Gill, appears in his Bibliography
of the Fishes of the Pacific United States, Bull. 11, U.S. Nat. Museum,
1882, 8, which I here quote in full.

““Voyage en Californie pour lobservation du passage de Vénus
sur le disque du soleil, le 3 juin, 1769; contenant les observations
de ce phénoméne at la description historique de la route de l’auteur
a travers le Mexique. Par feu M. Chappe d’Auteroche :
Rédigé et publié par M. de Cassini fils . . . A Paris: chez Charles-
Antoine Jombert. 1772.’ (4°, half title, title, 170 (2) pp., plan, and
Zl. Sabin:

lt ete

Famity XI. Pacivipaz. LG

“Translated as follows:

“A voyage to,California, to observe the Transit of Venus. By
Mons. Chappe d’Auteroche. With an historical description of the
author’s route through Mexico, and the natural history of that prov-
ince. Also, a voyage to Newfoundland and Sallee, to make experi-
ments on Mr. Le Roy’s timekéepers. By Monsieur de Cassini.
London: Printed for Edward and Charles Dilly, in The Poultry.
Doe (Ser Ap. 11305, pp:, with..plan of-City of Mexico. )

“Extract of a letter from Mexico addressed to the Royal Academy
of Sciences at Paris, by Don Joseph Anthony de Alzate y Ramyrez,
now a correspondent of the said academy, containing some curious
particulars relative to the natural history of the country adjacent
to the City of Mexico., Pp. 77-105.

“Tt is undoubtedly this work that is meant in thestatement that
has so largely gone the rounds of the periodical press, to the effect
that the Californian viviparous fishes were observed during the voyage
for the observation of the transit of Venus to Lower California, 1769.
A perusal of the accounts given, however, renders it evident that the
fishes in question were not Embiotocids, but rather Cyprinodontids,
probably of the genus Mollienesia. The account by Don Alzate
(pp. 89-91) is as follows:

““T send you some viviparous scaly fishes, of which I had formerly
given you an account. What I have observed in them this year is,
‘If you press the belly with your fingers, you force out the fry before
their time, and upon inspecting them through the microscope, you
may discern the circulation of the blood, such as it is to be when the
fish is grown up.’ If you throw these little fishes into water, they
will swim as well as if they had been long accustomed to live in that
element. The fins and tail of the males are larger and blacker than
those of the females, so that the sex is easily distinguished at first
sight. These fish have a singular manner of swimming; the male
and the female swim together on two parallel lines, the female always
uppermost and the male undermost they thus always keep at a con-
stant uniform distance from each other, and preserve a perfect
parallelism. The female never makes the least motion, either side-
ways or towards the bottom, but directly the male does the same.’

“To this account is added a footnote (p. 90) containing the following
additional information:

“Don Alzate has sent those fishes preserved in spirits; their skin
is covered with very small scales; they vary in length from an inch
to eighteen lines, and they are seldom above five, six, or seven lines
in the broadest part. They have a fin on each side near the gills,

118 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEUM—ZOOLOGY, VOL. V.

two small ones under the belly, a single one behind the anus, which
lies between the fin and the single one; the tail is. not forked; lastly,
this fish has a long fin on the back, a little above the fin which is
under the belly.

“We know of some viviparous fishes in our seas, such as loach,
etc.; most of these have a smooth skin without any scales. The
needle of Aristotle is viviparous, and yet covered with broad and hard
scales. I have caught some that had young ones still in their womb.
As to these viviparous fishes, it is a particular and new sort, and we
are obliged to Don Alzate for making us acquainted withit. It breeds
in a lake of fresh water near the City of Mexico.’

“This 1s, so far as known, the earliest notice of the viviparity of
Cyprinodontids. The mode of consorting together (exaggerated in
the account) is common to a number of representatives of the family,
and is alluded to by Prof. Agassiz in a name (Zygonectes, i. e., swim-
ming in pairs) conferred on one of the genera of the family.”’

Subfamily Orestiinee.

48. Characodon Ginther.

Characodon Gunther, Cat., vi, 308, 1866. (Type, Characodon

lateralis Ginther.)

Body rather deep, compressed; mouth small; teeth small, fixed,
the outer series bicuspid, with a villiform band behind them; origin
of dorsal fin nearly opposite that of the anal; anal fin with its first 5 or
6 rays short and stiff and separated from the rest by a shallow notch;
alimentary canal short, 1 to 1% times the total length of the fish;
species Viviparous.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHARACODON.
a. Dorsal and anal fins very long, each of more PAGE
Ghats 26 rayeiy sis cd ne: eee own multiradiatus 119
aa. Dorsal and anal rays shorter, each of less than
20 rays.
b. Scales large, 30 to 35 in the lateral series.
c. Dorsal fin slightly in advance of origin of
anal, its origin about midway between tip of
caudal and tip of snout.
d. Analrays 13; scales 30 to 32; about 9 teeth
in the upper jaw and about 14 in the lower ...... eisent 119
dd. Anal rays 15 or 16; scales 35; about 14
teeth in the upper jaw and about 16 to 18
in: the Tower fo.cysocitia oie ce etn toe ea reno res variatus 120

ln eS ao

Famity XI. Pa@ciiiips. 11g

ec. Dorsal fin slightly behind origin of the anal, PAGE
about midway between tip of caudal fin and
opercle
e. Head 3%; dorsal rays 10 or 11; anal rays
PARE OMUO SCALES 2 —3ih) a lk es ah Mgt a ee lateralis 121
ee. Head 3 to 34; dorsal rays 12; anal rays 12
OR GaPSCAlGS Ta Oly P2239) We Wd eat ce anges a ioagss fs garmant 121

bb. Scales small, 50 in the lateral series, origin of
dorsal fin midway between base of caudal
and base of pectoral, anal fin inserted below
SEVeMbM hav mOlGOESa litem Sits auras aie 8 age w hehe furcidens 122

106. Characodon multiradiatus sp. nov.
Type, No. 4523, F. C. M., 1.50 inches in length; Lerma, Mexico.
Girardimichthys innominatus Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull.
U.S. Fish Comm., 1902, 149; Lago de Lerma, Mexico.

Basin of the Rio Lerma. (Lerma.)

Head 334 to 4; depth 234 to 3%; D. 26 to 30; A. 26 to 30; scales
about 45. Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed; head
small, mouth moderate; jaws with incisor-like bicuspid teeth; diameter
of eye slightly greater than the length of the snout, 314 in head; dorsal
fin long, its base equaling length of head (9) to % longer (4); origin
of dorsal in advance of anal, midway between base of caudal and
eye (2) to nearer tip of snout than base of caudal (4); pectoral fin
small, its length 1% in head; ventral 2 in head; gill rakers short,
less than diameter of the eye, about t5 on first gill arch.

Color dark olivaceous, the darker markings with a tendency to
form crossbars; a dark blotch on side above space between ventral and
anal fins; margins of median fins on male black. Length about 1.80
inches.

This species in general form and color resembles Girardinichthys
innominaius Bleeker, with which it has been previously identified.

107. Characodon eiseni Rutter.
Charazodon eisent Rutter, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1896, 266; Rio
santiago, Tepic: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.

Mus., 1898, 2831; Tepic.

Lowland streams of Jalisco and Tepic.

Head 334; depth 3%; D: 11 to 13; A. 13; scales 12-30 t0 32. Body
rather deep, somewhat compressed; mouth almost vertical when
closed; anterior teeth bicuspid, the villiform teeth not developed;
about 9 teeth in the upper jaw and r4 in the lower; eye 3 in head; in-
sertion of the dorsal in the middle of the total length; origin of anal

120 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MuszEuM—Zoo.Locy, Vou. V.

under the fourth ray of the dorsal; caudal fin broad, truncate; depth
of caudal peduncle 2 in head.

Color, male with a broad indefinite lateral band; female with dark
blotches on sides usually forming distinct cross bands (J. & E.).
Length about 14% inches. Known only from the type locality.

108. Characodon variatus Bean.

Characodon variaitus Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 370, pl. xx,
fig. 10; Guanajuato: Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1892, 286;
Guanajuato: Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1894, 62;
Rio Lerma. Salamanca, Queretaro: Jordan & Evermann, Bull.
a7, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896; 669: Jordan & Snyder, Bulljweo
Fish Comm., 1900, 126; Rio Verde, Aguas Calientes: Meek,
Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65,.1902, 36: Aguas Calientes: Lagos.
Ocotlan; Celaya; Huingo.

Characodon jerrugineus Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 372,
pl. xx, figs. 3 and 4. Guanajuato.

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Fic. 34. CHARACODON VARIATUS Bean. 4%
No. 37808, U. S. National Museum.

Fic. 35. CHARACODON VARIATUS Bean. £¥
No. 37810 (Characodon ferrugineus Bean), U.S. National Museum.

Famity XI. PacILiipA. 121

(

eadt 34); depth 35D. .a3/0r 14; A./15 or roscales,15-35.. Body
elongate, somewhat compressed; head broad, usually a slight angle at
the nape; mouth smal], lower jaw projecting; chin prominent; snout
3% in head; teeth fixed, outer series bicuspid; eye 3% in head; origin
of dorsal fin midway between base of caudal and middle of opercle
() or posterior margin of eye (4), slightly in advance of origin of
anal; pectoral fin 1% in head; ventral fin 21%; caudal fin emarginate;
least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head.

Color light brownish, the male with a more or less prominent dark
lateral band usually broken into blotches; dorsal and caudal fins black
with a light yellow border; scales of upper part of body with dark cen-
ters forming lateral stripes along the rows of scales; color of female
more variegated; sides with spots and blotches; a row of black spots
on the lower half of the caudal peduncle; fins all pale; young specimens
spotted and much resembling the young of Zoogoneticus robustus
(Bean), but with larger spots. Length about 3% inches.

The most abundant and the best known species in the genus.
The young are born the last of May. The alimentary canal in some
Specimens is scarcely the length of the fish, in others about 1% times
its length. One female 2.20 inches in length contained 11 young, each
.55 inch in length; a second one 2.50 inches in length contained 23
young, each .46 inch in length; a third*2.70 inches in length contained
37 young, each .40 inch in length.

109. Characodon lateralis Ginther.
Characodon lateralis Giinther, Cat., vi, 308, 1866; Central America:
Gunther, Fishes of Cent. Amer., 480, pl. 82, fig. 2, 1869: Jordan
& Evermann, Bull. 47, U. 5. Nat. Mus., 1896, 668: Pellegrin,
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, rg01, 205; Estado de Jalisco.
Lowland streams from Central America north to the State of Jalisco.
Plead depth 3; 10 or 11> Al 13.) to vs or 16 (4); scalés
12-35. Body elevated, the neck somewhat arched; head thick and
broad, the snout obtuse, as long as the eye; about 20 teeth in each jaw,
their tips indistinctly notched; eye 4 in head; origin of the dorsal fin
a little nearer end of caudal than of occiput, a little behind anal;
caudal fin small, truncate or slightly convex.
Color brownish olive with a darker band running from eye to the
root of the caudal; this band sometimes broken up into a more or less
regular series of brownish spots. (Giinther.)

110. Characodon garmani Jordan & Evermann.
Characodon lateralis Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., x1x, 1895, 36,
pl. 1, fig. 9 (not Characodon lateral1s Gunther); Parras, Coahuila,
Mexico.

122 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoO6O.LocGy, VOL. V.

Characodon garman1t Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1898, 2831.

Spring and headwaters of the Rio Mezquital near Durango, spring
at Labor and the Rio Nazas at Parras. (Durango; Labor.)

Head 3%; depth 234 to 3;°D..13;-A. °a3;>scales 13-33. body
robust, somewhat compressed; snout short, 4 in head; lower jaw the
longer, chin prominent; diameter of eye 324; interorbital area 214 in
head; origin of dorsal to base of caudal about 214 in its distance from
tip of snout; origin of anal slightly in advance of that of dorsal; pec-
toral fin 2 in head; ventrals 314; caudal fin rounded; least depth of
caudal peduncle 2 in head.

Color olive reddish to light brownish; males uniform or with bars
on caudal peduncle, sides of females more or less barred or blotched
and lighter in color than males; usually on sides a dark broad lateral
band, more broken up in bars on females than on males; on males the
dorsal and caudal fins with a dark band near tip bordered with lighter;
in life the larger males red, occasionally males with only one or two
black blotches on the sides; the color very variable. Length about
1% inches.

’ The young are born early in June. It is quite probable that the
specimens described by Prof. Garman are from Durango instead of
Parras. 2

111. Characodon furcidens Jordan & Gilbert.
Characodon furcidens Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1882, 354: Cape San Lucas, Lower California: Garman, Memoirs,
Mus. Comp. Zo6l., x1x, 1895, 36; Cape San Lucas (probably from
the lagoons at La Paz): Jordan & Evermann. Bull. 47, U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1896, 670; Cape San Lucas; Colima: Pellegrin, Bull.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1901; Rio San Pedro, Tuxpan, Jalisco.

Lowland streams of Jalisco and Colima and the southern portion
of Lower California.

Head 4s depth 325 Dr 15 torn75 Ac 13: scales about 15-50. Bodv
comnaratively elongate, not much compressed, the head rather low
and broad, depressed, interorbital area slightly more than two in head,
anterior teeth large, firmly fixed and bicuspid; a band of minute teeth
behind them; eye rather large, 3% in head, origin of dorsal fin mid-
way between base of caudal and pectoral; origin of anal under seventh
dorsal ray: pectoral fin 124 in head; ventral fin 2: caudal fin obliquely
truncate, very slightly emarginate; caudal peduncle comparatively
long and slender.

Color of males profusely mottled with darker; sometimes nearlv
plain; vertical fins each with several brownish bars or blotches and

—_—"

ie etc ene

FPamity XI. Pacitiupaz. 123

each with a dusky subterminal bar: a narrow dark line along middle of
each row of scales on the back; females with several short dark bars on
the posterior half of the body; some dark specks on caudal peduncle.
(Jordan & Evermann.)

49. Chapalichthys Meek.

Chapalichthys Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub..65, 1902, 97. (Type,
Characodon encaustus Jordan & Snyder.)

Body rather deep, compressed; caudal peduncle long and slender;
about half to three-fourths of the dorsal fin in front of o1igin of anal;
origin of dorsal fin midway between base cf caudai and anterior
margin of the orbit; dorsal fin of male higher than that of female; anal
fin with its first five or six rays short and stiff and separated from the rest
of the fin by a shallow notch; teeth in 2 series, the ovter enlarged,
bicuspid and firmly attached; the inner series small, and in small
patches; alimentary canal elongate, convolute or irregularly in 3 coils
on the right side, its length nearly twice the length of the fish; peri-
toneum black, caudal fin truncate; gill rakers long and slender; verte-
bre 18+19 =37; Viviparous.

This genus has the long alimentary canal of Goodea and the firm
bicuspid teeth of Characodon; the dorsal fin is considerably more ad-
vanced in this genus than either Goodea or Characodon. ‘

112. Chapalichthys encaustus (Jordan & Snyder).

Characodon encaustus Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1900, 126, fig. 7; Lago de Chapala, Ocotlan, Jalisco: Jordan &
Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1901, 3150: Pellegrin,
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1901, 205; Estado de Jalisco.

Chapalichthys encaustus Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 97;
La Barca; Ocotlan; La Palma.

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Fig. 36. CHAPALICHTHYS ENCAUSTUS (Jordan & Snyder).
No. 6163, Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Head 3% to 34; depth 3% to 3%; D. 16; A. 15 or 16, scales 13-
34 0r35. Body oblong, compressed; head moderate; interorbital aréa
nearly flat. its width 23 in head; lower jaw the longer; chin promi-

124 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOGOLOGY, VOL. V.

nent; outer series of teeth enlarged, firm, and bicuspid; snout 4 in

head; eye 3; dorsal fin high, its origin slightly nearer base of caudal '

than tip of snout; about half of the fin in front of origin of anal; pec-
toral fin 11% in head; ventral fin 134, caudal peduncle long and
slender, its least depth 2 in head; the caudal fin slightly emarginate.

Color light brownish with 8 or 9 spots along the middle of the sides,
occasionally forming short bars, each sometimes broken in the middle,
forming two bars; usually a large black spot about the size of pupil
above and a little forward of the origin of the anal; fins all plain.
Length about 4 inches.

One female 2.70 inches in length contained 21 young, each .40 inch
in length. The young are born the latter part of May.

50. Cyprinodon Lacépéde.
Pursey MINNows.

Cyprinodon Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 486, 1803. (Type,
Cyprinodon variegatus Lacépede.)

Prinodon Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, 88. (Type,
Cyprinodon variegatus Lacépede.)

Body very short and stout, the dorsal region elevated; mouth
small; teeth incisor-like, tricuspid, in a single series; scales large,
dorsal fin inserted in advance of anal; ventrals small or wanting; gill
openings restricted; the opercle above adnate to shoulder girdle: ali-
mentary canal little longer than the body. Oviparus. Spawning
time June and July.

This genus comprises a group of small chubby fishes inhabiting
fresh or brackish waters. They are found living in small springs and
isolated bodies of water in the desert regions of southwestern United
States and northern half of Mexico, where no other fishes are found.
The species are very variable. It would perhaps be quite as well to
regard the species listed below as varieties of Cyprinodon elegans.

KEY TO. TIE: SPECIESIORSCYPEINODON:

a. Color markings on the side with a tendency to PAGE
form cross-bars.
b. Scales 28 in the lateral series; dorsal rays 8 or
9; anal 8 to ro. ;

c. Dorsal fin yellow; caudal fin light, much
speckled wath darken. (eae eer eee ences exmius 125

cc. Dorsal fin dark, or with anterior half yel-

lowish; caudal fin plain, not speckled with
@arker ic: fe: ee isa hea aie Pave acy oie ey Sek epee ee elegans 125

Famity XI. Pociiipaz. Ly

bb. Scales 24 or 25 in the lateral series; dorsal PAGE
CAV SROUCOnEM pa Gal TO) OLET U .fuarue shew iehty epee My hee macularis 126
aa. Color markings on side with a tendency to form

Achncsinnel amalivigamiG Sue. jot) arate sf A's lc wee eke latetasciatus 126

113. Cyprinodon eximius Girard.

' Cyprinodon eximius Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 158:
Rio Chihuahua, Chihuahua: Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm..
1894, 59, Rio Chihuahua, Chihuahua: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 673; Rio Chihuahua, Chihuahua.
Cyprinodon elegans Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1894, 59:
Rio Chihuahua, Chihuahua: Garman, Memoirs, Mus. Comp.
Zo0l., 1895, 23; Rio Grande; Rio Chihuahua: Jordan & Sny-
der; Bull: U.S: Fish Comm., 1900, 127; lagoons “near Tam-
pico: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 97 (in part); Chihua-
hua, San Andres; Santa Rosalia; Jimenez; San Jose; Ahumada.
North, central, and northeastern Mexico, from the Rio Panuco to

the Rio Grande. (Sauz.)

Head 3%; depth 2%; D. 8 or 9; A. 9 or 10; scales 11-28. Body
deep, compressed; head small; snout bluntish; interorbital convex,
2% in head; diameter of eye equals snout 32 in head; origin of dorsal
fin midway between base of caudal and anterior margin of the orbit:
base of dorsal fin 1% in head, pectoral fin 11% in head; ventral fin 234;
caudal fin truncate; least depth of caudal peduncle 1% in head.

Color of adult male dark brownish; sides with about 5 indistinct
dark bars, much wider than the inter-spacing; dorsal and anal fins
nearly white; caudal light, much variegated with black and with a
broad dark margin; tips of anal and pectoral black; females lighter,
variegated with darker with a tendency to form vertical bars; last
rays of dorsal with a black blotch; caudal fin of female variegated or
speckled with black. Length about 2% inches.

Spawning time in July.

114. Cyprinodon elegans Baird & Girard.

Cyprinodon elegans Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1853, 389; Comanche Spring, Texas: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur.,
66, pl. xxxvuj, figs. 1-7, 1859; Comanche Spring, Texas: Jordan
& Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 675: Evermann
& Goldsborough, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1902, 149; Lago de
Santa Maria, Chihuahua: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, rgo2,
97 (in part); Colonia Juarez; Guzman; Santa Maria; Minaca.

Cyprinodon eximius Bean, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 18g8, 168;
San Diego, Chihuahua.

126 Fiztp CoLtuMBIAN MusEumM—Zo6o.Loey, Vou. V.

Northern Mexico, in the basin of the Rio Grande.

Head 3%; depth 2 to 24%; D. 9; A. 8 oF 9; scales. 12-28.) Body,
deep, compressed; snout bluntish; interorbital convex, 2% in head;
‘ eye equals length of snout, 3% in head, origin of dorsal midway be-
tween base of caudal and preorbital; base of dorsal 11% in head; pec-
toral 1% in head; ventral 214; caudal fin truncate; least depth of
caudal peduncle 1% in head.

Color of males dark brownish with from 6 to to rather indistinct
vertical bars; caudal plain with a black margin; anterior half of dorsal
yellowish, its last rays dark; pectorals, ventrals, and anal tipped
with black; females lighter, marbled with darker, which has a ten-
dency to form cross-bars, and also an indefinite lateral band; dorsal and
anal with a black spot on last rays. Length 2.50 inches.

This species spawns in July.

115. Cyprinodon macularius Baird & Girard.

Cyprinodon macularius Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila.,
1853, 389; Rio San Pedro, Arizona: Gilbert & Scofield, Proc.
U.S.-Nat. Mus., 1898, 498; spring-fed pond at Lerdo. Mexico.

Basin of the Rio Colorado.

Head 3 to 3%; depth 2 to 28; D. 9 to 11; A. 10 or 11; scales 24 or
25. Body of adults deep, the young more slender; length of snout
about equaling diameter of eye, about 37% in head; origin of dorsal fin
midway between base of caudal and occiput.

Color variable; males with back and sides uniformly dusky, the
lower parts lighter; all of the fins in most brightly colored individuals
broadly margined with black; females with the lower half of the sides
as well as belly lighter, often silvery white; the sides crossed by black.
bars, which are wide along the middle of the body, but becoming much
narrower than theinterspaces on the lower half of the sides; these
bars varying in number and size and often alternating with narrower,
fainter, and shorter ones; fins light; the dorsal either with or without
a black blotch on its posterior ravs; the males sometimes show dusky
bars. (Gilbert.)

116. Cyprinodon latifasciatus Garman.

Cyprinodon latiiasciatus Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1881,

92; Patras, Coahuila, Mexico: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.
S Nat. Mus., 1896, 676.
Rio Nasas and the headwaters of the Rio Mezquitai. (Labor;
Durango.)
Head 31%; depth 2%; D.9; A.9 or 10; scales 11-26. Body robust,
deep, moderately compressed; head short. snout bluntish; mouth

Se a a

Famity XI. Paciipaz. 127

small, terminal; interorbital slightly convex, 214 in head; eye small,
equaling the length of the snout. 324 in head; origin of dorsal fin mid-
way between base of caudal and anterior margin of orbit; base of
dorsal 2 in head; pectoral 1% in head; ventral 3 in head; caudal fin
rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 1% in head.

~ Color of adult males very dark to light brownish; caudal fin plain
with a narrow black band at tip; ventrals and anal plain, tipped with
black; dorsal fin dark; females are much lighter. the larger ones much
speckled with small dark dots; faint dark bands on middle of side
along rows of scales; a black blotch on last rays of dorsal and anal;
the smaller females more or less blotched with darker, but much less
than in the preceding species. Length about 2.55 inches. The fe-
males taken are full of quite mature eggs.

The specimens from Labor average larger than those taken in the
river at Durango. Professor Garman gives dorsal rays 12; anal rays
11. No doubt he counted the rudiments as well. There is some
doubt as to whether or not Prof. Garman’s specimens really came from
Parras, Coahuila. I am inclined to believe the types of this species,
also the types of Characodon garmami Jordan & Evermann came from
near Durango.

Subfamily Gambusiine.

51. Pseudoxiphophorus Bleeker.

Pseudoxtphophorus Bleeker, Ichthyol. Ind. Prod. Cupr., 483, 1860.
(Type, Xtphophorus bimaculatus Heckel.)

Pecilioides Steindachner, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1863, 176.
(Type. Xiphophorus bimaculatus Heckel.)

Body elongate, robust; head flat, depressed forward; dorsal fin
long, its base about one-half longer than head; anal fin of male
modified into an intromittent organ; teeth conical, in a band on each
jaw, the outer series enlarged; gill rakers short and stiff, about 16 on
first arch those on upper portion of the arch the longer; alimentary
canal short, less than the length of the body; vertebrae 18+14 =22.
One species known, viviparous.

117. Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus (Heckel).

Xiphophorus bimaculatus Heckel, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1848,
196; Mexico.

Pseudoxtpho phorus himaculaius Gtinther, Cat., v1, 333, 1866: Gar-
man, Memoirs, Mus. Comp. Zodél., x1x, 1895, 81, pl. 111, fig. 6
(teeth), pl. vit, fig. 9 (male); Mexico: Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish
Comm. 1894, 65; Rio Blanca, Orizaba: Jordan & Evermann,

128 FIELD CoOLUMBIAN MusEumM—ZOoO.LoGyY, VOL. V.

Bull. 47,-U. S. Nat. Mus.,:1806; 678: BSA] Bean; Proc, Utisr
Nai. Mus.. 1898, 541; Mirador: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65.
1902, 98; Jalapa.

Pseudoxiphophorus pauctradiatus* Regan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1894, 256; Orizaba, Vera Cruz.

Streams of the eastern slope of Mexico from Jalapa to the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec. (Jalapa; Xico; Cordoba: Otopa: Motzorongo; EF] Hule:
Obispo; Perez; Sanborn.)

Head 4; depth 3%, to 4; D. 13\to 15 | 2A. 3. Or'9scales'\9 30. Doan
elongate, rather robust, not much compressed; head depressed for-
ward; interorbital nearly flat, 14 in head; snout 234 to 3; eye 34;
origin of dorsal fin in advance of anal (2), midway between base of
caudal and tip of snout, or slightly nearer base of caudal; the base of
the dorsal very long, about % longer than the head; pectoral fin short
and broad, 1% in head; ventral fin 2 in head; caudal fin rounded;
caudal peduncle robust, 1% in head.

Color. dark brownish; posterior margin of each scale black, making

a}

prominent outlines on scales; a large black blotch on upper 74 of base
of caudal; some black on membrane of dorsal fin; a black band across
middle of anal. Length about 3% inches.

This species is very variable, and is quite plentiful in all streams
of Vera Cruz from Jalapa to Sanborn. At Xico, the highest point
from which I made collections, it was the only species taken. The
largest specimens collected are from Cordoba, the longest being about
3.50 inches. One female from Cordoba, 3.35 inches in length, con-
tained 45. eggs, each .115 inch in diameter. The young are probably
born in May.

52. Gambusia Poey.
GUAZACONES.

382, 1855. (Type, Gambusia punctata

u

Gambusia Poey, Memorias, 1,
Poey.)

Body elongate, more or less compressed; mouth moderate, the

lower jaw projecting; each jaw with a band of pointed teeth, the outer

*Mr. C. T. Regan admits two species in this genus. He says: “It
(Pseudoxipho phorus bimaculatus Heckel) differs from Pseudoxtphophorus pauci-
vadiatus Regan in having a longer head and longer snout, and in the dorsal fin
with 14 to 16 rays commencing midway between tip of snout and base of
caudal, its base about 1% of the total length. P. pauciradiatus Regan has D.
rr to 13, origin of dorsal nearer base of caudal than to tip of snout, the length
of its base about 4 times in the total length.”’

The species is very variable. In some specimens in the museum collection
from Cordoba the base of the dorsal fin is longer than head, in others equal to
or shorter, the number of rays in dorsal fin is 13 to 15, very seldom 12 or 16.
This species ranges from about 6,000 feet to sea level.

2

Famity XI. PcciLiup2. 129

ones being the larger; teeth not movable; scales large; dorsal and anal
fins usually small, the dorsal in advance of the anal; anal fin of male
much advanced, and modified into an intromittent organ which is
about as long as head; alimentary canal short, usually about the length
of the body; branchiostegals 6; vertebre about 32.

This genus comprises a group of small fishes living in swamps,
ponds, and small streams of southern United States, Cuba, Mexico,
and Central America. They are viviparous and feed on insects, seeds,
and crustaceans.

KEY TO ne SPECIES OF GAMBUSIA,

a. Body with from 2 to 6 narrow, dark vertical PAGE
bars from medial line of dorsal to or below
PAIS Ol DMS OOGIY rec psvarcne POIs tia scvles cree veya oft wht aves eee fasciata 129
aa. Body without narrow dark vertical bars on its
upper half.

b. Side with a broad dark interrupted band,
made up of short vertical bars; origin of dorsal
fin to base of caudal 2 in its distance to tip of

SEG C NER pare streets Sn fuckers «ie kos. Soaks opener averauebe. A gracilis 130
bb. Side with a narrow dark continuous band or
streak..
c. Scales in the lateral series 30 or more; head
Bea LOU sh ealtbaGMes DOGNy ithe oc mlaren sna crete tetas oa occ: <0 affinis 130
ec. Scales in the lateral series 26 to 28; head 4}
Aiieeb CMD OC ahr steele a) Mee meeyedat raed. ae. alk anfans 131
bbb. Sides without band or streak except on
middle of caudal peduncle; scales 8-32 ............ bonita 132

118. Gambusia fasciata sp. nov.
Type, No. 4715, F. C. M., 2.1 inches in length; San Geronimo,
Oaxaca.
Pacific slope streams of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. (San
Geronimo; Tehuantepec.)

Fic. 37. GAMBUSIA FASCIATA Meek.

130 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoOLocy, VoL. V.

Head 41%; depth 3? to 4; D. 7; A. 7; scales 8-32. Body elongate,
not much compressed; head small, flat above; interorbital 2 in head;
mouth small; jaws about equal; teeth in jaws in a band, the outer
series enlarged; all of the teeth: conical; snout 3% in head; eye 3 in
head; origin of dorsal to base of caudal 17% in its distance from tip of
snout, about midway between base of caudal and middle of pectoral fin;
anal fin (?) in advance of dorsal; pectoral fin 1% in head; ventral 2%;
caudal fin truncate; least depth of caudal peduncle 1% in head; ali-
mentary canal 13 times total length of the fish; peritoneum black.

Color light brownish; a dark vertebral streak; side with from 3 to 5
narrow vertical bars which extend from dorsal region to middle of side,
occasionally one or two bars reaching ventral region; a black spot on
first two dorsal rays near their base; region in front of anal and basal
half of first rays black; iris black; a dark line on under side of
caudal peduncle. Length 2 inches.

One female contained 27 eggs, young quite well developed.

119. Gambusia gracilis (Heckel).
Xiphophorus gracilis Heckel, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1848,
300; Orizaba, Mexico.
Gambusia gracilis Garman, Memoirs, Mus. Comp. Zodl., x1x, 1895,
85; Mexico and Central America: Jordan & Evermann, Bull.
47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 683: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65,
1902, 99; Puente de Ixtla; Balsas.

Streams on both sides of the divide south of the City of Mexico.
(Cuautla; Yautepec; Jojutla; Chietla.)

Head 4; depth 32%4°>to 3; D. 6; A. 9; scales 8-30.. Body snather
slender, not much compressed; head small, mouth small, lower jaw
the longer, teeth in the outer series enlarged; snout pointed, 3% in
head; diameter of eye 3%; origin of dorsal fin (Q) behind that of anal,
its distance from base of caudal 134 in distance from tip of snout; pec-
toral fin 114 in head; ventral 2; caudal fin rounded; least depth of
caudal peduncle 12 in head; peritoneum dark; alimentary canal
shorter than the length of the fish.

Color dark brownish, each scale with light edgings; no spots on the

fins; a broad dark lateral band more or less broken up into short ver-
tical bars; iris black. Length about 2 inches.
The young are probably born early in May.

120. Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard).
Heterandria afjinis Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1853, 390; Rio Medina and Rio Salada, Texas.
Heterandria nobilis Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1853, 390; Comanche Spring, Rio Grande.

ee

Famity XI... Peciripe. 131

Gambusia nobilis Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 71, pl. xxx1x, figs.
8-11, 1859; Comanche Spring: Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., 1894, 60; Rio Chihuahua, Chihuahua.

Gambusta speciosa Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 121;
Rio San Diego, a tributary of Rio San Juan near Cadereita,
Nuevo Leon.

Gambusia gracilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 121;
Matamoras.

Gambusia senilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 122;
Rio Chihuahua, Chihuahua.

Gambusia patruelis Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1881, 93;
Monclova, Mexico: Garman, Memoirs, Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1895,
84; Mexico.

Gambusta affinis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 680: Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
Ig00, 127; lagoons near Tampico: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub.
65, 1902, 98; Jimenez; Santa Rosalia; Chihuahua; San Andres.

Lowland streams of the south Atlantic states and Gulf coasts to
the Rio Panuco and to the Rio Conchos in Chihuahua. (Sauz; Mon-
terey; Garza Valdez; La Cruz; Santa Engracia; Forlon; Valles.)

Head 3% to 4; depth 3% to 4; D. 7 or 8; A. 8; scales 9-32. Body
rather robust, not much compressed; head rather large, flat above,
interorbital 2 in head; snout 3 in head; lower jaw the longer; teeth in
jaws in bands, the outer series enlarged; diameter of eye 3 in head;
origin of dorsal fin over middle of last ray of anal, its distance from
base of caudal 1 in its distance to tip of snout; pectoral 114 in head;
ventrals 2% in head; caudal fin truncate; least depth of caudal
peduncle 1% in head; alimentary canal about as long as the body;
peritoneum dusky.

Color light olive, edges of scales dark; a faint dark lateral streak or
dusky band on sides; sides and belly dusted with black dots; a narrow
band downward and backward from eye; occasionally some dark on
anal fin; other fins plain. Length about 2 inches.

One female 1.6 inches in length, collected the last week in-May,
contained 22 eggs, eye spots not formed.

121. Gambusia infans Woolman.

Gambusta infans Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1894, 62, pl. 2,
fig. 3; Rio Lerma, Salamanca, Guanajuato: Jordan & Ever-
mann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 680: Meek, Field Col.
Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 99; Celaya; Ocotlan; La Barca; Huingo.

Gambusia affinis Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1901, 2O55
Lago de Zacoalco, Estado de Jalisco.

1.32 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEumM—Zoo.LocGy, VoL. V.

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

FiG. 838. GAMBUSIA INFANS Woolnan.
No. 45570, U. S. National Museum.

Head 44; depth 3%; D. 7; A. 7; scales 8-28. Body robust,
moderately compressed; head small, flat above, its interorbital width
2 in head; snout 4 in head; mouth small, lower jaw the longer; teeth in
jaws in bands, outer series the larger; diameter of eye 3 in head; origin
of dorsal over last anal rays, its distance from base of caudal 124 in
distance from tip of snout; pectoral 1% in head; ventral 2%; caudal
fin truncate; least depth of caudal peduncle 1% in head; alimentary
canal about 114 times the length of fish; peritoneum dusky.

Color light olivaceous; edges of scales darker; a narrow dark stripe
on body; belly and sides not punctulate with dark dots; fins all plain.
Length about 2 inches.

The young of this species are born about the middle of June.

122. Gambusia bonita sp. nov.

Type, No. 4630, F. C.-M., 2.5 inches in length; Refugio, Vera
Cruz.

Upper tributaries of the Rio Papaloapam. (Motzorongo; Refugio.)

Si

‘
Fia. 39. GAMBUSIA BONITA Meek.

)

Famity XI. PaciILiipaé. £33

Head 334; depth 3%; D. 7 or 8; A. 9; scales 8-32. Body elongate,
somewhat compressed, profile from tip of snout to origin of dorsal a
straight line; head moderate, mouth rather large, oblique; the lower
jaw the longer; teeth conical, in a band, the outer series enlarged;
snout 334 in head; eye 3 in head; origin of dorsal to base of caudal 1%
in its distance from tip of snout, about midway between base of caudal
and base of pectoral fin; anal (in females) well in advance of dorsal;
pectoral 144 in head; ventral 2%; caudal fin slightly rounded, least
depth of caudal peduncle 12 in head; alimentary canal shorter than
length of fish; peritoneum black; vertebre 15-16 =31.

Color dark olivaceous above, white below; on darker portion of the
body each scale has a light margin forming lateral stripes along the
rows of scales; caudal fin usually tipped with black; a narrow dark
streak on middle of caudal peduncle, this more prominent on the
males; iris black. Length about 234 inches.

One female 2.36 inches in length contained 38 partially hatched
eggs.

The young are probably born in May.

53. Paragambusia gen. nov.

Type, Gambusia nicaraguensts Ginther.

Anal fin falcate, its first 3 rays much produced, longer than
head, otherwise essentially as in Gambusia.

123. Paragambusia nicaraguensis (Gtnther).
Gambusia micaraguensis Giinther, Cat., v1, 336, 1866; Lake of
Nicaragua: Giinther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 483, pl. 82, fig. 3,
1869; Lake of Nicaragua: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
Ur-s:;, Nat. Mus.,..1896, 682.

Southern Mexico and Central America. (Otopa; Boca del Rio; El
Hule; Obispo; Perez.)

Head 314; depth 2%; D. 6; A. 10; scales 10-26. Body rather
robust, much compressed; head small, depressed; interorbital flat, 134
in head; snout wedge-shaped, 31% in head; teeth pointed; diameter of
eye 3 in head; origin of dorsal fin (?) almost entirely behind anal, its
distance from base of caudal 2 in its distance from tip of snout; anal
fin of female with its first 3 or 4 rays produced and falciform, the longest
ray equaling distance from tip of snout to base of pectoral fin; pectoral
fin equals length of head; ventral 2 in head, one of its rays slightly
produced; caudal fin rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 1% in
head; peritoneum black; alimentary canal less than length of the fish.

134 FIELD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM—Zo6 .oecy, Vou. V.

Color light brownish; dorsal and caudal fins spotted with black
dots; in the larger females the produced anal rays are black; a dark bar
downward and backward from eve. Length about 2 inches.

Female 1.20 inches in length, collected last week of April, con-
tained 18 eggs in which only the eye spots were shown.

54. Glaridichthys Garman.

Glaridodon Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodlogy, XIx, 1895, 40.
(Type, Grrardinus uninotatus Poey.)

Glaridichthys Garman, Amer. Nat., 1896, 232 (substitute for Glari-
dodon; preoccupied). .

Body moderately elongate, compressed; caudal peduncle of mod-
erate depth; head depressed, slightly arched; snout short, blunt; chin
steep; mouth directed upward; lower jaws the longer, firmly united;
an outer series of broad, cusped, hooked teeth firmly set in each jaw,
behind these a band of smaller ones, sharp, pointed, expanded and
hooked near the apex; anal fin in advance of dorsal; intestine long;
scales large. (Garman.)

124. Glaridichthys latidens (Garman).
Glaridodon latidens Garman, Memoirs, Mus. Comp. Zodl., x1x, 1895,
2, pl. v, fig. 11 (teeth); Chihuahua.

Head about 334; depth about 3%; D. 8; A. 10; scales 28 to 30.
Body moderately elongate, compressed; snout short, blunt, rounded;
chin very steep; mouth rather wide, arched transversely, directed
upward; teeth chisel-shaped, hooked and strong in the outer series;
inner teeth in bands, pointed, commonly expanded near the apex as if
2 or 3 cusped; eye large, longer than snout, 3 in head; dorsal origin a
little behind the middle of the total length, above middle of the base of
the anal; ventrals very small, not reaching anal; pectorals moderate,
reaching behind bases of ventrals; caudal as long as head, subtruncate
or convex; vertebre 13+19 =32.

Color light olivaceous, darker on back, silvery on opercles; throat
and belly apparently somewhat lighter along the middle of the flank;
narrow brown vertical bars on the sides, more distinct behind the ab-
domen, one of them situated below the extremity of the base of the
dorsal; fins clouded with brownish; top of head dark; a dark line from
anal to caudal; in cases a smaller line on the middle of the side; the
brown color in punctulations, sometimes arranged toward the edges
of the scales. (Garman.)

I do not know this species, and I am inclined to think there is some
mistake in the locality given for it. I do not believe this genus is
represented in northern Mexico.

Famity XI. Pa@crLiupaz. 035

55. Belonesox Kner.

Belonesox Kner, Sitzgsber. Akadi. Wiss. Wien, 1860, XL, 419.
(Type, Belonesox belizanus Kner.)

Body elongate, not much compressed; head broad, flat; jaws
much produced; mouth large; premaxillaries forming an elongate
triangular plate, but not ankylosed; mandible long, somewhat prom-
inent; each jaw with a broad band of cardiform teeth; anal fin before
dorsal; anal fin of male modified into an intromittent organ.

125. Belonesox belizanus Kner.

Belonesox belizanus Kner, Sitzungsber. Wiss. Wien, 1860, 419,
Balize: Gunther, Cat., v1, 33, 1866, Mexico; Lago de Peten:
Garman, Memoirs, Mus. Comp. Zodl., xtx, 1895, 80; Mexico:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 684.

Southern Mexico and Central America. (Boca del Rio; Otopa;
Bl Hule; Obispo; Perez.)

Head 2% to 3; depth 5 to 6; D. 8 or 9; A. 10; scales 18-56 to 63.
Body elongate, not much compressed; head long, slender, and much
depressed forwards; interorbital area 34 in head; upper surface of
premaxillary plate 3 in head; snout 2 in head; eye 5 to 5%; origin of
dorsal fin about opposite last ray of anal, its distance from base of
caudal 22 in its distance to tip of snout; pectoral 2,!, in head; ventral
3,1,; caudal peduncle slightly compressed, its least depth 3 in head;
caudal fin rounded.

Color light brownish, almost uniform above and below; the scales
on upper half of sides each usually with a black center, forming dark,
interrupted lateral stripes; a black spot at base of caudal. Length of
females about 8 inches; the males less than half as large as females.

One female 7% inches in length, taken at Obispo, contained 129
young, each .85 inch in length; a second female 4.35 inches in length
contained 26 eggs in which the eye spots and outline of the young were
formed. With the possible exception of Goodea luitpoldi, this is the
largest member of the family in Mexico.

Subfamily Anablepine.

56. Anableps (Artedi) Bloch.
FouR-EYED FISHES; CUATRO OJOS.
Anableps (Artedi) Bloch, Ichthylogia, vit1, 7, 1795. (Type, Ana-
bleps tetropthalmus Bloch =Cobitis anableps Linneus. )

Body elongate, depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; head
broad and depressed, with the supraorbital part very much raised;
cleft.of mouth horizontal, of moderate width; both jaws armed with a

136 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEumM—Zo6toecy, VoL. V.

band of villiform teeth, those of the outer series being largest and
somewhat movable; the integuments of eye divided into an upper
and lower portion by a dark colored transverse band of conjunctiva;
pupil also incompletely divided into two pair of lobes projecting from
each side of the iris; nasal opening produced into a short tubule
depending from each side of the mouth; dorsal fin behind anal; anal
fin of male modified with a thick and long scaly conical organ with
an orifice at its extremity; alimentary canal but little convoluted;
vertebre about 46.

