UKE Nt Hut CANUTNS Ait WN aM AN AP SATHANA tit 1 alte Wi bab i; ith | Nt ay THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA CENTRAL ASIATIC EXPEDITIONS ROY CHAPMAN ANDREWS, Leader THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA BY JOHN TREADWELL NICHOLS, A.B. CURATOR OF RECENT FISHES THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY With 143 Figures in the Text, 10 Colored Plates, and 1 Map NATURAL HISTORY OF CENTRAL ASIA VOLUME IX RUTH TYLER, M.A., Editor THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY F. TRUBEE DAVISON, President NEW YORK 1943 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA ™ Copyright, 1943 by The American Museum of Natural History Published December 30, 1943 First Edition All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission. Made in the United States of America. PREFACE THE AstaTic ExpepiTIons of the American Museum of Natural History have brought together general collections of fresh-water fishes from representative lo- calities in China. “These make up what is probably the most nearly adequate representation of such fishes that has been assembled to date, and with its aid it is possible to obtain a fair idea of the fauna as a whole, which in the last analysis will probably be found to comprise some 500 forms. This supposes that even in the best known areas a few undescribed species still await discovery, and that close study of large series of specimens of various variable and difficult groups, from different parts of China, will lead to the recognition of a number of new forms well in excess of the number of such which will doubtless be found to be merely nomi- nal” (Nichols, in Andrews, R. C., 1932, Natural History of Central Asia, I, p. 597). This is primarily a general report on the American Museum collections of Chinese fresh-water fishes. It also aims to be a comprehensive review of the fresh- water fishes of China proper, outlying territories such as Manchuria and Mongolia not being included. No attempt has been made to include marine species, or brack- ish-water species with marine affinities, though such may at times occur in fresh water. In so far as possible, all recent literature has been studied and carefully considered to, and including, the year 1934 (see beyond). - The last few years before the present war witnessed much active interest in systematic ichthyolegy in China; in stimulating this interest the series of prelimi- nary papers issued by the American Museum can presumably claim a share. We now aim to acquaint the several workers in this field more fully with the extent of our collections and the conclusions to which they lead. It is also hoped that the present volume will serve as a “handbook” to the subject. To review briefly the sources of the principal material examined in preparing this report, the first small collections of Chinese fresh-water fishes to reach the American Museum were obtained from the Reverend John Graham in Yunnan, and by Doctor H. R. Caldwell in Fukien, and reported on in 1918. Doctor Caldwell later sent in more extensive collections from the neighborhood of Yenping. In the winter of 1921-1922, Mr. Clifford H. Pope spent three months at Huping, Tungting Lake, Hunan, and nine months in 1922 and 1923 near Nodoa on Vv vi PREFACE Hainan Island, making comprehensive collections of the fish faunas of central and of southern China at these localities, respectively. This material is the most exten- sive that we have had for study. At other times Mr. Pope obtained lesser collec- tions from various localities in Chihli, Suiyuan in Anhwei, Shansi, Shantung, and Fukien. To him belongs the credit for assembling a major part of our material. The material from Chihli and Anhwei was reported on by Mr. Henry W. Fowler of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1924, in a paper which was of great service to the writer when initiating his study of the collections as a whole. Other members of the Asiatic Expeditions collected a few fishes incidentally, notably Doctor Walter Granger in western China; some from the vicinity of Can- ton were received through the courtesy of Doctor William E. Hoffmann of Lingnan University. Preliminary papers based on these collections include a report on those from Chihli and Anhwei by Fowler (1924), on the fishes of Hainan by Nichols and Pope (1927), a provisional check-list of the fresh-water fishes of China (1928), and a series of American Museum Novitates articles describing new forms by Nichols (1925-1931, see bibliography). Acknowledgment should be made of courtesies and assistance received by Mr. Pope from Mr. George Bachman and other members of the faculty of Huping College, near Yochow, Hunan; the late Reverend William J. Leverett and asso- ciates of the American Presbyterian Mission at Nodoa, Hainan, as well as numer- ous other persons and institutions. The color plates are from sketches made under Mr. Pope’s direction in the field by Mr. Wang Hao-T’ing. With the exception of one taken from “The Fishes of Hainan” (Nichols and Pope, 1927), they are repro- duced here for the first time. The text figures have been taken from preliminary papers; a few are reproduced with Mr. Fowler’s permission from his report. The outline drawings from “The Fishes of Hainan” were executed by Miss Olive Otis; most of the others, by Mrs. Louise Nash and Mrs. Helen Ziska. The literature references, both in the text and the bibliography, have been painstakingly revised by Miss Ruth Tyler, the editor, and she should have credit for such completeness, uniformity, and freedom from error as they show. A consistent usage in Chinese place names could not be attempted in this vol- ume. The spelling of the authors cited has in many cases been retained. Hence the reader will find Chihli as well as the more recent equivalent, Hopei; Cochinchina as well as French Indo-China, Korea and Chosen, Manchuria and Manchukuo, Pei- ping and Peking. The map of China showing the location of places visited by mem- bers of the Asiatic Expeditions, 1921-1930 (Andrews, 1932, Natural History of Central Asia, I), and the map of later date inserted in this volume will prove useful for an orientation of Chinese provincial areas. Data on a number of the localities PREFACE vil mentioned and the collecting stations will be found in the reptile volume of this series (Pope, 1935, Natural History of Central Asia, X, pp. 491-503). The main portion of the manuscript for this volume was closed in February, 1935. Delay in securing means for publication made it advisable to examine nu- merous papers which had appeared in 1935 and 1936, very active years in Chinese ichthyology, and to embody taxonomic changes and additions therefrom in a Sup- plement, the manuscript for which was closed in May, 1938. Further unexpected delays occurred, and now that the volume is finally in the hands of the printer it seems best to let it stand as of 1938, rather than to attempt to introduce the small amount of additional material possible, which, though of interest, would give a false impression of up-to-dateness. As of 1938, it closes the pre-war period of Chinese ichthyology, of which it is a part. JoHN TREADWELL NICHOLS THE AMERICAN Museum oF NATURAL History New York, N. Y. JULY, 1943 CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE . : : : ‘ : c : : : : : : . Vv TExT FicuREs . - : : : : ; : : ; : . 5 Relea PLATES : - : : c : . : : : : : ; KN, CHAPTER I.—_INTRODUCTION I Faunal Discussion . : : 4 ; I Orientation of the Chinese F oe Fauna : : ; : ; : : : 2 Speculation on the History of the Ostariophysi . é : : : : . 6 Tables of Adaptations of the Carp-like Fishes . : : : é : 3 10 Plan of the Present Work : : : , : F ; : : : II Doubtful Species References . : ¢ > . : ; : . : II CHAPTER II.—SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINAR: ‘ : ‘ : : : : ; : : 15 Family Aeipenseridae. Gaueecns : . : . : : : 5 ; 15 Genus Acipenser Linnaeus. : : : ‘ é : : : F 15 Key to Chinese Acipenser : ; ; : : : 3 : : 15 Acipenser sinensis Gray. : , . : : 2 : : 16 Acipenser dabryanus Duméril . ; : ; , : ‘ ‘ 16 Genus Huso Brandt and Ratzeburg : : ‘ : d : : 5 16 Huso dauricus (Georgi) . : : , ; ; ; ; P 16 Family Polyodontidae. Paddle Fishes ; 4 ; : : ‘ : 2 17 Genus Psephurus Giinther . : ‘ j ‘ : : : : : 7 Psephurus gladius (Martens) : ; ‘ : : ; . . 17 Family Elopidae. Tarpons ‘ 5 : : : . : : : : 17 Genus Megalops Lacépéde . : ‘ : : : , ‘ 4 17 Megalops cyprinoides (eeaueenee) : : i : : , : 18 Family Clupeidae. Herrings . : : : : : : : 3 : 18 Genus Hilsa Regan. i : : : : ‘ ‘ F 18 Hilsa reevesii (axchakteen)) : . ’ : ‘ ; j : 18 Family Engraulidae. Anchovies : - 5 : - . : : : 19 Genus Coilia Gray. : : : : : ; ; : 19 Key to Chinese Fresh- eter Coilia E ‘ : : ; ‘ ; : 19 Coilia nasus Temminck and Schlegel. 5 ; : . : 19 Coilia brachygnathus Kreyenberg and Pappenheim . . - : : 19 ix CONTENTS Family Salmonidae. Salmons Genus Plecoglossus Temminck and Schlegel : Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck and Schlegel . Genus Brachymystax Giinther Brachymystax lenok (Pallas) Genus Hucho Giinther : Hucho bleekeri Kimura Family Salangidae. Salangids . Genus Salangichthys Bleeker Key to Chinese Salangichthys Subgenus Protosalanx Regan . Salangichthys hyalocranius (Abbott) Subgenus Paraprotosalanx Fang Salangichthys anderssoni (Rendahl) Genus Salanx Cuvier . : ; Key to Chinese Salanx Subgenus Hemisalanx Regan . Salanx prognathus (Regan) Subgenus Leucosoma Gray Salanx chinensis (Osbeck) . Subgenus Salanx Cuvier . Salanx cuvieri Cuvier and Paleneleneae Salanx brachyrostralis Fang Subgenus Parasalanx Regan . Salanx gracillimus (Regan) Salanx annitae (van Dam) . Salanx acuticeps Regan Salanx longianalis (Regan) Salanx augusticeps (Regan) Family Monopteridae. Symbranch Eels Genus Fluta Bloch and Schneider . _ Key to Chinese Fluta alba Fluta alba xanthognatha (Richardson). Fluta alba cinerea (Richardson) . Family Mastacembelidae. Spiny Eels Genus Mastacembelus Scopoli Key to Chinese Mastacembelus . Mastacembelus armatus undulatus McClelland Mastacembelus sinensis (Bleeker) Family Anguillidae. True Eels . Genus Anguilla Shaw . Key to Chinese Anguilla Anguilla sinensis McClelland : Anguilla japonica Temminck and Schlegel : Anguilla mauritiana Bennett Family Siluridae. Catfishes PAGE 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 28 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 CONTENTS Genus Parasilurus Bleeker Key to Chinese Parasilurus Parasilurus cinereus (Dabry de Thiersant) Parasilurus mento (Regan) Parasilurus grahami (Regan) Parasilurus asotus asotus (Linnaeus) Parasilurus asotus bedfordi (Regan) Parasilurus asotus longus Wu ; Parasilurus cochinchinensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Parasilurus anomalus (Herre) Genus Silurodon Kner . ; Silurodon hexanema Kner . Genus Aoria Jordan Key to Chinese Aorta Aoria argentivitiata (Regan) Aoria henryi Herre Aoria seenghala (Sykes) Aoria pulcher (Chaudhuri) Genus Cranoglanis Peters Key to Chinese Cranoglanis Cranoglanis sinensis Peters . Cranoglanis multiradiatus (Koller) Genus Pseudobagrus Bleeker Key to Chinese Pseudobagrus Pseudobagrus vachellii (Richardson) Pseudobagrus fangi Wu Pseudobagrus eupogon Boulenger Pseudobagrus ondon Shaw . _Pseudobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson): Pseudobagrus intermedius Nichols and Pope . Pseudobagrus nitidus Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant Pseudobagrus virgatus (Oshima) Genus Leiocassis Bleeker Key to Chinese Leiocassis Subgenus Rhinobagrus Bleeker Leiocassis dumerili (Bleeker) Leiocassis hainanensis Tchang Leiocassis crassirostris Regan Leiocassis crassilabris crassilabris Giinther Leiocassis crassilabris macrops Nichols . Leiocassis microps Rendahl Leiocassis brevicaudatus Wu Leiocassis tenuifurcatus Nichols . Subgenus Dermocassis Nichols Leiocassis medianalis (Regan) Leiocassis emarginatus Regan xii CONTENTS Leiocassis kaifenensis Tchang Leiocassis pratti (Giinther) Leiocassis similis Nichols Leiocassis hirsutus Herre Leiocassis albomarginatus Rendahl Leiocassis taeniatus (Giinther) Leiocassis truncatus Regan . Leiocassis tenuis (Gunther) Leiocassis analis Nichols Leiocassis lui Tchang and Shih Leiocassis ussuriensis (Dybowski) Leiocassis taphrophilus Sorc and nee e Thiersnt Genus Hemibagrus Bleeker . : Key to Chinese Hemibagrus Subgenus Macropterobagrus Miictials Hemibagrus macropterus Bleeker Hemibagrus elongatus (Giinther) . Genus Liobagrus Hilgendorf Key to Chinese Liobagrus : Liobagrus anguillicauda Nichols . Liobagrus styant Regan ‘ Liobagrus marginatus (Giinther) . Liobagrus nigricauda Regan Genus Glyptosternon McClelland . Key to Chinese Glyptosternon - Glyptosternon conirostre Steindachner . Glyptosternon sinense Regan Glyptosternon pallozonum Lin Glyptosternon fokiensis Rendahl . Glyptosternon hainanensis Nichols and Pope Glyptosternon yunnanensis Tchang Genus Erethistes Miller and Troschel Erethistes asperus (McClelland) . Genus Exostoma Blyth Key to Chinese Exostoma Subgenus Euchiloglanis Regan Exostoma davidi (Sauvage) Exostoma myzostoma (Norman) . Exostoma kishinouyei (Kimura) . Subgenus Glaridoglanis Norman Exostoma andersonii Day . Genus Clarias Scopoli . Key to Chinese Clarias Clarias fuscus (Lacépéde) . . Clarias abbreviatus Cuvier and Valenciennes : Family Catostomidae. Suckers . PAGE CONTENTS xiii PAGE Genus Myxocyprinus Gill. ‘ ‘ 2 : : : ; 58 Key to Chinese Myxocyprinus Gara : : : ; : : 59 Myxocyprinus asiaticus asiaticus (Bleeker) . : : : : ; 59 Myxocyprinus asiaticus chinensis (Dabry de Thiersant) . : - : 60 Myxocyprinus asiaticus fukiensis Nichols : : ; : ; é 60 Family Cyprinidae. Carps s : : : : c ; : : : 61 Genus Cyprinus Linnaeus. : ‘ : : : ; ; ; ; 61 Key to Chinese Cyprinus . : : : : ‘ ; : ‘ ‘ 61 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus . ; : ; : , : : : 61 Cyprinus fossicola Richardson. F : j , ‘ : : 62 Cyprinus micristius Regan . : P : : : - : : 63 Cyprinus pellegrini Tchang : ; : E : ; ‘ E 63 Cyprinus rabaudi Tchang . ‘ : ‘ Z 5 : ‘ : 63 Genus Carassius Nilsson 3 ‘ : : ; ‘ ; ; ‘ : 63 Key to Chinese Carassius . : ‘ < ‘ : : : : : 64 Carassius carassius (Linnaeus) . F : : ; ; ‘ . 64 Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) : 3 ; ‘ : J ; 5 64 Genus Carassoides Oshima . ; ; ‘ ; ‘ : ; : 65 Carassoides cantonensis (Heincke) : : : ‘ : ‘ : 65 Genus Procypris Lin . : ‘ : : : : ‘ : : ‘ 65 Procypris merus Lin . j ‘ ‘ A : : : ‘ . 66 Genus Cirrhinus Oken : : : : : : : ‘ : 66 Cirrhinus chinensis Ginther : ‘ ; ; ‘ : , 3 66 Genus Osteochilus Giinther . : : : : ; ; : : 66 Osteochilus salsburyi Nichols anil Pope : : : ‘ ; : 67 Genus Barbus Cuvier . : : é ‘ : ; : F ‘ 5 67 Key to Chinese Barbus . 3 3 : 2 2 : : 2 5 68 Subgenus Barbus Cuvier : ° . : : ; : : : 69 Barbus pingi (Tchang) : : - . : ‘ j : ‘ 69 Barbus regani Tchang : : : : : : : : ; 69 Barbus grahami Regan ‘ : ‘ : ; : : : : 70 Barbus normani Tchang . : : : , : ‘ ‘ : 70 Barbus brevifilis Peters ‘ ; : : ; . : : : 70 Barbus zonatus (Lin) ; ; e , : ‘ ‘ , 70 Barbus yunnanensis Regan , 5 5 5 - - : , 70 Barbus szechwanensis Tchang . : : Z : : : . 71 Subgenus Barbodes Bleeker . ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ : : ‘ 71 Birbas deauratus Cuvier and Valenenies : : : : ‘ , 71 Barbus cogginii Chaudhuri . : i j : : : ; : 71 Barbus gregorii Norman . : 5 ‘ : : ; : 71 Barbus margarianus Anderson . : : : : ; 71 Barbus simus Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant : : : : : 71 Subgenus Spinibarbus Oshima ; : : : : : : : 72 Barbus caldwelli Nichols . : : : : : ‘ : : 72 Barbus mandarinus (Rendahl) . ; : Z f . : Pn Barbus nigrodorsalis (Oshima) . : ‘ : ‘ : : ‘ 73 xiv CONTENTS Key to Chinese Barbus sinensis . Barbus sinensis denticulatus (Oshima) . Barbus sinensis sinensis (Bleeker) Subgenus Puntius Hamilton-Buchanan Barbus semifasciolatus Giinther . Barbus snyderi (Oshima) Subgenus Lissochilichthys Oshima . Barbus matsudai (Oshima) Barbus parallens Nichols Barbus lissochiloides Nichols Barbus hemispinus Nichols Barbus barbodon Nichols and Pace Barbus rendahli Lin . Genus Cyclocheilichthys Bleeker Key to Chinese Cyclocheilichthys Cyclocheilichthys iridescens Nichols ond Pope Cyclocheilichthys sinensis Bleeker Genus Crossocheilus Van Hasselt . Key to Chinese Crossocheilus Crossocheilus monticola Giinther . Crossocheilus styani Boulenger Genus Sinibarbus Sauvage Sinibarbus vittatus Sauvage Genus Danio Hamilton-Buchanan . Danio kakhienensis Anderson Genus Schizothorax Heckel . Key to Chinese Schizothorax Subgenus Schizothorax Heckel Schizothorax potanini Herzenstein Schizothorax multipunctatus Pellegrin . Schizothorax taliensis Regan Schizothorax yunnanensis Norman Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin Subgenus Schizopyge Heckel . Schizothorax progastus (McClelland) Schizothorax molesworthi (Chaudhuri) . Schizothorax prenanti (Tchang) . Schizothorax sinensis Herzenstein Schizothorax grahami (Regan) Genus Schizopygopsis Steindachner Schizopygopsis pylzovi Kessler Genus Diptychus Steindachner Subgenus Gymnodiptychus erent Diptychus dybowskii Kessler Genus Leuciscus Cuvier Key to Chinese Leuciscus couleches CONTENTS Leuciscus waleckii waleckii (Dybowski) Leuciscus waleckii sinensis (Rendahl) . Genus Phoxinus Rafinesque . Key to Chinese Phoxinus nee Phoxinus lagowskii variegatus (Ginther) Phoxinus lagowskii cnt eae ree and Dabry de T pee ane Genus Aspius Agassiz . Aspius spilurus Ginther Genus Elopichthys Bleeker . : Elopichthys bambusa (Bichandeen) Genus Mylopharyngodon Peters Mylopharyngodon aethiops (Basilewski) Genus Ctenopharyngodon Steindachner . Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Walecennes) Genus Squaliobarbus Giinther Key to Chinese Squaliobarbus P Squaliobarbus curriculus (Richardson) . Squaliobarbus panwingi Lin Genus Ochetobius Giinther . Ochetobius elongatus (Kner) Genus Barilius Hamilton-Buchanan Barilius interrupta Day Genus Afrilinea Chu Atrilinea chenchiwei (Ghaye Genus Zacco Jordan and Evermann Key to Chinese Zacco : Zacco asperus Nichols and Pope : Zacco chengtui Kimura Zacco macrophthalmus Kimura Zacco acanthogenys (Boulenger) Zacco platypus (Temminck and Schlegel) Genus Opsariichthys Bleeker Key to Chinese Opsariichthys : Opsartichthys uncirostris chekianensis Shaw : Opsariichthys uncirostris bidens Giinther Opsariichthys uncirostris hainanensis Nichols and Pope . Opsariichthys minutus Nichols Genus Tanichihys Lin 5 Tanichthys albonubes Lin . Genus Rasbora Bleeker Key to Chinese Rasbora Rasbora cephalotaenia steineri Nichols and Pope Rasbora aillos Lin Genus Pseudorasbora Bleeker Key to Chinese Pseudorasbora . : Pseudorasbora parva altipinna Nichols . xvi CONTENTS Pseudorasbora parva depressirostris Nichols . Pseudorasbora parva parvula Nichols Pseudorasbora parva tenuis Nichols Pseudorasbora parva fowleri Nichols Pseudorasbora parva monstrosa Nichols Genus Luciobrama Bleeker . Luciobrama typus Bleeker . Genus Semilabeo Peters 3 Semilabeo notabilis Peters . Genus Ptychidio Myers Ptychidio jordani Myers Genus Labeo Cuvier Key to Chinese Labeo Labeo yunnanensis Chaudhuri Labeo decorus Peters . Labeo jordani Oshima Labeo melanostigma (Fowler Sih Ban Genus Tylognathus Heckel . Tylognathus davidi Sauvage Genus Paratylognathus Sauvage : Paratylognathus davidi Sauvage . Genus Pseudogyrinocheilus Fang . Pseudogyrinocheilus prochilus (Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant) Genus Garra Hamilton-Buchanan . Key to Chinese Garra Subgenus Garra Baral Buchanan Garra yunnanensis (Regan) Garra orientalis Nichols Garra rhynchota Koller Subgenus Ageneiogarra Garman Garra pingi (Tchang) Garra imberba Garman Garra imberbis (Vinciguerra) Genus Discogobio Lin . Discogobio tetrabarbatus Tin Genus Varicorhinus Riippell . Key to Chinese Varicorhinus Subgenus Altigena Lin . Varicorhinus brevis Lin Varicorhinus discognathoides Nichols and Pope Varicorhinus pogonifer Lin . Subgenus Varicorhinus Riippell Varicorhinus kreyenbergii (Regan) Varicorhinus macrolepis (Bleeker) Varicorhinus barbatus (Lin) Varicorhinus tamusuiensis (Oshima) PAGE IoI 102 103 103 104 105 105 106 106 106 107 107 108 108 108 108 108 109 109 110 110 IIo 110 110 TTL Ill III III 112 112 112 113 113 113 113 113 114 II4 II4 II5 II5 IIS II5 116 116 116 CONTENTS Varicorhinus robustus Nichols Varicorhinus shansiensis Nichols . Varicorhinus mutabilis (Lin) Subgenus Rectoris Lin . Varicorhinus posehensis (Lin) Subgenus Sinilabeo Rendahl . Varicorhinus tungting Nichols Genus Onychostoma Ginther Key to Chinese Onychostoma : Onychostoma laticeps laticeps Genter ‘ Onychostoma laticeps fontouensis Tchang Onychostoma gerlachi (Peters) Onychostoma leptura (Boulenger) Genus Xenocypris Giinther . : Key to Chinese Xenocypris Subgenus Xenocypris Giinther Xenocypris argentea Giinther Xenocypris davidi davidi Bleeker Xenocypris davidi lampertii Popta Xenocypris davidi insularis Nichols and Pope Xenocypris macrolepis Bleeker Xenocypris fangi Tchang Xenocypris yunnanensis Nichols . Xenocypris suifuensis Kimura Subgenus Plagiognathops Berg Xenocypris microlepis Bleeker Subgenus Distoechodon Peters Xenocypris tumirostris (Peters) . Xenocypris compressus Nichols Genus Acanthobrama Heckel Key to Chinese Acanthobrama . Acanthobrama dumerili (Bleeker) Acanthobrama simoni Bleeker Genus Culticula Abbott Key to Chinese Culticula . Culticula emmelas Abbott . Culticula tchangi Shaw Genus Yaoshanicus Lin Key to Chinese Yaoshanicus Yaoshanicus normalis (Nichols aid Pope) Yaoshanicus arcus Lin Genus Aphyocypris Giinther Key to Chinese Aphyocypris Aphyocypris chinensis chinensis Giinther Aphyocypris chinensis shantung Nichols Aphyocypris agilis (Nichols) Xvii PAGE 116 117 117 117 117 117 118 118 119 be de) 119 11g 119 120 120 121 121 121 121 122 122 122 123 123 123 123 124 124 124 124 125 125 125 125 125 125 126 126 126 126 127 127 127 127 128 128 XViil CONTENTS Aphyocypris kikuchit (Oshima) . Genus Hypophthalmichthys Bleeker Key to Chinese Hypophthalmichthys . Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Cuvier and Maleieiennes) : Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson) Genus Rasborinus Oshima : : Key to Chinese Rasborinus takobii Rasborinus takakii fukiensis Nichols Rasborinus takakii hainanensis Nichols and Pope Genus Hemiculterella Warpachowski Key to Chinese Hemiculterella . : Hemiculterella sauvagei Warpachowski . Hemiculterella eigenmanni (Jordan and Metz) Hemiculterella tsinanensis (Mori) Hemiculterella engraulis Nichols . Hemiculterella setchuanensis (‘Tchang) Genus Hemiculter Bleeker Key to Chinese Hemiculter Subgenus Hemiculter Bleeker Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewski) Hemiculter schrencki schrencki Warpachowski Hemiculter. schrencki shibatae Mori Hemiculter kneri Warpachowski . Hemiculter clupeoides Nichols Subgenus Pseudohemiculter Nichols and Pope Hemiculter hainanensis Nichols and Pope Hemiculter dispar dispar Peters . Hemiculter dispar hunanensis Tchang . Subgenus Hainania Koller Hemiculter serrata (Koller) Genus Toxabramis Giinther . Key to Chinese Toxabramis Toxabramis swinhonis Ginther Toxabramis argentifer Abbott Toxabramis hoffmanni Lin . Genus Parapelecus Giinther . Key to Chinese Parapelecus Parapelecus argenteus Giinther Parapelecus fukiensis Nichols Parapelecus machaerius Abbott Parapelecus nicholsi (Fowler) Genus Pseudolaubuca Bleeker Pseudolaubuca sinensis Bleeker Genus Ischikauia Jordan and Snyder Key to Chinese Ischikauia : Subgenus Jschikauia Jordan and Sider : PAGE 129 129 129 129 130 130 130 131 131 132 132 132 132 132 133 133 133 134 134 134 134 135 135 135 136 136 136 137 137 137 137 138 138 138 138 138 139 139 139 139 140 140 140 140 I4I 141 CONTENTS Ischikauia hainanensis Nichols and Pope Ischikauia grahami (Regan) Ischikauia polylepis (Regan) Ischikauia alburnops (Regan) Ischikauia andersoni (Regan) Subgenus Rohanus Chu é Ischikauia transmontana Nichols . Genus Erythroculter Berg Key to Chinese Erythroculter Erythroculter erythropterus (Basilewski) Erythroculter mongolicus (Basilewski) . Erythroculter dabryi (Bleeker) Erythroculter oxycephalus (Bleeker) Erythroculter oxycephaloides (Kreyenberg ane a Pappenheim) Erythroculter wangi Tchang Erythroculter aokii (Oshima) Erythroculter pseudobrevicauda Nichols and Pope ; Genus Culter Basilewski Key to Chinese Culter Culter alburnus Basilewski . Culter kashinensis Shaw Culter brevicauda Giinther . Culter tientsinensis Abbott . Genus Megalobrama Dybowski Key to Chinese Megalobrama : Key to Chinese Megalobrama macrops . Megalobrama macrops macrops (Ginther) Megalobrama macrops wui (Lin) Megalobrama kurematsui (Kimura) Megalobrama melrosei Nichols and Pope Megalobrama hoffmanni Herre and Myers Megalobrama terminalis terminalis (Richardson) Megalobrama terminalis pellegrini (Tchang) . Megalobrama bramula (Cuvier and Valenciennes) . Genus Parabramis Bleeker Parabramis pekinensis (Baailewski) Genus Rhodeus Agassiz Key to Chinese Rhodeus . Rhodeus sinensis Giinther . Rhodeus notatus Nichols Rhodeus spinalis Oshima Genus Pseudoperilampus Bleeker . Key to Chinese Pseudoperilampus Pseudoperilampus ocellatus Kner . Pseudoperilampus hainanensis Nichols and Pope Genus Paracheilognathus Bleeker . xix PAGE 141 142 142 142 142 142 142 143 143 144 144 144 145 145 145 145 146 146 146 147 147 147 147 147 148 148 148 149 149 149 149 150 150 150 150 151 I51 151 I51 152 152 153 153 153 153 154 XX CONTENTS Key to Chinese Paracheilognathus : Paracheilognathus imberbis (Giinther) . Paracheilognathus peihoensis Fowler Paracheilognathus bleekeri Berg . Paracheilognathus jeholicus (Mori) Genus Acheilognathus Bleeker Key to Chinese Acheilognathus . : Acheilognathus gracilis gracilis Nichols . Acheilognathus gracilis luchowensis Wu Acheilognathus barbatulus Giinther Acheilognathus barbatus Nichols . Acheilognathus himantegus Giinther Genus Acanthorhodeus Bleeker Key to Chinese Acanthorhodeus . Acanthorhodeus macropterus Bleeker Acanthorhodeus dicaeus Rutter . Acanthorhodeus omeiensis Shih and Tchang . Acanthorhodeus guichenoti Bleeker Acanthorhodeus tonkinensis Vaillant Acanthorhodeus hypselonotus Bleeker . Acanthorhodeus atranalis Giinther Acanthorhodeus elongatus Regan Acanthorhodeus taenianalis Giinther Genus Paracanthobrama Bleeker Paracanthobrama guichenoti Bleeker Genus Hemibarbus Bleeker . Key to Chinese Hemibarbus Hemibarbus dissimilis Bleeker Hemibarbus labeo (Pallas) Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker Hemibarbus shingtsonensis Shaw . Genus Acanthogobio Herzenstein . Acanthogobio guentheri Herzenstein Genus Leucogobio Giinther . Key to Chinese Leucogobio Subgenus Paraleucogobio Berg Leucogobio notacanthus (Berg) . Subgenus Leucogobio Giinther Leucogobio taeniellus Nichols Leucogobio taeniatus Giinther : Leucogobio polytaenia polytaenia Nichols Leucogobio polytaenia tienmusanensis Chu Leucogobio polytaenia tsinanensis Mori Leucogobio imberbis Nichols Leucogobio herzensteini Giinther . Genus Gnathopogon Bleeker PAGE 154 154 155 155 T55 155 155 156 156 157 157 157 158 158 158 158 159 159 159 160 160 160 160 161 161 161 161 162 162 163 163 163 164 164 164 165 165 165 165 165 166 166 166 167 167 168 CONTENTS Key to Chinese Gnathopogon Gnathopogon intermedius Nichols Gnathopogon argentatus argentatus (Sauvage and Dabry fe Thiersant) Gnathopogon argentatus punctatus Nichols Gnathopogon sihuensis (Chu) Gnathopogon atromaculatus Nichols and Pope Gnathopogon similis Nichols Gnathopogon wolterstorfi (Regan) Genus Gobdio Cuvier : ; Key to Chinese Gobio Gobio nitens Giinther Gobio nummifer Boulenger Gobio soldatovi soldatovi Berg Gobio soldatovi minulus Nichols . Gobio vaillanti (Sauvage) . Gobio rivuloides Nichols Gobio coriparoides coriparoides nickels Gobio coriparoides tenuicorpus Mori Gobio longipinnis longipinnis Nichols Gobio longipinnis roulei (Tchang) Genus Megagobio Kessler : Megagobio nasutus Kessler Genus Coreius Jordan and Starks . Key to Chinese Coreius Coreius cetopsis (Kner) Coreius zeni Tchang . Coreius septentrionalis (Nichols) Coreius styani (Giinther) Genus Agenigobio Sauvage Agenigobio halsoueti Sauvage Genus Rhinogobio Bleeker Key to Chinese Rhinogobio ; Rhinogobio cylindricus Ginther . Rhinogobio typus Bleeker . Rhinogobio dereimsi Tchang Genus Abbottina Jordan and Fowler Key to Chinese Abbottina 2 Abbottina rivularis (Bacilewski) Abbottina sinensis (Kner) . Genus Pseudogobio Bleeker . Key to Chinese Pseudogobio Pseudogobio kachekensis Oshima . Pseudogobio fukiensis Nichols Pseudogobio bicolor Nichols Pseudogobio chinssuensis chinssuensis Nichols Pseudogobio chinssuensis shangtungensis Mori Xxi PAGE 168 169 169 169 170 170 171 171 171 172 172 172 173 173 173 173 174 174 174 175 175 175 175 176 176 176 176 177 177 178 178 178 178 179 179 179 179 179 180 180 180 181 181 182 182 183 xxii CONTENTS Pseudogobio chinssuensis hsinglungshanensis Mori . Pseudogobio obtusirostris Wu and Wang Pseudogobio chaoi Evermann and Shaw Pseudogobio suifuensis Wu Pseudogobio tungtingensis Nichols Pseudogobio exiguus (Lin) . Pseudogobio labeoides Nichols aa Pope Pseudogobio anderssoni Rendahl . Pseudogobio papillabrus Nichols . Pseudogobio longirostris Mori. Pseudogobio (?) filifer Garman . Genus Saurogobio Bleeker Key to Chinese Saurogobio Saurogobio drakei (Abbott) Saurogobio productus (Peters) Saurogobio dabryi Bleeker . Saurogobio heterodon (Bleeker) . Saurogobio guichenoti Sauvage and Dabry de Thies Saurogobio dumerili Bleeker ; Genus Fustis Lin Fustis vivus Lin Genus Sarcocheilichthys Bleeker Key to Chinese Sarcocheilichthys Subgenus Chilogobio Berg : Sarcocheilichthys imberbis (Gauvage ae Dabey de Thietsant : Sarcocheilichthys maculatus (Ginther) . Sarcocheilichthys hainanensis Nichols and Pope Sarcocheilichthys scaphignathus (Nichols) : Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis nigripinnis (Ginther) Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis sciistius (Abbott) : Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis tungting Nichols and Pope . Subgenus Sarcocheilichthys Bleeker Sarcocheilichthys kiangsiensis Nichols . Subgenus Barbodon Dybowski Sarcocheilichthys sinensis sinensis Bleeker Sarcocheilichthys sinensis fukiensis Nichols Sarcocheilichthys parvus Nichols . Family Cobitidae. Loaches Genus Gobiobotia Kreyenberg Key to Chinese Gobiobotia Gobiobotia ichangensis Fang Gobiobotia pappenheimi Kreyenberg Gobiobotia boulengeri Tchang Gobiobotia kiatingensis Fang Gobiobotia abbreviata Fang and Wang . Gobiobotia longibarba Fang and Wang . PAGE 183 183 183 183 183 184 184 184 185 185 185 186 186 186 186 187 187 187 187 187 188 188 188 189 189 190 190 190 190 191 IgI IgI Igor 192 192 192 193 193 194 194 195 195 195 196 196 196 CONTENTS Gobiobotia homalopteroidea Rendahl Gobiobotia tungi Fang Genus Cobitis Linnaeus Key to Chinese Cobitis Cobitis taenia dolichorhynchus Nichols Cobitis taenia melanoleuca Nichols ; Cobitis taenia sinensis Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant . Cobitis macrostigma Dabry de Thiersant Cobitis arenae (Lin) . Genus Acanthopsis Van Hasselt Acanthopsis lachnostoma Rutter . Genus Paralepidocephalus Tchang Paralepidocephalus yui Na Genus Botia Gray ‘ Key to Chinese Botia Botia compressicauda Nichols Botia citrauratea Nichols Botia pratti Giinther . Botia fangi Tchang Botia purpurea Nichols Botia tientainensis Wu Botia rubrilabris (Dabry de Thiersant), Botia superciliaris Giinther . Genus Leptobotia Bleeker Key to Chinese Leptobotia Leptobotia elongata (Bleeker) Leptobotia fasciata (Dabry de Thiersant) Genus Misgurnus Lacépéde . Key to Chinese Misgurnus Misgurnus anguillicaudatus dpcise dudes (Cantor) Misgurnus anguillicaudatus tungting Nichols . Misgurnus erikssoni Rendahl : Misgurnus mizolepis mizolepis Gunther . Misgurnus mizolepis grangeri Nichols . Misgurnus mizolepis fukien Nichols Misgurnus mizolepis punctatus Oshima Misgurnus mizolepis hainan Nichols and Pope Misgurnus mizolepis unicolor Lin . Misgurnus mizolepis elongatus Kimura . Misgurnus mohoity yunnan Nichols Misgurnus mohoity leopardus Nichols . Misgurnus crossochilus Sauvage . Genus Paramisgurnus Sauvage Paramisgurnus dabryanus Sauvage Genus Oreonectes Giinther Key to Chinese Oreonectes Xxiil PAGE 196 196 196 197 197 198 198 198 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 201 201 201 202 202 202 202 202 203 203 203 203 204 204 205 206 206 206 207 207 207 208 208 208 209 209 209 209 210 210 210 XXiV CONTENTS Oreonectes platycephalus Giinther Oreonectes yenlingi Lin : Genus Nemacheilus Van Hasselt Key to Chinese Nemacheilus Subgenus Nemacheilus Van Hasselt Nemacheilus pulcher Nichols and Pope . Subgenus Yunnanilus Nichols Nemacheilus nigromaculatus Regan Nemacheilus pleurotaenia Regan . Nemacheilus salmonides Chaudhuri Genus Lefua Herzenstein Key to Chinese Lefua : Lefua costata (Kessler) Lefua andrewsi Fowler Genus Barbatuwla Linck Key to Chinese Barbatula Subgenus Barbatula Linck Barbatula bleekeri (Sauvage and Dae de Thiersant) Barbatula (?) dabryi (Sauvage) . Barbatula (?) livida (Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant) Barbatula (?) variegata (Sauvage and nee de Thiersant) Barbatula grahami (Regan) 3 : : Barbatula toni toni (Dybowski) . Barbatula toni fowleri Nichols Barbatula toni posteroventralis Nichols Barbatula yarkandensis sellaefer Nichols Barbatula robusta (Kessler) : Barbatula stoliczkai (Steindachner) Barbatula cuneicephalus Shaw and Tchang Subgenus Homatula Nichols . . Barbatula oxygnatha (Regan) Barbatula berezowskii (Giinther) Barbatula potanini (Ginther) Barbatula incerta Nichols . Barbatula hingi (Herre) Barbatula fasciolata (Nichols and Pope) Barbatula humilis (Lin) : Genus Homaloptera Van Hasselt Key to Chinese Homaloptera Subgenus Octonema Martens . Homaloptera rotundicauda Martens Homaloptera hoffmanni (Herre) . Subgenus Vanmanenia Hora . Homaloptera stenosoma (Boulenger) Subgenus Sinohomaloptera Fang Homaloptera caldwelli Nichols Homaloptera kwangsiensis Fang . CONTENTS Homaloptera yaotanensis yaotanensis (Fang) Homaloptera yaotanensis acuticauda (Fang) . Subgenus Liniparhomaloptera Fang . Homaloptera disparis (Lin) Subgenus Homaloptera Van Hasselt Homaloptera sinensis (Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant) Genus Lepturichthys Regan . Key to Chinese Lepturichthys abrsnta Lepturichthys fimbriata fimbriata (Ginther) . Lepturichthys fimbriata giintheri Hora . Lepturichthys fimbriata nicholsi Hora . Genus Praeformosania Fang . Key to Chinese Praeformosania . Praeformosania pingchowensis Fang Praeformosania intermedia Fang . Praeformosania lineata Fang Genus Crossostoma Sauvage . Key to Chinese Crossostoma Crossostoma davidi Sauvage Crossostoma fascicauda Nichols Crossostoma tinkhami Herre Crossostoma stigmata Nichols Crossostoma fangi Nichols . Genus Hemimyzon Regan Key to Chinese Hemimyzon Subgenus Pseudogasiromyzon Nichols Hemimyzon zebroidus Nichols Hemimyzon myersi (Herre) Genus Gastromyzon Giinther Key to Chinese Gastromyzon Gastromyzon leveretti leveretti ieee onl Pope Gastromyzon leveretti kweichowensis Fang Gastromyzon pingi pingi Fang Gastromyzon pingi zebroidus Fang Gastromyzon szechuanensis Fang Genus Sinogastromyzon Fang Key to Chinese Sinogastromyzon Sinogastromyzon wui Fang . Sinogastromyzon szechuanensis Fang Sinogastromyzon hsiashiensis Fang Sinogastromyzon intermedius Fang Sinogastromyzon sanhoensis Fang Family Cyprinodontidae. Tooth-Carps Genus A plocheilus McClelland Key to Chinese Aplocheilus Subgenus Oryzias Jordan and Snyder : Aplocheilus latipes (Temminck and Schlegel) XXV PAGE 222 222 222 223 223 223 223 223 224 224 224 224 225 225 225 225 225 226 226 227 227 227 228 228 229 229 229 230 230 230 230 231 PED 231 231 232 232 232 233 233 233 233 233 234 234 234 234 XXVi CONTENTS Aplocheilus curvinotus Nichols and Pope Family Hemiramphidae. Halfbeaks Genus Hyporhamphus Gill Hyporhamphus sinensis (Giinther) Family Gasterosteidae. Sticklebacks . Genus Pygosteus Gill . Pygosteus pungitius sinensis ; (G@uichenat) Family Ophicephalidae. Snake-Heads Genus Ophicephalus Bloch Key to Chinese Ophicephalus Ophicephalus argus Cantor . Ophicephalus maculatus (Lacépéde) Ophicephalus striatus Bloch Ophicephalus aspilotus Sauvage and Deter de Thiersant : Ophicephalus punctatus Bloch Ophicephalus gachua Hamilton- Puchansi Ophicephalus marulius Hamilton-Buchanan Genus Channa Scopoli Channa asiatica (Linnaeus) Family Osphronemidae. Gouramis and Paradise Fishes Genus Macropodus Lacépede Key to Chinese Macropodus Macropodus chinensis (Bloch) Macropodus viridiauratus Lacépéde Genus Osphronemus Lacépéde Osphronemus goramy Lacépéde Family Anabantidae. Climbing Perches Genus Anabas Cuvier . Anabas scandens (Daldorff) Family Ambassidae. Ambassids Genus Ambassis Cuvier and Valenciennes Ambassis gymnocephalus (Lacépéde) Family Serranidae. Sea Basses . : Genus Lates Cuvier and Valenciennes Lates calcarifer (Bloch) Genus Lateolabrax Bleeker . Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier eat Waleneteanes)ia, Genus Siniperca Gill Key to Chinese Siniperca . Subgenus Acroperca Myers Siniperca roulei Wu . Subgenus Siniperca Gill Key to Chinese Siniperca scherzeri Siniperca scherzeri scherzeri Steindachner Siniperca scherzeri chui Fang and Chong 5 Siniperca scherzeri kwangsiensis Fang and Chong . Siniperca chuantsi (Basilewski) . PAGE 234 235 235 235 236 236 236 237 237 237 238 238 238 239 239 239 240 240 240 241 241 241 241 242 242 243 243 243 243 244 244 244 245 245 245 245 246 246 246 247 247 247 247 248 248 248 248 CONTENTS Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewski) Siniperca undulata Fang and Chong Siniperca obscura Nichols . Siniperca yunkiansensis (Lin) Genus Coreoperca Herzenstein Key to Chinese Coreoperca Coreoperca herzi Herzenstein Coreoperca whiteheadi Boulenger Family Tetraodontidae. Swell-Fishes Genus Tetraodon Linnaeus . : Tetraodon ocellatus Linnaeus Family Cottidae. Sculpins Genus Cottus Linnaeus Cottus poecilopus Heckel Genus Trachidermus Heckel . Trachidermus fasciatus Heckel Family Gobiidae. Gobies Subfamily Eleotrinae Genus Eleotris Gronow 3 Key to Chinese Fresh-Water Eleotris : Eleotris davidi Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant Eleotris balia Jordan and Seale Eleotris oxycephala Temminck and Satlesll Eleotris xanthi Giinther : Eleotris fusca (Bloch and Schneier) Genus Philypnus Cuvier and Valenciennes Key to Chinese Fresh-Water Philypnus Philypnus chalmersi Nichols and Pope . Philypnus potamophilus (Ginther) Genus Micropercops Fowler and Bean Key to Chinese Micropercops Micropercops cinctus (Dabry de ‘hierearit) Micropercops swinhonis (Giinther) ‘ Micropercops dabryi dabryi Fowler and Bean Micropercops dabryi borealis Nichols Subfamily Gobiinae Genus Gobius Linnaeus : Key to Chinese Fresh-Water Gabius : Subgenus Glossogobius Gill Gobius giuris Hamilton-Buchanan Gobius brunneus Temminck and Schlegel Gobius caninus Cuvier and Valenciennes Gobius grammepomus Bleeker Subgenus Rhinogobius Gill Gobius cheni Nichols Gobius davidi Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant Gobius aestivaregia (Mori) ; XXVli PAGE 249 250 250 251 251 251 251 251 252 252 253 253 253 253 254 254 254 254 254 254 255 255 255 255 256 256 256 256 257 257 258 258 258 259 259 260 260 260 261 261 261 262 262 262 262 262 262 XXVili CONTENTS Gobius cliffordpopei Nichols Gobius hadropterus (Jordan and Snyder) Gobius leavelli (Herre) : ‘ Gobius giurinus Rutter Gobius myxodermus (Herre) Gobius hainanensis (Oshima) Subgenus Tamanka Herre Gobius bivittatus (Herre) . Subgenus Ctenogobius Gill Gobius clarki (Evermann and Shaw) CHAPTER III—SUPPLEMENT Additional Species . Genus Hilsa Regan Key to Chinese Hilsa Hilsa sinensis (Linnaeus) Genus Silurus Linnaeus Silurus wynaadensis Day Genus Pseudobagrus Bleeker Pseudobagrus wui Miao Pseudobagrus changi Miao . Genus Leiocassis Bleeker Leiocassis sinyanensis Fu Genus Liobagrus Hilgendorf . Liobagrus kingi Tchang Genus Pseudecheneis Blyth . Pseudecheneis sulcatus (McClelland) Genus Barbus Cuvier . ‘ Barbus (Lissochilichthys) pene hoineees (K. F. Wang) - Genus Hemiculterella Warpachowski 2 : : Hemiculterella wui (K. F. Wang) Hemiculterella angustus (Kimura) Genus Hemiculter Bleeker Hemiculter jabouillei Chevey Genus Acheilognathus Bleeker Acheilognathus chi Miao : Acheilognathus lanchiensis (Herre and TOD Genus Abbotiina Jordan and Fowler Abbottina tafangensis (K. F. Wang) Genus Oreonectes Giinther . Oreonectes sayu Herre and Lin Genus Barbatula Linck é Barbatula kungessana (center Barbatula pappenheimi (Fang) Genus Homaloptera Van Hasselt . Subgenus Paraprotomyzon Pellegrin and Fang . Homaloptera multifasciata (Pellegrin and Fang) PAGE 263 263 263 264 264 265 265 265 265 265 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 267 267 267 267 267 267 267 268 268 268 268 268 268 269 269 269 269 269 269 269 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 271 CONTENTS Genus Ophicephalus Bloch : Ophicephalus argus kimurai (Shih) Genus Siniperca Gill Siniperca kichuani Shih Genus Gobius Linnaeus Subgenus Rhinogobius Gill Gobius whitleyi (Herre) Gobius duospilus (Herre) Subgenus Tamanka Herre Gobius sinensis (Herre) Subgenus Acanthogobius Gill . Gobius ommaturus Richardson Synonyms, Changes, and Comment . Salangichthys hyalocranius (Abbott) Subgenus Reganisalanx Fang Salanx normani (Fang) Subgenus Salanx Cuvier Salanx cuvierit Cuvier and Waleneietnest Anguilla mauritiana Bennett Pseudobagrus nitidus Sauvage and Dabry de hteceint Hemibagrus guttatus (Lacépéde) Barbus nigrodorsalis (Oshima) Barbus (Lissochilichthys) kreyenbergii (eeeea) Zacco platypus (Temminck and Schlegel) Tanichthys albonubes Lin . : Varicorhinus robustus Nichols Hemiculter dispar dispar Peters . Rhodeus sinensis Giinther . Rhodeus notatus Nichols Leucogobio polytaenia tienmusanensis Chu Gobio nummifer Boulenger . : Leptobotia fasciata (Dabry de Thiersant) Misgurnus mizolepis mizolepis Ginther Subgenus Paramisgurnus Sauvage Misgurnus dabryanus (Sauvage) . Subgenus Mesomisgurnus Fang Misgurnus (Mesomisgurnus) bipartitus ( Sieeue aan Dea aE Rireeant) Misgurnus (Mesomisgurnus) lividus Yala and aN de eich Lefua costata (Kessler) : ; Crossostoma stigmata Nichols : Aplocheilus curvinotus Nichols and Pope Macropodus viridiauratus Lacépéde Subgenus Coreosiniperca Fang and Chong Siniperca scherzeri chui Fang and Chong BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX XXIX PAGE 271 271 271 271 271 271 275 272 272 272 272 272 272 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 274 274 274 274 274 274 274 274 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 276 276 276 276 276 276 276 277 295 ahd A Lareviy ,as : i: ; > A} 7) ’ Leman ae ‘ ear. : ; my fee meray) Vay? > | 5 f 4 ; —f ty A 7 > Sema? a \ id sale 's AM is ee ae yo i , wy | rh ee - d . id i "sa 4 . W oe yen ' ; “ aa : » 4 ; tal 7 ¥ita @ ibs seul igs bm 6% ie ha i ‘ * mel Fige i Lobe tribes > aoe Soe . 4 “ie J : 2 2 y ae - ¢ : a | Ms piel y * e , ee - a.d¥ = . i v ein of kT Ba) = os beh ht @ z i r ¥ rs 4 hed ee a ry , Ww aw ani 9) ua oe i aL! b a ‘gg 4 ae + a é or ro . aha or : ' onl ij 7 eek j g= */ id aa ‘- - 7 | ay ss; a ay a) i * ' : . 1) Pa) oe ie my) TEXT FIGURES The scale mark on text figures is one inch, except where marked as millimeters in a few cases. FIGURE 1.—Acipenser dabryanus Duméril. 318 mm. standard length . 2.—Fluta alba xanthognatha (Richardson). 395 mm. total length : 3.—Mastacembelus armatus undulatus (McClelland). 160 mm. without ude 4.—Anguilla sinensis McClelland. 440 mm. without caudal 5.—Parasilurus cochinchinensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 145 mm. without caudal . 6.—Pseudobagrus intermedius Nichols and Pope. Type. 106 mm. without caudal 7.—Pseudobagrus virgatus (Oshima). 95 mm. without caudal . 8.—Leiocassis crassilabris macrops Nichols. too mm. standard length 9.—Leiocassis tenuifurcatus Nichols. Type. 155 mm. standard length 10.—Leiocassis similis Nichols. Type. 119 mm. standard length 11.—Leiocassis analis Nichols. Type. tor mm. standard length 12.—Liobagrus anguillicauda Nichols. Type. 75 mm. standard length ‘ 13.—Glyptosternon hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 55 mm. without caudal 14.—Clarias fuscus (Lacépéde). 76 mm. without caudal . 15.—M yxocyprinus asiaticus asiaticus (Bleeker) 16.—M yxocyprinus asiaticus asiaticus (Bleeker) ; 3 ; : : 17.—M yxocyprinus asiaticus fukiensis Nichols. Type. 36 mm. standard length . 18.— Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. 122 mm. without caudal . ; 19.—Carassius auratus (Linnaeus). 83 mm. without caudal 6 20.—Osteochilus salsburyi Nichols and Pope. Type. 85 mm. without suite 21.—Barbus caldwelli Nichols. Type. 100 mm. standard length 22.—Barbus nigrodorsalis (Oshima). 115 mm. without caudal . 23.—Barbus sinensis denticulatus (Oshima). 85 mm. without caudal . 24.—Barbus semifasciolatus Giinther. 34 mm. without caudal . 25.—Barbus parallens Nichols. Cotype. About 75 mm. standard length 26.—Barbus hemispinus Nichols. Type. 64 mm. standard length ; 27.—Barbus barbodon Nichols and Pope. Type. 193 mm. without caudal . 28.—Cyclocheilichthys iridescens Nichols and Pope. Type. 102 mm. without caudal . 29.—Elopichthys bambusa (Richardson). 198 mm. standard length . 30.—Diagrammatic sketch of the jaws of Opsariichthys uncirostris hainanensis Nichals and Pope (upper) and Elopichthys bambusa (Richardson) (lower) 31.—Zacco asperus Nichols and Pope. Type. 106 mm. without caudal 32.—Zacco platypus (Temminck and Schlegel). Fukien . XXXi XXxXil TEXT FIGURES FIGURE 33-—Opsariichthys uncirostris hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 115 mm. without caudal 34.—Opsariichthys minutus Nichols. Type - mm. ‘eeintard ieee 35.—Rasbora cephalotaenia steineri Nichols and Pope. Type. 65 mm. without caadal 36.—Pseudorasbora parva altipinna Nichols. Type. 55 mm. standard length 37.—Pseudorasbora parva depressirostris Nichols. Type. 49 mm. standard length 38.—Pseudorasbora parva parvula Nichols. Type. 55 mm. standard length 39.—Pseudorasbora parva tenuis Nichols. Type. 41 mm. standard length . 40.—Pseudorasbora parva fowleri Nichols. After Fowler . 41.—Pseudorasbora parva monstrosa Nichols. Type. 62 mm. standard length 42.—Luciobrama typus Bleeker : : : ; E 43.—Labeo melanostigma (Fowler and Bean). Type of Eaves ie N rchols and Pope. 202 mm. without caudal ; ; : : 44.—Garra orientalis Nichols. Type. 75 mm. standard jength : 45.—Garra rhynchota Koller. Type of Garra schismatorhyncha Nichols dela Pope. 108 mm. without caudal : : : : : : : 46.—Garra imberbis (Vinciguerra). After Vineiguerra é : 5 : 47.—Varicorhinus discognathoides Nichols and Pope. Type. 225 mm. without caudal . 48.—Varicorhinus robustus Nichols. Type. 103 mm. standard length 49.—Varicorhinus shansiensis Nichols. Type. 174 mm. standard length 50.—Varicorhinus tungting Nichols. Type. 126 mm. standard length 51.—Onychostoma leptura (Boulenger). 135 mm. without caudal ; : 52.—Xenocypris davidi insularis Nichols and Pope. Type. 213 mm. without eandal 53-—Xenocypris yunnanensis Nichols. Type. 123 mm. standard length 54.—Xenocypris compressus Nichols. Type. 103 mm. standard length 55-—Yaoshanicus normalis (Nichols and Pope). Type. 64 mm. without caudal . 56.—A phyocypris chinensis shantung Nichols. Type. 46 mm. standard length 57-—Aphyocypris agilis (Nichols). Type. 41 mm. standard length . 58.—Rasborinus takakii fukiensis Nichols. Type. 69 mm. standard length . 59.—Rasborinus takakii hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 95 mm. without caudal . 60.—Hemiculterella engraulis Nichols. Type. 148 mm. standard length 61.—Hemiculter clupeoides Nichols. Type. 127 mm. standard length 62.—Hemiculter hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 115 mm. without caudal . 63.—?Hemiculter dispar dispar Peters. (Barilius hainanensis Boulenger, after Boulenger.) 64.—Hemiculter serrata (Koller). Type of Hemiculter serracanthus Nichols and Pope. 113 mm. without caudal : : ; ; : 65.—Parapelecus fukiensis Nichols. Type. 95 mm. standard length . 66.—Parapelecus nicholsi (Fowler). After Fowler . : : : : 67.—Ischikauia hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 71 mm. without caudal . 68.—Ischikauia alburnops (Regan). Type of Hemiculter andrewsi Nichols . 69.—I schikauia transmontana Nichols. Type. 100 mm. standard length 70.—Erythroculter pseudobrevicauda Nichols and Pope. Type. 170 mm. without crane 71.—Megalobrama melrosei Nichols and Pope. Type. 66 mm. without caudal 72.—Rhodeus notatus Nichols. Type. 33 mm. standard length . 73-—Pseudoperilampus hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 39 mm. without baat 74.—Acheilognathus gracilis gracilis Nichols. 44 mm. standard length . PAGE 97 98 100 IOI 102 102 103 104 104 105 109 III 112 113 II5 116 E07 118 120 TOS) 123 124 126 128 128 131 131 133 135 136 136 137 139 140 I4I 142 143 146 149 152 154 156 TEXT FIGURES FIGURE 75:-—Acheilognathus barbatus Nichols. 40 mm. standard length 76.—Acanthorhodeus tonkinensis Vaillant. 77 mm. without caudal 77.—Hemibarbus labeo (Pallas). 131 mm. without caudal ; 78.—Leucogobio taeniellus Nichols. Type. 55 mm. standard length . 79.—Leucogobio polytaenia polytaenia Nichols. Type. 76 mm. standard feasih 80.—Leucogobio polytaenia tsinanensis Mori. Type of Leucogobio polytaenia microbar- bus Nichols . : , ‘ : ‘ , 81.—Leucogobio imberbis Nichols. Type. 68 mm. standard length 82.—Gnathopogon intermedius Nichols. Type. 65 mm. standard length 83.—Gnathopogon argentatus punctatus Nichols. Type. 46 mm. standard fac 84.—Gnathopogon atromaculatus Nichols and Pope. Type. 54 mm. standard length 85.—Gnathopogon similis Nichols. Type. 58 mm. standard length . 86.—Gobio rivuloides Nichols. 126 mm. standard length . 87.—Gobio coriparoides coriparoides Nichols. Type. 77 mm. eeaneiaes length 88.—Gobio longipinnis longipinnis Nichols. Type. 95 mm. standard length 89.—Coreius septentrionalis (Nichols). Type. 240 mm. standard length . 90.—Pseudogobio fukiensis Nichols. Type. 49 mm. standard length . 91.—Pseudogobio bicolor Nichols. Type. 60 mm. standard jens 92.—Pseudogobio chinssuensis chinssuensis Nichols. Type. 50 mm. standard length 93.—Pseudogobio tungtingensis Nichols. Type. 52 mm. standard length . 94.—Pseudogobio labeoides Nichols and Pope. Type. 90 mm. without caudal 95——Pseudogobio papillabrus Nichols. Type. 119 mm. standard length 96.—Sarcocheilichthys hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 62 mm. without caudal’ 97.—Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis tungting Nichols and Pope. 80 mm. standard length . 98.—Sarcocheilichthys kiangsiensis Nichols. Type. 129 mm. standard length 99.—Sarcocheilichthys sinensis fukiensis Nichols. Type. 90 mm. standard length 100.—Sarcocheilichthys parvus Nichols. Type. 57 mm. standard length 101.—Cobitis taenia dolichorhynchus Nichols. 61 mm. without caudal . 102.—Cobitis taenia melanoleuca Nichols. Type. About 70 mm. standard length . 103.—Cobitis taenia sinensis Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant (upper) and Cobitis mac- rostigma Dabry de Thiersant (lower) compared : 104.—Botia compressicauda Nichols. Type. 91 mm. standard length . : ‘ 105.—Botia rubrilabris (Dabry de Thiersant). 65 mm. without caudal. Tungting Lake . 106.—Misgurnus anguillicaudatus tungting Nichols. Type. 89 mm. standard length 107.—Misgurnus mizolepis grangeri Nichols. Type. 117 mm. standard length 108.—Misgurnus mizolepis fukien Nichols. Type. 127 mm. standard length 109.—Misgurnus mizolepis hainan Nichols and Pope. Type. 83 mm. without caudal 110.—Misgurnus mohoity yunnan Nichols. Type. 123 mm. standard length . 111.—Misgurnus mohoity leopardus Nichols. Type. 105 mm. standard length 112.—Nemacheilus pulcher Nichols and Pope. Type. 42 mm. without caudal 113.—Lefua costata (Kessler). Type of Lefua andrewsi Fowler. After Fowler. (See page 276.) . : . : : : : : 114.—Barbatula toni fowleri Nichols. Type. 85 mm. standard length . 115.—Barbatula toni posteroventralis Nichols. Type. 66 mm. standard length 116.—Barbatula yarkandensis sellaefer Nichols. Type. 73 mm. standard length . 117.—Barbatula incerta Nichols. Type. 63 mm. standard length ; XXXili PAGE 157 159 162 165 166 167 167 169 170 170 171 173 174 175 177 181 182 182 184 184 185 190 IgI 192 193 193 197 198 199 201 202 206 207 207 208 209 200 212 213 216 217 217 219 XXXiV TEXT FIGURES FIGURE 118.—Barbatula fasciolata (Nichols and Pope). 60 mm. without caudal 119.—Homaloptera caldwelli Nichols. Type. 48 mm. standard length . 120.—Crossostoma davidi Sauvage . : : ; ‘ ‘ j 121.—Crossostoma fascicauda Nichols. Type. 81 mm. standard length 122.—Crossostoma stigmata Nichols. Type. 53 mm. standard length . 123.—Crossostoma fangi Nichols. Cotype. 54 mm. standard length . 124.—Hemimyzon zebroidus Nichols. Type. 63 mm. standard length . 125.—Gastromyzon leveretti leveretti Nichols and Pope. Type. 50 mm. without caudal . 126.—A plocheilus curvinotus Nichols and Pope. Type. 23 mm. without caudal 127.—Ophicephalus maculatus (Lacépede). 110 mm. without caudal . 128.—Ophicephalus gachua Hamilton-Buchanan. 120 mm. without caudal . 129.—Ophicephalus gachua Hamilton-Buchanan. too mm, standard length . 130.—Channa asiatica (Linnaeus). 143 mm. without caudal 131.—Macropodus viridiauratus Lacépéde. 36 mm. without caudal 132.—Siniperca roulei Wu. Type of Siniperca elongata Nichols . 133.—Siniperca scherzeri scherzeri Steindachner. Tungting Lake . 134.—Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewski). 110 mm. standard length . 135.—Siniperca obscura Nichols. Type. 81 mm. standard length 136.—Coreoperca whiteheadi Boulenger. 97 mm. without caudal . : 137.—Philypnus chalmersi Nichols and Pope. Type. 102 mm. without caudal 138.—Philypnus potamophilus (Giinther). 135 mm. standard length . 139.—Micropercops swinhonis (Giinther). 50 mm. standard length 140.—Micropercops dabryi borealis Nichols. Type. 44 mm. standard length 141.—Gobius giuris Hamilton-Buchanan. 145 mm. standard length 142.—Gobius cliffordpopei Nichols. Type. 34 mm. standard length 143.—Gobius leavelli (Herre). 38 mm. without caudal : PAGE 219 221 226 227 228 228 229 231 235 238 239 239 240 242 247 248 249 250 252 256 257 258 259 261 263 264 PLATES PLATE FACING PAGE I—Fig. 1. Misgurnus mizolepis hainan Nichols and Pope. Type. 83 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fig. 2. Nemacheilus pulcher Nichols and Pope. Type. 42 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fig. 3. Sarcocheilichthys hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 62 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fig. 4. Yaoshanicus normalis (Nichols and Pope). Type. 64 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan . : 3 : : 3 : ; IIl.—Fig. 1. Fluta alba cinerea (Gaichactsoaye 470 mm. total length. Tungting Lake. Fig. 2. Mastacembelus sinensis (Bleeker). 190 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. Fig. 3. Mastacembelus armatus undulatus (McClelland). 160 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan : : : ; : : ; III.—Fig. 1. Clarias fuscus (lacepede)) 77 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fig. 2. Hemibagrus macropterus Bleeker. 77 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. Fig. 3. Pseudobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson). 80 mm. standard length. Tung- ting Lake. : : é : : : : : IV.—Fig. 1. Barbus peradorsaie (Gauan 115 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fig. 2. Erythroculter dabryi (Bleeker). 117 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. Fig. 3. Parabramis pekinensis (Basilewski). 85 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. Fig. 4. Hemiculter clupeoides Nichols. ores 127 mm. standard length. Tung- ting Lake V.—Fig. 1. Barbus Some esenliataes Giinther. 34 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fig. 2. Rasbora cephalotaenia steineri Nichols and Pope. Type. 65 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. (Barbel an error.) Fig. 3. Ischikauia hainanensis Nichols and Pope. 43 mm. standard length. No- doa, Hainan. Fig. 4. Pseudoperilampus hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 39 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan . . : ; : : : : VI.—Fig. 1. Acanthorhodeus guichenoti Bleeker. 73 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. Fig. 2. Sarcocheilichthys sinensis sinensis Bleeker. 120 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. XXXV 24 40 56 88 104 XXXvl PLATES PLATE FACING PAGE Fig. 3. Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker. 135 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake 120 VII.—Figs. 1 and 2. Barbatula yarkandensis sellaefer Nichols. Type. 73 mm. standard length. Chin-ssu, Shansi. Figs. 3 and 4. Barbatula toni Dad saad Nichols. Type. 66 mm. standard length. Chin-ssu, Shansi . : 152 VIII.—Fig. 1. Gobiobotia pappenheimi Kreyenberg. 39 mm. eeantiacd Tenth, T penis Lake. Fig. 2. Lefua costata (Kessler). Male. 42 mm. standard length. Chin-ssu, Shansi. Fig. 3. Cobitis taenia dolichorhynchus Nichols. 61 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fig. 4. Lepturichthys fimbriata nicholsi Hora. 59 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. ; : : : : : . 200 IX.—Fig. 1. Barbatala alec (Stemdachner): 78 mm. standard length. Mai Tai Chao, Shansi. Fig. 2. Misgurnus mizolepis mizolepis Giinther. 167 mm. standard length. Tung- ting Lake. Fig. 3. Cobitis taenia sinensis Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant. 47 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. Fig. 4. Gobius cliffordpopei Nichols. Type. 34 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake . ; , : é 5 : : ~ 232 X.—Fig. 1. Coreoperca whiteheadi Boulenger. 68 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fig. 2. Ophicephalus maculatus (Lacépéde). 110 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fig. 3. Ophicephalus gachua Hamilton-Buchanan. 50 mm. standard length. No- doa, Hainan. Fig. 4. Philypnus chalmersi Nichols and Pope. 58 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fig. 5. Philypnus ae gee aan 115 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake . 3 s : : s : : . 264 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION FAUNAL DISCUSSION Different writers approach the broad and indefinite subject of zodgeography from different angles. There are various sound basic concepts according to which one may orient the material of faunal discussion, and when these are poorly defined confusion frequently results. The faunal area is an area characterized by a certain fauna or association of animals. The writer places primary emphasis on the fauna rather than the area, bearing in mind that they are two different things, but at the same time defines the fauna in terms of its geographic limits or boundaries, that is, in terms of the faunal area. Where two faunas come together, they may be sharply defined the one from the other, they may interdigitate, usually on some physiographic basis, or they may blend and mix over a relatively wide belt. It is possible, using one or another cri- terion, to draw a geographic line between the two, but at times it is preferable to recognize a transition belt belonging neither exclusively to one nor the other, but partly to both. By the first procedure it is possible to classify faunally every geo- graphic point, but the last makes the unit fauna concept more definite and tangible. The writer uses the one or the other, depending on the aspect of the matter under discussion. It is, of course, obvious that faunal areas will run right across political bounda- ries, except in cases where these may correspond with such natural boundaries as chance to be of faunal significance. Most faunal lists and studies are, however, made for a constituted national, state, or local area. Definite, tangible, arbitrary limits set in advance are a great advantage in such work, and an equal convenience for those who will later refer to it. At the same time it is most satisfactory to treat an area which is, as far as may be, faunally homogeneous, and it is with this in mind that the boundaries of the present work have been set as those of China proper. Westward of these boundaries one finds the unlike fishes of high central Asia; northward a different fauna lies across the deserts, and the American Mu- I 2 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA seum of Natural History has also received very scant material from thence, whereas recent Russian ichthyologists have studied the fauna rather thoroughly and satis- factorily. Every species of animal has a somewhat different range. Every group of ani- mals has a different center of abundance, of dispersal, and is separable into faunas which do not correspond in detail with those of any other group. On the other hand, the factors of physiographic and climatic uniformity and divergence, past and present, primary causes in differentiating one fauna from another, have frequently acted on different groups in much the same way, leading to a sufficiently close ap- proximation of the major faunas of one group to those of another so that the same faunal terminology may be approximately applied to each, or diverse groups make up the fauna in a broader sense. It is the somewhat parallel correspondence be- tween the ranges of different species which makes of the fauna an entity anyway, not merely an abstract concept. To emphasize this correspondence and make the fauna more tangible, we draw limits about the area which it dominates and in so doing define the faunal area. This puts us in a position to analyze the fauna, which is to a considerable extent a matter of studying the details which do not correspond. We find in Chinese fresh waters, for instance, a J'etraodon and other fishes with obvious marine affinities. They are an integral part of the fauna as defined, yet a foreign or marine element therein. Similarly species with high central Asiatic affinities are a foreign element, and the place we assign to the Chinese or any other fauna in a general classifica- tion of the fish faunas of the world depends on the balance between such different elements. Most taxonomic groups of fishes have geographic or physiographic cen- ters of abundance, and the classification of faunas corresponds more or less with one which might be based on the dominance of the different groups. The whole subject is an involved and somewhat complicated one. To some students it seems highly subjective and rather meaningless. But when one has worked out and determined faunal lines on the map on one basis or another, and later finds numerous unsuspected details wherein the animals on one side of the line differ from those on the other, as not infrequently occurs, it seems safe to con- clude that they have a real meaning. This is also excellent verification for the cor- rectness with which the lines have been drawn. ORIENTATION OF THE CHINESE FISH FAUNA The fishes of the world fall into three natural faunal groups: deep-sea, shore, and fresh-water fishes. The writer has elsewhere (1928, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 319, pp. 6-7) drawn up a faunal analysis of fresh-water fishes essentially as follows: INTRODUCTION t 3 FRESH-WATER FISHES I. Peripheral B. High Asiatic 1. Boreal C. Indian and Oriental 2. Austral a. Indian 3. Insular and Australian b. Chinese A. Australian x. Temperate B. Insular y. Subtropical a. Madagascan 2. Austral b. West Indian A. African c. Oceanic a. East and South African II. Continental b. Nile and West African 1. Northern B. Neotropical A. Holarctic a. Middle American a. Palaearctic b. South American b. Nearctic The continental fauna is dominated by the Ostariophysi (carp-catfish-chara- cin group). It occupies continental Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas, with the exception of a rather vague northern circumpolar area, and the southern tips of South America and Africa. The peripheral fauna is made up of elements with better marked affinities to salt-water groups. It occupies a vague northern circum- polar area (trouts and pikes), the southern tips of South America and Africa (Galaxias), Australia and the islands of the world in general. The typically continental Chinese sub-fauna is widely separated from the southern or Austral division of the continental both by space and in kind. To the southwest through Indo-China it merges into the equivalent Indian sub-fauna. Just where to draw the line between the two and the nature of their contact would have to be determined by a study of extensive collections from intermediate areas. It is bounded on the west by the high Asiatic and on the north by the Holarctic, the two major divisions of the northern continental foreign to it. Coastwise, of course, it is bounded by the realm of shore fishes. A faunal study of the estuaries or transition zone between Chinese fresh-water and marine shore fishes would have a particular interest, due to the faunal strength and comparatively pure continen- tal nature (freedom from peripheral elements) of the Chinese fresh-water fish fauna. Attention has been too much occupied with study and description of fresh- water fishes to approach this subject. The fish fauna of high central Asia is very different from that of China, al- though carps and loaches dominate it to the same extent. Carps related to Schizo- thorax and loaches related to Barbatula are present in great variety; a few peculiar 6s° 90° 35° 100° 105° 110° 1s* 120° 125° 130° 135° ¢ MONGOLIAN } es ae a“ H CHINA SEA (NAN HAI) INTRODUCTION 5 types and many minor variations occur, as compared with the multiplicity of types found in China. These highland fishes enter the western provinces more or less in the hills and are also found here and there farther into China, but seem to be comparatively few in species even in Szechwan, where the fishes, of the larger rivers at least, are very like those of central China. The high Asiatic and Chinese faunas presumably interdigitate on a basis of physiography and ecology, mostly west of the boundaries of China proper. Careful collecting correlated with altitude along the western borders may show peninsulas and islands of the former in China and substantiate casual Chinese records for high Asiatic or Indian species, which are now open to question. Northward the Chinese fauna is separated from the Holarctic by a desert barrier or series of such barriers. Only in Manchuria is there any considerable mix- ture of the two. From the above it will appear that China proper is more or less of a unit faunal area. As such it may doubtless be subdivided into smaller sub-areas. Collec- tions made by the American Museum of Natural History Asiatic Expeditions show rather clearly that in the east there is a faunal line separating south from central China, a southern from a north-central Chinese sub-fauna. This line corresponds more or less to that between the temperate and subtropical zones. It would pre- sumably be of greater importance than it is for fresh-water fishes, were it not that deserts to the north form a natural barrier, to the south of which the Chinese fauna as a whole has been able to expand freely, which has checked invasion by Palae- arctic forms from the north. The north-central and south Chinese faunas are very much alike, but species or races in the one are frequently replaced by allied repre- sentative species or races in the other. Fukien belongs rather with the southern than with the north-central faunal area and is to some extent a transition belt between the two, with peculiarities of such transition belts (Nichols, 1923, Science, LVIII, pp. 153-155). In spite of its variability, it may be best to list it as a unit sub-area, but collections examined from elsewhere in south China are too meager to determine this point. For that matter, our south Chinese sub-fauna quite certainly crosses political boundaries to the southwest, and adequate extralimital material may prove it to cover quite as large an area without as within such boundaries. Fishes of the Yangtze Valley lowlands are sufficiently characteristic to sug- gest making of this a unit sub-area. Due to favorable conditions, fish life is here exceedingly varied and abundant, and it seems also to be something of an evolu- tionary center and to have given rise to various adaptive or specialized forms. Fishes in the distant Amur River (some of them at least) are, however, closely related to their representatives in the Yangtze, and the writer is inclined to look 6 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA on these lowlands as merely a very extensive ecological niche dominating central China. The ecological association is an unsatisfactory minor factor from which to build faunas or faunal areas (Nichols, 1928, Condor, XXX, pp. 315, 316). The fishes of Yunnan again are quite unlike those of eastern China and raise the question of transition belt versus unit sub-area as do those of Fukien. The American Museum has very scanty collections from this western province. To sum up, we are in a position to separate Chinese fresh-water fishes defi- nitely into north-central and southern sub-faunas which have a standard climatic zonal basis, and to recommend further study of the faunal complexity of this inter- esting area. SPECULATION ON THE HISTORY OF THE OSTARIOPHYSI (Nichols, 1930, Copeia, No. 4, pp. 148-151) Carp-like fishes dominate the fauna of China to such an extent that in a pro- visional check list drawn up in 1928 (Nichols, 1928, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LVIUII, pp. 1-62), 263 of the 374 species recognized (70 per cent) were carps and loaches (with one sucker), and 11 per cent of the remainder were catfishes, so that only 19 per cent belonged to non-ostariophysine groups. Comparison of Chinese carps with the familiar American ones has led to speculation as to the history and distribution of this branch of the Ostariophysi, which correlates with similar con- sideration of the more tropical catfish and characin branches dating from 1917, when Ludlow Griscom and the writer reported on an extensive collection of African fishes (Nichols and Griscom, 1917, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XVII, pp. 653-756). Carps are fundamentally non-predaceous, feeding on small animals or even vegetable matter, and are without teeth in the mouth. To take the place of the missing oral dentition, they are provided with