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-FRESH-WATER SHRIMP, A NATURAL FISH FOOD
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By S. G. Worth
Superintendent U. S. Fisheries Station, Edenton, N. C.

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Paper presented before the Fourth International Fishery Congress
held at Washington, U. S. A., September 22 to 26, 1908

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES : : : : : : WOL. XXVIII, P. 853-858
DociunentiNo GR. sy Sy oth asuiste Soke heey eh ORS ae ee ey ee ened Annet O10

853

FRESH-WATER SHRIMP, A NATURAL FISH FOOD.

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By 8S. G. WORTH,
Superintendent U. S. Fisheries Station, Edenton, N. C.

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It has been my belief for years that the greatest benefit to accrue from
modern fish culture is to the individual grower, the utilizer of inland waters
under control and observation. But the basic need to effect such a result is a
natural food of abundance and cheapness, a food that can be grown out of
the natural productiveness of the water, a food corresponding to the natural grass
on which wild animals feed, to the nectar of the wild flowers which honey bees
gather, conserve, and consume. If the agriculturalist reaped no return except
from the fertilizer he employed, if there was nothing afforded by the natural
elements of the soil, his work would be heavy, requiring pound for pound, so to
speak. ‘There is, of course, a natural fertility in the waters which is available,
similarly to that of the soil, with the proper agent to take up and conserve it. In
the fresh-water shrimp we have an example of such a gatherer and conservator.

Palemonetes exilipes is indigenous to the coastal plain region of North Caro-
lina. The species is not the so-called fresh-water shrimp Gammarus, but a true
shrimp, a miniature of the salt-water shrimp and prawn. It is meaty, like those
species and the American lobster. In fact, in a time of stress it would sustain
man. Though small, it is incomparably larger than Gammarus, measuring by
actual count 136 to 140 to a fluid ounce or about 2,200 per pint, as taken in the
early fall, young and old, with no culling. It is a favorite bait for black bass
and crappie, two abundant game fishes of the region, the crappie taking this bait
when all others are refused. The angler impales several shrimps upon his hook
at a time, and I have observed that they sometimes remained alive for two
hours, thus displaying considerable vitality.

The exceeding abundance of fresh-water shrimp may be compared with
that of house flies in summer, flying ants on their emergence from the decaying
stump, or angleworms in favorable soil. They dwell in masses of water mosses
and grasses, and in the region referred to such growth is practically universal
on all bottom. Rarely, the shrimps swim in schools in open water, jumping

855

856 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

entirely above the surface when suddenly alarmed by moving objects in or
above the water. Ordinarily they are in hiding, to escape their legion enemy,
the numerous species of fishes which abound along with them—bass, crappie,
sunfish, pike, catfish, yellow perch, and many others. They are captured by a
small bait or hand net operated from the bank or from a small boat, but in
Sampson County the fishermen use a slat basket instead of the net, the latter
clumsy mode of capture suggesting the presence of large numbers. In a place
at which I had collected five days before, I dipped up 476 within a space of 4
yards square—114 per square yard. At another place I took 741 in 11 dips, at
another 350 at 2 dips, and at another place I gathered 1,000 in thirty minutes’
time and at the rate of 900 per square rod. With a 10-foot seine I gathered
1,250 in 3 hauls. Owing to the thick plant growth and the presence of innu-
merable boughs and leaves of trees, and the small size of many of the shrimps, it
is obvious that I gathered but a small proportion of what was there. Hundreds
of acres of water in many counties are teeming with this unrivaled natural food
of fish. It exists by the millions and by the ton, but scattered, of course.

The fresh-water shrimp abounds in creeks, mill ponds, ponds or lakelets
formed by river overflow, and in clay holes or borrow pits along railroad lines
where earth was obtained for throwing up railway embankments. In the latter
class of locality the shritap is landlocked and dependent upon rainfall for water
supply in holes but 2 to 8 inches deep, unshaded, and subjected to extremes of
heat and cold, the thermometer ranging from 10 degrees to approximately 100
degrees Fahrenheit. In summer the water at times approximates or even
exceeds 100 degrees, and in the severest winters it freezes several inches thick.
The overflows from the Roanoke River, which afford as thick, muddy water
(from a clay country) as can be imagined in a stream of its size, appear to have
no decimating effect upon the engulfed shrimp. While trees grow along the
sides of streams and ponds, and largely out in their waters also, their shade
appears to contain no elemental saving quality, the productive borrow-pit
pools being in railroad rights of way and denuded of all tall growth.