126. Anableps dovii Gill. Four-EyEs; Cuatro Ojos.
Anableps dowet Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 4; Panama.
Anableps dovit Gunther, Cat., v1, 338, 1866: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 685; Chiapam, Guatemala: B. A.
Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 541; Tequisistlan, 40 miles
from the sea: Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., 1901, 150; Tehuantepec River at Tehuantepec.
Rio Tehuantepec to the Isthmus of Panama.
Head 4; D. 9; A. 10; scales 65 to 70. Body elongate, head flat, de-
pressed.
Color blackish brown, with a well-defined broad golden band along
the sides from axis of pectoral to the base of the caudal; fins pale.
Length 7 or 8 inches.

According to Mr. E. W. Nelson, the individuals of this species :

swim always at the surface and in little schools arranged in platoons
or abreast. They swim headed against the current and feed upon
floating matter which the current brings them. They may make
slight headway up stream or may gradually float down stream at a
speed less than that of the current. They are easily frightened, and
when a school becomes scattered, and after the cause of their fright
has disappeared, the individuals will soon rejoin each other. The
species is viviparous. A female 7 inches in length; collected in April,
was examined by Dr. Evermann, who found it to contain 9 young,
each 1.5 inches in length.

Subfamily Goodinee.

5%. Goodea Jordan.
Goodea Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 299. (Type, Goodea
atripinnis Jordan.)
Xenendum Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1890, 127%
(Type, Xenendum caliente J. & S.=Goodea atripinnis Jordan.)
Body elongate to rather robust; dorsal fin posterior, about over anal
fin; anal fin of males with its first 5 or 6 rays short and stiff and sepa-

Famity XI. PcciLiipaé. 137

rated from the rest of the fin by a shallow notch; teeth in two series,
the outer very loose and bicuspid; intestinal canal long, coiled on right
side, about four times the length of the body; peritoneum black; gill
rakers numerous, about 4o on first arch.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF: GOODEA.

a. Dorsal fin longer than the anal; dorsal rays PAGE
15; anal rays 12; scales small, more than 40;
about 19 in a cross series; body elongate, its
depth 3% to 4; scales 20-55; a prominent dark
lateral band; vertical fins with black bars........... whiter 137
aa. Anal fin equal to or longer than the dorsal;
scales larger, less than 50 in the lateral line;
no prominent dark lateral band; no black bars
on vertical fins.
b. Body rather slender, its depth 3% in length;
scales moderate, 15-45; dorsal rays 11; anal
rays 15; caudal peduncle slender, its least
He) GMs EMO ACL oto 5, co a item rsph bie fore spabimsete gi eitas Paes towert 138
bb. Body rather deep, its depth 3 to 3% in body;
scales large, 35 to 44; dorsal rays 13; anal
rays 14; caudal peduncle deep, its least depth
about 2 in head.
ce. Dorsal fin slightly in advance of anal, its
origin to base of caudal 12 in its distance
HOLM LAP) Ole SMO bck & sustnereeaspeNe Sele tes: <== SE lexarey 2 luitpoldt 139
cc. Dorsal fin slightly behind ventrals, its origin
from base of caudal 2 in its distance from
ROR OLASTIOU GR te Saat ne ne eo niccar ie nee cA crn nade, atripinnis 140

127. Goodea whitei sp. nov. MIxpapaTvL.
Type, No. 4547, F.C. M., 2.8 inches in length; Yautepec, Morelos.
Upper tributaries of the Rio Balsas. (Cuautla; Yautepec.)

Fic. 40. GOODEA WHITE! Meek.

138 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOO.LoGyY, VOL. V.

Head 44; depth 34% to 4; D. 14 to 16; A. 12; scales 18-55. Body
rather elongate, not much compressed, back not much elevated; inter-
orbital space slightly convex, its width 2 in head; snout 3% in head;
diameter of eye 3; origin of dorsal in advance of anal midway between
tip of caudal and tip of snout; distance from origin of dorsal to base of
caudal 12 in its distance to tip of snout; fins rather large; pectorals
114 in head; ventrals 2; caudal fins slightly emarginate; caudal pe-
duncle slender, its least depth 2 in head.

Color brownish above, the posterior portion of each scale darker,
giving a finely speckled appearance; a narrow blackish lateral band
extending from above the opercle nearly to base of caudal, the pos-
terior portion of the band more distinctly defined posteriorly; beneath
this band the body is mostly straw color with a variable number of
small brown specks; dorsal dusky, with a submarginal line of black,
the margin plain; base of caudal fin dotted with several transverse
rows of dark dots and usually a clearly defined narrow black sub-
marginal band, the tips plain; anal with a central short black bar;
ventrals usually plain, sometimes with black tips. I take pleasure
in naming this fish for Mr. E. A. White, of the city of Mexico, in recog-
nition of many favors received through his courtesy.

128. Goodea toweri sp. nov.
Type, No. 4519, F. C. M., 2,38 inches in length; Rio Verde, San
Luis Potosi.
‘Upper tributaries of the Rio Panuco. (Rio Verde.)

FiG. 41. GOODEA TOWER! Meek.

Head 4; depth 3%; D. 11; A. 13; scales 15-45. Body elongate,
moderately compressed, back little elevated; head rather small; inter-
orbital flat, 2 in head; snout 4 in head; mouth rather small; the an-
terior series of teeth bicuspid; eye 3 in head; origin of dorsal fin behind
ventrals, midway between tip of caudal and middle of opercle; the
distance from origin of dorsal to base of caudal 2!) in its distance to
tip of snout; fins small; pectoral 12 in head; ventrals 2; the dorsal

Famity XI. PaciILip2z. 139

fin in the male higher than in the female, and its position slightly more
forward; caudal fin slightly truncate; caudal peduncle slender, its
least depth 1# in head.

Color dark brownish above, lighter below; where the light and
dark colors meet the side more or less speckled; a narrow dark shade
en middle of caudal peduncle. Length about 3 inches. Named for
its discoverer, Dr. W. L. Tower, of the University of Chicago.

129. Goodea luitpoldi (Steindachner).

Characodon luitpoldi Steindachner, Einige Fischarten, Mex., 1895,
12, pl. 3, figs. 3-3b.; Lago de Patzcuaro, Michoacan: Garman,
Memoirs Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1895, 37: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 2832: Pellegrin, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 1901, 205; Lago de Zacoalco, Estado de Jalisco.

Xenendum xaliscone Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1900, 128, fig. 9; Lago de Chapala, Ocotlan, Jalisco: Jordan &
Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3153.

Goodea luitpoldit Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 101; Ocotlan;
ay barcala Palma Patzcuaro.

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

FIG. 42. GOODEA LUITPOLD! (Steindachner).
No. 6148 (Xexendum xaliscone), Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Head 4% to 4%; depth 3 to 34%; D. 12 or 13; A. 14 or 15; scales
17-40 to 42. Body rather robust, much compressed posteriorly ; head
small; interorbital area slightly convex, 1? in head; snout 3%; eye
3%; origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of caudal and posterior
margin of eye, in advance of, ventrals; distance from origin of dorsal
to base of caudal equals 13 distance to tip of snout; fins rather large;
pectorals 1% in head; ventrals 12; caudal fin slightly rounded; caudal
peduncle deep, much compressed, its least depth 1 in head.

Color dark brownish above, lighter below; fins all plain. Length
about 8 inches.

One female 5.15 inches in length from Patzcuaro contained 31
young, of about equal length, longest 1.14 inches. There was no

140 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOo6.Loey, VoL. V.

modification of the anal fin in any of these young, as found in the adult
male. This modification of the anal fin is probably found with the
development of the sexual organs. The young are born the last of May.

130. Goodea atripinnis Jordan.

Goodea atripinnis Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 299; Leon,
Guanajuato: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 685.

Xenendum caliente Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1900, 127, fig. 8; Rio Verde, Aguas Calientes: Jordan & Ever-
mann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3152.

Goodea calientis Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 100; Aguas
Calientes; Lagos; Celaya; Acambaro; Huingo; San Juan del Rio.

Basin of the Rio Lerma, and of the Rio San Juan, a tributary of

the Rio Panuco on the Mexican plateau.

‘ FiG. 43. GOODEA ATRIPINNIS Jordan.
No. 6147 (Xenendum caliente J. & S.), Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Head 334 to 4; depth 2% to 3; D. 13; A. 14;scales 13 or 14-35 to 38.
Body rather robust, much compressed posteriorly; interorbital space
slightly convex, 134 in head; snout 4 in head; eye 3% to 4 in head;
origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of caudal and nape; distance
from base of caudal to origin of dorsal 2 in distance from the latter
point to tip of snout; origin of dorsal slightly behind that of anal fin;
fins rather large; pectorals 1% in head; ventrals 2 in head; the caudal
fin slightly rounded at tip; caudal peduncle deep, much compressed,
its least depth 1? in head. .

Color dark olive brown, lighter below, each scale with a dark
angular band, giving the fish a somewhat speckled appearance; the
young are slightly mottled in color; fins all plain; color of the sexes
practically alike. Length about 4 inches.

One female 3.50 inches in length contained 44 young, each .53 inch
in length. The young are born during the last half of May.

FamMity XI. PaciLipaZ. 141

58. Skiffia Meek.

Skiffia Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 102. (Type, Skzffia

lermeé Meek.)

Body compressed, deep; dorsal fin in advance of the anal, its middle
over anal; teeth loose, outer series large, bicuspid, followed by a band
of small villiform teeth; alimentary canal elongate, its length 2 to 3%
times the length of the body; peritoneum black; gill rakers long,
rather stiff, about 20 on the first arch; vertebre about 16+18 =34;
anal fin of male with its first 5 or 6 rays short and stiff, and separated
from the rest of the fin by a shallow notch; dorsal fin of male higher
than that of female.

A group of small fishes with much compressed bodies.

MSY TOME: SPECIES \OF SKIFEIA.

a. A black bar at base of caudal (inconspicuous PAGE
in some males of lerm@, which have a uniform
coloration and a very dark head).
b. Body light olivaceous in females; a dark spot
on hinder margin of each scale on upper half
of the body, these spots forming lines along
the rows of scales; dorsal fin usually black,
margined with yellow; D. 16; A. 15; scales
ie a AA ie cee anc bes ate ar RE ee eel ee SR ae multipunctata 141
bb. Body light olivaceous in females, mottled
with dark, nearly plain on lower half of body;
males nearly plain; head usually quite dark;
DEST ae EA SCOMCGIEA 27, een raep eer eee Niamh eis aye lerme 142
aa. No black bar at base of caudal.
c. Body much variegated; no dark lateral band;
DP 24 or 153. A. 23 -0r 14; scales: 13-34; ali-
mentary canal 3 times total length of the
RDO Cyprian emits ee ihc ae Cage snes By ER PR ethic eons variegata 143
cc. Color uniform with a dark lateral band bi-
furcated on the anterior third of body; D.
16; A. 16; scales 11-32; alimentary canal 2
to 2% times total length of body; origin of
dorsal fin midway between base of caudal
BUOKGL! Gis yO\e), oy 5x Sohne ne fe EE, ee Ee: bilineata 144

131. Skiffia multipunctata (Pellegrin).
Xenendum multipunctatum Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
1901, 205; Estado de Jalisco.
Skiffia multipunctata Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 103;
Ocotlan.

142 Fi—ELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoOLoGy, VOL. V.

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Head 4; depth 24; D. 16; A. 15; scales 12-32. .Body deep, much
compressed; interorbital slightly convex, 2 in head; snout short,
rather pointed, 4 in head; mouth small, lower jaw slightly the longer;
eye large, 3 in head; dorsal fin slightly in advance of the anal, its origin ~
midway between base of caudal and eye; base of dorsal 114 in head;
height (in female) 114, somewhat higher in the male; anterior portion
of dorsal shortened as in Skiffia lerme; pectoral 1% in head; ventral 2;
alimentary canal coiled on right side, its length 3% times total length
of the fish; peritoneum black; gill rakers long and rather stout; 20 on
the first gill arch; vertebre 16+18 =34.

Color of female light olivaceous; a dark spot on hinder margin of
each scale on upper half of body, forming lines along the rows of scales
much as in species of Mollienesia; a prominent black bar at base of
caudal fin; male nearly uniform in color, with the anal and dorsal fins
black, margined with yellow; black caudal bar indistinct. Length
about 2% inches.

This species reaches a length of 2.50 inches, and is known only
from the Lerma basin, near Ocotlan. The young are born during the
latter half of May.

132. Skiffia lerma Meek.
Skiffia lerme Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 102; Celaya;
Patzcuaro.

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Head 4; depth 2% to 34%; D. 13; A. 14; scales 14-37. Body deep,
much compressed; head small; snout pointed, 4 in head; mouth small,
the lower jaw the longer; eye large, 3 in head; interorbital slightly con-
vex, its width 214 in head; dorsal fin slightly in advance of anal, mid-
way between base of caudal and posterior margin of the orbit; base of
dorsal 2 in head, its height in females 1%, slightly higher in the males;
pectoral 114 in head; ventrals 2 in head; gill rakers stout, 20 on the
first arch; alimentary canal coiled on right side, its length 3% times
the total length of the body; peritoneum black; vertebre 16-+-18 =34.

Color of females light olivaceous above, much mottled with darker,
nearly plain on lower half of the body; young with a few faint brownish
bars on lower half of caudal peduncle; a narrow dark lateral band and
a prominent black bar at base of caudal; the color of the males nearly
uniform dark-olivaceous, the anterior half of some specimens being
nearly black; the black caudal bar much less conspicuous than on the
females; a dark line on the under side of the caudal peduncle in both
sexes. Length about 2.50 inches.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. PLATE VIII, ZOOLOGY.

SKIFFIA LERMA Meek. 7
No. 3523. Field Columbian Museum,

SKIFFIA LERMA Meek. @
No. 3622, Field Columbian Museum.

Famity XI. PaciLiip2. 143

This species probably occurs throughout the Lerma basin. One
female taken about May 20 contained 30 young, each of which was
about .34 inches in length.

133. Skiffia variegata Meek.
Skiffia variegata Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 104; Zira-
huen; Chalco.
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

FiG. 44. SKIFFIA VARIEGATA Meek.
No- 3612, Field Columbian Museum.

Head, 32;- depth 2%: D. 14; A. 13; seales 13-34. Body deep,
compressed; top of head convex; interorbital 214 in head; mouth
small, lower jaw the longer; chin rather prominent; snout 4 in head;
eye large, 3 in head; origin of dorsal slightly in advance of anal; its
origin midway between base of caudal and posterior margin of orbit;
base of dorsal fin. 1% in head; height (in male) 114 in head, being
somewhat lower in the female; anterior dorsal rays short, increasing
gradually to the eighth or ninth; pectoral 1% in head; ventral 2;
caudal fin truncate; alimentary canal coiled on the right side, its
length 3 times total length of the body; peritoneum black.

Color olivaceous, much mottled; an indistinct dark lateral band,
more or less broken in some specimens; four or five light brownish
spots on the lower portion of the caudal peduncle, the under surface
dark; color of the male more uniform and darker than that of the
female; no black bar at base of caudal; chin black. Length about
anche,

The young of this species are born about the middle of May. A
female about two inches in length will give birth to about 20 young,
each being about .50 inch in length.

144 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoO.LoGyY, VOL. V.

134. Skiffia bilineata (Bean).
Characodon bilineatus Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 371, pl.
20, fig. 2; Rio Lerma, Guanajuato: Jordan & Evermann, Bull.
47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 668.
Skiffia bilineatus Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902; Huingo.
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

RSS
CANN S
Nes

Fig. 45. SKIFFIA BILINEATA(Bean.)
No. 37832, U. S. National Museum.

Head 324; depth 3; D. 16; A. 16; scales 11-32. Body robust,
dorsal region somewhat elevated; head broad, depressed; interorbital
space nearly flat, 2 in head; snout short; outer series of teeth bicuspid,
loose, but less so than in other species of the genus; origin of dorsal
fin in advance of anal, midway between base of caudal and the nape;
opercle connected by a membrane to the shoulder; pectoral fin 1% in
head; ventral 2; alimentary canal elongate, slightly less than 21% times
the total length of the body; peritoneum black.

Color brown above, lighter below; a dark lateral band divided on
anterior third of body, the posterior half more or less broken into 12
to 15 short, irregular bars, a few extending almost to dorsal fin; the
upper half of the body with a few fine punctulations. Length about
1.60 inches.

A female 1.50 inches in length contained 27 young, white and very
slender, each being .32 inch in length. The young of this species are
evidently born the last of May and early in June.

Subfamily Poeciliine.
59. Platypoecilus Ginther.

Platypecilus Gunther, Cat., v1, 350, 1866. (Type, Platypecilus
maculatus Giinther.)

Body deep, compressed; dorsal fin slightly in advance of anal; ~

teeth loose, movable, in a single series in each jaw; alimentary canal

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. PLATE IX, ZOOLOGY.

{
‘a

=

Breniey

PLATYPCECILUS MACULATUS Giinther

FAmity XI. Paci.iupaz. 145

long, coiled on the right side; anal fin of the male modified into an intro-
mittent organ; gill rakers short, about equal to diameter of pupil;
vertebre 26 to 28; sexes similar in size and color. This genus com-
prises, so far as known at present, three species. They are small
fishes, none exceeding 2 inches in length. The two species taken in
‘ eastern Mexico live in ponds or bayous among water-plants; to collect
them successfully the net must be heavily leaded so as to rake well
the bottom.

So far as color markings are concerned these fishes are more va-
riable than any others known to me. Viviparous.

MEYoRO, THe SPECINS OF PLATYPG:€ILUS:

a. Body deep, compressed, its depth 2% to 234. PAGE
b. Caudal peduncle deep, its least depth 3% in
the length of the body; depth of body 2%...... maculatus 145

bb. Caudal peduncle slender, its least depth 5 in
the length of the body; depth of body 2%

HO) DS71 ah NR eR Sy ee EE ts OL eR vartatus 146
aaeubody slender elongate, its depth 334°. 32 os 6 Ak .,- uclsont 147

135. Platypoecilus maculatus Giinther.

Platypecilus maculatus Giinther, Cat., vI, 350, 1866, Mexico: Gar-
man, Memoirs, Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1895, 48; Mexico: Jordan &
Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 686.

Lowland streams of Mexico which empty into the gulf south of

the city of Vera Cruz. (El Hule; Ob'spo; Perez.)

Head 3%; depth 2%; D. 10; A. 7; scales 9-23. Body deep, com-
pressed; profile from tip of lower jaw to dorsal fin a straight line, the
highest point at origin of dorsal fin; head rather small; interorbital
area flat, its width 2 in length of head; lower jaw slightly the longer ;
eye 3 in head; snout 3% in head; teeth loose, small, conical, in a single
series in each jaw; dorsal fin slightly in advance of anal, its origin
midway between base of caudal and posterior margin of the eye;
longest dorsal ray (9) 14% in the head to (4) 1% in head; caudal
peduncle very deep, its least depth 324 in the length of body; dis-
tance between the last dorsal ray and base of caudal slightly less than
the least depth of. the caudal peduncle; caudal fin rounded; anal fin
with falcate margin, its first rays (Q) 1% in the head; tips of pectorals
reaching middle of ventrals, 114 in head; ventrals reaching past anal,
1% in the length of head; intestinal canal elongate, coiled on the
right side in to or 12 coils; gill rakers short, the longest about equal
to diameter of the pupil; vertebre 14-+12=26; anal fin of the male
modified into an intromittent organ, its length 1% in the length of
the head.

146 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zoo.Locy, VoL. V.

Color olivaceous, some specimens blotched with black; others with
t to 3 black spots about % size of the eye on the sides; occasional
specimens with a large black blotch on side behind shoulders; some
with a large black spot at base of caudal fin; this spot very small in
others and in some specimens wanting; a broad black crescent on base
of caudal rays; often the spot or crescent or both wanting; occa-
sionally these markings reduced to the tips of the crescent or to the
base of marginal rays of the caudal fin; dorsal fin black; anal and ven-
tral rays with black tips; pectorals light. Length about 134 inches.

The color markings of this species are very variable, more so than
of any other species I have examined.

136. Platypoecilus variatus sp. nov.
Type, No. 4501, F. C. M., 1.35 inches in length; Valles, San Luis
Potosi.

Basins of the Rio Panuco and Rio Soto la Marina, in owland
streams. (Garza Valdez; Santa Engracia; Victoria; Forlon; Valles;
Rascon.)

Head 334; depth 2% to 234; D. 10; A. 6 or 7; scales 9-25. Body
oblong, compressed; profile from front of dorsal to tip of snout slightly
convex, the highest point at origin of dorsal fin; interorbital area flat,
its width 2 in head; lower jaw slightly the longer; eye 2% in head;
snout 4 in head; teeth loose, conical, in a single series; dorsal fin in
advance of anal, its origin midway between base of caudal and pupil;
longest dorsal ray in both sexes, 1% in head; caudal peduncle mod-
erately compressed, its least depth 5 in length of the body; distance
from last dorsal ray to base of caudal % greater than least depth of
caudal peduncle; caudal fin slightly rounded; anal fin with a slightly
convex margin; longest anal ray (in 2) 1% in head; tips of pectorals
reaching slightly past base of ventrals; length of pectoral fin 14 in
head; tips of ventrals reaching origin of anal, 14 in head; alimentary
canal coiled on right side as in the preceding species; gill rakers
15, the longest equaling diameter of pupil; vertebre 14-++-14=28; anal
fin-modified into an intromittent organ, its length 12 in the head.

Color olivaceous, the upper half or two-thirds of the body much
mottled with darker; some specimens with a black caudal spot, in
some specimens large, in others very small. Length about 2 inches.

The color markings of this species vary greatly. The black cres-
cent and the black caudal spot may both be present or one or the
other or both may be absent. One large male, the largest taken,
1.87 inches, has four distinct black vertical bars on the middle of the
sides of the body; it also has the black blotch and crescent at base of
caudal fin; a second large male (1.70 inches), has the black bars on

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. PLATE X, ZOOLOGY.

PLATYPCECILUS VARIATUS Meek.
No. 4486, Field Columbian Museum.

X!IPHOPHORUS HELLER! Giinther.
No. 4668, Field Columbian Museum,

i=

FamiLty XI. PecILipaz. 147

sides, but has neither the black caudal spot nor the crescent; the fourth
black bar on left side is bifurcate in its lower half; dorsal fin with a
black band across its middle and another at the tips; tips of anal rays
black; ventrals and pectorals plain.

137. Platypoecilus nelsoni sp. nov.
Type, No. 51484, U. S. National Museum, 114 inches in length;
Papayo, Guerrero.
Basin of the Rio Balsas.

Fig. 46. PLATYPCECILUS NELSON! Meek.

Head 33> depth 31; D..7; A..65 scales,10—-28. » Body elongate,
moderately compressed; head large, snout pointed, 3% in head; inter-
orbital slightly convex, 2 in head; mouth small; teeth close set, conical,
their tips bent slightly backward; diameter of eye 314; origin of the
dorsal fin midway between base of caudal and posterior margin of the
opercle; pectoral 1% in the head; ventrals 2; caudal fin rounded; least
depth of caudal peduncle 12 in head; no lateral line, many of the
scales with pore-like depressions in their centers.

Color olivaceous, with a few faint vertical bars on posterior half of
body; center of each scale lighter, the margins making faint longitu-
dinal stripes along rows of scales. One specimen has two ink-like spots
at base of caudal; a second specimen has only the upper one, the other
two have none. Longest specimen 1.86 inches.

The only specimens of this species known were collected by E.
W. Nelson at Papayo, Guerrero, on April 20, 1903, and were kindly
loaned to the Museum by Dr. B. W. Evermann.

60. Heterandria Agassiz.
Heterandria Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. & Arts, 1853, 135 (Lima
‘ormosus Girard).

Body rather slender; mouth very small; the lower jaw short, its
bones not united; snout short; both jaws with a single series of slender,

148 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoOLoGy, VOL. V.

movable teeth; scales large; dorsal fin inserted behind anal; anal fin of
male placed well forward and modified into an intromittent organ;
alimentary canal elongate, convoluted, not in definite coils, its length
about 1% times the length of the fish.

A group of small fishes found in ditches and swamps of the warmer
parts of America. Viviparous.

KEY RO PEE SPECIES OF (HE TERAND REA

a. Origin of dorsal fin nearer base of caudal than PAGE
base of pectoral fin; spots on sides about as
Lar Se VASTOND Ibe rusted ete ene nee ae pleurospilus 148

aa. Origin of dorsal fin midway between base of
caudal and posterior margin of opercle; spots
on sides abouteas laroeuase pupils uit en see esc as lutza 148

138. Heterandria pleurospilus (Giinther).
Gtrardinus pleurospilus Ginther, Cat., VI, 355, 1866; Lago de
Duefias: Gtnther, Fish. ‘Cent. Amer., 486, pl. 77, fig. 1,.1860;
Lago de Duenfas, Guatemala. ;
Heterandria pleurospilus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 688.

Southern Mexico and Central America, in west coast streams. (San
Geronimo. )

Head 4%; depth 314; D. 7 or 8; A. 7 or 8; scales 8-28. Body
rather robust, compressed posteriorly; head broad; interorbital area
nearly flat, 124 in head; snout 4 in head; eye 3; origin of dorsal fin
slightly behind that of anal, nearer base of caudal than base of pec-
toral fin; pectoral equals length of head; ventral 14 in head; caudal
fin slightly truncate; caudal peduncle rather deep, its least depth 1%
in head.

Color light brownish, sides with 8 to 11 black spots on sides, each
about as large as eye; some being broken up in two or more spots; a
few specimens with a partial second row; fins all plain. Length about
21% inches.

A well marked species.

139. Heterandria lutzi Meek.
Heterandria lutzt Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 106; Oaxaca;
Cuicatlan; Venta Salada.
Rivers of southern Mexico on both sides of the divide. (Motzorongo;
Otopa; El Hule; Perez; Tehuantepec.)
Head 4%; depth 3%; D. 7; A. 8; scales 8-29. Body elongate,
rather slender; head depressed anteriorly, giving it a wedge-shaped

Famity XI. Paci.iipa. 149

FiG. 47. HETERANDRIA LUTZ! Meek.
No. 3718, Field Columbian Museum.

appearance; snout 3% in head; eye large, 314 in head; teeth movable,
in one series, conical, curved backward at the tips; origin of dorsal
slightly behind that of anal in females, midway between base of caudal
fin and posterior margin of opercle; base of dorsal 3 in head; its height
1%; pectoral 114; ventral 2; caudal fin truncate; caudal peduncle
slender, its least depth 134 in head; alimentary canal much convoluted,
not in definite coils, its length about 1% times the total length of the
fish; peritoneum black.

Color olivaceous, a narrow dark lateral band broken into small
round or oblong spots, each scarcely as large as pupil; iris black; a nar-
row dark streak on under side of caudal peduncle; a faint vertebral
streak, more conspicuous in the young. Length about 3% inches.

One female 2.59 inches in length contained 40 young, each about
.35 inchin length. The males are about half as large as the females.

61. Poecilia Bloch & Schneider.

Pecilia Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichthy.,452,1801. (Type, Pecilia

vivipara Bloch & Schneider.)

Body oblong, often rather deep; mouth erat transverse, with
weak jaws; teeth small, in narrow bands, the outer teeth enlarged,
curved, and movable; scales large; dorsal fin small, of 7 to 11 rays; anal
fin short, in female nearly opposite dorsal, in males advanced and
modified into a sword-shaped intromittent organ ; alimentary canal long;
vertebre about 28. Sexes about equal in size.

KEY SO DEE SREClIESSOFR, P6E CrELA:

a. Anal rays 9 or 10; sides with a black lateral PAGE
stripe as wide as eye; scales 8-29 .........-..-- occidentalis 150

I50 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOOLOGY, VOL. V.

aa. Anal rays 6 to 8. / PAGE
b, Side with a black band made up of more or
less distinct spots about as large as eye; dorsal

FaAyS OQ; allal TAYS) OFMSCAIES O—2ON. rele tere a latiupunctata 150

bb. Side without black band.
c. Origin of dorsal nearer tip of caudal than tip
of snout; dorsal rays 7 to 9; analrays 6 to 8;
scales 9-24 to 28.

d. Head large, 31 to 3% in body; depth 234

LOBE mr oom he Py ay Serene cae cue ym ane butlert 151
dd. Head small, 41 in body; depth 3% to44....%. presidionts 152
cc. Origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than tip
of caudal.

e. Least depth of caudal peduncle 6 in length

of the body; head 4; depth 3%; dorsal rays

Son Oe analerayswOsOr Gao ee ome tere eet ces couchiana 152
ee. Least depth of caudal peduncle 5 in the

length of the body; head 334; depth 3%;

dorsalbrays osanal maycvOe ne arcam ie elcn mene eee Sphenops. 153

140. Poecilia occidentalis (Baird & Girard).

Heterandria occidentalis Baird & Girard, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1853, 390; Rio Santa Cruz, Tucson, Arizona: Jordan &
Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 689.

Girardinus occidentalis Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 73, pl. xxx1x, fig.
16-19, 1859; Rio Santa Cruz: Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1859, 119; Rio Santa Cruz, Tucson, Arizona.

Girardinus sonorensis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859,
120; San Bernardino Creek, tributary of the Rio Yaqui.

Pecilia occidentalis Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodél., 1894, 61;
San Bernardino Creek, Arizona: Rutter, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
1896, 261; Opsura (Rio Yaqui); Hermosillo: Rutter, ibid., 267;
Rio Santiago, Tepic.

Rivers of Sonora and southern Arizona.

Head 3%; depth 3% to 4; D. 7 or 8, A. y or 10; scales 8-29. Body
deep, elevated in front of dorsal; origin of dorsal nearer base of caudal
than tip of the snout, slightly in advance (@) of anal.

Color brownish above, dotted with black; silvery below; with a black
lateral stripe as broad as eye from shoulder to caudal; a narrow black
line along lower margin of tail; fins plain, without spot or blotch.

141. Pecilia latipunctata sp. nov.
Type, No. 4484, F.C. M., 2% inches in length; Forlon, Tamaulipas
Basin of the Rio Panuco. (Forlon.)

Famity XI. PaciLipaz. I51

Fic. 48. PCECILIA LATIPUNCTATA Meek.

Head 334; depth 3%; D. 9; A. 6; scales 9-28. Body elongate,
moderately compressed; head rather small, depressed; interorbital
flat, 144 in head; snout equals diameter of eye, 34% in head; mouth
small; teeth small, outer series not much enlarged; origin of dorsal mid-
way between base of caudal and posterior margin of the orbit; pectoral
1% in head; ventral 2; caudal fin rounded; least depth of caudal
peduncle 1% in head.

Color olivaceous; a black band on sides made up of spots about as
large as pupil; iris black; dorsal and caudal fins on largest specimens
(2) with dark dots. Longest specimen 2.15 inches.

A female 1.75 inches contained 16 eggs with outline of young;
about one-half of the egg was absorbed.

142. Peecilia butleri Jordan.
Pecilia butlert Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 330; Rio
Presidio, near Mazatlan: Jordan, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895,
412; Rio Presidio, Mazatlan: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 691: Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull.
U.S. Fish Comm., 1902, 151; salt water in Gulf of Tehuantepec,
Salina Cruz.
Fresh and brackish waters of Pacific coast from Mazatlan to
Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
Head 34 to 3%; depth 23 (adult) to 3% (young); D. 9; A. 6 to
8; scales 9-24 to 26. Body rather deep, compressed, the straight an-
terior profile rising considerably above the dorsal; interorbital width
2 in head; snout equals diameter of the eye, 3 in head; teeth in two
series, well separated, the inner series smaller and more closely set;
origin of dorsal midway between base of caudal and front of eye;
longest dorsal ray 114 (4), 124 () in head; pectoral 114 in head.
Color of males, green with a pale blue spot on each scale, sur-
rounded by bronze shades; no dark cross-bars except in the young;

1a FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOOLOGY, VOL. V.

dorsal and anal pale orange, with many small round black dots; lower
fins pale; color of female similar to male, but paler; no cross bands;
a faint dark spot behind pectoral; caudal nearly plain; dorsal and anal
less spotted than in the male. Length about 3 inches.

143. Poecilia presidionis Jordan & Culver.
Peclia presidionis Jordan & Culver, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895,
413, pl. 29; Rio Presido, Sinaloa: Jordan & Evermann, Bull.
47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 697; Rio Presidio, Sinaloa.

Fresh and brackish waters of Sinaloa. :

Head 44; depth 3% to 44; D. 7 or 8; A. 7; scales 9-28. Body
rather elongate, the profile scarcely rising in front of the dorsal fin;
interorbital space broad, 2 in head; diameter of the eye equals the
length of the snout, 3% in head; teeth small, in two well separated
series; those of the inner row small, close set; origin of dorsal fin nearer
tip of caudal than tip of snout; middle of dorsal over origin of anal (9);
fins all low and short; longest dorsal ray 11% in head; pectoral 1% in
head; caudal truncate.

Color (?) green sh above; sides with violet sheen; 3 or 4 black
cross-bars usually very distinct, sometimes obsolete in large examples;
one or two oblong spots before these in the place of other bars; last
ray of the dorsal with a trace of a dark ocellus; fins otherwise plain;
males without cross-bars and with the lower fins reddish.

144. Poecilia couchiana (Girard).
Limia couchiana Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 116;
Rio San Juan at Cadereita, near Monterey, Nuevo Leon.
Pecilia couchiana Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 695.

Headwaters of the Rio San Juan, near Monterey, very abundant
in a large spring in the city of Monterey. (Monterey.)

Head 34; depth 3; D. 9; A. 7 or 8; scales 10-27.. Body robust;
moderately. compressed; back moderately elevated, head small, inter-
orbital 12 in head; teeth loose, in one series; snout 3%; eye 3; origin
of dorsal fin much in advance of anal, midway between base of caudal
and eye; pectoral fin 1% in head; ventral 14 in head; caudal fin
rounded; caudal peduncle 1% in head; alimentary canal elongate,
coiled on the right side.

Color dark brownish on upper two-thirds of body; below white,
with a few black specks; each scale on upper half of body with light
centers. Length about 134 inches.

One female 1.75 inches in length contained 22 eggs. The young
are probably born early in June.

FamMity XI. PccILiDa. 153

145. Poecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Pecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvu1t,
130, 1836; Vera Cruz: Garman, Memoirs Mus. Comp. Zodl.,
1895, 59, pl. Iv, fig. 13; Mexico and Central America: Jordan
& Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 694.

Molienesia fasciata Miller & Troschel, Mon. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1844, 36; Mexico.

Gambusia modesta Troschel, Muller’s Reise in Mexico, III, 639,
1865; Mexico.

Gambusia plumbea Troschel, ibid., 111., 640, 1865; Mexico.

Pecilia mexicana Steindachner, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien., 1863,
178; southern Mexico: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus:; 17896, 692: B. A: Bean, Proc) U.S: Nat. Mus:, 1898;
Santa Maria, Vera Cruz.

Pecilia limantourt Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
tgoo, 129, fig. 10; Rio Tamesin, Tampico: Jordan & Ever-
mann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3153: Meek, Field Col.
Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 106; Puente de Ixtla; Balsas; La Antigua:
Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 320; Victoria, Ta-
maulipas.

Lowland streams of eastern Mexico, from Monterey to the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and in the Rio Balsas, Rio Tehuantepec
and Rio San Geronimo. (Monterey; San Juan; Linares; Garza
Valdez; La Cruz; Santa Engracia; Victoria; Forlon; Valles; Rascon;
Jojutla; Vera Cruz; Boca del Rio; Otopa; El Hule; Obispo; Perez;
San Juan Evangelista; San Geronimo; Tehuantepec.)

Fic. 49. PcECILIA SPHENOPS Cuvier & Valenciennes. —
No. 6165 (Pecilia limantouri J. & S.), Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Head 3% to 4; depth 3%; D. 9 or 10; A. 8 or g; scales 9 or 10-
25 to 27. Body robust, compressed; back not much elevated; head
moderate; interorbital area nearly flat, 134 in head; snout 3% in head;
eye 3 to 3%; teeth in 2 series in both jaws, the outer series a single

154 FIELD COoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoO6.LoGy, VOL. V.

row, small, pointed, and loosely attached; dorsal fin in advance of
anal, midway between base of caudal and posterior margin of eye;
the dorsal fin in old males extremely high, its longest rays a half
longer than head; pectoral 1 1-10 in head; ventral 134; caudal fin
rounded, in old males much expanded and fan-like; caudal peduncle
very deep, 14 in head in females to about equaling length of head
in old males; alimentary canal very elongate, coiled on the right side.

Color light brownish above, belly a shade lighter; the edges of the
scales usually light, forming more or less indistinct lateral stripes
along the rows of scales. Length about 3 inches.

In general coloration this species is very variable. In some
specimens nearly half the scales on the side have black centers; males
usually have light vertical bars, and the dorsal and caudal fin with
many black spots arranged in regular rows, the fins being transversely
barred, and the edges are light yellowish, sometimes with a narrow
dark border. The caudal and dorsal fins of males may have dark
blotches. Some of the males may have dark blotches scattered over
the side of the body and caudal and dorsal fins; occasionally these
blotches may be so numerous as to form the body-color of the fish.
The color of the females is more uniform than that of the males. A
very variable and widely distributed species. It is probable that a few
of the Pecilia described from Central America belong to this species.

62. Mollienesia Le Sueur.

Molltenista Le Sueur, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1821, 3, pl. 111.
(Type, Mollienisia latupinna Le Sueur.)

Body rather stout; mouth small; mandible very short, its bones
united, the dentary being movable; outer edge of both jaws with a
narrow band of small teeth, the outer series long, slender, and
movable, with tips curved and slightly compressed; dorsal fin over
or in advance of the anal (in female); the anal fin of the male
placed forward and modified into an intromittent organ; lower angle
of caudal in the male slightly produced; alimentary canal elongate,
with numerous convolutions; dorsal fin of male very high; vertebra
17 +13 =30.

Small mud-eating fishes of swamps near the coasts from North
Carolina to Mexico.

KEY TO tik SPECIE SsOR MOE RENE STA

a. Head large, 3% in body; dorsal rays 12 or 13; PAGE
origin of dorsal fin over that of anal in females..... formosa 155

aa. Head 3% to 4 in body; dorsal rays 13 to 16;
origin of dorsal fin in advance of analin female... .latrpimna 155

Famity XI. Pacriviupa. TSS

146. Mollienesia formosa (Girard).
Lima formosa Girard, Proc. eae Nat. sci. Phila. 18so,a7 51
Palo Alto, Mexico.
Mollienesia formosa Gitnther, Cat., v1, 1866, 349.
Mollienisia formosa Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 699.
Northeastern Mexico.
iteady324> depth 334 3D. 12s0r 13; A. 10.- Body rather ‘stout:
snout short; dorsal in male longer than high, its first ray about
opposite anal; female with dorsal nearly as high as long, the anal
opposite its front.
Color olivaceous; scales with brown spots; dorsal fin with trans-
verse series of blackish spots; other fins plain. (Girard.)

147. Mollienesia latipinna Le Sueur.

Molitenista latupinna Le Sueur, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1821,
3; New Orleans: Garman, Memoirs Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1859,
SO, ple v, le. 1; teeth; pl. vill, fig. 22: Jordan: & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 699: Jordan & Snyder, Bull.
U. S. Fish Comm., 1900, 131; Lagoons near Tampico.

Pecilia lineata Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 70, pl. xxxv,’ figs. 9-11,
1859; Rio Grande, near Brownsville, Texas.

Lima matamorensts Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859,
116; Matamoras, Tamaulipas.

Lowland streams and lagoons, from Yucatan to South Caroline:
(La Vega, Tamaulipas, E. W. Nelson.)

Plead 3247 (2)-to ae (d)eidepthn2?7..(@) to: 3 (6); D. 13 to. 16:
A. 8; scales 9 or 10-26. Body oblong, much compressed in males,
nearly of equal height from dorsal backward; greatest height of body
about % more than that of caudal peduncle; females with a more
distended abdomen and more slender caudal peduncle; head very
small, depressed, not narrowed forward; mouth very small, vertical;
teeth small, movable, in a band, the outer series the larger; eye 3% to
3% in head; dorsal fin in males enormously high; the longest ray
2% in body; dorsal in females low, longest ray about 114 in head;
origin of dorsal in front of that of anal, its origin to base of caudal
2i times to tip of snout; anal fin (2) very small, that of male
modified into an intromittent organ; caudal fin rounded; intestinal
canal elongate, about 214 times the length of the fish.

Color of male, light olive green marbled with darker and spotted
with pale green; each scale on back and sides with an oblong, blackish
spot, these forming continuous lengthwise stripes; head dusky above;

156 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEumM—ZoO.Locy, Vou. V.

opercle and cheek minutely speckled; an orange stripe above opercle;
lower parts of head mostly orange; dorsal with about 5 series of linear
blackish, horizontal spots forming interrupted lines; a large roundish
dark spot above middle of fin or membrane between each pair of
rays; many round brown spots between these and above them; caudal
with a narrow black margin; dorsal and caudal fins of females oliva-
ceous, with indistinct narrow cross bands formed by a series of small
dark dots or rays. Length about 3 inches.

The male of this species with his highly colored dorsal fin is a
fish of remarkable beauty.

63. Xiphophorus Heckel.

Xiphophorus Heckel, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1848, 1, pt.
3, 163. (Type, Xiphophorus helleri Heckel.)

Body elongate, not much compressed; dorsal fin in advance of
the anal in females; teeth in two series, the outer enlarged, loose;
the lower rays of the caudal fin of the male produced into a long,
sword-shaped filament; anal fin of male placed forward and modified
into an intromittent organ; alimentary canal in about four coils on
right side, its length about twice that of the fish; vertebrae 16 + 14
— 0 ;

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF, XIPHORHORUS:

a. Anal fin long, with 8 or 9 rays; edges of scales © PAGE
on upper part of body not especially dark, very
faint.
b. Body slender, its depth 3%; least depth of
caudal peduneler24 im heads .s spews eee ee jalape 156
bb. Body more robust, its depth 34 to 3; least
depth of caudall-peduncle 2} in headi= 22 =. area’. hellert 157

aa. Anal fin short, with 7 rays; edges of scales on
upper part of body very dark, making their
Outlinesavery.-dIStimeh. shin |-iree eae eee een montezume 158

148. Xiphophorus jalapxz Meek.
Xiphophorus jalape Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 107;
Jalapa.

Streams of Central Vera Cruz, at an altitude of about 5,000 feet.
(Jalapa).

Head 4; depth 3%; D. 13; A. 9; scales 8-28. Body elongate,
not very robust, but with a deep caudal peduncle; head flattish, de-
pressed forward, being wedge-shaped; interorbital broad, convex, 2
in head; mouth rather small, lower jaw the longer; outer series of

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Famity XI. PeciLipz. 157

teeth pointed and loose, followed by a band of smaller conical pointed
teeth, eye large, 3 in head; origin of dorsal fin well in advance of the
anal, midway between base of caudal fin and middle of snout; base
of dorsal 14 in head; longest dorsal ray 14 (2) to 12 (¢) in head;
pectoral 11 in head; ventrals 134; caudal sub-truncate; caudal
appendage of male pointed, its length 12 in the length of the body;
caudal peduncle slender, its least depth 214 in head; modified anal
of the male short and thick, its length 114 in head, a notch on under
side near its tip.