well-developed, variously specialized teeth on the pharyngeal bones (of the throat). In the carps proper these are few in number and definite in arrangement, differing in number, arrangement, and character in different genera, and to a lesser extent in different species. In the suckers the pharyngeal teeth are more numerous, and in a more or less comb-like series. Loss of oral dentition would have been a rational adaptative change in the suckers, whereas various of the modern active free swimming carps could, it seems, make good use of such teeth did they possess them. This is particularly true of certain predaceous forms that have developed in China, probably correlated with the long-time protection of that area by a desert system (the Gobi) from invasion by such northern predators as pike and trout. There is, for instance, the genus Opsariichthys with crooked, interlocking edges to the strong, toothless jaws. It is, INTRODUCTION 7 then, a reasonable assumption, and one generally held, that the suckers are more primitive than, and more or less ancestral to, the true carps. The suckers are now North American, except that one northern species (Catos- tomus catostomus) also occurs in Siberia, and that there is a specialized sucker (Myxocyprinus) in the valleys of China. This interesting fish was formerly united generically with similar forms of the Mississippi Valley, but as the theoretical probability of any such specialized cyprinoid having crossed between Asia and America is small, the present-day view that the resemblance here is a parallelism seems most rational. One may suppose the suckers to have run their course in China, have left but this single peculiar representative behind, and have there been superseded more or less by the present-day gudgeons, a division of the true carps. In America the group is still relatively young, with various genera and many spe- cies (Nichols, 1925, Natural History, XXV, p. 349). This view would make of China a recent center of differentiation and distribu- tion for carp-like fishes. It probably is this modern center. The true carps are here not only very abundant but more varied than elsewhere, more advanced in evolu- tion or radial differentiation, more deeply cleft. Thus the breams with a single primitive genus in North America, and a couple allied to it in Europe, here make a convenient subfamily with a number of genera, some of them rich in species. The gudgeons, which seem not to have reached Africa or America and are represented by a few species in Europe, make a similar convenient subfamily with unlike genera and many species. Zacco and Opsartichthys clearly differ generically, whereas the closely allied and somewhat more primitive Barilius shows no com- parable variation across southern Asia and Africa. It is obvious that carps have recently entered Africa from the northeast. In that continent they are little varied and form a minor part of the fresh-water fish fauna. Few genera are represented, and these are related to numerous and more varied forms occurring in southern Asia. For instance, the genus Barbus is repre- sented by a large number of species, particularly in east and south Africa, but these are comparatively undifferentiated, whereas their Asiatic and East Indian allies are separated into numerous well-marked subgenera, to which the modern tend- ency is to give full generic rank. Not so many species have invaded the strong West African or Congo fauna with its many specialized fishes of older groups. Carp-like fishes do not enter the neotropical or Australian regions. They are the dominant fresh-water fishes of the Northern Hemisphere. Their present dis- tribution is obviously recent, from the north, from an Asiatic center, apparently China. The differentiation and occurrence of the loaches parallel that of the carps but are more restricted. Southwestward they have reached Abyssinia. Fragmen- tary remains of a supposed loach are recorded by Cope from a fresh-water Upper 8 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Tertiary formation in Idaho, but their identification was probably an error. The group does not occur in America, and evidence of its ever having crossed to the New World is inadequate. Because of their many barbels, minute scales, and other characters, it would be excusable to consider loaches archaic with relationship to both carps and catfishes, but they are probably a secondary offshoot of the true carps. Tangible evidence of this is furnished in China by a puzzling fish, Gobio- botia, which combines characters of a loach and of a gudgeon. To turn to catfishes and characins, the latter group is confined to the southern continents (South and Middle America, and Africa), and the former is most domi- nant and diversified in the same areas, although with a general continental distri- bution. There can be little doubt that both these groups are older than the carps, and whereas tangible evidence bearing on their distribution may be lacking, it is most reasonable to suppose that each invaded its present range from the north, where both have since been more or less superseded by the carps (Nichols and Griscom, 1917, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XVII, pp. 736-738). The pres- ence of characins in Middle America is presumably a secondary and recent north- ward movement of South American forms. As to which are the older, catfishes or characins, fossil evidence is quite negli- gible, as it is for this entire group of Ostariophysi, except as it shows them present only in the Tertiary, and much as they are today. Distributional evidence is con- fusing. Nichols and Griscom (1917, op. cit.) consider that the distribution of the catfishes was the earlier, basing this opinion on their greater diversification in Africa and South America. From the radial diversity of catfishes there, it would seem that they may well have been the first modern “Continental” fishes to reach South America. On the other hand, if gymnotids be considered a characin offshoot, the development of this peculiar group is evidence to the contrary. Boulenger’s (1904, Cambridge Natural History, p. 574) opinion that the characins are the most primitive ostariophysine fishes seems sound. Structurally, catfishes are more specialized than characins, and ancestral Ostariophysi should have been characin- like pre-characins, even if modern catfishes are older, and their distribution pre- ceded that of the characins of today. In any event some interesting and perhaps significant comparisons may be drawn between the development of these two groups in Africa and South America. There is nothing in Africa to compare with the whole series of South American armored catfish. In South America there are no other older armored fishes which might have competed with such a trend; in Africa we have the heavily scaled polypterids. In South America we find the ostariophysine gymnotids which parallel the more primitive and presumably older non-ostariophysine mormyrids of Africa. So catfishes in one direction and characins in another seem to have had their evolutionary potentialities blocked in Africa by older groups which are absent in South America. The ostariophysine potentiality INTRODUCTION 9 of producing an electric species gives us the electric gymnotid eel in South America, and could there have been gymnotids in Africa there might have been one there also; as it is, an African electric catfish has been evolved. At a superficial glance, the systematic ichthyologist sees certain resemblances between catfishes and characins in Africa and in South America, which fade on closer study, and he gets the impression that the evolutionary diversification of both groups in the respective continents has been entirely independent, as it would have been with an invasion of primitive forms from the north prior to such diversi- fication. These fishes seem to the writer to furnish evidence against any land bridge or other connection between the two continents in Tertiary times. The fossil evidence on the Ostariophysi is too scant to tell us much of their history or distribution, and none of it is pre-Tertiary. The group seems to have been present pretty much throughout the Tertiary, and the opening of that period very likely found it essentially as today with its three main sub-groups already differentiated. The writer’s concept of evolutionary dynamics favors the view that it is not in changes correlated with environmental change that significant new adaptations arise, but as evolutionary experiments in one direction or another in a wide, favorable, and stable environment where a given form is sufficiently numer- ous and well established for competition to be keen and of long duration between the individuals which comprise it, not merely between one form and another, or a form and the environment as a whole. A given species quickly expands numerically to its saturation point in a given environment, but by splitting into different species, each with somewhat different habits and adaptations, it may continue to expand. This would seem to be at least one important factor in the origin of species. It is not unreasonable to suppose that between Mesozoic and Cenozoic life there was a long period of stable conditions with few uplifts or depressions, a period of which the fossil record is essentially lacking, a true epi-Mesozoic interval. Such a period would have been characterized by mature drainage systems where a group of fresh-water fishes, the Ostariophysi, might well have been evolved, and the carps arisen as toothless suckers. The ancestors of the Ostariophysi are unknown, and the writer has made no special study to justify speculation as to the relationships of the group to more primitive fishes. It was probably always a fresh-water group. Largely on the basis of its membership in modern fresh-water fish faunas, these may be separated into Continental (Ostariophysi dominant) and Peripheral (whose members have ma- rine affinities) (Nichols, 1928, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 319, pp. 6-7). It is interesting to note that the carps, although abundant in the Indies, do not reach the Australian region. Fresh-water forms of catfish do occur there, but these are related to the exceptional marine catfish genera, Plotosus and Arius, hence to be expected. Io THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA TABLES OF ADAPTATIONS OF THE CARP-LIKE FISHES The family Cyprinidae (carps) are conveniently divided into several series, sometimes given subfamily rank. At the suggestion of Doctor William K. Gregory, the characters, adaptations, and habitats of these series, and of carp-like fishes in general, have been arranged in tabular form. Group Carp-like fishes Suckers Carps Cyprininae (barbs) Xenocyprininae Leuciscinae (minnows) Abramidinae (breams) Rhodeinae Gobioinae (gudgeons) Loaches CHARACTERS Pharyngeal teeth, none in mouth Sucking mouth Standardized teeth, normal mouth Standardized; barbels; full set of teeth Cross-mouth Slender, no barbels As above, com- pressed, some- times deep- bodied, belly keeled Teeth reduced, deep body, small size, ovipositor More or less elongate, with inferior mouth Numerous bar- bels; reduced scales; encap- suled air bladder ADAPTATIONS Bottom Free swimming Comparative inactivity Bottom, and sec- ondarily free swimming Free swimming Mid-water Specialized spawning habits Bottom Primarily bottom PREFERENCE Fresh water Mature rivers Lakes and swift water Sluggish water Various Clear lakes and streams Lakes Narrow waters Mature rivers Various adapta- tions to various speeds and loads of running water HABITAT Continental fresh waters except Australia and South America North America, Siberia, one in China Continental fresh waters except Australia and South America Eurasia and Africa Fully represented in Asia, and bottom forms in Africa Northern conti- nents (especially Europe and North America) Northern conti- nents (especially Eurasia) Eurasia (espe- cially China) Temperate Asia and Europe Eurasia (espe- cially China) INTRODUCTION II PLAN OF THE PRESENT WORK In listing the fresh-water fishes of China, brief comparative descriptions have been given of the genera and species, with keys to the species when several occur in a genus. Wherever possible the species descriptions are based on specimens actually examined, and as fishes vary considerably with size, the range of lengths of those on which the descriptions are based is given. In addition to the original reference to each species, other names clearly refer- able to it have been included in the synonymy. It should be noted that where the author’s name is separated from the species name by a comma, the reference is not an original reference and implies merely that the citation is a synonym, not that the name he uses is, as it may be a misidentification. DOUBTFUL SPECIES REFERENCES In the past, various fresh-water fishes have been imperfectly described from China (sometimes from Chinese pictures) which it is not possible to identify with any degree of certainty, though doubtless all or almost all were based on species here recognized. There are also numerous more or less recent Chinese references to species which occur in other regions, for the most part based on misidentification of Chinese material with related extralimital forms. Very likely a good many In- dian species actually do occur in the western borders of China, but the status as Chinese of various of those so listed requires confirmation. From these and other sources of error, an alphabetical list of names, which will be met with in the litera- ture of Chinese fresh-water fishes but which the writer considers are not entitled to further consideration here in our present state of knowledge of that subject, has been drawn up, as follows: Acehara hakonensis melano pterus Acrossochilus formosanus mosal Ameiurus (Pimelodus) guttatus sarana Aoria cavasius stigma cornula tor Aspidobagrus gulio Aspiolucius merzbacheri Capoeta fundulus Chaca hamiltoni Bagrus (Pimelodus) bouderius Channa formosana Barbus apogon Cobitichihys dichachrous chola polynema huguenini Cobitis poecilopleura THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Coilia ectenes grayit mystus rendahli Cottus pollux Crossostoma lacustre Cyprinus chola cotio tor Diplophysa kungessana Exostoma labiatum Gasterosteus aculeatus Gnathopogon biwae gracilis dijimae tsuchigae Gobio gobio Gymnocypris dobula Gymnostomus moliterella Hemibagrus limbatus Hemibarbus barbus Hemiculter akoensis Lampetra fluviatilis planeri Leiocassis adiposalis brashnokowi brevianalis Lepisosteus sinensis Leuciscus stigma Misgurnus dichachrous maculatus polynema spilurus Moroco chuanchicus Nemachilus mongolicus sternurus zaidamensis Odontolabrax typus Ompok bimaculatus canio Oncorhynchus leptosomus Ophicephalus iris jovis lucius miliaris ocellatus tadianus Oreinus richardsonii Pimelodus cavasius cornula gulio Pseudolaubuca sinensis Rasbora daniconius Rhodeus atremius kurumeus Rita manillensis sacerdatum Rohita macrochir Rohtee belangeri cotio microle pis Schizopygopsis malacanthus microcephalus przewalskit stoliczkae Schizothorax dolichonema kessleri richardsonii INTRODUCTION 13 Silurus attu Wallago attu bimaculatus canio Xenocypris homospilotus Systomus microlepis plena sungariensis Trichogaster leeri Too much confusion still exists between various related species of Chinese fishes to map their respective ranges accurately, and this has not been attempted. The localities of material examined have been listed throughout, the locality from most of the references in the synonymy has been given, and some locality refer- ences courteously furnished by Doctor N. Gist Gee of Peking are included. Not a great deal of data on the habits and manner of occurrence of Chinese fresh-water fishes is available. Some has been quoted from the literature, and wherever Mr. Pope has made interesting field observations these have been in- serted over his name. Several fresh-water fishes are extensively cultivated by the Chinese. We may mention Cyprinus carpio (the carp), the genus Hypophthalmichthys, and Labeo jordani. This doubtless complicates the ranges of various species and sometimes causes confusion between artificial forms and natural races. A much more detailed knowledge of this fish culture than is available, would be advantageous (Nichols, in Andrews, R. C., 1932, Natural History of Central Asia, I, pp. 596-598). Writing of the fresh-water fish industry of South China Professor William E. Hoffmann says (1929, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, VIII, pp. 167-168): “Pond-fish culture seems to have originated in China, apparently about 2000 B.c. From China pond-fish culture has been introduced into other countries and, in recent times, greatly improved. In China the present-day methods are much the same as those in use hundreds of years ago. The five kinds of fish commonly cul- tured, frequently in the same pond, are Cyprinus carpio L., Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, H. molitrix, and a fifth species not yet iden- tified [presumably Labeo jordani]. “The type of pond as well as the management of the same is variable and depends upon the source of the water supply, whether or not plant crops are alter- nated with fish crops, and other factors. The fry, except of Cyprinus carpio L., are secured from the rivers, kept for a time in special rearing ponds, and then sold as ‘stock fish’ to the fish farmers who raise large fish for the market. The number and size of fish used in stocking a pond depend upon the size of the pond, the food supply, and the size of market fish desired. . . . Feeding methods are also variable. The food used is determined usually by availability and cheapness and in the silk 14 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA district, for instance, consists chiefly of the by-products of silkworm rearing. Night- soil, various animal manures, grass, by-products of the silk industry, and materials coming from peanut oil making, bean oil manufacture, wine making, and from the rice mills, are the chief foods. “Water crops commonly grown in fish ponds are water chestnuts, Caladium, and lotus. The fish are commonly harvested once each year, but in certain places some fish are taken out each day, while under certain conditions the fish are har- vested but once in two years. The fish are usually caught and marketed by the fish farmers themselves but there are also certain people who make a business of catch- ing and marketing fish for others. Fish markets consist of one or more commission houses depending upon the size of the market. The largest fish market in Canton is very interesting. It opens about 2:00 a.m. and closes about 8:00 or 9:00 A.M. when all fish have been sold. As much as $24,000 worth of fish may change hands in one morning during the height of the season. The annual pond-fish production of Kwangtung Province is very great but it is impossible to get accurate figures on the same. With more scientific methods, based on experimental studies, the pro- duction could undoubtedly be very much increased.” Almost every fresh-water fish, large or small, is utilized for food by the Chi- nese. According to Mr. Pope, a simple fish conservation custom or belief is quite prevalent among them. When a given piece of water has become seriously depleted, it is rumored that the reason the fishing there has fallen off is that the spirits of that particular water have in some manner been offended. It is considered bad luck and becomes bad form to fish there any more, and no one does so for a while. Later, with the passage of time, now and then a hardy individual may try his luck, but says nothing about it for fear of public disapprobation. When, however, such a one chances to make a good catch, it is a sign that the spirits are again friendly; he spreads the glad tidings and fishing is resumed. CHAPTER II SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Family ACIPENSERIDAE STURGEONS The sturgeons are large fresh-water or anadromous fishes of north temperate regions. They are shark-like in various ways, such as having the mouth on the under side of the head, and a heterocercal caudal fin, with attenuated tail bent up- ward and extending into its long upper lobe. They are without true scales. Primi- tive fishes related to the sturgeons were dominant during Palaeozoic times, held on during the Mesozoic era, and are represented today by a few scattered remnants. Sturgeons are excellent food fish and have a very large number of small eggs from which caviar is made. Two species, both of the genus Acipenser, are known from China. Chinese records of Huso dauricus (Georgi) are questionable. Genus Acipenser Linnaeus Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, p. 237. Type: Acipenser sturio Linnaeus. Fresh-water and anadromous sturgeons, with gill membranes attached to the isthmus, not forming a fold across it. Barbels round in cross section. Mouth com- paratively small, transverse. Snout and peduncle not notably depressed. Snout more or less elongate, extending beyond the inferior mouth which is surrounded with barbels. Body without scales, armed with series of bony scutes, and smaller nodules between. Key To CHINESE Acipenser Seventeen dorsal and 36 to 41 lateral shields; skin entirely naked; snout decidedly longer than 14 head (in examples of 12 to 15 inches) ..........-..---++-e- sinensis Nine to 12 dorsal and 33 to 35 lateral shields; snout about equal to 1% head (in ex- amples) of 12' to 15 inches) <1... 2. <<<). eciee eee cece nese cere ecese ers eeree dabryanus 16 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Acipenser sinensis Gray Acipenser sinensis Gray, 1834, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 122. China. Locality of Material:—Specimen examined from near Canton. Description:—Head in length to base of caudal, about 3; depth in head, 2.4; snout, 1.7; eye in snout, 8 (specimen 390 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, 45 or 50; anal, about 40, scutes, 37 to 41. Acipenser dabryanus Dumeéril Figure 1 Acipenser dabryanus Duméril, 1868, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, IV, p. 98, Pl. xxn, fig. 1. Yangtze. Locality of Material:—Shanghai (fide Gee). Specimen examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan. Description: —Head in length to base of caudal, 3.1; depth (greatest at shoul- der) in head, 2.5; snout, about 2; eye in snout, 6.5. Dorsal rays, about 60; anal, about 40; scutes (lateral row), 35 (specimen 318 mm. to base of caudal). Remarks:—We obtained only one small sturgeon [Acipenser dabryanus] at Tungting Lake, called “sung-huang-yii.” As it was the only one we got word of at either Pien-Shan or Yochow, these fish appear to be uncommon in the immediate Fic. 1. Acipenser dabryanus Duméril. 318 mm. standard length. vicinity. A big one was reported seen at the Port, 4 miles beyond Yochow. There are said to be two kinds here, and both to attain a great size, some 1500 lbs., and that the one we got has the longer nose of the two (C. H. Pope, field notes). This may be a misidentification, as a specimen from near Canton, here called Acipenser sinensis, has a longer snout; or there may be a third species in Tungting Lake. Genus Huso Brandt and Ratzeburg Huso Brandt and Ratzeburg, 1833, Medizinische Zoologie, II, p. 3. Type: Acipenser huso Linnaeus. Large Eurasian sturgeons, differing from Acipenser in having the gill mem- branes united in a free fold across the isthmus, the barbels more or less flattened, and a larger mouth. Huso dauricus (Georgi) Acipenser dauricus Georgi, 1775, Reise im Russischen Reich, I, p. 352. Amur River, etc. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 17 Huso ati, Shaw, 1934, China Jour., XX, p. 108. Chefoo fish market, summer of 1932, presumably from the sea. Description:—Head in length to base of caudal, 3.3; depth in head, 2; snout, 2.4; eye in snout, 6.5 (from figure of a young fish). Dorsal rays, 46 to 54; anal, 28 to 36; scutes (lateral row), 36 to 46. Remarks :—This sturgeon has occasionally been recorded from China and the records later discredited. Assuming there has been no misidentification in Shaw’s recent record, it is at least potentially Chinese. Family POLYODONTIDAE PADDLE FISHES There are two living representatives of this peculiar family of primitive fishes related to the sturgeons, one found in the valley of the Yangtze, the other of the lower Mississippi. Genus Psephurus Giinther Psephurus Giinther, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) XII, p. 250. Type: Polyodon gladius Martens. Large, smooth-skinned, scaleless ganoids, with the upper jaw prolonged into a peculiar horizontally flattened paddle. Caudal strongly heterocercal. A single spe- cies, Chinese, differs from the related American Polyodon by comparatively short gill rakers in moderate number. Psephurus gladius (Martens) Polyodon gladius Martens, 1862, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1861, p. 476. Yangtze. Locality of Material:—Shanghai (fide Gee). Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 10.3; head, 1.6; snout in head, 1.5; eye in snout, 30 (small specimen 175 mm. long to base of caudal). Dor- sal rays, about 70; anal, about 65; no scutes or scales. Remarks:—‘This fish is valued for food, like the sturgeon, and may reach a length of about 7,000 mm.” (Ping, 1931, p. 190). Family ELOPIDAE TARPONS Genus Megalops Lacépéde Megalops Lacéptde, 1803, Hist. Nat. Poissons, V, p. 289. Type: Megalops filamentosus Lacéptde = Clupea cyprinoides Broussonet. Compressed, large-eyed, herring-like fishes of moderate size, with a bony plate between the arms of the lower jaw; the last ray of the dorsal fin produced in 18 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA a filament; scales large, firm, silvery, and lateral line present. A widely distributed species on the shores of the Indian and adjacent Pacific oceans, entering fresh water. Mouth large, opening more or less obliquely upward, the lower jaw projecting. Gill membranes entirely separate; pseudobranchiae absent. Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet) Clupea cyprinoides Broussonet, 1782, Ichthyologia, I, Pl. [rx]. Tropical oceans. Locality of Material:—Hainan (Oshima, 1926, p. 2). Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, about 3.5; head, about 3.5; eye in head, 3.2 to 3.5. Dorsal rays, 19 to 21; anal, 24 to 27; scales, 37 to 42. Family CLUPEIDAE HERRINGS Herrings are small or moderate-sized, silvery, mostly marine fishes with a single soft-rayed dorsal fin placed in the middle of the back, and a forked caudal fin. Their mouths are large, teeth almost or quite absent, and gill rakers long and fine, forming a sieve which enables them to feed on relatively small plankton. Their bodies are usually compressed, and ventral line keeled. They commonly swim in schools at or near the surface. Various herrings occasionally enter rivers from the sea, but the fortuitous occurrence of such species in fresh waters along the Chinese coast does not entitle them to consideration here. Other species are anadromous, that is, regularly enter fresh water to spawn. As far as available data go, there is only one Chinese herring, perhaps belonging to this latter category, which must be placed in our list of fresh- water fishes. Genus Hilsa Regan Hilsa Regan, 1917, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) XIX, p. 303. Type: Alosa kanagurta Bleeker. Herrings of the shores of the Indian Ocean, entering rivers. With the normal herring series of keeled scutes on the belly; gill rakers normal; ventral fin 8-rayed; last dorsal ray not prolonged; scales moderately large. No teeth on jaws or inside mouth, minute, deciduous or otherwise. Hilsa reevesii (Richardson) Alosa reevesii Richardson, 1846, Rept. XV Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Cambridge, 1845, p. 305. China. Alosa palasah Richardson, 1846, ibid., p. 306. Clupea reevesi, Wu and Wang, 10931, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, (Zool. Ser.) VII, p. 221. Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2.9 to 3.3; head, 3 to 3.6; SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 19 eye in head, 5 to 9 (specimens 150 to 550 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 17 or 18; anal, 18 or 19; scales, 42 to 45. Remarks:—This fish appears in the rivers during late spring and early sum- mer for laying eggs. It is quite abundant in the Yangtze River at those times, even in Chungking, Szechuan, a thousand miles or farther from the sea. The flesh of this fish is excellent and very famous in China” (Wang, K. F., 1935, p. 2). Family ENGRAULIDAE ANCHOVIES Genus Coilia Gray Coilia Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell., pp. 7-10. Type: Coilia hamiltoni Gray. Small, anchovy-like, typically estuarine fishes of southern Asia, the Indies, and the Orient, with the posterior portion of the body long and tapering; the anal very long, confluent with a small, pointed caudal. Variable, a number of rather ill-defined species recognized. Body elongate, compressed. Scales rather small, deciduous. Mouth wide, oblique, the maxillary produced backward. Eye placed far forward, and the snout projecting. Several upper pectoral rays excerted, free, filamentous. Origin of the dorsal before that of the anal. No adipose fin. This genus is found in both salt and fresh water. We assume that only one or two Chinese species belong in fresh water. Kry TO CHINESE FRESH-WATER Coilia Mazxillary extending to below root of pectorals; scales, about 60 .............. nasus Mazxillary extending about to gill cleft; scales, about 75 ...................-. brachygnathus Coilia nasus Temminck and Schlegel Coilia nasus Temminck and Schlegel, 1846, in Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, p. 243, Pl. crx, fig. 4. Japan. ? Coilia mystus, Chu, 1931, Biol. Bull. St. John’s Univ., Shanghai, No. 1, p. 16. Fresh-water references. Coilia rendahli, Chu, 1931, ibid., p. 16. Fresh-water references. Coilia ectenes, Chu, 1931, ibid., p. 16. Fresh-water references. Coilia playfairii, Chu, 1931, ibid., p. 17. Fresh-water references. Locality of Material:—Shanghai, Ningpo, Pei Ho, and Tientsin (fide Gee). Specimens examined from Anhwei and near Canton. Description: —Head in length to base of caudal, rather less than 7; eye in head, 4.5 to 6. Dorsal rays, 13; anal, 85 to 100; scales, about 60. Coilia brachygnathus Kreyenberg and Pappenheim Coilia brachygnathus Kreyenberg and Pappenheim, 1908, Sitzber. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 96. Tungting and Hankow. 20 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 6; head, 5.8; eye in head, 4.2 (specimen of 81 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 13 to 14; anal, 95 to 101; scales, about 75. Remarks :—Called “mao-hua-yii” at Tungting Lake, where it plays an impor- tant part in the economics of fishing, and is caught in vast numbers in special nets. Countless thousands were taken off Huping by the fishermen of the neighboring island, Bien Shan, and there dried on racks. Early one morning two boats employed in their capture worked together with a net at least 100 yards long. The boats were maneuvered so that the net was set across the current and gradually worked round into a circular position. It was then slowly drawn in and from every foot of it the fishes were flipped into the boat. Small and large alike are used. Many are dried in the sand which is later washed off. Large areas of the island’s beach were cov- ered with these fish drying in the sun (C. H. Pope, field notes). Family SALMONIDAE SALMONS The salmons and trouts are characteristic, active, more or less predaceous fishes of the north. They are notably absent from our area of China proper, their invasion thereof seemingly having been blocked by extensive persistent desert areas, and almost the only satisfactory record of occurrence is for the oriental genus Plecoglossus. It is not improbable that other forms occasionally get into Chinese fresh waters through Manchuria or coastwise (for fishes of this family run into the sea more or less), and that there are in China streams favorable for their artificial introduction as game fish. Genus Plecoglossus Temminck and Schlegel Plecoglossus Temminck and Schlegel, 1846, in Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, p. 229. Type: Plecoglossus alti- velis Temminck and Schlegel. Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck and Schlegel spp altivelis Temminck and Schlegel, 1846, in Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, p. 229, Pl. cv, fig. 1. apan. Locality of Material:—North China (Reeves, 1927, p. 4). Description:—Trout-like fishes of Japan and Formosa, also recorded from North China, notable for the peculiar small teeth on the maxillaries and mandibles. These are movable, seated in a fold of skin; lamelliform, broad, truncated, lamel- lated, and serrated. Body covered with very small scales. Cleft of the mouth wide. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 21 Premaxillaries with a few small, conical, pointed teeth; each mandible terminating in a small knob. A small adipose fin present; caudal well forked. Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.5 to 5; head, 4.5; eye in head, about 5.8 (specimens about roo to 180 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 12; anal, 16; scales, 140. Remarks :—This fish has been recorded from Yalu River (Mori, 1927), Ming River (Wu, 1931) and Chefoo (Wang, 1933). In the collections of the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, there are some specimens of a con- siderable size, collected from Yen Tang Shan and Ping Yang in Chekiang Province. In the latter locality the brooks flowing into Ngao-Kiang are visited annually by the present species of fish in a considerable number. The fishes which have been dried under sun-light are known as Hiang-Yu or Sian-Yu, they are delicious and usually in high price” (Wu, 1934, p. 91). “This fish appears in the mountain streams of Chekiang in April or May and goes back to the sea in August or September. The flesh of this fish is a delicate food to the natives” (Wang, K. F., 1935, p. 2). Genus Brachymystax Giinther Brachymystax Giinther, 1866, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VI, p. 162. Type: Salmo coregonoides = Salmo lenok Pallas. A fine-scaled, small-mouthed trout, usually with dark and red spots. The lower jaw is shorter than the upper, squarish at the end, and the maxillary reaches about to under the middle of the eye. Well-developed teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, those on vomer and palatines forming a continuous horseshoe-shaped band. A single species in Siberian and Manchurian rivers. Brachymystax lenok (Pallas) Salmo lenok Pallas, 1773, Reise d. russischen Reiches, II, p. 716. Yenesei. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, about 4.6 or 4.7; head, 4.4 or 4.5; eye in head, about 6 (large specimen of between 500 and 600 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 12 to 14; anal, 11 to 13; scales, 132 to 175. Remarks:—No specimens collected, but Dr. Andrews photographed trout which were beyond reasonable doubt of this species caught in 1919 in a mountain stream a few miles north of Hsing-lung-shan in extreme northern Hopei. It is not unlikely that this fish was of natural and general distribution in the mountains of Jehol and northeastern Hopei before these were deforested (C. H. Pope, field notes). However, we find no mention of it in the Liao Ho drainage, and that of the Amur-Sungari, where it occurs, is some 300 or 400 miles to the north or east. 22 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Genus Hucho Giinther Hucho Giinther, 1866, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VI, p. 125. Type: Salmo hucho Linnaeus. Large-mouthed, fine-scaled, black-spotted trout. Mouth oblique, terminal, maxillary in adult to posterior border of eye or beyond; vomer relatively short and wide with a few teeth on the sides but none on the basal part. Anal short. A few species in northern Asia. Hucho bleekeri Kimura Hucho bleekeri Kimura, 1934, Jour. Shanghai Sci. Inst., Sec. 3, I, p. 23, Pl. 1, fig. ra-b. Mountain stream near Kwanhsien, Wenchwan, Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, about 6; head, 3.8 or 3.9; eye in head, 5.2 or 5.3 (specimen 280 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, 14 or 15; anal, 10 or 11; scales, 145 to 150. Family SALANGIDAE SALANGIDS Small, translucent, trout-like fishes of fresh and salt waters of the Orient. Their mouth and dentition are very variable, and they have been divided into several genera, perhaps best recognized as subgenera. Genus Salangichthys Bleeker Salangichthys Bleeker, 1860, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., VIII (1), p. 101. Type: Salanx microdon Bleeker. Small, elongate, free swimming, translucent, trout-like, typically estuarine fishes of China and Japan, with the dorsal fin placed far behind the ventrals; teeth subequal, or without large canines. Body scaleless, or with fine deciduous scales. Cleft of the mouth rather wide. Anal rather long, a small adipose present, and the caudal forked. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Head less elongate, depressed, and pointed than in Salanx, and the maxillary reaching the anterior border of the eye; teeth in jaws small, subequal. One or two related species, sometimes exceedingly abundant, and taken en masse for food. The most divergent salangoids, probably entitled to generic rank. Key To CHINESE Salangichthys No fleshy appendage at the tip of the lower jaw; origin of anal appreciably behind TAS CORSAI GA. 5) Nourye visions tence, 1a Pirie os, Vala) Sle, ais a's or < Md eiu.of Ap meee Lenten hyalocranius A fleshy appendage at the tip of the lower jaw. Origin of anal immediately behind POR CLONES ERY 56 arc ech se aci Tah achieve eter gw toa ec dhaauelaln 910 Sian cherivivie sa chaiaiatads anderssoni SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 2n Subgenus Protosalanx Regan Protosalanx Regan, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) II, p. 444. Type: Salanx hyalocranius Abbott. Salangichthys hyalocranius (Abbott) Salanx hyalocranius Abbott, 1901, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 490, Fig. Tientsin. Protosalanx hyalocranius, Regan, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) II, p. 445. Shanghai. Protosalanx brevirostris Pellegrin, 1923, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, XXIX, p. 351. Tongking. Salangichthys microdon, Nichols, 1928, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LVIII, p. 3. Tungting Lake. Protosalanx tangkahkeii Wu, 1931, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (2) III, p. 2190. Amoy. Salanx argentea Lin, 1032, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XI, p. 63. Sanchang Stream, Heungchow Bay, and Canton. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; Foochow; Canton. Description:—Depth in length, 8.55 to 13; head, 5.25 to 5.7; eye in head, 5 to 6 (specimens 55 to 130 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 14 to 18; anal, 26 to 32; scales small, deciduous, little evident. Remarks :—Called “yin-yii” at Tungting Lake, where it is more or less con- fused with somewhat larger Salanx. It is so transparent that when alive in clear water the eye, which is surrounded with silver, is about the only part of the fish visible. It is common, and to be distinguished among the other small fry of any large full basket, but often carefully picked out and sold in numbers by itself, being prized as a delicacy by the Chinese and served at feasts (C. H. Pope, field notes). Subgenus Paraprotosalanx Fang Paraprotosalanx Fang, 1934, Sinensia, IV, p. 246, Fig. 3. Type: Protosalanx anderssoni Rendahl. Salangichthys anderssoni (Rendahl) Protosalanx anderssoni Rendahl, 1923, Zool. Anz., LVI, p. 92. Shan-hai-kuan. Paraprotosalanx andersoni, Fang, 1934, Sinensia, IV, p. 246, Figs. 4-6. Description:—Head in length to base of caudal, 5.6; eye in head, about 6.3 (specimen 79 mm. long). Anal rays, 29. Genus Salanx Cuvier Salanx Cuvier, 1817, Régne Animal, II, p. 185. Type: Salanx cuviert Cuvier and Valenciennes. Small, elongate, free swimming, translucent, trout-like, typically estuarine fishes of China and Japan, with the dorsal fin placed far behind the ventrals; large canine teeth variously developed; maxillary not reaching eye. Body scaleless, or with fine deciduous scales. Cleft of the mouth wide. Anal rather long, a small adipose present, and the caudal forked. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Head elongate and depressed, terminating in a long, flat, pointed snout. 24 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Several divergent groups of one or more species have been described as genera and may be recognized as subgenera. Kery To CHINESE Salanx 1. Premaxillaries subnormal; lower jaw slightly projecting. Dorsal fin partly above the anal; tongue toothless; one series of teeth on each side of the palate; a pair of canines near the symphysis of the lower jaw; premaxillary teeth somewhat enlarged, strongly recurved (Hemisalanx) .............. prognathus Premaxillaries forming an anterior triangular expansion; lower jaw not pro- jecting; a single series of teeth on each side of the palate; one or more an- terior canines in the lower jaw, perforating the roof of the mouth behind the premaxillary expansion; premaxillary teeth strong, recurved, set rather IED REE ano og p68 nnd Un COMER A BOeUbO 00 COCoD eu Ooo edad aoen Ac HHenwe see 2 2. Dorsal fin entirely in advance of the anal; tongue with a single series of teeth; lower jaw ending in a short fleshy appendage (Leucosoma) .............. chinensis Dorsal fin wholly or partly above the anal; tongue toothless ............... see 3 3. Lower jaw ending in a short fleshy appendage (Salanx) .................. see 4 Lower jaw ending in a distinct, more or less movable presymphysial bone, with SMCLOUL 1G ISERIES AOTMLEE LING (E0015 210710) Wen ete anstetiete teh tetetststoc ferro Lerevet terete see 5 4; /Snout/subequal'to postorbital part of head .s.6.\00.. 560.2 b. ek ce uee ees cuviers Snout shorter than postorbital part of head .............0.00 eee e eee eee brachyrostralis 5. Head nearly 4 times as long as broad; snout little longer than postorbital; origin of ventral equidistant from base of pectoral and origin of anal, which is below that of dorsal. Depth, 16; dorsal, 14; anal, 28 ................. angusticeps Head nearly 3 times as long as broad; snout shorter than or as long as post- orbital; origin of anal decidedly behind that of dorsal ................-. see 6 6. Origin of ventral equidistant from head and origin of anal ................ see 7 DURBIN OL WETUFAL TO AS ADO VON 2 siisase ais saloionk el aiays wpicienoip eealeie oye Sredeiayt) stele Ta see 8 7. Snout as long as postorbital; origin of anal below 8th or goth dorsal rays. WMepehyeres dorsal to maialey a sarscts ca as.eloin epersyshe clever sheyan stevsiey velo’ piskoversvars gracillimus Snout considerably shorter than postorbital; origin of anal below 5th to 7th dorsal rays. Depth, about 12 to 16; dorsal, 12 to 13; anal, 28 to 32 ...... longianalis PLATE I Fic. 1. Misgurnus mizolepis hainan Nichols and Pope. Type. 83 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fic. 2. Nemacheilus pulcher Nichols and Pope. Type. 42 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fic. 3. Sarcocheilichthys hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 62 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fic. 4. Yaoshanicus normalis (Nichols and Pope). Type. 64 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. PLATE I } . » PEW RT LY) VA LAAN NAV Aad SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 25 8. Origin of ventral nearer anal than base of pectoral; that of dorsal about 3 times as distant from tip of snout as from base of caudal; that of anal below 2d to 4th dorsal rays. Depth, 11 to 19 (or 20.5); dorsal, 11 to 15; anal, 26 UWE) SE. Ga obo cod OO ckO, Cabte.o OCS Orci COIS DIRE nen RRP HERS iy Op ARRAS Bisees 8 Fc) ear aree i acuticeps Origin of ventral equidistant from preopercle and origin of anal; that of dorsal about 17 times as distant from tip of snout as from base of caudal; that of anal below 3d dorsal ray. Depth, 17; dorsal, 14; anal, 27 ............... annitae Subgenus Hemisalanx Regan Hemisalanx Regan, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) II, p. 444. Type: Hemisalanx prognathus Regan. Salanx prognathus (Regan) Hemisalanx prognathus Regan, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) I, p. 445. Shanghai. Salanx cuvieri, Wang, K. F., 1933, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, (Zool. Ser.) IX, p. 15. Chefoo. Description:—Depth in length, 14; head, 6.5 (specimen 122 mm. long). Dor- sal rays, 13; anal, 26; scales small, deciduous, little evident. Subgenus Leucosoma Gray Leucosoma Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell., p. 4. Type: Leucosoma reevesii Gray = Albula chinensis Osbeck. Salanx chinensis (Osbeck) Albula chinensis Osbeck, 1765, Reise Ostindien, China, p. 309. China. Synodus macrocephalus Lacépéde, 1803, Hist. Nat. Poissons, V, p. 320, Pl. 1, fig. 1. Leucosoma reevesii Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell., p. 4. Leucosoma chinensis, Richardson, 1846, Rept. XV Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Cambridge, 1845, p. 303; Fang, 1934, Sinensia, IV, p. 254. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Fukien. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 10; head, 4; eye in head, 10.4 (specimen of 133 mm. standard length; 7.5, specimen of 80 mm.). Dorsal rays, 10 to 12; anal, 28 to 31; scales small, deciduous, little evident. Subgenus Salanx Cuvier Salanx Cuvier, 1817, Régne Animal, II, p. 185. Type: Salanx cuvieri Cuvier and Valenciennes. Salanx cuvieri Cuvier and Valenciennes Salanx cuvieri Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1849, Hist. Nat. Poissons, XXII, p. 360. No locality. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan. Description: —Depth in length to base of caudal, 14.7; head, 4.6; eye in head, 8.2 (specimen of 147 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 13 to 14; anal, 26 to 28; scales small, deciduous, little evident. Snout subequal to postorbital part of head. 26 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Salanx brachyrostralis Fang Salanx brachyrostralis Fang, 1934, Sinensia, IV, p. 257. .Nanking. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 13.1 to 14.4; head, 5.14 tu 5.27; eye in head, 8.2 to 10.7. Dorsal, 12 to 13; anal, 26. Anal origin under middle of dorsal. Snout shorter than postorbital part of head. Subgenus Parasalanx Regan Parasalanx Regan, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) I, p. 444. Type: Parasalanx gracillimus Regan. Salanx gracillimus (Regan) Parasalanx gracillimus Regan, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) II, p. 446. Shanghai. Description:—Depth in length, 18; head, 5.8 (specimen 120 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 12; anal, 27; scales small, deciduous, little evident. Salanx annitae (van Dam) Parasalanx annitae van Dam, 1926, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) XVIII, p. 342. Peitaiho (very likely marine). Description:—Depth in length, 17; head, 6; eye in head, nearly 8 (specimen 134 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 14; anal, 27. Remarks:—The recognized species of Salanx are better defined than the nominal species of Coilia, and are all included here, although it is perhaps equally uncertain how many of them are of regular occurrence in fresh water. Salanx acuticeps Regan Salanx acuticeps Regan, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) II, p. 360. Formosa. Salanx cuvieri, Lin, 1932, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XI, p. 63. Kwangtung. Parasalanx cantonensis Herre, 1932, ibid., p. 425. Canton. Locality of Material:—Canton, Swatow, Amoy, Foochow, and Wenchow; Formosa (Fang, 1934.1, p. 262). Specimens (so identified) examined from Canton. Description:—Depth in length, 11 to 19 (or 20.5); head, 5.4; eye in head, 7 (specimen 113 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 11 to 15; anal, 26 to 32. Salanx longianalis (Regan) Parasalanx longianalis Regan, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) II, p. 446. Liao Ho, northern China. Description:—Depth in length, 13 to 15; head, 5.5 (specimens 110 to 125 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 12 to 13; anal, 28 to 32; scales small, deciduous, little evident. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 27 Salanx angusticeps (Regan) Parasalanx angusticeps Regan, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) II, p. 446. China. Description:—Depth in length, 16; head, 5.2 (specimen 153 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 14; anal, 28; scales small, deciduous, little evident. Family MONOPTERIDAE SYMBRANCH EELS Genus Fluta Bloch and Schneider Fluta Bloch and Schneider, 1801, Syst. Ichthyologiae, p. 525. Type: Monopterus javanensis Lacépéde, conspecific with Fluta alba (Zuiew). Slender, scaleless, almost finless eels of southern Asia and the East Indies. The gill openings are narrow and joined on the under surface of the head to form a single cleft. One wide ranging species from the Indies through the Orient in fresh waters but also entering the sea, separable into a few poorly defined races. Body more or less cylindrical; tail compressed, tapering to a slender point, much shorter than trunk. The only fins are a low keel, above and below, on the tail. Lower jaw slightly included; eye small, beneath the skin, placed over the mouth. Fluta alba (Zuiew) Muraena alba Zuiew, 1793, Nova Acta Acad. Sci. Petropolitanae, VII, p. 290, Pl. vu, fig. 2. No locality; assumed to be from Asiatic Russia. Most recent authors consider this fish the same throughout its wide range, but in considerable Chinese material examined by the writer, that from South China is differentiable from the rest. Key To CHINESE Fluta alba Tail shorter, 2.5 to 3.3 (average, 2.9) in length to vent. Eye smaller, 1.7 to 3 (aver- age, 2.3) in snout. Rarely or never boldly spotted or blotched with blackish. INE}oD TO (ale es! Some no eees bora Ge cuoMonC douse Nooo cape on semoouSced xanthognatha Tail longer, about 2.6 in length to vent. Eye larger, 1.5 to 2.5 (average, 1.9) in snout. Frequently boldly spotted or blotched with blackish. Nape less gibbous cinerea Fluta alba xanthognatha (Richardson) Figure 2 Monopterus xanthognathus Richardson, 1845, Zool. Voyage “Sulphur,” Ichthyology, p. 118, Pl. rm. Canton. ? Monopterus laevis Richardson, 1845, op. cit., p. 116. Hong Kong. ? Monopterus? helvolus Richardson, 1846, Rept. XV Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Cambridge, 1845, p. 316. Based on Chinese paintings from Canton. 28 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Fukien; Canton; Hainan Island; up to 452 mm. long. Fic. 2. Fluta alba xanthognatha (Richardson). 395 mm. total length. Description:—Head in length to vent, 8.1 to 10.3 (average, 9.5), with tend- ency to increased head length with increased size; depth in head, 2.2 (174 mm. specimen) ; eye in snout, about 2 at length of 200 mm.; about 3 at 400 mm. A low keel along 34 of the upper and % of the lower edge of tail posteriorly. Fluta alba cinerea (Richardson) Plate II, figure 1 Monopterus cinereus Richardson, 1845, Zool. Voyage “Sulphur,” Ichthyology, p. 117, Pl. 1m. Woosung. ? Unibranchapertura laevis Lacépéde, 1803, Hist. Nat. Poissons, V, pp. 657, 659. China. ? Synbranchus grammicus Cantor, 1842, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 486. Chusan. Monopterus marmoratus Richardson, 1846, Rept. XV Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Cambridge, 1845, p. 315. Chusan. Apterigia saccogularis Basilewski, 1855, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, X, p. 247, Pl. vim, fig. 2. North China. Apterigia nigromaculata Basilewski, 1855, ibid., p. 248, Pl. u, fig. 2. Seldom at Peking. Apterigia immaculata Basilewski, 1855, ibid., p. 248. North China. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Yunnan; Szechwan; Shansi; Tungting Lake, Hunan; up to 470 mm. long. Description: —Head in length to vent, 8.5; depth in head, 2 (470 mm. speci- men); eye in snout, about 1.5 at length of 300 mm.; about 2 at 400 mm. A low keel along most of the upper edge of tail posteriorly, and a shorter, less-developed keel below. Remarks:—This eel, called “huang-shan” at Tungting Lake, was apparently not common there in the winter of 1921-1922, as we secured only two specimens, one bought on the Yochow streets. It is said to attain a weight of over a pound and to be quite common at certain seasons, seldom occurring in numbers in the Lake, but rather in the water-holes round about (C. H. Pope, field notes). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 29 Family MASTACEMBELIDAE SPINY EELS Genus Mastacembelus Scopoli Mastacembelus Scopoli, 1777, Int. Hist. Nat., p. 458, after Gronow. Type: Ophidium simack Walbaum = Rhynchobdella haleppensis Bloch and Schneider. Compressed, eel-like fishes with pointed, more or less proboscis-like snout; many small sharp spines along the back and a concealed spine on the preorbital. A number of species in the fresh waters of southern Asia, the Indies, and Africa. Pectoral rounded. Soft dorsal and anal fins continuous around the tail. Body covered with fine scales. Two or three spines before the anal, and one or more preopercular spines. Key To CuHInEsE Mastacembelus Two spines before the anal. Depth, 8 to 11.5 in length. Back dark; a dark band from snout through eye to nape; vertical fins dark, edged with whitish ............ undulatus Three spines before the anal. Depth, 9.5 to 12 in length. Back usually pale; dorsal VIG CA UCR CLIC ACE tai teste ara sei a cyciagio'n) sy sieucre ty « Ale! ol Migtod aya alasle: Myaitel ofataidvay eee sinensis Mastacembelus armatus (Lacépéde) Macrognathus armatus Lacépéde, 1800, Hist. Nat. Poissons, II, p. 286. No locality; assumed to be India. Mastacembelus armatus undulatus (McClelland) Figure 3 and Plate II, figure 3 \ Macrognathus aaedulatus McClelland, 1844, Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 398, Pl. xxn, fig. 1. Chusan-Ningpo region. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Hainan Island; up to 520 mm. in standard length. Fic. 3. Mastacembelus armatus undulatus (McClelland). 160 mm. without caudal. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 8.6; head, 5.4; eye in head, 8 (in a 160 mm. specimen). Apparently becomes more slender with age, depth of a 295-mm. (standard length) specimen, 8.4; 367-mm. specimen, 9.7; 520-mm. speci- men, 11.5. Dorsal rays XX XIII—about 75; anal, II, about 75; scales minute. 30 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Mastacembelus sinensis (Bleeker) Plate II, figure 2 Rhynchobdella sinensis Bleeker, 1870, Verslag. Meded. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., (2) IV, p. 249. China. Ophidium aculeatum Basilewski, 1855, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, X, p. 248. Peking. Mastacembelus maculatus Dabry de Thiersant, 1872, Pisciculture et Péche en Chine, p. 186, Pl. xxiv, fig. 5. Yangtze. Rynchobdella aculeata, Reeves, 1927, Jour. Pan-Pac. Res. Inst., II (3), p. 7. Bdellorhynchus maculatus, Reeves, loc. cit. Zoarchias anguillaris Mori, 1928, Jap. Jour. Zool., II, p. 71, Pl. uy, fig. 3. Mastacembelus aculeatus, Rendahl, 1928, Arkiv. Zool., Stockholm, XX A (1), p. 187. Not of Bloch. Locality of Material:—Ningpo and Shanghai (fide Gee). Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; Anhwei; Kiangsi; Shan- tung; up to 190 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 11.6; head, 5.8; eye in head, 7.4 (in a 190-mm. specimen). Dorsal rays, XX XI—about 60; anal, III, about 60; scales minute. Remarks:—The spiny eel is called “t’zu-ni-ch’iu” at Tungting Lake, and ap- pears to be rather scarce in the lake. Only a few specimens were seen (not more than 10) all winter. Apparently it is never sold in numbers here. A few very small ones were picked out of the baskets of small fish in the streets of Yochow (C. H. Pope, field notes). Family ANGUILLIDAE TRUE EELS Genus Anguilla Shaw e Anguilla Shaw, 1803, Gen. Zool. or Syst. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 15. Type: Anguilla vulgaris Shaw = Muraena anguilla Linnaeus. The true eels are distinguished from their relatives by the presence of small, embedded, linear scales placed in groups, those of one group at right angles to those of adjoining groups. Found in all temperate and warm coastal waters of the Northern Hemisphere with the exception of the west coast of America, indiffer- ently coastal or fresh water, retiring to the deeps of ocean basins under the warm water of the open sea to spawn; and with a flat, translucent, pelagic, larval stage. Body more or less cylindrical, tail compressed. Mouth large, the lower jaw projecting, teeth strong. Eye well developed, placed well forward, over the corner of the mouth. Pectoral well developed, rounded. Vertical fins well developed, the dorsal originating on the back, well behind the head, continuous around the tail with the anal. Ventrals absent. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 31 Key To CHINESE Anguilla 1. Distance between verticals from dorsal and anal origins equal to or less than length of head. Plain colored, paler below, fins dark edged posteriorly ........ see 2 Distance between verticals from dorsal and anal origins equal to or greater than Tenet non MEAd. Bod Vian NS) SPOtted |...) Soc o- cochinchinensis Jaws equal. Depth, more than 6. Ventrals present or absent, absent in the (SOD v pcotledlboan gadsennondodnes boadnoonsdoounoODOUsmcnoOMopT doodc anomalus 2. Anal with 50 rays. Maxillary barbels very long, reaching base of anal, 5 times the length of the mandibular barbels ..................----.--.-----« cinereus Anal with 71 to 73 rays. Maxillary barbels extending to base of pectoral or beyond; mandibular barbels nearly % as long. Ventral rays, 10 .......- mento ‘Anal with’ 73) to178 rays) depth) 6) t019:2))5 20-22 ccs selene sien es eile = see 3 Anal with 76 to 82 rays. Maxillary barbels reaching past the base but not to the tip of the pectorals; mandibular barbels about 1% as long. Depth, about 5 asotus 3. Anal with about 73 rays, dorsal with 4. Maxillary barbels reaching the ends of the pectorals; mandibular barbels 7% as long. Ventral rays, 12. Depth, ADOULN OM EE erties ole eile) ticle eich eve epetols lee craicceieheset-aleteteiy-etele)etey grahami Anal with 73 to 78 rays, dorsal with 5. Depth, about 6 .............--.-- bedfordi Anal with 73 to 77 rays, dorsal with 5. Depth, 8.8 to 9.2 .........--.--..- longus 34 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Parasilurus cinereus (Dabry de Thiersant) Silurus cinereus Dabry de Thiersant, 1872, Pisciculture et Péche en Chine, p. 189, Pl. xtvu, fig. 1. Yangtze. Description:—Close to Parasilurus asotus. Dorsal rays, 7; anal, about 50. Parasilurus mento (Regan) Silurus mento Regan, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XIII, p. 192. Yunnan. Locality of Material: —Specimens examined from Yunnan. Description: —Depth in length, 5.25 to 5.5; head, 4 to 4.33; eye in head, 7.5 to 9.5 (in specimens of 115 to 215 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, 4; anal, 71 to 73. Parasilurus grahami (Regan) Silurus grahami Regan, 1907, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XIX, p. 64. Yunnan. Description:—Depth in length, 6; head, 5; eye in head, 8 (in a specimen of 260 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, 4; anal, 73. Parasilurus asotus (Linnaeus) Silurus asotus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, p. 304. Asia. Parasilurus asotus asotus (Linnaeus) Silurus asotus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, p. 304. Asia. Silurus punctatus Cantor, 1842, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 485. Chusan. ? Silurus sinensis McClelland, 1844, Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 402. Locality of Material:—Tientsin; Ningpo; Shanghai; Chinwangtao (fide Gee). Specimens examined from Shansi; Tungting Lake, Hunan; Anhwei; Kiangsi; Fukien; up to 370 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5; head, 4.2; eye in head, 7 (in a specimen of 135 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 4 to 6; anal, 76 to 82. Remarks:—Called “nien-yii” at Tungting Lake where it is by far the com- monest of two common catfishes of great size sold in the market. The large speci- mens, several feet long, are sold in sections. It is to be seen everywhere for sale, large and small alike, the latter in great numbers; large baskets of them, about a foot long, in the Yochow streets. The color of this fish varies from a uniform dark carpet green to a uniform dirty, milky white. Sometimes the dark green is mottled with lighter spots, which is probably a color change each individual is capable of making, as fish of both colors may be seen in the same basket. However, all the very large ones seen were yellow (C. H. Pope, field notes). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 35 Parasilurus asotus bedfordi (Regan) Silurus bedfordi Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 61, Pl. m, fig. 3. Kimhoa and Chong-ju, Korea. Locality of Material:—Tche-Kiang [Chekiang] (Wu, 1931.2, p. 438). Description:—Depth in length, 6; head, 4.5 to 5.5; eye in head, 7.5 to 9 (in specimens of 130 to 275 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, 5; anal, 73 to 78. Parasilurus asotus longus Wu Parasilurus asotus longus Wu, 1930, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (2) Il, p. 255, Fig. 1. Near Tien-tai Mountain, Tche-Kiang [Chekiang]. Locality of Material:—Specimen examined from the Min River. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 8.8 to 9.2; head, 4.6 to 4.9; eye in head, 8 to 8.9 (in specimens 250 to 265 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 5; anal, 73 to 77. Parasilurus cochinchinensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Figure 5 Silurus cochinchinensis Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, Hist. Nat. Poissons, XIV, p. 352. Cochinchina. Parasilurus asotus, Koller, 1927, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, XLI, p. 27. Hainan. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Hainan Island; Fukien; up to 185 mm. standard length. Fic. 5. Parasilurus cochinchinensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 145 mm. without caudal. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.7; head, 5.6; eye in head, 7-5 (in a specimen of 125 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 4 or 5; anal, 62 to 66. Parasilurus anomalus (Herre) Herklotsella anomala Herre, 1933, Hong Kong Nat., IV, p. 179. Hong Kong. Type of Herklotsella Herre. Description:—Depth in length, 7.2 to 7.8; head, 5.8 to 6; eye in head, 6.7 to 7.3 (specimens 108 to 164 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 4; anal, 62. 36 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Genus Silurodon Kner Silurodon Kner, 1867, Reise “Novara,” Zool., I, Fische, p. 305. Type: Silurodon hexanema Kner. A large-mouthed siluroid catfish with small dorsal fin, no adipose, and 3 pairs of barbels, a maxillary pair and 2 pairs on the lower jaw. The anal is very long (about 90 rays) adnate to the small caudal, and the eye is without a free rim. Lower jaw projecting. There are 3 or 4 rows of rather long, sharp teeth in each jaw, and a crescentic band on the vomer. Ventral with 12 rays. Silurodon hexanema Kner - Silurodon hexanema Kner, 1867, Reise “Novara,” Zool., I, Fische, p. 305, Pl. xu, fig. 2. Probably Shanghai. Description:—Head in length to base of caudal, about 4; depth in head, 2; eye, more than 7 (specimen about 160 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 5; anal, go. Remarks:—Based on a specimen preserved in the same glass container with Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, and thought to have come from the vicinity of Shanghai. Genus Aoria Jordan Aoria Jordan, 1919, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, LXX, p. 341. Type: Bagrus lamarii Cuvier and Valen- ciennes. Standardized, free swimming catfishes of moderate size, with forked caudal fin, and rather short anal of less than 20 rays. A number of species in southern Asia and the East Indies. Questionably separable from Pseudobagrus. Eye with a free rim. Dorsal with a spime and 7 branched rays. A well-devel- oped adipose fin, long or of moderate length, free behind. Pectoral with a strong, serrate spine. Four pairs of barbels; one pair at the posterior nostrils, which are remote from the anterior. Teeth in a continuous band on the vomer. Lower jaw somewhat included. Macrones [Aoria] sinensis Bleeker (1873.5, p. 153) from China is unidenti- fiable as it is based on an insufficient description. Aoria cavasius, Chu (1931.6, p. 76) and Aoria cornula, Chu (loc. cit.), species of the western borders, are ques- tionably Chinese. Key To CHINESE Aoria Brownish, a silvery or dark lateral band, a dark spot on the upper part of the dorsal and dark streak on each caudal lobe. Maxillary barbel reaching mid- dle of pectoral. Adipose not longer than high. Depth, 3 to4.............. argentivittata Blotched with dusky, especially below the dorsal, a pale band across the nape. Tips of barbels slender, the maxillary barbel reaching margin of opercle only. Dorsal base, 1.3 to 1.9 in length of adipose. Depth, 3.8 to 4.3 .........-- henryi Nomeund: black blotches; Depthyi7.5toB 5 sas.) «cid datews st ds dwaroeealonss seenghala SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 37 Two round black blotches: one on shoulder, one on peduncle. Maxillary barbel meachincyanalyeAdiposeone andilowy; it. sv1-\ajes)»)- sels si e/a sie os ele «stale ole pulcher Aoria argentivittata (Regan) Macrones argentivittatus Regan, 1905, Rev. Suisse Zool., XIII, p. 390, Pl. v, fig. 2. China. Description:—Depth in length, 3.5; head, 4; eye in head, 3. Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 14 or I5. Aoria henryi Herre Aoria henryi Herre, 1932, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XI, p. 432. Canton market. Description:—Depth in length, 3.8 to 4.3; head, 3.2 to 3.8; eye in head (evi- dently an error), 2 to 2.2 (specimens 68 to 91 mm. long). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 18 to 20. Upper surface of head partially covered with skin, supra-occipital process mostly exposed; pectoral spine equal to or slightly shorter than dorsal spine; dorsal and adipose separated by a distance much greater than dorsal base. Remarks:—This may be a Pseudobagrus close to P. affinis, which its descrip- tion does not fit. Aoria seenghala (Sykes) Platystoma seenghala Sykes, 1841, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, II, p. 371. Dekan. Macrones seenghala, Chaudhuri, 1911, Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, VI, p. 20. Lake Talifu, Yunnan. Description:—Depth in length, 7.5 to 8; head, 4.5; eye in head, 7 to 8. Anal rays, 11 to 12. Aoria pulcher (Chaudhuri) Macrones pulcher Chaudhuri, ro11, Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, VI, p. 20, Pl. 1, fig. 4. Bhamo, close to the Yun- nan border. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.8; head, 3 to 3.6; eye in head, 3.8 to 4.3 (specimens 60 to 67 mm. in total length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 12. Genus Cranoglanis Peters Cranoglanis Peters, 1880, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 1030. Type: Cranoglanis sinensis Peters. A standardized, free swimming Chinese catfish with a rough bony plate on top of the head; fine teeth on the jaws, but none on the palate; resembles Pseudoba- grus. Head narrowed forward, depressed, the mouth small, lower jaw included. Four pairs of barbels, one pair at the posterior nostrils, which are remote from the 38 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA anterior. Dorsal short, with about 6 branched rays and a spine. Adipose short, free behind; anal rather long, with more than 30 branched rays; caudal deeply forked. Eye rather large, with a free rim. Key To CHINESE Cranoglanis Depth, 5 or 6; anal, about 36; pectoral spine weakly serrate ..............---. sinensis Depth, 3 or 4; anal, 37 to 41; dorsal and pectoral spines with moderately large HEAD / esd SADR OAS MOOS COORD Co BUDO RE CEERI OCL Een ieee ere Tre multiradiatus Cranoglanis sinensis Peters Cranoglanis sinensis Peters, 1880, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 1030, Fig. 1. Hong Kong. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5.3; head, 3.8; eye in head, 4.5 (specimen 280 mm. long). Dorsal rays, I, 6; anal, 36; no scales. “In 1880 Dr. Peters of Berlin described as new a number of fishes sent him from Hong Kong by a Dr. Gerlach. Although many people have made collections at Hong Kong during the intervening years, most of these species have not been seen since. As they were all fresh-water fishes it was self evident that they did not come from Hong Kong, which is a mountainous rock without streams except a few rills and torrents, and is surrounded by salt water. As given by Peters the species were as follows: Cranoglanis sinensis; Barbus brevifilis; Barbus gerlachi; Hemi- culter dispar; Labeo decorus; Pseudogobio productus; and Semilabeo notabilis. While collecting at Wuchow, Kwangsi Province, in February, 1934, I was able to secure specimens of all the species described by Peters. There is no doubt in my mind that all his specimens were actually caught at Wuchow. “Cranoglanis sinensis Peters is a very peculiar cat-fish that occurs in abun- dance in the West River and its tributary the Fu River, at Wuchow. It does not attain a large size, probably not more than 5 pounds” (Herre, 1934.3, p. 327). Cranoglanis multiradiatus (Koller) Pseudeutropichthys multiradiatus Koller, 1927,°Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, XLI, p. 29. Kangkong River, Hainan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.7 to 3.8; head, 3.7 to 3.8; eye in head, almost 6 (specimens of 280 to 300 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, I, 5 to 6; anal, 37 to 41; no scales. Genus Pseudobagrus Bleeker Pseudobagrus Bleeker, 1860, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., VIII (1), p. 87. Type: Bagrus aurantiacus Temminck and Schlegel. Standardized, free swimming catfishes of moderate size, with forked caudal SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 39 fin; eye moderate or rather large, with more or less of a free rim. Abundant and represented by numerous species in southern and eastern Asia. Dorsal rather short, with a spine and 5 to 7 branched rays; anal somewhat longer, with some 20 or more rays altogether; a well-developed short adipose fin, free behind; pectoral with a strong, serrate spine. Four pairs of barbels; one pair at the posterior nostrils, which are remote from the anterior. Teeth on jaws, and in a continuous transverse crescentic band on the vomer. Key To CHINESE Pseudobagrus 1. Upper surface of head almost or completely smooth, covered with skin. Maxillary barbel about as long as head, or a little longer. Anal rays, 20 to 24........... see 2 Bones of upper surface of head more or less exposed, rugose .............-... see 4 2. Dorsal spine longer than pectoral spine. Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.2 (specimen 125 mm, standard length). Pectoral spine smooth in front ........ vachellu Dorsal spine shorter than pectoral spine. Depth in length to base of caudal, 5 to 7 see 3 Bewepihes-2n(specimentapout 2oomm.) Anal rays; 23) cc). cele seis see ale fangi HEP tae On Specimen 25O;mMIm:) Atal TAYS,/22) hohe sje =e als clea) = e)Volals ssl s)al «ie eyes eupogon Depth, 7 (specimen 77 mm.). Anal rays, 20. Caudal emarginate only; maxillary barpelushehtlygshortersthanghead terse separa elctalekel aetsnsiel pstale iat nee ake ondon 4. Maxillary barbel as long or longer than head. Pectoral spine finely serrate in front. ANIEU TENS, EINOWE SIG). Gin og to BORE ae dan laes Ged aed one ae ca eoor cope memes fulvidraco MMaxillanyabarbelimuch) shorter, than head) sy j).j.)01. +114) + 1-12 bse sel 1s) sie) see 5 5. Barbels very slender. Pectoral spine finely serrate in front. Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.4 (specimen 106 mm. standard length). Anal rays, about 20 intermedius Barbels very slender. Depth in length to base of caudal, 5.4 (specimen 105 mm. standard length). Anal rays, about 25. Orbit with no appreciable free rim .... nitidus Pectoral spine smooth in front. Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.3 (specimen 95 mm. standard length). Anal rays, about 16. Young sharply marked with lengthwise stripe on side and in center of caudal lobes, and blotches on the fins virgatus Pseudobagrus vachellii (Richardson) Bagrus (?) vachellii Richardson, 1846, Rept. XV Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Cambridge, 1845, p. 284. Canton. Pseudobagrus eupogoides Wu, 1930, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, (Zool. Ser.) VI, p. 51, Fig. 3. Szechwan. Pseudobagrus chinensis Wu, 1930, ibid., p. 53, Fig. 4. Szechwan. Locality of Material:—Ningpo (fide Gee). Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; Fukien; up to 235 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.2 (4.5 in larger fish) ; head, 4; eye in head, 5 (specimen of 125 mm. standard length; smaller specimens have a larger eye). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 24. 40 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Pseudobagrus fangi Wu Pseudobagrus fangi Wu, 1930, Sinensia, I, p. 84, Fig. 8. Kiating. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5.2; head, 4.8; eye in head, 5 (specimen of 210 mm., total length). Dorsal, I, 7; anal, 23. Remarks:—This species has a rather long adipose and rounded snout sug- gesting forms placed in Leiocassis. It is close to Pseudobagrus eupogon, and both may be indistinguishable from P. vachellii, which is a widely distributed and vari- able form. Pseudobagrus eupogon Boulenger Pseudobagrus eupogon Boulenger, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) IX, p. 247. Shanghai. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 6; head, 5 (specimen of 250 mm.). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 22. Pseudobagrus ondon Shaw Pseudobagrus ondon Shaw, 1930, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Peiping, I, p. 111, Fig. 1. Shing-Tsong, Chekiang. Description: —Depth in length to base of caudal, 7; head, 4.3; eye in head, 4.5 (specimen of 77 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 20. Pseudobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson) Plate III, figure 3 Pimelodus ? fulvidraco Richardson, 1846, Rept. XV Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Cambridge, 1845, p. 286. LS Sakae Basilewski, 1855, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, X, p. 241. Pelteobagrus calvarius, Bleeker, 1879, Verhandel. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., XVIII, p. 3. Shanghai. Locality of Material:—Shanghai; Canton (fide Gee). Specimens examined from Chihli; Shansi; Tungting Lake, Hunan; Anhwei; Fukien; up to 170 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5.4; head, 3.9; eye in head, 3.8 (specimen of 80 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 6 to 7; anal, 19. Remarks:—This is one of several kinds of small related catfishes called “huang-ku-yii” by the lake fishermen at Tungting Lake. It is to be distinguished by its long barbels and chunky build; is very common and sold in great numbers, PLATE II Fic. 1. Fluta alba cinerea (Richardson). 470 mm. total length. Tungting Lake. Fic. 2. Mastacembelus sinensis (Bleeker). 190 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. Fic. 3. Mastacembelus armatus undulatus (McClelland). 160 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. PLATE II PF ae z DS OS th Smit a ste BE BER MLC EE og! SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 4I being larger than the others, probably reaching a length of ro inches. Baskets and baskets of them are to be seen for sale at almost any time, and it thus has a definite though no great economic importance (C. H. Pope, field notes). Pseudobagrus intermedius Nichols and Pope Figure 6 Pseudobagrus intermedius Nichols and Pope, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LIV, p. 331, Fig. 5. Hainan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.4; head, 3.4; eye in head, 5.4 (specimen of 106 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 20. Fic. 6. Pseudobagrus intermedius Nichols and Pope. Type. 106 mm. without caudal. Pseudobagrus nitidus Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant Pseudobagrus nitidus Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant, 1874, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., Paris, (6) I (5), p. 5. Yangtze. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; Min River. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5.4; head, 4; eye in head, 4 (specimen of 105 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 25. Pseudobagrus virgatus (Oshima) Figure 7 Aoria virgatus Oshima, 1926, Annot. Zool. Japonenses, XI, p. 4. Kachek River, Hainan. Fic. 7. Pseudobagrus virgatus (Oshima). 95 mm. without caudal. 42 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Hainan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.3; head, 3.9; eye in head, 3.8 (specimen of 95 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 16. Genus Leiocassis Bleeker Leiocassis Bleeker, 1858, Natuurk. Tijd. Nederlandsch Indié, XV, p. 225. Type: Leiocassis micropogon Bleeker. Moderate or large-sized, varied catfishes closely related to Pseudobagrus, with a rather long, low adipose, the eye either small or more or less covered by skin (without a free rim). Abundant and represented by numerous species in southern and eastern Asia and the East Indies. Dorsal rather short, with a spine and 5 to 7 branched rays; anal with 15 to 22 rays altogether; pectoral with a strong, serrate spine. Four pairs of barbels; one pair at the posterior nostrils, which are remote from the anterior. The subgenus Leiocassis is extralimital. The subgenus Rhinobagrus is charac- terized by small eye, expanded snout, and forked caudal; the subgenus Dermocas- sis by eye without a free rim, caudal rounded, truncate or emarginate. The last two subgenera, in China, are connected by intermediate species, and the series of forms here referred to Leiocassis is not sharply separated from those referred to Pseudo- bagrus, recognition of the genus being largely a matter of convenience. Key To CHINESE Leiocassis 1. Caudal well forked. Snout more or less elongate or swollen (Rhinobagrus) . . see 2 Caudal emarginate, truncate or rounded. Snout not elongate or swollen (Der- EERO INS Srcio, Cravens: OIE PReR BeP Oktecehy ERP OEIC Gai oN ic ee Oren see 5 2. Bones of top of the head not exposed. Dorsal spine with slight serrations or Weekshy oem Teil ooooognonosopHoUsonDD Goo bon ao oUNDOGEBOGOSOF see 3 Bones of top of the head more or less exposed and striate. Anal, 16 to17 .... dumerili Upper surface of head roughened, with a median longitudinal groove. Anal, POULOML Creat resasuerstechey ene crcvenc recs) ste ssratsteiorens/ersicus creierars Valor tete wets aie cte siersteke hainanensis pepe standard jlenbth, less that Gi. [c\ ci c0 oir. ele ce sie sivis o clne'slelelvigie « see 4 Depth: in standard Jength, amore! than 6 j.'s 6 5,5 sista oi wfeserecepsie win'a ced wale tenuifurcatus 4. Eye in head, 5.5 to 6.5 (specimens 70 and roo mm. length). Dorsal spine pmogthor wath slight serrations behind 0). 5c <.aeth wee etme cues wt crassirostris Eye in head, 5.5 (specimen 74 mm. standard length). Dorsal spine weakly barbed behind. Dorsal spine in head, 1.3 to 1.4; pectoral spine, 1.5 ...... crassilabris Eye in head, 4 (specimen roo mm. standard length). Dorsal spine in head, Te5 PECLOLAlG SPINE Es y Maker avcvetetnas eletseteleicharnctislss suet eesreittetnlcke eke he iors macrops Eye in head, 8.6 or 8.7 (specimen 94 mm. standard length). Dorsal spine in MEAs. 7OLel.O sm PeCtOral Spinen2tOlia. Lacirsicler ciel actie dates e ie eerie microps Eye in head, 4.6 (specimen 110 mm. total length). Dorsal spine in head, 1.4; pectoral spine, 1.4. Caudal shallowly but sharply forked. Maxillary barbel Extending ito BUSHEY DeyONCieVE. pin wicls ele cinta ince/eisimiein ioten tir selene) brevicaudatus Io. Il. 12. 12) 14. . Eye in head, 5.5 to 6 (at about 100 mm. length) SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT - Caudal distinctly emarginate or notched. Dorsal spine without appreciable serration Caudal subtruncate to rounded (sometimes notched in ussuriensis) . Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.5 to 5.5. Bases of vertical fins dark; distal portions of dorsal and caudal and center of anal slightly dusky. Anal, 20 .. Depth in length to base of caudal, less than 4. Head and back with a conspicu- OUSMA ONL Lagarde ate lree eeesvaic ye re Toke Vale's, SiS/ahé [alata Wavevanyes, Nobo See sok we Depthuni length! to\basejof caudal, 6.or mores... .. i. sc sjecs slew eceae cease . Anal rays, 19. The nasal barbel does not reach beyond and the maxillary barbel reaches somewhat beyond the orbit ................000eeeeees Anal rays, 16 to 18. The nasal barbel reaches posterior border of eye; the imaxillary: barbel reaches OperculUm. 2. .'0'sesc sus sev cesses wonees Anal rays, 17. The nasal barbel reaches posterior border of eye; the maxil- lanysnarbela little farther back «id ovlsvais Gwe eA Gees oe eos ves we alees Eye in head, 11 (at about 300 mm. length) barca Spmedow, avout 2 itvhead 3.05020 liaise acleas an vouecese sath Dorsal/spinethieher, less than)2 im Head). ../..0. csi. welnos asses dees cess Peduncle more than twice as long as deep. A broad dark lateral band, at FSA SIMP REDS LICL habe Fas fot hg bas Bn, apox ia} oc Sia -0)y oyu yah sd 4m SiS a, See SPOS Peduncle less than twice as long as deep. No noticeable dark lateral band .. Depth greater (5 or less in standard length at 100 mm.; 5.9 or less at 200 mm.). Eye smaller (7 in head at 100 mm.; 8.5 at 200 mm.) Depth less (6.6 in standard length at 132 mm.; 8 in length at 260 mm.). Eye larger (5.5 in head at 132 mm.; 7 at 260 mm.). Anal rays, 20 to 22 .... Anal rays, about 23 Anal rays, about 18 Wepthsmnblenath wMesssthanes jae ewSOumiMy i124 oes ostereicice sete leiee eerie Wepthinylensshsmoresthanys) at cso mms ye seme aaa mce aes steels ete: Mouth inferior, transverse Upper jaw extending little beyond the lower .....................0000- Subgenus Rhinobagrus Bleeker 43 see 6 see 9 medianalis hirsutus see 7 pratti see 8 similis emarginatus Raifenensis see I0 see II taeniatus truncatus see 12 tenuts analis see 13 lui see 14 USSUVIENSIS taphrophilus Rhinobagrus Bleeker, 1864, Nederlandsch Tijd. Dierk., II, p. 7. Type: Rhinobagrus dumerili Bleeker. Nasocassis Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 185, p. t. Leiocassis dumerili (Bleeker) Rhinobagrus dumerili Bleeker, 1864, Nederlandsch Tijd. Dierk., II, p. 7. China. Liocassis longirostris Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, p. 87. Japan (error for China). ? Liocassis naso Garman, 1912, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XL, p. 123. Ichang, Hupeh. Leiocassis longirostris, Nichols, 1928, Bull: Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LVIII, p. 7. Leiocassis (Rhinobagrus) dumerili, Rendahl, 1928, Arkiv Zool., Stockholm, XX A (1), p. 168. Locality of Material:—Ningpo; probably Hong Kong (fide Gee). 11, albomarginatus Rendahl, 1928, Anhwei, comes here. Caudal with a broad white margin; depth, 4.2 to 55 eye, 5.3 to 6.8 (at 49 to 90 mm. standard length). 44 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; Min River; up to 230 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.6 to 4.9; head, 3.5 to 3.6; eye very small, about 10 (specimens of 95 and 220 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 16 to 17. Remarks:—This big, long-snouted, grape-colored catfish is called “hui-t’ou” at Tungting Lake, where it reaches a great size and is often sold in pieces. The young are caught in numbers by the shrimp fishermen, and on the whole the fish is very common, and of considerable economic importance (C. H. Pope, field notes). Leiocassis hainanensis Tchang Leiocassis hainanensis Tchang, 1935, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Peiping, (Zool.) VI, p. 175, Fig. 2. Hainan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 6 to 6.4; head, 3.7 to 4; eye in head, 6 (at 185 mm., specimens 130 to 185 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, ro to 11. Caudal well forked; snout much depressed, projecting; a long, narrow fron- ticular on dorsal surface of interorbital; maxillary barbel long, nearly reaching ven- tral origin; adipose normally long. Said to be allied to Leiocassis armatus (Day) from India. Leiocassis crassirostris Regan Liocassis crassirostris Regan, 1913, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) XI, p. 552. Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length, 5.5; head, 4 to 4.3; eye, 5.5 to 6.5 (specimens of 70 to 140 mm.). Dorsal, I, 7; anal, 18. Leiocassis crassilabris Giinther Liocassis crassilabris Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, p. 88. China. Leiocassis crassilabris crassilabris Giinther Liocassis crassilabris Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, p. 88. China. ? Liocassis torosilabris Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant, 1874, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, Zool., (6) I (5), p. 7. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; Hokou, Kiangsi; Kienning and Yenping, Fukien; up to 152 mm. in standard length. Those from Kiangsi and Fukien approach macrops. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.2 to 4; head, 3.7 to 3.9; eye in head, 5 to 5.9 (specimens of 74 to 152 mm. standard length; eye, 6, in a specimen of about 180 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 16 to 18. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 45 Leiocassis crassilabris macrops Nichols Figure 8 Leiocassis crassilabris macrops Nichols, 1926, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 214, p. 2, Fig. 2. Near Yenping, Fukien. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Hokou, Kiangsi; Chungan Hsien and near Yenping, Fukien; largest, 160 mm. standard length. Fic. 8. Leiocassis crassilabris macrops Nichols. too mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.8 to 3.9; head, 3.7 to 4; eye in head, 4 (specimens of 99 and 100 mm. standard length; depth, 4.8, and eye, 5.2, at 160 mm.). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 17. Leiocassis microps Rendahl Leiocassis microps Rendahl, 1932, Arkiv Zool., Stockholm, XXIV A (16), p. 93. Near Tschungking [Chungking], Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.9 or 5; head, 3.6 or 3.7; eye in head, 8.6 or 8.7 (specimen 94 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 17. Leiocassis brevicaudatus Wu Leiocassis brevicaudatus Wu, 1930, Sinensia, I, p. 81, Fig. 7. Chungking, Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5.7; head, 4.1; eye in head, 4.6 (specimen 110 mm. total length). Dorsal, I, 7; anal, 18. Leiocassis tenuifurcatus Nichols Figure 9 Leiocassis tenuifurcatus Nichols, 1931, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 449, p. 1. Chungan Hsien, northwestern Fukien. 46 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 7.7; head, 5; eye in head, 5 (specimen of 155 mm. standard length). Dorsal, I, 7; anal, 18. Fic. 9. Leiocassis tenuifurcatus Nichols. Type. 155 mm. standard length. Remarks:—This species bears a general resemblance to Leiocassis (Dermo- cassis) tenuis, except for its forked caudal. Subgenus Dermocassis Nichols Dermocassis Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 185, p. 1. Type: Bagrus ussuriensis Dybowski. Leiocassis medianalis (Regan) Macrones medianalis Regan, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XIII, p. 194. Yunnan. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Yunnan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.9; head, 3.8; eye in head, 6.5 (specimen of 115 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 20. Leiocassis emarginatus Regan Liocassis emarginatus Regan, 1913, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) XI, p. 553. Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 6 to 6.5; head, 4 to 4.3; eye in head, 5.5 to 6 (specimens of 80 to 115 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 16 to 18. Leiocassis kaifenensis Tchang Leiocassis kaifenensis Tchang, 1934, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Peiping, (Zool.) V, p. 41. Kaifeng, Honan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 7.2; head, 4.7; eye in head, 11 (specimen 280 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 6; anal, 18. Dorsal spine smooth, 1.5 in head; pectoral, 1.8. Nasal barbel to posterior bor- der of eye; maxillary barbel to operculum. Caudal moderately emarginate, middle rays about % of the longest. Allied to L. pratti but deeper, and questionably dis- tinct from L. emarginatus. Leiocassis pratti (Gtinther) Macrones pratti Giinther, 1892, in Pratt, Snows of Tibet, p. 245, Pl. 1, fig. B. Szechwan. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 47 Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 9; head, about 5; eye in head, 7 (specimen about 206 mm. long). Dorsal rays, I, 6; anal, 19. Leiocassis similis Nichols Figure 10 Leiocassis similis Nichols, 1926, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 214, p. 1, Fig. 1. Fukien. on poe AN: Fic. 10. Leiocassis similis Nichols. Type. 119 mm. standard length. Description: —Depth in length to base of caudal, 6; head, 4.4; eye in head, 5 (specimen of 119 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 17. Leiocassis hirsutus Herre Liocassis hirsutus Herre, 1934, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XIII, p. 285. Wuchow market, Kwangsi. Description:—Depth in length, 3.3 to 3.6; head, 3.9; eye in head, about 8.5 (specimens 230 and 280 mm. long). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 18. Leiocassis albomarginatus Rendahl Leiocassis albomarginatus Rendahl, 1928, Arkiv Zool., Stockholm, XX A (1), p. 170. Tang-tu-hsien, Anhwei. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.2 to 5; head, 3.6 to 3.9; eye in head, 5.3 to 6.8 (specimens 49 to 90 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; _ anal, 19 or 20. Leiocassis taeniatus (Gtinther) Macrones (Liocassis) taeniatus Giinther, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) XII, p. 245. Shanghai. Locality of Material:—Ningpo (fide Gee). Specimens examined from Fukien; largest, r90 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 6 to 6.7; head, 5 to 4.7; eye in head, 6 to 7 (specimens of about 125 and 190 mm. standard length, respec- tively). Dorsal rays, I, 6 to 7; anal, 18 to 20. 48 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Remarks:—Specimens of this species, and Leiocassis tenuis in particular, of the subgenus Dermocassis in general, and doubtless of various other catfishes are more slender as they become larger. Their eyes, however, become relatively smaller with increased size of the fish, as is usual. Leiocassis truncatus Regan Liocassis truncatus Regan, 1913, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) XI, p. 553. Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length, 5.5 to 6; head, 4 to 4.3; eye, 5 to 6 (speci- mens of 75 to 130 mm.). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 18 to 20. Leiocassis tenuis (Giinther) Macrones (Pseudobagrus) tenuis Giinther, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) XII, p. 244. Shanghai. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Chungan Hsien, Kienning, and near Yenping, Fukien; up to 235 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 6.6 to 8; head, 3.8 to 5; eye in head, 5.5 to 7 (in specimens of 132 and about 220 mm. standard length, respec- tively). Dorsal, I, 7; anal, 20 to 22. Leiocassis analis Nichols Figure 11 Leiocassis analis Nichols, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 440, p. 4, Fig. 3. Hokou, northeastern Kiangsi. Fic. 11. Leiocassis analis Nichols. Type. 101 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5; head, 4.4; eye in head, 7 (specimen ror mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 23 or 24. Leiocassis lui Tchang and Shih Leiocassis lui Tchang and Shih, 1934, Contrib. Biol. Dept. Sci. Inst. West China, Chungking, Szechwan, No. 1, p. 9; Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XIII, p. 434. Lower Kialingkiang, Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.6; head, 4; eye in head, 7; dorsal and pectoral spines, 1.5 (specimen 140 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 49 I, 6; anal, 17. Dorsal spine serrate, caudal truncate. Questionably distinct from taphrophilus and ussuriensis. Leiocassis ussuriensis (Dybowski) Bagrus ussuriensis Dybowski, 1872, Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, XXII, p. 210. Ussuri River. Leiocassis hwanghoensis Mori, 1933, Japanese Jour. Zool., V, p. 167, Figs. 3-4. Hwang Ho near Tsinan. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Shansi; Tungting Lake, Hunan; up to 240 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5.9; head, 4.8; eye in head, 8.5 (specimen of 200 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 18. Leiocassis taphrophilus (Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant) Hemibagrus taphrophilus Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant, 1874, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, Zool., (6) I (5), p. 6. “Canaux du Tschuang occidental.” Locality of Material:—Ningpo (fide Gee). Specimens examined from Hokou, Kiangsi. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.9 to 5.5; head, 4 to 4.5; eye in head, 6.6 to 7.2 (specimens 76 to 121 mm. standard length). Dorsal, I, 7; anal, 17. Remarks:—We were somewhat puzzled in the identification of this classical species until three small specimens from Hokou were examined which seem to be referable to it. They have a rather small adipose for Leiocassis, and further sug- gest the young of Pseudobagrus in a faint pattern consisting of a pale collar and obscure dark blotches on the sides. Dorsal spine almost smooth; pectoral spine barbed behind and granular in front. Maxillary barbel reaching to middle or mar- gin of opercle; nasal barbel to past eye or edge of preopercle. Orbital rim with an imperfect fold, pronounced below. Genus Hemibagrus Bleeker Hemibagrus Bleeker, 1863, Nederlandsch Tijd. Dierk., I, p. 94. Type: Bagrus nemurus Valenciennes. A genus of East Indian catfishes, allied to Pseudobagrus, etc., with two Chi- nese species, representing the subgenus Macropterobagrus, one of which is com- mon and widely distributed in China, whereas the other reaches its southern border. Eight barbels in 4 pairs, one of which is situated at the posterior nostrils, which are remote from the anterior. Dorsal short, dorsal and pectoral with strong spines. 50 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Key to CHINESE Hemibagrus Depth in standard length, about 8; adipose (longer), less than 2.5; dorsal and pec- Poralesminessin ead 25£0)253 he cteyereiecchal=/o1e eyalaiai-|-1-)= > #1cie «1-1 elal=rimielni= ln iehaieie macropterus Depth in standard length, 6 or 7; adipose (shorter), more than 2.5; dorsal and pec- toral spines in head, about 1.7; color more silvery .............-.+++-e0-- elongatus Subgenus Macropterobagrus Nichols Macropterobagrus Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 185, p. 1. Type: Hemibagrus macropterus Bleeker. Distinguished by elongate body and depressed head, very long adipose fin occupying practically the entire distance between dorsal and caudal, and weakly forked caudal fin. Hemibagrus macropterus Bleeker Plate III, figure 2 Hemibagrus macropterus Bleeker, 1870, Verslag. Meded. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., (2) IV, p. 258, plate. Yangtze River. Aoria macroptera, Chu, 1931, Biol. Bull. St. John’s Univ., Shanghai, No. 1, p. 77. Aoria amemiyae Kimura, 1934, Jour. Shanghai Sci. Inst., Sec. 3, I, p. 166, Pl. v, fig. 2. Howchwan, Szechwan. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; Anhwei; Hokou, Kiangsi; up to 440 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 8; head, 4; eye in head, 4 (specimen of 77 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, about 13. Remarks:—Called “hui-yii” at Tungting Lake, where it is apparently one of the rarer catfish of the lake, not often seen for sale on the streets of Yochow. The boats of the shrimp fishermen now and then yielded a’small specimen. It is, as a rule, uniformly dark colored (C. H. Pope, field notes). Hemibagrus elongatus (Giinther) Macrones elongatus Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, p. 77. Singapore. Koller, 1927, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, XLI, p. 28. Hainan. Macrones chinensis Steindachner, 1883, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.-naturwiss. Cl., LXXX VIII, Abth. 1, p. 1111, Pl. vo. Canton. Steindachner, 1883, Anz. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.-naturwiss. Cl., XX, p. 196. Hypselobagrus chinensis, Herre, 1932, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XI, p. 433. Canton. Locality of Material:—Specimen examined from Kwangtung. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 6 to 6.4; head, 4 (specimens 185 mm. and more standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 12 to 14. Remarks :—This species differs from the similar catfishes listed by Weber and de Beaufort (1913, II, pp. 335-365) as described by them. It is possible that Giinther’s locality, “Singapore,” is in error. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 51 “Sometime in the ‘nineties’ Steindachner described a catfish from Hong Kong under the name of Macrones chinensis, and for many years it too was not seen. In recent years a few specimens were obtained at Canton. This fish is abundant in the Fu River and West River at Wuchow. It becomes more than a meter long and reaches a weight, according to the fishermen, of over 50 pounds. I saw several which weighed over 30 pounds apiece. When there is a surplus in the local market it is shipped to Canton, more rarely to Hong Kong if a steamer is available” (Herre, 1934.3, p. 327). Genus Liobagrus Hilgendorf Liobagrus Hilgendorf, 1878, Sitzber. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 155. Type: Liobagrus reini Hilgendorf. Small, more or less elongate, Asiatic catfishes with the adipose long, low, keel- like, continuous with the rounded or truncate caudal; body, and especially fins with the exception of the caudal, covered with lax skin. Not common, the species scattered, with more or less restricted ranges, usually in hilly country. Dorsal small, placed far forward over the pectoral; dorsal and pectoral with small pungent spines, more or less concealed. Anal rather short (about 16 rays or less). Eye small, superolateral, without free rim. Barbels 8, one pair at the pos- terior nostrils, which are remote from the anterior. Key to CurInesE Liobagrus emo W Chala WalNCluGed t4 serie elsireueiecaee « Moshemint ae apes anioad da yee a Gate SeeE2 jawsrequalionlowerthevonpeny..yacite ie its ane eiiaicieieieiciti-i oie eisleletocie e see 3 2. Dorsal rays, I, 6 to 7; anal, 16. Body and fins rather uniform grayish; end of caudal somewhatidarker, its marpin pale ao... 2162 0260 cin aise wees he eae anguillicauda Dorsal rays, I, 5; anal, 18. Grayish with small pale spots on the sides; fins broadlyaied pediawithiawihiterrserytoey- rae icra ih seth a ofan shake a aysectnc serene styant 3. Adipose long and low, about as long as the anal, separated by a notch from the precurrent base of caudal. Fins dark basally, broadly margined with white . . marginatus Adipose short, fully united to the precurrent base of caudal, than which it is higher. Adipose dusky with a pale edge and whitish spot in its axil; caudal black with 2 whitish spots and a pale edge ............--.00eeeeeeeeeeee nigricauda Liobagrus anguillicauda Nichols Figure 12 Liobagrus anguillicauda Nichols, 1926, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 224, p. 1, Fig. 1. Chungan Hsien, north- western Fukien. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5.4 to 4.8; head, 4.4 to 5 (specimens 72 to 85 mm. standard length); eye in head, 9 (specimen 75 mm. standard). Dorsal rays, I, 6 or 7; anal, 16. 52 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Fic. 12. Liobagrus anguillicauda Nichols. Type. 75 mm. standard length. Remarks:—Plentiful at Chungan Hsien, the only locality where the Asiatic Expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History found catfish of this genus. Liobagrus styani Regan Liobagrus styani Regan, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) I, p. 152. South Hupeh. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 6 to 7; head, 5 (specimens of 70 and 85 mm.). Dorsal rays, I, 5; anal, 18. Liobagrus marginatus (Giinther) Amblyceps marginatus Giinther, 1892, in Pratt, Snows of Tibet, p. 245, Pl. m, fig. A. Szechwan. Amblyceps marginatoides Wu, 1930, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (2) II, p. 256, Fig. 2. Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, about 6; head, 4 (specimen of about 93 mm. standard length) ; eye very small. Dorsal rays, I, 6; anal, 15. Liobagrus nigricauda Regan Liobagrus nigricauda Regan, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XIII, p. 193. Yunnan. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Yunnan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.6; head, 3.4; eye in head, 7 (specimen 79 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, about I, 7; anal, about 15. Genus Glyptosternon McClelland Glyptosternon McClelland, 1842, Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist., II, p. 584. Type: Glyptosternon reticulatus Mc- Clelland. Small, standardized, bottom catfishes with the eye small, more or less supero- lateral, without a free rim; the anal short; the basal portion of the maxillary barbel furnished with a conspicuous membranous flap, adnate to the side of the snout; bones of the top of the head covered with smooth skin, though the nape may be rugose, striate. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 53 Mouth inferior, transverse. Four pairs of barbels, one of these between the nostrils, which are close together, well forward. Gill membranes narrowly joined to the isthmus. Dorsal, which is short, and pectoral each with a strong, serrate spine. Adipose well developed, usually short; caudal forked; anal usually with about ro rays. A genus of southern Asia and the East Indies, locally not uncommon in China, where four or five closely related species are recognized from different localities. Key To CHINESE Glyptosternon 1. Moderately slender or deep bodied (depth, less than 6.5 in length) ; anal moder- Btew (QRtOni2)) mr areveteccts ee sia sieley susie e tice Sw wie avsy d autnay sieiclets sede, syeycreqete see 2 Teeth compressed, truncate or notched. Pectoral with 11 branched rays ........ andersonii 2. Width of mouth, 2.5 to 3 in length of head; caudal peduncle, less than 2.5 times as lone GEYGES) Bpoocidosntn obdougadno duu qudadencoovaamagdoobdms paca ok davidi Width of mouth, less than 2.5 in length of head; caudal peduncle, 3 times as long AG GRA ootocon beacons codooboo cde Hadbobh onevodwabcadbooeuld saur myzostoma Subgenus Euchiloglanis Regan Euchiloglanis Regan, 1911, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) VIII, p. 564. Type: Chimarrhichthys davidi Sauvage. Exostoma davidi (Sauvage) Chimarrhichthys davidi Sauvage, 1874, Rev. Mag. Zool., Paris, (3) II, p. 332. Tibet. Exostoma davidi, Giinther, 1896, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, I, p. 210. River Ya. Description:—Depth in length, 5 to 6.5; head, 4.1 to 4.6; eye very small (specimens 125 to 155 mm. long). Dorsal rays, I, 6; anal, 6. Exostoma myzostoma (Norman) Euchiloglanis myzostoma Norman, 1923, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) XI, p. 562. Yunnan. Description:—Depth in length, 7 to 8; head, 4 to 4.5; eye very small (speci- mens 75 to 125 mm. long). Dorsal rays, I, 6; anal, 5 or 6. Exostoma kishinouyei (Kimura) Euchiloglanis kishinouyei Kimura, 1934, Jour. Shanghai Sci. Inst., Sec. 3, I, p. 178, Pl. vr. Kwanhsien, Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 6.5; head, 3.7; eye in head, 20 (specimen 148 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 6; anal, 6. 1 Exostoma kishinouyei probably comes here. Nasal barbel long, reaching eye, versus short, not nearly reaching eye in myzostoma, which it is said to resemble otherwise. PLATE III Fic. 1. Clarias fuscus (Lacépéde). 