Instead of hibernating or burrowing during freezing weather, the fresh-
water shrimp appears merely to seek greater water depths. Here is another
similarity to the salt-water shrimp and prawn, which, in North Carolina at
least, pass out to sea when cool weather reigns, seeking the deeper water and
remaining in it till springtime. In Northampton County, N. C., I know an
angler who annually gathers up quantities of fresh-water shrimp and, in a run-
ning, open ditch, holds them through the winter for bait.

From the foregoing it is practically certain that the species is adapted to
broadcast distribution in the temperate zone of the globe, and capable of becom-
ing a resource of incalculable value. But while I forecast the possibilities with

FRESH-WATER SHRIMP, A NATURAL FISH FOOD. 857

this food of nature, it is to be considered that ponds and streams which are
deluged with sand and gravel from land washing by rains to an extent to bury
and obliterate the bottom-plant growth will prove disappointing. I also men-
tion that the fresh-water shrimp can not swim against a strong current.

To determine its power of resistance in any work looking to diffusion of the
species, I made experiments in 1896, as an agent of the United States, in trans-
porting fresh-water shrimps over long distances by express, with no attention
en route. The results were gratifying.

I found the species extremely slimy, and that “sliming’’ was a necessary
prerequisite in order to hold them in tanks or transport them. The prevalence
of slime aided the removal of broken bits of bark, cypress-tree leaves, twigs,
and all sediment. An upright tin dipper was immersed in the center of the
pan, and all the foreign matter, clinging together from the sticky slime in a
coagulated mass, was easily skimmed off, the shrimp bearing off to the sides of
the pan and none being caught in the dipper. Siphons and strainers and
hand nets were useless, the antennze of the shrimp, which are of wonderful
length, becoming tangled and fatal injuries being inflicted. In gathering cap-
tures from the nets the fingers were the sole instrument, though slight wounds
were received from the sharp needles about the head of the shrimp.

Experimental shipments were made in 4-quart tin pails, the same in which
German carp were then being distributed, the covers being ventilated by means
of punched holes. Ten pails were packed in an open crate composed of thin
wood strips and the crate cover secured against opening. Each pail was
about two-thirds filled with water and contained shrimp as follows: Ten pails
contained 150 each, another ten 180 each, another ten 125 each, and yet another
ten 150 each, these several lots being turned over to the express company
October 7, 9, 12, and 13, respectively, at Halifax, N.C., for delivery at Washing-
ton, D. C., 200 miles distant. The water temperature of streams at Halifax was
53 to 55 degrees Fahrenheit, the railroad journey 8 hours, and the lay-over in
the warehouse (at night) at Washington 11 hours, a total confinement in pails,
without icing, aerating, or other attention, of 19 hours. The losses were,
respectively, 2, 94, 15, and 10, or 121 out of the total of 6,050, or 2 per cent.
The second lot appeared to have been overcrowded, 40 out of the 94 being dead
in one pail. In two pails, containing 100 and 150 shrimp each, shipped October
15, from the same place to the Neosho, Mo., station, and en route g2 hours, there
were but 2 alive at the destination; but in four pails, in the cooler weather
of November 14, containing 50, 75, 100, and 150, all reached their destina-
tion alive except the 150 in one pail, all of which were dead. It was dis-
covered early that the species is quickly responsive to overcrowding; in fact,
notably so. When too thick in the pails they spring out of the water and die

858 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERES.

while clinging to the exposed surfaces of the metal sides, apparently glued by
their own slime.

I have personally observed beef cattle fattened on two exclusive articles,
cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hulls, the animals haltered in the stall till
slaughtering day; a profitable commercial accomplishment, doubtless, but
producing a kind of beef that I would turn away from, so far removed are the
two food articles employed from the usual, natural food of the beef animal.
In the nourishing of fish at cultural establishments a number of articles have
been utilized which were as foreign to the usual diet of the fish as the cotton-
seed products to the beef animal. The angle or fish worm is universally con-
ceded to be a natural food of fish, but the fresh-water shrimp (Palemonetes) is
yet a more rational one, and while the growing of angleworms in quantity by
cultural methods might be a doubtful investment of time as a fish-food creative
process, there can be no doubt that Palemonetes exilipes is entirely capable of
being easily and cheaply multiplied, requiring no better accommodations than
a typical mosquito hole minus the larger natural enemies of the shrimp—1. e.,
the native fishes—which the hole might contain.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

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