Color of female olive brown above, nearly plain white below, a
narrow lateral band passing around snout on upper half of the body;
each scale with a dark center, giving faint brownish lines on the sides;
dorsal fin with two rows of black spots near the base; other fins plain;
color of male similar to that of the female, except the dark lateral
band extending on caudal fin and forming the upper black margin
of caudal appendage; a second lateral band from lower angle of
pectoral to origin of the anal fin, and a dark streak on ventral surface
of caudal peduncle, forming the lower black margin of caudal appen-
dage; in life the middle of the caudal appendage and the lighter portion
of lower half of the body is a bright yellow; dorsal fin of both sexes
spotted. Length about 4 inches.

This species is smaller than X. helleri; it is more slender and the
male has the second lateral band from angle of pectoral to origin of
the anal fin. Known only from the type locality, where it is abundant.

149. Xiphophorus helleri Heckel.

Xtiphophorus hellert Heckel, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wen, 1898, 163;
Rio Chisoy; Cordoba: Giinther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 485, pl. 87,
figs. 2-6, 1869; Rio Chisoy: Garman, Memoirs Mus. Comp.
Zool., 1895, 68, pl. Iv;;fig. 14, teeth, pl. viii, fig. 4; Mexico
and Central America: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S.
Nat. Mus., 1896, 701.

Xtiphophorus hellerr Var. g Gtnther, Cat., v1, 350, 1866; Rio
Chisoy, Guatemala.

Xtphophorus guntheri Jordan & Evermann, Bulls 47, Us s:. Nat:
Mus., 1896, 702.

Lowland streams of southern Mexico and Guatemala, which
empty into the Gulf of Mexico. (Cordoba; Otopa; Motzorongo;
Refugio; El Hule; Obispo; Sanborn.)

Head 44 to 42; depth 3 to 34; D. 12 or 13; A. 8 or 9g; scales
9-30. Body elongate, compressed; head small; interorbital slightly
convex, 1# in head; snout 3% in head; eye 3% in head; origin of
dorsal fin slightly nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, about %

158 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zo6 ocy, Vou. V.

of the fin in advance of origin of anal; pectoral fin 1 in head; ventrals
(¢) 1 to (9) 1% in head; modified anal fin of male with a hook
near its tip, the length of the fin 1% in head; caudal appendage
pointed, 1% to 2 in body; caudal peduncle deep, much compressed,
least depth 14 in head.

Color light brown, lighter below; the lower half of the body in
life a bright yellow, which extends to the tip of the caudal filament.
The caudal filament is bordered above and below with black; a dark
lateral band from snout to upper third of caudal fin forming the black
on the upper part of the catidal filament; some specimens with from
2 to 4 vertical bars on the side near the tip of the pectoral fin; dorsal
fin in both sexes much spotted with black. Length about 5 inches.

Some of these fishes have large black blotches on sides and on
fins, which appear like large ink stains. This peculiar blotching
forms the basis of the description of the nominal species of Xzpho-
phorus gunthert Jordan & Evermann.

Eggs of females taken the last week of April have the eye spots
and the outline of the body formed.

150. Xiphophorus montezumz Jordan & Snyder.

Xiphophorus montezume Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm.,
1900, 131, fig. 11; Rio Verde, near Rascon, San Luis Potosi:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., rgo0o0, 3156.

Basin of the Rio Panuco. (Rascon.)

Fic. 50. XIPHOPHORUS MONTEZUM Jordan & Snyder.
No. 6145, Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Head 4 to 414; depth.3 to. 34%; D. 11 to 13; A. 7; scales 9-27; tom2g.
Body robust, deep, compressed, dorsal region somewhat elevated;
head broad; interorbital space slightly convex, 2 in head; snout 3%;
eye 3; origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal;
pectoral (4) equaling length of head to (@) 1% in its length; origin of
anal fin under middle of dorsal; caudal appendage pointed, its length
almost equal to length of body.

Famity XI. PccILtps. 159

Color yellowish olive; a rather faint lateral band extending from
snout to upper third of caudal fin, above this a light band; the scales
on upper fourth of body with dark edges, forming stripes along the
rows of scales; specimens occasionally with a dark caudal spot, and
some have a few dark blotches on the side; caudal appendage bordered
above and below with black; dorsal fin with black spots, the other
fins plain. Length about 234 inches.

Females taken May 6th with developed eggs. One specimen 1.74
inches in length contained 16 eggs.

Order IX. Synentognathi,

Lower pharyngeal bones fully united; ventral fins abdominal,
without spine; no mesacorocoid; lateral line concurrent with the
belly, peculiar in structure; air bladder without duct in the adult;
vertebre numerous, the abdominal ones much more numerous than
the caudal.

Family XIl. Belonide.
Tue NEEDLE FISHES.

Body elongate, very slender, little compressed, covered with
small thin scales; both jaws produced in a beak, the lower the longer,
very much so in the young; each jaw with a band of small sharp
teeth; no finlets; dorsal and anal fins opposite each other; air bladder
present; pectoral fins on axis of body; vertebre numerous.

This family comprises a group of voracious carnivorous fishes
which bear considerable resemblance in form to the Garpikes. They
are found in all warm seas, a few species entering fresh water.

64. Tylosurus Cocco.

?

Tylosurus Cocco, ‘‘Lettere in Giornale Sci. Sicilia, xv1t,’
(Type, Tylosurus cantrainit Cocco.)

18, 1820.

Body elongate, very slender, not much compressed; both jaws
prolonged into a beak; each jaw armed with a band of small, sharp
teeth, besides which is a series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical,
unequal teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; lateral line running
along the side of the belly, becoming median on caudal peduncle;
ventral fins small, inserted behind the middle of the body; caudal
fin lunate or forked.

Species numerous, chiefly American, the following one entering
the eastern rivers of Mexico south of Vera Cruz.

151. Tylosurus marinus (Walbaum). Gar Fis; NEEDLE FIsH.
Esox marinus Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, 111, 88, 1792 (after the
Sea Snipe of Schdpf); Long Island.
Belone truncata Giinther, Cat., vI, 244, 1866.
Tylosurus marinus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 714.
F Very abundant on our Atlantic coast from Cape Cod to Yucatan,
often ascend’ng rivers far above tide water. (San Francisco; Perez.)

160

FamiILty XII. BELonrIDaz. 161

Head 3; depth about 18; D. 14; A. 15; scales about 300. Body
slender, not compressed; snout 42; interorbital slightly concave,
its width 2% in posterior part of head; upper jaw from center of eye
twice the length of the rest of the head; lateral line passing into a
slight keel; caudal peduncle depressed.

Color greenish, sides silvery; a dark silvery lateral band; a dark
bar on anterior part of opercle. Length about 4 feet. A very good
food fish.

Order X. Lophobranchii.

THE LOPHOBRANCHS.

Body elongate, covered with bony plates, which are firmly con-
nected forming a carapace; gills tufted, composed of small,
rounded lobes attached to the gill arches; gill openings small; snout
produced, bearing the small, toothless mouth at its end; pectoral
fins elevated; ventrals wanting. An interesting group of small fishes
found in warm seas.

Family XIII. Syngnathidz.
Tue Pipe FISHEs.

Body elongate, usually slender, covered with bony plates, which
are firmly connected; head slender, the snout long, tube-like, bearing
the short, toothless jaws at the end; gill openings small; tail long,
provided with a small caudal fin; males with an egg pouch usually
placed on the underside of the tail, sometimes on the abdomen;
dorsal fin single, nearly median, of soft rays only; pectorals small or
wanting; ventrals none; anal fin small.

The egg pouch of the male is formed of two folds of skin which
meet on the median line of the ventral surface. The eggs are received
into this pouch and retained until sometime after hatching, when the
pouch opens and the young fishes escape. Very few species of this
family are found in fresh water.

65. Siphostoma Rafinesque.

Siphostoma Rafinesque, Caratteri Nuovi Generi, 18, 1810. (Type,
Sygnathus pelagicus Osbeck.)

Body elongate, very slender, 6 or 7 angled, not compressed,
tapering into a very long tail; the dorsal keels of the trunk not con-
tinuous with those of the tail; snout long and slender; jaws short and
toothless; caudal fin present, small; pectorals present, short and
broad; ventrals none; anal small; the females deeper than the males,
with a more robust trunk and a more distinct ventral keel.

KEY, TO,THE, SPECIESVOl SIP EOsLOMA:

a. Tail shorter than the body; body rings 19+24; PAGE
Gorsal rays Ae He ween nai arte tank oe st ane anew ote brevicauda 163
aa. Tail twice as long as the body; body rings
T4237 OLNGSs COLSAl/ TAVIS 130s iat sey ieee pene starkst 163

162

Famity XIII. SyYNGNATHIDA.

152. Siphostoma brevicaudum sp.nov. PIpE FIsH.

Type, No. 4586, F. C. M., 5.9 inches in length; Boca
del Rio, Vera Cruz. :

Head 51%; depth 23; D. 44, on 2+ 7 rings; body rings
18 or 19 + 24. Body rather robust; snout slender, with
a low median and two lateral keels on upper surface and
a deep groove on under side; distance from gill opening
to anterior margin of the orbit 114 in the snout; diameter
of eye 2 in postorbital part of head; a prominent ridge
across middle of opercle; body with 7 keels, those on mid-
dle of sides reaching the dorsal keels below just back of
vent; a second short lateral keel begins opposite origin of
dorsal fin, meeting the one above it opposite posterior end
of dorsal fin; base of dorsal fin equals distance from tip
of snout to posterior margin of orbit; shields without
spines; body longer than the tail; total length 5.9 inches;
length of tail 2.5 inches.

Color olive brown, head darker; two rows of black
spots of four each on under side of snout. Length about
6 inches.

Three specimens of this species were taken in brackish
water at Boca del Rio.

“EG ‘Sl4

“YP9W WNGNVOIAAYS VNOLSOHdIS

153. Siphostoma starksi Jordan & Culver.

Siphostoma starksi Jordan & Culver, Proc. Cal. Acad.
scl., 1895, 416, pl. xxx; Rio Presidio, - Presidio:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 771: Rutter, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1896, 263;
San Jose del Cabo, Lower California.

Pacific coast streams, Rio Presidio to Rio San Geroni-

mo. (San Geronimo.)

Head 10/4; depth 21; D. 38, on o--ro or 11 tings;
body rings 14 + 37 or 38. Body rather stout; head
scarcely carinate above; snout very short, with a slight,
smooth keel; no keel on opercle; belly slightly keeled;
two lateral keels on body confluent into one behind; tail
twice as long as the body.

Color dark olive, much mottled with darker, but without distinct
markings; belly yellowish. Length about 6 inches.

A small species entering fresh waters. One specimen taken by
me at San Geronimo is 4.2 inches in length.

Le
:
Gf
F
FE
f
e
E
a
Fs
f
H
Bi
BH
i

A

Order XI. Acanthopteri.

THE SPINY-RAYED FISHES.

Anterior vertebree unmodified; one or more fins with spines;
ventral fins usually placed anterior, normally attached ‘to the pelvis
and typically with one spine and five soft rays, sometimes fewer or
wanting, sometimes without spine or with many rays, or otherwise
modified; gill openings normal, large; scales usually ctenoid.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF ACANTHOPTERT

a. Eyes symmetrical, one or more fins with spines;
dorsal fin short, its combined spines and rays
less than 30.

b. Lateral line present; ventral fins not close

together, the outer rays the longer.

c. Dorsal fins 2, well separated, the first of 3 to
8 spines; no well developed lateral line;
some scales often with rudimentary mucus
tubes.

d. Anal fin with one weak spine; dorsal spines
3 to 8, flexible; stomach not gizzard-like;

alimentary canal short; species carnivorous. . Atherinide

dd. Anal spines 2 or 3; dorsal with 4 stiff
spines, the last one being much shorter
than the others; stomach gizzard-like;

alimentary.canal long +f. eich, ee ae rae

ce. Dorsal fin single, or, if 2 fins, the spinous
slightly separated from the soft portion;
lateral line more or less developed.
e. Lateral line not interrupted; nostrils 2 on
each side.
f. Maxillary not sheathed by the preorbital,
or only partially covered by its edge; ven-
tral with its accessory scale very small, or

Mugilide

wanting.
g. Analspines 3 tog; dorsal fins confluent;
body usually much compressed: —- |. 4... - Centrarchide

gg. Analspines 1 or 2; dorsal fins 2, slightly

separate; body but slightly compressed...

ff. Maxillary slipping for most of its length
under the edge of the preorbital, which
164

...Percide

PAGE

165

185

189

FamiIty XIV. ATHERINIDA.

forms a more or less distinct sheath;

ventral with an accessory scale; lateral

line usually extending on the caudal fin.

h. Anal spines 3, the second long and very
strong.

i. Vomer and palatines with teeth; pre-
opercle with 2 margins, the posterior
GME SELON ly TOOLMEG 2 stir crteots te hevaloe «\-

ii. Vomer and palatines without teeth; pre-

Opercie with single maroiml. ys. wei. 2

hh. Anal spines 2; lateral line extending on
the caudal fin

opposite the posterior part of the dorsal,
and then recommencing lower down on
the caudal peduncle; anal fin with 3 or
more spines; dorsal fin single, the spinous
portion usually longer than the soft por-

cai er lel (ete: o Je, Cet .elietve Ys jake lis © e,.e,'e) & <2 \e\_6

ee. Lateral line interrupted, usually ceasing

eirelslenveinia’ (@: (eles tel «iy sl cals) iefis 0) ef lerKe" 10| (aop lel ef ele) {0.108 6) 6) OLii7 8) /e76 8

bb. No lateral line; ventral fins close together,
separate, or fully united, the inner rays the

Centropomide

Hemulide

.. Sc1@mde

.. Ctichhide

IGBTS Ses ae, hee RR A ce Se aa Gobude
aa. Eyes unsymmetrical, both on same side of the
head: fins without spines; dorsal fin very long,
OLmore THAN 40: TAYS a... cer oe Pe Cy Wee tho on Notigh lis Soleide

Family XIV. Atherinidze.

165

PAGE

225

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, covered with scales of

moderate or small size, and usually cycloid; no lateral lines; some
scales often with rudimentary mucus tubes; mouth moderate, ter-
minal; premaxillary usually protractile; opercle without spines or
serrations; gill openings wide, the membranes not connected; free
from the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchiz
present; dorsal fins 2, well separated, the first of 3 to 8 slender flexible
spines, the second of soft rays; ventral fins small, abdominal, of one
spine and 5 soft rays: pectorals inserted high; air bladder present,
no pyloric cceca.

a.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF ATHERINIDé.

Belly before ventrals not compressed to an
edge; pectoral fin equal to or shorter than the
head.

166 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoO.LocGy, VoL. V.

b. Origin of spinous dorsal in front of origin of PAGE
the anal fin; base of the anal usually shorter
Gham thea ile 2uc5 7 ede ae bee gto Re eee Chirostoma 166
bb. Origin of spinous dorsal over or behind origin
of anal fin.
Ch ocalesucycloidtsimsrsilvety swe ce eee Menidia 181
cc. “Scales with crenate edges-inis black 77255... Melaniris 183
aa. Belly before ventrals compressed to an edge;
pectoraliin: much! lonse, Ghangheacdag save ae Thyrina 184

66. Chirostoma Swainson.

Chirostoma Swainson, Class’n Fishes, etc., 243, 1839. (Type,
Atherina humboldtiana Cuv. & Val.)

Atherinoides Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Gen., Japan, xxv, 40, 1853.
(Type, Atherina vomerina Cuv. & Val.= Atherina humboldt-
tana Cuv. & Val.)

Atherinichthys Bleeker, 1. c., 40. (Type, Atherina humboldtiana
Cuv. & Val.)

Heterognathus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 198.
(Type, Atherina humboldtiana Cuv. & Val.)

Lethostole Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 792.
(Type, Chirostoma estor Jordan.)-

Eslopsarum Jordan & Evermann, Check-list Fishes, 330, 1896.
(Type, Chirostoma jordant Woolman.)

Body elongate, slightly compressed; mouth more or less oblique,
terminal; the upper jaw curved near its middle; premaxillaries very
protractile; spinous dorsal near middle of the body, in advance of
origin of anal fin; gill rakers rather long and slender, 14 to 27 on first
gill arch; peritoneum black; alimentary canal short, shorter than total
length of the body; vertebre 36 to 44.

KEY. TOUR E, SPECIES OF CHIROSTONMA:

a. Scales large, less than 45 in the lateral series; PAGE
edges of scales entire (occasionally crenate in
bartoni); vertebre usually less than 40; species
of small size.
b. Mouth small, very oblique; snout short, 4 in
length of head; base of anal equal to or
slightly longer than head; anal rays 16 to 18;
teeth very minute; scales with entire edges,
27 Orgoun the lateral: semesem atra seein anaearto te jordant 169
bb. Mouth larger, less oblique; snout longer, 2%
to 324 in head.

FAMILY XIV. ATHERINIDA.

c. Base of anal much longer than head, its ray
19 to 21; scales 40; origin of spinous dorsal
nearer tip of snout than base of caudal fin...... m
ec. Base of anal equal to or shorter than head.
d. Origin of spinous dorsal over tips of ven-
trals, midway between base of caudal and
nostril.
e. Body robust, its depth 4% in the length

of the body; base of anal 1} in the head,

its rays 16 or 17; scales 11-38 to 40; teeth

large, sharp, in two definite rows in each

jaw; gill rakers long and slender, 3+-11 to

PMO Me LuRS MCT Cll pee sete cy ckt eee) sts l=. cliciipettee au- oh oMe
ee. Body slender, its depth 6 in the length of

the body; scales 10-42; anal rays 15; gill

rakers long and slender, 4+17 on the first

EL TEL pele ae eae teen scr see obs SU! 4. ayia Ulebrer tie anions Ar etane

dd. Origin of spinous dorsal over middle of ven-
trals, being nearer tip of snout than base of
caudal by a distance equal to the diameter
of the eye; base of anal 13 in the head, its
rays 13 or 14; gill rakers 4+18 =22; teeth

ezquital

Bie tyy7 tamed WM na ate ass niclener ane estes yi eas iste attenuatum

ddd. Origin of spinous dorsal over space between
tips of ventrals and origin of anal fin, mid-
way between base of caudal and posterior
margin of orbit; base of anal fin equaling

_ length of the head, its rays 20; teeth large,

in a single row, except near tip of upper

jaw; few anterior teeth large, canine-like
Scales!u2-4.2, oll, makers: Agia U3) are) ohn yee, «yee ess

aa. Scales smaller, more than 45 in the lateral

series; edges of the scales usually crenate;

vertebre more than 4o.

f. Scales entire; base of anal about 13 in length
of head, its rays 13 to 19; snout 3 to 3% in
length of head.

g. Origin of spinous dorsal nearer tip of snout
than base of caudal fin.

h. Anal rays 17; gill rakers 4-21 =25; scales
12-48; body light, translucent, slightly
compressed; depth 5%; origin of spinous

labarceé

167

PAGE

170

171

L72

Ee

173

168

FIELD CoLuMBIAN MuszEumM—ZoO6.Locy, VoL. V.

dorsal sightly nearer tip of snout than
base ofvcaudal i tcc.) ia are ie eee ee

hh. Anal rays 13 or 14; gill rakers 4417 =21;

8s:

e

scales 54-12; body dark, opaque, scarcely
compressed; depth 61%; origin of spinous
dorsal nearer tip. of snout than base of
caudal by a distance greater than diam-

eter OREVe:s Pat cack ee ee ore oaemnan

Origin of spinous dorsal midway between
base of caudal fin and anterior margin of
orbit, or nostril; anal rays 17 to 19; scales
15-54; gill rakers 4415 =19; species of large

. . patzcuaro

...errahuen

SIZ Cig saree Abts a eecael she ain ase Ghee ee humboldtianum

ff. Scales with crenate edges; origin of spinous

dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of the
snout; anal rays 18 to 24.

i. Snout short, 31% in length of the head, being

qual to or shorter than the diameter of

the eye; species of small size.

i

jj.

Scales in lateral series 49, transverse 13;
anal base equals the length of the head, its

TAS 20s i. tid an Menten ct ae epee ne ae As

Scales in the lateral series 62, transverse 14;
base of anal fin 14% in the length of the

Head jitSira ySsLOL ee As wt act ets ere anes ee ce

11. Snout long, 2% to 224 in the length of the

it

1

head; diameter of eye 41% to 534 in head; spe-
cies of large size.

Upper jaw decidedly longer than the lower,
mandible 214% in the head; tip of snout
black; base of anal fin 1% in the head, its
rays 19 or 20; scales 15-53 to 56; teeth
large, not in definite rows; snout 2% in

head; diameter of eye 524; gill rakers 5+109..

Lower jaw decidedly longer than the upper;
mandible 14 to 2} in the head; tip of jaws
not black (dusky in some specimens).

m. Scales between dorsal fins very small,

more than 20 in a series between the
fins; scales 22-60 to 70; gilrakers ?+23;
teeth large anteriorly, canine-like, not
arranged in definite rows; mandible 2 in

| at c¥2) 6 GRE Ree PN ie te REO Ram recat t me OP Ue

... .chapale

grandocule

...prome.as

. .sphyrena

PAGE
174

174

175

176

176

177

177

Famity XIV. ATHERINIDA. 169

mim. Scales in the region of dorsal fins larger, PAGE
less than 15 in a series between the two
fins.

n. Scales in the lateral series 54 to 60.
o. Lower jaw projecting but little beyond
the upper, mandible about 21 in head.
p. Teeth weak, in patches, not arranged
in definite rows; gill rakers 4+23;
scales 18-56 to 60; mandible 21% in
ISN Ue, eek BAAR eee. Aine go ae ek ee lucius 178
pp. Teeth large and strong, in two definite
rows, the larger teeth on inner row of
upper jaw and outer row on lower;
mandible 2} in head; gill rakers
Dia pes On SCALES ge ZO Oh uate tyohie 2.0! ois teoentto ie lerme 179
00. Lower jaw projecting much beyond
the upper; mandible 14 in the head;
teeth on jaws small, in bands; scales
19-54 to 57; gill rakers 5+ 20; base of
anal tines invhnead, 1tsways@zo..!. 5.255. wee ocotlane 180
nn. Scales in the lateral series 70, transverse
18; teeth on jaws large and numerous,
not arranged in definite rows; usually
t to 3 large teeth on vomer; base of anal
ip een He adeitSaLays 1G bOnTO/ yet aer sh eds, estor 180

Subgenus Eslopsarum Jordan.
154. Chirostoma jordani Woolman.

Chirostoma brasiliensis Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 299;
Lago de Chapala.

Chirostoma jordant Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1894, 62;
Rio Lerma, Salamanca, Guanajuato, and 64, City of Mexico:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 793: B. A.
Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 540; Lago de Cuitzeo,
Michoacan: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 112; Chalco;
Texcoco; Xochimilco; Aguas Calientes; Lagos; Ocotlan; Acam-
baro; Huingo.

Atherinichthys brevis Steindachner, Anz. der Kais. Akad. Wiss.,
Wien, 1894, 149; Lago de Cuitzeo, Michoacan.

Eslopsarum jordami Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1900, 133; Rio Verde, Aguas Calientes: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 3157: Evermann & Goldsbor-
ough, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1900; Yautepec, Morelos; these

170- FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusrEum—Zoo.tocy, Vou. V.

specimens were gotten in the markets, having been sent there
from the Lerma basin.
Basin of the Rio Lerma and the Valley of Mexico. (Viga Canal.)

SON

Fia. 52. CHIROSTOMA JORDAN! Woolman.
No. 45572, U. S. National Museum.

Head 32; depth 4%; D. Iv, 8 org; A. 16 to 18; scales 37 or 38.
Body elongate, moderately compressed; snout short, its length 4 in
head; mouth small, very oblique, the maxillary scarcely reaching an-
terior margin of the eye; teeth minute; diameter of eye 3% in the |
head; origin of spinous dorsal midway between base of caudal and
anterior margin of the orbit; anal fin long, its base slightly longer than
head; scales with entire edges; pectoral fin 114% in the head; ventral 13;
scales at the nape not much reduced in size.

Color light olivaceous; a narrow blue stripe on sides; edges of scales
on upper half of body with black dots. Length about 2% inches.

This species is smaller, more abundant, and more widely distributed
than any other member of the genus. It, with the other small species
and the young of the larger ones, is dried and shipped in large quan-
tities to the larger cities, where it is used for food.

155. Chirostoma mezquital sp. nov.
Type, No. 4389, F. C. M., 234 inches in length; Durango, Du-
rango.

Fig. 53. CHIROSTOMA MEZQUITAL Meek.

Famity XIV. ATHERINIDA. 171

Head 4% ; depth 5%; D. Iv—10; A. 19; scales 11-40 to 42. Body
elongate, not much compressed; snout short,’ its length 3% in head;
mouth small, quite oblique; maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from
front of eye; jaws equal; teeth small, in one series in each jaw; ‘eye
large, 3 in head; interorbital 3 in head; origin of spinous dorsal over
middle of ventrals, about a distance equal to diameter of eye nearer
tip of snout than base of caudal; anal fin long, its base nearly one-half
longer than head; scales with entire edges; pectoral 11 in head; ven-
trals 1% ; a few scales at the nape reduced in size. )

Color light olivaceous, a narrow blue strip on the side; edges of
scales on upper half of body with black dots; very few dark dots on
scales on lower half, except near base of anal fin. Length about 3
inches.

This species is more nearly related to the preceding than to any
other; it is more slender, and the spinous dorsal has a more forward
position. At present it is the only member of the genus in Mexico
known outside of the Lerma basin. A few specimens were taken
from the Rio Mezquital near Durango.

156. Chirostoma arge (Jordan & Snyder).
Eslopsarum arge Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., rgoo,
113, fig. 12; Rio Verde, Aguas Calientes: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3158.
Chirostoma arge Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 112; Aguas
Calientes; Lagos.
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Fic. 54. CHIROSTOMA ARGE (Jordan & Snyder).
No. 6154, Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Head 4%; depth 4%; D. 1v-8; A. 16 or 17; scales 11-38 to 41.
Body rather robust, deepest part just anterior to base of ventrals;
mouth rather large, oblique; lower jaw projecting slightly beyond the
upper; snout pointed, its length 3 in head; teeth large, sharp, in
two definite rows on each jaw, none on vomer or palatines; maxillary
reaching vertical from anterior margin of the orbit; diameter of eye 224

172 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zoo6.toecy, Vou. V.

in head; origin of spinous dorsal midway between base of caudal and
nostril; pectoral 114 in head; ventral 22; anal fin moderate, its base
11 in the head; lateral line represented by a few partly developed
pores on fifth row of scales; gill rakers long and slender, 14 on first
arch; vertebre 18+18 =36.

Color silvery; a dark lateral band, not prominent in pectoral region;
scales edged with dark dots; snout, top of head, and upper part of eye
dusky; dorsal and caudal dusky. Length about 234 inches.

157. Chirostoma bartoni Jordan & Evermann.

Chirostoma humboldtianum Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879,
299 (not of C. & V.); Rio Lerma, near Guanajuato.

Chirostoma bartont Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 793; Rio Lerma, near Guanajuato: Evermann & Golds-
borough, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1902, 152; Rio Lerma, near
Lerma, Mexico: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 112;
Lerma.

Basin of the Rio Lerma. (Lerma.)

Head 4; depth 534 to 6; Deav—ro;-A:.r, 13: to 25:scales trae
Body elongate, moderately compressed, the back rounded; snout
pointed, 32 in head; mouth moderate, oblique, the lower jaw slightly
projecting; the mandible 2,3, in the head; maxillary 3}; diameter of
eye 4 in head; origin of dorsal fin slightly nearer tip of snout than base
of caudal; pectorals 12 in head; ventrals 2; base of anal 13; scales
cycloid or occasionally crenate, a few on nape reduced in size; gill
takers slender, 21 on first gill arch.

Color silvery, with scattered punctulations; a narrow dark lateral
band. Length about 4 inches.

A few specimens were taken at the fish hatchery near Lerma.
This species was first described from specimens taken in the Rio Lerma
near Guanajuato.

158. Chirostoma attenuatum Meek.
Chirostoma attenuatum Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 112;
Patzcuaro. .

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Head 4%; depth 5%; D. v-9; A. 13; scales 11-42. Body rather
slender, not much compressed; lower jaw slightly the longer; mouth
small, oblique; maxillary reaching vertical from front of orbit; teeth
very small, numerous in both jaws, those in the upper jaw mostly in
two series, in a band in lower jaw; snout pointed, 3% in the head;
mandible 3; interorbital space 3; origin of spinous dorsal over middle
of ventrals and nearer tip of snout than base of caudal by a distance

®,
Famity XIV. ATHERINIDA. 73

greater than diameter of eye; eye 33; length of pectoral fin 1% in
head; ventral 21; base of anal 13; caudal peduncle long and slender;
scales large, with entire edges, those on the nape slightly reduced in
size; gill rakers 418 =22; vertebre 23-20 =43.

Fic. 55. CHIROSTOMA ATTENUATUM Meek.
No. 3631, Field Columbian Museum.

Color light olivaceous, translucent; smallest specimens (234 inches
in length) darker, more opaque; silvery band on sides narrow, incon-
spicuous under the pectoral fin, being widest on anterior part of the
caudal peduncle. Length about 4 inches.

Common in Lago de Patzcuaro, not taken elsewhere.

159. Chirostoma labarce Meek.
Chirostoma labarce Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 113; La
Barca: La Palma.

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Head 34; depth 4%; D. 1v-10; A. 20 or 21; scales 11-41. Body
slender, compressed; snout rather long, pointed, its length 23 in
head; lower jaw slightly the longer; eye 334 in head; interorbital 3;
mouth moderate, not very oblique, maxillary reaching slightly
beyond anterior margin of the eye; length of the mandible 2%
in head; a single series of large teeth in each jaw, a few smaller
teeth behind these, a few near tip of jaws large and canine-like; scales
large, with edges entire, those on the nape very slightly reduced in
size; origin of spinous dorsal over vent, midway between base of
caudal and pupil; base of anal fin equals length of head; length of
pectoral fin 114 in head; ventral fins 2 in head; gill rakers 44+13 =17.

Color light olivaceous, translucent; a few dark dots on margins of
scales on upper half of body; lateral band narrow, the portion under
the edge of the pectoral indistinct and made up of a few dark dots.
Length about 4 inches.

Apparently not abundant, known only from a few specimens taken
at La Barca and La Palma.

hs

&
174 Fi—ELD CoLuMBIAN MusEumM—Zo6.oey, Vot. V.

160. Chirostoma patzcuaro Meek.
Clurostoma patzcuaro Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 113;
Patzcuaro.
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Hite yy Ca <s
we Ss

Wes pad
4 \

Fic. 56. CHIROSTOMA PATZCUARO Meek.
No. 3628, Field Columbian Museum.

Head 41%; depth 54; D. v-10; A. 17; scales 12-48. Body slender,
moderately compressed; mouth oblique; snout short, pointed, its
length 3 in length of head; lower jaw slightly projecting beyond upper
mandible, 224 in head; diameter of eye 334 in the head; teeth small,
numerous, in a narrow band on anterior part of each jaw, becoming
laterally, in two series; origin of spinous dorsal slightly nearer tip of
snout than base of caudal; base of anal fin 114 in length of the head;
pectoral 114; ventral 214; scales moderately large, edges entire, those
at the nape slightly reduced in size; gill rakers 4+21=25.

Color light olivaceous, translucent; lateral band narrow. Length
about 4 inches.

This species resembles Chirostoma chapale, from which it differs
in having a less oblique mouth, a shorter anal fin, and a less com-
pressed body. At present it is known only from Lago de Patzcuaro,
where it is apparently scarce.

161. Chirostoma zirahuen Meek.
Chirostoma ztrahuen Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 114;
Zirahuen.
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

iy puppes QO
“ aS

FiG. 57. CHIROSTOMA ZIRAHUEN Meek.
No. 3609, Field Columbian Museum.

Famity XIV. ATHERINIDA. 175

Head 414; depth 5%; D. v-1o; A. 13; scales 12-54. Body elon-
gate, nearly terete, less compressed than in any other Chirostoma;
mouth moderately oblique, lower jaw slightly the longer; length of
snout equal to diameter of eye, 3% in length of the head; interorbital
broad, 3 in head; teeth very small, in a narrow band in each jaw;
origin of the dorsal fin nearer tip of snout than base of caudal by a
distance greater than diameter of eye; base of anal fin 1% in head;
pectoral 114; ventral 2; scales with entire margins; caudal peduncle
long and slender; gill rakers 4+-17=21; vertebre 23+18=a1.

Color dark olivaceous above, lighter below; opaque. This species,
characterized by its dark opaque color, its terete body, the backward
position of the dorsal fin, and the short anal, is one of the darkest
found in the Lerma basin. Length about 4inches. It is the most
abundant species in Lago de Zirahuen.

Subgenus Chirostoma Swainson.
162. Chirostoma humboldtianum (Cuv. & Val.). Prscapa BLANCa.
Atherina humboldtiana Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x,
479, 1835; lake near City of Mexico.

Atherina vomerina Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1. c.; lake near City of
Mexico.

Atherinichthys humboldtianus Giinther, Cat., 111, 404, 1861.

Chirostoma humboldtianum Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S.
Nat. Mus., 1896, 793: Evermann, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
1898, 2; Laguna de Juanacatlan, Jalisco: Jordan & Snyder,
Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1900, 134; Lago de Chalco: Evermann
& Goldsborough, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1902, 152; La Laguna,
Jalisco: Meek, Field Col. Mus, Pub. 65, 1902, 114; Chalco;
Xochimilco; Patzcuaro.

Basin of the Rio Lerma and the Valley of Mexico. (Viga Canal;
Xochimilco. )

Head 334; depth 434 to 5%; D.1v—-11 to 13; A. 17 to 20; scales
15-54. Body elongate, rather robust, not much compressed; snout
pointed, 3 in head; mouth moderate, lower jaw projecting; mandible
22 in head; teeth in jaws in bands, the outer slightly enlarged; occa-
sionally 1 to 3 canine teeth on vomer; eye 4 to 4% in head; origin of
spinous dorsal midway between base of caudal and anterior margin of
eye or nostril; pectoral 12; ventral 21%; scales usually cycloid, oc-
casionally more or less crenate; gill rakers long and slender, about 20
on the first gill arch; vertebrae 23+19=42.

Color brownish olive, sometimes quite translucent; a narrow dark
silvery lateral band; specimens from lakes with much vegetation are
very dark. Length about 12 inches.

176 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEumM—Zoo.oey, Vou. V.

This is one of the largest species in the genus. It is very abundant
in the lakes near the City of Mexico, and in this region is the most im-
portant food fish. By far the larger number of white fishes (Pescadas
blancas) offered for sale in the markets of the City of Mexico belong
to this species.

163. Chirostoma chapale@ Jordan & Snyder.
Chirostoma chapale Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.
1900, 135, fig. 13; Lago de Chapala, Ocotlan, Jalisco: Jordan
& Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3159: Pellegrin,
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1901, 205; Estado de Jalisco:
Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 115; Ocotlan; La Palma.
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Fic. 58. CHIROSTOMA CHAPALA Jordan & Snyder.
No. 6155, Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Head 4; depth 5%; D. 1v—-10; A. 21; scales 13-49. Body slender,
compressed, its deepest part below first dorsal; snout pointed, its
length 3; mouth oblique, the lower jaw slightly the longer; maxillary
not quite reaching vertical from anterior margin of the orbit; teeth
minute, in bands, not arranged in definite rows; no teeth on vomer or
palatines; diameter of eye 3? in head; origin of spinous dorsal mid-
way between base of caudal and nostril; pectoral 1% in head; ventrals
24; base of anal fins equals the length of the head; lateral line on
eighth row of scales, not well defined; scales with crenate edges, the
scales on nape and before pectorals reduced in size; the others quite
uniform; gill rakers long and slender, 30 on first gill arch; vertebre
24+20=—44.

Color silvery, translucent; a dark lateral band; scales on dorsal
region edged with dark dots. Length about 4 inches.

' Very abundant in Lago de Chapala and neighboring region.

164. Chirostoma grandocule Steindachner.
Chirostoma grandocule Steindachner, Anzeiger der Kais. Akad. d.
Wiss. Wien, 1894, 149; Lago de Patzcuaro, Michoacan: Jordan
& Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 2839: Meek,
Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 115; Ocotlan; La Palma; Patz-
cuaro.

Famity XIV. ATHERINIDZA. yi |

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Head 32; depth 54: D-v—11; A. 19; scales 14-62. Body elongate,
compressed; snout pointed, 3 in head; lower jaw slightly the longer;
mandible 2% in head; mouth rather small, oblique; teeth in jaws in
narrow bands, none canine-like; no teeth on vomer or palatines; eye
31 in head; origin of dorsal fin slightly nearer base of caudal than tip
of snout; pectoral 114 in head; ventral 2% in head; base of anal 14;
scales small, edges slightly crenate, those in nape and before pectoral
fin much reduced; gill rakers slender, about 27 on first gill arch; verte-
bree 23+ 20=43.

Color light brownish, translucent; a dark silvery lateral band;
scales with few dark punctulations. Length about 5 inches.

This is the most abundant member of the genus in Lago de Patz-
cuaro. It is probably quite widely distributed throughout the Lerma
basin.

165. Chirostoma promelas Jordan & Snyder.

Chirostoma promelas Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1900, 136, fig. 14; Lago de Chapala (market of Guadalajara):
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3160:
Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1902, 182;
Lago de Chapala: Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, r9or,
205; Estado de Jalisco: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902,
115; Ocotlan; La Palma.

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Head’ 32; depth 42; D. tv-11; A. 19 or 20; scales 15-53 to 56.
Body elongate, compressed; head slender, triangular; mouth large,
very little oblique; snout pointed, 24 in the head, upper jaw the longer;
maxillary reaching vertical from anterior margin of the orbit; teeth
large, not arranged in definite rows, none on vomer or palatines; diam-
eter of eye 524 in head; origin of spinous dorsal midway between base
of caudal and nostril; pectorals 124 in head; ventrals 214; base of anal
1% in head; scales with crenate edges, those on nape and in front of
pectorals much reduced in size; gill rakers slender, 24 on first gill arch.

Color silvery, translucent, a distinct dark lateral band; scales on
upper part of the body with dusky edges; snout and jaws black. Length
about 7 inches.

This is the only member of the group which has the upper jaw de-
cidedly longer than the lower. Only a few specimens known.

Subgenus Lethostole Jordan & Evermann.
166. Chirostoma sphyrena Boulenger.
Chirostoma sphyrena Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1900, 55;
Lago de Chapala: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 116.

178 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOOLoGyY, VoL. V.

Chirostoma diazi Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1900,
137, fig. 15; Lago de Chapala (Guadalajara market): Jordan &
Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3161.

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Bi 1944 y
Basson) Wy AY ‘

Y

Fig. 59. CHIROSTOMA SPHYRAENA Boulenger.
No. 6157 ( Chirostoma diazi J. & S.), Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Head 3%; depth 5; D. v-11; A. 20; scales 20-63 to 7o. Body
elongate, moderately compressed; head large; upper jaw the longer;
snout 21% in head; mouth large; teeth large anteriorly, growing grad-
ually smaller posteriorly, some canine-like, not arranged in definite
rows, no teeth on vomer or palatines; origin of spinous dorsal midway
between base of caudal and eye; scales crenate, those on the dorsal
region very small, about 20 in a series between the dorsal fins; base of
anal 12 in head.

Color light silvery, translucent; a narrow dark silvery lateral band.
Length about 8 inches.

The small scales between the dorsal fins easily distinguishes this
species from those most nearly related to it.

167. Chirostoma lucius Boulenger.

Chlirostoma lucius Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1900, 54;
Lago de Chapala: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 15; La
Barca; Ocotlan; La Palma: Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull.
U.S. Fish Comm., 1902, 152; Lago de Chapala, Guadalajara
market.

Chirostoma crystallinum Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm.,
1900, 139, figs. 16 and 17; Lago de Chapala, and Guadala-
jara: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3162.

Basin of the Rio Lerma. .

Head 314; depth 42; D. v—13; A. 23 or 24; scales 17-56. Body
elongate, compressed; head pointed; snout 23; mouth large, the lower
jaw projecting; mandible 2% in head; teeth in bands in each jaw, all
small, none canine-like; no teeth on vomer or palatines; eye 534 in
head; origin of spinous dorsal midway between base of caudal and

—

Famity XIV. ATHERINIDE. 179

Gi = ‘ y use OCS Oy
i Hs WA Gy ne P , oN

Fig. 60. CHIROSTOMA LUCIUS Boulenger.
No. 6159 (Chirostoma crystallinum J. & S.), Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Res

anterior margin of orbit; pectoral 134 in head; ventral 234 ; base of anal
1% in head; scales large, a few at nape and pectoral region reduced,
the edges of all slightly crenate; scales between dorsal fins very large;
gill rakers long and slender, 27 on first gill arch.
Color light silvery, translucent; a dark lateral silvery band; scales
on upper part of body with few dark dots. Length about 10 inches.
Known at present only from Lago de Chapala and its environs.

168. Chirostoma lermz Jordan & Snyder.
Chirostoma lerme Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.., 1900,
142, fig. 19; Lago de Chapala: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3163: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65,
1902, 116, va Palma: Ocotlan:
Basin of the Rio Lerma.

Fig. 61. CHIROSTOMA LERM€ Jordan & Suyder.
No. 6159, Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Head 31%; depth 5%; D.1v or v-1o to12; A. 19 to 22; scales 18-50.
Body elongate, slender, not much compressed; snout long and pointed ;
mouth large, the lower jaw slightly projecting; mandible 21 in head;
teeth large and strong, in definite rows: the larger teeth on the inner
row of the upper jaw and the outer row of the lower; origin of dorsal
fin midway between base of caudal fin and eye; pectoral 124 in head;
ventral 3; scales with crenate edges, those in region of nape and pec-
toral fin much reduced.

Color light silvery, a dark silvery lateral band; few punctulations
on scales on dorsal region. Length about 12 inches.

This species is easily recognized on account of its strong dentition.
Known only from Lago de Chapala. *

180 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEumM—ZoOo.Locy, Vou. V.

169. Chirostoma ocotlane Jordan & Snyder.

Chirostoma ocotlane Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1900, 140, fig. 18; Lago de Chapala, Ocotlan: Jordan & Ever-
mann, Bull. 47, U.S: Nat. Mus., 1900, 3163: Pellegrin, Bulle
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1901, 205; Estado de Jalisco: Meek,
Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 116; Ocotlan; La Palma.

Basin of the Rio Lerma.

FiG. 62. CHIROSTOMA OCOTLAN~ Jordan & Snyder.
No. 6160, Leland Stanford Jr. University.