77 mm. standard length. Nodoa, Hainan. Fic. 2. Hemibagrus macropterus Bleeker. 77 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. Fic. 3. Pseudobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson). 80 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. PLATE III SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 57 Origin of dorsal about equidistant from end of snout and middle of anal base (fig.). Subgenus Glaridoglanis Norman Glaridoglanis Norman, 1925, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) XV, p. 574. Type: Exostoma andersonii Day. Exostoma andersonii Day Exostoma andersonii Day, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 524. Yunnan. Description:—Depth in total length, 7; head, 5; eye very small. Dorsal rays, I, 6; anal, 7 or 8. Genus Clarias Scopoli Clarias Scopoli, 1777, Int. Hist. Nat., p. 455, after Gronow. Type: Clarias orontis Giinther. More or less elongate, Old World, fresh-water catfishes, with a spineless, elon- gate, rayed dorsal extending the length of the back, longer than the anal which is also long; caudal truncate or rounded. Abundant in the tropics, many closely re- lated species in Africa, most Chinese records referable to a single form, widely dis- tributed in the Orient. Top and sides of the head bony. Four pairs of barbels, one at the posterior nostrils. Mouth wide, transverse, slightly inferior. Gill membranes narrowly united, free from the isthmus. Pectoral with a strong spine. Key To CHINESE Clarias Ment nvinetoral WeMPe, MOTE CNA, fy avajci< a! sieie aie wie o 1m Sie en les oe ainsas ani) Sal ois'ein oe wy fuscus PACE UIBIELO EAU EM OPM AOUL 5) aj c's cic) -' o's vlaieieiaie sist sinie einen’ 2 <4 mse) 9) el t)o\elal yada) abbreviatus Clarias fuscus (Lacépéde) Figure 14 and Plate III, figure 1 Macropteronotus fuscus Lacépéde, 1803, Hist. Nat. Poissons, V, p. 88, Pl. u, fig. 2. China. Clarias pulicaris Richardson, 1845, Zool. Voyage “Sulphur,” Ichthyology, p. 135, Pl. rxm, figs. 5, 6. Canton. ? Clarias magur, Bleeker, 1879, Verhandel. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., XVIII, p. 3. China. Clarias batrachus, Koller, 1927, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, XLI, p. 27. Hainan. _? Clarias ater, Chu, 1931, Biol. Bull. St. John’s Univ., Shanghai, No. 1, p. 82. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Yunnan; Chungan Hsien, Fuching Hsien, Kienning, and Yenping, Fukien; near Canton; Hainan Island; up to 260 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5.4; head (to end of bony covering on side), 3.8; eye in head, 9 (specimen of 96 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 59 to 65; anal, 44 to 50. 58 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Fic. 14. Clarias fuscus (Lacépéde). 76 mm. without caudal. Clarias abbreviatus Cuvier and Valenciennes Clarias abbreviatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840, Hist. Nat. Poissons, XV, p. 386. Macao. Rendahl, 1928, Arkiv Zool., Stockholm, XX A (1), p. 175. Clarias hexacicinnus, Chu, 1931, Biol. Bull. St. John’s Univ., Shanghai, No. 1, p. 83. China. Description: —Depth in total length, 5. Dorsal rays, 62; anal, 32. Family CATOSTOMIDAE SUCKERS The suckers are closely related and almost certainly ancestral to the carps. They have a toothless mouth and a comb-like row of teeth on the pharyngeal bones of the throat, correlated with their bottom feeding “sucker” habits. In the carps the pharyngeal teeth are reduced in number and more specialized. Various free swimming, sometimes predaceous members of the carp family could, it would seem, make good use of jaw teeth, but such have never been re-acquired by any carp- like fishes. Suckers are a numerous and varied group in North America, but in Asia, aside from one or two far northern forms, are represented by a single specialized species in the valley of China. They have presumably been superseded in China by the more modern carps, which are there very abundant and diversified, that is to say, China is in a later evolutionary stage as regards carp-like fishes than North America. Genus Myxocyprinus Gill Myxocyprinus Gill, 1878, Johnson’s Cyclopaedia, p. 1574. Type: Carpiodes asiaticus Bleeker. Rather large suckers found in central China, with back compressed and ele- vated; dorsal long and high, running the length of the back; color blackish or boldly marked. A single species with recognizable local races. Myxocyprinus asiaticus (Bleeker) Carpiodes asiaticus Bleeker, 1864, Nederlandsch Tijd. Dierk., II, p. 19. (Probably northern) China. Remarks:—Fang (1934.2, pp. 329-337) concludes that this species is subject SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 59 to great individual, age, and other variation, and that its alleged races are un- tenable. Key To CHINESE Myxocyprinus asiaticus WorsalaraySmaboutesaceanal ye rar nSCalesmcee ilsrsiss atm. sicvstsie sicie cp ceteis alee sieeas os asiaticus Worsalirays wa DOUtns 7 atid ea TAne SCALES SIG! ey crea) vancts wyeleicle else aveyereretete ella ehareeiele chinensis WOrsaleraysi5 21tOn5 Oanal sUeitOwrAceScales, 47 tOVA Ql ae > oii ey sicicl-pieieiniclele es) chaysie ts fukiensis Myxocyprinus asiaticus asiaticus (Bleeker) Figures 15, 16 Carpiodes asiaticus Bleeker, 1864, Nederlandsch Tijd. Dierk., II, p. 19. (Probably northern) China. Myxocyprinus asiaticus nankinensis Tchang, 1920, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (2) V, p. 242, fig. 4. Nanking. Fic. 15. Myxocyprinus asiaticus asiaticus (Bleeker). Fic. 16. Myxocyprinus asiaticus asiaticus (Bleeker). 60 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Anhwei. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2.4; head, 4.6; eye in head, 6 (specimen 220 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 52; anal, 12; scales, 53. Myxocyprinus asiaticus chinensis (Dabry de Thiersant) Carpiodes chinensis Dabry de Thiersant, 1872, Pisciculture et Péche en Chine, p. 182, Pl. xt, fig. 1. Yangtze. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2.3; head, 4.2; eye in head, 5-5 (specimen of 200 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 57; anal, 14; scales, 55. Remarks:—Called “huo-shao-pien” at Tungting Lake, where it is rather scarce and was not seen every day nor certainly every week. When fresh its sides may have a brilliant red color (C. H. Pope, field notes). Myxocyprinus asiaticus fukiensis Nichols Figure 17 Myxocyprinus asiaticus fukiensis Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 177, p. 8. Fukien. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Yenping, Fukien; up to 100 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2.5 to 2.7; head, 3.6 to 4.4; eye in head, 3 to 3.9 (specimens 36 to 100 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 52 to 56; anal, 13 or 14; scales, 47 to 49. Am, Mus. No. 8415 Fic. 17. Myxocyprinus asiaticus fukiensis Nichols. Type. 36 mm. standard length. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 61 Remarks:—There seem to be slight differences of contour and color correlated with the technical characters on which the three races of Myxocyprinus asiaticus here recognized are separable. These races are not well defined, however, and with more material for comparison may not prove recognizable. One of eight specimens examined from Yenping, which measures 90 mm. in standard length, is aberrant, with depth, 2.2; dorsal, 51; anal, 14; scales, 52. Family CYPRINIDAE CARPS Genus Cyprinus Linnaeus Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, p. 320, after Artedi. Type: Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. Rather sluggish, heavy-bodied, free swimming, Eurasian carps of moderate or large size, feral elsewhere in temperate regions. This genus comprises the carp proper, its many domesticated varieties, and two or three allied forms of doubtful status. Dorsal and anal each with a serrate bony spine. Dorsal with rarely less than 14 branched rays; anal with 5 or 6, its origin anterior to the vertical from the end of the dorsal. Usually 2 pairs of barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Key To CHINESE Cyprinus TePOOLSAleSOMtarAaVyss vl OMtO}, 22). i ois tea3io, Sache ov sysijsnanyebeys wrssaadi n.d Ohaus. ole arene arate ties Sbveysi see 2 Dorsaltsoitraysttewer (about LL)) aca.) saiie varcce: Se fevee Ge tees ss cess micristius eb wy ORpAnsyOlDanpels Presents ccic vee/cikyeishere sie viet ante eleWegelele erase © etessieiole wpaieres\ see 3 No barbels. Mouth large, oblique, maxillary to under front of eye .............. pellegrini Bis, SIGAIES, Qatar Io! sa wo. ee. dk ace Aa ieee GRU cee on ees ca fossicola SCAleStesCpCO 120: cats tac RIMES cers Sis Cine Gctete tothe cneGiexthers sae a eephs mos setalaausls obs carpio SCALES HAD OUEN AIS ra cpa tact tearercicvs o/ peteeea snes chayay sects cus ecietahauere one ciacc-ogsitey oe ea) ebeveert rabaudi Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus Figure 18 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, p. 320. Europe. Cyprinus carpio var. haematopterus, Martens, 1874, Preussische Exped. nach Ost-Asien, Zool., I, p. 4or. Shanghai. Cyprinus flavipinnis Karoli, 1882, Természet. Fiizetek, Budapest, V, p. 179. Canton. Cyprinus hybiscoides, Chaudhuri, 1911, Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, VI, p. 13. Lake Talifu, Yunnan. Locality of Material:—Chihli (fide Gee). Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; Shantung; Swatow; Fu- kien; near Canton; Hainan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3; head, 3.2; eye in head, 62 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA 4.3 (specimen 120 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 17 to 22; anal, II, 5; scales, 35 to 39. Domestic varieties occur with very large scales or lacking scales. The common hybrid between Cyprinus carpio and Carassius carassius or auratus has the barbels of Cyprinus, but smaller; teeth in 2 rows (4, 1, or 2); dorsal soft rays, 17 to 20; scales, 30 to 38. Fic. 18. Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. 122 mm. without caudal. Remarks:—Called “li-yii” at Tungting Lake, where it attains a large size, from 3 to 5 feet long, and is perhaps of the greatest economic importance of any lake fish. The fishermen catch it in great numbers for the Yochow market; dozens may be seen for sale in a single day. The passing of the year seems to be the time it is especially relished, as then “i-yii” were on sale when almost no other kinds of fish were to be seen. It is also caught when small by the men who fish for small fish, and the young sold along with countless numbers of other small fry. One day sev- eral Chinese were seen fishing for “‘li-yii” in the following manner. Two small boats (Chinese row boats) made a team and each boat carried two men, one to handle the line and the other to row. A cord extended between the boats and was allowed to sag deeply in the shallow water. From this cord-line sev- eral barbless hooks 4 or 5 inches in length were suspended by short strings. This sagging line was pulled back and forth, first a few feet toward one boat and then back toward the other, by means of two handles, each held by a fisherman, one at either end of the line. In this way the large “li-yii” were snagged by a hook, and then careful drawing in of the line brought the fish near enough the surface to be caught by a large iron hand-hook or gaff and quickly landed (C. H. Pope, field notes). Cyprinus fossicola Richardson Cyprinus (?) fossicola Richardson, 1846, Rept. XV Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Cambridge, 1845, p. 291, attributed to Gray. China. Locality of Material:—Canton (fide Gee). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 63 Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, less than 3; head, 3. Dorsal rays, II, 19 or 20; anal, II, 5; scales, 32 or 33. Cyprinus micristius Regan Cyprinus micristius Regan, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XVII, p. 332. Yunnan. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Yunnan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3 to 3.1; head, 3.3 to 3.5; eye in head, 3.6 (specimens 97 to 104 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 11; anal, II, 5; scales, 36 to 38. Cyprinus pellegrini Tchang Cyprinus pellegrini Tchang, 1933, Zool. Sinica, (B) II (1), p. 20, Fig. 5. Tunghai, Yunnan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.3 to 3.6; head, 2.8 to 3; eye in head, 3.2 to 4 (specimens 90 to 120 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, IT, 16 to 18; anal, II, 5; scales, 34 to 38. Head very broad, mouth oblique, no barbels. Remarks :—It is hard to evaluate this form, whether a “good” species or an abnormality of Cyprinus carpio. Cyprinus yunnanensis Tchang (ibid., p. 21, Fig. 6) from the same locality, a carp with a small pair of maxillary barbels only, is intermediate. Cyprinus rabaudi Tchang Cyprinus rabaudi Tchang, 1930, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, LV, p. 47, Fig. 1. Katin and Fontou, Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3; head, 4; eye in head, 4 (specimens 195 and 155 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 20; anal, II, 6; scales, 45. Body compressed, nape elevated; dorsal and anal spines high. Genus Carassius Nilsson Carassius Nilsson, 1832, Prodr. Ichth. Scandinavicae, IV, p. 2900. Type: Cyprinus carassius Linnaeus. Rather sluggish, heavy-bodied, free swimming, Eurasian carps of small or moderate size, feral elsewhere in temperate regions; the domestic goldfish and its allies. Dorsal and anal each with a serrate, bony spine. Dorsal with not less than 14 _ branched rays; anal with 5 or 6, its origin anterior to the vertical from the end of the dorsal. No barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in one row. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. 64 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Key To CHINESE Carassius Deeper (depth in length to base of caudal, 1.8 or more); 7 to 8 rows of scales above I aVECAM NE BOT et ACES e2SHLORG 3 Walet eter tefetarelclotyeieie aleve allele ore ate ety) Sone AenOSnpOUeR Gaon see 3 3. Anterior barbels, 2.5 in eye, posterior minute; depth in length to base of caudal, QO AEs, UEP wiley, GemGkiel igh) 556 Gone0bdo moon on6onocdsduboosoboC jordani Anterior barbels minute, posterior absent; depth in length to base of caudal, 2.9 (at 202 mm. standard length). A conspicuous blackish band of small bars over the pectoral (a mark which is usually absent or less distinct in the pre- GEatE)) copscosncocsoacanondotoduboadctssducubadsodoeoud sous nods melanostigma Labeo yunnanensis Chaudhuri Labeo yunnanensis Chaudhuri, 1911, Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, VI, p. 14, Pl. 1, fig. 1, ra, rb. Yunnan. Description:—Depth in length, 3.5; head, 4.5. Dorsal rays, 13; anal, 7; scales, 43. Labeo decorus Peters Labeo decorus Peters, 1880, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 1031, Fig. 2. Hong Kong. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.7 or 3.8; head, 4.5; eye in head, 5 (specimen 330 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 13; anal, 7; scales, 43. Labeo jordani Oshima Labeo jordani Oshima, 1919, Ann. Carnegie Mus., XII, p. 204, Pl. xxix, fig. 3. Formosa. Labeo pingi Wu, 1931, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, (Zool. Ser.) VII, p. 20, Fig. 3. Foochow. Labeo collaris, Chu, 1931, China Jour., XIV, p. 103, Fig. 16. Not of Nichols and Pope. Labeo molitorella, Lin, 1932, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XI (1), p. 65. Kwangtung. Leuciscus molitorella Cuvier and Valenciennes is unidentifiable. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Swatow and near Canton. More or less generally cultivated by the Chinese. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.4; head, 4.5; eye in head, 4 (specimen 152 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 14; anal, 7 or 8; scales, 4o. Labeo melanostigma (Fowler and Bean) Figure 43 Cirrhinus melanostigma Fowler and Bean, 1922, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LXII, p. 4, Fig. 1. Koroton, Formosa. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 109 Labeo collaris Nichols and Pope, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LIV, p. 362, Fig. 28. Hainan. ? Labeo pangusia, Koller, 1927, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, XLI, p. 32. Hainan. Locality of Material :—Specimens examined from Hainan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2.9; head, 4.7; eye in head, 3.6 (specimen 202 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 14; anal, 7 or 8; scales, about 309. Fic. 43. Labeo melanostigma (Fowler and Bean). Type of Labeo collaris Nichols and Pope. 202 mm. without caudal. Remarks :—This fish is closely related to but apparently distinct from Labeo jordani, and very likely does not belong in Labeo, though one hesitates to place it in Cirrhinus without a critical examination of material representing that genus. L. jordani, on the other hand, seems to have phylogenetic affinity with Varico- rhinus tungting. Genus Tylognathus Heckel Tylognathus Heckel, 1842, in Russegger, Reisen in Europa, Asien und Africa, Ichthyologie (von Syrien), I, p. 1073. Type: Tylognathus nanus Heckel. Small or moderate-sized carps, with the mouth essentially as in Labeo, but the dorsal fin shorter, with not more than 9 branched rays. Several species in southern Asia and the East Indies. One or 2 pairs of very small barbels. No spine in dorsal or anal fin. No suck- ing disk on the lower jaw. Lateral line running in the center of the peduncle. Anal with 5 or 6 branched rays (exceptionally 7). Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Vent and anal fin not bordered by a row of enlarged scales. Anal base behind that of the dorsal. No scaleless keel before anal fin. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Tylognathus davidi Sauvage Tylognathus davidi Sauvage, 1878, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (7) II, p. 86. Western Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, about 3.7; head, 4.5; eye in snout, 1.5. Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 8; scales, 35. 110 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Genus Paratylognathus Sauvage Paratylognathus Sauvage, 1880, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (7) IV, p. 227. Type: Paratylognathus davidi Sauvage. Resembles Tylognathus, but scales finer. Four barbels. Chu (1935, p. 7), who has examined types of this genus, considers it a primitive Schizothoracin, allied to Schizothorax. Paratylognathus davidi Sauvage Paratylognathus davidi Sauvage, 1880, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (7) IV, p. 227. Western Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5; head, 5; eye in head, 3.5 (specimen 125 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 11; anal, 7; scales, 115. Genus Pseudogyrinocheilus Fang Pseudogyrinocheilus Fang, 1933, Sinensia, III, p. 255. Type: Discognathus prochilus Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant. Bottom living, soft-finned carps. Mouth inferior, curved, opening downward in a subcircular sucker-like.disk with many small, regularly arranged, horny papil- lae. Middle of lower lip thick, triangular, fitting into a cleft in the upper lip when the mouth is closed. Two pairs of barbels, the anterior the longer, posterior minute. Teeth in 3 rows: 5, 4, 2. Anal fin with 5 branched rays. Vent and anal fin not bordered by a row of enlarged scales. Anal base well behind that of dorsal. No scaleless keel before anal fin. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed above the axil of the body. Apparently but a single species, a native of China. Pseudogyrinocheilus prochilus (Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant) Discognathus prochilus Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant, 1874, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, Zool., (6) I (5), p. 8. Szechwan. Gyrinocheilus roulet Tchang, 1929, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (2) I, p. 230, Fig. 1. Katin, Szechwan. Gyrinocheilus pellegrini Tchang, 1920, ibid., p. 240, Fig. 2. Fontou, Szechwan. Pseudogyrinocheilus procheilus, Fang, 1933, Sinensia, III, p. 260. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.2 to 6.5; head, 3.9 to 5; eye in head, 4.1 to 6 (specimens 89 to 206 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 10 (rarely 9); anal, 7; scales, 41 to 48. Genus Garra Hamilton-Buchanan Garra Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822, Fishes in Ganges, p. 303. Type: Cyprinus lamta Hamilton-Buchanan. Small or moderate-sized, bottom living, spineless finned carps with a sucking disk on the lower jaw, usually free in front. Lower lip well developed, continuous, free behind. Vent usually about midway between bases of ventral and anal fins or SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT III nearer the latter. Normally 4 barbels, sometimes absent. Lower jaw sharpened and covered by cartilage. Intestinal tract long. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Anal fin with 5 or 6 branched rays (exceptionally 7). Vent and anal fin not bordered by a row of enlarged scales. Anal base well behind that of dorsal. No scaleless keel before anal fin. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed above the axis of the body. A south Asiatic and African genus with a few Chinese species. Key To CHINESE Garra AemwoO Airs Of barbelsa SCAessys 3 LOrA Osi /. «1 erar ci cis elec leleiclels s)-selsielaiete see 3 Rostral barbels minute, the maxillary barbels from 7% as long to as long as Gye SEES, AS (OHO roan bcotanomace adn no cooobonouberdooonDoNO sor barbatus SCALES yA OU bss Oigeyaet cier ta sera ie tN ctakeee slow otetafays stavep th stcveme rere sans G.eiatee Sin macrolepis ICAIES BS OMLOMAA Mt niece. keiegeie lero clsieyethe oie aolichsounscs vale. she, te fowieveratenstarovans wrote see 7 qT LOWer Mp mot tree in trOnt. SCALES 4/7 CONS Ee crecray ce aVele!arovcajaieteisiaey-lat= age see 4 Lower lip free in front, with a fluted edge or basal fold. Scales, about 45 .... see 5 Upper lip of considerable width, not split into fringes. Lower lip narrow, not intruded into the oral cavity; both lips connected by frenulum at corner of mouth; prelabial groove very shallow or indistinct, without inner fold. Both os aielhy PRICE 4s Secbooneeoasinde socddocoboownbmcasodedodante posehensis . Depth, about 4.3 (at 95 mm. standard length). Edge of lower jaw brown ... tamusuiensis Depth, about 3.7 (at 103 mm. standard length). Edge of lower jaw brown . . robustus Depth, about 3.9 (at 174 mm. standard length). Edge of lower jaw pale .... shansiensis . Lower lip not papillose; maxillary barbels the longer ................---- tungting Lower lip (especially) papillose; snout barbels the longer .............. mutabilis | roms TAN, TOR ANTI, GF SheogscouanoganoopbdoseuscoscHeceaoAsMaoaueT kreyenbergit Dorsal rays, 13; anal, 7. Lower lip free in front ..............-+---+-:- pogonifer + Loxiets Ih SIMTK nial G ooeoescounodde oc cuosuNccodeednaaenoD 4 discognathoides Howerslpynotetrees Deni mameteysteterttote ter sdeitel-letersrtelsietepet eleva) otto brevis Subgenus Altigena Lin Altigena Lin, 1933, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XII, p. 342. Type: Varicorhinus brevis Lin. Varicorhinus brevis Lin Varicorhinus brevis Lin, 1931, Carps of Kwangtung, p. 108. Canton. Osteochilus brevis, Lin, 1933, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XII, p. 342. Description: —Depth in length, 4; head, 4.3; eye in head, 6. Dorsal rays, 14; anal, 7; scales, 42 to 44. No barbels; a papillose labial fold, not free behind. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 115 Varicorhinus discognathoides Nichols and Pope Figure 47 Varicorhinus discognathoides Nichols and Pope, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LIV, p. 360, Fig. 26. Hainan. Fic. 47. Varicorhinus discognathoides Nichols and Pope. Type. 225 mm. without caudal. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.6; head, 4.6; eye in head, 6 (specimen 225 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 12; anal, 7; scales, 39. Remarks:—The type of this species was taken in the Golden River at its point of emergence from the mountains five miles southeast of Namfong, Hainan, and it may be a hill form. Varicorhinus pogonifer Lin Varicorhinus pogonifer Lin, 1931, Carps of Kwangtung, p. to9. Hainan. Osteochilus pogonifer, Lin, 1933, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XII, p. 344. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.3; head, 4.3; eye in head, 5.8 (specimen 152 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 13; anal, 7; scales, 39 to 42. Lower lip free in front, papillose. Four barbels, rostral minute, maxillary nearly as long as eye and deeply inserted in lateral-postlabial groove. Lin may be right in considering this form to have affinity with Osteochilus. Subgenus Varicorhinus Riippell Varicorhinus Riippell, 1836, Museum Senckenberg, II, p. 14. Type: Varicorhinus beso Riippell= Labeo vari- corhinus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Varicorhinus kreyenbergii (Regan) Gymnostomus kreyenbergii Regan, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) I, p. roo, Fig. a, Pl. rv, fig. 1. Nankancho near Tinghsiang [probably in Kiangsi]. Locality of Material:—Yangtze; “Nankanho at Pinghsiang” (Kreyenberg and Pappenheim, 1909, p. II). Description:—Depth in length, 3.7; head, 4; eye in head, 4 to 5 (specimens of 90 and 160 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 5; scales, 41 or 42. 116 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Varicorhinus macrolepis (Bleeker) Gymnostomus macrolepis Bleeker, 1871, Verhandel. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., XII, p. 32, Pl. vin, fig. 2. Yangtze? Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5; head, 4.7; eye in head, about 4 (specimen about 400 mm. long). Dorsal rays, ro or 11; anal, 7 or 8; scales, about 50. Varicorhinus barbatus (Lin) Gymnostomus barbatus Lin, 1931, Carps of Kwangtung, p. 113. Kwangsi; Hunan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.5 to 4.7; head, 4.3 to 4.9; eye in head, 4 to 5 (specimens 118 mm., etc., standard length). Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 7; scales, 48 to 50. Varicorhinus tamusuiensis (Oshima) Scaphesthes tamusuiensis Oshima, 1919, Ann. Carnegie Mus., XII, p. 209, Pl. 1, fig. 1. Formosa. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Chungan Hsien, Yenping, etc., Fukien; up to 200 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.3; head, 4; eye in head, 3.4 (specimen of 95 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 7 or 8; scales, about 48. Varicorhinus robustus Nichols Figure 48 Varicorhinus robustus Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 182, p. 2. Fukien. Barbus roulet Wu, 1931, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, (Zool. Ser.) VII, p. 15, Fig. 2. Foochow. Am. Mus.No8424 SS Fic. 48. Varicorhinus robustus Nichols. Type. 103 mm. standard length. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Fuching Hsien and Yen- ping, Fukien; up to 175 mm. standard length. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 117 Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.7; head, 4; eye in head, 3-5 (specimen of 103 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 8; scales, 47. Varicorhinus shansiensis Nichols Figure 49 Varicorhinus shansiensis Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 182, p. 2. Shansi. ) Han ey Tle SY) RARY shed E ez _ MMH Ais vy Dh eee iy ny PPA = Am Mus. No 8425 Fic. 49. Varicorhinus shansiensis Nichols. Type. 174 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.9; head, 4.5; eye in head, 5 (specimen of 174 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 7; scales, 51. Varicorhinus mutabilis (Lin) Epalzeorhynchus mutabilis Lin, 1933, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XII, p. 84, Fig. 4, Pl. rv. Yunkiang, Kweichow. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.4; head, 4.7; eye in head, 5.8 (specimen 128 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 7; scales, 44. Remarks:—This may be generically separable from Varicorhinus but seems to have no close relationship with Epalzeorhynchus. Subgenus Rectoris Lin Rectoris Lin, 1935, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XIV, p. 303. Type: Rectoris posehensis Lin. Varicorhinus posehensis (Lin) Rectoris posehensis Lin, 1935, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XIV, p. 304, Figs. 1, 2. Poseh, Kwangsi. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5.4; head, 5.2; eye in head, 4.7 (specimen 109 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 7; scales, 45. Four barbels, the rostral slightly longer than the maxillary, about 2 in eye. Subgenus Sinilabeo Rendahl Sinilabeo Rendahl, 1932, Arkiv Zool., Stockholm, XXIV A (16), p. 81. Type: Varicorhinus tungting Nichols. 118 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Varicorhinus tungting Nichols Figure 50 Varicorhinus tungting Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 182, p. 3. Tungting Lake, Hunan. Labeo diplostomus, Tchang, 1933, Zool. Sinica, (B) II (1), p. 32, Fig. 11. Szechwan. Labeo (Varicorhynus) rendahli Kimura, 1934, Jour. Shanghai Sci. Inst., Sec. 3, I, p. 125, Pl. my, fig. 2. Chung- king, Szechwan; and Luchow. Fic. 50. Varicorhinus tungting Nichols. Type. 126 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.5; head, 4.4; eye in head, 5 (specimen of 126 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 12; anal, 7; scales, 45. Remarks:—This is close to Varicorhinus diplostomus Heckel (1838, Fische aus Caschmir, p. 67, Pl. x1, Kashmir) but seems to have a more inferior, slightly different mouth and more deeply forked caudal. Genus Onychostoma Giinther Onychostoma Giinther, 1896, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, I, p. 211. Type: Onychostoma laticeps Giinther. Rather small or moderate-sized, free swimming, Chinese carps with an infe- rior, transverse mouth (straight across) without free lips, the lower jaw covered by cartilage; a more or less serrate spine in the dorsal, sometimes with a soft terminal portion. No barbels. Gill membranes attached to breast under edge of preopercle. Anal fin with 5 branched rays. Vent and anal fin not bordered by a row of enlarged scales. Anal base well be- hind that of dorsal. No scaleless keel before anal fin. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed above the axis of the body. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT IIQ Key To CHINESE Onychostoma 1. Deeper; depth, 3 to 3.5 (specimens of 198 mm. standard and 240 mm. total length). Serrate dorsal spine strong. Interorbital wide (2 or less in head) ..... see 2 More slender; depth, 4 (specimens of about 125 mm. standard length) ........ see 3 gee Dentiness (Aten oummsstandarduen gen)! ver .jere eickevae «is sie eiefensiersisieraiaie ole) ones teres laticeps Depth, 3.5 (at 240 mm. total length). Greatest depth before dorsal origin; pe- BAA ade Dea AN CL LOT a oie fatefaa alk. ip. ris 8 sila cyst « nts\ clu’ onmnayelionanans elas wauaraiaionete es fontouensis Q. SEA GO Sal Gone tehiiGe Gant) Boon coumos ond boGoonDod DoE epoceac enue ooe gerlachi erm Eel SOU MCA tasag cies ate ¥{)ofel cis psiie\ 45 «10 a) o/s tein ewNe aaioeel Merete eve a leptura Onychostoma laticeps Giinther Onychostoma laticeps Giinther, 1896, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, I, p. 211, Pl. 1, fig. b. Near Hui-hsien, Kansu. Onychostoma laticeps laticeps Giinther Onychostoma laticeps Giinther, 1896, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, I, p. 211, Pl. 1, fig. b. Near Hui-hsien, Kansu. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3; head, 5; eye in head, 4.4 (specimen of 198 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 8 or 9; anal, 7 or 8; scales, 47. Onychostoma laticeps fontouensis Tchang Onychostoma laticeps fontouensis Tchang, 1030, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (2) II, p. 85. Fontou, Szechwan. Varicorhinus rarus Lin, 1933, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XII, p. 204, Fig. 1. Kweichow. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.5; head, 4.7 to 4.8; eye in head, 5 (specimen of 240 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, II, 8; anal, 7; scales, 48. Onychostoma gerlachi (Peters) Barbus gerlachi Peters, 1880, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 1034, Fig. 5. Hong Kong. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4; head, 5; eye in head, 3.5 (specimen 165 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 8; anal, 7; scales, 49. Onychostoma leptura (Boulenger) Figure 51 Gymnostomus lepturus Boulenger, 1899, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 961. Hainan. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Hainan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4; head, 4.5; eye in head, 3.3 (specimen of 125 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, ro (II, 8); anal, 7 or 8; scales, 46 to 49. 120 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA J Fic. 51. Onychostoma leptura (Boulenger). 135 mm. without caudal. Genus Xenocypris Giinther Xenocypris Giinther, 1868, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, p. 205. Type: Xenocypris argentea Giinther. This genus comprises compressed, more or less silvery, actively free swim- ming carps of moderate size. They are characterized by small, inferior, transverse mouth with cartilaginous border, and a strong smooth spine in the dorsal. Pharyngeal teeth in 2 or 3 rows. No barbels. Anal with 8 to 12 branched rays; dorsal with 7 or 8, ending before anal origin. Vent and anal fin not bordered by a row of enlarged scales. No serrate spinous ray in the anal. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. The comparatively deep-bodied, fine-scaled subgenera Plagiognathops (with a scaleless keel behind the ventrals) and Distoechodon (with only 2 rows of teeth) are represented by one or two species. Fishes of the subgenus Xenocypris are com- mon in China, representing several related forms which are not easily differenti- able. Key To CHINESE Xenocypris TepoCales Messy Chane Oly, sessvee sof. diets, ctebeeerarshaitt intolat suateweter alte sts, sedate Meet Tater ieee see 2 Scales s7 On OR sTMOLC waits sioner Ae Oras See ee ONE ieee te a ney am redchereso ea oi see 5 DEES CALOS HOF LOO: set scyetserarayerensee odie av aueps annie ore aeeicheamssingabe fel 6 use mUcleveueuele eens ere Seu Scales; GOO (OS ae canciethy Melee tatteete ate cane Oe es ean een cI Sra ens eee ae eahe see 4 GreNcales wab Outs SON Anal AV SsuD) sc. loruesarett ery crinere eter ccotet ocetualint ete) pores eer set macrole pis SCHIES. Eo LE LY A AEIL TEES IS Wanesinogaguedeudods ceca Oooanannod onenor argentea Scales, about 58. Anal rays, 11. Interorbital broad, 2.5 in head .............. lampertii PLATE VI Fic. 1. Acanthorhodeus guichenoti Bleeker. 