- Head 3%; depth 4% ; D. v-12; A. 20 to 24; scales 17 to 19-54 to 57.
Body elongate, somewhat compressed; head broad, profile with slight
angle at nape; mouth large, the lower jaw much projecting; mandible
14 in head; teeth small, in bands in both jaws; no teeth on vomer or
palatines; eye 4% to 434 in head; origin of dorsal fin midway between
base of caudal and anterior margin of the eye; pectorals 1% in head;
ventrals 234; base of anal fin 1% in head; scales with crenate edges,
those on nape and about base of pectoral fin much reduced in size;
gill rakers long and slender, about 25 on first gill arch; vertebra 44.

Color light silvery, translucent; sides with a narrow dark silvery
band; scales on upper part of body with few punctulations. Length
about 12 inches.

This species is easily recognized because of its much projecting
lower jaw.

170. Chirostoma estor Jordan.

Chirostoma estor Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 298; Lago
de Chapala: Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. 5S. Fish Comm., 1900,
GAT:

Atherinichthys albus Steindachner, Anzeiger de Kais. Akad. Wise
Wien, 1894, 148; Lago de Patzcuaro, Michoacan.

Lethostole estor Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 792, and’ 1000, 3176s.

Chirostoma ahi Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat: Mus:
1900, 3165.

Basin of the Rio Lerma and the Valley of Mexico. (Xochimilco.)

FamiLty XIV. ATHERINIDA. 181

Headwee wdepth: 57-1 vy—12; A. 18 to: 20; scales 19-75. Body
elongate, compressed; snout rather depressed, its length 234 in head;
mouth large, lower jaw slightly the longer; mandible 2} in head;
teeth in a band, not close set, some slightly enlarged, canine-like;
occasionally a few canine-like teeth on vomer; eye 5 to 5% in head;
origin of dorsal fin midway between base of caudal fin and nostril;
pectoral 1% in head; ventral 24; base of anal fin 1% in head; scales
small, with crenate edges, those on nape and breast much reduced;
lateral line represented by a few pores; gill rakers slender, about 26
on first arch; vertebre 23-+20=43.

Color light brownish, translucent; a dark silvery lateral band;
individuals taken in lakes with much vegetation very dark with
anterior half of head often black. Length about 12 inches.

Of the larger fishes of this group this one is the most widely dis-
tributed. It is one of the most important market fish in the regions
where found.

67. Menidia Bonaparte.
Menidia Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, about 1836. (No type indicated,
Atherina menidia Linneus probably intended.)

Body elongate, more or less compressed; head compressed; belly
before ventrals more or less rounded, not compressed to an edge;
mouth small, the gape curved, very oblique, the maxillary quite or
entirely slipping under preorbital; teeth in jaws in band or in more
than one series, none on vomer or palatines; premaxillaries freely
protractile; dorsal fins short; first dorsal over or in front of anal fin;
no scales on dorsal and anal fins.

A large group of small fishes belonging to salt or brackish water,
a few species entering fresh water.

KEYS TOTES SPE Gis Oh Vir NLDA:
a. Anterior rays of soft dorsal and anal produced,

longest anal rays equaling depth of body; pec- PAGE

FOr asMone: asyhead! . tt. wMe ad deta egs, Ses Bo, 8. salle1 181
aa. Anterior rays of soft dorsal and anal scarcely 5

produced, longest anal ray less than depth of

body; pectoral fin shorter than length of head.......... lisa 182

171. Menidia sallei (Regan).
Atherinichthys sallei Regan, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1903, 60;
Mexico.
Distribution not known.
Head 5 (in total); depth less than length of head; D. 1v—-1, 8; A. 11,
19; scales ro-43. Diameter of eye greater than length of snout, 22

°
182 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MuszEumM—Zoo.Loey, Vou. V.

in head; interorbital width equaling postorbital part of head, 2% in
length of head; lower jaw somewhat shorter than upper; maxillary
extending to vertical from anterior margin of eye; origin of spinous
dorsal above that of anal; anterior rays of soft dorsal and anal pro-
duced, longest anal rays equaling depth of body; pectorals falcate,
as long as head; origin of ventrals midway between posterior oper-
cular margin and first anal ray; caudal emarginate.

A sharply defined silvery lateral band as broad as a scale. One
specimen 75 mm. in total length from Mexico (Regan).

It is quite probable that this species is a resident of salt water.

172. Menidia lisa sp. nov. Lisa.

Type, No: 4633, F.C. M., 2.1 inches, in length; “Refisio Ver
Cruz.

Basin of the Rio Papaloapam. (Refugio; El Hule.)

FiG. 63. MENIDIA LISA Meek.

Head. 32% to 4; depth. 4%-to 5; D. iv or v—1, 8 or 9; A. 1, 19 torzar
scales about 42. Body elongate, compressed, belly rounded; snout
pointed, margin of upper lip on level with upper edge of pupil; mouth
moderate, very oblique; premaxillary curved, very protractile; teeth
in two series in each jaw, the outer series the larger; snout very short,
3% in head; the maxillary: reaching about vertical below pupil;
eye large, 214 in head; origin of dorsal fin midway between base of
caudal and anterior margin of eye, over or slightly behind origin of
anal; base of anal longer than head, 3! in body; pectoral high, its
length 1% in head; ventrals 2 in head; scales thin, deciduous, cycloid
(oh all specimens in our collection there are scales on posterior half of
body, on belly, and a band on dorsal region; as the specimens are all
scaled alike it is probable a larger part of the anterior part of the body
is naked); caudal fin forked; caudal peduncle slender; gill rakers
slender, 15 on first gill arch; vertebre 17+22=39.

Color light silvery; a narrow dark lateral stripe; spinous dorsal
profusely covered with black dots; iris silvery. Length about 2%
inches.

Famity XIV. ATHERINIDA. 183

68. Melaniris Meek.

Melaniris Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1892,117. (Type, Melanirts

balsanus Meek.)

Body elongate, slender; lower jaw rounded; origin of spinous dorsal
fin behind that of the anal; caudal peduncle short; peritoneum black;
alimentary canal shorter than total length of the fish; iris black; ver-
tebre 17-+19= 36.

173. Melaniris balsanus Meek.
Melaniris balsanus Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 117;
Balsas.
Basin of the Rio Balsas; not taken above the falls and cascades.

FiG. 64. MELANIRIS BALSANUS Meek.
No. 3706, Field Columbian Museum.

Head 4%; depth 5%; D. 11-9; A. 21; scales 10-39. Body elon-
gate, slender, not much compressed; snout rounded laterally; mouth
small, lower jaw slightly the longer; outer row of teeth large, canine-
like, wide apart, behind these a band of small villiform teeth; gill
rakers 413=17; vertebre 17-++-19=36; scales large, with entire mar-
gins; caudal peduncle very short;::dorsal fins posterior; origin of
spinous dorsal considerably behind origin of anal fin, and midway
between base of caudal fin and posterior margin of opercle; base of
anal 1% longer than head, its rays varying from 20 to 23; dorsal
spines 2 to 4, usually 3; pectoral fin high on sides of body, its length
1% in head; ventrals 2%.

Color olivaceous, rather opaque, dorsal region finely punctulate
with black; a well defined silvery band on sides. Length about 3
inches.

This species is very abundant in the Rio Cocula and the Rio Balsas

at Balsas. It has not been taken elsewhere. It probably spawns in
May.

184 FIELD CoLuMBIAN MuseEuM—ZoOLocGy, VOL. V.

69. Thyrina Jordan & Culver.

Thyrina Jordan & Culver, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1896, 419.
(Type, Thyrina evermanm Jordan & Culver.)

Body elongate, compressed, the abdominal region before ventrals
compressed into a bluntish edge or keel; pectoral fin falcate, longer
than the head; anal fin very long, its origin in advance of spinous
dorsal; scales cycloid.

To this genus belong only the two following species:

KEY £© THE SPECIES{Ob LAY RINA:

a. Anal rays about 1, 24; base of anal fin 234 in PAGE
body; pectoral 314 in body; ventral fins pale... .[evermanni] 184
aa. Anal rays about 1, 21; base of anal fin 3 in
body; pectoral 414 in body; ventral fins black..... crystalina 184

Thyrina evermanni Jordan & Culver.
Thyrina evermanni Jordan & Culver, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, 419;
Mazatlan: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 804.

Brackish water near Mazatlan.

Head 43; depth 4% to 5; D. 1v-1, 7; A. 1, 23 to 25; scales 9-36. Body
elongate, much compressed; the belly sharp-edged, concave on each side below
pectorals, the edge almost carinate; back narrow; mouth small, terminal,
jaws curved; teeth moderate, those in the upper jaw the longer; snout 3% in
head; eye 224; origin of spinous dorsal over about 6th anal ray, midway be-
tween base of caudal and edge of preopercle; pectoral fin 14 longer than head;
‘anal fin long; its base 234 in body; gill rakers long and slender, numerous;
scales cycloid.

Color light green, much dotted above, translucent below; a dark lateral
stripe; no black on dorsal fin. Length about 3 inches.

This species known only from the estuary at Mazatlan, its type locality.
174. Thyrina crystallina (Jordan & Culver).

Atherinella crystallina Jordan & Culver, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc1., 1895,

420; Rio Presidio, below Presidio, Sinaloa.
Thyrina crystallina Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1895, 804; Rio Presidio, below Presidio, Sinaloa.

Basin of the Rio Presidio.

Head 434; depth 4% to 5; D. 1v-1, 8; A. 1, 21; scales 11-40. Body
rather deep, compressed, the belly sharp-edged; mouth small, ter-
minal; jaws curved; teeth rather strong, the outer curved, those in the
upper jaw the longer; snout 31 in head; eye 234; origin of spinous
dorsal behind anal, midway between gill opening and base of caudal;
base of anal one-half longer than head, 3 in body; pectoral } longer
than head; gill rakers numerous, long and slender; scales cycloid.

Color translucent green, with considerable dusky dottings; a dark
silvery lateral stripe; first dorsal and base of anal dusky. Length
3% inches.

Known only from the type locality.

Famity XV. MuGILIDA. 185

Family XV. Mugilidz.

THe MULLETS. ?

‘Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with rather large
cycloid scales; no lateral line, but the furrows often deepened on the
middle of each scale forming lateral streaks; mouth small, the
jaws with small teeth or none; premaxillaries protractile; gill rakers
_ long and slender; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; two dorsal fins well
separated, the anterior one of 4 stiff spines, the last one of which is
much shorter than the others; air bladder large, simple; alimentary
canal long; peritoneum usually black; vertebre 24.

A large family of fishes inhabiting the coasts of warm seas, a few
entering fresh water.

KEY TO, THE GENERA OK MUGILID ZA:

a. Stomach muscular, yizzard-like; front of low- PAGE
Cun NVA EMMA T ee eles etait cs) oh Aha sy al od caiedt ooeuen a. oo Suetaty ia een Mugil 185
aa. Stomach not gizzard-like; front of lower jaw
not angular.
b. Teeth small,-conical, in villiform bands on
jaws, vomer and palatines; mouth with lateral
cleft, not overhung by the blunt tumid snout.
Cait IMIS PITES\ 2 oes WM. i iso ayers de ae sre aa wad Agonostomus 186
CCWHAMEN SPIE SUNSTE ..8 S f ei ta eee els as we =e sos GANCOMULIL | TBF.
bb. Teeth coarse, broad, truncate, incisors with
their free edges serrate; smaller teeth on
vomer, none on palatines; mouth small, in-
ferior; lower jaw forming a sharp soft edge........ Foturus 188

Subfamily Mugilinee.
7O. Mugil (Artedi) Linnzus.

Mugil (Artedi) Linnzus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 3161,758. (Type, Mugil
cephalus Linnezus.)

Body oblong,somewhat compressed, covered. with large scales;
head large, convex, scales above and on sides; mouth small, subin-
ferior, the lower jaw angulate; jaws with one or a few series of short,
flexible, ciliform teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; eye large, with
an adipose eyelid little developed in the young; stomach muscular,
like the gizzard of a fowl. .

The species of this group run in large schools along the shores and
in brackish lagoons of all warm regions. They feed on organic matter
contained in the mud.

186 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoOOLoGy, VOL. V.

175. Mugil cephalus Linnzus.
Mugil cephalus Linneeus, Sys. Nat., Ed. x, 316, 1758; Europe:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 811.

Tropical and temperate seas of America, southern Europe, and
northern Africa. (Tehuantepec.)

Head 32; depth 32; D. 1v—-1, 8; A. 11, 8; scales 12-40. Body
elongate, compressed; head broad, depressed; interorbital slightly
convex, its width 24 in head; mouth terminal, oblique; jaws about
equal; teeth minute; snout rounded laterally; adipose eyelid well
developed; diameter of eye about 4 in head; origin of spinous dorsal
midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; about 20 scales in a
series from tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal; first dorsal spine
134 in head; pectoral fin nearly reaching front of dorsal, 12 in head;
ventrals reaching half way to anal fin, 134 in head; caudal forked;
least depth of caudal peduncle 2% in head.

Color bluish brown above, silvery below; dark stripes along the
rows of scales, most prominent on the middle of the sides; fins more or
less dusky, with a yellowish tinge on the ventrals, anal, and caudal; a
black bar at base of pectorals; soft dorsal and anal fins naked.

A salt-water fish which ascends rivers to a considerable distance
above tide-water. One specimen 5 inches in length was taken by me
at Tehuantepec.

Subfamily Agonostomine.

41. Agonostomus Bennet.

Agonostomus Bennet, Proc. Comm. Zodl. Soc., 1830, 166. (Type,
Agonostomus telfairit Bennet.)

Dajaus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1, 164, 1836. (Type, Mugil

monticola Bancroft.)

Body elongate, compressed posteriorly; mouth with lateral cleft
extending to opposite anterior margin of eye; snout bluntish, lower
jaw the shorter, included; edge of lower lip rounded, not sharp as in
Mugil; stomach not gizzard-like; anal spines 2, the first soft ray slender
and spine-like; villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines in Amer-
ican species. A small group of fishes inhabiting streams of mountain-
ous regions in tropical countries. |

Subgenus Dajaus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
176. Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft). TRUCHA. .
Mugil monticola Bancroft, Griff. Anim. King. Fishes, 367, pl. 36,
1836.
¢ Agonostoma monticola Ginther, Cat., 111, 464, 1861; Mexico: B. A.
Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 540; Santa Maria.

Famity XV. MuGILIDA. 187

Agonostomus monticola Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 819.

Agonostoma nasutum Gunther, Cat., 111, 463, 1861; Rio Geronimo.

Agonostomus nasutus Jordan, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, 424; Rio
Presidio, Sinaloa: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 819: Rutter, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1896, 263; San
Jose del Cabo, Lower California: Evermann, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., 1898, 2; Ixtapa (12 miles above the Bay of Banderas);
Maria Magdalena Island, 2,500 feet above tide-water; Maria
Cleofa Island, off Jalisco: Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
Ig01, 205; river below Lago de Chapala, Estado de Jalisco:
Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 118; Balsas; Puente de
Ixtla.Cuicatian.

Fresh waters of the West Indies and the Atlantic and Pacific
streams of Mexico and Central America. (Cuautla; Jojutla, Vera
Cruz; Otopa; Motzorongo.)

Head 34 to 4%; depth 4% to 4%; D. 1v-1, 8; A. 11,9; scales 12-42.
Body elongate, not much compressed; head rather conical, somewhat
decurved in specimens 9 or more inches in length; interorbital convex,
its width 24in head; snout blunt in large examples, more pointed in
the young; lips very thick in adults, thin in young specimens 2 to 4
inches long; maxillary reaching vertical from front of eye, entirely
hidden when the mouth is closed; diameter of eye about equal to
length of snout, 4 in head; origin of spinous dorsal nearer tip of snout
than base of caudal; tip of pectoral reaching nearly to spinous dorsal;
soft dorsal over the last 34 of the anal fin, without scales; anal spines
weak; pectorals inserted above the axis of the body.

Color brownish above, silvery below; each scale with a darker mar-
gin; a silvery band from base of pectoral to caudal fin; very conspic-
uous on fishes in the water; back and sides with many black or dark
colored scales scattered about, making irregular spots; these most
abundant on small specimens from Vera Cruz, and least so on speci-
mens from Jojutla.

There seems to be but little difference in the descriptions of A.
monticola and of A. nasutus; the difference is mainly in the thick and
thin lips, a character much modified by age. In this paper I regard
the specimens from western Mexico ascribed to A. nasutus as being
the adult of the present species.

72. Neomugil Vaillant.

Neomugil Vaillant, Bull. Soc. Philom., Iv, 1893-4, 72. (Type, Neo-
mugil diguett Vaillant.) :

188 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoO6Locy, Vou. V.

Body elongate, not much compressed; mouth widely cleft; maxil-
lary extending beyond anterior edge of orbit; small teeth in many
series in each jaw, the outer series on intermaxillary most developed;
teeth on vomer and palatines; stomach siphonal; walls very thin in
pyloric region; one large and one small pyloric coecum; pseudo-
branchiz present.

177. Neomugil digueti Vaillant.
Neomugil diguett Vaillant, Bull. Soc. Philom., tv, 1894, 73; torrent
in the Sierra de las Cacachilas de Santa Cruz, Lower California:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3165.
An inhabitant of mountain streams of Lower California south of La
Paz

Head 3; depth 4; D. 1v—-1, 8; A. 1, 9; scales 3-43-11. Body elon- |
gate, not much compressed; interorbital 23¢ in head; eye 6 in head;
entire head covered with ctenoid scales; mouth deeply cleft; upper
jaw the longer; no adipose eyelid; origin of first dorsal at middle of the
body; origin of anal in advance of soft dorsal. Length about 8 inches.
(Vaillant. )

73. Joturus Poey.
THE Bosos.

Foturus Poey, Memorias, 11, 263, 1861. (Type, Joturus pichardi
Poey.)

Body elongate, not much compressed; head large, snout blunt and
projecting beyond the small, inferior mouth; mouth broad, with little
lateral cleft; lower lip very thick, its edges forming a soft sharp-edged
fold, its outline very obtuse; teeth coarse, blunt incisors, with serrated
edges, arranged in broad patches on jaws and vomer.

178. Joturus pichardi Poey. Boso.
Foturus pichard: Poey, Mem. 1, 263, 1861, Cuba.
A gonostoma globiceps Ginther, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1874, 370;
Misantla, Vera Cruz: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 821.

Fresh-water streams of Cuba, and southern Mexico to Panama, in
swift currents and mountain torrents.

Head 4%; depth 32; D!1v—19;.A. m,-9; scales: 13 or 14, 42) torus
Body elongate, rather robust, a little compressed behind; head large,
gibbous above and anteriorly; snout thick, broad, and blunt, consid-
erably overhanging the small inferior mouth, and entirely below the
level of the eye; maxillary reaching posterior margin of the eye, 2%
in head; mouth broad, but without much lateral cleft; lower jaw in-

Fam. XV. MuGILIDA. Fam. XVI. CENTRARCHIDA.. 189

cluded; upper lip thick, slipping beneath the snout; lower lip very
thick, its anterior edge forming a sharp-edged fold; outline of lip very
obtuse; no teeth in the palatines; nostrils roundish, close together, in
front of the small round eye; eye nearer the angle of the mouth than
level of top of head; no adipose eyelid; all of the fins, including spinous
dorsal, covered with small scales; gill membranes broadly united, free
from the isthmus; caudal forked.

Color dull olivaceous above, without distinct markings, paler
below. Length about 2 feet.

Family XVI. Centrarchidz.
THE SUNFISHES.

Body more or less shortened, compressed ; head compressed; mouth
terminal, large or small; teeth in villiform bands, the outer slightly
enlarged; no canines; teeth present on premaxillaries, lower jaw and
vomer, usually on palatines, also sometimes on tongue, pterygoids and
hyoid; premaxillaries protractile; preopercle entire or slightly serrate;
opercle ending in two flat points or prolonged in a black flap at its
angle; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; cheeks and
opercles scaly; ventral fin with one spine and 5 soft rays; dorsal spines
6 to 13; anal spines 3 to 9; vertebre 28 to 35. Fresh-water fishes of
North America. All are voracious and gamy and are good food
fishes. A few species are found in northern Mexico, the most south-
ern range for the family.

KEY TO fri GENE RAS OF GiNLRARCEHID As.

a. Body comparatively short and deep, the depth PAGE

usually more than 2 of the length; dorsal fin
not deeply emarginate.

b. Lower pharyngeals narrow, the width in the
length of toothed portion about 3 in adults;
lateral margin straight or slightly inbent from
tip of posterior spur to anterior extremity of
bone; teeth on lower pharyngeals long and
slender and more or less acuminate; no red on

marsineomopercular flaps. 2.0.05... ees Ake Lepidopomus 190
bb. Lower pharyngeals broad, the width in the
length of toothed portion about 2 in adults;
outer margin a double curve, moderately in-

*For an account of the genera Lepidopomus and Eupomotis, see R. E.
Richardson in Bull. Ill. Lab. of Nat. Hist., vol. vit, article 111, pages 27 to 35.
The characterization of these two genera and the keys relating to them and
their species are largely taken from that paper.

190 FIELD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM—Zoo6.Loecy, Vou. V.

bent posteriorly in front of spur, and more PAGE
or less decidedly rounded anteriorly as the
margin of a lateral ledge-like prominence;
-a red spot on lower posterior margin of
Operciiian? apes, cnt 5 eae win ee pee Re Eupomotis 193
aa. Body comparatively elongate, the depth in the.
adult about % of the length; dorsal fin low and
deeply, enianginaterm.t. ss). 5m ante ee a ee Micropterus 194

Subfamily Lepidopomine.

74. Lepidopomus Rafinesque.

Lepomis Rafinesque, Journ. de Physique, Paris, 1819, 402. (Type,
Labrus auritus Linneus.)

Apomotis Rafinesque, Journ. de Physique, Paris, 420, 1819
(Lepomts cyanellus Rafinesque).

Body variously elongate, elliptical, or short and deep, most of the
species being rather robust, the others thin and compressed; mouth
usually rather large; supplemental maxillary bone well devel-
oped, rudimentary or wanting, best developed in species with largest
mouth; teeth on palatines usually present; lower pharyngeals narrow
and weak, flattened or hollowed out underneath, its width in length
of toothed portion about 3 in adults; inner angle 120° to 140°, outer
margin straight or slightly inbent from tip of posterior spur to an-
terior extremity of bone; pharyngeal teeth always long and slender
and more or less acuminate; brilliant colors on posterior margin of
opercular flap, if present, always blending with the adjacent paler
or darker color and not forming a definitely localized spot as in Eupo-
motis; gill rakers well developed, long, stiff, and rough to rather slen-
der, or very soft and weak; pectorals not longer than head; dorsal
spines usually low.

This genus is represented in the waters of North America by about
twelve species.

KEY fO;LHE SPECIES OR DHE GENUS*ALERIDOPOMUS:

a. Opercle more or less stiffened posteriorly, its
osseous portion always distinctly differen-
tiated from a posterior fleshy or membranous
margin, partly or wholly of paler color than
the osseous portion, to which the black of
the opercular spot is entirely or for the most
part confined; a well developed supplemental

°

aa.

FAMILY XVI. CENTRARCHIDA.

maxillary bone; body oblong, depth 24 to 2%

in length; scales small, 42 to 50 in lateral series ...

Opercle not composed of well differentiated
osseous and membranous portions, the bone
becoming gradually thinner posteriorly and ter-
minating in a flexible osseo-membranous flap;
flap usually considerably produced in adults,
sometimes exceedingly so, and entirely black,
or with only a very narrow pale edging; sup-
plementary maxillary bone very rudimentary
or entirely wanting.

b. Dorsal spines low, the longest but slightly

b

179. Lepidopomus cyanellus Rafinesque.

more than length of snout; gill rakers short
and weak; body very robust anteriorly;
head large; wavy blue lines on cheeks faint or
BY OIA ae AW lettre A Or rs aA ee EAT Or ae aR

b. Dorsal spines higher, the largest almost equal-
ing or greater than snout and eye; gill rakers
rather slender and firm.

d. Eye large, 234 to 3 in head; no dusky spot

On posterior dorsal or analirays Y:.at oe

dd. Eye smaller, 3% to 4 in head; dorsal and
anal not large, blotch of dusky near base of
NUS GRAS tates vs laid Revered eRe Ree ao

Subgenus Apomotis Rafinesque.

GREEN SUNFISH.

IQI

PAGE
cyanellus 191

. occidentalis 192

haplognathus 192

a etc pallidus 193

BLUE-SPOTTED SUNFISH :

Lepomts cyanellus Rafinesque, Jour. de Physique, 1819, 420; Ohio
River: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898,

996.

Pomotis aquilensis Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 7, pl. 11, 1-8, 1858;
Eagle Pass, Texas: Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

1853, 388; Eagle Pass.

Apomotis cyanellus Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., 1878, 398; Rio

Grande at Brownsville, Texas.
Northeastern Mexico to the Great Lakes.

Head 3; depth'2%; D. xy 11; A. 1, 9; scales 6 or 7-42 to, 50-16.
Body rather elongate, becoming deeper with age; head moderately
large; mouth large; maxillary nearly reaching vertical from middle of
eye, broad, with a well developed supplemental bone; lower jaw the
longer; opercle more or less stiffened posteriorly, its black osseous
portion always distinctly differentiated from the posterior fleshy, or

192 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoOLoGy, VoL. V.

usually paler colored membranous margin; dorsal spines low, the
longest 3 to 4 in head; pectorals short, not reaching anal, 1% in head;
ventrals not reaching anal.

Color greenish with brassy luster on sides; each scale with a blue
spot, these forming pale lateral streaks; a conspicuous dark spot on
posterior base of dorsal and anal; cheeks with narrow blue stripes.
Length about 7 inches.

A very variable and widely distributed species; ranging from
Mexico to the Great Lakes; not found east of the Alleghenies.

Subgenus Lepidopomus Rafinesque.
180. Lepidopomus occidentalis Meek. WrstERN SUNFISH.
Lepomis occidentalis Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 118;
Jimenez; Santa Rosalia.

Rio Conchos and its tributaries in Chihuahua.

Head 24; depth 2; D. x, 11; A. 111, 9; scales 7-37-14. Body oval,
compressed, the dorsal outline more arched than the ventral; profile
convex, nearly straight in small specimens, in larger concave above
eyes and convex at nape; mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching
vertical from pupil, its length 3 in head; no supplemental maxillary
bone; lower jaw slightly the longer; eye small, 44 in head; 13, in
interorbital space; opercle not composed of well differentiated
osseous and membranous portions, the bone becoming gradually
thinner posterior and terminating in a flexible osseo-membranous flap;
flap usually very long; gill rakers short, 8 on lower part of arch;
dorsal fin rather low, its fourth spine 314 in head; pectoral short,
rounded, not extending to anal; caudal fin very short, its lobes rounded
and of equal size, its length 134 in head.

Color olivaceous above, lighter below, each scale with a light mar-
gin, forming longitudinal lines along the rows of scales; no black mark-
ings on the fins; no blue lines on the cheeks, a few dusky brown ones
being present; opercular flap with a narrow pale border. Length
about 6 inches. \

This species ranges farther southwest than any other member
of the sunfish family. Lepidopomus haplognathus and Micropterus
salmonoides, which occur farther east, range a little farther south.
Spawning time the last of July.

181. Lepidopomus haplognathus Cope.
Lepomts haplognathus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1884 (1885),
168; Monterey, Neuvo Leon: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Musi, 1806, 1004.
Tributaries of the Rio Grande near Monterey, Nuevo Leon.
(Monterey. )

“UMaSNyY ueIqunfod platy ‘oggl ‘oN
“HPAI SIIVLNAGIOOO SINOd3]

“ADO 100Z ‘WX 3LV1d P “WNASNW NVIGWN100 G1a3l4

Famity XVI. CENTRARCHIDA. 193

Head 2% to 3; depth 244; D. x, 10; A. 111, 9; scales 7-38-13. Body
elongate, compressed; profile convex; head large; mouth moderate;
maxillary reaching past vertical from anterior margin of pupil, its
length 3% in head; no supplemental maxillary; snout short, 3% to 4
in head; eye very large, 234 to 3 in head; gill rakers rather strong,
short, about 8 in lower part of angle; opercular flap moderate, without
pale margin; pectoral fin short, not reaching first anal spine, its
length 1% in head; ventral 114; dorsal spines moderate, longest 214
in head.

Color uniform greenish, the center of each scale darker; no mark-
ings on fins; a few bluish bands on cheeks. Length about 6 inches.

_ This species at present is known only from Monterey, its type
locality. Four specimens were taken by me in a spring in Monterey.

182. Lepidopomis pallidus (Mitchill). Buur Gitt; BLiurE SuNFIsH.

Labrus pallidus Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1815, 407;
New York.

Pomotts speciosus Girard, Pac. R. R. Sur., 23, 1858; Brownsville,
Texas; Cadereita, Nuevo Leon: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 5,
pl. Iv, figs. 5-8, 1859; Cadereita, Nuevo Leon.

Lepomis pallidus Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., 1878, 397; Rio
Grande, Brownsville, Texas: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1896, 1005.

Eupomotts pallidus Boulenger, Cat., 1, 1896, 9.

Rio Grande to Florida and the Great Lakes.

Head 234 to 3%; depth 14 to 24%; D. x, 11 or 12; A. 11, ro or 11;
Body comparatively short and deep, compressed (the young more
slender than the elder); head moderate, profile usually forming an
angle above eye; mouth small, the jaws subequal, the maxillary
scarcely reaching vertical from anterior margin of the eye; opercular
flap rather short, and without pale edge; gill rakers moderate, r1 to 13
on lower portion of gill arch; dorsal spines high, the longest 2 in
head, and usually longer than snout and eye; pectoral fin about as long
as head, its tip reaching past origin of anal.

Color greenish olive; sides often with chain-like transverse green-
ish bars, which disappear in adult; no blue stripes on cheeks; a dark
blotch on base of posterior rays of dorsal and anal fins; opercular flap
without pale edge. Length about 12 inches.

75. Eupomotis Gill & Jordan.
Eupomotis Gill & Jordan, Field and Forest, 1877, t90. (Type,
Sparus aureus Walbaum.)
Body deep, more or less compressed, the back elevated; mouth
rather small; no supplemental maxillary bone and no teeth on pala-

194 FieLpD CoLumMBIAN MuseuM—ZoO6.oey, VOL. V.

tines; gill rakers always short, sometimes very much reduced; pectoral
fins always longer than head, sometimes extending past middle of anal;
dorsal spines rather high; lower pharyngeal deep and broad, with
inferior and lateral prominences, never flattened or hollowed under-
neath, width in length of toothed portion about 2 in adults, inner
angle 95° to 111°, outer margin a double curve, moderately inbent
posteriorly in front of spur, and more or less decidedly rounded
anteriorly as the margin of a lateral ledge-like prominence; teeth on
lower pharyngeals short and heavy, their upper surfaces very bluntly
rounded or paved; red or orange on posterior portion of opercular flap
definitely marked off from the paler or blackish portions adjacent,
and not blended with them as in the preceding genus.

183. Eupomotis heros (Baird & Girard).
Pomotis heros Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854,
25; Rio Cibolo, Texas: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 6, pl. 11, figs:
1-4, 1859; Rio San Juan, Cadereita, Nuevo Leon.
Eupomotis heros Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 1007: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 47, 1900, 13.
Northeastern Mexico in lowland streams, north to southern Illinois.
Head 28; depth 24; D. x, 12; A. 111, 10; scales 6-40-13. Body
moderately elongate, compressed; anterior profile slightly concave
about eyes, slightly convex at nape; head rather small; mouth small,
maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from anterior margin of the pupil,
its length equaling length of snout, 31% in head; diameter of eye 4 in
head; opercular flap short, in life a red spot at its lower posterior angle,
the margin pale; dorsal spines strong, the last one 2% in head; pec-
toral fin very long, its tip reaching base of second anal ray, the fin
slightly longer than the head; ventral short, 1% in head; 5 rows of
scales on the cheeks; caudal fin emarginate.
Color light olivaceous with silvery reflections, some of the scales
with darker centers forming indistinct lateral streaks along the rows
of scales; cheeks without blue stripes. Length about 12 inches.

Subfamily Micropterine.
76. Micropterus Lacépéde.
Buack Bass.
Micropterus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Iv, 325, 1802. (Type,
Micropterus dolomieu Lacépede.)

Body oblong, compressed, the back not much arched; head ob-
long, conic; mouth very large, its gape extending to near vertical from
§ 5 Say &
posterior margin of eye; teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines; preopercle

Famity XVI. CENTRARCHIDA. 195

entire; dorsal fin divided by a deep notch, the spines low and not very
strong; scales small, ctenoid.

This genus includes two species found only in North America,
both being among the best of our game fishes. One species only is
found in Mexico.

184. Micropterus salmonoides (Lacépéde). LarGE-mouTHED BLacK

Bass; BESUGO.

Labrus salmoides Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 716, 1802; South
Carolina.

Dioplites nucensts Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 3, pl. 1, 1859; San Juan
River, Nuevo Leon.

Grystes nuecensis Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1854, 25; Rio San Juan, Nuevo Leon.

Micropterus salmonoides Boulenger, Cat., 1, 16, 1896.

Micropterus salmoides. Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, tor2.

Mexico from Tampico to Florida and north to the Great Lakes
and Red River of the north. (San Juan; Montemorelos; Linares; La
Cruz; Santa Engracia.)

leadsssto 334 7depth 3 to-334 > D. x, 12 ori13; A. 11, 10 or 11; scalés
7-65 to 70-18. Body ovate-fusiform, moderately compressed; head
large; mouth large, the maxillary broad and with a well developed
supplemental bone, its tip reaching vertical from posterior margin of
eye; gill rakers longer than gill fringes, 7 or 8 on lower portion of gill
arch; scales on cheeks in about ro rows.

Color dark green above, below greenish silvery; a black lateral
band which disappears in the adult; 3 dark oblique stripes across
cheeks and opercles; a few dark spots above and below the lateral
band which breaks up and grows fainter as the fish grows older.
Length about 18 inches.

This species prefers bayous, lakes, and sluggish water. It is not

regarded as good a game fish as the small-mouthed black bass, which
prefers rapid and cooler waters. The angler often finds considerable
difficulty in distinguishing these species, because of the slight differ-
ences between them, and he usually finds less difference in their
fighting qualities.
This species is abundant in the streams of Mexico north of Santa
Engracia. I saw many specimens over a foot in length here and in
the river at La Cruz. So far as known the river at Santa Engracia is
its southernmost range.

196 FIELD COLUMBIAN MuszEuM—ZOoOLoGy, VOL. V.

Family XVII. Percide.
THe PERCHES.

Body more or less elongate, terete, or moderately compressed ;
mouth terminal or inferior, small or large; the premaxillaries pro-
tractile; teeth usually villiform, on jaws, vomer and palatines (occa-
sionally they are absent on vomer and palatines) ; scales usually small,
ctenoid; opercle usually ending in a flat spine; branchiostegals 6 or 7;
gill membranes free or connected; lateral line usually present, never
extending on the caudal fin; dorsal fins 2, the first composed of 6 to 15
spines; ventral fins thoracic, each with one spine and 5 soft rays;
caudal fin truncate, lunate, or rounded.

Subfamily Ethostomatine.

Vis es

Etheostoma Rafinesque.

Etheostoma Rafinesque, Journ. de Phys. etc., Paris, 1819, 419.
(Type restricted by Cope & Jordan to Etheostoma flabellare Raf.)

Oligocephalus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 67.
(Type, Boleosoma lepida Baird & Girard.) *

Torrentaria Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Fish Comm., 1896,
1080. (Type, Etheostoma australe Jordan.)

Rafinesquiellus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Fish Comm.,
1896, 1082. (Type, A plesion pottsi Girard.)

Body robust. or rather elongate, somewhat compressed; mouth
terminal or subinferior; premaxil!aries not protractile; teeth rather
strong, usually present on vomer and palatines; gill membranes
separate, or more or less broadly connected; scales moderate or small,
ctenoid; no scales on top of head; scales on belly persistent, of the
ordinary sort; dorsal spines 7 to 15; anal spines 1 or 2; vertebree us-
ually 33 to 39.

The darters comprise a large group of small, highly colored fishes
inhabiting the streams of North America east of the Rocky Moun-
tains; one species, Etheostoma pottsii, occurs in a Pacific coast stream.

KEY <10) DHE-SPECIES OF ETHER OSTOVEA:

a. Anal spine single; gill membranes connected ; PAGE
seales in the‘lateralseries/58\to 667.0 .2-.0~. fet see australe 197
aa. Anal fin with two spines; gill membranes not
connected.
b. Head rather large, 3% to 324 in the body;
scales*in the lateral-seriés 74,1050 6 Ae ee pottstt 197

bb. Head smaller, 414 in the body; scales in the
lateral seriessas (tOccyy crn ge ease pete eee lepidum 1098

Famity XVII. PeERcIDz. 197

Subgenus Torrentaria Jordan & Evermann.

185. Etheostoma australe (Jordan).
Aplesion fasciatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 1o1
(not Catonotus fasciatus Girard); Chihuahua River, Mexico.
Etheostoma australe Jordan, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 362; Chi-
huahua River, Mexico: Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1894, 60; Chihuahua: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.,S.
Nat. Mus., 1896, 1080: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902,
119; San Andres; Santa Rosalia; Chihuahua; Jimenez.
Etheostoma scovelii Woolman, Amer. Nat., 1892, 261; Rio de los
Conchos, Chihuahua, Mexico.

Headwaters of the Rio Conchos in Chihuahua.

Mead 374 to.334, depth 4% to 424, D.xto'xu, 9 to 11; A. 1,7 oF
8; scales 6-58 to 66-11. Body elongate, not much compressed;
mouth small, the lower jaw the shorter; maxillary reaching front of
pupil; eye small, 334 in head; snout bluntish, 4 in head; premaxillary
not protractile; gill membranes moderately connected, free from the
isthmus; pectorals large, nearly as long as head; ventrals close to-
gether, 1% in head; head, breast and nape naked; lateral line incom-
plete.

Color light olivaceous, sides with about 10 dusky cross-bars, these
more prominent in the males; the pale interspaces red in- life; the
dusky bars alternate with the pale blotches on the sides; soft dorsal
and anal with dark cross-bars; spinous dorsal with a dark base and
dark tips, otherwise pale; a dark bar downward and one forward from
the eye. Length about 2!4 inches. Spawning time the latter part
of May and in June.

Subgenus Rafinesquiellus Jordan & Evermann.

186. Etheostoma pottsii (Girard).

Aplesion pottstt Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1888, 289;
tributary of the Rio Chihuahua.

Etheostoma micropterus Gilbert, Proc. U. 5. Nat. Mus., 1888, 289;
Chihuahua, Mexico: Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1894,
60; Rio Chihuahua, Chihuahua.

Etheostoma pottsit Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. 5S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 1083; Chihuahua: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902,
t19; San Andres; Chihuahua; Santa Rosalia; Jimenez.

Headwaters of the Rio Conchos, Rio Nazas, and Rio Mezquital,

in Chihuahua and Durango. (Santiago Papasquiaro; Durango.)

Head 3% to 334; depth 334 to 4%; D. 1x to x1, 10 to. 12; A. 11, 7 or

8; scales 5-44 to 50-10. Body moderately elongate, not much com-

198 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEumM—ZoOo.Locy, VoL. V.

pressed; head small, mouth rather large, oblique, the maxillary
reaching past anterior margin of the eye; snout bluntish, 4% in head;
premaxillary not protractile; gill membranes not united, free from the
isthmus; pectorals large, almost as long as the head; ventrals close
together, 1% in head; preopercle entire; sides of head, breast, and nape —
naked; lateral line straight, incomplete.

Color light olive, sides tesselated with darker; 6 to 9 dark cross-bars
on back, traces of about an equal number on the sides; a black humeral
spot; a dark streak downward and one forward from eye; soft dorsal
and caudal barred; spinous dorsal with some small dark dots. Length
about 2.10 inches. Females taken May 23 at Durango full of eggs,
evidently about spawning time.

So far as known at present, this is the only darter found in a Pacific
coast stream. Its range is farther south than any member of the
family to which it belongs.

Subgenus Oligocephalus Girard.

187. Etheostoma lepidum (Baird & Girard).
Boleosoma lepida Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat.’Sci. Phila.,
1853, 338; upper tributaries of the Rio Nueces, Texas.
Pectlichthys lepidus Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1878, 663;
Brownsville, Texas.
Etheostoma lepidum Jordan & Evermann,-Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, 1089.

Lower Rio Grande and the streams of Texas, Indian Territory, and
Arkansas.

Head 4%; depth 4%; D.1x, 11 to 13; A. 1, 6 to 8; scales 6-48
to 54-8. Body rather stout, compressed, tapering backward; head
sub-conical; mouth moderate, the jaws equal; maxillary reaching
vertical from anterior margin of the orbit; eyes large; first dorsal
rather low and somewhat connected to soft dorsal; no scales on head,
breast, or nape; lateral line incomplete; gill membranes not connected.

Color olivaceous, with some dark blue bars; scales dusky at base,
sometimes a slight trace of a humeral spot; dorsal and caudal mottled
or barred. Length 2% inches.

Family XVIII. Centropomidze.
THE ROBALOS.
Body elongate, compressed; dorsal region elevated; abdominal
region straight to angulated base of anal; head depressed, pike-like,

the lower jaw projecting; villiform teeth in bands on jaws, vomer, and
palatines; no teeth on tongue; maxillary broad, truncate behind, with

Fam. XVIII. CENTROPomMID#. Fam. XIX. Ha&muLip&z. 199

a strong supplemental bone; preopercle with a double ridge, the
posterior margin strongly serrate; opercle without true spines; scales
ctenoid; lateral line conspicuous; dorsal fins well separated, the first
with 8 spines; anal spines 3, the second strong, the third long and
slender; these fins moving in scaly sheathes; air bladder well devel-
oped; branchiostegals 7. Species all American, one species found in
the rivers of southeastern Mexico far above tide-water.

78. Centropomus Lacépéde.
ROBALOsS.,

Centropomus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Iv, 248, 1802. (Type re-
stricted by Cuvier & Valenciennes to Scie@na undecemalts Bloch).

Characters of the genus are included in the description of the family.

188. Centropomus mexicanus Bocourt. RoBALOo.

Centropomus mexicanus Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, 1868, 90;
Gulf of Mexico: Vaillant & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., 1875, 23,
pr wy tigso: Jordan & vermann, Bull.47,-U-19: Nats Mus, |
TOQ0, LI20.

Both coasts of Mexico, ascending rivers to a considerable distance

above tide-water. (San Francisco; Boca del Rio; El Hule; Perez.)

Head 234; depth 4 to 4%; D. viti-1, 10; A. 11, 6; scales 11-69

to 72-16. Body elongate, moderately compressed; mouth large, maxil-
lary reaching nearly to posterior margin of pupil; preopercle with
sharp teeth on its posterior limb, the two at the angle larger than
the others; 2 spines at angle of anterior limb; diameter of eye 5% in
head; third dorsal spine the longest, 2 in head; second anal spine
very strong, 12 in head; lateral line well developed; caudal fin forked,

Color olivaceous, lighter below; lateral line blackish; tips of dorsal

and caudal blackish. Length 12 inches or more.

Family XIX. Hzemulidze.
THE GRUNTERS.

Body oblong, more or less elevated, covered with moderate sized
scales, usually ctenoid; lateral line concurrent with the back, usually
not extending on caudal fin; head large; no suborbital stay; premaxil-
laries protractile; maxillary without supplemental bone, for the most
of its length slipping under edge of preorbital; preorbital usually
broad; no barbels; no teeth on vomer or palatines; ventral fin thoracic,
its rays 1.5; pyloric coece few; vertebre usually 10+14=24; alimen-
tary canal short. Mostly shore fishes, a few entering fresh water.

200 Fi—ELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zo6.LoGy, VoL. V.

79. Pomadasys Lacépéde.
BuRROs.

Pomadasis Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 516, 1803. (Type, Pom-

adasis argentatus Lacépéde.) :

Rhonciscus Jordan & Evermann, Check-List, Fishes 387, 1806.

(Type, Pristtupoma crocro Cuv. & Val.)

Body oblong, somewhat compressed; mouth rather small, ter-
minal, low, maxillary scarcely reaching eye; premaxillaries protrac-
tile; teeth on jaws only, in villiform bands; cheeks and opercles scaly;
preopercle serrate, the serre below not turned forward; suprascapula
serrate; scales large, those above lateral line in series parallel with it;
dorsal fin emarginate; second anal spine very strong.

Some of these fishes when taken from the water make a loud, snore-
like sound very much like the noise of a burro or donkey.

KEY LOMTHE SPEGIES*:OF POMADASYS:

a. Second anal spine not reaching tip of soft rays, PAGE
its length 134 in head; mouth large, maxillary

reaching to pupil, 22 in head. ;

b. Seales small, 65 im: the lateralseries <.:...1.. 24.0 2..siame moo

bb. Scales larger, 56 in the lateral series ............ bayanus 201
aa. Second anal spine reaching beyond tips of soft
rays, its length 14 in head; mouth small, max-
illary not reaching to anterior margin of orbit,

its: lengths 4oane headin. sk ane 6 SON tea pee templet 201

Subgenus Rhonciscus Jordan & Evermann.

189. Pomadasys starri sp. nov. Burro.

Type, No. 4693, F.C. M., 11% inches in length; Perez, Vera Cruz.

Head 3; depth 32; D. x1, 12; A. 11, 7; scales 9-65-17. Body
elongate, compressed; ventral outline nearly straight; back arched;
profile slightly concave above the eyes, convex at nape; head pointed;
snout bluntish; mouth rather large, low, its gape horizontal; jaws sub-
equal; maxillary reaching slightly past vertical from anterior margin
of pupil, its length 2? in head; teeth villiform, a few in upper jaw
enlarged; eye large, its diameter 41% in head; snout 3 in head; pre-
opercle strongly serrate; origin of dorsal slightly behind origin of
pectoral; dorsal fin deeply notched, longest dorsal spine 2% in head;
second anal spine strong, its tip not reaching to tips of soft rays, its
length 134 in head; caudal fin emarginate, the upper lobe the longer;
least depth of caudal peduncle 31% in the head; soft dorsal and anal

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Famity XIX. Ha&MuLIDA. 201

scaly at base; head, except portion in front of nostrils, scaly; scales
through ctenoid.

One specimen 11% inches in length taken:at Perez. Named for
Dr. Frederic Starr, who more than any one else has studied the
native Indians of Mexico.

190. Pomadasys bayanus Jordan & Evermann.
Pristipoma humile Kner & Steindachner, Sitsgber. Akad. Wiss.
Minch, 1863, 222; Rio Bayano, near Panama.
Pomadasts bayanus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1898, 1331; name a substitute for humile, preoccupied: Gilbert
& Starks, Fishes of Panama Bay, 109, 1904; San Jose del Cabo,
Lower California.

Pacific coast streams, from Cape San Lucas to Panama.

Head 3%; depth 34%; D. xu, 12; A. 111, 7; scales 8-56-20. Body
elongate, elliptical, compressed somewhat, elevated at the nape; an-
terior profile straight from nape to the end of the snout; snout pro-
duced, blunt, rounded, its length 3 to 31% in head; mouth large, the
maxillary reaching to anterior third of eye, its length 22 in head;
diameter of eye 5 in head; preorbital 6%; dorsal fin deeply notched,
its longest spine about 234 in head; second anal spine long and
strong, its length 12% in head; soft dorsal and anal scaly at the base.

Color uniform olivaceous above, silvery below; fins plain.

The two specimens mentioned by Gilbert & Starks are probably
different species, the smaller one from San Jose del Cabo being appar-
ently closely related to Pomadasys templet. The material I have at
hand does not indicate that the very long second anal spine is charac-
teristic of the young.

191. Pomadasys templei sp. nov.

Type, No. 4504, F. C. M., 634 inches in length; Valles, San Luis
Potosi.

Head 34; depth 3%; D. xiirt-12; A. 111, 6; scales 7-57-16. Body
elongate, compressed, the ventral outline nearly straight, back arched;
profile from tip of snout to the origin of dorsal nearly straight; head
pointed; snout bluntish; mouth moderate; the maxillary scarcely
reaching vertical from anterior margin of the eye, its length 3% in
head; mouth little oblique, the margin of the upper lip below the level
of lower margin of eye; snout 3 in head; eye large, 31% in head; pre-
opercle strongly serrate; a large toothed scale-like process just above
angle of opercle; origin of dorsal over origin of pectoral, its first spine
very short, the spines gradually increase in length to the fourth, which
is longest, 14 in head; the next to the last spine is 3% in head; pec-

202 FIELD COLUMBIAN MuszEum—Zo6.ocy, VoL. V.

torals 12 in head; ventrals produced in a short filament, 114 in head;
second anal spine very strong, 1% in head, its tip reaching opposite
base of caudal; caudal fin emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle
3 in head; scales on base of caudal fin, a few on base of anal, but none
on dorsal; head, except a portion anterior to nostrils, scaly; scales
strongly ctenoid.

Color light brownish, silvery, lighter below; body with a few faint
longitudinal bands; opercle with an indistinct black blotch; tips of
vertical fins dark. Length about 12 inches.

The longest specimen in the collection of the Museum is 6 inches.
This species was taken by me at Valles and Perez. Named for Mr.
A. V. Temple, who has played an important part in the industrial and
commercial development of Mexico.

Family XX. Scizenide.
THE CROAKERS.

Body more or less elongate, compressed; scales rather thin, ctenoid;
head prominent and covered with scales; bones of the skull cavernous;
mouth small or large; teeth conical, in one or more series, those of the
outer one being sometimes enlarged; maxillary slipping under the free
edge of the preorbital; no teeth on tongue, vomer, or palatines; pre-
maxillaries protractile; nostrils double; gill membranes separate, free
from the isthmus; lower pharyngeals broad, with enlarged conical or
molar teeth; opercle usually ending in two flat points; spinous portion
of dorsal fin smaller than the soft portion; anal fin with 1 or 2 spines;
ventral fins thoracic, 1 spine and 5 soft rays.

A large family of fishes mostly inhabiting the sandy shores of all
seas, a few species living in fresh water; most of the species reach a
large size.

Subfamily Haploidonotine.

80. Haploidonotus Rafinesque.
River Drums.

Aplodinotus Rafinesque, Jour. de Phys., 1819, 418. (Type,
A plodinotus grunniens Rafinesque.) .

Body oblong, the back elevated and compressed; mouth rather
small, low, horizontal, the lower jaw included; snout blunt; teeth in
villiform bands, the outer above scarcely enlarged; no barbels; gill
rakers short and blunt; lower pharyngeals very large, united, and
with coarse, blunt paved teeth; second anal spine very strong; pyloric
ceece 7; vertebre 10+14 =24.

FaMILyY XX. SCIANIDA. 203

192. Haploidonotus grunniens Rafinesque. FRESH-wATER DRUM;
GASPERGOU. 7

Aplodinotus- grunmiens Rafinesque, Jour. de Phys., 1819, 88; Ohio
River.

Amblodon neglectus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 167;
Rio ‘Grande: Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 12, pl. v, fig. 6-10, 1859;
mouth of the Rio Grande; Matamoras, Tamaulipas.

Corvina oscula Giinther, Cat., 11, 297, 1860.

Aplodinotus grunmiens Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. 5. Nat.
Mus., 1896, 1484: Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U.S. Fish
Comm., 1902, 154, fig. 4; Rio Usumacinta, Montecristo.

Larger streams and lakes of the Mississippi Valley and Great Lake

region, south to Chiapas.

Fic. 65. HAPLOIDONOTUS GRUNNIENS Rafinesque.
No. 2364, U. S. Fish Commission.

Head 3%; depth 234 to 31; D. x, 30; A. 11, 7; scales 90-55 to 60-12
or 13. Body oblong, the back much elevated and compressed; the
profile long, steep, and not much convex; head slightly compressed ;
mouth moderate, subinferior, low; maxillary reaching to the vertical
from the middle of the eye; snout 4 in head; eye 42; interorbital 3%;
dorsal fins connected; ventral with its first ray produced into a fila-
ment; caudal fin truncate; gill rakers short, thickish, 20 on the first
gill arch.

Color grayish silvery, dusky above, with indications of two or three
darker bands over the shoulder; a dark blotch on opercle; dorsal and
caudal fins same as the body, the upper half of the membranes darker;
other fins pale.

This species is a member of a large family inhabiting the sandy
shores of all seas, and is the only member of the family to which it

204 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zoo.toecy, Vou. V.

belongs confined entirely to the fresh waters of North America. It
reaches a weight of 50 pounds; as food fish it is of little value north,
though of quite good quality south, where it is an important market
fish.

Family XXI. Cichlidz.

THE CicHLips; ‘“‘MojarRRAs.”’

_ Body elevated, oblong or elongate, covered with rather large
ctenoid scales; lateral line interrupted, usually ceasing opposite the
end of dorsal fin, then recommencing farther down on middle of caudal
peduncle; mouth terminal; teeth in jaws usually conical, sometimes
lobate or incisor-like; no teeth on vomer or palatines; nostril single on
each side; premaxillaries freely protractile; maxillary slipping under
the broad preorbital; gill membranes often connected; dorsal fin single,
the spinous portion usually longer than the soft portion; anal fin with
3 or more spines, the soft part similar to soft dorsal; lower pharyngeal
bones united into a triangular piece with a median suture; bran-
chiostegals 5 or 6; no pseudobranchie; air bladder present; caudal
fin lunate or rounded:

This family comprises a large number of fresh-water fishes inhab-
iting the rivers of tropical America and Africa. In form, size, appear-
ance and habits they bear a close resemblance to the sunfishes of the
United States. The species known in Mexico are not regarded as
first class game fishes, though as food fishes they are very good.

KEY TO, THE GENERACOR Gl€HLi DAL:

a. Caudal fin rounded, or truncate, its outer rays PAGE
not produced into filaments; pectoral fin short,
rounded, its length 11% to 1% in the head; no
black blotch on the subopercle.
b. Teeth of the outer series all conic; anal spines

Arab Oa TT hen cs th a geeks f ch tintee Wt ct agate a CMR ca Gr Cichlasoma 204
bb. Teeth of the outer series more or less com-
pressed, incisor-like; anal spines-5 to 8.02... Neetroplus 221

aa. Caudal fin lunate or slightly forked, some of
its outer rays produced into a filament; pec-
toral fin long and pointed, its length about
equal to or longer than the head; a. black
blotch on:subopercle =a tne ee Thorichthys 222

81. Ciehlasoma Swainson.

Cichlasoma Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class’n Fishes, etc., 230, 1839.
(Type, Labrus punctatus Bloch.)

Famity XXI. CicHLIDZz. 205

Heros Heckel, Arin. Wiener Mus., 1840, 362. (Type, Heros severus
Heckel, etc.)

Herichthys Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat.-Sci. Phila., 1854,
25. (Type, Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard.)

Body oblong or deep, much compressed; mouth rather small,
terminal, low; premaxillary moderately protractile; lower lip with or
without a frenum; jaws with a single series of rather stout conical
teeth, behind which is a narrow band of villiform teeth; gill mem-
branes slightly connected, free from the isthmus; dorsal spines 14
to 18; anal spines 4 to 11; caudal fin subtruncate or rounded, the
outer rays never produced into a filament; pectoral fin short, its
length less than that of head.

The species of this genus are very difficult to capture with a
seine. They are more skillful in dodging a net, running around the
end or jumping over it, than are any other fishes I have ever collected.
They live in clear, running water, coming out in shallow places in
the sunshine. As any one approaches they hasten at once to deep
water, and hide among roots of trees or under overhanging banks.
After a few minutes they cautiously come out and again proceed
to the shallow water. The adult males are provided with a large
hump of adipose tissue between the nape and the spinous dorsal.

KEY TO,GHE SPECIES OF CICHEASOMA:
a. Mouth large, terminal, the lower jaw very PAGE
strong.
b. Anterior teeth in outer series much enlarged,
canine-like; lower lip with a frenum; anal
SS PRUE Sah Mei Se pet ete tN are Meee ee estes (ke nade ee mento 207
bb. Anterior teeth in outer series not canine-like,
scarcely, if at all, larger than the lateral ones.
c. Anal spines 7 to 9; preorbital 4 in head; post-
orbital 2;)5.
d. Lower jaw strong, mandible 2 in head;
anal spines 7 or 8; lower lip without trace
OilmcredE TMC Yo Never tye We Sue Bi, eee ROR ARI Sk. Sahn saluint 207
dd. Lower jaw less strong, mandible 2% in the
head; anal spines 9; lower lip with an in-
COMP IELER EGE CIMAd 4 37 <a! ates) ROSES BeCNO Ss hedrickt 208
cc. Anal spines 4 to 6.
f. Body elongate, depth 2% to 234.
g. Sides with 4 to 7 ocellated, vertically
expanded black spots below dorsal fin;
Ge palais Ae Levers ts. Bhs, soo or se ae eS, Mek pavonaceum 209

206 FieELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoO.Loey, VOL. V.

gg. No ocellated black spots on sides.
h. Lower lip without trace of a frenum,
sides without dark,vertical barsi.20 1-6... 1s beant
hh. Lower lip with a frenum, or the an-
terior portion not <as. free “as) the
lateral.
i. Lower lip with a well developed frenum;
tips of ventral fins not reaching first
anal spine.
j. Sides with 9 or 1o dark vertical bars;
dorsal spines low, the eighth 3% in
head, the last one 234; bases of ver-
tical fins with a few dark spots........steindachnert
jj. Sides with about 6 dark vertical bars;
dorsal spines higher, the eighth 24
imnead suhelast One. a. cease te ely oe bartont
‘ii. Lower lip without developed frenum,
the lip not as free anteriorly as later-
ally; tips of ventrals reaching second
anal spine; sides with 7 dark vertical

ff. Body deep, its depth 2 to 21% in the length.
k. Lower lip without a frenum; dorsal rays
13 to 15; sides with about 6 dark verti-
CAIDA TS retreats Meaty ahs aah odes tee. cen evermannt
kk. Lower lip with a frenum.
1. Head 334 in body; depth 2; dorsal spines
14 or 1s; teeth in outer series dissimi-
larssome being bitmtly Comic (3s sneer on heterodontum
llehead ostow.; Dexvie teeth in outer
series similar, pointed.
m. Anal spines 5, soft rays 8 or 9, dorsal

fn With! LO‘Ori ET SOlL Pays. . .d acer cyanoguttatum
mm. Anal spines 4; soft rays 11; dorsal
PAU Sit Ballads (takai ella Eee eee ne RL rectangulare

aa. Mouth smaller, low or subinferior; lower jaw
moderate or weak; maxillary 3 to 4 in head.
n. Mouth terminal, the jaw oblique; jaws sub-
equal.
o. Anal spines 8; tip of, ventrals reaching 4th
anal spine.
p. Lower lip without a frenum; a few anterior
teeth canine-like; preorbital 414 in head........ mojarra

PAGE

210

211

212

214

25

215

216

217

Famity XXI. CICHLIDA. 207

pp. Lower lip with a frenum; preorbital 6 in PAGE
RRCAGII APIS cia st «terete tee Ape enact te rg uy MoS a ae octofasciatum 218
oo. Anal spines 5 or 6; lower lip with a frenum,
or its anterior margin slightly free.
q. Body deep, its depth 2 to 2%; sides with
7 dark vertical bars; lateral band faint or
MOINS cis'6 ARcreencio.o bb. 68.0, byoko. dui op ooae og Oba corn a parma 218
qq. Body elongate; depth 2% to 2%; sides
with 7 dark vertical bands, and a con-
spicuous darklateralyband) 0.0... tee, oe melanurum 219
nn. Mouth very small, subinferior; maxillary 32
to 4 in head; lower lip with a broad frenum;
tips of ventral fins not reaching anal fin;
depth 2%.
r. Preorbital 324 in head; soft dorsal of 14 rays..e1genmannit 220
rr. Preorbital 2#in head; soft dorsal of 10 or
TE SEES 0 Sly Seat ce Ney Sa a Se nebulifer 220

193. Cichlasoma mento (Vaillant & Pellegrin).
Heros mento Vaillant & Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
1902, 87; Rio Negro, Southern Mexico.

Head 3; depth 21% to 24; D. xvi-1o; A.v, 7 or 8; scales 6-29-12.
Body rather elongate; lower jaw very strong and prominent; the
outer series of teeth in each jaw large, the anterior ones forming
true canines; lower lip without frenum; eye small, 4% in head, 1%
‘in interorbital area; eye nearer snout than posterior margin of opercle;
6 or 7 rows of scales on the cheeks; dorsal spines increase to the fifth;
middie rays of dorsal and anal produced; the fifth anal spine longer
and stronger than the last dorsal; base of median fins scaly; caudal
rounded; pectoral rounded, 74 length of head.

Color olivaceous, traces of dark punctulations on soft parts of
unpaired fins. Length about 7 inches. (Vaillant & Pellegrin.)

Known only from the type locality.

194. Cichlasoma salvini (Giinther).
Heros salvint Giinther, Cat. Iv., 294, 1862; Rio de Santo Isabel,
Guatemala: Gunther, Fish. Cent. Amer., 460, pl. 73, fig. 3,
1869: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1808,
L520:
Southern Mexico and Guatemala. (Motzorongo; Refugio; El
Eimless Perez) Obispor)
Head.227)3, deptiegt-to 214; Disxvil, ro or 17; AL vit or.vill:
9g; scales 6-29-10. Body rather deep, compressed; anterior half of

208 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoOLoGy, VOL. V.

profile concave, the rest convex; snout rather pointed, the lower jaw
very strong and longer than the upper; mouth large, maxillary 2%
in head; a few of the teeth very strong and canine-like; lower lip
without trace of a frenum; preorbital 4 in head; postorbital 2,5 in
head; diameter of eye 4% in head; mandible 2 in head; eighth
dorsal spine 4 in head, the last 3 in head; middle rays of dorsal
and anal produced, nearly reaching tip of caudal fin in specimens
6 inches long; about to middle of caudal in specimens 3 inches in
length; pectoral 13 in head; ventral with tips somewhat produced,
about reaching base of 4th anal, 114 in head; soft dorsal and anal,
scaly at the base; cheeks with 5 rows of scales; caudal fin rounded;
caudal peduncle 2? in head, its length 1% in its depth.

Color light brownish, side with a dark lateral band, more or less
broken into blotches on posterior half; about five indefinite dark
bars on posterior half of body, the region just below dorsal fin some-
what reticulated; a dark blotch on middle of base of caudal fin; two
indefinite bats across profile between nape and dorsal; a dark streak
at upper and one at lower margin of interorbital area; a dark streak
under eye forward to mouth; a few small dark dots on soft dorsal,
anal and caudal fins; a black blotch on middle of side above end of
pectoral and where the first definite bar on side crosses lateral band.
Length about 8 to ro inches.

Two specimens from Motzorongo have the cheeks reticulated
with blue lines and spots. The dorsal fin is very much produced on
a specimen 5 inches long from Obispo, tip of dorsal fin almost reach-
ing tip of caudal. In a few smaller specimens (2 to 4 inches) the
dorsal rays are little produced, scarcely reaching past base of anal;
individuals from El Hule are the lightest in color, those from Motzo-
rongo the darkest. Specimens less than 3 inches deep have a black
blotch on middle of side.

195. Cichlasoma hedricki sp. nov.

Type, No. 4673, F. C. M.,6.25 inches in length; Obispo, Vera
Cruz:

Abundant in the large rivers of Mexico south of Vera Cruz.
(Vera Cruz; El Hule; Obispo; Perez.)

Head 2%; depth 2?; D. xvm or xymr, 10;' A. 1x, 8; jseales
+—-34-12. Body rather elongate, compressed; profile nearly straight
to nape, from nape to first dorsal spine evenly convex; interorbital
convex, 23 in head; lips thick, the lower with a frenum, not quite
reaching the margin of the lip; lower jaw slightly projecting;
outer series of teeth not much enlarged, far apart; preorbital 4 in
head; postorbital 24!) in head; cheeks with 5 rows of scales; diameter

Famity XXI. CICHLIDA. 209

of eye 4% in the head; dorsal spines rather low; eighth spine 3?
in head, the last spine 234 in head; middle rays of soft dorsal produced,
their tips in specimens 3 inches in length reaching about 4% from base
of caudal, in specimens 7 inches in length to or past middle of caudal;

Fia. 66. CICHLASOMA HEDRICK! Meek.

few scales on base of soft dorsal and anal fins; pectoral fin 12 in
head; ventral with the tips produced, reaching to base of fifth anal
spine; ventral 12 in head; caudal fin much rounded; least depth of
caudal peduncle 2} in head, its length 1% in depth.

Color dark greenish olive, sides with 8 dark vertical bars, the
first at front of spinous dorsal, the first three bars with indefinite
outlines; middle of opercle black; a dark lateral band little wider
than eye on side, seldom extending beyond end of pectoral fin; a
dark bar from eyes across snout, one on interorbital region, and 2
others between nape and origin of dorsal fin; soft dorsal and anal
and caudal fins profusely spotted with black; a dark band along
middle of spinous dorsal, a second band above this from tenth spine
to soft dorsal; ventrals dusky, a black ocellated spot at base of
caudal above lateral line. Length about t2 inches.

Named for Mr. D. W. Hedrick, who superintended the construction
of the large railroad bridges between Vera Cruz and Santa Lucretia,
in recognition of the favors received through his courtesies.

196. Cichlasoma pavonaceum (Garman).
Heros pavonaceus Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1881, 93;
Spring near Monclova, Coahuila: Jordan & Evermann, Bull.
Ag, Us Sp Nate Maus.,\ 189621538:
Known only from the type locality.
Head 224; depth 224; D. xvi, 12; A. v, 8; scales 5-32-12. Body
rather elongate; head as deep as long; eye large, wider than pre-

210 FIELD COoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOooLoGyY, VOL. V.

orbital, its front behind tip of maxillary; jaws equal; 5 rows of scales
on the cheek; fifth dorsal spine the highest; soft dorsal and anal
reaching caudal; tip of pectorals reaching vent.

Color dark brown flecked with pale; 4 to 7 ocellated, vertically
expanded black spots on side below dorsal fin; an ocellated black
spot on base of tail above lateral line; side with ro or r2 faint dark
cross bands. (Garman.)

197. Cichlasoma beani (Jordan).. .

Heros beant Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 332; Rio Presidio,
near Mazatlan: Jordan, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, 473; Rio
Presidio: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1898, 1539: Evermann, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, 2; Rosario,
Sinaloa.

Lowland streams of Sinaloa and Jalisco.

Head 3; depth 2%; D. xv, 11; A. v, 8; scales 5-29-11. Body,
oblong, compressed; head small, profile depressed at interorbital
area, which is flat or slightly concave, its width 2% in head; snout
rather pointed; lower jaw the longer; mouth moderate, maxillary
3 in head; outer series of teeth enlarged, those in front on upper
jaw canine-like; preorbital 4 in head; postorbital 2; lips rather
thin, the lower without a frenum; scales on cheeks in about 5 rows;
spinous dorsal low, the eighth spine 3% in head, the last 234; middle
rays of dorsal and anal much produced, their tips reaching nearly
to tip of caudal fin; pectorals 11% in head; ventrals with rays pro-
duced, their tips reaching base of third anal spine; caudal fin rounded ;
least depth of caudal peduncle 214 in head, its length 114 in its least
depth.

Color light olive, the scales with light margins, giving the fish
a spotted appearance; round brownish spots on dorsal, caudal, and
anal fins; ventrals dusky, the pectorals pale; a light line obliquely
downward and forward to maxillary. Length about 12 inches.

Through the courtesy of Mr. B. A. Bean, I have been perm:tted
to examine 5 specimens of this species, which were taken at Tepic,
December, 1902. It is reported to be an excellent food fish.

198. Cichlasoma steindachneri Jordan & Snyder.

Cichlasoma steindachneri Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., 1900, 143, fig. 20; Rio Verde, Rascon, San Luis Potosi:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1900, 3173.

Basin of the Rio Panuco. (Forlon; Valles; Rascon.)

Head 224; depth 2%; D. xv or xvi, 10; A. v, 7; scales 6-32—mz8

Body rather elongate, compressed; profile convex, not steep; head

FamMILy XXI. CICHLIDA. 2I1

pointed, upper jaw slightly the longer; lips thick, the lower with a well
developed frenum; outer series of teeth enlarged, canine-like; mouth
rather large; maxillary 31% in head; mandible 2; preorbital 31% to 4;
postorbital 234; snout 21%; interorbital very convex, 334 in head;

FIG. 67. CICHLASOMA STEINDACHNERI Jordan & Snyder.
No. 6164, Leland Stanford Jr. University.

cheeks with about 7 rows of scales; dorsal spines rather low, the eighth
3% in head, the last 234 ; dorsal and anal rays not produced, their tips
scarcely reaching past base of caudal fin; pectoral fin 1% in head;
ventral with rays not produced, their tips not reaching first anal spine;
no scales on base of soft dorsal and anal fins; caudal fin slightly
rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% in head, its length equal
to its depth.

Color light brownish; sides with about 9 or ro vertical dark bars;
a dark, irregular band from upper edge of opercle to base of caudal;
this band more or less broken between the bars; a black spot on middle
of base of caudal; sides of head usually profusely speckled with dark
dots; a few of these dots on the lower half of the body; an indefinite
oblong blotch on middle of spinous dorsal; base of vertical fins with a
few dark spots. Length about 8 inches.

199. Cichlasoma bartoni (Bean).
Acara bartont Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1892, pl. xiv, fig. 3,
286; Huasteca Potosina, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
Cichlasoma bartont Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1896, I515.
Heros labridens Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1903, 120;
Huasteca Potosi.
Basin of the Rio Panuco. (Rio Verde.)
Head 234 ; depth 244; D. xv or v1, 10 or 11; A. Vv, 9; scales 7-30-11,
Body elongate, rather deep, compressed; profile convex, not very

212 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoO6.Locy, VoL. V.

steep, snout pointed; jaws equal; lips thick, the lower with a distinct
frenum; mouth rather small, maxillary 3} in head; mandible 23;
snout 2%; preorbital 4 in head; postorbital 2,1; in head; interorbital
convex 34 in head; diameter of eye 4 in head; eighth dorsal spine

Fia. 68. CICHLASOMA BARTONI Bean.

24 in head, last dorsal spine 224 in head; middle rays of dorsal fin

not produced, their tips reaching slightly beyond base of caudal fin;
pectoral fin 114 in head; ventral rays not produced; length of ventral
1% in head, tips not reaching first anal spine; caudal fin rounded;
least depth of caudal peduncle 21%; its length 1% in its depth.

Color dark brownish, sides with about 6 dark indistinct vertical
bars; no lateral band, or a very faint one; a dark caudal spot, sides of
head usually with small dark dots, these sometimes forming reticula-
tions on sides of head and above it; very few or no dark dots on soft
dorsal, anal, or caudal fins. Length about 8 to ro inches.

This species is more robust and has a less pointed snout than
Cichlasoma steindachnerit, which it most resembles. It has coarse,
blunt pharyngeal teeth. A number of specimens examined by me
were taken in the Rio Verde at Rio Verde by Dr. W. L. Tower of the
University of Chicago.

200. Cichlasoma istlanum (Jordan & Snyder).
Heros istlanus Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1900, 144,
fig. 21; Rio Ixtla, at Puente de Ixtla: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., tg900, 3174: Meek, Field Col. Mus.
Pub. 65, 1902, 120; Rio Ixtla; Puente de Ixtla, Morelos; Rio
Balsas, Balsas Guerrero.
Basin of the Rio Balsas. (Yautepec; Jojutla; Chietla; Papayo,
Guerrero, collected by E. W. Nelson.)

Famity XXI. CiIcHLIDA. 213

Head 24; depth 2% to 234; D. xv or Xvi, 10 or 11; A. V or VI, 7
or 8. Body elongate, compressed; head large, mouth large and
strong; maxillary 224 in head; the lower jaw the longer; teeth in the
outer series of both jaws enlarged, not numerous; lips thick, no frenum

FIG. 69. CICHLASOMA ISTLANUM (Jordan & Snyder).
No. 6150, Leland Stanford Jr. University.

in some specimens, a partial one in others; mandible 2} in head;
snout 3%; interorbital convex, 2# in head; preorbital 3%; post-
orbital 21%; diameter of eye 44%; cheeks with about 6 rows of scales;
eighth dorsal spine 3% in head; the last spine 224 to 3; middle rays of
dorsal and anal produced, sometimes reaching past middle of caudal
fin; pectoral fin 1? in head; ventral fins with rays produced into a
filament in larger specimens, the tips reaching second anal spine; in
specimens where the rays are not produced the tips of the caudal fin
do not reach origin of the anal; caudal fin rounded, the least depth of
caudal peduncle 2% in head, its length slightly less than depth.

Color nearly black to a light brownish, each scale with an oblong
dark spot in the center; traces on the smaller and lighter individuals
of about 7 dark vertical bars; smaller individuals (less than 4 inches)
have a black spot on middle of the side, one at base of caudal and one
at upper edge of gill opening; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins spotted with
black; in some specimens the spots on scales very prominent, forming
longitudinal lines on lower half of the body. Length about 12 inches.

This species is very abundant in the Balsas Basin, and at present
is the only member of the family known from it. It is quite variable
in color, some specimens from Yautepec being nearly black on the lower
half of the body, or with scattered black blotches. The nuchal hump
is developed quite well in males 7 inches in length. In the speci-
mens from Yautepec the ovaries are little developed and give no

214 FieELD CoLUMBIAN MusEumM—ZoOo.Locy, VoL. V.

evidence of approximate spawning time. This species and the large
catfish found in the Balsas Basin are the most important food fishes
of that region.

201. Cichlasoma evermanni sp. nov.

Type, No. 4227, F.C. M.,.5.25 inches im length; Tehuantepec
Oaxaca. (Téhuantepec.)

Rio Tehuantepec. (Tehuantepec.)

Fia. 70. CICHLASOMA EVERMANNI Meek.

Head 24; depth 2%; D. xiv or xv, 13 to 15; A. v, 8 or-9; scales
7-32-12. Body deep, compressed; the profile rather steep, its an-
terior half slightly concave, the posterior half convex; mouth rather
large, the maxillary 3% in head, its tip not quite reaching vertical
from anterior margin of the eye; jaws equal; teeth in each jaw ina
band, the anterior row slightly enlarged; lips moderately thick, the
lower with no distinct frenum, though not quite so free at the sym-
phisis as laterally; preorbital broad, 34% in head; postorbital 2% ;
interorbital 234; diameter of eye 334 to 4 in head; cheeks with 5 rows
of scales; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 2% in the body; dorsal
spines gradually increasing in size to about fifth, longest (eighth) 3 in
head; in the largest specimens (5 inches in length) the middle rays of
the dorsal are produced, their tips reaching past the middle of the
caudal fin; in smallest specimens (4 inches in length) tips of dorsal
and anal rays reach slightly past base of anal; pectoral fin 1 in
head; ventral with the tips produced in the larger individuals; tips in
the young scarcely reaching base of first anal spine, in adults to fourth
anal spine; caudal fin truncate; caudal peduncle deep, its least
depth 2 in head, its length 114 in its least depth.

Famity XXI. CICHLIDA. 215

Color dark olivaceous, sides with 6 dark vertical bars, each
wider than the interspaces, the first bar across opercle, the second
one begins at base of fourth anal spine; no lateral band, or’a very
indistinct one; no definite blotches on sides; a small black caudal spot
just above lateral line; vertical fins with some small black spots, or
none on darker specimens; fins all dusky; no bars on profile; many
scales have dark centers. Length about 8 inches. Several specimens
taken at Tehuantepec.

Named for Dr. Barton W. Evermann, in recognition of his services
to American Ichthyology.

202. Cichlasoma heterodontum (Vaillant & Pellegrin).
Heros heterodonius Vaillant & Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Paris, 1902, 85; Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Head 334; depth 2; D. x1v—xv, 12; A. v, 9; scales 6-28-14. Body
deep; jaws subequal; lower lip with a frenum; the teeth in outer series
dissimilar, few cylindro-conical, the others simply cylindrical, with
worn tips, being intermediate between this genus and Neetroplus;
eye 3% in the head, 1% in interorbital space, 1% to 1% inthe length
of the snout; cheeks with 5 rows of scales; dorsal spines gradually
increase to the fifth; the last anal spine is as long and stronger than
the last dorsal spine; caudal fin rounded; base of soft parts of un-
paired fins scaly; pectoral more than 34 length of the head.

Color brownish, with traces of 6 dark transverse bands and a dark
caudal spot; the fins dark with some darker punctulations. Length
about 5 inches (Vaillant & Pellegrin).

203. Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum (Baird & Girard).
Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1854, 25; Rio Grande, Brownsville, Texas: Girard, Mex.
Bd. Sur., 30, pl-iv, figs. 9-12, 1859; Laguna, Ft. Brown, Texas;
Matamoras, Mexico; Rio San Juan, near Cadereita and Cader-
eita, Nuevo Leon.
Heros cyanoguttatus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S.-Nat. Mus.
1896, 1537: Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1900,
144; lagoons at Tampico.

Heros temporatus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 321;
Victoria, Tamaulipas.

Atlantic coast rivers from Texas to the Rio Panuco and Tabasco.
(Monterey; Montemorelos; San Juan; Linares; La Cruz; Garza Valdez;
Santa Engracia; Victoria; Forlon; Rascon.)

Head 3; depth 214; D. xvi, 10 or 11; A. v, 8 or 9; scales 7-33-12.

216 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEUuM—ZOOLOGY, ,VOL. V.

Body deep, compressed; profile with a quite even curve, except in
males with the nuchal hump; mouth moderate; maxillary 234 in
head; mandible 2% ; jaws equal, or the lower the longer in males; outer
series of teeth conical, enlarged; lips moderately thick, the lower with
a frenum; preorbital 2? in head; postorbital 21%; interorbital very
convex, 21% in head; diameter of eye 41% in head; cheeks with 5 rows
of scales; eighth dorsal spine 22 in head; last dorsal spine 2;1,; the
middle rays of dorsal and anal produced, reaching in the male shghtly
past the middle of the caudal fin, in female to about middle of caudal
fin; pectoral fin 24% in head; ventral with their rays produced, their
tips reaching third anal spine; ventrals slightly longer than the head;
caudal fin rounded; least depth 12 in head; length of caudal pe-
duncle 12 in the depth.

Color olivaceous, 5 indistinct dark bars on the posterior half of the
body; a black caudal spot, shghtly more than half above the lateral
line; many small. white spots on sides, being most numerous on head
ventral surface, head and caudal peduncle; white spots on vertical
fins, being most numerous on the base of soft dorsal and anal, and on
caudal fin; ventrals black or very dark; pectorals light. -Many half
grown and adult individuals with posterior half of body and ventral
region below base of pectoral fin black. Males of this species, 7
inches long and over, have a well developed nuchal hump. Length
about 12 inches.

At La Cruz I succeeded in catching a large number of adults of
this species. Many of the smaller males and all of the females had no
nuchal hump. All of the larger males had the hump more or less
developed. The sexual organs of the males were undeveloped. The
ovaries of the females of some specimens were a little more developed
than in others, but none were at all near the spawning period, and
there was no evidence that would indicate the approximate time of
spawning.

204. Cichlasoma rectangulare (Steindachner).
Acara rectangularis Steindachner, Chromiden Mexicos, 1864, 1;
Mexico.
Cichlasoma rectangulare Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Miss; 1506.37 .5 rs:

Distribution unknown.

Head 34%; depth 22; D. xvi; 235 A. 1v,11; scales 21-335 sod
moderately elongate, the back considerably arched; profile depressed
before the eye, which is in the middle of the head; maxillary reaching
front of eye; outer teeth large, somewhat canine-like; lower lip with a
frenum; eye 42 in head; preorbital 3% in head; 7 rows of scales on

Famiry XXI. CICHLIDA. 2a

the cheek; dorsal spines rather low and strong; soft dorsal and anal
moderately high and pointed; ventrals longer than pectoral, 14) in
head; soft dorsal and anal with small scales at base; caudal fin rounded.
Color dark brown; a narrow brown vertical streak on each scale
posteriorly; a broad blackish band beginning behind eye running
backward along body to opposite first soft ray of anal, then turn-
ing abruptly to base of caudal; soft dorsal and caudal with alte nate
rows of yellow and dirty blue spots on the membranes; fins mostly
bluish, dotted with black. Length 71% inches (Steindachner).
Known only from the above account.

205. Cichlasoma mojarra sp. nov.
Type, No. 4718, F. C. M., 2.35 inches in length; San Geronimo,
Oaxaca. .

FiG. 71. CICHLASOMA MOJARRA Meek.

Head 22; depth 2%; D. xvi, 10; A. vill, 7; scales 8-32-12. Body
elliptical, compressed; profile with a slight angle between eyes, and
slightly convex from nape to dorsal fin; mouth moderate, maxillary
3 in head; snout 314 in head; lips rather thick, the lower without trace
of a frenum; jaws equal; mandible 214 in head; teeth conical, a few
in front canine-like; preorbital narrow, 434 in head; postorbital 2%
in head; interorbital 32 in head; cheeks with 5 rows of scales; opercles
scaly; diameter of eye 22 in head; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 2%
in the body; the first four dorsal spines low, the fourth about 3 the
length of the fifth, longest (eighth) dorsal spine 2? in head; dorsal
rays not produced, the longest 12 in head; tip of dorsal opposite tips
of anal when the fins are deflexed; the dorsal and anal rays reaching
about 1% distance to base of caudal fin; pectorals 1? in head; ventrals

218 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zoo.Locy, VoL. V.

1% in head, their tips slightly produced and reaching base of fourth
anal spine; caudal fin rounded; caudal peduncle deep, its least depth
21% in head; length of caudal peduncle about 1% in its least depth.
Color light brownish, sides with 7 dark vertical bars, each wider
than the interspaces, the first bar across nape ending in a dark humeral
spot about 24 size of eye, the second bar at base of first four dorsal
spines, the last bar on caudal peduncle; a dark ocellated spot at base
of caudal slightly above middle; a dark spot on fourth caudal bar
below lateral line; tips of ventrals and anal blackish; interorbital area
dark; a dark bar on nape in front of the one ending in a humeral spot.

206. Cichlasoma octofasciatum (Regan).
Heros cyanoguttatus Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U.S. Fish
Comm., 1902, 157; Montecristo, Tabasco.

Heros octofasciatus Regan, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Geneva, 1903, 417,

pl.13, fig. 1; Mexico.

Southern Mexico to Honduras.

Head 22; depth 2; D. xvil to xIx-8 to 10; A. vill to x—3 tome,
scales 5-29-12 to 14. Body deep, compressed; snout short, about as
long as diameter of eye; lower lip with a frenum; eye large, 3 (young)
to 4% in head, and equaling interorbital width; preorbital straight,
its width 14 to 4 diameter of eye; dorsal spines gradually increasing
to the seventh, the others subequal; pectoral 114 in head; tips of ven-
trals reaching fourth anal spine; caudal peduncle short, its depth 134
to 21% times its length.

Color, seven obscure dark bands on sides, another at base of caudal
fin; a black spot on third band just below lateral line; a similar but
smaller spot on upper half of base of caudal; soft parts of unpaired
fins obscurely spotted; usually some light blue spots on the head,
and one on each scale of side of body. Length 5 inches. (Regan.)

207. Cichlasoma parma (Giinther).
Heros parma Giinther, Cat., Iv, 285, 1862; Mexico and Guate-
mala: Giinther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 449, 1869; Guatemala.
Cichlasoma parma Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. 5S. Fish
Comm., 1896, 1519: Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U. S.
Fish Comm., 1902, 156; Montecristo: Meek, Field Col. Mus.
Pubries.'t902, 120, La Antigua.
Large rivers of Mexico which empty into the Gulf south of Vera
Cruz. (San Francisco; Vera Cruz; Boca del Rio; Obispo; Perez.)
Head 3; depth 2 to 2%4; D. Xvi or XVII, 12 or 13; A. vi, 8 or 9; scales
7-33-12. Body rather deep, compressed, profile steep; mouth rather
small, the maxillary not reaching vertical from anterior margin of the

PLATE XV, ZOOLOGY.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

ther).

7un

CICHLASOMA PARMA ((

ield Columbian Museum,

4

4570, F

No.

Famiry XXI. CicHLipz. 219

orbit; maxillary 324 in head; mandible 2% to 3; jaws equal; lips
moderately thick, the lower with a frenum in large specimens (in small
specimens, 5 inches or less, the frenum not complete); preorbital 4
in head; postorbital 2}; diameter of eye 41%; dorsal spines rather
high, the eighth spine 24% in head, the last one 2; anal and dorsal rays
not much produced, their tips reaching slightly beyond base of caudal
fin; pectoral fin 114 in head; ventral 1%, its rays slightly produced,
the tips of longest reaching to first anal spine; least depth of caudal
peduncle 21% in head, its length 1% in its depth; caudal fin rounded.

Color olivaceous with 7 dark vertical bars; an indistinct longitu-
dinal band from opercle to base of caudal, ending in a dark spot at base
of caudal fin; fins dusky. Length about 14 inches.

This species resembles C. melanurus. It is deeper and does not
have a prominent lateral band. One of the most abundant species
of Cichlids in southern Mexico.

208. Cichlasoma melanurum (Gitnther).

Heros melanurus Gunther, Cat., 1v, 1862, 228; Lago de Peten,
Guatemala: Gunther, Fish. Cent. Amer. 450, pl. 72, fig. 3,
1869; Lago de Peten, Guatemala.

Heros fenestratus B. A. Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1892, 541;
Santa Maria, Vera Cruz.

Cichlasoma melanurum Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1896, 1523: Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., 1902, 157; Montecristo, Teapa: Meek, Field Col. Mus.
Pub: 65; 1902, 1203 Cuicatlan.