73 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. Fic. 2. Sarcocheilichthys sinensis sinensis Bleeker. 120 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. Fic. 3. Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker. 135 mm. standard length. Tungting Lake. PLATE VI SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 121 4. Longest dorsal ray slightly shorter than head; length of peduncle distinctly Preatenschanptsnden the ADalevays, sTOutO) 13) 1elal2/ toys cas (orciate cucdeiieieiaie reacts ol orel> davidi Longest dorsal ray slightly longer than head; length of peduncle only slightly PLeatenntnanmts cept iwesmal MtayS 03 eya(o cle) alaless sie sheleisieielesisveeicieiele «is ele «0 insularis RMRCCLLUMS ROW CCPL MI Pare oe os rie, cic nacers sucya se dlavaie 8 inssisvare ote notes re ern alee 4 see 6 PU CEUL ATO WEG erremrer et este Re treme elise ANS tes f245.9lartictaahcaleie trot aetoutohore omnis atone see 9 6. Dorsal spine slender (shorter than head), its tip usually articulated. Keel on the laslihy Ihiila Gly iojereal, SEES fo WONG) Gognodchonedopciecnpeeoseoesense be see 7 Dorsal spine strong. Keel on the belly well developed. Scales, 76 to 84......... microlepis 7. Eye small (5 in head at about 150 mm. length). Anal rays, 11 ............... fangi Eye larger (3.5 in head at 123 mm. standard length). Anal rays, 13 or 14 ..... see 8 See ponGorsalespine artic lated ss SCaleS 07.2) oy. ste) cle e)siete -1-telals cls cl ele +f -\etaletel=)ehoyahe yunnanensis sipyOndorsalispmemotaniculated | SCAleS #17 Ol amie tctlai -lelalelai-f=lelo elated lela fale suifuensis a), [Dgetla, GI oue “7/S) comm esccavbondogcandoc qouuDNOUdOOM ano DTH dadouKdonL tumirostris Depth, about 3.8 (specimen of 103 mm. standard length) .................. compressus Subgenus Xenocypris Giinther Xenocypris Giinther, 1868, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, p. 205. Type: Xenocypris argentea Giinther. Xenocypris argentea Giinther Xenocypris argentea Giinther, 1868, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, p. 205. China. Xenocypris Giintheri Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant, 1874, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, Zool., (6) I (5), p. 13. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5; head, 4.3; eye in head, somewhat more than 3 (specimen about 100 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 7 or 8; anal, 13; scales, 54. Xenocypris davidi Bleeker Xenocypris davidi Bleeker, 1871, Verhandel. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., XII, p. 56. Yangtze? Xenocypris davidi davidi Bleeker Xenocypris davidi Bleeker, 1871, Verhandel. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., XII, p. 56. Yangtze? Xenocypris nitidus Garman, 1912, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XL, p. 117. Shasi, Hupeh. Xenocypris katinensis Tchang, 1030, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (2) Il, p. 84. Katin, Szechwan. Xenocypris argent[ela fani Tchang and Shaw, 1931, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Peiping, II, p. 291, Fig. 8. Lai- say, Hopei. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Shansi; Tungting Lake, Hunan; Anhwei; Yenping; up to 146 mm. standard length. Description :—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.1; head, 4.3; eye in head, 4 (specimen of 118 mm. standard length, perhaps grows much deeper with age). Dorsal rays, II, 7 or 8; anal, 10 to 13; scales, 62 to 65. Xenocypris davidi lampertii Popta Xenocypris lampertii Popta, 1908, Zool. Anz., XXXII, p. 243. Kiantschou [Kiangsu?]. Xenocypris nankinensis Tchang, 1930, Cyprinidés du Bassin du Yangtze, p. 102. Nanking. 122 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Locality of Material:—Specimen of 107 mm. standard length from Tsinan, Shantung, is the only one examined which seems referable to this form, of which we have not been able definitely to locate the type locality. It is close to X. d. davidi. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.8 to 3.9; head, 4.7 to 4.9; eye in head, 3.5 (specimens of 106 and 107 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, IT, 7; anal, 11; scales, 58 or 59. Xenocypris davidi insularis Nichols and Pope Figure 52 Xenocypris insularis Nichols and Pope, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LIV, p. 363, Fig. 29. Hainan. ? Xenocypris davidi, Oshima, 1926, Annot. Zool. Japonenses, XI, p. 14. Hainan. Fic. 52. Xenocypris davidi insularis Nichols and Pope. Type. 213 mm. without caudal. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.7; head, 4.9; eye in head, 4 (specimen of 213 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 13; scales, 63. Xenocypris macrolepis Bleeker Xenocypris macrolepis Bleeker, 1871, Verhandel. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., XII, p. 53, Pl. v, fig. 2. Yangtze. Xenocypris tapeinosoma Bleeker, 1871, ibid., p. 55. Yangtze. Xenocypris aenea Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant, 1874, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, Zool., (6) I (5), p. 13. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, about 4; head, about 4.5; eye in head, a little more than 3 (specimen about 300 mm. long). Dorsal rays, IT, 7; anal, 11 or 12; scales, about 50. Xenocypris fangi Tchang Xenocypris fangi Tchang, 1930, Sinensia, I, p. 92, Fig. 3. Soo-foo [Suifu, Szechwan]. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4 to 4.7; head, 4.4 to 4.8; eye in head, 5 (specimens about 150 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 11; scales 72 to 74. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 123 Xenocypris yunnanensis Nichols Figure 53 Xenocypris yunnanensis Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 185, p. 6. Yunnan. Pe 9) co Do LRA OS) 53 RORY IIIA IL ay ny, Am.Mus.No.8440 ee AS Fic. 53. Xenocypris yunnanensis Nichols. Type. 123 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.2; head, 3.9; eye in head, 3-5 (specimen of 123 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7 or 8; anal, 13 or 14; scales, 72. Xenocypris suifuensis Kimura Xenocypris suifuensis Kimura, 1934, Jour. Shanghai Sci. Inst., Sec. 3, I, p. 65. Suifu, Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4; head, 4.7 to 5; eye in head, 3.6 to 3.7 (specimens 162 to 170 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, IT, 7; anal, 13; scales, 70. Depth of peduncle equal to or slightly greater than its length; dorsal origin midway between tip of snout and caudal base. Questionably distinct from Xeno- cypris yunnanensis. Subgenus Plagiognathops Berg Plagiognathops Berg, 1907, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XII, p. 410. Type: Xenocypris micro- lepis Bleeker. Xenocypris microlepis Bleeker Xenocypris microlepis Bleeker, 1871, Verhandel. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., XII, p. 58, Pl. rx. Yangtze. ? Xenocypris setchuanensis Tchang, 1930, Cyprinidés du Bassin du Yangtze, p. 105. Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.1 to 3.6; head, about 5; eye in head, 3.7 to 3.8 (last two measurements for a large specimen about 675 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 13 or 14; scales, 74 to 84. 124 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Subgenus Distoechodon Peters Distoechodon Peters, 1880, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 924. Type: Distoechodon tumirostris Peters. Xenocypris tumirostris (Peters) Distoechodon tumirostris Peters, 1880, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 924. Ningpo. Description:—Depth in length, 4.7 to 4.8; head, scarcely longer than depth; eye in head, 4.5. Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 11; scales, 75 to 80. Xenocypris compressus Nichols Figure 54 Xenocypris compressus Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 182, p. 4. Fukien. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Kienning and Yenping, Fukien; up to 173 mm. standard length. yo) See Dee eiersees oe mune re PTTL he sae pute s See ot Fic. 54. Xenocypris compressus Nichols. Type. 103 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.8 to 4.2; head, 3.6 to 3.9; eye in head, 3 to 3.5 (specimens of 36 to 103 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 12; scales, 74. Genus Acanthobrama Heckel Acanthobrama Heckel, 1842, in Russegger, Reisen in Europa, Asien und Africa, Ichthyologie (von Syrien) I, p. 1033. Type: Acanthobrama marmid Heckel. Silvery, compressed, free swimming, Asiatic carps of small or moderate size, with a small mouth, terminal or subterminal; a strong, smooth spine in the dorsal; scaleless keel between anal and ventral fins; the lateral line little bent down. Scales small. Dorsal fin inserted behind the ventrals. Anal fin rather long, of something like 20 rays. Pharyngeal teeth in one row. Barbels absent. Vent and anal fin not bordered by a row of enlarged scales. No serrate, spinous ray in the anal. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 125 Key To CHINESE Acanthobrama MeEtinepeeatOnse 7 PUSCAleS WA OULON A a vere sitar s/s sya-sietervia ina «taierslate sve tevelsiele syale mete dumerili Depth, about 3.8 (at 100 mm. standard length) ; scales about 50 ................-- Simoni Acanthobrama dumerili (Bleeker) Pseudobrama dumerili Bleeker, 1871, Verhandel. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., XII, p. 60, Pl. vu, fig. 1. Yangtze? Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Anhwei. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.4; head, 3.9; eye in head, 3.2 (specimen of 47 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 12 to 13; scales, 40 to 45. Acanthobrama simoni Bleeker Acanthobrama simoni Bleeker, 1864, Nederlandsch Tijd. Dierk., II, p. 25. China. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.8; head, 4.1; eye in head, 3.1 (specimen of ror mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 12; scales, 51. Genus Culticula Abbott Culticula Abbott, 1901, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 485. Type: Culticula emmelas Abbott. A small, free swimming, Chinese carp with a scaleless keel behind the ventrals, not extending forward of same; a well-developed spine in the dorsal; lateral line moderately bent down, without abrupt changes in direction; anal with about 11 branched rays; teeth in one row, knife-shaped, not hooked. Mouth terminal, oblique, of moderate size. Peritoneum black. Sides with a dark lateral band. Barbels absent. No serrate spinous ray in the anal. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Key To CHINESE Culticula ANTAL S265 SES TPB occ aan O26 Odo OO BOISE aT ROI EE Toor seat emmelas PATIQU MBIA SCALES 5 Otay Meat re sinc opteiishe te aie eine niesieciee clerelsa ne tarclotcleis eiateeys tchangi Culticula emmelas Abbott Culticula emmelas Abbott, 1901, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 485, Fig. Chihli. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4; head, 4.4; eye in head, 4 (specimen 70 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 13; scales, 47. 126 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Culticula tchangi Shaw Culticula tchangi Shaw, 1930, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Peiping, I, p. 176, Fig. 11. Soochow. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4 to 4.5; head, 4.8 to 4.9; eye in head, 3.5 to 3.7 (specimens 112 to 120 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 11; scales, 58. Remarks:—This form suggests Xenocypris davidi lampertii and is described as having a “rounded abdomen between ventrals and anal,” but is here retained provisionally as a second species of Culticula. Genus Yaoshanicus Lin Yaoshanicus Lin, 1931, Carps of Kwangtung, p. 50. Type: Yaoshanicus arcus Lin. Nicholsicypris Chu, 1935, Biol. Bull. St. John’s Univ., Shanghai, No. 2, p. 10. Type: Aphyocypris normalis Nichols and Pope. This genus with thick, adherent scales and complete lateral line, evenly bent down and rising on the peduncle to terminate in its center, separated from A phyo- cypris by Chu, seemingly also contains Yaoshanicus arcus Lin, named at an earlier date. Key To CHINESE Yaoshanicus Mouth moderately oblique; breast not particularly deep; jaws equal ............... normalis Mouth very oblique; breast deep and rounded; lower jaw slightly included .......... arcus Yaoshanicus normalis (Nichols and Pope) Figure 55 and Plate I, figure 4 Aphyocypris normalis Nichols and Pope, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LIV, p. 376, Fig. 39. Hainan. _ ? Pararasbora moltrechti, Koller, 1927, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, XLI, p. 36. Hainan. Fic. 55. Yaoshanicus normalis (Nichols and Pope). Type. 64 mm. without caudal. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4; head, 4; eye in head, 4 (specimen 64 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 10; anal, ro or 11; scales, 35. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 1277 Yaoshanicus arcus Lin Yaoshanicus arcus Lin, 1931, Carps of Kwangtung, p. 51. Yaoshan. Description:—Depth in length, 4; head, 4; eye in head, 4 (specimen 61 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 9; anal, 9; scales, 36. Looks much like Aphyocypris normalis, but breast deep and rounded; mouth very oblique, maxillary not reaching to under front of eye; lower jaw slightly in- cluded; teeth 3-rowed: 5, 4, 2. Genus Aphyocypris Giinther Aphyocypris Giinther, 1868, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, p. 201. Type: Aphyocypris chinensis Giinther. Moderately large-scaled, soft-finned, free swimming minnows with a scaleless keel before the anal, not passing forward of the ventral fins, the anal fin short, with about 7 branched rays. Three or four species in China and adjacent islands. Mouth oblique, terminal, the jaws approximately equal or the lower project- ing. Lateral line incomplete. Barbels absent. Vent and anal fin not bordered by a row of enlarged scales. Upper jaw protractile. Anal origin behind the vertical from the end of the dorsal. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Key To CHINESE Aphyocypris 1. Depth, 3.5 (at 60 mm. length); scales, 30; lower jaw distinctly projecting; dorsal origin equidistant between front of eye and base of caudal ................. kikuchii Depth, 4 (at 30 to 50 mm. length); scales, 32; lower jaw scarcely projecting .... chinensis Depth, 3.2 to 3.8 (at 30 to 45 mm. length); scales, 30 to 33; lower jaw more or less projecting; dorsal origin equidistant between edge of preopercle and base of caudal; a dark lateral band more or less pronounced ..............++-++-4-- see 2 2. Lower jaw slightly projecting; mouth moderately oblique; maxillary to under front Otieyenabotne, ontimesnny len ethos: MeCAG ers ote ale lel -yteleleta ts ster-ietereieal- tree shantung Lower jaw decidedly projecting, mouth very oblique; maxillary barely to under ioUpOM eye; AbOuLns times immer eth) ofsead vier ae ieeeleterotelelater «lolol -t-leet aie agilis Aphyocypris chinensis Giinther Aphyocypris chinensis Giinther, 1868, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, p. 201. Chekiang. Aphyocypris chinensis chinensis Giinther Aphyocypris chinensis Giinther, 1868, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, p. 201. Chekiang. Locality of Material:—Chekiang (fide Gee). Specimen examined from southern Hupeh (by courtesy of the British Mu- seum). Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4; head, 3.7; eye in head, 128 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA slightly less than 4 (specimen about 50 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 9; anal, 9; scales, 31 Or 32. Aphyocypris chinensis shantung Nichols Figure 56 Aphyocypris chinensis shantung Nichols, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 402, p. 1, Fig. 1. Tsinan, Shantung. Fusania ensarca, Fowler, 1924, Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, VI, p. 513. ae Fic. 56. Aphyocypris chinensis shantung Nichols. Type. 46 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.2 to 3.8; head, 3.4 to 3.8; eye in head, 3'2 to 3.6 (specimens 30 to 46 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 9 (rarely 8); anal, 9 (rarely 10); scales, 30 to 33. Aphyocypris agilis (Nichols) Figure 57 . Caraspius agilis Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 177, p. 6. Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.3; head, 3.6; eye in head, 3-5 (specimen of 41 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 9; anal, 9; scales, 31. Remarks:—This shy and active little fish, found in a cold spring on the edge of a paddy field by Walter Granger, was at first thought to represent an unde- SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 129 scribed genus, but on the contrary is doubtless close to certain other forms of Aphyocypris. Aphyocypris kikuchii (Oshima) Phoxiscus kikuchii Oshima, 1919, Ann. Carnegie Mus., XII, p. 226, Pl. 11, fig. 3. Formosa. Locality of Material:—Specimen examined from Fukien. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.5; head, 3.5; eye in head, 4 (specimen 60 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 9; anal, 9; scales, 30. Genus Hypophthalmichthys Bleeker Hypophthalmichthys Bleeker, 1860, Ich. Arch. Ind. Prodr., II, Cypr., pp. 283, 405. Type: Leuciscus molitrix Cuvier and Valenciennes. An aberrant genus of heavy-bodied, broad-headed, fine-scaled carps, valued as food and raised in ponds by the Chinese. Systematic position uncertain. Eye placed more or less below the axis of the body. Gill membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus. Breast and belly with a keel, which is scaled to the edge but not crossed by scales. Dorsal with rr to 15 branched and no spinous rays. Pharyngeal bones per- forate; the teeth in one row: 4-4, much compressed. Gill rakers more or less fused. Key To CHINESE Hypophthalmichthys Keel on breast as well as belly, not freely crossed by scales .................----5- molitrix Keel on breast absent or indistinct, freely crossed by scales. Head, about 3; eye in snout, at least 1.5, usually more than 2; pectoral fin longer than postorbital part of head _—_nobilis Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Leuciscus molitrix Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844, Hist. Nat. Poissons, XVII, p. 360. China. Leuciscus hypophthalmus Richardson, 1845, Zool. Voyage “Sulphur,” Ichthyology, p. 139, Pl. uxm, fig. 1. Canton. Cephalus mantschuricus Basilewski, 1855, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, X, p. 235, Pl. vu, fig. 3. Abramocephalus microlepis Steindachner, 1870, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.-naturwiss. Cl., LX, Abth. 1, p- 302. China. Hypophthalmichthys microlepis, Nichols, 1928, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LVIII, p. 26. ? Hypophthalmichthys dabryi, Chu, 1931, Biol. Bull. St. John’s Univ., Shanghai, No. 1, p. 65. Locality of Material:—Ningpo; Yangtze (fide Gee). Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; near Canton. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.2 to 3.6; head (with oper- cular membrane), 3.2; eye in head, 4.3 to 5.2 (specimens of 150 to 180 mm. stand- ard length). Dorsal rays, 9 to 10; anal, 13 to 17; scales, 107 to 115. Remarks:—Called “‘p’ang-t’ou-yii” at Tungting Lake, where it is very com- mon. It attains a length of approximately 2 feet, perhaps more, and is to be seen for 130 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA sale in great numbers. Every day baskets of it are displayed on the streets of Yochow (C. H. Pope, field notes). Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson) Leuciscus nobilis Richardson, 1845, Zool. Voyage “Sulphur,” Ichthyology, p. 140, Pl. xm, fig. 3. Canton. 1846, Rept. XV Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Cambridge, 1845, p. 295, attributed to Gray. Hypophthalmichthys mandschuricus Kner, 1867, Reise “Novara,” Zool., I, Fische, p. 350. Shanghai. ? Aristichthys simoni, Chu, 1931, Biol. Bull. St. John’s Univ., Shanghai, No. 1, p. 65. Locality of Material:—Ningpo; Shanghai; Yangtze (fide Gee). Yangtze at Hankow (Kreyenberg and Pappenheim, 1909, p. 17). Specimens examined from near Canton; up to 195 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.1; head (without oper- cular membrane), 3.1 (with membrane, 2.9); eye in head, 5 to 6 (specimens of 165 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 16; scales, about 115. Genus Rasborinus Oshima Rasborinus Oshima, 1920, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, LX XII, p. 130. Type: Rasborinus takakii Oshima. Rather small, more or less elongate or deep-bodied, compressed, soft-finned carps with a scaleless keel before the anal not passing forward of the ventral fins, the anal fin long, with more than 15 branched rays. Two or three forms in south- eastern China and adjacent islands. Mouth rather small, oblique, terminal or the lower jaw included. Lateral line evenly bent down, rising on peduncle to terminate near its center. Dorsal placed behind the ventrals. The vertical from the hind end of its base anterior to the origin of the anal. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus under the hind margin of eye, or narrowly united at base, free from isthmus. Barbels absent. Upper jaw protractile. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Berg (1932.2, p. 156) synonymizes Rasborinus with Metzia Jordan and Thompson, 1914 (Mem. Carnegie Mus., VI, pp. 206, 227), type Acheilognathus mesembrinum Jordan and Evermann (1902, p. 323, Fig. 6) from Formosa, a dif- ferent looking fish with very similar formulae. Rasborinus takakii Oshima Rasborinus takakii Oshima, 1920, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, LXXII, p. 130. Formosa (typical race extralimital). Key To CHINESE Rasborinus takakii Lower jaw slightly projecting; depth, 3.4 (at 69 mm. standard length) ........... fukiensis Lower jaw slightly included; depth, 3.2 (at 95 mm. standard length) ............ hainanensis SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 131 Rasborinus takakii fukiensis Nichols Figure 58 Rasborinus fukiensis Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 182, p. 6. Fukien. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Fuching Hsien, and near Yenping, Fukien; up to 77 mm. standard length. Am. Mus.No.8431 Fic. 58. Rasborinus takakii fukiensis Nichols. Type. 69 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.4; head, 4; eye in head, 3-5 (specimen of 69 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 17; scales, 39. Rasborinus takakii hainanensis Nichols and Pope Figure 59 Rasborinus hainanensis Nichols and Pope, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LIV, p. 377, Fig. 40. Hainan. Rasborinus takakii, Oshima, 1926, Annot. Zool. Japonenses, XI, p. 17. Kachek River near Kachek, Hainan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.2; head, 3.8; eye in head, 3.8 (specimen of 95 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 9; anal, 19; scales, 38 to 41. Fic. 59. Rasborinus takakii hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 95 mm. without caudal. Remarks:—This species was constantly taken in the immediate environs of Nodoa, Hainan (C. H. Pope, field notes). 132 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Genus Hemiculterella Warpachowski Hemiculterella Warpachowski, 1888, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XXXII, p. 23. Type: Hemiculterella sau- vagei Warpachowski. Rather elongate, free swimming carps with a scaleless keel before anal, which keel may be more or less appreciable though scaled, forward of the ventrals; lateral line descending rather steeply, running low, ascending rather abruptly to run in the center of peduncle; no spinous ray in the dorsal. Not common; three or four species described are probably referable to this genus. Mouth oblique, the jaws equal. Anal with 12 or more branched rays. Gill mem- branes narrowly attached to the center of the isthmus. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Barbels absent. No serrate spinous ray in the anal. Upper jaw protractile. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Key to CHINESE Hemiculterella Dep ATAl CAV S SEAVOLMTIG s ceraje sishsaiele steers java ciel s evarelai Saloielsvetnrs «laiavers eis nxeteyaisroral eke see 2 LATE SEK ON Oe OF) 5 og n odnomabanondap qaonancebongOa J16De NSuRmOmonD. seeks AnaETAayS ea bOULLDONomerserst ci Sikes eta erento cieinlore: ciate le [otters ohsletehoisl sate tsinanensis Ap LGD Mn ates aye 7 Stes, fe) sont oanogobnbocadnodneoccneoonsodcsoOn sauvaget IByyeeina LeSeal ley Ge SeaMeS, ZU NG) 7A 636 noo dou oben ogCoRnboOGoODeodopddr eigenmanni 3. Depth in standard length, about 5. Snout longer than eye .................. engraulis Depth in standard length, about 4. Snout shorter than eye ................. setchuanensis Hemiculterella sauvagei Warpachowski Hemiculterella sauvagei Warpachowski, 1888, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XXXII, p. 23. Western Szechwan. Nicholsiculter rendahli Wu, 1930, Sinensia, I, p. 74, Fig. 4. Kiating. Semiculter rendahli, Chu, 1935, Biol. Bull. St. John’s Univ., Shanghai, No. 2, p. 4. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.2 to 4.8; head, 4.2 to 4.4; eye in head, 3.4 to 3.8 (specimens 115 to 120 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, 9; anal, 15; scales, 50 to 52. Hemiculterella eigenmanni (Jordan and Metz) Parapelecus eigenmanni Jordan and Metz, 1913, Mem. Carnegie Mus., VI, p. 21, Pl. my, fig. 1. Korea. Hemiculterella kaifenensis Tchang, 1932, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Peiping, III, p. 212, Fig. 1. Kaifeng, Honan. Locality of Material:—Tsinan, Shantung (Mori, 1928, p. 69). Description:—Depth, about equal to head; head in length, 4.3 to 4.8; eye, about 5 (specimens 77 to 169 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 9 or 10; anal, 14 to 16; scales, 45 to 48. Hemiculterella tsinanensis (Mori) Pseudolaubuca tsinanensis Mori, 1933, Japanese Jour. Zool., V, p. 165, Fig. 1. Tsinan. Description: —Depth in length, 5.3; head, 4; eye in head, 4.8 (specimen 128 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, 9; anal, 18; scales, 52. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 133 Mouth little oblique; maxillary in head, 2.7 (fig.); pectoral pointed, almost to ventral origin. Hemiculterella engraulis Nichols Figure 60 Hemiculterella engraulis Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 182, p. 7. Tungting Lake. Pseudolaubuca shawi Tchang, 1930, Cyprinidés du Bassin du Yangtze, p. 147, Pl. m, fig. 4. Szechwan. Parapelecus oligolepis Wu and Wang, 1931, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, (Zool. Ser.) VII, p. 222, Fig. 1. Wushan, Szechwan. Parapelecus jouyi, Tchang, 1932, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Peiping, III, p. 245. Am. Mus. No. 8432 3) —) Fic. 60. Hemiculterella engraulis Nichols. Type. 148 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5; head, 3.7; eye in head, 4.4 (specimen of 148 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 9; anal, 21 or 22; scales, 45 to 50. Remarks:—Called “hsien-tsan” at Tungting Lake—a small species (C. H. Pope, field notes). Hemiculterella setchuanensis (Tchang) Pseudolaubuca setchuanensis Tchang, 1930, Cyprinidés du Bassin du Yangtze, p. 147. Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4; head, 4; eye in head, 4.5 (specimens 130 to 140 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, 9; anal, 21; scales, 48. Genus Hemiculter Bleeker Hemiculter Bleeker, 1859, Natuurk. Tijd. Nederlandsch Indié, XX, p. 432. Type: Culter leucisculus Basilewski. More or less slender, compressed, silvery, actively free swimming carps of small or moderate size, generally common in Chinese fresh waters. Several closely related and not easily separable species. A naked keel before the anal, the keel sometimes extending forward of the ventrals onto the breast. A strong, smooth spine in the dorsal. Mouth oblique, jaws about equal. Lateral line descending steeply in front, running low, and slanting abruptly upward to the center of the peduncle, over the anal axil. Anal with not less than ro branched rays. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. 134 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Barbels absent. No serrate spinous ray in the anal. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Key To CurInEesE Hemiculter 1. Keel extending forward of ventrals (Hemiculter) .........6---0eeeeeeeeees see 2 Keel between ventrals and anal only (Pseudohemiculter) ........-+.0++00005 see 6 2. Body well compressed; scales adherent ...............seeeeeece cece eeene see 3 Body only moderately compressed (width in head, about 2); scales more or less deciduous; anterior flexure in lateral line not abrupt; dorsal spine slender ... clupeoides 3. Head less than depth; scales, usually less than 50 ...........----++--+++ ees see 4 Head equal to or greater than depth .............-.- eee e eee ee eee eens see 5 4. Depth, 4 or less (at roo mm.). Scales, 45 to 50 .... 1... eee eee eee ees schrencki Depth, more than 4 (at 100 mm.). Scales, less than 45 ......-+.---+e+eeeees shibatae 5. Head and depth, 4.5 or more (in grown fish) .............-sees eee eee eeees leucisculus Head and depth, about 4 (in grown fish) .........-..- ese eee e eee eens kneri 6. Dorsal spine much shorter than head, smooth ...........-+ eee eee eeeeees see 7 Dorsal spine almost as long as head, finely serrate on its hind edges ........... serrata 7. Depth, 4 or less (at 115 mm. standard length); scales, about 56 ............ hainanensis Depth, about 5 (at 105 mm. standard length); scales, 50 to 55 ......--.---- dispar Depth, 4.5 to 4.8 (at 150 to 185 mm. total length); scales, about 48 ......... hunanensis Subgenus Hemiculter Bleeker Hemiculter Bleeker, 1859, Natuurk. Tijd. Nederlandsch Indié, XX, p. 432. Type: Culter leucisculus Basilewski. Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewski) Culter leucisculus Basilewski, 1855, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, X, p. 238. North China. Hemiculter varpachowskii Nikolski, 1903, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, VIII, p. 359. Buir-nor, Mongolia. ? Hemiculter warpachowski, Tchang, 1931, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Peiping, II, p. 239. Szechwan. Locality of Material:—Shanghai; Chihli; Yangtze (fide Gee). Small specimens examined from Shantung. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.6 to 4.8; head, 4 (young fish) to 4.8; eye in head, 4.2 to 4.4. Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 13 to 15; scales, 50 to 53. Hemiculter schrenki Warpachowski Hemiculter schrencki Warpachowski, 1888, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XXXII, p. 18. Fu-tschau [Foo- chow?]. ? Hemiculter bleekeri, Rendahl, 1928, Arkiv Zool., Stockholm, XX A (1), p. 124. Hemiculter schrencki schrencki Warpachowski Hemiculter schrencki Warpachowski, 1888, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XXXII, p. 18. Fu-tschau [Foo- chow?]. t SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 135 Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Fukien and near Canton; up to about 170 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.7 to 3.9; head, 4.3 to 4.4; eye in head, 3.9 to 4.1 (specimens 80 to 98 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, IT, 8; anal, 12 to 15; scales, 45 to 5o. Hemiculter schrencki shibatae Mori Hemiculter shibatae Mori, 1033, Japanese Jour. Zool., V, p. 166, Fig. 2. Tsinan. Description:—Depth in length, 4.3; head, 4.5; eye in head, 4.5 (specimen 108 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 15; scales, 41. Hemiculter kneri Warpachowski Hemiculter kneri Warpachowski, 1888, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XXXII, p. 18. Shanghai. ? Hemiculter machaerioides, Reeves, 1927, Jour. Pan-Pac. Res. Inst., II (3), p. 16. Canton. ? Kendallia goldsboroughi Evermann and Shaw, 1927, Proc. California Acad. Sci., (4) XVI, p. 108. Hangchow. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Anhwei. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.4; head, 4; eye in head, 3-3 (specimens of 83 to 85 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7 or 8; anal, 13 to 17; scales, 46 to 50. Hemiculter clupeoides Nichols Figure 61 and Plate IV, figure 4 Hemiculter clupeoides Nichols, 1925, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 182, p. 7. Tungting Lake. ? Hemiculter clupeoides, Tchang and Shaw, 1931, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Peiping, II, p. 294, Fig. 9. Peiping. Probably not this—unidentifiable. Fic. 61. Hemiculter clupeoides Nichols. Type. 127 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.3; head, 4.6; eye in head, 3-7 (specimen of 127 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 14; scales, about 55. 136 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Subgenus Pseudohemiculter Nichols and Pope Pseudohemiculter Nichols and Pope, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LIV, p. 372. Type: Hemiculter hainan- ensis Nichols and Pope. Hemiculter hainanensis Nichols and Pope Figure 62 Hemiculter hainanensis Nichols and Pope, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LIV, p. 372, Fig. 36. Hainan. Fic. 62. Hemiculter hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 115 mm. without caudal. = , Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.7; head, 3.5; eye in head, 3.8 (specimen of 115 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 17; scales, 56. Remarks:—This species was constantly taken in the immediate environs of Nodoa, Hainan (C. H. Pope, field notes). Hemiculter dispar Peters Hemiculter dispar Peters, 1880, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 1035, Fig. 7. Hong Kong. Hemiculter dispar dispar Peters Figure 63 Hemiculter dispar Peters, 1880, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 1035, Fig. 7. Hong Kong. ? Barilius hainanensis Boulenger, 1899, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 961, Pl. rxrx, fig. 2. Hainan. Chu (1935, p. 4) says he has examined the type and this is a Hemiculter. Fic. 63. ?Hemiculter dispar dispar Peters. (Barilius hainanensis Boulenger, after Boulenger.) Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Chungan Hsien, Kienning, and Yenping, Fukien; Hokou, Kiangsi; up to 122 mm. standard length. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 137 Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5 to 5.4; head, 3.9 to 4.3; eye in head, 3.2 to 3.7 (specimens 95 to 122 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, IT, 7; anal, 16 to 19; scales, 50 to 55. Hemiculter dispar hunanensis Tchang Hemiculter hunanensis Tchang, 1930, Cyprinidés du Bassin du Yangtze, p. 134. Yangtze. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.5 to 4.8; head, 4; eye in head, 4 (specimens 150 to 185 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 15 to 18; scales, about 48. Subgenus Hainania Koller Hainania Koller, 1927, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, XLI, p. 45. Type: Hainania serrata Koller. Hemiculter serrata (Koller) Figure 64 Hainania serrata Koller, 1927 (July), Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, XLI, p. 45, Fig. 5. Hainan. (Description inaccurate?) Hemiculter serracanthus Nichols and Pope, 1927 (Sept.), Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LIV, p. 373, Fig. 37. Hainan. Fic. 64. Hemiculter serrata (Koller). Type of Hemiculter serracanthus Nichols and Pope. 113 mm. without caudal. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.5; head, 3.8; eye in head, 3.1 (specimen of 113 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 16; scales, 53. Genus Toxabramis Giinther Toxabramis Giinther, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) XII, p. 249. Type: Toxabramis swinhonis Giinther. More or less slender, compressed, silvery, actively free swimming Chinese carps of small or moderate size, resembling Hemiculter but the dorsal spine ser- rated and the teeth in 2 rows. Uncommon, the species few and difficult. A scaleless keel before the anal extending forward of the ventrals onto the 138 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA breast. Mouth oblique, jaws about equal or the lower slightly projecting. Lateral line descending steeply in front, running low and slanting abruptly upward to the center of the peduncle over the anal axil. Anal with more than 10 branched rays. Barbels absent. No serrate spinous ray in the anal. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Key To CuINEsE Toxabramis PARR RUS a RCA OD ois svaroie ei sialern x eisin cit elt 5 sreleix «.n/ehe cig ie ninin' elnip vin wis wiwm «s\n swinhonis DARIUS NAS) SCALGS, CAB. fai aiaictsvalel A's) oi igs, s\elerelphalel e\a\ni leien:ciecn'e! «(ste vive 'n) s Si0ie seth. ake argentifer AU RAVE LMR SCAICS AD FONSE (2 os cchreimara cs/nie\einini# vie ato wise ajesiinieia o)sialela ® «lv sb hoffmanni Toxabramis swinhonis Giinther Toxabramis swinhonis Giinther, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) XII, p. 250. Shanghai. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, about 4.7; head, 4.5; eye in head, 3.5 (specimen about roo mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 20; scales, 62. Toxabramis argentifer Abbott Toxabramis argentifer Abbott, 1901, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 484, Fig. Chihli. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.5; head, about 4.7; eye in head, 4 (specimen 130 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 14; scales, 44. Toxabramis hoffmanni Lin Toxabramis hoffmanni Lin, 1934, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XIII, p. 440, Fig. 1. Wuchow, Kwangsi. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 5.1; head, 4.1; eye in head, 3.1 (specimen 46 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, I, 7; anal, 15; scales, 49 to 51. Teeth in 2 rows; dorsal spine scarcely serrate. A young fish resembling Hemiculter leucisculus closely. Genus Parapelecus Giinther Parapelecus Giinther, 1889, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) IV, p. 227. Type: Parapelecus argenteus Giinther. Active, slender, compressed, soft-finned, silvery carps with a scaleless keel from before the pectorals to the anal; lateral line running low, slanting down steeply in front and gaining the center of the peduncle by a flexure behind; dorsal small, placed well back, its axil just in front of the anal, without a spine. Not common, a few closely related representative species recognized from different Chinese localities. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 139 Mouth terminal or the lower jaw slightly included. Scales small, deciduous. Anal with 21 to 29 rays. Pharyngeal teeth 3-rowed. No barbels. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye in or above the axis of the body. Key To CHINEsE Parapelecus LATE WEN, ARS CRBIES ibs Goa ploidoo oc od Ma OM DOA A anitiGah Joo Adolscc ono oor argenteus / STEM Teh, NE KOUES, COU Oo aha oodnmondnosauneude Sedouhusoearususuadaos fukiensis ABEL TRL AO)S ORES) Gish so eobob one poo eben doer conbUDoueNtoBuEUoaeL ols odor machaerius Neel PER, AG Gl AGS CIEE OAc bio AoadobesO DOU Lu EEODOOUU OOM TGdKe Ub Ob aGgule nicholsi Parapelecus argenteus Gtinther Parapelecus argenteus Giinther, 1889, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) IV, p. 227. Kiangsi. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.3; head, 5.3; eye in head, 4 (specimen about 240 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 25; scales, 75. Parapelecus fukiensis Nichols Figure 65 Parapelecus fukiensis Nichols, 1926, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 224, p. 7, Fig. 6. Fukien. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.6; head, 4.4; eye in head, about 4 (specimen of 95 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 9; anal, 21; scales, about 65. Fic. 65. Parapelecus fukiensis Nichols. Type. 95 mm. standard length. Remarks:—Based on a sihgle specimen collected by H. R. Caldwell in Fukien Province, but more exact locality data lost. This form may not be valid, as three specimens from Kienning, Fukien, are referable to Parapelecus nicholsi (Fowler), rather than to it. Parapelecus machaerius Abbott Parapelecus machaerius Abbott, t9or, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 488, Fig. Chihli. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.4; head, 5.2; eye in head, 3-7 or 3.8 (specimen 130 mm. long). Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 29; scales, 68. 140 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Parapelecus nicholsi (Fowler) Figure 66 Chela nicholsi Fowler, 1923, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 83, p. 1. Anhwei. ? Parapelecus tungchowensis Tchang, 1932, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Peiping, III, p. 121, Fig. 1. Tungchow, Hopei. Fic. 66. Parapelecus nicholsi (Fowler). After Fowler. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Anhwei; Kienning, Fukien. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4 to 5.7; head, 4.6 to 4.8; eye in head, 3.3 to 3.7 (specimens 96 to 122 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 9 (rarely 10); anal, 24 to 26; scales, 60 to 62. Genus Pseudolaubuca Bleeker Pseudolaubuca Bleeker, 1864, Nederlandsch Tijd. Dierk., I, p. 28. Type: Pseudolaubuca sinensis Bleeker. Compressed, soft-finned carps with a keel along the entire abdominal edge, the lateral line gradually bent downwards, without an abrupt bend above the pec- torals, which are unusually long. Cleft of the mouth very oblique. Dorsal fin situ- ated entirely in advance of the anal. One or a few more or less lost species of ques- tionable affinities with Parapelecus, Hemiculterella, and Chela. Scales of moderate size. Lower jaw with a symphysial hook. Anal with about 26 rays. Teeth in 3 rows. No barbels. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye in or above the axis of the body. Pseudolaubuca sinensis Bleeker Pseudolaubuca sinensis Bleeker, 1864, Nederlandsch Tijd. Dierk., II, p. 29. China. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 6:5; head, about 6. Dorsal rays, 9; anal, 26; scales of moderate size. Genus Ischikauia Jordan and Snyder Ischikauia Jordan and Snyder, 1900, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 346. Type: Opsariichthys steenackeri Sauvage. Anabarilius Cockerell, 1923, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVIII, p. 532, Pl. xvm. Type: Barilius andersoni Regan. Chu, 1935, Biol. Bull. St. John’s Univ., Shanghai, No. 2, p. 4. Nicholsiculter Rendahl, 1928, Arkiv Zool., Stockholm, XX A (1), p. 118. Type: Hemiculter andrewsi Nichols. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT I4I Rather small-scaled, compressed, free swimming, silvery carps of small or moderate size, with a scaleless keel between ventrals and anal, the belly rounded; lateral line running low, usually slanting down steeply in front and reaching the center of the peduncle by a flexure behind. Dorsal and anal (which is rather long) without spinous rays. A few species in China and adjacent islands. Barbels absent. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isth- mus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. In differentiating Ischikauia from Anabarilius, Chu (1935, pp. 5, 11) does not agree with the characters of the former given in Jordan and Snyder’s descrip- tion nor with their figure of its type species, specimens of which, however, I have not seen. Key To CHINESE Ischikauia emPA Tell UT A SOMES LOL Ocal. tes sieca yorey oles) 3595 r x Py 2) S satay se ae yy mM) sy : } ey: ay vine di WY Ue ‘ WBA Am.Mos.Na8441 Fic. 69. Ischikauia transmontana Nichols. Type. 100 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.4; head, 3.7; eye in head, 4 (specimen of 100 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 9 or 10; anal, 11; scales, 66. Genus Erythroculter Berg Erythroculter Berg, 1909, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, (8) XXIV (9), p. 138. Type: Culter erythropterus Basilewski. Chanodichthys, Chu, 1935, Biol. Bull. St. John’s Univ., Shanghai, No. 2, p. 5, not of Bleeker (type Leptocephalus mongolicus Basilewski, unidentifiable, perhaps based on two unlike fishes). More or less slender, compressed, silvery, actively free swimming carps of moderate size generally common in Chinese fresh waters. Several closely related species. A scaleless keel on belly not extending forward of ventrals. Lateral line but slightly bent down. Lower jaw projecting. A strong, smooth spine in the dorsal. Mouth oblique or vertical. Air bladder with 3 divisions. Anal long (usually 20 rays or more). Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Barbels absent. No serrate spinous ray in the anal. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Key To CHINESE Erythroculter Ty SERIES GG UO W/95 BleEilrehe, AO (ke) one b bo aboc sue ob0Useupaoabudcods see 2 scales apoutioo, analirays) about 20s)... 6 lee sls vleleeieie o- rdiieiei sie ail wangi SHES. V7 iO Gis Eliz TANTS, AA WO EX) oacecb obaodccboubuDo dug DO ddoGar see 4 2. Depth, about 4; scales, 70 to 75; hape elevated ..................... see 3 Wepthyahoutiarawscales, ADOUL OS. ciae cinere 22 aeyelelio ome sista ietenne/- ln elel == oxycephalus 3. Moderate as to obliqueness of mouth and bending down of lateral line; GERI Glo VO ao goa cumouyn Ceo uenond poogOUDUdopDaope Gods omer dabryi Mouth more oblique; lateral line almost straight; scales, about 75 ....... pseudobrevicauda 144 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA 4. Scales, about 77; anal rays, about 22; outlines of dabryi but nape less leet tmerar etrctccstae sae wicteiaka a: ctcy ore aiene > amt aici wha iwiel spe tsve sya de uplbiate sys mongolicus Scales eoO/OnmMore ;atal TAVS) 2AUCOrZ Ol ac cerieiyers -/clacs slots) sisiecie.crs javernis « see 5 5. Mouth almost vertical; lower outlines more convex than upper; lateral EWEN MET ET ECL WVEN aris) chores xeksrstayeetteneie Rey Ne Ash ocala’ shale foe oh aileye fone Srey een sie see 6 Mouth not very oblique; upper outlines more convex than lower; lateral Ines SAE saga bob unadbnnod cocddro dona noonsbodueananee oxycephaloides Oreleccuslengera cde mths a DOULTA)) Warm caey tertellelel era letkev/ Vor lee ie/eteralnlete)slafex=re erythropterus Wan sibnGbe GEN eben ts) bobeoodacoton sagan sogedonabooucuce aokii Erythroculter erythropterus (Basilewski) Culter erythropterus Basilewski, 1855, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, X, p. 236, Pl. vm, fig. 1. North China. Culter ilishaeformis Bleeker, 1870, Verslag. Meded. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., (2) IV, p. 252. China. Reeves, 1927, Jour. Pan-Pac. Res. Inst., II (3), p. 7. Rendahl, 1928, Arkiv Zool., Stockholm, XX A (1), pp. 111, 112, 114. Locality of Material:—Chihli; North China (fide Gee). Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; up to 261 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4; head, 4.4; eye in head, 3-9 (specimen of 261 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, about 25; scales, about 82. Remarks:—Called “pai-yii” or “whitefish” at Tungting Lake where it is very common, seen for sale in Yochow. It is said to reach a very large size (200 pounds) (C. H. Pope, field notes). There is possibility of confusion with some other species here. Erythroculter mongolicus (Basilewski) Culter mongolicus Basilewski, 1855, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, X, p. 237. North China. Culter rutilus Dybowski, 1872, Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, XXII, p. 214. Ussuri. Rendahl, 1928, Arkiv Zool., Stockholm, XX A (1), pp. 112, 113, 115. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.1; head, 3.9; eye in head, 5 (specimen of 213 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, about 22; scales, about 77. Erythroculter dabryi (Bleeker) Plate IV, figure 2 Culter dabryi Bleeker, 1871, Verhandel. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., XII, p. 70. Yangtze. Reeves, 1927, Jour. Pan-Pac. Res. Inst., II (3), p. 7. Yangtze, Hupeh. Rendahl, 1928, Arkiv Zool., Stockholm, XX A (x), pp. 112-115. ? Leuciscus recurviceps Richardson, 1846, Rept. XV Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Cambridge, 1845, p. 295. Canton. (Unidentifiable, Berg, 1934, Compt. Rendus Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., Leningrad, (N.S.) II, p. 264.) SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 145 ? Culter hypselonotus Bleeker, 1870, Verslag. Meded. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., (2) IV, p. 252. China. Culter abramoides Kreyenberg and Pappenheim, 1908, Sitz. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 104. Reeves, 1927, Jour. Pan-Pac. Res. Inst., IT (3), p. 7. Hankow. Locality of Material: Shanghai; Chihli; Canton (fide Gee). Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; up to 180 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.2; head, 3.6; eye in head, 4 (specimen of 117 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7 or 8; anal, 27 to 29; scales, 67 to about 70. Erythroculter oxycephalus (Bleeker) Culter oxycephalus Bleeker, 1871, Verhandel. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., XII, p. 74, Pl. v, fig. 3. Yangtze. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, about 3.3; head, about 3.8; eye in head, about 5 (specimen about 600 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 7 or 8; anal, 27 or 28; scales, about 65. Erythroculter oxycephaloides (Kreyenberg and Pappenheim) Culter oxycephaloides Kreyenberg and Pappenheim, 1908, Sitzber. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 104. Yangtze basin. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.6 to 4; head, 3.6 to 4; eye in head, 3.3 to 4.3 (specimens of 96 mm. standard length, and of 172 mm.). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, about 26; scales, 80 to 87. Erythroculter wangi Tchang Erythroculter wangi Tchang, 1932, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Peiping, II, p. 122, Fig. 2. Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.7; head, 3.8; eye in head, 4 (specimen 160 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 21; scales, 60. Mouth almost horizontal; upper profile of body more curved than lower; lateral line little decurved. Erythroculter aokii (Oshima) Culter aokii Oshima, 1919, Ann, Carnegie Mus., XII, p. 250, Pl. xu, fig. 1. Formosa. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Fukien. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.3 to 4.6; head, 3.9 to 4; eye in head, 3.8 to 4 (specimens 254 to 280 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 24 or 25; scales, 80 to 86. 146 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Erythroculter pseudobrevicauda Nichols and Pope Figure 70 Erythroculter pseudobrevicauda Nichols and Pope, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LIV, p. 371, Fig. 35. Hainan. Fic. 70. Erythroculter pseudobrevicauda Nichols and Pope. Type. 170 mm. without caudal. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Hainan, and near Canton; up to 245 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.9; head, 4; eye in head, 3.3 (specimen of 170 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, about 26; scales, about 75. Genus Culter Basilewski Culter Basilewski, 1855, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, X, p. 236. Type: Culter alburnus Basilewski. More or less slender, compressed, silvery carps with a scaleless keel on breast (forward of ventrals) as well as on belly. Lateral line dipping very slightly back of the head, running almost straight and in the middle of body. Lower jaw projecting. A strong, smooth spine in the dorsal. Mouth oblique or almost vertical. Air bladder with 3 divisions. Anal long (more than 20 rays). Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Barbels absent. No serrate spinous ray in the anal. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Kery To CHINESE Culter 1. Pectoral not reaching ventral base; lateral line rather well curved down ie see 2 Pectoral reaching ventral base; lateral line almost straight .................. see 3 2 Analirays, about) 30>) mouthyalmostsvertical Wands jacies so sae ote seen lees aie alburnus ALA rays, 235 mouth moderately OWNQUE -).)5 7 ).c secs e seo e ee se ee pee ee ea Rashinensis g-eDepthy 3.7 tol4q scales#05) OD OOn: ase nas .atineren Saas ane cise nectar erte yor brevicauda Depth, 3.5 (specimen 120 mm. long); scales, about 60 .................-.. tient sinensis SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 147 Culter alburnus Basilewski Culter alburnus Basilewski, 1855, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, X, p. 236, Pl. vm, fig. 3. North China. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, about 4; head, about 4.2; eye in head, about 5.5. Dorsal rays, about II, 7; anal, about 30; scales, about 75. Remarks:—There is no specimen referable to this species in the American Museum of Natural History collections, and Berg is followed in supposing it to belong to the genus Cuter as here defined, not to Erythroculter. Otherwise it might be identical with Erythroculter erythropterus, in which case Erythroculter would become a synonym of Culter and a new generic name necessary for the species re- ferred to it. Culter kashinensis Shaw Culter kashinensis Shaw, 1930, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Peiping, I, p. 116, Fig. 5. Kashing, Chekiang. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 4.2; head, 4; eye in head, 4.7 (specimen 152 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 8; anal, 23; scales, 72. Culter brevicauda Giinther Culter brevicauda Giinther, 1868, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, p. 329. Formosa. Culter recurviceps, Rendahl, 1928, Arkiv Zool., Stockholm, XX A (x), pp. 112, 114, not of Richardson. ? Culter alburnus, Fu and Tchang, 1933, Bull. Honan Mus., I (1), p. 18, Fig. 18. Kaifeng. Locality of Material:—Shanghai; Yangtze (fide Gee). Hainan (Oshima, 1926, p. 19). Specimens examined from Anhwei. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.7 to 4; head, 4; eye in head, 3.5 to 4.5 (specimens of 80 mm. standard length and about 225 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 27 to 29; scales, 65 or 66. Remarks:—This form seems to be rather common, and related ones recog- nized, which are uncommon, may not be distinct from it. Culter tientsinensis Abbott Culter tientsinensis Abbott, 1901, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 480, Fig. Chihli. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.5; head, 4; eye in head, 4 (specimen 120 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 28; scales, 60. Genus Megalobrama Dybowski Megalobrama Dybowski, 1872, Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, XXII, p. 212. Type: Megalobrama skol- kovii Dybowski = Abramis terminalis Richardson. More or less deep-bodied, free swimming carps of small or moderate size. Few Chinese species, representing some three rather unrelated forms. 148 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA A scaleless keel behind the ventrals, not extending forward of same. Jaws ap- proximately equal, or the mouth slightly inferior. Lateral line little or moderately bent down, not running especially low and without abrupt changes in direction. A strong, smooth spine in the dorsal. Air bladder with 2 divisions. Anal with upwards of 20 rays. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Barbels absent. No serrate spinous ray in the anal. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Key To CHINESE Megalobrama 1. Less deep and compressed (depth, more than 2); peduncle at least as long as deep; anal rays, usually, less than) 30) 2... ss )0. cise ove ceils eleie = oe meee see 2 Deeper, rhombic, compressed (depth, about 2); peduncle deeper than long; anal AME, LD. WEI 2) a5 Sonngupdopsdopcodn Abauooue dno agente coCob ADDS bramula 2. Depth, about 3 (or more); anal rays, 22 to 25 (rarely 27) ...........+..4-- see 3 Depth; 2-4 102-7; anal rays, 26 10 28 (rarely 30)! <2... 2.0 reese cee wi enieitnin en see 4 2. Lower jaw, slightly included: scales) about 57.00. 32. -mcle cite - 2+ e ee eens macrops AWS eqtial- Seales 5S) £0165 i... 2% ciao viajes ecinecs ya vit poo a > sive he caren s kurematsui Gawsequals Scales AbOUE SA: 2h... cece +o ssiny dese Mis cee Dawes mcidas me cem tie melroset 4. Depth, 2.6 to 2.7; anal rays, 26 to 28; scales, 49 to 53. Dorsal spine strong; mouth small (maxillary more than 4 in head) ................ eee eee eeee hoffmanni Depth, about 2.5; anal rays, 26 or 27; scales, about 55 ......--.......+.-.. terminalis Depth, 2.3 or 2.4; anal rays, about 30; scales, about 55 ..........-...---.-s pellegrini Megalobrama macrops (Giinther) Chanodichthys macrops Ginther, 1868, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, p. 326. Formosa. Key To CHINESE Megalobrama macrops ENTE TEMES PO OIAG. soadcnu vecdnocuDyOCdunoongo 6 DUmOGOndEdh JoBDDOUU QUO Gee macrops PGA MANS 4 A OUE: 277) foe a i0.d\ ein /ttuntatp sets iasapepe es ae eens Mii pleptefere io 9 eeca. ie wis Ue muaioiareigs wut Megalobrama macrops macrops (Giinther) Chanodichthys macrops Giinther, 1868, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, p. 326. Formosa. Chanodichthys affinis, Reeves, 1927, Jour. Pan-Pac. Res. Inst., II (3), p. 6. Foochow. Locality of Material: —Specimens examined from Chungan Hsien, Kienning, and Yenping, Fukien. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3 (to 3.6 in 55- to 75-mm. specimens); head, 4; eye in head, 2.7 (specimen of 145 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7 to 8; anal, 22 to 25; scales, 55 to 50. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 149 Megalobrama macrops wui (Lin) Chanodichthys wui Lin, 1932, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, XI, p. 516. Yunkiang, Kweichow. ? Chanodichthys wui Rendahl, 1932, Arkiv Zool., Stockholm, XXIV A (16), p. 105. Kiating. Description:—Depth in length, 3.2 or 3.3; head, 4; eye in head, 3.2 (speci- mens 130 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 27; scales, 56 to 60. Megalobrama kurematsui (Kimura) Chanodichthys kurematsui Kimura, 1934, Jour. Shanghai Sci. Inst., Sec. 3, I, p. 88, Pl. mm, fig. 1. Howchwan, Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.7 to 4; head, 3.9 to 4.1; eye in head, 2.9 to 3 (specimens 135 to 164 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, ITI, 7; anal, 24 to 25; scales, 58 to 63. Megalobrama melrosei Nichols and Pope Figure 71 Megalobrama melrosei Nichols and Pope, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LIV, p. 369, Fig. 34. Hainan. Chanodichthys affinis, Oshima, 1926, Annot. Zool. Japonenses, XI, p. 18. Hainan. Presumably not C. affinis Vaillant from Indo-China, which has priority over M. melrosei. Chanodichthys macrops, Koller, 1927, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, XLI, p. 37. Hainan. Fic. 71. Megalobrama melrosei Nichols and Pope. Type. 66 mm. without caudal. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 3.1; head, 3.8; eye in head, 2.7 (specimen of 66 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 23; scales, 54. Megalobrama hoffmanni Herre and Myers Megalobrama hoffmanni Herre and Myers, 1931, Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, X, p. 241. Vicinity of Canton. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Kwangtung. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2.6 to 2.7; head, 4.5 to 4.7; eye in head, 3.1 to 3.3 (specimens about 200 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 6 or 7; anal, 26 to 28; scales, 47 to 53. 150 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Megalobrama terminalis (Richardson) Abramis terminalis Richardson, 1846, Rept. XV Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Cambridge, 1845, p. 294. Canton. The type locality of Megalobrama hoffmanni is the same as that given for terminalis, and it may be that hoffmanni is a synonym of terminalis, in which case pellegrini Tchang would replace terminalis as here understood. Megalobrama terminalis terminalis (Richardson) Abramis terminalis Richardson, 1846, Rept. XV Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Cambridge, 1845, p. 294. Canton. Locality of Material:—Specimens examined from Fukien. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2.5; head, 4; eye in head, 3 (specimen of 130 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7 or 8; anal, 26 or 27; scales, 55. Megalobrama terminalis pellegrini (Tchang) Parosteobrama pellegrini Tchang, 1930, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, LV, p. 50, Fig. 4. Szechwan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2.3 or 2.4; head, 4.5 to 4.7; eye in head, 3.5 (specimens 190 to 207 mm. total length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 30; scales, 55. Megalobrama bramula (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Leuciscus bramula Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons, XVII, p. 357. Chinese painting. Locality of Material:—Ningpo; Yangtze; Canton (fide Gee). Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; Anhwei. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2; head, 4.2; eye in head, 4.1 (specimen 174 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, about 34; scales, about 57. Genus Parabramis Bleeker Parabramis Bleeker, 1864, Nederlandsch Tijd. Dierk., II, p. 21. Type: Abramis pekinensis Basilewski. A rather deep-bodied, compressed carp of moderate size. Apparently a single, variable, widely distributed species in China. A scaleless keel on the belly, passing forward of the ventrals onto the breast. Jaws equal or the lower slightly included. Lateral line in the middle of the body, very little bent down. A strong, smooth spine in the dorsal. Air bladder with 3 divisions. Anal long with more than 25 rays. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Barbels absent. No serrate spinous ray in the anal. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT I51 Parabramis pekinensis (Basilewski) Plate IV, figure 3 Abramis pekinensis Basilewski, 1855, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, X, p. 238, Pl. v1, fig. 2. North China. Chanodichthys stenzii Popta, 1907, Zool. Anz., XXXII, pp. 243-251. Kaiserkanal. Parabramis bramula, Fu and Tchang, 1933, Bull. Honan Mus., I (1), p. 26, Fig. 25. Kaifeng. Locality of Material:—Chihli; Yangtze; North China; Shanghai (fide Gee). Hainan (as Chanodichthys stenzi, a doubtful record, Oshima, 1926, p. 18). Specimens examined from Tungting Lake, Hunan; and near Canton; up to about 195 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2.8 (3.1); head, 4.1 (3.7); eye in head, 3 (2.8) (specimens of 85 [and 46] mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, II, 7; anal, 28 to 34; scales, 55 to 65. Remarks:—Called “yu-pien-tzu” at Tungting Lake. It is one of the very common food fishes seen in the streets of Yochow; the average size seen for sale, over a foot in length. The “pien-tzu-yii,” a similar, somewhat deeper-bodied fish of about the same size and equally common, may or may not be a distinct species (C. H. Pope, field notes). Genus Rhodeus Agassiz Rhodeus Agassiz, 1835, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, I, p. 37. Type: Cyprinus amarus Bloch. Very small, active, deep-bodied, compressed Eurasian carps. Origin of anal anterior to the vertical from the end of the dorsal base. Anal branched rays, 8 to 14; dorsal, 9 or 10. Pharyngeal teeth in one row, not serrate. Lateral line incomplete. No barbels. Dorsal and anal usually without spines. No scaleless keel before anal fin. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes at- tached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Key To CHInEsE Rhodeus Pee AT AlaWIL HCO stOsEO | DTANCHeEd, LAYS: =a /ore/-}-\e “/eboloieie eterei-hate so lahe cei SictateloFucoleke wievaleve) Siete see 2 Anal with about 14 branched rays; well-developed dorsal and anal spines ......... Spinalis 2. Simple rays of dorsal and anal not spinous. Deeper (depth, 2.4 to 2.6 at 28 to 36 mm. Stand are mer cel Mate cassee aie top ccapepts for eye oh ohe¥olcpniclnwueieieyotolike) -Feleioletas=: Or 1-fatetel SR sinensis Simple rays of dorsal and anal moderately spinous. More slender (depth, 2.6 to 3.9 at 23 to 33 mm. standard length). Black “rhodein” lateral stripe notably strong .. notatus Rhodeus sinensis Giinther Rhodeus sinensis Giinther, 1868, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, p. 280. China. Rhodeus maculatus Fowler, 1910, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, LXTI, p. 476, Fig. Tientsin. Nichols, 1928, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LVIII, p. 31. Locality of Material:—Southern China (Berg, 1907.1, p. 160). 152 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA Specimens examined from Shansi; Shantung; Anhwei; Fukien; Shaohsing; up to 44 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2.4 to 2.6; head, 3.7 to 4.1; eye in head, 2.7 to 3.3 (specimens 28 to 41 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 9 to 12 (usually 10); anal, 10 to 13 (usually ro or 11); scales, 31 to 35. Remarks:—Females usually have a black blotch on the front of the dorsal fin (maculatus). Rhodeus notatus Nichols Figure 72 Rhodeus notatus Nichols, 1929, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 377, p. 6, Fig. 4. Tsinan, Shantung. ? Rhodeus hwanghoensis Mori, 1928, Japanese Jour. Zool., I, p. 68. Tsinan. If identifiable as the above, this has priority. yyy) yy) Fic. 72. Rhodeus notatus Nichols. Type. 33 mm. standard length. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2.6 to 2.9; head, 3.9 to 4.4; eye in head, 2.6 to 2.9 (specimens 23 to 33 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, IT, 9 or 10; anal, II, 8 or 9; scales, 31 to 34. Rhodeus spinalis Oshima Rhodeus spinalis Oshima, 1926, Annot. Zool. Japonenses, XI, p. 16. Kachek River, Hainan. PLATE VII Fics. 1 and 2. Barbatula yarkandensis sellaefer Nichols. Type. 73 mm. standard length. Chin-ssu, Shansi. Fics. 3 and 4. Barbatula toni posteroventralis Nichols. Type. 66 mm. standard length. Chin-ssu, Shansi. PLATE VII SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 153 Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2; head, 4.1 or 4.2; eye in head, 3 (specimen 78 mm. long). Dorsal rays, II, 10; anal, II, 14; scales, 34. Genus Pseudoperilampus Bleeker Pseudoperilampus Bleeker, 1863, Nederlandsch Tijd. Dierk., I, p. 214. Type: Pseudoperilampus typus Bleeker. Small, deep-bodied, compressed carps, closely allied to Rhodeus but deeper, more compressed, with smaller scales, more rays in dorsal and anal, teeth serrate. A few species in eastern China and adjacent islands, usually abundant where found. Anal origin before the vertical from dorsal axil. Mouth small, somewhat in- ferior, eye large. A dark streak in the middle of the side posteriorly. Pharyngeal teeth in a single row, 5 in number. Lateral line incomplete. Dorsal and anal with- out developed spines. No barbels. Dorsal with some 12 to 14, anal with some 11 to 18 rays; scales, more than 30. Upper jaw protractile. No scaleless keel before the anal fin. Gill membranes narrowly joined to the isthmus. Eye in or above the axis of the body. Key To CHINESE Pseudoperilampus PATLAL MT ANS uct b OU tae Ai Mey ty ested oie cxcyaoios.(6'oko) 1 sabia s)£y040y cy s,auetaias iors oleyatons Cuts, Svogensbeyeroueyhecta ocellatus PATIAIGL AV SMa DOU LBL S pret sina taco lsvscs'5 S400 ic. violate) epsiv elsteraiel ticte ala sere Mase taysithe re tolefereres hainanensis Pseudoperilampus ocellatus Kner Pseudoperilampus (?) ocellatus Kner, 1867, Reise “Novara,” Zool., I, Fische, p. 365, Pl. xv, fig. 6. Shanghai. Rhodeus wangkinfuz Wu, 1930, Sinensia, I, p. 77, Fig. 5. Luchow. Pseudoperilampus lighti Wu, 1931, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, (Zool. Ser.) VII, p. 25, Fig. 4. Foochow. Locality of Material:—Shanghai; Yangtze (Berg, 1907.1, p. 162). Yangtze at Pinghsiang (Kreyenberg and Pappenheim, 1909, p. 15). Specimens examined from Shantung, Anhwei, Szechwan, and Fukien. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2 to 2.5; head, 3.9 to 4.2; eye in head, 2.7 to 3.1 (specimens of 29 to 52 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, 12 to 14; anal, 11 to 14; scales, 32 to 34. Pseudoperilampus hainanensis Nichols and Pope Figure 73 and Plate V, figure 4 Pseudoperilampus hainanensis Nichols and Pope, 1927, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LIV, p. 379, Fig. 42. Hainan. Description:—Depth in length to base of caudal, 2.3; head, 3.9; eye in head, 2.5 (specimen of 39 mm. standard length). Dorsal rays, about 14; anal, about 18; scales, about 34. Remarks:—This species was abundant and constantly taken in the immedi- 154 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF CHINA ate environs of Nodoa, though less abundant than Acanthorhodeus tonkinensis in the same places (C. H. Pope, field notes). Fic. 73. Pseudoperilampus hainanensis Nichols and Pope. Type. 39 mm. without caudal. Genus Paracheilognathus Bleeker Paracheilognathus Bleeker, 1863, Nederlandsch Tijd. Dierk., I, p. 213. Type: Capoeta rhombea Temminck and Schlegel. Small, active, deep-bodied, compressed Asiatic carps allied to Rhodeus. Origin of anal anterior to the vertical from the end of the dorsal base. Pharyn- geal teeth in one row, serrate. Lateral line complete. Barbels absent or minute. Dorsal and anal without spinous rays. No scaleless keel before anal fin. No serrate spinous ray in the anal. Upper jaw protractile. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus. Gill rakers not fused. Eye placed in or above the axis of the body. Key To CuInesE Paracheilognathus ry Lalla anandkabo goon usgouuetoocudduUasIdduopoapoooenoGoo ND imberbis Worsalliwith ray toy LOMAS! 2 ate sie ee clever stele sleeve nsbatiel sel sl/l