Large rivers of tropical America south of the city of Vera Cruz and
Tehuantepec. (Vera Cruz; Otopa; Motzorongo; Obispo; Perez; San
Geronimo. )

Head 3%; depth 2% to 2%; D. xvi, 10; A. vi or vit; scales 6—34—
tr. Body elongate, moderately compressed, profile rather steep;
head short; mouth moderate, the maxillary not reaching to vertical
from anterior margin of the pupil, 34 in head; lips thick, a broad
frenum in adult specimens, a shallow groove in young; upper jaw
slightly the longer; preorbital 3% in head; postorbital 214; snout 2%;
mandible 28 to 3; diameter of eye 414; seventh or eighth dorsal spine
34 in head, last spine 23; dorsal and anal rays not much produced,
their tips scarcely reaching past base of caudal; pectoral fin 1% in
head; tips of ventrals not reaching anal, 11% in head; caudal fin
rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 21% in head, its length 114 in
its least depth.

Color dark olivaceous; sides with about 7 black vertical bars, each
narrower than the interspaces, sometimes the bands are not all dis-

220 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEumM—ZOoO.LoGy, VoL. V.

tinct; a broad lateral band running from just above pectoral to middle
of caudal peduncle; no black caudal spot; fins dusky, unicolor. Length
about 15 inches.

This species resembles Cichlasoma parma, but it is more slender, and
the dark lateral band is much more prominent. :

209. Cichlasoma eigenmanni Meek.
Cichlasoma eigenmannt Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 119;
Venta Salada.

Upper tributaries of the Rio Papaloapam.

Head ‘314; depth 22%; D: xvi, 145 A. v, to; scales 6-33-18 Saboaa
elongate; profile convex, not very steep; mouth small, low, terminal;
jaws subequal; maxillary not reaching anterior margin of orbit; its
length 32 in head; mandible 3} in head; preorbital 3% in head;
postorbital 2%; snout 24; lips thin, the lower with a broad frenum;
eighth dorsal spine 27% in head, the last spine 21%; dorsal and anal
rays not produced, their tips scarcely reaching base of caudal; pec-
toral 11% in head; ventral 12, their tips not reaching vent; least depth
of caudal peduncle 21 in head, its length being about } greater than
its depth.

Color brownish, six indistinct dark bands on sides; a dark lateral
band which ends in a black spot at base of caudal; fins all plain.
Length 7 inches or over.

210. Cichlasoma nebulifer (Ginther).
Chromis nebulifer Gtinther, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1860, 318;
Mexico.
Heros nebulifer Giinther, Cat., Iv, 297, 1860; Mexico.
Cichlasoma nebuliferun Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1898, 1524.

Eastern lowland streams of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. (San
Juan Evangelista.)

Head 32; depth 224); D. xvii or XVIII, Io or 11; A. V1, 8 OrQ;aseales
6-36-11. Body elongate, much compressed; profile much curved, its
anterior half very steep; mouth small, subinferior, maxillary 4 in head;
mandible 3%; lips moderately thick, the lower with a broad frenum;
jaws equal, the anterior teeth rather strong; about 5 rows of embedded
scales on the cheeks; preorbital 24 in head; postorbital 214; inter-
orbital very convex, 214 in head; diameter of eye 4 in head; dorsal spines
rather high, eighth 21% in head, the last spine 214; middle rays of dor-
sal not produced, their tips reaching base of caudal; pectoral 13 in
head; ventral rays not produced, their tips not reaching to first anal
spine; ventral 114 in head; caudal fin truncate; least depth of caudal
peduncle 21% in head, its length about % greater than its depth.

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FaMILy XXI. CICHLIDA. 221

Color light olivaceous, sides with about 6 indistinct vertical bands;
side with a dark lateral band on middle of side, ending in a large black
caudal spot; fins rather dark and without spots or any markings.
Length about 14 inches.

Note.—The two following descriptions are too brief to indicate
their position in the preceding lst.

Cichlasoma deppii (Heckel).
Heros deppit Heckel, Brasil. Fluss-Fische, 382, 1840; Mexico: Giinther, Cat.,
Vi 20h LO 02),

Cichlasoma deppii Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 1524.

Head 334; depth 3; D. xvu, 10; A. vi, 8; scales 17-30. Lower lip with a
frenum; 6 rows of scales on the cheek; dorsal spines 4 in head.

Color brownish; tail with 6 obsolete dark cross bands, the last with a black
spot. (Heckel.)

Cichlasoma montezuma (Heckel).
Heros moniezuma Heckel, Brazil. Fluss-Fische, 1840, 383; Mexico: Gtinther,
Cate ive 200, 1862.
Cichlasoma montezuma Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. 5. Fish Comm.,
1896, 1518.
D. xvi, 11; A.v, ?; scales 30. Lower lip with a frenum; 5 rows of scales on
the cheek; body with 6 dark cross bands, the last around root of caudal and
marked with a black spot. (Heckel.)

82. Neetroplus Gitnther.

Neetroplus Ginther, Fish. Cent. America, 469,1869. (Type, Neetro-
plus nematops Gunther.)
This genus differs from Cichlasoma chiefly in having anteriorly a
row of flat, incisor-like teeth, behind which is a band of villiform teeth.
In the numerous specimens of Neetroplus carpintis examined by
me, the incisor-like teeth are not always evident, which indicates
some doubt as to the validity of the genus.

211. Neetroplus carpintis Jordan & Snyder.

Neetroplus carpintis Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1900, 146, fig. 22; Laguna de Carpinte, Tampico; Rio Verde
Rascon: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1g00,
3175-

Lowland streams of northeastern Mexico, Rio Panuco to the Rio
Grande, abundant. (San Juan; Linares; Garza Valdez; La Cruz;
Santa Engracia; Victoria; Forlon; Valles.)

Eleadre depthy1? to 2; Di xvi, ro; A. v, 8 or 9; scales 7-33-12.
Body deep, much compressed; profile convex, quite steep; interorbital
convex, 21% in head; mouth moderate, maxillary 3% in head; man-
dible 214; preorbital 22; postorbital 24%; snout 2#; diameter of eye
41% in head; jaws equal; outer series of teeth enlarged, some being
more or less incisor-like; lips thick, the lower with a narrow, well devel-
oped frenum; cheeks with about 5 rows of scales; eighth dorsal spine

222 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zoo.Locy, VoL. V.

2 in head, the last spine 134; middle rays of dorsal and anal fins pro-
duced, their tips in females reaching about middle of caudal, in
the larger males to within 1% of tip of caudal; pectoral fin 1% in
head ; ventral fins produced, their tips reaching base of third anal spine,
the fin being shghtly longer than the head; caudal fin rounded;
least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head, its length 134 in its depth.

Color dark brownish, about 5 dark vertical bands on posterior
half of the body; a black caudal spot about 24 of which is above the
lateral line; soft dorsal, soft anal and caudal fin with some transparent
blotches; a few dark spots about 1% size of pupil on upper anterior
half of body, a few smaller dark dots on cheek and preorbital areas;
under side of head, breast, base of pectoral and ventrals nearly black.

The larger males (9 inches in length) have a well developed nuchal
hump. Length about 12 inches.

835. Thorichthys gen. nov.

Type, Thorichthys elliott Meek.

Body deep, much compressed; mouth rather small; caudal fin
lunate, its outer rays produced into a filament; pectoral fin long and
pointed, about as long or longer than head; subopercle with a black
blotch, otherwise as in Cichlasoma. (@pwoxw, to leap, /zOus, fish.)

On all specimens of this group collected by me there is no trace of
a nuchal hump. Individuals of the two species here listed from
southern Mexico are not large, as none of those collected by me exceeds
a length of 6 inches. These two species are very variable, though
they represent a quite distinct type of Cichlids. The following species
from Mexico and Central America apparently belong to this group:

Thorichthys aureus (Giinther), Rio Motagua and at Yzabel, Guate-

mala.

Thorichthys affinis (Ginther), Lake Peten, Guatemala.

Thorichthys fredrichsthalt (Heckel), Rio San Juan, Nicaragua.

Thorichthys rostratus (Gill & Bransford), Lake Nicaragua.

Thorichthys longimanus (Giinther), Lake Nicaragua.

KEY TO:THE SPECIES, OF THORICHTHYs:

a. Dorsal spines high, longest 14 to 2 in head; PAGE
cheeks. with small) blue Spotsitvry.\acteteslectene.8: teneete ees hellert 223
aa. Dorsal spines lower, the longest 23 in head;
cheeks with black spots, some of which are
large. as: PUpile.G 7 .54.. aace- mete toe Screen ete ne tee elliott 223

Famity XXI. CICHLIDA. 223

212. Thorichthys helleri (Steindachner).

Heros hellert Steindachner, Chromiden Mexicos, 1864, 8; Rio Teapa,
Tabasco, Mexico.

Cichlasoma hellert Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., |
1800, E527.

Heros macultpinnis Steindachner, Chromiden Mexicos, 1864, 13;
Rio Zanopa, Mexico: B. A. Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1892,
541; Santa Maria, Vera Cruz: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
Urs: Nat. Mus:, 23808; 1520.

Lowland streams of Mexico which empty into the Gulf south of the
city of Vera Cruz. (Otopa; El Hule; Obispo; Perez; San Juan Evan-
gelista.)

Head 224; depth 2 to 24; D. xvi or xvil, 9; A. VII or VilI-7 or 8;
scales 6-30, 12. Body rather deep, much compressed; mouth mod-
erate, maxillary 3% in head; lips rather thick, the lower with a frenum;
jaws equal, outer series of teeth little enlarged; preorbital 3 to 34 in
head; postorbital 214; interorbital 3; diameter of eye 3% in head;
cheeks with about 5 rows of scales; eighth dorsal spine 2} in head; last
dorsal spine 14 to 2; middle rays of soft dorsal and anal produced
into a filament which extends about to or past middle of caudal fin;
pectoral fin long and slender, pointed, its length equal to that of
head; ventrals with their tips produced, reaching base of sixth anal
spine, their length slightly more than the length of head; caudal fin
lunate, the tips of outer rays produced into short filaments; least
depth of caudal peduncle 22 in the head; its length 1# in its depth;
gill rakers short, about 12 on first gill arch.

Color light olivaceous, sides with 6 rather indistinct dark cross-bars;
a black blotch on third band below lateral line and at extremity of
pectoral fin; a black blotch on opercle in front of pectoral fin; side of
head with a few small blue spots, occasionally a few dark dots with
blue centers; blue spots on soft dorsal, soft anal, and caudal fin; mem-
brane of spinous dorsal slightly lighter near its tip. Length about 6
inches.

These little fishes are exceedingly numerous in small isolated
ponds, especially where there is a considerable amount of vegetation.
They are attracted by anything which enters the water and will jump
out of it in an apparently playful mood. Where abundant they are
easily caught in the hand, for as soon as your fingers touch the water
they will come leaping toward you.

213. Thorichthys ellioti sp. nov.
Type, No. 4727, F. C. M., 5% inches in length; Motzorongo,
Vera Cruz.

224 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoOLOoGyY, VOL. V.

scales 7-30-13. Body rather elongate, compressed; profile nearly
straight to nape, more curved from nape to first dorsal spine; mouth
rather small, maxillary 3% in head; jaws equal, outer series of teeth

Head 2%; depth 2} to 24%; D. xvi or xvi, 8; A. vil to 1x, Gor 7

FiG. 72. THORICHTHYS ELLIOT! Meek.

little enlarged; lips thick, the lower with a frenum; preorbital 3 in
head; postorbital 214; diameter of eye 32 in the head; eighth dorsal
spine 2% in head; last spine 23; middle rays of dorsal produced in
adults, their tips reaching to or past middle of caudal fin; pectoral
long and rather slender, its length 1% in head; ventral with its rays
produced, their tips reaching sixth anal spine; length of ventral 14
in head; caudal fin lunate, its outer ray usually produced into a short
filament; least depth of caudal peduncle 22 in head, its length
slightly less than its depth; gill rakers very short, about 12 on first gill
arch.

Color dark olivaceous, sides with 6 indistinct cross-bars; a black
blotch on side below lateral line at extremity of pectoral fin; no black
caudal spot; a black blotch on opercle just in front of pectoral fin;
cheeks with black spots, some of which have blue centers; some of
these spots as large as the pupil; many of the scales on lower half
of the sides have dark centers forming lateral stripes along the rows of
scales; a few transparent spots on the soft dorsal, soft anal, and caudal
fin; a light stripe near tip of spinous dorsal, a similar one on anal.

This species differs from Thorichthys hellert chiefly in having a
darker color, and in having the large black spots on the side of the
head; the dorsal fin is also lower, and the fish is more elongate.

Fam. XXI. CICHLIDA. Fam. XXII. Gosiipe. 225

Named for Professor D. G. Elliot, Curator of the Department of
Zoology, Field Columbian Museum, whose kind interest and coép-
eration have much aided and encouraged the writer in the preparation
of this paper.

Family XXII. Gobiidse.
THe GosBiess; ‘‘ABOMAS.”’

Body oblong or elongate, naked or covered with ctenoid or cycloid
. scales; teeth usually small; premaxillaries protractile; suborbital
without bony stay; opercle unarmed; preopercle unarmed or with a
short spine; pseudobranchiz present; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth;
gill membranes united to the isthmus; no lateral line; dorsal fins con-
nected or not; ventral fins close together, separate, or completely
united, when united forming a sucking disk, a cross fold of skin at
their base completing the cup; no pyloric coeca; usually no air bladder.
Carnivorous fishes usually of small size living on the bottoms near
shores in warm regions; some live in fresh water.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF GOBIIDA.

a. Ventral fins separate, the rays 1, 5; body scaly. PAGE
b. Vomer with a broad patch of villiform teeth;
skull above with conspicuous ridges............ Philypnus 226

bb. Vomer without teeth, skull without crests.
c. Body short, rather deep; scales large, less

unan Aer im thes lateral Series. lie ek a Dormitator 227
cc. Body long and slender; scales:small, more
thanteqvoum the lateral Series... 4.155 feels oe els ew oe Eleotris 228

aa. Ventral fins united, forming a sort of disk
which is free from the belly.

d. Maxillary normal, not produced behind the
oval opening; supraoccipital and temporal
ridges continuous; scales ctenoid; dorsal

spines 6.
f. Inner edge of shoulder girdle without fleshy
dermal Haps; preorbital region Short 72.2: ....0)... Gobius 229

ff. Inner edge of shoulder girdle with 2 or 3
dermal flaps; preorbital region very long. .Chonophorus 232

dd. Maxillary much produced backward, ex-
tending beyond gill opening in the adult;

supraorbital and temporal crests not con-
PUMULOUSeSCaAles cyclo. 2/2!) Skeets Sede alge OS Guillichthys 234

226 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOO6OLOoGY, VOL. V.

Subfamily Eleotridine.
84. Philypnus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
METAPIL.

Plulypnus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x11, 255, 1837.
Type, Gobtomorus dormttor Lacépede.

Body elongate, terete anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; head
elongate, much depressed above; mouth large, lower jaw much pro-
jecting; teeth in jaws small, slender, recurved, the outer scarcely
enlarged; teeth on vomer villiform, in a broad, crescent-shaped patch;

’

gill openings extending forward to below posterior angle of mouth;

the isthmus very narrow; scales ctenoid, covering most of the head;
no preopercular spine; ventral fins separate, the rays 1, 5.

214. Philypnus dormitor (Lacépede). Merapiv. :
Gobtomorus dormitor Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 599, 1798;
Martinique.

Eleotris dormitatrix Gunther, Cat., 111, 119, 1861; Mexico.

Philypnus dormitor Girard, Mex. Bd. Sur., 29, pl. x11, fig. 13, 1859;
mouth of the Rio Grande: Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1860, 122; mouth of the Rio Grande: Jordan & Evermann,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 2194: Jordan & Snyder, Bull.
U. S. Fish Comm., 1900, 147; lagoons near Tampico: Meek,
Field-Col.MussPub., 655 1002; 120s ba Antiouar

Philypunus lateralis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 123;
Cape San Lucas: Jordan, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, 493; Rio
Presidio and Astillero: Rutter, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1896, 264;
fresh water at San Jose del Cabo, Lower California; Jordan &
Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 2195; Rio Presidio,
near Mazatlan, Mexico.

Gobitomorus dormitator B. A. Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18098,

542; Dominica and Santa Maria, Vera Cruz.

Fresh water streams of tropical America, from Tamaulipas and
Sonora to Panama, not found on the Mexican plateau. (Santa Engracia;
Forlon; Valles; Rascon; San Francisco; Boca del Rio; Motzorongo;
Obispo; Perez; Tehuantepec; La Vega, Tamaulipas [Evermann]).

Head 22 to 3; depth 5 to 53%; D. vr-10; A. 1, 9; scales 50 to 60.
Body elongate, compressed posteriorly; head long, much depressed;
mouth large, lower jaw projecting; interorbital area nearly flat, its
width 4 in head; maxillary 22 to 234 in head, its tip reaching vertical
from pupil; teeth on jaws in a band, depressible; diameter of eye 6 to
7 in head; distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal 2% in body;
pectoral 124 in head; ventral 21% in head; scales on entire body except

Famity XXII. GosrIpa. 227

end of snout; those on anterior part of the body smaller than those
on the posterior part.

Color dark brownish above, lighter below; an interrupted dark
lateral band, in specimens a foot or more in length obsolete; anal and
ventral fins pale, the other fins dusky and distinctly mottled; spinous
dorsal margined with blackish; head often with dark spots. Length
2uteeh-OF More.

Philypnus lateralis is said to differ from Philypnus dormitor in
brighter color and the more distinct lateral band; young specimens in
our collection from La Antigua have as distinct a lateral band as do
specimens of the same size from Tehuantepec.

85. Dormitator Gill.

PUNECAS.
Dormitator Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 240. (Type,
Dormitator gundlachi Gill.)

Body robust, somewhat compressed; head broad and flat above;
mouth little oblique, lower jaw little projecting; teeth in jaws, none
on vomer; lower pharyngeal teeth stiff and blunt, the bones with a
broad, flexible, and lamelliform rudimentary gill filament; scales large,
ctenoid; no preopercular spine; supraoccipital crest low.

215. Dormitator maculatus (Bloch). Guavina; PUNECAS; PARGETA;
La PAPEQUE.
Sciena maculata Bloch, Ichth., pl. 299, fig. 2, 1790, West Indies.
Eleotris sima Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 232, 1837;
Vera Cruz,

Eleotris inaculata Gtinther, Cat., 111, 112, 1861. :

Eleotris somnolentus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 169;

near the mouth of the Rio Grande.

Dormitator maculatus Jordan, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, 493; Rio

Presidio, near Mazatlan: Rutter, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1896,
°265; Rio San Jose, San Jose del Cabo, Lower California: Jordan
& Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 2196.

West Indies, both coasts of America from South Carolina and Cape
San Lucas to Panama and Para. (Boca del Rio; El Hule; Obispo;
Perez.)

ileades Aradepna 3% ; Di vit, 8; A. 1,9 or_10; scales; 10-30.
Body robust, somewhat compressed, profile much decurved; head
broad, interorbital nearly flat, 14 in head; snout bluntish; mouth
terminal, oblique, maxillary reaching vertical from anterior margin
of orbit; teeth in jaws villiform, in bands; no teeth on vomer; eye 4

228 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoO6OLoGyY, VoL. V.

in head; origin of dorsal fin shghtly nearer last ray of soft dorsal, 2%
in body; pectoral nearly equaling length of head; ventral 1% in head;
caudal fin rounded; least depth of caudal peduncle 1? in head.

Color brownish; sides with 8 or g light irregular bars running
downward and slightly forward; a dark humeral blotch; a dark bar
on base of pectoral; a dark streak below eye to posterior angle of the
mouth; 2 to 4 dark bands from eye and below eye to posterior margin
of preopercle; vertical fins more or less spotted with darker; haired
fins without blotches. Length 1°to 2 feet.

This species usually inhabits salt or brackish water.

86. Eleotris Bloch & Schneider.

Eleotris Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 65, 1801. (Type, Gobius

pisonis Gmelin.)

Body elongate, slender, compressed posteriorly; head long, flat-
tened above, without spines or crests, and almost entirely scaly; mouth
large, oblique, the lower jaw projecting; lower pharyngeals rather
broad, the teeth small, bluntish; preopercle with a small concealed
spine below, its tip hooked forward; eyes small, high, anterior; isthmus
broad; ventral fins separate, rays 1, 5; scales moderate, mostly ctenoid,
45 to 60 in the lateral series; vertebre about 26.

A small group of fishes inhabiting warm seas; a few enter fresh
water.

KMEYATOs DHE SSPE GIES. OF Ee OmRIS:
a. Teeth subequal, those of the inner or outer series PAGE

enlarged? scaleseallctenoid tse 4.0. ae Ses oe pisonis 228
aa. Teeth all equal; scales of dorsal and ventral

resions cycloidy those.on sides .chenoids) ja:.26- 2 pictus 229

216. Eleotris pisonis (Gmelin). GuAVINA TETARD; SLEEPER.
Gobius pisonits Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1206, 1788 (based on Eleotris
capite plagioplateo of Gronow; after Marcgrave & Piso, Hist.
Brasil... 1V, 166,-1648 > Brazil):

Eleotris pisonis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. 5S. Nat. Mus.,
1898, 2200.

Streams of the West Indies and of Tropical America, from southern
Florida to Brazil. (Vera Cruz: Boca del Rio.)

Head 3 to 3%; depth 4%; D. vi-1, 8; A. 1, 8; scales 60. Body
elongate, not much compressed; head depressed, flat; interorbital
area 3 in head; mouth large, maxillary reaching vertical from the
pupil; lower jaw projecting; snout 5 in head; jaws with bands of valli-
form teeth, none on vomer and palatines; eye 5% in head; top of
head, opercle, and cheeks covered with scales; a stout, concealed spine

FamMiIty XXII. GopsliDaé. 229

projecting downward on edge of preopercle; distance from origin of
dorsal to tip of snout 2% in the body.

Color brownish; fins with dark spots and wavy lines; ventrals
dusky; two dark stripes behind orbit. Length 6 or 7 inches.

217. Eleotris pictus Kner & Steindachner. GuAVINA.

Eleotris pictus Kner & Steindachner, Abh. Wiss. Wien, 1864, pl.
3, fig. 1; Rio Bayano, near Panama.

Culius equideus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 5. Nat. Mus., 1881,
461; Rio Presidio, near Mazatlan.

Eleotris pictus Rutter, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1896, 265; fresh waters
at San Jose del Cabo, Lower California: Jordan & Evermann,
Bullva7, UL S..Nat. Mus., 1898,-2201.

Streams of the Pacific coast from Sonora to Panama.

Peadsators 4 depth 6; D. vi-1,"7 or 8; Alt, 7.0r 8 scales 60:
Body elongate, depressed anteriorly; head especially very broad and
flat; mouth large, broad, very oblique; the maxillary reaching nearly
or quite to opposite posterior margin of the eye, its length 21% to 2%
in head; lower jaw considerably projecting; teeth in jaws equal, in
broad bands, the outer series not all enlarged; eye small, anterior, 6
in head; scales on head mostly cycloid, very small, covering cheek
and opercles and upper part of the head to the eyes; scales on dorsal
and ventral regions cycloid, those on sides mostly ctenoid; preoper-
cular spine well developed, strong, compressed, directed downward
and forward.

Color dark, dull olivaceous brown, paler below; young mottled
with bluish and speckled with brown; sides without longitudinal
stripes; fins dusky, all of them finely mottled and speckled with
darker, the dark markings on dorsal and anal forming undulated
dark bars. Length about 18 inches. (Jordan & Evermann. )

Subfamily Gobiinee.
8%. Gobius Linnezus.

Gobius Linneus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 262,1758. (Type, Gobius niger
Linneus. )
Gobionellus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 168. (Type,
Gobionellus hastatus Girard.)
Ctenogobius Gill, Fish. Trinidad, 374, 1858. (Type, Cienogobius
jasciatus Gill.)
Body oblong or elongate, compressed behind; head oblong, more
or less depressed; mouth moderate; teeth conical, on jaws only, in
several series, the outer row enlarged; no canines; eves high, an-

230 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEUuM—ZOOLOoGY, VOL. V.

terior, and close together; opercles without spines; isthmus broad;
shoulder girdle without fleshy flaps; scales ctenoid, covering the body;
cheeks usually without scales; ventral fins completely united, not
adnate to the belly; skull depressed, abruptly widened behind the
eyes, and without median keel.

A large group of small fishes usually found along the shores in salt
or brackish water, few species entering fresh water.

KEY 70; THE SPECIES OF GOBIUS:

a. Scales large, less than 45 in the lateral series. PAGE
b. Scales large, 30 in the lateral series; soft
dorsalitays Tras anialtiays. ties. en ccuaeeee tere parvus 230
bb. Scales smaller, 42 in the lateral series; soft
dorsal raysero:) anal ays pete te teen cee eet eee eee claytont 231

aa. Scales very small, 62 in the lateral series; soft
dorsalirdysirs > vanal tay Serquay erNee ene eee microdon 231

Subgenus Ctenogobius Gill.

218. Gobius parvus Meek. SMaALi Gosy.

Gobius parvus Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 121; La An-

tigua.

Brackish water near the city of Vera Cruz. (Vera Cruz; Boca del
Rio.)

Head 4; depth 4%; D-. vi-11; A. 12; scales 30. Body shont,
robust; head large; snout blunt, rounded, 4% in head; mouth sub-
inferior, little oblique, its gape extending to vertical from pupil; inter-
orbital area narrow, its width less than half the diameter of the eye;
eye small, partly superior, 3% in head; dorsal fins not connected, the
spinous dorsal of females low, longest spine a little more than half
head; in male the dorsal spine 4 to % longer than head; caudal fin
long and pointed, its length 3 (6) to 3% (@) in body; pectoral
slightly less than length of head; ventral 14 in head; scales ctenoid.

Color dark olivaceous, mottled with darker; a dark bar on dorsal
region from base of posterior half of spinous dorsal, followed by three
others from base of soft dorsal and one on caudal peduncle; 5 or 6
narrow dark streaks on lower half of sides, extending downward and
forward to base of anal; two black spots at base of caudal fin; dorsal
fins of both sexes barred; caudal fin of females with narrow dark
bars; none on males; anal fin with dark margin. Length about 3.50
inches.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. PLATE XVII, ZOOLOGY.

GOBIUS PARVUS Meek.
No. 3738, Field Columbian Museum.

GOBIUS CLAYTON! Meek.
No. 3740. Field Columbian Museum.

- s

- _ 7 ae SS" —’ * __- oe we =i a 7 - ——

Famity XXII. Gosrpa. 231

Subgenus Gobionellus Girard.

219. Gobius claytoni Meek. CLAyTON’s Goby.
Gobius claytoni Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 121; La
Antigua.

Fresh and brackish waters on coast of Vera Cruz. (Vera Cruz; San
Francisco; Boca del Rio.)

Head 324; depth 5%; D. vi-12; A. 13; scales 15-42. Body elon-
gate, subterete, and tapering to caudal; head moderate; snout very
blunt; mouth terminal, broad, its gape horizontal; interorbital width
_less than half diameter of the pupil; diameter of eye equaling length of
snout, 324 in head; no scales on dorsal surface between spinous dorsal
and nape; spinous dorsal low, the longest spine about 2 in head;
caudal fin long and pointed, its middle rays the longest, about 1%
longer than head; pectoral 1% in head; ventral 1%; scales ctenoid;
breast and region under ventrals without scales.

Color light olivaceous, somewhat reticulated above; side with 5
oblong dark blotches, the last and smallest one forming a black caudal
spot; spinous and soft dorsals barred; caudal fin barred; the middle
portion of the ventrals, except a small central light patch, blackish,
some black on posterior half of anal fin; a narrow dark curved streak
at base of pectoral fin; a dark stripe on cheek and one downward and
forward fromeye. Length about 3 inches.

220. Gobius microdon Gilbert.

Gobius microdon Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 554; San
Juan Lagoon, north of Rio Ahome, Mexico: Jordan & Ever-
mann, Bull 47 US) Nat. Mus.; 1896,.222'.

Known only from the type locality.

Head 4%; depth s; D. vi-13; A. 14; scales 62. Body and head
compressed, everywhere deeper than wide; snout blunt; mouth low,
terminal, nearly horizontal; the lower jaw very weak, broadly rounded
anteriorly; maxillary reaching vertical from hinder margin of pupil,
about 2 in head; teeth minute, those in the upper jaw in a single series ;
teeth/in lower jaw in two series, the outer somewhat enlarged; inter-
orbital space narrow, less than diameter of the pupil; isthmus wide,
the gill openings extending but little below the base of the pectorals;
scales small, cycloid anteriorly and on belly, becoming larger poste-
riorly; scales ctenoid on sides behind middle of spinous dorsal; belly
wholly scaled; nape scaled forward nearly to orbits, but with a narrow
median naked streak running back to front of dorsal; breast and sides
of head naked; dorsal fins not connected, first 4 spines filamentous, the
longest longer than the head; soft dorsal and anal similar, not high.

232 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOOLOGY, VOL. V.

Color nearly uniform light olive, with minute darker punctulations,
which sometimes form darker margins to the scales; an oblique dusky
streak on opercle; 3 or 4 oblique obscure dark cross-bars on spinous

dorsal and 4 or 5 on caudal peduncle; ventral with white pigment.
Length about 2 inches.

88. Chonophorus Poey.

Chonophorus Poey, Memorias, 11, 274, 1861. (Type, Gobius tatasica
Lichtenstein. )

Body elongate, compressed posteriorly; head large, preorbital
region very long; mouth large, nearly horizontal; inner edge of
shoulder girdle with 2 or more conspicuous dermal flaps; premaxillary
and maxillary strong; lips thick; scales small, ctenoid; interorbital
groove with a conspicuous median crest; ventrals united, not adnate
to the belly.

A group of fishes which inhabit the fresh waters of Tropical Amer-
ica and the Hawaiian Islands. Some of the species reach a large size.
I recognize with some doubt three species of this genus in Mexico.

KEY TO THE SPECLES OF CHONOPHORUSsS:

a. Scales large, 60 to 75 in the lateral series. PAGE
b. About 15 scales in a series between second

dorsal /andwbase ofvanaln. scat eta ee ear nelsont 232
bb. About 21 scales in a series between second

dorsal®andtbase solramalin. 200 2b esas here ae oe taiasica 233
aa scalesismallers- 24-760 tO vSO2% +o teen ee ye, ee mexicanus 233

221. Chonophorus nelsoni (Evermann).
Awaous nelsoni Evermann, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, 3; fresh
water pools at Rosaria, Sinaloa: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47,
WS, Nat. Mius.,;, 1896, '223'5°

Streams of Sinaloa.

Head 3%; depth 6; D, vi-11; A. 11; scales about 63. Body
oblong, compressed; head large, flat above; maxillary reaching ver-
tical from posterior margin of pupil; teeth on bands in jaws, some of
the outer a little enlarged; eyes moderate, 534 in head; scales small,
ctenoid, crowded on anterior part of the body; about 15 scales in a
series between soft dorsal and anal fin; caudal fin rounded.

Color grayish; head mottled and blotched with dark; side with :7
or 8 black blotches, the largest under the middle of the pectoral fin;
dorsals pale, crossed by several lines of black spots; caudal pale, with

Famity XXII. GosipDaz. 233

6 or 7 dark cross-bars; ventral, anal, and pectorals pale. Length
about 4 inches. (Evermann.)

222. Chonophorus taiasica (Lichtenstein). ABomMA pe Rio; La
PuJEQUE; MUCHURA.

Gobius tatasica Lichtenstein, Berl. Abhandl., 1822, 166; Brazil.

Gobius dolichocephalus Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila.,
1869, 403; near Orizaba, Mexico.

Awaous tatasica Jordan, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, 494; Rio
Presidio, Mazatlan; San Jose del Cabo, Lower California:
Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 2236:
Rutter, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1896, 265; Rio San Jose, San Jose
del Cabo, Lower California: Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U.S. Fish
Comm., 1900, 147; Rio Ixtla, Puente de Ixtla: Meek, Field Col.
Mus. Pub. 65, 1902, 121; La Antigua; Balsas; Puente de Ixtla.

Streams of the West Indies and of the American continent from

Vera Cruz and Mazatlan to Panama and Brazil. It does not occur
on the Mexican plateau. (Cuautla; Valles; San Francisco; Perez.)
lead 6322; depth 5%; DD. vi-11; A, 11; scales 60 to 75. -, Body
elongate, not much compressed; snout much decurved; interorbital
very narrow, somewhat convex, its width less than diameter of the
eye; preorbital deep, about 3 in head; mouth large; premaxillary
scarcely reaching vertical from anterior margin of orbit; teeth small,
in bands on jaws; gill membranes broadly united to the isthmus;
branchiostegals 4; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 224 in body; pec-
torals long, 1% in head; scales small, ctenoid, those on anterior % of
body much smaller than on rest of the body; caudal fin rounded.
Color olivaceous, with irregular dark blotches along middle of the
sides; rest of body above reticulate with darker; lower third of body
nearly plain; dorsal fins and caudal barred; other fins plain; two blue
streaks from eye to maxillary and two or more small ones on cheek.
Length about 12 inches.

A food fish of considerable local importance.

223. Chonophorus mexicanus (Gunther).
Gobius mexicanus Giinther, Cat., 111, 61, 1861; Mexico.
Awaous mexicanus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1898, 2237.

Distribution not known.

Head 4; depth 62; D. vi-r; A: 11; scales 24-76 to 82. Head as
broad as deep, flat above; snout elongate, upper profile oblique; mouth
horizontal, lower jaw included; maxillary reaching to below anterior
margin of the eye; teeth of outer series enlarged; scales small, those

234 Fi—ELD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM—ZoOLoGy, VOL. V.

on the nape and on anterior part of the body very small; head naked;
dorsal fins lower than depth of body; caudal fins rounded.

Color yellowish olive, back and sides reticulate with darker; head,
dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins dotted with blackish; 6 cross series of
dots on caudal; an irregular, small blackish spot on upper part of base
of pectoral (Gunther.)

This species is known only from the above description.

89. Gillichthys Cooper.

Gillichthys Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1863, 109. (Type, Guil-

lichthys mirabilis Cooper.)

Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with small
cycloid embedded scales; belly and head naked; scales in the young
more or less ciliated; eyes almost superior; gape wide, the maxillary
in the adult inordinately developed, prolonged backward to the base
of the pectorals, its posterior part a cartilaginous expansion connected
to an expansion of the skin of the lower jaw, thus forming a channel
backward from the mouth; teeth small, even, and in broad bands;
pectorals large; isthmus broad.

224. Gillichthys detrusus Gilbert & Scofield. LoNG-JAwEpD Gosy.

Gillichthys detrusus Gilbert & Scofield, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897,

498, pl. 38; Horseshoe Bend, mouth of Colorado River: Jordan
& Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898, 2251.

Known only from the lower portion of the Colorado River.

Head 3%; depth 5; D. vi-13; A. 11; scales about 25-75. Body
robust, somewhat compressed posteriorly; head large, depressed;
mouth very large, the maxillary 1% in head; mandible 124; snout 4;
interorbital 514; eye small, 7 in head; dorsal fins not connected, the
space between them equaling half length of spinous portion; pectoral
134 1n head; the post frontals small, projecting very little; least depth
of caudal peduncle 274 in head.

Color a very pale olive, some with dark punctulations about. the
head and fins; the pale coloration probably due to their life in shallow
water on the bottom of pale sand. Length about 5 inches.

Family XXIII. Soleidze.
THE SOLES.

Body oblong or elongate, usually scaly; mouth very small, more
developed on eyed side; teeth in bands, very small or obsolete; edge of
preopercle adnate, concealed by the skin and scales; gill openings
narrow, the membranes adnate to the shoulder girdle above; paired

Famity XXIII. Soveipaz. 235

fins small or wanting. The species of this family are very numerous
in the warm seas, a few enter brackish, and still fewer inhabit fresh
waters.

Subfamily Achirine.

90. Achirus Lacépéde.

Achtrus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 659, 1803. (Type, Achirus
jasciatus Lacépede.)

Batostoma Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 413. (Type, Batostoma
brachtale Bean.)

Body broad, bluntly rounded anteriorly; head small; eyes small,
close together; eyes and color on the right side; mouth small, mostly
developed on the right side; teeth small, on blind side only; gill open-
ings narrow; scales ctenoid; some scales on head and anterior part of
the body enlarged, some of those on blind side with hair-like projec-
tions; lateral line straight, simple; dorsal fin beginning on snout;
ventral rays 3 or 4, the fin on colored side connected with the anal by
a membrane.

KEY TOsTHE SEE CIES OF, ACHIRUS.

a. Pectoral fin of right side only present. PAGE
b. Pectoral fin with 4 rays; depth of body 1%
mudts lensth.scales 7o in lateral series. i... . =... mazatlanus 235
bb. Pectoral fin with 2 rays; depth of body 12
iMmitswenath- scales 85.im thewdlateral series. ... . - jonsecensis 236
aa. Pectoral fins wholly wanting; scales 66 to 75....... jasciatus 236

Subgenus Baiostoma Bean.

225. Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner). MEXICAN SOLE.
Solea mazatlana Steindachner, Ichth. Notizen, 1x, 23, 1869;
Mazatlan.
Solea pilosa Peters, Berliner Monalsber., 1869, 709; Mazatlan.
Achirus mazatlanus Jordan, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895; Rio Pre-
sidio, Sinaloa: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1898, 2698; Rio Presidio, Sinaloa.

Streams of Mexico which empty into the Pacific Ocean.

Head 3%; depth 1%; D. 56; A. 42; scales 70. Body broad, oval,
eyes small, the upper in advance of the lower; diameter of eye 71% in
head; interorbital '%4 diameter of the eye; nostril in a tube, placed just
above the middle of the mouth; pectoral developed on the eyed side
only, with about 4 rays; origin of dorsal on tip of snout; scales of right
side with numerous black hair-like appendages.

236 Fintp CoLUMBIAN MusEUM

ZOOLOGY Viole Mi

Color brownish, with 8 or g narrow vertical black bars; fins dark
without distinct markings.

226. Achirus fonsecensis (Gtinther).
Solea fonsecensis Gunther, Cat., Iv, 475, 1862; Gulf of Fonseca.
Achtrus fonsecensis Jordan, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895; 230; Rio
Presidio, Sinaloa: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1898, 2699; Rio Presidio, Sinaloa.

Pacific coast of tropical America, entering rivers.

Head 3%; depth 12; D. 58; A. 44; scales about 85. Body oval;
eyes small, the upper in advance of the lower; interorbital space less
than diameter of eye; no trace of pectoral on left side, the one on
right side small, of about 2 rays; ventral of right side composed of
5 rays, continuous with anal fin; scales on the nape twice or thrice as
large as those on the body; the left anterior part of the head with
numerous tentacles; the right lower lip with distinct slender fringes;
caudal fin rounded, as long as head.

Color brownish olive, with six pairs of deep brown vertical lines
extending on dorsal and anal fins.

Subgenus Achirus Lacépéde.
227. Achirus fasciatus Lacépéde.
Achtrus fasciatus Lacépéde, Hist. Nats Poiss., Iv, 659, 662, 1803;
Charleston: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1898, 2700.

Solea achirus Ginther, Cat., Iv, 476, 1862.

Atlantic and gulf coasts from Cape Ann to the Isthmus of Tehuan-
tepec; ascending rivers to a considerable distance above tide-water.
(Perez.)

Head 4; depth 14; D. soto 55; A. 37 to'45; scales 66 to 75.4) Body
broad, elliptical; mouth small, reaching past front of lower eye; lower |
lip on right side fringed; eyes very small, the upper slightly in ad-
vance of the lower; interorbital space with scales; head and body
covered with strongly ctenoid scales; on blind side many scales on and
near head with hair-like appendages; lateral line straight; origin of
dorsal fin on tip of snout; no pectoral fins.

Color, eyed side dusky, more or less mottled, with 7 or 8 narrow
dark vertical streaks; fins with black spots, blind side white. Length
about 5 or 6 inches.

TING ix. :

VOLUME? V-

PAGE PAGE
ENO OMUATGCHIRAG!. 02 sss, 6 eae oe ee epee allouitmaes (Chirostonna) meee ane 180
EME MEUEAGM eae sth. Sib “i iyele cowl Soe) es 2 SuAl oA DATOS. Wes ee “ete wenme Ree ht SS 62, 65
JS OTTER DONS) 30s (ee aa a area 50°), Alburnops;blenniticy=.-ea eo 62
NionatmMisuanmenCamus... 1... ow. - S7.| albus, ~(Atherinichthys)-2-. +e... - 180
INoramisichmysoleucus . a". .2..a)- 572 (Mail ganseae si. Be Wiens SA eae Ae 44
PNionamais Cry SOleucas coe.) 2-1: inyp ||| JNlbegenalsier) (olbWerscil Seo eee bn de cee 45
PXCAMUMOptGr! 48M eo. oa eee = TOAGH Aisdmsea lacustris; ia. eee shee 47
PNGCAT AMID ARCOM oy. ts.5 08 ss eel cates 2 | PeANlioanscagrulbescense ciety. oe eee 46
PNCATOMECCUATIOUIAIIS Wns a eh ae wee 20m |e oanseay salllaci nen an ee 45
/A\(Gloubiratime= =), ee 0 27 het eee fee Za eNl TansSeay LanaSCOsGUiId we enn eee 47
JEN@ anti ciIST Be ees acre Cee ee 235923 0m) Nl oanseantincellameys qian eae 44
PNehinUSMaSciatuS: ...+...4:0.. ABs, Hela) || IAilegovaate havens ab oot seo cssoaacne 48
NCMMIGUSMONSECEMSIS. .9.)..4.... 15% AKo) || Talllexonaaley, akGHUAENWINIS) So no oe nae ooo & 48
meninis mazatlanus: j...:...s.0.. 235, |, AllisatonsGarpikers (ie oti 1a ee 6
eLchiinuSe me (SOl6a)) 1 sseue. aa. 8 an- Ato || enlinbis, > (Uahbralsforastbls)) G5G2555a5506 80, 81
INCOMMMUS SUZMANICNSIS ..........- Zo || ules, “(Cslylevoposis)) oo ap ws ge a obo 81, 82
PMG AUS ESI Yo soe ee te ws Tee ||P alts sea NOLTOpIS)l ©, ajc et-et i ee we 82
/\Ghisawie), eablenteraaiey esas) 55 og 6 Be 6 oe Oe || hanna, (UAIKexonaMED) Sos ob ec a6 > 3 = 48
meine pachycephalus -.....:. eine |) ghana, ((Dki@iavley)) ooo So dkac duo. 48
adustusam (Couestus)) 249.5 ese; 82 | amara. (Hybognathus)......... 40
feneus-. (hetragonopterus) ....-- - 86) |, Amiblodon neglects 74).4...245.. 8 203
ecddlenceg me (CUS). 6605 se tieyerss 220n\wam boos) iCRutilws)e sy 2a aes 80
eesunvaillisy, ~ ((C@lomo)) 45 so gacce ge Rohe | AUATMOYSSEDLEIEISS eaeneh pe ba veces fh We Pann os ue 12
esinvalise es (ElyOOpSIs)) a. #2. 4 sa. Sr | epacmeltistis dices tanenanas -we oe eae 16
Buin. “(Valonitborbls)) 245 egy eee ae Tit |) ZaaaVEHbbr BIS JRCGONOIS Go oso ao0adoae sac T4
MMS (GratmbpuSia))- 2 2... a a Soh, ww || MlonVerqbarbIs saeheNbINs Da geen dh ade oes 16
anise (bleterand ria) 4... e4 see HO || Avoarsnsorbis josey fej e as cewecs cae e 16
Anamicaws(tdcamia)! 2.2.5.2 4254. WXe) || Ebeaksravoeyaybisy, » (CANongaawl Ns oo 5 4a clo c 57
atuimiss (Pamelodus)))s.--:.2.-2.4- oy || YaGnahhbbeeS, bao uk woo n cme oho ae. - 12,14, 16
AuimiSeeslinortchtiys). 2 :2hs.6.- ADO) || Jasuonkboe bis GhaavawlS) a5 a6 ax ee eee, wae ei
Eeonostoma Slobiceps)........... ifeyey ||) JaueabEbRUIS BHESBAIBIS Geog sou en 6 5 2 13
Agonostoma monticola .......... KO) ||| Vatianubbe bls CANHOIS 53 oho coo dacue esc c 15
Agonostoma nasutum........... ith |), JNioahobebls) Ghbtefeshl 052 | Be oe Gob eo co 15
NAO MOSuOMMIM canis ae tyke «fh yan te} 6). || aticautbheybls) 1AbbR eA EIS) 4 Gala ain o He om 0 oc ie)
ENC OMOSEOMMUS et at fe fica akin fa cua 1316) |) Jicowybbe bi hbo. 5a csaaea ane se co- 14,15
Agonostomus monticola ...... 186, 187 |) Amuurus meridionalis ...5.......- II
INSOMOSEOMIMUS MASUUUS Fela. oo Hey) || srianbrobrOls imate atoehmblS 45560 6ecn coc 15
LSOMOStomus telfairi....2-. +. - (NO) ||, JAWGARNDEMBI\ aOERNNIS paca no docscdca- 16
PNSIGISIGY ob ee uo ieth oA cho as 8 Cran 79 | Amiurus natalis antoniensis ...... 16
AROSE), Cae MOISE 4 6. ae ane eons tia) || WAWeaabbFbIs) joreketen £ GG ks ic do oo oc 16
PNGOSIAMOSCUlaly aye Mae owes sgl is so teX0) ||| avaahnGna bis joubnarorabUlenRbIs 75 Gos Gee me 5 0 18
aguadulce. (Galeichthys) ........ Go|) Ara olejomaes Fo occa oso ne secu socns 135
aljnidusss (Ptychostomus))..-2-.... 2 |l| BOB OMSOS = aie wacen ge ia eaneeae a 135

ZT)

238 Fretp CoLumB1ian MusEuM—ZoG6.Loey, VoL. V.

PAGE PAGE
/Niavey Oey OS GONNA hong aoa oe auld ms c 136) || atripinnis: -(Goodea)) 7.248. 136, 140
Amableps dowelwaee ant schsaeeioe 36) atronasus, “(Cy prinus)*. 2) eee 79
Anableps tetropthalmus ......... 125 | attenuatum «(Chirostoma) sya. 172
anal epsams (Cobitis)s. 4 accom mae PIS ileatinatus ses (CaraSsitis) ees 2y7/
Anacyrtus guatemalensis......... $3.) aureus) (Sparus) so. 193
analeys (MoOrosomla) eas ap ana oe 93) |Vaureus: “(Dhorichthys)\ 55 see 222
FAAS ORIN IER acc ae Meech do shel ore QO) |Paunitus. i(vabrus) 2 ee eee Igo
Aniotmillarchinysy pay sen. eases 90 | australe. (Etheostoma) ...... 196, 197
/\raVeRo RUBE) Atyacebahahblsyaiere ela) clei po see c 90; australis, > ((Amiuris): «5. eee 13
am cualllarena (Mitiraemal) sear enews) tots oo | austrinar. (iixostoma)!- 2. seem 35
JaXvaifenbuullbyelee\ eecen ieee Meghan aiaible qlolaie go | austrinum. (Moxostoma)........ 35
anisuriuss « (Catostomus)\ a. .sse ee 34 | austrinum. (Myzostoma) ....... 35
anomalum. (Campostoma) ...... 42 | Awaous mexicans -):. 4... gee 233
anomalus, (Ruts) 4. a5. one AOnA2y | AWaoOUS nelsoni. Gna... eee 21312
antoniensis.”’ (Amiurus natalis) . 126 || Awaous taiasica ,.,2......ea ' ORR
JN OES OI THOME ao oe Diu coe bt 6.6 OOM Azitecaws ie on at aehe ea a 59
JN OUCH NOESY nees.3 saan Gobind gen ot 202 azteca, . (Azteca) 2.4 eee 60
Aplodinotus grunniens........ 202" 2ORtIPAZtECIlal nae eens: > cen enn 59
END OCOD Cen eS clle eve micas cen = ena TO PAZtecilaxazteca. |. =). as ee 60
ENOOCOPELCALiIMO COMImeni einen eee 70) ||) Azteculadermice... o) lee 60
ENOC CSwanartaa tts stars nec SucgeFeGcaten pth: 90} Azteculasmexicanar sm... eee 61
Nj XOMTIMONAIS) a c orden 6 OLS GE eon T9O; LO | pA tecula wattatay ssc) nes ene 59
APommMOtIsieyanelltis, \. sees eae: Tom |,aztecus, ((Notropis)) = 2a. =. .eee 59
Aq tll ensiSes a (POmOtis)y. a4 amas eee TQ
ascews. (Chirostomila) paste ae vee e aay Aide || (Pls ysNeawoN cea Gus o Beata oor ote ce QO, 10, Li, 24 mo
anaes, (Ve sloyokyiebbad)) <p tenes eins Ba Tit BacreidelsBalsas sen see eee 7
arsenmtatus. = (Astyanax)io. er... S405) |, Balostomlals . ocj.)ereeaeee 235
argentatus. (Pomadasis)........ 200 || Baiostoma brachiale.. 7. =) see 235
argentatus, | (letragonopterus)’ <2. 785")) balsanus, (Istlanius)) 2.25. seen it/
argenteus. (Tetragonopterus).... 84 | balsanus. (Melaniris) ........... 183
argentissimus. (Plagopterus) 5... =83 |) bartoni, (Acara) 77.4... eee Diet
Ja\ieyareWls) saVONeMOVUWS aes 6 Ho nn oe So! |) barton, | (Chirostoma) 72252 ae 172
NGO STOSCU Seis ye sense eee 80) |Sbartoni. (Cichlasoma)) 3) eee 211
JAC ENV EEN CUED. ind Gen aMeaete ere ee ee a atc fe ocd 84" |) Bass: “Blacks. 20.2 ese Gn eee 194
Astyanax argentatus ........... $4,°85, | bayanus, (Pomadasis) =. => - seer 201
atchafalaye. (Signalosa)....... 04, 05 | beam, ((Cichlasomia)) 952. eee 210
Atherima himiboldtiana %.4%...166, 175 | beani. \(Eleros)i-a. 4.7. 4. eee 210
J\guulereniaeh iaaleminGhiel 5 M645 46u4 Ana 181 | belizanus. (Belonesox) ....2.57% 135
PMP MCTIMARVOULERIT Az wees toga TOO; 275 || Belone truncata sem. . see 160
Mthermeli#la crystallinay... yo. vats: 104. |\eBelonesoxean'. co. wee a eke eee 135
/\lavsichaMelaqelahi Gang plete 6 peo Ao 160) ||" Belomesox belizamus 5 - sas ereeene 135
En erinichithysialiptS rs cn eee ane LS0),||\ Belonide ses. 2.3. = ee 160
Ptnerinich tlays Dre vlS ya iei erate 169 | berlandieri.. (Lepidosteus): 2a 6
Atherinichthys humboldtianus.... 175 | bernardini. (Catostomus) ....... 32
theninichthys.salleisauets tae: aie TST. | IESUCON. Meecarusesy sel ocean 18, 195
FeNID otoushaonte boven Rema aera b etoloccin 66 a shat TOS) || bilimeata.. (Skit) ee. oe ee 144
PStherin Old esis sea aN hee Sle 1668) bilimeatus., )(Characodom)) see 144
aunerinoides. (NOtropis) mance occ. 62 | bimaculatus. (Pseudoxiphophorus)
PALTACTOSLEUSH Ie iat eran ne eae Cro He (PT lar etree dem er ae ee 127.i2)5
Pstractosteusducius». . soca ase 6 | bimaculatus. (Xiphophorus)..... 127
AtTACtOSteus.GrOpiCus jo asa. gl Black Bassi ce ches eh ee ee 194

.

INDEX,
PAGE
Prlack-nosed Dace... 8 iyek ees 79
iblennius, (Allburnops)).:........ 62
IBSONCOS aig Gia a DOR dee eae eae eRe EERE 188
Boleosomarslepidals 52. 4.--25-- 196, 198
bonita (Ganillbusia). #2... 4c 4- 132
pena LAMM ren! Seek ats oa ct ales anaye'e or Ge ot!
boucardi. (Leuciscus) ...... 62, 67, 68
boucardiann@Nototropis) 2.4.45... 67
looteancusmes(Rutilus): 22a. es oe 67
ibrachialey = (Biatostomia) ........- 235
ibrachyptera. (Rhamdia) ...:....: 21
lomionzi, » ((Cyjonebayols)\ 05 5 ae yao oe 56
orasiliensis: 9(Chirostomia)) 2: 2.) - 160
jpraytonig —(NoOtotropis)ia...- a-!.- 65
pisanyac@ mils, (INIOGEO PIS) shee oe 65
IB HCe Tear M NS slr ius soa tite) S ao SOM 57
brevicaudum. (Siphostoma)..... 163
brevwiseecAtherini@hthiys)). 9... .< 169
babskina, “(Cyprinella). 0.0... 2. 71
Heytutiicll Operon vedere ty sare 4 oc. 0 foe, 2 26
IB UIPITOIS nay o eons s MOranolc Lae ee ene 200
islet (UR CCCIIA ss Wiekcusstcl 22 @ aon: 15)
Calientes, (Gienendum)) ....... 136, 140
Calniembisnn a (GOodEea)) 2 ic. ae I40
Calienticn --(NOtotropis) oo... -.). 65
calientiss ((Notropis)....15 3... -. 65
GanPOSLOma i aici pees 40
Campostoma anomalum ......... 42
Camipostoma dulbium ..5.. 75.5: 42
Campostoma formosulum ........ 42
Cammpostomamasutum .. 22's... - 42
Camypostoma ornatum ..!0....%..: 41
Carp OsuOmea:~pricel: 4 asm. Aisha AI
CrrmMOSLOMALINES fe) cao 4 oe. van - 40
Camino sn OSURUS) |i. ue a: 160
(CARRE SSRIS OIG Eee e se aie e eee aE 37
(WAGASSIMIGRAUTALUS cehs fac. he ss 37
(CASO ie eect ee or ee 3
(Canal Se Sik aa ce en eee te eae ee 37
ecanpimtiss \(Neetroplus)........ 2. 221
Car onO}. \(Cyjertouwis)), pea eee ee 37
GamplOGES AR. mis cic at els terol soe 25
Canplodesseclomeaiisyaeioe . oa 2 28
Carprodeslabiosusiee-.ss-4-.2-: 29
Canprodes mendionalish:-.. 2.5... 26
Carpilodes muierostomus) 24555. 47 4: 27
Cunpiorles tuimidtusent ts 2... so: 26, 27
Warmlodesnyelitier nem eae es, 2: 2
GarnpalakemGishesysyu.. ac sera com os 24
earringtoni. (Apocope)......... 79

Vous: Vv. 239
PAGE
CateGhamneleeees. i. eireat ake al: TOMME
Cat .Chuckile-headed@ sammie aq sae 10
CatWihite meena. cot neciet somes Il
Cat PMellowar ey eee oie ae eee 16
Caithichesien 2 tara V6. 20,0 apa cienes 8
(Carthish eine pica ries ccna 11
Catonotus tasclatistre ree oe cel 197
Catostomuidca tiers rare weer ne > oes 24
Catostomainces sis, See eens Ne: 30
CatOshonmuS ee eee ZOO 31533
CAtostommusranl Suits acme ance 34
Catostomus bermmandimiiqe qs 5.5% 32
Cavostoniis conChosien sie sane 33
Catostomus coneesuus; nna sss yA
Catostomus,.cyiphor Ge wager a ee als 28
Catostommus cyprimusiss eee 25
Catostomus guzmaniensis........ 3
Catostomus mebuliferusite.. 25.0.2 30
Gatostommus plleb crise ieee each 3
Catostomus:somorensisi. . 4 )-soste: 32
Catostomus: — (Cyprinus)i- 7. ose Ba
Cainuey, “(Caussihbirils)) Seaaaanmaacoae 15
Centrachidast a’ ets. ene aoe sa Ae 189
(Cenitropomaudaseeeeeie See ee 198
CentrOponiulsy. spate hes Paes a 199
Centropomus mexicanus ......... 199
GEOlahuis, — {CNELTsAMD) a. Gaede oe 185, 186
cepidianum. (Dorosoma) ....... 04
cepidianum. (Megalops) ........ Q2
Ceratiehthysisallccinn. wae 5 ae 45
Chranmelt Catena ty canbtank ie LO sue
chapale. (Chirostoma) 176
Ghapalasa = (BMalcula) ya. i one 58
Cirapaliehibhiys iat asain eas hie 123
Chapalichthys encaustus)..% sa0-0. 123
{Ginvetingevorhnveeea neh aaa Puaen MORO Pee aut ale 88
lita rraicamaiclas eer arcy he Sy cle seh create 83
ChiamaAcins joe eyes Aveeweiden ey at enasen ty: 83
Gharacodong hale Aah hosed ike sais ig) oh) ARE)
Characodom bilineatus 00). 2485 se T44
Characodonteisenitn cian see a ee 119
Characodon encaustus 24: 2 sae 123
Characodon ferrucineus!.. > sane 120
CharacodontiurcidiensSe a. a. se 122
Characodon garmani...... L217
ChanracodonkeedGesitams 1-4-1 1ene 116
Characodom lateralis: 45.0) s).1.. LIS r2r
Characodonduntpoldivsn janes ere 139
Characodon multiradiatus ....... 119g
Characodon wariatts! sae es eee 120
Chatoessus mexicanus'>s.- a5. 5: 904,95

240

PAGE
Cheondagmodestayjns. = 3. .-asitor 55
CheondamicnescenSis . sane 55
chihuahua. (Nototropis) .....:.. 67
chiltalhtiass @NOtropis) ao. ase 67
Ghinostomeaw eee.) a4 amiss ae 166, 175
Ciitrostomlaralijurins ie pee bia 180
Ghimostonmayareey.a)4 pesto ee 171
Chirostomavattenuatum’. 0-25. 172
Chirostomalbantoml) Warmer ele aee 172
Chirostoma brasiliensis rae ee ase: 169
Ghinostoma chapala -a= aa.) c- 176
Chirostoma crystalliinum......... 178
Cimnostomardiagiyss crm ie cs ot sede 178
Chisostomlaleston sp si scien cre 166, 180
Chirostoma.crandoctule .. 2... ys: 176
Chirostoma humboldtianum ...172, 175
Chirostomanjordantawan.. ae. 166, 169
Chirostomia labarcze« prdeo- - 2-2. 173
Chirestomalerm~et,. fem... 244.) 179
ChirostomlamluGitsim ey eee vee ene 178
Chirestoma'mezquital 2 ).4.65 224. 170
Chirostonda ocotlanc 7.17. ose, 11 180
Chirostoma patzcuaro.. 22.2). - 174
Chirostomapromelas fe ..0.. 5 4 177
Chinostomiaisphyrena, oe 177
Chirostomarzinaliten\ 25224. ..0-8- 4: 174
Chomdnostomiabimee eects ce ce 43
Chonophorusie stan eats ste 232
Chonophorus mexicanus ......... 233
Chonophartis nelsoni yes aoe) 232
Chonophorus taiasica ............ 233
Chronusinebulifer eee a1. nae - 220
Chirysovaster, = CAgOsia) 2 s-...2 : 79, 80
Chrysoleucus, “(Abramis) 2.5 -(40= 57
chrysoleucus. (Notemigonus) .... 57
Chrysypdes CAmeuilla) ete mean iets - 90
Chul of the Rio Grandes a... a: yr
C@hucklesheadeds Cat. a5 .a.- asee ite)
Cichilasomaten seins BOA wa tae
Gichilasomraspantomin, - aah as ee DET
CichlasomlayOecaniigen) se mpwe was eee 210
Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum....... 215
Cichlasoma:deppiic.s 4.2 a2 snievas 221
Cichlasoma eigenmanni.......... 220
Cichlasoma evermanni........... 214
Cichlasomathednickite 9. sree ac 208
Gichlasonia;helllenit (eS osgesdts- scur 223
Cichlasoma heterodontum........ 215
Cichilasomarnstlanunary s syste 212
Cichlasoma melanunuml >. 39. ..-o5 « 219

Cichlasoma

a
FIELD COLUMBIAN MuseEuM—ZOoO.LoGy, VOL. V.

PAGE
Cichlasoma;mojarcaa 5) eee 217
Cichlasoma montezuma’s.. 44) 4e 221
Cichlasoma nebulifiem. 44 eeee 220
Cichlasoma octofasciatum ........ 218
Cichlasomasparma = . coe 218, 220
Cichlasoma pavonaceum ......... 209
Cichlasoma rectangulare 52.2490 216
Cichlasomarsal vito 22 eee eee 207
Cichlasoma steindachner >> 3355 so: 210
Cichlidee fo nee seid soe ts Se ee 204
@iehlidss 5 ents. adhe skys eee 204
civilis. | (Hybognathus) =. 252 e- 49
clayton. \(GoObius)i = sao ee 231
Clayton's Goby)... <. ii: Sa eee 231
Cliolasmontinesist 2) 4 are Ca 71
Cobitistanableps; 7: 225.5 = sneueeee 135
Cobitisyheteroclitis:.] 7) se eee 106
Cochloonathusis: 300 57
Cochlognathus ornatus ......... 57,59
Codomany. .ccde5 obec. ne 68
Codoma ornata “5... - 12ers 62, 68
Codonla wittata472 > 255) soe 59
Commonell eee. 32 cee eee 90°
Commion ‘Gar Bike (23.5 eee 5
compressus. (Hemigrammus).... 87
conchos; (Catostomus)) eee 33
confertus. (Hyborhynchus) ..... 51
confertus. (Pimelocephales) ..... 51
confertus.,, (Pimephales) 353s ee. 51
congestum. (Moxostoma)....... 34
congestum. (Myzostoma) ....... 34
congestus. / (Catostomus) io epee 34
conirostris, (Pimelodus) >) ee 19
Conorhynehts 5-2) ee 19
Conorhynchus nelsoni... =o 19
conspersa.. (Gila)| -- 3). ee 55
conspersa.. (Tigoma) 2. aa aseeeen 56
Corvina ‘osculas ose: «seen 203
couchi, ~@Dionda)i 4.4 oe 48
coucim, ((Monitana)) 4.52.95 eee 71
couchiana., “@limia)) {= ae Eo2
couchiana.» (Poecilia)) 2 3a 152
CouésiuS:.. cae. oes ek 82
Couesius adustus: 2 50.e sree 82
Croakeérs as diss cae oe 2. 202
erocros | (Pristipomla)i: cesar 200
crysoleucas. (Abramis) -.-2. 7: 57
crysoleucas. (Cyprinus) .......<. 7
erystallina: (Atherinella) "> 184
erystallinas “(hy rina) cee 184
crystallinum. (Chirostoma) ..... 178

InpEx, VoL. V

PAGE
SMO SOM IMS Hs rt pusie cee! sis, «pi Bs 229, 230
CtenocobiuS fasciatus: ........:.- 220
COVE 0} OCS a cin ee L355 080
cuitzeoensis. (Zoogoneticus) ..... I1I0
Cilitisvceqtiidens: 2. fea. cine ee 229
etpuetise (bimelodts)|; 25.25. a4. 12
examelliasea ((ApOmotis)) ..- 2.4... IOI
cyanellus. (Lepidopomus)....... IQI
eyanelluses «@uepomis)’ <2... .4: 190, IQI
cyanoguttatum. (Cichlasoma) ... 215
cyanoguttatus. (Herichthys) .205, 215
cyanoguttatus. (Heros) ......215, 218
Sydimcdrestews. 2.9. a2 st. ths os 5,6
eymOdOmICHthys . 5... 5... ys ets ote ss 101
Cynodonichthys tenuis .......... 101
eypho, “(Catostomus) |... 0. 2. 36. 23
SypNor Ocyrauchen) ...... 7)... 33
Owprinelia, bubalina.. os 405.22. 04. ft
Cyprinella macrostoma.......... 72
Gyprinelia Tibripinna.... 0.6.5... 73
MOivaotsuta Glico we eels Se 2s ate oP auth 36, 53
MOM IWIAMOC ON (oss. . Shta ed es en 124
Cyprmodon elegans .......... 124, 125
@yprnedon eximius ..:....... 1255126
@yprinodon latifasciatus ......... 126
Cypnnodon macularius....-...,.... 126
Cyprnoden-variegatus...4. 72... 124
CAT AEN EDSS = ae Oy a ec e 37
Cyprimustatromasus..... 2.5.52... t 79
RCV MEMS CAL DIO... 5 2. oe aR atlas 37
Wyprinus catostomus., 5... ..%s.. a0
WrjouiMus CrysOleucas'.\..4..4-.2---: 57
yrs DRAMA. 26 wes ae bd ek 56
Gypsies levCisCuS $20.4. sec es 55
Cyprinus) «(Catostomus) 27. .s.. 25
WAC ee ee aint cetn ae edie bias oct 55
DWaces Black-=nosed™ «5.00 4: see 79
DCG SAS Ciba Vc) 9 ola ae 79
DETERS phe cies SSR En ie eee ae 186
Geppie, . (Cichlasoma).. .:.......: 221
SEP Oil ORLCEOS) as) oe! tesco 221
detrusus: i) (Gillichthys) 200. 5.5 234
diazin (Chirostoma) {.5....5...- 178
Giaziwn(ZOOSONeLICHS) . 5.0.2.2... II4
iswetin ai(Neomucall) e202. : 187, 188
TE SKOTaNG Fi, 5: BRO Se ae se 48
Wrondapatnarc et = sxtewlls cae sce 48
DTIC aCOUCH ite. ee eo kun. ara che hces 2 48
Wiemda emiscopa: ss toes So ays os 48

Dioplites mmecensis, 4. s3.. cca. 1Q5

e

241

PAGE
Diplestom fasciatus... - ) .. 197
dolichocephalus. (Gobius)....... 228
dolomieu. (Micropterus) ........ 194
Wormitatoris sae} woes ae. cs ee 227
Dormutatorseumedlachiy "2s eae se 227
Dormitator maculatus... . i. 4.5... 227
dormitator. (Gobiomorus) ...... 226
dormutatrix. (EB leotrts)) =... soe: 226
dormitor, (Philypnts).. 9... 220) 227
dormitor, (Gobiomorus) .......- 226
1D) OROSOMIa ely ke ee re cede sie 92
Dorosomaranale sys sepia sy: cine 93
Dorosomarcepedianum Wo. 22. 42 04
Dorosomaresle et | een ce 04
Woresomal mexicanum 06.2... 2ee 04
Morosomainotavayerce me) ants eee 2
DD OrosonvatiGlcem ee ee tee Qg2
Gloniabl (Calinlowlejos)) goo e0ceuncs« 136
Glove. (Cases) es sac cae eck 136
Dims EP resh=wrea teres eee 2 eee 203°
Drums! Ravers jae set toes canner 202
dubium. (Campostoma) ........ 42
Ghetesto, (CAWNeENASEA))! 2 os ose ae se - 45
Chutes, (vaaentinbls)) 25 55a000e44)- 16
Cheer, — (CsuaaieieGIS)) 5 odibu onen soc 15
dugesi. | (Zoogoneticis) = t.2 x... Tea It
heustesmnl. (GANGInabIEN 8 doa bo ba es oe eit
hukexecshl, © ((IembralGhbUKbIS)) ys ages Gea oe III
dugesiit. (Zoogoneticus) ......... IIL
Wel CommlOr a wre epsgses nee a a ear 90
Welebresh=walteren 4 = er cee kee go
else: ata eam Mona ed ce SSE go
Helse syimbranchoid A921. 66 ae 89
eigenmanni. (Cichlasoma) ...... 220
eigenmanmi. ~“(Bivarta)on. 2 5. one 77
eiseniaen (Characodon)i sn. oes II9
elegans. (Cyprinodon)....... 124, 125
elegwanss, 9 (Gulla) Ney Sew tas es ane 53
Hileotridinasyr..... 5. cece Go ete 226
IE OGEISM ya vs Mn -moapahe ces teks, var eee 228
Bileotrisidormitatnisc.. <4... 05 ee 226
BVCOERIS AMACULALUS Se oJ /ea ever Agee: 227
DIOS, FOMOUEIS), Mo aah oaoecowa este 229
BeotrismplSOMIS ja. sq hays 228
PIS OETIS SUMMA ys. eta aes soy afees gene eb]
Bleotrcisomnolentuss ee. meres 22
ellioti. (Thorichthys) . 2225223)
elongatus: <(Carptodes)ex. 5... . 1. 28
encaustus. (Chapalichthys)...... 123
encaustus. (Characodon).;.....7: 123

242

PAGE
Epicyitustmicrolepisies.t.usee sete ie 88
eEpiscopanma (Dionda) ine. A aaa ee 48
episcopa. (Hybognathus) ....... 49
episcopus. (Hybognathus) ...... 48
I SlOPSAnUmmes | Atos ce ee ee 166, 169
Bslopsanum -arge:.. <. nese 4 eee 171
Eslopsarimjordani (4.2 se yes cle 169
IE SORAMAATINIS) sn og neus Ree aay ee 160
ESOXNOSSEUSIE L.A). ces. Lehre 5
ID SORchaals were sels) Be eda hsb ava ce Sd 6
estor. 9 (Chirostoma)y. 0) ..4sc 166, 180
estony se e@eethostole)iceie 4 Ssaseeachee 180
BE TMeOstomlat nis. ote oe eee 196
Etheostoma australe ......... 196, 197
Etheostoma flabellare ........... 196
Eiheostomaylepidumal <eseen eae 198
Etheostoma micropterus ......... 197
IP theostomlarpOttsil cn. os kee 196, 197
theostoma scovelii &. 2...) ite 197
Btheostomatines. ssc. s see ae 196
Tu pPOMlOtI Sis dee 21a ede ee 189, 190, 193
tipomotis Merosss. 4.4.2.5 se 194
Bupomotits pallidusess ace. hv de ow 193
EG VELER ENA Pop Nes A saet olson hi oc eee a7,
varie CLSenmeannie ne ©.) .sie te 77
Barnet lalatwacensisii situs sss ss 78
evermanni. (Cichlasoma) ....... 214
evermanmian «(hyrina)ige Wi. Aa 184
exiles, “(Dorosoma)iian s+ s05 1: le 94
eximius.” (Cyprinodon) 7 .:.,.)..; 125, 126
exiensuse, a(humndtlits) pp... oe ne 108
fat cullen Mees te A ee eg Oe 58
Ralewlanchap alas. <9 0, poet. ta se 58
Heston, ((Crenaniloybisse)) aa 4 35 8 ble ac 129
faselata.. ((Molienesia)i. a0)... 42. 153
fascialtias. wun CAC hints) | ees ye ee 235, 236
fasclatuss, (Aplesion) 4... aes. 197
fasctaruse «(CAatOmovtus) _.iaenakne 1Q7
fasciatus. \(Ctenogobius)'........ 220
felrceps.) |(Galeiehtiny’s is cute at) 9
fenestratusies (ELErOS)01. eae eee 219
LeLOxw.-@ ((episOSteus)\.<-s.na ae cme. 5
femrioimeus. 4(Characodom) 4° ee 120
imte-scaley Suckers ain) 4 howl eo ae 31
| BES e Voici kA Ree ett ere Aa A oe SR Cree 3
BishessiCarp-like eae accoaes kee eee 2
flabellare. (Etheostoma) ........ 196
MMat-head? Manmnows... 0 see ae 50
Auivaatilis: = (Alcoa) Iss eee 48
Huavaatilis. ((Pétromiyzon)npra i: I

FIELD CoLUMBIAN MuszEuM—ZOOLoGY, VOL. V.

PAGE
fonsecemsis:, | ((A(chinus)) ae see 236
fonsecensis. = ((Solea). 7... eee 236
Ronitints 52% eo se oe eee 102, 108
forlonensis. (Nototropis) ..:..... 70
formosa. s\(luinaia)) 2-4 eee 155
formosa... (Mollienesia) .......... 155
formosa. “(Mollienisia) 45-3 aeeee 155
formosa. (Moniana) ...- 355.208 74
formosulum. (Campostoma)..... 42
fommosus., (lima) 147
formosus. (Nototropis) ......... 74
formosus: (Notropis) 322.3 74
Four-eyed Fishes)... 2 7205 =ee 135
OUr CYS, eas ots 22.5 ko eee 136
fredrichsthali. (Thosichthys) .... 222
resh-water rum 2) 55s = eee 203
Bresh=water Heli - 523) ae go
frigida. (Moniana) = 322 ee 75
frigidus.. \(Nototropis)' >. 24s 75
frigidus.; «(Notropis)’ o 225 see 75
fulgens. (Tetragonopterus)...... 85
Bundulina. 2 2..)j).)) aaa eee 101
Bunduluswss. 0) Wisk Seer 102, 103
Bundulus"dugesiis: 35). 3 ee IIt
Bundulustextensust, i. see eee 108
FPundulus crandis 4. 325... eee 107
Fundulus guatemalensis ......... 103
BPundulus heterochitus! 23.) 106
Fundulus heteroclitus grandis .... 107
Runduluswabialiss 455 see 104, 107
Fundulus mudfish............... 102
Bundulls oaxaccel a. 2 eo. 104
Fundulus pachycephalus ......... ALE:
Bundulusspunctatus see 104
Rundulus robustus) 2223). 12
Bundulus' seminolise apes: serene 102
BPundtlusisimilis) 332 3. eee 105, 106
Bandulussvanctuss.ace. a) alee 105
Pundultisizebrinuis 2) eee 108
furcatus.., \(Amitinus) i=) ee Io
furcatus. (chthycelurus) 225 see 10
furcatus.= @lictalucts) ys ere mi
furcatus, (Pimelodus) ene 10
furcidens. “(Characodon)) Saas 122
Gadus lactistris 440s. oon 12
Galeichthys .2..20 9450... 9
Galeichthys'aquadulcezs- 7+ eee 9
Galeichithys telicepsi. 541 9
Gambusias 30 Uke. 6 eee 128, 133
GamibusiaathiniS oe eee 30; nar

INDEX, VOL. V.

PAGE
ComoustanbOnita |. .s.. 56 sec « 132
(ComalousiawtaS@iaudun aii. de Se sie.cens ¢ 129
RErAMUOISIAWET ACIS, Wo 5. 44 & stejene dole 130
Gamibusiawntancs. 2... .50n2- < 131
ramistisia,modesta ..... 260.203 053
Gambusia nicaraguensis.......... 133
Gamibusiaimobilis 2... eye 131
Gamijusiawpatrielis jo... 6.2 roger
Gambusia plumbea..... : ay he Cane ed 153
Gatmibtsia punctata:. 2... 2.0. eee 128
Ganlousiasenilis 20)... sale ee meh
GamiDtusta SpeclOsa’ ...... ok bee de 131
(Giaiaall siKSseuakeeN Ge eee ee ee Sel er 127
Meretla Ine see, yore ao he Paros tale vone ate ats 160
garmani. (Characodon) ..121, 122, 127
garam. (CNototropis)iz. 9..:... - 73
Sarimeanias (NOtLOPIS) 22.64% 6. «2: 73
Garoitke:Allicator: .% .8.0.s0. 5... 6
CGanpikes Short-nosed)\.......:- 6
Mirae n CONICAL Ge Lica. is fee wt oe ee 7
ESS Ag A ee ee Ale,
(GAS MAGE O Uae weneeiee 4,508 ube Sods Ge awe ye 203
Savialise ((Lepisosteus) s.....:..- 5
Seddesh § (Characodon)iz...2....- 116
Silosay, (Moniana) 2... ........ 71
(Sie “5 4 al i Ga ee ae ee era ae 53
GillascOnspersale shade <0. cis 4a ee 55
(Cnilavellec amsM eer ys leu eep aa arn: 53
(Grilleaerninan aca metic. fandt) 4 ce ata ote 54
Gillaprobustar cess a2 cls me sin tus 53
Cr 2064 bi fo) kh eae eee aes a ae 53
(CilbiGlaiel anny Sosa a caa caek a orcs cieisl oe eae 234
Gillkchithycidetrususs 45-5049. 234
Giwiiehthys muirabilis.....5.2/..%4 234
Ginancdimichtinvst. «nies. ooe.: 115

Girardinichthys innominatus .....
PMN TS aia she es BAth cer ee se TeaPi, 1K se5e(6)

Girandimus occidentalis 2.4.5... 150
Girardinus pleurospilus .......... 148
Girardinus sonorensis............ 150
Gicardinustininotatus;..........- 134
(Givzizancal, Slaeielvge seaets Ga see g2
CereiGnclatnyse tes seen os es lc aes 134
Glaridichthysdatidens=. .......2.-: 134
(CuIBENG [Ofolhae r icine ae a 134
Glanidodonlatidens”. 24 ...4..'2.%.. 134
globiceps. (Agonostoma)........ 188
GROTH Sco G eae Beate cone 0h a ene ea BONS
Groloiitcl eumies ete saad hie te ee ouesin oA 225
(Grolaitioges sale sees 6 ieee eee 229

243

PAGE
Gobiomorus dormitator.......... 226
Gobiomonus dormitore 2.2%. 05.0. avs 226
Gobioneltic, aise anes ese 231
Gobionellusthastatus . .7)46 .h3..28). 229
Gobiorestivalignhetsa denise a eae es 81
Gobi s saan ae eee sates i aius sect 229
Gobius) clayicOnteceioe ns 2 ctr 231
Gobius dolichocephalus, 7... J). .; 2318
Gobivs mexicantise. ees: o 5.5 ve. 2813
Cobiusmcrodone, sees oe els ee 231
GoDiUSinICer: dice |. ae eeraen ios estan 220
Gobiisparviusie sheets tees cae 230
GobitisipiSonisies 2 fees erie «hae 228
Gobius tatasica/, i235 Mace. s 2 222, 038
Go DY isch iese ote ee eA, Meek ee 230
Golden Shiner 0.6 sateen 57
Goldshishs, aac Meee ee oe re 39
GOOdeaNy, .cs.0 he ete abe ee oe 123,030
Goodearatripinnis:...28 5... o4-- 136, 140
Goodearcaliienitts ssn seen eee 140
Goodealuitpoldi 3). eee. ae 135,139
Goodeartoweruene arise elie 138
Goodeamwihiiteims merase ase oe 137
Goodingaweeise Pee task Syne 136
graciise 9(Gambusia)iiy... como. 130
fenexebicn) (Gebyoyoyoeis)) o6o benno oA. 80
onacilisgua (loniatia)msns ee jeunes fa
sracilion W(btychocheilus)) 24 2.).(0. 52
gracilis. (Xiphophorus) :........ 130
grandis. (Fundulus)) 12... :408 «: 107
grandis. (Fundulus heteroclitus) . 107
grandocule. (Chirostoma) ....... 176
(Craodugme meni fer socet Sade 62
Graodus nigroteniatus.......... 62, 68
grunniens. (Aplodinotus) ....202, 203
grunniens. (Haploidonotus) ..... 203
GEG CEG erat sue | eee ie os eee 199
(GCravSuSs TKICSAISIS, Oh 6 oc bloo waco < 195
guatemalensis,,| (Adinia)"..F 25. a) res
guatemalensis.. (Anacyrtus) ..... 88
guatemalensis. (Fundulus) ...... 103
guatemalensis. (Rceboides)...... 88
guatemalensis. (Zoogoneticus) ... 103
GAA NATE ep sees tse) oi aaa as 224, 226
Guavanal Metarcdie: ma) ce eeecee ee 228
Guazacones saa ene ee ee eee 128
gundlachi. (Dormitator) ........ 227
guntheri. (Xiphophorus)..... 157,158
guzmaniensis. (Acomus) ........ 30
guzmaniensis. (Catostomus)..... 30

244

PAGE
Elizsmlidiace. sos sas eer cane 199
haplognathus. (Lepidopomus) ... 192
haplognathus. (Lepomis) ....... 192
FLaploidowOpinas ~<0.245-:cichoie oeieisye « 202
EVA plOrdOnObUS.0 1-1 reetscre © eraciere 202
Haploidonotus grunniens ........ 203
a plondiete yc s Sails Saimike ci reetate 98
Ehardjawe Minnow ©... <. cis - 6 ser. saat 58
hastatus. (Gobionellus) “3.22. 3: 229
a TIStOTaee a Geechee or eens L203
hedricki. (Cichlasoma) ......... 208
elleniven (Cichiasorma) sy ecco 223
inetleni aan (EVETOS).. seo eho eeemer et 22
helleri.. -(Thorichthys) ......- 223, 224
helleri. (Xiphophorus)....... 156, 157
let IORATATNUS Jee skates ais cae enh 87
Hemigrammus compressus ....... 87
Hemigrammus unilineatus ....... 87
Elferichthys enc ctleisiac es ae eheteren: 205
Herichthys cyanoguttatus. ....205, 215
IELErOS wR re tere actos regs kos etree 205
JBKSROYS LOSE Nabhan ae eS ice ame coho Deore 210
Heros cyanoguttatus......... 25. 208
RCE OSRCE POUL ic ssicastat eee gscenes schon: 221
EIGROSHIeMES thats ames ecrs en 219
Etenosshelileritg rie -.detociicet ae 22
Heros heterodontus ............. 215
ElerostiStlanmus ms sec oera let egos 212
Eteroswlabridens) on anal re 211
Flerosrmiaculipinmisiys =r. at-r. v ene oie Dee
Eieroskimclamtirusm .— seat -bacetere 219
ElerospmenitOr, siete cea ne 207
Elerossmlomtez Umaga. ates. eons 221
Eleroskie butliteiins sretee erent ao 220
TNCLOS)/ OCLOLASCIATUS, ais cups Sater ienniets 218
TLCROSH PARMA st ecoe tip obels ces eean ce oa 218
EISrOSsDAMONACCUS «cant? Gl iicrenae 209
PCROSAS alysis toys cat y ae nes cee 207
IEIErOSGSE VETS tana iene coe na a ae iee 205
ELEroSstempoOracus!-rlae io. tcitle 1 - Ding
heros. ,ACHupomotis) 2: ssh... %) 2 -i 194
MEHOS> MACE OMIGUS) sn ccm Mercere: 194
te LeramGiria ees -yega cata esy-dtars ts 147
Heterandrmavatinis co) G). 2. cir) 130
ele terem clataleltaZihaeeepene cone ye ereucuee: 148
Heterandria nobilis \.. c.jos% alae medi
Heterandria occidentalis ......... I50
Heterandria pleurospilus ......... 148
iheterochitus: (Cobitis) sa. eect. 106
heteroclhitus. (grandis, Fundulus). 107
heteroclitus. (Fundulus) ........ 106

FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZoO.LoGy, VOL. V.

PAGE
Fleterognathus 77. ee oe see 166
heterodon. (Nototropis)™.. 23.4: 50
heterodontum. (Cichlasoma) .... 215
heterodontus. (Heros) .......... 215
Hickory Shad 32. 32-9252 eee 94
Horned PRouts® -7 225.4. - eee 12
Horny Heads?! <5 2) ..4. see eee 80
Hardsoniis altuss= 14a eee 80, 81
humboldtiana. (Atherina)....166, 175

humboldtianum. (Chirostoma).172, 175

humboldtianus. (Atherinichthys). 175
hunmiule, —(Pristipoma)/ =. 32 ae aee 201
Hybognathus. (2... ssa] eee 48
Hybognathus;amara) =: ose 49
Hybognathus civilis-.... 25). eee 49
Hybognathus episcopa:. 5. eee 49
Hybognathus episcopus.......... 48
Hybognathus melanops' see 49
Hybognathus nuchalis -. - 2. 3-ee 48
Hybognathus punctifer #).- eee 49
Hybognathus rasconis 7... eee 50
Hybognathus Serenusis. 2... -9esetee 48
Hy DOpSIS: i. iei «nes 5 2 eee 80
Hy bopsis'zestivalis@.... 1: ener 81
Hybopsis ‘altus, 2). 574-1) see 81, 82
Hy bopsis: gracilis’ 05 2. 5 .aeeee 80
Hy borhynehus confertus.. vane 51
Hydrarecyra similis 322 22 eeeee 105
Hydransyra Zebra >... eee 108
Hy peroartit: . 2.2) 225 er I
hypselura. (Rhamdia) <2 eee 22
hypselurus: ”.(Pimelodus) essa. 22
Tichthycelunines si. ee eee 10
Ichthyaelurus 7... 34). feta TO; 03
Ichthycelurus furcatus:, 0c eee 10
Ichthyzlurus meridionalis........ II
Ichthyelurus punctatus. ieee eae, ty
Ichthyobinz:.<... «222: 7g 25
Ichthyobus tumidus....... Pies ac 26
Ictalurus’. o.50 at 4. st eee 10
Tctalucus furcatus =. serene II
Ictalurus meridionalis)... 22259908 12
lictaltinus punctatus 22 see TO, Dx
Ictiobus meridionalis): 45-2 eae 26
[etiobus tumudus) 2 eee 26
infans:, (Gamibusia)= 5. — a. eee P30
innominatus. (Girardinichthys) ..

AGN ARG: he See coke eee bone eae D5 oOo
intermedia. (igomia)) 422 sa. 56
intermedius. (Leuciscus)........ 56

INDEX, VOL. 'V;

PAGE
Hrideuse « (Salmo)= ej. ja eis aes 96
ISS OOS a0 5 il A 92
ISespondylous, Fishes... 2.0.0.2... 92
istamam, (Cichlasomea).... 2.2... 212
fsplamtdsee WGELCTOS) 4 aa. a. oc. ede 212
Nees leas tiGWerer ds tnce sa ee Es deraveleilece st oe 17,
listlarincsoalsanmus 4.0... Ses. es 17
jalape. (Xiphophorus) ...:..... 156
jordani. (Chirostoma) ....... 166, 169
jordant.» {(Eslopsarum)..... 32.4: 169
Ti CONES er 188
Wotumusipichardy 25.54.60 saye seis: 188
JFGGRUIS SS Se oe ores hecien oo caree a nonme tenae 44
IRCCTINDSIST 0 5 slg atgere ee a Re 106
IGANG GIESE ciate ate nary wa Tene Se 98, 102
leibanece= (Chirostoma)).+....2..% 173
labralisa saCPamdtalws).;...-.-.. 104, 107
lalotosuss (Carprodes):.-.....-..- 29
aiomiclenss a (Eleros): 2 -r oe. se 211
IL @VOSEEES) GNEbEN REISS aaa i aeneneae eG Cron One 190
Waters pallidus... o.:2...056.- 193
WalomuS PUNCtALUS:.. .5-- 2-21-55: 204
Walogustsaltmordesmaeac.-- eee. a: 195
lacustris (Aleansea)).. .2 02.05. - 47
laetistriSeaan (Gadus) 0. esac 2. os 12
Warnnpetran er 2.2 yates Ss kes) e segty os I
Wanmapetmaspadiceas . 4.7. 5 eae. 2
WENN EN Sie Ate cuteens: ohh ro mca os aha e I
lateralis. (Characodon) ...... 118, 121
lateralis. ‘(Philypnus) ..-.-.. 226, 227
latdeaudasn. «(Rinanidia)) so... . ++... 21
laticaudus, (Pimelodus)........- 21
latidens. (Glaridichthys))....... - 134
latidens® =(Glaridodon)=:..+.:... 134
latifasciatus. (Cyprinodon)...... 126
latipinna. (Mollienesia).......... I55
latipinna. (Mollienisia)....... TG Ae aS 5
latiotnetata: = (cecilia): .....- I50, I51
lepiday, = (Boleosoma)..::.\... 196, 198
Mepidopominde. 25. feo. foe as 190
epidopomuses 5444 44- >) 189, 190, 192
Lepidopomus cyanellus.....:.... IQI
Lepidopomus haplognathus....... 192
Lepidopomus occidentalis......... 192
Lepidopomus pallidus ........... 193
Wepidosteidaer ys iarie tere sei): 4
WeMIG@steUSy is a. yo Hel ps eho: bass 5,6

245

PAGE
Wepidosteus;berlandiert.)..... 5. 6
Wepic ostetisvOSSCUSi error easy str 5
Lepidosteus platystomus......... 6
epidosteus tristeechus =. 5- 4)... - - EO
Wepidosteusitropicusss seria ae: 7
Wepidosteus viridisiap een ae. 2 so. 7
lepidus! (Poecilrchthys) ia 2... 1: 198
lepidum: (Etheostoma)).:....... 198
We pisosteuSt. 2m rinse «oe: 5
IWepisOsteus ler Oxgerracr se ae 5
[ee pisostetsisavialisues a. ee 5
IWepISOSteuSvOSSellSs=r ane oe ee 6
Lepisosteus platostomus ......... 5,6
Wepisosteus) tristocchusma erat ate ar m7
IEepisosteus tropicusae cach sels ae 7
Ibe POMISHe 2 os ehes. 8 hyo oh iene aks 190
Eepomis cyanellus aa. os. es: IQO, IQI
Lepomis haplognathus........... 192
epomisioceidentalisi is... 1.05 mai 1Q2
Kepomis:pallidusy jas 40...) 193
WeDLOPSwre eevee Posehn ees 18
eptops Oliivarisiics «gos. S.-i) 18
lenmcsae em CAZteCula) ne aes seer 60
lermize) 9((Chirostoma)ie. woes ose 179
lenny w(Notropis)h ia as. os) ee 60
evans, ((Seniie)) 55 occ ocee gos IAI, 142
WethoOstol ei Pik.snctaceae eect oe 166, 177
ethostolesestoin ete 180
Dero Lenecibale th aehn Semel o Rola cities ae Se 52
JZOUCISCUS Pah. Ser sgeme eo hbertin lteepe eee 55
éuciscusiboucardi... 100s. 4 62, 67, 68
Weuciscus antermedius! (55 .'9. sass - 56
IWEUCISCHSMItKeISIS" eed eis aor 62, 71
IE GUCISCTIS EMIS eigen ae <4 er ee 56
eticiscus migrescens: 9a... -.- Reena ils
IPGUCISCHS| PUG pUneUSiee se 2 ee 56
euciscusntincelllayeaey te ae 44
leuciscuswen (Gyprimts) een ose 55
limantotria= «bocciiia) Se ayer iniye
Wimiayecouchianatenr sera ee 152
[eimai tonnOSa eerie ei TAM TAS (5
DimiaymatamOrensis 2.26.25) sae 155
Ibsbaabley Ayer, codon aon Helo ome ¢ 109
(MAA OSS: Gon leet? se se Se II5
Limnurgus variegatus........ TES eT
limteartases (cecilia) eae crae art tarde 155
TAS ay ree ae Se een Ret oP 5 Sth ere 34, 182
lige, (CUI IGIEN) oscccen ee gobs Ac 182
longimanus. (Thorichthys)...... 222
ong-nosediGarpike® -5..4 4 were 5
oplobran chit seine 162

246 FIELD CoLuMBIAN MusEumM—Zoo.ocy, VoL. V.
PAGE . PAGE
opnobranchsin. anya. ase eee ec ro2) |*meridionaliss “Gictalunus) eres 12
tC atiawrae ick ooh. cacao eee TOO, 116 | meridionalis, (Ictiobus))-—2. see 26
Aker an), Bhanbablsh AA gle 504 ble on c Boe tog | meridionalis. (Sclerognathus) ... 26
Pucaniamventtsta nicks eames eres TOO: |. (Metalotey. aac .': ts. yo ee 26, 28
lGKesgbisey — 7 (Gavin EKO HOSREENS)) Giaio oa aos 8 oe 63)|) Metapile cx. 2 12h. 8 2 dec eee 226
tiers sea (Chinostomea).+. «ame aeic £78 || Mexican Sole... ..--. 36 se eee 235
iticimishen (Pty ehochelus)i a. ass: 52 | mexicana, (Aztecula)l sae 61
hantpoldia(Characodom) eo. se. 13.0) |) mexicana: ((Poecilta))/ = y= 153
lnitpooldiny (Goodea)l Sa. s.aoc. - 135, 139) ,| mexicana. (Siemalosa)..sc:.1) seen 94
IRONUISE | (CANsaaVesRbRRUES)) a 45 G6 pie a ae 4,15; | mexicanum. — (Dorosomia) seen 04
InbboRbIS|; | (UaaabhbbablS))) wens SGee, camo plolhe 4) | mexicanus! (Aumiurus) -) apenas 15
ipticn er CeamMelodtis) mitiis angers aiste 4 || mexicanus.. ‘(Awaous) =) Sane 233
lutrensis. * (Weuciscus) 1 0. 2... 62; 71 || ‘mexicanus! — (Centropomus) ee 199
datrensis= .“(Nototropis))<52.02.. . VI, 73 |) mexicanus, i(Chatoessus): te. aee 94,95
ltrtrensisy | (Notropis)t... o.oo ak 2 | mexicanus. (Chonophorus)...... 233
liitaien = (bhletenancipia) a aeyare es ee ©48,)|) mexicanusy” (Gobius)/.5.4eeeee 233
mexicanus. (Tetragonopterus)... 85
macrostoma. (Cyprinella)....... 42 | mezquital. (Chirostoma) =i ia.eee 170
macrostomus. (Nototropis) ..... 72 | microdon. | (Gobius)) 32) 231
macrostomus. (Notropis) ....... 72 microlepis. (Epicyrtus) =>. “cee 88
macularius. (Cyprinodon)....... T26.| Micropterinee.i.c 5. «2c. eee 194
TAMAS Ul ai that meg SCLESING)) wees he tos eases Zam ”| ~Microptens.. = gen ose nn. ee 194
maculatus. (Dormitator) ....... 227 | Micropterus dolomieuw 5°... .7- eee 194
maculatus “(Bleotris)\ vis. . 408 22 Micropterus salmoides 2). 195
maculatus. Pim elodus)iccs ase to | Micropterus salmonoides.......192, 195
maculatus. (Platypcecilus)...144, 145 | micropterus. (Etheostoma) ..... 197
maculatus. (Zoogoneticus) ...... I13°\| ‘microstomus. (Carpiodes) ) 2 3emar 27
meaculipimnisy \(EleCrOS)i ss -cey. oe er 223 | mailneri.’ ‘(Nocomis) : => 5 eee 82
Miciriyjirariiren < eo utah ahem Se eee Rea eke 6) «| -moinacse.n |(Gila) 22s eee 54
igghonanbke, « KC Dor.d nada: dina ck at aunes 160 | miniatus. (Zoogoneticus)........ II5
marinus. (Tylosunus)..4:.2-.. 160 | Minnow, Hard-jaw...... Me ih 3 58
marmoratus. | (Symibraiachus)!...., 89° || Minnows... 2° «.--/e ee one 36, 48
Marsipobranchulhs secqa eget hae G t | Minnows, Flat-head 2225... ja. 50
tmatamorensis:* (Limia)<o. 02 2. ; 595. | Minnows,Pursey...).. pee 124
mazatlanay 1 (SOlea)e sms se cis ec. 235 | Minomus platyrhynchus’. ~) 772.2. 30
mazatlanus, - ((Alchirus)/ 5.2 a. a. 291501|— Mimonius: plebeiuSs. s. cena ~ 20
Mevalopsicepedianium ss 24. sic + g2."| ‘mirabilis, | (Gillichthys)= eer 234
Melaritish aceite: stk cbeveiucuaap- carmen 183|) Mixpapatl . 244... -.0- oe 137
Melanirissbalsanus. 20): 2% jaca. «is E83,|}modesta. (Cheonda)) 2.76 e5. ae 55
melanops. (Hybognathus)....... 49 | modeésta. (Gamlbusia).¢> cee 153
melanurum. (Cichlasoma) ...... 219 | mojarra. (Cichlasoma)-..... eae
melanurus. ((ElerOs)i sc...) ori 200 |, MojarraStt... 35% |. \.1)-o. ae 204
Mien cliait Waovenini eis o& cnn suet beccarene Trem Molltenesias 445-205) eee 117, 142, 154
Menidiavlisae Aertel cle = ces Gees 182) | Mollienesia fasciata © >= 25 arene 153
Menidiavsallei eta ss ce wwerata 181 | Mollienesia formosa.............. 155
menidia: CAthertma)). . 8 s seiae 181 | Mollienesia latipinna......... ass
mento. j\(Cichlasoma) 4)... 4. ... 207 | Molltenisiay 3. 92:5. =): sree 154
Ament Ome. (EieroOS) si see oies ueus eee 204 | Mollienisia formosa ..:.<.-@ 2a 155
meridionalis. (Ameiurus)........ ir | Mollienisia latipinna.......... T5456 05.5
meridionalis. (Carpiodes) ....... 26. || Montana 82 sac. cee eee 62n 710
meridionalis. (Ichthyzlurus).... 11 | Moniana couchi........... veka 71

IINDES? e\ViOE. Vi

PAGE
WiortamemiOrmvOSas ais. «5 6 a. seas 74
Miomiannayirieidar 54.4. se. se 75
MioriamanCUODOSAL At... ee ee. te ores rp
Montana sracilis .... 2.6.6.0... 28 ma
IMicratenmapmiciGaw sO cee «crete 65
Momilanaimuiila,. <5 s+ oc n 2 bee oo © 71
montezuma. (Cichlasoma)....... 221
montkeztmaa.. (Eleros)| 2.27.2... 227
montezume. (Xiphophorus) .... 158
monticola. (Agonostoma)........ 186
monticola. (Agonostomus) ...186, 187
monticolaw, (Miimeil)< 2. ass s. ok 186
moemumeciss 9 \(Cliola) 95.2. 4. ns... 71
Miotmataim Suckers: seas. 2 dea 30
MOO SPOMIG sb icasyee nile tthe a oss» 34
Moxostoma austrimuml: 5 5..25.. - 35
Moxostoma congestum .......... 34
INI hcir ag ere tere ls ale ute lee wlawuea. 233
INGE CAG am cre oer eet uenays chek sn aly 18
mouGiishree (Eumdulis)) 22.2 ...8..- 102
VIROL aged as apes ahs a eae 185
Mimenitcemirelust in. cs ees s 4 185, 186
AEM AAOMELCOLA “es. ten es es 186
Niro aera lex soi is thas, = Ghavekae tenn ome ate 185
NCSU Seca abe aus a) fo a ea eke sans 185
ISSIR ES HSI a ce A en 185
multipunetata. ' (Skiffia) si. ...). I4I
multipunctatum. (Xenendum) .. 141
multiradiatus. (Characodon) .... 119
Mirreenanameuilla spay... fees eee « 90
Mylopiarodomtimes a5.) a a. gees 51
Miy-xostomaaustrina: ss...) vp. 35
IWIN ZOSTOMUAR ie aan sis es ere haces alate aur 34
Myzostoma austrinum............ 35
Myzostoma congestum 4. 24..... 34
nasutum. (Agonostoma)......... 187
nasutum. (Campostoma) ....... 42
nasutus. (Agonostomus)......... 187
roenteulis, (Caaa(ehobabs)) Ga anu gona ae 16
meieibis|, —(Aaaaanbiebis)) 556 45 goa oo ee 16
natalis antoniensis. (Amiurus)... 16
haialiS me (bamelodus)ee ea. cie. a. 12, 16
MaZas we (NOLOLTOMIS) hae shee a = 70
Hebuliter “(Chroma -/ 2.5 2.5.02 220
meoimliter, \(Cichlasoma)i... 3... 5.. 220
mepuliters, ((leroOs)byis. os... oe 220
mepuliterisn 9 (Catostomus)) 5... 2: 30
ISedIesEISHeS ui. {opageimne oe eh 22,2 160
INCELCODIUS As Le kote seas es 2 21 55 22k
INCEinoplusicarpintish sce). e.. os. 221

247

PAGE
Neetroplussmemiatopsiiio.-1)-it +s 2250
mecleetuss ((Amiblodon)iis 4.1.08 203
malolksvoranl, (Ca\\wEXOwIS)), Gs 655ne8 255 00- 232
nelsoni, (Chonophorus)..2..>.°.- 232
nelsoni. (Conorhynchus)......... 19
nelsoni. (Platypcecilus).......... 147
INiGranleynoyenmendoiions 25 56 ane odiemas eee 8
nematops, ((Neetroplus) as. : 2 DP
Neomimoal ee nt eh dameemte ck ane ob 187
Neomusilidigtietic . eyeill=slo 187, 188
nicaraguensis. (Gambusia) ...... 133
nicaraguensis. (Paragambusia)... 133
anlerere, — (COOMBS) ooo ooh ob oul © 220
Cera we (UCTICISCUIS) Nereus en 56
milsnescens,) (Cheonda)l 2 a5 Ve. is
nigrescens, ((betciseus)se40 co. 55
nigrescens. mi @yigomiea) iam. = meee 55
nigroteniatus. (Groadus)...... 62, 68
nigroteniatus. (Notropis)....... 68
mamoucley, —((iosaWiesne)) 5G oye dene a8 oe 65
nitidus. (Tetragonopterus) ...... 85
nobilis: | (Gamibusiayi oi i. Jee Taek
nopilise = (Heterandria) Sse... fo Tait
Necomismatilmenttp oe eo a> Glia. 82
nO OMIRS., —=(VE\eAIAREI 5g 8 Hee a ao 80
moOvatans iDorosoma)i: aaa. --has. & 2
IN/oRweraohiexoralblS.o4U oa ad oa us CBee ae iT
Notemigonus chrysoleucus....... Sy)
INGtotropls yy rs ae ss toe oe cue 62,75
Nototropis boucardi 4.27. =...) 67
INototropis bray toni. .7.3). c.: cies 65
Nototropisicalientis) =n en ae 65
Nototropis chihuahua............ 67
Nototropistorlonensisy 9. 2a. cn: 70
INototropisttiormosus) sich sera. 74
Niototropisiizigidus:)..2.55..00. sie 75
Nototropis garmani....... BeBe 73
INototropissaeterodom = 3... ne a: 50
INOtotropisyiubrensis 22 . =i. The W18
Nototropis macrostomus.......... 72
INOtotroOpismlazas) = \)si0. 14s skeen 70
IN@WONOFONS Oiethaiga pAb eo Gen aooc FF 69
INototcopisiomlatus.. ..)/55- 264s: 68
INGtOthopisMobustus wi... 2e hee 66
Nototropis Santamaria (i007... 74
Nototropis santarosaliz.......... 75
INGtrOpISes. 16 a-2oketven sy Scns eto ee ake 62
INotropisraltus: 4k ec ead boom 82
Notropis atherinoides) <5. <2. iya5 te 62
IN(OHERO} ONS AVAWZOUISS 5s Gloc Sans ad Goole: 59
Notropis, braytOni.. 2 ai... ved ae 65

248 Fi—ELD CoLuMBIAN MusEumM—ZoO6.oey, VoL. V.
PAGE PAGE
ING PropicrealiemtiSs: 1. re 2 mie enone 65 | pachycephalus. (Fundulus)...... 112
INotropis chihuahua <.2- os. 0.e 67 | pachycephalus. (Zoogoneticus) .. 112
INOtFOpISHOTIMOSUS: =. 2% su ee is: 74) pallidus. “Gupomotis)s. — -aeee 193
Notropissitigiduss. <0. aes nee 75 | pallidus. s@labrus)*... = 7. eee 193
Notropis garmanite. sees. ais oe 73 | pallidus. “(Lepidopomus) 2 a eee 193
IN@trOpislermicey 55 cy cetera 60 | pallidus. , (Leépomis).>. .27) 3a a 193
INOtKOPISHlimerenSiSit sje amis 6 se eisk 72 \ Pambosteus x... 0.2 s 0 6 tee eee 30
Notropis macrostomus........... 72.\ Pantosteus plebeius 2-2. 4. see 30
Notropis nigroteniatus .......... O38) |S Paragambusian. |. eae 133
INOtLOpISEORCAy. | .- mnrne ites een: 62, 69 | Paragambusia nicaraguensis...... 133
MOLFOpIS*OPMatUS pia chs sistas ele: 685) Parsetale oie. cata. an oe DRG
MOtrOpIsyEAScOnis) {cae yee eae 50 | parma. | (Cichlasoma) .... 52.3 218, 220
Notropisirobustis 440.040 anne: 66) | parma.) (ileros): 5.25. 459s ae 218
Notropisisantamanic.) .) 52.55.45 75 spatvuss a(Gobit’s)?aee. ee eee 230
Notropis santarosalice.\. 74,54) 2) 75 patruclise, \(Gamibusta)iss<0) ene 131
nuchalis. (Hybognathus)........ As) | patzcuaro, » (Chirostoma)s- see 174
TMAICCENSISam COTOPLItES) 2) ale eee ve 195 | pauciradiatus. (Pseudoxiphoph-
MUM CCSIM SIS sem (CrigyiSbes) hance ae 195 OEUS)"gicos te tos aes hie tee 128
pavonaceum. (Cichlasoma) ..... 209
Oamaccsy a (Etim uihtsS)" 5a eee Lo4) | spavonaceus.. «(Eleros) i. + eee 209
Oaxaccer a (whaimdia)e. acter achecta 20 | pelagicus. (Syngnathus)........ 162
Oaxacanensis: (Tetrasonoptertus)? 86 | Perches... 02.4.0. oe eee 196
occidentalis. (Girardinus)....... TsO. lt Percidas) sana cee oe eee 196
occidentalis: «(Heterandria) ...-: won| PescadatBlancay.-. 1. nee 81
occidentalis: \(Lepidopomus) =... 192. I Pescadito! 2. 4.62 -)) eee 55
occidentalis. (Lepomis)).5..7..... 192%| Retonte to), Stra. = sca dee 14
eccidentalis.e 1(Poceilia) e\vc re... a. 150 ||| Petromyzonfiuviatilis: 29. eee I
ocotlanz., (Chirostoma) 5...... .. T8045 )|| -Petromyzontidc’ Sse enn I
octofasciatum..” (Cichlasoma)...:.. 218) | (Phenacobius =<. .- 92 255. eee 76
Octofasciatuss / (Heros)sre.be alee 218 |. Phenacobius'scopiter .32...4. ee OM
Ojosy Custos: ae Pan eee 135,130 | Phenacobius teretulus’ 3.2.7. eee 76
Oligocepitaltisd: 23 a. oe 196, 198 | Philypnus (1.7. .4 2. 325522 eee 226
Olivas (Meptops) teats tase ac 18.) eehilypnusidormitonees eee 220.8227)
Oluvarise | (SUITS) o.4 so esl nate: & 1S: Jo Philyonustlateralis:t. eee PROV DANG:
Orca wes (NOtOtLOpIS)ieme. ei los 69 | pichardi. (loturus) 262.2 eee 188
oOrcate (NO@topis)¥aert se. 37. 30260.) pictus. ((HlCOtris)\ ae eee 229
Orcellaw ee fom orn teat ee 62.60) | Pike-lkesBishes’ #5... 98
Qrestiinee wren actor sete le Seed salam: TESs | pilosa. (Solea) ise see 2315
Ormatae en (Codomea)n, o-). eels dare 62,1687 || Pimelocephales =. 4. soon eee 50
ornatum. (Campostoma) ....... 41 | Pimelocephales’confertus 22.725 ae. 51
ornatus. (Cochlognathus)...... 575 50) || bimelodimce yey cia se ato eee 19
ormatusi s(NOtOtrOpiS)sm- a eee 68 |) Pimelodus*afinis| 22 ane 10
ornatus. (Notropis)sracemce see 68) | Pimelodus brachypterus 2) eee 21
Osculal. e(ACOSia) Banepa ee 80%| Pimelodusconinostriss. 1. renee 19
escuilain =( Comvita) igs. eae en 203 | Pimelodus, cupreus .2. 15. 12
Osculus., ((Angyreus) 40s ee eee So") Pimelodus fincatus) 2552: ie)
OSSEUS 2) (CESOX)§ tans oieess chee wars 5 ||| Pimelodus hy pselinush. +... eee 22
osseus, §) (Wepidositeus)i=s saci. 5 || Pimelodus laticauduse. » a. eee 21
Osseuss | (epiSOsteus).an. aa ei 64) Rimeclodus litpuse =e. eee ee 14
ouananiche A(Salimo)) 2 4se eae 96) |) Bimelodts maculatus san... se IO
pachycephalus. (Adinia)........ To ibimelodusimatalis scree eee 12, 16

InDExX, VoL, Ve

PAGE
Telos: GiUelenM | oki sic ses ts os 20
Pirmeloduss WASNMETI A... erste wes 3 22
JELiin ONENESS ) eee eee eee 50
Pimephales*confertus..2... .. 6.0. 51
Pimeplales promelas ..7...2:.3:. 50, 51
eRACMEASHES! chs ee ts bo. piesa ee oes 162
ESCeSme teenth de chs oS aietaniahnes 3
Picaiiceme (ICOtTS) lst. te < = Shh. 228
Preoia rn (ODIUIS)..< <\ss. 6 wiule = il 228
aPC OPRSTIMCIE. A. s/s sys’ «om sq ane eh: 83
PAO MCLG hess. bhsnale soos nies2 os 83
Plagopterus argentissimus ....... 83
platostomus. (Lepisosteus)....... 5,6
Pee VADOSCLUUS) ta wre d naa 4 oie wlntlele Bs 144
Platypeecilus maculatus ...... 144, 145
Piaibypoccilus melsoniz./; 0.1... sf. 2; 147
Platypoecilus quitzeoensis.:....:.. 110
Platypeecilus variatus’......+..'.. 146
platyrhynchus. (Minomus)...... 30
platystomus. (Lepidosteus) ..... 6
plebeius:- (Catostomus) ......... 30
plebeius, (Minomus) ........:.. 30
plebertisas) (Pantosteus)) 2.05 .-... 30
PICCEOSPOMGYAL joa ses chs faa e oaks 24
pleurospilus. (Girardinus)....... 148
pleurospilus. (Heterandria)...... 148
plumibea. (Gambusia) ...:...... mS)
eee cilia cere er pcirsee ne oo ecc ets). kaean.s I49
Poeciliavbttlert. sy s0<-4.52 4 244, dere - 150
oeseitiascouchianayn «4-46 4.- 0+ 4h - 152
Peecilia latipunctata ........ 150, 151
IPoacilbig Ihbaatehayworbbel saa no Goo osm ees 153
IBeceiiaeineata.. 6 cut aes sees a ESS
Woe ciltaemexiCanas «ot sou ie si me
occiliazoccidentalis: ©. 4. se.e6 sae: 150
Proz(erilhifal josie hlOvauls) = oy cee cls mh oe 152
PeeCiliaysoMenOPSian 40-6 as acie- 153
IPeserllhiay Wraiyah oyeneshe ease ieee ts Gees 149
oscilichitiays lepidtus) 2o). 0.0. 198
Ce CilinGlaomer ee eetaert ots Gewese Fhe cues 98
Ge Cini coveeeeetee ky tnegse erie a ak es 144
RGsCiiO1des arta HS Ses eons ee OES 127
RPomadasis argentatus: ... 2s. 200
Pomadasis bayanus............. 201
PROMMACASIS yc myers Remar oee> 2 aay 0, 26 Soya 200
Romadasys bayantiss 2.2%... 21>. 201
Romadacysustatiimm as etia es | so: 200
omadasys, templets... 8... ie 201
Romotisragiiilensiseyei sa ye sb = IQ
IQS AAG) 1OVSIROKSS Gy-Glaeo oo erdloole Be proce 194

249
PAGE
ROpeche ear mri ae tte etic tigs:. 3 ot 43
popoche: | EXayStrosus) inc. 2. - sty 43
POttsies | CAplesionm) ics rach ae -weane 196
pottsii. (Etheostoma)....... 196, 197
Rowmtssbhestormedmeme one aca: 12
presidionis.-- (Pocciliayiee, «3.5 52)ns" 152
PIACelis C(AMACTUTUS) cay cpape a) « ash os 16
PIICeiLy PM CATMIIE US) seh eee casos oo as 16
pricel, “(Campostomad)a,...-). ..)1.- 4I
PRLCeiey (ON WlaritS)aeuensieme oye cnet) = 16
Prine dombec hess antes ate ok deeeatan 124
Pristipomarcrocro. 2).fan sais sis ara 200
Pristipoma humile-. 2... a/-1se oF c 201
promelas: “(Chircstoma) ”:..-2— =" 177
promelas, ~(Pimephales) 7... 4.% SOn Si
Pseudoxiphophoruss 42 2.5 dle ster < 127
Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus......
Shieh oe IOUS HORS oO 1272S
Pseudoxiphophorus pauciradiatus.. 128
iychochenhis)= mays, ccus ap sgrare er 52
Ptychocheilus gracilis >... 5.). 3... 2
Ptychochetus lucits) 5 oy.5% = <j... 52
Ptychostomus albidus <.2)....2---2 34
IPA Xe [bie eee ateye let s SIREN a Remicnc: 3 223
pulchellas a(iigomia) ius ..0 6 sci 55
pulchrar, (iigoma) sa: <a... tpt 55
punctata. i(Gambusia)iic.. sss... 128
punetatus: ((Pundultus)/j2 a 09 an: 104
punctatus. (Ichthyelurus)..... Test, 10
punctatus. ((lictalunus).. <2 o ar To
punctatus: a. (ualogus)) 7 t-. .e tae 204
punctatus. : (Silas)! 12a eee II
punctifer. (Hybognathus) ...... 40
punctulabusy 7 (AmiuUruUs) vps oe: 18
IPURNECEIS oc ode SHA do MOE oo coc Ae
pucpuratus, (Salmo) .-...:5)).. 97
purpureus. “(Weticiscus)’ ... 2°. 75. 56
Burce ye MannOWS ers. 0st ole vibeie rae
quelen. ((Pimelodus) 5. -. -e1i-72 =: 20
quitzeoensis. (Platypoecilia)..... 109
quitzeoensis. (Platypcecilus) .... Ifo
quitzeoensis. (Zoogoneticus) .... III
[Raninavesoponicllkbls 45 Sa Sedo on cee 196, 197
Rvaiailly O war lar OUliberyaa spore eet ten ter: 96
rasconis. (Hybognathus) ....... 50
rasconis, “(Notropis) 24... 401 50
Razor-back suckers). acme. oor 33
rectangulare. (Cichlasoma)...... 216
rectangularis. (Acara).>..5..4..-- 216

250

PAGE
INnedehorsenouckensan sane warner 34
Rul arma Gli at eee soa se Saks i hana heme Oe 20
Iniatnciavhypselura a5) ce ae 22
Rhamdia laticauda. a2. a: 224-64: 21
Rivanndiarvoaxacce. 9-1. aeisen ieee 20
Rihamidiaywaomert,... 2. ohne ee. 22
Iniaubauiel ae gis 3 sere Seca a oo 79
Nbiniehthycisimtus:.).. yan saree ee 79
Rihombosanoidea).. 54... se 4
RINOMOITCUS Shige aio acc scons oe 200
IRohies PI Dir Ghadises ssa emeaniy ole eek old ac 202
NO bp all Opens. seit soot ga kee 198, 199
nolo (Erle) soon oaaopdeoen bs 53
nobustus. —(Pundulus)) {2.2.6 o.. I12
HObUstus.. (NoOtotropis) ~. 2) see. 66
ROUStUS: = = (NOtOpIS)9s «4.444 see 66
robustus. (Zoogoneticus).112, 113, 121
INOS DOIGESHE cera ccd hs ee are 88
Roeboides guatemalensis ......... 88
LOStratus me Ge norichthys)it... 206i ean 222
Gubescenss (Alsamsea)i-: =. saan. 4: 46
rubripinna. (Cyprinella) ........ 73
Ribas: sa@Moniana) 2.25 «ea. Sars. Fi
RemntilaSea mally ODS =am ena eeu yoke oe 80
IFGUH AMADIS) ChoKOnnalMibi Se lao ane 8 ae 40, 42
tierce boucardinn.* m,-\ar> ..e. scetese 67
SAVG-Gi UE HIs eels eau om colons tolemrka rete: 105
allgne) (Sellen) oS esc ou aoe coe 95,96
Sallilzciem (Allicansea) Meme sera erieuc sot 45
Sallam (Ceratichthiys) 0 pi ost 22 45
Sallet (CAtheriniehthiys) eres. aee5 <1 181
Saletan (Micnicia) Mere ke eer 181
SS ealirarn OL aegis’ ters iets eu ous, cee ay 67
SEIIbOaKO) Yer att pie a eg a ord mee oe 95
SyeilbnaYe) uhm Gaels a aid o deka a esa oe 96
Salmoronamaniches=s 2k hee sec 96
Sal O pti p uracUS ters eels ora 07
Salma OUSal ate ij ao 2 Siete cetera el uae 95,96
Salmo SSWAS Omen a ahem ca 96
Salmioides® S((Waibrus)iee seuss ene IQs
salmoides. (Micropterus) ....... 195
Sallam snes ae pee ee ee 95
SE baavonals \iVMawhveve§ ceo pros fal o.clo-c 52
Dalmoni dee. Meese ee sac ere 05
SHilionVOVahRINS eG ects 5 clo ees ids 95
salmonoides. (Micropterus) ..192, 195
Salvania, ) (Cichilasomia) ese oe 207
Saliviniays | (elenos) es eere epee a cee 207
santamariz. (Nototropis)........ 74
Ssantamaric.. ((Notropis)i 45... - 74

FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zoo.Locy, VOL. V.

PAGE
santarosaliz. (Nototropis) ...... 75
santarosalie. (Notropis)....:... a5
Sarcidium 2. vac ss. eee 76
Sarcidium, scopiterum: 5.) sar ecree 76
DOr Gamat i e586 eos. one 58
Scizena maculata.i2 ss eee 227
Scizna undecimalis .. +... 2. einer 199
Seizenidgeits. cs). . 5.485 eee 202
Sclerognathus meridionalis....... 26
scopiter /\(Phenacobius)ian see 76, 77
scopifenum. ~(Sarcidium) 2 eae 76
scovelii, (Eitheostoma) %~ .. ace 197
sebason | e(calm0)ie--. 0 eee 96
seminolisy (Pundulus) 2) eee 102
senilis;> “((Gamibusia) ...\. 2-97 131
serenus: “(Ely boonathus) 27a 48
severus ” (Heros). An eee 205
Shad Gizzand) 2 2. setsee eee 92, 94
Shad, Hickory, ..0.. .2.5 / sees 04
Shiner; Golden ~.. 5.0222. Seen 7
SHinerS:. Aiea! owed Het ae eee 62
short-nosed Garpike .<..2).- 2 =e 6
SLOMAl OSA ens oe Paley ee 94
Sienalosalatchafalaya’... 4. seer 94,95
Signalosa mexicana... 0... eee 94
signifer. (Stypodon) . -4.4eseen 51
Siluibidees: © se catkcs cee 8
Silurusiolivariss, Seen 9.5.0 eee 18
Silurus punctatus... «nse II
Si UGUS BISCOSUIS)). S-1- ae eee 18
Silvery MinnlOWs..25..s:r.1 set aenee 48
Sima. |. (Bléotris) 2.0: 57h ar eee Zar
similis; ((undulus) 2225 -e see 105, 106
similis. (Elydragyra)*. :peaeateere 105
simus. (Rhiniehthys). 7.3. 9a 79
Siphostoma) <2. 54.2140 eee 162
Siphostoma brevicandum ........ 163
Siphostoma’ starksi.-. ...) eae 162
Skates t.cca0s beet yee I4I
Skitmavibilineatar .- 2/14 -. eee 144
Skithadléermcces 2 es 9) eee I4I, 142
Skitha multipunctata. 33-5 eae I4I
Skittia variegata, = 25 eee 143
Sleeper... 2 2hsis, age roe 228
Solea*‘achirus:,: .< .:.4 2). eee 236
Solea fonsecensis: = 4 J... 5 Serene 236
Solea mazatilana,: = 13.2 30eeeneae 235
Solea pilosa’ ....c.c So .5: doen 2a5
Soleidé:.'.-2i 06 h4.9e oo aca ae 234
Soles) youd sticiaser © ae eee 234
somnolentus, .(Hleotris) 2.22 ae 227

PAGE
sonorensis. (Catostomus)........ 32
sonorensis. . (Girardinus) ........ 150
Sloubkuakeiay ID Ye(cei toa. aol eke Aman SeencianA 79
Spadicean a(bampetra) s 2.21. shcls 22 2
SIMGUS AUECUSE cities ahe! cae: -icsloa Seas 193
Speciosa: = ((Gambusia) 2. <.7..,. .- Tigi
Speciosus, (Pomotis) ..:..') 2.8): 193
Spmenapos) (Poceilia)....)..63 elk. 153
sphyrzena. (Chirostoma) ........ 177
Spimyerayed Pishes, (24... peek e 164
Siamese gn (OlpMOSUOMMA) et. se. ais sisi 163
Seteit(Omadasys) oc. 6 6. e 200
steindachneri. (Cichlasoma)...... 210
SOME SROML OTE ssaatia twa lc ba. s)assiaiecee 42
SHUEY NOX UCHOW Ae, Syctietey aoe Be aanehe: eRcen oar cae BI
Wi VPOGOmisiominer ... eei es ss cei - 51
SHEETS 5308 AR Be Oem OIE a ed Lee 24
Suckers whine-scaleds ty .in.2 ac.) 31
SLCKersw MOUMbAIMY< rlsi. a2 spas): 30
Suckers azor-backs. oi ./f 2... 2 Be
Suckers Rled-horse.. ois 6 Sass as 34
SSiSie 17) ie Sain a ae ee iy Alas; 192
SUMMA Sty es pts ae ecleehe A duslieneiae,' 189
Slee hal ales ccrsa ulate sted =) os bebe 89
Syeudlloneamehidar as ee tre aes see 2 ae 89
Syimoranchoid Belsi.h esa. Ae: 89
MUM TAMNCINAG eearalys yan ofl Aaa els Male 89
Symbranchus marmoratus........ 89
SHIM MILO Walled LMI arters wee) levee gre Poe oe 160
SSAA sieves Ss ee ais wate 162
SyuenaLaus pelagicus: 72 .ss2. 2.6 162
ME SyClaniAS\ch abel) Sree ete kere en ae ee 9
tatasica. * (CANAOUS)) 0. sea 2 saad es 233
taiasica. (Chonophorous)........ 233
nalasicanen(GODLUS) ... .-..<.t.232) 233
tarascorum.). (Algansea).. 2052... . 47.
telfairii. (Agonostomus) ........ 186
Hemmmbedon, CP OMASYS) 2... ke sce oe 201
KEmMOrALUSE: es (ECTOS)! 5s .6 a Dats
tenuis. (Cynodonichthys) ....... IOI
teretulus, “(Phenacobius)........ - 76
Metane MG waw Mee gu) se cco oh 26d 228
MenrasonopLerines. .)k owe os 2 Ac 84
Meta PONOpterus sa. ok. el oe Pelt 84
Metrasonopterus eneus).: +. s4.\0....: 86
Tetragonopterus argenteus ....... 84
Tetragonopterus argentatus ...... 85
Tetragonopterus fulgens......... 85
Tetragonopterus mexicanus ...... 85
etragonopterus mitidus, <<). 85

251

PAGE
Tetragonopterus oaxacanensis.... 86
tetropthalmus. (Anableps)....... 135
MomichhiyiS eine geerek jn din Sete oe) oe 222
horielthiycpatiamisyen sures. o-. eeu 222
Dhorichthys.aureus ...042... asa, 222
ihhorichithysiecltotin seis. +. 12226220
Thorichthys fredrichsthali ....... 222
Thorichthysellert eae io. ° 223, 224
Thorichthys longimanus......... 222
Dhorichthysmostratus.. 455.16 4. 222
Alnnyarimial eos b is iceae a, ich elegans oleh eg aheae 3 184
inyrina- erystallina Sate 5 cnr. 184
Aaiachaka, Grgeimaalzhaobl — oa ae aed nc 184
Micomarconspersaiver scpraee | | Se 56
iconvarinternlediaeriaiin eels 56
SISO A, MMETESCERS. 2. 2 ee seen s 55
dicomaypiulehellayann cri oer: 55
cbicome sp tule hipaa eee eee 55
tincellas (Alicansea)i=ae ene ame 44
timeellaeme(VeuciScus) ia. oe.) acl 4A
tlahwaecensiss | (Eivarra))3. 4.5 22s) 78
sRorremtariass choi conte ee cm etaee 196, 197
Owietsles (GOOG a) teen ren-y aa ae 138
bristesenuse (SOX) 4. ani. panne 6
tristoschusy \((Uepidosteus)!.= 324.7" 5,6
tristoechus: (Lepisosteus)) ... 2-2. 6
iro picaliCathish” 4. eta): eictent ese: II
aio picalle Gar pile yeas te reise) een 7
EROPICUS a CAWETACLOSLCUS) ies. 7-1-9 5]
EEOpIEUS Ueepidosteus)easas- as. 7
iROpreus wa (Bepisosteus) ian. 5 7
AR OUUGE ve thai a, Soc ae Yaya & Rc toe 95
sot tea Gerla ae acs tera stereo gies ees 53
Reroute Naim OW aren te ae eek: 96
Met CAR a bas, hace Ceara a cies Sowome 186
truncatas. (Belone)s see. visited 160
iGumarciisemn (Carorodes)im 1s vere ar 26; 27
timatctise 6 ClchthyolDtS)ia. ue esse 26
(ronaaniohesy (@kentOleIS)) 55 05 soo 6 oso 260
MvIOSUUS:, hts) fet ones eet Be EOO
Mvlosunus Cantrataiinns = 9s reie = 160
APs ydloeibhabis wameiehanbisy Sepa ao nae boo ec 160
(yanehananels|, — (Cawatenbhllen) 525 Wa oo 6 aio go
n@dectmalisn | (SCizena)ic o. - near 199
unilineatus. (Hemigrammus)..... 87
uninotatus. \ (Girardimts)\-. ae see 134
Vatdanuss «9 (Characodom) eva erce as 120
Waislenou, “(UPleninqoosteihbts)) 26 Sac & 146
wehaseneey, = ((Silauiniel) 2. SiS go coo 143

252 _ Fretp CoLtumpian Museum—Zoé.oey, Vou. V.
PAGE PAGE
variegatus. (Cyprinodon)....... 124 | Xiphophorus guntheri ........ 157,158
variegatus. (Limnurgus)...:. 115,116 | “Xaphophorus hellers ~42% #. 156,157
veliner. 1(Camgpiodes) un x nket. ee 27) exiphophorus jalapze: | 2s... sae 156
Wemmbisizin, (Ural yao seo eocenanec 10g | Niphophorus montezumez......... 158
Wallaritusspricel @1....< ayhsy setae eae LOM eXyrauchen sks oo. oe 33
MAM CEMSe Aa@E ian diulws) c.f See ket 105 | -Xyrauchén-cy pho. i! eee 33
viridis. s(lvepidosteus) s2.0 02h... 7) Ney strosus: sic). 1 2 43
MISCOSUS RE (OLLUrtUS) en, oe eet. 1S ‘| Xystrosus popoche.. Ss) fee 43
Maitatae waCA7teCcula koe mean tt 59
ee "Ca oar) ie eo) are 59: Yellow Cate.) 2.5 oe 16
Walwijoguees”: | (Cetesfonilbien) S985 oon fe 149 a hoe
5 E Ua Ta ee sk. ss oe 55 MOO
VMOMerina (At heriinals 82 166, 175
wagneri.~ (Pimelodus) ..28 0... 227 \"7ebra. .. (buy drancy77a) | he eee 108
wargneriae(Rhamedia) 4225.28 22i\ezebrnnuse (bundiults). seer 108
Wiestenmmsuntish, 7 sim... ae eoe 2 192%) zirahuen:.~ (Chirostom~a) 2. see 174
WWWilaicenG artes oe once athe fone oe agillp Ten | PLOOSONETICUS sa. oie ai) 1 ae ee 104, 109
WihitetSalmionaa5.45 . th. oee4 sea ae 52 | Zoogoneticus cuitzeoensis........ 110
ay gu ferme (Exerore Ket ))W oan ean A ee 137 |eZoogoneticus diazit.).-1 22a eee 114
Zoogoneticus dugesiz...3:. sea Lipes
xaliscone. (Xenendum)......... 139 ||| Zoogoneticus dugesil, 3. > eee III
SNOT EMRE hota ae ae a arte oe 136 | Zoogoneticus guatemalensis ...... 2 ROS
Menendiumicaliente .. 72. 5.8 136, 140 || Zoogoneticus maculatus... ayaee Tee
Xenendum multipunctatum....... 141 | Zoogoneticus miniatus........... II5
x<Xenendium xalisconey. 2:7 22.0) esos 139 | Zoogoneticus pachycephalus...... EE
ERC OpIL@nUs eat Me ol ea EP ads 156 | Zoogoneticus quitzeoensis ....... Lt
Xiphophorus bimaculatus........ 127 | Zoogoneticus robustus.....112, 113, 12%
Niphophoruseracilis.... 0 2.)%; 54% 130: ||" Zy SOneCteS ta 21.445 -N ae 118

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